Synonyms and Antonyms 3 9789810940898

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VOCABULARY

Synonyms and Antonyms

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ROSALIND FERGUSSON

VOCABULARY

Synonyms and Antonyms

3

ROSALIND FERGUSSON

© 2015 Acel Learning (S) Pte. Ltd. First published 2015 by Acel Learning (S) Pte. Ltd. 18 Sin Ming Lane, #03-08, Midview City, Singapore 573960 Email: [email protected] All rights reserved. No part of this book shall be reproduced, or transmitted by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without written permission from the publisher. ISBN 978 981 09 4089 8

Preface Synonyms and Antonyms is a series of books that examines words with similar or opposite meanings. There are fifty units in each book, and each unit deals with two or more words. The simplest of these comprise a word and its antonym (e.g. coward / hero). Sometimes a word has two antonyms (e.g. attack / defend, protect) or a synonym and an antonym (e.g. admit, confess / deny). Sometimes there are four or more words altogether (e.g. break, damage / mend, fix, repair). A few entries consist only of synonyms (e.g. tired, weary, exhausted). Each unit begins with a short passage illustrated by four pictures with captions, which show the synonyms and antonyms in use. A section entitled What do they mean? examines the words in groups of synonyms or antonyms, with short definitions and example sentences. Where the members of the group differ slightly in meaning or usage, these differences are explained. (For example, the word exit is more formal than leave.) The unit ends with exercises for self-assessment. Answers to all the questions are supplied at the end of the book. As they work through the books, students will learn (or be reminded of) the kinds of synonyms and antonyms that can make their writing more interesting and give cohesion to their texts.

3

Contents Preface

3

1

6

absent, missing / present

8

2 admit, confess / deny 3 agree / disagree, argue, quarrel

10

4 also, too, as well / instead

12

5 ancient / modern

14

6 anxious, worried, nervous / calm

16

7 arrive, come / depart, leave

18

8 attack / defend, protect

20

9 boastful, conceited / modest

22

10 break, damage / mend, fix, repair

24

11 busy, occupied / free, idle

26

12 choose, pick, select / reject

28

13 close, near, nearby / far

30

14 common / rare, unusual

32

15 completely, totally, entirely / partly

34

16 coward / hero

36

17 deep, low / high, shrill

38

18 definitely, certainly / possibly, perhaps

40

19 early / late / prompt, punctual

42

20 enter / leave, exit

44

21 eventually, finally, at last / initially, at first

46

22 fair, just / unfair, unjust

48

23 glad, pleased / sorry, disappointed

50

24 help, assistance, aid / hindrance

52

4

25 hide, conceal / show, reveal

54

26 hit, strike / miss

56

27 ill, sick / well, healthy

58

28 immediately, at once, straight away / later

60

29 increase / decrease, reduce

62

30 kind, humane / unkind, cruel

64

31 last, previous / next, following

66

32 make, produce, create / destroy

68

33 maximum / minimum

70

34 noise, sound / silence, peace, quiet

72

35 often, frequently / rarely, seldom

74

36 polite, courteous / rude, impolite

76

37 pull, drag / push, shove

78

38 punish / reward

80

39 raw / cooked

82

40 run, race, dash / walk, stroll, amble

84

41 short, brief / long, lengthy

86

42 shout, cry, yell / whisper, murmur, mutter

88

43 smile, grin / frown, scowl

90

44 stop, cease / start, go

92

45 sure, certain / unsure, uncertain

94

46 teacher, instructor / student, pupil

96

47 tight / loose, slack

98

48 tired, weary, exhausted

100

49 victory, win / defeat

102

50 writer, author / reader

104

Answers 106

5

1

absent, missing / present There was an important meeting in the board room. Almost all the company directors were present.

One of the directors looked out of the window. The president’s car was absent from its space in the car park.

The meeting could not begin, however. The president of the company was missing.

Just then, the president entered, looking hot and flustered. His car had broken down and he had walked the remainder of the way to work.

6

What do they mean? The adjectives absent and missing are synonyms. They both describe people or things that are not in a particular place. • Mary was absent from school because she had a bad cold. • The dictionary was missing from its usual place on the shelf. The adjective present is an antonym of absent and missing. It is opposite in meaning. • The humour that was present throughout the author’s last book is absent from this one. • All the passengers on the coach trip were present but the driver was missing.

Try it! A Circle the correct words to complete the sentences. 1 You may be punished if you are (absent / present) from school without a good reason. 2 If the (present / missing) people do not arrive, we shall start without them. 3 None of those (absent / present) agreed with what the speaker said. 4 The key was (present / missing) so I could not lock the door. B Here are some other words from the passage. Can you think of a synonym for each one? 1 almost 2 begin 3 flustered 4 remainder

7

2

admit, confess / deny Jane’s schoolbag was on the dining-room table. As she picked it up, the metal buckle scratched the surface of the table.

Her father noticed the mark and asked Jane about it. At first, she denied that it was her fault.

However, she later felt guilty and confessed that she was to blame. ‘It was an accident,’ she explained, with tears in her eyes.

Her father was pleased that she had finally admitted what she had done. He made her polish the table until the scratch could not be seen.

8

What do they mean? The verbs admit and confess are synonyms. They both refer to reluctantly saying that something is true or that you have done something wrong. • After driving around for half an hour, Sue finally admitted that she did not know the way to the restaurant. • Mary confessed that she had lost the pen I lent her. The verb deny is an antonym of admit and confess. To deny is to say or claim that something is untrue or that you have not done something wrong. • The boy denied that he was a member of the gang. • Jack admitted that the bike did not belong to him but he denied that he had stolen it.

Try it! A Circle the correct words to complete the sentences. 1 Carol (admitted / denied) that she had not done her homework so her mother made her go and do it. 2 Tom could not (confess / deny) that he had eaten the cake because there were crumbs all round his mouth. 3 The woman (confessed / denied) that she had never used a computer before and asked me to help her. 4 Peter would not pick up the snake, though he (admitted / denied) that he was afraid of it. B Read the picture story again. Can you find a synonym for each of the following words and phrases? 1 top



2 glad

3 saw



4 at last

9

3

agree / disagree, argue, quarrel Sam and Sally disagree about many things, such as whose turn it is to use the computer. However, there is one thing that they agree on.

They both think ‘Rainbow Road’ is the best programme on TV. They hate having to miss an episode.

Their parents take advantage of this. When they hear the children arguing with each other, they know exactly what to do.

‘If you don’t stop quarrelling, I won’t let you watch ‘Rainbow Road’ this evening,’ says their mother or father. It always works!

10

What do they mean? To agree is to say that someone or something is right, or to have the same opinion. • If you agree with my suggestion, raise your hand. To disagree is to say that someone or something is wrong, or to have a different opinion. • The two doctors disagreed about the cause of the girl’s rash. The verbs argue and quarrel are synonyms. They are used when people have an angry conversation because they disagree about something. • The player was sent off the field because he argued with the referee’s decision. • I could hear two people quarrelling in the next room. The verbs disagree, argue and quarrel are antonyms of agree. • Everyone agreed that the town needed a new leisure centre but they disagreed about where it should be built. • Mum and Dad agree about everything and never argue with each other.

Try it! Fill in the blanks with the words in the box. Do not use the same word more than once.

agree

argue

disagree

1 We’ll leave at 11.30, unless you

.

2 Tom insisted on paying the bill and I did not want to 3 The two sisters could not 4 Joe

quarrelled

about it.

about what colour to paint the door.

with Tim and they never spoke to each other again. 11

4

also, too, as well / instead Jane went to the shops to buy a birthday present for her younger brother. She chose a model car with doors that opened and closed.

Then she noticed a book about dinosaurs and she thought her brother might like it. She wanted to buy that as well, but she did not have enough money.

After a few moments’ thought, she replaced the car on the shelf and bought the book instead. Her brother already had a lot of model cars.

He had a lot of books too, but this one looked interesting. Also, it contained information that might be handy for a school project.

12

What do they mean? The adverbs also, too and as well are synonyms. They are all used to say that one thing or action is in addition to another. As well as is a preposition with the same meaning. You rarely put also at the end of a sentence. • Carol has a pet rabbit. She also has a parrot and a goldfish. • We were going to the park, and Joe asked if he could come too. • Tom had a cut on his arm as well as the nasty bruise on his knee. The adverb instead is an antonym of also, too and as well. You use it to say that one thing or action is in place of another. Instead of is a preposition with the same meaning. • I don’t like lemonade. May I have orange juice instead? • There were dark clouds in the sky. Paul put on his raincoat instead of his jacket and took an umbrella as well.

Try it! Fill in the blanks with the words in the box. Do not use the same word more than once.

also

as well

instead

too

1 Your handwriting is untidy and you have made several spelling mistakes

.

2 Sue accidentally put sugar in the soup 3 Our drummer, Sam, can 4 Sport is good exercise,

of salt.

play the guitar. as being fun.

13

5

ancient / modern Latin is an ancient language. No one speaks it any more, but you can read it in books.

Most people prefer to learn modern languages. They are more useful when you travel around the world.

Latin was spoken long ago by the people of Rome, which is now the capital of Italy. The modern city still contains many ruined buildings that date from that time.

The people who live there now speak Italian. They cannot understand the Latin words they see on the ancient walls.

14

What do they mean? The adjective ancient describes something that is very old, or that belongs to a time long ago. • There is an ancient tree in the middle of the forest. • The ancient book fell apart when the man opened it. The adjective modern describes something new that belongs to the current time or the recent past. • I prefer modern novels to those written hundreds of years ago. • The modern name for the country is Iraq. The words ancient and modern are antonyms. • Ancient methods of curing diseases are rarely as effective as modern medicine.

Try it! A Fill in the blanks with ancient or modern, using each word twice. 1 It is amazing that 2 In 3

buildings like these are still standing.

history we study the events of the past fifty years. cars are much safer than those our grandparents used to

drive. 4 The farmer found some his field.

stone tools when he was ploughing

B Here are some other words and phrases from the passage. Can you think of an antonym for each one? 1 no one 2 useful 3 now 4 there 15

6

anxious, worried, nervous / calm She knows that she will not perform well if she is anxious. She is more likely to make mistakes.

Sue is a talented gymnast. However, she always gets nervous before a competition.

Sue does these exercises whenever she feels worried about anything. So far, they have always worked.

Her coach has taught her some breathing exercises to help her feel calm. They involve taking a deep breath, then letting the air out slowly.

16

What do they mean? The adjectives anxious, worried and nervous are synonyms. They all refer to feeling bad about something that might happen or about something you have to do. • The boy looked anxious when the instructor said he must climb up the wall. • Anna’s parents were worried that she might have an accident. • Many actors feel nervous before they go on stage. The adjective calm is an antonym of anxious, worried and nervous. It is opposite in meaning. • Mary sounded calm though she actually felt quite anxious. • Try to stay calm instead of getting worried. • Some of Kate’s friends were nervous about the exam but she felt quite calm.

Try it! A Circle the correct words to complete the sentences. 1 The doctor spoke to the girl’s (anxious / calm) father. 2 Mum was (calm / worried) when I was late home from school. 3 Most people are (nervous / calm) on their first day at work. 4 Joe felt perfectly (nervous / calm) as he stood at the end of the divingboard. B Read the picture story again. Can you find an antonym for each of the following words? 1 badly 2 quickly 3 shallow 4 never 17

7

arrive, come / depart, leave There were several children standing at the school gates. They were waiting for their parents to come and collect them at the end of their first day.

One by one the children departed. Their mother or father arrived in a car, the child got in and the car left.

About ten minutes later, two of the cars drove into the same road and stopped outside different houses. One of the mothers went to speak to the other.

She suggested that they take turns to drive the children to and from school. ‘We would both save a lot of time and fuel,’ she said.

18

What do they mean? The verbs arrive and come are synonyms. They are both used to talk about getting to a place. • We shall have lunch as soon as our guests arrive. • I ordered a book and it came two days later. The verbs depart and leave are synonyms. They are both used to talk about going away from a place. • The flight departed two hours late. • Would you like another cup of tea before you leave? The words arrive and come are antonyms of depart and leave. They are opposite in meaning. • The doctor arrived at half past ten and did not leave until twelve.

Try it! A Rewrite these sentences, replacing the underlined words with synonyms. 1 The train will depart in ten minutes. 2 Kate was expecting a parcel and waited impatiently for the postman to arrive. 3 When the bus finally came, it was almost full. 4 The customer left without paying for his drink. B Read the picture story again. Can you find a synonym for each of the following words? 1 fetch



2 parked

19

3 proposed

8

attack / defend, protect Most birds are good parents. They feed their young chicks and protect them from predators.

It is wise not to get too close to a bird’s nest at this time. The parent bird might think you are going to harm its babies.

It might even try to attack you, which can be quite frightening. However, it probably doesn’t mean to hurt you.

The bird is simply defending its family. It wants you to go away.

20

What do they mean? To attack is to try to harm someone or something. • The guard dog attacked the robber. The verbs defend and protect are antonyms of attack. You use them to talk about trying to stop a person or animal from harming you. • The army’s job is to defend our country against enemies, not to attack other countries. • A hedgehog uses its sharp spines to protect itself when a predator attacks it.

Try it! A Circle the correct words to complete the sentences. 1 The bear will not (attack / defend) you if you stand perfectly still. 2 The boy was too small to (attack / defend) himself against the bullies. 3 The city walls must be strong enough to (attack / protect) the inhabitants. 4 Joe joined the army in order to (attack / defend) the nation. 5 The lion (attacks / protects) its rival and sends it away. 6 I can cope on my own now. You do not have to (attack / protect) me any longer. B Read the picture story again. Can you find a synonym for each of the following words? 1 sensible 2 near 3 attempt 4 intend

21

9

boastful, conceited / modest However, being boastful does not make you popular. Many people prefer Jane’s friend Sue, even though she is rather quiet.

Jane is an attractive young woman, but she is also very conceited. She won a beauty competition last month and she loves to tell people about it.

However, she is too modest to tell anyone what she did. No one knows about this great achievement – not even Jane.

Sue once rescued a child from a burning building. She was awarded a medal for her bravery.

22

What do they mean? The adjectives boastful and conceited are synonyms. They both describe someone who thinks they have admirable qualities or achievements. A boastful person likes to tell other people about these qualities or achievements. • The music teacher didn’t tell Carol how well she had played because he didn’t want to make her conceited. • The boastful boy claimed that he could run faster than anyone else in his class. The adjective modest is an antonym of boastful and conceited. It is opposite in meaning. • The conceited star of the film was posing for photos while her modest co-star stood in the background signing autographs for fans. • Unlike many boastful writers, Michael is so modest that no one knows he has written several best-selling books.

Try it! A Circle the correct words to complete the sentences. 1 I would like Sally much better if she wasn’t so (modest / conceited). 2 Everyone is tired of listening to Jack’s (boastful / modest) remarks about his football skills. 3 If you are too (conceited / modest), the interviewer might think you are not capable of doing the job. 4 Sue was embarrassed by her (boastful / modest) parents, who told everyone what a clever girl she was. B Here are some other words from the passage. Can you think of a synonym for each one? 1 competition 3 bravery

2 rescued



4 achievement

23

10

break, damage / mend, fix, repair Jack hung a large heavy picture on the wall of his new apartment. The string snapped and the picture fell down.

The glass could not be mended so Jack had to buy a new piece. He was able to repair the frame with glue.

Both the frame and the glass were broken. To Jack’s relief, however, the accident did not damage the picture itself.

He put a thicker piece of string on the picture and hung it on the wall again. This time the string was strong enough to support its weight.

24

What do they mean? To break something is to make it separate into pieces or to make it stop working. • Tom accidentally stepped on his ruler and broke it. To damage something is to make it no longer perfect or to make it stop working. • Sally damaged the front wheel of her bike by riding over the rough ground. The verbs mend, fix and repair are synonyms. They all refer to putting right something that has been broken or damaged. The verb fix is mainly used for things that have stopped working. • Our neighbour offered to help Dad mend the fence. • The clock has kept perfect time since you fixed it. • My cousin is very good at repairing cars. The verbs break and damage are antonyms of mend, fix and repair. They are opposite in meaning. • David apologized for breaking the jug and promised to mend it. • If you damage the camera, it may not be possible to repair it.

Try it! Fill in the blanks with the words in the box. Do not use the same word more than once. break

damage

1 A man is coming to

fix

the washing machine tomorrow morning.

2 Putting the wrong type of fuel in the car will 3 Mum will be furious if you 4 We must

mend

the engine.

her best teapot.

the hole in the roof before the rainy season. 25

11

busy, occupied / free, idle Mrs Jones is never idle. When she is not at work, she is always busy in her house or garden.

On the rare occasions that she has a free afternoon, she asks her elderly neighbours if they need any help with anything. The answer is usually ‘Yes, please.’

I asked her once why she led such an active, exhausting life. She smiled in a thoughtful way.

26

‘My husband died last year,’ she replied, ‘and I miss him terribly. I find that keeping occupied is the best way to stop me feeling sad.’

What do they mean? The adjectives busy and occupied are synonyms. They both describe someone who is doing something that requires effort or attention. You can also use busy to describe a period of time or a lifestyle. You cannot put occupied before the noun it describes. • Joe was busy preparing the guest room for his visitors. • We have a busy week ahead of us. • Will you help me this afternoon, if you are not occupied with anything else? The adjective free is an antonym of busy and occupied. It describes a person who is not doing anything else. It can also describe a period of time when they are available. • I’m busy on Wednesday and Thursday, but I’m free on Friday. The adjective idle is an antonym of busy and occupied. It describes a person who is not doing anything, often meaning that this is a bad thing. It can also describe a lifestyle or a period of time without activity. • Idle children get bored and cross, so I always try to keep my son and daughter occupied.

Try it! Fill in the blanks with the words in the box. Do not use the same word more than once.

busy

1 I have only one

free

occupied

weekend between now and Christmas.

2 Jack sneaked upstairs with his mother’s surprise present while she was in the kitchen. 3 My aunt and uncle have such each other.

lives that they hardly ever see 27

12

choose, pick, select / reject My grandparents grow apples on their farm. They select the best ones to sell at the market.

The fruit they reject does not go to waste. It is crushed to make apple juice.

Which do I prefer? Actually, I don’t like apples very much at all!

At the market, the customers choose their own apples from the stall. Some pick the red ones and others pick the green ones.

28

What do they mean? The verbs choose, pick and select are synonyms. They all refer to deciding which of a number of people or things you want. • Sally chose a pink dress with a lacy collar. • The magician told me to pick any card from the pack. • The organist has selected some suitable music to play at the wedding. The verb reject is an antonym of choose, pick and select. You reject the people or things that you do not want. • Mary rejected all the books the assistant showed her and chose a different one from the shelf. • Tom had hoped to be selected for the team. He was disappointed when the coach rejected him.

Try it! A Circle the correct words to complete the sentences. 1 I took my little brother to the playroom to (choose / reject) a toy. 2 This article will help you to (reject / select) the best camera for your needs. 3 One of the candidates was (chosen / rejected) because he had dirty fingernails. 4 Sally (picked / rejected) the biggest cake and ate it greedily. B Here are some other words from the passage. Can you think of an antonym for each one? 1 best 2 sell 3 like 4 much 29

13

close, near, nearby / far Sally’s house is very close to her school. She can walk there in less than five minutes.

Her house is on the far side of the town. She has to travel to school by bus.

Many of the other students also live nearby. Unfortunately, Sally’s best friend Kate is not one of these.

Both girls wish they lived near each other, ideally in the same street. Then they could meet up more often in the evenings and at the weekends.

30

What do they mean? The words close, near and nearby are synonyms. You use them all to say that there is only a short distance between things. They can be adjectives or adverbs. • Don’t stand too close to the fire. • Joe rented an apartment near the office where he worked. • The fire soon spread to nearby buildings. The word far is an antonym of close, near and nearby. You use it to say that there is a very long distance between things. It can be an adjective or adverb. • A telescope makes things that are far away look quite close. • Our hotel was near the station so we did not have to walk far when we got off the train.

Try it! A Circle the correct words to complete the sentences. 1 The little boy stayed (close / far) to his mother. 2 Jack likes to sit (close / near) the window. 3 There are not many shops (nearby / far). 4 I wish we did not live so (nearby / far) from the coast. B Here are some other words from the passage. Can you think of an antonym for each one? 1 to 2 less 3 same 4 often

31

14

common / rare, unusual Jack spotted an unusual flower while he was walking in the hills. It had pale pink petals and a very pleasant scent.

According to the book, the flower Jack had seen used to be quite common. It grew in fields all over the country.

He took a photo of it so that he could look for its name when he got home. His mother had a big book about plants.

However, many people picked the flower because it was so attractive. As a result, it had become very rare.

32

What do they mean? The adjective common describes something that is often seen or found because there are a lot of them. • The pigeon is a common bird that has become a pest in some large cities. The adjective rare is an antonym of common. It describes something that is not often seen or found because there are not many of them. • The disease is rare in this country, although it is common in countries with poor hygiene. The adjective unusual is another antonym of common. It describes something that is different from the ones that are usually seen or found. • My parents gave me an unusual name. I sometimes wish I had a more common one that people would find easier to spell correctly.

Try it! Fill in the blanks with the words in the box. You will have to use one of the words twice.

common

rare

1 Driving a truck is regarded as a rather 2 Mobile phones were not owned one. 3

unusual

career for a woman.

in those days, and few people

coins like these are worth a lot more than their face value.

4 Carelessness and lack of concentration are accidents.

33

causes of

15

completely, totally, entirely / partly Alice wore her new blouse to her friend Sue’s party. It was made of ivory-coloured silk and was very expensive.

As Sue came across to speak to Alice, she tripped over a handbag on the floor. She spilt red wine down the front of Alice’s blouse. It was completely ruined!

Sue apologized, but Alice pointed out that the accident was not entirely her fault. ‘Whoever left that handbag on the floor is partly to blame,’ she said.

34

‘Actually, it’s my handbag,’ admitted Sue. ‘I forgot to put it away before the guests began to arrive.’

What do they mean? The adverbs completely, totally and entirely are synonyms. They are all used to say that something is true in every way. • We were completely exhausted by the time we got home. • The children seemed totally unaware that they were in danger. • Do not eat the berries unless you are entirely sure that they are not poisonous. The adverb partly is an antonym of completely, totally and entirely. It is used to say that something is true in some ways but not in others. • The rocks were already partly covered by water and they would soon be entirely submerged. • The rest of the meal was completely ready but the meat was only partly cooked.

Try it! A Circle the correct words to complete the sentences. 1 Make sure that the wound is (completely / partly) clean before you put the dressing on it. 2 The news was (partly / totally) unexpected, and everyone was surprised. 3 My parents were delighted when my teacher told them that she was (entirely / partly) satisfied with my work. 4 People blamed the lack of rain for the failure of the crops, but it was (entirely / partly) due to the poor quality of the soil. B Here are some other words from the passage. Can you think of an antonym for each one? 1 expensive



2 front

3 forgot



4 arrive

35

16

coward / hero Four boys were walking in the forest when they came face to face with a bear. The bear hit one of the boys, Joe, knocking him unconscious.

However, Peter’s plan was to lead the bear away from Joe so that the others could carry him to safety. His plan worked – the bear went after him instead.

Another of the boys, Peter, ran off in the opposite direction. His friends thought he was a coward.

Peter managed to escape, and later visited Joe in hospital. Joe’s parents thanked him and said he was a real hero.

36

What do they mean? A coward is a person who is afraid of danger and not at all brave. • Don’t be such a coward. A little spider like that won’t hurt you! A hero is a person who does something very brave in a dangerous situation. • People who risk their own lives to save others are heroes. The words coward and hero are antonyms. • Tom thought of himself as just an ordinary soldier, neither a coward nor a hero.

Try it! A Fill in the blanks with coward or hero, using each word three times. 1 The

was awarded a medal for his bravery.

2 Sue was too much of a 3 I may be a

to enter the haunted house. , but at least I am still alive.

4 The newspaper article praised the policewoman and called her a 5 A

. would not dare what Jack has done.

6 Kate wants to thank the

who rescued her.

B Read the picture story again. Can you find a synonym for each of the following words? 1 strolling 2 struck 3 sped 4 genuine

37

17

deep, low / high, shrill There are several kinds of stringed instruments that you play with a bow. The double bass is the largest, and it makes a very deep sound.

Many musical instruments are played by blowing into the top end. The flute is slightly different, because you blow into the side instead.

The violin is the smallest and most common of these instruments. It can play a wide range of notes, from high ones to low ones.

A piccolo is a small flute. It makes a very shrill sound.

38

What do they mean? The adjectives deep and low are synonyms. They both describe a sound that is near the bottom of the range we can hear, such as the sound of a dog growling. • Carol recognized her grandfather’s deep voice. • The low notes are at the left-hand end of the piano keyboard. The adjectives high and shrill are synonyms. They both describe a sound that is near the top of the range we can hear, such as the sound of a whistle. • This sound is too high for human ears to hear. • The shrill noise of the alarm is impossible to ignore. The words deep and low are antonyms of high and shrill. They are opposite in meaning. • A young boy’s high voice becomes deep as he grows up.

Try it! Rewrite these sentences, replacing the underlined words with synonyms. 1 The deep sound of the bass drum marked the rhythm of the dance. 2 I heard a high squeal and a piglet ran out of the shed. 3 The wind blew through the cracks in the walls with a low moaning noise. 4 The shrill voices of the children disturbed the peace of the garden.

39

18

definitely, certainly / possibly, perhaps This one-dollar coin is perhaps the most interesting. It has a special design on the back celebrating the 1924 Olympics.

You certainly have an impressive collection of coins. Tell me about some of them.

It is possibly valuable, but I would not want to part with it.

Let’s see if we can find out what it’s worth on the Internet.

40

This website has several similar coins for sale, all for under five dollars.

In that case I definitely won’t try to sell it!

What do they mean? The adverbs definitely and certainly are synonyms. You use both of them to state firmly that something is true. • I am definitely not going to invite Paul to my party. • The committee will certainly consider your idea. The adverbs possibly and perhaps are synonyms. You use both of them to say that something might be true. • We shall possibly travel home by train. • You should perhaps phone Mary instead of sending her an email. The words definitely and certainly are antonyms of possibly and perhaps. They are opposite in meaning. • This is definitely a useful book for older students, but it is perhaps a bit too difficult for younger ones.

Try it! Rewrite these sentences, replacing the underlined words with synonyms. 1 Tom will perhaps change his mind about the subject when he reads this article. 2 This is certainly the hardest puzzle in the book. 3 Your rash is possibly caused by a food allergy. 4 I shall definitely recommend the restaurant to my friends.

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19

early / late / prompt, punctual You should always try to be punctual when you have arranged to meet another person. This rule applies to everything from coffee with a friend to an appointment with the dentist.

A prompt when you travel. In get there

If you are early, you can easily find something to do while you are waiting. In a dentist’s surgery, there are usually magazines to read.

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arrival may be impossible have some distance to that case, it is better to too soon.

If you are late, however, you are likely to make the other person angry. This will not be a good start for your get-together.

What do they mean? To be early is to arrive or happen before the expected time. • We’d better set off now in case the bus is early. The adjective late is an antonym of early. To be late is to arrive or happen after the expected time. • The mail was late so I didn’t get the letter before I left for school. The adjectives prompt and punctual are synonyms. They are also antonyms of early and late. They both describe someone or something that arrives or happens at exactly the right time. • The company expects prompt payment of its bills. • I was surprised when Jane was late, as she is normally very punctual.

Try it! A Circle the correct words to complete the sentences. 1 If we are too (early / punctual), the bank may not be open. 2 The (prompt / late) departure of the ferry caused a lot of inconvenience to the passengers. 3 Patients who receive (prompt / late) treatment are more likely to make a full recovery. 4 James is a good worker, but he must try to be more (late / punctual). B Here are some other words from the passage. Can you think of an antonym for each one? 1 everything 2 friend 3 arrival 4 likely

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20

enter / leave, exit When the actress playing the main role entered for the first time, the people on the stage looked at her in surprise. She had come in too soon, so she had to leave again.

The drama society was performing a play that one of its members had written. It did not go very well.

Later in the play, one of the actors forgot an important line. The actor standing beside him whispered it to him and the audience laughed.

The worst moment came near the end of the play, when someone tried to exit through a door at the back of the stage. As he pulled the handle, the whole piece of scenery collapsed.

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What do they mean? To enter is to go into a room or building or to go on to a stage. • We could see nothing at all when we first entered the dark cave. The verbs leave and exit are antonyms of enter. They refer to going out of a room or building or going off a stage. The verb exit is mainly used in formal language. • Jane was leaving the changing room as I entered the gym. • The burglar entered through the open kitchen window. He exited through the back door, which he unlocked from the inside.

Try it! A Use the words in the box to fill in the blanks. You will have to use one of the words twice. enter

1 I normally

exit

leave

the house at ten past eight in the morning.

2 Joe knocked on the door and the principal called, ‘ 3 When the fire alarm sounds, everyone must immediately. 4 Visitors often gasp in wonder as they

!’ the building

the garden.

B Here are some other words from the passage. Can you think of an antonym for each one? 1 well 2 later 3 whispered 4 pulled 45

21

eventually, finally, at last / initially, at first Carol took her son Tom to the pool to teach him to swim. Initially, he seemed reluctant to go in so they sat at the edge, watching the other parents and children.

‘Don’t worry,’ said another mother to Carol. ‘My daughter was afraid of the water at first, but now she can swim the full length of the pool.’

Carol finally persuaded Tom to enter the water and she gave him his first lesson. He enjoyed it so much that he didn’t want to get out.

After that, Tom learnt very quickly and became a strong, fast swimmer. He hopes eventually to become a national champion.

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What do they mean? The adverbs eventually, finally and at last are synonyms. They all refer to what happens at the end of a period of time, especially after a lot of difficulty or a long delay. You usually put at last at the beginning or end of a sentence. • I eventually managed to unlock the door. • Mary has finally persuaded her father to buy her a new bicycle. • At last we can move into our new home. The adverbs initially and at first are synonyms. They both refer to what happens at the beginning of a period of time, especially when the situation subsequently changes. • Jack was initially too shy to say anything at the committee meetings. • The weather was cool at first but it warmed up later in the week. The adverbs eventually, finally and at last are antonyms of initially and at first. They are opposite in meaning. • Sue didn’t like Jane at first but they eventually became good friends.

Try it! Rewrite these sentences, replacing the underlined words with synonyms. 1 At first the keep-fit instructor gave us easy exercises to do. 2 Carol eventually managed to solve the puzzle. 3 The jeans felt tight initially and I thought I might need a larger pair. 4 The man finally admitted that he had stolen the book. 47

22

fair, just / unfair, unjust An old man had two daughters, Sarah and Alice. They both lived nearby. Sarah visited her father every day but Alice rarely saw him.

She offered Alice a fair share of their father’s money. However, Alice refused to accept it.

When the old man died, he left all his money to Sarah and nothing to Alice. Sarah thought this was unjust and felt bad about it.

‘It would be unfair to take any of your inheritance,’ she said. ‘This is your just reward for all the love and support you gave our father in the last years of his life.’

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What do they mean? The adjectives fair and just are synonyms. They both describe a person or system that treats people equally or in a way that seems right. • Is it fair that some people have to work longer hours than others? • The judge said that the man did not have a just cause for complaint. The adjectives unfair and unjust are synonyms. They both describe a situation in which people are not treated equally or in a way that seems right. • You have to follow the rules of the game, even if they seem unfair. • Some people think this is an unjust law. The words fair and just are antonyms of unfair and unjust. They are opposite in meaning. • Our teacher is strict but fair, and her punishments are never unjust.

Try it! A Rewrite these sentences, replacing the underlined words with synonyms. 1 Everyone agreed that the referee’s decision was just. 2 It is unfair to punish one boy and not the other. 3 In a fair society, people have equal opportunities. 4 The workers complained about their unjust treatment. B Here are some other words from the passage. Can you think of an antonym for each one? 1 both



2 refused 49



3 reward

23

glad, pleased / sorry, disappointed Kate and her friend Sue entered a painting competition. The prize was a silver trophy and some money to spend on art equipment.

The judge said that all the pictures were very good. He was sorry that he had only one prize to award.

Kate was pleased when she found out that she had won. Sue was somewhat disappointed, but she tried not to show it.

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However, she was glad that her friend had received the prize. They went to the art shop together so that Sue could help Kate decide what to buy with the money.

What do they mean? The adjectives glad and pleased are synonyms. They both describe how you feel when you are happy about something that has happened. • The relatives of the sick woman will be glad to know that she is making a good recovery. • Dad was pleased when my brother got a scholarship. The adjectives sorry and disappointed are antonyms of glad and pleased. They both describe how you feel when you are upset about something that has happened. You use disappointed when you expected something better. • I was sorry to hear about the accident but I’m glad that no one was badly hurt. • Mary was pleased to have passed the exam, though she was disappointed that she did not get a higher mark.

Try it! A Circle the correct words to complete the sentences. 1 I am (glad / disappointed) that you arrived home safely after such a terrible journey. 2 Mum was (sorry / pleased) that Alice had remembered her birthday. 3 The regular customers of the restaurant were (pleased / sorry) that it was closing down. 4 Sam was (pleased / disappointed) that he had not been chosen for the team. B Read the picture story again. Can you find an antonym for each of the following words? 1 extremely



2 hide

3 presented



4 separately 51

24

help, assistance, aid / hindrance Mrs Lee was cooking some soup for lunch. ‘Would you like some help, Grandma?’ asked Billy.

Although she did not need any assistance, Mrs Lee did not want to hurt her grandson’s feelings. ‘You could add a bit of salt to the soup and give it a stir while I cut up the bread,’ she said.

Billy did as he was told, but the salt container dropped into the soup. He tried to get it out with the aid of the spoon, splashing soup all over the cooker.

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‘Why don’t you go and watch TV instead,’ suggested Mrs Lee. Billy left the kitchen so that his grandmother could finish preparing the meal without further hindrance.

What do they mean? The nouns help, assistance and aid are synonyms. They all refer to making things easier for another person, for example by doing part of their work. You can put the indefinite article a in front of help, but you cannot put an in front of assistance or aid. • It would be a help if you could hold the other end of the rope. • A kind man offered us his assistance. • Students are expected to do their homework without the aid of their parents. The noun hindrance is an antonym of help, assistance and aid. It refers to making things more difficult for another person, for example by getting in their way. You sometimes put the indefinite article a in front of this word. • We had hoped that the navigation equipment would be a help, but it turned out to be more of a hindrance.

Try it! A Use the words in the box to fill in the blanks. You will have to use one of the words twice. assistance

help

hindrance

1 Mary wrote the addresses on the envelopes, which was a big 2 I was anxious not to cause any

to the builders.

3 The work would never have been finished in time without your 4 Being unable to read or write must be a great

.

B Here are some other words from the passage. Can you think of a synonym for each one? 1 asked



.

2 need

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3 dropped

.

25

hide, conceal / show, reveal Tom and Sue bought a fifty-year-old house in the city centre. It was surprisingly cheap, considering that all the furniture, carpets and curtains were included in the price.

After they moved in, they found out why. These extra items were hiding some serious faults.

They showed these faults to a builder. He said that the repairs to the house would cost a lot of money.

The wardrobe in the bedroom concealed some wide cracks in the wall. And when they rolled up the carpet in the living room, a large damp patch on the floor was revealed.

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What do they mean? The verbs hide and conceal are synonyms. They both refer to preventing something from being seen, for example by covering it. • James hid the drawing under his workbook when the teacher walked past. • The high trees around the house conceal it from passers-by. The verbs show and reveal are synonyms. They both refer to letting something be seen, for example by uncovering it. • Jane is a quiet girl who rarely shows her true feelings. • The man rolled up his sleeves, revealing the tattoos on his arms. The words hide and conceal are antonyms of show and reveal. They are opposite in meaning. • Carol removed the sticker to reveal the original price of the book hidden beneath it.

Try it! A Circle the correct words to complete the sentences. 1 The man wore a mask to (hide / reveal) the scar on his face. 2 Alice (concealed / showed) her ticket to the inspector. 3 The entrance to the cave was (concealed / revealed) by a heap of stones. 4 The waiter lifted the lid off the plate and (hid / revealed) a whole roast chicken. B Here are some other words from the passage. Can you think of an antonym for each one? 1 cheap 2 serious 3 wide 4 damp 55

26

hit, strike / miss Some oil had been spilt on the road. A car skidded and the driver lost control.

He quickly turned the steering wheel in the opposite direction and managed to miss the cyclist. Instead, his car struck the emergency barrier in the middle of the road.

There was a young woman on a bicycle just ahead of him. The driver was afraid he would hit her.

The and was was

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young woman got off her bike ran to help the driver. His car badly damaged but luckily he unhurt.

What do they mean? The verbs hit and strike are synonyms. They both refer to touching something or someone with sudden force. • The stone hit the window but did not break it. • In some countries, it is against the law for teachers to strike their students. The verb miss is an antonym of hit and strike. To miss something or someone is to fail to hit or strike them. • Joe swung his bat to hit the ball but he missed it. • The bullet missed the man by a few centimetres and struck the tree beside him.

Try it! A Circle the correct words to complete the sentences. 1 Dad (hit / missed) the nail with a hammer. 2 An apple fell from the branch and (missed / struck) the boy on the head. 3 My first arrow (missed / hit) the target altogether. 4 The cruel man raised his stick to (miss / strike) the donkey. 5 Peter (hit / missed) the shuttlecock so he lost the point. 6 Sue accidentally (hit / missed) her brother on the head. B Here are some other words from the passage. Can you think of a synonym for each one? 1 quickly 2 middle 3 luckily 4 unhurt

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27

ill, sick / well, healthy Sally is a healthy girl. When someone in her family has a cold, she rarely catches it.

This time Sally was not so lucky. She helped her parents look after the sick boy and caught the disease herself.

Last month, her brother was ill. He had chicken pox, which is infectious.

Fortunately, she did not have it very badly. She was soon well enough to go back to school.

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What do they mean? The adjectives ill and sick are synonyms. They both describe someone who feels bad because something is wrong with their body. You cannot put ill before the noun it describes. • Dad felt ill after eating the pie. • Doctors and nurses look after sick people. The adjective well describes someone who is not sick. You cannot put well before the noun it describes. • I hope you will soon be well again. The adjective healthy describes someone who is unlikely to become ill. • The medical examination showed that James was completely healthy. The words ill and sick are antonyms of well and healthy. They are opposite in meaning. • Sick people should stay in bed until they feel well.

Try it! Fill in the blanks with the words in the box. Do not use the same word more than once.

healthy

1 My friend was 2 3 The

ill

sick

well

so she could not come to my party.

children are hardly ever absent from school. boy had a high temperature.

4 Mary said she was all right but she did not look

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.

28

immediately, at once, straight away / later There was a small hole in the knee of Anna’s jeans. ‘You should sew that up before it gets any worse,’ said her sister.

‘I haven’t got time,’ said Anna. ‘I’ll do it later.’ She picked up her bag and rushed out of the house.

Her shoelace came undone on the way to the bus stop and she knelt down to fasten it. The knee of her jeans immediately ripped wide open.

She had to go back home to change. She wished she had mended the hole straight away, as her sister had advised her to do.

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What do they mean? The adverbs immediately, at once and straight away are synonyms. They all refer to doing something at the present moment, without any delay. • The water began to boil and Jane immediately poured it into the teapot. • Come here at once! • When I tell you to do something, I expect you to do it straight away. The adverb later is an antonym of immediately, at once and straight away. It refers to doing something after an unspecified period of time. • Dad could not answer my question immediately. He told me to ask him again later. • Tom ate his chocolate straight away but Sally kept hers and ate it later.

Try it! A Circle the correct words to complete the sentences. 1 Paul took out his camera and the bird (later / immediately) flew away. 2 Mary phoned her parents (straight away / later) to tell them the good news. 3 The children stopped talking (later / at once) when the teacher entered the room. 4 I’ll show you my photos (immediately / later), after we’ve finished our meal. B Read the picture story again. Can you find a synonym for each of the following words? 1 dashed 3 tore

2 untied



4 repaired

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29

increase / decrease, reduce After they had left the harbour, however, the wind increased. Soon it was so strong that they found it hard to control the boat.

Paul and his wife Alice went out for a sail in their yacht. There was not much wind when they set off.

Paul rolled up part of one of the sails. This reduced its size, so that there was less for the wind to blow on.

As a result, the speed of the boat decreased and it did not lean over so much. Both Paul and Alice felt happier and more comfortable.

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What do they mean? To increase is to become greater or stronger. To increase something is to make it greater or stronger. • The size of the population has increased again this year. • My experience at the hospital increased my desire to become a nurse when I leave school. The verbs decrease and reduce are synonyms. They both refer to making something less. The verb decrease can also be used with the meaning ‘to become less’. • The use of typewriters decreased as computers became more common. • The supermarket has reduced the price of its canned beans. The verb increase is an antonym of decrease and reduce. It is opposite in meaning. • Crime is likely to increase if the number of police officers is reduced.

Try it! Fill in the blanks with the words in the box. You will have to use one of the words twice.

decrease

increase

1 The charity wants people to more money.

their donations as they need

2 Sales of umbrellas always 3 Alan hopes to time with his children. 4 You could windows.

reduce

during the dry season. his working hours so that he can spend more

the value of the house by replacing these old

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30

kind, humane / unkind, cruel Anna is kind to all animals, even ones that most people dislike. If she finds a spider in the bath, she helps it out of the window, rather than drowning it.

In her opinion, making birds live in cages is particularly cruel. She prefers to watch them flying around happily outside.

Although she loves animals, she has no pets. She thinks it is unkind to keep animals in our homes for our own pleasure.

Surprisingly, Anna is not a vegetarian. She is happy to eat meat from farm animals, knowing that they have been slaughtered in a humane way.

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What do they mean? The adjectives kind and humane are synonyms. They both refer to treating people or animals in a way that does not cause them any suffering. You can also use kind to describe someone who is helpful and caring. • It was very kind of you to offer me a lift. • This is the most humane method of catching the birds. The adjectives unkind and cruel are synonyms. They both refer to treating people in a way that upsets or hurts them. A cruel person or act is very unkind. • Jane made an unkind remark about the scar on the boy’s face. • It is cruel to beat a horse with a stick. The words kind and humane are antonyms of unkind and cruel. They are opposite in meaning. • Alice is kind to everyone, even if they are unkind to her.

Try it! Fill in the blanks with the words in the box. Do not use the same word more than once.

cruel

1 It is

humane

kind

unkind

to laugh at people when they make a mistake.

2 The charity campaigns for the the world.

treatment of prisoners all over

3 The

old man made his daughter work for him like a slave.

4 A bag.

young woman offered to carry Grandma’s heavy shopping

65

31

last, previous / next, following Kate’s violin teacher was not pleased with her. ‘Have you done any practice since your last lesson?’ he asked angrily.

‘I promise I will practise every day from now on,’ she said. ‘At my next lesson, I will not make any mistakes.’

Kate looked down at the floor and did not answer. She had played the violin for about ten minutes the previous evening, but that was all.

Kate was a good girl who always kept her promises. The following week she delighted her violin teacher by playing the piece perfectly.

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What do they mean? The adjectives last and previous are synonyms. They both describe an event or period of time that comes straight before another. • Tom had learnt how to drive a truck in his last job. • The events leading up to the war were described in the previous chapter. The adjectives next and following are synonyms. They both describe an event or period of time that comes straight after another. • There is a map of the country on the next page. • Jane took the faulty camera back to the shop the following day. The words last and previous are antonyms of next and following. They are opposite in meaning. • The team had lost their previous three matches so they were determined to win the next one.

Try it! Rewrite these sentences, replacing the underlined words with synonyms. 1 The identity of the murderer will be revealed in the following episode. 2 At our last meeting we discussed the issue of fund-raising. 3 Mary apologized to Tom the next time she saw him. 4 The previous speaker had told a lot of jokes that made the audience laugh.

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32

make, produce, create / destroy A clever scientist decided to create a robot that would serve him. He designed the parts of the body and asked a metalworker to make them for him.

Together they produced a mechanical being. The scientist wrote some computer software that would act as the robot’s brain.

Unfortunately, there were some serious errors in the programming. The robot turned into a monster.

Instead of serving the scientist, it tried to murder him. He was forced to destroy his wonderful creation.

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What do they mean? The verbs make, produce and create are synonyms. They all refer to causing something to exist, often by putting things together. • Mary made a patchwork quilt from scraps of fabric. • The factory produces children’s toys. • The white walls and mirrors create an illusion of space in the room. The verb destroy is an antonym of make, produce and create. It is opposite in meaning. • The fire destroyed all the goods the workers had made. • Nature has created a beautiful world for us, and we must try not to destroy it.

Try it! A Circle the correct words to complete the sentences. 1 Joe (made / destroyed) a model of a horse from clay. 2 All the school meals are (destroyed / produced) on the premises. 3 I wish someone would (create / destroy) a machine that could tidy my bedroom for me. 4 The trees were (created / destroyed) in order to clear the land for building. B Here are some other words from the passage. Can you think of a synonym for each one? 1 clever 2 turned 3 murder 4 wonderful

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33

maximum / minimum Miss Jones explained the new maths exam to her students. ‘There will be four papers this year instead of three,’ she said.

‘The minimum score to pass the exam is 50 marks out of 100,’ she said. ‘There are 25 marks for each paper.’

Tom put up his hand. ‘Does that mean we can get all the answers wrong on two of the papers and still pass the exam?’ he asked.

‘Yes,’ replied Miss Jones, ‘but you will need to get the maximum number of marks on the other two papers.’ Some of the other students laughed, because they thought that was unlikely to happen.

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What do they mean? The word maximum refers to the greatest amount or number that is possible or permitted in a particular situation. It can be used as an adjective or as a noun. • This diagram shows the maximum size of hand baggage you may take on the plane. • What is the maximum that you can afford to spend? The word minimum refers to the smallest amount or number that is possible or permitted in a particular situation. It can be used as an adjective or as a noun. • You are too small to go on the ride – the minimum height is 1.4 metres. • Some workers think they can get away with doing no more than the minimum. The words maximum and minimum are antonyms. • This thermometer records the maximum and minimum temperatures outside during a 24-hour period.

Try it! Fill in the blanks with maximum or minimum, using each word twice. 1 The repair will cost a much more.

of three hundred dollars, and possibly

2 The furniture is designed to make room.

use of the space in a small

number of people who must be present for the 3 What is the meeting to take place? 4 Joe was fined for driving at a higher speed than the on the expressway.

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allowed

34

noise, sound / silence, peace, quiet Mrs Lee’s grandchildren, Tom and Billy, had come for a weekend visit. Although she liked seeing them, they made a lot of noise and she was glad when they went to bed.

She settled down for a couple of hours of peace before her own bedtime. However, the silence was broken by squeals of delight from upstairs.

‘If I hear another sound from either of you tonight, we shall be staying at home tomorrow,’ she said. The boys were as quiet as mice from then on.

Tom had just told his little brother that they were going to the zoo the next day. Mrs Lee went up to their bedroom and issued a stern warning.

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What do they mean? The nouns noise and sound are synonyms. They both refer to something that you can hear. You often use noise to talk about sound that is loud or unpleasant. • The engine started making a rattling noise. • I lay in bed listening to the sound of rain beating on the window. The nouns silence, peace and quiet are synonyms. They all refer to a lack or absence of noise or sound. You sometimes use peace and quiet as a phrase to talk about pleasant silence. • In the school library, the students were working in silence. • Dad went into the garden for some peace and quiet. The words noise and sound are antonyms of silence, peace and quiet. • The quiet of the countryside was a welcome change from the noise of the city.

Try it! Rewrite these sentences, replacing the underlined words with synonyms. 1 People need quiet in order to concentrate properly. 2 I thought I heard a noise in the next room. 3 The double-glazed windows keep out a lot of the sound from the street. 4 Visitors can sit and enjoy the peace of the temple.

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35

often, frequently / rarely, seldom They are rarely in the right place, so it takes her a while to find them. She also frequently loses her car keys.

Aunt Mary is very absent-minded. She often forgets where she has put things, such as her glasses.

Some people say that Aunt Mary is so absent-minded that she should not drive a car. However, once she is behind the wheel she changes completely.

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She concentrates on the road and seldom makes any mistakes. In fact, she is one of the safest drivers I know.

What do they mean? The adverbs often and frequently are synonyms. They both refer to things that happen many times with short intervals between them. • I often wish I was more talented at sport. • The baby frequently wakes up during the night. The adverbs rarely and seldom are synonyms. They both refer to things that happen few times with long intervals between them. • James rarely makes any spelling mistakes in his schoolwork. • It seldom snows in this part of the country. The words often and frequently are antonyms of rarely and seldom. They are opposite in meaning. • Sally often goes to the market but she seldom buys anything there.

Try it! A Rewrite these sentences, replacing the underlined words with synonyms. 1 These birds are seldom seen so far inland. 2 Carol frequently cycles to school when the weather is fine. 3 Jack rarely visits his grandparents. 4 Food poisoning is often caused by poor hygiene. B Here are some other words from the passage. Can you think of a synonym for each one? 1 glasses



2 right

3 completely



4 mistakes 75

36

polite, courteous / rude, impolite It is impolite to talk with your mouth full. There is a good reason for this – you might spray food over the table.

Polite children ask permission if they want to get down from the table before the adults have finished their meal. This rule applies wherever you are, both at home and elsewhere.

You should never make rude remarks about what you have been given to eat. If you do not like something on your plate, simply leave it at the side.

When you are visiting friends or relatives, it is courteous to offer to help with duties such as clearing the table and washing the dishes. If you impress your host or hostess with your good manners, you are more likely to be invited back!

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What do they mean? The adjectives polite and courteous are synonyms. They both describe a person with good manners, who acts in a way that pleases or helps other people. They are also used to talk about behaviour that is considered correct in a particular social situation. • Dad received a polite letter of apology from the boy who had damaged his car. • The courteous girl held the door open for the woman. The adjectives rude and impolite are synonyms. They both describe a person with bad manners, who acts in a way that upsets or annoys other people. They are also used to talk about behaviour that is considered incorrect in a particular social situation. • A rude man pushed past everyone and went straight to the front of the line. • It is often impolite to tell people exactly what you think of them. The words polite and courteous are antonyms of rude and impolite. They are opposite in meaning. • Polite adults rarely have impolite children, because they set them a good example.

Try it! Rewrite these sentences, replacing the underlined words with synonyms. 1 If you are likely to be late for a meeting or appointment, it is polite to let the other person know. 2 Mary’s new boyfriend is a very courteous young man. 3 The impolite woman ignored me and carried on talking to her friend. 77

37

pull, drag / push, shove Paul had a terrifying dream. He was trapped in a burning building with his elder brother, Tom.

Tom shoved the door with his shoulder and broke it down. Then he collapsed on the floor.

They could not open the door to get out. They tried pulling it and pushing it, but it would not move.

Paul had to drag his brother to safety. It took all his strength, but he managed it.

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What do they mean? The verbs pull and drag are synonyms. They both refer to moving something by holding it and exerting effort away from it. To drag something is to pull it with difficulty, often along the ground. • The lifeguard grabbed Mary’s arm and pulled her out of the pool. • I walked along the station platform, dragging my heavy suitcase behind me. The verbs push and shove are synonyms. They both refer to moving something by touching it and exerting effort towards it. To shove something or someone is to push them roughly or with great force. • The car ran out of fuel so Dad had to push it to the petrol station. • James angrily shoved the chair out of his way. The words pull and drag are antonyms of push and shove. They are opposite in meaning. • Anna pushed the window shut and pulled down the blind.

Try it! A Fill in the blanks with the words in the box. Do not use the same word more than once. dragged

pulled

pushed

shoved

1 Someone

me from behind and I fell down the steps.

2 The oxen

the heavy plough across the field.

3 The mothers chatted as they 4 Sue

their prams along the path.

her little sister’s hair and made her cry.

B Here are some other words from the passage. Can you think of an antonym for each one? 1 elder



2 open

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3 safety

38

punish / reward Young animals, such as puppies or kittens, are like children. They have to learn the difference between right and wrong.

It is also important to reward pets that do as they are told. For example, if your dog comes straight back to you when you call it, you should give it a treat.

If your puppy will not stop behaving badly, you must punish it. A light smack should be enough. Take care not to injure the animal.

Most animals respond well to these simple methods. Some parents wish their children could be trained so easily!

80

What do they mean? You punish a person or animal that has behaved badly or done something wrong. You make them suffer or make them do something unpleasant. • Anyone caught cheating will be severely punished. • Mary punished her cat for killing a bird. You reward a person or animal that has behaved well or achieved something. You give them something nice and make them feel good. • Our teacher rewards us with a gold star when we make an effort. • The rescuers should be rewarded for saving the children’s lives. The verbs punish and reward are antonyms. They are opposite in meaning. • The company rewards staff who work hard and punishes those who are lazy or careless.

Try it! A Fill in the blanks with punish or reward, using each word twice. 1 How should I

the men for their hard work?

2 Tom was afraid that the teacher would 3 Some parents seem reluctant to 4 You can

him. their children.

the horse by giving it a carrot.

B Here are some other words from the passage. Can you think of an antonym for each one? 1 learn 2 light 3 comes 4 simple

81

39

raw / cooked After the storm we had a power cut that continued for several days. All our cooking equipment is electric, so we had to survive mainly on raw food.

Mum had bought some fresh fish the day before the storm. She had to throw them away because it was too risky to eat them raw.

There was some cheese and cooked meat in the fridge. We ate that with bread and salad for lunch and dinner.

The power finally came back on and we had our first cooked meal for a week. It was delicious!

82

What do they mean? The adjective raw describes food that has not been prepared for eating by a process that uses heat. • You should always wash your hands after touching raw meat. • A raw carrot is a healthy snack. The adjective cooked describes food that has been prepared for eating by a process that uses heat. • Many British hotels serve a cooked breakfast. • The white of the egg was cooked but the yolk was still runny. The words raw and cooked are antonyms. • Most types of fruit and vegetables can be eaten raw or cooked.

Try it! A Fill in the blanks with raw or cooked, using each word three times. 1 My sister likes to eat 2

blackcurrants straight from the bush.

chicken can be eaten hot or cold.

3 We could not have any 4

food while the kitchen was being painted.

cabbage is hard and crunchy. It goes soft when you boil it.

5 Salad is not a 6 Any germs in the

meal. meat will be killed by the heat of the oven.

B Here are some other words from the passage. Can you think of a synonym for each one? 1 continued 2 survive 3 mainly 4 risky 83

40

run, race, dash / walk, stroll, amble The hare and the tortoise had a race. The hare could run faster than all the other animals, so he was sure he would win.

The hare thought he had plenty of time for a rest, so he lay down at the side of the road and fell asleep. Meanwhile, the tortoise ambled on.

They set off at the same time, and soon the hare was far ahead. He turned round and saw the tortoise walking slowly and steadily towards him.

When the hare woke up, the tortoise was almost at the finish line. The hare dashed away at top speed but did not get there in time. He lost the race.

84

What do they mean? The verbs run, race and dash are synonyms. They all refer to moving fast on your legs. You race or dash when you are in a hurry. • Sally ran all the way home from school. • I raced to the station to catch my train. • A man wearing a mask dashed out of the bank. The verbs walk, stroll and amble are synonyms. They all refer to moving slowly on your legs. You stroll or amble when you are not in a hurry. • Tom walked past the shop without looking in the window. • Some tourists were strolling around the ruined castle. • The old man ambled into the kitchen to make a cup of tea. The words run, race and dash are antonyms of walk, stroll and amble. They are opposite in meaning. • Students must walk, not run, in the school corridors. • Mary ambled over to the window and watched the people dashing for shelter from the heavy rain.

Try it! Fill in the blanks with the words in the box. Do not use the same word more than once.

dashed

1 We fishermen. 2 Peter

strolled

walked

along the river bank, stopping now and then to chat to the indoors to fetch his camera before the bird flew away.

3 The angry woman to be served immediately.

straight up to the counter and demanded 85

41

short, brief / long, lengthy The short route would take them across fields that might be rather muddy. They decided to go along the road instead.

It was a fine day, so Mary and Sue decided to walk to the river from the village where they lived. They had a lengthy discussion about the best way to go.

It took them a long time to reach the river. They had been walking continuously for three hours, apart from a brief stop for refreshments.

The girls did not have enough energy to walk back home. Mary phoned her father and asked him if he would come and collect them in his car.

86

What do they mean? The adjectives short and brief are synonyms. They both describe something that lasts for a small amount of time or contains few words. You can also use short to describe anything that is small from end to end. • My dog has a very short tail. • We had a brief visit from Mr Jones yesterday. The adjectives long and lengthy are synonyms. They both describe something that lasts for a large amount of time or contains many words. You can also use long to describe anything that is large from end to end. • It is a long way to the city centre from here. • The president made a lengthy speech about the economy. The words short and brief are antonyms of long and lengthy. They are opposite in meaning. • The article begins with a short description of the machine, followed by a lengthy explanation of how it worked.

Try it! Fill in the blanks with the words in the box. Do not use the same word more than once.

brief

1 A giraffe has a 2 Joe left a

lengthy

long

neck. message for his mother on a scrap of paper.

3 I think Sue would look smarter with 4 There was a

short

hair.

delay at the airport because of the bad weather.

87

42

shout, cry, yell / whisper, murmur, mutter Two masked men with guns ran into the bank. ‘This is a robbery!’ yelled one of them.

‘Don’t worry,’ he murmured. ‘I managed to press the alarm button before I left the counter.’ ‘Stop talking!’ shouted the robber who was guarding them.

They made the staff and customers stand against the wall. ‘Do you think they’re going to kill us?’ whispered a frightened young woman to the cashier beside her.

Just then, the police arrived outside the bank. ‘Put down your weapons and come out with your hands up!’ cried the chief officer through a megaphone.

88

What do they mean? The verbs shout, cry and yell are synonyms. They all refer to speaking very loudly. • The man shouted for help but no one heard him. • ‘Please turn the volume down!’ cried Mum. • I yelled at Sue to warn her. The verbs whisper, murmur and mutter are synonyms. They all refer to speaking very quietly. When you whisper, you use your breath rather than your voice. • Kate leant over and whispered something in Jane’s ear. • ‘I think the actor has forgotten his lines,’ murmured David. • ‘This soup tastes horrible,’ muttered Peter. The words shout, cry and yell are antonyms of whisper, murmur and mutter. They are opposite in meaning. • ‘I’m coming!’ shouted Jack, muttering crossly as he got out of his warm, cosy bed.

Try it! Rewrite these sentences, replacing the underlined words with synonyms. 1 Tom muttered something to his friend but I did not hear what he said. 2 ‘Look out!’ cried Joe. 3 We shouted to the people on the other boat. 4 ‘Don’t worry – I’ll help you,’ whispered Alice. 89

43

smile, grin / frown, scowl Anna hated having her photograph taken. She scowled at the camera.

Anna’s parents wanted a nice picture of her so they hired a professional photographer. He told Anna to smile.

Anna’s mother frowned and looked annoyed. However, her father had a good idea.

He walked towards the door and pretended to trip over a wire. Anna grinned and the photographer immediately pressed the shutter.

90

What do they mean? The words smile and grin are synonyms. They can be used as verbs or nouns. They both describe the act of making your mouth curve upwards to show that you are happy or amused. A grin is a wide smile. • Carol smiled as she read the letter. • ‘You look really funny in that hat,’ said Michael with a grin. The words frown and scowl are synonyms. They can be used as verbs or nouns. They both describe the act of making your mouth curve downwards to show that you are cross or unhappy. You scowl when you are particularly angry or upset. • Dad looked at the phone bill and frowned. • I could tell from Jane’s scowl that she was not at all pleased. The words smile and grin are antonyms of frown and scowl. They are opposite in meaning. • Mum’s frown changed to a smile when I offered to help her clear up the mess.

Try it! A Circle the correct words to complete the sentences. 1

The receptionist greeted me with a friendly (smile / scowl).

2 The contestant (frowned / grinned) because he knew the right answer. 3 The policeman got out of the car with a (frown / grin) on his face. 4 Tom (scowled / grinned) when his mother told him to tidy his room. B Here are some other words from the passage. Can you think of a synonym for each one? 1

nice



2 hated

3 annoyed



4 trip 91

44

stop, cease / start, go ‘Of course I do,’ replied Sam. ‘You push the pedals to make it go and you press the brake to make it stop.’

Sam’s parents bought him a bike for his fifth birthday. ‘Do you know how to ride it?’ asked his father.

Sam wanted to go out and ride his bike straight away. Unfortunately, it had just started to rain.

Two hours later, the rain finally ceased. By this time, however, Sam was happily playing with one of his other birthday presents.

92

What do they mean? The verbs stop and cease are synonyms. When something has stopped or ceased, it is no longer happening. The verb cease is mainly used in formal language. To stop is also to be no longer moving. • The printer stopped working because it had run out of ink. • The people began to wonder if the fighting would ever cease. The verb start is an antonym of stop and cease. When something starts, it begins happening. • The builders stopped for lunch at midday and started working again at one o’clock. The verb go is an antonym of stop in its other meaning. To go is to begin moving. • The traffic must stop when the light is red and it cannot go until the light changes to green.

Try it! A Fill in the blanks with the words in the box. Do not use the same word more than once. cease

1 Please 2 I am about to 3 The company will

go

start

stop

humming that annoying tune! reading the book Tom lent me. trading at the end of the month.

4 You will have to change the battery in the clock to make it

.

B Here are some other words from the passage. Can you think of a synonym for each one? 1 replied

2 finally 93

3 presents

45

sure, certain / unsure, uncertain It was Tom’s first day at his new school and he felt rather nervous. ‘Don’t worry,’ said his mother, ‘I’m sure everything will go well.’

When he arrived at the school, he was unsure where to go. Another boy saw the uncertain look on his face and came to speak to him.

‘You must be Tom, the new boy in my class,’ he said. ‘Come with me and I’ll introduce you to the other students.’

The two boys chatted on the way to the classroom and discovered that they had a lot in common. Tom was certain that they would become good friends.

94

What do they mean? The adjectives sure and certain are synonyms. They both refer to the strong feeling that you know something is true or correct. • I am sure I have seen that man before. • Do not eat the berries unless you are certain that they are not poisonous. The adjectives unsure and uncertain are synonyms. They both refer to the feeling of doubt you have about something that may or may not be true or correct. • Kate was unsure whether she had remembered to lock the door. • If you are uncertain how to spell the word, look it up in a dictionary. The words sure and certain are antonyms of unsure and uncertain. They are opposite in meaning. • Jane was certain that we were going the right way. But she was unsure how long it would take to reach our destination.

Try it! Rewrite these sentences, replacing the underlined words with synonyms. 1 Carol was sure that she would pass the exam. 2 The doctor was uncertain whether the patient would make a full recovery. 3 Joe is unsure what he wants to study at university. 4 I was certain that I had put my passport in my bag. 95

46

teacher, instructor / student, pupil The students arrived for their first karate class. Some of them felt rather nervous.

Their instructor introduced himself. Then he showed them how to do some simple moves.

He was a good teacher, and very patient with those who were slow to learn. Everyone enjoyed his classes.

At the end of the course, his best pupils entered a national competition. Several of them won prizes.

96

What do they mean? The nouns teacher and instructor are synonyms. They both refer to a person who helps other people to learn something. An instructor is most often someone who teaches a sport or a practical skill. • The teacher explained to the class how water turns into steam. • Our keep-fit instructor has given us some difficult exercises to do. The nouns student and pupil are synonyms. They both refer to someone who is learning something from another person. A student is most often someone studying at high school, college or university. • The students have to buy their own books and computers. • ‘Anna is one of my most talented pupils,’ said Mr Lee. The words teacher and instructor are antonyms of student and pupil. They are opposite in meaning. • The piano teacher is too busy to take on any new pupils at the moment.

Try it! A Fill in the blanks with the words in the box. Do not use the same word more than once. instructor

pupil

student

teacher

1 The young man told us that he was a college 2 The

.

taught the soldiers how to load their guns.

3 This picture was probably painted by a 4 My aunt is a history

of the great artist.

at a school in England.

B Here are some other words from the passage. Can you think of a synonym for each one? 1 class



2 nervous 97



3 simple

47

tight / loose, slack James was going fishing. He put on a pair of loose, comfortable trousers because he would be sitting on the river bank all day.

He didn’t catch any fish during the morning. His line remained slack but he kept tight hold of his rod, just in case.

The fish tried to swim away and pulled the rod out of James’s hand. Fortunately, he woke up in time to grab it before it fell into the water.

After lunch, he began to doze in the warm sunshine, relaxing his grip on the rod. Suddenly, a fish took his bait and the fishing line went tight.

98

What do they mean? The adjective tight describes something that is being pulled hard, such as a rope or wire. It can also describe a firm hold or a garment that fits closely to your body. • It is bad for your feet to wear shoes that are too tight. The adjectives loose and slack are antonyms of tight. You most often use loose to describe a garment, or something that is not firmly held or fixed. You most often use slack to describe a rope or wire. • A loose knot is easier to untie than a tight knot. • The first skirt I tried on was too tight around the waist and the second one was too loose. • The rope at the front of the boat was slack but the one at the back was tight.

Try it! A Fill in the blanks with the words in the box. You will have to use one of the words twice. loose

1 The

slack

tight

bandage began to hurt my leg.

2 You cannot play a guitar properly if its strings are 3 The thief struggled to pull the bag out of Mary’s 4 One of the screws was

. grip.

and the handle was falling off.

B Here are some other words from the passage. Can you think of an antonym for each one? 1 on



2 day

3 warm



4 pulled 99

48

tired, weary, exhausted Alice took a job picking fruit on a farm during the university vacation. The farmer’s wife showed her to the female workers’ accommodation.

At the end of the afternoon, the weary workers returned to their hut. The farmer’s wife brought them some food for their evening meal.

The bed was hard and uncomfortable, so Alice did not sleep well that night. She felt tired the following morning, before she had even begun her first day’s work.

The other women sat outside chatting after they had eaten. Sally was so exhausted that she went straight to bed.

100

What do they mean? The adjectives tired, weary and exhausted are synonyms. They all describe someone who feels weak and sleepy, often after work or exercise. To be exhausted is to be very tired. The adjectives tired and weary can also describe a part of the body. • The tired children fell asleep in front of the TV. • My eyes were tired after reading for five hours on the plane. • The travellers were hungry and weary when they finally reached the hotel. • Mum sat down to rest her weary legs. • The men have worked all day without a break. They must be exhausted.

Try it! A Write sentences containing the given adjectives. 1 (tired) 2 (weary) 3 (exhausted) B Here are some other words from the passage. Can you think of an antonym for each one? 1 female 2 hard 3 end 4 outside

101

49

victory, win / defeat Peter and David had been badminton partners for several years. Much to their delight, they succeeded in beating two of their toughest opponents.

‘We only need one more win to become national champions,’ said Peter. ‘I know,’ said David, ‘so we must practise harder than ever this week.’

They went out for a drink to celebrate their victory. As they walked home, they discussed their next match, scheduled for the following Saturday.

They played for two hours every evening, but all their efforts were in vain. Although they won the first few points, the match ended in defeat for them.

102

What do they mean? Victory is the act of winning a battle, election or sporting contest. You can also use the word as a countable noun. A win is a victory in a sporting contest. • All armies go into battle hoping for victory. • This is the third win of the season for the Brazilian driver. Defeat is the act of being beaten in a battle, election or sporting contest. You can also use the word as a countable noun. • Defeat in sport is often followed by a change of management for the team. • The government suffered a defeat in today’s vote in parliament. The nouns victory and win are antonyms of the noun defeat. They are opposite in meaning. • The election seems likely to be a victory for the Republicans and another defeat for the Democrats.

Try it! A Fill in the blanks with the words in the box. You will have to use one of the words twice. defeat

victory

win

1 James seemed quite cheerful despite his 2 The general proudly led his soldiers to 3

. .

should make you determined to do better next time.

4 The day ended with another

for the Australian team.

B Here are some other words from the passage. Can you think of an antonym for each one? 1 delight

2 succeeded 103

3 ended

50

writer, author / reader Professional authors have what appears to be a lonely life. They sit at their desk all day typing words into their computer.

Most authors get letters from readers who have enjoyed their books. Not all these letters are full of praise. Some of them point out errors in the text.

Some still write their books by hand with pen and paper. They say that they cannot think properly when they are sitting in front of a computer screen.

Readers are often able to meet their favourite writer when a new book is published. The writer sits in a bookshop autographing books that people have bought.

104

What do they mean? The nouns writer and author are synonyms. They both refer to a person who writes a book, a story or some other form of text, such as an article for a magazine. • The writer has made some factual errors in this book. • Do we have to ask the author’s permission if we want to quote from their work? The noun reader is an antonym of writer and author. It refers to a person who reads what a writer or author has written. • The writer should not assume that the reader already knows a lot about the subject. • Most readers of this author’s novels are aged between sixteen and thirty.

Try it! A Circle the correct words to complete the sentences. 1 More and more (writers / readers) are publishing their own books in electronic form. 2 The (reader / author) did not like the changes that were made in the film version of her story. 3 The website contains reviews written by (readers / authors). 4 You should explain any difficult words in the text in order to help the (writer / reader) understand them. B Here are some other words from the passage. Can you think of a synonym for each one? 1 appears 2 get 3 errors 4 autographing 105

Answers

4 as well

UNIT 5 A 1 2 3 4

UNIT 1 A 1 absent 2 missing 3 present 4 missing

B Possible answers: 1 everyone 2 useless 3 then 4 here

B Possible answers: 1 nearly 2 start 3 agitated 4 rest

UNIT 6 A 1 anxious 2 worried 3 nervous 4 calm

UNIT 2 A 1 2 3 4

admitted deny confessed denied

B 1 well 2 slowly 3 deep 4 always

B 1 surface 2 pleased 3 noticed 4 finally

UNIT 7 A 1 2 3 4

UNIT 3 1 2 3 4

ancient modern Modern ancient

disagree argue agree quarrelled

leave come arrived departed

B 1 collect 2 stopped 3 suggested

UNIT 4 1 too 2 instead 3 also 106

UNIT 8

UNIT 12

A 1 2 3 4 5 6

A 1 choose 2 select 3 rejected 4 picked

attack defend protect defend attacks protect

B Possible answers: 1 worst 2 buy 3 hate 4 little

B 1 wise 2 close 3 try 4 mean

UNIT 13

UNIT 9 A 1 2 3 4

A 1 2 3 4

conceited boastful modest boastful

B Possible answers: 1 from 2 more 3 different 4 rarely

B Possible answers: 1 contest 2 saved 3 courage 4 accomplishment

UNIT 14

UNIT 10 1 2 3 4

close near nearby far

1 2 3 4

fix damage break mend

unusual common Rare common

UNIT 15

UNIT 11

A 1 2 3 4

1 free 2 occupied 3 busy

107

completely totally entirely partly

B Possible answers: 1 cheap 2 back 3 remembered 4 leave

B

UNIT 16

UNIT 20

A 1 hero 2 coward 3 coward 4 hero 5 coward 6 hero

A 1 2 3 4

Possible answers: 1 nothing 2 enemy 3 departure 4 unlikely

B Possible answers: 1 badly 2 earlier 3 shouted 4 pushed

B 1 walking 2 hit 3 ran 4 real

UNIT 21

UNIT 17 1 2 3 4

1 2 3 4

low shrill deep high

A 1 2 3 4

possibly definitely perhaps certainly

fair unjust just unfair

B Possible answers: 1 neither 2 agreed 3 punishment

UNIT 19 A 1 2 3 4

Initially finally at first eventually

UNIT 22

UNIT 18 1 2 3 4

leave Enter exit enter

early late prompt punctual

108

2 3 4 5 6

UNIT 23 A 1 2 3 4

glad pleased sorry disappointed

B Possible answers: 1 rapidly 2 centre 3 fortunately 4 uninjured

B 1 somewhat 2 show 3 received 4 together

UNIT 27

UNIT 24 A 1 2 3 4

1 2 3 4

help hindrance assistance hindrance

ill Healthy sick well

UNIT 28

B Possible answers: 1 enquired 2 require 3 fell

A 1 2 3 4

immediately straight away at once later

B 1 rushed 2 undone 3 ripped 4 mended

UNIT 25 A 1 2 3 4

struck missed strike missed hit

hide showed concealed revealed

UNIT 29

B Possible answers: 1 expensive 2 minor 3 narrow 4 dry

1 2 3 4

increase decrease reduce increase

UNIT 30 1 unkind 2 humane 3 cruel

UNIT 26 A 1 hit 109

B Possible answers: 1 spectacles 2 correct 3 totally 4 errors

4 kind

UNIT 31 1 2 3 4

next previous following last

UNIT 36 1 courteous 2 polite 3 rude

UNIT 32 A 1 2 3 4

made produced create destroyed

UNIT 37 A 1 2 3 4

B Possible answers: 1 intelligent 2 changed 3 kill 4 marvellous

B Possible answers: 1 younger 2 close 3 danger

UNIT 33 1 2 3 4

minimum maximum minimum maximum

UNIT 38 A 1 2 3 4

UNIT 34 1 2 3 4

silence [OR peace] sound noise quiet [OR silence]

reward punish punish reward

B Possible answers: 1 teach 2 heavy 3 goes 4 complex

UNIT 35 A 1 2 3 4

shoved dragged pushed pulled

rarely often seldom frequently

110

B Possible answers: 1 pretty 2 disliked 3 cross 4 fall

UNIT 39 A 1 2 3 4 5 6

raw Cooked cooked Raw cooked raw

UNIT 44 A 1 2 3 4

B Possible answers: 1 lasted 2 live 3 chiefly 4 dangerous

B Possible answers: 1 answered 2 eventually 3 gifts

UNIT 40 1 strolled 2 dashed 3 walked

UNIT 45 1 2 3 4

UNIT 41 1 2 3 4

long brief short lengthy

A 1 2 3 4

murmured [OR whispered] shouted [OR yelled] yelled [OR cried] murmured [OR muttered]

student instructor pupil teacher

B Possible answers: 1 lesson 2 anxious 3 easy

UNIT 43 A 1 2 3 4

certain unsure uncertain sure

UNIT 46

UNIT 42 1 2 3 4

stop start cease go

smile grinned frown scowled

UNIT 47 A 1 tight 111

2 slack 3 tight 4 loose

UNIT 49 A 1 2 3 4

B Possible answers: 1 off 2 night 3 cool 4 pushed

defeat victory Defeat win

B Possible answers: 1 distress 2 failed 3 began

UNIT 48 A Possible answers: 1 The tired old man sat down on a bench. 2 My arms were weary from pulling on the rope. 3 Mum was exhausted by the time the last guest left.

UNIT 50 A 1 writers 2 author 3 readers 4 reader B Possible answers: 1 seems 2 receive 3 mistakes 4 signing

B Possible answers: 1 male 2 soft 3 beginning 4 inside

112