Symbolism in the Representation of Royal Children during the New Kingdom 9781407308975, 9781407338774

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Symbolism in the Representation of Royal Children during the New Kingdom

Georgia Xekalaki

BAR International Series 2314 2011

ISBN 9781407308975 paperback ISBN 9781407338774 e-format DOI https://doi.org/10.30861/9781407308975 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library

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PUBLISHING

Table of Contents Introduction

1

i. Definition of the subject. ii. Key hypothesis-Method of work. iii. Aims and objectives. iv. Past works on the subject. a. The Beginning (1730- 1850). b. The Age of Discovery (1850- 1922). c. The Age of Research (1922- 2008).

1 1 4 5 5 5 7

Chapter 1: Divine Prototypes.

10

1.1. Introduction. 1.2. Textual Sources. 1.2.1. Funerary texts. 1.2.2. Official mythical narrative. 1.2.3. Ritualistic Texts. 1.2.4. Non-ritualistic texts. 1.3. Iconographical sources. 1.3.1. Divine Iconography. 1. Child-gods. 2. Fertility deities. 1.3.2. Pre-New Kingdom mythical birth iconography. 1.4. Commentary. 1.4.1. Method of analysis. 1.4.2. Combining the evidence. 1. Texts. 2. Iconographical Symbols of Deities. a. Hairstyle. b. Body. c. Posture “with the finger in his mouth”. d. Sceptres and musical instruments. 1. 4. 3. The Mythologems of the Male God. 1. The Miraculous Birth. 2. The Powerless Child. 3. The Powerful Adolescent. 1.4.4. Looking for Mythologems of the Divine Daughter. 1. The incomplete adolescent goddess/angry goddess. 2. The complete daughter-goddess/protective to her father. 1.5. Conclusion.

10 10 10 11 11 12 13 13 13 16 19 19 19 21 21 21 22 22 22 23 23 23 24 24 25 25 25 26

Chapter 2: The Pharaohs as Children.

28

2.1. Introduction. 2.2. Evidence: chronological and preliminary evaluation. 2.3. Secondary evaluation of evidence: Method of analysis. 2.3.1. Time. 1. Actual time. 2. Narrative Time. 2.3.2. Space. 1. Story space: Mythology, cult, reality. 2. Actual space: the social context. 2.3.3. The future king as “actor”. 2.4. Mythologems. 2.4.1. The Miraculous Birth. 2.4.2. The Endangered child. 2.4.3. The Powerful Adolescent. 2.5. Conclusion.

28 28 31 32 33 33 35 35 37 38 39 40 43 46 49

Chapter 3: Representing King’s Sons who did not Reign.

50

3.1. Introduction. 3.2. Data Overview. 3.2.1. Types of Representation. 3.2.2. The King’s Sons as "actors". 3.2.3. The princes as signs: representation details. 1. Hairstyle. 2. Sceptres-emblems. 3. Written references-titles. 3.3. Data as Narrative: Time and space. 3.3.1. Actual Time. 3.3.2. Narrative Time. 3.3.3. Actual Space: Social background of representations. 3.3.4. Narrative Space: Mythology, Cult, Reality. 3.4. Mythologems. 3.4.1. The Miraculous Birth. 3.4.2. The powerless/endangered child. 3.4.3. The powerful adolescent. 3.5. Conclusions.

50 51 52 54 60 60 62 63 65 66 66 68 69 70 70 73 74 76

Chapter 4: The Representation of King’s Daughters in the New Kingdom.

78

4.1. Introduction. 4.2. Data Overview. 4.2.1. Types of Representation: Individual and in groups. 4.2.2. The King's Daughters as "actors". 4.2.3. The King's Daughters as signs: representation details. 1. Hairstyle. 2. Further Headgear. 3. Sceptres. 4. Written References-Titles. 4.3. Data as Narrative: Time and Space. 4.3.1. Actual time. 4.3.2. Narrative time. 4.3.3. Actual Space: Social background of representations. 4.3.4. Narrative Space: mythology, cult, reality. 4.4. Mythologems: introduction and problems. 4.4.1. The complete adolescent. 4.4.2. The incomplete adolescent. 4.4.3. An apoclisis from mythologems?

78 78 80 83 88 88 90 93 96 97 98 99 100 101 103 103 104 105

Chapter 5: Conclusions.

107

5.1. Introduction. 5.2. Blending prototypes: myth and familiar reality in the production of symbols. 5.3. The need to represent he Royal Children. 5.4. Summary.

107 107 108 110

Abbreviations. Bibliography. Plates.

111 113 133

Chapter 1CHARTS Chapter 2 CHARTS Chapter 3 CHARTS Chapter 4 CHARTS

165 181 235 301

                   

                    

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Acknowledgments The idea of my thesis, published in this book, was the result of my ongoing interest on aspects of Egyptian thought which underlie the official representations of royalty, and on details concerning the New Kingdom royal family history. Choosing this subject, I was also aiming to expand my knowledge in Egyptology, which became my main academic interest after the completion of an MA in the University of Liverpool in 2003. The nature of the primary sources, which included New Kingdom iconographical evidence and texts, gave me the opportunity to fulfill this target during the fouryear period of my research. Furthermore, the necessary study and use of modern theoretical works in semiotics, symbolism, cultural theory and literature theory which formed my research method, gave me the opportunity to build on a theoretical background I had received during my undergraduate studies at the University of Athens, to work on an Egyptological study on art and culture. I hope that with my study I indicated the depth of analysis we can reach through a modern, multi-disciplinary approach. Naturally, research is the result of productive cooperation, exchange of ideas, creative dialogue and support. I found all of those elements in Liverpool, where my research idea was formed and took off. Therefore, I have to thank my supervisor, Dr. Ian Shaw for his offer to supervise my project, his advice during the course of my research, his encouragement to begin lecturing and publishing and the opportunity he gave me to work for him in his Gurob Harem project during 2006 and 2007. I also thank my second supervisor, Dr. Mark Collier, for his guidelines on my study of symbolism and his advice on drafts of my thesis. Many thanks to Professor Christopher J. Eyre who offered me valuable help in my first published work related to this study and guided me into expanding my knowledge on hieroglyphs during my first year as a postgraduate researcher. My special thanks to Professor Kenneth A. Kitchen, whose work and ideas always inspire me, while he remained an invaluable support to my effort with the comments he made on my published work, the photographic material and references he provided me, and his willingness to discuss with me about different academic matters. I also want to thank deeply Dr. Steven Snape and Dr. Roland Enmarch for their additional information on material and references. My thanks also to Dr. Elizabeth Frood, who encouraged me to choose the Royal Children as my research subject and was in charge of my project during my first year. Beyond Liverpool, there were different sources of support to which I owe many thanks. At first, I want to thank the Greek Institute of State Scholarships (IKY) which funded my project for three years, and I was given the opportunity to be a full-time research student. I also need to give my thanks to my project supervisor in Greece, Dr. Nota Kourou, who fulfilled her role as a scientific advisor in the best way possible by keeping track of my work and also giving me the basic programme-management guidelines which I followed during my writing-up year. I will be also grateful to my academic teachers from the University of Athens, Dr. Angelos Papaioannou and Mrs. Anna Grammenou for believing in me and encouraging me to study Egyptology. Special thanks to Dr. Katerina Koltsida, who taught me Egyptian Archaeology in Athens and suggested me to choose Liverpool for my place of study. I have to especially acknowledge the help of scholars who provided me with material and information. Thus, I express my many thanks to Professor Rosalie David, Dr. Salima Ikram, Ms. Roxanne Wilson and Ms. Jerice Barrios of the Field Museum, Chicago for providing me with information and photos. Special thanks goes to the authorities of the SCA in Egypt who provided me with permission to publish in this work images of all monuments and artifacts currently in Egypt - housed in Egyptian museums or surviving in situ - as well as Dr. Tarek M. Radwan (Cultural Attaché at the Egyptian Cultural Center Athens) who facilitated my correspondence with them back in 2009. For the same reason I have to express my gratitude to everybody who gave me permission to publish images: Dr. Steven Snape for the images of statue Louvre Ε 15682 (Ramose) and Dr. Aidan Dodson for various images from his “Complete Royal Families of Ancient Egypt” where he owns the copyright. In addition, I am glad that during my years of research I had the opportunity to exchange ideas with people who were both precious friends and valuable colleagues. In this framework I have to thank Dr. Daniel Boatright, Ms. Ashleigh Goodwin and Ms. Gina Laycock for proof-reading and correcting the final draft of my thesis as well as Ms. Sabine Harding for transforming my doctoral work into a book. Thanks also to Ms. Marine Yoyotte for giving me information about the royal children in relevance to the settlement at Gurob. Furthermore I owe many thanks to Dr. Danai Naoum, Mrs. Heba Abd El Gawad and Dr. Louise Bertini, who supported me emotionally and academically and Dr. Nicolaos Lazaridis, who introduced me to the world of Egyptology in the UK and encouraged me throughout my work. Finally, I owe many thanks to the people who stood by me during my effort. I want to thank all my friends in Liverpool and in Athens for their patience and encouragement. Above all, I want to thank my husband and my family, as without their support in many levels, I would not have gone through this project.

i

Abstract This book is the official publication on my doctoral work which was successfully supported back in 2008. It consists of two parts: text and material catalogue in a series of charts. The subject of this work is the way that symbolism operates in official representations of the pharaohs' sons and daughters, during the historical period widely known as the New Kingdom (1550-1069 BC). The use of symbols in different expressions of Egyptian culture has been widely mentioned, and has been discussed from many different angles. Scholars have also analysed the identity and function of various royal children through historical and genealogical works. However, there has been little attempt to associate general ideas about visual and verbal symbolism with a socially homogeneous group such as the royal children. My work therefore aims to explore and explain what lies beneath the choice, the variation and the evolution of symbols used in the royal children's iconography and imagery. The area of Egyptian culture that was most affected by this symbolism is essentially the royal ideology. In the course of the five chapters of my thesis I explain not only the role of royal children in analogies between divine and royal families, but also how the royal children became an official link between the king and leading non-royals. Despite the variety of the evidence on royal children in materials, contexts and character, this work concentrates on princely representations that agreed with the standard principles of official Egyptian art and are evidently connected with elements of the official Egyptian New Kingdom world-view. In order to focus this thesis purely on the study of material relating to living royal children, I have decided to retain the data already collected on funerary princely representations for use in a later analytical study. A major part of the thesis aims at establishing a methodology in which modern content analysis methods are combined and then applied to the evidence. Elements of literature theory, theory of mythology and semiotics are blended and applied to the evidence, producing an analysis extending from visual observations to deeper interpretive categorizations. As the official representations of royal children are linked to divine mythological prototypes, it is argued that such imagery is generally inspired by ideas deep-rooted in the Egyptian thought and expressed through cosmogonies. Deviation from the prototypes (designated here as mythologems) might indicate a social need for personal display, which surpasses the ideas about established roles in the cosmos.

ii

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Symbolism in the Representation of Royal Children during the New Kingdom

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Introduction

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Chapter 1: Divine Prototypes.

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Chapter 1: Divine Prototypes

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Chapter 1: Divine Prototypes

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Chapter 1: Divine Prototypes

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Chapter 1: Divine Prototypes

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Chapter 1: Divine Prototypes

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Chapter 1: Divine Prototypes

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Chapter 2: The Pharaohs as Children.

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Chapter 2: The Pharaohs as Children

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Chapter 2: The Pharaohs as Children

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Chapter 2: The Pharaohs as Children

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Chapter 3: Representing King’s Sons who did not Reign.



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Chapter 3: Representing King’s Sons who did not Reign.





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Chapter 3: Representing King’s Sons who did not Reign.





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Chapter 3: Representing King’s Sons who did not Reign.





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Chapter 3: Representing King’s Sons who did not Reign.





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Chapter 3: Representing King’s Sons who did not Reign.



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Chapter 3: Representing King’s Sons who did not Reign.





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Chapter 3: Representing King’s Sons who did not Reign.





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Chapter 3: Representing King’s Sons who did not Reign.



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Chapter 3: Representing King’s Sons who did not Reign.





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Chapter 4: The Representation of King’s Daughters in the New Kingdom.

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Chapter 4: The Representation of King’s Daughters in the New Kingdom.

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Chapter 4: The Representation of King’s Daughters in the New Kingdom.

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Chapter 4: The Representation of King’s Daughters in the New Kingdom.

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Chapter 4: The Representation of King’s Daughters in the New Kingdom.

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Chapter 4: The Representation of King’s Daughters in the New Kingdom.

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Chapter 4: The Representation of King’s Daughters in the New Kingdom.

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Chapter 5: Conclusions.

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Chapter 5: Conclusions.

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Abbreviations.

AE: Ancient Egypt and the East. ADAIK: Abhandlungen des Deutschen Archäologischen Instituts Kairo. AJA: American Journal of Archaeology. ASAE: Annales du Service des antiquités de l' Égypte. BÄBA: Beiträge zur Ägyptischen Bauforschung und Älterumskunde. BACE: The Bulletin of the Australian Centre for Egyptology. BES: Bulletin of the Egyptological Seminar. BIE: Bulletin de l'Institut Égyptien. BIFAO: Bulletin de l' Institut Français d'Archéologie Orientale. BMMA: Bulletin of the Metropolitan Museum of Art. BSAE: British School of Archaeology in Egypt. BSFE: Bulletin de la Société Française d' Égyptologie. BSEG: Bulletin. Société d' Égyptologie Genéve. CAJ: Cambridge Archaeological Journal. CEDAE: Colloques Internationaux du Centre National de la Récherche Scientifique. CdE: Chronique d'Égypte. CRE: Current Research in Egyptology. Cumming and Davies 1982-1995 I-VI: Cumming, B. and B. Davies. Egyptian historical records of the later eighteenth dynasty, translated from the original hieroglyphic text as published in W. Helck 'Urkunden der 18 Dynastie', Heft 1720, Fasc. I (1982), II (1984), III (1984), IV (1992), V (1994), VI (1995). CW: The Collective Works of C.G. Jung. EES: The Egypt Exploration Society. EEF: The Egypt Exploration Fund. Epigraphic Survey: The Epigraphic Survey, the University of Chicago Oriental Institute. GM: Göttinger Miszellen: Beiträge zur ägyptologischen Diskussion. Hornemann I-V: Hornemann, B. 1951-1966. Types of Ancient Egyptian Statuary , vols. I (no 1-315, introduction and index), II (316-556), III (557-815), IV (816-1142), V (1143-1443, index to box IV-V) IFAO: Institut Français d'Archéologie Orientale. JARCE: Journal of the American Research Center in Egypt. JBM: Jahrbuch der Berliner Museen. JEA: The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology. JNES: Journal of Near Eastern Studies. KÄT: Kleine Ägyptische Texte. KMT: K.M.T.: A Modern Journal of Ancient Egypt. KRI Ι-ΙV: Kitchen, Κ. Α. Ramesside Inscriptions Historical and Biographical vols. I-IV. LD Text I-V: Lepsius, K. R. Denkmäler aus Aegypten und Aethiopien.Text vols. I-V LD Plates I-XII: Lepsius, K. R. Denkmäler aus Aegypten und Aethiopien. Plates, vols. I-XIII LÄ: Lexikon der Ägyptologie. MÄS: Münchner Ägyptologische Studien. MDAIK: Mitteilungen des Deutschen Archäologischen Instituts, Abteilung Kairo. NARCE: Newsletter, American Research Center in Egypt. OLP: Orientalia Lovaniensia Periodica. OLZ: Orientalistische Literaturzeitung. Orientalia:Orientalia: Commentarii periodici pontificii institute biblici/Commentarii trimestres a facultate studiorum orientis antiqui pontificii instituti biblici in lucem edidit in urbe. Nova Series. PM I-VIII: Porter B. and Moss R. Topographical Bibliography of Ancient Egyptian Texts, Reliefs and Paintings, vols. I-VIII. RdE: Revue d' Égyptologie. REE: Revista de Estudios de Egiptologia. RITA: Kitchen Ramesside Inscriptions: Translated and Annotated. RITANC: Kitchen Ramesside Inscriptions: Notes and Comments. SAK: Studien zur altägyptischen Kultur.

111

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