S.W.A.T. Team Manual 0873641698, 9780873641692

Citation preview

By Robert P. Cappel

S.W.AT. TEAM

MANUAL

by Robert P. Cappel

Paladin Press

Boulder, Colorado

S.WA.T. Team Manual

by Robert P. Cappel

Copyright © 1979 by Robert P. Cappel ISBN 0-87364-169-8 Printed in the United States of America Published by Paladin Press, a division of Paladin Enterprises, Inc.,

Gunbarrel Tech Center 7077 Winchester Circle Boulder, Coloradg 80301 USA +1.303.443.7250

Direct inquiries and/or orders to the above address. PALADIN, PALADIN PRESS, and the “horse head” design are trademarks belonging to Paladin Enterprises and registered in United States Patent and Trademark Office. All rights reserved. Except for use in a review, no portion of this book may be reproduced in any form without the express written permission of the publisher. Neither the author nor the publisher assumes any responsibility for the use or misuse of information contained in this book.

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INTRODUCTION

The

contents

of

Operational

Special by no

this

manual

procedures,

Weapons

means

and

"all

subject

is the

this

most

provide

tactics,

Tactics

and

(SWAT)

inclusive."

guidance

theories

during

definitive

and

the

past

complete

as

six

This

one

who

years,

manual

insight

into

pertaining

Operations.

However,

in depth

and

manual

has

is

researched

I will

known

to

to me

say at

it

this

time. This

manual

situation,

does not prescribe rather,

cedures

that

will

ploying

a SWAT

it provides

be

required

departmental information

to

make

policy and

a sound

in

any

given

illustrates

decision

when

pro-

em-

unit. Robert

Captain

P.

Cappel

Infantry

normally

the

Normally,

nel.

be

equipped

(general)

areas.

a building subjects

etc.

The

built

up

example

cleared,

hostages

in

areas,

of

i.e.,

this

type

woods,

operation

area.

position.

with

with

either to

effectively

employed

in the

ations

in a Civil

(serving grounds

warrant of

violent

on

for

additional

often

as

proper

possible.

diversified INDIVIDUAL

team

Mentality:

arrest)

policy,

Whether is.

situations

An

located

is armed will

and has often

of

SWAT

can

or

VIPs,

dignitaries

countersniper the

oper-

apprehension

criminals

with

back-

a SWAT

the

That

Team

I would team

the

may

encourage

mobilized

this

as

not,

is

is

employed

or

team

responds

rapidly,

Opportunities

to

should

overlooked.

not

be

be

employ

the

team

any

given

SWAT

organization

must

team

member

or

applicant

a,

must

be

of

of

with in

meet

qualifications. The

occur

is a hostage

areas,

and

of

in non-

areas.

This

raids,

QUALIFICATIONS

member

specific

Environment,

operations.

initially.

equipment,

of

place

criminal

primary

conducting

subsequent

departmental

importance

three

persons,

action.

Depending

other

above.

in which

buildings,

take

situation

security

personnel,

and

the

these

Disturbance

in

which

escaped

third

of

addition

non-SWAT

snipers

will

basic

barricaded

The criminal

The

In

of

i.e.,

person-

Team

SWAT

situation

recreational

is an

agency

three

of

any

operations

parks,

in a wooded

is

a building,

encompasses

a defensive

training

The

be

with

Situation.

no

these

the

of

or more

in one of

must

second

enforcement

first

dwelling

concurrently be

The

law

employment

operational

or

and contained taken

trained

activities

to

in response

and

capabilities

the

beyond

situations

to

is

Team

(SWAT)

Tactics

and

Weapons

Special

response

ready

to provide of

the

of

mission

The

average,

or

above

average,

Stantly

the

to

realm

improve

of

innovative

Physical

stable

intelligence.

his

in

the

approach

The

individual

inserted

It must

life

is an of

the

team

just

May

one

(not

day

or

applicant

of

the

de

corps,

the

at any

make.

have

In

member,

must and

strength.

as

THERE

is be

and

the

such,

to He

any the

on

of

member

regardless

His

adapt

BE NO INDIVIDUAL

man

situation,

attitude,

part

be

to take

encounter.

a vital

reasoning

if necessary,

above,

must

be

alert.

team may

that

the

must

superior

the

within

a mature,

be made

on

to

likely

He

The decision

positive

high.

CAN

be

con-

areas

constantly

is a decision

a completely

he

those

must

it must

addition

seeks

team.

time

depending

leader),

speak,

the

purpose

The

team,

of

first

and

be discussed

aged

to

have

together,

can

unit large

be

be

enough

or

easily to

of

mission A

is

the

singular

other

to

the

esprit

becoming SWAT

ON A

four-man

must

team

discuss

the

(SWAT)

in

its

a

be

alone

number

team.

TEAM.

team

weapons

of

not

of

six-

teams

is encour-

which

operate

(OIC).

leader, and

and

independently, with

is

it

that

equipment

disadvantages

the

effectively

the

that

are

structure

this

types

is the

These

squad,

commensurate could

second

in Charge

by the of

three

A department

if operating

However,

assigned

on

Officer

a variety

teams,

team,

teams.

teams

controlled

will

eight-man

Advantages

carry

we

four-man

three

team:

required.

backup

unit.

third

as

two

section,

with the overall

four-man

The

this

is the

the

will

The

and

judgement

yet

This

in

the

applicant

that

who

ORGANIZATION

teams.

no

or

one,

conditions

to

team

awesome

to

must

so

concept's

may

be noted

one

of

duties

sound

a second.

have

adverse

solid

man

his

member

be

especially

a member

to

possessing

in a fraction

For

as

must

into a life or death situation.

a human

TEAM

knowledge,

employment

Ability:

abilities.

a

his

He

with

exist.

size clear

of a

the large

or

more

teams

four-man

three

cease

will

disadvantages

these

together,

deployed

are

team

The

team.

the

handicap

If perhaps

flexibility.

limited

have

will

in a firefight.

of time

long periods

severely

will

man

one

of

loss

The

for

itself

able to sustain

be

not

team will

The

floors.

numerous

with

store

department

to exist. The

six-man

exist

the

team:

here.

All

Disadvantages

single

four-man

disadvantages

will

Regardless

the

operation be

of

will

required,

employed

Notes:

advantages

team. also

team the

attained.

NEVER

commit

in the

organizational

four-man

not

six-man

team

to

the

degree

of

teams

are

deployed,

to exist.

structure,

a SWAT

the

but

the

key

decision

levelof training

has

its

with

apply,

If three cease

be found

and

also

as

Team

to

as

a successful

to how many

and

readiness

to a situation

ability

and

level

of

that

teams

each

will

team

is beyond

training

to

neutralize. ALWAYS

insure

that

personnel

are

There

never

can

department.

each

erations This

solution

results

as

personnel

in SWAT ment.

be

optimum

assigned

close

as

to

is highly to

of

well

trained

trained

teams

in any

in trained

teams

would

Training

a team optimum

on

and

assigned

and

trained

within as

for

these

closely

-4—

to

the

should

to

for

opachieve

as

many

be

trained

in the

personnel

monitored.

be

department.

possible,

a team

one

in SWAT

Therefore,

a department

sessions

regularly

to be

unlikely.

the

possible

operations

scheduled

“enough”

of a department

and

teams

committed.

The

member

sufficient

depart-

should

be

Eight-man

Team

Team

Concept:

Leader:

The

team

Carries

in

equipment

consists

addition

a radio;

of:

to

normal

individual

his

weapon

is an

M16

rifle.

Sniper:

Carries in addition equipment a radio; bolt

(2) Asst

Tm Ldr:

action

Weapon

is a 12

carries

normal

launching

(2)

Tm

Member:

Carries

Notes:

Normal

Carries

equipment

as

his

rifle

mentioned

or more. Shotgun;

carries

grenade

shotgun.

Pump

encouraged) M16

Automatic

for

is a scoped

.223

equipment;

Gauge

individual

weapon

caliber

Gauge

adaptor

12

Magazine

(2) Tm Member:

rifle,

to normal

Shotgun

and

and

normal

normal

above

(extended

is

equipment.

equipment.

itemized

in this

manual.

Personnel

armed

magazines.

(military

Shotgun

with

M16

Each

man

will

type),

one

CS

personnel

will

Twenty-five

of these

Slugs.

The

remainder

will

carried

be

the

also

will will

be be

one

and

at

a basic

.00

for

load

smoke

least

load

Buck.

#4-#9.

Tm Ldrs

=5—

a basic

carry

grenade,

carry

by Asst

carry

of

Five (Blank

the

of

twelve

grenade

one

simulator.

fifty

will

rounds.

be

shells

grenade

launcher.)

The

eight-man

within

May

the

The

positions May

concept

itself.

with

two

sniper

case

as

two

the

provides

The

not

or

a great

sniper

smaller

may

accessible

operate

In any the

team

operate

ively.

team

teams

be

the

may

of

be

as

situation).

four-man

teams

or

availability of two

as

control

positive

factor

concerning

eight-man

that

carried

is that

periods

of time,

gives tremendous The

commitment

formidable

Table

of

of

force,

and

the

that

team

the

can

at

and

a sniper

assistant

in maintaining

flexibility

four

case

all

team

or

poor

team

of

eight.

assists

times.

Another

and

weapons

sustain

the

itself

shotgun-automatic

for

rifle

long

concept

|

three

generally

to

leaders

versatility. two

team

respect-

the

team

team

the

men, (due

a complete

leader

are

and

In this

team

the

of

detached

three

employed

deal

eight-man

able

to

cope

teams with

will any

provide

situation.

Assignment:

TEAM

LEADER

SNIPER ASSISTANT TEAM LEADER

(A)

ASSISTANT TEAM LEADER

TEAM MEMBER

TEAM MEMBER

TEAM MEMBER

TEAM MEMBER

(B)

COMMON

SWAT

Four-Man

1) Team

ORGANIZATIONS

Team

Six-Man

1)

Leader

Rifle Semi Handgun Radio

or

4)

Semi

or

Auto

1)

Radio

if unable

snipe)

2)

to snipe)

3) Security

Security & Assault Rifle Semi or Auto

4) Security

3) Security

Security 12 Gauge Handgun

4)

Member Handgun

Tm

(A)

Security & Assault 12 Gauge Auto Shotgun Asst Tm Ldr (B) Handgun

6) Security Rifle

Member

Handgun

Auto

Sniper Scoped Bolt Action Rifle (Shotgun if unable to snipe)

& Assault Asst Tm Ldr (A) 12 Gauge Auto Shotgun Handgun

Security & Assault Rifle Semi or Auto Handgun

5)

Team Leader Rifle Semi or

Handgun

Handgun

& Assault Shotgun

Team

Radio

Scoped Bolt Action Rifle. (Shotgun if unable

Action

Handgun

3)

Leader

2) Sniper

Scoped Bolt Rifle

to

Eight-Man

Handgun

2) Sniper (Shotgun

Team

Rifle

Auto

Team

& Assault

Semi

or

Tm

(B)

Auto

Asst

& Assault

Tm Ldr

(A)

12

Gauge Auto Shotgun Handgun

& Assault Rifle Semi or Auto Member Tm (A) Handgun

5) Security 12

Gauge

Member Handgun

Tm

6) Security

& Assault Shotgun (A)

& Assault

Asst Tm Ldr (B) 12 Gauge Auto Shotgun

Handgun

7) Security

& Assault Rifle Semi or Auto Member Tm (B) Handgun

8) Security

& Assault 12 Gauge Shotgun Member Tm (B) Handgun

For

the

not

used

team

may

six

and

to

(B)

snipe,

and

choose

of

etc.)

If

that

is most

list

of

this

text.

duties

must

Depending than

are

one

four-man

with

a

team

as

These does

as

12

of

gauge

a whole

split

the

sniper

security The

or

missions

assign

must

i.e.,

is

& assault

shotgun.

missions

the

if the

team

leader

to each

be within

clearing

team,

he

accompanies

each

team

position.

the

a room, the

team

contact.

above

carried

such

a member

to accomplish,

to make

listed

organizations,

assigned

subteams

likely

equipment

Assigned all

his

leader

weapons

team

becomes

armed

the

the

man

he

(CAUTION:

capability

as

is

to use

subteam.

Basic

eight

with

by the

scouting

team

can

and

be

by each

assigned

A complete

member

to

any

is

in

team

member,

be qualified.

on team

departmental assigned

teams,

or

four

policy,

to

the

there

SWAT

six-man

will

squad

teams,

or

etc.

generally platoon,

be more

i.e.,

three

Suggested

list

Flashlights

of

Team

& Extra

Equipment

:

Batteries

Pry

Bar

Mirrors

Grappling

Door

Compasses

Jams

Tape Two Coils

Hemp

Snap

150'

Goldline

Rope

Flares Medical Dressings Morphine Protective Masks

or

Links/Carabiners

Swiss Seat Doughnuts Binoculars

Material

Flak Vests/Armor Vests Bolt Cutters Bullhorn Camouflage Paint Short Lengths of Rope Fire Extinguisher Ammunition Weapons

Gas Smoke

Simulators Pole Climbers 16 lb. Sledge Axe Hammer Hacksaw

Water

Equipment:

Uniform Web Equipment/Carrying Equipment Swiss Seat D-Rings/Snap Links Doughnut Ammo Pouches or Shotgun Cartridge Belt Good Boots Soft Cap First Aid Dressing Mirror Flashlight

This of

list

Can

Flexicuffs/Handcuffs Camera 60-Second Polaroid First Aid Kit Weapon Cleaning Equipment Spotting Scopes 12' Folding Ladder

Pliers Wire Cutters Assorted Nails Screwdriver

Individual

Hook

is

not

recommended

necessarily

equipment.

all

Knife Hand Gun

Assigned Weapons Ammunition 1 Smoke 1 CS Grenade 1 Simulator 1 Length of Short

Rope

Handcuffs Gloves (Optional) Watch

Paper

inclusive

& Pencil

but

is a good

guide

WHAT

CAN

YOU

In normal

EXPECT?

SWAT

team

operations,

personalities

that

activist,

mentally

The

the

Radical

that

fall

ivated,

war,

and

avenues

place with

begin

his

the

Law

adopt

in their

gence

System,

and

level

His

primary

bombings

or

from

efforts will

average

will

threats

of

been, threat

tactics

easy

presented

that

that

is

your

will The

by

(LEA)

has as

the

highly

him.

moturban

encounter.

determined

such to

the

is

thoroughly

his

position,

likely

Personnel

tactics,

be

familiar

courses

will

have

of to

Through

his

Intelli-

strengths

and

weaknesses,

made.

Once

serve

what

to

being,

red

newsS

the

the the

radical

pig

by

radical

of

the

are

the

LEA

police for

are

market

primary

at have

targets,

Even

though

formidable,

there

personnel.

For

that course

the of

radical action

a vast

amount

may of

fear

the

statements

countermeasures

have

-10—-

conditions

blood."

is

tactics

may

on

incidents,

assassination.

there

reports,

personality

with

is

police

with

and

if

publications

on

sniping

cause

chance

is accomplished,

The

ambushes,

kidnapping,

exploited

of

of

logic

that

run

this

may

this

and

made

will

determinations

effected.

Agency

and

encountered

the

approach

In numerous

adopt,

and

for

avenues

of

radical

conducting

and

targets,

being,

streets

weaknesses

in

encounter,

bombings,

newspapers,

and are the

The

those

person/persons

consist

populace.

such in

are:

trained,

prepared

to neutralize

tactics

citizen?

present,

not,

adept

position,

know

basic

training.

general

seemingly

his

Enforcement he

of

the

position,

operational

the

LEA

to

this

and

three

criminal.

be well

equipped,

rehearsed

that

of escape

action

"and

well

well

the

than

will

be

These

and

often

category

be assumed

familiar

in

More

exceptionally

It must

These

this

will

be encountered. unbalanced,

Activist:

into

guerrilla

time

will

there

the

are

the

will can

be

be

planned

equipment

on

hand

at

the

only

as

also

be met.

to

long

as

what

or

at the

will

escape

the

upper

develops,

the

balance

on

must

prepared

of

be

activist

LEA

place

Death."

of

Underground

This

incident

LEA

personnel

and

use

More

Criminal:

been

caught

the

supply It

point

possible, This

of

they

exact

an

group

amount to

relevant

will

the

try

to

is often accoma

to

Storm

Cleaning but

the

conducts

greatest

Police

happened

the

side

to over-react

Weathermen, of

the

force

Vacant

Shot

Woman

certainly

situation

could.

they

face

judiciously.

Counterambush

in

text

this

manual;

Sniper/Counter-Sniper.

also,

The

available and

with

in

situation

a radical

“Forty

never

result

manned

by

of

before

this

the

the

other

freely

always

As

forced

directed

that

personnel

be aware

forces Ambush

See

NOTE:

on

the

must

be

to

be

type

personnel

light."

read,

headlines

i.e.,

Headquarters

whenever

LEA

should

almost

A final

skill.

this

to move

shift

must

maneuver,

Initially,

violently

in a "bad

personnel

situation,

and

needs

with

personnel.

SWAT

of

strike

is that,

will

will

prepared

and

efforts

Allowed

LEA

power

teams

by intimidating

plished

to

to

professionalism

radical

all

function

eventually

tactical

radical.

on

of

a position

assault

the

he will

of

he will

physical

a situation

deployed

hand

His

type

Once

of

or

team

The

some

been

however,

isolated,

isolating it.

have

police.

be

encountered,

have

successful

exist.

planned.

and

counterforces

encounter,

means

conduct

is

containing

the

he can

he had

person/persons

of

these

If

surrender

than

time

spur

of

in the of

point

than

act

that

likely

is that

than

the

a crime

he will

and have

be unfamiliar

not

have

and

taken

refuge

have

a very

ammunition)

with

which

a defense.

planned

with

his

picked

=e

have

will

criminal

normally

He will

(weapons

he will

not,

of committing

moment.

equipment

is unlikely

more

the

often

surroundings.

the

time

limited

to

fight.

He will

A key

and place

to

chosen

at

best.

cussed

in

this

other

two.

the

a better

can

have

into

a criminal

apprehension

would

the

three

more

apt

to

his

or

somewhat somewhat

reason

than

to

not

Do

continue he

to

are

fight

to make At

ammunition

his

and

until by

home

force.

or

he may This

arms.

confronting

his

met,

arrest

the

to

him

longer

dispatched

is

to

allow

no

should

scene

the

man.

different. similar

dis-

on

residence of

personalities

listen

needs

hastily

be

will

arriving

physical

surrender,

stockpile

be

this

He will

to his

be

may

a tremendous

situation

of

officers

position.

talked

Following

position

isolate

and

is depleted,

be

be

Initially,

move he

will

text,

to contain

ammunition

his

criminal,

The

attempt

to

and

operations,

defensive

conduct

a radical

activist.

The to

Mentally be

His

Unbalanced:

encountered,

actions

are

the

plan

This

actions

reason

with.

must

if hostages

are

To

standing common

assist

of

the

guerrilla

guerrilla

of

three

types

unbalanced

unpredictable.

action.

cannot

A situation

personality

NOTE:

mentally

totally

a definite

man's

Of the

He

be

may

or

with

the

personalities

the

may

or

may

dangerous.

not

be

well

He

is

difficult

mentally

extreme

most

not

anticipated.

involving

be handled

is

He may

of

caution,

have

equipped.

to

unbalanced

especially

involved. the

LEA

radical

officer

activist,

principles

principles

in achieving

of

the

war,

of offensive

-12-

as

and

a better

following well

as

defensive

under-

pages

illustrate

listing

counter-

operations.

COMMON

GUERRILLA

WARFARE

PRINCIPLES

"The guerrilla must be compared forces to the elephant. If the head-on, dash him

to the tiger and the regular tiger confronts the elephant

the elephant will grasp the tiger to the ground, and trample him to

with his trunk and death. However,

should the tiger hide in the trees and wait until the elephant passes beneath, he may lunge to the back of the elephant out of reach of the trunk and tear huge pieces of flesh away. Scere this practice the elephant will slowly bleed to

eath.

.

Strike

where

least

the

enemy

think

you

are

strong

Make

the

enemy

think

you

are

weak

only

Strike

in many

forces,

when

victory

areas

then

make

at one your

time

main

he

attacks,

you withdraw.

When

he

halts

defends,

When

he withdraws,

Use

bait

Always

Have

or

lures

fight

escape

If you role your

on

you

you

pursue

to ambush

your

routes

when

when

you

are

weak.

you

are

strong.

is assured.

When

or

Tse-tung

expected.

Make

Attack

Mao

to make

attack

at

the an

enemy

area

he

of

the

enemy.

ground.

planned.

Use

children

and

carry

Destroy Create

and

booby

and women

and take up the you, take up

"The most venomous serpent the head has been severed."

the command group. piece of rope when

Sun

obstacles

abandoned.

attack.

are forced to withdraw, hide your weapons of a civilian; once the enemy has passed weapon and strike his rear.

Use

has

Tzj,

500

public

fear

to

scout,

create

unfavorable

public

enemy

lines

of communication.

by assassinating

key

public

officials/

dignitaries. Create

distrust

by exposing

any

Before an ambush, rehearse 100 reactions in your training.

Strike

with

massive

B.C.

traps.

supplies.

or jam the

his

harass.

and actions

strike If possible, is but a twisting

deploy

or

LEA

scandal.

include

all

possible

government

times,

firepower. -13—

opinion,

COUNTERGUERRILLA

of

Principles

Gain

offensive

Contact.

& Maintain

Develop

the

Exploit

Known

PRINCIPLES

Situation.

Enemy

Operations

Make contact with the enemy. This involves the SWAT team locating and fixing the subject in position. Once this is accomplished, every effort is made to maintain contact. Comparatively, this is like twa boxers feeling each other out. this time you set the stage for resolution of the situation.

Againas boxers,

During the

one notices the other

has lowered his guard and throws the punch. Perhaps you notice the subject has not taken precautions to cover a

Weaknesses.

certain door or window in a building and you are able to enter, or his flank is not protected and you apply pressure

Seize & Control Terrain.

Key

there.

Any piece of terrain that offers a marked advantage to either side if they can control it is considered as Key Terrain. This could be the roof of a building, a hill, ora stairwell.

Neutralize the Enemy Capability to React.

For instance, a criminal has a getaway car parked near his position. By shooting out his tires you neutralize his capability to use it or react. By sealing the subject off in one room, you deny him freedom of movement and again neutralize much of his capability to react.

Advance by Battle Techniques.

An

Maintain of the

Drill

the Momentum Attack.

operational

under ible. later

tactic

where

men

move

fire with as much safety as possThis is explained in detail in the text.

Once the attack has begun it must stop. Maximum pressure is put on subject.

-14—

not the

Provide

for

Security

Integrity

of

&

This

Forces.

is

means

always

that

physical

used.

It

teams must operate as Two men from one team

another Concentrate

Superior

not

would

as

having

As

the

five

action

means

that

whole teams. and three from

as

be

from

men

security

also

effective one

progresses,

team.

it will

often become apparent that the enemy is nearly beaten or that more power is required. At this time the

Combat Power at the Decisive Place & Time.

leader

must

be

prepared

to

commit

those forces and/or equipment required to assure the favorable outcome of the situation in the right manner at the right time. Principles Maintain

of

Defensive

Defense

in

Operations

Depth.

In the event assigned the a defensive

of

that the SWAT team is mission of conducting type

federal

operation--protection

property

of a dignitary,

or participating in the cordon of an area--the defense should be more -than one line of men. Defense in depth calls for "lines" of defense,

with positions from the forward edge of the defense back, in sufficient numbers to contain the situation or provide adequate protection. If one line of defense was all that was provided and that line was infiltrated, the defense would be useless. With a defense in depth, the front line may be infiltrated, but the remaining positions to the rear will stop the infiltration before it reaches its target. Utilize

Good

& Fields

Utilize

Key

Observation

of Fire.

Positions

provide fields

Terrain

used

the

of

in

the

defender

vision

and

defense

with

must

clear

fire.

Utilize the terrain that will give you an advantage over your subject.

=

S=

or restrict it totally. If your team was conducting a building search, and you had cleared a room and were preparing to move on to another one, you could lock the door of the room you had cleared. This would present an obstacle to any party who would a cordon

is an

not

be

forces, the called upon

Ambush

is defined

halted,

or

Near

as

a surprise

temporarily

halted

inflicting

ambushes:

divided

For

into two

Ambush:

the

near

ambush

concealed

positions

ered

by

iately)

ambush of

wherein

an

the

ambush

Those

not

and

to

by committed

That

for

return

the

is

be

to

zone the

is

kill

by

position

fire

have

zone

of

the

course

in the

a flanking

It will

reason

one

assault

to assume

The

cov-

immed-

but

those

conduct

position.

of

firepower.

front

for

be

from well

immediate

must

assault.

“i6e

ranges

ambush

the

Types

will

attack

ambush an

of

Far Ambush. at

killed

to

(This

in the

than

the

be

yards

of

the

will

in a near

attack

unit

fire

would

kill

ambushes

and

of

a moving,

mission

overwhelming

front

position.

the

initiated

to conduct

in the

subsequent

be

against

destruction.

text,

and

fifty

caught

into

dangerous

position

Teams

adopt.

and

the

opponent

to

zone.)

operation

more

to

position.

directly kill

area

zero

full

The ambushers

(that

fire

with

Ambush

will

surprise

is normally

action

this

with

zone

fire

of

or

the Near

to fifty yards.

kill

controlled

reserve force could for assistance.

by

opponent,

purpose

types;

The

attack

casualties,

from zero The

roadblock

COUNTERAMBUSH

harassment, of

a

obstacle.

could

AND

you.

behind

operation,

A reserve force should always be planned for and provided. In the event that any given situation arose that

a Reserve.

AMBUSH

room

that

to enter

try ‘In

Maintain

movement

slow

to

used

be

can

Obstacles

Obstacles.

Employ

be

a prone is

that

most

ambush

positions

anything

in

the

sitting,

or

in a

been

“prepared,”

iate

action

two

or

for

Far

will in

may

to

kill

position,

if

unit and

provide

larger will

than

be

greater

unit

that

ranges.

An

of a far back,

position.

caught

in the

Immediate

kill

Action

Precautionary an

is on be

ambush

the

are

to

type,

weapons

example

return

150

fire.

to maneuver

the

ambush

in the

decided

break

in

was

kill

zone

ambush.

kill be

as

the aid

zone

thrown

help they

ambush

out

will

of or

between the

back.

kill

take

will of

of accuracy

smoke.

the

maneuver

ambush

a

the

action.

concentration

obscure pull

who

assisting

is

of

move

not

manual)

direction,

degree in

the

to attack

course

in a far

The

the team

members

in this

zone,

those

When

yards,

Those

contact,

The

used.

against

in a different

will

be

fire

at the

"pinned

down"

If it is decided those

ambushed

movement See

and

of those

FIGURE

TWO:

Ambush.

that

maintain

can

from

for

Security This

ranges

fire

a Far

measures

move.

maintained.

to

at

the

as will

zone

ONE:

of

may

should

This

FIGURE

range

excellent

smoke

to fight

See

of

ambush

immed-

direction.

initiated

and

a near

less,

ambush

of

of

somewhat

out

to pull

ambushers.

the

when

leader's

a base

have

directions,

kill

the

standing,

will

ambushers

caught

attack

cover

the

of

is

By taking

later

to

deploy

force

it

zones

cover.

(as discussed

zone

and

the

is

kill

be

attempt

kill

zone,

against

cover

unit

whether

will

this

Drill

that

in the

of

destruction

Ambush.

maximum

by the

any

in one

ambush

will

Battle

of

different

a Near

find

Most

you will

only

far

zone

be used

The

voided

ambush

attempt

position.

of

i.e.,

to the

in an

the

regardless

position.

to

The

yards

caught

zone,

prone

fighting

Ambush:

fifty

total

three

Action

Immediate

facilitate

prescribed,

possibly

planned

kill

will

to be

may

be

good

the

taken

to

dispersion

front,

accomplished

-l7=-

counter any

flanks,

the

time

and

by having

effect

your

rear

unit

must

selected

the

They

must

be close

can

cover

them

and

concealment

listening

must an

to

ambush

clear

animal

will

the

periodically

cut the

movement

to

follow

of

ambush.

suspected

In

when

playing

avoiding

the

of boobytraps

in the

slowed,

blocked,

roads

addresses,

or

NOTE:

members

All

in immediate practiced

as

trained

before

it

as

can

calls

In

be,

also

traffic

be

on

the

of

indicator. be

to

one

flow

in an

Weapons

to identify is cut normal

you

or

find

of

a given

to

the

area

addresses

un-

possibility

discovered

adults

and

A "too

the

arrival

cover

alert

field

A lack

alert

to vacant

all

Taking

Vegetation

unit

may

and

should

of

unit may be able

the

team

immediately.

sprung.

ambush

should

area),

leader

a good

alert

an

man must

camouflage.

be

the

effectiveness.

indication.

for

they

at

"no" area

possibility stopped

or

least

or

non-existing

in an area.

must

thoroughly

drills.

continuously.

realistic

is an

is

of

they

zone.

kill

advantage

Each

his

is answered

gunfire

action

Taking

A well

(this

remainder

In

understand

Counterambush practice,

possible.

-18—

and

be

actions

situations

the

of

if

that

so

the

in

ones

an ambush's

and

where

area

the

of

city

a call

children

that

should

the

enough

support.

noises

trail

far

orders

zone,

and

out

beneficial.

vegetation kill

so

negate

is also

follow

easy” an

fire

be ready ALWAYS.

explained to

with

halts

prepared

enough

and

only

the

be

will

they

ambush

an

spring

of,

rear

the

to

sides

be

must

personnel

These

body.

main

the

to

of,

forward

walk

personnel

competent

should

must

be

be made

FIGURE

Teams

ONE:

are

Immediate

moving,

when

Action

they

to

a

are

and

rear

teams

flanking maneuver the position.

and

conduct

also

Ambush

ce i

ambushed from the left flank. The center team (caught in the kill zone) immediately assaults into the ambush position. The front

Near

&

&

< &

a

assault

AMBUSH POSITION

O O O

Teams conducting the assault and proper

flanking

O

-19=-

maneuvers.

FIGURE

TWO:

Element elements

Immediate

in kill not

in

zone the

Action

seeks kill

to

a Far

cover

zone

and

can

Ambush

returns

maneuver

fire.

against

The the

two ambush

position on the flanks if the leader decides that is the proper course of action. (The unit in the kill zone could act as a base of fire for that type of operation.) All teams could pull back and redeploy as a group (Smoke helps in withdrawal.) FAR

to

AMBUSH

attack

the

ambush

position.

POSITION

©1041@. O10

Tm can . maneuver if required

O

Tm

can

maneuver if required.

© ie 26, Tm in seeks

kill zone cover and

immediately fire.

-20—

returns

SNIPER/COUNTERSNIPER

Police all

surveys

ambushes

shots,

from

against

initiating

cidents

was

by the

ition

expect

that

Suspect flage,

that

determine

that

gives

which

flash

Most

sufficient, takes

on

the

cover

All

team

the

average must

You

expose

this and

must

a covered

team

sniper's be

This type

weapon.

resolved

an

of

infired

were

Activist

himself

or

and

the

use

to

seek

first

position seconds

while as

rapid

the

leader

action

sniper's

is

to

ways,

It

draw

from

a bead

cover

three

makes be

the

to

seconds.

Once

an estimate taken.

This scope

accomplished,

following

is not

possible.

will

or

or

cover.

rapidly.

location.

binoculars,

crack,

shot

than

as

to

advantageous

moving

longer

of camouTry

muzzle

officer

what

this

of

an

the

a pos-

observation.

in

any

be

with

is

that

should

the

these

distinguish.

five

yourself

using

the

by his

on

to

means

the

to

a better

four

After

in any

fire

sniper

positions,

pinpoint

into

first

for

shots

advantage

finds

determines

position

of

the

motivate to

range

provided

sniper

that

move

is in covered

from

may

not

of

the

marksman

target.

has

difficult

to

the

of

category.

taken

an officer

should

situation

FIRST:

has

fifty percent

fired

two

of

fall

fields

him

rapidly

that

movement

your of

you

him clear

Knowing

he

a moving

sniper

direction

should

cover

the

make

position

the

personality

will

night.

will

in

average

average

An

that

snipers

The

snipers

sniper

at

If

ambush.

the

the

indicated

personnel,

yards.

Unbalanced

Mentally

LEA

the

eighty

sniper.

Always

1972-73

the

is done of

the

situation

depending

on

the

situation. SNIPER

AGAINST team

the

SWAT

The

advantages

sniper of

sniper's

Upon

locating

the

engages

him with

carefully

SNIPER: this

type

action

i=

are;

position,

directed

a minimum

number

fire. of

team

of

sniper

subject

one

much

time.

SWAT

TEAM

AGAINST

(or

teams)

moves

(Movement team

the

is more

fire

subject

sniper can

be

and

the

The

disadvantages

discussed

sniper

(or

and

of

level

are,

more

men

are

the

has

The

a fixed

help

the

to

keep

more

resolved and

team

(this

drawal

of

the

begins

an

assault

draws

he will

previously Overrun.

one

have

been

ments

team

more

sniper.

the

than

sniper's likely

teams.

are

attack.

placed

prior

to

forcing

the

are

same

the

main

sniper as

to

with

the

attack

fight one

into

stays

If

the

same

be

can

stalled.

in two

team/teams -22-

team

the

sniper

with-

They

directions. attacking.

zone

as

as may

of

he will

these

serve

of with-

attack

in position the

additional

the

kill

Additionally, assault

the

is dependent

avenues

positioned,

basically

teams

likely

position.

move

If he

advantages

along

Once

or

should

the

on

placed The

when

subject

is

achieved).

placed

are

than

faster,

there

SWAT

snipers

the

attackers.

In this type of operation,

and

there

accurate

BLOCKING FORCE TECHNIQUE: teams

SWAT position

are;

fire,

the

team

position.

position,

is

takes

entire

action

exposed

over

team

from

his

is with

the

text.)

will

reduce

problem

training

sniper

situation

advantage

a control

of

the

in

this

snipers)

method

sniper's

fire

to

the

somewhat

engaged,

the

by

this

tactic,

later

advantages at

psychological

possibility

against

directed

down

and

this

supports

The

team

sniper

the

are

attack.

one

of

Using

(or snipers)

the

engaged,

offensively

firepower

from

be

SNIPER:

Techniques

sniper

during

cannot

than

more

flee,

to

sniper

subject

the

cause

can

a miss

from,

fire

to

position

a good

have

not

may

sniper

team

the

that

are

Disadvantages

harmed.

being

area

in the

persons

innocent

chance

little

leaving

discriminate,

very

is

firing

and

control,

excellent

have

will

leader

team

the

exposed,

be

will

members

those

the

be present

teams

that

reinforcealso

attack,

Disadvantages A more

complex

control

problem

can

arise

with

additional

teams

and

snipers

employed.

NOTE:

In

all

concealment,

utilized.

the

of

these

sound

The

use

effectiveness

These

When

moving

advantage within ready

the and

team.

POSITIONING tered

will

should

be

OF

and

THE

TEAM

employed.

that

in

Maintain

As

varying

absolute

where

position

Keep

immediate

will

be

gas

and

are

to

reduce

contemplated.

whether

are

take

it occurs

it

of

dispersion

weapons

at

drills

is

how

to

clear

utilizes

be

on

that

command.

is

a team that

highly

fields

the

encoun-

technically

guidelines

prove

maximum

maximum

situation

methods

he has he

each

of

provides

sniper if followed

effective.

fire

and

him with

Cover

Concealment.

on your team. He from the incident

his talent. (This in many instances of the sniper becoming a casualty.) 4)

The

location

5)

The

sniper

6)

or

action

degrees,

there

Remember he is the best shot at a relatively far distance

continuous

of

cover

support

situation,

times.

SNIPER:

situation

the

should

sniper

all

enact

Rather,

Employ your sniper observation. ,

3)

at

prescribe

1)

Insure

fire

situation,

concealment. to

adapted to the

and

sniper

action,

movement

sniper

a known

different

to

any

Observe

and

2)

to

and

conceal

subject

of

outdoors.

prepared

be

impractical

to

smoke

into

cover

be

of

or

a team

of

principles,

apply

a building

courses

movement

of the

techniques

inside

operational

the

chosen

close

must

should

fire

be

assaulting

enable

support

for

will

the

an

in communication

reduce

sniper

to

assaulting

with

can be employed that requires

the

the possibility provide

element.

team

leader

team/teams.

He must be thoroughly plan and to the scope

briefed as to the ground of his employment.

-23-

tactical

7)

If possible the sniper's position should be on a ninetydegree angle to the route of approach of the assaulting This enables him to provide fire support for a greater team. There will be times that the sniper will length of time. be required to support in the direction of the route of See Close coordination will be required here. approach. examples following:

Supporting from a position ninety degrees in relation to the direction of attack. In this example the sniper can cover the attacking team from the time they begin the attack until they reach the objective.

a Supporting along the direction of attack. position that affords height, this type of effective.) If no high ground exists, the

(block)

the

sniper's

fire

eventually

£ITiANG.

=945

and

(If the sniper is ina support will also be assaulting team will mask

he will

be

forced

to

stop

The following diagrams illustrate proper positioning in different settings.

Roof

Top

(Correct)

.

Roof

Top

improper

sniper

(Incorrect)

2

7 Vegetation

(Correct)

Vegetation

ea Corner

Wall

(Correct)

Corner

(Correct)

Wall

Trunk

(Incorrect)

(Incorrect)

&

(Incorrect)

/\ Tree

and

: Tree

(Correct)

Trunk

(Incorrect)

4

Window

Window

(Correct)

aos

(Incorrect)

To

and

control

in maintaining

leader

team

SWAT

the

assist

providing a ready posture from which to initiate immediate action drills (discussed later in text), formations are used.

The

following

pages

basic

the

Once

reflex

actions

ticed. over

Practicing

varying

building. man

his

After place

from

the

in any

As

read

through

portantly,

must

to accomplish

amount

become

realize

specific

of

and

missions.

be prac-

be accomplished inside

is spent

@

showing

training

“as

each

if"

norm.

pages

that

should

movement

time

the

advantages

should

to

formation,

the following

inherent

you

ground

particular

situation

has

open

must

become

and

learned

of each

in formations

minimum

real

formation

variations

movement

in the you

team,

terrain,

are

as illustrated

formations

of the

or organization. structure

team

any

to

applicable

are

mations

for-

These

six men.

of

team

a type

indicate

in the

formations

these

illustrate

that

figures

mations,

for-

basic

four

defined

have

we

text

of our

purpose

the

For

you

will

see

that

disadvantages.

certain

They

More

formations

are

used

each

are

imused

according

to

the

situation.

NOTES is

ON TRAINING:

repetitious,

examination,

parts

you

will

objective

will

it.

(at the

be

find

spent

in

enforced.

Observation

it becomes

a reflex.

it

seem

that is

fifty

all

use

of

by all Practice

cover

the

Upon

most

of your

right

carrying

and

personnel

= 6s

the

consolidation,

train

makes

formation

perfect.

be

closer

in an

movement

withdrawal,

way

their

concealment

must

training

essential

time

(Reconnaissance,

to know

always

of

percent

assault,

that

important.

one

movement.

It behooves Maximum

all

that

than

must

it will

not

possible

Personnel

ready).

and

More

area,

redeployment.) about

boring,

of training.

operation to

Initially,

of

going

weapons

must

stressed

be

until

FORMATIONS

O

O

FILE:

TEAMS

Follow the Leader Fast Poor Poor

Moving Security Front Fire to Front

Good

Fire

Easy

to

IN

COLUMN:

©)

Fair, Control

&

Good Security Front, Flanks & Rear

to Flank

Fast

Control

Moving

(i)

C) ‘So TEAM

O

A

OC)

All Around Firepower

O O O WEDGE

:

LINE:

Good

Firepower

Front

Maximum

Firepower

to

Flanks & Rear Fast Moving

Poor Flank Security Difficult to Control

Good

Control

Used

Good

Security

Used

When

is

or

Conduct

O

©

their

Assault

Sweeps/Searches

Contact

Expected

Leaders

to

Front

Incorrect

Incorrect i Oa

=

Correct

by

oS Correct

Incorrect

eo

Se

eS

=5 i>

Correct

SILHOUETTING

Silhouetting of

survival

yourself

in

greatly.

an

operation

Silhovetting

is

can

lessen

simply

your

having

chances

your

form

illuminated from behind Below are some examples

by a light or a lighter background. of silhouetting to avoid:

Silhouetting

a rooftop

members

of

against

i |Silhouetted

Silhouetted

by

car

the

through

sky,

day or night.

a window

lights.

& Silhouetted

light

against

colored

a

fence.

Silhouvetted

-52—

by a door.

in

the

rear.

MOVEMENT

When

NEAR

passing

insure

all

of

OBJECTIVE

windows

you

on

body

AREA

the

is

window. The figure of the becoming a fatality, while window with minimal risk.

outside

lower

than

of

a building

the

lowest

(or

inside),

portion

of

the

left stands an excellent chance of the figure on the right passes the

When passing a ground level window, again you must suspect that a hostile subject is there with a weapon ready to fire. The figure on the the figure on

left would almost certainly become the right takes a minimal risk.

—53—

a

casualty,

while

MOVEMENT

When in a wooded area or building and close to the subject, walk raising the knees fairly high, allowing the toe to touch the ground first, and then slowly and lightly resting the rest of your foot to the ground. Much swishing of grass or leaves can be avoided in this manner. In a building, trip wires and small surface and no noise.

KEEP

YOUR

obstacles

WEAPON

AT

THE

can

READY

often

be

(MUZZLE

negotiated

DOWN

with

safety

PREFERABLY).

HALLWAYS

Hallways are extremely dangerous and should be avoided whenever possible.

If it should become necessary for your team to negotiate a hallway, do not move in the center as depicted in FIGURE should

I. All personnel be agains the wall on the same side of the hallway, as in FIGURE II. Movement

will be two men

conducted by allowing to move ahead of the

remainder of the team. They move ten to twenty feet, or doorway to doorway, then stop. The rest of the team

covers FIGURE

I

this

movement.

this

point

element

they

cover

the

the remainder forward.

Once

stops,

movement

of

the

of

team

It is difficult to avoid being silhouetted in a hallway. Movement past windows in the hall must be completed rapidly.

Rest of team waits & covers by fire if

required.

Lights from behind must be eliminated if at all possible. A window can be darkened with a blanket. Lights can be shut off or broken.

FIGURE

II -55—

METHODS

OF

MOVING

ACROSS

SHORT

Crossing the open area as depicted in this example is WRONG. Moving one man at a time will alert the subject that more may be coming. He will probably have his weapon trained on the open area by the time the 2nd or 3rd Man attempts to cross.

OPEN

AREAS

BETWEEN

BUILDINGS

Subject's Position

Oe

O26,

O Reew a

O

=

This example is correct. After insuring a good smoke screem is out, the entire team crosses in a rush. This obscures the subject's vision and often is so fast that he will not be able to get off a shot.

O00—-> O° © Tm

crosses

This example is also correct. All above applies except the team crosses on line. This cuts down the chance of being hit from the flank

even

more.

Tm

crosses

on

line

O07 EOL ©

-56-

in

a group

COMMUNICATIONS

VOICE:

The

Depending whisper the

In

most

on

can

breath

the

easily

the be

situation

made

before

you

assault

there

will

know

you

your

talking

should

HAND

AND

SIGNALS:

ARM

everyone

knows

WHISTLES:

Can

could

to

mean

use

could

gas,

be

no

are

mean

are

a certain

whistle

all

to

(A

you

your

remain

As

a rule

you

begin.

can

times. one-fourth

surprise

extremely

and

complete.

instances

reason

They

silent,

the

you

as

assault.

One

long

blast

limited in how

many

signals

was

long

track

or

of

short

what

be

(Not

colored

smoke

of

long

as

blast

could

to

mean

that

each

short.

the

then.

basis.

losing

as

majority

giving

One

not

subject.

effective

see

of

will

a limited

effectively use before

whether

to

and

about

some

present.

the

You

In

be

on

at

by exhaling

before

commence

etc.

used

done

they

used

Rapid

may wish

are

be

what

be

speak.) you

will

may

softer

i.e.,

subject

to

understood.

speak,

to

able

AVAILABLE

you

meant,

be

and

relied

on.) PYROTECHNICS: signal

you

for

are

used

limited

weight of

a critical

radio

of

in the

confusion

Radio

chances

use

a particular

before

RADIO:

extra

The

time.

if they

is

carry

means

people

This

one.

to get on the air because possible,

radios

(with

tactic

of colors

the

of

or

is effective.

combination

communications,

It may

to carry.

surprise,

Most

or

grenade

as

a

Again,

of colors

imminent.

man

each

obtaining

movement

number

is a good

for

a different

should

also

someone

feel

often

that

results

of inconsequential exception

=57=

also

of

one

key

they

however,

eliminate the

have

in not that

links

your

handset

to

being

traffic.

it is

use

at

a

able

Where the

team

of

radio

to

carry.

MESSENGER: uation

kept may

This

permits.

simple. add

to

iciously,

length for and

It

may

is

is

Your

be

chance

that

the

can

be

be

or

loss To

of

message

much

used

the

to use

develop

time of

is not

never

of

at

for

better.

least

each All

different

standard

be

signals

must

be

mal-

of

any

the

party

When

you are

the

messenger,

communications degree

is

will

entirely

two

means

members

of

of

of

If the

all team

communications.

for

these

means

always

cause

a

team.

-58-

dependent

under

received.

operation.

means

sit-

done

message

for

the

a messenger

it reaches

risk

use

and

continuously.

of

what

your

so

use

will

a combination

of how

should

their

control.

status

used,

This

is worthless.

degree

and

that

A complicated

it

if

by a messenger

possibility

by the

a high

communicate

message.

that

be planned

aware

team

of

that

the

to

relayed

the

twisted

also

practice Lack

so

may

communications should

be

way

trait.

intended,

suggested

means

from

a human

often

to be

is always

detract

it was

there the

There or

effective

Messages

but

whom

fire

is an

hold

equipment

of

piece

favorable

it a reasonably

make

can

proper

in the

team

your

Training

situation!

every

for

true

not

does

this

Again,

be carried.

not

should

hgs)

to higher

on

the

loss

of

training

CONTROL

AND

Control

over

of

a group

difficulty

imagine

euvers

be

you

where

is trying

to

difficult,

of

in the

often

can

men, Now

COMMUNICATIONS

will

kill

them!

say

It

by a leader

whether

a mission

will

one

to

there

are

control

factors

tremendous

value.

1)

Train

men

your

as

is one

succeed

control

of

of

men

ammunition, that

this

Issue

clear,

questions

a

or

that

that

of

fail

the

man-

and

someone

too

will

factors

miserably.

is workable

if

team.

concise

to

degree

of the

in exacting

be

applied

Cross

train

and

insure

orders.

each

man

If

you

understands

the

is

everyone.

practiced

them

are

determining There

for

knows the others' jobs. Then if the leader the next in line can step in with the least aitticulty: 2)

the

least.

exercised

exercise

live

is evident

Control way

on

the

a group

using

depending

level of training to maintain.

difficult

be

the

marching,

and

controlling

they

to

when

maneuvers

very

are

men

so

that

can

each

no Rather, be

man

is incapacitated amount of

leader,

perfectly.

ask

If you

are a member receiving an order, ASK when you don't understand perfectly. Anything left indoubt will as a rule come to pass, leaving you at a dangerous disadvantage.

3)

Follow the orders of your leader to the letter. If there is a problem that prohibits you from doing this, let your leader know IMMEDIATELY, don't wait for him to recognize the problem.

4)

Be

specific

5)

Use

plain,

in orders simple

and

do not

ENGLISH.

-55—

generalize.

6)

Maintain unit integrity "as Never send one man alone to

7)

In training,

insert

announced

to

see

Stay

from

8) .

away

basic

9)

Use

standard

have

Hand

11)

Know

12)

Demand

13)

TRAIN, MAKE ON THE CRITIQUE, TRAIN.

14)

TRAINING

The 1)

capabilities

BE

your

and

plans

un-

react.

as much

Signals

that

something

limitations

as possible

and

all on

of

after

your the

each

men

spur

man

are of

the

moment

in your

limitations.

as

a leader.

CORRECTIONS,

TOTALLY

your

can.

learned.

with orders SPOT

possibly

into

people

exercises

been

capabilities

compliance

MUST

and

and Arm

Know the unit.

own

problems

Don't invent men to know!

10)

your

you

“canned"

familiar with. and expect your

WEAPONS

critical

how

techniques

much" as you do anything.

REALISTIC

RETRAIN,

AT

ALL

EVALUATE,

TIMES.

TRAINING

weapons

carried

by a team

must

meet

only

two

criteria:

They will get the job done effectively and meet the requirements of the situation, i.e., good close in, good stopping power, easy to carry, rugged, multi-shot capacity.

-60-

2)

The weapon must be carried by a man or men with that weapon, i.e., can shoot expertly either hand firing ability to fire expertly with both

should

be

the off

able

hand

to hit

or

(the man optimally should be able hands; if this is not possible, he

with

consistency

shoulder),

be

Weapons to

carried

department,

Handguns to

his

and

should

primary

be

be

Whether

caliber

automatic,

Shotguns:

team

For

the

a

from

to

team.

the

the

As

close

shotgun

in

each

it

be

the a

from

the

ball-

that

Rule

weapon

with

is unequalled.

Rule

department 1.

man

on

the

rifle

or

shotgun.

man

.38

locality,

apply

carries

man is

to

Again

for

such

weapon

insure

firing

with

be adept at quick kill and firing in rapid en-

locality

whether

that

familiar

be able to conduct field maintenance action against a Stoppage or misfire.

considered

sufficient.

pistol.

ea

vary

weapon,

pistol

or

revolver

likely

will

a target

totally

istics of his weapon and ammunition, (Army training of immediate pointing

counter situations), and and immediate corrective

who are experts with the weapon--

on

duty

will

team

in

The

revolver

or

service

than

more

will

be qualified

service

addition

with a

that

.45

2 applies.

stopping

You

will

power

have

and

ver-

assorted

shot

that can be used, from a skeet load to a deer slug. The weapon can be used to launch grenades (with required attachments). It is rugged, and usually operates with a relatively simple mechanical Pumps or Automatics will system, negating numerous malfunctions. At least one automatic shotgun should be carried. work effectively. This is handy for the first man coming off of a rappel or AustralIt is also ian Crawl mission where he cannot free both hands. extremely effective for laying down cover fire for short periods of time.

There are a number of good auto/semi-automatics Automatic Rifles: Among on the market that are available for police use today. these the M-16, AR-15, M-1l or M-2 Carbine seem most appropriate. The main reason is the firepower available, weight, and ammunition

(Is

available.

some

locales

.30

caliber

carbine

be

carried

without

ammunition

is

stopping power of the .223 in many cases 1s underscarce. Other factors to be considered are recoil (very little estimated. with the above), ability to control semi or auto firing, and The

amount

of ammunition

that

can

cumbersome.

= 6)

becoming

overly’

type

The

available.

again

are

choices

Numerous

Rifles:

Sniper

of situation expected most will dictate the type of weapon to carry. The most professional guidance to be given here is that whether the weapon is a 30.06, .223, .222, .243 or whatever, the marksHe

from

a

have

must

His

practice.

a bench

practice but

rest,

should

include

shot

best

the

available.

practice,

practice,

to bulls-eye

limited

not be

must

be

must

He

firing.

for

love

must

individual

This

key.

is the

man

targets at

positions

firing

combat

targets such as subjects with a hostage, groups of targets, and He should fire from different angles than obscured targets. He should engage targets through glass window straight on. Have him fire under varying climatic panes of varying thicknesses. Have him fire after participating in and light conditions. physical

strenuous

exercise.

PYROTECHNICS

The

use

with

flare

in the When

of

pyrotechnics and

star

clusters)

accomplishment

used

(smoke,

improperly

of they

gas, can

a given can

be

be

and of

simulators value

mission,

to

when

a hindrance

the

used

and

basically, SWAT

team

correctly.

possibly

disastrous.

Smoke: Smoke is often used to conceal friendly movement from the subjects. Thrown between the subject's position and the friendly forces, a good smoke screen will completely obscure the friendly team's activities. It will also obscure the subject's position. Thrown on the subject's position, it will obscure his vision of friendly activities, yet allow the friendly forces to maintain vision of the subject's position. (Not the subject himself, but his position.) Smoke can be used to conceal movement

across

open

areas.

It

may

be

used

to

conceal

movement

forward

or backward when under fire or "pinned down." It may be used as a signal. Some types of smoke may not dissipate for long periods of time. In enclosed areas, smoke will make the control of a friendly team more difficult. In open areas, wind may carry smoke in the wrong direction or thin it rapidly. Wind direction and speed must be considered in using smoke outdoors. Gas: Gas, like smoke, can be a boon or an enclosed area it may linger for long

it may to

rush

be blown

away

a building

before

its

immediately

effects after

-6§2-

a curse. When used in periods of time. Outdoors

are

using

useful. gas,

you

If you will

be

plan

required to wear a mask. All members of a team should attempt to run a fair distance with a mask on, or better yet, attempt to fire accurately. It is difficult, to say the least. In no way do I berate the potential of gas. There are numerous situations where it could be considered essential. Learn to operate in your masks. Use gas sparingly unless all conditions are right for its use. Be aware of the fact that some gas projectiles will burn while others will explode. Be prepared for the eventuality of

a fire.

the

Be prepared

gas

out

of

the

for

a shift

objective

in wind

area.

_Be

direction

prepared

which

for

can

move

a cannister

grenade to be thrown back at you. If you use cannister grenades If the wind is blowing try to take advantage of wind direction. toward the subject's position, throw the grenade slightly in front of the position. For him to kick it away or throw it back, he will have to expose himself. If it is blowing from behind his position, throw the gas behind him. HAVE YOUR MASKS READY. The same applies to the wind blowing right or left. Throw the grenade upwind of his position and you will normaily have the desired results. Simulators: These are small cylindrical grenades weighing about one-eighth lb. There is no metal casing, the grenade is wrapped in a paper mache type material. There is no fragmentation. This grenade is called a simulator because it simulates an artillery round exploding. A pull string is jerked and the grenade is thrown on or near the enemy position. The jerking of the string ignites a delayed fuse, which reaches the main charge (nearly one-eighth lb. of TNT) in five to six seconds, exploding with a tremendous concussion force. In a small room with the windows and doors closed, the concussion would knock the windows out of the frames. And certainly shake up an occupant. There is some danger of fire. A recommended procedure for a team is to throw one of these into a room and close the door. If the subject remains inside, he is warned that more will come. If there is still no action on his part to surrender, three or four are thrown on his position in the room (this can be determined Upon detonation an immediate assault by the use of mirrors). is

He

launched.

first

one

Star

Fuzees,

Signals areas

of

will

usually

throw

out

his

weapon

after

the

in.

for

Clusters,

team

use.

and

They

Flares:

are

also

darkness.

=63=

These

can

effective

provide

in

excellent

illuminating

ENTERING

building.

Going

the

least;

not

THE

FOLLOWING

BEEN

USED

IN

into

an

knowing ARE

means

ACCEPTABLE

ACTUAL

than OF

the

door

ENTERING

will the

entering

to

to

is dangerous

place

METHODS

a building

available

methods

unfamiliar

other

clearing

of

mission

proper

the

to

as

concerned

the

assigned

team

SWAT

The be

A BUILDING

is

say

suicide.

BUILDINGS

AND

HAVE

SITUATIONS.

Grappling hook to the top floor: A team member will throw a grappling hook through one of the top floor windows (preferably away from the suspect's position). The member then climbs to the window. If he is reasonably sure that the room is empty, he enters, immediately rolling in over the ledge. If there is doubt as to the occupancy of that room, he may tie off on the rope and use his mirror to quickly survey the interior of the room. Appropriate action such as gas, simulators, or weapons fire (depending on departmental policy) may be called for from the tied off position. Once he has cleared the room, the remainder of his team climbs the rope (knotted to make climbing easier and

pulled

entry) and mission. Chopping and

all

to

a

joins

a hole

corner

of

him;

from

in the

means

other

the

window

here

roof:

of

they

If

entering

for

access the

support

will

to

and

continue

the

building

roof

are

ease

with

of

their

is available,

unfeasible,

you

may be required to cut your way through the roof (or any other the roof serves only as an example). part of the building; Axes, Sledge hammers, and pry bars are best for this. The major disadvantage is that if you are assaulting a relatively small building, the hostile persons will hear you. Numerous large caliber weapons could easily pierce most roofs. If the hostiles have such weapons, they may indiscriminately fire through the roof on your team. If the building is large (department store), there

may

be

a

skylight,

and

even

if

there

isn't,

the

chances

of the hostiles hearing your activities are reduced. It is normally better to enter above your suspects. It is easier for you to fight down. Also, if you fight towards the upper floors, you allow the hostiles astating fight.

Rappelling from get to the roof

no

way

out.

A cornered

the roof to an upper (helicopter, ladder,

rat

fights

a dev-

window: If you are able to rope) you may wish to consider

rappelling from the roof to an upper floor window. Once you lower yourself to the window desired, all activities become the ~-64—

same as if you had climbed up with a grappling hook (entering, observing, smoke, gas, simulators, weapons fire, according to departmental policy). Again, you try to enter above the hostiles and drive them down to the streets. (Remember there are police officers all around the building.)

Sewers, These

or

vents,

means

and

of

consulting

available.

other

access

pipes:

can

building

be

Especially

determined

personnel.

in larger

by

Crawl

studying

spaces

may

buildings.

blueprints,

be

used

if

Explosives: (Depending on departmental policy.) Explosives can be an effective means of gaining access to a building. Properly trained demolition personnel can blow small holes in walls of buildings and rooms to gain access. This is called mouseholing. Caution must be exercised as to the situation, training level of the demolition man, and potential damages that might occur. Doors

and

windows:

Discussed

in

other

Armored Vehicle: The armored vehicle building with relative safety. If it

it

should

General: each type and

used

be

sections

can can

The

manual.

contemplated.

In many cases, procedures may be somewhat of entry. Gas, smoke, and simulators may as

the

get a team into a be used effectively,

a preparation

for

each

entry.

SWAT

practice each type of entry discussed within and be prepared for the eventual use of any.

ROOM

of

similar in be planned

units

their

should

capability,

CLEARING

most

getting

dangerous into

the

part room

of

and

room

clearing

establishing

is without

a doubt

a foothold.

Inspect 1) Team will organize itself as indicated in FIGURE I. indications other or wires trip of signs any for visually door the Having done this (thoroughly), check to see of boobytrapping. If it opens in, the man as in if the door opens in or out. FIGURE I grasps the knob, turns slightly, and kicks inward. -65=—

and

door

the

of

front

2)

is open,

door

the

Once

know the

shoot

to

attempt

do not

you

because

is

a unit

should

situations

nearest

men

the

who

or

what

can

be

attached

from the opposite If the door is Only in dire lock out of a door.

to the knob, it can be turned and then pulled Again, no one is exposed. side of the knob. locked, a pry bar or sledge may be required.

This

stays

rather

but

kick, a line

outwardly,

opens

door

the

If

side.)

the

in

stand

not

(He does to

door

the

behind

be

could

it.

opposite

on

sides use the mirrors attached to the butts of their weapons to They do not expose any part of their bodies, observe inside. i.e., fingers, hands, feet, knees. The room is searched from top Those observing must describe to bottom and from corner to corner. the inside of the room to those providing security, as everyone

may

be

required

to observe, but opposite mirror

the

entire

talk can

him see

to

room.

out; him.

enter

the

room.

Some

areas

may

be

difficult

by moving the weapons around or allowing the man to look in your mirror you will be able to

If

it's You

the

suspect

a tremendous may

use

is located, surprise

smoke,

gas,

or

for

you

may

him

to

Simulators

be able know

see

to

that

you

accurately,

without ever having exposed yourself. You may (depending on departmental policy) take this man out by sticking just the barrel of your weapon around the corner and allowing a mirror man to direct your fire. Normally the application will be Talk, Smoke, Gas, Simulators, and finally, Weapons Fire or Assault. 3) Assuming you observe the room and see no one, you will want to enter it and make a thorough search. In our example the #2 and #5 men enter the room first (except in FIGURE VI, where the #2, #5. #1, and #4 men enter the room together). The first man in the room moves to the wall by the door and attempts to find cover. If none is available he makes himself the smallest

target possible by squatting, kneeling, or lying down. The next man in the door in FIGURE IV moves through the room, searching under the cover of the first man in. In FIGURE V, the #2 and #5 men enter and hug the wall near the door on opposite sides of the opening. They then move around the room, staying along the walls. The mirror men move into the doorway to support with fire if required. In FIGURE VI, the #1, #4, #3, and #5 men enter the room and move

along

the walls

of the

and #6 men move to fire if required.

the

room

until

entrance

of

-66—-

it has the

been

room

to

searched. provide

The cover

#3

When

moving

Silhouette

Move

in a room,

in a crouch

position

Treat closets as you they are cleared.

Take

your

Touch

Insure

avoid

windows

or lights

that

will

you.

time.

nothing

that

would

Observe that

while

does

one

with

another

ten not

man

your

times have

to

is moving,

weapon room

for be

at

the

ready.

until

you

are

sure

move

you

make.

every

touched.

another

is

Boobytraps!

able

to

cover

him.

FIGURE

#6

I

#5

#1

#4

=67=

#3

FIGURE

II

NOTE: Expose no part of your body. Insure the team maintains good security for mirror men.

FIGURE

III

NOTE:

Look

at

room

with

mirror

while

standing,

kneeling and lying down. Each position gives a different view of the room. Allow the man opposite you to look in and direct your mirror. This will give

you

a better

picture

-68—

of

the

room.

FIGURE

IV

NOTE: Search must thorough, covering room.

FIGURE

V

FIGURE

VI

be entire

This is usually used for larger room or when many

rooms

lead

off

the

a

primary

one, requiring continuous movement from one room into another.

§ roa)2)t

METHODS

OF

ENTRY ~

Member with a grappling hook, standing as close to the building as possible, throws hook through top window. NOTE: The member throwing the hook must be covered by fire support at all times.

Once

hook

window

it

is

through

is

pulled

to one corner and set (pulled hard) to insure it will hold.

Inside of

view

proper

hook positioning.

=—70=

Two

members

may

boost

into a low window hands holding the

Two members member into

can lift a window

holding a board object with the member on it.

another by

or like entering

-7l1=

one

member

with cupped member's feet.

OF

MEANS

ADDITIONAL

GAINING

ACCESS

TO

DOORS

AND

WINDOWS

When approached with breaking glass to obtain entry to a building or room, use an axe or the butt of your weapon, striking the glass at the top and then striking low. This

will of

negate

glass

the

from

possibility

the

upper

portion of the window falling on the person trying to gain entrance. If the glass is mesh, use the blade of an axe to cut around the entire window frame.

A door a hasp can be

locked with and padlock entered with

little

difficulty.

The

hasp

pried

out

can

of

be

the

frame or the lock can be broken with the aid of an axe or heavy hammer.

a =

If to

confronted with the inside, use

sledge

hammer

and

a door that opens the twenty lb. strike

the

door

just below the door knob with a hard blow. In most cases this will break the door jamb and the lock. I¢€ this fails the first time, it may be continued until the door is opened.

If a door opens out, insert a heavy pry bar (narrow end) between the door and the jamb, approximately where the lock enters the jamb. Apply pressure away from the door as illustrated (left). In the event it is difficult to insert the pry bar between the door and the jamb, drive it in with a hammer.

=J3=

Opening a door that swings out to open can be accomplished with The man nearest the door relative safety as in the example below. on the right throws the end of a piece of rope across the door The man on the left fixes a slip to the man on the near left. The man on knot in the rope and attaches it to the door knob. the left then turns the knob quickly and withdraws his hand. He immediately regains his weapon and stands by. The man on the right then pulls the door open.

It must be noted that at no time is uncovered throughout this process.

with

mirrors

or

assaulted

any The

immediately

-74—-

person in the room may then

if necessary.

team left be checked

A variation to opening a door that swings out or in is to place a marksman in front of the door behind cover. The door is pulled or pushed open fast. The marksman will have a clear shot at anythingin the center of the room, and from his covered position will be relatively safe. NOTE: He must be prepared to fire instantly.

All

other

team

members

will

be

prepared

follow up on the information that give them due to his position.

-75—

the

to

cover

marksman

if

will

necessary

be

able

to

and

THE

MIRROR

One

extremely

important

mirror/mirrors.

a tremendous operation.

Convex

advantage

item

of

equipment

for

(diagram

below)

mirrors

over

their

subjects

in

any

team

can

any

is

give

type

a a

team

of

The actual uses of the mirror are explained in the next pages. A question may be asked after reading them such "What happens if the guy shoots my mirror?" The answer you buy a new one, and thank God it wasn't your head.

few as, is,

If you should use the mirror and spot your subject in a position where he has good cover, and you need for him to move to get your mission accomplished, you may say something to the effect, "There he is in the corner behind that desk. Send Smith down the wall and have him fire a few shots through the wall. I'll direct his fire."

This

see

will

him,

have

and

an

two,

unnerving

you

will

effect

be

able

=76—

on

the

to

direct

subject;

fire

one,

on

his

you

can

position.

MIRROR

USE

Example of mirror attached to the stock or barrel of an M16 rifle. Mirrors can be attached to the stock or barrel of any team weapon. Shotguns are normally longer than the M16 and can put the

give more reach for viewing. When not using the mirror, an athletic knee pad (dyed black) over it. This protects mirror from breakage, eliminates unwanted reflection of

light, is

used

and on

does

not

impair

stock-mounted

firing

mirror

the

weapon.

NOTE:

Knee

pad

Mirror

used

for

only.

| Yi

N

|

Ae

Ve

surveying

the

side

room.

of

ge aoat exposed.

77s

a

in-

On

a landing,

entire

By remaining him

to

insure

flat

by lying

stairwell

under the

or

a man

can

observe

the

an

overhang

on

entering

a

stairwell,

a man

can

see

above

stairs.

The mirror is effective for observing over walls or fences. it enables a member to observe into a building through an out-. Side window without exposing

himself

back,

his

on

below.

the

building.

=7=

In this example the member is able to observe around a corner without exposing any

part

of

Another

his team

body. member

NOTE: must

positioned where he can immediate fire support.

be

provide

CLEARING

OF

AN

ENCLOSED

Utilizing

proper

Teamwork,

negotiating

can

1)

It

first

STRAIGHT

principles

accomplished

be

OR

becomes

an

of

Fire

enclosed a

very

clear

Support,

(STAIRS

DARK)

Movement,

and

stairwell/straight reduced

greatly

with

that

must be totally secure. This operation to void the area of or boobytraps.

2)

STAIRWELL

the

degree

base

of

of

the

stairwell danger.

stairwell

involves a search and clearing or identify any hostile persons

Having accomplished this, security must be placed on both sides of the base of the stairwell. There may be times when both

sides

will

not

be

use only one side on be able to cover the 3)

After

you

have

tenable

which other

cleared

for

your

use.

In

these

to station your personnel, with observation and fire.

the

base

of

the

stairs,

cases

but

personnel

should be positioned as indicated in FIGURE I. Note that the men farthest away from the base of the stairs provide security to the sides.

Lf

itES Assault

Security to Side At

NOTE:

to

himself

have to

been

the

to the that

no

opening

the

observed

other’

side,

building,

the

until

time

steps

prepared

may

or use

are

clear.

have

your

to

base

at the

and cleared. you

Security to Side

Illumination & Observation Team

Team

assault

of the

does

stairs,

To get personnel

to

have

mirrors

and

them

use

anyone

expose

or until

across another

flashlights

stairs

the opening

entrance

to insure

4)

The two inner men on one side of the base of the stairs will observe and illuminate the stairwell, while the two inner men on the other side of the base stand by to provide fire support if required. On the side that has been assigned the task of illuminating and observing the stairs, one man using an elbow flashlight extends only the light around the corner of the stairwell opening and illuminates the staircase. The other man

assigned

rifle

butt

the

with

task

of

mirror

observing

attached

the

stairwell

around

the

side

extends

of

the

his

opening

and observes the stairwell. The man with the mirror will have to direct the man with the light to raise, lower, or traverse the beam of light; a slow, systematic search from the bottom step up must be made in this manner. See FIGURES II

&

III.

NOTE:

The

light

and

At

no

time

to

the

visual

mirror does

search

is

accomplished

with

affixed

to

the

a shotgun

a man

expose

stock

himself

of or

any

the

part

elbow of

or

flash-

rifle.

his

body

opening.

NOTE: The light has covered from the bottom step to the top At this time the of the stairwell in systematic sweeps. observer will give the assault team the go-ahead if the stairs are clear.

-80-

5)

Upon completion of the visual search, the two security men not assigned the mission of observing the stairwell prepare to move onto the stairs. If there is an opening at the top of the stairs on one side, the two men who negotiate the stairs should stay as close to the wall as possible on that side as they climb. If there is a "T" at the top of the stairs (an opening on both sides), either side of the wall may be "hugged." If you have an idea that the person you are after is off to one specific side at the top of the stairs, stay The reason for this is that for the person against that wall. to

shoot

See

you

he

FIGURES

FIGURE

must

expose

himself

or

a portion

of

his

body.

IV & V.

IV

NOTE: As soon as the assault team is on the stairs, the Original observer and man with flashlight cease functioning in that capacity.

FIGURE

Side

view

of

V

assault

moving

up

=Si-

the

stairs.

6) The

first

pointed ready

man

at

fire

to

on

the

the

steps

opening

at

must have the

at

instantly,

top

a shotgun,

of

the

barrel of a rifle. The second man will carry flashlight to further illuminate the area.

Mination of the assault

will

be

the

man

to

give

(when be as

He will

the

assault

he is close

have

task

his

team

the

sure that they to the rear of

handgun

signal

are the

extended

be the

or

a handgun

the

assigned

face,

and

a

illu-

of

observation continue to do stairs. The observer with

and the

the stairs team is on

onto the stairs second man will

possible.

originally

personnel

Those

NOTE:

he carries

He must

a

a hand,

a pistol,

which

stairs.

so until the mirror

to move

The clear). first man as

over

the

shoulder

In (the shoulder closest to the wall) of the first man. other hand (held well away from the body and somewhat to he will hold the flashlight to provide continuous front) illumination.

his the

At no time must observation on the stairs be lost. This includes the time it takes for the assault team to get on them. Both men will proceed to the top of the stairs near the opening. Once

the

assault

team

has

got

on

the

stairs,

a man

from

the

original illumination and observation group will direct his weapon up the stairs for additional support. A rifle, NOT A SHOTGUN.

Once

room clearing If the stairs

the

top

of

the

stairs

is

reached,

techniques are used. See FIGURES are lighted, flashlights will not

=B0—

VI be

normal

& VII. needed.

FIGURE

VI

NOTE: Man from the Observing & Illumination Team now provides additional cover from the base of

with a rifle the stairs.

Assault at

Team

top of

‘Stairs

ready

to continue mission.

Original

Illumination

Observation

Original

Side

Security

Man

FIGURE

Original

As the NOTE: the team or a

top of the designated

&

Man

:

VII

Side

Security

;

:

stairs is secured the remainder o part joins the assault team; from

The here they continue with their mission. the of base the Security men may be left at security, or their team.

be

replaced

Man

by

support

a

£

original Side © stairs to provide

personnel

and

rejoin

Throwing a grenade up stairs may be necessary. If at all possible this should be avoided unless the top of the stairs opens into a large open area, or you are absolutely sure there are no obstructions. Due to their rounded or cylindrical shape, grenades

have

to

throw

a grenade

up

Stairs. He does not expose himself to the bottom of the stairs (even though it would facilitate a better throw).

a

tendency to roll, and can easily roll back down the stairs onto

In this example, the thrower is in the proper position

your

If

position.

at

all

possible,

enter

the

building from the top and work down. This will eliminate the necessity of fighting

up.

A team member on the upper floor easily throws a grenade down the stairs, without the worry

of

it

rolling

back.

grenade

were

member,

it would

little

to

Ifa

thrown

push,

at

this

require O

kick, or throw it back down.

from

The position that this member has assumed provides him with excellent cover and concealment anyone at the base of the stairs.

NOTE: In either case, covering fire must be available and positioned to support these members immediately.

-84-

CLEARING

THE

WINDING

STAIRWELL

Negotiating a winding stairwell is a dangerous operation, regardless of the method employed by the clearing unit. The following method as described will offer a distinct advantage the

team

that

The first

has

been

objective

in the

is to insure that the this is accomplished, (FIGURE

1)

assigned

this

clearing

base of you are

task.

of

the

winding

to

stairwell

the stairwell is secure. Once ready to begin the ascent.

I).

Number 1 and 2 men move into the stairwell base area. Number man has the responsibility of clearing the upper portion (overhang) with the mirror attached to his weapon while #2 man provides cover. (FIGURES II,III & IV).

2) When #1 man is satisfied that the top of the stairwell is clear, he will notify the team leader who will then position #3 and 4 men at the base of the stairs where they can fire up if the need arises. Number 1 man must never lose visual contact with the top of the stairs while people are moving into positions. (FIGURES V & VI). 3) When the #3 and 4 men are in position the #1 man moves his mirror so that the intermediate landing can be observed by the #3 or 4 man. This is imperative, as the intermediate landing is a primary danger area. The #1 man will normally not be able to observe this area with the mirror, and it is for this reason that the #3 or 4 man must observe. (FIGURE VII). 4)

When it is ascertained that the stairs are clear, the #2 and 5 men will prepare to move up. The #1 man will give the all clear (he is constantly observing with his mirror). Whe the all clear is given, the #2 and 5 men move up the steps backwards with their weapons ready to fire. Each man will cover one half of the top of the next landing (left to center, and center to right). (FIGURES VIII & IX).

5) As

soon

cover the stairs to

man's stairs

the

as

5 men

in

are

position

where

they

can

the #1 man moves up (landing), entire top floor The #6 man takes the provide additional cover.

place on

#2 and

that

command.

was

vacated. (FIGURES

Number

X & XI).

-85—

3 and

4 men

move

the #1

up the

1

FIGURE

I

#1

FIGURE

#2

II

#1

-86-

#2

FIGURE

III

FIGURE

IV

-87—-

FIGURE

FIGURE

V

VI

#2

-88—

FIGURE

fr,t+ O 2

VII

fe 5

H-

#4

#6

-89—

LARGE

BUILDING

department

(front,

sides,

battle when

drill

a bounding It

provides

team

is moving

each

team

locate

the

must

hostiles,

sition.

Contact

must

more

than

likely

get

you

locate

him.

If

another

you

position,

locate

position

him

is

departmental be

taken

assault,

next.

BE

STRESSED,

be

kept

ordered sonnel

the

will

an

and

enforced, be

kept

store

up in the

remain

well

there

or

use

a one

alert

react

must

shot

at

use

be

all

of

and

before

establish before

hostile

contained, action of

will

simulators,

kill.

IT

times,

noise

cover

must

continuous,

immediately.

will

at you

the

and of

gas,

team

shot

Once

be

in po-

hostile

area

courses

maximum

observation to

not.

must

in attempts

your

aimed

isolated

smoke

for

the

well

than is

of

and

them

prepared

that

locating

fix

at

one

halts

Upon

to

least

so

time,

you.

shot

out

what

minimum,

be prepared

should

caught

must

absolute

aimed

likely

of

be taken

another

sniper

Cover

A well

hostile

by

personnel

must

of

times.

locate

to move

use

teams)

periods

assume

team.

while

Listening

that

the

integral fire

initiate

teams

between

all

long

dictate

Talking,

a department

being

and

at

well

get

an

to

suggested

exposes

support

basis

lost.

one

more

still

of

they

be

allowed

engagement

must

shotgun

In

to

off

again,

policy

or

not

he will

fixed

are

a maximum.

action

is

this

support

before

immediate

It

prepared

Remember

relatively

hostiles

be

operations,

who

to

must

area.

by observation

clearing

alternating

used

for

you

position

percent be

often the

forward

outdoor

security

a second.

posture.

a fixed

100

of

an

of

clearing

and

building

(on an

has

Concealment to

large

overwatch

very

up),

in a fraction

of personnel

also

taken

and

the

or

factory

a

as

such

building,

dispersion,

maximum

rear,

conducting

amount

resembles

store,

maintain

must

You

OPERATIONS

a large

clearing

ways

In many

CLEARING

and

A rifle

MUST must

be

per-

and

forward.

is

always

situation.

-92—

The

a

chance

best

way

of

to

innocent

deal

persons

with

those

whose

guard

or

secure

They must each

in

identity

always

floor

to

is

secure

them

is

uncertain

in

an

be searched.

searched,

it

area

so

team

to

inside

either the

from

may

the

continue

evacuate

store

In a multi-level

police

the

is

cordon

to

the

under

guard.

store, should

next

under

after be

brought

floor.

TIPS

Move

slowly,

observe

Maintain

dispersion.

Maintain

weapons

Keep

a rifle

Utilize Watch

all

for

and

at

ten

the

times

innocent

moving

once.

ready.

a shotgun

available

before

cover

civilians

forward.

and concealment. (especially

in a department

store).

The best way to deal with those that cannot be identified as innocents is to handcuff them and establish identity afterward. After any particular floor is secured, police from the cordon should be brought in to secure it. This applies to stairwells also. USE

COMMON

SENSE.

THINK.

=93=

OBJECTIVE LARGE

BUILDING

OPERATIONS

Rear team provides fire support while lead team maneuvers on line oriented with the objective. Lead team may make the assault. Desirable

only

if

there

is no

route for the rear team to use to maneuver against the objective. Use smoke, gas, and simulators liberally.

TEAM

A

O TEAM

B

oy

O

OBJECTIVE Both

on

teams

the

come

on

objective.

combined

assault

line

All

oriented

conduct

maneuver.

Used only when there is no anywhere to the objective. least

and

desirable.

simulators

Use

smoke,

route It is gas,

liberally.

-94-—

LARGE

BUILDING

OPERATIONS

OBJECTIVE

Rear team disengages from squad and moves along far wall by way of a concealed or covered route to a position near the objective and deploys. “ront team continues movement forward to a similar position. Forces

opponent to fight in two different directions. Either team may assault. Each team provides its own fire Support until final assault. O

Desirable available team

when covered route is to rear team, and front

has

Support

no

acceptable

from.

Use

Simulators

position

smoke,

gas,

O @) O

to

O

O

and

liberally.

Ww

=O O

Front

team has

good

support

position.

OBJECTIVE

Used when rear team has a viable route. Most desirable because front

team

will

likely

know

the

location

enemy and be able to provide good support fire. Rear team will not

engaged

initially,

freedom of movement the opponent.

and aS

will

of .

be

retain

a unit

against

=95=

O

BARRICADED PERSONS

who,

from

that

are

used

to

may

or

be

a

even

from

sniper,

dislodged. building

By

stairwell

background

information

Sequence

person

of

a barricaded

1)

person

Officers

be

The

on

by

scene

manual

themselves

clearing,

Units

4)

5)

An

area

Officer

at the

away

illustrated

in

Charge

He will

appraise

He

assign

will

the

tasks

the (OIC)

be

drill, combat

drills, in

is normally

LEA

as

scene

from

can

individual

anti-sniper

and

this

manual),

applicable

will

a result

of

a call/complaint,

They will normally ascera barricaded person.

be

directed

barricaded will

to

personnel.

or personal observation. the situation is that of

arriving

a safe

gives

battle

2) As warranted, they will call for assistance, and effort possible to contain the situation. Units must be informed of the situation. 3)

fanatics,

with.

following

the

person

defensive

This

operations,

and

dealt

situation

arrive

dispatch, tain that

room

of

the

takes

store.

operations,

(included

can

Actions:

of

clearing

rescue

hostage

a group

barricaded

have

techniques

practices,

a barricaded

who

persons

using

entry,

who

act

in the

in a department

a counter

by which

a hostage,

with

caught

a criminal

behind

methods

a person

A barricaded

person.

barricaded

the

dislodge

tactics

the

change

will

situation

in this

committed

acts

The

personnel.

LEA

resist

position,

a prepared

persons

or

person

any

encompasses

persons"

"barricaded

term

The

be

to

make every responding assemble

at

site.

dispatched

to

the

scene.

situation. as

required

to

units

at

the

scene

(cordon

of area, evacuation of civilians in area, establishing a command post, directing traffic, collecting information about the subject in question, etc.), and request any additional units

6) Voice

and

equipment

communication

to

be

with

dispatched

the

subject

to

the

will

be

scene.

attempted.

Passive efforts will be made to neutralize the situation. Members of the family may be brought in to talk to the subject if possible; clergymen, friends, psychologists, if able to communicate with the subject, should be considered.

-96-—

If able

to

should

and

be

the

facilities

exist,

by telephone

contacted

the

(this

barricaded

person of

a sense

lends

normalcy) .

7)

During this time, blueprints of buildings are requested and Studied, or someone familiar with the area is requested to Coordination is made draw a diagram of the building or area. Special to cut off power and other utilities if necessary. Special equipteams are briefed and moved into position. ment

8)

On

is

the

are

or

distributed decision

taken

9) Minimal

to

of

the

dislodge

force

put

into

OIC,

the

required

as

as

operation a

final

required.

resort,

active

measures

subject.

should

be the

rule

of the day.

How-

ever, officers of special teams or those assigned to neutralize the subject and situation must be prepared and equipped to use deadly force if absolutely necessary. The authorization to use deadly force must logically be a part of departmental policy, or the decision of the OIC on the scene and the leader of the unit assigned the mission of neutralizing the subject/situation. NOTE:

It

is

imperative

give

adequate

unit

arrives

arrival

be

of

the

be

of

adequate

backup

units

(totally

required

immediate

to

be

dispensed

must

be

far

At

with.

enough

away

flexibility

of movement

in which

plan

the

from

for

so

that

possible,

innocents cases

the

these If

as

should

some

protect

area.

will

effort

In

officers

a battlefield.

contained,

Every

first

to dispatch

middle

passively.

to

the

the

cordoned).

situation will

information in

isolated

area

that

times

the

arriving

operation.

-97-

post

scene

As

soon

of

units

after

area

active

and

entire

the

and

the

measures

persons

measures, is

the

should

to neutralize

innocent

passive

a command

responding

evacuated,

immediate of

scene

no the

be made

lives

on-the

as

required,

established,

incident

a secure

in

it

to provide

area

PSYCHOLOGICAL

There

are

CONSIDERATIONS

basically

and

the

The

Criminal:

their

have

In the

avenue

they

some

possibly

will

more

the

better

the

time

be

said

that

As

time

passes,

for

shift

said

offender

in

the

hostage

the

LEAs,

by keeping on

out

the of

negotiate The

with

the

offender

policies

is

afraid

things

take

conducted.

rationalize

When his

profile. out.

the

should

him.

should

with

the

of his an

he

offender

department.

is

going

happens

and

is

away.

avail-

to

method

this

uni-

Keep

contact

to

the

or

of

After

the

the

offender

of

doing

implement

nego-

limit

of

the

be harmed.

normalcy

can

the

criminal

will

-~98-

isolate

make

required.

Remember,

his

and

number

of

surrender

situation.

equipment

best

power

to die

the

may

holstered

the

to

It

guns

attempt

the

appearance

this

plight

have

manner,

Keep

what

is

this

can

onlookers

Telephone

better.

LEAs

the

to

the

contain

and

tend

The

Reduce

to only

LEA

teams

control.

Keep

that on

them

to

arrest,

hostage

survival.

of

as

escape.

will

in

control

likely

is quite

the

felon

efforts

special

a low scene

has

type

an

position,

the

However,

their

good

longer

hostage'’s

sight.

negotiator

settlements

with

com-

situation

situation

contained

through

to have

stabilizes

surely

of

gain

dictional

be

chances

make

the

of

than

prevent

this

the

that

spends

action,

teams

tiation

be

possible

situation

when

passes,

time

more

their

to

of

act

hostages.

have

to perhaps

As

the

officers

hostages

power

prepare

formed

crime

situation

the

necessary

this.

in hostage

unbalanced),

in the

to take

a hostage

the

unless

and

with

(mentally

Realizing

take

and

calmly

special

often

initially

situation

able

deal

caught

of the

It could the

are

are

escape.

bargaining

somewhat. with

scene

of

explosive.

The

the

individuals

at the

beginning,

spends

to

Sociopath

the

They did not plan

arriving

desperate,

calm

These

a crime.

blocked and

SITUATIONS

Terrorist.

mitting police

HOSTAGE

personalities

Criminal,

The

situations:

three

IN

hostage.

the

juris-

offender

Only

fruitful

normally

talks

NOTE:

Offender

be killed.

equipment

more

likely

must

to

presented

The

in

dangerous

Situation.

are

They

persons

had

have

who that

likely

the

attempting

to

of

would

reasons

it

erratic.

that

other

hand,

up

take An

be

is

this

his

demands

There

is

no

been

will

normally

a frustrating

the

to say cases

man

that

the

or

may

situation

of

anyone.

personality. where

situation

no

is

idea

they

a new

how

to

is apparent

controlling

the

and

strain

on

this

behavior may

feelings

he

some

man.

will

be

represent

control

For

these

predictably

a chance

something.

of

a man

hostage,

maintaining

accomplish

where

of con-

It

hostage

have

they

where

alone.

his

can

that

stressed

for

situation,

a tremendous

the

outlook

being

well

have

will

experience

himself of

be

in a situation

hostage

that

in a hostage

or wrong

the

be

a doubt

contemplation

to

teams

a negative

inadequate

the

problems

a man,

a hostage

On the

self-destruction,

forces

LEA

to

personnel

and

to

life.

example

that

added

some

he

right

never

with

not

will

personality

It must

of

controlling

safe

In

prove set

becomes

criminal

have

sense

as

special

is without

general.

a totally

They

control

is

in

Therefore,

them.

other

persons

reasoning

than

difficulty

himself

no

from

This

having

no

suffer

for

it.

has

is

any

up he will

and

The

individual

type

mankind

control.

experience handle

of ‘these

have

Police

to be confronted

concerned.

more

total

of

gives

profile.

than

type

There

sequences.

a low

This

and

if he

prevail.

section.

persons

themselves

These

keep

that

this

Most

type

these

must

personality

society

towards

sure

rationalize

Sociopath:

most

be

Normalcy

and

be

must

of

that

the

the he

police

force;

that

forced

to

is,

death

wish

realized

will the

terminate

is

cannot

have

to

be

skyjacker met.

resolve

destruction

the

the

of

situation

-99-

This

the

the

with

who

is done

situation

sociopath.

the

use

makes

of

to

with If

impossible insure

deadly

LEAs

deadly

are

force,

it is likely happen

in

press"

and

receive

the

wide

to

see

newspapers, where

hostage

in

these the

This

Situation,

the

increase

Since

coverage.

type

result

other

of

the

the

in what

persons

as

incidents

situations

resolving

can

situation

similar

"good

problem

will

is defined

with

answer

are

will

suicidal

to

their

as

tenden-

own

desire

die.

Terrorists:

or

future.

sell

a Pandemic

cies

that a marked

Normally,

socially

the

LEA

in identifying

possible

courses

Hostage

May

of

some

be drawn state

use

this

this

group has

the

how

vulnerable armed,

the

dynamics

can will

primary

been

usually

When

audience

will

function

is,

even

with

(normally and

are

known

of

be

given

assist

assist

in indicating

among

them,

possible cause

to

prepared

unknown

in

to

to

create of

to as

weaken doubts the

statements

-100-

by

an

them about

OIC

times

when

the

man

common

of police are

the

on

the

generally

situation.

their

cause.

strength.

courage,

and

advantage. in

groups,

aura

of

group

distrust

tremendously. their

situation.

the

may

This

their

a rule If

are

they

hostages.

for

their

them.

attention

They

groups)

about

adds

people.

that

size.

a characteristic

defeat

collapse

so

There

prepared

also

it will

to

tool.

convictions

display

by these

protection

operates

a means

some

operating

a group

to

the

terrorist/fanatic be

may

is accomplished

illustrating

tactically

deep

this

secure

a situation

may

that

selected

of

to manipulate

also be

is

situation.

to have

they

and

planned

a bargaining

eventually

should

well

as

be created

It may

the

equipped

ability

Since

normally

hostage

that

the

terrorists

an

The

traits

religiously,

action. are

he

politically,

certain

to

likely

have

as

are

cause

They are They

are

them

Terrorists

fact

There

of personalities

act

streets.

persons

prominence

to

their

also

well

of

situations

A target

will

oriented.

these

cause,

News

of

the

which

media

LEA

at

the

scene

of

fanatics It may

will

be

part

of

what

the

up

to

a situation

give

their

necessary

to

situation

A rule

of

jects

have

than

not

Hostage

than

and

that

one

they

it

operational

media

Very

a cause

subjects should

requested

must

not

At

be

practices

of

not

this

few

no to

terrorists/

one

knows

talk

to

be made

to

to play

the

about.

the

media

as

understand incident

noted

and

kill

very

that

is that

if the

the

initial

confrontation

one,

then

to kill

hesitate

the

type

(after

hostage

should

they will

Negotiations:

struction,

for

the

in a situation

more

officers)

and

this.

levels.

thumb

with

lives

The

is

as

allow

negotiations.

grandiose

such

onset

there

doctrines

the

of

are

it is more

this at

likely

remaining

ones.

period

in-

present

concerning

sub-

this

of

numerous

type of

mission.

It must

be

pality,

etc.,

further

stated

will

that

determine

the

policy

which

of the

approach

its

city/municiofficers

are

to

adopt. Hard-line (with

Doctrine:

bullhorn

are

moved

is

indoors

officers flank out

the

while

into are

not

one's

the

attain

marksmen

that

are

may

the

(FIGURE

subject

respond

their

to

is

talking to

subject

nearby,

a police

moved

gunman

voice

from

positions

where

ascertained does

or

The

positions

affording

a one

shot

marksman

cannot

building

where

I).

but

in conversation

cover)

All

being

will

of

not

noise

enough

they

kill.

of

seek

after

Even the

to enable

subject,

positions may

SWAT

should

train

their

been

subject or

members

safety.

and

that

be carried

it has

bullhorn

speed

-101-

If this

if the

relative

they

snipers

the

actions

to or

work.

while

observe

these

talked

the

him

with

in position

engaged from

talking,

distract

is

rifles

some-

to

As soon on

the

as

subject gas)

for a head

has

leaves

failed!

the

available,

of

the

a SWAT

of

technique

they

are

not

once

out

in

During

he

down is

of on

that

permitted the

practical

the

can

member

fire

to draw

this

Remember,

Observe

hostage,

line

subject

shot.

his

marksman,

once to

streets,

exercise

If

dispatched.

approach

him

else

subject.

be

may

all

(FIGURE the

leave dozens

the

and II).

of

at

any

If

body

attempt and

area.

in training,

this

armor

to

weapon

is

the

point

of

are

logic

hostages

should

out

get

hostage

potential

his

staying

main

The

smoke,

time

subject,

The

subject the

(talking,

be

contained,

being are

that available.

covered

extensively.

FIGURE

I

FIGURE

II

=

Seen Marksman

Team Body

Maricenar

Marksman

=e

Member Armor

w/

Soft-line

Procedure:

essentially that

when

the

same

and

team will

appease

are

continually

Eventually, the

An

the

have

Many

times

move

of

the

subject

will

have

this

It

have

the

hostage.

time

comes,

out

hostage.

HOSTAGE

PROCEDURE

normally

in fact

portant

that

these

trained

in what

first

actions

Contain the felon of personnel.

2)

Establish

3)

Notify

headquarters

4)

Direct

the

a) b) c)

5)

be

to

The

degree

that

that

head

with. or

three

and

advanced

first

the

arrive

at

next

go without

to identify It

more!

psychology.

in determining can

killed

of New

members

team

shot.

have

that

the

marksmen

Perhaps

he will two

been

that

is extremely the

scene

the im-

are

to take. his

hostages

Perimeter as

placement

Inner Perimeter Assembly Area Outer Perimeter

have

situation.

police

and

Inner

dealt

is

far

the

a hostage

1)

an

how

the

has

point

move.

noted

of

Perhaps

value

the

is

be

tremendous

jeopardizing

-Situation

be

in basic

further

will

must

trained

been

just

police

minimal

here

and

Street

to

to

are

at the

member

most

and

subject,

the

a SWAT

advantage

York

differ

permitted

to the

take

to bring

is of

is

in New

but

exposing

hostage.

to

this

Angeles,

subject

prepared

point

teams

of

subject

released

excellent

York's

of

operations

in Los

the

the

when

hostage

SWAT

short

failed,

survival

he will

as

everything

attempted

insures

The

as

to

to

the

with

further

the

minimum

contain

the

amount

subject.

situation.

of officers

arriving

at the

scene.

required

These actions NOTE: he arrives quickly.

may be ordered by a senior This is suggested.

Keep force (weapons, in low profile.

special

teams,

-103=-

equipment)

commander available

if

OFFICERS SIRENS

Upon set

RESPONDING

OR

arrival up.

of

This

perimeter. of It

This

be

be

and

All

additional

ations

The

reason

hostage

the

felon

that has

for

or

teams

possibly reason

all

the

do

right,

point

will

the

felon

are

chances

withdrawn

from

personnel.

This is

will

the

of

at

outer

the

point

area

for

or

outer

of

take

an

be

per-

officers. perimeter

operations

place

the

assembly

that

there.

area area

of

oper-

where

a

of

is

more

the

a low

explosive

of

than

is

numerous

and

police

excite

scene

the

Initially

is killed.

the

that

excited

further

hostage at

key

one.

extremely

appearance

power

and

those

the

felon

perimeter

as

the

the

personnel

him,

For

as

soon

with

will street

and

hostage

shifting

stays

original

be done

if

begins

a hostage

that

accomplished, the

to

this after

possible.

inner

must

handle

an

holstered

longer

stabilizes,

the

arrive

taken

is completed

situation

out

of

teams

area

that

to

He

The

as

balance

the

are

hand.

be

likely

the

and

the

who

report

where

The

he

area

establishment

area

actions

nothing

(FACT:

how

assembly

selected

from

definitely

should

the

away

actions

containment

this

WITHOUT

innocents

by

assembly

to

safety.

the

area,

the

upper

will

keep

personnel

side.

Once

COME

operational.

is

the

weapons

containing

Once

all

his

to

the

enough

be

an

by the

will

the

directed

will

worried

of

observe

situation

SWAT

SHOULD

as a gathering/disposition

support

be

post

act

far

cannot

will

command

SITUATION

commander,

followed

that

located

felon

be

out

noted

the

senior

perimeter

evacuated

must

must

the

will

operations

sonnel

TO A HOSTAGE

LIGHTS.

to a

kill

situation.

-104-

the

replaced commander

police

felon,

him.) with

the

As

policemen

inconspicuously

senior

is still

the

will

SWAT

less

be

team

as

possible.

must

decide

EXAMPLE

OF

DEPLOYED

PERSONNEL

fe a

| OG

See aie O FELON'S

LOCATION

})

ASSEMBLY AREA/ COMMAND POST

OUTER PERIMETER

INNER PERIMETER

-105-

If possible, You

are

negotiate.

buying

and

should

talk

to

clear

the

felon,

for

the

the to

and

from

higher

the

Try

felon

the

presence

a felon

will

his

plight

the

first

During

get

the

give

the

resolving

perimeter

may

close

a one

shot

kill

(should

should

arrive

life

without

location

can

brief

Once

all

merely the

be

he

area.

prior

you

up.

are

to

move

is

followed

again

to

provisions

allowed

can

aware

time

the

hostage.

another

person.

possible. As

time

passes

understand

This

is

to

the

themselves

necessary). area

tools will

be

personnel

Here

a

time;

equipment.

permitted

press

for

this

confusion,

keep

your

Special

during

and

felon,

must

All only

to

Stay.

leave

personnel

Senior

and

in

Commander

required.

gives

he

and

fully

position

agency

assembly

felon

uation,

given

take

rationalize.

talking

to

area

in

until

try

as

be

themselves

will you

to

To minimize

Try

as

to

It must

felon

vigor.

begin

assembly

siren. or

for

the

at negotiating

trade the

best

renewed

special

policemen

the

as

deemed

duties.

the

wait

squads,

the

time

also

normal

them

of

the

know

situation.

be

assembly

unnecessary

one

at

make

by phone.

weapons

decisions

area

slightly

this

will

officers

a negotiator

at

Other

their

the

or

required

time

buy

be able

lights

those resume

the

who

trained

man

should

felon

cases

people

a negotiator,

He will

inner

arrive

of

no

that

to

have

equipment,

and

preferably

communication.

police

talk

you

fire

at

will

time

equipment

that

This

tired.

to

maintain

will

out

in most

step

plans,

negotiator

to

media can

and

and

a go between

refuses

felon,

A competent

time

The

the

floor

of us

personnel.

to keep

Their

all

hostages.

he is only

get

felon

at no

that If

to

plans.

to make

felon, be made

time,

Contact

There

with

have

ordered may

be

a hostage by

be contained.

been

accounted

to assault

the

some

where

in

cases

his

personnel

You

allow

may

-106-

building

control.

trained

a

to

any

felon

for,

the

In

or

felon

this

area

to

you

sit-

where

leave

will

an

area

due

to

there

hurt

due

to

the

MISCELLANEOUS If

a

felon

has

a sure

action

calls

The

or

felon

felon's

number

bet

that

for

means

holding

situation),

face

felon

ications

response

building

assault.

a police

between

must

ions

department

basic

steps

CONTAIN

A reserve relieved

are:

area

contact

have

to

radio LEA

(have

or

that

could

center

radios

people

authority

on

to

from

be

resolving

developed

objective

to

be

mall.)

negotiator

television.

the

kill

with

a

to

the

wear

If you must

with

you on, means

of

you

commun-

terms

of

negotiat-

scope. situation

are:

APP REHEND

at

the

Command

area.

-107-

must

scene.

implement

a hostage

normalcy

another

is

This

communicate

(lends the

it

sniper

a single

or

jurisdictional

one,

remaining.

to communicate

ISOLATE

may

with

radio,

kills

those

Telephone

frequency

those

he

desirability

bullhorn,

Negotiators

The

of

face

different

within

the

a shopping

and

kill

immediate

to

give

use

in

i.e.,

hostages

he would

a hostage

CLOTHES),

either

of

in order

CIVILIAN the

innocents

presence,

a

immediate

best

many

FACTS

almost shot

being

Post

of

personnel

Steps

to

follow:

Establish inner perimeter. Establish outer perimeter of control. Decelerate the response of unneeded police personnel. Establish a Command Post. Evacuate civilians as necessary. Request negotiators, SWAT teams. Obtain all available information. Position special teams in best areas, replace inner perimeter. personnel with SWAT. Obtain the best tactical position possible. Negotiate. Prepare

Isolated one

to

react

incidents:

particular

In

both

cases

of

exit

that

Three

as

The

room

of

police

was

required

on

felon

has

a large

would

order.

already

building

have

isolated

or

complete

the

himself

top of

control

in

a roof.

over

any

avenue

available.

personality

types;

The criminal: rationalize.

After

summary: initial

confrontation,

The terrorist/fanatic: Keep hood to kill. Very few will

will

usually

media away. Increases likelidie for a cause with no publicity.

The mentally unbalanced/sociopath: TOTALLY UNPREDICTABLE. HIGHLY DANGEROUS. Runs the gamut from being paranoid to schizophrenic--impulsive, best for him.

Stockholm

Syndrome:

a phenomenon reason,

begin rectly

hostages

to

but

did

who

directly have

not

Hostage all

identify

or

hostages or

that

spend

assist to

advantage

should

any

that

length

felon.

him.

There

testify of

with

sympathizes

personnel

with

refused

take

approach

an

a

with

to

felon.

what

is

This

is

For

of

time

with

They

will

sometimes

are

documented the

opportunity

-108-

as

understand.

against

true.

rap

felon to

a

some

felon

indi-

cases who

escape.

may

where

held

then,

Strange

NIGHT

Dark

VISION

Adaptation:

levels

of

illumination.

cells--those

cells

provide

If you not

are

have

you

with

going

the

goggles

in

It will

then

your

to

takes

only

eyes

area

and

five

to

that

ten

one

wear

red

in

the

darkened

eyes

adjust. Once

your

eyes It

you

use

must

posed

to

serve

the

are

takes

light,

close

one

eye

and

night

Vision:

without

of

The

tinted area.

to

image

object

formed

during

degrees cells,

purple.

off

off

for

cells

By moving

constant

a

red

leave

night

lens. one

of

at

a light

vision.

If

you

open.

keeping

at

on

it.

the

If

are

This

off

When

of

center

ex-

will

you

attention

you

look

cells

low

pre-

on

directly

of the

eye

illumination.

of the

allow

effect

your

cone

periods

which In

your

look

object,

you

to

see

with

are

looking

out

the

image

the

prod-

of

the

or

area.

eye.

look

rod

ten

lose

directly

is

never

eye.

technique

looking

rod

Using

that

tain

the

your

you

eye.

to

visual

When

the

six on

Scanning:

of

the

in one

non-functional

formed of

vision

dark,

to

with

By looking

side

a second one

are

uction

the

use

at an object,

is

only

to

light,

object

which

adjusted

a

Center

an

do

|

source.

Off

and

may your

cells

adjusted.

you for

minutes

rod

rod

thoroughly

them

low

a chemical

a lighted

adjust,

to

the

the

activate

from

remove

for

produce

become

area

accustomed

minutes

helps

vision--to

your

become

thirty

which

purple

let

to

retina

a darkened

lighted

take

eyes

eye's

night

into

time

the

in

your

It

visual

called

substance

and

Allowing

center

center

four

to

of

visual

an

to

object

observe

you

an

will

be

eight

seconds

before

out

in that

particular

bleaches your

vision

eyes

every

purple

three

without

-109-

to

the

four

the

object

able visual

area

seconds,

bleaching

to

see

purple

of

the

you

effect.

main-

If you in

short

four

movements

irregular

second

move

continuously,

object

an

to observe

wish

around

all

the

object

your at

eyes

three

to

intervals.

Black dots around the illustration of a man with a gun represent points that you would look at. The larger circles around the dots indicate what you would be able to see using off center vision.

OPERATIONS

IN

A DARKENED

Principles

of

movement

Operations

are

exception

to

Listening

halts

Distance to

slowed

by bounds to

about

with

fire

one-third

support

normal

still

speed

apply.

(with

assault).

between

control

AREA

are

men

made

is

frequently.

less

than

in

daylight

operations

due

problems.

Artificial lighting devices are encouraged inside a building to locate your suspect and rob him of his night vision. Outside there may be instances where you would want to use illumination

to

pinpoint

When

using

your light

suspect. or

firing

. your

=

weapon

LO

in

darkness,

keep

one

eye

closed.

vision.

maximum

Insure Take

flash

your

the

Control

use

of your

eye

after

of

must

to

be

firing

stopped

(even

in

affect or

your

using

night

light

firing.

the

will

dark).

silent.

your

eyes

maintained.

All

else

of everyone

Use simple plans (This may team.

will

when

have

you

is

allow

weapon

closed

shadows

equipment

time

location

one

see

to

you

enable

Make

The

Keeping

adapt

men

to

prior

that do not be modified

to

in

to

your

the

dark.

team

must

firing.

know

the

require the splitting up of your if artificial light is to be used.)

Be extremely careful of silhouetting yourself against light colored walls, cracks in doors, vents, fans, etc. Enough light will be there to provide your suspect a relatively clear target if his eyes have adapted to the dark. Be alert for the when he fires at

exact you.

location

of

your

suspect's

muzzle

flash

If he has a hostage, revert to normal hostage procedures. If you must assault him, use light. If he has no hostage, and you locate the muzzle flash of his weapon, direct maximum fire power in the

direction

of

Simulators

the

are

flash.

extremely

Gas can be effective pared for its use.

Physical vision,

light

Exercise: one

on

one

all

team

Illustrate in

the

at

personnel

and

dark,

night. are

demonstrate

team

movement,

equipped

obtaining and

and

pre-

night

artificial

use.

MISCELLANEOUS If or

if

effective

TIPS

it should become necessary for your team to cross, an alley street which will expose you to your subject, throw a smoke

grenade team

between

cross

at

In operations enter the will more

your

once

on

against

location the

what

and

his

and

then

have

your

entire

run.

you

know

to be well

equipped

subjects,

building through a window, preferably top floor. than likely be boobytrapped or very well covered.

Doors

Each man Halt frequently for listening breaks in the building. Must take a good defensive position and then remain absolutel Quite often your subject will still for five to ten minutes. Make some noise (cough, movement, etc.), which will assist you

=iTTi-

—

in locating him. nervous also.

| Remember,

in almost

all

cases

he

is

going

to be

If you should be shot, lie absolutely still if you are at a point where you cannot reach cover and you are incapacitated. The subject will usually believe you are dead; thus so, you are reasonably

safe.

When using smoke or gas outside, check wind speed and direction. If the wind is blowing toward you, throw the smoke well behind the subject. If it is to your back, throw it midway between

the

subject

When at

one

Practice

You

In

large

man

in your

protective

touch

applies

(warehouse)

operations

at

all

nothing

to gas.

operations,

designate

times.

masks.

other

than

what

is absolutely

Boobytraps!

the

a man moves Preferably

some

building

same

up

practice

must

The

observe

in a building,

Always

position.

to

necessary. When him.

your

conducting

least

When

and

be

there two.

able

large

habit

to

of

looking

should

use

buildings

your

the

be

at

weapon

ten

times

least

one

well

direction

of

then man

moving

once.

covering

in either

hand.

a subject

may

be

difficult

to determine from the report of his weapon alone. Always observe for dust flying around the weapon and watch for a muzzle flash.

If you come upon an obstacle in a building (overturned tables in a hallway, debris), suspect that it is either boobytrapped or covered by the subject's fire.

Use smoke vantage. Use

and

gas

simulators

Utilize

mirrors

as

whenever

they

often

possible.

wherever

Insure

that

if

If you

give

an order

given

an

as

and

whenever

order

insure

will

you

that

not

put

you

at a disad-

possible.

understand

it completely!

your men understand it completely.

-112-

BOOBYTRAPPING

A DOOR

A very

Simple

yet

a door

can

constructed

be

an electrical blasting cap,

highly

effective using

a

device

for

common

boobytrapping

flashlight

battery,

blasting cap, an explosive compatible tape, insulated wire, and nails.

with

the

An explosive charge is taped to the wall near a door. A blasting cap is inserted. One wire from the blasting cap is attached to a battery which is also secured to the wall. From the negative side of the battery another wire is extended and stripped of insulation (at the very far end). A nail is attached to this bare end.

Blasting

Explosive

This wire is secured to the door frame and the door (leave two to three feet of slack between these points) with staples or

nails. to

the

The

other

frame

of

wire

the

leading

door

only.

from

the

A loop

blasting is made

cap

at

the

is nailed very

end

of this piece of wire. The nail attached to the other wire (from the battery) is dropped through this loop. Only after the nail is through the loop and suspended away from the loop do you strip the loop of its insulation. When the door is opened the

nail

pleting

will

the

be

pulled

circuit

and

into

contact

causing

the

-113-

with

the

explosive

bare

loop,

to activate.

com-

A hand grenade is placed in a can of wet mud with the top of The mud is allowed to dry the grenade and pin left exposed. the mud is dried thoroughly, When in the can around the grenade. Pin is from can. removed are mud and grenade (in one piece) pulled, and mud with grenade inside is laid on a roof or ina After a number of rainstorms, a sufficient amount gutter/sewer. of

mud

washes

activating emplaced.

off

the

the

grenade,

allowing

may

This

grenade.

the

be weeks

arming

after

lever

the

ae

Grenade

Pin

arming

is pulled.

lever

The

is

taped

grenade

be

to be burned. When tape is burned grenade will activate. Again this

the

grenade

is emplaced.

release,

is

Bs

down

may

to

grenade

A grenade

uSing

left

several

turns

in a rubbish

away from the arming may be days or weeks

of

this

type

of

pile

may

tape.

that

lever after

also

is the

be

placed in a tank of gas (usually a small grenade for gas tanks, the order of a military trip flare), where the gasoline will dissolve the adhesive around the arming lever, allowing the grenade to activate.

SS Arming taped

pin

lever

Gas

down,

dissolves

adhesive.

removed.

(Ox 2 -114-

Grenade will activate.

on

A cartridge/shell

can

be

placed

in

a metal

sleeve

attached

to

a piece of wood with a nail in it (the nail acts as a firing pin) in such a manner than a small portion of the cartridge/ shell extends above the sleeve. Putting pressure on the Cartridge/shell forces the primer to strike the nail and fire the round in the direction the sleeve is oriented. This can be effective emplaced on stairs, behind drawers, doors, or randomly scattered in woods and fields.

12 Gauge| Shell in Sleeve. |

Wood

Pressure of foot on shell will discharge the shell.

=115=

Another

simple

boobytrap

is

by placing

constructed

an obstacle

in front of a door that is likely to be opened during a search. The obstacle is placed on top of a grenade so that its weight The safety pin is removed from depresses the arming lever. is removed to gain access to the obstacle When the the grenade. Most grenades will have a built door, the grenade activates. However, there are those that will detonate in time delay. with no delay.

Use extreme caution anytime you are forced to move an

obstacle. If possible, always bypass the

obstacle.

Trash container or other obstacle placed to depress arming lever of concealed hand grenade.

Grenade with Pin removed.

Grenade in can attached to wall.

Trip

Wire

Another effective boobytrap that can be fabricated consists of a grenade, a #303 empty can and a trip wire. The can is attached to a fixed item, such as a wall or chair. A grenade is placed in the

can.

The

grenade

will

fit

is attached to the head of The trip wire is stretched

and pin The

perfectly

in a #303

the grenade, not over the terrain

can.

A trip wire

the safety pin. or area to be covered

tied off on a stationary object. At this time the safety is removed from the grenade while it is still in the can. can is small enough that the arming lever will be depressed.

Refer

to

the

figure

above.

When the trip wire is hit, the entire grenade will be pulled from the can, releasing the pressure that held the arming lever in place. The grenade will activate immediately and detonate in the time it takes for the delay fuze to burn. In some cases there will be no time delay--some grenades do not have time delay fuzes. Refer to the figure below.

-117-

An extremely effective boobytrap may be fabricated out of a pressure type clothespin, a battery, a blasting cap, an explosive compatible to the blasting cap’ s ignition capability,

and

any

insulative

(current

carrying

Secure a bare piece of wire on both pin and the lower lip. This should that when the clothespin is closed, direct

contact

with

one

another.

capable)

wire.

the upper lip of the clothesbe done in such a manner the bare wires will make

Insert

a

piece

of

wood

or

other non-conducting material between both lips of the clothespin to keep the two bare wires from making contact. Place clothespin on a peg, tree, or piece of furniture and secure in place. Use a nail, tape, or string. Stretch area you wish to cover. Again, check

the trip wire out to make sure your

over wood

the

peg is separating the two bare wires. Cut the wire as in the diagram near the explosive. Affix a blasting cap to the wire and place the cap into the explosive. Both ends where the cut was made must go running into the

into the blasting cap. Insure the wires blasting cap are well secured. Make another cut in the wire near the power source as in the diagram below. Tape one piece of the wire to the positive side of the battery and the other piece to the negative side. When the trip wire is hit, the wood peg will fall out of the jaws of the clothespin, allowing both bare ends of the wire to touch. The circuit will be completed and the explosive will be detonated. This device can be command detonated by a person holding the trip wire

at

a great

QUALIFIED IT

IS

distance.

EXPERTS

ONLY

should

attempt

to

remove

this

device!

UNSTABLE.

In practicing to set this device up, substitute a flashlight bulb for the explosive. If at any time during the setup the light comes on, you singe say that the explosive would have been detonated.

Explosive

Wire

Clothespin Wood Peg with Trip/Pull Wire Attached

-118-

BOOBYTRAPPED

LIGHT

RECEPTACLE

When boobytraps are suspected, never tamper with a potential firing device such as a switch.

A light

bulb

is

removed

from

a light

receptacle.

The

switch

off. From the ceiling an explosive is receptacle). An electric blasting cap and the wires from the cap are affixed

suspended (near the is inserted into the to the inside of the

receptacle,

to

When

the

one

to

the

switch

is

turned

By running the distance, into attach set it

contact on,

and the

one

the

explosive

wires from the blasting another room or another

side

will

cap and part of

be

is charge

(inside). activated.

charge a long a building to

them to a receptacle, the originator of this device off much like a command detonated mine to injure or

can kill

persons entering the other room. Suspect all wires that seem out of place. Be observant. If you are sure that this type of

boobytrap

in the

exists,

have

the

electric

building.

~119-

company

shut

off

the

power

Turn

light.

off @

@

Remove

from

socket

and

e

drill

¢

hole

@

in upper

neck

of

°e

small bulb.

rs

@

6 @

®@ @

Fill with gasoline or black powder. Plug hole with

cork

or paper.

e

Screw

bulb

@ back

in

® Sure

light

® socket.

Make

$ out before § screwing in : bulb. @ e@ @

&

e ®

@

When light is turned on

anyone in room will be killed or

injured. Will also Start

fire.

t

° °

: . a

rs : ® ®

-120-

is

THE

In

AUSTRALIAN

the

need

CRAWL

conduct

to move

of

normal

from

one

entering

a building

it

in

would

building the

top

rope,

you of

the

the

the

to

ground

from

the

be

in and

next

of

to

top

then By

Crawl

getting

to

the

most

energy

attempt using

can

there

another. is

wasted

one.

Australian

operations,

building

cases

were

ability

you

FIGURE

some

SWAT

a

be

to

the

that

favorable

means,

move

out

of

the

up clear

to

hook

and

rappelling

in moments

and

will

grappling

next

the

arise

Remembering

to climb

rigged

may

building

without

give

going

level.

I:

The

team

in

one

building

of the next building about thirty rope is rigged onto the grappling

wants

to

reach

the

roof

feet away. The rappelling hook, and the hook is thrown

across to the roof or through an open window (the hook will break a closed window if thrown with enough force, therefore the window could be closed). The hook is then set on the window

sill

or

ledge

of

the

next

building.

FIGURE II: The rope is pulled as to a stationary fixture in/on the fixture is strongly emplaced, and as taut as possible.

taut as possible and secured first building. Insure this insure that the rope is pulled

FIGURE THREE: While the remainder of the team covers the far building, one team member hooks his D-ring (preferably locking) onto the rope. (This man should have an automatic shotgun.) He then lays out on the rope, hooking the instep (top of ankle) of one foot over the _rope. He allows his other leg to hang

free

for

balance.

after

practice

tne

crawl

can

easily

be

ne-

gotiated with one hand. Once this man is on the rope he begins an inchworm type movement by drawing his foot on the rope up close to with his

his buttocks, while at hand/hands. Once this

foot

pulls

until

and

he

is

with

across

his

to

the same time reaching is done he pushes with

hand/hands.

the

other

He

repeats

this

forward his rear

action

building.

FIGURE IV: Upon reaching the other building, this man quickly checks the room or roof out with his mirror, and then enters and unhooks himself. He then provides security on the second building while the rest of his team come across one at a time.

=121-

FIGURE

I:

thrown Member

across. NOTE: who is throw-

ing hook

the

Rope

is

grappling

must

be

covered

by other members all times.

FIGURE II: Rope is pulled taut and tied off securely.

-122-

at

FIGURE

of

III:

member

on

Side

view

rope

— ae Top view NOTE: D-ring (preferably locking) is attached to Man by swiss seat, and locked onto rope.

FIGURE

of member on rope

IV:

Man

reaches other side. Observes and then enters roof area. NOTE: Other team members cover his movement.

=iZa-

-124-

{tn s d

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SWAT

RAPPELLING

In order

to

necessary

successfully

to

buildings,

by the

SWAT

Ring,"

provides

iously

mentioned

easy

to

the

added

weapons

be

or

taken

the

and

ABSEIL)

down

walls,

will

weight,

and

into

account.

most

ease

provides

good

be

use

The

all

under

and

and

hand

for

use

Eight

of

prev-

the

light, be

Safety,

Figure

safety

to

fire,

important

selected

combination is

of

vertical

are

Seat"

control one

sides

attempted

method

equipment

allowing

the

become

to be considered. of

acceptable

it may

similar

not

"Swiss

a

The

of

or

difficulties

factors.

advantage other

called

utilizing

teams,

use,

mission,

rappelling

other

equipment

to

your

retaining

several

factors

complete

(also

Although

are

control,

RAPPEL

cliffs,

obstacles.

there

PROCEDURES

relatively

while

free

to

giving control

equipment.

EQUIPMENT

Figure

Eight

Ring:

Issue: Weight:

One per man. 4.2 oz. (117

Strength:

Carabiner:

Nylon

Laid

Issue: One locking type Weight: 2 oz. Strength: 2200 lbs.

Webbing

Kernmantle

rope

9200

rope

(also

(seat

and

(also

called

slings):

called

"core

"goldline"):

grams)

lbs.

or

two

Strength:

non-locking

4000 lbs. (1" tubular webbing)

and sheath"): Strength: 5000

Strength:

-125-

type.

5025 4500

lbs.

(11mm)

lbs. lbs.

(11mm) (llmm)

dry wet

ANCHORING

The

method

be needed If

selected again

for

the

team

only

eight"

knot

method

be used

needed

for

for

webbing Slings

webbing

knot

(see

B-E

then

passed

the

rope

ends

with

biners.

rope the

to

do

a single

be

used.

The

rappelling

of

sling

the

locking

join

rope

are

the

directly

the be

the

then

over

or

with the

needed

joined two

can

around

be

the

webbing

will

first;

tied anchor. and

non-locking

The

to

cara-

heat

weaken

caused or

sling.

Figure-of-Eight Overhand

B

Knot Knot

6

‘y »

(A). (B-E),

used

-126-

for

BOTH

slings

and

case.

overhand

together

a sling.

is

in either

is tied

slings

also

Several

a doubled

sling

can

rope

mission.

with

to pass

directly

“figure-of-

when

used

also

carabiner

the

will

mission.

be

Several

sufficient

the

method

together

anchor.

rope

rope

loops

the

the

during

during

In anchoring,

not

doubled

will

tied

or

rappel,

carabiners

passing

A

Doubled seats."

rappells

is not

one

NEVER

by the break

around

whether

rappel;it must

below).

if one

looped

can

additional

are

The

needs

and

upon

additional

a single

slings

together

depends

"Swiss

If only

one

be

in

tied

into

the leave

the

knot.

the

rope

the

from

below.

the

in all

FIGURE

EIGHT

down

be

in

larged

lower

and

rappel.

shows

the the

FIGURE

uration

II-B

or

locking

for

single FIGURE

single

twelve-inch

section

of

be

10.5

solid

will

take

I-B

or

belay,

III-B

knot

tightly

on

the

side

of

of

the

be

pulled

through

be

found,

several

rope

In

is

this

locked

case

to the

prior weight.

(pronounced

the

to

the

oval ring

the

rope

lowering, for

diameter

lock,

and

using

a double

FIGURE

II-C

III-A in

double

9mm

and

FIGURE

III-D

rope.

-127-

through

the

seat

etc.

FIGURE

rope

the 9mm

shows

intend

II-A

on

lock

en-

hand

if you

friction

it

and

control

is used

shows 8 or

Pull

with

double

"bite™")

ring.

Swiss

applying

shows

1llmm in use,

the

a man's

configuration

load

small

llmm.

locked

tested

upper

pull

Grasp

basic

are

then

slings.

a bight

the

and

configuration

you

be

carabiners

ring.

single

by

support

it through

the

can

can

I,II,III)

I-A,

the

later

anchor

should

same

shows

then

anchors

(FIGURES

for

can

knot

is

rope

midpoint

together

they

Attach

if

rope

the

joined

in FIGURE

llmm

again,

single

the

normal

for

9mm,

to.tie

pass

ring

carabiner

certain

no

This

The

Be

used

(smaller)

a Figure-of-Eight

rope.

knot.

FIGURE

and

be made,

The

RING

bight.

use

the

certain

shown

the to

of

be

can

mind

rope

as

to

others,

to

the

to

the

that

anchors

Bearing

is

carabiner.

rappel

in

of

must

event

weaker

as

end

a six

into

In

the

loop

and

If

rappel

rappel.

config-

configuration or

the

in

use

some

cases

of a single

use,

FIGURE

III-C

shows

double

7/16

shows

laid

SWISS

SEAT

To make

the

a doubled and

Swiss

overhand

then

pull

through

Carabiner

can

then

up

three

be

webbing

Pass

loop

the

The

ring.

nylon

knot.

another

carabiner

eight

seat,

the

attached

seat

should

open

through

loops

the

loop

your

from

to fit

is tied

in a loop with over

your

crotch.

left

to

small

buttocks

Pass

right.

end

of

a

The

the

figure

tightly.

RAPPELLING

After the

the

rope

with

seat so

your

that

right

controlling Lower

the

as

you

it

then

runs

hand

to

through

below

Your

the

your

other

until

you

make

begin

walking

ring your

on

the

crotch.

buttocks;

hand

is

free

the

wall

step

over

the

rope

Grasp

this

a forty-five

down

rope,

and

will NOT

degree

be the to be used.

angle

playing

out

with

the

rope

go.

GENERAL

NEVER

attached

hand.

yourself

wall;

NOTES

step

cuts

some

that

a

on of

fall

it

should

If

a locking

ones

is

with

be

rope the

or

or

expose

fibers

other

and

severe

it to

gritty

weakens

the

strain

is

surfaces,

rope.

placed

In on

as the

the

this event

rope,

discarded.

carabiner

gates

facing

is not in

available,

opposite

-131-

use

directions.

two

non-locking

PITON

USE

As a general rule you should drive the piton is flush with the anchor USE

ANGLE

USE

OFFSET

USE

BOLTS

PITONS PITONS IN

IN

CONCRETE WOOD

REINFORCED

ANGLE Prtons FOR

IN

BLOCK

BLOCKS

AND

™@

AND

VERTICAL

HORIZONTAL

CONCRETE

oma

a piton in until surface.

OR

On” oo

SOLID

CRACKS

CRACKS. ROCK.

oFFSET PIToNS FOR

WOOD

Es

PITON

ANGLE BLOCK

PITON WALL

IN

HAMMER

OFFSET PITONS IN WOOD, TIED TOGETHER FOR MAXIMUM. STRENGTH

~132-

the

eye

of

Drive

pitons

in

floors,

walls

or

ceilings

IF they

are:-

Wood Concrete

Block

Brick

Place

a

sturdy

too large

it with

to

daisy

object

fit

(desk,

through

the

chains.

filing

cabinet,

opening

water

in front

of

cooler,

Desk used as anchor.

THE

ROOF

Many objects may These include:

be

found

on

most

Vents

Air

Distribution

Conditioning

to

use

as

anchors.

.

Chimneys Electrical

roofs

Posts

Equipment

-133-

etc.)

it and wrap

GLOSSARY

RUNNER feet DAISY

in

circumference.

CARABINER,

Set

your

Pad

sharp

Use

multiple

NEVER

Allow Rig

CHECKLIST

Annex

A:

moly

chrome

edges.

anchors.

a rope

the

or

knots.

to

rope

Carabiner Use

design made of iron instead of a head.

of varying in the end

PITON--A nail with an eye

Pink.

snap

KRAB--A

OR

BINER,

runners.

of

series

CHAIN--A

ALWAYS

is six

which

of webbing

loop made

endless

OR SLING--An

work

through

to

join

a single

the

a sharp

sling.

edge.

Always

use

a

them.

anchor!

TEST

ALL

ANCHORS!

TEST

ALL

KNOTS!

ARE

YOUR

ANCHORS

ARE

YOUR

KNOTS

ARE

ALL

SHARP

Physical

against

SECURE?

SET? EDGES

Fitness

PADDED?

Proficiency

Test

1 Mile Run: Passing this test must be accomplished with equipment that would be carried into a combat situation, 10 minutes. Pass/Fail grade only. .

full within

40 yd Low

seconds.

Crawl:

This

must

Must include wearing of is carried maximum time Sit-Ups: Push-Ups:

Rope Climb: seconds.

50 30

in two

minutes.

in one

Climb

Must be able to all equipment.

be

20

fully

completed

in less

combat boots and web gear. is extended to 30 seconds. Bent

leg

than

28

If

weapon

style.

minute.

feet

vertically

complete

(free

2 minutes

of

climb) grass

within drill

30

with

The above exercises/tasks lend themselves to fully conditioning the members of a team and are geared toward physical activities that would be associated with an actual mission.

-134-

ISBN 0-873b4-169-a

9"780873"641692