Studies in the Auxilia of the Roman Army from Augustus to Trajan 9780860540755, 9781407350257

Citation preview

Studies in the Auxilia of the Roman Army from Augustus to Trajan

Paul A. Holder

BAR International Series 70 · 1980

B.A.R.,

B.A.R.

122

Banbury Road, Oxford OX2 7BP, England

GE ��RAL EDITORS

A. R. Hands, B.Sc., ;\I.A., D.Phil. D. R. Walker, ;\I. A.

B.A.R . S70, 1980: "Studies in the Auxilia of the Roman Army from Augustus to T raj an'' © Paul A. Holder, 1980 The author’s moral rights under the 1988 UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act are hereby expressly asserted. All rights reserved. No part of this work may be copied, reproduced, stored, sold, distributed, scanned, saved in any form of digital format or transmitted in any form digitally, without the written permission of the Publisher. ISBN 9780860540755 paperback ISBN 9781407350257 e-book DOI https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540755 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library This book is available at www.barpublishing.com

CONTENTS

P age P reface L ist o f p la tes 1

I n troduct ion

5

C hap ter 1

Un i t S treng th a nd O rganisa t ion

C hap ter 2

U n it N omenc la ture

1 4

C hapter 3

I ndiv idua l a nd Un i t Awards f or Va lour

2 8

C hapter 4

C i t izensh ip a nd L a t in S ta tus

4 6

C hapter 5

C i t izen Un i ts

6 4

C hapter 6

The E ques trian O f f icer Career

7 2

C hapter 7

Centur ions , Decur ions a nd P rincipa les

8 6

C hapter 8

R ecrui tmen t

1 09

C onc lusion

The Deve lop men t o f t he Auxi l ia

1 40

A ppendix A ppendix

I The Da t ing o f To mbstones I The D ip lo ma L is ts

1 44 1 67

A ppendix I I The R eg i men ts

2 15

P rosopography

2 41

B ib liography

3 35

I ndexes

3 47

P la tes

3 53

.

PREFACE

These s tud ies r epresen t , i n t he ma in , my P h .D . t hes is p resen ted t o Manches ter Un ivers i ty i n D ece mber 1 978 .

C hap ter 1 h as b een s ub jected t o

mos t r ework ing a nd n ow a ppears i n as hor tened f or m .

O therw ise t he t ex t

h as b een r ev ised a nd u pda ted t o i nc lude ma ter ia l b rough t t o my a t ten t ion b e fore t he e nd o f 1 979 .

As i n my t hes is La t in i s t rea ted a s Eng l ish u n less

ad irect q uo ta t ion i s made f ro m a n i nscr ip t ion o r u n less a n Eng l ish e qu iva len t i s s o met imes u sed — in t hese c ases i nver ted c o m mas a re u t i l ised . Iwou ld l i ke t o t hank my f r iend a nd f or mer s uperv isor T ony B ir ley f or t he i nva luab le h elp , a dv ice a nd e ncourage men t h e g ave o n a l l a spec ts o f t hese s tud ies .

H is f a ther , P ro f . E . B ir ley a nd Dr . B . D obson a lso g ave me t he

b enef i t o f much u se fu l a dv ice a nd c o m men ts o n t he work a s a who le.

P rof .

G . D . B . J ones was k ind e nough t o r ead C hap ter 1 a nd g ive h is c o m men ts . Mr . Y . L e B ohec h as g iven me much h e lp w i th t he a ux i l ia i n A fr ica .

Dr .

M . M. R oxan h as h e lped g rea t ly o n t he S pan ish a ux i l ia a nd t he d ip lo mas . Dr . A . K . Bow man a nd t he V indo landa Trus t h ave k ind ly a l lowed me t o u se i n forma t ion f ro m t he V indo landa t able ts i n a dvance o f p ubl ica t ion .

Prof .

E . B ir ley g ave me i n for ma t ion a bou t a n u npubl ished i nscr ip t ion f ro m Phua ( 6 35 ).

Dr . K . H . D ietz h as k ind ly a l lowed me t o u t i l ise i n for ma t ion f ro m t he

u npublished d ip lo ma f or Pannon ia S uper ior o f A .D. 1 13 ( 1 161A ) wh ich h e w i l l b e p ublish ing i n G er maj .a .

M me . V . L jubenova g ave me t he i n for ma t ion

a bou t t he d ip lo ma f or Maure tan ia T ing i tana o f A .D. 1 09 ( 281 ) wh ich h as n ow b een p ubl ished i n A rheolog i ja , XX I ( 1 979 ) , b u t wh ich Ir efer t o a s u npubl ished . Above a l l , Ih ave t o t hank my w i fe , S hahnaz , f or h er c ons tan t e ncouragemen t t hrough t he f our y ears o f t he c o mp le t ion o f t hese s tud ies .

L IST OF PLATES

P la te T o mbs tone o f Q . P e t i l ius S ecundus , mi les o f l eg io XV P r im igen ia . 1 B

( Rhein isches Landesmuseum , B onn .)

T o mbs tone o f V ona tor ix , e ques o f a la L ong in iana . ( Rhein isches Landes museu m , B onn .)

2A

T o mbs tone o f Marcinus , mi les o f c ohors V I I I Breucoru m. ( Rhe in isches Landes museu m , B onn .)

2 B

T o mbs tone o f P . F lavo le ius C ordus , mi les o f l eg io X IV G em ina .

( Pho to :

M i t te lrhe in isches Landes museum

Ma inz.) 3A

T o mbs tone o f Anna ius , mi les o f c ohors 1 1 1 D e l ma tarum . ( Kar l-Ge ib- Museu m , Bad Kreu znach ).

3 B

T o mbs tone o f Man s , o f a la P ar thorum e t A raborum . ( Photo :

3 C

M i t telrhein isches L andes museum , Ma inz.)

T o mbs tone o f C . R o man ius C ap i to , e ques o f a la N or icorum . ( Pho to :

Mi t telrhe in isches L andes museum , Ma inz.)

4A

T o mbs tone o f L ic inus , e ques o f a la H ispanoru m . Ku l tur ins t i tu te , Wor ms .)

4B

T o mbs tone o f I u l ius I ngen ius , miss ic ius o f a la IF lav ia . ( Pho to :

4C

( Photo:

Mi t telrhein isches Landes museum , Ma inz.)

T o mbs tone o f An t iochus , e voca tus t r ip l icar ius o f a la Par thorum e t Araborum .

( Pho to :

Mi t te lrhe in isches

Landes museu m , Ma inz.) 5 A

T o mbs tone o f C . I u l ius And iccus , mi les o f l eg io XV I . ( Photo :

5 B

Mi t te lrhe in isches L andes museum , Ma inz.)

T o mbs tone o f Q . C as tr ic ius S everus , mi les o f l eg io 1 1 1 Macedon ica .

( Pho to :

Mi t te lrhe in isches L andes museu m ,

Ma inz.) 5 C

T o mbs tone o f A lbanus , e ques o f a la A s turum . A rchbo log ie :

6A

Musge D enon , C ha lon-sur-Sa ne .)

Tombs tone o f L ong inus S dapeze , d ep l icar ius o f a la I Thracum .

6 B

( Sec t ion

( Co lches ter a nd E ssex Museum .)

T o mbs tone o f Rufus S i ta , e ques o f c ohors V I Thracum . ( C i ty Museu m a nd Ar t G a l lery , G louces ter .)

P la te 6 C

To mbs tone o f C a t tus , e ques o f a la Macedon ica .

( Arch-

a eolog ica l Museu m o f Thessa lon ik i.) 7 A

To mbs tone o f Dacnas , mi les o f c ohors I C yrrhes taru m . ( Arheo logk i Muze j, Z adar .)

7 B

To mbs tone o f C . L ong inus , mi les o f l eg io V I I . ( Arheologk i muze j, S pl i t .)

7 C

T o mbs tone o f Imerix , e ques o f a la H ispanoru m . ( Arheologk i muze j, Zadar.. )

8 A

To mbs tone o f Melvad ius , e ques o f a la C laud ia n ova . ( Arheologk i muze j , S pl i t .)

8 B

To mbs tone o f C us ides , e ques o f a la Fron ton iana ( Mag yar N e mzeti Muzeu m , Budapes t .)

9 A

To mbs tone o f U lp ius Enubico , s esqu ip l icar ius o f a la I Br i tann .

9 B

( Mag yar N e mzet i Muzeum , Budapes t .)

To mbs tone o f P r i mus , d up l icar ius o f a la Capi ton iana . ( I ns ti tu t Arheo log ique :

A cade m ie Bu lgare d es S ciences ,

S of ia ). 9 C

To mbs tone o f T . F lav ius C api to , v eteran d ecur ion o f a la IPannon iorum .

1 0A

( I ns t i tu tu l d e Arheolog ie , Buchares t .)

To mbs tone o f I u lius Vanno , miss icius o f a la F lav iana . ( Arheo logk i muse j n a Makedoni ja , S kop je ).

1 0B

To mbs tone o f Be la terus , mi les o f c ohors V I De l ma tarum. ( M in is tere d e l ' In forma t ion e t d e l a Cu l ture , A lger ia .)

1 0C

To mbs tone o f C laud ius C ongonet iacus , e ques o f a la I Thracum.

( Min is tere d e l ' In for ma t ion e t d e l a Cu l ture ,

A lger ia .) 1A

To mbs tone o f Bocchus , e ques o f a la I Thracu m . ( M in is tere d e l ' In for ma t ion e t d e l a C u l ture , A lger ia .)

1B

To mbs tone o f E picadus Ve lox , mi les o f c ohors L igurum . ( Musbe ArchAo log ique , N ice-C im iez.).

1C

T o mbs tone o f L . S everus , o f c ohors G ae tu lorum. Arch*o log ique , N ice-C im iez. )

( Mus e

INTRODUCTION It is now over sixty years since the publication of Cheesman's monograph on the auxilia of the Roman Imperial army. He modestly called it an arrange­ ment of material for future scholars to use more comprehensively. Yet it remains the best survey of the subject as a whole despite the wealth of new information which has accrued. So much more evidence has been found that scholars have restricted themselves to the investigation of specific topics. The topic which aroused immediate interest was the distribution of units. Lesquier produced his book on the army of Egypt in 1918.1 In 1932 Stein pro­ duced his study of the auxilia in Germany which was soon followed by Wagner's study of the regiments stationed on the Danube. After these studies little has been done, which has left a serious lacuna as far as the units in the East are concerned. For knowledge of these regiments the articles of Cichorius dating to the end of the nineteenth century have to be studied. The army in Africa has also fared badly since Cagnat's book received its second edition in 1913. Thus none of these works is less than forty years old, and work in recent years has tended to concentrate on a few areas such as Dacia where much archaeological work is being carried out. The only recent monograph on the auxilia in a par­ ticular province has been that of G. AlHHdy on Germania Inferior published in 1968. More recently attention has been transferred to investigating specific aspects of the Roman army. Thus, over the past thirty years E. Birley has written a number of important articles about the army in general and the eques­ trian officers in particular. Students of his have produced a number of impor­ tant Ph.D. theses. B. Dobson investigated the primipilares, D. Breeze the principales and immunes, and V. Maxfield the dona militaria. The thesis of B. Dobson has now been published. In 1951 Kraft's study of the recruitment to auxiliary units was published. This now needs revision in the light of a fur­ ther twenty-seven years of investigation and finds. G. AlHHdy has contributed a number of articles on the status of auxiliaries as well as work on the deve­ lopment of the diplomas. There have also been a number of articles on specific aspects of the equestrian officer career, in particular by H. Devijver on the 'tres militiae', M. Le Glay on cohortes voluntariorum, and by B. Dobson on the post of praefectus fabrum. H. Devijver has now produced a prosopography of equestrian officers. However, for Egypt, reference has to be made to a separate monograph (Devijver, 197 5). The singulares of provincial govenors have recently been investigated by M. Speidel who has also contributed a num­ ber of useful studies on various aspects of the army. However, one major area concerning the auxilia which has not received its full share of attention is the contribution of units from different provinces. To some extent this has been rectified by M. Roxan in her Ph.D. thesis on the units raised in the Iberian peninsula as they composed a large proportion of the auxilia. Shortly afterwards a monograph by J. Roldan Hervas on Spain 1

a nd t he R o man a r my was p ub l ished . Th is a dds n o th ing t o R oxan a nd i st heref ore n o t u t i l ised . N o d e ta i led s tudies h ave b een made r ecen t ly o f t he o ther ma jor c on tr ibutors , n ame ly G au l , Thrace a nd t he E as t . O ther a spec ts h ave b een n eg lec ted s uch a s t he s treng th a nd o rgan isa t ion o f t he u n i ts a nd r egiment a l t i tu la ture . S uch i ndiv idua l s tudies h ave t herefore l ed t o a n i mba lance o fk now ledge . S tudy i n i so la t ion c an a lso c ause i mpor tan t omiss ions b ecause a n o vera l l v iew h as n o t b een t aken .

T herefore a c o mprehens ive s urvey i s r equired t o t ake i n

a l l a spec ts a nd t o p roduce a b a lanced s tudy l i ke C heesman a ch ieved . s tudies o f fered h ere a re i n tended t o r edress t he b a lance .

T he

H owever , b ecause

o ft he g row th i n k now ledge , o n ly t he p eriod f ro m A ugus tus t o T ra jan i s i nc luded .

The ma in r eason f or c hoos ing t h is p ar t icu lar p eriod i s b ecause i t

c o incides w i th t he c rea t ion a nd i n i t ia l d eve lopmen t o ft he p rofessiona l a ux i lia . I ti s a lso t he t ime when t he Emp ire was n o t c ons idered t o h ave s e t f ron t iers . H adr ian was t he Emperor who d ecided t o d emarca te t he b oundary o ft he Emp ire , a nd who f i na l ised t he d eve lopmen t o ft he a ux i lia s o t ha t t hey w ere o n a n e qua l f oo t ing w i th t he l eg ions . t o t he d efens ive .

B ut t he ir r o le h ad c hanged f ro m t he o ffens ive

T hey n ow b ecame p ermanent ly a t tached t o ap ar t icu lar

p rov ince a nd were r are ly t ransferred . t he l im i t o ft hese s tudies .

T herefore t he d ea th o f Tra jan marks

The r ap id movemen t o f a ux i l iary u n i ts w i th in t h is p eriod means t ha t t he a rchaeo log ica l e v idence i s f ragmentary w i th r egard t o where r egimen ts were s ta t ioned .

A t t h is t ime f or ts were n o t c onsidered a s p er manen t b ases .

They

w ere of ten h e ld f or o n ly a s hor t l eng th o ft ime b ecause t here was n o c oncep t o f as e t f ron t ier ( Breeze a nd D obson , 1 976 , p p . 5 -9 ) . e v idence h as t herefore n o t b een made . n o t d iscussed c o mprises t he n u meri .

Ad e ta i led s tudy o ft h is

O ne g roup o f a ux i liary u ni ts wh ich a re These were c rea ted a t a bout t he e nd o f

t he f i rs t c en tury a nd s o t here i s v ery l i t t le r e levan t i n for ma tion wh ich c an b e u ti l ised .

O ne t opic wh ich i s omi t ted i s a ux i l iary p ay .

The p rob lem c oncerning

t he r a te o fp ay h as s t i l l n ot b een s a t isfactor i ly r eso lved ow ing t o t he l ack o f e v idence .

G . Wa tson h as p roposed o ne s o lu t ion ( Wa tson , 1 959 ;

a nd M . S pe ide l a no ther ( Spe ide l , 1 973 ) .

Wa tson , . 1973 )

'

The s ources f or t hese s tudies v ary i n t he ir u sefu lness . The l i terary r ec ord i s g ood a s l ong a s t here i s T aci tus t o r efer t o , o therw ise t here a re l arge g aps f or t he r e igns o f A ugustus a nd T ra jan .

L i terary s ources o f al a ter d a te

a re mos t n ecessary f or t he s tudy o ft he o rgan isa t ion o f a ux i l iary u n i ts .

O ther

t han l i tera ture , t he w r it ten e v idence i s p apyro log ica l , mos t o f wh ich r efers t o E gyp t .

I n r ecent y ears an u mber o f i mpor tan t c o l lect ions o f ma ter ia l h ave

b een p ub l ished .

F ink h as a ssemb led t he mos t i mpor tan t mi l i tary r ecords .

Dar is h as c o l lected many o ft he d ocu men ts wh ich i l lus tra te t he s tory o ft he R o man a r my i n E gyp t . e di ted b y C avena i le .

There i s a lso a modern c o l lec t ion o f L a tin p apyri

N o t a l l p apyr i r e levan t t o t he a ux i l ia a re i n t hese c o l-

l ec t ions a nd s o r eference h as t o b e made t o t he o rig ina l e di t ions .

B r i ta in

n ow c on tr ibu tes t o t he w r it ten r ecord t hrough t he d iscovery o ft he V indo landa w r i t ing t ab le ts wh ich g ive d e ta i ls o f mi l i tary l i fe i n B r i tain a t t he b eg inn ing o ft he s econd c entury .

2

The remainder of the information is gleaned from epigraphic material, most of which is collected in the Prosopography. The inscriptions are collect­ ed in the Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum (CIL) and l 'Annee Epigraphique (AE) and are published as transcripts. AE is now four years behind and does not aiways manage to record all inscriptions. Transcripts are very convenient with regard to equestrian officer careers, but are not good enough with regard to auxiliary tombstones. Photographs or scale drawings are needed if the tombstones are to be dated accurately because the decorative features, type of sculpture and letter forms are very important. As far as possible photographs 2 However, or drawings have been examined to produce the readings offered. there are lacunae for Mauretania Tingitana, Africa, Spain, Egypt, Dacia, and to a certain extent Dalmatia, because photographs are not easily accessible. Infor mation about auxiliaries is largely dependent on tombstones and re­ ligious dedications. But there is a great variation in the survival of such in­ scriptions. Thus there are large numbers from Germany, Pannonia and Dalmatia relevant to this period, but they become less frequent later. Mauretania Caesariensis has also produced many, but Mauretania Tingitana has not. Similarly, many have been found in Noricum, but few in Raetia. There is a large group at Cemenelum in the Maritime Alps, but hardly any in the whole of Gaul. With the exception of Egypt, relatively few inscriptions have been discovered in the East mainly for religious and political reasons. The value of this evidence varies. Religious dedications rarely permit accuracy in dating if they are not explicitly dated. Therefore those which can­ not be assigned to this period with any certainty have been omitted. On the other hand, tombstones can be dated quite accurately in this period and Appendix I is devoted to this topic. From this evidence the origo of a soldier can be found either because it is stated or because his name indicates his origin. The origin can be found this way by reference to onomastic studies. The main ones comprise Holder on Celtic names, Detschew on Thracians, Krahe and Mayer on Illyrians, Schanfeld on German names and Wuthnow on those of Semitic origin. There are also the works of Kajanto on t�e Latin cognomina and Pape on Greek names. The.i\· nformatidn these name origins provide can thea be used •l to discuss recruitment and possible troop movements. 3 The remaining epigraphic material consists of the diplomas-the documents which record the award of citizenship and conubium to the auxiliaries who had served twenty-five or more years. Those found prior to 1954 have been edited by H. Nesselhauf and published as CIL XVI. M. Roxan has edited those found after this date and before 1977. The value and limitations of these documents is discussed at the beginning of Appendix II. With the problems of interpretation in mind and remembering the uneven quality and distribution of the evidence, it is possible to build up a comprehen­ sive picture of the development of the auxilia in this period. NOTES 1.

Full references to the works of the authors cited in the Introduction will be found in the bibliography. 3

2 . 3 .

The p ho tographs a nd d rawings a re r ecorded i n t he p rosopography. I n a ny l i s t o f n a mes i n t hese s tud ies where a n o r ig in i s s ta ted , t hose i n b racke ts were o bta ined b y as tudy o f t he n a me o r ig in .

4

CHAPTER 1 UN IT S TRENGTH AND ORGAN ISAT ION

The e v idence f or t he s treng th a nd o rgan isa t ion o f t he v ar ious t ypes o f u n i t i s s urveyed i n t h is c hap ter .

I n p ar t icu lar , t he q ues t ion o f when t he mi l l iar ia

u n i ts were r a ised i s d iscussed c o mprehens ively.

There i s a lso a b r ief i nves t-

i ga t ion o f t he a rchaeo log ica l e v idence f or f or t a cco m moda t ion . The a ux i l ia o f Augus tus were o rgan ised a s t hree t ypes o f u n i t v iz, t he c ohors p ed i ta ta , t he c ohors e qu i ta ta a nd t he a la .

A t s o me s tage l arger u n i ts

o f e ach t ype were c rea ted a nd d es igna ted mi l l iar ia t o d i f feren t ia te t he m f ro m t he r eg i men ts a lready i n e x is tence wh ich were n ow c a l led q u ingenar ia .

Exac t ly

wha t t hese d es igna tory t i t les mean c an o n ly b e r ecogn ised o nce t he d a te o f c rea t ion o f t he n ew u n i ts i s e s tabl ished .

F or much o f t he p resen t c en tury i t

was a ccep ted t ha t mi l l iar ia r eg i men ts e x is ted f ro m v ery e ar ly i n t he l i fe o f t he R o man Empire a l though C hees man b el ieved t here were f ew o f t he m u n t i l t he r eign o f Tra jan ( Chees man , p .25 ). s er iously c ha l lenged .

On ly i n 1 966 was t he t radi t iona l v iew

Then E . B ir ley d e mons tra ted t ha t t he f irs t e p igraph ic

r eference t o a n a la m i l l iar ia was o n t he c areer i nscr ipt ion o f T i . C laud ius P o l l io ( E 1 13 ) , who h ad c o m manded t he a la F lav ia mi l liar ia i n S yr ia a t t he s ame t i me t he Younger P l iny was t here , i n a bou t A . D. 8 1 ( B ir ley , 1 966 , p .55 ). T he e ar lies t r eference t o ac ohors mi ll iar ia i s o n t he d ip lo ma f or Pannon ia o f A .D. 8 5 ( XVI 3 1) wh ich r ecords c ohors IB r i tann ica mi l l iar ia a nd c ohors I B r i t tonu m mi l l iar ia ( B ir ley , 1 966 , p .60 ) .

E . B ir ley a lso p oin ted o u t t ha t , i n

b o th c ases , mi l liar ia was wr i t ten o u t i n f u l l , s ugges t ing i t was a n ove l ty ( B ir ley, 1 966 , p .55 ).

On t he o ther h and , t he e ar l ies t l i terary r eference t o c ohor tes

m i l l iar iae i s b y J osephus a nd d a tes t o A .D. 6 7 ( Josephus , B el l . J ud . 1 1.67). C loser i nspect ion o f J osephus ' d escr ipt ion makes i ta ppear a no ma lous .

O f t he

t wen ty-three c ohor ts wh ich b elonged t o Vespas ian 's a r my , h e s ta tes t ha t t en o f t he i n fan try u n i ts w ere mi l liar ia .

When t he l a ter e v idence i s r ev iewed v ery

f ew c ohor tes mi l l iar iae p edi ta tae a re f ound .

1

I n S yr ia , where t here a re v as t

a reas t o p a trol , s ome o f t he mi l l iar ia c ohor ts o ugh t t o h ave b een e qu i ta ta f or mob i lity.

J osephus s hou ld p erhaps h ave a lso r ecorded a n a la mi l l iar ia s ince

o ne i s a t tes ted i n S yr ia a bou t A .D. 8 1 ( E 1 13 ).

The a bsence , i n J osephus , o f

s uch u n its s ugges ts t ha t h e h as e xaggera ted n u mbers , s o meth ing h e was p rone t o d o.

Perhaps h e a scr ibed t ypes o f u n i t i n e x is tence i n t he F lav ian p er iod t o

t he J ewish War . I n ar ev iew a r t ic le , M. Hassa l l h as s uggested t ha t i ti s n ot p oss ible t o s ay t here were n o mi l l iar ia u n i ts b efore t he F lav ian p er iod ( Hassa l l , 1 977 , p .116). H e c i ted c ohors V I I I 1 Ba tavorum

mi l l iar ia a s ap oss ible p re-Flav ian e xa mple .

T he c ohor t , h owever , i s f irs t r ecorded a s mi l l iar ia i n A . D. 1 53 ( Roxan 4 6) , b u t i n i ts f i rs t a ppearance o n ad ip lo ma , i n A . D. 1 47 ( XVI 9 4 ) , i ti s n o t s o d es igna ted .

Moreover , t he r eg i men t i s more l ike ly t o h ave b een a F lav ian

c rea tion ( f or t he d a te s ee p .111).

I ft he c on ten t ion o f M. Hassa l l i s t o b e 5

s ubs tan t ia ted , a more d e ta i led e xa m ina t ion i s n eeded o f t he r eg i men ts k nown t o h ave b een mi l l iar ia i n t he p er iod u p t o t he d ea th o f T ra jan .

Approx ima tely

o ne-th ird c an b e s hown t o h ave b een r a ised i n t he F lav io-Tra jan ic p er iod t hrough t heir Ka iserbeina men a s d iscussed i n C hap ter 2 . F our were r a ised b y 2 V espas ian , a nd t wo b y Do m i t ian .3 N erva r a ised o ne u n i t ,4 a nd Tra jan s ix .5 O thers f irs t r ecorded a s q u ingenar ia a f ter A .D. 7 0 were t hen i ncreased i n s ize . Th is was a l ess e xpens ive way t o c rea te a mi l l iar ia u n i t b ecause f ewer n ew r ec ru i ts were r equ ired a nd a v ery l arge t ra ined c adre was a lready i n e x is tence . Two a lae a nd t hree c ohor ts a re k nown t o h ave b een e n larged i n t h is way .6

To

t hese c an b e a dded u n i ts r ecorded a s q u ingenar ia i n t he p re-F lav ian p er iod wh ich were l a ter i ncreased i n s ize .

7

Three c ohor tes m i l l iar iae r ecorded f or

t he f irs t t ime i n t he F lav ian p er iod were a l mos t c er ta in ly r a ised t hen a l though t hey l ack a d is t ingu ish ing Ka iserbe iname .

8

There a re a lso f our c ohor ts r e-

c orded a s mi l l iar ia a f ter A .D. 7 0 wh ich were p robab ly i n e x is tence b e fore t ha t d a te a s q u ingenar ia .

9

F ina l ly t here a re t he r eg i men ts o f Ba tav i , Tungr i a nd

Vang iones t o b e d iscussed .

Un i ts r a ised f ro m t hese t r ibes e x is ted i n t he p re-

F lav ian p er iod a nd p layed a l ead ing r o le i n t he r evo l t o f C iv i l is . These s hou ld n o t b e c ons idered a s p roper a ux i l iary u n i ts ( see p .110 ). The r eg i men ts wh ich were mi l l iar ia were d is t inc t f ro m t hese , a nd a re f i rs t r ecorded f ro m t he F lav ian p er iod o nwards .1 0 A lthough i ti s i mposs ible t o b e a bso lu tely c er ta in , t h is t ype o f u n i t s ee ms t o h ave b een a Vespas ian ic c rea t ion . Th is c onc lus ion h elps i n u nders tand ing t he u se o f t he d es igna t ions q u ing enar ia a nd mi l l iar ia . Modern a u thors t end t o u se t hese e p i the ts c ons tan t ly , y e t o n ly mi l l iar ia i s u sed w i th a ny f requency i n t he a ncien t s ources. T he t er m q u ingenar ia i s v ery r are ly u sed .

One c er ta in e xamp le d a tes t o t he t h ird c en tury.

Ac ohors Maurorum , o n an umber o f i nscr ip t ions f ro m Pannon ia I n fer ior , i s d escr ibed a s ' coh . g - Maur . '( II 3 324 , I I 3 668 , I I 3 675 ).

Th is i s t o d i f feren-

t ia te i tf ro m c ohors mi l l iar ia Mauroru m i n t he b ame p rov ince . a re n o t s o d e f in i te .

O ther e xa mples

T here a re t i le s tamps f ro m Dac ia wh ich r ead ' C IH I2 PBTPr IB e y

( I I I 8 074 , 1 8a a nd b ) , wh ich may d eno te q u ingenar ia .

T he p r id ianu m o f c ohors

IH ispanorum v eterana ( F ink 6 3 ) c on ta ins t he words ' coh . Il isp . v e ter . d . S tobis ' ( Co l .I , l ine 2 3 ) .

The ' d ' i s u sua l ly t aken t o mean q u ingenar ia .

H owever ,

J . G i l l iam h as p o in ted o u t t ha t t here i s n o l ine t hrough t he b ase o f t he l e t ter , a s t here i s where i ti s u sed a s an u mera l ( G i l l iam , 1 962 , p .750 ) .

H e t herefore

p roposed t he e xpans ion ' d (egen t is )S tob is ' a s a n a l terna t ive ( G i l l ia m , 1 962 , p .751 ) . The om iss ion o f t he f ac t t ha t t he u n i t was e qu i ta ta means t ha t t he s ize i s u n l ike ly t o h ave b een r ecorded . Ar ev iew o f t he l i terary e v idence r evea ls t ha t q u ingenar ia f irs t a ppears i n t he t rea t ise a t tr ibu ted t o H yg inus ' de mun i t ion ibus c as troru m ' wh ich i s n ow d a ted t o t he r e ign o f Marcus A ure l ius ( B ir ley , 1 966 , p .57 a nd p .57, n .6 ).

H ere

i ti s u sed t o d eno te t he t wo s izes o f u n i t a nd d oes n o t h ave t o mean t he e xact s treng th , j us t a s Vege t ius c a l led l eg ionary c ohor ts m i l l iar ia a nd q u ingenar ia ( Vege t ius , E p i t . r ei m i l . 1 .6) .

Th is i s p robably p rec ise ly wha t t he t erms

were u sed f or , w i th mi l l iar ia b e ing p re ferred s ince t here were f ewer o f t hese u n i ts .

When t he s treng th o f e ach t ype o f u n i t i s i nves t iga ted s uch a c onc lus ion

i s r ein forced . COHORS PED ITATA :

L i t t le h as s urv ived wh ich g ives d e ta i ls a bou t t he

s treng th o f t hese r eg i men ts .

The e ar l ies t i n for mat ion i s o n a n i nscr ip t ion f ro m

C op tos ( I I I 6 627) d a t ing t o l a te i n t he r eign o f Augus tus . 6

R ecorded i s t he n u mber

o f men f ro m s even c ohor ts u nder t he ir c en tur ions . t en c en tur ions p roduce a c en tury s ize o f 7 8 .

The t o ta l o f 7 88 men a nd

F or t he l a te s econd c en tury

' Hyg inus ' r ecords t ha t t he c ohors p ed i ta ta q u ingenar ia h ad s ix c en tur ies ( L it mun . c as tr . 2 8 ) . T he t o ta l s treng th o f a bou t 4 80 a nd t he b as ic o rgan isa t ion a ccords we l l w i th t ha t o f t he l eg ionary c ohor t ; t he mode l wh ich Augus tus a l mos t c er ta in ly u sed f or t he a ux i l iary c ohor t . COHORS EQUITATA : Th is t ype o f u n i t i s t he b es t d ocumen ted o f t he a ux i l ia . On t he C op tos i nscr ip t ion ( I I I 6 627) 6 1 e qu i tes a re l i s ted w i th t he i n fan try wh ich makes i tl ike ly t ha t s o me o f t he c en tur ions c a me f ro m c ohor tes e qu i ta tae , a nd p erhaps t ha t t he c en tury s treng th a ppl ies t o t he e qu i ta ta u n i ts .

The e ar l ies t

r e ference t o t he o rgan isa t ion o f t he moun ted c on t ingen t i s o n af ragmen tary i ns cr ip t ion f ro m Ancyra ( 1 631) , wh ich i s p re-F lav ian i n d a te .

F our d ecur ions

o f c ohors I H ispanorum a re r ecorded , d e mons tra t ing t ha t t here were f our t urmae .

J osephus g ives a d escr ip t ion o f ac ohors e qu i ta ta i n V espas ian 's a rmy

d ur ing t he J ewish War ( J osephus , B e l l . J ud . 1 1 .67). 6 00 i n fan try a nd 1 20 c ava lry.

H ere t he u n i t c on ta ins

The c ava lry s treng th s ee ms c er ta in , b u t t ha t o f

t he i n fan try a ppears t o b e ac o mpu ta t ion b ased o n t he t heore t ica l s treng th o f a c en tury -100 men—whereas t he n umber , i n r ea l i ty , was f ewer . I n t he F lav io-Tra jan ic p er iod t here i s t he p r id ianu m o f c ohors IH ispanorum v e terana ( F ink 6 3 ) , t he d a te o f wh ich i s t he p er iod o f T ra jan 's Dacian Wars .

1 1

The r ev ised r ead ing g ives t he t o ta l o n i s t J anuary a s 5 46 men o f who m 1 19 were c ava lry.

Wi th a ccess ions t he t o ta l b eco mes 5 96.

T he n a ture o f t hese a ccess ions

b eco mes e ssen t ia l t o t he d eba te a bou t c en tury s treng th , d epend ing o n whether t he u n i t was b eing b rough t u p t o i t s f u l l c o mp le men t i n ar es t z one a f ter l osses i n t he F irs t Dac ian War o r whe ther t he u n i t was b e ing made o ver s treng th i n p repara t ion f or t he S econd War .

I ft he l a t ter , t hen t he b as ic c en tury s treng th

was a bou t 7 0 , af igure n o t c ons idered b y s o me modern a u thors who p refer 6 0 ( B ir ley , 1 966 , p .54 ) .

The c ohor t wou ld t here fore h ave b een v ery much o ver

s treng th i f6 0 h ad b een t he b as ic c o mp le men t , a nd c ons iderab ly o ver i f7 0 w i th t he a dd i t iona l 5 0 men .

The l i ke l ihood o f b e ing a b le t o make u n i ts a bove s treng th

i n p repara t ion f or t h is war i n p ar t icu lar s ee ms r e mo te ; t he d ra in o n manpower wou ld h ave b een c ons iderable .

On t he o ther h and , t he s ta t ion ing o f t he c ohor t

a t S tobi a way f ro m t he f ron t s ugges ts t ha t i t was r es t ing a nd b eing b rough t u p t o i t s n or ma l c o mp le men t .

I ft h is was s o t he n umber o f i n fan try was a bou t 4 70

wh ich , w i th s ix c en tur ions , means a c en tury s treng th o f n ear ly 8 0 . The c ava lry t o ta l o f a bou t 1 20 p roduces a t urma s treng th o f 3 0 w i th f our d ecur ions . These f igures a re n o t s uppor ted b y t he e v idence f ro m a no ther p r id ianu m , t ha t o f c ohors IAugus ta p rae tor ia Lus i tanoru m , wh ich d a tes t o A . D. 1 56 ( Fink 6 4 ) .

Here t he s treng th i s g iven a s 5 05 men o n i s t J anuary o f who m 3 63 were

i n fan try a nd 1 14 c ava lry. The t ur ma s treng th i s v ery n ear ly t he s a me a s t ha t o f c ohors IH ispanorum v eterana , b u t t ha t o f t he c en tur ies i s o n ly 6 0 c o mpared t o n ear ly 8 0 . Wi th a ccess ions t he i n fan try i ncrease i n n umber mak ing t he u n i t a bove i ts c o mple men t i ft he c en tury o f 6 0 men i s a ccep ted . T h is i s u n l ike ly t o h ave h appened i n p eacet i me ; r a ther t he c ohor t wou ld b e u nder s treng th . ' Hyg inus i r ecords t ha t t he c ohors e qu i ta ta q u ingenar ia c ons is ted o f s ix c en tur ies a nd 1 20 c ava lry ( de mun . c as tr . 2 7) , t he i n fan try c o mpr is ing h a l f t he t ota l o f t ha t f or a c ohors e qu i ta ta mi l l iar ia— tha t i s , 3 80 men . T h is i s b ased o n t ak ing mi l l iar ia a s mean ing 1 ,0 00 men , b o th i n fan try a nd c ava lry. 7

A r ecen t ly p ublished p ar t ia l ly c o mplete p r id ianum g ives i n for ma tion o n t he s ize o f t h is t ype o f u n i t i n t he t h ird c en tury ( Tho mas a nd Davies , 1 977). The d ocu men t d a tes t o a bou t A . D. 2 15 .

A fter d educ t ions o f p er manen t l osses

t he t ota l was 4 57, c o mpr ising 6 c en tur ions , 4d ecur ions , 1 00 c ava lry , 1 3 d rornedar i i a nd 3 34 i n fan try.

To t h is f igure s hou ld b e a dded t he p er manen t

l osses o f 2c en tur ions , 1 1 c ava lry , 1d ro medar ius a nd 1 6 i n fan try f or a n i n i t ia l c o mple men t o f 4 87.

The t o ta l n u mber o f c ava lry t hus a ccords wel l w i th t he

s econd c en tury t o ta ls .

The i n fan try n ow n u mber o n ly 3 50 , b elow s treng th e ven

f or a c en tury c o mp le men t o f 6 0 men .

The e di tors p o in t o u t t here were n o n ew

r ecru i ts a s ar esu l t o f h eavy f igh ting ( Tho mas a nd Dav ies , 1 977, p .60 ) .

Once

a ga in t he c en tury s ize c anno t b e d ef in i tely s ta ted . COHORS PEDITATA M ILL IAR IA : s tructure o f t h is t ype o f u n i t .

On ly ' Hyg inus ' s ays a nyth ing o f t he

I ti s s ta ted t he u n i t c ons is ted o f t en c en tur ies

( de mun . c as tr . 2 8 ). COHORS EQUITATA MILLIAR IA :

Aga in o n ly ' Hyg inus ' g ives d e ta i ls ,

t here b eing t en c en tur ies p lus 2 40 c ava lry ( de mun . c as tr . 2 7).

The i n fan try

c o mp le men t o f 7 60 men i s a rr ived a t b y s ubs tract ing t he c ava lry s treng th f ro m at o ta l o f 1 ,000 men ( de mun . c as tr . 2 6 ). t rue s treng th o f t he u n i t .

Th is f igure may n o t r epresen t t he

T he n u mber o f d ecur ions i s om i t ted i n t he t ext a s i t

s urv ives a nd s o t he n umber h as t o b e r es tored . were t en d ecur ions ( Do maszewsk i , 1 887, p .50 ).

D o maszewsk i b el ieved t here O thers h ave f ollowed Mo m msen

i n a ssu m ing t here t o b e e igh t ( Dav ies , 1 971 , p .752 ).

Th is l a t ter f igure s ee ms

b es t a s t he n u mber o f c ava lry i s t wice t ha t o f ac ohors e qu i ta ta , t here fore t he n umber o f d ecur ions o ugh t t o b e d ouble . T o s um u p , t he p roble m o f t he c o mple men t o f t he c en tury c anno t b e s et t led w i th c o mp lete c on f idence n or c an t ha t o f t he s trerg th o f mi l l iar ia r eg i men ts . The e v idence a va i lable p oin ts t o t he a ux i l iary c ohor ts b eing model led o n t hose o f t he l eg ions a s R . Dav ies h as a rgued ( Dav ies , 1 967 , p .110 ) . i t e ly t he c ase o f t he sma l ler u n i ts .

S uch i s d efin-

The mi l liar ia r eg i men ts w i th t en c en tur ies

a re s trong ly r e min iscen t o f t he f ive d ouble c en tur ies o f t he l eg ionary f i rs t c oh or t .

The l eg ionary c en tury h ad o n ly 8 0 men , s o i ti s d oubt fu l whe ther t ha t o f

t he a ux i l ia s hou ld b e d i f feren t .

D . Breeze , i n ar ev iew , h as s ugges ted t ha t

t he s ta te men t o f ' Hyg inus ' t ha t t he c en tury s ize was 8 0 ( de mun . c as tr . 1 ) s hou ld r efer t o b o th l eg ions a nd a ux i l ia s ince n owhere e lse i n t he work i s t he s treng th o f ac en tury r ecorded ( Breeze , 1 977, p .453 ).

These v iews make e ven

more s ense i ft he d es igna t ions mi l l iar ia a nd q u ingenar ia were u sed t o d enote t he d ifference i n t he u n i ts r a ther t han t heir s treng th .

Thus t he t heore t ica l

s treng ths o f t he c ohor ts c an b e r econs tructed a s f o l lows :

Un i t

N o . o f

Men p er

T o ta l

N o . o f

Men p er

To ta l

c en turies

c en tury

I n fan try

t urmae

t ur ma

Cava lry

c ohors p edi ta ta

6

8 0

4 80

c ohors e qu i ta ta

6

8 0

4 80

1 0

8 0

8 00

1 0

8 0

8 00

To ta l 4 80

4

3 0

1 20

6 00

c ohors p edi ta ta mi ll iar ia

8 00

c ohors e qu i ta ta mi l l iar ia

8

8

3 0

2 40

1 040

ALA :

The e ar l ies t i ns igh t i n to t he s tructure o f t he a la i s r evea led b y t he

C optos i nscr ip t ion ( I I I 6 627) .

C hees man , f ol lowing Do maszewsk i , b e l ieved

t ha t t he 4 24 e qu i tes r ecorded were d iv ided i n to t ur mae , a nd t ha t t h is r epresen ted t he t ur ma s treng th o f a n a la mi l l iar ia ( Chees man , p .26).

Th is i n terpre ta t ion

was b ased o n ar ead ing o f t he i nscr ip t ion wh ich g ave f ive d ecur ions , o ne d up l ic ar ius a nd f our s esqu ip l icar i i .

H owever , ar evised r ead ing o f t h is p ar t icu lar

p ar t ( I II 1 4147) r evea ls t here were s ix d ecur ions .

Therefore t he t ur ma s treng th

wou ld h ave b een 3 8 , i ft he d up l icar ius a nd s esqu ip licar i i were i n c o m mand o f at ur ma .

Th is i s n o t d e f in i te .

One f actor i n f avour o f t hese men l ook ing a f ter

d e tach men ts a t Cop tos i s t ha t men o f s im i lar r ank a re n o t men tioned i n t he i nf an try l ist .

Even i fi ti s a ccep ted t ha t e ach d ecur ion a nd p r inc ipa lis c o m manded

ag roup o f 3 8 men , i td oes n o t h ave t o mean t h is f igure r epresen ts t he c o mplemen t o f at ur ma . A r ecen t ly p ubl ished f ragmen t o f ap r id ianu m g ives s o me d eta i ls o f t he s tructure o f a n a la i nt he r eign o f C laud ius ( ChLA X I n 501) . h ad e leven t ur mae mus tered o n i s t J anuary. t we lve d ecur ions a nd 4 34 men .

A la C o m magenoru m

La ter i n t he y ear t here were

Th is wou ld g ive a t ota l o f 3 6 men t o at ur ma ,

i fa l l t he d ecur ions w ere p resen t .

Wi th many men a pparen t ly a bsen t a nd t he

l as t t wo s urv iv ing l i nes s o e n igma t ic i ti s imposs ible t o b e s ure. I ti s n o t u n t i l t he r eign o f Hadr ian t ha t t here i s more i n for ma t ion o n t he s treng th o f at ur ma .

Ap apyrus o f A . D. 1 30 ( Fink 8 0) c o mpr ises t he h ay r e-

c e ip t f or a t ur ma o f t he a la v e terana G a l l ica . t he d ecur ion .

3 0 men a re l i s ted a par t f ro m

Arr ian e qua tes 5 12 men w i th a n a la wh ich p roduces a t ur ma

s i ze o f 3 2 ( Arr ian , Tact ica 1 8 .3 ).

The n u mber o f d ecur ions -16 —is s uppl ied

b y ' Hyg inus ' ( de mun . c as tr . 1 6).

Th is i s c on fir med b y a n i nscr ip t ion o f A . D.

1 99 f ro m A lexandr ia ( I I I 6 581) where t he a la v eterana G a l lica a nd a la IThracum Mauretana e ach h ave 1 6 d ecur ions . ALA MILLIAR IA :

I n for ma t ion a bou t t he i n terna l o rgan isa t ion o f t h is t ype

o f r eg i men t o n ly a ppears i n ' Hyg inus ' who g ives a t ota l o f 2 4 t ur mae a nd a f igu re o f 1 ,000 h orses ( de mun . c as tr . 1 6). n o t a lways c orrec t , b u t r ounded u p . i s t o b e t rus ted .

The n umbers g iven i n t he work a re

Thus i ti s n o t c er ta in t he f igure o f 1 ,000

I ft he measure men ts f or t he l ayou t o f t he c a mp a re u sed ,

g u idance a s t o t he v eraci ty o f t he s ta te men t i s g iven .

The a rea o ccup ied b y a n

a la mill iar ia wou ld b e f ive h em is tr ig ia , e ach 6 00 f ee t l ong ( de mun . c astr . 3 4 ). I n h is c o m men tary , D o maszewsk i s howed t ha t t here wou ld b e f ive t ur mae i n f our o f t he h em istr ig ia a nd f our i n t he f i f th w i th t he p refec t i n t he r e ma in ing o ne ( Do maszewsk i , 1 887 , p .52 ). An a la , a ccord ing t o Do maszewsk i , wou ld o ccupy t wo h em is tr ig ia e ach 7 20 f ee t l ong w i th e igh t t ur mae i n e ach ( Do maszewsk i , 1 887, p .52 ). An a la mi l liar ia wou ld t hus o ccupy t wice t he a rea o ccup ied b y a n a la , a nd t he a rea t aken u p b y at ur ma wou ld b e at h ird l arger .1 2 Therefore i tw ou ld a ppear t ha t e ach t ur ma o f a n a la mi l l iar ia c o mpr ised 4 0 men wh ich c on f ir ms t he f igure o f 1 ,000 h orses g iven b y ' Hyg inus '.

Bu t , i ft he men were

a l lo tted more r oo m s ince t hey were me mbers o f a n e l i te u n i t , t he n umber m igh t b e n earer 3 2 men t o at ur ma a nd a c orrespond ing t ota l o f 7 68 f or t he c o mple men t . Wi thou t f ur ther i n for ma t ion , t he t ur ma s treng th c anno t b e e s t ima ted w i th c er ta in ty .

9

F or t A cco m moda t ion H av ing i nves t iga ted t he s treng th a nd o rgan isa t ion o f t he d i f feren t u n i ts , t he q ues t ion o f f or t a cco m moda t ion c an b e s tud ied .

On ly a t e xcava ted s i tes

c an t he t ype o f u n i t i n g arr ison b e g auged w i th a ny c er ta in ty.

Th is c an b e f ound

b y e xam in ing t he n u mber o f b u i ld ings n eeded b y e ach u n i t a nd r ecogn is ing s uch b u i ld ings a t t he e xcava ted s i te .

D . Breeze a nd B . D obson h ave worked o u t

a cco m moda t ion r equ ire men ts f or t he H adr ian ic p er iod i n B r i ta in ( Breeze a nd D obson , 1 969 , p p .16-17) .

Un i t

T heir r esu l ts a re t abu la ted i n t he f ol low ing t able :

N u mber o f

Number o f

N umber o f

N u mber o f

C en tur ies

T ur mae

B arracks

S tables

c ohors p ed i ta ta

6

c ohors e qu i ta ta

6

T o ta l

6 4

6

8

2

1 0

c ohors p ed i ta ta m i l l iar ia

1 0

1 0

1 0

c ohors e qu i ta ta m i l l iar ia

1 0

8

a la

1 6

a la mi l l iar ia

2 4

1 4

4

8

8

1 2

1 2

1 8 1 6 2 4

There a re , h owever , an umber o f p rob le ms r egard ing t he r ecogn i t ion o f t he f unct ion o f e xcava ted b u i ld ings .

Wh i ls t t he b u i ld ings o f t he c en tra l r ange —

p r inc ip ia , c o m mander 's h ouse , g ranar ies , a nd h osp i ta l —are r e la t ive ly e asy t o r ecogn ise , t he o ther n ecessary b u i ld ings —barracks , s tab les , a nd s toreh ouses —are n ot b ecause t hey a re u sua l ly o f s im i lar b as ic s hape. T he ma jor i ty o f b arrack b locks a re ' L-shaped ' , b u t t he men 's q uar ters a nd o f f icer 's q uar ters a re t he s a me w id th i n s o me f or ts .

U sua lly t he men 's

q uar ters a re d iv ided i n to c on tubern ia , b u t t he d iv is ions were o ccas iona l ly f l i msy p ar t i t ions wh ich h ave l e f t n o t race .

T he n umber o f c on tubern ia w i th in a b arrack

i s a n importan t g u ide f or d e term in ing whe ther t he b u i lding was d es igned f or i n fan try o r c ava lry .

D . B reeze a nd B . D obson h ave s ugges ted t ha t t here were

u sua l ly t en c on tubern ia f or i n fan try a nd e igh t f or c ava lry ( Breeze a nd D obson , 1 969 , p .16 , n .6).

Th is d oes n o t mean c a tegor ic s ta te men ts c an b e made .

I t

i s n o t d e f in i te , a s h as b een s ugges ted ( Jarre t t , 1 977 , p .46) , t ha t b arracks c on ta in ing e igh t o r n ine c on tubern ia c ou ld n o t h ave b een d es igned f or i n fan try b ecause t hey n or ma l ly o ccupy t en . R ecogn i t ion o f s tabl ing f ro m a rchaeo log ica l e v idence i s much more d i f f ic u l t .

A t B rough-on-Noe , aP er iod I I b u i ld ing was d iscovered t o b e as table

b ecause i th ad a w ide c hanne l w i th in i t s wa l ls f or muck ing-ou t a nd b ecause manure a nd h orses t ee th were f ound ( Jones a nd W i ld , 1 968 , p .92).

O n t he

o ther h and , t he s tables a t H od H i l l were o n ly r ecogn ised b ecause t he n a tura l c ha lk wh ich f or med t he f l oor was b roken a nd h eav i ly s ta ined ( R ich mond , 1 968 , p .82 ).

E ven a t t he met icu lous ly e xcava ted s i te o f T he Lun t , t he s tab l ing was

a t o ne t ime c ons idered t o h ave b een b arracks .

On ly when t he e n trance t o t he

T g yrus t was f ound t o b e a d jacen t t o t he b u i ld ing was i ti n terpre ted a s as table , t here b eing n o o ther i nd ica t ion ( Hobley , 1 975 , p p.10-11 ).

I n a l l o f t hese b u i ld-

i ngs t here w ere f ew i n terna l p ar t i t ions . S tore b u i ld ings a re e ven more d i f f icu l t t o r ecogn ise f ro m e xcava ted r ema ins .

N orma l ly b u i ld ings i n t he p rae ten tura a nd r e ten tura f or wh ich n o o ther

1 0

p urpose c an b e d iscovered a re c lassed a s s tore b u i ld ings .

Thus t hey a re

b u i ld ings wh ich h ave f ew i n terna l p ar t i t ions a nd wh ich a re n arrower t han t he n orma l b arrack b lock . When i tc o mes t o a t te mp t ing t o work o u t h ow a u n i t was h oused i n af or t f ro m t he g round p lan , o ne f ac t i n p ar t icu lar n eeds t o b e emphas ised .

Mos t

e xcava ted f or ts o f t he p er iod i n q ues t ion were , i n f ac t , o n ly p ar t ia l ly l a id b are. T he g round p lans h ave t hen b een r es tored f ro m t he i n for ma t ion g leaned a nd b y c o mpar ison w i th o ther g round p lans . Where t he g arr ison i s n o t n a med t he a cco m moda t ion f or a p ar t icu lar t ype o f u n i t c anno t b e p os i t ive ly r econs truc ted .

F ro m t he p re-F lav ian p er iod i s

t he f or t o f O bers t imm , t he p lan o f wh ich h as b een r econs truc ted b y H . S chönberger ( S chönberger , 1 974 ).

H is p lan p rov ides f or a g arr ison o f ac ohors e qu i ta ta ,

e ach barrack h av ing e igh t c on tubern ia .

M. J arre t t h as t here fore s ugges ted

t ha t c ava lry were i n tended b ecause o f t he n u mber o f c on tubern ia ( Jarre t t , 1 977, p .468 ).

T he s ugges ted g arr isons o f t he F lav ian f or ts o f P en L lys tyn a nd F endoch

a re j us t a s i nsecure o wing t o t he sma l l s ca le o f t he e xcava t ions .

Th is e spec ia l ly

a pp l ies t o F endoeh b ecause t he s i te h as b een p u t f orward a s t he c lass ic Agr ico lan f or t d es igned f or a c ohors mi l l iar ia p ed i ta ta .

Bu t i t mus t b e p oin ted o u t t ha t

t he p raeten tura was n ot e x tens ive ly e xcava ted a nd t ha t t he b arrack d es ign i s d i f feren t i n t h is p ar t ( Breeze a nd D obson , 1 969 , p .19 ). Even where t he g arr ison i s r ecorded t he g round p lan c an r are ly b e s a t isf ac tori ly i n terpre ted t o s u i t t he a cco m moda t ion r equ ire men ts o f t he u n i t .

The

p re-Flav ian f or ts a t Va lkenburg Z .H . p rov ide a v ery g ood e xa mp le o f t h is . P er iod 1was f ounded a bou t A .D . 4 0 f or c ohors I I G a l loru m e qu i ta ta .

W.

G lasbergen a nd W. G roen man-van Waa ter inge h ave s ugges ted t ha t t here were f our p a irs o f i n fan try b arracks , e ach p a ir o f b u i ld ings h av ing a c en tur ion 's q uar ters , r oo ms f or t he p r inc ipa les , ' f abr icu lae ' a nd f our teen c on tubern ia ( G lasbergen a nd G roen man-van Waa ter inge , 1 974 , p p . 8 -13 ) . c en tur ies were i n g arr ison .

H ence o n ly f our

M. H assa l l h as t herefore s ugges ted t ha t c ohors

I I G a l lorum may h ave c ons is ted o f f our e n larged c en tur ies , e ach o f 1 12 men , a nd c o mpared t he o rgan isa t ion t o t ha t o f c ohors XX Pa l myrenorum ( Hassa l l , 1 977, p p .116-117) .

Whe ther t here h ad t o b e e igh t men t o ac on tubern iu m a t

t h is t i me a nd whe ther a t h ird c en tury u n i t o rgan isa t ion wou ld b e r e f lec ted i n t he p re-F lav ian p er iod i s u ncer ta in . p roble ma t ica l .

P er iod 2 /3 a t Va lkenburg Z .H . i s a lso

W. G lasbergen a nd W. G roenman-van Waa ter inge h ave s ug-

g es ted t ha t t he g arr ison was h a l f a n a la ( G lasbergen a nd G roenman-van Waa ter inge , 1 974 , p p .13-15 ).

B u t mos t b arrack p lans h ave b een r es tored a nd t here i s a-

p roble m o ver s tab l ing .

S o i tc anno t b e d iscoun ted t ha t c ohors I I G a l loru m

e qu i ta ta was s t i l l i n g arr ison . T he f irs t p er iod a t K t i .nzing a lso i l lus tra tes t h is p o in t . I t was b u i l t a bou t A .D. 9 0 f or c ohors I I Thracum CR e qu i ta ta . I ns tead o f t he e xpec ted e igh t b arrack b locks t here a re n ine .

H . S chönberger , t he e x-

c ava tor , h as a rgued t ha t t he s ing le b arrack i n t he r e ten tura was o ccup ied b y e xp lora tores ( Schönberger , 1 975 , p .112 ) . An a l terna t ive h as b een p roposed b y M. Hassa l l who s ugges ted t ha t t he u n i t h ad a n e x tra c en tury ( Hassan , 1 977, p .116).

D . Breeze , o n t he o ther h and , a ccep ts t he i dea t ha t t here were e xp lora-

t ores ( Breeze , 1 977 , p .454 ). These f ew e xcava ted e xa mp les d e mons tra te t he p roble ms o f i den ti fying t he g arr ison o f af or t f ro m t he a rchaeo log ica l e v idence .

Whe ther t he s a me p rob le ms

h o ld i n f or ts d es igned f or mi l l iar ia u n i ts a nd a lae i s u nc lear b ecause n o i ns ta l1 1

l a t ions f or t h is t ype o f u n i t h ave y e t b een s u f f ic ien t ly e xcava ted .

Wha t s ee ms

c er ta in i s t ha t i n t he p re-F lav ian p er iod , b ecause p er manen t f or ts were a n ew c oncep t , t he p lann ing o f s uch i ns ta l la t ions was o f a n e xper i men ta l n a ture mak ing i t more d i f ficu l t t o i den t i fy t he g arr ison .

Thus a ux i l iar ies c ou ld b e b r igaded

w i th l eg ionar ies a s e xcava t ions a t H od H i l l a nd Long thorpe h ave r evea led ,o r o n ly p ar t o f a n a ux i l iary u n i t wou ld b e a cco m moda ted a s a ppears t o b e t he c ase a t Va lkenburg Z. H . P er iod 1 .

When f ron t iers were b eco m ing more p er manen t

f ro m t he r eign o f Vespas ian o nwards , f or t p lans b eg in t o b e more s tandardised a l though t he i ndiv idua l l ayou t c ou ld b e a dapted t o s u i t l oca l r equ ire men ts a s i s a pparen t ly t he c ase w i th K t Inzing P er iod 1 .

There fore t he s uggest ion t ha t t he

s ize o f af or t g ives a nyth ing more t han a t en ta t ive i nd ica t ion o f t he g arr ison i s i nva lid wh i ls t s tabl ing a nd s tore bu i ld ings c anno t b e s a t isfactor i ly i den t i f ied f ro m e xcava ted e xa mples a nd t here i s s t i l l d eba te a bou t t he p lann ing o f b arrack b locks . NOTES 1 .

O f t he s even mi l l iar ia c ohor ts i n Br i ta in i n t he s econd c en tury o n ly t wo were p edi ta ta —cohors ITungroru m a nd c ohors IA el ia Dacoru m .

2 .

A la F lav ia mil liar ia :

f irs t r ecorded a bou t A .D. 8 1 ( E 1 13 ).

La ter i t was

p robably r ena med a s a la IN erv iana Augus ta f i de l is mi l l iar ia i n Mauretan ia C aesar iens is i n A .D. 1 07 ( XV I 5 6) a s a rgued o n p . H ispanoru m mi l l iar ia :

F lav ia Da mascenorum mi l l iar ia s ag i t tar ioru m : ( XV I 3 6).

1 5 . C ohors IF lavia

f irs t r ecorded A .D. 9 4 ( XVI 3 9 ).

Cohors I

f irs t r ecorded A .D . 9 0

C ohors IF lav ia Cana thenorum mi ll iar ia s ag i t tar ioru m :

f irst

r ecorded A . D. 1 25/128 ( Roxan 3 2 ). 3 .

C ohors IAugusta N erv ia Pacens is Br i ttonu m mi l l iar ia : A .D. 1 40 ( Roxan 3 9 ). mi l l iar ia :

f irst r ecorded A . D. 1 14 ( XVI 6 1).

4 .

C ohors IN erv ia G er manorum mi l l iar ia :

5 .

A la IU lpia c on tariorum mi l l iar ia : t o mbs tone ( 251) .

f irs t r ecorded A . D. 1 22 ( XV I 6 9 ).

f irs t r ecorded o n al a te Tra jan ic

A la IU lpia d ro medar ioru m mi l l iar ia :

A . D. 1 56/157 ( XV I 1 06).

f irs t r ecorded

C ohors IU lpia Pannon ioru m mi l liar ia :

r ecorded o n al a te Tra jan ic t o mbstone ( 1971). mi l l iar ia :

f irst r ecorded

C ohors I Augus ta N erv ia Pacens is Brit tonum

f i rs t

C ohors IU lpia P e traeoru m

f irs t r ecorded o n a Tra jan ic c areer i nscr ipt ion ( E 1 35 ) .

I U lpia Petraeoru m mi l l iar ia : s cr ip tion ( E 1 44 ) .

C ohors

f irs t r ecorded o n a Tra jan ic c areer i n-

C ohors I I U lpia P etraeorum mi l l iar ia :

f irs t r ecorded

- Arr ian , Ek tax is I . 6 .

A la I F lav ia g em ina b eco mes a la I F lav ia mi l l iar ia a f ter A . D. 8 2 ( XVI 2 8 ) a nd b e fore A . D. 1 07

( x r v i

5 5 ).

A la Ga l loru m Petr iana CR b ecomes

a la G a l loru m Petr iana mi l l iar ia CR a f ter A . D. 9 8 ( XVI 4 3 ) a nd b e fore t he d ea th o f Tra jan ( E 1 44 ).

C ohors IBr i tann ica b eco mes c ohors I

Br i tann ica mi l liar ia b etween A . D. 8 4 ( XVI 3 0 ) a nd A . D. 8 5 ( XVI 3 1 ). C ohors If ida Vardu l loru m b eco mes c ohors If i da Vardu l loru m mi l l iar ia b etween A . D. 1 05 ( XV I 5 1 ) a nd A . D. 1 22 ( XV I 6 9 ).

C ohors I S ebas tena

b eco mes c ohors I S ebas tena mi l liar ia b etween A .D. 9 1 ( Roxan 4 ) a nd A . D. 1 39 ( XV I 8 7).

1 2

7 .

A la Br i tann ica :

f irs t r ecorded A . D. 6 9 ( Taci tus , l is t . 1 1 .41 ) b eco mes

a la IF lav ia Do m i t iana Br i tann ica mi l l iar ia CR b y A . D. 9 6 ( 181). II ta lica V olun tar ioru m CR :

C ohors

f irs t r ecorded i n t he C laud io-Neron ian

p er iod ( E 9 0) b eco mes c ohors II ta l ica Vo lun tar ioru m mi l l iar ia CR b y t he d ea th o f Tra jan ( E 1 70 ). 8 .

C ohors Imi l liar ia : mi l liar ia : a r ia :

9 .

f irs t r ecorded A . D. 8 8 ( XV I 3 5 ).

f irs t r ecorded A . D. 9 1 ( Roxan 4 ).

C ohors IThracu m

C ohors IBr i t tonum mi l li-

f irs t r ecorded A . D. 8 5 ( XV I 3 1).

C ohors I ( Syrorum ) mi l l iar ia s ag i ttar ioru m: ( XV I 1 59 ).

f irs t r ecorded A . D. 8 8

I t was p robably p ar t o f as er ies o f t hree r eg i men ts o f a rchers .

T he o ther t wo a re r ecorded i n t he p re-Flav ian p er iod :

c ohors Ii n U pper

G er many ( 2040 ) , a nd c ohors I I i n U pper G er many ( 2060 ). B r i tannoru m mi l l iar ia : p er iod ( X II I 1 2425 ).

f irs t r ecorded o n at i le s tamp o f t he F lav ian

I t was p robably o ne o f t he c ohor tes Br i tannoru m

men tioned i n A .D . 6 9 ( Taci tus , l is t . 1 .70.2) . mi ll iar ia :

C ohors I

C ohors I H ispanoru m

f irst r ecorded o n a Do mi t ian ic c areer i nscr iption ( E 1 26).

Previous move men ts a re u ncer ta in .

C ohors IV indel icoru m mi l liar ia :

f irst r ecorded a s m i ll iar ia A . D. 1 00 ( XV I 4 6). t o mbstone i n G er man ia I n fer ior ( 2301) .

Bu t t here i s aF lav ian

The d eceased was r ecru i ted i n

t he r eign o f N ero . 1 0 .

A la IBa tavorum mi l l iar ia : 1 08 ).

f irs t r ecorded a s mi l l iar ia A .D . 1 58 ( XV I

C ohors IBa tavoru m mi ll iar ia :

C ohors I Ba tavorum mil l iar ia : I I Ba tavoru m mi ll iar ia :

f irs t r ecorded A . D. 1 07 ( XV I 5 3 ).

f irs t r ecorded A . D. 1 03 ( XV I 4 8 ).

Tungroru m mi l l iar ia :

f irs t r ecorded A . D. 1 21/125 ( Roxan 2 5 ).

1 21/125 ( Roxan 2 5 ) . 1 03 ( XV I 4 8 ). mi l liar ia :

C ohors

C ohors I

Tungroru m mi ll iar ia :

1 1 1 Tungrorum mi l l iar ia :

1 1.

f irs t r ecorded A . D. 9 8 ( XVI 4 2).

f irs t r ecorded A .D. 9 8 ( XV I 4 2 ).

C ohors I C ohors

f irs t r ecorded , p robably a s mi l liar ia A . D.

C ohors IVang ionu m mi l l iar ia :

f irs t r ecorded A . D.

T o t h is g roup c an p robably b e a dded c ohors I G er mano r um

f irs t r ecorded Arr ian , Ek tax is I .

There i s much d eba te a bou t t he d a te.

F ink s ugges ts A .D. 9 9/100 ;

G i llia m h as a rgued f or a d a te o f A .D. 1 05 o r A . D. 1 06 o n t he b as is o f t he g overnors n a med i n t he d ocumen t ( G i l l iam , 1 962 , p . 7 49 ).

A l a ter

d a te i s t o b e p re ferred , more l ike ly A . D. 1 05 t han A . D. 1 06.

A . D. 1 04

c annot b e t ota l ly e xc luded e i ther . 1 2 .

Each t urma o f a n a la mi l l iar ia o ccupies a n a rea o f 1 20 f ee t b y 1 50 f eet . Each t urma o f a n a la o ccupies a n a rea o f 9 0 f ee t b y 1 50 f ee t .

1 3

CHAPTER 2 UN IT NO MENCLATURE

Th is c hap ter s tud ies t he a spec ts o f n o menc la ture wh ich h e lp t o d is t ingu ish u n i ts f ro m o thers o f s im i lar n ame a nd n u mber .

T i t les wh ich were w on i n

b a t t le a re d ea l t w i th i n C hapter 3 , e xcep t f or t hose K a iserbe ina men a warded i nb a t t le .

The e v idence f or t he u se o f t hese n a mes i s o f ten s parse s o t ha t i t

i s n ot a lways c lear why a u n i t b ears a t i t le l i ke Augus ta o r v e terana .

Th is

i s c er ta in ly a p rob le m w i th t he Ka iserbe inamen s ince we c an o n ly g uess why o ne u n i t r a ised b y ac er ta in Emperor r eceived a t i t le a nd o thers d id n o t , u n i ts r a ised b y Augus tus b e ing a g ood e xample .

We a lso d o n o t k now why T iber ius ,

G a ius , N ero a nd T i tus d id n o t g ive u n i ts r a ised i n t he ir r eign a t i t le .

T here-

f ore t he c onc lus ions o f fered f or a ss ign ing n a mes t o ac er ta in d a te o r f or a s peci f ic r eason a re o f ten b ased o n v ery f l i msy e v idence ;

o ur l ack o f k now ledge

a bou t t roop move men ts i n t ime o f war b e ing t he g rea tes t p roble m . Augus ta C hees man c ons idered t ha t t h is t i t le was a warded a t a l l t imes ' honor is c ausa ' , b u t a dded t ha t s o me u n i ts w i th t he n ame h ad a n e ar ly o r ig in ( Chees man , p p . 4 6-47) .

S ince h e wro te more e v idence h as a ccrued mak ing i t n ecessary

t o mod i fy h is s ta te men ts . More t han h a l f o f t he u n i ts c a l led Augus ta h ave a n e ar ly o r ig in , a l l b u t o ne o f wh ich were e i ther r a ised o r s ta t ioned i n t he E as t o f t he Empire .

The

e xcep t ion , a la Augus ta ( Ga l lorum ) i s f irs t r ecorded i n S pa in i n A . D. 4 0 ( I I 5 792 ) , t hen i n Maure tan ia T ing i tana i n A .D . 8 8 ( XV I 1 59 ).

The u n i ts r a ised

i n t he Eas t c o mpr ise t he a la a nd c ohors A ugus ta I t uraeoru m a nd t he c ohor tes Augus ta C yrena ica .

1

Un i ts s ta t ioned i n t he E as t o f wes tern o r ig in c on-

s is t o f t he a lae a nd c ohor tes Augus ta Thracum wh ich may h ave b een o rgan ised f ro m t he Thracians s erv ing i n H erod 's a r my ( Josephus , An t . XV I I .198 ) , c ohors Augus ta Pannon ioru m a nd c ohors IA ugus ta L us i tanorum .2- 0 ther u n i ts , t he a la Augus ta , a la A ugus ta G er man ic iana a nd c ohors IA ugus ta , d o n o t h ave a n e thn ic n ame .

3

T he n a mes o f t wo a lae p resen t p rob le ms , v iz. a la IA ugus ta

g em ina c o lonorum a nd a la IAugus ta Par thorum , f or t he ir f u l l t i t les a re o n ly r ecorded i n t he s econd c en tury , b u t t h is d oes n ot p rec lude a n e ar ly o r ig in .4 Th is g roup o f r eg i men ts i s t here fore t aken t o b e c onnec ted w i th Augus tus , b u t i n a way wh ich c anno t b e d eter m ined . A s econd r ecogn isab le g roup o f u n i ts i s r ecorded a t t he t urn o f t he f i rs t c en tury a nd p rov ides t he g enera l e xp lana t ion f or t he a ppearance o f A ugus ta w i th r eg i men ts o f l a ter o r ig in .

The r eg i men t wh ich p rov ides t he c lue f or

t he e xp lana t ion i s t he a la IF lav ia Br i tann ica m i l l iar ia CR . On t wo i nscr ip t ions t he a la b ears t he t i t le D om i t iana a s ab a t t le h onour ( 1 81 , 1 84 ) . Bu t a f ter t he a ssass ina t ion o f D om i t ian t he n ame i s c hanged t o A ugus ta a nd i s d ropped Hadr ian 's r eign ( 182 , 1 83 , d ip lo ma o f A .D . 1 10 ( xv i 1 64 ) ). 1 4

i n

There a re f our

o ther a lae wh ich a re l i ke ly t o h ave r ece ived a s im i lar a ward f ro m Do m i t ian , b u t o n ly t he t i t le A ugus ta i s r ecorded .

Th is t i t le i s r are ly u sed w i th t he

5

e xcep t ion o f a la Augus ta G a l lorum Procu le iana wh ich a ssu mes t he n ame ' a la A ug . o b v ir t . a ppe l l .' b y t he r e ign o f Hadr ian .6 I tc anno t b e e xp la ined a s a n e ar l ier a ward a s , f or i ns tance , t he a la I Thracu m A ugus ta i s r egu lar ly c a l led a la I Thracum i n t he f irs t c en tury ( 811-815 ).

A l though t hree o f t he u n i ts were

s ta t ioned i n Br i ta in , t he mos t p robable t ime a nd p lace f or t he a ward i s t he D anubian C a mpa igns wh ich Do m i t ian r egarded a s v ery impor tan t .

The f our

u n i ts wh ich b ear t he t i t les Augus ta a nd N erv ia/Nerv iana r eceived t he m f ro m N erva ( see b e low ), b u t t he Augus ta p ar t i s more l ike ly t o b e c onnec ted w i th D om i t ian . C ohors I A ugus ta N erv ia Pacens is mi l l iar ia Br i t tonu m i s f irs t r ecorded i n A . D. 1 14 ( XV I 6 1 ) g iv ing a d a te o f A .D. 8 9/90 f or i t s l evying i f t he man b e ing d ischarged was a n o r ig ina l me mber o f t he u n i t .

T he t wo c ohor ts

t here fore were p robably r a ised i n t he a f ter ma th o f S a turn inus ' r ebe l l ion , mak ing t he m t he o n ly u n i ts k nown t o h ave b een c rea ted b y Do m i t ian . r ead i ly e xp la ins t he a ssump t ion o f t he t i t le Augus ta .

T h is

T he a la IN erv iana

A ugusta f i de l is mi l l iar ia i s f irs t r ecorded o n t he d ip lo ma o f A .D. 1 07 ( XV I 5 6 ) f or Mauretan ia C aesar iens is . E . B ir ley h as s ugges ted t ha t t h is i s t he a la F lav ia mi l l iar ia o f S yr ia r ena med a nd t rans ferred t o Mauretan ia ( B ir ley , 1 966 , p . 5 6 , n . 4 ) .

T h is s ee ms t he b es t s o lu t ion , o therwise o ne wou ld h ave

t o a ccep t t he l oss o f a n a la mi l l iar ia . b y D o mi t ian a nd s uppressed .

H ence t he t i t le was p robably a warded

C ohors IA ugus ta N erv iana v e lox a lso a ppears

f or t he f irs t t ime o n t h is Maure tan ian d ep lo ma .

Th is u n i t c ou ld b e t he c ohors

IA ugusta o f S yr ia t rans ferred t o Maure tan ia h av ing r ece ived ab a t t le h onour f rom Nerva .

7

The e v idence , a l though s l igh t , p o in ts t o t he s uppress ion o f

a wards b y D om i t ian a s t he e xp lana t ion o f t he t i t le Augus ta i n t hese c ases . Two f ur ther r ecords o f t he t i t le Augus ta n eed t o b e d iscussed .

8

F irs t ly ,

c ohors IAugus ta L us i tanoru m r ecorded o n t he d ip lo ma f or Moes ia S uper ior o f A . D. 1 61 ( Roxan 5 5 ) .

Th is i s t he o n ly r eference t o t he u n i t w i th t h is t i t le .

O n t he d ip lo ma o f A .D. 1 59/160 ( XV I 1 11 ) i ti s c a l led c ohors ILusi tanorum a nd i ti s e x tre me ly u n l ike ly t ha t a n a ward c ou ld b e made b e tween t he t wo d a tes . I tt herefore l ooks a s i f a mis take h as b een made , a s o n t he d iplo ma o f A .D. 1 67 f or Pannon ia I n feror ( XV I 1 23 ) where c ohors IA ugus ta Thracum CR i s i nscr ibed i ns tead o f c ohors IThracum CR .

S econd ly , t here i s t he u nda ted

a cepha lous c areer i nscr ip t ion ( V I 3 508 ) where t he man i s d escr ibed a s ' t r ib . c ho . I I Aug ' ,.

A t p resen t t he u n i t c anno t b e i den t i f ied .

C laud ia On ly s ix u n i ts b ear t he t i t le C laud ia , a l l o f wh ich r ece ived i tf ro m C laud ius . F our were c rea t ions , t he a la C laud ia n ova , c ohor tes Ia nd I C laud ia a nd c ohors IC laud ia S uga mbrorum .T he a la d ef in i te ly a nd p robab ly c ohors IC laud ia S uga mbrorum were r a ised b ecause o f t he r evo l t o f S cr ibon ianus i n A .D . 4 2 . C er ta in ly a n u mber o f t he me mbers o f t he a la c a me f ro m t he R h ine a rea ( 2 14 , 2 15 ) , mak ing i tl ikely t ha t t he S uga mbr i a lso p rov ided men , i n t he ir c ase e nough f or a u n i t ,

C ohor tes Ia nd I C laud ia a re p oor ly a t tes ted a nd o n ly i n

C appadocia , b u t a n o r ig in a t t h is t ime s ee ms p laus ible.

9

The o ther t wo , a la

C ap i ton iana a nd c ohors IS ugambroru m v eterana r ece ived t he ir a ward a s a b a t t le h onour , p robab ly i n t he B osporan c ampa ign o f A . D. 4 6 s ince b o th e x is ted b e fore t he r e ign o f C laud ius .1 0

1 5

S u lp ic ia There h as b een much d eba te a bou t t he n a me o r ig in o f t he o ne u n i t , t he a la S u lp ic ia , w i th t h is t i t le .

C hees man c ons idered i tt o b e aG a llic a la n a med

a f ter a c o m mander ( Chees man , A ppend ix I , p . 1 74 ) .

More r ecen t ly E .

B ir ley h as s ugges ted t ha t i t was a Thracian a la n amed a f ter a c o m mander b ecause o f t he p resence o f Thrac ians i n i t ( B ir ley , 1 978 , p . 2 70 ).

G . A l földy ,

o n t he o ther h and , h as a rgued t ha t G a lba r a ised t he u n i t i n A .D. 6 8 , h ence i t b ears h is n o men ( A l fö ldy , H i l fs truppen , p p. 3 4-36 ) . The ma in o b jec t ions wh ich c an b e r a ised a ga ins t A l fö ldy 's i dea a re i t s a ppearance o n t he d ip lo ma f or L ower G er many o f A . D. 7 8 ( XV I 2 3 ) a nd t he f ac t t ha t t he l eg ion r a ised b y G a lba was c a l led G a lbiana .

The d ischarge o f men f ro m t he u n i t s hor t ly a f ter

i t s f ounda t ion i s t o b e e xp la ined b y t he f ac t t ha t s ome o f t he c adre a round wh ich t he u n i t was f or med h as s erved t he ir t ime . Un i ts r a ised b y a n Emperor a nd g iven h is n a me t ake t he Emperor 's n o men i n a l l b u t av ery f ew c ases , s o i ti s q u i te p oss ib le t ha t G a lba was t he u n i t 's c rea tor .

I n f ac t t he l ack o f a ny men-

t ion o f t he a la b e fore t he F lav ian p er iod i s as l igh t i nd ica tor t ha t i t was r a ised b y G a lba .

The p resence o f T hracians i n t he u n i t i s ar esu l t o f ag enera l r ein-

f orce men t o f t he L ower Rh ine a r my i n t he a f ter ma th o f t he r evol t o f C iv i l is , a s s hown b y A l fö ldy ( A l földy ,

H i l fs truppen , p p . 1 03-140 ).

F lav ia A s f ar a s c an b e a scer ta ined , n one o f t he u n i ts w i th t he t i t le were g iven i tb y T i tus .

Do mi t ian 's d amna t io me mor iae makes i td i f f icu l t t o e s tab l ish

h ow many u n i ts r ece ived t heir t i t le f ro m h im .

C er ta in ly , V espasian made

t he ma jor i ty o f t he a wards i nc lud ing o ne t o au n i t wh ich r ece ived h is c ogno men , t he a la V espas iana D ardanorum , s ee m ing ly a s as pec ia l h onour .

1 1

A f ter a l mos t c on t inuous war fare s ince A .D. 6 6 t he a ux i l ia n eeded r eorgani s ing a nd e n larg ing , e spec ia l ly o n t he R h ine .

H ere , t he a lae Ia nd I F lavia

g em ina were c rea ted f ro m t he a lae d e fea ted b y C iv i l is , t he a la Long in iana f or e xamp le , a s s uggested b y E . B ir ley ( B ir ley , 1 966 , p . 6 6).

T he a la I F lav ia

g em ina was l a ter e n larged b y D om i t ian t o b eco me t he a la I F lav ia m i l l iar ia o f R ae t ia .

1 2

Two more a lae were c rea ted f ro m c adres s upp l ied b y t he a lae

G e me l l iana a nd Agr ippiana , ap o in t made b y E . B ir ley ( B ir ley , 1 978 , p . 2 71) . R ein force men ts s en t o t t he R h ine i nc luded t wo n ew c ohor tes s ag i ttar ioru m , IF lav ia Da mascenorum a nd IF lav ia C ana thenorum , b o th o f wh ich were mi l l iar ia .

1 3

O ther u n i ts r a ised i n t he E as t were c ohor ts n ame ly IF lav ia Cha lc idenorum . , IF lav ia C i l icum a nd IF lav ia CR e qu i ta ta .

1 4

O f t he u n i ts f ro m C o mmagene ,

o n ly c ohor tes Ia nd I C o m magenoru m b ear t he t i t le F lav ia a nd n ot t he a la o r c ohors V I .

1 5

S ince t he a la C o m magenoru m i s n ow k nown t o h ave b een i n

e x is tence b y t he r e ign o f C laud ius ( ChLA X I n 501) , t he c ohor ts may h ave b een a s we l l .

T hus t he t i t le F lav ia wou ld h ave b een a warded a s ab a tt le h onour .

B u t i ti s h ard t o b e l ieve t ha t ap a ir o f c ohor ts wou ld r ece ive t he s a me t i t le , i n wh ich c ase c ohor tes Ia nd I F lav ia C o m magenorum wou ld h ave b een r a ised i n A .D. 7 2 a nd c ohors V I C o m magenorum wou ld b e p ar t o f ad i f feren t s er ies . Br i ta in a nd t he B ess i e ach p rov ided t wo c ohor ts .1 6 b ab ly t wo c ohor ts .

1 7

S pa in p rov ided o ne , p ro-

A fr ican t r ibes p rov ided a n a la o f G aetu l i a nd t hree c ohor ts ,

t wo o f N um id ians a nd o ne o f Musu la m i i . p robably c rea ted a t t h is t ime .

1 8

The c ohors IF lav ia e qu i ta ta was

C ohors I F lav ia A frorum c ou ld b e t he s econd

1 6

u n i t i n as er ies r a ised b y V espas ian o f wh ich n o r ecords h ave s urv ived o f t he f i rs t o r i t was a warded t he t i t le b y Vespas ian a s ab a t t le h onour ,

1 9

i ti s u n-

c er ta in . T o o n ly t hree u n i ts c an t he t i t le F lav ia b e a ss igned a s ab a t t le h onour a warded b y V espas ian w i th a ny c er ta in ty.

A l though t here i s n o r ecord o f a n

a la I H ispanorum i n t he p re-Flav ian p er iod t here s ee ms l i t t le d oub t t ha t t he a la I F lav ia H ispanoru m CR o f S pa in r eceived t he t i t le a s ab a t t le h onour , p robably i n c onnec t ion w i th t he r evo l t o f C iv i l is , r a ther t han b e ing a F lav ian l evy s ince t here i s n o a la IF lav ia H ispanoru m ( Roxan , Ph .D ., u n i t n .08 ). T he a la F lav ia N um id ica e x is ted b e fore t he F lav ians ( E 7 9 ) s o aV espas ian ic a ward i s l i ke ly.

A ga in t he a ward i s p oss ibly c onnec ted w i th t he C iv i l is r evo l t

s ince t here was a t rans fer o f t roops f ro m A fr ica t o t he Rh ine a t t h is t ime .

2°

S uch a move migh t a lso e xp la in t he p r ior e x is tence o f c ohors IF lav ia H ispanoru m r ecorded i n L ower G er many i n A .D . 7 8 ( XV I 2 3 ). F lav ian c rea t ion ( A l fö ldy , H i l fs truppen , p . 6 0 ) .

G . A l fö ldy a rgued f or a M. R oxan i n h er t hes is

d oub ted t h is a nd c ons idered i th ad b een t rans ferred f ro m t he Danube ( Roxan , P h .D ., u n i t n . 2 0 ) .

A l though i ti s n o t c er ta in , ab a t t le a ward i s p re ferable

a nd ap r ior s ta t ion i n A fr ica i s p oss ib le .

2 1

One u n i t , t he a la IF lav ia Br i tann ica mi l l iar ia n eeds s pec ia l c ons idera t ion . I ti s f irs t a t tes ted a s t he a la B r i tann ica i n A .D. 6 9 ( Taci tus , H is t . 1 1 .41) , b u t b y A . D. 9 6 i tb ecame t he a la IF lav ia Do m i t iana Br i tann ica mi l l iar ia CR ( 1 81 ) .

The t i t le F lav ia was g iven b y Vespasian p erhaps a s ab a t t le h onour f or

s erv ice i n .the C iv i l is r evo l t o r b ecause t he a la was r eorgan ised a nd made m i l l iar ia .

H owever , i tc ou ld h ave b een e n larged b y D om i t ian .

The l a t ter

c er ta in ly a warded t he t i t le D om i t iana a s ab a t t le h onour i n t he Danubian c a mp a igns .

A s was s hown i n t he d iscuss ion o f t he t i t le Augus ta ( p . 1 4 ) , t he t i t le

D om i t iana was s uppressed a t Do m i t ian 's d a mna t io me mor iae .

O ther u n i ts

w ere n ot n ecessar i ly g iven t he t i t le D om i t iana b y Do m i t ian , b u t r ece ived t he n orma l t i t le F lav ia . a lready h ad t h is t i t le ; t i t le Do m i t iana .

T he a la B r i tann ica mi l l iar ia i s as pecia l c ase a s i t a ny f ur ther a ward wou ld n eed d is t ingu ish ing , h ence t he

N o t a l l t he u n i ts g iven t i t les b y D om i t ian c hanged i ta s s ee ms t o b e t he c ase w i th a la F lav ia m i l l iar ia , t he o n ly r ecord o f wh ich b e longs t o D om i t ian 's r e ign ( E 1 13 ) . A s s hown a bove ( p . 1 5 ) , i t mos t p robab ly b eca me t he a la N erv iana Augus ta f i de l is m i l l iar ia .

O ther u n i ts mere ly d ropped t he h onour ,

s uch a s t he a la IF lav ia p rae tor ia s ingu lar iu m s o r ecorded i n S yr ia i n A .D. 9 1 ( Roxan 4 ) , b u t n o t a ga in .

2 2

F our a lae a re r ecorded w i th t he t i t le F lav ia i n

t he l a te s econd c en tury f or wh ich t here i s n o e ar l ier e v idence f or t he ir h av ing t he n a me .

The u n i ts i n q ues t ion a re t he a la IF lav ia s ingu lar iu m CR , a la

F lav ia Ga l loru m T aur iana , a la F lav ia P annon ioru m a nd a la IF lav ia S ebas teno rum .

2 3

The p roblem o f who g ave t hese u n i ts t he t i t le i s b es t s e t t led b y

a ccep t ing t he m a s as uppressed D om i t ian ic a ward l a ter r ev ived . Two f ur ther r ecords o f al a te d a te where a lae b ear t he t i t le F lav ia p resen t p roble ms b ecause t hose i n q ues t ion c anno t b e e as i ly e qua ted w i th k nown u n i ts . A la IF lav ia i s n amed o n a n i nscr ip t ion o f l a te s econd c en tury d a te ( V 5 38 ) a nd ap robable c and ida te f or i tt o b e i den t i f ied w i th i s a la IF lav ia g em ina o f G erman ia S uper ior .

T he a la IF lav ia CR i s r ecorded o n t he c areer i nscr ip t ion

o f C . S agurus Pr iscus ( X I 5 959 ) who was a l ive s o me t ime a f ter t he d ea th o f

1 7

Tra jan .

H is p os t , p r ior t o t he a la p re fec ture , was a s t r ibune o f l eg io XXX

U lp ia v ic tr ix i n G er man ia I n fer ior s o h e p robably c om manded a n a la i n G ermany. I f s o , t he u n i t c ou ld h ave b een t he a la IF lav ia g em ina , b u t t here i s n o r ecord o f i th av ing r ece ived a CR a ward .

There i s a lso t he p oss ib i l i ty

t ha t t he u n i t i n q ues t ion i s t he a la ICR o f t he Danube a nd t ha t i t h ad r eceived ab a t t le h onour f ro m Do m i t ian wh ich was s uppressed t hen r ev ived . N erv ia/Nerv iana T here a re f ive u n i ts wh ich b ear t h is t i t le o f wh ich f our a lso h ave t he n a me Augus ta .

The f i f th , c ohors IN erv ia G er manorum mi l l iar ia , i s f irs t a t tes ted

i n B r i ta in i n A .D. 1 22 ( XV I 6 9 ) wh ich makes i ta l mos t c er ta in t he u n i t w as r a ised i n A .D. 9 7 a f ter t he S ueb ic War . I th as b een s ugges ted i n t he d iscuss ion a bou t t he t i t le A ugus ta t ha t t he o ther u n i ts were i n e x is tence p r ior t o N erva 's r e ign ( p . 1 5 ) .

The t wo u n i ts o f B r i tons , r a ised b y D o mi t ian , may we l l h ave

b een c o mp le te ly r ena med t o b eco me ' Augus ta N erv ia P acens is Br i t tonum '. A l terna t ively a l l f our u n i ts may h ave r eceived t he t i t le a s ab a t t le h onour a warded i n t he S uebic War , t he o n ly c a mpa ign f ough t b y N erva .

The B r i t ish

c ohor ts were c er ta in ly s ta t ioned o n t he Danube a f ter t h is d a te , b u t i tw ou ld h ave b een mos t u nusua l f or t wo u n i ts i n t he s ame s er ies t o h ave won a n a ward i n t he s a me c ampa ign .

2 4

H owever , t he o ther t wo a re n ex t r ecorded i n Maure-

t an ia a nd a l mos t c er ta in ly c a me f ro m S yr ia .

T he ir t i t les a la N erv iana A ugus ta

f ide l is mi l l iar ia a nd c ohors IAugus ta N erv iana v e lox d o s ugges t ab a t t le a ward , s o a t s o me s tage t hey were t rans ferred t o t he Danube a nd a f terwards t o Mauret an ia t hough t here i s n o d e f in i te e v idence o f t h is . U lpia O f t he u n i ts w i th t he n ame U lp ia o n ly t hree c an b e s hown t o h ave w on t he t i t le i n b a t t le , t he r e ma inder were r a ised b y T ra jan .

The t hree u n i ts , a l l

c ohor ts v iz. IB r i t tonum m i l l iar ia , IF lav ia H ispanoru m mi l l iar ia a nd IC ugern orum , r ece ived t he ir a ward a nd ab lock g ran t o f c i t izensh ip i n t he S econd Dac ian War . 25 F or t he Dacian Wars , T ra jan r a ised o n ly t wo u n i ts , t he a la IU lp ia c ont ar iorum mi l l iar ia a nd c ohors IU lp ia Pannon iru m m i l l iar ia wh ich were a f terwards s ta t ioned i n Pannon ia .

A f ter t he a nnexa t ion o f A rabia i n A .D . 1 06

2 6

s ix c ohor ts o f P etraeans w ere o rgan ised f or s erv ice i n t he E as t , o f wh ich t he f irs t t hree were mi l l iar ia .2 7

The ma in r ecru i t ing d r ive c arr ied o u t b y T ra jan

was f or h is Eas tern c a mpa igns .

F ro m t he wes tern p rov inces c a me t he a la

IU lpia Dacorum a nd c ohors IU lpia Dacorum a long w i th t he a lae IU lp ia s ingu lar ium a nd I U lpia Aur iana wh ich w ere f ormed a round c adres s uppl ied b y t he a la Is ingu lar iu m CR a nd a la A ur iana o f R aet ia . e ach p rov ided t hree c ohor ts a nd A fr ica o ne .

2 8

G a la t ia a nd Paph lagon ia

F ina l ly t here were t he a la I

U lpia d ro medar ioru m mi l l iar ia , t wo u n i ts o f c i t izens , a l mos t c er ta in ly o f S yr ian o r ig in , a nd a c ohor t o f a rchers .

2 9

V e terana The g enera l ly a ccep ted r eason f or t he a ssump t ion o f t he t i t le v e terana was t he d es ire t o d is t ingu ish b e tween t wo u n i ts w i th t he s a me n a me a nd n umb er s ta t ioned i n t he s a me p rov ince ( Chees man , p p. 4 7-49 ) . T h is c er ta in ly e xp la ins i t s u se i n t he ma jor i ty o f c ases . i s f urn ished b y t he t wo c ohor tes IS ugambrorum . 1 8

T he b es t e xample

I n t he ir f irs t a ppearance o n

d ip lo mas t hey a re c a l led c ohors IS uga mbroru m v eterana a nd c ohors IS uga mb roru m t ironu m .

The f or mer was i n e x is tence i n t he r e ign o f T iber ius

3 0

a nd was awarded t he t i t le C laud ia a s ab a t t le h onour wh i ls t t he l a tter was r a ised b y C laud ius a nd t ook h is n a me ( see p .

1 5 ) .3 1

O ther e xa mples o f t wo

u n i ts i n t he s a me p rov ince , t he o lder o f wh ich b ears t he n a me v e terana , a re p rov ided b y t he a la v e terana G a l loru m e t Thraecu m a nd a la Ga l loru m e t Thraecu m p robably i n S yr ia ;

c ohors IA qu i tanoru m v eterana a nd c ohors I

A qu i tanoru m B i tur igum i n G er man ia S uper ior ; a nd c ohors I I Thracum CR i n Raet ia ;

c ohors I I Thracu m v e terana

a nd t he a la IThracu m v eterana s ag i t-

t ar ioru m a nd a la IThracu m v ictr ix i n Pannon ia .

3 2

F or s o me u n i ts w i th t he n a me t here i s n o r ecord o f au n i t o f t he s a me n ame i n t he p rovince a t t he s a me t ime. e as i ly e s tabl ished .

Bu t s uch a c onnec t ion c an b e f a ir ly

I n t h is c a tegory i s t he a la v e terana Gaetu loru m i n I udaea

i n A .D. 8 6 ( XV I 3 3 ).

I ts p a ir i s p robably t he a la IF lav ia Gaetu lorum , f irs t

r ecorded i n Moes ia I n feror I n A .D. 9 9 ( XV I 4 5 ) , b u t ap rev ious s tay i n t he E as t i s p oss ible .

F or t he c ohors IH ispanoru m v eterana , f irs t r ecorded i n

A .D . 9 9 i n Moes ia I n fer ior ,( XVI 4 4 ) , ap robable t win i s t he c ohors IH ispanoru m r ecorded o n t he d ip lo ma f or Moes ia S uper ior o f A . D. 1 04/105 ( XV I 5 4 ).

The

a la Par thoru m v eterana i s a more e n ig ma t ic u n i t s ince t here i s o n ly o ne r ec ord , as i lver r ingf ro m N euss o f T iber ian d a te ( X I I I 1 0024 , H i l fs truppen , p p. 2 5-29 ) .

3 5

a nd A l fö ldy ,

H owever , t here d oes s ee m t o b e ap ossible t win ,

t he a la Par thoru m e t Araboru m i n Ma inz ( 6 70 ) a s s ugges ted b y D . K ennedy ( Kennedy , 1 977b , p . 5 22 ). There i s , h owever , n o s i mple a nswer c oncern ing t he r e ma in ing f ive u n i ts wh ich b ear t he n a me.

C ohors I I Br i t tonu m v eterana i s f irs t r ecorded

w i th t he n a me o n al a te Tra jan ic c areer i nscr ipt ion ( E 1 58 ) ; o n t he d ip lo ma o f A .D. 1 00 ( XV I 4 6) f or Moesia S uper ior .

i ti s n o t s o c a l led I t s ee ms p robable

t ha t t he t i t le was a ssu med d ur ing t he Dacian Wars , b u t t he o n ly p oss ible p a ir i s t he c ohors I I Br i tannorum o f Raet ia wh ich was i n e x is tence b efore t he c ohor t i n Moesia .

3 3

I n t h is c ase i t wou ld a ppear t ha t t he u n i t wh ich h ad b een i n t he

p rov ince l onger a ssumed t he t i t le t o d is t ingu ish i tf ro m a u n i t b rough t i n o n ly t o p ar t ic ipa te i n ac ampa ign .

The c ohors IPannon iorum v e terana i s f irs t

r ecorded o n t he d iplo ma f or Moes ia S uper ior o f A . D. 1 04/105 ( XV I 5 4 ) , b u t t here i s o n r ecord o f as im i lar ly n amed u n i t i n t he p rov ince . as imi lar c ase t o c ohors I I Br i t tonu m v eterana .

P erhaps i ti s

The g rea tes t p roble m i s

p osed b y t hree a lae , t he a la A frorum v eterana o f G er man ia I n fer ior , a la v e terana o f A fr ica a nd a la I Pannon ioru m v eterana o f Dacia , b ecause t here i s n o k nown p a ir f or t he m a t p resen t .

The n ame v eterana i s o n ly a pp l ied t o

a la I Pannon ioru m o nce o n t he d iplo ma o f A .D. 1 10 ( XV I 1 63 ) , s o i tc ou ld b e as criba l e rror s ince t he c ohors IP annon ioru m v eterana i s a lso r ecorded . A s f or t he o thers n o a ccep table s olu t ion c an b e f ound f or t heir u se o f t he n ame. U n i ts w i th P rov inc ia l Names i n Ad jec t iva l F or m Chees man s uggested t ha t t he u se o f t h is f or m o f n a me was t o s how t ha t au n it b e longed o r h ad b elonged t o t he g arr ison o f t he p rov ince n a med a nd was t o p reven t c on fus ion w i th o ther u n i ts o f t he s a me e thn ic o r ig in a nd n u mb er ( Chees man , p . 4 7).

Th is d ef in i tely a pp l ies t o t he c ohor tes

Thracum

S yr iaca , ILus i tanoru m C yrena ica , I H ispanoru m s cu ta ta C yrena ica , I T hracu m G er man ica , G a l loru m Dacica , I Ga l loru m Macedon ica a nd I

1 9

G a l loru m Pannon ica .

I n e ach c ase t here i s au n i t w i th a s im i lar n ame a nd

n u mber w i th wh ich t here c ou ld b e c on fus ion , h ence t here a re t wo e le men ts i n t he n ame . C ohor tes I G a l lorum Pannon ica a nd I G a l loru m Macedon ica , f or e xamp le , a re b oth r ecorded i n Dacia i n A .D. 1 10 ( XV I 1 62 ) a nd t hey a re a lso d is t ingu ish ing t he mse lves f ro m c ohors I G a l lorum o f Moes ia . b le ms a r ise when o n ly t he a d jec t iva l n ame i s p resen t .

3 4

Pro-

I ti s t hen d i f f icu lt t o

e s tabl ish whe ther t he u n i t was s ta t ioned i n t he n amed p rov ince o f i fi t was r a ised i n t ha t p rov ince a nd o f ten u sed t he n ame i n a d jec t iva l f or m . I n t h is c a tegor y a re t he c ohor tes Ia nd I I ta l ica CR , IG a l l ica a nd t he a la v e terana G a l l ica .

I ti s g enera l ly a ccep ted t ha t t he c ohor tes I ta l icae were r a ised i n

I ta ly ( see p .

6 6

a nd Kra f t , p . 8 2 , n .2 ) .

The a la v e terana G a l lica i s s ure ly

t he s a me a s t he a la v e terana G a l loru m e t Thraecum o f t he d ip lo ma f or A .D . 5 4 ( XV I 3 ) .

C ohors I G a l l ica i n S pa in i s o ne o f as er ies o f f our c ohor ts o f

G au ls o r ig ina l ly s ta t ioned i n S pa in ( s ee A ppend ix I I , p . 2 21) . Th is b r ings u s t o c ohor tes I I I I Augus ta C yrena ica .

C hees man t hough t

t ha t t hey were r a ised i n C yrena ica ( Chees man , p . 6 2 , n .6) .

These r e marks

h ave b een r ecen t ly c ha l lenged b y D . K ennedy who b e l ieves t ha t t he u n i ts were c a l led Augus ta a nd h ad b een s ta t ioned i n C yrena ica ( Kennedy , 1 977a , p . 2 54 ) . Two f actors mi l i ta te a ga ins t t h is i dea .

F irs t ly , a s C hees man s ta ted , i ti s

p oss ible t ha t ap rov inc ia l n a me i n a d jec t iva l f or m c an mean u n i ts r a ised i n t ha t p rov ince .

S econd ly , i ti s u n l ikely t hese u n i ts were j us t c a l led A ugus ta

s ince many r eg i men ts o f E as tern o r ig in a ssumed t he t i t le i n t he r e ign o f Augus tus , a nd i ti s u n l ike ly t ha t as er ies o f t hree c ohor ts wou ld h ave b een s ta t ioned i n C yrena ica .

T here fore , i n t h is i ns tance , i ti s p robable t he n a me

imp l ies a n o r ig in i n t he p rov ince . C ohors IB r i tann ica a lso s ee ms t o c o me i n to t h is c a tegory d esp i te t he i deas p u t f orward b y D . K ennedy , 1 977a , p p . 2 53-254 ) .

H e s ugges ted t he

r ecip ien t o f t he d ip lo ma o f A .D. 1 05 ( XV I 49) was a p oss ib le N or ican r a ther t han a Br i ton a nd h ence t ha t t he c ohor t may n o t h ave b een r a ised i n B r i ta in . Wh i ls t t he n ame L ucco h as N or ican p ara l le ls , t he n ame T renus i s r ecorded b y H o lder w i th I r ish a nd We lsh p ara l le ls ( Ho lder , I , 1 911 ) . r ec ipien t s hou ld b e r egarded a s a Dobunnus f ro m B r i ta in .

There fore t he The p resence o f

aB r i ton i n t h is u n i t s o me t ime a f ter i t s c rea t ion wou ld s uggest t ha t aB r i t ish o r ig in i s i n q ues t ion .

T he c ohor t s hou ld b e c ons idered a s t he f irs t o f at hree

r eg i men t s er ies o f wh ich c ohors I B r i tannorum m i l l iar ia a nd c ohors I I Br i tannorum were t he o thers .

3 5

Af ur ther p rob le m g roup c o mpr ises t he a lae Moes ica , Macedon ica , Nu m id ica a nd B r i tann ica .

F or t he f irs t t wo a lae t here i s e v idence o f r ecru i t men t

o f G au ls i n t he p re-F lav ian p er iod v iz. a Trever ( 591 ) a nd a S egus iavus ( 581) r espec t ive ly .

T h is s ugges ts t ha t t hese u n i ts h ad a n o r ig in i n Gau l a nd t heir

e thn ic n a me h ad b een om i t ted ( see p .116 ) .3 6 l i ke l ihood f or t he a la N umid ica .

3 7

An o r ig in i n G au l i s a lso a

Wi th t he a la B r i tann ica i ti s j us t p oss ib le

t ha t i t was r a ised i n B r i ta in a s w i th c ohors IB r i tann ica , t hough t h is s uggest i on c anno t b e p roven a s s hown b y D . K ennedy ( Kennedy , 1 977a , p . 2 52 a nd p . 2 54 ).

A l terna t ive ly i t may a lso h ave b een r ecru i ted o r ig ina l ly i n G au l .

F ina l ly , t here a re a f ew r ecords where a u n i t o ccas iona l ly u ses t h is t ype o f n a me r a ther t han i t s n or ma l o ne .

On t he d iploma o f A .D. 1 10 ( XV I 1 63 )

f or Dacia a la IB r i tann ica CR i s r ecorded . 2 0

T h is r eg i men t wou ld a ppear t o b e

t he s a me a s t he a la IB r i t tonu m CR i n Dacia P oro lissensis i n A .D. 1 23 ( Roxan 2 1 ) r a ther t han c onnec ted w i th a la IF lav ia Br i tann ica mi l l iar ia , a l though B . Lör incz h as s ugges ted i ti s as epara te u n i t ( Lör incz , 1 977) .

C ohors IMace-

d on ica ( I I 4 232 ) i s g enera l ly c a l led c ohors IMacedonu m a s o n t he c areer i ns cr ip t ion o f L . P o mpon ius Lupus ( E 2 7).

C ohors IB e lg ica ( 1171 ) i s mos t ly

c a l led c ohors IB elgarum a s s hown b y G . A l fö ldy ( A l fö ldy , 1 962 , p .266).

S uch

a n o ccurrence i s o f ten r ecorded o n G reek i nscr ip t ions , a_ good e xa mp le o f wh ich i s f urn ished b y t he b il ingua l c areer i nscr ip t ion o f M. Gav ius Bassus ( E 1 51 ) where c ohors V I Br i t tonu m i s c a l led c ohors V I Br i tann ica i n t he G reek v ers ion .

The c areer i nscr ipt ion o f M. Va ler ius L ol l ianus ( I I I 6 00 ) h as t he

n ames ' Augus ta S yr iaca ' a s p ar t o f t he a la v ex i l la t ions .

I t s ee ms b es t t o e qua te

t hese n a mes a s o ne u n i t r a ther t han a s t wo s epara te u n i ts .

The a la i s t ha t

r ecorded i n Egypt u p t o t he e ar ly s econd c en tury a nd t hen t rans ferred t o S yr ia ( see A ppendix I I , p .239).

The n a me ' Syr iaca l i s u sed t o d is t ingu ish i tf ro m

t he a la Augus ta G erman iciana a lso i n t he Eas t ( see A ppendix I I , p .239).

The

a la IThracu m Mauretana i s f irs t r ecorded i n I udaea i n A . D. 8 6 ( XV I 3 3 ) , b u t t he n a me impl ies i t was s ta t ioned i n Mauretan ia a t s o me t ime , a l though t here 8 i s n o e vidence f or t h is .3 Un i ts n a med a f ter t he ir Co m manders E . B ir ley h as s hown t ha t d ur ing t he r e ign o f Augustus v ery f ew a lae p ossessed a p er manen t d is t ingu ish ing n a me ( B ir ley , 1 978 , p .262 ).

I n t h is

p er iod c areer i nscr ip t ions o f o f f icers d o n o t s pec i fy t he n a me o f t he a la .

The

r eason i s e xp la ined b y t he sma l l g roup o f t o mbs tones o f men wh ich g ive t he n ame o f t he c o m mander o f t he a la i n t he g en i t ive.

Th is ma tches t he u sage

3 9

f or l eg ionary c en tur ions a nd means t he man d ied d ur ing t he t ime o f t he p refec t 's c o m mand ( B ir ley , 1 978 , p .264 ) .

A t s o me t ime d ur ing t he r e ign o f T iber ius

i t was d ecided t o g ive a lae p er manen t n a mes t o a void t he c on fusion o f h av ing ag rea t many u nnu mbered a lae o f Gau ls .

These a lae were t hen g iven n ames

wh ich r ef lec ted e i ther t heir o r ig ina l c o m mander s uch a s a la A tector ig iana n amed a f ter A tector ix , o r a n o f f icer who h ad c o m manded t he u n i t w i th d is t inct i on ( Bir ley , 1 978 , p p .265-271 ). 4° The a pprox i ma te d a te f or t he c hangeover w i th in T iber ius ' r eign c an b e e s tabl ished .

I n t he d iplo ma o f A .D. 5 4 ( XVI 3 ) t he a la Ga l loru m e t Thraecu m

An t iana i s men t ioned .

B y implica t ion t he a la was i n e x is tence b y A .D. 2 6 when

Thracians were f irs t r ecru i ted f or s erv ice o u ts ide t heir h o meland ( see p .112). The a la a l most c er ta in ly h ad i t s n a me b y t hen s ince t here i s a I praef . a lae Ant i ranaer r ecorded i n t he r eign o f T iber ius ( E 4 1 ).

The a la I ndiana i s

a pparen t ly n a med a f ter t he J u l ius I ndus o f t he S acrov ir r evo l t ( Taci tus , Ann . 1 1 .42 ) a nd t herefore r eceived i t s n ame i n A . D. 2 1 o r s hor t ly a f ter .

C er ta in ly,

b y t he l ast y ears o f t he r eign o f T iber ius t he a d ject iva l f or m i s u sed . There i s e v idence wh ich s hows t ha t t h is was t he s a me f or c ohor ts , b u t o n a more r estr icted s ca le ( B ir ley , 1 978 , p .264 ).

O1n ly t wo c ohor ts w i th a d jec t iva l

n ames a re r ecorded a f ter t he r eign o f T iber ius .4

I n Egyp t , h owever , t here a re

r ecords o f t hree c ohor t c o m manders i n t he g en i t ive a nd o ne i n a d ject iva l f or m d a t ing t o t he l as t y ears o f Augus tus a nd t he e ar ly y ears o f T iber ius . 42

The

f ac t t ha t t here i s a pprox i ma tely a t hree y ear g ap b e tween t he d a tes o f t he c o mmanders s ugges ts t ha t o n ly o ne c ohor t i s i n q ues t ion .

M. S peide l h as s ugges ted

i den ti f ica t ion w i th e i ther c ohors IThebaeoru m o r c ohors I I turaeorum ( Speidel , 1 977 , p .515 ).

Bu t , b ecause t hese u n i ts a re o n ly r ecorded w i th t heir e thn ic 2 1

n a mes a nd b ecause t hey a re p ar t o f s er ies o f u n its , t he r eg i men t i n q ues t ion s hou ld b e s ough t e lsewhere .

P erhaps i tb eca me o ne o f t he c ohor ts w i th a d jec-

t iva l n a mes , c ohors IL epid iana b eing t he b et ter c and ida te . Un i ts w i th Double E thn ic Names The l as t ma jor d iscuss ion o f t hese u n i ts was b y Kra f t ( Kraf t , p p .26-35 ). H e c ons idered t he c ohor ts t o h ave b een l ev ied f rom n eighbour ing t r ibes w ith in ap rov ince s uch a s t he c ohor tes As turu m e t Ca llaecoru m a nd t he c ohor tes Ca l laecoru m Lucens ium , a nd h ence were n o t r ea l ly u n i ts made u p o f t wo d i ff eren t e thn ic g roups ( Kra f t , p p . 2 7-28 ).

The o ne e xcep tion h e d id a l low was

c ohors IL iguru m e t H ispanorum CR , b u t h e b el ieved t ha t L igurians a nd S pani ards were o f ten j o ined i n u n i ts ( Kra f t , p . 2 7, n .4 ).

However , h e missed t he

p oin t made b y C hees man t ha t t h is u n i t was t he r esu l t o f a n ama lgama t ion o f t he c ohors IL igurum a nd a c ohors H ispanoru m ( Chees man , p . 1 75 , n .1) . i dea h as b een e xpanded b y M . Roxan i n h er t hes is .

Th is

S he s ugges ted t ha t t he

S pan ish r eg i men t i n q ues t ion was c ohors I I H ispanorum a nd t ha t t he ama lgama t ion was c arr ied o u t a f ter t he C ivi l Wars o f A .D. 6 9-70 ( Roxan , P h . D., u n i t n .35 ) .

S uch a n ama lga ma t ion a lso e xp la ins t he e x is tence o nt he L ower

Rh ine o f c ohors IPannon ioru m e t Da l ma tarum a nd c ohors ILa tobicoru m e t Varcianoru m f ro m t he F lav ian p er iod o nwards .

4 3

C er ta in ly t he l a t ter was

made u p o f t he p re-Flav ian c ohors ILa tobicoru m ( 1 711 ) a nd t he , a s y et , u na t tes ted c ohors IVarcianorum .

The c ohor tes Ig e mina S ardorum e t Cor-

s oru m a nd I g em ina L igurum e t C orsorum a l mos t c er ta in ly h ad a s imilar o r ig in a s f our s epara te u n i ts .

They a re f irs t a t tes ted i n S ardin ia i n A . D. 8 8

( XV I 3 4 ) . The a lae w i th t h is t ype o f n a me f a l l i n to a d i fferen t c a tegory s ince t hey a re f or med f ro m d ispara te e thn ic g roups .

Kra f t b elieved t ha t , b ecause t here was

aG a l l ic e le men t i n e ach o f t he a lae , t h is r epresen ted a n e ar ly, l arge s ca le , s t i f fen ing o f Danubian a lae w i th t he b es t c ava lry o f t he R o man a r my ( Kraf t , p p.28-33 ). H owever , H . R owel l , i n h is r ev iew o f Kra f t , d id n o t b e l ieve t h is t o b e t he c ase ( Rowel l , 1 953 , p .176).

H e c ons idered t ha t t he f our a lae Ga l lorum

e t Thraecu m were a lae o f G au ls t o wh ich a Thracian c on t ingen t h ad b een a t tached ( Rowe l l , 1 953 , p .176) .

Th is v iew i s c er ta in ly c orrect .

The a la v e terana

Ga l loru m e t Thraecu m o n t he d iplo ma o f A .D. 5 4 ( XVI 3 ) i s l a ter k nown a s a la v eterana G a l l ica , a nd a lae n a med a f ter t he ir c o m manders l ike t he a la An t iana a nd a la C lass iana a re n ear ly a l l o f G a l l ic o r ig in .

The d iplo ma o f A .D. 5 4 ( XVI

3 ) s hows t ha t s hor t ly a f ter t he Thracian r evo l t o f A .D. 2 6 , Thracian c on t ingen ts were a dded t o a lae G a l loru m.

R owe l l a lso t hough t t ha t u n i ts l ike t he a la

Ga l loru m e t B osporanoru m wh ich were n ot a t tested u n t i l t he s econd c en tury r epresen ted a n ama lga ma t ion o f t wo e ar l ier i ndependen t a lae ( Rowe l l , 1 953 , p .176) .

Bu t , i n t h is c ase , Kra f t 's c on ten t ion i s c orrec t , a l though t he d a te h e

g ives i s wrong .

There a re t hree a lae i n q ues t ion , Ia nd I G a l loru m e t Pan-

n on ioru m a nd IG a l loru m e t B osporanorum . 44

I ti s u n l ikely t ha t t here c ou ld

b e t hree a lae o f G au ls , o f wh ich t here i s n o r ecord , a va i lable f or ama lga ma t ion a s R owe l l e nv isaged .

• The e ar lies t r ecord i s o f t he a la IGa l loru m e t Pannon ioru m

c a ta fracta ta wh ich was c o m manded b y M. Maen ius Agr ippa a bou t A .D. 1 28 ( X I 5 632 ).

Th is s ugges ts a d a te e i ther i n t he r eign o f Tra jan i n p repara tion

f or t he Par th ian war o r e ar ly i n t he r eign o f Hadr ian t o r ep lace l osses s u ffered d ur ing t he war f or t he a ddi t ion o f G au ls .

2 2

There i s n ow a r ecord o f ac ohor t wh ich was b rough t u p t o s treng th i n t h is way.

I n t h is i ns tance Pannon ians were a dded t o c ohors V Ga l loru m t o f or m

t he c ohors V G a l lorum e t Pannon ioru m r ecorded o n t he d ip lo ma o f A . D. 1 61 f or Moesia S uper ior ( Roxan 5 5 ). NOTES 1 . A la IAugus ta I turaeoru m : f irs t r ecorded Pannon ia , C laud ius ( 5 72 ).

C ohors

IAugus ta I turaeorum : f irs t r ecorded Pannon ia , A . D. 8 0 ( XVI 2 6) , b u t r a ised a t t he s a me t ime a s t he a la .

C ohors IAugus ta C yrena ica : f irs t

r ecorded Ga lct ia , F lav ian p er iod ( 1351).

C ohors I Augus ta C yrena ica :

f irst r ecorded U pper G er many , A .D. 7 4 ( XV I 2 0 ) .

C ohors I I Augus ta

C yrena ica : f irs t r ecorded Moesia , C laud ius ( E 1 01 ) w i thou t t he t i t le , b u t i t was d ef in i te ly p ar t o f t he s er ies . 2 . A la IAugus ta Thracu m : Augusta Thracu m :

f irs t r ecorded S yr ia , C laud ius ( 831).

Mauretan ia Caesar iens is . A . D. 8 8 ( XVI 3 5 ) . 8 8 ( Roxan 3 ) .

A la I

n o t a t tes ted ; t h is i s n ot t he a la I Thracu m Augus ta o f A la I I Augus ta Thracu m :

f irs t r ecorded S yr ia ,

C ohors IAugusta Thracum : f irs t r ecorded S yr ia , A . D.

C ohors I Augus ta Thracu m :

I n fer ior , A . D. 1 39 ( XVI 1 75 ).

f irs t r ecorded Pannon ia

C ohors I I Augus ta Thracu m :

f irs t r ecorded

S yr ia . A . D. 8 8 ( XVI 3 5 ) .

C ohors Augus ta Pannon ioru m : f irs t r ecorded

S yr ia , A . D. 8 8 ( XV I 3 5 ) .

C ohors IAugus ta Lus itanoru m :

f irs t r ecorded

I udaea , A . D. 8 6 ( XV I 3 3 ). 3 . A la Augus ta : f irs t r ecorded Egypt , A .D. 5 7 ( 151). c iana :

A la Augus ta G er man i-

f irs t r ecorded Ga la t ia , N ero ( AE 1 914 n 128 ) , b u t s urely n amed i n

h onour o f G er man icus .

C ohors IAugus ta : f irs t r ecorded S yr ia , Augus tus

( E 3 ). 4 .

A la IAugus ta g em ina c olonoru m :

f u l l t i t les f irs t r ecorded i n t he r e ign o f

Hadr ian ( VI I I 8 934 ) , b u t f irs t r ecorded A . D. 7 8/80 ( 231) . Parthoru m :

A la IAugus ta

r ecorded i n t he r eign o f Tra jan o n t he c areer i nscr ip t ion o f

L . Pacon ius Procu lus ( E 1 60 ) a nd i n A . D. 2 01 i n Mauretan ia Caesar iens is a s a la IAugus ta P ar thorum An ton in iana ( VI I I 9 827 a nd 9 828 ) .

D . Kennedy

h as a rgued t ha t t hese u n i ts a re t he s a me a nd t ha t a la Par thoru m o f Mauret an ia r arely u sed i t s f u ll t i t le ( Kennedy , 1 977b ,

p p.

5 26-527).

Procu lus

h ad j us t c o m manded a c ava lry v ex i l la tion i n t he Par th ian war a nd s o a n Eastern v enue i s l i kely f or h is a la c o m mand .

The a la Par thoru m o f

Mauretan ia d oes n o t u se t he t i t le Augus ta u n t i l t he l a te s econd c en tury a nd s o i t c ou ld b e as uppressed h onour . 5 . A la Augus ta G a l loru m Procu leiana :

r ecorded A . D. 1 16/120 ( XVI 8 8 ) ;

1 22 ( XVI 6 9) ; A .D . 1 35 ( XVI 8 2) ; A .D. 1 45/146 ( XVI 9 3 ) . V ocon t ioru m CR :

r ecorded A . D. 1 22 ( XVI 6 9 ).

t orqua ta mi ll iar ia CR :

A . D.

A la Augus ta

A la Augus ta Pe tr iana

r ecorded l a te Tra jan/ear ly Hadr ian ( R IB 9 57).

A la I Thracum A ugus ta p f :

r ecorded A .D. 1 07 ( XVI 5 6) ; Hadr ian ( VI 1 625a

&1 625b ) ; l a te s econd c en tury ( VI I I 9 358 ). 6 . The t i t le i s r ecorded o n a n a l tar r ecen t ly d iscovered a t Chesters o n Hadr ian 's Wa l l ( Br i t 1 0 ( 1 978 ) f or thco m ing ) .

I t s hou ld a lso b e n oted t ha t o n d iplo mas

a f ter t ha t o f A .D. 1 16/120 ( XVI 8 8 ) t he a la may n o t h ave a lways b een r ec orded w i th i ts f u l l t i t le.

The n a me Procu le iana ' h as t o b e s uppl ied o n t he 2 3

d iplo ma o f A .D. 1 22 ( XVI 6 9 ) s ince i ti s om i t ted a nd a dded t o t ha t o f A . D. 1 35 ( XVI 8 2 ) a s i ti s b roken . 7 .

C ohors IAugus ta i s r ecorded a s l a te a s A . D. 7 6 i n S yr ia ( 1161).

8 . The u n i t r ead a s c ohors I Aug (us ta ) Dacoru m m i l liar ia o n a n a l tar f ound a t Vukovar ( I I I 1 0255 ) i s i n f ac t c ohors I Aur (e l ia ) Dacoru m mi l l iar ia ( Bogaers , 1 977, p .611) . 9 .

C ohors IC laudia e qu i ta ta : s econd c en tury.

t r ibune ( IX 2 958 ) ; p refect ( AE 1 934n107) ; b oth

C ohors I C laud ia :

p refec t ( IGR I V 6 42 a nd BCH 1 895

p .557) , t h ird c en tury. 1 0.

A la C api ton iana : f irst r ecorded Moes ia , T iber ius ( 362 ) .

Cohors I

S uga mbroru m v eterana : f irs t r ecorded Moes ia , A . D. 2 6 ( Taci tus , Ann . I V .4 7.3 ) . 1 1.

A la V espas iana Dardanorum : f irs t r ecorded Moesia I n fer ior , A .D. 9 9 ( XVI 4 5 ).

The o n ly o ther p oss ib le e xp lana t ion i s t ha t i ti s a n a la n a med

a f ter a c o m mander , b u t t he l a te d a te o f i t s e ar l ies t r ecord a rgues a ga inst t h is . 1 2.

A la I F lav ia g em ina i s l as t r ecorded i n A . D. 8 2 ( XVI 2 8 ) .

Thus i tc ou ld

h ave b een e n larged f or t he C ha t tan War o f A .D . 8 3 . 1 3 .

C ohors IF lav ia Damascenoru m mi l l iar ia : f irs t r ecorded G er man ia S uper ior , A .D. 9 0 ( XVI 3 6).

C ohors IF lav ia C ana thenoru m mi l l iar ia :

f irst r ecorded Raet ia , A . D. 1 25/128 ( Roxan 3 2 ) .

The a bsence o f t h is r eg i-

men t f ro m e ar lier Raet ian d iplo mas d oes n o t h ave t o mean i t was n ot t here f ro m a n e ar ly d a te s ince i ti s b y n o means c er ta in a l l u n i ts i n t he p rovince were o n t hese d ip lo mas . 1 4.

C ohors IF lav ia C ha lc idenoru m : f irs t r ecorded S yr ia , A . D. 1 56/157 ( XVI 1 06) .

C ohors IF lav ia C i l icum: f irs t r ecorded Egypt , A . D. 8 3 ( XVI 2 9).

C ohors IF lav ia CR e qu i ta ta : 1 5.

f irs t r ecorded S yr ia , A . D. 8 8 ( XV I 3 5 ).

C ohors IF lav ia C o m magenoru m : 1 05 ( XVI 5 0 ).

f irs t r ecorded Moes ia I n fer ior , A . D.

C ohors I F lav ia C o m magenorum: f irs t r ecorded Moesia

S uper ior , A .D. 9 6 ( Roxan 6 ) . 1 6.

C ohors IF lav ia B r i t tonu m : f irs t r ecorded Da l ma t ia , F lavian p er iod ( 1271 ) . Th is u n i t i s g enera l ly r egarded t o b e mi ll iar ia ( A lföldy , 1 974 , A ppendix X , p .259 ) , b u t t he r ecords o f t r ibunes a re o f t h ird c en tury d a te ( I I I 4 811 a nd X I 6 337) when t he r eg i men t c ou ld h ave b een e n larged .

The i nscr ip t ion I I

1 2758 = I I 1 4618 c ons idered b y Wagner ( Wagner , p .109 ) t o r ecord t h is u n i t a s mi l l iar ia , i n f ac t r efers t o c ohors IDe l ma taru m mi l liar ia ( A l földy , 1 962 , p .267, n .79) .

C ohors I F lav ia Br i t tonum : f irs t r ecorded Moesia

I n fer ior , A . D. 9 9 ( XVI 4 5 ).

C ohors IF lav ia B essoru m : f irs t r ecorded

Moes ia S uper ior , A . D. 1 00 ( XVI 4 6).

C ohors I F lav ia B essorum : f irs t

r ecorded Moesia I n fer ior , A . D. 1 05 ( XV I 5 0 ). 1 7.

Def in i te ly c ohors IF lav ia H ispanoru m mi l l iar ia : f irs t r ecorded Moesia S uper ior , A .D. 9 4 ( XVI 3 9 ) ; p robably c ohors IF lav ia H ispanorum : f irs t r ecorded Mauretan ia C aesar iens is , A . D. 1 07 ( XVI 5 6).

Much l ess l ikely

t he l a t ter was t he c ohors IH ispanoru m o f T ing i tana ( 1580 ) awarded t he t i t le b y Vespasian a nd t rans ferred t o C aesar iens is ( Roxan , Ph .D ., u n its 2 4

n .23 a nd n .24 ).

Th is c ohors IH ispanorum was p robably t rans ferred t o

t he Danube l ike c ohors IBracarorum o f A .D. 8 8 ( XVI 1 59 ). 1 8 .

A la I F lav ia G ae tu loru m : f irs t r ecorded Moes ia I n fer ior , A . D. 9 9 ( XVI 4 5 ).

C ohors IF lav ia N um idaru m :

1 57 ( Roxan 5 0 ) .

f irs t r ecorded Moes ia I n fer ior , c .A . D.

T h is u n i t i s s epara te f ro m t he c ohors INu m idaru m i n

S yr ia i n A .D 8 8 ( XVI 3 5 ) wh ich was l a ter t rans ferred t o Cappadocia .

C ohors

IF lav ia Nu m idarum: f irst r ecorded Dacia I n fer ior , A . D. 1 29 ( XVI 7 5 ). C ohors IF lav ia Musu la m ioru m : f irst r ecorded Mauretan ia C aesar iensis , A . D. 1 07 ( XV I 5 6) .

Th is u n i t i s d i f feren t f ro m t he c ohors IMusu la mioru m

i n S yr ia i n A .D. 8 8 ( XVI 3 5 ) wh ich was l a ter i n L yc ia ( 1892). 1 9 .

C ohors I F lav ia A l froru m : f irs t r ecorded A fr ica , A . D. 1 28 ( Euzenna t , 1 977) .

2 0 .

T roops moved f ro m A fr ica :

c ohors XV V olun tar iorum ( A l földy , H i lfs truppen ,

p .76) ; a la A f rorum ( A l földy , H i l fs truppen , p .10 ). 2 1.

S o me S pan ish c ohor ts c ame i n p a irs v iz.

c ohor tes Ia nd I H ispanoru m o f

Mauretan ia ( 1 580 a nd XV I 1 61 ) ; c ohor tes Ia nd I H ispanorum o f G a la t ia ( 1570 a nd 1 630 ).

T here i s ac ohors I H ispanorum i n A fr ica ( VI I I 1 8042 ) ,

b u t n o r ecord o f af irs t c ohor t wh ich migh t b e e xpec ted . 2 2. I ti s c a l led a la p raetor ia s ingu lar iu m i n A . D. 8 8 ( Roxan 3 ) , u n less t he t i t le h as b een om i t ted wh ich s ee ms u n l ike ly.

M. S peide l h as s ugges ted t ha t t h is

u n it i s t he s ame a s t he a la p raetor ia CR ( Speide l , 1 978 , p p .60-63 ).

Th is

i s u n l ike ly a s t he l a t ter r eg i men t i s o n ly o nce r ecorded w i th t he t i t le s ingu lar iu m ( XVI 5 4 ) a nd t h is c ou ld b e a n e rror . 2 3 .

A la I F lav ia s ingu larium CR : 1 66 ( XV I 1 21) .

t he o n ly d iplo ma r eference i s t ha t o f A . D.

T h is may b e a mis take s ince i td oes n o t a ppear o n t ha t f or

A . D. 1 61/168 ( XV I 1 25 ) o r A .D. 1 67/168 ( Roxan 6 8 ) .

An i nscr ipt ion f ro m

U n tersaa l o f A .D . 2 31 ( IBR 3 54 ) a scr ibed t o t h is u n i t i n f act r efers t o a la IF lav ia G e me l l iana ( S peide l , 1 978 , p .58 , n .310 a nd p p .78-80 ).

Th is

b rings i n to q ues tion whe ther t he t o mbs tones o f t he a la IF lav ia ( 4 71-473 ) r efer t o t h is u n i t r a ther t han t he a la IF lav ia G e me l liana s ince t he ' a la I s ing .' a nd ' a la IF l .' a re r ecorded o n ac areer i nscr ip t ion s e t u p b y d ecur ions o f t he Rae t ian a lae ( V 8 660 ). i s s urely c orrect .

I den t i f ica t ion w i th t he a la IF lav ia G e mel l iana

A la F lav ia G a l loru m Taur iana :

i nscr ip t ion ( VI I I 2 394 ) . t o mbs tone ( I I I 3 223 ).

A la F lav ia Pannon iorum :

A la IF lav ia S ebas tenoru m :

t h ird c en tury c areer l a te s econd c en tury c areer i nscr ip t ion f ro m

t he r eign o f Marcus Aurel ius ( VI I I 1 7906). 2 4 .

C ohors IAugus ta N erv ia Pacens is Br i t tonu m mi l l iar ia : A . D. 1 40 ( Roxan 3 9 ). l iar ia :

2 5 .

Dac ia I n fer ior ,

C ohors I Augus ta N erv ia Pacensis B r i t tonu m mi l-

Pannon ia I n fer ior , A . D. 1 14 ( XVI 6 1) .

C ohors IU lpia B r i t tonum mi l liar ia CR : f irs t r ecorded o n s pecia l d ip lo ma , A . D. 1 06 ( XVI 1 60 ). C ohors IF lav ia U lpia H ispanoru m mi l l iar ia CR : f irst r ecorded Dacia , A .D. 1 10 ( XVI 5 7) . o ru m CR :

C ohors IU lpia Tra iana Cugern-

f irs t r ecorded Br i ta in , A . D. 1 22 ( XV I 6 9 ).

The l a t ter won

i t s award a f ter A . D. 1 03 ( XV I 4 8 ) a nd a l mos t c er ta in ly t ook p ar t i n t he S econd Dacian War ( Dav ies , 1 977b ).

2 5

2 6.

A la IU lpia c on tar iorum mi l liar ia : f irs t r ecorded Pannon ia S uper ior , Tra jan ( 251 ).

C ohors IU lpia Pannon iorum m il l iar ia ;

f irst r ecorded

Pannon ia S uper ior , Tra jan ( 1971) . 2 7.

C ohors IU lpia P etraeoru m mi l l iar ia :

f irs t r ecorded Tra jan ( E 1 35 ).

C ohors I U lpia P etraeorum mi l l iar ia : f irst r ecorded Tra jan ( E 1 44). C ohors I I U lpia P etraeorum mi l l iar ia : f irst r ecorded Cappadoc ia , Hadr ian ( Arr ian , Ek tax is I ) .

C ohors 1 1 1 U lpia P e traeorum: f irs t r ecorded S yr ia

Pa laes t ina , A . D. 1 39 ( XVI 8 7) .

C ohors V U lp ia P etraeoru m; f i rst r e-

c orded S yr ia , A .D. 1 56/157 ( XVI 1 06).

C ohors V I U lpia Petraeoru m:

f irs t r ecorded S yr ia Pa laes t ina , A . D. 1 39 ( XVI 8 7) . 2 8 .

C ohors IU lpia G a la taru m : ( XVI 8 7).

f irs t r ecorded S yr ia Pa laes t ina , A .D. 1 39

C ohors I U lpia Ga la tarum: f irs t r ecorded S yr ia Pa laes tina ,

A .D. 1 39 ( XVI 8 7).

C ohors I I U lpia G a la tarum :

o n ly r ecord N o t . Dig . Or .

XXV I I I A eg . 3 5 , b u t t h is was a l mos t c er ta in ly p ar t o f t he s eries . IU lpia Paph lagonu m :

n o r ecord .

C ohors

C ohors I U lp ia Paph lagonum : f irst r e-

c orded S yr ia , A .D. 1 56/157 ( XVI 1 06) .

C ohors I I U lpia Paph lagonu m :

f irs t r ecorded S yr ia , A . D. 1 56/157 ( XVI 1 06) .

C ohors IU lpia A froru m :

f irs t r ecorded A lexandr ia , Hadr ian ( ILS 8 867) . 2 9.

A la IU lpia d ro medar ioru m mi l l iar ia : ( XVI 1 06).

C ohors IU lpia CR : f irs t r ecorded B r i ta in , A . D. 1 24 ( XVI 7 0 ).

C ohors I U lpia e qu i ta ta CR :

f irs t r ecorded S yr ia , A . D. 1 56/157 ( XVI 1 06) .

C ohors IU lpia s ag it tar ioru m : 3 0.

f irs t r ecorded S yr ia , A .D. 1 56/157

f irs t r ecorded S yr ia , c .A . D. 1 63 ( HI 6 00 ).

C ohors IS uga mbroru m v eterana : S uga mbroru m t ironum :

Moes ia , A .D. 7 5 ( Roxan 2 ).

Moes ia , A . D. 7 8 ( XV I 2 2 ) .

C ohors I

Th is s ee ms t o b e t he

o n ly e xp lana t ion f or t he n a mes . 3 1.

C ohors IS uga mbrorum v eterana :

Moes ia , A .D. 2 6 ( Taci tus , Ann . I V .47.3 .).

I ts f u l l t i t le was c ohors IC laud ia S ugambrorum v eterana : 1 17/128 ( AE 1 927n95 ) .

C ohors IC laudia S ugambroru m :

Asia , A . D. Moes ia I n ferior ,

A . D. 1 34 ( XV I 7 8 ) . 3 2.

A la v eterana Ga l loru m e t Thraecu m a nd a la G a l loru m e t Thraecum , A . D. 5 4 ( XVI 3 ) .

The f or mer b eco mes t he a la v eterana G a l lica .

C ohors I

A qu i tanorum v eterana a nd c ohors IA qu i tanorum B i turigum , A .D. 7 4 ( XV I 2 0 ).

C ohors I I Thracum v e terana a nd c ohors I I Thracu m CR : f i rst r e-

c ord o f n ames A .D. 1 47 ( XVI 9 4 ) , b u t b o th r ecorded i n p rov ince i n A . D. 1 07 ( XVI 5 5 ).

The f or mer i s p robably t he s a me a s c ohors I I Thracu m i n

Pannon ia i n A . D. 8 0 a nd A .D. 8 4 ( XVI 2 6 a nd 3 0 ) .

A la IThracum v e terana :

f irs t r ecord w i th n a me Pannon ia S uper ior A .D . 1 13 ( unpub.). v ic tr ix :

f irs t r ecorded Pannon ia S uper ior , A .D. 1 33 ( XVI 7 6).

A la IThracum T he a ppear-

a nce o f t he f ormer a la i n t he p rov ince s uggests t he l a t ter i s t o b e r es tored o n t he d ip lo ma , o r , a t l eas t , i t was i n t he p rov ince . 3 3.

C ohors I I Br i tannoru m :

f irs t d ip lo ma r eference A . D. 1 07 ( XVI 5 5 ) , b u t

p robably o ne o f t he c ohor tes Br i tannorum r ecorded b y Taci tus ( Taci tus , H is t . 1 .70 .2.). 3 4.

C ohors I G a l loru m i n Moes ia I n fer ior :

A . D. 9 9 ( XVI 4 4 ) , A . D. 1 05 ( XVI

5 0 ) , A . D. 9 8/114 ( XV I 5 8 ) ; i n Moes ia S uper ior : a nd A . D. 1 61 ( Roxan 5 5) .

2 6

A .D. 1 59/160 ( XVI 1 11)

3 5 . I ti s r ecorded a s c ohors IBr i tannor (u m ) e qu i t(a ta ) o n o ne o f t he d ip lo mas o f A . D. 1 64 f or Dacia Porol issens is ( Roxan 6 4 ).

As t h is v ers ion o n ly

a ppears o n t he i n tus , i ti s l ike ly t o b e a mis take . 3 6. I ti s p oss ible t ha t t he a la Ga l l ica ( 290 ) i n Moes ia i n t he r eign o f T iber ius c a me t o b e k nown a s t he a la Moes ica . 3 7.

The a la Ga l loru m r ecorded o n at o mbs tone o f av eteran a t Madauros i s p erhaps t o b e i den ti f ied w i th t h is u n i t .

3 8 .

P erhaps t he a la was p ar t o f t he a r my o f t he k ings o f Maure tan ia a nd i nc orpora ted i n to t he a ux i l ia a s may a lso h ave b een t he c ase o f t he Thracians i n t he a r my o f H erod t he G rea t .

3 9.

A la Pa tru i ( 681 ) —Lar inum ; a la S caevae ( 731 )— M in turnae ; a la P o mpon ian i ( 701) —Bonna ; a la Ruson is ( 721 ) — Mogun t iacum.

The s ugges t ion t ha t a n

i nscr ip t ion f ro m T ing i ( IL M 1 0 ) r ecords a no ther i ns tance o f t he g en i t ive f or m ( B ir ley , 1 978 , p .263 , n .10a ) i s i ncorrec t .

The u n i t i s more l ike ly

t o h ave b een ' a la [ I Ha ] mi (oru m ) ' s ince t he t o mbs tone i s C laud ian a t t he e ar lies t . 4 0 .

A la G a l lorum Capi ton iana : Petr iana :

a f ter C . H erenn ius Capi to ( E 1 5 ) ; a la G a l loru m

a f ter T . Po mpon ius Pe tra ( E 2 8 ) ; a la Ga lloru m P icen t iana :

a f ter L . Rus t ius P icens ( E 3 1). 4 1.

C ohors ILepidiana : F lav iana ;

4 2 .

f irs t r ecorded S yr ia , c .A . D. 6 9 ( E 8 0 ).

C ohors

o n ly r ecorded o nce ( IGR I V 2 16).

C ohors F lor i :

A . D. 1 1 ( 1441) a nd u nda ted ( 1442 ).

1 4/15 ( 1432 ) a nd u nda ted ( 1431) . A . D. 1 8 ( 1911 ).

C ohors N igr i :

Cohors C a merens iana :

C ohors Facund i :

A . D.

A .D. 1 5/18 ( 1912 ) a nd

A . D. 1 5/18 ( 1912 ).

The l a t ter

c ohor t h as b een i den ti f ied b y M. S peide l ( Speide l , 1 977, p . 5 14 ). 4 3 .

C ohors IPannon iorum e t Da l ma tarum :

f irs t r ecorded Tra jan ( E 1 63 ).

C ohors ILa tobicoru m e t Varcianorum:

f irs t r ecorded A . D. 8 0 ( XVI 1 58 ).

2 7

CHAPTER 3 I ND IV IDUAL AND UN IT AWARDS FOR VALOUR

Th is d iscuss ion c overs a wards f or v a lour g iven t o t he o rd inary s o ld ier a nd h is r eg i men t a s a who le a nd l eaves o u t t he d ona mi l i tar ia o f e ques tr ian o f f icers wh ich h ave b een f u l ly d iscussed b y V . Max f ie ld ( Max f ie ld , P h .D . ) . T he o n ly p oin ts o f c on tac t w i th h er t hes is a re t he q ues t ions o f d ona t o t he a ux i l iary a nd t o who le u n i ts . I nd iv idua l Awards DONA :

The s ta te men t o f D o maszewsk i t ha t n on-c i t izens c ou ld n o t b e award-

e d d ona i s s t i l l u sua l ly h eld t o b e v a l id ( Do maszewsk i-Dobson , p .68 ; Max f ield , Ph .D ., c h . 8 ) .

An i nscr ip t ion r ecen t ly f ound a t Ma inz makes i tn ecessary f or

t h is t heory t o b e d iscarded ( 6 71 a nd p l . 4C ). The man , An t iochus An t ioch i f . , aP ar thus Anazarbaeus , was c lear ly a p eregr ine when h e d ied i n t he f i rs t h a l f o f t he r eign o f T iber ius ( see p .149) .

H e s erved i n t he a la Par thorum e t Araboru m

a nd was a n ' evoca tus t r ip l icar ius ' a t d ea th . h ad b een a warded d ona .

A t s o me s tage o f h is c areer h e

Two p rob le ms a r ise :

t he s ca le o f t he d ona a nd t he

g rade a t wh ich t hey were won . C lues a s t o t he s ca le o f t he d ona a ward c o me f rom t wo s ources .

F irs t ly ,

t he a ward o f c i t izensh ip i n 8 9 B .C . t o me mbers o f t he t ur ma S a l lv i tana ( ILS 8 888 ) .

A s we l l a s c i t izensh ip , P o mpe ius S trabo a warded e ach man ' . ..torque

a rm i l la p a lere is ...' ( 1 1 .58-59 ) . p r ised t orques a nd a rm i l lae .

S econd ly , t he d ona g iven t o r eg i men ts c o m-

I n t he l i gh t o f t h is An t iochus was a l mos t c er ta in ly

a warded t he d ona i n h is p os i t ion o f ' evoca tus t r ip licar ius ' r a ther t han i n ap re1 v ious g rade , t he l as t o f wh ich mus t h ave b een d upl icar ius . The o ther r ecords o f a wards t o men i n t he a ux i l ia s how t ha t T i . C laud ius Max i mus ( 641 ) r eceived a n a ward a s ad up l icar ius , t he o thers a t ah igher r ank .

Desp i te t he p auci ty o f

e v idence , i t s ee ms t ha t a wards were d e f in i te ly made t o t hose r anks mos t o ccup ied b y men t rans ferred f ro m l eg ions .

I t wou ld h ave b een f a ir t ha t n o t o n ly

c i t izens o ccupying t hese r anks r ece ived d ona b u t p eregr ines a lso .

I t may wel l

h ave b een p oss ible f or l ower r anks t o b e a warded d ona a l though t here i s n o men t ion o f t hese o n i nscr ip t ions .

F ro m t he t aun ts made b y A rm in ius a bou t

F lavus 's d ecora t ions i ti s p oss ible t hey d id n o t c oun t f or much ( Tac i tus , Ann I .9 .3 ) . I n t he l i gh t o f t he n ew i nscr ip t ion f ro m Ma inz , ar eappra isa l c an b e made o f f our i nscr ip t ions , t wo o f wh ich d ef in i te ly men t ion d ona . a )

C aeno [

]f . c en t . c oh . H ispanorum ( 1 651 ) .

C arved o n t h is t o mb-

s tone i s al arge r ing wh ich h as b een t en ta t ive ly d escr ibed a s at orque ( Mayer , 1 972 , p .195 ) .

The l i ke l ihood o f t h is b e ing s o i s g rea t ly i ncreased b y t he

e v idence t ha t p eregr ines c ou ld w in d ona .

2 8

b ) T . F lav ius Cap i to d ec . v et . a lae Pannon irou m ( 627).

V . Max f ie ld

b e l ieved t ha t C api to was a c i t izen b efore h e r eceived h is d ona ( Max f ie ld , Ph . D ., c h . 5 ) .

There i s n ow a f ur ther p oss ibi li ty ,

a ward a s ap eregr ine d ecur ion .

H e c ou ld h ave r ece ived t he

Th is i s p oss ible s ince h e a pparen t ly d ied

d ur ing Vespas ian 's r e ign . C ) I i l ius Publ ius v i i t i iranus a la Br i tann ica ( AE 1 914n241).

V . Max f ield

s uggested t ha t t he a ward a s ' b is t orqua tus ' was a l apicida l e rror a nd t ha t , i n f ac t , i t r e ferred t o t he u n i t n o t t he man ( Maxf ie ld , Ph .D ., c h . 8 ) .

H ow-

e ver , ag ood c ase c an n ow b e made f or Publ ius t o h ave r ece ived t he a ward a s ap eregr ine b efore b eing d ischarged b y An ton inus P ius a bou t A . D. 1 45. d )

?I cascaen d ec . a l . I ?G ig . ( AE 1 963n27).

Th is i nscr ip t ion i s v ery

d i f f icu l t t o i n terpret , b u t ar ev ised r ead ing h as r ecen t ly b een o ffered b y P . L e R oux a nd A . Trancy ( Le Roux a nd Trancy , 1 975 , p p . 2 74-276) .

Wh i ls t

t he n a me o f t he man a nd t he u n i t i n wh ich h e s erved —a la I G ig (urroru m?) — a re s t i ll n ot c er ta in ,

i ti s n ow c lear t ha t d ecora t ions a re men t ioned .

The

n ew v ersion o f t he r e levan t l ines ( 11.4-5 ) r eads ' co mp . b e i . t orq . [ b i ]s d ona tus '.

Fro m t he p ho tograph o f t he i nscr ip t ion , t he r ead ing '[ p ]ha l .

[ b i ]s d ona tus ' s ee ms c er ta in , t he r es t i s n o t s o d ef in i te .

Wha tever t he e xact

s ca le o f t he d ona , t he a wards were made t o ap eregr ine. C ITIZENSH IP :

I n a dd i t ion t o g ran ts o f c i t izensh ip f or b ravery t o r eg i-

men ts , t here s ee m t o h ave b een v ir i tane a wards a s we l l . s uch g ran ts i s o f ten ambiguous .

The e v idence f or

S o me s old iers w i th t he n a me F lav ius o r

U lp ius were s ons o f men d ischarged b y t he F lav ians o r Tra jan a nd i nscr ipt ions o f t h is p er iod a re i ncreas ing ly d i ff icu l t t o d a te . o f fered b y h eirs o n t o mbs tones .

O ther d ubious e xa mples a re

S o met i mes t hey d o n o t s ta te i ft hey a re i n a

u n i t , a s f or e xa mp le F lav ius An t iocus ( 3 71 , a la F lav iana ) , Faa lv ius B i tucus ( 3 83 , a la I nd iana ) a nd U lp ius Au lucen tus ( 251 , a la Ic on tar ioru m ).

A t o ther

t imes i t i s u nclear whether t hey h ave r eceived c i t izensh ip a f ter t wen ty-five y ears s erv ice b u t n ot h ones ta miss io a s f or e xa mp le F lav ius Ru f inus ' eq. b uc . c oh . IA lp . e q '.

( 1032 ) a nd F lav ius S i lvanus ' dec . a l . Ta m ' ( 651) .

A g ood

c ase f or v ir i tane a wards c an b e made f or t he f o l lowing men :1 ) T . F l . C rensces e q . a la . Ta m . ( 651 ). H e h ad s erved f i f teen y ears when h e d ied a t Carnun tu m t ak ing p ar t i n Do m i t ian 's Danubian c ampa igns i n av ex i lla t ion f ro m B r i ta in .

I ti s h ard t o e xp la in h is a cqu is i t ion o f c i t izensh ip

o ther t han a s av ir i tane a ward f or b ravery. 2 ) T . F . B on io e q. a lae IF ron t . ( 8 66).

H e h ad s erved s ix teen y ears

a nd p robably r eceived a n a ward u n less h is b ir thplace Andau ton ia , aF lavian mun icipiu m , d eno tes h e was a s on o f ac i tizen . 3 ) T . F l . G a [

( I I I 1 4214 ).

Th is man i s r ecorded among t he a ux i lia

o n t he Ada mk l is i f unera l a l tar s et u p b y Do mi t ian . c i t izen r ecorded amongs t t he a ux i liar ies .

H e i s t he o n ly s urv iving

Un less h e was a man who h ad

s erved t wen ty-f ive y ears b u t n o t y et r eceived h ones ta miss io , h e wou ld h ave b een awarded c i tizensh ip f or b ravery. 4 ) F lav ius A t t ius e q . a l . ICann . ( 203 ).

H e h ad s erved s even y ears a nd

d ied i n Pannon ia a f ter t he a la h ad b een t ransferred f ro m G er man ia S uper ior b e tween A . D. 9 0 a nd A . D. 1 17.

Aga in i ti s p robable h e r eceived a v ir i tane

a ward u n less h e was t he s on o f ac i tizen s ince h e was a Trever a t at ime when many Trever i a re r ecorded a s c i t izens . 2 9

5 ) T . F lav ius Tu l l io mi l . c oh . I A s tur . ( 1132 ).

U n for tuna tely t he l ower

h a l f o f t he t o mbs tone i s l os t s o i ti s u ncer ta in h ow l ong h e h ad s erved a nd h ence i fh e h ad s erved t wen tyf ive y ears b u t n o t b een d ischarged .

H e d ied a bou t

A .D. 1 00 . 6 ) T . F lav ius Breucus v e teranus a ccep tar ius m i l i tav i t i n a la IP ann . d ec . e t p r inceps ( 6 37) . N erva .

O n d ischarge h e s et t led i n C u icu l , ac o lony f ounded b y

Thus h e was a c i t izen b e fore d ischarge a nd p robab ly r eceived a v ir i-

t ane a ward f or b ravery ;

y e t i ti s p oss ible h e was t he s on o f ac i t izen .

7 ) T . F l . L ong inus v et , e x d ec . a l . I P ann . ( 6 43 ).

I fh e i s t o b e i den t i-

f ied a s t he f a ther o f T . F l . L ong inus Q . Marc ius T urbo ( P IR 2F 305 ) t hen h e wou ld d e fin i te ly h ave b een d ischarged i n Tra jan 's r e ign ;2

o therwise h e h i m-

s el f was p robab ly d ischarged t hen . Thus h e c ou ld h ave r ece ived a v ir i tane a ward u n less h e was t he s on o f ac i t izen . 8 ) U lp. E p ta tra l is e q . a l . Ic on tar . ( 251 ).

The u n i t i n wh ich h e s erved

f i f teen y ears was a T ra jan ic c rea t ion a nd h e d ied n ear t he e nd o f t he r e ign . The u n i t i s n o t r ecorded w i th t he t i t le CR u n t i l t he r e ign o f Marcus A ure l ius a t t he e ar l ies t ( B ir ley , 1 966 , P . 6 0 ) . Av ir i tane g ran t o f c i t izensh ip f or b ravery i s t here fore s ure ly i n q ues t ion .

Al i ke ly t ime f or t h is i s o ne o f t he

Dac ian Wars . 9 ) U lp. Prosos tus e q . a la I T recum ( 843 ).

H e s erved t we lve y ears i n

t he a la a nd h is p eregr ine f a ther s e t u p t he t o mbs tone . v ir i tane a ward f or b ravery.

Thus h e r eceived a

H e d ied e ar ly i n t he r eign o f H adr ian ( see p .154).

The d a te o f h is a ward may t hen b e i n t he Par th ian C ampa igns . 1 0 ) U lp . E nub ico s esqu ip l i . a la

[ 1 ].

B r i tan . ( 185 ).

v ice i s n o t e x tan t , b u t h e d ied a t t he a ge o f t h ir tyf ive . p eregr ine b ro thers s e t u p h is monu men t .

H is l eng th o f s er-

Fur ther more h is

Thus t h is i s ac ase o f av ir i tane

c i t izensh ip a ward f or b ravery. 1 1 ) [ U ]lp ius L andion [ is f .

]( Roxan 2 0 ).

d ip lo ma g ran ted b e tween A .D. 1 18 a nd A .D . 1 22 .

H e was t he r ecipien t o f a A l though t he u n i t c anno t

b e d ef in i te ly i den ti f ied , i t was p robably c ohors IH ipanoru m , t he g arr ison o f R o mänas i where t he d ip lo ma was f ound .

T h is r eg imen t h ad n o t r ece ived a

b lock a ward s o t he man h ad r ece ived a n i nd iv idua l a ward b efore d ischarge . T h is b ody o f e v idence i s a dm i t ted ly sma l l a nd o f ten o pen t o o ther i n terp re ta t ions , e spec ia l ly where f i l ia t ion i s l ack ing a nd t he t o mbs tones a re more d i f f icu l t t o d a te a ccura te ly .

H owever , t he U lp i i ( n os . 8 -11 ) a l l r ece ived c i ti-

z ensh ip b e fore d ischarge a nd c er ta in ly a ppear t o h ave r ece ived b ravery a wards b ecause t here s ee ms n o a l terna t ive e xp lana t ion .

A s f or t he F lav i i , T . F l .

C rensces ( no . 1 ) i s a no ther d ef in i te e xa mple , a nd t here a re e nough p robab le a wards t o s ugges t t ha t t hey were i ns t i tu ted b y V espas ian a t t he s a me t ime a s t he u n i t a ward o f c i t izensh ip . Un i t Awards C IT IZENSH IP : G ran ts o f c i t izensh ip t o u n i ts h ave g enera l ly b een c ons idered t o b e aF lav ian i n troduc t ion ( Kra f t , p p . 1 00-101 ) . There i s o ne r eg imen ta l a ward , t ha t t o t he a la H ispanorum V et tonum , wh ich h as b een p u t f orward a s a n e xcep t ion ( B ir ley , 1 952 , p p . 1 0-12 ). p roved t o b e ad e f in i te p re-F lav ian e xa mp le .

3 0

Y e t , t h is a ward c anno t b e

The d ec iding f ac tor i n mak ing

i t a n a pparen t e xcep t ion i s t he n a me o f t he t rooper o n a n i nscr ipt ion f ro m Ba th ( 541 ) , o ne L . V i te l lius Man ta i f . Tanc inus .

Fro m t h is E . B ir ley h as a rgued

t ha t t he o n ly p oss ible d a te f or t he u n i t a ward was t he c ensorsh ip o f C laud ius a nd L . V i te l l ius f ro m A . D. 4 7 t o A . D. 4 8 ( B ir ley , 1 952 , p . 1 1) .

The a ward

was t herefore made t o Tancinus , h is f a ther b eing a p eregr ine , a nd h is u n it , f or b ravery i n t he C laudian i nvas ion , a nd t he magnan i mous C laud ius a l lowed t he man t o a dopt t he n ames o f h is c ensor ia l c o l league.

There a re t wo o b jec-

t ions t o t h is t heory. F irst ly , t he h is tor ica l b ackground d oes n ot s ee m t o b ear o u t s uch a n award b eing made .

N o o ther u n i t i n Br i ta in was a warded t h is h onour b y

C laud ius , y et t here must h ave b een o ther r eg i men ts who f ough t e qua l ly wel l . When t he e v idence f ro m t he r est o f t he Empire i s r ev iewed , t here a re o n ly t wo u n i ts wh ich r eceived a n h onour f ro m C laudius a nd t hey o n ly r ece ived h is n ame , t he a la C laud ia G a l lorum C api ton iana a nd c ohors IC laud ia S uga mbroru m v e terana ( see p .

1 5 ) .

The s econd o b ject ion c oncerns t he n a me o f t he d eceased . Man ta i f . Tancinus c ame f ro m C aur ium i n S pa in .

L . V i te l l ius

There i s af irs t c en tury

t o mbs tone a t Caur iu m o f a wo man c a l led V i tel l ia S i lon is f . Ter tu l la ( I I 7 92 ). The q uest ion a r ises o f h ow a wo man a t ta ined c i t izensh ip a nd wha t i s more r ece ived t he n o men V i tel l ius . d uced :

A t t h is p o in t af ur ther f actor s hou ld b e i n tro-

t ha t S pan iards l iked u s ing t he ir f a ther 's c ogno men f or f i l ia t ion e ven

i fh e was a c i t izen ( see p . 5 2 ) .

Th is b r ings o u t t he p ossibi l i ty t ha t b o th

V i te l l i i f ro m C aur iu m were c h i ldren o f c i t izens .

S uch a n e xplana t ion mer i ts

s er ious a t ten t ion s ince i t was p oss ible f or a c i t izen t o j oin a n a ux i l iary u n i t i n t he f irst c en tury.

3

T here a re t hus n o c o mpu ls ive r easons f or a ssign ing t he c i t izensh ip a ward o f t he a la H ispanoru m Vet tonum t o t he p re-F lav ian p er iod . t o h ave b een F lav ian .

I ti s more l ikely

I n f act , V espas ian i s a l mos t c er ta in ly t he o r ig ina tor

o f t hese g ran ts o f c i t izensh ip s ince h e p robably i n i t i ta ted t he o ther r eg i men ta l h onours a s wel l .

Taken t ogether t hese a wards f or m a l og ica l p ar t o f t he

c hanges h e i ns t i tu ted i n t he a r my i n t he a f ter ma th o f t he y ears A . D. 6 8-70 . Kraf t s ugges ted t ha t au n i t g ran t o f c i t izensh ip d id n o t mean e veryone r ec e ived t he a ward , b u t d epended o n i nd iv idua l p er for mance i n t he b a t t le f or wh ich t he h onour was g iven ( Kra f t , p . 1 04 ).

H . R owe l l , i n h is r ev iew o f Kra f t 's

b ook , d id n o t a gree a nd s ugges ted t ha t a l l me mebers o f t he u n i t who f ough t i n t he b a t t le r eceived t he a ward o f c i t izensh ip ( Rowe l l , 1 953 , p . 1 77).

Th is s ug-

g es t ion was b ased o n t he s pecia l d ip lo ma f or v a lour a warded t o men o f c ohors IB r i t tonum mi l l iar ia U lpia t orqua ta p f CR b efore t hey h ad s erved t he ir t ime ( XV I 1 60 ).

I n t he d ocu men t c i t izensh ip was g iven t o a l l t hose ' p ie e t f i deli ter

e xped i tione Dacica f unctis '. c orrect.

Thus Rowe l l 's c on ten t ion i s c er ta in ly s een t o b e

H owever , t here i s d oubt whe ther t h is mean t a l l t he me mbers o f t he

u n i t r eceived c i tizensh ip.

Th is i s b es t s een i n e xa mples o f men f ro m a la I

F lav ia Br i tann ica mi l l iar ia CR who d ied a t V indobona ( 181-183 ).

Two o f t he

t o mbs tones r ecord h e irs a s we l l a s t he d eceased who h ad r ece ived c i t izensh ip. On o ne t he h eir i s t he b rother L ici(nus ) who i s ap eregr ine ( 182 ).

A l though

i ti s n ot s ta ted t ha t h e s erved i n t he a la t h is i s l i kely b ecause t he d eceased 's n ame , Bardus , i s aG a ll ic o ne ( Ho lder , I , 3 46) , a nd t h is means t hey h ad b een moved f ro m t he Rh ine .

I ti s a lso u n l ike ly t ha t a ma le c iv i lian wou ld f ol low

h is a r my b ro ther t o t he Danube.

The o ther r ecords t wo h eirs , b u t t he r ead ing 3 1

i s u nclear ( 183 ).

One r ead ing i s ' pro t e Pr iscinus v ex . e t I ngenus h ered '.

( CIL I I 4 576) , a nd t he o ther i s ' pro F . Pr iscinus v ex . e t I ngenus H aered '. ( CS IR Ös terreich I /1 V indobona n 32) .

The p oss ible e xpans ions a re ' pro t e

( s ta men to ) T M o r ' pro F ( lav ius ) Pr iscinus '. 4

I fa l l t he me mbers o f t he u n i t r e-

c eived t he a ward , t he l a t ter r ead ing s hou ld b e c orrect .

Yet t here i s ac lose

p ara l le l f or t he f ormer r eading o n a no ther t o mbs tone o f t he a la : t ( es ta men to ) p a ter S ac. v .p.

1

( 184 ).

' p (ro )

A s av ex i l lar ius Pr iscinus mus t h ave

b een i n t he a r my l ong e nough t o h ave s erved i n t he c a mpa ign i n wh ich t he c i t iz ensh ip a ward was made ( see p .

9 5 ) .

H owever , h is s ta tus c anno t b e r eso lved .

The o ther h eir , I ngenus , i s ap eregr ine . me mber o f t he u n i t .

Aga in i ti s n o t c er ta in h e was a

A l though t he e v idence i s n o t d ef in i te , i td oes s ee m t ha t

s o me men d id n ot r eceive c i t izensh ip , a s Kra f t h as s ugges ted .

Th is s hou ld

n o t b e s een a s d iscr im ina t ion a bou t b a t t le p rowess b u t a s ar esu l t o f men b eing a bsen t f ro m t he b a t t le d ue e i ther t o s ickness o r t o s ervice e lsewhere . Once a r eg i men t h ad r ece ived a c i t izensh ip g ran t , t he d esigna t ion CR b eca me p ar t o f i t s t i tu la ture t o s how i th ad g a ined t h is d is t inction a t s o me s tage i n i t s h is tory.

A s Kra f t h as p o in ted o u t , t h is d id n o t mean t ha t o n ly

c i t izens were t hen r ecru i ted t o t he u n i t ( Kra f t , p . 1 02 ).

Ra ther t he a ward

was a o nce a nd f or a l l b es towa l o f c i t izensh ip a nd r ecru i t men t r eturned t o n or ma l . H av ing i nvest iga ted t he n a ture o f t he a ward , t he t imes a t which s uch g ran ts were made c an b e d iscussed .

The e xact o ccas ion c an r are ly b e a scer-

t a ined ow ing t o t he n a ture o f t he e v idence .

Th is e v idence c o mpr ises , i n

g enera l , t he d ip lo mas a nd t hese d o n ot p rov ide a f u l l r ecord o f u n i ts w i thin t he p rov inces f or t he p er iod A . D. 7 0 t o A .D . 1 17 , b ecause o f t he s ta te o f f lux o f f ron t ier d e fence .

One c an f ind t he t er m inus a n te q ue m f or t he award ,

b u t t hen o ne c an o n ly e s tabl ish a p robable d a te f or t he g ran t w i th f ew e xcep tions . 1 .

Vespasian

The ma in t hea tre o f war i n Vespas ian 's r eign was t he Rh ine a nd i ti s h ere t ha t t here a re t he f irs t r ecords o f c i t izensh ip g ran ts .

The e ar l iest i s

t ha t o f c ohors IBreucoru m CR c o m manded b y C . Min ic ius I ta lus a bou t A . D. 7 5 ( E 1 21 ).

N ex t t here a re t wo a lae i n L ower G er many, t he a la I s ingu lar iu m

CR a nd a la S u lpic ia CR .

5

B o th o f t hese u n i ts h ad r eceived t he award b y A . D.

7 8 y et t hey a re n o t r ecorded a s h av ing r ece ived s uch a g ran t o n t he d ip lo ma f or L ower G er many o f t ha t y ear ( XV I 2 3 ).

Th is s ugges ts t ha t e ar ly d iplo mas

6

d o n ot a lways r ecord t he f u l l t i t les o f t he r eg i men ts wh ich a re l isted .

Co m-

p arable e xamp les where u n i ts l ack t he ir f u l l t i t les a re f urn ished b y t he t wo c ohor tes IS uga mbroru m o n t he d ip lo mas f or Moes ia o f A . D. 7 5 ( Roxan 2 ) a nd A .D. 7 8 ( XVI 2 2 ) where t he t i t le C laud ia i s om i t ted , a nd t he d ip lo ma o f A .D. 8 8 ( xv i 1 59 ) f or Maure tan ia T ing i tana where t he a la Taur iana l acks i ts f u l l t i t les . I ti s p robable t ha t a la I F lav ia H ispanoru m CR a nd c ohors IL iguru m e t H ispanoru m CR a lso r eceived t heir a wards f or f igh t ing o n t he Rh ine s ince t hey b ear t he t i t le b y t he r eign o f Do mi t ian .

7

The a la Taur iana i s f i rs t r e-

c orded o n d ip lo mas w i th t he d es igna t ion CR i n A .D . 1 09 ( unpub.).

Y e t t he

a la i s t o b e e qua ted w i th t he a la ' Tau . t or . v ie . CR ' i n S pa in i n t he r e ign o f Vespas ian .

8

t ua l ly c er ta in .

Thus a n a ward f or t ak ing p ar t i n t he R h ine c a mpa igns i s v irTh is i s a lso a n e xamp le o f au n i t wh ich i s n o t g iven i t s f u l l

3 2

t i t les o n a n e ar ly d iplo ma , i n t h is c ase t ha t o f A . D. 8 8 ( XV I 1 59 ) f or Mauretan ia T ing i tana .

F ina l ly t here i s c ohors I I Thracu m CR o f Raet ia whose f irs t r e-

c ords w i th t he d es igna t ion a re o n t i les f ro m Oberst imm a nd Künzing ( 3 7-38 BRGKn142.3 , 4 ).

I th as b een s ugges ted b y H . S chönberger t ha t t he c ohor t

was t ransferred f ro m O berst i mm t o Künzing a bou t A .D. 9 0 a nd t ha t i th ad a lready r eceived t he g ran t o f c i tizensh ip ( Schönberger , 1 974 , p . 4 14 ).

Thus

a Vespasian ic a ward i s p robable . 2 .

Br i ta in

Apar t f ro m t he R h ine t he o ther ma jor war z one was Br i ta in .

The e v idence

f or c i t izensh ip g ran ts c o mes f ro m t he d iplo mas , t he e ar lies t o f wh ich i s o f A .D. 9 8 ( XVI 4 3 ).

F ro m t hese d ocu men ts o n ly e igh t r eg i men ts a re k nown t o

h ave r eceived a c i t izensh ip g ran t o u t o f o ver s ix ty u n i ts i n t he p rovince.

One

o f t he r eg i men ts , c ohors ICugernoru m , d e f in i tely r eceived t he a ward f ro m Tra jan ( see p .

3 5 ) .

Th is l eaves s even a wards t o b e a ccoun ted f or .

T he

a la H ispanoru m Ve t tonu m CR i s f irs t r ecorded o n ad iplo ma i n A . D. 1 03 ( XV I 4 8 ) a nd h as t he t i t le.

The l ike ly d a te f or t he g ran t i s t he r eign o f Vespasian

b ecause t he t o mbs tone f ro m Ba th ( 451 ) i s u n l ikely t o b e l a ter i n d a te t han h is r eign .

O f t he r e ma inder , t he a la Augusta Vocon t ioru m CR wh ich i s f irst r e-

c orded w i th t he t i t le i n A . D. 1 22 ( XV I 6 9 ) was i n L ower G er many i n to t he r eign o f D o mitian s o a n a ward i n Br i ta in i s o u t o f t he q ues t ion ( see p . 1 46 ) .

The

a la G a llorum P etr iana CR i s l i kely t o h ave r ece ived i t s award f ro m Do m it ian r a ther t han Vespas ian .

9

I n v iew o f t he a n t ipa thy b etween Do m i t ian a nd Agr icola

i ti s c onceivable t ha t n o c i t izensh ip g ran ts were made t o u n i ts i n Br i ta in f or b ravery i n t he S co t t ish c a mpa igns wh ich wou ld e xp la in t he sma l l n u mber o f a wards .

C er ta in ly D om i t ian r egarded t he Danubian f ron t ier a s h is mos t im-

p or tan t t hea tre o f war .

Un its f ro m Br i ta in were s uppl ied f or t hese c a mpa igns

s uch a s t he a la Pannon ioru m Ta mpiana ( 651 ).

H ence t he a la P etr iana c ou ld

we l l h ave won c i t izensh ip o n t he Danube r a ther t han i n Br i ta in .

Vespas ian

c er ta in ly a ppears t o h ave g iven c i t izensh ip t o c ohors If ida Vardu l loru m CR , c ohors I Vasconu m CR a nd t he a la C lass iana CR .

1°

Whe ther f or b ravery i n

B r i ta in , o r d ur ing t he C iv i l is r evol t i n wh ich t hey a l mos t c er ta in ly s erved b efore t rans fer t o Br i ta in , i s n o t c lear .

1 1

C ohors IA froru m CR i s f irs t

a t tested i n A .D. 1 22 ( XV I 6 9) , s o a n a ward b y a ny o f t he Emperors i s p ossible. 3 .

Do m i t ian

As f ar a s c an b e a scer ta ined , Do mi t ian d id n ot g ive a ny c i t izensh ip g ran ts f or t he C ha t tan war . Danubian c ampa igns .

Al arge n u mber o f r eg i men ts won c i t izensh ip i n t he

-

S o me o f t hese u n i ts were t rans ferred f ro m t he Rh ine ,

v iz. c ohors IV inde l icoru m mi l l iar ia CR , c ohors I B r i tannoru m mi l l iar ia CR p f a nd a la Augus ta Vocon t ioru m CR .

1 2

The a la P e tr iana was p robably

t rans ferred f ro m B r i ta in a nd r eceived c i t izensh ip a s we l l a s a n h onori f ic t i t le which was s uppressed o n Do mi t ian 's d ea th ( see p . u n i ts were a lready o n t he Danube.

1 5 ) .

The r es t o f t he

O f t hese , t he a la IF lav ia B r i tann ica mi ll i-

a r ia r eceived t he t i t le D om i tiana a s wel l a s c i tizensh ip ( 181 , 1 84 ).

The o thers

r eceived o n ly t he c i t izensh ip a ward , n a me ly t he a la S i l iana , c ohors V Breuc oru m , c ohors V I I B reucorum , c ohors IL epid iana a nd c ohors IThracu rn .

1 3

The c ohors I Thracum CR a t tes ted i n S yr ia i n A .D. 8 8 ( XV I 3 5 ) c ou ld we l l h ave won i t s a ward o n t he Danube a nd t hen h ave b een t rans ferred t o S yr ia l i ke c ohors ILucens ium wh ich was i n S yr ia i n A . D. 8 8 ( XV I 3 5 ) , b u t i n

3 3

Pannon ia i n A . D. 8 0 ( XV I 2 6). CR.

Ap roble m a r ises o ver c ohors I Mon tanoru m

There a re t wo r eg i men ts o f t h is n a me , o ne i n Pannon ia , t he o ther i n

Moes ia ,

The d iplo ma o f A . D. 9 8 ( XV I 4 2 ) f or P annon ia r ecords c ohors I

Mon tanoru m CR a s d oes t ha t f or Moes ia S uper ior o f A . D. 1 00 ( XV I 5 6 ). These a re t he o n ly r e ferences o f t he t i t le CR w i th t hese u n i ts s o i ti s imposs ible t o b e s ure whe ther b oth o f t he m r eceived a c i t izensh ip g ran t o r o n ly o ne , t he o ther r ecord t hen b eing a c opyis t 's e rror . 4 .

Mauretan ia

The t hree d ip lo mas f or Mauretan ia T ing i tana o f A . D. 1 09 ( XVI 1 61 , XV I 1 62 , u npub.) s how t ha t e leven o f t he f i f teen u n i ts i n t he p rov ince h ad d ef in itely b een g iven a g ran t o f c i t izensh ip .

1 4

s urv ive i n f u l l o n t hese d ip lo mas. i n A . D. 1 22 ( XV I 1 69 ).

The t i t le o f t he a la G e melliana d oes n ot The t i t le CR i s f irs t d e f in i tely a t tes ted

I t may h ave won i t s a ward b y A . D. 1 09 o r l a ter .

The t hree e xcep t ions a re t he a la IHa m ioru m s ag i t tar iorum , c ohors V Del mat aru m a nd c ohors IA s turum e t C a l laecoru m .

1 5

h ad r eceived c i t izensh ip b y A .D. 1 22 ( XV I 1 69 ). won i n A . D. 1 18 u nder Marcius Turbo .

O f t hese c ohors V D e l ma tarum Th is award was p robably

For t he o ther u n i ts a g ran t made

b y Tra jan wou ld s ee m i n o rder s ince t he u n i ts o n t he d iplo ma o f A . D. 8 8 ( XV I 1 50 ) d o n o t b ear t he t i t le.

Bu t t he a la Taur iana h ad g a ined i ts a ward

u nder Vespas ian ( see p . 3 2 )a l though t he t i t le i s l ack ing o n t he d iplo ma o f A .D. 8 8 ( XV I 1 59 ).

I ti s t hen p oss ible , b u t n o t y e t a scer ta inable , t ha t s o me

o r a l l o f t he r eg i men ts r ece ived c i tizensh ip f ro m D o mi t ian f or bravery i n t he c a mpa ign o f A .D. 8 5 r a ther t han u nder Tra jan .

1 6

Af ur ther p oss ibi l ity

wor th c ons ider ing i s t ha t s o me o f t he u n i ts won t heir a ward o u tside t he p rov ince.

For e xa mp le , a la I I A s turu m CR h as t he f ur ther t i t le p f wh ich c ou ld

h ave b een a warded i n A . D. 8 9 a f ter t he r evol t o f S a turn inus o r i n t he S econd Dacian War o f Tra jan ( s ee p p .

3 7_39 ) .

Thus t he a la may h ave b een o n t he

Danube a nd won c i t izensh ip t here . I n c on tras t w i th T ing i tana t here i s ad ear th o f u n its w i th c i tizensh ip i n Caesar iens is .

On ly o ne r eg i men t , c ohors IC orsorum CR , h as t he t i t le i n

A .D. 1 07 ( XVI 5 6) .

Th is c ohor t may we l l h ave r ece ived i t s a ward o n o ne

o f t he o ccas ions t he u n i ts i n T ing i tana g a ined t he m . 5 .

Tra jan

The ma jor i ty o f g ran ts wh ich c an b e a ssigned t o t he r e ign o f Tra jan were a warded i n t he Dacian Wars .

On ly o ne a ward f or b ravery c an b e d e-

f in i tely s hown t o h ave b een g a ined i n t he F irst War , t ha t t o c ohors V I I I Raet oru m wh ich r ece ived i tb etween A . D. 1 02 ( XV I 4 7) a nd A . D. 1 04/105 ( XV I 5 4 ).

C ohors IBr i tann ica mi l l iar ia CR i s f irs t a t tes ted w i th t he t i t le o n t he

d iplo ma o f A . D. 1 04/105 ( XV I 5 4 ) f or Moes ia S uper ior wh ich makes i t mos t p robable i t r ece ived t he a ward i n t he F irs t War a l though t he u n i t i s n o t r ec orded o n a ny d ip lo ma a f ter A .D. 8 5 ( XV I 3 1).

C ohors 1 1 1 C ypr ia CR i s

r ecorded w i th t he t i t le o n t he s a me d ip lo ma o f Moes ia S uper ior a s c ohors I Br i tann ica , b u t t here i s n o o ther r ecord o f t he u n i t p r ior t o t h is .

An a ward

i n t he F irs t War i s t herefore n o more t han a p oss ibi l i ty. Ev idence f or a wards i n t he S econd Dacian War i s more f or thco m ing . The a ward t o c ohors IBr i t tonum mi ll iar ia U lpia t orqua ta p f CR i s p roven b y t he s pecia l d ip lo ma o f A . D. 1 06 ( XV I 1 60 ).

3 4

The a wards t o t he a la p rae toria

CR , c ohors IF lav ia U lpia H ispan .oru m mi l l iar ia CR a nd c ohors IU lpia Tra iana C ugernoru m CR a re f i xed b y d ip lo ma a t tes ta tions t o t he S econd War . t hese c an n ow b e a dded c ohors IBa tavorum mi l l iar ia CR p f .

1 7

To

The n ew ly f ound

d ip lo ma f or Pannon ia S uper ior s hows t ha t b y A .D. 1 13 t he r eg i men t h ad won c i t izensh ip .

Th is a ward was made a f ter A . D. 9 8 ( XV I 4 2 ).

The r ec ipien t

o f t he d iplo ma , M. U lpius Fron to ( 1161A ) , was o ne o f t he men who h ad b een g iven t he g ran t .

Two o ther u n i ts wh ich may we l l h ave r eceived c i t izensh ip

g ran ts i n t h is war a re t he a la IB r i tann ica/Br i t tonu m CR a nd c ohors IThracu m CR p f .

1 8

F or t hese , h owever , t here a re n o e ar l ier r ecords ;

a l though f or

c ohors IThracu m t h is d a te c an b e more p os i t ively a t tached b ecause i th as t he a ddi tiona l t i tle p f , wh ich may we l l h ave b een g iven i n t h is war ( see p .

3 8 ) .

There a re f ive u n i ts s ta t ioned i n G er many wh ich a re f irs t r ecorded w i th ac i t izensh ip g ran t a t t h is t ime .

One o f t he u n its was s ta t ioned i n G er man ia

I n fer ior —cohors IPannon iorum e t Da l ma taru m CR .

I ti s f irs t r ecorded w ith

t he t i t le o n t he c areer i nscr ipt ion o f T . P on tius S abinus ( E 1 63 ).

H e c o m manded

t he c ohor t a bou t A . D. 1 10 , s o i ti s p oss ible t he a ward was made i n t he Dacian Wars o f Tra jan o r g iven p r ior t o t h is .

The o ther f our r eg i men ts b e longed t o

t he a r my o f G er man ia S uper ior i n A .D . 9 0 ( xv i 3 6) a nd d id n ot b ear t he t i t le o n t he d iplo ma .

B y A .D. 1 17 ( XV I 6 2 ) c ohors IThracu m , c ohors I Rae torum

a nd c ohors IG er manoru m h ad r ece ived a c i t izensh ip g ran t .

C ohors I

A qu i tanoru m CR i s n o t r ecorded o n t he d iplo ma o f A . D. 1 17 ( XV I 6 2 ) f or G erman ia S uper ior a nd i s i n Rae t ia b y A . D. 1 25/128 ( Roxan 3 2 ).

H owever ,

i ti s r ecorded w i th t he t i t le i n G er man ia S uper ior , b efore i t s t ransfer , o n t i les f ound a t R o ttwei l ( R i lsch , 1 976 , p p. 5 76-577).

These f our r eg i men ts p robably

w on t heir a ward a t t he s a me t ime , mos t l ikely i n t he Dac ian Wars o f Tra jan . T he d iplo ma o f A .D. 9 0 ( XV I 3 6) d oes n ot , h owever , r ecord t he f u l l t i t les o f t he r eg i men ts s ince a la I s ingu lar iu m i s n o t c red i ted w i th i t s c i t izensh ip a ward . S o t he g ran ts c ou ld , c onceivably , h ave b een g iven a t a n e ar l ier d a te . 6 .

P os t-Tra jan ic Awards

There a re a n u mber o f r eg i men ts wh ich were a pparen t ly g iven c i t izensh ip l a ter t han t he r eign o f Tra jan.

These u n i ts , s uch a s a la ICannanefa tiu m CR ,

a la I S yrorum CR , c ohors I G a l lica CR , c ohors IG er manoru m CR , c ohors I I A qu i tanoru m CR a nd c ohors 1 1 1 A qu i tanorum CR , a re t herefore n ot d isc ussed. 1 9 ALAE AND COHORTES TORQUATAE AND ARMILLATAE ( Table 3 .1).

The

mos t r ecen t d iscussion o f t hese u n i t a wards i s b y V . Max f ie ld i n t he c hapter . o f t he s a me t i t le i n h er Ph .D . t hes is ( Max f ield , P h .D ., c h . 8 ) .

The e v idence

f or t hese a wards i s g enera l ly r es tr ic ted t o as ing le r eference , mak ing i t n ear ly i mposs ible t o f ix t he d a te o f t he a ward .

C er ta in ly , a s V . Max f ie ld p o in ted

o u t , t he a ppe l la tion b is t orqua ta s se ms t o b e r es tr icted t o t he r eign o f Tra jan a nd j us t p oss ibly Hadr ian when t here was s cope f or g a in ing t wo a wards o r a s econd o ne.

The p ract ice o f g iving u n i ts s uch a wards c anno t b e t raced e ar lier

t han t he r eign o f V espas ian , mak ing i ta l mos t c er ta in h e i ns ti tu ted t he m a s h e d id c i tizensh ip g ran ts .

A l toge ther e leven r eg i men ts , s ix a lae a nd f ive c ohor ts ,

a re r ecorded w i th t he t i t le . 1 .

A la Ga l lorum Taur iana t orqua ta v ic tr ix CR .

The f irs t r ecord o f t he

t i t le t orqua ta i s o n t he c areer i nscr ip t ion o f S ex . A t tius S uburanus A em i l ianus ( E 1 07) who c o m manded t he a la a bou t A . D. 7 4.

A l though t he move men ts o f

t he a la a re n ot c er ta in a f ter i tj oined t he V i te l lian f orces i n AD 6 9 ( Taci tus , 3 5

H is t . 1 .69 ) , t here i s t he l ikel ihood t ha t i t s erved i n t he r evo l t o f C iv i l is a nd a f terwards wen t t o S pa in where i ti s r ecorded a s ' a la Tau . t or . v ic . CR ' ( 4 52 ).

The o ccasion f or t he a ward i s a l mos t c er ta in ly t o b e t he r evo l t o f

C iv i l is , t he p robab le d a te o f t he c i tizensh ip g ran t . 2 .

A la Moes ica f e lix t orqua ta .

The a ward i s men tioned o n t he c areer

i nscr ip tion o f T . S taber ius S ecundus ( E 1 28 ) who i s r ecorded a s p re fec t o f t he a la o n t he d iplo ma o f A .D. 7 8 f or L ower G ermany ( XV I 2 3).

The a ward

c ou ld h ave b een made f or s erv ice i n t he war a ga ins t t he Bructeri o f A .D. 7 7/78 .

Af ur ther p oss ible d a te i s t he r evo l t o f C iv i l is a s w i th t he a la Taur iana .

The t i t le f e lix a lso a ppears t o p oin t t o a n a ward i n t h is war ( see p . 3 9 ) . 3 .

A la G a l lorum e t Thracum/C lass iana i nv ie ta b is t orqua ta CR .

On ly

o ne i nscr ipt ion men t ions t hese d ecora t ions , t ha t o f C . Caes id ius Dex ter ( X I 6 033 ) , wh ich i s o f s econd c en tury d a te .

The a la g a ined t he t i t le CR b y A . D.

1 05 ( XV I 5 1) a nd t he f irs t t orque may h ave b een a warded i n c onnec t ion w i th t h is .

The move men ts o f t he a la b efore i ti s r ecorded i n Br i ta in a re n o t d e-

f in i te ly p roven .

I ti s g enera l ly a ccep ted i t was t rans ferred f ro m t he E ast

i n A . D. 7 0 ( see p . 4 1 , n . 1 1).

A c t ion i n t he r evo l t o f C iv i l is s ee ms l i kely

b efore a t ransfer t o B r i ta in w i th C er ia l is .

I ti s p ossible t herefore t ha t a

t orque was a warded a s we ll a s c i t izensh ip ( see p . 3 3 )a nd t he t i tle ( see p .

3 9 )a t t h is t ime .

i nv icta

As f or t he s econd a ward , i tc anno t b e r ead i ly

a ss igned t o ac a mpa ign , b u t a n o ccas ion a f ter t he r e ign o f Tra jan i s mos t u n l ikely. 4 .

A la S i l iana CR b is t orqua ta b is a rm i l la ta .

V . Max f ield h as d one

much t o u nravel t he c hrono logy o f t hese a wards ( Max f ield , Ph .D ., c h . 8 , u n i t n 5 ).

S he h as s uggested t ha t t he f irs t a ward was g iven b y Do mi t ian , a nd

i s c onnec ted w i th t he g ran t o f c i t izensh ip wh ich i s f i rs t r ecorded i n A .D. 9 8 ( XV I 4 2).

H ence C laud ius Pa ternus C le men tianus ( E 1 12) c o m manded t he

a la when i t was j us t ' t orqua ta ' p r ior t o t he S econd Dacian War o f Tra jan . On t he n ext r ecord t he a la i s c a l led ' t orqua ta e t a rm i l la ta '.

Th is i s when

M . Vet t ius La tro ( E 1 73 ) was p re fec t j us t a f ter t he S econd Dacian War . a n a ward i n t h is war i s a l mos t c er ta in .

Thus

F ina l ly t here i s t he c areer i nscr ip-

t ions o f L . Va ler ius F ir mus ( E 1 69 ) where t he a la h as t he t i t le ' b is t orqua ta b is a rm i l la ta '.

V . Max f ield h as s ugges ted t h is s hou ld p os t-da te t he a ward

r ecorded i n t he c areer o f M . Ve t t ius La tro s ince t he c orrec t t i tle was n orma l ly u sed i n f u l l c areer r ecords .

H . G . P f lau m , h owever , d a tes t he c o m-

mand o f F ir mus t o t he p er iod A .D. 1 02/106 a f ter wh ich h e was p rocura tor o f Arabia ( P f lau m , n 86) .

Bu t F ir mus 's t enure o f t h is p rocura torsh ip i s n ot

c losely d a ted , a nd V . Max f ield 's s ugges t ion t ha t t hese t i t les were won l a ter , p erhaps i n t he Par th ian War , i s s ure ly p re ferable . 5 .

A la IF lav ia Augus ta Br i tann ica mi l l iar ia CR b is t orqua ta .

T he a la

was d ecora ted o n t wo o ccas ions a f ter t he r e ign o f D om i t ian b ecause t he t o mbs tones f ro m V indobona ( 181-183 ) wh ich were s et u p b e tween A . D. 9 2 a nd A . D. 9 8 d o n ot men t ion a n a ward amongs t t he o therwise f u l l t i tu la ture.

A n ewly

d iscovered i nscr iption a t Emona s hows t ha t t he a la h ad g a ined b oth i t s t orques b y t he e nd o f t he S econd Dacian War ( Aa'e l a nd § a§e l , 1 977) .

The c o mmander ,

P . C assius S ecundus , h ad b een t wice d ecora ted p resumably i n t he S econd Dac ian War . war .

Therefore i ti s p oss ible t ha t t he a la won b oth t orques i n t he s a me

A l terna t ively, i t won o ne o f i t s t orques i n t he F irs t War b efore r e turn ing

3 6

t o P annon ia where i ti s a t tested o n t he d iplo ma o f 1 9-11-102 ( XVI 4 7) , a nd t he o ther i n t he S econd War . 6 .

A la Augus ta P etr iana mi l l iar ia CR b is t orqua ta .

On a n i nscr ipt ion

f ro m Car lis le ( R IB 9 57) , p robably d a t ing t o t he r e ign o f T ra jan , t he a la i s c a l led ' t orqua ta '.

When t he c areer i nscr ip t ion o f C . Camur ius C le mens ( E

1 44 ) was s et u p , l a te i n t he r eign o f T ra jan , i t was ' b is t orqua ta '.

Ad a te

i n t he r eign o f Do m i t ian f or t he f irs t a ward , a t t he s a me t ime a s t he c i t izens h ip g ran t , i s p robable .

I f s o , t he s econd t orque wou ld mos t l ikely h ave b een

g iven i n Tra jan 's S econd Dacian War when a t l eas t o ne r eg i men t f ro m Br i ta in i s k nown t o h ave f ough t w i th d is tinc t ion ( see p . 3 5 ) . 7 .

C ohors IBr i t tonu mi l l iar ia U lpia t orqua ta p f CR .

Th is u n i t won a l l

i ts t i t les f or c ourage i n t he S econd Dacian War o f Tra jan a s i s r evea led b y t he s pecia l d ip lo ma o f A .D. 1 06 ( XV I 1 60 ). 8 .

C ohors V I I I R aetoru m CR e q . t orqua ta .

The c ohor t i s r ecorded a s

h av ing won a t orque o n ab u ild ing d ed ica t ion o f A . D. 1 29 f ro m I n läcen i i n Dac ia ( AE 1 960n375 ).

The o ccas ion f or t he a ward i s p robably o ne o f t he

Dac ian Wars o f Tra jan , p erhaps t he F irs t when t he r eg i men t won c i t izensh ip. 9 .

C ohors IB reucorum CR v a l . v ic ti -ix b is t orqua ta .

On b u i ld ing i n-

s cr ip t ions o f t he r e ign o f An ton inus P ius a t P funz ( IBR 2 76 ) a nd E in ing ( IBR 3 33 ) i n Raet ia , t he c ohor t h as t he t i t le ' b is t orqua ta '.

The r eg i men t r eceived

ag ran t o f c i t izensh ip i n t he r e ign o f V espas ian , s o i t may h ave won a t orque t hen a s wel l .

I f s o , t he s econd a ward wou ld h ave b een g iven b efore t he r e ign

o f H adrian , b ecause h e i s u n l ike ly t o h ave made a n a ward b ecause h e was r el uc tan t t o g ive s uch d ist inct ions . 1 0.

2°

C ohors I I Thracu m CR b is t orqua ta .

Th is u n i t r ecords t he d is tinc-

t ion o f w inn ing t wo t orques o n ab u i ld ing d ed ica t ion o f A .D . 1 44 a t G notzhei m i n R aetia ( 3 7-38 BRGKn81 ).

The l i ke ly o ccas ions f or t he a wards a re t he s a me

a s t hose f or c ohors IB reucoru m CR ( n 9) .

The c i t izensh ip g ran t was mos t

l ike ly won i n t he r eign o f Vespasian ( see p . 3 3 )a nd i ti s p oss ible t he f irs t t orque was g iven t hen .

The s econd a ward wou ld t hen h ave b een made b efore

t he r eign o f Hadr ian . 1 1.

C ohors IL epid iana CR b is t orqua ta .

V . Max f ie ld h as s ugges ted

t ha t t he awards were p robably made i n t he Par th ian Wars o f Marcus Aure l ius a nd/or S ept i mius S everus b ecause t he o n ly i nscr ipt ion o n wh ich t he r eg i men t h as t he t i t le b is t orqua ta ( AE 1 908n22 ) d a tes t o t he r eign o f S everus ( Max f ield , Ph .D ., c h . 8 , u n i t n 3 ).

Ow ing t o t he l ack o f i n for ma t ion a bou t t he u n i t a f ter

i t moved t o t he Eas t i n t he S econd C en tury, i ti s p oss ible t he a wards were made a t a n e ar l ier t ime a s w i th t he o ther u n i ts .

The c ohor t was a warded

c i t izensh ip b y Do m i t ian , s o af irs t t orque c ou ld h ave b een g iven t hen .

The

s econd award c ou ld t hen h ave b een made i n e i ther t he Dacian Wars , o r t he Par th ian War , o f Tra jan . HONOR IFIC T ITLES A .

P ia F ide lis R eg i men ts w i th t h is t i t le c o mpr ise t he ma in g roup u nder t h is h ead ing .

I th as l ong b een r ecogn ized t ha t t he a r my o f G er man ia I n fer ior was a warded t he t i t le ' p ia f ide lis D o mi t iana ' f or i t s l oya l ty d ur ing t he r evol t o f S a turn inus 3 7

i n A .D. 8 9 ( R i t te r u ng , 1 893 ).

A f ter A .D. 9 6 i Do m i t iana ' was d ropped.

Fro m t h is , i t s hou ld b e p oss ible t o f ind o u t t he a ux i l ia o f t he p rov ince a t t ha t t ime , k eeping i n mind t ha t t here were o ther o ccas ions when t he t i t le was g iven . A t p resen t t here a re r ecords o f t hree u n i ts w i th t he f u l l t i t le —cohors I c lass ica p fD , c ohors I A s turum p fD a nd c ohors I CR p fp. 21

As f or t he r es t ,

o n ly t wo o f t he a lae i n G erman ia I n fer ior a t t he t ime a re r ecorded w i th t he s hor ter t i t le v iz. a la I s ingu lar iu m CR p f a nd a la I nd iana p f . C o 2 2 hor ts r ecorded a t al a ter d a te i n G er man ia I n fer ior w i th t he t i t le c o mpr ise c ohors IF lav ia H ispanoru m e qu i ta ta p f , c ohors 1 1 1 Thracu m p f , c ohors IL ucensiu m H ispanorum p f , c ohors XV Vo lun tar ioru m p f a nd c ohors IRaetorum p f .

2 3

Three r eg i men ts , c ohors I Da l ma taru m p f , c ohors I H ispanoru m p f a nd c ohors ICR p f a re k nown t o h ave b een t rans ferred t o G er man ia S uper ior s hor t ly a f ter t he r evo l t .

2 4

Af ur ther t hree u n i ts c an b e s hown t o h ave b een

i n t he p rov ince a t t he t ime a l though t hey a re f i rs t r ecorded w ith t he t i t le o n t he Danube ,

T hese a re c ohors I I L us i tanorum p f , c ohors V I Br i ttonu m

e qu i ta ta p f a nd c ohors I B r i tannorum mi l l iar ia CR p f .

2 5

A pparen t ly i n t h is s er ies i s c ohors IBa tavoru m mil l iar ia p f wh ich i s f irs t r ecorded i n Pannon ia i n A . D. 9 8 ( XV I 4 2 ).

I t s ee ms more l ikely t ha t

t he t i t le was g iven f or l oya l ty d ur ing t he r evo l t o f S a turn inus r a ther t han l a ter b ecause Do m i t ian o n ly a warded t he t i t le a t t h is t ime .

The a ppearance o f a

Ba tav ian , r ecru i ted i n a bou t A . D. 8 8 , i n t he c ohor t ( 1 161A ) wou ld s uppor t t h is were i tc er ta in h e was a l oca l r ecru i t ( see p .1 18 ) .

An award i n t he

r evol t a lso a pp l ies t o t he a la F lav ia mi l l iar ia p f wh ich i s r ecorded w i th t he t i t le i n Raet ia i n A . D. 1 07 ( XVI 5 5 ).

I tp robably was n o t s ta tioned i n G er-

man ia I n fer ior , b u t i n Rae t ia wh ich p layed a p ar t i n s ubdu ing t he r evo l t ( W ink ler , 1 973 ). There i s a no ther g roup o f u n i ts wh ich r eceived t h is t i t le. was b ecause o f s erv ice i n t he Dacian Wars o f Tra jan .

For t hese i t

Th is i s b est e xe mp li-

f ied b y t he a ward t o c ohors IBr i t tonu m mi l l iar ia U lp ia t orqua ta p f CR i n A . D. 1 06 ( XV I 1 60 ) f or b ravery i n t he S econd War .

There a re f our o ther

r eg i men ts wh ich c an b e s hown t o h ave g a ined t he t i t le i n t hese wars .

Cohors

IH ispanorum p f a nd c ohors IPannon iorum v eterana p f a lso g a ined t he t i tle f or d is t ingu ished l oya l ty i n t he S econd War .

2 6

F or t he o ther t wo , c ohors I

V inde l icorum CR p f a nd c ohors IThracum CR p f , a n e xact d a te c anno t b e a scer ta ined , t hough i t s ee ms i t wou ld h ave b een g iven a t t he s a me t ime a s t he o thers .

2 7

F ina l ly t here a re t hree r eg i men ts r ecorded w i th t he t i t le wh ich d o n ot s ee m t o f i t i n to t hese t wo g roups .

The g enera l l ack o f t h is d es igna t ion o ther

t han i n G er many a nd o n t he Danube s ugges ts t ha t t he o ccas ions o n wh ich i t was g iven were r are.

I n f act , i ti s p oss ible t ha t i t was o n ly b estowed o n t he

t wo o ccas ions d iscussed a bove , t he r evo l t o f S a turn inus i n A . D. 8 9 a nd t he b loody S econd Dacian War o f A . D. 1 06. A la I Thracu m Augus ta p f i s f irs t r ecorded w i th t he t i t le i n Maure tan ia Caesar iens is i n A . D. 1 07 ( XV I 5 6 ).

I th as b een a rgued t ha t t he t i t le Augusta

r epresen ts a s uppressed t i t le a warded b y Do m i t ian o n t he Danube ( see p . 1 5 The a la c ou ld h ave t herefore b een g iven t he t i t le f or l oya l ty i n t he r evo l t o f

3 8

) ,

S a turn inus i fi t was i n t he a rea .

A l terna t ive ly i t wou ld h ave r eceived t he

t i t le i n t he S econd Dac ian War , i fi t was t rans ferred f ro m Maure tan ia a s p ar t o f av ex i l la t ion , s o me th ing o f wh ich l i t t le i s k nown .

Bu t n ei ther o f t hese

i deas c an b e p ressed f or wan t o f e v idence . The p roble m o f o ccas ion a lso b ese ts a la I I A s turu m p f CR wh ich i s f irs t r ecorded w i th t he t i t le i n A .D . 1 09 ( XV I 1 61 ) i n Mauretan ia T ing i tana .

The

t i t le i s n o t r ecorded i n A .D. 8 8 ( XV I 1 59 ) s o at ime a f ter t h is i s l i ke ly.

Aga in

at rans fer t o t he Danube i s f eas ib le , b u t c anno t b e p ressed . F ina l ly t here i s c ohors I I A s turum CR wh ich b ears t he t i t le p f o n ad ipl o ma o f A .D. 1 56/157 ( XV I 1 82 ) f or Maure tan is T ing i tana , b u t a t n o o ther t ime , n or e ven o n t he o ther d ip lo ma o f A .D. 1 56/157 ( XV I 1 81) .

Th is s ugges ts

t ha t i ti s as cr iba l e rror , a s M . R oxan h as p oin ted o u t ( Roxan , 1 973 , p . 8 47) , s ince t he a la o f t he s ame n ame a nd n umber b ears t he t i t le .

I fi ti s n o t a

s cr iba l e rror , t he t i t le wou ld h ave b een a cqu ired i n t he d is turbances i n Mauret an ia d uring t he r eign o f An ton inus P ius . B .

O ther t i t les I n t h is c a tegory a re i nc luded t i t les l i ke f e l ix a nd v ic tr ix wh ich were g iven

i n r ecogn i t ion o f s pec ia l s erv ice .

T here a re e leven r eg i men ts b ear ing t hese

n ames t o b e c ons idered ( Table 3 .1 ).

A ppended t o t h is s ec t ion i s ad iscuss ion

o f t he n ame Pacens is . 1 .

A la G a l lorum e t T hracum c ons tan t iu m .

o n t he d ip lo ma f or S yr ia o f A .D . 8 8 ( Roxan 3 ).

T h is n a me i s f irs t r ecorded T he u n i t s ee ms t o b e t he s a me

a s t ha t c a l led a la G a l loru m e t Thraecum o n t he d ip lo ma o f A . D. 5 4 ( XV I 3 ). S ometi me b etween t hese t wo d a tes t he r eg i men t a dded t he t i t le t o i t s n a me b ecause o f i t s r eso lu teness .

S ince V espas ian s ee ms t o h ave b een r espons ible

f or t he o ther u n i t a wards , i ti s r easonab le t o s ugges t h e a lso i n i t ia ted t h is t ype o f h onour .

T hus t he a la c ou ld h ave r ece ived t he t i t le a s ar esu l t o f

s t ead fas tness i n t he J ew ish R evo l t . 2 .

A la Taur iana t orqua ta v ictr ix CR .

Th is r eg i men t a l mos t c er ta in ly

r eceived a t orque a nd a c i t izensh ip g ran t i n t he r evo l t o f C iv i l is ( see p . 3 6 a nd p . 3 2 ) . L og ic s ugges ts t ha t t he t i t le v ic tr ix was a lso g iven a t t he s a me t ime. 3 . A la Moes ica f e lix t orqua ta . The a la mos t l i ke ly r ece ived t he t orque i n t he r evo l t o f C iv i l is ( see p . 3 6 )a nd s o t he n ame f e l ix was mos t a l mos t c er ta in ly g iven a t t he s a me t ime s ince t hey a re b o th r ecorded o n t he c areer i nscr ip tion o f T . S taber ius S ecundus ( E 1 28 ). 4 .

A la G a l lorum e t Thracum C lass iana i nv ic ta b is t orqua ta CR .

a la h ad r ece ived a c i t izensh ip a ward b y A .D . 1 05 ( XV I 5 1 ) . w as p robab ly g iven a t t he s a me t ime ( s ee p .

3 6 ) .

The

One o f t he t orques

I t s ee ms l ike ly t ha t t h is

t i t le was a lso g iven w i th t he g ran t o f c i t izensh ip b y a na logy w i th t he o ther e xamp les a bove.

T he d a te i s p robab ly t he r evo l t o f C iv i l is .

5 . C ohors If i da Vardu l loru m CR . T he u n i t i s f irs t r ecorded w i th t he n ame i n A .D. 9 8 ( XV I 4 3 ) a nd M . R oxan , i n h er t hes is , h as s ugges ted t he t i t le was g a ined i n t he r evo l t o f C iv i l is ( Roxan , P h .D ., u n i t n 41 ) .

Aga in t he

c i t izensh ip g ran t a nd t he h onor i f ic n ame w ere a pparen t ly g a ined a t t he s a me d a te ( see p . 3 3 ) . 3 9

6 .

A la IN erv iana A ugus ta mi l l iar ia f i de l is .

The p resence o f t he a la i n

t he S uebic War o f A .D. 9 7 where i tg a ined t he t i t le N erv iana h as b een a rgued f or e lsewhere ( see p . 1 8 ) .

T he f ac t t ha t t he r eg imen t a lso h as t he t i t le

f i de l is i nd ica tes t ha t t h is was g a ined a t t he s a me t ime i n a ccordance w i th wha t h appens w i th o ther u n i ts . 7 .

C ohors IAugus ta N erv iana v e lox .

The u n i t f irs t a ppears o n t he d ip-

l o ma f or Maure tan ia C aesar iens is o f A .D. 1 07 ( XVI 5 6) , b u t t he n ame N erv iana was p robab ly g a ined i n t he S ueb ic War o f A .D. 9 7 ( s ee p .

1 8 ) .

A s w i th t he

a la N erv iana ( n 6) t he t i t le v e lox was mos t l i ke ly a warded a t t he s ame t ime. 8 .

A la Agr ippiana min ia ta .

f or B r i ta in o f A .D . 1 22 ( XV I 6 9 ) .

T he r eg i men t b ears t he n a me o n t he d ip lo ma The n a me means " red p a in ted" .

T he d a te ,

a s we l l a s t he r eason f or t he u se o f t h is n ame , a re l ack ing . 9 .

A la IThracum v ic tr ix .

The f irs t r ecord o f t he t i t le i s o n t he d iplo ma

o f A .D . 1 33 ( XV I 7 6 ) f or P annon ia S uper ior .

Th is i s a lso t he e ar l ies t d efin i te

r ecord o f t he u n i t , a l though i ti s much o lder i n o r ig in .

I t may we l l h ave b een

r ecorded o n t he d ip lo ma o f A .D. 1 13 ( unpub.) f or t he s ame p rov ince ( s ee p . 2 6 , 3 2 ) .

The d a te o f a cqu ir ing t he h onour l i es b etween t he r evo l t o f C iv i l is a nd

T ra jan 's Par th ian War .

The t roub les a t t he b eg inn ing o f t he r eign o f Hadr ian

a re u n l ike ly t o h ave b een t he o ccas ion f or t he a ssump t ion o f t he t i t le b ecause o f h is r e luc tance t o g ive a wards . 1 0 .

C ohors IB reucoru m CR v a l . v ic tr ix b is t orqua ta .

These t i t les o f

t he u n i t a re n or ma l ly g iven i n t he t ota l ly a bbrev ia ted f or m ' v .v .' ( IBR 2 76) , b u t o n o ne f rag men tary i nscr ip t ion f ro m P fünz ( I I I 1 1932 ) t he n a mes a re g iven a s i [ v ]a l . v i [c tr .] ' wh ich Mo m msen e xpanded a s ' Va ler ia v ic trix '.

T h is i s

p oss ib le , a l though t he n a me V a ler ia s ee ms t o h ave b een a s pecia l p ersona l a ward o n ly t o l eg io XX .

An a l terna t ive t o b e c ons idered i s t he t i t le v a lens .

Wi thou t t he t i t les o f t he r eg i men t r ecorded i n f u l l , t he e xpans ion o f t he n a me c anno t b e c er ta in .

T he n a mes w ou ld h ave mos t l i ke ly h ave b een a cqu ired o n

t he s a me o ccas ion a s o ne o f t he t orques , t he e ar l ies t o f wh ich migh t h ave b een g a ined a t t he s ame t ime a s t he g ran t o f c i t izensh ip i n t he r eign o f V espasian ( see p . 3 7 ) .

I ft h is w ere s o , t hen a no ther u n i t c ou ld b e a dded t o t hose wh ich

r eceived a s pec ia l s e t o f a wards i n t he r evo l t o f C iv i l is . 1 1 .

C ohors I I G a l lorum f e l ix .

T he f irs t r ecord o f t he t i t le c omes o n t he

d ip lo ma f or Maure tan ia T ing i tana o f A .D. 1 56/157 ( XV I 1 81 ). t he c ohor t h ad b een i n S pa in ( 1 501 + I 1 127).

Pr ior t o t h is

The r eg i men t was p robably

t ransferred t o T ing i tana i n t he r e ign o f A n ton inus P ius t o a id t he c rush ing o f t he r evol t . Whe ther t he u n i t a cqu ired t he n ame i n t h is r evo l t o r h ad r eceived i te ar l ier i s u ncer ta in . A ppend ix . C ohor tes Ia nd I A ugus ta N erv ia Pacens is Br i t tonu m mi l l iar ia . Wi th r egard t o t he u n i ts t he t i t le Pacens is i s p ar t o f t he n a me r a ther t han a b a t t le h onour b ecause b o th r eg i men ts b ear i t .

E xac t ly wha t i t means i s o b-

s cure . I fu sed c orrec t ly ' Pacens is B r i t tonu m ' means B r i tons f ro m at own c a l led P ax . N o s uch t own i s k nown i n t he p rov ince . The t i t le t hus s ee ms u n in te l l ig ible .

Ap oss ib le , b u t v ery t en ta t ive , s o lu t ion i s t ha t t he n ame i s

c onnec ted w i th t he e s tab l ishmen t o f t he c o lon ia a t G louces ter .

The l a t ter 's

k nown n a me i s ' Ner (v ia ) G lev i ' ( V I 3 346 ) , b u t i ti s p oss ib le t ha t t here was a f ur ther t i t le ' Pacens is ' , r are ly u sed a s w i th t he Wic tr icens is ' o f C o lches ter .

4 0

Thus t he r eg i men ts wou ld h ave b een r a ised f ro m Br i tons f ro m t he t err i tory o f t he c olon ia a t G louces ter .

A Do m i t ian ic o r ig in c annot b e e xcluded f or t he

c o lon ia a s h is n ame w ou ld h ave b een s uppressed . NOTES 1 . C o mpare C . I u l ius Macer who was ' dup l ic . a lae A tector ig ianae ' t hen e voca tus ( 351 ) . 2 . R . S y me h as c as t d oubt o n t h is c onnec t ion ( Sy me , 1 962 , p . 9 6). 3 . C o mpare S ex . Va ler ius G en ia lis o f a la Thracu m ( 802 ) a nd t he o ther e xa mp les d iscussed i n C hap ter 4 . 4 .

The s ugges t ion t ha t ' pro ' i s t he b eg inn ing o f t he n ame Pro(cu lus ) i s s urely i ncorrect .

5 . A la I s ingu lar iu m CR ; A la S u lpic ia CR :

f irs t r ecord

c areer o f C . Min icius I ta lus ( E 1 21 ).

f irs t r ecord c areer o f P o mpeius Faven t inus ( E 1 24).

6 . There i s a n , a s y et , u npubl ished d ip lo ma f or G er man ia I n fer ior o f A . D. 1 65/166 wh ich was g ran ted t o a man o f a la N or icoru m CR ( Roxan , p . 1 18 n 10 a nd FA 2 6-27 ( 1971/72) n 10931 ).

I ti s p oss ible t ha t t he a la a lso r e-

c eived c i tizensh ip a t t he s a me t ime a s t he o ther t wo a lae r a ther t han a t al a ter d a te . 7 . A la I F lav ia H ispanorum CR : L iguru m e t H ispanoru m CR :

f irs t r ecord Do m i t ian ( 5 11 ).

C ohors I

f irs t r ecord Vespasian ( 1 741 , 1 742 ).

8 . The a la Taur iana was t orqua ta b y a bou t A . D. 7 4 a s r ecorded o n t he c areer i nscr ip t ion o f S ex . A t t ius S uburanus A em i l ianus ( E 1 07).

H is n ex t p os t

was i n S pa in u nder V ibius C r ispus . 9 . I ts f irs t r ecord i s r es tored o n t he d iplo ma o f A .D. 9 8 ( XV I 4 3 ).

The

t i tle i s l ack ing o n a Do mi t ian ic t o mbs tone ( 4 12 ). 1 0 .

C ohors If ida V ardu l loru m CR : I Vasconu m CR :

f irs t r ecord A .D. 9 8 ( XVI 4 3 ).

f irs t r ecord A .D. 1 05 ( XV I 5 1 ).

C ohors

A la C lassiana CR :

f irs t r ecord A .D . 1 05 ( XV I 5 1 ). 1.

Cohors If ida Vardu l lorum CR i n t he C ivi l is r evo l t :

R oxan , Ph .D ., u n i t

n 41.

C ohors I Vasconu m CR i n t he C iv i l is r evol t :

R oxan , PhD ., u n i t

n 42.

A la C lass iana CR was t rans ferred f ro m t he Eas t p robably a t t he

.

s a me t ime a s c ohors IH ispanoru m ( Roxan , Ph .D ., u n i t n os14-17). 1 2.

C ohors IV inde licoru m mi l l iar ia CR :

f irs t r ecord a s CR i n Moesia

S uper ior , A .D. 1 00 ( XVI 4 6) , o n Rh ine ( 2301) . mi ll iar ia CR p f :

C ohors I Br i tannoru m

f irs t r ecord a s CR i n Moesia S uper ior , A . D. 1 00 ( XVI

4 6) , t i lestamps o n R h ine ( X I I I 1 2425 ).

A la Augus ta Vocon t ioru m CR :

f irst r ecord a s CR i n B r i ta in , A . D. 1 22 ( XV I 6 9 ) , o n Rh ine ( 893 ). 1 3 .

A la S i l iana CR : 4 2).

a ward a f ter A . D. 8 5 ( XV I 3 1) , a nd b efore A . D. 9 8 ( XV I

C ohors V B reucoru m CR :

f ore A .D. 9 6 ( 1 231 ).

a ward a f ter A .D. 8 0 ( XV I 2 6) , a nd b e-

C ohors V I I B reucoru m CR :

( XV I 3 1 ) , a nd b e fore A . D. 9 6 ( Roxan 6 ).

a ward a f ter A . D. 8 5

C ohors IL epid iana CR :

a fter A . D. 8 0 ( XV I 2 6) , a nd b e fore A . D. 9 9 ( XV I 4 5 ). CR :

C ohors IThracu m

f irs t r ecord a s CR i n Moes ia S uper ior , A . D. 1 00 ( XVI 4 6). 4 1

a ward

1 4.

A lae:

[ 1 ] Augus ta CR , I I As turu m p f CR , [ Taurian ] at orq. v ie . [ CR ].

C ohor tes : [ I I M s ag i ]t t . CR , I L e mavorum CR , I I I G a l lorum CR , I I turaeoru m CR , I H ispanoru m CR , I H ispana CR , [ I ] C e ltiberoru m CR , I I As turu m CR . 1 5 .

C ohors IA s turu m e t Ca l laecoru m i s f irs t r ecorded a s CR i n A .D . 1 56/ 1 57 ( XV I 1 81) .

1 6.

Trouble i n A . D. 8 5 i s r ecorded o n t he c areer i nscr ip t ion o f C . V e lius Ru fus ( ILS 9 200 ).

1 7.

A la p raetor ia CR : 1 10 ( XV I 1 64 ).

a ward a f ter A .D. 1 04/105 ( XV I 5 4 ) , a nd b e fore A . D.

C ohors IF lav ia U lpia H ispanoru m mi l l iar ia CR :

a f ter A . D. 1 00 ( XV I 4 6) , a nd b efore A .D. 1 10 ( XV I 5 7). Tra iana C ugernorum CR :

award

Cohors IU lpia

a ward a f ter A . D. 1 03 ( XV I 4 8 ) , a nd b e fore

A . D. 1 22 ( XV I 6 9 ). 1 8 .

A la IBr itann ica/Br i t tonum CR : C ohors IThracu m CR p f :

f i rs t r ecord Dac ia , A .D. 1 10 ( XV I 1 63 ).

f irs t r ecord Pannon ia I n fer ior , A . D. 1 10

( XV I 1 64 ). 1 9.

A la ICannane fa t iu m CR : 1 46 ( XVI 1 78 ).

f irs t r ecord a s CR i n Pannon ia S uper ior , A . D.

A la I S yrorum CR :

T ing i tana , A .D. 1 44 ( AE 1 931n36) .

f irs t r ecord a s CR i n Mauretan ia C ohors IG a l lica CR :

a s CR i n S pa in , S econd C en tury ( EE V I I I . 31 09) . CR :

f irs t r ecord

C ohors I Germanoru m

f irs t r ecord a s CR i n Moes ia I n fer ior , c . A . D. 1 57 ( Roxan 5 0 ).

C ohors I I A qu i tanorum CR : An ton inus P ius ( X I I I 6 493 ).

f irs t r ecord a s CR i n G er man ia S uper ior , C ohors 1 1 1 A qu i tanorum CR :

f irs t r ecord

a s CR i n G erman ia S uper ior , An ton inus P ius ( X I I I 6 620 ). 2 0.

V . Max f ie ld h as p o in ted o u t t ha t i ti s a myth Hadr ian was miser ly w i th a wards a s a who le .

T o c en tur ions h e was n o t .

Bu t h e was t o e ques trians

a nd t o s o me s ena tors , a nd s o h e c ou ld we l l h ave b een t o u n i ts ( Max field , Ph .D . ,c h .4 ) . 2 1.

C ohors Ic lass ica p fD : As turu m p fD:

r ecorded o n t i les ( AE 1 962n 9 6 ).

r ecorded a t B roh l ta l ( 1 131).

Cohors I

C ohors I CR p fD :

r ecorded

a t Broh lta l ( 3182 ). 2 2.

A la Is ingu lar iu m CR p f : 5 5 ).

A la I nd iana p f :

f irs t r ecord o f t i t le i n Raet ia . , A . D. 1 07 ( XV I

f irs t r ecord o f t i t le o n t he p oe t Tra jan ic c areer

i nscr ip tion o f C . H ed ius V erus ( X I 6 123 ). 2 3.

C ohors IF lav ia H ispanoru m e q. p f :

f irs t r ecord o n t he c areer i nscr ipt ion

o f L . Pacon ius Procu lus ( E 1 60 ) who c o m manded t he u n i t a bou t A .D. 1 05 . C ohors 1 1 1 Thracu m p f :

f irs t r ecord A .D. 1 58 ( Roxan 5 2) .

Lucens iu m H ispanoru m p f : XV Vo lun tar iorum p f : Raetoru m p f : 2 4.

C ohors I

f irs t r ecord A . D. 1 04/111 ( XI II 8 823 ) .

f irs t r ecord A . D. 2 01 ( X I I I 8 826).

Cohors

C ohors I

f irst r ecord A . D. 2 12/222 ( X I I I 8 827 ).

C ohors I I Da l ma tarum p f : i n G er man ia I n fer ior ( X I I I 8 271) , i n G er man ia S uper ior A . D. 9 0 ( XVI 3 6) , b u t f irs t r ecord o f t i t le A .D . 1 17 ( XV I 6 2). C ohors I H ispanorum p f : i n G er man ia S uper ior w i th t he t i t le A .D. 1 17 ( XV I 6 2 ). C ohors ICR p f : i n G er man ia I n fer ior ( E 1 48 ) , i n G erman ia S uper ior A .D. 1 17 ( XV I 6 2) , b u t f i rs t d ef in i te r ecord o f t i t le S econd C en tury ( X I I I 7 411) . 4 2

2 5 .

C ohors I I Lus i tanoru m p f : i n G er man ia I n fer ior ( 1844 ) , f irs t r ecord o f t i t le i n Pannon ia I n fer ior , A . D. 1 10 ( XV I 1 64 ). e q. p f :

C ohors V I Br i t tonu m

i n G er man ia I n fer ior ( X I I I 1 2423 t i les ) , f irs t r ecord o f t i t le o n

t he c areer i nscr ip t ion o f M . ( E 1 51) .

G av ius Bassus , o n Danube a bou t A .D. 1 05

C ohors I Br i tannoru m mi l l iar ia CR p f :

i n G er man ia I n fer ior

( X II I 1 2425 t i les ) , f irs t r ecord o f t i t le i n Moes ia S uper ior , A .D. 1 00 ( XVI 4 6). 2 6.

C ohors IH ispanoru m p f :

r ece ived t he t i t le a f ter A .D. 1 04/105 ( XVI 5 4 )

a nd b efore A .D. 1 10 ( XV I 5 7).

C ohors IPannon iorum v eterana p f :

r eceived t he t i t le a f ter A .D. 1 04/105 ( XV I 5 4 ) a nd b efore A . D. 1 10 ( XV I 1 63 ) . 2 7.

C ohors IV inde l icoru m mi l l iar ia CR p f: ( XVI 4 6) a nd b e fore A .D. 1 10 ( XV I 1 63 ).

r eceived t he t i t le a f ter A . D. 1 00 C ohors IThracu m CR p f:

r eceived t he t i t le b efore A . D. 1 10 ( XV I 1 64 ).

4 3

B is T orqua ta

•

•F . 4

•

•

•

> •• I

t -

•— I

. • • • s » • • 4

• 1 .4

C /2 .

• 1 , • 1 •, 1 >

•

•, 4

6, 1

C . .)

C . .)

• , • • • 1

• 4 »

> 0

•

b A 2

45

T r ,

If ida Vardu l loru m CR

' 8

Br i tann ica mi l l .

G a l lo r um e t Thracu m c ons tan t ium

0

C I) •• 4

• 4 •

L r z C D

ri

•

. . <
C . )

> C ) C . ) C . )

• >

•

C I )

>

I I Thracum

▪ • , . 4 > • • • 1

N erv iana v e lox

H onor i f ic

P oss ible Da te o f Awards

•, • 1

•. . I

c _ )( Jc . . )Z z

C .)

Un i ts w i th Mu l t ip le H onor i f ic T i les

•• • I

b . 0

CHAPTER 4 C IT IZENSH IP AND LATIN S TATUS

The q ues t ion o f whe ther a n a ux i l iary was a f u l l c i t izen o r s i mp ly o f L a t in s ta tus o r ap eregr ine i s d iscussed i n t h is c hap ter b y s tudying t he t ypes o f p ers ona l n ames o f a ux i l iar ies . T here i s a lso a s ec t ion d evoted t o t he g ran t ing o f c i t izensh ip w i th h onourable d ischarge . C i t izensh ip a nd H ones ta M iss io On ly t he c hanges made i n t he a ward o f c i t izensh ip f or l ong s erv ice w il l b e d iscussed h ere ; t he b es towa l o f c i t izensh ip f or b ravery i s d iscussed i n C hap ter 3 .

The l eng th o f s erv ice e xpec ted o f a ux i l iar ies b efore h ones ta miss io w i l l

a lso b e r ev iewed . a .

Augus tus The e v idence f or a ux i l iar ies d ur ing h is r e ign i s s can ty a nd r are ly p er m i ts

ac lose d a te .

On ly o ne i nscr ip t ion i s g enera l ly a ssumed t o s how t ha t a n a ux-

i l iary was a warded c i t izensh ip b y Augus tus . Macer ( Kra f t , p .141 , n .116 = 3 51 ) .

T h is i s t he t o mbs tone o f C . I u l ius

H e h ad b een a d upl icar ius i n t he a la

A tector ig iana w i th t h ir ty-two y ears s erv ice a nd h ad t hen s erved a s a n e voca tus i n c o m mand o f 6 00

1R ae t i

g aesa t i '.

The g ran t ing o f c i t izensh ip b y A ugus tus

wou ld c er ta in ly s ee m l i ke ly a s Macer 's f a ther i s r ecorded a s ap eregr ine . Bu t t here a re f actors wh ich b r ing t h is v iew i n to q ues t ion .

T he a la i n wh ich

Macer h ad s erved h as t he n a me o f i t s f ounder i n a d jec t iva l f or m , au sage u nc o m mon u n t i l t he l as t y ears o f T iber ius ' r e ign ( s ee p . 2 1 ) . I ti s p oss ible h e was a l ive a t t h is t ime a f ter r ece iv ing c i t izensh ip f ro m Augus tus , b u t t h is i s u n l ikely u n less h e was v ery o ld when h e d ied .

The s ugges t ion o f H .-J . K e l lner

( Ke l lner , 1 971 , 1 3 .215 ) t ha t Macer c o m manded t he ' Rae t i g aesa t i ' t owards t he midd le o f t he f irs t c en tury i s u n l ike ly t o b e c orrec t b ecause t he p os t o f e vocat us f or a ux i l iar ies h ad s ure ly c eased b y t hen ( see p . 9 1 ) . Therefore h e c ou ld n o t h ave r eceived c i t izensh ip f ro m C a ligu la . c an b e e xp la ined i n ad i f feren t way.

T he f ac t t ha t h e was a c i t izen

I ti s q u i te p oss ible h is f a ther was a c i tizen

s ince f i l ia t ion b y c ogno men i s c o m mon i n G au l ( see p . 5 2 ) . There i s a lso a v ery g ood e xa mple o f t h is a t Macer 's h o me , Med io lanu m S an tonu m , C . I u l ius V ic tor ( X I I I 1 042-45 ) h e ld t he p os t o f p rae fec tus f abrum a nd was t hen a c o mmander o f a n a ux i l iary c ohor t .

A s a n e ques tr ian o f f icer h e w ou ld h ave b een

t he s on o f ac i t izen , b u t h e d escr ibes h i mse l f a s ' Congonne todubn i F .' . T here fore Macer 's f a ther was t he o ne who r ece ived c i t izensh ip , f ro m e i ther C aesar o r Augus tus a s h is t r ibe s ee ms b es t r es tored a s F ab ia . I ti s mos t u n l ike ly t ha t Macer r eceived c i t izensh ip f ro m Augus tus , i n f act , Augus tus p robably d id n o t g ran t c i t izensh ip t o a ux i l iar ies : c o mpare t he c ase o f An t iochus who was a lso a n e voca tus , y e t was d e f in i te ly a p eregr ine ( 6 71) . The o n ly p oss ible way o f r eceiv ing c i t izensh ip f rom A ugus tus wou ld h ave b een 4 6

o n av ir i tane b asis .

T he l eng th o f s erv ice was n o t l im i ted i n t h is r e ign , o ther-

w ise i ti s h ard t o e xp la in t he e xa mp les o f men s erv ing u p t o f i f ty y ears i n t he r e ign o f T iber ius . b .

T iber ius The f irs t d ef in i te e xa mp les o f a ux i l iar ies who r ece ived c i t izensh ip f ro m

a n emperor a ppear i n t he r e ign o f T iber ius .

N o d ip lo ma h as , h owever , b een

f ound d a t ing t o h is r e ign , a nd t he p rac t ice was d oubt less n o t f u l ly r egu lar ised o r u n iversa l . men .

On ly c i t izensh ip was g ran ted a nd e ven t h is was n o t g iven t o a l l

There i s a n e xamp le o f ad ischarged p eregr ine s esqu ip l icar ius w i th

t h ir ty-s ix y ears s erv ice , who was , i n f act , d ischarged e ar ly i n t he r e ign o f C laud ius ( Table 4 .1 , n .34 ) .

F our p eregr ines who d ied d ur ing t he r e ign o f

T iber ius were s t i l l s erv ing a f ter t h ir ty y ears o r more o f s erv ice ( Tab le 4 .1 , n os .3 , 4 , 7 , 9 ) .

E xac t ly when T iber ius d ec ided t o g ran t c i t izensh ip t o a ux-

i l iar ies i s u nc lear .

T he t roub les w i th T acfar inas a nd t he T hracians i n t he

t wen t ies , wh ich were c onnec ted w i th c ond i t ions o f s erv ice , p oss ibly u nder l ined t he n eed f or s o me t ang ib le r eward f or t he aw c i l ia . The l owes t n umber o f s t ipend ia r ecorded f or a man who r ece ived c i t izens h ip f ro m T iber ius i s t he t wen ty-e igh t o f T ib . I u l ius Pancu ius ( Table 4 .1 , n .2 ). T herefore , a s l a ter , t he g ran t was made a f ter t wen ty-f ive y ears s erv ice o r a l i t t le more .

S o me o f t he f i rs t r ec ip ien ts wou ld h ave a lready s erved l onger a nd ,

a s t he l eng th o f s erv ice was n o t y e t f ixed , i t was c o m mon f or men t o h ave s erved b e tween t h ir ty a nd f or ty y ears ( Tab le 4 .1 , n os . 5 , 6 , 8 , 1 0 , 1 1 , 1 2 , 1 4 , 1 5 , 1 6 ) .

The h ighes t n umber k nown i s t he f i f ty y ears o f T ib . I u l ius R u fus ( Table

4 .1 , n .17) . One p roble ma t ica l s o ld ier i s I u l ius S a tur io I u l i I . who s erved t h ir ty-six y ears i n t he a la C api ton iana ( Tab le 4 .1 , n .13 ).

A s al i ber tus 1 h e a l mos t c er-

t a in ly was n o t af u l l c i t izen b u t o n ly h ad L a t in r igh ts ( Gerov , 1 967 , p .91 ). T h is migh t a lso e xp la in why h e d id n o t r eceive h ones ta miss io when h e was d ischarged b y C laudius . c .

G a ius

There a re t wo C . I u l i i who were g ran ted c i t izensh ip b y G a ius . C . J u l ius D apnus ( Tab le 4 .1 , n .18 ) s erved i n c ohors S urorum a nd C . J u l ius H as ta ius ( Table 4 .2 , n .9) i n c ohors Is ag i t tar ioru m . A s w i th t hose men who r eceived c i t izensh ip f ro m T iber ius , d ischarge was g ran ted b y C laud ius . d .

C laud ius a nd N ero The Emperor C laud ius s hou ld b e c red i ted w i th t wo r efor ms i n c onnec t ion

w i th c i t izensh ip a nd h ones ta m iss io . F irs t ly h e r egu lar ised t he l eng th o f s erv ice . Th is was p robably c arr ied o u t s oon a f ter t he i nvas ion o f B r i ta in a nd d e f in i te ly b e fore h is s econd r e form b ecause t he p eregr ine N er tus ( Tab le 4 .1 , n .34 ) was d ischarged a f ter t h ir ty-s ix y ears s erv ice .

Therea f ter , d ischarge

w i th h ones ta miss io s ee ms t o h ave b een g ran ted a f ter t h ir ty y ears s erv ice a s i nt he c ase o f C . I u l ius Dapnus ( Table 4 .1 , n .18 ) .

There i s o ne v e teran ,

g ran ted c i t izensh ip b y N ero , w i th t wen ty-n ine y ears s erv ice , v iz . T ib . C laud ius V ic tor ( Table 4 .1 , n .24 ) , b u t h e was d ischarged b y Vespas ian when more c hanges h ad b een made ( f or t he d a te s ee p .157 ) . I t was s t i l l p oss ible f or men t o s erve more t han t h ir ty y ears ( Tab le 4 .1 , n os .26-32 ) , t he h ighes t r ecorded

4 7

b eing t he t h ir ty-six y ears o f T i . C laudius C rescens ( Table 4 .1, n .33 ) .

Anyone

d ischarged b efore h e h ad s erved t h ir ty y ears was c a l led a miss icius , a nd t hose w i th t wen ty-f ive y ears o r more s erv ice r eceived c i t izensh ip ( and s ee b e low ). The s econd r efor m o f C laud ius was t he more i mpor tan t .

He d ec ided t o

r eward a l l a ux i l iar ies who s erved t wen ty-f ive y ears o r more w i th c i t izensh ip. Over a nd a bove t h is was t he l eg i ti miza t ion o f a ny o f fspr ing .

Thus t he d ocu men t ,

c a l led t he d ip lo ma b y u s , c a me i n to b eing , wh ich r ecorded a nd p roved t he g ran t o f c i t izensh ip a nd c onubiu m .

G . A l fö ldy , i n a n a r t ic le o n t hese d ip lomas

( A l földy, 1 968 ) , h as s hown t ha t t hey were i n troduced a bou t A . D. 5 0 , t he f irs t p recise ly d a ted o ne b eing o f A . D. 5 2 ( XVI 1 ) .

I ti s l i kely t ha t C laud ius i n tro-

d uced t h is r e for m i n t he wake o f h is c ensorsh ip o f A .D. 4 7-48 . d iplo ma g ave c i tizensh ip a nd c onubiu m t o s erv ing s oldiers .

The C laudian

D ischarge w i th

h ones ta miss io f o l lowed l a ter u nder t he r u les C laudius h ad i n troduced e ar lier . Thus t here a re e xamp les o f c i t izen miss ici i , s uch a s T i . C laudius A t tuc ius ( Table 4 .1 , n .23) who was d ischarged b y N ero a f ter t wen ty-eight y ears s ervice a nd C laud ius S everus ( Table 4 .2 , n .18 ) a lso d ischarged i n N ero 's r e ign .

Those

s o ld iers d ischarged b efore t wen ty-f ive y ears s erv ice r eceived n o p r iv i leges a nd were a lso t er med miss ici i , f or e xa mp le L eubius a nd V irdo marus ( Table 4 .2 , n os .10 a nd 1 1 ). e .

Ga lba , O tho a nd V i tel l ius Even i n t he s hor t r eigns o f t hese Emperors t he C laudian s ys te m c on t inued .

Taci tus r evea ls t ha t o ne o f t he murderers o f P iso , G a lba 's h e ir , was S u lpicius F lorus o f t he c ohor ts i n Br i ta in , a nd t ha t h e h ad r ecen t ly b een g iven c i t izensh ip b y Ga lba ( Taci tus , H is t . 1 .43 .2 ) .

The e pigraph ic r ecord p roduces t wo more

men who h ad r eceived f ro m G a lba , n a me ly S u lpicius Massa ( Table 4 .1 , n .30 ) a nd S u lpic ius S usu l la ( Table 4 .2 , n .22 ).

Taci tus a lso r ecords t ha t V i te l lius

g ave d ischarges t o t he a ux i l ia ( Taci tus , H is t . 1 .69 .2 ) .

However , n o r ecords

o f t h is h ave s o f ar b een b rough t t o l igh t . f .

The F lav ians A f ter t he a dven t o f t he F lav ians t he l ength o f s erv ice b efore d ischarge was

r educed , b u t n o t b efore S u lpic ius Massa h ad s erved t h ir ty-f ive y ears ( Table 4 .1 , n .35 ).

J . Mann , i n h is a r t ic le o n t he d eve lopmen t o f d ip lo mas ( Mann ,

1 972) , h as s hown t ha t t he f irs t k nown d iplo ma wh ich was i ssued t o b o th s o ldiers a nd v eterans i s d a ted A .D. 8 0 ( Mann , 1 972 , T ype IA ).

Therea f ter h ones ta

missio i s f requen t ly g ran ted a t t he s ame t ime a s c i t izensh ip ( Mann , 1 972 , Types IB-E , i ssued u n t i l A .D. 1 10 ).

The e ar l ies t k nown d iplo ma i ssued t o v e terans

o n ly d a tes t o A .D. 8 2 ( Mann , 1 972 , T ype I IC ).

T hus t he l eng th o f s erv ice w i l l

h ave b een r educed t o a bou t t wen ty-f ive o r t wen ty-s ix y ears .

There a re s t i ll a

f ew e xa mp les o f men who r eceived c i t izensh ip a f ter t wen ty-f ive y ears b u t who h ad n ot y et b een d ischarged .

Most o f t he men h ad s erved t wen ty-six t o t wen ty-

s even y ears ( Table 4 .1 , n os.38 , 3 9 , 4 0 , 4 2) , a l though o ne , as ign ifer , h ad s erved t h ir ty-three y ears b efore d ischarge ( Table 4 .1 , n .45 ).

I n t he l a t ter

c ase , h e may h ave b een r eta ined b ecause h e was a p r incipa l is ; t he Dac ian Wars o f Tra jan may a lso h ave i n tervened b efore d ischarge.

There a re a lso a f ew

e xa mp les o f men who were s erving p eregr ines a f ter t wen ty-f ive y ears . f are a ga in s ee ms t o b e t he r eason f or t he d e lay i n t he ir g ran ts .

War-

Am mon ius

( Table 4 .1 , n .43 ) , w i th t wen ty-seven y ears s ervice , d ied wh i ls t s erv ing w i th Agr ico la i n S co t land . [

] i nus D in i [ tra l? ] ( Table 4 .1, n .44 ) , w i th t wen ty-

e igh t y ears s erv ice , mos t l i ke ly d ied d ur ing t he r e ign o f Do m i tian . 4 8

-

There a re o n ly t wo men c a l led miss ic i i who c an b e a ss igned t o t h is p er iod , v iz . I u lius Vanno

who h ad s erved t wen tythree y ears ( Tab le 4 .1 , n .36) , a nd

A t i lus ( Table 4 .2 , n .23 ) .

The t er m miss ic ius t hen s ee ms t o d ie o u t .

t her i nscr ip t ion n eeds i nves t iga t ion .

One f ur-

Th is r efers t o Capi to who c a l ls h i mse l f

av e teran o f c ohors I R aetorum ( Tab le 4 .2 , n .24 ). H is t o mbs tone was s e t u p i n t he F lav ian p er iod , a nd s o a s av eteran h e s hou ld h ave b een a c i t izen . I ti s p oss ible t ha t h e h ad b een d ischarged a s ap eregr ine b efore s erv ing t wen tyf ive y ears a nd t ha t h e s hou ld h ave c a l led h i mse lf a miss ic ius .

H is d ea th a t t he a ge

o f f i f ty-two makes t h is f eas ib le . g .

N erva Fro m N erva 's b r ie f r e ign t here a re t wo e xa mp les o f s o ld iers who r ece ived

c i t izensh ip f ro m h im a par t f ro m d ip lo ma r ec ip ien ts . M. C occe ius Das ius , v e teran o f a la N or icoru m d oes n o t r ecord h is s t ipend ia ( Tab le 4 .2 , n .28 ). The o ther , M. C occeius V i t lus , v e teran s ign i fer o f c ohors U bioru m , h ad s erved t wen ty-eigh t y ears ( Tab le 4 .1 , n .46).

A s ap r inc ipa l is h e may we l l h ave b een

e xpected t o s erve l onger t han a g rega l is . h .

Tra 'an The r e ign o f T ra jan s ees t he l as t k nown d ip lo ma r ecord ing s erv ing s old iers ,

w h ich d a tes t o A .D. 10 ( XV I 1 64 ).

Thus t wen ty-f ive o r t wen ty-six y ears s er-

v ice b ecame t he g enera l r u le a f ter t h is d a te ( A l fö ldy , 1 968 , p p.226-227) . a re s t i l l af ew e xamp les o f men who s erved l onger t han t h is .

There

L aurus , a n e ques

o f a la I Thracum , d ied a s ap eregr ine a f ter t wen ty-seven y ears s erv ice ( Table 4 .1 , n .48 ).

H is c i t izensh ip g ran t c ou ld h ave b een d e layed b y war fare .

The

s ame i s mos t p robably t rue o f t he p eregr ine s o ld ier o f c ohors 1 1 1 Tungroru m c a l led I o ma t ius ( Tab le 4 .1 , n .51 ) . H e h ad s erved t h ir ty-three y ears b e fore 3 d ying . M. U lpius D om i t ius , v e teran o f c ohors ILus i tanoru m ( Table 4 .1 , n .49) , h ad s erved t wen ty-e igh t y ears , a nd Q . Va ler ius G er manus , v e teran o f c ohors IThracum S yr iaca ( Tab le 4 .1 , n .50 ) , h ad s erved t h ir tytwo .

B o th may

w e l l h ave b een e i ther o f f icers o r p r incipa les who o f ten s erved b eyond t he n orma l t er m o f s erv ice . C i t izens G rega les A l though s erv ice i n t he a ux i l ia was p r i mar i ly d es igned f or p eregr ines , c i t izens a re a t tes ted a s g rega les f ro m t he r e ign o f A ugus tus o nwards .4 A t f i rs t t hey w ere f ew i n n u mber , b u t b y t he r e ign o f An ton inus P ius , t he p roport i on o f c i t izen a ux i l iar ies h ad g rea t ly i ncreased . F or t he p er iod u nder s cru t iny t here a re a n u mber o f p oss ibi l i t ies why a c i t izen s erved a s ag rega l is i n t he a ux i lia r a ther t han i n al eg ion . F irs t ly , t here i s t he p oss ib i l i ty o f t rans fer f ro m a l eg ion t o a n a ux i l iary u n i t . Th is d ef in i te ly o ccurred i n t he s econd c en tury , a s i s s hown b y t he p r id ianu m o f c ohors IA ugus ta p rae tor ia L us i tanorum o f A .D. 1 56 ( F ink 6 4 ). H ere , t wo s old iers o f l eg io I T ra iana a re a ccep ted i n to c en tur ies o f t he c ohor t ( F ink 6 4 , c ol . I , 1 1.13-21 ) .

N o d e mo t ion i s s ta ted , s o i t was a s i mp le t rans fer .

U n for tuna te ly t here i s n o d e fin i te e v idence o f s uch t rans fers e ar l ier t han t h is . I ts ee ms t ha t T . C a l id ius S everus ( 1031 ) , b efore h e b ecame a n e ques o f c ohors IA lpinorum , h ad a lmos t c er ta in ly s erved i n al eg ion a l though t h is i s om i t ted f ro m h is c areer .

4 9

Af ur ther p oss ibi l i ty t o b e c ons idered i s t ha t s o me c i t izens d id n o t meet t he p hys ica l r equ ire men ts f or s erv ice i n t he l eg ions .

V ege t ius men t ions t ha t

t here u sed t o b e ah e igh t r equ ire men t o f s ix f ee t o r a t l eas t f ive f ee t t en i nches f or s erv ice i n t he c ava lry o r t he f irs t c ohor t o f al eg ion ( Vege t ius , E p i t . r ei mi l . I .5 ) .

H e was wr i t ing i n t he f our th c en tury , b u t as im i lar r equ iremen t

was a pp l icable t o t he e ar ly Empire a s we l l a s p hys ica l f i tness . were p robab ly l ess s evere f or s erv ice i n a ux i l iary c ohor ts .

5

S uch s tandards

T hus , i f ac i t izen

r ecru i t was p hys ica l ly f i t a l though n o t t a l l e nough f or t he l eg ions , i ti s c onceiv able h e wou ld h ave b een d ra f ted i n to a n a ux i l iary c ohor t r a ther t han h ave b een r e jec ted .

T h is wou ld g o s o me way t o e xp la in t he n umber o f E as tern c i t izens i n

a ux i l iary c ohor ts .

6

I t migh t a lso e xp la in t he c i t izen c ohor ts r a ised b y V espas ian

a nd Tra jan i n t he Eas t ( see p . 6 8 ) . I ti s n o t a s i ft here were n o p eregr ines a va i lab le f or r ecru i t men t i n t he Eas t .

7

Wi th t he s pread o f c i t izensh ip t o t he p rov inces , e spec ia l ly t hose wh ich s uppl ied l arge n u mbers o f a ux i l iar ies s uch a s G au l a nd S pa in , i ti s l i ke ly t ha t s o me c i t izens c hose t o s erve i n t he a ux i l ia r a ther t han t he l eg ions .

A l ter-

n a t ive ly , s ince Wes tern p rov inces were r enowned f or t he ir p rowess a s c ava lrymen , s u i table men f ro m t he m may we l l h ave b een a ss igned t o c ava lry r eg i men ts . The l a t ter w ou ld e xp la in t he n u merous e xa mp les o f G a l l ic c i t izens i n a lae , 8 ma in ly i n t he F lav io-Tra jan ic p er iod . I n t h is c a tegory a re , mos t p robab ly , t he men w i th g en t i l ic ia b u i l t f ro m c ogno m ina , f or e xamp le A lban ius V i ta l is , a Trever , i n t he a la I nd iana ( 384 ) a nd L . C aran t ius S enecio i n t he a la N or icorum ( 613 ). G . A l fö ldy h as s ugges ted t hey o n ly h e ld La t in r igh ts ( A l fö ldy , H i l fs truppen , p .106 ) , b u t t here a re e xa mp les o f c i t izens i n t he a ux i l ia w i th n a mes f ormed i n s im i lar f ash ion s uch a s C . R o man ius C ap i to , f ro m C e le ia , who s erved i n t he a la N or icorum ( 611) . • There i s a lso t he p oss ibi l i ty o f a n a ux i l iary r ece iv ing a v ir i tane g ran t o f c i t izensh ip .

Th is wou ld h ave h appened t hrough t he r eco m menda t ion o f ap er-

s on o f i n f luence , a s f or e xamp le t he p rov inc ia l g overnor .

I n s uch c ases t he

man wou ld n o t a ssu me a n imper ia l g en t i l icium , mak ing h im d i f f icu l t t o r ecogn ise . S ex . Va ler ius G en ia l is , ac ives F r is iaus , w ho s erved i n t he a la IT hracum ( 802 ) may h ave b een t he r ec ip ien t o f s uch a n a ward . These a re t he mos t l i ke ly r easons f or c i t izens t o s erve a s g rega les i n t he a ux i l ia .

Y e t i t mus t b e b orne i n mind t ha t t he n orma l me thods o f r ecru i tmen t

wou ld b e s uspended i n t ime o f war , i fn ecessary.

T h is migh t t herefore e xp la in

t he a ppearance o f c i t izens o f A lp ine o r ig in , T . I ven t ius S erva tus a nd L . A br icius U la to ( 1 464 , 1 464b is ) , i n t he c ohors I G ae tu lorum w hen t h is was a t C e mene lu m i n t he C iv i l Wars o f A . D. 6 9-70 ( f or t he d a te s ee p .164) . The P rob le m o f L a t in S ta tus There h ave b een t wo r ecen t i nves t iga t ions o f t he e v idence f or r ecogn is ing La t in S ta tus amongs t i nd iv idua ls r a ther t han c o m mun i t ies .

G . A l fö ldy a t te mp-

t ed t o s how i nd iv idua l L a t ins b y s tudying v ar ious a spec ts o f n o menc la ture ( A l fö ldy , 1 966) .

F . M i l lar , h owever , c ame t o t he c onc lus ion t ha t s uch ac lass

o f p eop le may n ever h ave e x is ted b ecause t he a rgumen ts a bou t n o menc la ture were i nconclus ive ( M i l lar , 1 977 , A ppend ix 4 , p p .63 ( )-635 ). M i l lar s ugges ted t ha t a l l e xp l ic i t d escr ip t ions o f L a t in R igh ts f or c ommun i t ies d ef ined t hem o n ly i n t er ms o f t he f ac t t ha t mag is tra tes o r c ounc i l lors b eca me c i t izens w i thou t a ny r e ference t o t he s ta tus o f t he o ther i nhabi tan ts ( M i l lar , 1 977, p .631 ) .

5 0

C rook , i n h is r ev iew o f Mi l lar , d oubted t ha t t h is i n terpre ta t ion was c orrect ( Crook , 1 978 , p .316 ). I ti s c er ta in ly t rue t ha t t he o n ly d ef in i te r e ference t o c ives La t in i i n t he a ux i l ia i s o n i nscr ip t ions o f c ohors I Tungroru m mi l liar ia ( R IB 1 981-83 , 2 092 , 2 104 ) , i f i ndeed t he a bbrev ia ted h onori f ic t i t le CL d oes mean ' c iv iu m La tinorum ‚, b ecause i ti s i n terpre ted o n ly b y a na logy w i th t he t i t le CR . H . Wolf f h as s ugges ted t he t i t le was

‚c (oram?)

I n ar ecen t a r t icle ,

1 (auda ta?) ' ( Wo l f f , 1 976).

E ven

i fi td oes r efer t o a n a ward o f La t in c i t izensh ip , i t wou ld h ave b een g iven t o t he whole u n i t .

The i nscr ip t ions t he mselves d a te , a t e ar lies t , t o t he midd le

o f t he s econd c en tury.

Th is makes i tp oss ible s uch a n award was i ns t i tu ted

b y H adr ian s ince h e i s c red i ted w i th g iv ing La t in S ta tus t o t he I ta l ian f l eets ( A l földy, 1 966 , p .52 ).

There fore , e ven i ft h is was a g ran t o f La t in S ta tus t o

a n a uxi liary , i t h as n o r elevance t o t he p er iod b e fore Hadr ian . I n h is a r ticle , G . A l fö ldy g ave a s a n e xa mp le o f a La t in i n t he a ux i l ia a s o ld ier o f c ohors I I A lpinorum c a l led T i . C laudius L igo marus ( 1058 ) f ro m C laudia S a l inae ( A l földy , 1 966 , p p.48-49 ).

I ti s t rue t ha t t he A lpes Mar i t i mae ,

f ro m where L igo marus c a me , were g ran ted La t in S ta tus b y N ero i n A . D. 6 3/64 ( Tac i tus , Ann . XV .32 ).

H owever , h e mus t h ave b een a c i t izen s ince h e h ad

s erved t h ir ty y ears , a nd h e t ook h is g en t il iciu m f ro m N ero , t he Emperor b y who m t he a ward was made .

The n a me o f h is h o me t own wou ld s ure ly h ave b een

b rought u p t o d a te i n t he o f f ic ia l r ecords o f t he u n i t t o s how i t s n ew s ta tus . There a re a lso e xa mp les o n d ip lo mas o f S pan ish s old iers w i th p eregr ine n ames who were r ecru i ted a f ter t he g ran t o f La t in S ta tus t o S pa in .

F or e xa mple

t here i s R eburrus S even if . , ad ecur ion o f t he a la IPannon ioru m Ta mpiana who was a warded c i t izensh ip i n A . D. 1 03 ( XVI 4 8 =6 52 ) , a nd L ovess ius Max im i f . , p edes o f c ohors 1 1 1 S uga mbrorum , d ischarged i n A . D. 1 07 ( XVI 5 6 =2 101). I ti s imposs ible t o s ta te whether t hey were La t ins o r whe ther t hey were s t i l l p eregr ines.

Their n a mes d o s ugges t t hey were p eregr ines .

I n t he s ections wh ich f o l low , f ur ther e xa mples o f p oss ible La t ins w i l l b e d iscussed .

A s im i lar c onc lus ion i s r eached w i th t hese e xamp les , n a me ly t ha t

i ti s qu ite u ncer ta in t hey were La t ins b ecause t he ir n a mes s ugges t t hey were e i ther c i t izens o r p eregr ines . F i l ia tion a .

F il ia t ion b y g en t i l iciu m On a f ew d iplo mas men a re r ecorded who , i ns tead o f t he n or ma l method

o f f i lia tion , r ecord t he g en t i l ic ium o f t heir f a ther ( Table 4 .3 ). e xa mp les t he r ecip ien t 's g en t i l iciu m ma tches t ha t o f h is f a ther .

I n a l l o f t he Two o f t he

men , b oth c a l led Va ler ius Va lens ( Table 4 .3 , n os . 5a nd 6 ) s erved i n t he a ux i l ia i n t he midd le o f t he s econd c en tury when c i t izens f or med a l arge p ropor t ion o f t he s old iers.

There fore t here s ee ms l i t t le d oubt t ha t t he men were a l l s ons o f

c i t izens d esp i te t he method o f f i lia t ion . The o ne p ossible e xcep tion i s L . C ass ius ( Table 4 .3 , n .2 ) who Kra f t b e l ieved was u n l ike ly t o h ave b een a c i t izen b ecause h e h ad n o c ogno men a nd h e h ad r eceived a d iplo ma i n A . D. 9 4 ( Kra f t , p .173 , n .1321).

Bu t i ti s n ow a ccep ted t ha t n o t e veryone h ad c ogno m ina a f ter t he r eign

o f C laudius , a s u sed t o b e t hough t ( Morr is , 1 963 , p .36). c i t izen .

H e was t herefore a

Exact ly why t h is me thod o f f i l ia t ion was u sed i s u nc lear u n less i t was

t o g ive s ure p roo f o f c i t izensh ip i ns tead o f u s ing t he n or ma l method wh ich c ou ld b e u surped b y p eregr ines . 5 1

b )

F i lia t ion b y C ogno m ina The mos t c o m mon u sage o f t h is t ype o f f i l ia t ion i s amongs t a ux i l iar ies

who h ave r eceived c i t izensh ip f ro m a n Emperor s ince t he ir f a thers a re p ereg r ines .

Na tura l ly t h is method i s a lso u sed b y n ew c i t izens who d id n o t t ake

a n imper ia l g en ti l iciu m .

G . A l földy h as s hown t ha t n ew c i tizens f requen t ly

d o n o t h ave a n imper ia l g en t i l iciu m i n t he f irs t c en tury ( A l fö ldy , 4 7) .

1 966 , p p. 4 6-

H e h as a lso l i s ted t he p rovinces where t h is mos t ly o ccurs ( A l fö ldy , 1 966 ,

p . 4 7).

I n C e l t ic a reas t he g en t i l iciu m i s s o met imes b u i lt f ro m t he c ogno men

e i ther o f t he f a ther o r o f a nother r e la t ive .

Mos t e xa mp les o f t h is a re d a teable

t o t he s econd a nd t h ird c en tur ies ( A l földy, 1 966, p p . 4 4-45 ).

Bu t t here a re

e xa mp les f ro m t he f i rs t c en tury, f or e xa mp le M. S acr ius S ecur i f . P r im igen ius o f t he a la N or icoru m ( 616) who d ied i n t he F lav ian p er iod . Three o f t he d ip lo ma r ec ip ien ts i n t he mid-second c en tury r evea l a nother a spec t o f f i l ia t ion b y c ogno men .

They a re a ux i l iar ies w i th imperia l g en t i licia

whose f a thers a re r ecorded a s p eregr ines a l though t he men were d ischarged a f ter t he imper ia l g en t i l icia c ou ld h ave b een g iven .

They a re U lpius S piu mar i

f . B iausco d ischarged i n A . D. 1 56/159 ( XV I 1 12) , C laudius Mot ti f . N ovanus d ischarged i n A . D. 1 33 ( XV I 7 6 =2 52 ) a nd S ex . I u l ius Pr im i 1 . Pr i mus d isc harged i n A . D. 1 38 ( XV I 8 4 =2 181). t han c i tizens .

I ti s d i f f icu lt t o b elieve t hey w ere o ther

The l ack o f p raeno men i s u n i mpor tan t b ecause t h is i s o f ten

d ropped f ro m a n e ar ly d a te amongs t a ux i l iar ies f ro m C el tic p rovinces , f or e xa mp le C laud ius S everus , a Vang io ( 4 99 ) , who r ece ived c i t izensh ip f ro m C laud ius o r N ero .

S ince U lpius B iausco was r ecru i ted i n a bou t A .D . 1 31 a t

t he e ar lies t , h is f a ther mus t h ave b een a c i t izen w i th t he s ame imper ia l g ent i l ic iu m ;

l i kewise t he f a thers o f C laudius N ovanus a nd S ex . I u l ius P r imus ,

The b est e xp lana t ion f or t he f a ther 's c ogno men t o h ave b een r ecorded i n f i liat ion r a ther t han t he c us to mary p raeno men i s t ha t t he l a tter was t oo i mpersona l b ecause t here wou ld b e o ther men w i th s im i lar n ames .

B y u s ing t he c ogno men

o f h is f a ther , t he a ux i liary c ou ld more e as i ly r eta in h is t r iba l i den t i ty e specia l ly a s La t in c ogno mina r a ther t han l oca l o nes were b e ing i ncreas ing ly u sed . An e ques i n t he a la I Thracum i n Maure tan ia C aesar iens is ,

C laud ius

G e me l lus R oga t i f . ( 8 17) , i s a nother e xamp le o f t he s on o f a man who r eceived c i t izensh ip i n t he C laud io-Neron ian p er iod u s ing t he c ogno men o f h is f a ther a s f i l ia t ion .

H e d ied i n t he l a te F lav ian p er iod a f ter t we lve y ears s erv ice .

There a re a n umber o f I u l i i f ro m G au l who u se t h is method f or f i lia t ion a l though t hey were s ons o f c i t izens .

I u l ius G en ia l is S en i l is ( f .) ( 4 71 ) , was a v e teran

o f a la IF lav ia ( Ge me l liana ) a nd d ied i n t he midd le o f t he s econd c en tury . I u lius I ngen ius Massae J . ( 261) d ied i n t he F lav ian p er iod , a s d id C . J u l ius Adar i f . Pr i mus ( 6 17) .

F ina l ly t here i s S ex . I u l ius Mon tan i f . Fron to ( 1 735 ) ,

a mi les o f c ohors L iguru m , who d ied i n t he r e ign o f N ero. I u l ius f ro m T hrace who mus t h ave b een t he s on o f ac i t izen .

There i s a lso a H e was I u l ius

L ong inus Do les B i t icen t i f . who s erved i n t he a la T aur iana t orqua ta v ic tr ix CR ( 452 ) a nd d ied i n t he e ar ly F lav ian p er iod . Fro m S pa in t here a re e xa mples o f t h is t ype o f f i l ia t ion b y s ons o f c i t izens . The mos t o bvious c ases a re p rov ided b y e ques tr ians .

9

One a ux iliary , L .

Marcius Tang in i f . Ma ternus ( 7 61 ) , a s a n e ques o f a la Is ingu lar iu m CR , s et u p ad edica t ion t o h is p refect , L . Marcius Fusci f . Qu ir . Av itus ( E 1 20 ) , a t I danha-a-Ve lha .

La ter Ma ternus , a t d ea th , h ad a t o mbstone s et u p a t h is

5 2

h o me —the s ame p lace .

The c o m mon g en t i l icu m a nd method o f f i l ia t ion o f

t he p re fec t a nd t he a ux i liary wou ld s ugges t t ha t t hey were b o th s ons o f c i t izens who r eceived c i tizensh ip f ro m a c o m mon s ource , u n less Ma turnus r ece ived av ir i tane a ward t hrough t he p a tronage o f Av i tus , h is c o m mand ing o ff icer , a nd t ook h is g en t i l ic iu m .

Two S pan ish a ux i l iar ies who d ied l a te i n t he f irs t c en-

t ury h ave S u lpic ius a s t heir g en t i l ic iu m v iz. M. S u lpicius ]( 815 ) a nd C . S u lpic ius P i i l ius C i i l t i f . ( 1 791 ). was mos t l i kely a c i tizen .

[

] c iae ti f .

Ca [

I n e ach c ase t he ir f a ther

Whether t hey h ad r ece ived c i t izensh ip f ro m Ga lba

o r h ad c hosen i t r a ther t han a n imper ia l g en t i l ic iu m i s u nc lear .

T o t h is

g roup s hou ld b e a dded L . V i tel l ius 3 , Ian ta i f . Tancinus ( 541 ) o f a la H ispanorum Ve t tonu m CR ( see p . 3 1

) .

There i s , h owever , a no ther p oss ible e xp lana t ion

why t hese S pan iards u sed t h is t ype o f f i l ia t ion .

S ince t hey were r ecru i ted

i n t he F lav ian p er iod , a f ter S pa in h ad b een g iven La t in S ta tus , i ti s p oss ible t hey were La t ins .

Bu t , b ecause La t in S ta tus amongs t i ndiv idua ls c anno t b e

r ecogn ized d e fin i tely a nd b ecause t hey a ppear t o b e c i t izens , i ti s b es t t o a ccep t t he m a s t he l a t ter . There a re a lso a f ew e xa mp les o f Eas terners u s ing t h is t ype o f f i l ia tion . Ad ef in ite c ase i s M. An ton ius T im i f . T im i f ro m H ierapo lis who s erved i n c ohors IF lav ia B essoru m ( 1181 ).

An Egyp tian , L . C ornelius H eraclid is f .

An tas o f t he a la Augus ta ( 152 ) , i s p robably a no ther e xa mp le b ecause h e was b orn ' cas tr ( is ) '.

Ann ius A fr inus A bda t is ( f .) o f t he a la Ha m ioru m ( 482 )

s hou ld a lso f i t i n to t h is c a tegory.

F ina l ly , t here i s P . I ns teius Agr ippae f .

who s erved i n c ohors IAugus ta I turaeoru m ( 1671) .

Kra f t b el ieved h e was a

p eregr ine , ma in ly b ecause o f t he l ack o f c ogno men ( Kra f t , p . 1 79 , n1 541) . Bu t t he a bsence o f ac ogno men i n t he l a te f irs t c en tury c annot n ow b e t aken a s d e f in i te p roof o f p eregr ine s ta tus .

I ns teius , i n f ac t , may wel l h ave b een

d escended f ro m s o meone e n franch ised b y M . I ns te ius , as uppor ter o f An tony ( P IR 2 I2 8 ). D ouble C ogno m ina I n h is s tudy o f t he a ux i l ia o f G er rnan i

,i f er ior ,

G . A l fö ldy s ugges ted

t ha t n a mes s uch a s L ong inus i n c on junct ion w i th a c ogno men were u sed a s p seudo-gen t i lic ia ( A lföldy, H i l fs truppen , p . 1 06). b ab ly o f La t in S ta tus .

H ence t he p erson was p ro-

B . G erov . o n t he o ther h and , h as a rgued t ha t , i n t he

f irs t c en tury , men f ro m t he l ess c iv i l ised p rov inces wou ld a dd a R o man n a me t o t he ir own t o d ep ic t ap hys ica l c haracter is t ic ( Gerov, 1 967, p . 1 02 ) . I ti s c er ta in ly t rue t ha t t he n a me L ong inus c ou ld b e u sed a s ag en t i l ic iu m . T h is i s e specia l ly s o i n t he Eas t , f or e xamp le C . Long inus C . f . C or . f ro m Amblada ( I I I 9 737 a nd p la te7B) who s erved i n l eg io V I I i n Da l ma t ia .

Bu t a

n umber o f o ther n ames a re u sed b y a ux i l iar ies wh ich c annot b e s een a s p seudog en t i l icia . a )

These d ep ict , a s G erov s ta ted , p hys ica l c haracter is tics :

Ta l l

- L ong inus 4 e xa mp les + 1p oss ible ( Table 4 .4 , n os . 1 -5 ). C e lsus

b )

C o lour - Fuscus

1e xa mp le ( Table 4 .4 , n o. 6 ) . 2e xa mp les + 1 p ossible ( Table 4 .4 , n os . 7 -9).

R u fus

1e xa mple ( Table 4 .4 , n o . 1 0 ).

C )

S w if t

- Ve lox

1e xa mp le ( Table 4 .4 , n o. 1 1) .

d )

Aged

- Pr iscus

1e xa mple ( Table 4 .4 , n o . 1 2 ).

5 3

These d ouble c ogno m ina a re mos t o f ten u sed b y Thracians ( Table 4 .4 , n os . 1 -3 , 5 -8 , 1 0 ) , b u t t here e xa mp les o f G au ls ( Table 4 .4 , n os . 9 , 1 2 ) , a Da l mat ian ( Table 4 .4 , n o . 1 1) a nd a n A fr ican ( Tab le 4 .4 , n o . 4 ).

Thus t he n a ming

o f ap hysica l c haracter is tic i s p robably t o d is t ingu ish o ne man f ro m a nother o f t he s ame n a me .

A lterna t ive ly , t he p erson c ou ld h ave a dop ted a R o man

n a me t o make h im a ppear more R o man ised a nd r e ta ined h is o r ig ina l n a me t o ma in ta in s o me c onnec t ion w i th h is c oun try o f o r ig in .

These n a mes w ere c er-

t a in ly u sed a s c ogno m ina w ithou t d eno t ing s ta tus s ince t here i s ac i t izen w i th ad ouble c ogno men v iz. I u lius L ong inus Do les ( Table 4 .4 , n o . 2 ). As we l l a s n a mes wh ich d escr ibe p hys ica l c haracter is t ics b eing u sed a s d ouble c ogno m ina , t here a re i ns tances o f t he u se o f p raeno m ina ( Tab le 4 .4 , n os . 1 3-15 ).

Kra f t t hough t t ha t C . Tu t ius ( Table 4 .4 , n o . 1 3 ) c ou ld b e a

c i t izen ( Kra f t , p . 1 90 , n1 910 ).

Bu t Tu t ius i s a Thrac ian n ame ( De tschew ,

p . 5 16) , a nd G a ius c an b e u sed a s ac ogno men ( Ka jan to , p . 1 72 ).

K a jan to

h as a lso d e mons tra ted t ha t t he p raeno men Marcus c an b e u sed a s ac ogno men ( Ka jan to , p . 1 73 ). Th is i s h ow i t was u sed b y M. P ytha ( Table 4 .4 , n . 1 4) a nd M. Tra idua ( Tab le 4 .4 , n . 1 5 ). There r e ma in t hree men who h ave a g en t i l iciu m w i th t heir o rdinary c ogn o men t o b e c ons idered ( Table 4 .4 , n os . 1 6-18 ).

G . A l fö ldy b elieved C assius

G esa tus ( Table 4 .4 , n . 1 6) t o b e o f La t in S ta tus ( A l fo ldy, H il fs truppen , p . 1 06 ). H e a lso a dded t ha t Cass ius c ou ld b e u sed a s ac ogno men i n C el t ic a reas ( A lföldy , H il fs truppen , p . 1 06 , n .576).

Therefore t h is c ou ld b e a no ther e x-

ample o f ap eregr ine h av ing a d ouble c ogno men e specia l ly a s i tc anno t b e s hown t ha t i ndiv idua l a ux i l iar ies h e ld La t in S ta tus .

A l fö ldy a lso b e l ieved t ha t

H e mi l ius Lascivus ( Table 4 .4 , n . 1 7) h ad La t in S ta tus a nd t ha t He m i l ius was ap seudo-gen t i l iciu m ( A l fö ldy , H i lfs truppen , p . 1 06) .

Th is b el ief s ee ms t o

h ave b een b ased o n a ssign ing t he t o mbs tone o f He mi l ius t o t he F lav ian p eriod. However , i t was e rected i n t he C laud io-Neron ian p er iod ( f or t he d a te s ee p . 1 45) , mak ing i t more l ikely h e was a c i t izen o r ap eregr ine. i s p robable f or t he n ame c ou ld b e u sed a s ac ogno men . o f P etron ius D isacen tus ( Table 4 .4 , n . 1 8 ). g r ine ( Kraf t , p . 7 5 ).

Aga in t he l a t ter

There i s a lso t he c ase

Kra f t s ugges ted h e was a p ere-

T il ls s ee ms t he b es t e xp lana tion b y c o mpar ison t o t he

o ther e xa mples . F ina l ly t here i s t he p roble m o f i den t ifying t he s ta tus o f L . S everus I asucten ( 1462 a nd p la te T IC )

o f c ohors G aetu loru m .

Perhaps t he b es t e xp lan t ion i s t o

s ugges t h e h ad a d ouble c ogno men i n t he f or m o f Luc ius a nd S everus a nd t ha t t he o ther n a me i s h is f i l ia t ion v iz. I ascu ten ( f .) .

The l a t ter , a s a n A fr ican

n a me , was d i f ficu l t t o d ec line a nd t he ' f i l ius ' i s o f ten omi t ted .

A lterna t ive ly

S everus may h ave b een u sed a s ag en t i l ic iu m o r h ave b een a mis take f or S everus , at rue g en t i l iciu m .

I n wh ich c ase h e may h ave b een a c i t izen .

Yet t h is i s u n l ikely , i ns tead h e may h ave b een t rying t o make h i mse l f a ppear t o b e ac i t izen .

I ti s impossible t o b e c er ta in , a l though t he e ar ly d a te o f t he

t o mbs tone f avours h im b eing a p eregr ine . The S ta tus o f t he Aux i lia i n Egyp t a nd t he Eas t The n a mes o f t he a ux i l iar ies i n Eg yp t a re d iscussed f irs t b ecause t here a re more men k nown .

These c an b e a ss igned t o t hree c a tegor ies , t he f irs t

t wo b eing s i mple t o e xp la in .

5 4

F irs t ly , t here a re p eregr ines , r ecogn isable b y t heir p ossess ing o n ly a c ogno men a nd p a trony m ic .

These a re mos t ly o f Egypt ian o r Eas tern o r ig in

s uch a s Ma m moga is Ba ta iou ( f .) who s erved i n c ohors N igr i ( 1911).

There

i s o ne p eregr ine G au l r ecorded i n Egypt —D ida Da mana i f i l ius ( 903 ) o f a la V ocon tioru m . S econd ly , t here a re c i t izens who c an b e i den t i f ied i n t wo ways .

There

a re t hose men who s ta te , a long w i th t heir n ames , t heir t r ibe , f or e xa mp le S ex . Mev ius S ex . f . F ab. Do m it t ius ( 1 11 ) , as ign i f ier o f a la Apr iana .

S o me

c i t izens h ave Ro man g en t i l icia a long w i th G reek c ogno m ina , f or e xa mp le L . V e t t ius L . f . D iogenes ( 151) , av eteran o f t he a la Augus ta , a nd M . An ton ius D ionys ius ( 151 ) , a n e ques o f t he s a me a la . The p roble m g roup c onsis ts o f men who p ossess t he t r ia n om ina , a l l o f wh ich a re R o man . o r n ot .

T he q ues t ion t o b e c ons idered i s whe ther t hey a re c i tizens

There a re a lso e xamp les o f R o man n o menc la ture w i thou t ac ogno men ,

f or e xa mp le M. A pron ius a nd M. Man i lius ( 902 ) o f a la Vocon t iorum i n t he r eign o f C laudius o r N ero .

1 0

Ro man n a mes w i th t he t r ia n om ina a re much more

c o m mon f ro m t he F lav ian p er iod o nwards .

Exa mples a re t he d edica tions a t

Ta l mis s e t u p b y men o f c ohors IH ispanoru m i n t he r eign o f Do mi tian ( 1603 , 1 604 , 1 606-1612 ) , a nd t he p apyrus r ecord ing s ix r ecru i ts t o c ohors I I I turaeo ru m i n A . D. 1 03 ( 1 701 ).

L esqu ier d ea l t w i th t h is p rob le m i n h is s ection

o n a ux i l iary r ecru i t men t t o t he a rmy o f Egyp t ( Lesqu ier , p p . 2 16-226).

H e

d isposed o f t he i dea t ha t t hese men were c i t izens b y s howing t ha t s o me h ad a dopted t heir R o man n ames o n r ecru i t men t ( Lesqu ier , p . 2 19 a nd p . 2 20 , n . 1 ) .

Th is a dop t ion o f aR o man n ame h as b een t aken t o mean t ha t t he men were

o f La tin S ta tus ( Lesqu ier , p . 2 20 , n . 3c i tes t he l i tera ture ).

L esqu ier t here-

f ore d iscussed t he d ocumen ts o n wh ich t h is a rgu men t was b ased ( Lesqu ier , p p. 2 20-222 ).

One d ocu men t r ecords A pion who b eca me k nown a s An ton ius

Max i mus o n j oin ing t he f l ee t ( BGU I 4 23 ) .

L esqu ier d e mons tra ted t ha t

Mo m msen 's t heory a bou t A pion r ece iv ing L a t in R igh ts was i ncorrec t ( Lesqu ier , p . 2 22 ).

The o ther d ocu men t r ecords I s idorus , a n A lexandr ian , who b eca me

k nown a s J u l ius Mar tia l ius o n j oin ing c ohors IThebaeoru m i n t he r eign o f Tra jan ( 2 141 ).

I n ap ara l le l c ase where a n A lexandr ian e nrol led i n ac ohor t

h e s t i l l r e ma ined a n A lexandr ian w ith n o c hange i n s ta tus ( Lesqu ier p p . 2 212 22 ).

L esqu ier f ur ther d e mons tra ted t ha t i t was p oss ible f or a s oldier t o

a ssu me a Ro man n a me o n e nro l men t w i thou t t h is mean ing a c hange i n s ta tus ( Lesqu ier , p . 2 22 ) .

H is c onc lus ion was t ha t t hese p ar t icu lar men were n ot

o f La t in S ta tus b u t were p eregr ines who a dop ted Ro man n a mes ( Lesqu ier , . p . 2 23 ).

To wha t e x ten t t h is c an b e e x tended t o o thers w i th Ro man n a mes i s

u nc lear f or s o me mus t h ave b een c i t izens .

The b as ic p oin t i s t ha t i ti s im-

p oss ible t o d eter m ine t he l ega l s ta tus o f a n a ux i liary f ro m h is n ame a lone a s h as b een s ta ted b y M. R einho ld ( Reinhold , 1 971 , p . 2 88 , n . 6 1). The f ew e xa mp les f ro m t he Eas t a lso d e mons tra te t h is p roble m o f r ecogn is ing l ega l s ta tus .

At o mbs tone f ound a t O lbasa i n P is id ia r ecords

q u i e t [ C ]ra terus , ad ecur ion o f c ohors IH ispanoru m , q u i e t Ta las , a n e ques o f t he s ame u n it ( 1571 ).

1 1

a nd M. I us tus Rus t icus

The e ar ly d a te o f i t s e rect ion

—C laud io-Neron ian—and t he l oca n ames o f t he men mean t hey may o n ly h ave b een p eregr ines . h ave b een c i t izens .

I fi th ad b een o f al oca l n a mes o f t he men mean t hey may o n ly h ave W. M. Ra msay h as s ugges ted t ha t t he b rothers Q . a nd L .

Va ler ius Va lens , f ro m S ava tra , o f c ohors IAugus ta C yrena ica ( 1351) were 5 5

a lso p eregr ines b ecause t hey d ied b e fore d ischarge a nd t he ir f a ther p ossessed o n ly a G reek c ogno men ( Ra msay , 1 928 , p . 1 81 ).

A lterna t ively t hey c ou ld

h ave b een c i t izens a nd h ave u sed f i l ia t ion b y c ogno men .

Fro m t he E ast t here

a re a lso c lear e xa mp les o f p eregr ines s uch a s D iogenes A lexandr i ( f .) o f c ohors IAugus ta Thracum ( 2151 ).

E xa mples o f c i t izens a re mos t e as i ly r e-

c ogn ised o n d iplo mas , f or e xa mp le , L . Va ler ius L . f . Pudens o f c ohors I A qu i tanoru m v eterana ( 1093 ). NOTES 1 .

H e was p robably n ot a l i ber tus o f a n emperor s ince h e wou ld h ave s tyled h i mse l f a s ' Aug . l i b.'.

2 .

H e was p oss ibly d ischarged a bou t A . D. 4 5 s ince h e p robably j o ined t he a ux i lia i nthe a f ter ma th o f t he d isas ter o f Varus .

Th is was p oss ib le a lso

t he d a te when J u l ius S a tur io ( Table 4 .1 , n . 1 3 ) was d ischarged . 3 .

The p ho tograph o f t he i nscr ip t ion s hows t ha t t he r eading ' s tip . ) 00 ( I I I ' i s n ot d e fin i te .

4 .

For e xa mp le: t an ;

5 .

The t ex t c ou ld p ossibly h ave

‚s t ip .

2 0 ( I IP i ns tead .

M. Va ler ius C . f . e ques d e a la Pa tru i ( 681) - e ar ly Augus-

C . Opp ius Varus e q . a lae Au [

( I I I 1 2347) - T iber ian .

F or a f u l l d iscuss ion o f t he e v idence f or t he p hys ica l r equ ire men ts o f a r ecru it , s ee Dav ies , 1 969.

6 .

F or e xa mp le:

L . Va ler ius Pudens , f ro m Ancyra , i n c ohors IA qu i tanoru m

v eterana ( 1093 ). o ru m ( 1 691).

M . S ped ius C orbu lo , f ro m H ippo , i n c ohors I I t urae-

M. An ton ius T im i , f ro m H ierapo l is , i n c ohors IF lavia

B essorum ( 1181). 7 .

F or e xa mp le: e ns iu m ( 1071 ). ( 1471).

S apia S ar mos i f . , f ro m Anazarbus , i n c ohors IAn t iochGa ius Luc i i f . , f ro m N icia , i n c ohors I U lpia G a la taru m

Bars i msus Ca l lis ten i f . , f ro m C aesarea , i n c ohors IV inde li-

c oru m mi l l iar ia ( XV I 1 07). 8 .

F or e xa mp le:

J u lius I ngen ius , aH e lvet ius , i n t he a la IF lav ia ( 2 61 ) .

C laud ius N ovanus , aH elvet ius , i n t he a la IU lp ia c on tar ioru m mi l l iar ia ( 752 ). 9 .

C . I u l ius Pr i mus , a Trever , i n t he a la N or icoru m ( 617) .

Exa mples f ro m Tarraco a re:

L . Au f id ius Mascu l i f . C eler Mascu l ianus

Qu ir . f la m . d es ig . ( I I 4 196).

L . An to [n ius ] Pa tern . f i l .

( I I 6 093) . 1 0.

[ Q ]uir , Modestus

C . C lud ius R ect i f . An . Rectus ( I I 4 206).

I n t h is c ase i ti s q u i te p oss ible b o th were c i t izens s ince t he o ther men men t ioned i n t he d ocu men t were c i t izens .

1 1.

The r eading o f t he u n i t i s b ased o n as tudy o f t he p ho tograph . f ace i s b ad ly a braded , b u t t he g iven v ers ion ' cohor t is t o b e c orrect .

T he s ur-

d oes n o t s ee m

The r ead ing ' cohor . H isp . I 'i s t herefore p roposed a s

t he b es t a l terna t ive .

5 6

I - I

CZ

r-I

rI

r • • • 1

ZO Cl

*4 1

00 Cl

*4 1

( . 1 ) Cn

0 C

0

0

Z

CZ

CZ

0 C Z

r- i C Z

*4 1

.4 1

•1

*4 1

*4 1

I

1-

i

CV

C .C )

CZ

CZ

g t L r t : )L i ' D c . o

a )

, ,

*4 4

CD

94 1

4 > 4 > 4 -, 4 ) 4 4 ) 4 ) r i ) C f ) C D r n M r i ) C f )

CZ

CZ

*4 1

.4 1

4 -, 4 > c n rn

j

CD

71'

N

C ID

2, 0

r- 1 71'

Cl 71' N

• O

Cl r- 4 Cl

CV

; • 1 0

g g

a la P ans iana

11

t ub icen e x c oh .

r -1

c > e

1-

11

, .

C

C

0

He e

Ct D' 7

t rz

CD

84 1

.4 4

.4 1

. 1 .1

•

c , 1 ( ! + I 4 ) 4 ) 4 ) g g rn rn rn rn

CC )

00

CZ

0>

1 - 1

CV

rI

7d

O

" 4 0

O

a )

c r

CZ

L CD rI

-

CC -

4

Q )

N

2 C l C lC lg . ••• c . 0

c O

c o

Z

Z24 52 4 0 4 • .m . 1 *4 4 •4 1

*4 1

4 ) 4 ) C l ) C I )

C . P e tron ius C . f .

E4

a )

Cl

sQ f C laudius a nd N ero

T ib . J u l ius

• p 7

1-4

57

A •c e

.

J u lius Dapnus

t ur io l ul L

„ ;

E 1

E -4 L fD

J u l ius I cc i f . A cu tus

A dsedi f . Tau lus

V en imar i f .

J u l ius C ondo l l i f .

J u l ius P ancu ius

Tab le 4 .1 .

l U basus C h i lon is f .

S :24

0

0 Z i • • (

CZ

C l )

Cd

; • 4

0

0 C . ) • • 4

0 CZ

• Cd

z

•

• 1 -, C l )

1 2 1 •4 4

C g

T i . C laudius Mn ta i f .

1 - 1

T rouc le imarus Demar i f .

T- I

missus a la G e me l liana

Cl

Theander A ris tomen i f .

LC

miss ione c oh .

Cl

mi les e xs c oh .

r4

mi les c oh .

CZ

mi les c oh .

7 1 4 i n ec oc zc oc oc oc o CZ

CZ

0

r- I

Cl

r -I

CV

C

CV

Z c z C . ) l e L 0 c N " 1 .

e 3 r ( i c ) C 1 9 r I c q ' c q • N e r e c I q c

C 9 N ( 3 ) r I

L I C i n

1 . 1 c z 0 1 4 ri

1 . 0

o o t o 0

1 4 e + C I

C l C l 1 4

r 4 1 1 c o

r 1 1 1 L C 7 t4

0 0 C 5 Z 7 t4

l f B i B t i u s e u o r n .

c 2 ) c d C ) c d . z.:

C . ) c d di

f l b G o a n

r4

C . ) c d g

" 2

r n

C D

g

l i i F a m s c u e a v a s x

5 : ) . 4 z C l ) c ac a E IC . D c ec ac a " J a '

c d

c d u

f h l i R t F e g s o e v a n s

gz0 c 1 2

C

O

41 C D

c oh . I I I G a l loru m

a lae I A ravacoru m

C D

g

1 J ( 1 )

>

-4 1 . . 1

•; • i

0

ö2

Z

r . ,y

o

Li

g i

p i

• 1

a ) a )I 1 .0 c d , . c d c i , A A . a ) 7 d i 0T a " c 2o 0 o , c . ) c) C . )

c i )

> c i;

c ( Z 1 ) r

. . 1

>

C l . )

0

4

4 C D

a )

0

4 1 5 C D 7 L J

r i )

, -

A

z ` » 4 C r C I ) c l . ) >

a )4 a )

M

C O

M

C I )

C D

>

C . )

d c

1 >

.5 1 ile • 9 : 11 4>

C l )

c r )

C l ) = • , ( 3 4 c l . )

. ,

1 4

.

4 7 c

Cl )

r 1 1 I , 1 , 1 m 1 r I D r 4 r 1 C . • • . e . • c 4 > . ) 7 4 C ›

• • • • e1

o , . ; . . • 4 , ; -.

g g c 2 9 I c q \ '

C 9 Z S , C C n C • I . s 0 4 Z N 9 C 9 C C D 0 1 : m u N • N Z Z C C

O C

miss icus c oh . IN oricoru m

C e c s n r

> t ii •, 1 1 > 4 -> • r1 • 4 ;

4

c n z c . )

, . 1

c d Z

› i

4

te

0 -2 0

0

0 r L i

C f )

M

M

Z

Z

., g ,

V . . I • t4 Z Z 3 Z 3 c d Z Z . 3 c d c d 7 .) 1 7 3

Z .

C 9

0 ( I ) h0 r • • . . 1 , . >

r na >

. ,

a )

Z 4I

M

M

, i •—

•r • 1

1 : 3 i t 3 Z c d c d 5 4 15 1

4 1

c d

c d • , 4 4 )

c f ) =

Z

1 Z 3

Z

C f ) Z

•r " . 1

Z 3 Z

c d c d 5 1 Z1 .

E -I

c d c s ) c d E-I

"p . )

0 • • C l )

S u lp icius Massa

. -,

4 1

C l )

c r )

Ner tus D u mnota l i f .

C laudius T raus i f . A t tuc ius

Tab le 4 . 1c on t inued

c d

5 8

c d

C I )

z C . )

C l )

44P : 1

Cl )

c d

1 7E

E ;

1 4—

l b C I

0 0 C Z

C D C Z

M

CD

M

•e . 4

• r4

• r • I

c d

c d

C > ' e l

»

e

C 9 7 14

C Z

7 1 '

1 . 0

7 1'

7 1 '

Mt +

I L " • ri

g ggg'

•

0 0 u r1 •

C 7 3

c oh . IThracu m

•mi

0

C D

1 4 13

d l b S i e a e o s a n .

7f;

CD

"g

5 9

C\ I

C YZ

L CD

S i laucens iu m

C e e C • I

T i . I u lius S e lvanus

•

C q C O

T ib . J u lius Antus

• e •1

C r 3 1 1 0 0

mi l . c oh . I I I T ungroru m

Z r C 4 L C

r I N 0 0 1 1

no f T iber ius

mi l . a n . 2 8

0 1 0 0 7 1 0 r 0 I 1 ' ' 1 C 7 I 1 r 4 e 4 I 4 1 \ -

0 0

C i t izens a nd M iss ic i i

I o ma t ius V e lson is

C occe ius V i t lus

no f N erva

Tab le 4 . 1c on t inued

• r • 4 .-

C l)

r 4 C • 1

f C t i a e r s .

•

C C

C .-

z 0

C C ) C - 0 0 N N C e . . . • C e

Et n > i •d • I •r • I

0

C O

14 C" ]

. _ , z 0

C 'e CZ

Cs1

CO 0

CZ

in

In

e . c e 0 ; . ,E I . . - 0 , . z c e z

g c e ä e . , . c d „ _ . , s a , c a20 . , e E , , 0

5 2 4

C )

u p

miss ic ius

I. 7 2 1 C l )

M

C D

C D

Z 8 Cd . C D

c d 1

2 1 ) g • i i i n . ,

s i

c d 7 4 I

Z

c d 1

0 0

.2 c n

c o

.C F t )A

&

C31

—

4 -Z ( 1 )

C D

>

1

C l )

C D

I 1

• r i

c i 0 c r z CD 0 or - c ) c \ I c q rI

e

CO a c T ii

,

C l )

4 -: C D

0

C l ) >C

0

v e t . a lae N oricoru m

CZ Ce

I R ae toru m

In

L CZ

miss ic ius a la V ocon t iorum

C\ I

C.

t or . v ie . CR )

▪ I f j

c • •

c

1 — t rI

14

c q

7 1( L c 3 r- I

-

t —

o o

1 - 1 r I

c . o

rI

c >

rI Cq

6 0

a )

c \ I

c \ I

t r z c o l

c u p

r — c \ 1

C occe ius Das ius

T . F lav ius S abinus

F lav ius R uf inus

A t i lus D ix t i f .

n s o ft he F lav ians

S u lp ic ius S usu l la

T ib . C laudius T ir in t ius

so f C laud ius a nd N ero

T ab le 4 .2 c on t inued

1 • • • 1

ec q c \ I e CIZ

C q C -

r 1 c z

C L f 3

r i C >

t -e 0

C O

; . 4 z

7 14 c l ) c d ▪ b 7 1 )

r n

c i p

• ce 0 0

• b i c i )

c l )

b . 0

• 1 :> 4

c n • r i ) r i ) C D

• c d

c d•

c d

E4

C l )

• 7 : 5 ; • A _ c d L 12

C l )

o

C f ) C I )

g q

C I

S ex t i l ius S ex t i l i f . P udens

( 1 ) 4

c d C I )

• , 1

l a '

c e

. 9 , ▪4 -1

c i p .

; I

c • •

i n

C O

6 1

c l ) c d . , 4

4 c d

cn

• — , „ , i X I 4

C I

c d 4 ) • , 1

C D N

e7 r )> 2

g . Z C 1 2

4 LONGINUS

c q

M . P ub l i l ius P ub li l i f . S a turn inus

C ass ius Cass i f .

M . A nton ius A nton i f .

4

r I C \ 1

z

P hys ica l C haracter is t ics

f .4

T ra ianius G u ma t t ius G a is ion is f .

no f T ra ian

Tab le 4 . 2c on t inued

v e t . a lae A f roru m

; • 4

I

•u ) z gC . )

2 , 2 4• -

g. , .

•

=

c i 2

• , 1

c n Z

c 1 2

. b i o =

h i n

c y j

. , t 4

»c c l i n

P . 4

' A'

1 4

c \ I

I f J

c d _ t

6 2 C Z i

' 7 a

0

r 4 4 1

C . T u tius Mani f .

z z r z C . ) C l )

c d

d om B erea

0

C . D

r 4

c hor I C hyrres .

e q . e x c oh .

Cl r i Cl Cl

C osuobnus P riscus Ta t iri f .

S cenut is f .

R ufus S i ta

I B racar .

Tau . t or . v ie . CR ) G o C )

e q . a la Ga lica

T e l 0

C-Z C l

1 0

c r ▪ i

F uscus B i t ius

C e lsus Mar ius

Tab le 4 .4 c ontinued

CZ C l C l L I Z CZ

. • •••••

r — I CZ

c n 0

C ass ius G esa tus B or iss i

G ent i li c ia

T ra idua D id [ae f . ]

c on t inued n a t ione S a le t [a ] • •• • e

C;4 C . )

e q . e x c ho .

r -4 CZ ri

r4

l b-

r4

Cl

C l

Cl

c

6 3

CHAPTER 5 C IT IZEN UN ITS

S ince C hees man d evoted a f ew p ages o f h is b ook t o t he o r ig in o f c i tizen u n i ts ( Chees man p p . 6 5-67 ) , t here h as b een a c on t inu ing d eba te a s t o t he v a lid i ty o f h is s ta te men ts . p rob lem ( Kra f t p p. 8 2-100 ) .

K ra f t d evo ted a ma jor p ar t o f ac hap ter t o t he S o me o f h is c onc lus ions h ave b een c ha l lenged

r ecen t ly b y M . L e G lay ( Le G lay , 1 972 ) .

The mos t r ecen t c ons idera t ion o f

t he p roble m i s b y M . S pe ide l ( Spe ide l , 1 976 ). Mos t o f t he d eba te h as c oncerned t he n a ture o f t he c ohor tes v o lun tariorum . Kra f t o b jec ted t o t he i den ti f ica t ion o f t hese u n i ts w i th c ohor tes l i ber t inoru m ( Kra f t p p . 9 O f f .) s ee ming ly i mp l ied b y Macrobius ( Sa t . 1 .1 1 .32 ).

H owever ,

L e G lay h as s ugges ted t ha t t hese u n i ts were r a ised f ro m a v ar iety o f s ources i nc :h id ing f reed s laves , c i t izens a nd p eregr ines ( Le G lay , 1 972 , p p . 2 19-221 ). Th is p roble m i s a lso c onnec ted w i th t he o r ig in o f t he c ohor tes i ngenuoru m. I th as b een a rgued t ha t t he c ohor tes v o lun tar iorum h ad t o b e o f s erv i le o r ig in , o therw ise t he t i t le i ngenuoru m c ou ld n o t b e e xp la ined .

1

The r ecen t ly p ubl ished

c areer i nscr ip t ion o f C . F abr ic ius Tuscus ( E 1 0 ) s hows t ha t t here w as a I d i lec tus i ngenuorum ' h e ld b y Augus tus a nd T iber ius a t R o me .

Th is d i lectus

c an b e s hown t o h ave t aken p lace i n A .D . 9 -10 s ince Tuscus was p re fec t o f t he a la p rae tor ia w i th G er man icus f ro m A . D. 1 3 .

T he c ohor tes i ngenuoru m

wou ld t hen h ave b een l ev ied i n r esponse t o t he d isas ter o f Varus .

H ere t here-

f ore i s t he l i ke ly r eason f or t he d i f ference b e tween t he n ames o f t hese u n its . C ohor tes v o lun tar iorum o ugh t s ure ly t o h ave b een f or med f ro m v o lun teers a s t he n ame imp l ies , a nd t o b e e qua ted w i th t he l arge n umber o f w i th T iber ius i n A . D. 7 ( Ve l le ius Pa tercu lus 1 .113 .1 ).

v o lun teers

I n a l l , t here were

t h ir tytwo c ohor ts , c o mposed o f c i t izens , p robab ly r e t ired l eg ionar ies , who v o lun teered t o f igh t i n t he P annon ian R evo l t .

O f t hese t h ir ty-two , t en a re

k nown t o h ave b een r e ta ined a f ter t he emergency. Danube a rea s oon a f ter t he r evo l t .

2

F our a re r ecorded i n t he

A l l b u t t wo o f t he r e ma inder a re f ound

o n t he R h ine . 3 O ne i s r ecorded o n ly o nce a nd i s u np laced v iz. c ohors XX II Vo lun tar ioru m ( 3041) . F ina l ly , c ohors XV Vo lun tar iorum i s f irs t r ecorded i n A fr ica ( 3021 ) wh i ther i t may h ave b een t rans ferred f ro m t he Danube w i th l eg io I X H ispana i n A .D. 2 0/21.

The s ix c ohor tes i ngenuoru m were l ev ied

a t R o me t o h e lp r es tore t he s i tua t ion o n t he Rh ine a nd t ha t i s where t he t wo k nown u n i ts , c ohors II ngenuoru m a nd c ohors V I I ngenuorum a re r ecordec 1 .

4

The ir n ame i ngenu i s hows t he m t o b e f ree b orn a s o pposed t o l i ber t in i , e nf ranch ised s laves , a lso l ev ied a t R o me . F ur ther more , t he t i t le CR i s u sed i n i nscr ip t ions t o s how t ha t t he men were f ree b orn c i t izens r a ther t han f ree b orn p eregr ines e ven i n t he p reF lav ian p er iod .

T h is i s d e mons tra ted b y t he c areer i nscr ip t ion o f Q . C a ic i l ius

C is iacus S ept ic ius P ica C a ic i l ianus ( V 3 936 -3 081 ) , s e t u p i n t he r e ign o f C laud ius , where t he d ed ican t C . L igur ius A sper d escr ibes h i mse l f a s c en tur ion

6 4

o f ' coh . I CR I ngenuor .'. Th is i s d esp i te t he g enera l ly a ccep ted r u le t ha t t his t i t le i s n o t u sed b e fore t he F lav ian p er iod .

S uch u sage o f t he t i t le CR h e lps

5

t o d a te t he c areer o f P . C orne lius C ica tr icu la ( E 4 4) , e specia l ly h is p os t a s ' praefectus c ohor t ium c iv ium R o mano r um q ua t tuor i n H ispan ia '.

I ti s p ossi-

b le h e was i n c harge o f ag roup o f c ohor tes i ngenuorum i n S pa in s hor t ly a f ter t he emergency o f A .D. 9 where t he u n i ts were s en t f or t ra in ing .

There i s

c er ta in ly n o r eason t o d a te t he i nscr ip t ion t o t he s econd c en tury b ecause t he t i t le CR i s u sed a s L e G lay ( Le G lay , 1 972 , p . 2 18 ) r a ther t han t he r eign o f T iber ius a t t he l a tes t a s Dobson ( Dobson , 1 974 , p . 3 99 , n . 2 9 ).

Wha t i s d e-

f i n i te i s t ha t i s t ha t t he c ohor tes v o lun tar ioru m a re n ot i n q ues t ion .

These u n i ts

d id n ot n eed t o b e d es igna ted a s c o mposed o f R o man c i t izens i n t he p re-F lav ian p er iod:

t he ir c o mpos i t ion was imp l ic i t .

Th is s pec ia l s ta tus wen t f ur ther :

t he c o m manders were t r ibunes f ro m t he b eg inn ing , a s i ft hey were c ons idered t o b e more l ike l eg ionary c ohor ts .

I t was t hey , p erhaps a lone , who r ece ived

t he d ona t ive i n Augus tus 's w i l l ( Tac i tus , Ann . I .8 .2 ).

On ly o ne c o m mander

o f ac ohors i ngenuoru m i s k nown i n t he p re-F lav ian p er iod , L . A t t ius Lucanus ( E 9 7).

H e i s r ecorded a s at r ibune .

There fore , t he c o m mander i s mos t

l i ke ly t o h ave b een at r ibune f ro m t he b eg inn ing . Recru i ts t o t hese u n i ts were u sua l ly c i t izens . l i s ted i n Table 5 .1 , a l l b u t o ne i s ac i t izen .

O f t he t wen ty-one men

The e xcep t ion , P i lade lpus

P i landr i , was a C appadocian s erv ing i n c ohors XXX I I Volun tar ioru m ( 3037). T h is u n it i s k nown t o h ave b een i n Pannon ia i n t he p re-Flavian p er iod , a nd t o h ave a rr ived o n t he Rh ine , where P i ladelpus d ied , i n t he r eign o f Vespas ian . T he mos t l ikely o ccas ion f or t here b eing a p eregr ine i n ac i t izen u n i t i s i n t ime o f war when more t han t he n or ma l n u mber o f r ecru i ts wou ld b e n eeded . I ft here were t oo f ew c i t izen r ecru i ts a va i lable t hen p eregr ines wou ld h ave b een u sed .

Th is i s b orne o u t b y t he d ip lo ma f or Da l ma t ia o f A .D. 9 4 ( XV I

3 8 ) where men e nrol led i n c ohors V I I I Vo lun tar ioru m a re d escr ibed a s ' qu i p eregr inae c ond ic ion is p roba t i e ran t '.

These p eregr ines were t aken i n to t he

c i t izen u n it i n t he t roubled t imes o f A . D. 6 8/69.

The C appadoc ian i n c ohors

XXX I I Vo lun tar ioru m wou ld h ave b een e nrol led i n t he u n i t a s p ar t o f al evy made b y C orbu lo i n C appadocia , p erhaps i n A . D. 5 8 when we k now u n i ts f ro m P annon ia were t here ( Tac i tus , Ann . X I I I , 3 5 .2 ). Af ur ther g roup o f c i t izen c ohor ts c an b e s hown t o h ave b een r a ised i n I t a ly.

I n h is a r t icle , S peidel d e mons tra ted t ha t t he c ohors A pu la , o f wh ich

C . F abr ic ius Tuscus ( E 1 0 ) h ad b een p refec t , was a u n i t o f c i t izens o r ig ina l ly r ecru i ted i n A pu l ia l ong b efore A . D. 6 ( Spe ide l , 1 976 , p . 3 40 ).

C ohors

C a mpanoru m was a c i tizen c ohor t r ecru i ted o r ig ina l ly i n Ca mpan ia ,

6

a nd

S peidel h as s uggested i t was a lso r a ised b efore A . D. 6 ( Speide l , 1 976, p . 3 41 ). 7 The b el ie f t ha t t here were t wo c ohor ts Ca mpana/Ca mpanoru m , r ep ea ted b y S peidel ( Speide l , 1 976 , p . 3 42) , n eed n ot b e c oun tenanced . The e v idence d oes n ot o ver lap c hrono log ica l ly , s o a move f ro m Da l ma t ia t o Pann on ia i s f eas ible .

T h is i s d esp i te t he d i f feren t t ypes o f c o m mander r ecorded .

S pe idel s ugges ted t ha t t here c ou ld b e n o f ixed r u le f or c o m manders o f v olun teer c ohor ts ( S peide l , 1 976, p . 3 43 ).

Yet t he o n ly

e v idence f or t he c ohors Cam-

p anoru m h aving t he t i t le v olun tar ioru m d a tes t o t he s econd c en tury , f or e xamp le t he c areer i nscr ip t ion o f L . F lav ius S ecu lar is ( E 1 48 ) , whereas t he c ohortes v olun tar iorum h ave t he n ame f ro m t heir i ncep t ion .

The e xplana t ion

s ee ms t o b e t ha t u n t i l t he F lav ian p er iod t he c o m manders o f b oth t he c ohors

6 5

A pu la a nd C ohors C ampanoru m were p re fec ts .

S o me t i me i n t he F lav ian

8

p er iod t he c ohor ts were r egraded , b e ing g iven at r ibune a s c o m mander a nd t he t i t le v o lun tar iorum .

9

Th is was t o d i f feren t ia te t he m f ro m t hose u n i ts

a warded c i t izensh ip g ran ts wh ich r e ta ined t he h onorary n a me CR i n t he ir t i tu la ture . S uch a r egrad ing a lso s ee ms t o h ave h appened t o t he c ohor tes I t a l icae . These t wo c ohor ts were r a ised i n I ta ly , r a ther t han f ro m o r ien ta l s laves a s s ugges ted b y C hees man ( Chees man , p . 6 6 , n . 2 ) , p robab ly s o me t ime b efore t he P annon ian R evol t o f A .D. 6 . A s w i th t he c ohor tes A pu la a nd C ampanorum , t he c o m mander was a p re fec t i n t he p re-F lav ian p er iod , 1 0 a nd a s w i th t he c ohor tes i ngenuoru m t he t i t le CR was u sed .

1 1

I n t he F lav ian p er iod t hese

c ohor ts were r egraded , b u t n o t i n t he s ame way . C ohors II ta l ica w as n ow c o m manded b y at r ibune , b u t was mi l l iar ia w i th a moun ted c on tingen t , a nd a dop ted t he t i t le v o lun tar ioru m ( E 1 70 a nd A rr ian , E k tax is I I ).

C ohors I

I ta l ica was a lso c o m manded b y at r ibune a nd h ad t he t i t le v o lun tar ioru m ( E 1 19 ) .

The s ugges t ion t ha t i tt oo was mi l l iar ia s ee ms s uspect .

I n n one o f

i t s a ppearances o n S yr ian d ip lo mas d oes i th ave t ha t t i t le ( Appendix I ), o n ly o n t he c areer i nscr ip t ion o f L . Maes ius Ru fus ( E 1 19 ) i s t here a pparen t ly t h is t i t le wh ich i s e xpressed a s ' t r ib. c oh . mi l . I ta l ic . v o lun t . q uae e s t i n S yr ia '. H owever , t h is i s p robably a n e rror f or ' t r ib . mi l . c oh . I ta l ic . v o lun t . ' 1 3 s ince t he t i t le mi l l iar ia i s n ot a bbrev ia ted a s t ha t p os i t ion i n o ther i nscr ipt ions . c oun ted a s mi l l iar ia u n i t .

1 4

1 2

a nd d oes n ot a ppear i n

T here fore c ohors I I ta l ica s hou ld n ot b e

B o th t he u n i ts were o rgan ised a s a rcher r eg i-

men ts t o c ope w i th t he s pec ia l p rob le ms o n t he E as tern F ron t ier .

1 5

There

i s l i t t le i n forma t ion a bou t r ecru i t ing i n t h is p er iod , b u t i td oes s ee m t ha t , a s w i th t he c ohor tes v olun tar ioru m ( see a bove ) , p eregr ines c ou ld b e e nro lled i n t hese u n i ts i n emergenc ies .

There i s at o mbs tone f ro m C arnun tum ( 3 121)

wh ich r ecords Procu lus , a n o p t io o f c ohors I I ta l ica CR . H is o r ig in i s g iven a s ' c o l . Ph i lade lp .', b u t b o th h e a nd h is b ro ther a re p eregr ines . A n e xplanat i on f or t h is i s a t h and .

P rocu lus d ied i n A .D. 6 9/70 when t ak ing p ar t i n t he

C iv i l Wars w i th a n a rcher v ex i l la t ion f ro m S yr ia .

H e h ad s erved s even y ears

a nd s o was r ecru i ted i n A .D. 6 3/64 , a t at ime when C orbu lo was n eed ing t roops f or t he A r men ian t roub les . Ap roble ma t ic u n i t i s t he c ohors I I Ca mpes tr is . c ons idered i tt o b e ac i t izen u n i t .

1 7

1 6

C hees man a nd o thers

S peidel , h owever , h as r e jec ted t h is a nd

h as r ek ind led t he p oss ib i l i ty o f i th av ing b een mi l l iar ia s ince i ts c o mmander was at r ibune ( S pe ide l , 1 976 , p p . 3 44-345 ) .

T he a ppearance o f p eregr ines

amongs t i t s p ersonne l , f or e xa mp le L icca ius ( 3131 ) , n eed n o t mean t ha t t he c ohor t was n o t ac i t izen u n i t .

A s h as b een s hown i n t he c ase o f c ohor tes

v olun tar iorum , p eregr ines c ou ld b e e nrol led i n c i t izen u n i ts i n a n emergency . T hus t he p resence o f men l i ke L icca ius c an b e e xp la ined . T he a bsence o f t he t i t le v o lun tar iorum f ro m t he r ecords o f t he u n i t k nown t o u s n eed n o t b e imp or tan t s ince c ohors I I t a l ica o n ly h as t ha t t i t le o n o ne i nscr ip t ion ( E 1 19). I tc an t here fore b e a ccep ted a s ac i t izen u n i t w ith t he p oss ibi l ity t ha t i t was t he t h ird u n i t i n as er ies s tar t ing w i th t he c ohor tes I ta l icae .

I ts n ame c ou ld

t hen r e fer t o i tb eing r a ised f ro m men o f t he p la in , p erhaps N or thern I t a ly. T he o r ig in a nd s ta tus o f c ohors I l C a mpes tr is a lso b r ings i n to q ues tion t he o r ig in o f c ohors V G e me l la .

The r ecords o f t h is u n i t , u n for tuna te ly d a t ing

o n ly t o t he s econd c en tury , s how t ha t i t was c o m manded b y at r ibune a nd t ha t 6 6

i tu sed t he t i t le CR ( E 1 37).

The h igh n umber o f t he u n i t s ugges ts t ha t i t was

p ar t o f as er ies wh ich i s o therwise u nknown , u n less i tb e longed t o as er ies s tar t ing w i th t he c ohor tes I ta licae .

Wha t s ee ms c er ta in i s t ha t i t was n o t a

mi l l iar ia u n i t , b u t r a ther a c i t izen u n i t o f t he s a me t ype a s t he c ohor tes I t a l icae. Another s er ies o f c i tizen c ohor ts r a ised b y Augustus c o mpr ises t he t wo c ohor tes c lass icae .

These were p robably r a ised f ro m t he f lee t a t F orum

I u l i i f or t he c a mpa ign i n A qu i tan ia o f 2 8 B . C. a s Kra f t h as s ugges ted ( Kra f t , p p . 9 6-99 ).

Their c om manders were a t a l l t imes p refec ts u n l ike t he o ther

' pre-Flavian c i t izen u n i ts wh ich were r egraded ; u sed o n i nscr ip t ions .

a nd t he t i t le CR i s n ever

Th is s uggests t ha t , t hough c o mposed o f c i t izens , t hese

c ohor ts were c ons idered t o b e o f d i f feren t s tand ing f ro m t he c i t izen u n i ts c a l led v olun tar iorum o r i ngenuoru m .

C ohors I c lass ica was o rgan ised a s

a n a rcher u n i t t o c ope w i th t he s pecia l c ond i t ions i n S yr ia ( XV I 1 06) . Desp i te S peide l 's o bserva t ion t ha t t he c ohors s cu ta ta was n ot a c i t izen u n i t ( Speide l , 1 976 , p . 3 45 , n . 1 9a ), i ti s more l i kely t o h ave b een o ne a s Kra f t ma in ta ined ( Kra f t , p . 1 99 ).

The ma in r eason f or b e liev ing t h is i s t ha t

t he u n it i s t he o n ly o ne i n Egyp t t o u se t he t i t le CR . l o mas a lso p oin ts t o ac i tizen u n i t ( Appendix I ).

I ts a bsence f ro m d ip-

The e ar l ies t d ocu men t where

t he u n it h as t he t i t le CR i s t he t o mbs tone o f C . S u lpicius C . f . Pol . A per ( 3151 ). T he c la im o f b e long ing t o at r ibe s hows t ha t h e was a c i t izen r a ther t han t ha t h e u sed a R o man n ame a s w i th s o many Egypt ian s o ldiers ( see p . 5 5 ) . F ur ther more , t he f ac t t ha t t he men u sed t he s cu tum , t he l eg ionary s h ie ld , s uggests t he u n i t was o f s im i lar s tanding t o t he l eg ions , n ame ly t ha t i t was c o mposed o f c i t izens .

A t a l l t imes t he c o m mander was a p refec t .

T hus t he

c ohor t h ad a s ta tus s im i lar t o t ha t o f t he c ohor tes c lass icae . Af ur ther g roup o f c i t izen u n i ts n eeds t o b e i nves t iga ted .

Th is sma l l

g roup o f u n i ts c o mpr ises t hose wh ich b ear t he t i t le CR b u t n o e thn icum , t hough i n t hree i ns tances t here i s a Ka iserbe ina me .

O f t he f irs t s er ies , t he a la I

CR a ppears f or t he f i rs t t ime o n t he d iplo ma o f A . D. 8 0 ( XV I 2 6) f or Pannon ia , c ohors I CR e qu i ta ta o n t he d ip lo ma o f A . D. 1 17 ( XV I 6 2 ) f or G er man ia S uper ior , a nd c ohors I CR e qu i ta ta o n t ha t f or L ower G er many o f A .D. 8 0 ( XV I 1 58 ) .

Cheesman h as s ugges ted t ha t c ohors ICR was t he s ame a s c ohors

ICR I ngenuoru m ( Chees man , p . 1 87, n . 1 ) .

Th is , h owever , i s n o t s o .

The

mos t p laus ible e xp lana t ion i s t ha t t he u n i ts were o rgan ised f ro m t he wreck o f t he Rh ine l eg ions a f ter t he C iv i l Wars o f A .D. 6 9/70 ( Kra f t , p p . 9 9-100 ) , wh ich h elps t o e xp la in why t he c o m manders o f t he c ohor ts were p refec ts r a ther t han t ri bunes .

1 8

As f ar a s c an b e a scer ta ined r ecru i t men t o f c i t izens

t o t hese u n i ts was ma in ta ined , c er ta in ly i n to t he r eign o f Hadr ian . p roved b y t he e pi taph o f M. U lpius S uper f ro m T eu toburg ium ( 3 161) . h e a nd h is b rother M . U lpius S im i lis s erved i nt he a la ICR .

T h is i s B o th

S ince t he ir

s is ter , U lpia S isc ia , was a lso a c i t izen , t hey mus t h ave b een c h i ldren o f a n a ux i l iary d ischarged b y Tra jan .

Thus S uper a nd S i mi l is were a lready c i t izens

w hen t hey j o ined t he a la i n t he r eign o f Tra jan o r e ar ly i n t he r e ign o f Hadr ian . The o ther t hree u n its were a pparen t ly r a ised i n t he Eas t .

C ohors I

F lav ia CR e qu i ta ta f i rs t a ppears o n t he d ip lo ma o f A . D. 8 8 ( XV I 3 5 ) f or S yr ia a nd was r a ised , i n a l l p robabi l ity , b y Vespas ian ( s ee p . 1 6 ).

T he o ther t wo

u n i ts were r a ised b y Tra jan , p robably f or t he P ar th ian c a mpa igns ( see p . 1 8 ). C ohors I U lpia CR e qu i ta ta f irs t a ppears o n t he d ip lo ma o f A . D. 1 56/157

6 7

( XV I 1 06 ) f or S yr ia ;

b u t c ohors IU lpia CR i s f irs t r ecorded i n B r i ta in i n

A .D. 1 24 ( XV I 7 0 ) a nd was p robably b rough t t here b y Hadr ian f ro m t he Eas t . The c o m manders o f t hese u n i ts were a ga in p refec ts , s uggesting t ha t t he d i ff erences b e tween n ew ly r a ised c i t izen a nd n on-c i t izen u n i ts were b eco m ing b lurred .

Exac t ly who t he c i t izen r ecru i ts were i s n ot c lear .

I ti sp ossible

t ha t t hey were o rgan ised f ro m p oten t ia l l eg ionar ies who h ad n o t f u l f i l led t he p hysica l r equ ire men ts f or l eg ionary s erv ice , b u t who p assed t hose f or t he a ux i lia .

( Th is t opic i s d iscussed more f u l ly i n C hap ter 4 ) . NOTES

1 .

C hees man , p . 6 6;

2 .

C ohors 1 1 1 Vo lun tar ioru m : ( xv i 8 4 ).

S ch i l l inger Ha fe le , 1 962 . f irs t r ecord - Pannon ia S uper ior , A . D. 1 38

C ohors V I Vo lun tar iorum:

1 4/16 ( AE 1 964n227) .

f irs t r ecord - Da l ma t ia , A . D.

C ohors V I I I Vo lun tar ioru m:

Da l ma t ia , T iber ius ( E 1 7) ,

f irs t r ecord -

C ohors XXX I I Volun tar ioru m:

f i rst r ecord

- Pannon ia , C laud io-Neron ian ( 3071). 3 .

C ohors XV I I I V o lun tar ioru m : ( 3031 ).

f irs t r ecord - A qu i tan ia , p re A .D. 6 9

C ohors XX I I I I Vo lun tar ioru m :

p re A .D. 6 9 ( 3051).

f irs t r ecord - Upper G er many ,

C ohors XXV I V o lun tar iorum :

G er many , C laud io-Neron ian ( X I I I 1 2491 t i les ).

f irs t r ecord - Upper

C ohors ) (XX V olun tar ioru m:

f irs t r ecord - U pper G er many , l a te s econd c en tury ( I I I 6 758 ) . 4 .

C ohors II ngenuorum :

f irs t r ecord - Raet ia , C laud ius ( V 3 936 = 3 081 ).

C ohors V I I ngenuoru m:

f irs t r ecord - L ower G er many, F lav ian ( 3091 ).

5 .

Kra f t , p . 9 5 ;

6 .

A man f ro m S uessa i n C a mpan ia i s r ecorded i n t he u n i t ( 3112 ) .

7 .

S peide l , 1 976, p . 3 40 .

The n a me C ampana i s r ecorded o nce o n ly ( 3 113 ) , s o C a mpanoru m i s t o b e p referred c f . c ohors I I A lp ina ( 1058 e t a l i i ) f or c ohors I I A lpinoru m a lso i n Da l ma t ia .

8 .

C ohors A pu la :

C . F abr icius Tuscus ( E 1 0 ) .

C ohors C a mpanoru m:

L . Do m i tius S everus ( E 7 3 ). 9 .

C ohors A pu la :

n o e v idence .

C ohors Ca mpanoru m :

L . F lav ius S ecu lar is

( E 1 48 ). 1 0 .

C ohors ICR I t a l ica : CR :

n o e v idence .

( Ac ts , 2 1 ,31;

[ T . V o ]lu mnius Varro ( E 9 0 ).

C ohors I I t a lica

The t r ibune , C laud ius L ys ias , men t ioned i n A cts

2 3 .26) c anno t b e u sed a s e v idence s ince t he a u thor o f Acts

d oes n o t s ta te t he u n i t a nd i ti s u nknown whe ther h is mi l l itary t er m ino log y i s s tr ict ly a ccura te . 1 1.

C ohors ICR I t a l ica : Varro ( E 9 0 ).

r ecorded o n t he c areer i nscr ip t ion o f [ T . V onu mn ius

R a msay , 1 939 , p . 2 06 r epor ted t races o f t he b o t to ms o f

t he l e t ters CR - t hey were d e f in i te ly n o t VOL.

C ohors I I ta l ica CR ;

( 3121 ). 1 2 .

C ohors II ta l ica i s n ot i n q ues t ion a s i t was s ta t ioned i n C appadoc ia .

1 3 .

C o mpare t he t i t le i t r ib. mi l i t . c oh . I I ta l ica '. ( V I 3 528 ) .

6 8

1 4 . I ti s a lso p ossible t ha t T . V isu lan ius Crescens ( E 1 74 ) a s ' t r ib. mi l . c ohor . I c iv ium R o manor .' was i n c o m mand o f t h is u n i t . 1 5 .

C ohors II ta l ica s ag i t tar ioru m : s ag i ttar ioru m :

Arr ian , Ek taxis I I .

C ohors I I ta l ica

( 3 121 ).

1 6. Th is i s t he o n ly u n i t w i th t he n a me.

As S peide l h as p oin ted o u t ( Speidel ,

1 976, p . 3 43 ) t he e x is tence o f c ohors V I I Campes tr is i s b ased o n af au lty r eading o f ad ed ica t ion b y c ohors V I I G a l lorum ( I I I 1 32 = I I 1 4160 3 ) . 1 7.

Chees man , p . 1 87;

1 8 .

C ohors I CR :

Kra f t ;

a nd L e G lay , 1 972.

p refect - L . F lav ius S ecu lar is ( E 1 48 ).

p refect - T i . C laud ius Cand idus ( I I 4 114 ).

6 9

C ohors I CR :

Table 5 .1:

Recru i t men t t o C ohor tes Vo lun tar ioru m a nd I ngenuoru m

C i t izens

Pre-F lav ian

Peregr ines

S o ld iers

Veterans

Cen tur ions

3 073

3 015

3 072

3 001

3 021

3 011

3 022

3 063

3 031

3 081

3 051

3 061 =

3 061

3 062

3 062

3 073

3 071

3 074

3 012

3 012

3 013 3 014 F lav io/Tra jan ic

3 041 3 074 3 075 3 091

7 1

CHAPTER 6 THE EQUESTR IAN OFFICER CAREER

The t i t le o f t h is c hap ter i s s l igh t ly mis lead ing b ecause e ques tr ian o f ficers a re n o t t he o n ly men b e ing c ons idered .

I n t he p re-F lav ian p er iod i t was p os-

s ib le f or p r im ipi lares t o c o m mand a ux i l iary u n i ts . t ur ions a nd d ecur ions .

T h is i s a lso t rue o f c en-

I n t he r e ign o f A ugus tus s ena tors were c hosen t o c o m-

mand a lae . E . B ir ley h as d one much t o c lar i fy t he mechan ics o f a ppo in t men t o f e quest r ian o ff icers a nd l i t t le c an b e a dded t o h is work . H e h as s hown t ha t f or t he f irs t a ppo in t men t t he p a tronage o f as ena tor o r as en ior e ques tr ian o f f ic ia l was v ery importan t ( B ir ley , 1 953 , p .141 ). o f C . C orne l ius M in ic ianus ( E 1 46 ) .

T h is i s b es t e xe mp li f ied i n t he c areer

P l iny wro te t o P o mpe ius Fa lco , g overnor

o f J udaea , r eco m mend ing M in ic ianus f or a m i l i tary t r ibuna te ( P l iny , E pis t . 7 .22 ) .

A s i th appened , at r ibuna te was n o t a va i lable , b u t h e was a ppo in ted a s

p refec t o f c ohors IDamascenoru m .

E . B ir ley h as a lso d e mons tra ted t he

1

i mpor tance o f , a be p is tu l is ' a nd o f t he c on f iden t ia l r epor ts o f s uper ior o ff icers

f or s ubsequen t p ro mo t ion ( B ir ley , 1 953 , p p .142-143 ) . E . B ir ley h as l i s ted t he means b y wh ich a n e ques tr ian c ou ld g a in t he a t tent i on o f a n i n f luen t ia l p erson .

T h is c ou ld b e b y way o f t he mun icipa l c areer ,

t he p os t o f p rae fec tus f abrum , b y s erv ice a s ai udex i n t he j ury p ane ls a t R o me , o r s erv ice a s ac lerk t o t he q uaes tors o r a ed i les i n R o me ( B ir ley, 1 953 , p p. 1 39-140 ) .

A s h e h as p o in ted o u t , t here a re p rob le ms i n t he i n terpre ta t ion o f

t h is e v idence b ecause n o t e very i nscr ip t ion g ives f u l l d e ta i ls a nd t he c hronol og ica l o rder o f a ppo in t men t i s n o t a lways a dhered t o s tr ic t ly ( B ir ley , 1 953 , p .139 ) .

Therefore t he f ol lowing s ta t is t ics o f t he n on- m i l i tary c areer o f t he

e ques tr ian o f f icers c an o n ly p rov ide a g u ide t o t he t ype o f man who g a ined a ccess t o am i l i tary c areer . a .

Mun ic ipa l C areers T he h ighes t mun ic ipa l o f f ice was t ha t o f ' duov ir i ure d icundo ' w h ich i s

a lso c a l led ' qua t tuorv ir i ure d icundo ' i n s o me mun ic ip ia .

Or ig ina l ly , t o b e

e l ig ib le f or t h is o f f ice , ac and ida te h ad t o b e a t l eas t t h ir ty.

B y t he e nd o f t he

f irs t c en tury t he a ge r equ ire men t h ad b een r educed t o t wen tyf ive ( Lex Mun ic . Ma lac . c h . 5 4 ) . I n t he p re-C laud ian p er iod , t wen ty o f t he t h ir ty-n ine men r ec orded t heir mun ic ipa l c areer o f who m n ine teen h e ld t he o f f ice o f d uov ir .2 F i f teen o f t hese men h ave t he ir mun ic ipa l o f f ices r ecorded a t t he b eg inn ing o f t he ir c areers .3 C onceivab ly t he o ther f ive h e ld t he irs a f ter t heir m i l i tary c areers , b u t t h is i s d e f in i te o n ly i n t he c areer o f t he u nknown f ro m A qu ileia ( E 4 0 ).

The C laud io-Neron ian p er iod s ees a l arge d rop i n t he n u mber o f r e-

c orded mun ic ipa l c areers , o n ly t en o u t o f at o ta l o f t h ir ty-f ive e ques tr ians . A l l t en men h e ld t he o f f ice o f d uov ir .4

I n f our c ases t he mun icipa l o f f ices a re

r ecorded a t t he e nd ( E 7 3 , E7 7 , E7 9 , E 8 1 ) , b u t t hey c anno t b e s hown t o h ave

7 2

followed the military career. Similarly, in the Flavian period there are few recorded municipal careers. Out of thirty-four equestrians, e ht municipal � career s are known, in each one the office of duovir being held. Two men have their offices recorded after their military careers (E 114, E 133), but it is unclear whether they were held afterwards. The number of recorded muni­ cipal careers increases in the Trajanic period, there being twenty out of forty­ five. All twenty held the office of duovir.6 Just over half of these men have their municipal offices listed before the military career. 7 Ti. Claudius Helvius Secundus (E 145) was granted the office of duovir in his absence. C. Nasen · s Marcellus (E 157) is recorded as 'duovir quinquennalis III' in A .D. 111 (Ilt XIII, 1, 5, xxii, 1.26) almost certainly during or just after his military car.eer.. Of the remaining seven whose offices are recorded at the end of their careers, only one man definitely was appointed duovir after his military career viz. L. Flavius Tellur [ ] ·Gaetulicus (E 146) who had been honoured with 'equus publicus' by Trajan. b. Praefectus fabrum B. Dobson has examined the various types of praefectus fabrum in the early principate (Dobson, 1966). In the pre-Claudian period the post was often held at the end of the military career.8 In this instance it must have been a senior post on the staff of legionary commanders (Dobson, 1966, p. 67). Thus primipilares also held this post at the end of their military career, for example [ Cu]rtilius (E 45). This same period also sees men holding the post during their military careers (E 10, E 13, E 19, E 21, E 35). Here the appointment was probably made by the governor of the province in which the immediately preceding military post had been held (Dobson, 1966, p.66 and p. 72). Again, primipilares were sometimes chosen, as they were experienced soldiers, as for example M. Vergilius Gallus Lusius (E 56). Finally, a number of men held the post prior to starting their military career.9 This post would have been of two types. Most of the men would have been praefectus fabrum of consuls or praetors, such as C. Aemilius Secundus (E 3) who was 'praefectus fabrum delatus a duobus cos. ad aerarium'. The post is also called 'praefectus fabrum Romae' (Dobson, 1966, p.65). This office was essentially a junior and civil appointment not necessarily associated with a military career. Alternatively the post could have been a municipal one. The office was 'praefectus collegii fabrum' and was given to men who had held the senior magistracy in their community (Dobson, 1966, p.67). Again this post was a civil appointment. From the reign of Claudius, the post of praefectus fabrum is firmly plac·ed prior to the military career with few exceptions. lO The order of tenure of posts was being formulated and so the post lost its importance. But by holding the post of praefectus fabrum before military service, an equestrian could attrac t a patron. The number of men who held the post before embarking on a military career does decrease. In the Claudio-Neronian period only six men are recorded as praefectus fabrum out of thirty-five (E 62, E 64, E 65, E 68, E 86, E 87). The numbers Qick up in the Flavian period, there being eleven from a total of thirty-four. 11 The Trajanic period sees ten of the forty-five equestrian officers holding the post before embarking on their military career.12

73

c .

l udex s e lec tus ' T o b e e l ig ible t o s erve a s a' i udex s e lec tus ' i n t he p ane ls o f j ury men a t

R o me , t he m in i mu m a ge was n or ma l ly t wen tyf ive . S uch s erv ice s ee ms r are ly t o h ave l ed t o a mi l i tary c areer . I n t he p re-C laud ian p er iod o n ly P . V erg i lius Pau l l inus ( E 3 4 ) h ad s erved a s ai udex . The C laud io-Neron ian p er iod s ees o n ly Q . C orne l ius V a ler ianus ( E 7 1 ) a nd M . S t lacc ius C oranus ( E 8 6 ) . I n t he F lav ian p er iod t here a re t hree i ud ices r ecorded ( E 1 04 , E1 18 , E 1 30 ) .

There

a re s ix men r ecorded a s i ud ices i n t he r eign o f T ra jan ( E 1 38 , E 1 45 , E 1 47, E1 58 , E1 73 , E1 79 ) ; a nd M. G av ius B assus ( E 1 51 ) was a d lected a f ter h is m i l i tary t r ibuna te . T hese f igures a re l ower t han t hose a rr ived a tb y s tud ies o f t he i ud ices f ro m s pec i f ic p rov inces . O f t he n ine i ud ices f ro m G au l r ecorded b y Y . Burnand hree wen t o n t o mi l i tary s erv ice . Bu t e ach man h e ld o n ly ( Burnand , 1 974 ) ,t •1 3 o ne a ppo in t men t S . D e moug in i nves t iga ted t he f or ty-seven k nown i ud ices nd f ound n ine t hen p ursued a mi l i tary c areer ( De moug in , o f I t a l ian o r ig in a 1 975 ) .

1 4

O f t he t h ir ty-f ive , r ecorded b y H . G . P f lau m

l i tary a ppo in t men ts ( P f laum , 1 968 ) . e leven t hen h eld mi

who c a me f ro m A fr ica , 1 5

T he imba lance o f

t he e v idence i s b es t e xp la ined b y t he f ac t t ha t more men a re r ecorded a s h avi ng b een i ud ices i n t he s econd c en tury .

O bv ious ly more r ecords o f e ques tr ians

g o ing o n t o am i l i tary c areer wou ld t hen b e e xpec ted . d .

I Scr ibae l F ro m t he p er iod , v ery f ew c lerks t o q uaes tors o r a ed i les i n Ro me a re

k nown t o h ave t hen t aken u p am i l i tary c areer .

C . V ibius P ub i l ianus ( E 8 8 )

d id s o i n t he C laud io-Neron ian p er iod ; a nd A . A t in ius Pa ternus ( E 1 40 ) was a c lerk i n t he r e ign o f Tra jan . e .

O ther O f f ices There a re a lso e xamp les o f men who h ad s erved a s a n i ad iu tor t o f ap ro-

v inc ia l g overnor o r who h ad h e ld l ow g rade p rocura tor ia l p os ts b efore s tar ting a mi l i tary c areer .

I n t he F lav ian p er iod , L . V ibius L en tu lus ( E 1 31 ) s erved

a s a n ' ad iu tor t o f A . P o mpeius V opiscus C a te l l ius C e ler b e fore h o ld ing t he p os t o f p raefec tus f abrum .

H e t hen wen t o n t o am i l i tary t r ibuna te .

F ro m t he

s a me p er iod , C . V ibius S a lu tar is ( E 1 32 ) was ' pro mag . p or tuu m p rov inciae S ic i l iae ' a nd t hen ' pro mag . f rumen t i mancipa l is ' b e fore b eco m ing p re fect o f c ohors A s turum e t C a l laecorum . T enure o f s o me o f t hese p os ts o ver laps wh ich r educes t he n et r esu l t s l igh t ly . These s ta t is t ics s how t ha t i n t he p re-C laud ian p er iod e igh teen o f t he t h ir ty-n ine e ques tr ians d e f in i te ly h e ld o ne o r more o f t hese p os ts p r ior t o t he mi l i tary c areer . p er iod .

On ly e leven o u t o f t h ir ty-f ive d e f in i te ly d id s o i n t he C laud io-Neron ian F i f teen o f t he t h ir ty-four F lav ian e ques tr ians d id s o ; a s we l l a s t wen ty-

t wo o u t o f t he f or ty-f ive f ro m t he r eign o f Tra jan .

T o t hese c an p robab ly b e

a dded many o f t he men whose mun ic ipa l c areers a re r ecorded a t t he e nd o f t heir c areer i nscr ip t ion .

Thus t he p ropor t ion o f men k nown t o h ave h eld s uch

p os ts s hou ld b e s l igh t ly i ncreased .

These f igures s how t ha t , o vera l l , a t l eas t

h a l f o f t he e ques tr ian o f f icers d ef in i te ly h e ld n on- m i l i tary a ppo in t men ts p r ior t o o bta in ing m i l i tary c o m mands .

1 6

t r ians s tar ted t he ir m i l i tary c areer .

They a lso r e f lec t t he a ge a t wh ich e quesThese men , b y t enure o f s uch p os ts ,

were i n t he ir l a te t wen t ies o r e ar ly t h ir t ies b e fore o bta in ing a mi li tary a ppoin tmen t .

T h is a ccords we l l w i th wha t E . B ir ley h as p roposed c oncern ing t he a ge 7 4

a t wh ich e ques tr ians w ere a ppoin ted t o m i l i tary c o m mands .

H e h as r ecogn ised

t hree a ge g roup ings— the l a te t eens o r e ar ly t wen t ies ; t he l a te t wen t ies o r e ar ly t h ir ties ; a nd l a ter y ears—and h as s ta ted t ha t mos t b e longed t o t he midd le g roup ( Bir ley , 1 953 , p .139 ).

Whe ther t hose o f f icers who h ave n o r ecorded

a n teceden ts t o t heir m i l i tary c areer b e longed t o t he y oung a ge g roup o r n o t c anno t b e a scer ta ined t hrough wan t o f e xp l ic i t e v idence . T he P re-C laud ian C areers F or t he n ew ly c rea ted a ux i l ia , A ugus tus s e t n o d e f in i te c areer p a t tern f or t he c o m manders o f i nd iv idua l u n i ts . s imp ly a s er ies o f a ppoin t men ts .

T he v ar ious p os ts r ecorded a re , i n r ea l i ty ,

T he l ong e s tabl ished p os t o f t r ibunus mi l i tum

was t he k ey a nd i to ccurs i n mos t o f t he c areers . The c o m mand o f a n a ux i l iary c ohor t was n o t s o we l l e s tabl ished f or e quest r ian o f f icers a t t h is t ime , a nd t here was n o f ixed h ierarchy o f p os ts .

There-

f ore t he c o m mand o f ac ohor t u sua l ly f o l lowed t he mi l i tary t r ibuna te ( E 8 , E 2 7 , E3 3 , E3 8 ) .

T he o ne e xcep t ion i s C . F abr ic ius Tuscus ( E 1 0 ) .

E ques-

t r ians c ou ld a lso j us t h o ld t he p re fec ture o f ac ohor t e i ther b efore o r a f ter t enure o f t he p os t o f p raefec tus f abrum ( E 3 , E6 , E1 7, E 2 3 ).

C n . Man l ius

( E 2 4 ) h eld a n e x traordinary c o m mand a s ' prae fec t . c ohor t iu m ' , a nd was t hen a ppo in ted t o aR o me t r ibuna te wh ich was u sua l ly r eserved f or p r im ipi lares .

1 7

T i . I u l ius V ia tor ( E 1 8 ) c o m manded c ohors U biorum a f ter h e h ad h e ld t he p os t o f

‚s ubpraef .'

o f c ohors I I L us i tanorum .

The a la was t he ma in a ux i l iary c o m mand o f t he e ques tr ian o f f icers .

T h is

c o m mand n or ma l ly f o l lowed t he mi l i tary t r ibuna te .

Exac t ly h a l f o f t he k nown

e ques tr ian o f f icers o f t he p er iod r ecord t h is c areer .

1 8

A s h as b een s hown ,

t he p os t o f p raefec tus f abrum c ou ld b e h e ld b e fore t he t r ibuna te , b e tween t he t wo c o m mands , o r a f ter t he a la c o m mand .

B ecause o f t he f lex ib le n a ture o f

t he s ys te m , i t was p oss ible t o c o m mand a n a la b e fore h o ld ing t he m i l i tary t r ibuna te ( E 2 5 , E4 1 ).

T here i s a lso a n e xa mp le o f wha t l a ter b eca me t he

' t res mi l i t iae ' i n t he c areer o f C . F abr ic ius Tuscus ( E 1 0 ). o n ly h e ld t he c o m mand o f a n a la .

S o me e ques tr ians

L . I u l ius F ron to ( E 1 6) i s r ecorded o n ly a s

' praefec tus e qu i tum ' . M. I un ius Procu lus ( E 2 0 ) a nd t he u nknown f ro m S po le t ium ( E 3 9 ) c o m manded a n a la a nd t hen e ach b ecame p raefec tus f abrum . ' Tres mi l i t iae ' I n t he r e ign o f C laud ius a n a t te mp t was made t o i ns t i tu te a h ierarchy o f c o m mands f or e ques tr ian o f f icers—the ' t res m i l i t iae '.

C laud ius d ec ided t ha t

t he l ong e s tabl ished m i l i tary t r ibuna te was more i mportan t , a nd s o i tc a me a f ter t he c o m mand o f a n a la .

S ue ton ius s ta tes t ha t t he o rder was e s tabl ished

a s ' praefec tus c ohor t is —prae fec tus a lae —tr ibunus mi l i tum ' ( Sue ton ius , v i ta C l . 2 5 ). Th is i s c on f ir med b y t hree c areer i nscr ipt ions . These h ave b een s tud ied b y H . D ev i jver i n t wo a r t ic les ( Dev i jver , 1 970 a nd D ev i jver , 1 972 ) . H e h as a lso a scr ibed t he c areer o f S ex . Caeci l ius S enec io ( E 6 5 ) t o t h is t ype ( Dev i jver , 1 970 , p .71 ). S enec io i s r ecorded a s h av ing b een p re fec t o f ac oh or t a nd t hen p refec t o f a la H ispanorum . A s s uch h e s ee ms t o f o l low t he p a tt ern , b u t t here a re e xa mp les o f o f f icers who were o n ly p refec t o f ac ohor t a nd o f a n a la f ro m l a ter p er iods .1 9

T herefore S enec io may h ave s tar ted h is

m i l i tary c areer l a ter , b u t b e fore t he e nd o f t he F lav ian p er iod .

Two o f t he

e xamp les o f t he C laud ian o rder a re s tra igh t forward . [ P? T i ]t ius Varus ( E 8 7) was p re fec t o f ac ohors G ermanorum , t hen o f a n a la a nd f ina l ly t r ibune o f 7 5

l eg io V .

L . Do mi t ius S everus ( E 7 3 ) was p re fec t o f c ohors Ca mpanoru m ,

t hen c o m mander o f t he a la H ispanoru m A ur iana , b e fore b eco m ing t r ibune o f l eg io XX . T he t h ird c areer , t ha t o f M. P orcius N arbonens is ( E 8 3 ) , p resen ts ap rob le m b ecause h e was ' prae f . o rae mar i tu rne ' i ns tead o f c o m mand ing a c ohor t .

H . D ev i jver h as c onv inc ing ly a rgued t ha t t h is p os t c ou ld b e t he e qu i-

v a len t o f t he p refecture o f ac ohor t .

H ence t he c areer f o l lows t he C laud ian

o rder ( Dev i jver , 1 972 , p p.183-186 a nd p p .189-191 ) . D esp i te t he a t te mp t b y C laud ius t o e s tabl ish t he ' t res mi l it iae ' , i t was s t i l l more c o m mon f or e ques tr ians t o s tar t a s m i l i tary t r ibunes a nd t hen t o c o m mand a n a la .

T here a re n ine e xa mp les o f t h is c areer t ype .

2 0

I ta lso s ee ms

c lear t ha t t he g rad ing o f t he p os ts was n o t y e t f irm ly f i xed a s t wo o f f icers c o mmanded c ohor ts a f ter t he t r ibuna te . t he m i l i tary c areer .

I n e ach c ase t here was p robab ly a g ap i n

I n t he i nscr ip t ion o f [

t i lius L o l l ianus ( E 9 1 ) t he p hrase

' benef ic io d iv i C laud i ' o ccurs a f ter t he men t ion o f h is t r ibuna te , t hen f o l lows t he c o m mand o f ac ohor t , a f ter wh ich h e was a d lec ted i n to t he S ena te b y V espas ian . L . C a lpurn ius F aba tus ( E 6 8 ) was d isgraced i n A .D . 6 5 a s ar esu l t o f t he c ons p iracy o f P iso ( Tac i tus , A nn . XV I . 8 ) .

Thus a g ap b etween h is c o m mands i s

l ike ly a s h e was t he ' prosocer ' o f t he y ounger P l iny . The C laud ian o rder f or t he ' t res mi l i t iae ' d id n o t l as t l ong , a nd i n t he r e ign o f N ero t he p os ts f ol low t he p a t tern ' prae fec tus c ohor t is — tr ibunus mi l i tu rn — p rae fec tus a lae '.

There a re f our e ques tr ians who a re r ecorded a s h av ing h e ld

t hese p os ts f ro m t h is r e ign ( E 6 4 , E 8 6 , E8 9 , E9 5 ). 21

C . An ton ius R u fus

( E 6 3 ) was t r ibune o f c ohors XXX I I Vo lun tar iorum b e fore h is l eg ionary t r ibuna te a nd a la c o m mand .

T h is a ga in i s a n e xamp le o f t he ' t res mi l i t iae ' ( s ee p . 7 9 ).

I t was p oss ib le t o om i t t he l eg ionary t r ibuna te , a s d id t he u nknown whose c areer i s r ecorded a t A pr i ( E 9 6) . I n t he F lav ian p er iod t he h ierarchy o f p os ts i s more f ir m ly e s tab l ished a nd a bou t at h ird o f t he r ecorded e ques tr ians c o mple ted t h is c areer p a t tern .2 2 Bu t t here a re s t i l l e xamp les o f t he o ld c areer where t he f irs t a ppo in tmen t was t ha t o f mi l i tary t r ibune f o l lowed b y t he c o m mand o f a n a la ( E 1 08 , E1 16 , E 1 27 , E1 31) .

T i . C laud ius P o l l io ( E 1 13 ) , t he f irs t r ecorded c o m mander o f

a n a la mi l l iar ia , p robab ly h e ld more t han o ne p os t , b ecause t he i nscr ip t ion i s b roken , a s E . B ir ley h as p o in ted o u t ( B ir ley , 1 966 , p .55 , n .1) .

T here i s a lso

o ne e xa mp le , C . V ec i l ius Modes tus ( E 1 30 ) , o f a man who , a f ter t he m i l i tary t r ibuna te , was a ppoin ted t o c o m mand a c ohor t . T he r eign o f Tra jan s ees t he ' t res mi l i t iae ' b eco me f u l ly o rgan ised . I t was n ow t he n or ma l c areer o f a n e ques tr ian o f f icer i fh e wan ted t o b eco me t he c o m mander o f a n a la . T here a re f i f teen e xa mples o f t h is c areer .2 3 O ne man , L . A burn ius [ c o mm iss ion .

( E 1 35 ) d id s o a f ter , a t f i rs t , t ak ing o n ly a s ing le

C . Non ius C aep ianus ( E 1 58 ) a f ter c o m mand ing a n a la was made

' praepos [i to ] n u mer i e qui tu m e lec tor [u m ] e x I l lyrico ' .

D o maszewsk i c ons idered

t h is t o b e t he ' mi l i t ia q uar t& ( Do maszewsk i-Dobson , p .131 ).

H owever , E .

B ir ley h as s hown t ha t t h is r ank was n o t i ns t i tu ted u n t i l t he r e ign o f H adr ian , a nd t ha t i te n ta i led t he c o m mand o f a n a la m i l l iar ia ( B ir ley , 1 953 , p .149 ) . F or e xa mp le , i n t he r e ign o f Tra jan , C . C amur ius C le mens ( E 1 44 ) c o m mande d t he a la P e tr iana mi l l iar ia CR i m med ia tely a f ter h is ' m i l i t ia s ecunda '.

E .

B ir ley h as a lso d e mons tra ted t ha t i t was p oss ible t o r epea t t he c o mmand o f a n a la q u ingenar ia w i thou t t ha t p os t b e ing t he ' m i l i t ia q uar ta ' b ecause t he c o m mands

7 6

were g rades ( B ir ley , 1 953 ,

P P .

1 49-150 ).

Th is i s we l l i l lus tra ted i n t he c areer

o f P . Va ler ius Pr iscus ( E 1 70 ) who was p refec t o f t he a la IF lav ia N um id ica t hen t he a la IH ispanorum Aur ian .a . A t t h is t ime , i tb eca me p oss ible t o c o m mand a c ohors mi l l iar ia i n t he ' m i l i t ia s ecunda ' i ns tead o f b eing t r ibune o f al eg ion .

E . B ir ley h as s hown t ha t

s uch a c o m mand was a warded b y t he emperor a nd t ha t i tr epresen ted a s pecia l s e lec t ion o f ag i f ted o f f icer s ince i t was a n i ndependen t c o m mand ( B ir ley , 1 966 , p .64 ) . Four o f f icers a re k nown t o h ave c o m manded a c ohors mi l l iar ia i n p lace o f t he t r ibuna te i n al eg ion i n t he r e ign o f Tra jan ( E 1 36 , E1 44 , E 1 57 , E1 70 ) . The g rad ing o f t he c o m mand o f ac i t izen c ohor t a f ter t he p refec ture o f ac ohor t i s as epara te p rob le m a nd i s d iscussed i n t he s ec t ion o n t he c o m mand o f c i t izen c ohor ts ( see p p. 7 9-80 ) . E ven t hough t he ' t res m i l i t iae ' was n ow t he n orma l me thod b y wh ich a la c ommanders w ere c hosen , i t was s t i l l p oss ib le t o s tar t a mi l i tary c areer a s t r ibunus mi l i tum a nd t hen c o m mand a n a la .

G . I u l ius D e mos thenes ( E 1 53 )

s tar ted a s t r ibune o f l eg io V I F erra ta , t hen c o m manded t he a la V I I P hrygu m , a nd p roceeded t hence t o p rocura torsh ips .

On t he o ther h and , A . P o mpon ius

Augur inus T . Pri fern ius Pae tus ( E 1 62 ) wen t f ro m t he l eg ionary t r ibuna te t o c ommand c ohors Imi l l iar ia ; a nd was t hen c hosen a s p rocura tor .

I t was a lso

p oss ible t o miss o u t t he ' m i l i t ia s ecunda ' a nd b e a ppoin ted p refec t o f a n a la s tra igh t a f ter t he p refec ture o f ac ohor t a s was [

II u l ius F es tus ( E 1 77) .

Trae fec tus c ohor t is— tr ibunus m i l i tum ' Wi th t he e s tab l ishmen t o f ah ierarchy o f p os ts , i ti s wor thwh i le i nves t iga ti ng t he r easons why s o me e ques tr ian o f f icers s erved i n o n ly t he f i rs t t wo g rades a nd d id n o t b eco me p re fec ts o f a lae .

An u mber made d ed ica t ions o r were

h onoured a s mi l i tary t r ibunes , a nd d o n o t n eed t o b e d iscussed ( E 8 8 , E9 0 , E1 17, E 1 75 ) .

D ea th i s a no ther , o bv ious , r eason ( E 6 2 , E 1 04 , E 1 66 ).

Two

o f f icers , C . C aes ius A per ( E 6 6 ) a nd C . S e t t id ius F irmus ( E 8 5 ) , were a d lected i n to t he s ena te b y Vespas ian .

T here fore t hey mus t h ave s erved t he F lav ian

c ause w i th d is t inc t ion a s m i l i tary t r ibune . ( E 6 7) p resen ts a n i n teres t ing c ase .

T he c areer o f S ex . C aes ius Proper t ianus

H e was a ppo in ted a s ' a l i be l l is ' b y V i te l l ius

b ecause t he l a t ter h ad n o s u i table f reed man w i th h im i n G ermany.

A t t he t ime

P roper t ianus was i n G ermany a s t r ibune o f l eg io 1 1 1 Macedon ica .

H e wou ld

h ave r eceived t he a ppo in t men t n o t o n ly b ecause h e was c apable o f p er for m ing h is d u t ies , b u t a lso b ecause h e was a f ir m s uppor ter o f t he V i te l l ian c ause . O f t he f i ve men p ro mo ted t o p rocura torsh ips f ro m t he mi l i tary t r ibuna te d ur ing t he F lav ian p er iod , o n ly i n t he c ase o f C n . Oc tav ius T i t in ius C ap i to ( E 1 23 ) was i td ef in i te ly a s ar esu l t o f s pec ia l f avour s hown b y a n emperor . I n t h is i ns tance , D om i t ian made h im ' ab e p is tu l is t , ah igh r ank ing p os t , a s a r esu l t o f h is s ter l ing m i l i tary s erv ice d ur ing wh ich , a s mi l i tary t r ibune , h e h ad b een d ecora ted .

T hree o thers were p ro mo ted t o minor p rocura torsh ips .

2 4

T he f i f th , P . P os tu m ius A c i l ianus ( E 1 26 ) was p ro mo ted t o t he c en tenar ian p rocura torsh ip o f A cha ia . H e h ad p resu mably d rawn a t ten t ion t o h i mse l f a s p re fect o f c ohors I H ispanorum mi l l iar ia e qu i ta ta a s h e h ad t hen b een c hosen a s ' pr . imp .' ( duov ir i n p lace o f t he Emperor D om i t ian ) , a nd t hen c ame h is m i l i tary t r ibuna te . T he o f f icers p ro mo ted t o p rocura torsh ips a f ter t he mi l i tary t r ibuna te i n t he r e ign o f Tra jan p resen t as im i lar p ic ture . One , C . C ae l ius Mar t ia l is ( E 1 42 ) r ece ived t he f avour o f Tra jan f or g ood work i n t he S econd

7 7

Dacian War a nd was p ro mo ted t o ac en tenar ian p os t .

The o ther t hree were

p ro mo ted t o s exagenar ian p os ts .2 5 I n t he r e ign o f Tra jan , t here a re t hree e xamp les o f men who r e t ired a f ter h olding t he l eg ionary t r ibuna te ( E 1 46 , E 1 50 , E1 59) .

These c ases s ee m t o

s ugges t t ha t t he men were n ot t hough t g ood e nough t o c o m mand a lae b y ' ab e p is tu l is '.

There a re t wo e xa mp les o f o f ficers who t rans ferred t o t he c en-

t ur iona te a f ter s erving t he ir ' m i l i t ia s ecunda t.

T . P on t ius S abinus ( E 1 63)

was o bv ious ly a t a len ted o f f icer b ecause h e q u ick ly r ose t o t he p r im ip ila te. The f act t ha t h e d id n ot g o o n t o c o m mand a n a la h as l ed E . B ir ley t o s ugges t t ha t h e was n ot a g ood e nough h orse man t o c o m mand o ne a l though h e was a g ood o f f icer ( B ir ley , 1 978 , p .273 ) .

The o ther man , Marcius T i tianus ( E 1 55 ) ,

a lso r ose t o t he p r im ipi la te . S ing le C om m iss ions There a re v ar ious t ypes o f s ing le c omm issions wh ich c ou ld b e h e ld b y e ques tr ian o f ficers . p os t b eing r ecorded .

One g roup h e ld t he c o m mand o f a n a la w i thou t a ny o ther A l l b u t o ne b e long t o ap er iod o f l a te i n t he r e ign o f N ero

t o e ar ly i n t he r eign o f Vespas ian .

The e xcep t ion , M. L ic in ius Ru fus ( E 7 8 ) ,

c o m manded t he a la B osoporanorum i n S yr ia b efore t he d ea th o f C laud ius when t he h ierarchy o f p os ts was n o t f u l ly d ef ined .

O f t he o thers , C . Fu lv ius Lupus

S erv i l ianus ( E 7 5 ) i s r ecorded o n ly a s p refect o f t he a la L ong in iana wh ich was d estroyed i n t he C ivi l Wars o f A .D. 6 9-70 , b u t h e was a d lec ted i n to t he S ena te b y V espas ian .

Th is s ugges ts h e f avoured t he F lavian c ause .

Three men , f ro m

t he r eign o f Vespas ian , a f ter t he c o m mand o f a n a la wen t o n t o b ecome a n ' ad iu tor ' o f ag overnor o r t o ap rocura torsh ip. c lear .

2 6

Aga in s trong p a tronage s ee ms

F ina l ly t here i s L . Ca lpurn ius Frug i ( E 1 09 ) who was p refec t o f t he a la

Augus ta G er man iciana a f ter a s uccess fu l mun icipa l c areer .

I n h is c ase i t

s ee ms t h is was t he e qu iva len t o f a mi l i tary t r ibuna te s ince t he a la was t he I nca ' g arr ison ( Ca lder , 1 912 , p .99 ). I n t he r e ign o f Tra jan ,

[

C e lsus ( E 1 76) was a dlected i n to t he

S ena te a f ter t he p refecture o f ac ohor t .

H e o bv ious ly mus t h ave p er for med

s o me s igna l s erv ice t o h ave b een s o h onoured .

E xac t ly wha t h e d id i s a mys tery.

Another g roup i s r ecorded a s h o ld ing o n ly t he p re fecture o f ac ohor t b efore t rans ferr ing t o a dm in is tra t ion .

Two men s erved u nder T ib. I u l ius A lexander

i n t he J ew ish War a f ter c o m mand ing c ohor ts .

T . Muc ius C le mens ( E 8 0)

s erved a s a n ' ad iu tor ' o f A lexander a f ter c o m mand ing a c ohor t o f t he c l ien t k ing , Agr ippa .

H e t hen wen t o n t o c o m mand c ohors IL epid iana b efore b eco m-

i ng a n ' ad iu tor ' o f ap rocura tor o f S yr ia . [

]i n ius S ecundus ( E 9 3 ) a f ter

c o m mand ing a c ohor t a nd h o lding s o me s or t o f p re fec ture s erved a s as ubproc ura tor o f A lexander . I n t he Tra jan ic p er iod , Gn . Muna t ius Aurelius Bassus ( E 1 56) c o m manded t wo c ohor ts a nd was t hen made a ' censi tor t. 27 I t was p oss ible f or a n o f f icer t o t ransfer t o t he l eg ionary c en tur iona te a f ter t he c o m mand o f ac ohor t .

I n t h is way a c apable o f f icer c ou ld b e g uaran teed a n

u nbroken mi l i tary c areer r a ther t han f acing t he u ncer ta int ies o fp rogressing t hrough t he t res mi l i t iae '.

I n t he r eign o f Tra jan , L . T eren t ius Ru fus ( E 1 68 )

i s r ecorded a s h av ing t rans ferred t o ac en tur iona te i n l eg io IMinerv ia a f ter t he p refec ture o f c ohors V I Br i t tonu m .

H e was o bv ious ly c apable a s h e r ose

t o t he p r im ip i la te o f l eg io XV A po l l inar is .

7 8

S o me men s eem t o h ave b een u nab le t o o b ta in t he n ecessary p a tronage o r g ood e nough c onf iden t ia l r epor ts t o p ass b eyond t he p refecture o f ac ohor t . I n t he F lav ian p er iod , T ib . C laud ius T r icorus ius ( E 1 14 ) was p refec t o f a c ohors I H ispanorum a f ter h o lding t he p os t o fp raefectus f abrum a nd t hen r e t ired . F ro m t he r e ign o f T ra jan , t here i s t he e xamp le o f L . F lav ius Te l lur [-] Gaetu licus ( E 1 49 ) who was h onoured w i th ' equus p ub l icus ' b y T ra jan a nd t hen c o m manded c ohors I H ispanorum e qui ta ta i n G erman ia S uper ior b ef ore t ak ing u p h is mun icipa l c areer . C . J un ius T er t ius ( E 1 54 ) i s r ecorded o n ly a s p refec t o f c ohors U l a ioru m a f ter h is mun ic ipa l c areer a lso i n t he r e ign o f T ra jan . I n t he l a t ter c ase , t he r eason why o n ly a s ing le c om m iss ion was h e ld may b e d i f feren t .

E . B ir ley h as s hown t ha t many men s ough t n o more t han o ne

a ppo in t men t t o c rown a mun ic ipa l o r p rov incia l c areer ( B ir ley , 1 957 , p . 1 3 ) . T hese men c ou ld b e a ppoin ted a s al eg ionary t ribune o r a s p refect o f ac ohor t . I n t he F lav ian p er iod , D . J u l ius R ipanus C ap i to B ass ianus ( E 1 18 ) a f ter b e ing made a ' i udex s e lec tus ' a nd h o lding t he p os t o fp raefectus f abru m r ece ived a mi l i tary a ppoin tmen t . H e d escr ibes h imse lf a s ' t rib . mi l . c oh . IGa l . i n H isp .' . T h is u ni t i s n owhere r ecorded a s b e ing m i l liaria s o i t was i n a l l p robab i li ty ac ohors q uingenar ia .

The r eason why h e d escr ibes h i mse lf a s ' t ribunus mi l l-

t u rn ' s ee ms t o b e t ha t h is s ing le c o mmiss ion c ou ld b e r eferred t o a s a mi li tary t r ibuna te . F ro m t he r eign o f T ra jan , t here i s a nother e xamp le o f t h is t er mi no logy .

L . Do m i t ius Den ton ianus ( E 1 47 ) , af ter h is mun ic ipa l c areer , was

' t r ibun . mi l i t . c ohor t . Astur . C a l laec iae e t Maure tan . T ing i t .' •

A l low ing

f or t he e rrors i n t he n ame o ft he u n i t , i ti s c lear t ha t h e c om manded t he c ohors IA sturu m e t C a l laecoru m o f Maure tan ia T ing i tana wh ich i s n o t r ecorded a s b e ing mi l liaria . 2 8 T he C o m mand o f C i t izen C oh"r ts W i th t he e s tab l ishmen t o f ah ierarchy o f a ppoin tmen ts i n t he mi l i tary c areer o f e ques tr ian o f f icers , t he g rading o ft he c om mand o f c i t izen c-) horts b eco mes i mpor tan t , e specia l ly where t he t i t le o ft he c o mmander i s t r ibune . Where t he c o m mander o ft he c i t izen u n i t i s c a l led a p refect , t he g rade o f t he p os t i s q u i te d ef ini te ly a ' mi l i t ia p rima ' a s t he c areers d up l ica te t he p a t tern o ft he i t res

( E 7 3 , E9 0 , E1 12 , E1 45 , E1 48 ) .

I n s o me c areers t he t ribuna te o f ac ohors v o lun tarioru m o ccup ies t he p os i t ion o ft he ' mi l i t ia p rima ' , t he o f f icer t hen g oing o n t o t he t ribuna te o f a l eg ion , a nd t o t he c om mand o f a n a la ( E 6 3 , E1 39 , E1 69 ) . These l ook l ike more e xamp les o ft he c o m mand o f ac i t izen u n i t , h ere a c ohors v o lun tarioru m , b e ing t he e quiva len t o ft he ' mi l i t ia p rima ' . S o me th ing s imi lar i s a pparen t ly t he c ase i n t he c areer o f L . Maes ius R ufus ( E 1 19 ) . H e was t r ibune o f c ohors ( I ) I t a lica V o lun tar ioru m , n ex t t r ibune o fl eg io XV Apo l linaris , a nd t hen a p rocura tor . 2 9 The t ribuna te o f ac ohors v o lun tar ioru m i s a lso r ecorded af ter t he p ref ec ture o f ac ohor t a nd b efore t he t r ibuna te i n al eg ion ( E 6 2 , E1 37 ) . These e xamp les a lso s eem b es t e xp la ined b y t ak ing t he c om mand o f t he c i t izen c ohor t t o b e p ar t o ft he ' mi l i t ia p r i ma ' b ecause t here a re a n u mber o f e xamp les o f men c o m manding more t han o ne c ohor t i n t he ir f i rs t g rade . " Q . P lot ius Max i mus T rebe l lius P e l idianus ( E 1 61 ) was t r ibune o f c ohors XXX I I V o lunt ar ioru m b e tween t wo l eg ionary t ribuna tes . The h ierarchy o f h is c om mands 7 9

i s h ard t o e xp la in . T he c om mand o f t he c ohors v o lun tar ioru m c ou ld b e a ' m i l i t ia s ecunda ', t hus a l l t he c om mands w ere o ft he s ame g rade . Ab e tter e xp lana t ion i s t ha t h e , a t f i rs t , o n ly w an ted a s ing le c om m ission a nd o b ta ined at r ibuna te i n l eg io I T ra iana f or t is .

B u t , a f ter c omp le t ing t h is a ppo in t men t ,

h e t hen s ough t a nd o b ta ined a f ur ther c om mand n ame ly t ha t o f c ohors ) 0 (X I I V o lun tar ioru m wh ich c oun ted a s h is ' mi li t ia p rima ' . F or c ompar ison t here i s t he c areer o f L . A burn ius[

j (E 1 35 ) who s tar ted a s t ribune o fl eg io I I

A ugus ta a nd t hen p erfor med t he i t res m i l i t iae ' . I n af ew c areers t he t r ibuna te o f ac i t izen u n i t i s r ecorded af ter t he p ref ec ture o f ac ohor t a nd b efore t ha t o f a n a la i ns tead o ft he t r ibuna te o f al eg ion ( E 1 48 , E1 57 , E1 70 , E1 74 ) . T he a ppoin tmen t t hus s eems g raded a s t he ' m i l i t ia s ecunda ' .

E . B ir ley h as , i n f ac t , s ugges ted t ha t t hese c ommands o f

c i t izen c ohor ts c ons t i tuted t he ' mi l i t ia s ecunda ' a nd , h ence , t ha t t he c ohor ts w ere mi l liar ia ( B ir ley , 1 966 , p p . 6 2-63 ) . B u t , o n ly i n t he c areers o f P . V a ler ius P r iscus ( E 1 70 a nd C . N asenn ius Marce l lus ( E 1 57 ) i s i td ef ini te t ha t t he c i t izen c ohort was mi l iar ia ; t he o ther t wo u n i ts i n q ues t ion —cohors I C ampanoru m V o lun tar ioru m a nd c ohors I CR—are n ever r ecorded a s mi l liar ia . Thus , o n ly P riscus a nd Marce l lus d ef in i te ly c o mmanded a c i t izen c ohor t i n t he ' mi l i t ia s ecunda ' . I ti s p oss ib le t ha t i n t he c ases o f L . F lav ius S ecu laris ( E 1 48 ) a nd T . V isu lan ius C rescens ( E 1 74 ) t he c o mmand o ft he c i t izen u n i t was a n i t era t ion o ft he ' mi li t ia p r ima ' .

S uch a p oss ib i li ty c annot b e d iscoun ted

b ecause o f f icers were p ro moted t o t he p refec ture o f a n a la f ro m t he c o m mand o f ac ohor t ( E 6 5 , E9 6, E 1 77) . A lterna t ive ly , t he c o m mand was t he e quiv a len t o ft he ' m i li t ia s ecunda ' , n ot b ecause t he u n i t w as a c ohors mi l iaria , b u t b ecause i t was c o mposed o f c i t izens l i ke t he l eg ions .

The f act t ha t t he t wo

c ohor ts h ad b een r egraded i n t he F lav ian p er iod c ou ld s ugges t t ha t t hey were g iven a s ta tus s uper ior t o t he o ther c ohor tes v o lun tar ioru m ( see p p . 6 5

a nd

6 6) . V ex i l la t ion C o m mands I fn ecessary , i n t ime o f w ar , c on t ingen ts f rom an u mber o fu n i ts w ould b e b rigaded t oge ther o n at e mporary b as is .3 2 These v ex i l la t ions w ere t hen c o mmanded b y a n e ques tr i an o f f icer s erv ing i n t he p rov ince ( Saxer , p p . 1 191 20 ) . The e ar l ies t r ecorded a ux i liary v ex i l la t ion c ommand i s t he c ava lry o ne o f Q . C orne lius V a ler ianus ( E 7 1 ) wh ich h e c o m manded a bout A .D . 4 5/46 ( S axer , p p . 9 -11 ) .

P r ior t o b e ing c hosen t o t ake c harge o ft hese c ava lry d e-

t achmen ts h e h ad b een p refec t o f ac ohor t .

O ft he r ema ining f our c om manders

o f v ex i l la t ions o f t he p er iod , t wo h ad j ust b een c ohor t c o m manders ( E 1 67, E1 79 ) , t he o thers mi l i tary t r ibunes ( E 1 60 , E1 71 ) . S axer h as s hown t ha t t he n orma l t i t le o f a n e ques trian o f f icer i n c harge o f av ex i l la t ion was ' praefec tus v ex i l la t ion is ' ( Saxer , p . 1 22 ) . u sed b y t hree o ft he o f f icers ( E 7 1 , E1 60 , E1 67 ) .

Th is t i t le i s

T he e questrian f r om

V as io ( E 1 79 ) h as t he t i t le ' praepos i to v ex i l la t ion i ' . Th is i s u sed b efore t he Marco mann ic Wars i n o n ly o ne e xa mp le r ecorded b y S axer , a nd t h is i s f ro m e ar ly i n t he r e ign o f H adr ian ( S axer , n 47 = -E 1 63 ) .

T he man f ro m V as io

p robab ly c o m manded h is v exi l la t ion l a te i n t he r e ign o f T ra jan b ecause t he t i t le ' de V d ec . 'i n h is c areer f e l l i n to d isuse e ar ly i n t he s econd c en tury . C . V a ler ius R ufus ( E 1 71 ) d oes n o t g ive h is t i t le , b ut s ta tes h e h ad b een

8 0

‚m isso

3 1

c um v exi l lo a b i mp ....' .

T h is d eno tes a s pecia l c om mand g iven b y t he Emperor

wh ich was made u p o ft roops f ro m v ar ious p rov inces ( Saxer , p . 1 23 ) . S ubpraefectus T h is p os t i s r ecorded o n ah andfu l o fp re-F lav ian c areer r ecords . The e ar l ies t i s t ha t o f T i . J u l ius V ia tor ( E 1 8) . H e h e ld t he p os t o f ' subpraef . c oh . I l L us i tanoru m ' i n t he r e ign o f T iberius a s h e was t he s on o f af reed man o f A ugustus . H e was t hen d , a nd t hen p refec t o f ac ohort . T h is e st ab l ishes t he minor g rade o ft he a ppoin tmen t . G . A lfö ldy h as s ugges ted t ha t t he u nknown o f f icer f ro m Aqui le ia ( E 4 0 ) i s t o b e i den t if ied w i th V ia tor ( A lfö ldy , H i lfs truppen , p . 6 6) . T h is i s u n l ike ly b ecause t he o n ly p os t i n c o m mon i s t he c ommand o f c ohors I I L us i tanorum . The u nknown was , i ti s t rue , as ubp refect o ft h is c ohor t , b ut h is n ex t p os t was a s ' cura t . p ro p raef . c hor . I A s tur .

a nd h e was ' a edi l . d es ig .

The o ther r ecords o ft h is p os t c o mpr ise t hree ' subpraefect i e qui tu m ‚. I n e ach c ase i t was t he o n ly p os t h e ld b y t he o ff icer c oncerned . A t f i rs t s igh t t h is t ype o f s ubprefec ture w ou ld a ppear t o b e A ugus tan when t here c ou ld b e t wo men i n c o m mand o f a n a la ( S ue ton ius , V i ta A ug . 3 8 ) . s ena tors .

B u t , t hey were

T hese men w ere e ques tr ians a nd h e ld t he p os t a t al a ter p eriod .

[ D .] Dec man ius C aper ( E 7 2 ) was ' subpraef . e qu i t .

o f t he a la Agr ipp iana .

T h is u n i t o n ly r ece ived a p er manen t i n t he r e ign o f T iber ius ( see p . 2 1 ) . B . G erov h as a rgued t ha t M . J u lius S ab inus ( E 7 7 ) , s ubprefect o f t he a la S cubul oru m , was t he s on o f aT i . J u lius who h ad b een g iven c i t izensh ip b y T iber ius ( Gerov , 1 967 , p . 9 7 ) .

T herefore h is c o m mand wou ld h ave b een h e ld i n t he

C laudio-Neron ian p er iod .

T he t h ird s ubprefec t i n t h is g roup was , l i ke M .

J u l ius S ab inus , f ro m A qui le ia .

C . J u l ius C ap i to ( E 7 6 ) was t he s on o f aC .

J u l ius a nd b e longed t o t he F ab ian t ribe .

H e c ou ld w e l l h ave b een t he s on o f

aman who h ad r ece ived c i t izensh ip f rom A ugustus , l i ke V ia tor who was a lso f ro m Aqu i le ia . T he d a te o ft he s ubprefecture o f a n a la t herefore s eems t o b e C laudian o r N eron ian a t l a tes t .

I t was c er ta in ly ap os t h e ld b y y oung men

f o r S abinus t hen s tar ted h is mun ic ipa l c areer .

I t may b e s ign if ican t t ha t o f

t he f ive s ubprefec ts k nown , f our a re r ecorded a t Aqui le ia .

Three o f t hese

l a t ter were a lso p robab ly s ons o fn ew ly c rea ted c i t izens . S ena tors According t o S ue ton ius , A ugus tus s o me t imes e n trus ted t he c o m mand o f a lae t o s ena toria l o f f icers t o g ive t he m more mi li tary e xper ience ( Sue ton ius , V i ta Aug . 3 8 ) . T h is i s c onf irmed b y t wo c areer i nscr ip t ions where y oung s ena tors a re r ecorded a s h av ing c o m manded a n a la ( E 1 , E2 ) .

B oth men h e ld

t he c o m mand b efore t he ir q uaes torsh ip , i nd ica t ing t he y oung a ge a t wh ich t hey w ere e n trus ted w i th a n a la . Therefore , t o t hese c an mos t l i ke ly b e a dded a t h ird . T . C rus t id ius B r iso (W 3 516 ) d ied a t t he a ge o fn ine teen a f ter h av ing b een p refec t o f a n a la . H is y outhfu lness a l mos t c er ta in ly p u ts h im i n to t h is g roup .

H ow l ong t he p rac t ice o f a ppoin t ing s ena tors t o c o m mand a lae l asted

i su nknown . F ro m t he r ar i ty o f e xamp les i ti s u n l ike ly t o h ave s urv ived t he r e ign o f A ugus tus . S ena tors a re a lso s o me t imes r ecorded a s h av ing c o m manded g roups o f a uxi liar ies u p t o t he r e ign o f V espas isn .

8 1

T hus A . D id ius G a l lus i s r ecorded

a s ' pr [aefec tu ]s e qu i ta t (us ) ' o n h is c areer i nscr ip t ion f ro m O lymp ia ( I LS 9 70 ) . L . P e tersen a nd L . V id man h ave s uggested t ha t h e h e ld t h is c o m mand e ar ly i n i n t he r e ign o f T iberius a t t he b eg inn ing o f h is s ena toria l c areer ( Pe tersen a nd V id man , 1 975 ,

P .

6 65 ) .

I n t he f i gh t ing b e tween t he F lav ians a nd V i te l lians

i n A .D . 6 9 Q . P e t i l lius C er ia l is was g iven t he c o mmand o f 1 ,000 c ava lry a nd s en t o n t o R o me b y ac ross-coun try r ou te ( Taci tus , H is t . 1 1 .78 .3 ) . T h is mus t h ave b een a n a ux i l iary f orce , e spec ia l ly a s J u l ius F lav ianus , a' p raefectus a lae ' was c aptured b y t he V i te l l ians ( Taci tus , H is t . 1 1 .79 .2 ) .

F ina l ly , t here

a re t he b ro thers , C n . D om i t ius L ucanus a nd C n . D om i t ius T u l lus , w ho a re e ach d escribed a s ' praef . a ux i l ioru m omn iu m a dversus G ermanos ' ( I LS 9 90 , 9 91 ) .

Th is c o m mand G . A lfö ldy h as d a ted t o t he r evo l t o f C iv i lis i n A .D . 7 0

( A lf ö ldy , H i lfs truppen , p p . 1 31-135 ) . P r imip i lares a nd C en tur ions B . D obson h as s hown t ha t p rimipi lares w ere c a l led o n t o c o m mand c ava lry r eg imen ts a nd a ux i liary c ohor ts a s p ar t o f t he A ugustan e xperiments ( Dobson , p p . 6 -9 a nd D obson , 1 974 , p . 3 98 ) . T hese c o mmands , i f more t han o ne was h e ld , were a s er ies o f a ppoin tmen ts r a ther t han a c areer p a t tern . T he most c o m mon p at tern o f a ppoin tmen ts a f ter t he p r imip i la te was ' t ribunus m i l i tu m— p raefectus e qu i tu m '; t he t yp ica l e ques trian o f f icer c areer o ft he p er iod . F our men a re r ecorded a s h av ing h e ld t hese p os ts ( E 5 2 , E5 8 , E6 0 , E6 1 ) .

One

man [ C u ]r t i lius ( E 4 5 ) h e ld a s er ies o f a ppoin tmen ts wh ich l a ter b ecame t he ‚t res mi l i t iae ' a f ter h is p rimip i la te . I t was a lso p oss ib le t o h o ld t he mi lit ary t r ibuna te a f ter t he c o mmand o f a n a la ( E 4 3 , E4 7 ) .

3 3

P . Corne l ius

C ica tr icu la ( E 4 4 ) c o m manded a n a la a f ter h is p r im ip i la te , t hen f o l lowed t he p os ts o f ' praefectus c lass is ' a nd ' praefectus c ohor t ium ' b efore t he m i l i tary t ribuna te .

P r im ip i lares c ou ld b eco me t r ibunes i nt he p rae tor ian g uard af ter

s erv ing o n ly a s a la c o m man r iPrs ( E 4 2 , E5 3 ) .

B u t M . V erg i l ius G a l lus L usius

( E 5 6 ) was made t r ibune o f ag uard c ohor t a f ter t he p refecture o f a n a ux i liary c ohor t .

Two men s erved o n ly a s p refec ts o f a lae b efore r e t iring t o h o ld

mun icipa l o f f ices ( E 4 6, E 5 9 ) a nd a no ther , C . P ur t is ius A t inas ( E 5 4 ) , o n ly t he p os t o fp raefectus f abrum a nd a n a la c o mmand .

C . Mef f ius S axo ( E 5 0 )

c o m manded a c ohor t a f ter t he p rimip i la te a nd t hen t he p ost o fp raefectus f abru m a nd C . Mucius S caeva ( E 5 1 ) o n ly a c ohor t . When C laudius e s tab l ished a f i xed o rder o fp os ts i n mi l i tary c ommands , h e d ivorced t he c areer o ft he p rimip i lares f ro m t ha t o f e ques tr ian o f f icers ( Dobson , 1 974 , p p . 3 99-401 ) . a ux i liary u n i ts .

P r im ip i lares f rom t h is t ime r are ly c ommand

O n ly u nder s pec ia l c ircums tances i n t he r e ign o f N ero d o

p rimip i lares s ee m t o h ave b een p u t i n c harge o f a ux i l iar ies .

C . Va ler ius

C lemens ( E 1 00 ) c o m manded t he a la G aetu loru m i nt he J ew ish War , at ime when e xperienced o f f icers w ou ld h ave b een u sefu l .

A nother l i ke ly e xamp le

i s t he u nknown f ro m S en tinu m ( E 1 03 ) . H is p rocura torsh ips b e long t o t he r eign o f V espas ian ( Pf lau m , n 23 ) . T herefore h is a ppoin tment a s ' p .p . b is ' s hou ld b e s een a s a r eward f or s erv ice i n t he C iv i l Wars o f A .D . 6 9-70 a s B . D obson h as s ugges ted ( Dobson , n 89 ) . r endered a s p refec t o f a n a la .

Th is mer i torious s erv ice w as

B efore t ha t , h is c areer i s u n like ly t o h ave

b een a n e ques tr ian o ne b ecause t hose e ques tr ian o f f icers who g a ined f avour f ro m V espas ian w ere a d lec ted i n to t he S ena te .

T herefore h e was a p r im ipi laris

a ppoin ted t o t he e x traordinary c o m mand o f a n a la i nt he C iv i l Wars b ecause h e was a n e xper ienced o f f icer . 8 2

There a re a lso e xamp les o f c entur ions c o m manding a uxi l iary u n i ts .

I n t he

p re-C laud ia ,n p er iod t he c o m mands were p ar t o ft he mi l i tary c areer o ft he man c oncerned .

L . V ibr ius P un icus ( E 5 7 ) wen t o n t o t he p ri mip i la te af ter

t he c o m mand o f a n a la , a nd M . T arqu i t ius S a turn inus ( E 5 5 ) d id s o a f ter h av ing b een p refec t o f c ohors s cu ta ta .

M . Mani l ius C ordus ( E 4 9 ) c o m manded a n a la

a f ter h av ing b een a c entur ion o f l eg io XX I H apax a nd b ecame a t r ibu te c o l lect or .

F ina l ly , S ex . J u lius R ufus ( E 4 8 ) was p refect o f c ohors IC orsoru m a nd

' p raefectus c iv i ta t ium ' i n S ardin ia a s a n e voca tus o f A ugustus . A lthough C laudius e f fec t ive ly b arred p ri mip i lares f ro m t he c o m mand o f a ux i liary u n i ts , i t was s t i l l p oss ib le f or l eg ionary c en tur ions t o b e a ppoin ted p refects o f a ux i liary c ohor ts . c hanged ;

The n ature o ft he a ppoin tmen t s ee ms t o h ave

i tn ow c o mes a t t he e nd o f t he mi l i tary c areer .

Q . E tuv ius Capreo lus

( E 9 9 ) was made p refect o f c ohors I T hracu m a f ter t h ir ty-f ive y ears ' s erv ice i n t he l eg ions , a nd d ied a ged s ix ty .

The a ppoin t men t o ft he d ecur ion o f t he

a la S cubu loru m , C . V ib ius Q uartus ( E . 1 01 ) , t o t he c o m mand o f c ohors I l C yrena ica a lso c ame t owards t he e nd o f h is mi l i tary s erv ice .

Two c enturions

w ere p ro mo ted t o t he c o m mand o f c ohor ts i n D a l ma t ia a f ter t hey h ad b een p refects o f Da l ma t ian t r ibes .[

]Marce l lus ( E 1 02 ) h ad b een p refect o f t he

Maezae i a nd Daes i t ia tes b efore t he p refecture o f c ohors I I A lpinoru m , af ter wh ich h e r e t ired .

T he n ame o ft he t ribe o f wh ich [

]Ca lpurn ius Ma [

( E 9 8) was p refec t i su nfortuna te ly l os t , b u t h e was t hen p refec t o f c ohors I L ucens iu m . ( E 9 7) .

F ina l ly , t here i s t he c areer i nscr ip t ion o f L . A t t ius L ucanus

Af ter h e h ad b een a l eg ionary c en tur ion h e was a ppoin ted t r ibune o f

c ohors V I CR I ngenuoru m .

3 4

I fh e i s t he s ame man a s t he L . A t t ius L ucanus

a lso r ecorded a t N emausus p m 3 178 ) , h e wen t o n t o t he p rimip i la te .

NOTES 1 . E . B ir ley , a t f i rs t , d oub ted t h is i den t if ica t ion ( B ir ley , 1 953 , p . 1 41 , n . 1 7) , b u t h e n ow a ccep ts i t ( see A . B ir ley , 1 977 , p . 3 66, n . 2 9 ) . 2 .

Duov ir :

E3 , E4 , E6 -E 8 ,

E1 0 , E1 1 , E1 4 , E1 6, E 1 8 , E2 4 , E2 5 ,

E2 7- E 2 9 , E3 2 , E3 6, E 3 9 ; t he e xcep t ion was ' aedi l . d es ig .

( E 4 0 ) .

3 .

E3 , E4 , E6 , E1 0-E 1 2 , E1 6 , E1 8 , E2 4 , E2 5 , E2 7-E 2 9 , E3 6, E3 9 .

4 .

E6 2 , E6 7 , E6 8 , E7 3 , E7 7 , E7 9 , E9 0 , E9 2 .

5 .

E 1 06, E 1 09 , E1 10 , E1 14 , E1 21 , E1 22 , E 1 30 , E1 33 ,

6 .

E 1 38 , E1 44-E 1 47 , E1 49 , E1 54 , E1 56 , E1 59 , E1 61 , E1 63 , E1 64 , E 1 67 , E1 71 , E1 77 , E1 78 , E1 80 .

7 .

E 1 38 ,

8 .

E4 , E5 , E1 4 , E1 7 , E2 0 , E2 3 , E2 6 , E3 3 , E3 9 .

9 .

E3 , E6 , E8 , E1 1 , E2 5 , E2 8 , E3 2 , E3 8 .

1 0 .

E1 44 , E1 47 , E1 54 , E1 59 , E1 64 , E1 67 , E1 77 , E1 80 .

There a re f our e xcep t ions f ro m t he p eriod , a l l o f who m s eem t o h ave b een a ppo in ted b y p roconsu ls a nd h ence s erved o n t he ir s taf f :

Q .

L o l lius

F ron to ( E 7 9 ) -pos t b e tween mi l i tary t ribuna te a nd a la c o m mand , p refec t 8 3

t o t he p roconsu l o f A fr ica ;

C . Mu lv ius O fe l l ius R est i tutus ( E 1 22 ) -post

af ter a la c o m mand , p refect t o ? ;

C . C orne l ius M inicianus ( E 1 46) -post

a f ter mi li tary t ribuna te , p refect t o t he p roconsul o f A fr ica ; Marce l lus ( E

C . Nasennius

1 57) -post af ter a la c o m mand , p refect t o ? .

1 1 .

E1 06, E 1 07, E 1 09 , E 1 10 , E1 14 , E1 18-E120 , E1 29-E 1 31 .

1 2 .

E1 35 , E1 44 , E1 45 , E 1 50 , E1 56, E 1 59 , E1 65 , E 1 70 , E 1 73 , E 1 74 .

1 3 .

The t hree a re :

1 4 .

The n ine a re :

X I I 1 358 = E 1 79 ; V7 567 = E 3 4 ;

X I 1 393 = E 1 58; 1 5 .

The e leven a re :

V4 957; I RT 9 8;

AE 1 939n81 = E 1 73 ; AE 1 962n183; 1 6 .

X I I 3 183 .

I I 8 261 = E 1 30 ; X I 5 745 = E 1 04 ; X 1 493 ;

I X 5 841 ;

X I 1 527; X I 1 437 .

AE 1 925n44 = E 1 45 ;

I LS 9 406;

I 1 180 ;

X II I 5 007-5008 = E 1 18;

V I I I 1 5872 ;

V I II 9 734 = E 1 38;

AE 1 954n140 ;

V I I I 2 0144 ;

AE 1 957n249 .

The l ow p roport ion o f o n ly o ne-th ird i n t he C laudio-Neronian p er iod i s h ard t o e xp la in , u n less a n u mber o f men omi t ted t he ir municipa l c areers a s u nimpor tant , f or e xamp le t hose men a d lected b y Vespasian i n to t he S ena te ( E 6 6, E 6 9 , E7 0 , E7 5 , E8 4 , E8 5 , E9 1 ) .

S orne o f t hese o f f icers

may a lready h ave h ad s trong p a trons a nd t hus s tarted a mi litary c areer a t a n e ar ly a ge , f or e xamp le t he C ar istani i ( E 6 9 , E7 0 ) . 1 7 .

A n e questr ian c o m manding a u n i t wh ich l a ter b ecame e xclusive ly r eserved f or p rimipi lares d emonstra tes t he f l ex ib i li ty o f t he s ys te m .

C ompare t he

c areer o f L . Arr ius S a lanus ( E 4 ) , a n e ques trian , who b eca me ' p raefectus c astroru m ', a nother p ost n orma l ly h e ld b y p rimipi lares . 1 8 .

E4 , E5 , E7 , E9 , E1 2-E 1 5 , E1 9 , E2 1 , E2 2 , E2 6, E 2 8-E 3 2 , E 3 5-E 3 7 .

1 9 .

[ r eign o f N ero .

( E 9 6) whose mi li tary c areer w as l a te i n t he [

]J u lius F estus ( E 1 77) whose mi li tary c areer

was i n t he r e ign o f Tra jan . 2 0 .

E6 9 , E7 0 , E7 4 , E7 9 , E8 1 , E8 2 , E8 4 , E9 2 , E9 4 .

2 1 .

I n t he l igh t o f t he a cepha lous i nscript ion ( E 9 6 ) i ts ee ms b est t o e qua te L . Baeb ius I uncinus ( E 6 4 ) w i th t he t r ibune B aeb ius I uncinus r ecorded i n ap apyrus o f 4 -9-63 ( P .

F ouad . 2 1 ) ( see E ck , 1 975 , p . 3 82 ) .

2 2 .

E1 05 , E1 06, E 1 11 , E 1 12 , E1 20-E 1 22 , E1 24 , E 1 28, E 1 29 , E1 33 .

2 3 .

E1 35 , E 1 40 , E 1 41 , E 1 45 , E1 51 , E 1 52 , E1 58, E 1 60 , E 1 64 , E 1 67, E1 71-E 1 73 , E 1 80 .

2 4 .

L . Maes ius R ufus ( E 1 19 ) :

' proc . Aug .' .

C . V ibius S a lutaris ( E 1 32) :

' subprocura tor p rov inc . Maure tan iae T ing i tan iae ' . [ ( E 1 34 ) : ' proc . d iv i T i t i A lexandr iae a gnothe tae c er tamin is p en taherici ' . 2 5 .

Q . P lot ius Maximus Trebe l lius P e lidianus ( E 1 61 ) : XX h ered .' • M [?inicia ]e ' .

2 6 .

[ IP ub li lius Memor ia lis ( E 1 65 ) : [

]R ufus ( E 1 78) :

S ex . A t t ius S uburanus Aemi lianus ( E 1 07 ) :

' proc . Aug . p ro mag is t .

' proc . Aug . i n A fr ica

' proc . P lot inae Aug . ' a diu tor V ibi C risp i l eg . Aug .

p r . p r . i n c ensibus a ccip iendis H ispaniae C iterioris ' . N ovanus ) (E 1 15 ) :

L . Dudis t ius

' adiutor a d c ensus p rov inc . L ugudunens . ‚ .

P o mpeius S abinus ( E 1 25 ) :

' proc . Aug . E p iri ' . 8 4

S ex .

2 7 .

H is n ame a nd t r ibe , t he P a la t ina , migh t s ugges t h e was o f s erv i le o rig in a nd h ence t ha t h is c areer i s l a ter i n d a te ( see A . R . B ir ley :

F as t i o f

R o man B r i ta in , f or thco ming ) . 2 8 .

T o t hese t wo e xamp les i s t o b e a dded a t h ird wh ich c annot b e s o c lose ly d a ted .

C . I u l ius V ictor ( X I I I 1 042-1045 ) , a f ter h o lding t he p ost o f p rae-

f ectus f abrum i s d escr ibed a s ' t ribunus mi l i tu m c ohort . T he i den t i ty o f t he u n i t i s l i ke ly . 2 9 .

I ti s a rgued e lsewhere ( p . 6 6

[? I B e lg laru m ' .

Aga in i ti s n o t r ecorded a s b e ing mi l liar ia .

)t ha t t he s ugges t ion o f E . B ir ley ( B ir ley ,

1 966, p . 6 5 ) t ha t c ohors I I t a lica V o lun tar iorum was mi l l iar ia i s i ncorr ect .

Therefore t he c o m mand o f t he c ohor t s hou ld h ave b een a ' mi l i t ia

p r i ma ' . 3 0 .

C o m mand o f t wo c ohor ts : C o m mand o f t hree c ohor ts :

3 1 .

E9 6 , E1 05 , E1 35 , E1 45 , E1 59 , E1 70 . E1 06 , E1 21 .

C ohors I CR i s p robab ly t he s ame a s c ohors I I ta lica CR ( see p .69 n .1 4 ) .

3 2 .

I n t he c ase o f t he ' vex i l la t io e qu i tu m I l lyr icor .

r ecorded i n Dacia I nferior

i n A . D . 1 29 ( XV I 7 5 ) t h is b ecame a p ermanen t u n i t ( see S axer , n . 4 8) . 3 3 .

Barbarus ' c o m mand o f a n a la i s ar es tora t ion , b ut i ts eems p referab le t o ac ohor t c o m mand .

H is c o m mand o f t he u n i t w as p re-C laudian s ince h e

was p raefec tus f abru m o f C laudius , mos t l i ke ly f or t he i nvas ion o f Br i ta in . 3 4 .

H is c areer i s p re-F lav ian b ecause h e b ecame t he c o m mander o f a n a uxi l ia ry u n i t , ap ro mot ion c ur ta i led b y V espasian .

The u ni t h e c o m manded

h as b een d iscussed a t l eng th b y K raf t ( Kraf t , p . 1 94 ) .

I td ef ini te ly was

n ot c ohors '[I c i ]v . [ Ro m .] I ngenuoru m ' s ince t he i nscrip t ion i s c o mp le te e xcep t a t t he r igh t e dge . L ine t wo o ft he t ex t r uns ‚t r ibuno c ohort . V .. ' . L ine o ne h as l os t a t l eas t t hree l e t ters .

The b es t e xpansion i s t hus

' t ribuno c ohor t . V [ I CR ] I ngenuorum' a s t h is i s ak nown u n i t .

8 5

CHAPTER 7 CENTUR IONS , DECUR IONS AND PR INC IPALES

Th is c hap ter s eeks t o e stabl ish h ow g rea t ap ar t t ransfer f ro m t he l eg ions p layed i n t he f i l l ing o f t hese r anks a s wel l a s t he c hances o f p ro mo t ion w ith in t he a ux il iary u n i ts. For t h is r eason t he im munes a re n ot d iscussed h ere , b u t a re g rouped w i th t he g rega les. The l a t ter h ave a lready b een f u l ly i nvest iga ted a long w i th t he p r inc ipa les b y D . Breeze i n h is u npubl ished P h. D t hes is , p ar t o f wh ich h as a ppeared i n a n a r t icle ( Breeze , 1 974). CENTURIONS The ma jor ity o f c en tur ions o n r ecord e x ist o n ly a s t he n a me o f t he c entury i n wh ich a s old ier s erved .

I n t hese c ases t he s ta tus o f t he c en tur ion c annot

a lways b e d eter m ined , e spec ia l ly where h e h as a c o m mon L a t in c ogno men l ike Dex ter o r Cap i to.

Even where i ti s k nown t ha t ac entur ion was a c i t izen ,

l i t t le c an b e s a id a bou t h ow t he man was p ro moted e xcep t i n af ew c ases where t he c areer i s g iven o r h is a ge i s k nown . There a re f our c areer r ecords o f a ux il iary c en tur ions p ert inen t t o t he p er iod .

Three o f t hese men w ere p ro moted t o c en tur iona tes i n c i t izen c ohorts.

I n t he p re-Flav ian p er iod , L . Var ius [

I( Table 7 .1 n .1) b eca me c en tur ion

o f c ohors V I Volun tar ioru m , a nd t he u nknown f ro m A r im inu m ( Table 7 .1, n .2 ) c en tur ion o f c ohors Ca mpanoru m. m i les l eg ion is.

Both were p ro mo ted t o c en tur ion f ro m

The o ther , L . Arn ius Bassus ( Table 7 .1, n .3 ), s erved i n

t he F lav ian p er iod a nd was a m i les i n al eg ion a nd a p raetor ian c ohor t b efore b e ing made c en tur ion i n c ohors I CR.

The f our th c areer i s t ha t o f L .

Ca mpan ius V erecundus ( Table 7 .1, n .4 ) , who was a s ign ifer i n l eg io I V S cyth ica b efore p ro mot ion t o ac en tur iona te i n c ohors IC is ipadens iu m . O f t hese men , L . Ca mpan ius V erecundus was d ischarged a s ac en turion . L . Var ius [ Ia nd t he man f ro m Ar im inu m d ied a s c entur ions , t he l a tter a t t he a ge o f s ix ty . T h is s uggests t ha t t hese t hree w ere made c en tur ions a f ter l ong m i l i tary s erv ice.

On t he o ther h and , L . A rn ius Bassus w en t o n

t o b eco me c entur ion o f t hree l eg ions. t o c en tur ion e arl ier i n h is s erv ice l i fe.

H e was t herefore p robably p ro moted There i s a lso t he p ar t ial ly c o mp lete

c areer r ecord o f L . T eren t ius S ecundus ( 1 221).

H e i s r ecorded a s ' t ransla tus

i n p raetor io ' f ro m wha t mus t h ave b een a c entur iona te i n c ohors I B reucoru m . H e d ied b efore t ak ing u p t he a ppo in t men t , b u t mus t h ave b een r ela t ively y oung. J . G i l l ia m h as d iscussed t he p oss ible ways o f a ppo in t ing a ux il iary c en tur ions ( Gil l ia m , 1 957 ).

H e h as a rgued t ha t , a s w el l a s p ro mot ion f ro m

t he l eg ions , c i t izens c ou ld b e d irec t ly c o mm iss ioned a s c entur ions e spec ia l ly i ft hey were t he s ons o f v e terans ( Gil l ia m , 1 957 , p . 1 66 ).

Th is a rgu men t i s

s uppor ted b y t he e xa mp le o f C . J u l ius S ab inus ( 2012) who was t he s on o f a l eg ionary v eteran . r um .

He d ied a ged t wen ty-f ive a s c en tur ion o f c ohors I Raeto—

Af ur ther p oss ible e xample o f a man r ece iv ing a d irec t c o mm iss ion i s T .

8 6

O c tav ius Macer ( 17 21) , ac en tur ion o f c ohors I L iburnoru m .

He c a me f ro m

al ead ing f am ily o f N ed inu m i n L iburn ia ( W ilkes , 19 69 , p p . 2 13-214 ). Macer m igh t , h owever , f i t i n to a no ther o f G il l ia m 's s uggested c a tegories o f d irect ly c omm iss ioned c en tur ions. H e c ons idered t ha t s ons o f c ur ial f am i l ies i n t he p rov inces w ere p oss ible c and ida tes f or s uch a ppo in t men ts i f t hey j o ined t he a r my ( G il l ia m , 19 57 , p . 1 66 ).

I n t h is c on tex t h e a dduced t he

e xa mp le o f M. Fann ius V ita l is f ro m Thuburbo Ma ius ( 2 102) who was a c en tur ion o f c ohors 1 1 1 S ugambroru m a nd c ohors IH ispanoru m b efore b e ing d ischarged b y Hadr ian a nd t ak ing u p a mun ic ipa l c areer ( G il l ia m , 19 57 , p . 1 66, n .31). There a ppears t ob e a n e xa mp le o f t he d irec t c omm iss ion o f ap eregr ine t o c en tur ion .

Apr i l is , aL ingauster , i s r ecorded a s c en tur ion o f c ohors I

B elg ica o n al ost t o mbstone ( 1 171).

He d ied a ged t wen ty-two wh ich h as l ed

t o d oubt b e ing c as t o n whether h e was , i n f act , ac en tur ion ( S te in , p . 1 69 ). I fh e was , t hen h e mus t h ave b een o f s o me s tand ing i n t he c o m mun ity.

Un for-

t una tely t he l oss o f t he t o mbstone means t ha t t h is c annot b e c onf ir med . The k nown c i t izen a nd p eregr ine c en tur ions a re l i sted i n Table 7 .2 t o s how t he p ropor t ion o f e ach i n t he p re-Flav ian a nd F lav io-Tra jan ic p er iods. Those o f c i t izen c ohor ts a re om i t ted b ecause t hey were c i t izens a nyway.

The

c en tur ions d es igna ted ' nondescr ip t ' a re t hose who c ou ld b e o f e ither s ta tus. Most were p robably c i t izens , b u t t hey c anno t b e d ef in itely s o a ss igned e spec ia l ly t hose r ecorded i n E gyp t where n on-c i t izens c ou ld u se t he t r ia n om ina .

1

I n t he p re-Flav ian p er iod t here a re t h ir teen c i t izen c entur ions t o s even p eregr ines.

O f t he c i t izen c en tur ions , t he o r ig in o f o nly t hree i s c lear , v iz.

T . O c tav ius Macer f ro m N ed inu m ( 17 21) , L . Ca mpan ius V erecundus , a n I t a l ian ( 1321) , a nd a no ther p robable I t a l ian ( 17 41).

The r est s urv ive o n ly a s

an a me wh ich c annot b e a ss igned a d ef in i te o r igo.

The p a t tern o f p ro mot ion

c an t herefore n ot b e a scerta ined .

A l lb u t o ne o f t he p eregr ine c en tur ions a re

o f t he s a me e thn ic o r ig in a s t he u n i t i n wh ich t hey s erve.'

The e xcep t ion ,

Am mon ius , a n E astern c en tur ion o f c ohors IH ispanoru m ( 15 7 2) , was r ecru i ted t o t he u n it when i t was i n t he E ast a t at ime when a h igh p ropor t ion o f t he men w ou ld b e E as terners. 3 The f act t ha t t hese men s erved i n u n i ts o f t he s a me e thn ic o r ig in s uggests t hey w ere p ro moted w i th in t he u n i t .

Th is makes s ense

a t at ime when many o f t he s old iers w ou ld s t il l c o me f ro m t he o r ig ina l r ecru i ti ng a rea o f t he r eg i men t .

On ly t wo men h ave l e f t r ecords o f h ow l ong t hey

s erved. Caeno , o f c ohors ( I I I ) H ispanoru m ( 1 651) , h ad s erved n ine teen y ears , a nd Am mon ius , o f c ohors IH ispanoru m ( 1 57 2 ) , t wen ty-seven.

Bu t t here i s -

n o way o f k now ing h ow l ong i t was b efore t hey h ad b een p ro mo ted t o t he c en tur iona te. Fro m t he F lav ian p er iod o nwards , t he n u mber o f c i t izen c entur ions i nc reases a s c i t izensh ip s preads.

The r ecorded o r ig ins ma tch t h is s pread w i th

t wo f ro m N or icu m ( 1 064 , 1 221 ) , aS pan iard ( 2 171) , a man f ro m Thuburbo ( 2012 ) , a man whose f a ther w as f ro m Lugdunum ( 2012 ) , a nd a C h ian ( 1 601 ).

T hese

o r ig ins a lso r ef lec t t he n ew t rends f or r ecru i t men t t o t he l eg ions ( Forn i , A ppend ix B .I I I ).

Bu t t h is d oes n o t mean a l l o f t hese men h ad s erved i n al eg ion

b ecause i t was p oss ib le t o r ece ive d irec t c omm iss ions a s p robab ly h ad t he man f ro m Thuburbo , M . F ann ius V i ta l is ( 2 102 ) , a nd C . I u l ius S abinus ( 2012 ) , whose f a ther c a me f ro m L ugdunu m . A t t h is t ime a n i ncreas ing p roport ion o f c i t izens w ere b eing r ecru i ted t o t he a ux il ia a nd s o p ro mot ion t hrough t he r anks o f a 8 7

u n i t o r u n its i s ap oss ib il ity , a s h appened w ith d ecur ions ( see b elow ).

I n t wo

o f t he c ases , where t he o r igo i s g iven , t he men most l ikely t ransferred.

T he

S pan iard , L . Va ler ius A lb inus ( 2 171) d ied a s ac en tur ion o f c ohors IThracu m a ged s ix ty-one a f ter t wen tythree y ears s erv ice ; al eg ionary.

p resu mably h e s tar ted a s

M. Va ler ius Don icus f ro m C ele ia ( 1064 ) s erved a s ac entur ion

o f c ohors I I A lp inoru m i n Da l ma t ia .

He most l i kely t ransferred , n o t f ro m

al eg ion , b u t f ro m c ohors V I I I Volun tar ioru m , ac i t izen c ohor t , f or N or icans a re r ecorded i n t he u n i t a t t he t ime h e was a l ive ( 3012, 3 014). There a re o n ly t hree d ef in ite r ecords o f p eregr ine c en tur ions i n t h is p er iod .

Two o f t he m , Masavo ( 1451) a nd Cudrenus ( 1453) , b oth f ro m L ower

Ger many , s erved i n c ohors IFr is iavonu m .

Th is m igh t h ave b een e xpec ted

b ecause t he u n it h ad b een e nrol led i n t he a ux il ia a f ter t he r evol t o f C iv il is .4 The t h ird c en tur ion , Muraesus ( 2311) , s erved i n c ohors H I T V inde l icoru m . H is n a me i s o f C el t ic o r ig in ( Holder , I , 6 54) , a nd h e p robably c a me f ro m Raet ia .

These e xa mp les s ugges t p ro mot ions f or p eregr ines t o t he c entur iona te

t hrough t he r anks o f t he ir r eg i men t were s t il lb e ing c arr ied o u t .

T he n u mbers

were l i kely t o d ecrease f ur ther a s more c i t izens j o ined t he a ux il ia .

The n eed

f or b e ing a ble t o s peak t he n a t ive l anguage o f t he men wou ld a lso d ecrease a s L a t in b eca me more c o m mon .

Bu t ap eregr ine w ou ld a lways b e p ro moted t o

t he c en tur iona te i fh e was g ood e nough , b ecause p ro mot ion t hrough mer i t was o ne o f t he g u id ing p r inc ip les o f t he Ro man a r my. DECURIONS The p roble ms o u t l ined i n t he d iscuss ion o f t he c en tur ions a lso b eset t he d ecur ions.

A t l east t here a re more d ecur ions r ecorded wh ich e nables more

t o b e d iscovered . The c areer r ecords r evea l t hree l eg ionar ies p ro mo ted L o d ecur ion .

C .

V ibius Quar tus ( Table 7 .1, n .5) was p ro moted t o d ecur ion i n t he a la S cubul oru m f ro m b eing a m iles i n l eg io V Macedon ica i n t he C laud io-Neron ian p er iod .

Dur ing t he p er iod a f ter A . D. 7 0 , M. Ann ius Mar t ia l is ( Tab le 7 .1,

n .6) a nd T i. C laud ius Max i mus ( Table 7 .1, n . 7 ) h ad e ach s erved a s ad up l ic ar ius o f a n a la b efore t he ir p ro mot ion .

To t hese l eg ionar ies s hou ld most

p robably b e a dded T . Ca l id ius S everus ( Table 7 .1, n . 9 ) .

As a n I t a l ian s erv ing

b efore t he F lav ian e ra , i ti s u n l ikely t ha t h e h ad n o t s erved i n al eg ion b efore h is p osts a s e ques , o p t io , a nd t hen d ecur ion o f c ohors IA lp inoru m , a l though t h is i s n ot r ecorded o n h is t o mbstone. The F lav io-Tra jan ic p er iod r evea ls c areer r ecords o f c i t izens who s erved o n ly i n a ux i l iary u n i ts .

C . V a ler ius

Procu lus ( Table 7 .1, n . 1 0 ) h ad s erved a s a n e ques i n c ohors IA lp inoru m b efore t ransferr ing t o c ohors IBe lgaru m i n wh ich h e r ose t o t he d ecur iona te. L . Marc ius Ma ternus ( Table 7 .1, n .11) i s k nown t o h ave b een a n e ques i n a la Is ingu lar iu m CR a nd t o h ave b eco me d ecur ion o f a n a la ( presu mably t he s a me o ne ).

There may a lso h ave b een p osts i n b e tween , b u t h is t o mbs tone

i s o n ly f rag men tary . M. U lp ius S uper ( Table 7 .1, 1 .12) f i rst s erved i n t he a la ICR, r is ing t o ,s (u m mus ) c (ura tor ) 1.5 Fro m t h is p ost h e was p ro moted t o d ecur ion o f a la p raetor ia CR.

F ina l ly a p eregr ine , g ran ted c i t izensh ip

b y Nero , T i. C laud ius Fron to ( Table 7 .1, n .13 ) h ad s erved a s ' pro d ecur io(ne ) ' wh i lst h e was a s ign ifer o f a la Taur iana .

8 8

These c areers s how t ha t t he men w ere o fg ood q ua l i ty a nd e xper ienced . The d ecurions t ransferred f ro m l eg ions i ft hey d id n o t d ie.

h ad a g ood c hance o ff ur ther p ro mot ion

Two a re d ef in itely r ecorded a s h av ing b eco me l eg ionary

c en tur ions v iz. M. Ann ius Mar t ia l is ( Table 7 .1, n .6 ) who b eca me a c en tur ion o f l eg io I I Augusta , a nd T . Ca l id ius S everus ( Table 7 .1, n .9 ) who r ece ived ac en tur iona te i n l eg io XV Apol l inar is.

Fro m t he p re-Flav ian p er iod t here

i s e v idence t ha t d ecur ions c ou ld b e p ro moted t o c o m mand a ux il iary c ohor ts. C . V ibius Quar tus ( Table 7 .1, n . 5 ) was made a p refec t o f c ohors I l Cyrena ica f ro m h is d ecur ionate i n a la S cubu loru m .6 I n t he F lav io-Tra jan ic p er iod t h is was c hanged a nd d ecur ions c ou ld o n ly a c t a s t e mporary c o m manderp raepositus —of t he ir u n i t ( not a d if feren t o ne ) , a s d id a n u nknown d ecur ion o f c ohors I l A lp inorum ( 10 63). A s J . G i l l ia m h as p o in ted o u t , t here a re e xa mp les o f d ecur ions who d ied y oung a nd s o t hey h ad p robably r ece ived a d irec t c omm ission ( Gil l ia m , 19 57 , p . 1 66 ).

T . J u l ius Max i mus C . J u l i Th ir ida t is f . ( 6 61) , who g ives h is o r igo

a s R o me b u t was t he s on o f a Par th ian e x ile , d ied a t t he a ge o f t wen ty-s ix a s ad ecur ion i n t he a la P arthoru m i n Da l ma t ia .

He must t herefore h ave b een

g iven a r ank c orrespond ing t o h is p os it ion i n h is own c o m mun i ty .

L . P lot ius

Modestus , aS pan iard ( 60 1) , d ied a f ter f our y ears s erv ice a ged t wen tythree a s ad ecur ion o f t he a la Nerv iana Augus ta m il l ier ia i n Mauretan ia Caesar iensis. A ga in t he r ece ip t o f ad irec t c omm ission i s a l most a c er ta in ty u n less h e was p ro mo ted e x tre mely q u ick ly .7 O ther p ossible c and ida tes f or a d irec t c o mm iss ion a re s ons o f c ur ia l f am i l ies ( G i l l ia m , 19 57 , p . 1 66 ). A man i n t he p os i t ion t o h ave r ece ived s uch ac omm iss ion d ur ing t he F lav ian p er iod was L . Cul lon ius Pr i mus ( 20 1 ) who i s r ecorded a s ad ecur ion o f t he a la IC annane fa t ium a nd a d ecur ion o f Br ix ia. T . J u l ius Bel l icus ( 1 32 ) i s r ecorded a s ad ecur ion o f t he a la I As turu m a nd d ecur ion o f Cele ia i n t he C laud io-Neron ian p er iod.

He i s a nother p robable

c and ida te f or a d irec t c omm iss ion b ecause h is f a ther was most l i kely a c i t izen d esp i te b e ing n a med a s ap eregr ine i n f i l ia t ion .

8

A l l o f t he k nown d ecur ions a re l i sted i n Table 7 .3 a ccord ing t o s tatus. T he t h ird c olu mn r epresen ts t hose w ith ' nondescr ip t ' n a mes wh ich a re c o m mon t o c i t izens a nd p eregr ines.

Th is a pp l ies e spec ia l ly t o t he d ecur ions o f E gyp t

w here p eregr ines c ou ld u se t he t r ia n om ina .

9

I n t he p re-Flav ian p er iod t he n u mber o f d ef in i te c i t izen a nd p eregr ine d ecur ions i s a bou t e qua l— there b eing t wen tythree c i t izens t o s even teen p ereg r ines.

O f t he c i t izens t he o r igo o f h a l f i s c lear.

Once t he t wo men who

r ece ived d irec t c o mm issions —T. J u l ius Bel l icus ( 1 32) a nd T . J ul ius Max i mus ( 6 61) —are r e moved , i tc an b e s een t ha t t he ma jor i ty c a me f ro m a reas wh ich p rov ided t he b u lk o f l eg ionary r ecru i ts a t t h is t ime. c erta in ly l eg ionary t ransfers.

Hence t hey w ere a l most

F ive were I t a l ians o f who m o ne was T . Ca l id ius

S everus ( 1031) , a lready d iscussed .

The o thers were C . Fu l lon ius ( 743) , a

d ecur ion o f t he a la S cubuloru m i n Moes ia who p robably t ransferred f ro m l eg io V Macedon ica :

1

M . Marc ius Op ta tus ( 9 11) , ad ecur ion o f t he a la Xo itana

i n E gyp t who p erhaps t ransferred f ro m a n Egyp t ian l eg ion ; ( 1 551) i n c ohors X I Ga l loru m i n Da l ma t ia ; IH ispanoru m i n Ga la t ia .

M. I u l ius

a nd L . N um is ius ( 1 631d ) i n c ohors

The S pan iard , M. S e mpron ius ( 443) , s erved i n t he

a la S ebos iana i n Upper Ger many d ur ing t he r e ign o f C laud ius.

8 9

He was p robably

t ransferred f ro m l eg io J i l l Macedon ica a f ter i ta rr ived i n t he p rov ince f ro m S pa in .

M. L uc i l ius S ecundus ( 861) , f ro m a t own wh ich h as n ot b een i dent if ied ,

s erved i n L ower Ger many a nd p resu mably t ransferred f ro m o ne o f t he l eg ions t here.

The r e ma in ing t hree , L . J u l ius Regu lus ( 39 5) , a Gau l ;

Re itugenus ( 57 3 t er ) , aS pan iard ;

T i. I u l ius

a nd C . Cass ius B lass ianus ( 17 31) , most

l ikely s erved o n ly i n a ux il iary r eg i men ts. The p eregr ine d ecur ions o f t he s a me p er iod c an mos t ly b e a ss igned a n o r igo , e i ther b ecause i ti s e xp l ic it ly s ta ted o r b ecause i tc an b e a scer ta ined f ro m t he o r ig in o f t he p ersona l n a me.

Two , h owever , c annot b e a ss igned a n

o r igo ( 2 13, 6 27 ).

The v ast ma jor i ty s erved i n u n its o f t he s a me e thn ic o r ig in

a s t he mselves. 1

Th is i s t o b e e xpec ted when u n i ts r eta ined t he ir e thn ic

i den t i ty t o al arge e x ten t .

S uch p ro mot ions w ou ld a l most c erta in ly b e w ith in

t he r eg i men t s o a s n ot t o c ause a ny l anguage p roble ms.

The t wo d ecur ions

r ecru i ted i n t he E ast who s erved i n r eg i men ts s ta t ioned t here a re e xamp les o f l oca l r ecru its i n r eg i men ts wh ich c ou ld n ot b e k ep t u p t o s treng th w i th men f ro m t he u n i ts , c oun try o f o r ig in . f ro m o ne u n it t o a nother.

A

1 2

The r e ma inder a re e xa mp les o f t ransfers

Ba tav ian a nd a S pan iard ( 57 3, 5 73 b is ) b oth

s erved i n t he a la IAugusta I t uraeoru m i n Pannon ia .

Op ta tus , aS ard in ian

( 1851) was a d ecur ion o f c ohors V I I L us itanoru m i n A fr ica .

He h ad p robably

b een t ransferred f ro m c ohors I S ardoru m i n t he s a me p rov ince. Wi th t he s pread o f c i t izensh ip t hrough t he Emp ire , t he p ropor t ion o f c i t iz en d ecur ions i ncreased f ro m t he r e ign o f Vespas ian o nwards.

A n umber o f

t he c i t izen d ecur ions c an b e a ss igned n o o r igo , b u t f or j ust o ver h a l f a n o r igo i s c lear .

1 3

S even o f t he men c a me f ro m I ta ly.

1 4

However , n ot a l l n eed

h ave b een t ransfers f ro m l eg ions b ecause L . Cu l lon ius Pr i mus ( 20 1) a l most c erta in ly r ece ived a d irec t c o mm iss ion .

The r e ma inder , w ith a f ew e xcep t ions ,

c a me f ro m a reas wh ich n ow p rov ided t he b u lk o f l eg ionary r ecru i ts

• 15

Aga in

n o t a l l wou ld h ave s erved i n l eg ions b ecause d irec t c omm iss ions were p oss ible a s w i th L . P lot ius Modestus ( 60 1).

S o me p robably p referred s erv ice i n t he

a ux i l ia t o t ha t i n t he l eg ions a s d id C . Va ler ius P rocu lus ( 1 172). t i ons a re t he Ba tav ians a nd a l most c era in ly t he Gau ls.

16

The e xcep-

T hey a l mos t

c erta in ly s erved o n ly i n a ux il iary r eg i men ts. The f ew p eregr ine d ecur ions o f t he p er iod p resen t ad if feren t p ic ture f ro m t hose o f t he p re-Flav ian a ge. e thn ic o r ig in a s t he mselves.

17

On ly t hree s erved i n au n i t o f t he s a me

O f t he o thers , t wo s erved i n r egi men ts wh ich

h ad b een s tat ioned i n t he p rov ince where t hey w ere r ecru ited .

18

Reburrus ,

aS pan iard ( 652) , s erved i n t he a la IPannon ioru m Ta mp iana i n Br i ta in a nd h ad p resu mably b een t ransferred f ro m a S pan ish r eg i men t .

A lso i n t h is a la

was T . F lav ius S i lvanus , a Gau l ( 651). He h ad p robably b een t ransferred f ro m a Ga l l ic r eg i men t u n less h e was r ecru i ted t o t he a la a s h ad b een T . F lav ius Crensces , a Re mus , o f who m S i lvanus was h e ir. PRINCIPALES I n h is u npubl ished Ph . D . t hesis D . Breeze i nves t iga ted t he p os ts h eld b y t he p r inc ipa les — those men who r ece ived d ouble p ay o r p ay-and-a-ha l f. Here , h e c onc luded t ha t t he p os t o f c ura tor wh ich w as p ecu l iar t o t ur mae, was p robably n ot o ne f or a p r inc ipa l is. There a re o n ly t wo e xa mp les f ro m t he p er iod u nder s tudy a nd s o t he p os t i s om i t ted .1 9 Tha t o f s u m mus c ura tor

9 0

i s a lso om i t ted , t here b eing o n ly o ne e xa mp le v iz. M. U lp ius S uper ( 7 12 ). T he p ost o f a r moru m c ustos was p robably h eld b y ap r inc ipa l is a t t he p ay g rade o f s esqu ip l icar ius , b u t t he e v idence i s amb iguous.

There a re o n ly t wo

r ecorded e xa mp les i n t h is p er iod a nd s o i ti s n ot d iscussed h ere f or i ti s more c o mprehens ively s urveyed b y D . Breeze i n h is t hes is. 2°

S im ilarly t h is a pp l ies

t o t he p ost o f c orn icu lar ius ,wh ich mer i ted d ouble p ay , a s t here a re o nly t wo men r ecorded i n t he p er iod u nder s tudy .2 1 T r ip l icar ius D . Breeze i n a n a ppend ix t o h is t hes is s uggested t ha t Do maszewsk i 's p roposa l o f ag roup o f a ux i l iar ies r ece iv ing t reble p ay ( Do maszewsk i-Dobson , p p . 7 1-72) was i mposs ible t o e nv isage , f or t he d up l icar i i were t he mos t s en ior n on-co m m iss ioned of icers a nd t here was a t ota l l ack o f e v idence.

H is v iew

mus t n ow b e mod if ied i n t he l i gh t o f at o mbstone r ecen t ly d iscovered a t Ma in z. T h is r ecords An t iochus o f t he a la P ar thoru m e t Araboru m ( 671 a nd p l . 4C ) . A t d ea th h e was a n ' e voca tus t r ip l icar ius ' wh ich i s t he f i rst e v idence f or a n a ux il iary a t t h is p ay g rade. p ay.

The p ost o f e voca tus t herefore mer i ted t reble

Th is i s c on f ir med b y t he c areer o f C . J u l ius Macer ( Table 7 .1, n .14 ) .

H e was a d up l icar ius o f t he a la A tector ig iana b efore b eco m ing a n e voca tus i n c harge o f 6 00 Raet ian s pear men . more p ay. l i ved.

The l a tter p ost was s urely a p ro mot ion w ith

Bu t t he p ost o f ' evocatus t r ip l icar ius ' f or a ux il iar ies was s hort-

The p ost h ad s urv ived f ro m t he Republ ic when a man was a sked t o

r e ma in i n t he a r my .

With t he i ns t i tu t ion o f more r egu lar ised t er ms o f s erv ice

b y C laud ius , t here was n o n eed f or t h is p ay g rade. T he Dup l icar i i The p ay g rade o f d up l icar ius was a ccorded t n t he s econdin-co m mand o f ac entury o r t ur ma , a nd t o t he s ign ifer i , t he s tandard b earers a nd s en ior s taf f o f f icers s uch a s t he a c tar ius a nd c orn icu lar ius , a s h as b een s hown b y D . B reeze.

The s econd i s c o m mand , t he o p t io , i s more o f ten r ecorded a s

‚ d up l icar ius '.

S o t he p ay g rade c an a lso b e u sed t o s ign ify a r ank— tha t o f t he

s econdin-co m mand o f ac en tury o r t ur ma . a .

OPTIO :

There a re o n ly s ix men r ecorded a s o p t io f ro m t h is p eriod , a l l

o f who m s erved i n c ohorts , s uggest ing t he n a me was r estr ic ted t o i n fan try p osts.

On ly o ne g ives h is c areer v iz. T . Ca l id ius S everus ( Table 7 .1, n .9 ).

H e was p robably a l eg ionary f i rst ( see p . c ohors IA lp inoru m. mot ion t o d ecur ion .

8 8

)b efore b eco m ing a n e ques i n

Fro m b e ing a n e ques h e was made a n o p t io b efore p roHe i s a lso t he o n ly d ef in i te c i t izen among t he o p t iones

a l though t he u nkown man f ro m S ir m iu m ( Table 7 .4, n .6) p robably was o ne a lso.

O f t he f our p eregr ines t wo a re r ecorded o n ly a s n a mes. 2 2

P rocu lus

( Table 7 .4, n .3) was s erv ing i n ac i t izen u n i t i n s pec ia l c ircu ms tances ( see P .

6 6

) , a nd i s t herefore a s pec ia l c ase.

Theander , aC retan ( Table 7 .4 ,

n .4 ), was a n o p t io i n c ohors IN or icoru m a nd mus t h ave b een t ransferred o n p ro mot ion . The l eng th o f s erv ice i s r ecorded o n ly i n t hree i nstances :

9 1

N a me

S t ip .

Procu lus

Age

Da te

2 6

c .69

Table 7 .4, n .3

2 6

4 5

N ero

Table 7 .4, n .4

1 2 6

4 6

F lay .

Table 7 .4, n .6

7

Theander

Th is s hows i t was p ossible f or a g ood man , c i t izen o r p eregr ine , t o r ece ive r ap id p ro mot ion , a nd b eco me o p t io a f ter a s l i t t le a s s even y ears.

T he o ther

t wo s ee m t o h ave r eached t he r ank t owards t he e nd o f t he ir m il itary c areer , a nd h ad n o p rospect o f f ur ther a dvance men t . b .

DUPL ICARIUS :

Many more men a re r ecorded a s d up l icar ius , o n ly t wo

o f who m s erved i n c ohor ts ( Table 7 .4, n .10 a nd n .21).

The e arl ies t u se o f

t he t er m c o mes f ro m t he r eign o f A ugustus where i ti s u sed b y C lou t ius , o f t he a la Pannon ioru m i n Da l ma t ia ( Table 7 .4 , n .14 ). T here a re f our c areer r ecords o f d up l icar i i . l eg ionar ies. d eta i ls.

Three were p ro mo ted

O f t hese , T i. C laud ius Max i mus ( Table 7 .1, n .7 ) g ives t he mos t

He r eached t he r ank o f ' vex il lar ius e qu i tu m ' i n l eg io V I I C laud ia

b efore b eco m ing a d up l icar ius i n t he a la I Pannon ioru m .

M.

L ic in ius F idel is

( Table 7 .1, n .8 ) i s a lso r ecorded a s a n e ques , i n h is c ase i n l egio I I Augusta , b efore b e ing made a d up l icar ius o f t he a la Pannon ioru m .

On t he o ther h and

M. Ann ius Mar t ia l is ( Table 7 .1, n .6 ) i s r ecorded o n ly a s am iles o f l eg io I I Augusta .

The f ourth man , C . J u l ius Macer ( Table 7 .1, n .14) , w as made

a n e voca tus a f ter s erv ing a s ad up l icar ius i n t he a la A tec tor ig iana . was a c i t izen f ro m b ir th ( see p . 4 6

H e a lso

) , b u t h e wou ld h ave o n ly s erved i n t he

a ux i l ia. O f t he d up l icar i i who a re r ecorded o n ly a t t ha t r ank , t wo a re a nony mous ( Table 7 .4 , n . 2 0 , 2 1).

Two more w ere c i t izens when t hey w ere r ecru i ted ,

b u t t hey wou ld h ave s erved o n ly i n a ux il iary u n i ts ( Table 7 .4 , n . 9 , 1 0 ). r e ma in ing s even were a l l p eregr ines a t r ecru i t men t .

The

Three o f t hese men

s erved i n ar eg i men t o f t he s a me e thn ic o r ig in a s t he mselves a nd h ad t heref ore b een p ro moted w ith in t he u n i t ( Table 7 .4, n .13 , 1 5, 1 8 ).

One man

s erved i n ar eg i men t w i thou t a n e thn ic n a me ( Table 7 .4, n . 1 9 ). t hree s erved i n u n i ts o f d if feren t e thn ic o r ig ins t o t he mselves. A za lus ( Table 7 .4, n .17 ) , was i n t he a la Ga l lorum C ap i ton iana .

T he o ther Pr i mus , a n H e w as

p robably r ecru i ted i n t he a f ter ma th o f t he P annon ian r evol t a nd t he d isaster o f Varus a nd s o most l ikely j o ined t h is a la a s ar ecru i t r a ther t han b e ing t ransferred o n p ro mo t ion .

Th is a lso s ee ms t o h ave h appened w ith ' ma loger ' ,

a Ba tav ian ( Table 7 .4, n .16) , i n t he a la H ispan ioru m i n Pannon ia .2 3

T h is

a la r ece ived Ger man ic r ecru i ts wh i lst i t was i n Upper Ger many ( 499 , 5 01, 5 03 ).

The t h ird , C lou t ius , was a S pan iard ( Table 7 .4, n .14) who , a t av ery

e arly d a te , s erved i n t he a la Pannon ioru m .

There a re f ur ther e xa mp les o f

S pan iards i n t h is a la i n t he r e ign o f T iber ius ( f or e xa mp le , n os. 6 22, 6 22bis , 6 22ter ). I ti s q u i te p ossible t herefore t ha t t he a la was f or med i n A .D .9 a round a c adre wh ich i ncluded S pan iards a nd t ha t C lou t ius was made a d up l ic ar ius i n t h is n ew a la . The l eng th o f s erv ice o f t he d up l icar i i i s r ecorded i n t he f o l low ing c ases :

9 2

N a me

S t ip .

C lou t ius

Age

Da te

1

3 5

Aug.

T able 7 .4, n .14

1 3

3 0

Do m .

T able 7 .4, n .21

L ong inus S dapeze

1 5

4 0

C laud .

Table 7 .4,n .15

M. L ic in ius F ide l is

1 6

3 2

Vesp .

Table 7 .4,n .12

p re-69

Table 7 .4,n .19

4 0

C laud ./ Nero

Table 7 . .4, n .20

T ib.

Table 7 .4,n .17

2 0 2 2 P r i mus

2 5

L . Cornel ius An tas

v et .26

d isch .103

T able 7 .4, n .9

T i. C laud ius S aturn inus

v et .32

d isch .Nero

Table 7 .4, n .18

T ib.

Table 7 .4,n .11

T ib. / Claud .

T able 7 .4, n .13

C . J ul ius Macer

3 2

T idu l ius Acu tus

3 6

6 0

The l eg ionary M. L ic in ius F idel is h ad s erved s ix teen y ears b efore b ec om ing a d up l icar ius. Th is l eng th o f t ime i s p erhaps ma tched b y T i. C laud ius Max i mus who j oined l eg io V I I C laud io j us tb efore Do m i t ian 's Dac ian War a nd b ecame a d up l icar ius a bou t t he t ime o f T ra jan 's F irst Dacian War.

On t he

o ther h and , t wo , p erhaps t hree , p eregr ines h ad r eached t he r ank b efore t hey h ad s erved s ix teen y ears.

Th is d e mons tra tes t ha t mer it b rough t i t s r eward .

Wha t i s u ncer ta in a re t he f u ture p rospec ts f or p ro mo t ion o f t he p eregr ines t o j udge f ro m t hose who h ad s erved t wen tyf ive y ears o r more.

S o me may wel l

h ave o nly r eached t he r ank t owards t he e nd o f t he ir c areers , b u t l ack o f e v idence means f i rm c onc lus ions c annot b e made. C .

S IGN IFER :

D . B reeze h as s uggested i n h is t hes is t ha t t h is p ost was t he

most s en ior o ne f or p r inc ipa les w i th in t he c en tury o r t ur ma , a l though i t was n ot c oun ted a s t he o f f ice o f t he s econdin-co m mand .

Each c entury d ef in itely

h ad a s ign ifer , b u t t here i s n o d ef in i te e v idence f or t he t ur mae. There i s o n ly o ne c areer r ecord o f as ign ifer.

T i. C laud ius Fron to

( Table 7 ,1, n . 1 3) h ad s erved a s ' pro d ecur io(ne ) ' i n t he a la Taur iana wh ilst as ign ifer o f t he u n i t.

Th is d e monstra tes t ha t as ign i fer c ou ld s tand i n f or

ad ecur ion , a nd p resu mably a c en tur ion , a nd f ur ther i nd ica tes t he s en ior i ty o f t he p ost . O f t he t wen ty-two s ign ifer i r ecorded , o n ly t wo were d ef in i tely c i t izens i n o r ig in ( Table 7 .5, n . 1 , 5 ) , a nd t hey were a l mos t c er ta in ly l eg ionary t ransf ers.

The s ix s ign ifer i o f c ohors IAugusta L us itanoru m i n A .D. 17 may

h ave b een c i t izens , b u t i ti s imposs ible t o b e s ure f ro m t he ir n a mes a lone ( Table 7 .5 , n . 2 -4 , 7 , 2 0 , 2 1).

The man f ro m Prusias ( Table 7 .5, n .6) i n

t he a la I I T hracu m A ugusta may 'a lso h ave b een a c i t izen .

I n t hese c ases

r ecru it men t wou ld a l most c er ta in ly h ave b een t o t he r eg i men t i n wh ich t hey s erved wh i lst i t was i n o r n ear t he p rov ince f ro m wh ich t hey c a me.

The

r e ma inder were d ef in itely p eregr ines , s ix o f who m h ave u ncer ta in o r ig ins ( Table 7 .5 , n .8 , 1 0 , 1, 1 6, 1 8 , 2 2 ).

I n t he p re-Flav ian p er iod , f our o f t he

men s erved i n u n i ts o f t he s a me e thn ic o r ig in a s t hee r s 'elves ( Table 7 .5 , n .12, 1 4, 1 5, 1 9 ) , a nd a f i f th , Verca ius ( Table 7 .5, n .17 ) , s erved i n au n i t w i thou t a n e thn ic o r ig in .2 4 T he o ther t wo s erved i n t he F lav io-Tra jan ic p er iod i n u n i ts o f ad if feren t e thn ic o r ig in f ro m t he mselves , a nd a re e xa mp les o f l oca l r ecru it men t . 25 T he l eng th o f s erv ice i s r ecorded i n t he f o l lowing c ases : 9 3

Age

Da te

2 5

Do m .

Table 7 .5 , n .10

2 6

C laud ./Nero

Table 7 .5 , n .5

3 0

C laud .

Table 7 .5 , n .14

T ra j. 3 4

C laud ./ Nero

T able 7 .5 , n .9 Table 7 .5 , n .19

2 0

C laud ./ Nero

Table 7 .5, n .17

S t ip .

Na me

7

F lav inus S ex . Mev ius Do m m i t t ius

7

P in ta ius

1 5

Dass ius

1 6 V erca ius bra

2 2

C laud. / Nero

Table 7 .5 , n .12

Q .Car m in ius I ngenuus

2 5

T ib.

Table 7 .5 , n .1

S em [

2 5

1 Xun t [

M.Cocce ius V i t lus T i.Claud ius Fron to

l a te f i rst c entury

Table 7 .5 , n .6

v e t . 2 8

N erva

Table 7 .5 , n .18

v et .33

F lay .

Table 7 .5 , n .22

v e t .35

C laud./Nero

Table 7 .5 , n .11

A s w i th o ther p r inc ipales, g ood men c ou ld b eco me s ign ifer i a f ter o n ly a s hor t p eriod o f s erv ice. I n g enera l , t hough , men p robably s erved a bou t f i f teen y ears b efore a ch iev ing t he r ank . A ga in i ti s d if f icu l t t o e stabl ish whether t here were f ur ther p rospec ts f or p ro mot ion o nce t he r ank h ad b een a ch ieved , e spec ia l ly a s t hree men a re r ecorded a s h av ing b een d ischarged a s s ign ifer i. d .

S TANDARD BEARERS :

They were t he imag in ifer i a nd v ex il lar i i.

These

p osts were n o t a t tached t o ac en tury o r t ur ma a l though t he h olders w ou ld b e o n t he r ol ls o f t he m . Imag in ifer —There i s n o r ecorded c areer o f a n i mag in ifer.

On ly t wo o f

t he k nown men h old ing t he p ost w ere c i t izens i n o r ig in , b u t n e ither h ad b een l eg ionar ies.

Va ler ius Abdas ( Table 7 .6 , n .2) was a n E asterner a nd s erved

i n t he a la Ha m ioru m .

The o ther was S u lp ic ius Av itus , aS pan iard ( Table 7 .6 ,

n .1) , who was r ecru ited i n to t he c ohors I I Ga l loru m i n S pa in d ur ing t he F lav ian p er iod .

The r e ma in ing s even were a l l p eregrines , o f who m t wo a re

o fu ncer ta in o r ig in .2 6

A l l t he p re-Flav ian i mag in ifer i s erved i n u n i ts o f t he

s a me e thn ic o r ig in a s t he mselves , a nd h ad t hus b een p ro moted f ro m t he r anks o f t he u n it ( Table 7 .6, n .3, 5 , 6 , 9 ) . B r isenus ( Table 7 .6 , n .4 ) was Thrac ian i n o r ig in a nd s erved i n t he a la I Pannon ioru m i n Dac ia i n t he e arly y ears o f t he r e ign o f H adr ian . F our men r ecord t he ir l eng th o f s erv ice : N a me

S t ip .

Age

Da te

Gen ia l is

1 3

3 5

T ib. / Claud.

Table 7 .6 , n .

V irsucc ius

1 5

3 5

Vesp .

Table 7 .6 , n .9

3 5

F lay ./ Tr a j.

Table 7 .6 , n .2

1 9

4 0

Do m.

Table 7 .6 , n .8

Va ler ius A bdas T . F . Verecundus

These f i gures s uggest t ha t a t l east t en y ears s erv ice was t he r u le b efore p ro mot ion t o i magin ifer i.

I ti s p erhaps s ign if ican t t ha t n o o ne i s r ecorded

a s h av ing b een a n i mag in ifer a t d ischarge.

P ossibly t hose who h eld t h is

r ank h ad a g ood c hance o f p ro mo t ion a l though t here i s n o d ef in ite e v idence ( and c o mpare t he e v idence o f t he v ex il lat i i ).

9 4

Vex il lar ius —There i s o ne r ecorded c areer , t ha t o f C . Va ler ius Proc lus ( Table 7 .1, n .10 ). He f irst s erved a s a n e ques o f c ohors I A lp inoru m , t hen b eca me t yex i l lar ius e qu i tu m ' o f c ohors IBelgaru m b efore p ro mo t ion t o d ecur ion o f t he l a t ter u n i t .

S ix o ther v ex il lar i i a re k nown o f who m o ne s erved i n

ac i t izen c ohort ( fable 7 .6, n .12) a nd o ne i s a nony mous ( Table 7 .6 , n .16 ). Two o f t he r e ma inder w ere c i t izens.

T . A rm ius F ir mus ( Table 7 .6, n .10 )

s erved i n c ohors Gaetuloru m d ur ing t he r e ign o f N ero , a nd a ppears t o h ave b een a l eg ionary t ransfer .

Abou t t he o ther S ex . S ulp ic ius S ab inus ( Table 7 .6,

n .11) i n c ohors I L iguru m e t H ispanoru m CR , n oth ing f or c erta in c an b e d iscovered a bou t h is o rig in .

O f t he t wo p eregr ines , o ne i s o f u nknown o rig in

( Table 7 .6, n .14) a nd t he o ther , Te mans ( Table 7 .6,n .15 ) was a l oca l r ecru i t t o c ohors IBe %aru m i n Da l ma t ia . Three men r ecord t he ir l eng th o f s erv ice : Na me

S t ip .

Age

Da te

L . Teren t ius S everus

1 4

3 0

F lay

1 T e mans

Table 7 .6, n .12

1 6

3 0

? Flay .

Table 7 .6, n . 1 6

2 4

4 5

T ra j.

Table 7 .6 , n . 1 5

As w i th t he imag in ifer i , a min i mu m o f t en y ears s erv ice b efore a t ta in ing t he r ank o f v ex il lar ius i s s uggested .

Aga in t here a re n o e xa mp les o f men

d ischarged w i th t h is r ank , a l though t he e xa mp le o f Te mans s hows t ha t t here may h ave b een s o me.

However , i td oes s ee m t ha t most c ou ld e xpec t t o b e

p ro moted a s was C . V a ler ius P roclus. T he S esqu ip l icar i i I n h is t hesis , D . Breeze c onc luded t ha t t he t esserar ius was t he t h irdinc o m mand o f ac entury , a nd r ece ived b as ic p ay p lus a h a l f .

The t esserar ius

i s o n ly r ecorded i n c ohorts a nd s o D . Breeze s uggested t ha t t he c ava lry e qu ivalen t was c al led a s esqu ip l icar ius.

Th is i s c on f ir med b y t he f act t ha t

t here a re n o s esqu ip l icar i i r ecorded i n t he i nfan try.

I n t he p er iod n o t esserar i i

a re r ecorded , t hus o n ly t he p ost o f s esqu ip l icar ius w il lb e d iscussed. SESQUIPL ICARIUS :

There a re f i f teen e xa mp les o f men h old ing t he p os t ,

a l l o f t he m i n a lae , n one o f who m h as l ef t ar ecord o f h is c areer. men were c i t izens i n o r ig in. ac i t izen u n i t ,

Four o f

M. U lp ius S im il is ( Table 7 .7 , n .3 ) s erved i n

t he a la ICR , a nd h ad b een r ecru i ted i n to i t .

S im ilarly ,

A nn ius A fr inus ( Table 7 ,7 , n .2 ) , who was t he s on o f aS yr ian a nd s erved i n t he a la Ha m ioru m .

A . Aga ius Quartus ( Table 7 .7 , n .1) s erved i n t he a la

v eterana i n A fr ica , b u t n oth ing d ef in ite c an b e s a id o f h is o r ig in . t here i s [

F ina l ly

l n ius D ex ter ( Table 7 .7 , n .4 ) who s erved i n t he a la Ha m ioru m .

H e i s a pparen t ly o f G au l ish o r ig in wh ich wou ld mean h e was t ransferred f ro m a nother u n it . 27 Bu t i ti s mos t u n l ikely h e h ad s erved i n al eg ion a s h is o r igo i s s tated t o b e at r ibe r a ther t han a t o wn . The o vera l l impress ion g iven b y t hese e xa mp les i s t ha t l eg ionar ies d id n ot b eco me a ux il iary s usqu ip l icar i i , t hose c it izens h old ing t he r ank h ad o rig inal ly j o ined t he a ux il ia . O f t he e leven p eregr ines r ecorded w i th t h is r ank , o ne h as n o a scerta ina ble o rigo ( Table 7 .7 , n .5 ) , a nd t wo s erved i n u n i ts wh ich h ad n o e thn ic o r ig in ( Table 7 .7 , n .6, 7 ) .

Three men a re r ecorded i n r eg i men ts o f t he s a me

e thn ic o r ig in a s t he mselves. 28

The r e ma inder s erved i n u n i ts o f e thn ic o rig ins 9 5

d if feren t f ro m t he ir own .

I n t he p re-Flav ian p er iod a L ingauster a nd t wo

Trever i a re r ecorded a s s esqu ip l icar i i o f S pan ish r eg i men ts ( Tab le 7 .7 , n .12, 1 4, 1 5 ).

They were , h owever , r ecru i ted t o t hese a lae wh ilst t hey w ere s ta t ioned

i n Upper Ger many.

The o ther t wo were F lav io-Tra jan ic r ecru i ts , o f who m

o ne was r ecru i ted i n to h is u n it wh ilst i t was i n h is p rov ince o f o r ig in ( Table 7 .7 , n .9 ).

The o ther , L ong inus Muzerun . (Table 7 .7 ,n .11) , s erved i n t he a la

( Nerv iana Augusta ) m i l l iar ia , a nd was a n A fr ican .

The a la s ee m ing ly a rr ived

i n Mouretan ia a t t he e nd o f t he f irst c en tury , a nd L ong inus d ied e i ther l a te i n Tra jan 's r e ign o r e ar ly i n Hadr ian 's. u n i t a s h e s erved t wen ty-one y ears.

Thus h e p robably t ransferred t o t he

However , t h is c annot b e s ta ted d ef in i tely

b ecause h is t o mbstone c annot b e c losely d a ted . Ten men g ive e v idence o f t he l ength o f s erv ice : N a me

S t ip .

Reg inus

5

Age

D a te

3 0

C laud

Table 7 .7 , n .15

Enub ico A .Aga ius Quar tus

3 5

T ra j.

Table 7 .7 , n .8

2 0

4 0

F irs t c en tury

Table 7 .7 , n .1

L ong inus Muzerun

2 1

4 0

T ra j./Had .

Table 7 .7 , n .11

C a ta lus

2 2

N ero.

Table 7 .7, n .6

Ann ius A fr inus

4 5

F lay. / Tra j.

Table Z .7 , n .2

[

5 0

C laud . /Nero

Table 7 .7 , n .4

5 3

N ero

Table 7 .7 , n .13

i n ius D ex ter

[ Ti.] C laud ius P in t r amu?ls Ge mel lus

v et .

d isch .122

Table 7 .7 , n .10

N ertus

v et .36

C laud .

Table 7 .7 , n .12

The l eng th o f s erv ice o f Reg inus , o n ly f ive y ears , i s e xcep t iona l s ince t he r est h ad s erved a t l east f i f teen y ears b efore r each ing t he p os t . l east , must h ave h ad g ood p rospec ts f or f ur ther p ro mot ion .

H e , a t

O thers , b y c on-

t rast , w ere d ischarged h old ing t he r ank a nd mos t w ere n ear t he e nd o ft heir m il i tary s erv ice.

O f c ourse , t he e vidence o n ly r ecords t hose who d ied wh ils t

h old ing t he p ost a nd i t must b e s o mewha t b iased .

9 6

NOTES 1 .

Cen tur ions i n E gyp t :

p re-Flav ian-1431;

F lav io-Tra jan ic -1312, 1 313,

1 603, 1 606 , 1 607 , 1 609a-c , 1 702, 1 704, 1 781, 1 783b ,e , f , 2 132. 2 .

Two o f t he men g ive t he ir o r igo , t he r e ma inder h ave n a mes wh ich c an b e p laced i n t he p ar t icu lar r eg ions : a Ca munnus i n c ohors A lp inoru m ( 10 01) ; a n Aqu i tan ian i n c ohors 11 Aqu itanoru m ( 1 101); a L ingauster i n c ohors IBe lg ica ( 1 171 ) , i fh e was a c en tur ion ; aS pan iard i n c ohors IH ispanoru m ( 1581 ) ; a man f ro m Tancia N orbana i n S pa in i n c ohors ( II ) H ispanorum ( 1651) ;

3 .

ap robab le L igur ian i n c ohors I L iguru m ( 17 37 ).

For d eta ils o f t he move men ts o f t h is c ohors IH ispanoru m , s ee Roxan , Ph . D ., u n i t n os . 1 4-1 7 .

4 .

The u n i t i s f i rst r ecorded i n A . D. 1 05 ( XVI 5 1) i n Br ita in . I tp robably a rr ived i n Br i ta in w ith C er ia l is a long w ith o ther r eg i men ts e nrol led i n Be lg ica ( see p . 11 ) •

5 .

Th is i s t he r ead ing p roposed b y M. S pe idel ( Spe idel , 1 978 , p . 6 1, n .314 ). I t i s p referable t o t he g eneral ly a ccep ted o ne o f ' s ( ingu lar is ) c (onsu lar is ) '.

6 .

The r ead ing i s n ot c lear , b u t ' praef (ec tus ) ' i s t o b e p referred t o ' praep( os itus ) '.

A t t he t i me l eg ionary c en tur ions c ou ld b eco me p refec ts o f

c ohor ts a nd t here s ee ms n o r eason t o t h ink a n e xper ienced a la d ecur ion c ould n ot ( see p . 8 3 7 .

) .

The f ew r ecorded s erv ice r ecords o f d ecur ions r eveal t ha t , a par t f ro m Modestus , n o o ne h ad s erved l ess t han f i f teen y ears : ( 1551) — f if teen y ears ; ( 573 )— twenty y ears ; s ix y ears ;

8 .

M. J u l ius [

M. U lp ius S uper ( 7 12 ) —six teen y ears ;

A lbanus

T . F lav ius Breucus ( 6 37 ) —d ischarged a f ter t wen ty-

T i. C laud ius Va ler ius ( 5 31) —th irty y ears.

As Bel l icus was a d ecur ion o f t he mun ic ip iu m o f Cele ia , aC laud io-Neron ian d ate i s a ssured . A s h e was a I u l ius a nd c a l led T ( itus ) , n ot T iber ius , h e was most l i kely t he s on o f a man who h ad r ece ived c i t izensh ip f ro m T iber ius.

9 .

Decur ions i n E gyp t :

p re-Flav ian-151b , 9 01, 9 03;

F lav io-Tra jan ic -

1 14a , 1 14b , 2 41, 2 42 , 9 06 , 1 311, 1 605, 2 133, 2 134, 2 136. 1 0. The i nscr ip t ion r ecord ing C . Fu l lon ius was f ound a t Oescus , t he b ase o f l eg io V

Macedon ica .

1. These a re :

a Gaul i n t he a la L ongin iana ( 39 6 );

r um S ebos iana ( 441) ;

t wo S pan iards i n a la I Aravacoru m ( 5 31, 5 31b is ) ;

aS yr ian i n t he a la IAugus ta I t uraeoru m ( 572) ; a la Pannon ioru m ( 6 24) ;

a Danub ian C el t i n t he

a Pannon ian i n t he a la Pannon ioru m ( 6 25) ;

a Pannon ian i n a la IPannon ioru m ( 634) ; Araboru m ( 67 2 );

a Gau l i n t he a la Ga l lo-

a Par th ian i n a la Parthoru m e t

a Da l ma t ian i n c ohors V I Del mataru m ( 1 40 2).

9 7

1 2. A ca mas ( 1 12b ) o f t he a la Apr iana ;

q u i e t f C lra tero ( 1571)

o f c ohors IH ispanoru m . 1 3. Or ig in u ncerta in :

1 15, 1 24, 1 92, 2 22, 5 92 , 6 02, 6 38 , 6 62, 7 12 , 8 15,

8 19 , 8 34, 8 43, 9 04, 9 05, 1 211, 1 923 , 1 951. 1 4. 1 02, 2 01, 2 02, 2 21 f ro m A l t inu m , 3 84 1 5. N arbonens is -424;

p robably , 6 14, 7 71 p robably.

S pa in-601, 7 62;

Da l ma t ia -1063 , 172; 1 6. Ba tav ians -473 , 8 67 ;

Macedon ia -321 p robably , 6 41;

P annon ia-1823 ;

A fr ica -465.

aB e lg ic Gau l-894;

1 7. A Gau l i n t he a la I nd iana ( 383);

Gau ls -101, 6 16.

a Pannon ian i n a la Pannon iorum ( 637 ) ;

a Ger man i n t he a la Fron ton iana ( 869 ). 1 8. A Gaul/Ger man i n a la A froru m ( 104 ).

The o ther man T . F lav ius S abinus

( 2 18 ) , ad ecur ion o f a la C laud ia n ova , p resen ts s o meth ing o f ap roble m . He h as g enera l ly b een r egarded a s ap eregr ine who s erved i n t he a la i n Da l ma t ia a nd r ece ived c i t izensh ip i n t he f i rst y ear o f Vespas ian 's r e ign ( Al foldy , 1 962, p .261).

But i ti s a lso p oss ible h e was a n i nhab i tant o f

Raet in iu m ( where h is d ed ica t ion t o J up iter was s et u p ) , a nd t ha t h e was r ecru i ted j us t b efore A .D . 6 9 a s was a nother t rooper f ro m Rae t in iu m i n • t he s a me a la ( 2 17 ).

I ti s a lso p oss ible t ha t h e was r ecru ited i n t he F lav ian

p er iod a nd was t he s on

o f ac i t izen .

1 9. The t wo men a re Qu in tus o f c ohors IAugus ta C yrena ica ( 1351) , a nd P tole ma ius o f c ohors F lor i ( 1441). nd T erso o f 2 0. The t wo men a re Pr i mus o f c ohors I A lp inoru m ( 1041) , a t he a la Fron ton iana ( 8 69 ). 2 1. The t wo men a re Av id ius Arr ianus o f c ohors I I I turaeoru m ( 1701g ). a nd I suc ius o f c ohors L iguru m ( 1736 ). 2 2.

L (uc ius ) o f c ohors I l A lp inoru m ( Table 7 .4, n .2) a nd T itus o f c ohors V Breucoru m ( Table 7 .4 , n .5 ).

2 3. The i nscr ip t ion ( 504 ) i s d a maged where h is r ank i s r ecorded , o n ly o ne l et ter s urvives wh ich l ooks l ike ' P' . l et ters.

There i s r oo m f or a bou t t hree more

The b est p roposa l f or h is r ank i s t herefore

[ d u ] p

2 4. The t o mbstone o f Verc iaus i s d efaced where h is r ank i s g iven . l e t ters

p art ia l ly s urv ive.

On ly t he

Th is h as g iven r ise t o t he e xpan-

s ion ' f t . L l i c i [ n i l ' ( g iven b y A l foldy , 1 962 , p . 2 90 , n .4 ).

B u t n one o f

t he o ther t o mbstones o f me mbers o f t he a la men t ion t he t ur ma i n wh ich t hey s erved.

The e xpans ion I f S 1 ICN

immed ia te p ara l lel o f t eques a lae d up l icar ius o f t he a la ( 2 13). 2 5. Dass ius ,

. 1 ' i s f eas ible , a nd t here i s a n f ol lowed b y t he r ank g iven b y a

And s o t he l a t ter e xpans ion i s p referred .

a Maesaeus , i n c ohors IBe lgaru m i n Da l mat ia ( Tab le 7 .5, n .9 ).

Ocla t ius , a Tunger , i n a la A froru m i n Ger ma ina I n fer ior ( Table 7 .5, n .13). 2 6. Table 7 .6, n . 6 , 8 . e ques a lae s ible.

The l at ter T . F . Verecundus i s r ecorded a s 'mag .

o n h is t o mbstone.

A s i ts tands , ' mag .

i s i nco mprehen-

I ti s q u i te l ikely t ha t t he ' M' was o r ig in ial ly ' IM ' i n l i ga tures

9 8

s ince t here a re o ther l i ga tures i n t he i nscr ip t ion .

Thus h is r ank i s b est

s een a s T [ i ] mag. e ques ' a l though t he w ord o rder i s u sua l ly r eversed . 2 7 . H is o r igo i s i na t ione [

ktenus '.

The mos t l ikely t r ibe i s t a llu tenus ',

b u t t here a ppears t o b e s pace f or more l e t ters o n t he t ranscr ip t o f t he t o mbs tone g iven i n I LM. 2 8. There i s n o d oub t a bou t Ge mel lus , a Pannon ian ( Table 7 .7 , n . 1 0 ). Dass ius , a nother Pannon ian ( Table 7 .7 , n .8 ) , s erved i n au n it whose n a me i s l ost .

H owever , h e d ied a t Phua , i n A fr ica , when t he a la Pan-

n on ioru m was t here , wh ich makes t he i den t if ica t ion c er ta in .

The t h ird ,

[ Ti. ] C laud ius P in t [ a mu? ]s ( Table 7 .7 , n .13) , a lso s erved i n au n i t wh ich h as l ost i t s n a me.

I n o r ig in , h e was a S pan iard s ince ' P in t' i s

aS pan ish word r oot ( Holder , I 1 065, 1 066 ). P in t [ a mu is.

H is n a me was p robably

A s aS pan iard h e mos t l i kely wou ld h ave s erved i n aS pan ish

u n it , b e ing a l ive i n t he p re-Flav ian p er iod .

9 9

X

71 . • " C S

X. O •

; • 4 0

X X

, — ; s z .

4

, — ; z ▪

0

5 : 2 4 z

"0

z

0

• C I 0 0 C . )

Tab le 7 . 1

O C ) CZ

r cius Ma ternus

X

CZ C 2 )

CZ

L tZ CZ

r • •••

E ; •

c \ i

1 1

7 t ;

• CD.

1 01

▪

00

C; r I

r I 1 4

c \ i

• r I

7 1 ' 1 1

Tab le 7 .2

Auxi l iary C enturions C i t izens 1 111

1 001 ( Ca munnus )

1 041

Long inus

1 161

1 101 ( Aqu i t .)

1 392

Cap i to

1 431

Cap i to

1 321 ( I ta l .)

P re-

Nondescr ip t

P er

? 1171 n a t . L ingauster

1 442

1 572 ( Eas t )

1 441

Bassus

1 721 ( Nedinu m )

1 581 ( H isp .)

1 461

Fe lix

1 732

1 651 d o mo T ancia

1 462

Post .

Norbana

F lav ian

1 463

Ga l lus

1 741 (? I ta l . )

1 735

N iger

1 742

1 905

Paca tus

2 131a

1 951

Dex ter

2 131b

1 961

Bassus

2 131c

2 033

Rufus

1 451 ( Ger m .)

1 032

Max imus

1 064

1 453 ( Ger m .)

1 174

Res t i tu tus

1 221 N cadcus

2 311 ( Ce lt .)

1 312

I ulius

1 733

1 737 ( L igur .)

2 231 1 061

F lav ioTra jan ic

1 422

1 313

Av i tus

1 454

1 452

Qu in t ianus

1 501

1 603

Bassus

1 601 C tdus

1 606

Corne l ius

1 661

1 607

Anton ius

1 783a

1 609a

Crepere ius

1 892

1 609b

Ca lpurn ius

2 012 ( Lugd .)

1 609c

Do mi t ius

2 071

1 702

I ulius

2 102 ( rhuburbo )

1 704

T i t ius

2 171 ( do m . H isp .

1 781

I ulianus

2 261

1 783b

Crescens

2 292

1 783e

Arg ius

1 783f

L ongianus

2 132

Long inus

1 02

Tab le 7 .3

Aux i l iary Decurions

C i t izens

P reF lav ian

Peregrines

1 12c

1 2 0

1 32 ( Ce le ia )

2 13

Nondescrip t Naso

( Eas t )

1 41 1 51b

F ron to

3 95 ( Gau l )

3 96

( Ce lt .)

5 21

I anuarius

4 43 d om . T er mest inus

4 41

( Gau l )

5 74

N iger

5 33

5 31

d o mo H isp .

6 26

Art ius

5 73ter ( H isp .)

5 31b is d o mo l isp .

8 02

Genia lis

6 61 Ro ma ( Par th ian )

5 72

( Syr .)

8 14

P ropinquus

7 42

5 73

d om . B e tavos

9 01

L ong inus

9 03

Ma turus

7 43 ( I ta l .)

5 73b is ( H isp .)

8 13

6 24

8 31

6 25

8 32

6 27

( Ce lt .)

1 571b is

Baeb ius

( Pann .)

2 211

L ong inus

8 61 d om . Campp i li

6 34

( Pann .)

9 02

6 72

( Par th .)

9 11 ( I ta l .)

1 402

( Dal m .)

1 031 ( I ta l .)

1 571

( Eas t )

1 411

1 851

S ardus

1 551 d om . P a tav i 1 631a 1 631b 1 631c 1 631d ( I ta l .) 1 731 1 01 ( Gau l )

1 04

1 02 ( I ta l .)

? 218

T ra ui anu s

(?Raet iniu m )

1 14b

V o lu mn ius

1 15

3 83

( Gau l )

1 83

I ta licus

1 24

6 37

( Pann .)

2 32

G . Apon ius F ir mus

1 92

? 643

2 41

Bassus

2 0. 1( I ta l .)

6 51

( Gau l )

2 42

Gav ius

2 02 ( I ta l .)

6 52

H ispan .

4 12

Candidus

8 69

( Ger m .)

5 42

C le m .

2 21 A lt inum

8 17

A t ticus

2 22

8 66

I ngen ius

3 21 (? Thessa lon ica )

9 06

Gav ius

? 218 (?Rae t iniu m )

F lavio-

( Gau l/Ger m .) 1 14a

3 84 (? I ta l . )

1 261

Mon tanus

4 24 ( Narb .)

1 311

S caeva

4 65 ( Babbensis )

1 605

F lorus

4 73 U lp . N ov io magus

1 233

Oppius

2 134

Ca l list ianus

6 01 H ispanus

2 136

G . J u lius P riscus

6 02

2 242

L ongus

T ra janic 5 92

6 14 ( I ta l .) 6 16 ( Gau l ) 6 38 6 41 ( Ph i lipp i ) 6 62

1 03

Tab le 7 .3 ( con td .) C i t izens 7 12 7 62

( I gaedi t .)

7 71

(? I ta l . )

8 15 8 19 8 34 8 43 8 67

Ba tay .

8 94

( Be lg ica )

9 04 9 05 1 063

( Sa lona )

1 172

Az inas

1 211 1 823

S iscia

1 923 1 951

1 04

c l

c o

4 4

e

C C

C

Cl

r 4

o-J L t z 4 C )

C re tens is

C C

" e '

C D

0 0

'e l Cl c,

Cl

1 - 4

o q 1 0 Ce r I

N

•C )

o

_ ho r n

z

b. ! ) + . )

c d7 . 1

. , .4

4 r i

C d 4 >

a ) r z z

a lae Pann .

C . )

Z24

0

44

.4 O O O 44

.4 0 0

g

g

( I I

c d

c z J , s 4

c d

c d

7 4 — 4

44 4 c d c d

c d

" c7 3 ,1 71 3 1 4 1

0 •

Z . 4

4 >

a ) c d

C d

c d

cd

c d

C I )

g i

" C l

-54

O

m

C l

. c d

c d 0 C . )

o z

rI C • 1

c oh . V B reuc .

c o l . Ph i lade l .

r I

• ••• ••

1 4

" C 3

0

b i z

a )

z • E

N oo

m

•

C lout ius C lut

T i . I u l ius I cci f . A cutus

I u l ius Macer

M . L icin ius F ide l is

.1

.

T i . I u l ius F ir mus

; + a )

M

L . C orne l ius A n tas

F

T i . C laudius M

Ar is to men i f .

T . Ca l id ius S everus

Tab le 7 .4

O p t io a nd D up licar ius

; 4

o rs c. l oz e in to c- co cn co ,q 1 1 ri r I r 4 r I r I r I 1 1 1 1 C V C V

1 05

c n . , 7 3 0 0 C . - e 4 r 1 C O

e l . . t - N r I r i r 4 e s

, 1 1 L C D e i

. C e D C e c m

. . C I C D T I

1 1 N L C D C . 0 0 0 C ) 1 -1 N

r 4 1 1 e i c e r i 0 0 r ' i 1 -1

C O

C . )

c l )

0 0

0 0

r I

r I

C Z

n a t . G o la i lus

. — . C l 7 1 ' 0 0

Maezaeus

c e c 1 c ' e . L C D C O C O 0 0 r 4 C D C - t - C - r I e 1 I r I r 4 r . I

b i ) z c e 4

e ri

▪

C n

r i)

C d

g

e r I

▪

Z 2 ▪ . t

d C d

F4

< Z I o

o

o c . )

•

: 12 4

r . f )

• V

12

•u d Cn

•, 1 ri )

e r . 1 Cn

d

• . e

o

8 7d ' •, 1 C i )

•9 1 rn

•1 4 M

•r . 1 rn

•v I (n

•u I r ip

C l ) 1 .

•4 ri )

8

•r i

Cn

Cn

M

=

M

ß A 0 X u ) 4 r n ) z z m C l ) C l ) C l I ) • , . 1

•

• r1

: 4 ' 2 1 0

0r z C ;

.7 1

C 9 I

t

I . . .

1

Cd

C i )

. ' 1 >

M Ma)▪ P : 1

; • . 1 r n Z u )

; ''

C l )

, I ) .• Z , 4 •

C

* I1 C i/

a ) >

C l ) G e

> C e

=

dc s ?

r I C l

. b .0

C D

a )

u p

r 1

• r .4 rn

0, 1 rn

•, 1 Cr )

e mi rn

• •• 1 C I )

o >

C l )

e ' I nC C b - 0 0 C ) r I 1 1 r I 1 1 r I r I

1 06

C i ) 4

o >

L o C 1 " - C O C 3 C D 1 1 C l C r I

c z t

+ .• 1

bra L isr i f .

Z c n

C e

Tab le 7 .5

5 1

> 5 1 r 5 •r f

h O C / D

)

•u

1j

T i . C laudius F ron to

4 C D

g

0

C l D

b. . ° b. . ° b. J D b 7 0 b 7 1 0 b. J D 7 0 1 3

* 1. '4

C ip

•r •» 1

6 . 7.

rn

C l )

88 1 8 1 8 8' 1 _

» 1.. 1

Z

C I)

.

4

1

>7

•

•

0

>

b 4 b. . ° i e l I j A l o i

• e .. 1 r /D

a ) >

C l )

g . m n .

7. d 4 s tI 4 Ta '

.4

r n

„ . e f 0

. E4, i g . ,

i j 1 D i j O b i o b i l D 1 0 1 h. ° b : I D b. I D 1 0 1

e r . . 1 M

.

P in ta ius P edi l ici

r i p

T onc ius T once tami f .

4

9, 1

Cl

C l

C l

C l

L C Z

C X )

C l

u m c e Cl • m t, c r > oc o 1 -1 r I

i- I

C l

1 1

r I C M C l " I

C \ 1

e

r l

• , — ,

e C l . .o C r D c o M

r4

r i

r 1

C l c >

V i u c u s r

•7 : 3

‘ ?

C Z

E l

P • s

T u l

Ü b•

107

P riscinus

C . Va lerius P roc lus

T . F . V erecundus

Tab le 7 .6

a nd V ex i l larius

c Dh . G ae t .

B ri t . MCR

c . )

C.)

•

C l )

T

00 c c

C l 00

r I C C O

4 C l G O Cl 1 " )

e

e e N

L C D r 1 C l

L C ) C O C . C )

L Ö C O

C l ) z c . ) z a )

C Y D C l L CZ

e

r i

C D C r )

c d

•

C r ) .

z 0

4 Z c r 4

00

0

r : 44 g

c r

„ f t

Q )

•

cr 4

C)

F4

c d• 4g •. =.

• , 1

) , j gcda

a )

u p

c d

c d

d m i C ) c ,. " 4 d r n i

d m i

• C l )

< < a ) a ) a )

c d

c d

c d

" A d m i

a ) c u c r ) c i ) c r ) c n a )

S esqu ip l icar ius

Dass ius L icca ion is f .

T rouce t issae f .

a )

d c n m C P ;) .

c u a ) a ) r i p

r :

" EP I c d

r i

e

C r )

t -

0 0

C7 3

C D r I

r 1 r 1

C \ 1 r i

CZ 1 1

7 1 ' 1 1

1 08

13 1 1

CHAPTER 8 RECRU IT MENT

Th is c hap ter s eeks t o r ev iew Kraf t 's w ork o n r ecru it men t f or t he p er iod u pt o t he d ea th o f Tra jan i n t he l i gh t o f d iscover ies made i n t he l ast t wen tyf i ve y ears.

O f p r i mary c oncern i s h is g enera l c onclus ion t ha t o nce a u n it

moved away f ro m i t s h o meland i tb egan t o l ose i t s o r ig ina l e thn ic c o mposit ion , r ep lace men ts b e ing f ound n earby ( Kra f t , p p . 6 2-63 ).

The t heory t ha t t he

o r ig ins o f me mbers o f ap ar t icu lar r eg i men t r ef lect i t s move men ts w il l a lso b e r ev iewed . The means b y wh ich p r inc ip les o f r ecru i t men t a re p roposed h old many d if icu lt ies.

The e v idence c o mes f ro m i nscr ip t ions a nd t he d ip lo mas where

t he o rig in o f ar ecru i t i s e i ther s ta ted o r c an b e f ound f ro m h is n a me. p roble ms o f i n terpre ta t ion a re a pparen t . a re d iff icu l t t o d a te w i th p rec is ion.

Bu t

I nscr ip t ions — ma in ly t o mbs tones —

Therefore i ti s h ard t o d iscover i ft he

man r ecorded o n ap ar t icu lar t o mbstone was a n o r ig ina l r ecru it o r ar ep lacemen t .

The d istr ibut ion o f t he i nscr ip t ions i s a lso =even —favour ing t he

Rh ine a nd Danube.

The i nc idence o f c ava lry a nd i nfan try a lso v ar ies.

I n t he

p re-Flav ian p er iod t he n umbers a re r ough ly t he s a me , b u t t he n umber o f i n fan try r ecorded d rops r ad ica l ly f ro m t he r e ign o f Vespas ian o nwards. The d ip lo mas a re r ela t ively f ew i n n u mber , b u t a re d a ted p rec isely. B ecause t he d a te i s k nown , i tc an b e e stabl ished whether a man was r ecru i ted i n p eacet i me o r i n t ime o f war.

Know ing t he l a t ter may b e impor tan t s ince

n or mal methods o f r ecru i t men t may wel l h ave b een i nsu f f ic ien t i n war t i me. The d istr ibu t ion o f t he d ip lo mas i s u n fortuna tely u neven.

There a re t wenty-

s ix s uch d ocu men ts r ecord ing p re-Flav ian r ecru its , o f wh ich s even teen were f ound i n Eastern Europe —the p rov inces o f Moesia , Pannon ia , Thrace a nd Da lmat ia .

Af ur ther t hree were f ound i n Nor icu m .

c a me f ro m t he s a me a rea ;

S even teen o f t he r ec ip ien ts

a nd a f ur ther f ive f ro m t he E ast .

There a re

o n ly t wo Gau ls n a med , a nd n o S pan iards a l though t hey a re of ten r ecorded o n t o mbstones.

The s even ty-e igh t d ip lo mas r elevan t t o t he F lav io-Tra jan ic

p er iod a re much more w idely d istr ibu ted , b u t n early h al f w ere f ound i n E as tern Europe,

The r ec ip ien ts a lso f or m a more r epresen ta t ive s a mp le —

f our teen f ro m Eastern E urope , e leven f ro m t he E ast , e igh t f ro m Gau l , f our f ro m S pa in , t hree f ro m Br i ta in , t wo f ro m A fr ica a nd o ne f ro m S ard in ia . I n t h is s tudy t he r ecru i t men t o f c en tur ions a nd d ecur ions i s n ot d iscussed h ere s ince t h is s ub jec t h as b een f u l ly t rea ted i n Chap ter 7 . A l though t he p r inc ipales h ave a lso b een d iscussed s epara tely , t he ir r ecru i t men t i s r elevan t h ere b ecause mos t w ere p ro moted w i th in a u n it . n a mely t hose p r inc ipa les o f l eg ionary o r ig in.

1 09

There a re a f ew e xcep t ions ,

Ra is ing Un its T o d iscover whe ther men a re o r ig ina l r ecru i ts o r r ep lace men ts , i ti s n ecessary t o r ev iew t he d a te when a u n i t was r a ised .

Excep t i n t he r elat ive ly

f ew c ases where r eg i men ts h ave Ka iserbe ina men , t he d a tes o r ac hronology c an r arely b e p roduced f or t he c rea t ion o f s er ies o fu n its w i th t he s a me e thn ic n a me.

The ma in c ons idera t ions a re when t he t r ibe o f t err i tory was a nnexed

b y t he Ro mans , a nd t he l i kel ihood o f n ew u n i ts b e ing r equ ired i n t he p reparat i on f or warfare.

On ly a s u m mary o f t he e v idence f or t he e x istence o f r eg i-

men ts i s g iven h ere. 1 S o me t ime a f ter t he c onques t o f Br i ta in i n A .D . 4 3, b u t b efore A . D. 6 9 , t hree c ohorts o f Br itons , e n t i t led Br itannoru m , h ad b een r a ised s ince t hey a re men t ioned b y Tac itus i n t he C iv il Wars ( Tac i tus , H ist . I . 7 0.2 ). r e ign o f Vespasian t he t wo c ohorts w i th t he t i t le F lav ia were c rea ted .

I n t he The

a la a nd s ix c ohorts e n t i t led Br it tonu m were p resu mably r a ised when S ou thern Br i ta in was d em il itar ised u nder Agr icola .2 T he r e ma in ing t wo c ohorts were a l mos t c er ta in ly r a ised b y D om i t ian , b u t r ena med b y N erva . The r eg i men ts r a ised i n Belg ica p resen t ac o mp lex p roble m .

V ery f ew

o f t he n u merous u n i ts h ave p roduced e p igraph ic e v idence f or e x is tence i n t he p re-Flav ian p er iod .

Three Ger man t r ibes — the Ub i i , Ma t t iaci a nd S uga mbr i—

a l l p rov ided c ohor ts i n t he r e ign o f Augustus. ac ohor t i n t he r e ign o f C laud ius.

T he S uga rnbr i a lso p rov ided

O therw ise t wo o f t he o ther t hree u n its

a t tested e p igraph ica l ly b efore t he r e ign o f Vespasian h ave t he n a me o f ap rov ince r a ther t han a t r iba l n a me.

Thus a c ohort o f Ger mans a nd a c ohors

Be lgaru m h ad b een c rea ted b y t he r e ign o f C laud ius.

The o ther u n i t —the a la

Fron ton iana —had n o d ist ingu ish ing e thn ic t i t le a nd p resu mably r ece ived r ecru its f ro m t he whole o f Be lg ica .3 I n a dd i t ion t o t hese r eg i men ts, t he l i terary e v idence s hows t here were o ther u n i ts r a ised i n Be lg ica i n e x istence i n t he p re-Flav ian p er iod .

Kraf t

h as a rgued t ha t t hese were e i ther l ocal m il i t ias o r r egu larly o rgan ised u n its wh ich l a ter b eca me f u l ly i n tegra ted i n to t he a ux i l ia a nd were d ist inc t f ro m t he r egu lar a ux i l iary r eg i men ts ( Kra f t , p p . 3 7-40 ). Recen t ly t h is v iew h as b een c ha l lenged b y G . A l fö ldy who h as a rgued t ha t s uch a d ist inc t ion c annot b e made i n t h is p er iod ( Al fö ldy , H il fstruppen , p p . 8 6-93 ). Yet i td oes s ee m t here was a d if ference. The r egu lar u n i ts a re a t tested o u ts ide t he Rh ineland o n i nscr ip t ions a s wel l a s i n l i tera ture.

For t he o thers t here a re n o t o mb-

s tones a nd t hey w ere n o t c o m manded b y t he u sua l e questr ian of icer. i s b est e xe mp l if ied b y t he Ba tav ians.

Th is

They f irs t a ppear i n A .D . 1 6 where

t hey a re l ed b y t he ir ' dux ' ( Tacitus , Ann . I . 1.1).

By A . D. 4 3 t hey h ad

e n tered a t rea ty r ela t ionsh ip w i th Ro me b y wh ich t hey s upp l ied t roops i nstead o f t r ibu te.

The u n its s erved u nder t he ir own p refec ts a nd s o me w ere

s ta t ioned i n Br i ta in ( Hassa l l , 1 970 ).

They c annot b e c ons idered a s f u l ly

i n tegra ted i n to t he a ux il ia b ecause t hey s erved u nder t he ir own n obles wh ilst r egu lar u n i ts a re c o m manded b y e ques tr ians.

T he o ther r egi men ts r a ised

f ro m t r ibes i n Be lg ica wh ich a re r ecorded b y T ac i tus a re t herefore b est r egarded a s m il i t ias who s erved o n ly i n t he ir own p rov inces ( Bir ley , 1 972/ 7 4).

1 10

A f ter t he r evol t o f C iv il is t h is a rrange men t was a l tered r ad ica l ly. t he u n i ts w ere n ow i n tegra ted i n to t he a ux i l ia. a nd t wo s er ies o f c ohorts.

A ll

The Ba tav ians p rov ided a n a la

The t hree m il l iar ia c ohorts w ere a pparen tly t he

r emnan ts o f t he e igh t c ohor ts wh ich l ed t he C iv i l is r evol t a nd t hese a re f ound o n t he Danube. t o Br i ta in .4

A s er ies o f n ine c ohorts was c rea ted b y Vespas ian a nd s en t

A t t he s a me t ime c ohor ts o f L ingones a nd N erv i i , a nd u n i ts o f

Tungr i were s en t t o B r i ta in , a long w ith s ingle c ohorts o f Baetas i i , Cugern i , Fr is iavones , Menap i i , Mor in i , S unuc i a nd V ang iones.

An a la a nd c ohors

Cannanefa t iu m were a lso r a ised a t t h is t ime a s w el l a s a t l east o ne c ohors Ger manoru m .

A c ohors U siporu m was r a ised i n A .D . 7 9 o r l a ter a nd s en t

t o Br i ta in . 5 Under N erva a f ur ther c ohor t o f Ger mans was r a ised . The r eg i men ts e nt i t led Gal loru m were a l l r a ised i n L ugdunensis.

The

n u merous a lae p la in ly h ave a n o r ig in i n t he r e ign o f Augustus w ith t he e xcept i on o f t he a la I nd iana n a med a f ter I u l ius I ndus who was p ro m inen t i n p u t t ing d own t he r evo l t o f S acrov ir i n A .D . 2 1 .

F or t he c ohor ts t here i s l ess d irect

e v idence a l though n one were r ecru i ted a f ter A . D. 6 9.

A s er ies o f e leven

c ohor ts s erved o n t he Danube f ro m t he r e ign o f Augustus.

Fro m a s im ilar

d a te t here was a s er ies i n Ger many ( Tac i tus , Ann . I . 1 7.4 ). Four c ohorts were i n S pa in b y t he r e ign o f C laud ius a t t he l a test . Two were a pparen tly i n Macedon ia . A s er ies o f f ive c ohor ts p robably s erved i n Br ita in , a nd may h ave b een r a ised j us t p r ior t o t he c onquest . A f ter t he c a mpa igns i n Aqu i tan ia i n 2 8 B .C. a n umber o f c ohor ts w ere r a ised.

One s aw s erv ice i n t he Danube a rea a nd b ears t he d is t ingu ish ing t i t le

v eterana .

A s er ies o f f our was s ta t ioned o n t he Rh ine.

The r eg i men t i n

S ard in ia may b e i den t ica l w ith o ne o r o ther o f t he f irst c ohorts o r as epara te u n i t .

The o ther c ohort was r a ised f ro m t he B itur iges a nd c al led c ohors I

A qu i tanoru m B itur igu m .

T h is was most l ikely a l a ter c rea t ion , b u t was i n

e x istence n o l a ter t hen t he r eign o f C laud ius.

Ap oss ible d a te f or i t s c rea t ion

i s A . D. 3 9 when Ga ius h eld a n e x tens ive l evy ( and s ee p .

1 13 ) .

The t wo a lae r a ised i n Narbonens is were e arly c rea t ions. The A lp ine a reas were f ina l ly c onquered i n 1 5 B . C., a nd t wo s er ies o f c ohor ts w ere r a ised t herea f ter. i n I l lyr icu m .

One o r ig ina l ly s erved o n t he Rh ine , t he o ther

Two c ohor ts w ere a pparen t ly r a ised among t he L igur ians i n

t he r e ign o f Augustus.

A f ter A .D . 7 0 t hey e x isted i n ama lga ma ted u n i ts.

Raet ia was a nnexed i n 1 5 B .C. a nd r eg i men ts wou ld h ave b een r a ised s oon a f ter .

The c ohors Rae toru m e t V indel icoru m a nd c ohors Raetoru m were

b oth e ar ly c rea t ions.

The s er ies o f e igh t c ohor tes Raetoru m was i n e x istence

b y t he r e ign o f C laud ius , a nd t he f our c ohorts o fV indel ic i b y t he d ea th o f N ero.

Two f urther c ohorts o f Rae t i were c rea ted i n t he a f ter ma th o f t he

C iv i l Wars o f A .D. 6 9-70 ( Nuber , 1 967 , p . 9 3 ).

The t wo c ohorts e n t i t led

Mon tanoru m , r a ised i n t he r e ign o f Augustus , c a me f ro m t he moun ta inous a reas o f Raet ia a nd/or N or icu m s ince men who g ive t he ir o r ig in a s ' Mon tanus ' s erved i n c ohors Rae toru m ( Table 8 .4 , 1 981, 1 982 , 1 983 ). The a la a nd c ohor t r a ised i n N or icu m were i n e x istence b y t he r eign o f C laud ius , b u t i ti s u n l ikely t hey were c rea ted much e arl ier.

1 11

A l though Pannon ia h ad b een o verrun i n 9B .C ., i ta ppears t ha t n o u n i ts were r a ised u n t i l a f ter t he s uppress ion o f t he Pannon ian r evol t i n A .D. 9 . The f ive a lae w ere i n e x istence s oon a f ter t h is d a te.

The e igh t c ohor tes

Breucoru m , c ohors L a tobicoru m a nd t wo c ohor tes Varc ianoru m w ere r a ised s oon a f ter A .D . 9 . c rea t ion .

C ohors Augusta Pannon ioru m was a lso a n Augus tan

There were a t l eas t t hree o ther s ingle c ohorts o f P annon ians i n

e x istence i n t he p re-Flav ian p er iod .6 A s er ies o f f our c ohortes P annon ioru m was c reated b y t he r e ign o f Vespas ian . c ohors m il l iar ia was r a ised .

L ast ly , i n t he r e ign o f T ra jan , a

Da l ma t ian u n i ts a lso s ee m n ot t o h ave b een r a ised u n t i l a f ter t he s uppress ion o f t he Pannon ian r evol t . c ohor ts , t he o ther o f f i ve.

There a re t wo k nown s er ies —one o f s even

Unfor tuna tely i ti s n o t c lear wh ich was r a ised f i rst ,

b u tb o th were i n e x istence b y t he r e ign o f C laud ius.

A lso a t a n e arly d a te a

c ohors IL iburnoru m was c rea ted . The o n ly u n it r a ised i n Moes ia was a V espas ian ic c rea t ion .

A f ter t he

c onques t o f Dac ia b y T ra jan a n a la a nd a c ohort w ere c rea ted . Thrace was a c l ien t o f Ro me u n t il i t s a nnexa t ion b y C laud ius i n A .D . 4 6. However , Thrac ian u n i ts b eca me a n i n tegra l p ar t o ft he Ro man a r my a f ter a Thrac ian r evol t i n A .D . 2 6 o ver a r u mour t ha t t hey wou ld b e r equ ired t o s erve away f ro m Thrace ( Tac itu .s , Ann .

I V . 4 6.1).

Two a lae a nd s even c ohor ts

were d ispa tched t o t he Rh ine im med ia tely a f ter t he r evol t .

The a lae a nd

c ohor ts w i th t he t i t le Augus ta were , h owever , i n e x istence i n t he r e ign o f Augus tus ( see p . 1 4

) . Before t he r e ign o f Vespas ian t here was a s er ies o f

f our c ohor ts i n S yr ia a s wel l a s as er ies o f t hree i n Pannon ia a nd a p a ir i n I .. d aea. Ex

There were f our o ther s ingle a lae b y t he d ea th o f Nero a nd a t l east

c ohor ts.

On ly t wo c ohor ts o f Bess i were r a ised a f ter t h is.

I n t he r eign o f Augustus a s ingle c ohor t was r a ised i n Macedon ia . A t a n e arly d a te t he a la ( VI I ) Phrygu m was r a ised i n Ga lat ia.

N o more

u n i ts were r a ised i n t he p rov ince u n t il t he r e ign o f T ra jan when t hree c ohor ts o f Ga lat ians a nd t hree o f Paph lagon ians were c rea ted. I n t he r e ign o f Augustus a n a la a nd a c ohor t w ere r a ised i n t he B osporus. C il ic ia p rov ided t wo c ohor ts.

One was i n e x istence e arly i n t he r e ign o f

Augustus , t he o ther was aVespas ian ic c rea t ion . There i s ac ohors 1 1 1 C ypr ia CR wh ich s uggests t ha t f our c ohorts w ere r a ised i n t he p rov ince.

The l ack o f e v idence f or t he o thers m igh t s uggest i t

was a ss igned t o as er ies r a ised i n a nother p rov ince .

I t was p resu mably i n

e x istence f ro m t he r e ign o f Augustus. Au n it o f Cretan a rchers e x isted f ro m t he r e ign o f Augus tus , a s d id t hree c ohor ts r a ised i n C yrena ica . Most o f t he u n its r a ised i n S yr ia e x isted f ro m t he r e ign o f Augus tus. The a la C o m magenoru m a nd p resu mably t he c ohortes C o m magenoru m were i n e x istence b y t he r e ign o f C laud ius. The p oss ible e xcep t ions a re t he c ohorts w i th t he t i t le F lav ia wh ich may h ave b een Vespas ian ic c rea t ions l ike t he o ther r eg i men ts f ro m S yr ia w ith t ha t t i t le.

1 12

The u n its r a ised i n I udaea were a lso i n e x istence f ro m a n e arly d a te i nc lud ing t he t hree d iferen t s er ies o f I turaeans. A f ter t he a nnexa t ion o f A rab ia i n A ,D . 1 06 s ix c ohor ts o f Petraeans were r a ised. T he t wo c ohor tes Thebaeoru m were r a ised i n t he r e ign o f Augustus. O f t he v ar ious u n i ts r a ised i n A frica , t he c ohors C is ipadensiu m a nd t he c ohorts o f Musu la m i i a nd Nu m id ians w ithou t Ka iserbe ina men were r a ised a t a n e arly d a te.

The a la a nd c ohors Gaetu loru m were p robably r a ised a f ter

t he ir d efea t i n A .D . 6 .

The a la a nd c ohors A froru m were r a ised s o me t ime

b efore t he r e ign o f Vespas ian . b y Vespas ian .

The u n its w i th t he t i t le F lav ia were c rea ted

F ina l ly a c ohors A froru m was r a ised b y Tra jan .

The q uest ion o f t he d a te o f r a is ing r eg i men ts i n S pa in h as b een d iscussed b y M. Roxan i n h er t hesis ( Roxan , Ph . D ., c h . 2 ). The u n i ts w i th t he e thn ic n a me H ispanoru m f or m a n umber o f s er ies. A t l east o ne a la a nd s ix c ohor ts were o n t he Rh ine f ro m t he r e ign o f Augustus.

A t a n e ar ly d a te t here were

c ohor ts i n Ga la t ia , E gyp t , A fr ica , a nd I l lyr icu m . Mauretan ia when t he p rov ince was a nnexed.

Two c ohorts w ere s en t t o

N early a l l o f t he c ohor tes

H ispanoru m were r a ised i n t he p re-Flav ian p er iod .

On ly t wo more were

r a ised b efore t he d ea th o f Tra jan , b oth i n t he r e ign o f Vespasian . The u n its w i th t r iba l n a mes were f irst r a ised a f ter t he f ina l c onquest o f S pa in i n 1 9 B .C. T he f irst l evy o f t he A stures r a ised t hree a lae a nd s ix c ohor ts.

S o me t ime

a f ter , b u t b y t he r e ign o f T iber ius , af urther c ohort was r a ised a nd s ta t ioned i n Nor icu m .

A t s o me s tage i n t he r e ign o f Augustus t wo s er ies o f c ohor tes

A sturu m e t Cal laecoru m were c rea ted .

Two s er ies o f c ohortes Bracaraugs-

t anoru m were r a ised a t s o me t ime b efore t he r eign o f C laud ius. L ucensiu m were a n Augustan c rea t ion .

The c ohortes

O ther Augustan c rea t ions were t wo

c ohorts o f Can tabr i a nd c ohors Car ietu m e t Ven iaesu m .

The a la a nd c ohors

L e mavoru m were i n e x istence b y t he r e ign o f C laud ius.

Th is i s a lso most

l i kely t rue o f t he t wo s er ies o f C el t iber ian c ohorts. w as i n e x istence b y t he r e ign o f C laud ius.

C ohors IVardu l loru m

There a re d ef in ite l a ter c rea t ions.

The r eg i men ts e n t i t led H ispanoru m w i th a t r iba l n a me f or m a g roup o f f ive a lae a nd t hree c ohor ts.

The e v idence p oints t o t he r e ign o f Ga ius f or t he ir

c rea t ion , p resu mably a s p ar t o f h is war p repara t ions o n t he Rh ine. n o i nscr ip t ions h ave b een f ound wh ich s uggest a n e arl ier d a te.

C er ta in ly

F ina l ly t here

a re t he t wo c ohor ts o f Vascones r a ised b y Ga Iba ( Tac itus , H ist . I V .33.3). The p rov ince o f L us itan ia p rov ided o n ly c ohorts f or t he a ux i l ia . A s er ies o f s even c ohor ts was r a ised i n t he r eign o f Augustus. The o ther s ingle c ohor ts were a lso c rea ted a t a n e arly d a te. The u n i ts r a ised i n S ard in ia a nd C ors ica were e ar ly i n o r ig in .

T hose

s ta t ioned i n S ard in ia w ere ama lga ma ted p resu mably i n t he r e ign o f Vespas ian . As f ar a s t he n on-e thn ic u n i ts a nd r eg i men ts o f d oubt fu l e thn ic o r ig in a re c oncerned , many a re d a ted b y t he ir Ka iserbe ina men .

O f t he r e ma inder

mos t h ave p roduced e v idence t o s how t hey were i n e x istence a t a n e arly d a te.

1 13

I nd iv idua l Recru i t men t Wi th a n a pprox i ma te c hronology f or t he r a is ing o f u n i ts e stabl ished , t he r ecru i t men t o f i nd iv idua ls c an b e i nvest iga ted w i th r espec t t o d iscover ing o r ig ina l r ecru i ts a nd r ep lace men ts a nd t he r esu l tan t p a t terns o f r ecru it men t. The i nvest iga t ion f a l ls i n to t wo p ar ts.

The f i rst c o mpr ises r ecru i t men t i n

t he p re-Flav ian p er iod , a nd t he s econd t he r e igns o f t he F lav ians a nd o f Tra jan.

I n t he p re-Flav ian p er iod l i t t le c o m men t i s n eeded o n t he i nc idence

o f r ecru i ts i nu n i ts o f t he s a me e thn ic o r ig in . PR EF LAV IAN On ly men f ro m Da l ma t ia a re r ecorded i n t he c ohor tes D el ma taru m ( Table 8 .6 ) a s b oth o r ig ina l r ecru i ts a nd r ep lace men ts i nto t he r e ign o f C laud ius , t he l a test b e ing [ ( 1392).

l a lan io f ro m Doc lea i n c ohors V Del ma taru m

The s a me p a t tern h olds t rue f or r ecru i t men t t o u n i ts f ro m Rae t ia

a nd N or icu m ( Table 8 .4 ).

Whether S uccus f ro m Br ix ia ( 1882) s hou ld b e c oun ted

a s a n e xcep t ion i s u nc lear , a s i s h is s ta tus.

H is C el t ic n a me a nd p a trony m ic

wou ld s uggest h e was a p eregr ine were i tn ot f or t he f ac t h e r ecords t he t r ibe o f Br ix ia — the Fab ia . a Ro man n a me.

Th is m igh t i nd ica te h e was a c i t izen who h ad n o t a ssu med

Be t hat a s i t may , Br ix ia was i n aC el t ic p ar t o f I t a ly a nd t he

n earby Ca munn i c er ta in ly s erved i n a ux i l iary u n i ts f ro m a n e arly d a te ( 1 001). The e arly d a te o f t he t o mbstone s hows t ha t S uccus c an b e c oun ted a s ar ecru i t f ro m h is c ohor t 's a rea o f o r ig in .

The f ew e xcep t ions a re a t ransferred Cre tan

o p t io ( 1921) i n c ohors IN or icoru m ( see p . c ohors I Raetoru m ( 2001) ; c ohors IMon tanoru m .

7

9 1

) ;

a man f ro m An t ioch i n

a nd a Bessan ( 1877 ) a nd a Dal ma t ian ( 1878 ) i n

The c ohorts r a ised i n t he A lps ( Table 8 .3 ) a lso s how

t he s a me c harac ter ist ics w i th r ep lace men ts s ent t o Da l ma t ia i n to t he r e ign o f C laud ius v iz. T i. C laud ius L igo marus i n c ohors I I A lp inoru m ( 1058 ). Aga in t here a re a f ew e xcep t ions.

An o p t io f ro m S ir m iu m was t ransferred

t o c ohors IA lp inoru m ( 1032) i n Pannon ia ( see p . 9 1

) , a nd a Da l ma t ian was

r ecru ited t o c ohors I A lp inoru m ( 1042 ) i n t he s a me p rov ince.

A Da lma t ian

( 1059 ) a nd a Varc ianus ( 1057 ) a re f ound i n c ohors I l A lp inoru m i n Da l ma t ia , a nd a Dal ma t ian ( 1737 ) i n c ohors I L iguru m a t C e menelu m i n t he A lpes Mar it imae. The l im i ted e v idence f or r ecru i t men t t o B r i t ish u n i ts ( Table 8 .2 ) s hows o n ly Br i tons. C ohor ts r a ised i n Pannon ia l ikew ise ma in ly c on ta in r ecru i ts f ro m t he c oun try o f o r ig in i n to t he r e ign o f C laud ius ( Table 8 .5 ) , f or e xa mp le C r isp inus i n c ohors IPannon ioru m ( 1962 ) a t Aqu ile ia .

The e xcep t ions a re a Menap ian

i n c ohors IPannon ioru m ( 1961) a t Aqu ile ia , a nd a Cannanefas i n c ohors I L a tob icoru m ( 1711).

As r egards a lae r a ised i n P annon ia , r ep lace men ts a re

o n ly r ecorded i n t he a la Pannon ioru m i n Pannon ia ( 6 24, 6 25, 6 26 ).

T here

a re a lso a n umber o f men o f d i fferen t o r ig in i n t hese a lae , i nc lud ing S pan iards i n a la Pannon ioru m i n Pannon ia ( 6 21, 6 22 ) a nd t he a la i n A fr ica ( 631, 6 32), a s w el l a s a Cha t tan ( 6 23 ) a nd Thrac ians ( 6 34, 6 34b is ).

8

The Thrac ian r eg i men ts , a par t f ro m a n u mber o f e xcep t ions , r e ta ined t he ir e thn ic c o mpos it ion ( Table 8 .8 ).

A la I Thracu m i n Mauretan ia C aesa-

r iens is d id q u ick ly l ose i t s e thn ic i den t i ty w i th r ep lace men ts r ecru i ted f ro m S pa in ( 8 13b is , 8 13ter , 8 14 ) , A fr ica ( 8 13) a nd t he B i tur iges ( 8 11).

A la I I

Thracu m Augusta i n S yr ia h as a r ecru i t f ro m Prus ias ( 842), a la Thracu m i n 1 14

Noricum a Nori can (781 ) and ala I Thracum in Britain a Frisiaus (802). As for the cohorts, cohors I Thracum Syriaca received local Syrian recruits (2241), and cohors I Thracum in Britain a citizen recruit from L ugdunum (2164). In �neral units recruited in the East maintain th�ir ethnic identity (Tables 8.9, 8.1 0 , 8.11 ), but there are a few exceptions. In the ala Bosporanorum there is an Ubian (1 71 ) and a Nantuas (172). The ala Hamiorum has a Gallic sesquiplicarius (481 ), the ala Phrygum a Pannonian (691) and ala I Augusta Ituraeorum also has a Pannonian (574). Of units raised in Africa little is known about recruitment (Table 8. 13). A number of units have non-African r eplacements. A man from Larissa is found in cohors I C isipadensium (1322), Ligurians are recorded in cohors Gaetulorum (1 464, 14 64bis, 1 465) at Ceme­nelum, and a Bessan in cohors Musulamiorum (1891 ) in Syria. There is a good deal of information about recruitment to the numerous (at least seventy) regiments raised in Spain (Table 8. 1 4). Most concerns original recruits, but there is evidence for replacements from Spain.9 In

Dalmatia there are replacement Spaniards in cohors I Bracaraugustanorum (1201, 1 202) and cohors I Lucensium (1 762, 1 763). A Spaniard is recorded in ala II Asturum (1 34) in Pannonia in the reign of Nero who was a Tiberian r eplacement.1 O There is also an Asturian in cohors V Asturum (11 41 ) in Lower Germany who died in the reign of Claudius, the unit almost certainly having been in existence since the reign of Augustus. Most replacements are, however, of different ethnic origins. On the Rhine there are Helvetii (493, 494), Ling.ones(498, 498bis) , Tungrians (501 , 505), Batavians (503, 504), and Vangiones (499, 499bis) in ala I Hispanorum; Ubians (121 , 1 21 bis) in ala Asturum; Treveri in ala II Asturum (1 31 ) and ala Auriana (551);11 and a Tungrian in cohors I Asturum (11 21 ). On the Danube there are Pannonians in ala I Hispanorum (506, 506bis); a Siscianus (521 ) and a probable Pannonian (522) in ala I Hispanorum Arvacorum; and Suetri in ala II Hispanorum Aravacorum (532, 532bis, 532ter). 1 2 There is a Norican in cohors I Asturum (1111 ) in Noricum; a Cornacas (1641 ) and a Varcianus (1 642) in cohors II Hispanorum in Pannonia; and an Iasus in cohors I Lusitanorum (1 811 ) in Pannonia. The cohorts in the East soon recruited locally, for example cohors I Hispanorum in Galatia (1 5 71 ), and cohors I Hispanorum in Egypt (1 600/1 61 0).

Finally there is the incidence of Gauls in regiments raised in Gaul (Table 8.1). In this table, recruits from all the provinces of Gaul-Lugdunensis, Narbonensis, Aquitania and Belgica are listed, as well as Germans who are attributed for convenience to Belgica. Men from one area serving in a unit from another are still counted as national recruits. Thus from an early date men from Gallia Belgica are found in regiments from- Lugd1:1nensis. Taken overall, the Gallic alae were usually replenished from sources in Gaul although there are exceptions. A Thracian is recorded in ala veterana Gallica (311 ) /3

an Asalus in ala Capitoniana (362); a Spaniard in ala I.onginiana (391); a Pannonian in ala Picentiana (421 ); and Thracians in ala Tauriana (452, 452 bis, 452ter). The ala Vocontiorum in Egypt has one of its original recruits recorded, a Volqus (903), thereafter local recruiting takes over. The cohorts raised in Gaul present a similar picture. The exceptions comprise Spaniards in cohors Aquitanorum (1 081 , 1082) in Sardinia; and a man from Ancyra (1093) and a Thracian (1 094) in cohors I Aquitanorum veterana.

115

With regard to men serving in units of different ethnic origins from them­ selves certain aspects can be dealt with briefly. In Egypt (Table 8.12) local recruitment started at an early date. Whether this was also true of Syria (Table 8.11) is uncertain because only one local recruit is recorded who served in ala I Augusta colonorum (231). The remainder served in the non-ethnic cohortes sagittariorum in the West (2041, 2042, 2044, 2045, 2051, 2061). As for Greeks and Cretans (Table 8.9), one served in cohors I sagittariorum (2043), another in the non-ethnic cohors I nautic. (1904), whilst the third was transferred as optio to cohors I Noricorum (1921). Of the recruits from the area of modern Turkey (Table 8.10), one is re­ corded as serving locally in cohors I Hispanorum (1571bis) in Galatia . Another served in ala III Thracum Augusta (842) in Syria. His recruitment may well be connected with the campaigns of Corbulo in the reign of Nero. The same could well be true of an Ancyran in cohors I Aquitanorum veterana (1093) recruited in about A.D. 57. The remaining three served in units on the Danube. The man fromMopsuetus (461) served in the ala Gemelliana (a pos­ sible Gallic ala) at an early date, but at an unknown rank. Another, from Antioch, was recruited to cohors I Raetorum (2001) inMoesia about A.D.50.14 The third, from Larissa, was recruited and sent to cohors I Cisipadensium (1322) during the troubles of A.D. 68-69.15 A few provinces in the West show evidence for local recruitment only, but in small numbers. A man of African origin is recorded in ala II Thracum inMauretania Caesariensis (Table 8.13, 813). Two Noricans (Table 8.4) are recorded in the ala Thracum (781) and cohors I Asturum (1111) in Nori cum. In the Alpine provinces (Table 8.3) men are recorded serving locally in cohors Gaetulorum (1464, 1464bis, 1465), and cohors nautic. (1903); yet others are recorded in ala Bosporanorum (172) in Syria and ala II Hispanorum Aravacorum (532, 532bis, 532ter) in Pannonia. The evidence for Gallic recruits in non-Gallic units (Table 8.1) shows similar patterns, but in greater detail. A striking feature also emerges. All but two of the men known came from Gallia Belgica and the Bituriges of Aquitania.16 In fact these exceptions can easily be explained. The Segusiavus (561) served in the alaMacedonica inMacedonia.. This makes it probable the unit was a Gallic ala which had dropped its ethnicum (see p. 20 ). The other came from Lugdunum (2164) and served in cohors I Thracum in Britain then Germany. He was probably recruited some time during the emergency of A.D. 68-70. A pattern of Gallic recruitment therefore emerges. Belgica supplies the majority of recruits since there are few regular regiments raised in the pro­ vince, instead there are militias. The Bituriges also supply troops because they are numerous enough to supply a cohort. The vast majority were re­ cruited to Spanish units serving on the Rhine viz. ala I Hispanorum (4 93, 4 94, 498, 499, 501, 503-505), ala I Asturum (121), ala II Asturum (131), ala I Hispanorum Auriana (551 and see p. 125, n.11) and cohors I Asturum (1121). The only other definite recruit serving locally was a Cannanefas (1711) in cohors I Latobicorum in Lower Germany, although the Frisiaus (802) in ala r Thracum in Britain and the Biturix (811) in ala II Thracum inMauretania Caesariensis were almost certainly recruited whilst their regiment was on 116

t he Rh ine.

The Menap ius i n c ohors IPannon ioru m ( 1961) a t Aqu i le ia was r e-

c ru i ted when i t was e lsewhere , p erhaps i n Br i ta in o r o n t he Danube.

The

l a t ter i s c erta in ly f eas ible s ince a S equanus ( 744 ) was r ecru ited t o t he a la S cubu loru m i n Pannon ia a nd a n Ubian ( 1 71 ) t o t he a la Bosporanoru m i n Moes ia . The Helvet ius ( 462) i nt he a la Ge mel l iana o f Pannon ia may b e as im ilar e xa mp le a l though h is u n i t may h ave b een Ga l l ic i n o r ig in .

The Gau ls i n a la IF lav ia

g em ina ( 261, 2 62) a nd a la I F lav ia g em ina ( 271) o n t he Rh ine may h ave s erved o r ig inal ly i n Ga l l ic u n i ts d isbanded i n t he a f ter ma th o f t he r evol t o f C iv il is o r p ossibly i nn on-Ga l l ic r eg i men ts wh ich s u f fered a s im ilar f a te.

O f t he

r e ma in ing Gau ls i n t h is c a tegory , o ne was p ar t o f t he c adre f or a la IPannoni orum ( 623 ) , a nd t he r e ma inder w ere o r ig ina l r ecru i ts o f t he n on-ethn ic a la C laud ia n ova ( 2 12, 2 14 , 2 15 ). S im ilar i n p a t tern i s t he r ecru i t men t o f Pannon ians t o n on-Pannon ian u n i ts ( Table 8 .5 ). A l arge p ar t were r ecru i ted t o S pan ish r eg i men ts s erv ing i n P annon ia v iz. a la IH ispanoru m ( 506, 5 06b is ) , a la IH ispanoru m Aravacoru m ( 5 21, 5 22) , c ohors I H ispanoru m ( 1 641, 1 642) , a nd c ohors I L us i tanoru m ( 1811).

A n umber o f o thers a lso s erved i n u n i ts i n Pannon ia v iz.

a la IAugusta

I turaeoru m ( 574) a nd c ohors IA lp inoru m ( 1032). 1 7 A Pannon ian was r ecru i ted t o t he a la S cubu loru m ( 7 45 ) when i t was i n Pannon ia , a nd t wo Varc ian i w ere r ecru ited t o u n its i n Da l ma t ia v iz. a la C laud ia n ova ( 2 16 ) a nd c ohors I l A lp inoru m ( 1057 ).

T he A za lus i n a la Cap i ton iana ( 3 62 ) a nd t he Pannon ian i n

a la P icen t iana ( 421) w ere e ar ly r ecru i ts most p robably i n c onnec t ion w ith t he t roubles o f A . D. 6 -9 .

L ast ly a Pannon ian was r ecru i ted t o t he a la Phrygu m

( 69 1) i n S yr ia i n a bou tA .D. 6 3, a nd o ne i s f ound i n a la I T hracu m ( 8 22 ) i n Mauretan ia Caesar iensis. Most o f t he f ew T hrac ians i n n on-Thrac ian u n its i n t h is p er iod ( Table 8 .8 ) were r ecru i ted i n t he r e ign o f N ero.

These c o mpr ise r ecru its t o a la

v e terana Ga l l ica o f S yr ia i n a bou t A . D. 6 6 ( 3 41) , c ohors Musu la m ioru m o f S yr ia i n a bou t A .D . 6 3 ( 1891) , c ohors IAqu i tanoru m v eterana o f Moesia i n a bou t A .D . 6 5 ( 1094 ) a nd c ohors IMon tanoru m o f N or icu m i n a bou t A .D . 5 5 ( 1877 ).

To t hese a ccura tely d a ted r ecru i ts may b e a dded t he Thrac ians i n

a la T aur iana o f S pa in ( 4 52, 4 52b is , 4 52ter ) a nd t he S appaus i n t he a la S cubul oru m o f Pannon ia ( 7 46).

F ina l ly , d ur ing t he r e ign o f C laud ius , Thrac ians

a re r ecorded i n t he a la Pannon ioru m o f A fr ica ( 634, 6 34b is ). The Da l ma t ian r ecru i ts ( Table 8 .6) p resen t as im ilar p a t tern t o t he Thrac ians.

One was r ecru i ted t o c ohors IMon tanoru m o f N or icu m i n a bou t

A .D . 5 9 ( 1878 ).

Two more were r ecru i ted t o u n its i n Da l ma t ia d ur ing t he

t roubles o f A .D. 6 8-69 v iz. a la C laud ia n ova ( 2 17 ) , a nd c ohors I I A lp inoru m ( 1059 ).

The Dal ma t ian i n c ohors I L iguru m a t C e menelu m ( 1737 ) was mos t

l i ke ly r ecru i ted a t t h is t ime. The Da l ma t ian ( 1042 ) i n c ohors I A lp inoru m o f P annon ia was r ecru ited e i ther i n t he r e ign o f N ero o r e arly i n t he r e ign o fV espasian . With r egard t o S pan iards ( Table 8 .14 ) an umber s erved i n t he a la Pann on ioru m o n t he Danube a t a n e arly d a te ( 6 21, 6 22, 6 22b is , 6 22 t er ) a nd a re b est r egarded a s p ar t o f t he o r ig ina l c adre a round wh ich t he u n i t was f or med . L ikew ise t he S pan iards i n a la Pannon ioru m i n A fr ica ( 631, 6 32 ) p robably p erfor med t he s a me f unc t ion . i n t he a la Pa tru i ( 681 ) .

A t av ery e ar ly d a te a S pan iard i s r ecorded

A s t h is was b efore a lae o f t h is t ype h ad p er manen t 1 17

n a mes, i ti s p ossible t he u n it was S pan ish i n o rig in .

I n t he r e ign o f T iberius

aS pan iard i s f ound i n t he a la L ong in iana ( 391) i n L ower Ger many a nd i n c ohors Aqu i tanoru m i n S ard in ia ( 1081, 1 082).

F ina l ly i n t he r eign o f C laud ius

S pan iards w ere r ecru ited t o a la I Thracu m i n Mauretan ia Caesar iensis ( 8 13, 8 14). F LAVIO-TRAJAN IC Fro m t he r e ign o f Vespasian o nwards , t he n u mber o f r ecru its f ound i n u n its f ro m t he ir h o me p rov ince d ecl ines v ery s harp ly.

No men f ro m t he A lps

( Table 8 .3) n or f ro m Da l ma t ia ( Table 8 .6) a re r ecorded.

N o men f ro m Nor icu m

a re r ecorded ( Table 8 .4) , b u t t here i s o ne Raet ian i n c ohors I Rae toru m i n Ger man ia S uper ior a nd t wo Rae t ians i n c ohors I 1 I V indel icoru m ( 2311, 2 312) a lso i n t ha t p rov ince.

There a re a f ew more Pannon ians r ecorded ( Table 8 .5 ).

Two a re f ound i n c ohors V Breucoru m ( 1231, 1 231 b is ) i n Pannon ia ;

a nd o ne ,

a s a n o r igina l r ecru i t , i n c ohors IU lp ia Pannon ioru m mil l iar ia ( 1971). There i s a lso a Pannon ian r ecorded i n t he a la IP annon ioru m Ta mp iana ( 653) i n Br ita in .

Few Thrac ians a re r ecorded i n Thrac ian u n its ( Table 8 .8 ) , but

t h is may b e ac hance o ccurrence a s t hey s t il l s erve s o me d istance f ro m t he ir h o meland v iz. a Bessus ( 2213) r ecru i ted t o c ohors V I Thracu m when i t was i n Ger man ia I n fer ior.

The o ther Thracian ( 1 191) i s ar ecru it t o c ohors I F lav ia

Bessoru m i n L ower Moes ia . To a l arge e x ten t t he u n its f ro m t he East s t i l l r eta in t he ir e thn ic o rigin ( Table 8 .10 a nd 8 .11), a l though t here a re e xcep t ions , f or e xa mp le a Pannon ian i n a la IAugusta I turaeoru m ( 575) i n Pannon ia I n fer ior.

Un its s tat ioned a s

f ar away a s a la IHa m ioru m i n Mauretan ia T ing itana s t il l r eceived r ecru its f ro m t he E ast ( 482, 4 83, 4 84).

I n Egyp t ( Table 8 .12) a n A lexandr ian i s r e-

c orded a s h av ing s erved i n c ohors IThebaeoru m ( 2 141). The f ew S pan iards f ound i n S pan ish r eg i men ts a l l s erved i n S pa in ( Table 8 .14 ).

Two f ro m Taba laca s erved i n a la I F lav ia H ispanoru m ( 511, 5 11bis )

a nd a L usi tan ian i n ac ohors L usitanoru m ( 1791).

The Gau ls, a l l f ro m Be lg ica ,

i n Ga l l ic u n i ts were s ta t ioned l ocal ly w ith o ne p oss ible e xcep t ion ( Table 8 .1). A Trever was r ecru i ted t o a la Cannanefa t iu m ( 203 ) a nd a Raur icus t o c ohors I I Gal loru m ( 1492 ), b oth o f wh ich were s ta t ioned i n Ger man ia S uper ior. A Trever was r ecru ited t o a la I nd iana ( 384) a nd a no ther t o a la Vocon t ioru m ( 893 ) i n Ger man ia I n fer ior.

A Batav ian ( 865 ) was r ecru ited t o t he a la Fron-

t on iana i n Ger man ia I n fer ior i n t he a f ter ma th o f t he r evol t o f C iv il is.

Three

men were s en t t o Br ita in v iz. a Trever t o t he a la Procu le iana ( 431) , a F[ ?r is iavus l t o a la Tungroru m 18

a nd a S unucus t o c ohors IS unucoru m ( 2111).

The p ossible e xcep t ion , M. U lp ius Fron to ( 1 161A ), was r ecru ited i n a bout A . D. 8 8 t o c ohors IBa tavoru m mil l iaria. Pannon ia ( XV I 4 2).

I ti s f i rst r ecorded i n A .D. 9 8 i n

S ince i th as t he t i t le p f i t may h ave b een s tat ioned i n

L ower Ger many o r j us t p oss ibly Raet ia a t t he t ime o f h is r ecru it men t r ather t han Pannon ia ( see p .

3 8

) .

I n t h is p er iod t he p rovince o f Brita in was g rea t ly e xpanded , a nd more r eg i men ts were r a ised .

Thus t here a re o rig ina l r ecru i ts i n c ohors IF lav ia

Br it tonu m ( 1 271) i n Dal ma t ia a nd i n c ohors I ( Ulp ia ) Br it tonu m mil l iaria ( 1281, 1 282) o n t he Danube.

They were a lso s en t a s r ep lace men ts t o u n its

a lready s erving o n t he Danube v iz. a Dobunnus i n c ohors IBritann ica mil l iar ia ( 1262). 1 18

Most men r ecorded i n t he F lav io-Tra jan ic p er iod s erved i n u n i ts o f d iferen t e thn ic o r ig in f ro m t he mselves.

Th is c a me a bou t , t o b eg in w i th ,

b ecause o f t he h eavy l osses i n t he C iv i l Wars o f A . D. 69 -70 .

Thus t here i s

t he ama lga ma t ion o f r eg i men ts , s uch a s c ohors I L a tob icoru m e t Varc ianoru m ( s ee p . 2 2 ) , a nd t he c rea t ion o fn ew u n i ts o u t o f t he r e mnan ts o f o thers , s uch a s a la IF lav ia g em ina a nd a la I F lav ia g em ina . Reg i men ts o n t he Rh ine w ere b rough t u p t o s treng th b y t he i n jec t ion o f T hrac ians ( Table 8 .8 , 10 2, 6 14 , 7 7 1, 7 72, 2 291) , Pannon ians ( Table 8 .5 , 6 15 ) a nd Moes ians ( Table 8 .7 , 10 1) a s G . A l földy h as d e mons tra ted ( A l földy , H il fstruppen , p . 10 3 ).

The r esu l t ing

m ixed n a ture o f u n i ts c an b e s een i n t he o r ig ins o f s old iers o f a n u nknown r eg i men t o n t he Ada mk l is i A ltar ( I I I 1 4214).

L isted a re t we lve Gauls — f ive

f ro m Colon ia Agr ipp ina , t hree Tungr ians , aN erv ian , a Ba tav ian , aL exov ius a nd a Cannanefas ; L ucus August i ;

t hree S pan iards — two f ro m L us itan ia , t he o ther f ro m

t wo B r i tons —a B el (ga ) a nd a Br i t ( t o ) ;

N or ican , a n A fr ican , a nd a man f ro m Cas(

a nd a Rae t ian , a

) . 19 Wi th t he r e turn o f more

s e t t led c ond i t ions a r egu lar p a t tern o f r ecru i t men t c an b e o bserved . The ma jor ity o f Gau ls , a l l o f who m c a me f ro m Be lg ica ( Table 8 .1) , s erved o n t he Rh ine.

I n Ger man ia I n fer ior t here a re Gau ls i n t he a la 'A froru m ( 103-

1 06 ) , a la IN or icoru m ( 6 13 , 6 16 , 6 17 ) a nd c ohors I l L us i tanoru m ( 18 44 ). The Gauls r ecorded i n Ger man ia S uper ior w ere r ecru i ted t o a la IF lav ia Br i tann ica m il l iar ia ( 181, 18 2 ) a nd c ohors I L iguru m e t H ispanoru m ( 17 43 ). T o t hese e xa mp les o f l oca l r ecru i ts s hould r eal ly b e a dded t hose who s erved i n Raet ia a nd Br ita in .

Raet ia c er ta in ly h ad c lose l i nks w i th Ger man ia S uperior.

T hus Gau ls a ppear i n t he a la IF lav ia Ge mel l iana ( 47 1, 47 2 ) a nd i n a la I H ispanoru m Aur iana ( 5 53).

A s f or Br i ta in , mos t Br i t ish r ecru its w ere e v i-

d en t ly s t il l s en t o u t o f t he ir h o me p rov ince a nd s o t he r equ ire men ts o f t he l arge f orces wou ld b est h ave b een s a t isf ied b y r ecru its f ro m Be lg ica . e xp la ins t he Re mus i n a la IPann L ,n ioru m Ta mp iana ( 651) c ohors I Da l ma taru m ( 13 7 1). l oca l r ecru i t men t .

Th is

n d t he T rever i n

There a re a f ew e xcep t ions t o t h is p a t tern o f

AH elve t ius i s r ecorded i n a la IU lp ia c on tar ioru m ( 252 )

a nd a Trever i n c ohors IThracu m ( 2 18 1) i n P annon ia S uper ior.

F ina l ly t here

i s aGau l ( 8 26) i n a la I Thracu m i n Maure tan ia Caesar iens is . There i s o n ly A lp ine r ecru i t r ecorded i n t he F lav ian p er iod ( Table 8 .3, 1 845 ).

He s erved i n P annon ia I n fer ior i n c ohors I I L us i tanoru m i ft he

r es tora t ion o f t he u n i t 's n a me i s c orrec t.

He p resu mably wou ld h ave b een

r ecru i ted wh i lst t he c ohort was i n Ger man ia I n fer ior. o r N or icu m a re k nown ,

Few men f ro m Raet ia

b u t a l l s erved l oca l ly ( Table 8 .4 ).

One s erved i n

-

a la IAugusta Thracum i n Rae t ia ( 8 34 ) , a no ther i n c ohors IF lav ia Br it tonu m i nN oricu m ( 1 27 2).

At h ird s erved i n c ohors 1 1 1 Tungroru m ( 2 27 1) e ither i n

N or icu m o r i n Raet ia . O f t he n u merous P annon ian r ecru i ts i n n on-Pannon ian u n i ts , mos t s erved w i th in t he ir h o me p rov ince ( Table 8 .5 ). They a re f ound i n a la IF lav ia B r i tann ica m il l iar ia ( 1 84, 18 5 ) , a la Br it tonu m CR ( 19 1) , a la IH ispanoru m A ur iana ( 552) ,

2 0

a la IAugus ta I turaeoru m ( 57 5 ) , a la I I Augusta Thracu m

( 8 43 ) , a la Fron ton iana ( 8 66, 8 68 , 8 69 , 8 72, 8 72b is ) a nd c ohors I H ispanoru m ( 1 643). 21

The r e ma inder a re r ecorded i n u n its s ta t ioned i n Dac ia .

S o me

man a c tual ly h ave b een r ecru i ted wh ilst t he ir u n i t was s t il l i n Pannon ia v iz. a la Ba tavoru m ( 1 61) ;

a la Bosporanoru m ( 17 3 );

a nd a la F ron ton iana ( 874 ) ,

b u t s o me w ere s en t t o u n i ts a lready i n Dac ia s uch a s t he C ornacas ( 1 263) i n 1 19

c ohors IBritann ica mil l iar ia.

Wha t s ee ms c er ta in i s t ha t Dac ia c ou ld n ot

f ind a l l t he r ep lace men ts r equ ired f or i t s l arge g arr ison a nd s o Pannon ia s upp l ied s o me o f t hose n eeded. Most o f t he f ew Dal ma t ians r ecorded were r ecru ited t o u n its s ta t ioned i n Da l ma t ia ( Table 8 .6) v iz. a P irusta ( 16 0 1) , i n c ohors I I A lp inoru m ; c ohors IBe lgaru m. Pannon ia ( 642).

2 2

a nd a man f ro m S a lona ( 10 62)

a nd a Maezaeus ( 1 17 4 ) , a nd a Daesit ias ( 1 173) i n

The e xcep t ion i s a Der inus i n a la I Pannon ioru m i n

I n t he F lav ian p er iod t he f i rst Moesian a nd Macedon ian

r ecru i ts a re r ecorded ( Table 8 .7 ).

Apar t f ro m t he Dardanus ( 10 1) s en t t o

t he Rh ine a f ter t he C iv i l Wars o f A .D . 6 9-70 , t hey s erved l ocally.

Men f ro m

S tobi a nd N icopol is a re r ecorded i n c ohors IH ispanoru m v eterana ( 1 612 a -e ) , a nd c ohors IC laud ia S uga mbroru m ( 2091).

There i s a lso a Moesian i n c ohors

IUb ioru m ( 2281). Wi th r egard t o t he Thracians r ecorded i n n on-Thrac ian u n its , as im ilar p a t tern t o t ha t o f Gal l ic r ecru itmen t emerges ( Table 8 .8 ).

Im med ia te ly a f ter

t he C iv il Wars o f A . D. 6 9-70 Thiac ians were s en t t o t he Rh ine ( 102 , 6 14, 7 71, 7 72, 2 29 1 s ee p . 1 19 ) .

Thereaf ter most a re r ecorded i n Thrace o r

n earby Moesia v iz, i n c ohors I Bracaraugus tanoru m ( 1211) , a nd c ohors I F lav ia Nu m idaru m ( 19 31) i n Thrace ;

i n a la I Asturu m ( 123 ), c ohors V II

Gal loru m ( 1541) , a nd c ohors I Ma t t iacoru m ( 18 61) i n Moesia.

S o me were

s ent t o Dacia —a Bessan i n t he n u merus e qu i tu m I l lyr icoru m ( 562), a nd a man i n a la I Pannon ioru m ( 645 ) —or t o Pannon ia — to a la IU lp ia c on tarioru m ( 251, 2 51bis ) a nd t o a la Fron ton iana ( 871).

F inal ly t wo d ip lo mas f ro m Mauretan ia

T ing i tana s how t ha t i n a bou t A . D. 8 4 Thracian r ecru its ( 28 1;

XVI 1 62 ) were

s en t t o t ha t p rov ince. Recru its f ro m t he Greek s peak ing p ar t o f t he Emp ire r eveal a more c onf ucing p a t tern , b u t t h is i s ma in ly c aused b y t he l ack o f i nscr ip t ions a nd t he u se o f t he t r ia n om ina b y n on-c i t izens.

The t wo Greeks r ecorded ( Table

8 .9 ) s erved i n c ohors V Ga l loru m i n Dac ia ( 1531) a nd c ohors I Lusi tanoru m i n Moes ia I n fer ior ( 1822 ).

As f or r ecru its f ro m t he a rea o f modern T urkey

( Table 8 .1 0 ) , af ew a re r ecorded l ocal ly v iz, t wo men f ro m S ava tra s erv ing i n c ohors IAugusta C yrena ica i n Galat ia ( 1351, 1 351bis) a nd a man f ro m C laud iopol is i n c ohors IMusu la m ioru m i n L ycia ( 18 92). f ro m a Cappodoc ian i n Mauretan ia T ing i tana ( Roxan 2 4 ), s erved i n t he L ower Danube a rea. ( 14 8 1). 24

O therwise , a part 2 3

t he r e ma inder

An Abrettenus i s r ecorded i n Moes ia

Men f ro m H ierapol is ( 1 18 1) a nd Tral les ( 1522 ) s erved r espec t ively

i n Macedon ia a nd Thrace.

The n u merus e qu itu m I l lyr icoru m i n Dac ia r eceived

ar ecru i t f ro m S ebastopol is ( 561) , a nd a n I saur ian was r ecru ited t o a la IThrac um v eterana o f Pannon ia I n fer ior i n a bou t A . D. 14.

O f t he t wo S yr ians

r ecorded ( Table 8 .11) , o ne s erved l ocal ly i n c ohors IAugusta Thracu m ( 2151) , b u t t he o ther i s f ound i n a la Ga l loru m Taur iana o f Mauretan ia T ing i tana ( 454). Recru it men t t o u n its i n Egyp t ( Table 8 .12) was a ga in s upp l ied b y l oca l s ources. Recru it men t o f A fr icans a nd Mauretan ians ( Table 8 .13 ) a lso f ol lows t he p a t tern o f l oca l r ecru it men t.

Thus men f ro m t owns i n Mauretan ia T ing i tana

a re f ound i n t he a la IAugusta Ga l loru m ( 28 2) a nd a la Gal loru m Taur iana ( 45 5 ) o f t ha t p rov ince.

L ikew ise a c it izen f ro m Caesarea i n Caesar iens is i s r ecorded

i n a la I Thracu m ( 8 17 ) a nd o ne f ro m Mac tar i n A fr ica ( 821) i n t he s a me a la. There i s a lso a p eregr ine A fr ican i n t he a la m il l iar ia o f Caesariens is ( 60 2). 1 20

One e xcep t ion t o t h is o vera l l p a t tern i s o n r ecord—a man f ro m Hadru me tu m i n a n u nknown r eg i men t was d ischarged i n Dac ia h av ing b een r ecru i ted i n a bou t A . D. 9 8/ 100 ( Roxan 2 6). Few S pan iards a re r ecorded ( Table 8 .14) a nd o n ly o ne s erved i n S pa in , i n c ohors I I Gal loru m ( 1501). t an ia.

Most o f t he r e ma inder a re r ecorded i n Maure-

One i s f ound i n a la Ge mel l iana i n T ing i tana ( 4 63 ).

Two s erved i n

C aesariens is o f w ho m o ne was i n a la I Thracu m ( 8 15 ) , t he o ther i n c ohors 1 1 1 S uga mbroru m ( 2 101).

F ina l ly t here i s aS pan iard i n c ohors IMon tanoru m

i n P annon ia ( 1879 ) who was r ecru ited i n a bou t A .D . 7 7 . P a t terns o f Recru i t men t A f ter s urvey ing t he e v idence f or r ecru i t men t i n d eta i l i ti s p oss ible t o d ef ine t he p a t terns wh ich emerge.

C er ta in v ar iable f ac tors , h owever , a re

l i ke ly t o o bscure t he b as ic t rend , s o me o f wh ich c annot b e p os it ively p roven . A ma jor d i f f icu l ty t o o verco me i s h ow f ar t ransfers f ro m o ne u n i t t o a nother w ere a llowed .

There i s d ef in ite e v idence f or t ransfers o n p ro mot ion amongst

t he p r inc ipa les s uch a s t he Cretan o p t io i n c ohors INor icoru m ( Table 8 .9 , 1 921).

Whe ther i t was p oss ible f or g rega les t o t ransfer t o a nother r eg i men t

w i th in a p rov ince i s u nc lear a t t h is t ime, 2 5 b u t t here i s e v idence o f m ids econd c en tury d a te .

I n t he p r id ianu m o f c ohors IAugusta L us itanoru m a

man was t ransferred t o t he c ohort f ro m c ohors IF lav ia C il icu m ( Fink 6 4, 1 1. 2 2-24). The q uest ion o f h ow f ar p ersona l c ho ice was a l lowed i s i nsoluble.

H .

R owel l s uggested t here may h ave b een r oo m f or p reference i f ar ecru i t w ished t o s erve i n au n i t o f h is own e thn ic o r ig in o u ts ide h is h o me p rov ince ( Rowel l , 1 953 , p . 17 6). v olun teer.

Th is i su n l ikely t o h ave h appened u n less t he r ecru i t was a

E ven t hen i ti s n ot k nown whether , o nce i n t he a r my , ar ecru i t

h ad a ny c ho ice o r was s en t where t he a r my n eeded h im . Th is l ast p o in tb r ings i n to d eba te h ow f ar n ew r ecru i ts m igh t b e s en t i f ar eg i men t was t o ma in ta in i t s e thn ic c o mposi t ion .

I ti s c lear t ha t u n its i n

E gyp t , a nd p robably t he r est o f t he East , were s oon a ccep t ing l ocal r ecru its. A s f or r eg i men ts f ro m t he East , t hey g enera l ly r e ta ined t he ir e thn ic c o mpos i t ion wha tever t he d is tance i nvolved . t o al arge e x ten t.

Th is a lso a pp l ies t o t he Thrac ian u n its

Bu t i ts hou ld b e n oted t ha t t he a la I Thracu m i n Mauretan ia

C aesar iens is r ap id ly l ost i t s e thn ic i den t i ty. 26 The f ac t t ha t n ew u n i ts were f or med a round c adres o f t ra ined men i s l i ke ly t o d istor t t he b as ic p a t tern s ince i ti s t o b e e xpec ted t ha t men o f d iff eren t o r ig ins w i l lb e f ound i n s uch n ew ly r a ised r eg i men ts. 2 7 Thus i n t he a la Pannon ioru m o n t he Danube t here a re S pan iards ( Table 8 .14, 6 21, 6 22, 6 22b is , 6 22ter ) , o ne o f who m was a d up l icar ius ( 6 21) , a nd a C it tus ( Table 8 .1, 6 23 ) a t a n e arly d a te.

The S pan iards i n t he a la Pannon ioru m o f A fr ica

( Table 8 ,14, 6 31, 6 32 ) a lso s erved i n t he u n it s oon a f ter i t s c o mpos i t ion . Kraf t 's c on tent ion t ha t i n t he e arly Emp ire c ava lry men f ro m t he West w ere a t ap re m iu m h as b een s hown t o b e i naccura te a s f ar a s r eg i men ts w ith d oub le e thn ic n a mes a re c oncerned ( see p . 2 2 a pp l ied t o i nd iv idua ls.

) . He i s c orrect when i ti s

Thus men f ro m t he A lps ( Table 8 .3, 17 2, 5 32, 5 32b is ,

5 32ter ) a nd Gau ls ( Tab le 8 .1, 17 1, 4 62, 7 44 ) a re f ound i n u n its wh ich s erved

1 21

o n ly o n t he Danube i n t he p re-Flav ian p er iod .

I n a dd i t ion , i n t he C laud io-

Neron ian p er iod , Pannon ians b eca me a n importan t e le men t i n r ecru i tmen t. Thus t he n on-ethn ic a la C laud ia n ova , a s wel l a s G au ls ( Table 8 .1, 2 12, 2 14, 2 15, 2 15b is ) c on ta ins a Varc ianus ( Table 8 .5, 2 16 ).

A Pannon ian i s a lso

r ecorded i n t he a la I Thracu m i n Maure tan ia C aesar iensis ( Table 8 .5 , 8 12). Once t he Thrac ians were i n tegra ted i n to t he au x i l ia , t hey t oo b eca me w idely t ravel led i n t he p re-Flav ian p er iod s uch a s i n t he a la Pannon ioru m i n A frica ( Table 8 .8 , 6 34, 6 34 b is ) , a nd a la Taur iana i n S pa in ( Table 8 .8 , 4 52 , 4 52bis , 4 52 t er ). Thus i ti s p oss ible t o e nv isage t ha t , i ft here was a s hor tfa l l i n n a t iona l r ecru i t men t , u n its c ou ld b e b rough t u p t o s treng th w i th men f ro m Gau l , Pannon ia o r Thrace.

Thus t he Varc ianus ( Table 8 .5, 1 057 ) i n c ohors

i n A lp inoru m i n Da l ma t ia wou ld h ave b een r ecru i ted t hrough s uch a s yste m . I tm igh t a lso h elp e xp la in t he l arge n umber o f n on-Span iards i n S pan ish u n its i n t he p re-Flav ian p er iod .

The l arge n u mber o f r ecru its n eeded t o k eep t hese

u n i ts u p t o s treng th must h ave p laced l arge s tra ins o n t he manpower r esources o f S pa in .

Thus , a l though t he r ep lace men ts of ten s erved l oca l ly , t he s ys te m

a s a whole was n ot b ased o n l oca l r ecru i t men t . The h igh r egard i n wh ich t he Be lg ic Gau ls , P annon ians a nd Thrac ians w ere h eld c on t inued i n to t he F lav io-Tra jan ic p er iod .

I t i s men f ro m t hese

a reas who a re f ound s erving o u ts ide t he ir h o me p rov inces a s f or e xamp le t he Thracians , Pannon ians a nd Moes ians s en t t o t he Rh ine i n A .D. 7 0 ( s ee p . 1 19 ) ;

t he Thracians i n Maure tan ia T ing i tana ( Table 8 .8 , 2 81, XV I 1 62);

a nd t he Gau l i n c ohors IThracu m o n t he Danube ( Table 8 .1, 2 181). A s im ilar r ecru i t men t p a t tern b eco mes a pparen t i n a n emergency when t he n or ma l me thods o f r ecru i t men t wou ld h ave b een s uspended t o o b ta in a s meny men a s p ossible.

F or e xa mp le , 1 26 A s ian r ecru i ts w ere s en t t o c ohors

IAugusta L us i tanoru m i n E gyp t i n A . D. 17 ( Fink 7 4 ).

Thus t he Pannon ian

r evol t o f A .D . 6 -9 a nd t he Var ian d isaster o f A .D . 9a re k nown t o h ave c aused l arge s ca le r ecru i t ing d if f icu l t ies.

I n t he a f ter ma th i ts hou ld n ot b e

t oo s urpr is ing t o f i nd Pannon ians i n Ga l l ic r eg i men ts ( Table 8 .5, 3 62 , 4 21) , Helve t i i i n a la IH ispanoru m ( Table 8 .1, 4 93 , 4 94 ) , o r e ven a S pan iard i n a la L ong in iana ( Table 8 .14 , 3 91). 28

Prepara t ions u ndertaken f or war b y Ga ius

must a lso h ave s tra ined manpower r esources a l though t here i s n o d ef in ite p roof .

Dur ing t he A r men ian c a mpa igns i n t he r e ign o f Nero f ro m A .D . 5 5-66 ,

i ti s n ot s urpr is ing t o f ind a n umber o f r ecru i ts s erv ing i n u n i ts o f d i f feren t o r ig ins f ro m t he mselves.

I ti s s ign if ican t t hey c o mpr ise Thrac ians ( Table

8 .8 , 3 41, 1 094, 1 877 , 1 891) , Pannon ians ( Table 8 .5 ,691) a nd a Da lma t ian ( Table 8 .6, 1 848 ).

A ga in i n t he C iv il Wars a nd t roubles o f A . D. 6 8-70 n or ma l

me thods o f r ecru i t men t w ou ld h ave b een s uspended.

Thus D al ma t ians a re

r ecru i ted t o u n its s erv ing l oca l ly ( Table 8 .6, 2 17 , 1 059 ) o r e ven t o c ohors I L iguru m a t C e menelu m ( Table 8 .6, 1 707 ).

Th is w ou ld a lso e xp la in t he

L igur ians s erv ing i n c ohors IGaetu loru m ( Table 8 .3 , 1 464, 1 464,b is , 1 465) a nd c ohors In au t ic . ( Table 8 .3 , 1 903 ) a lso a t C emene lum . I n t he F lav io-Tra jan ic p er iod t he s tra ins imposed b y war a re n o t s o a pparen t b ecause t he s yste m o f r ecru i t men t h ad c hanged , b u t i ti s r easonable t o a ssu me t ha t Be

l c Gau ls , Pannon ians a nd Thrac ians wou ld l arge ly h ave

b orne t he b urden .2

1 22

The f ol lowing p ic ture o f r ecru i t men t t hus emerges. I n t he J u l ian p eriod i t was n or ma l t o ma in ta in t he e thn ic c o mpos i t ion o f t he i nd iv idua l r eg i men ts a s f ar a s p oss ible.

On ly i n E gyp t a nd t he East was t h is d if feren t where l oca l

r ecru it men t s oon b egan .

A lso i n t ime o f war u sua l r ecru i t men t methods wou ld

g eneral ly h ave b een s uspended .

Any s hor t fa l ls i n ma in ta in ing t h is e thn ic

c o mpos it ion wou ld b e r ec t if ied b y r ecru its f ro m a reas where manpower was r ela t ively p len t ifu l v iz.

Ga l l ia Belg ica a nd Pannon ia.

Th is wou ld s ee m t o

a pp ly e spec ia l ly t o t he p roble ms o f k eep ing t he l arge n u mber o f S pan ish u n its u p t o s treng th . With t he s tra ins i mposed b y t he e xpans ion o f t he Emp ire u nder C laud ius a nd t he c ont inuous t roubles i n t he E ast i n t he r e ign o f N ero , t h is s yste m s tar ts t ob reak d own . Th is mus t a lso h ave b een a ggrava ted b y t he g ran t ing o f c i t izensh ip t o a ux il iar ies a nd t he ir c h ildren a s wel l a s b y t he g row ing mun ic ipa l isa t ion i n S pa in a nd L ugdunens is.

Therefore a s f ar a s p ossible men were s t il l s ent t o

u n i ts o f t he s a me e thn ic o r ig in a s t he mselves a l though t he d istance i nvolved i ncreasingly b eca me a n i mportan t f ac tor .

Th is may e xp la in t he p resence o f

S pan iards i n Maure tan ia ( Table 8 .14, 8 13 b is , 8 13 t er , 8 14).

I ti s n ow t ha t

t he n u mber o f l oca l r ecru i ts i ncreases , f or e xa mp le t he Nor icans s erv ing i n N oricu m ( Table 8 .4, 7 81, 1 111).

Ga l l ic Be lg ica , Pannon ia , a nd Thrace s tart

t ob eco me t he ma jor s upp l iers o f r ecru i ts who may s erve i n t he ir h o me p rov ince , i n n earby p rov inces , o r where t hey a re n eeded. A f ter t he C iv i l Wars o f A .D. 6 9-70 t here i s af ur ther c hange i n t h is p a tt ern.

L oca l r ecru itmen tb eco mes p ervas ive b oth i n t he s ense o f s erv ice i n

t he h o me p rov ince a s wel l a s s erv ice i n a d jacen t p rov inces s uch a s t he S pan iards i n Maure tan ia ( Table 8 .14, 4 63, 4 64, 8 15 ).

The o n ly ma jor e xcep-

t i on a re Br i t ish r ecru i ts who a rz s t il l s ent l arge d istances.

Th is c hang: was

i n f luenced b y t he s teady i ncrease i n c i t izensh ip s o t ha t t he t rad i t iona l a reas o f p eregr ine r ecrui t men t l ike S pa in a nd L ugdunens is h ad n early d r ied u p . C i t izen r ecru i ts d id i ncrease i nn umbers, b u t t hey g enera l ly c a me f ro m t he Rh ine o r t he Danube. P eregr ine r ecru i ts were n ow ma in ly t o b e f ound i n f ron t ier p rov inces o r t hose n earby l i ke Thrace. With t he more s e t t led s ta t ion ing o f t he a ux i l ia i n t hese f ron t ier p rov inces , l oca l r ecru it men t was i nev itable , l oca l i n t he s ense t ha t a d jacen t p rov inces a re a lso i nc luded , a s w i th t he men f ro m Asia Minor o n t he L ower Danube ( Table 8 .1 0 , 18 1, 1 481, 1 522 ). C onscrip ts o r Volun teers? The q uest ion o f whether r ecru i ts were c onscr ip ts o r v olun teers i s t he l ast wh ich n eeds t o b e i nvest iga ted .

P . Brun t h as c ol lec ted t he r e levant

l i terary e v idence i n ar ecen t a r t ic le ( Brun t , 19 74 ).

For t he a ux i l ia , t h is s hows

t ha t o nce a n a rea h ad b een c onquered a l evy was imposed .

Th is r efers ma in ly

t o t he p re-Flav ian p er iod , a l though a l evy was a lso a pp l ied i n Br i ta in i n t he w ake o f t he F lav ian a dvance ( Tac i tus , Agr ic . 1 3.1, 3 1.1).

Fro m t h is , Brun t

h as s uggested t ha t s o me f or m o f s elec t ive c onscr ip t ion was i n f orce ( Brun t , 1 974 , p . 9 3 ).

The t heory w ou ld a ppear t o b e t ha t as pec if ic t ribe wou ld b e

r equ ired t o s upp ly a q uota e ach y ear f ro m wh ich t he n ecessary n u mber o f f i t men o f o p t i mu m a ge w ould b e c hosen .

Th is w ou ld c erta in ly e xp la in why mos t

men whose a ge a t r ecru i t men t i s k nown f a l l i n t he e igh teen t o t wen ty-f ive a ge

1 23

g roup ( Table 8 .15 ).

They i n f act c o mpr ise 7 5% o f t he t ota l .

However , i n a n

emergency , i f more men t han u sua l were n eeded , t he a r my c ou ld n o t a f ford t o b e s elec t ive.

Th is w ou ld e xp la in t he a ppearance o f a ux i l iar ies a s y oung a s

f our teen ( Table 8 .15, 10 42 , 1 910 , 3 141) a nd a s o ld a s f or tytwo ( Tab le 8 .15, 20 43 ) a t r ecru i t men t. I n t he F lav io-Tra jan ic p er iod , w ith t he s pread o f c i t izensh ip i n t he t rad it i ona l a ux il iary r ecru i t ing g rounds, t he o ld l evy s yste m i s l i kely t o h ave b roken d own .

Recru i ts n ow n or ma l ly c a me f ro m a reas a d jacen t t o t he f ron t ier.

A t t he s a me t ime u n its b eca me more s eden tary a nd were moved o nly i fn ecess ary .

Therefore i ti s p oss ible t ha t , w i th r ecru i t men t b eco m ing l oca l ised ,

v olun teer ing r a ther t han c onscr ip t ion b eca me n or ma l .

The n or ma l a ge r ange

o f r ecru i ts r e ma ined t he s a me , a s e xe mp l if ied b y t he a ges o f s ix r ecru i ts t o c ohors I I I t uraeoru m ( Table 8 .15, 2 0 -1 7 01d ; 2 3 -1 7 01e ;

2 5 -1 7 01c ).

2 1 -1 7 01a ;

2 2 -170 1b , 17 01f ;

Aga in , a s i n t he p re-Flav ian p er iod , al evy w ould

h ave b een h eld i n a n emergency a nd t he a ge r ange e x tended .

Thus t he o ldest

k nown F lav io-Tra jan ic r ecru i t was t h irty-seven ( Table 8 .15 , 3 091).

NOTES 1 .

The o rder o f d iscussion f ol lows t he o rder o f p rov inces o f Append ix I I t o wh ich r eference s hou ld a lso b e made f or t he e v idence.

The o r ig ins o f

u n i ts w ith Ka iserbe ina men h ave b een f u l ly d iscussed i n Chap ter 2 . 2 .

Cohors IBr i t tonu m m il l iar ia i s f i rst r ecorded i n A . D. 8 5 ( XVI 3 1) , i n wh ich c ase t he men e l ig ible f or d ischarge wou ld h ave b een members o f t he c adre a round wh ich t he r eg i men t was f or med .

3 .

The a la d id n ot a dop t t he e thn ic t i t le ' Tungroru m ' u n t il t he r e ign o f Hadr ian— f i rst r ecord A . D. 1 33 ( Roxan 3 5 ).

C o mpare a lso c ohors I m il l iar ia

s ag i t tar ioru m c a l led c ohors H S yroru m m il l iar ia s ag i t tar ioru m i n A . D. 1 22 ( XVI 1 69 ) a nd t he a la IH am ioru m n a med a la IHa m ioru m S yroru m i n A .D . 1 22 ( XVI 1 69 ). 4 .

The V indolanda t ablets s how t ha t e arly i n t he r e ign o f Tra jan t he g arr ison t here was p oss ibly a c ohors V I I I Ba tavorum .

T he f our Ba tav ian

c ohor ts a t Mons Graup ius a re n ow more e as i ly e xp la ined ( Tac itus , Agr ic . 3 6.1).

The c ohors I Batavoru m o n t he Ada mk l is i A l tar ( I I I 1 4214 ) c ou ld

a lso b e o ne o f t hese u n i ts. 5 .

A . D. 7 9 —Cass ius D io 6 6 .20 ;

S ix th c a mpa ign ( A.D. 8 2 o r A .D . 8 3 )—

Tac i tus , Agr ic . 2 8.1. 6 .

The c ohors Pannon ioru m r ecorded a t Aqu i le ia ( 1960 ) s hou ld b e t aken a s a d if feren t r eg i men t f ro m t he o ne i n Ger man ia S uper ior ( 19 40 ) c on tra S te in , p . 2 03 a nd o thers ( s ee p . 1 63 ).

7 .

These l a t ter a re more l i ke ly t o h ave j o ined t he u n i t s ta t ioned i n N or icu m r a ther t han t he o ne i n Da l ma t ia t hen Moes ia b ecause t he Bessan ( 1 877 ) r et ired t o N or icu m .

1 24

8 .

The Gola ilus , I ora , i n t he a la Pannon ioru m ( 633) i n A fr ica i s most p robably a Pannon ian —h is n a me i s I l lyr ian i n o r ig in ( Krahe , p . 5 8 ) —a l though t he t r ibe i s u nknown .

9 .

The t able i nc ludes t hree c ava lry men o f S pan ish o r ig in ( 491, 4 92 , 49 7 ) who s erved i n au n i t o r u n i ts w ith t he n a me u n fortuna tely l ost .

These

h ave b een a ss igned t o a la IH ispanoru m a s ar easonable c ho ice o f u n it . 1 0. The n a me o f t he r eg i men t i s l ost , b u t at o mbstone o f a man f ro m t he a la was f ound n earby ( 133). 1. I t i s p oss ible t he l a t ter ( 5 51) was t ransferred f ro m a la I Asturu m i n wh ich h is b rother s erved ( 131) o n p ro mot ion t o s esqu ip l icar ius , a nd t herefore t he a la Aur iana was n ot s ta t ioned o n t he Rh ine. 1 2. The n a me o f t he t r ibe i s i nscr ibed a s ' Sue itr i '.

Th is c ou ld mean e ither

t he S uel tr i o f N arbonens is o r t he S uetr i o f t he A lps.

On b a lance t he

A lp ine S uetr i a re more l ikely a s t here i s a Nan tuas i n t he a la Bosporano ru m ( 17 2 ) o f Moes ia a nd l a ter S yr ia . 1 3. The Thrac ian i n a la Ga l loru m e t Thraecu m An t iana ( 341) was p ar t o f t he Thrac ian c on t ingen t a dded t o t he a la r esu l t ing i n i th av ing a d ouble-ethn ic n a me ( see p .

2 2

) .

1 4. I t i s p oss ible t ha t S yr ian An t ioch i s mean t r a ther t han o ne o f t he t owns n a med An t ioch i n t h is a rea . 1 5.

There a re a n umber o f t owns c al led L ar issa a nd i th as b een s uggested h e c a me f ro m t he o ne i n Thessa ly ( Kra f t , p . 17 3, n 1321).

However , a s

h e was a c i t izen , h is h o me t own i s more l ikely t o h ave b een i n a n a rea where r ecru i ts s erved i n t he l eg ions o r a ux i l ia.

N o r ecru i ts a re k nown

f ro m Thessa ly a t t h is t ime , t herefore A s ia Minor i s a more s u itable p rov ince o f o r ig in ( see Forn i , Append ix B .I I ). 1 6. There i s a lso a p ossible Ru tenus ( 48 1) , b u t h e h ad b een t ransferred t o t he a la Ha m ioru m p resumably f ro m a r eg i men t o f Gau ls. 1 7 . The l a t ter w as most l ikely t ransferred t o t he u n i t o n p ro mot ion t o o p t io. 1 8.

The a la i n q ues t ion i s n ot t he a la Fron ton iana s ince i td oes n ot b ear t he e thn icu m ' Tungrorunf u n t i l t he r e ign o f H adr ian .

Bes ides t here i s n ot

e nough r oo m o n t he t o mbstone , a l though i ti s f rag men tary , f or a no ther n a me a f ter Y [ Tu ingro[r.

P .

Tungroru m o f B r ita in .

The f indspot—Carnun tu m — ind ica tes t he u n i t was

The a la t herefore must h ave b een t he a la

t e mporar i ly t ransferred t o t he Danube i n t he r eign o f Do m i t ian .

The

i den t i f ica t ion w i th t he a la Fron ton iana i s ma in ta ined b y J . Smeesters ( S meesters, 1 977 , p . 1 75, n . 1 2 ). 1 9 . The p resence o f Br itons i n t he r eg i men t wou ld s ugges t i th ad s erved i n Br i ta in u n t i l i t s t ransfer t o t he Danube. 2 0 .

The Bo ius was e v iden t ly r ecru i ted t o t h is u n it i n a bou t A .D . 8 2, when i t was s t i l l i n P annon ia .

2 1.

The man—a P annon ian C el t —probably j o ined t he u n i t i n a bou t A .D . 7 4, b efore i t was t ransferred t o Moes ia .

1 25

.

2 2. The i nscr ip t ion r eads I

I s Ep [ ic ladus P ir ..'.

The l a t ter word

s ee ms b est u nderstood a s a n o r igo r a ther t han a s p ar t o f t he f i l ia t ion , f or e xa mp le I pir(a m i f . ) '.

The P irustae were a t r ibe i n Dal ma t ia a nd t he

n a me ' Ep icadus ' i s c o m mon i n Da l ma t ia . 2 3. He may wel l h ave s erved i n a n Eastern r eg imen t , b ut t he u n i t n ame i s l ost . 2 4. I th as b een s ugges ted h is o r igo was Abr it tus i n Moesia ( Kraf t , p . 1 75, n 1411).

Th is , h owever , a ppears u n l ikely.

H e was a c i t izen , y e t a t t he

t ime o f h is r ecru i t men t i n a bou t A .D . 7 4 n o r ecru i ts t o t he l eg ions f ro m t he p lace a re k nown .

On t he o ther h and , men f ro m A s ia Minor w ere

s erv ing i n t he l eg ions a t t h is t ime ( Forn i , Append ix B . I I ) a s w e l l a s t he a ux il ia.

He wou ld t hen b e o ne o f t he Abre t ten i o f Aeol is ( Pl iny , N a t.

H ist . V .32.123 ). 2 5. A p ossible c and idate i s t he S yr ian i n a la Ga l loru m Taur iana ( Tab le 8 ,11, 4 54 ).

He may h ave t ransferred f ro m a n Eas tern u n i t i n Maure tan ia

T ing i tana . 2 6. Recru i ts a re r ecorded f ro m S pa in ( Table 8 .14 , 8 13b is , 8 13ter , 8 14) a nd A fr ica ( Table 8 .13, 8 13). 2 7 . The c adre a round wh ich t he c ohors Usiporum was f or med c o mpr ised a c entur ion a nd o ther s old iers ( Tac itus , Agr ic . 2 8.1). 2 8. The S pan iards i n c ohors Aqu i tanoru m o f S ard in ia ( Table 8 .14, 1 081, 1 082 ) may c once ivably h ave b een s en t a s r ep lace men ts a f ter t he t roubles o f A .D . 1 9 ( Tac itus , Ann . I . 8 5.4 ) 2 9. The Thracians i n t he a la Fron ton iana i n Pannon ia ( Table 8 .8 , 8 71, 8 71b is ) may wel l h ave b een d ra f ted t o t he u n i t i n p repara t ion f or Tra jan 's Dacian Wars.

1 26

Table 8 .1:

Gal l ic Recru i ts

I n n on-Gal l ic Un its

I n Gal l ic Un its

p reF lav ian

2 91

( prob. Gaul )

1 21

Ubius

3 31

Trever

1 2i bis

Ubius

3 51

S an t.

1 31

Trever

3 61

Haeduus

1 71

U f ius

3 81

Na mn is

2 12

B iturix

3 82

Ub ius

2 14

Cugernus

3 83

Rauracus

2 15

Trebocus

3 92

( Gau l )

2 15bis

( Gau l )

3 93

Aedus

2 61

E lvet ius

3 94

Re mus

2 62

S ec uanus

3 95

B iturix

2 71

Betas ius

3 95b is

( Gaul )

4 62

Helvet ius

4 01

Trever

4 81

4 11

Trever

4 93

Helvet ius

4 22

[ ?Raura lcus

4 94

E lvet ius

4 23

( Gau l )

4 98

L ingauster

4 42

( Ger m.)

49 8bis

L ingauster

4 53

Haeduus

4 99

Vang io

7 01

Ne mes

49 9bis

Vang io

7 21

Petrucor ius

5 01

Tunger

7 31

Narbones

5 03

Betavos

Tr ibocus

5 04

Betavus

8 63

( Ger m.)

5 05

Tunger

8 64

Ne mes

5 51

Trever

8 91

Arvernus

5 81

S egus iavus

8 92

( Gau l )

5 91

Trever

9 03

Volqus

6 23

C it tus

Trebocus

7 44

S equanus

10 92

?Ca mu i

8 02

Fr isiaus

1 49 1

( Gau l )

8 11

B iturix

1 121

Tunger

8 62

10 91

Fl av ioTra jan ic

?R l u tenus

17 11

Cannanefas

19 61

Menap ius

2 164

L ugudunu m

2 03

Trever

1 03

Tunger

3 84

Trever

1 04

Marsacus

4 31

Trever

1 05

( Ger m .)

8 51

F[ r isiavus ? 1

1 06

( Ger m .)

8 65

Ba taus

1 81

S equanus

8 93

Trever

1 82

( Gau l p rob. Be lg ica )

161A

Ba tavus

2 52

Helvet ius

1 49 2

Raur icus

4 71

Med io ma tricus

2 111

S unucus

4 72

Ba taus

5 53

Frisius

6 13

Rr aura lcus

1 27

Table 8 .1 c on t .

Ga l l ic Recru its

I n Ga l l ic Un its

I n n on-Gal l ic Un its 6 16 6 17

Trever

6 51

Re mus

8 16

1 28

Re mus

( Gaul )

1 37 1

Trever

17 43

S equanus

18 44

Marsacus

2 18 1

Trever

Table 8 .2 :

Br i t ish Recru i ts

I nB r i t ish Un its

I n n on-Br i t ish Un its

p re-

1 261

( Cel t )

Fl av ian

1 261b is

( Cel t )

1 262

D obunnus

I I 1 4214

Be l(ga )

I I 1 4214

Br i t .

Fl av io-

1 27 1

( Cel t )

Tra jan ic

1 281

Ra tae

1 28 2

Belga

T ab le 8 .3 :

A lp ine a nd L igur ian R ecru i ts

I n A lp ine & L igur ian Un its

I n n on-A lp ine & n on-L igur ian Un its

10 02

( Alp . Cel t )

1 72

N an tuas

10 11

( Alp . Cel t )

5 32

S ue i tr ius

10 21

( Alp . Cel t )

5 32b is

S ue itr ius

10 41

U la t t ius

5 32ter

S ue i tr ius

10 51

( Ce l t )

10 52

Catur ix Egu ius

1 464

p re-

1 464b is

( Cel t )

F lav ian

10 53

Bod ion t ius

1 465

( Cel t )

10 54

Bod ion t ius

19 03

( Cel t )

10 55

Ve launus

18 45

Velaunus

10 56

E locus

10 58 17 33

C l .Sa l inae Bod ion t ius

17 34

( Cel t )

17 35

( Cel t )

17 36

( Cel t )

17 36bis

( Cel t )

17 41

S uetr ius

Fl av ioTra jan ic

1 29

T able 8 .4:

N or ican a nd Raet ian Recru i ts

I n N orican & Raet ian Un its 6 11

p reF lav ian

Cele ia

7 81

1 871

( Nor ic. Cel t )

1 872

( Nor ic. Cel t )

1 873

( Nor ic. Cel t )

18 74

( Noric. Cel t )

1 875

( Nor ic. Cel t )

1 875bis

( Nor ic . Cel t )

1 876

( Nor ic. Cel t )

1 881

( Cel t )

1 922

( Nor ic. Cel t )

1 981

Mon te

1 982

Mon tanus

19 83

Mon tanus

20 21

( Cel t )

2 031

Regus

20 32

( Cel t )

2 033

Run icas

20 33bis

( Cel t )

2 30 1

( Cel t )

2 302

Ca t tenas

I n n on-Nor ican & n on-Raet ian Un its

1 111

( Nor ic. C el t ) I uvavu m

2 013

( Cel t )

8 34

F lav io-

2 311

( Cel t )

1 27 2

( Cel t )

Tra jan ic

2 312

( Ce l t )

2 27 1

( Noric. C el t )

1 30

( Cel t )

T able 8 .5:

Pannon ian Recru i ts

I n n on-Pannon ian Un its

I n P annon ian Un its Breucus

2 16

Varcianus

6 25

C olap ianus Colap ianus

3 62 4 21

Asalus

6 26 6 26b is

( I l lyr.)

5 06

( I l lyr.)

6 33

Gola ilus

5 06b is

( I l ly r.)

Breucus

5 21

S isc ianus

( I l lyr.) Breucus

5 22

( ?Pannon .)

6 24

p re-

6 35 1 241

F lav ian

1 242

5 74

( Pannon . Cel t )

1 251

Breucus

6 91

Pannon ius

1 252

Breucus

7 45

Pannon ius

1 253

( I l lyr.)

8 12

1 254

1 032

19 41

[ Breluc ks ] Breucus

( I l lyr.) S ir m .

10 57

Verc ianus

1 942

( I l lyr.)

1 641

C ornacas

19 43

( I l lyr.)

1 642

Varcianus

1 951

Pa nnon ius

18 11

I asus

1 962

( pannon .) Pannon ius

1 61

( I l lyr •)

( I l lyr.)

1 73

( ?I l lyr.)

1 231b is

( I l lyr.)

1 84

( Pannon . Cel t )

1 971

C olap ianus

1 85

( Pannon.)

6 53 1 231 F lav io-

Pan [non .1

T ra jan ic

1 91

S ir m iens is

5 52

Bo ius

5 75

( Pannon . Cel t )

6 15

( I l lyr.)

8 43

( I l lyr.)

8 66

Andau ton ia

8 68

Bo ius

8 69

S cord iscus

8 72

( pannon . C el t )

8 72b is

( Pannon. C el t )

8 74

( Cel t ? Pannon.) ( Cel t ? Pannon.)

8 74b is

1 31

1 263

Cornacas

1 643

( Pannon . Cel t )

Table 8 .6:

Da l ma t ian Recru its

I nn on-Dal ma t ian Un its

I n Dal ma t ian Un its 1 38 1

2 17

Del mata

1 38 2

D it io

10 42

Raet in iu m Da l mata

1 38 3

Daverzus

1 059

Daversus

1 39 1

Maeseius

17 07

Da l mat .

p re-

1 39 2

Docleas

18 48

Da l mat .

Fl av ian

1 39 2b i s

Docleas

1 40 1

Melqu menus

1 40 2

Maeseius

1 41

( 1 1 1yr.)

1 412

Maezeius

V I I I 2 1052

( 1 1 1yr.) 6 42

Der in i

10 33

Az inas

F lav io-

10 61

P irusta

Tra jan ic

10 62

( Sa lona )

1 17 3

Daesit ias

1 174

Maezaeus

Table 8 .7 :

Moesian a nd Macedon ian Recru i ts

I n n on- Moesian Un its

I n Moesian Un its p reF lav ian

1 0 1

Dar [ c lan .]

1 621a

S tobi

1 621b

N icopol is

Fl av io-

1 621c

S tobi

Tr a jan ic

1 621d

S tobi

1 621e

S tobi

20 9 1

S tobi

2 28 1

( 1 1 1yr.)

1 32

T able 8 .8 :

Thrac ian Recru i ts

I n n on-Thrac ian Un i ts

I n Thracian Un its 3 41

S p iurus

3 11

S caenus

8 01

p ago S ard i

4 52

Bessus

8 31

( Thrac.)

4 52bis

( Thrac.)

8 32

( Thrac.)

4 52ter

( Thrac.)

8 33

( Thrac.)

6 34

Thracus

8 33bis

( Three.)

6 34bis

( Thrac.)

Thracus

7 46

S appaus

8 41 p re-

2 161

Thrax

1 094

Thracus

F lav ian

2 161bis

Thrax

1 877

Bessus

2 162

( Thrac.)

1 891

Bessus

2 191

Cololet ic.

2 201

Dansa la

2 201bis

( Thrac.)

2 202

S alet [ a l

2 203

Bessus

2 204

Thracus

2 211

( Thrac.)

2 212

( Thrac.)

2 221

Dansala

2 222

Dansa la

2 231

S erdus

2 242

( Thrac.)

2 251

( Three.)

2 252

( Thrac.)

2 253

Bessus

1 191

Bessus

1 02

( Thrac .)

2 213

Bessus

1 23

Bessus

Fl av io-

2 51

Bessus

Tr a jan ic

2 51b is

( Thrac.)

2 81

( Thrac.)

5 62

Bessus

6 14

Dansa la

6 45

( Thrac.)

7 71

( Thrac.)

7 72

Bessus

8 71

( Thrac.)

8 71bis 1 211

1 33

( Thrac.) ( Thrac.)

1 541

( Thrac .)

1 861

Bessus

1 931

( Thrac.)

2 291

( Thrac.)

XVI 1 62

Thracus

Table 8 .9 :

Greek a nd Cretan Recru its

I n Cretan Un i ts

I nn on-Greek a nd n on C retan Un its

1 341

1 904

( Greek )

19 21

Cretensis

2 043

Cret ic. L appa

Fl av io-

1 531

( Greek )

Tr a jan ic

18 22

An th ius

p re-

H ierabytna

Fl av ian

Table 8 .10 :

p re-

Recru i ts f ro m As ia Minor ,

G a la t ia , C i l icia , B i thyn ia

I n Gala t ian e tc. Un its

I n n on-Gala t ian e tc . Un its

1 30 1

Aeg is

4 61

Mopsuetus

1 302

( Cil ic. Greek )

8 42

Prusias

F lav ian

10 71

Anazarbus

1 47 1

N ic ia

10 93

Ancyra

1 322

L arisen .

1 57 1b is

( Greek )

20 01

An t ioc.

5 61

S ebastopol is

8 01

I saurus

1 181

H ierapol is

F lav io-

1 351

S avatreus

Tra jan ic

1 351b is

S ava treus

1 48 1

Abret ten .

1 522

T ral les

18 92

C laud io p ol ls

Roxan 2 4

1 34

Cappadox

T able 8 .11:

Recru i ts f ro m S yr ia a nd I udaea

I n S yr ian e tc. Un i ts

p reF lav ian

Tra jan ic

I n n on-Syr ian e tc. Un its

5 71

( Se m it.)

2 31

5 71b is

( Se m it.)

2 041

( Greek )

5 72

I t yraeus

2 042

( Greek )

5 72b is

( Se m it .)

2 044

Tr ipol is

Pan tera S idon ia

5 72ter

I t yraeus

2 051

S urus

6 71

Parthus

2 051

Ph ilad.

6 71b is

Parthus

2 061

I tura ius

6 72

( Se m i t.)

6 72b is

( Se m it .)

6 72ter

( Persian )

1 361

Berea

1 362

Berea

1 363

Berea

1 364

( Se m it.)

1 365

Cyrus

1 365b is

( Se m it.)

1 681

( Se m it .)

1 681b is

( Se m i t.)

1 682

( Se m it.)

1 683

( Ara m.)

2 081

Turo

2 081b is

( Syr. Greek )

2 121

( Syr. Greek )

2 122

( Syr. Greek )

4 82

Ha m ius

4 83

Ca lc idenus

4 54

4 84

Ha m ius

5 76

I turaeus

5 77

Caesarea

1 331b is

( Persian )

1 331ter

( Se m i t.)

1 671

Cyrrhus

1 691

H ippo

1 35

2 151

S yrus ( Greek )

Table 8 .12:

Egypt ian Recru i ts

I n Egyp t ian Un its

I n n on-Egyp t ian Un its

p reF lav ian

F lav io-

2 141

( Alexandria )

Tra jan ic

Table 8 .13 :

1 12a

( Greek )

1 12b

( Greek )

1 51a

( Greek )

1 51b

( Greek )

1 431

( Egyp t .)

1 432

( Egyp t.)

1 441

( Egyp t.)

1 442

( Greek )

1 911

( Egyp t.)

1 52

Castris

1 702

( Greek )

Recru i ts f ro m A fr ica a nd Maure tan ia

I n A fr ican Un its

I n n on-Afr ican Un its

p re-

1 461

( Afr ic.)

8 13

( Afrie .)

F lav ian

1 462

( A fr ic.)

1 466

( Afr ic.) 2 82

( Volubil is )

4 55

T ingit.

F lav io-

6 02

( A fr ic.)

Tra jan ic

8 17

( Caesarea )

8 21 Roxan 2 6

1 36

( Mactar ) Hadru met .

T able 8 .14:

S pan ish Recru i ts

I n n on-Span ish Un its

I n S pan ish Un its

p re-

1 22

( Span . Cel t )

3 91

S egon t il iesis

1 34

( Span . Cel t ) —no u n it

6 21

Curunn iace L ucocad iacus

1 41

( Span . C el t )

6 22

4 91

H ispanus —no u n it

6 22bis

L anc iesis

4 92

( Span . Cel t ) —no u n it

6 22ter

A l igan t iesis

( Span . Cel t ) —no u n it

6 31

( Span . Cel t )

Caur iesis

6 32

Lusitanus

1 141

A st ir. Trans mon tanus

6 81

d om . L eon ica

1 151

( Span . Cel t )

8 13bis

( Span . Celt )

1 201

( Span . C el t )

8 13ter

( Span . Celt )

1 591

Au tr ico

8 14

Cauces is

1 761

( Span . C el t )

1 081

Cn iensis

1 762

( Span . Cel t )

1 082

Va len t inus

1 762bis

( Span . Cel t )

1 763

L uco Aug.

1 771

( Span . Cel t )

4 97

F lav ian 5 41

1 801 1 831+1832

F lav io-

N icl inus I caed itanus

1 841

( Span . Cel t )

1 842

( Span . Cel t )

1 843

( Span . C el t )

5 11

T abalaca

4 63

V irovesca

5 11bis

Tabalaca

8 15

Capera

1 791

( Span . Celt )

Tra jan ic

1 37

1 501

( Span . Cel t )

1 879

L ucens is

2 101

Bracar.

Table 8 .15:

Age a t Recru it men t

Age

Recru it

T o tal

1 4 y ears

1 042, 1 943, 3 141

3

1 5 y ears

2 91, 6 16, 6 51, 1 272, 2 211

5

1 6 y ears

7 12, 1 411, 1 541, 2 231, 3 014

5

1 7 y ears

2 15, 5 42, 1 081, 1 232, 1 402, 1 683, 2 013

7

1 8 y ears

2 13, 2 14, 4 12, 4 52, 4 92, 4 94, 5 02, 6 26, 6 32, 6 34, 7 21, 8 17 , 8 43, 8 66 , 8 91, 8 93, 1 121, 1 942, ( s t. [ X iVI I ), 2 212, 3 015, 3 022

1 9 y ears

2 1

1 04 , 3 94 , 6 01 , 6 02 , 7 81 , 1 052 , 1 082 , 1 381 , 1 391 , 1 761 , 1 801 , 1 921 , 2 221 , 3 012 , 3 013 , 3 074 , 3 121

2 0 y ears

1 7

1 02, 1 73, 3 81, 3 84, 3 95, 5 03, 5 21, 5 31, 5 32, 5 41, 5 72, 6 14, 6 17 , 6 22, 6 24, 6 72, 7 71, 8 02, 8 21, 8 31, 8 64, 8 73, 8 74, 8 81, 1 011, 1 032, 1 092, 1 111, 1 151, 1 231, 1 253, 1 261, 1 382, 1 401, 1 421, 1 591, 1 701d , 1 762, 1 872 ( s t . 2 0

a ) e

> I 1 , — 1 ,

F . 1

ec e

c e

c e

55 5 E 0 E .

. e , . ! ä

c e

c e

5

5 5 . > " 4

C )

C O

C I )

C )

c D 0o z • 44 , _, ; _ ;E

4

F 1

) 1

F I

. 4

,

1 )c i S I

1 . . 1

F . 1

S . . 4

B 122-vex N 128/138

C \ I

ci

PQ

c l

P = 1

C l N

c e

C l

• . 4

t c )

C

C I )

•

4 g l


• c q

cc

<


=

•. . i

>

1 S i F I

) 4

0

Z

•e . -

o Z

c e rn

.

. ,

1 4 1 . 1

e r g I 4

1 1

Z 0 r i )

5 , .E ee e

. 4

e S Z

. , _ . :

t : 0

e ; " . 1

( I)

• 9 1

1 . 1

• • C r C 3 '

1 1

0

% 4

c d S I

e c d

r e S I

C l )

. . .

. 1 .1 » ,. . 4

I . . 1 I — I

1 1

o

•.

F . . 1 . 2 . 1

1 1

0 e

W ol

F . 1

1 — . 4

1 1

o r ) O D

E ( E ( C f) I I n N

rs

P 8 4-PS 13

g

C O 0

2 36 0

4 4 . 4 1

Cyr 4/ 14 S tucch i p 327

U c f ) c n 0 4 4

I8 6-Aeg 1 05

P z 1

• 4 ) ; • 4 0 r 4 e 0

rD

L usitanoru m

I

LUS ITAN IA

. e, 4 c b O C )

I Vasconu m CR e q.

C . ) . 4 r 4 . 4 4

MC V I I I 1 2370

Aeg 1 56 F ink 6 4

MI AE1925n66

C ' eD

IVasconu m

Aeg 8 0 I I 5 0I 1 05 g • 4 .. L . N 0 e N , 4

c \ I c \ I N

/ 4 4 4 1 4 4 / 4 . 1

1 4 . 1

1 4 .4 1

1 41

• C 71

4 7 .

C . )

55

0

( L )

0

c d c 3 4 — ) • •

S ARDIN IA & CORS ICA

i n ferred

c 4 1

V I L usitanoru m

•

V L usitanoru m

55 ; 4 O0

0 0

O •0

I1

2 37

C / 2

0

0

C ITIZEN UN ITS

F 4

5

S ardoru m

J u l-Claud

l c

AE 1 . 932n34

MC AE1951n 145

; 1 C D

r D

c d C l ) 0

" C J

7 ; 4

GS X I I I 6 449

GS 5 8BRGKn 115

C . )

0 0

C / D

C f )

MS 1 04/ 105-D 10

P 4

5

Dal rn AE 1 966 n 227

7el

0r , >

E

L C D LC D

C) 63

6>

c

t i t )
1

•

c .)

c y .

c . ) •

o

•,-

, ).

r i ) • , 1

b

; ,

0z C D

' ,

e

cr a )

5

c d c j

, 1 -

C ) =

z 2 ,

0

1 -4

;

r 1

2

3

c + 4 •

c

• =

2 38

› ' . 4 .

-

=

o

— gc eE, ( 1 , ) .0 . 5

0

Cj i . 1

c t te c n

o

-

cr

a )

Z I -Z

1 1 : ' ' 1

› C « .

u

0 g

C . )

• c t

• m. 4 ) a --7

C . )

E ll F -S