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STRING PHENOMENOLOGY 2OO3
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STRING PHENOMENOLOGY 2OO3 Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference Durham, UK 4 July 4 August 2003
editors
Veronica Sanz,
Steve Abel, Jose Santiago (Durham University, UK) &
Alon Faraggi (Oxford University, UK)
'World Scientific N E W J E R S E Y • L O N D O N • S I N G A P O R E • B E I J I N G • S H A N G H A I • H O N G K O N G • T A I P E I • C H E N N A I
Published by World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd. 5 Toh Tuck Link, Singapore 596224 USA office: 27 Warren Street, Suite 401402, Hackensack, NJ 07601 UK office: 57 Shelton Street, Covent Garden, London WC2H 9HE
British Library CataloguinginPublication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.
STRINGS PHENOMENOLOGY 2003 Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference Copyright © 2004 by World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd. All rights reserved. This book, or parts thereof, may not be reproduced in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or any information storage and retrieval system now known or to be invented, without written permission from the Publisher.
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ISBN 9812560351
This book is printed on acidfree paper. Printed in Singapore by Mainland Press
PREFACE Following on from the first experimental meeting in Oxford in 2002, these are the proceedings of the second in a series of string phenomenology meetings. Their aim is to bridge a gap in string theory between "hard theory" on the one hand and "the real World". The objective of the meeting was to bring together a wide audience of theorists and experimentalists to discuss cosmo logical, phenomenological and even experimental aspects of string theory. The talks presented here cover a large range of topics, however what they have in common is their emphasis on phenomenological applications. In this respect, and in the shear quality and interest of the talks, the meeting proved to be great success. We would like to thank the many people who facilitated this conference, especially James Stirling for continuing financial support and Linda Wilkinson and Emma Durrant who provided unstinting assistance with the organization. Finally we thank our colleagues who have graciously taken the baton for future meetings (Michigan 2004). Shortly before the meeting we and all of our colleagues were shocked to hear of the sudden and very untimely death of Ian Kogan. We take this opportunity to extend our condolences to his family and would like to dedicate these proceedings to his memory. The first contribution was kindly provided by Misha Shifman, and is a Eulogy to him delivered at Oxford....
Steve Abel Alon Faraggi Jose Santiago Veronica Sanzzyxwvu
v
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IN MEMORY OF IAN KOGAN
Eulogy at the funeral ceremony, Balliol College, Oxford University June 19, 2003 When some people leave us, the world becomes emptier and colder... Ian Kogan was born into a Jewish family on September 14, 1958 in Glazov, a small town in the Northern Urals, far away from all the cultural centers of what was then the Soviet Union. All life in this town revolved around a classified uranium plant where lan's parents worked for 41 years. Seemingly out of the blue, at the age of 14, Ian became interested in physics, and almost immediately his teachers realized that he had a strong and original mind. Ian enrolled in Correspondence Courses of the Moscow Institute for Physics and Technology (MIPT). Although Ian was always shy, in this endeavor he showed strong willpower and determination. At the age of 16, Ian began his life journey: accompanied by his father he went to Moscow to pass the entrance examinations at MIPT. He obtained the highest grades on all written examinations, and then ... Although Ian was extremely bright, way beyond the average level, he nearly failed the oral mathematics exam in which he was asked killer problems. This was a trick routinely used by ferocious antiSemites who held influential positions in Soviet mathematical schools. lan's ascent to the summit was not easy, but he never complained, never. I close my eyes and I see him as I first saw him in ITEP, around 1980, in the hall of a large mansion occupied by theorists. An awkwardly dressed vii
VIII
provincial boy with dark black hair and large brown eyes, deep and warm. To say that his eyelashes were long and thick was an understatement. When he was blinking one could think that it was a butterfly folding and unfolding its wings. I close my eyes and I see Ian the way I saw him the last time in Paris. An Oxford professor, wearing an elegant coat and neckerchief. Part of his hair gone, with silver in the beard, but still the same eyes glowing with warmth and kindness. I hear lan's voice... Twenty years elapsed between these two recollections, the span of lan's professional career. Ian graduated from the Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, in parallel completing his education in ITEP, in 1981. That he came to ITEP was a great luck for him, for ITEP, and for me personally. The ITEP Theory Department, with its creative atmosphere and respect for deep thought, was just the right place for Ian. I was only one of his teachers, but I always thought of him as a younger brother. Ian started his professional career with hadronic physics, a topic to which he repeatedly returned throughout his life. His scientific horizons rapidly ex panded; already in three years Ian was an early explorer of ChernSimons electrodynamics. His interests were remarkably broad — from quantum chro modynamics to solid state physics, from financial market fluctuations and risk assessment to strings, from quantum gravity to conformal field theory — a unique quality in the age of narrow specialization. And everywhere he left his profound imprint. Ian was one of the codiscoverers of phase transitions in strings, and, lately, of the logarithmic conformal field theory and the theory of multigravity. He championed the application of logarithmic conformal field theory and string theory in solid state physics. It would be fair to say that he circumnavigated theoretical physics. He had the spirit of a pioneer and a scout — always at the front line of research, and, quite often, ahead of the front line. He had the stamina to go in those directions where other people had no courage to pursue. lan's death is a tragedy for the entire physics community. lan's attitude to physics was romantic. His admiration of the beauty of the laws of nature never faded away, and was as strong in 2003 as it was in 1972, the very beginning of lan's physics journey. lan's enthusiasm was contageous. Nikita Nekrasov recollects: "It was lan's enthusiasm, with which he was throwing formulae and graphs on a blackboard in Volodya Fock's appartment around 1989, that got me con taminated with his urge to understand things, and express this understanding in terms of beautiful formulae. I cannot say that I always agreed with Ian on physics issues, but discussing them was always interesting and fascinating, and, I think, it was very important for me to be able to have these discussions with Ian. I liked his agressive style of talking physics, and I learned a lot from him. In my family there is now an empty spot. We all thought of Ian as of
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a kind spirit, who could bring sun on a gloomy day, tell a joke, drag us to go dancing tango, or even go jogging without any idea of what it was like." Ian was always simmering with ideas. Always. He had more ideas than he could possibly sort through. And he shared them generously with his students at Oxford University and Balliol College, of which he became a permanent member in 1994. This is what one of his recent students, Guilherme Milhano, wrote in a farewell message: "I am certainly just one amongst many. Many those for whom Ian was a deciding factor in life. His unlimited support, un bound kindness and generosity toward someone who could give back but very little, find no other explanation than the rare selflessness. That made Ian great and unique. I can only hope to do you justice. I am proud to be your student and friend. Good bye, Ian." During the two decades of his professional career Ian published almost 200 scientific papers. These involved sixty collaborators! Indeed, his soul and his mind were open to everybody. He had so many friends in Russia, England, the United States, and, in fact, everywhere in the world. Ian was truly cosmopolitan, in the best sense of the word. It was so easy to get him excited... just mention some scientific problem. If the topic was deep enough, Ian would instantly delve into it, and before long, start generating innovative suggestions and ideas. He was devouring books on economics, mathematics, biology, history, and God knows what else. Once he mentioned to me that he had just returned from a theological debate with an orthodox rabbi! Ian was a daydreamer, both in physics and in life. He combined a childishly joyful attitude with the wisdom and the seriousness of a great man. That's why children loved him. My daughters adored him when they were little, and they still love him now, 20 years later. He could talk to them as an equal, and yet seriously and responsibly — so that they felt respect and support. On rare occasions when he decided that he had to rest, Ian loved to watch James Bond movies. He knew them by heart. It was amazing to see him getting agitated like a boy from the adventures of 007. Ian was the kindest man I ever knew. Helping those in need was as natural to him as breathing. When I was on my way to the airport to fly to Oxford to say farewell to Ian, I got a message from Eletskys. They wanted me to mention that when their little son Misha, born 2.5 months prematurely, was on the brink of death, Ian gave his blood to help bring their little child back to this world. They will never forget... No, it is no surprise that Ian had so many friends. I think lan's children — a daughter from the first marriage, and two sons from the second — can be proud of their father. I hope that they will be proud of him today, in ten years, and in twenty... always... I am proud to have been his friend.
x Being courageous and aggressive in science, in everyday life Ian was gentle — perhaps, too gentle — vulnerable and defenseless. Sometimes I felt that deep inside he was disturbed and not at peace with himself. The last years in Oxford seemed to bring a relief from this tension, granting Ian the peace of mind he deserved. Ian drove through his life in the fast lane. Always. He wanted to understand more, he wanted to do more. He was at the peak of his creative powers, full of plans for the future, a live pulsating lump of energy. On the blackboard of lan's office I saw a long list of "to do" things, which stretched well through the end of the summer. His heart could not cope. It suddenly stopped in the morning of June 4, 2003, the day after a long afternoon seminar that Ian gave on his favorite topic of multigravity at ICTP in Triest. Life can be so unfair ... When such people leave us, the world becomes emptier and colder...
Misha Shifmanzyxwv
CONTENTS v
Preface IN MEMORY OF IAN KOGAN Misha Shifman
vii
Flavour Structure of Intersecting Brane Models S. A. Abel, J. Santiago and 0. Lebedev
1
Stringy Solution to Strong CP Violation Problem C. G. Aldazabal, L. E. Ibdnez and A. M. Uranga
8
Phenomenological Prospects of Noncommutative QED L. AlvarezGaume and M. A. VdzquezMozo
16
Suppressing the Cosmological Constant in NonSupersymmetric OpenString Vacua C. Angelantonj
23
HoravaWitten Cosmology R. Arnowitt, J. Dent and B. Dutta
30
The Linear Collider Programme G. A. Blair
38
String Unification of Gauge Couplings with Intersecting DBranes R. Blumenhagen
46
On String Gas Cosmology at Finite Temperature M, Borunda
54
On Tachyon Kinks from the DBI Action Ph. Brax, J. Mourad and D. A. Steer
61
Identifying String Relics at AUGER? A. Cafarella and C. Coriano
68
XIzyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQ
XII
A Relief to the Supersymmetric Fine Tuning Problem J. A. Casas, J. R. Espinosa and I. Hidalgo
76
Heterotic String Optical Unification G. Cleaver, B. Dundee, J. Perkins, R. Obousy, E. Kasper, M. Robinson and K. Stone
86
Varying Alpha, Thresholds and Extra Dimensions T. Dent
94
The Statistics of String/M Theory Vacua M. R. Douglas
102
On Cosmologically Induced Hierarchies in String Theory E. Dudas, J. Mourad and C. Timirgaziu
114
Constraining Electroweak Physics J. Erler
123
A Paradox for Strings in PPWave Backgrounds D. B. Fairlie
131
Anthropics Versus Determinism in Quantum Gravity A. E. Faraggi
135
Towards the Classification of Z% x Z2 Fermionic Models A. E. Faraggi, C. Kounnas, S. E. M. Nooij and J. Rizos
143
On the Moduli Space for Strings on Group Manifolds S. Forste
152
AdS/CFTInspired Unification at about 4 TeV P. H. Frampton
160
SO(10) Heterotic Mtheory Vacua R. S. Garavuso
167
XIII
Lattice Supersymmetry and String Phenomenology J. Giedt
176
Gauge Five Brane Moduli in Four Dimensional Heterotic Models J. A. Gray
183
Supersymmetric Intersecting D6Branes and Chiral Models on the T6/(Z4 x Z2) Orbifold G. Honecker
191
Supersymmetric /3Functions, Benchmark Points and SemiPerturbative Unification /. Jack and D. R. T. Jones
199
Reading the Number of Extra Dimensions in the Spectrum of Hawking Radiation P. Kanti
207
Trinification from Superstring Toward MSSM J. E. Kim
215
The Flavour Problem and Family Symmetry S, F. King and I. N. R. Peddie
223
Phenomenological Aspects of Twisted Moduli T. Kobayashi
231
4D GUT (and SM) Model Building from Intersecting DBranes C. Kokorelis
239
Warped Superbigravity Z. Lalak and R. Matyszkiewicz
247
Heterotic Yukawa Couplings and Wilson Lines O. Lebedev
256
Which is the Best Inflation Model? D. H, Lyth
260
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GUT with Anomalous U(l)A Suggests Heterotic MTheory? N. Maekawa
267
Phenomenological Aspects of Heterotic Orbifold Models at One Loop Y. Mambrini
276
CoDimension Two Branes and the Cosmological Constant /. Navarro
281
Interactions in Intersecting Brane Models A. W. Owen
288
Problems and Cures (Partial) for Holographic Cosmology M. A. Per and A. Segui
296
Magnetic Fluxes, NSNS B Field and Shifts in FourDimensional Orientifolds G. Pradisi
304
Spontaneous ScherkSchwarz Supersymmetry Breaking and Radion Stabilization M. Quiros
315
A Quantum Analysis on Recombination of Dbranes and Its Implications for an Inflation Model T. Sato
323
Probing Strings from the Sky G. Shiu
331
Brief Neutrino Physics Update J. W. F. Voile
340
Spontaneous CP in a Susy Theory of Flavour O. Vives, G. G. Ross and L. VelascoSevilla
349
Desperately Seeking The Standard Model C. Munoz
357
FLAVOUR STRUCTURE OF INTERSECTING BRANE MODELS S. A. ABEL, J. SANTIAGO IPPP, Centre for Particle Theory, Durham University DH1 3LE, Durham U.K. O. LEBEDEV Centre for Theoretical Physics, University of Sussex BN1 9QJ, Brighton U.K. We discuss some features of models with intersecting Dbranes related to their flavour structure. Minimal models suffer from the shortcoming that the Yukawa matrices are factorizable at the tree level, what leads to an unrealistic fermion mass spectrum. This problem can be circumvented by considering the effect of flavour violating nonrenormalizable operators at the quantum level. This allows us to consistently analyse flavour changing processes in intersecting brane models and derive stringent lower bounds on the string scale. 1
Introduction
Models with Dbranes intersecting at nontrivial angles 12 have been extensively studied in the last few years (see 2 for a recent review and references there in). Despite the many phenomenologically relevant features found in these models a fully realistic theory of flavour has not yet been presented. In this talk we report on some progress made recently on the study of the flavour structure of models with intersecting Dbranes and on a realistic theory of fermion masses and mixing angles 15'4. The key point is the presence of treelevel flavour changing neutral couplings with two different origins, KaluzaKlein excitations of gauge bosons and string instantons. This new flavour feature propagates through quantum loops to the trivial (at tree level) Yukawa couplings, leading to a well defined, realistic pattern of fermion masses and mixing angles. 2 Intersecting Brane Models and Their Flavour Structure In this section we discuss the flavour structure of models with intersecting branes. We start with the leading instanton contribution to Yukawa couplings discussing afterwards the generic appearance of flavour changing neutral couplings in these models. In order to fix ideas we shall concentrate on one particular class of models 10 with realistic features and to which the phenomenological bounds we will discuss at the end of this talk apply. In particular we will consider type IIA string theory compactified on a factorizable 6torus T2 x T2 x T2 and four stacks of D6branes, called baryonic, left, right and leptonic and giving rise to the groups SU(3) x U(l) a , SU(2), U(l) c , U(l)d respectively, with each of the three compact dimensions wrap
1
2 ping a 1cycle in each of the three tori. Sevendimensional gauge bosons live in the world volume of the branes while at the intersections fourdimensional chiral fermions and (generally massive) scalars are localized. In the particular model of in terest, a substructure of which is represented in Fig. 1, the Minimal Supersymmetric Standard Model matter content (plus right handed neutrinos) is localized at the dif ferent intersections while the MSSM gauge fields live in the world volume of the corresponding D6branes.
Figure 1. Brane configuration in the model discussed in the text. The leptonic sector is not represented whereas the baryonic, left, right and orientifold image of the right are respectively the dark solid, faint solid, dashed and dotted. The intersections corresponding to the quark doublets (i = 1,0,1), up type singlets (j = 1,0,1) and down type singlets 0* = —1,0,1) are denoted by an empty circle, full circle and a cross, respectively. All distance parameters are measured in units of 2nR with R the corresponding radius (except e( 3 ) which is measured in units of 6irR).
2.1 Yukawa Couplings The leading string instanton contribution to Yukawa couplings in models with inter secting Dbranes has been recently computed (its classical part) for a very generic set of models in 10 and, soon after using conformal field theory techniques in n . The result is proportional to the projected area of the triangle formed by the two fermions and the Higgs boson in each subtorus. The final result, including the quantum part reads Y =
(2.1)
where B is the Euler Beta function, j runs over the three tori, i>j and \j are the angles at the fermionic intersections, m runs over all possible triangles connecting the three vertices on each of the three tori (there are an infinite number of them due to the toroidal periodicity) and Aj(m) is the projected area of the m—th triangle on the j—th torus. For simplicity we have not considered the presence of a backgroundzyxwvu
3 B field or Wilson lines. These introduce in general complex phases in the Yukawa couplings, thus giving rise to CP violation. The crucial point preventing realistic Yukawa matrices in the class of models we are considering is the fact that the relevant area is the projected one on each of the three tori. This, combined with the particular disposition of the intersections, with the dynamics of the left handed fields occurring in the second torus while the dynamics of the right handed ones occurs in the third torus (see Fig 1) leads to the following trivial form of the treelevel Yukawa matrices Yg^Oibi, Yg=aibj,
(2.2)
where we have only explicitly written the classical part, including this time the presence of nonzero B—field and Wilson lines. The coefficients are
(2.3) J \
LI
/
0(3) 4. 0(3)
) _ 0(3)
where i,j,j* = —1,0,1, j'*' denotes the complex Kahler structure of the fc—th torus, g(2) ^ $(3) ^ gi(3) parameterize the Wilson lines and &• is the complex theta function with characteristics (see 4'10 for notation). This factorizable form of the Yukawa couplings is too simple to lead to a realistic fermion spectrum. It is a rank one matrix with one massive and two massless eigenvalues. There are of course different ways out of this, either by using a more complicated (nonfactorizable) compact manifold or by looking for configurations of branes in which the left and right dynamics occur at the same torus 7 . There is however another feature of these very simple models that make the naive assertion above invalid when quantum corrections are taken into account. This new feature is the presence of flavour changing neutral couplings that propagate through quantum loops to the otherwise trivial structure of Yukawa couplings, providing them with enough complexity to give rise to a realistic set of fermion masses and mixing angles. 2.2 Flavour Changing Neutral Currents
In this section we shall disentangle the origin of the flavour changing neutral cou plings that will allow for a realistic pattern of fermion masses and mixing angles in models with intersecting branes. The presence of FCNC in these models can be easily realised in a qualitative way. Its origin resides in the splitting of the different fermions (in particular of the different families) in separate points of the compact manifold. It has been known for some time 8 that split fermions in models with extra dimensions suffer from strong experimental restrictions due to the presence ofzyxwvu
4 flavour violating couplings to the KK excitations of the bulk gauge bosons. Likewise, in the present class of models, the fact that fermions live at the different intersec tions of the branes allows us to imagine extended worldsheets connecting four of these intersections (similar to the triangular ones that give rise to Yukawa couplings) corresponding, in general, to different generations and therefore violating flavour. These qualitative features can be explicitly computed in a proper string calcu lation 15'n using conformal field theory techniques quite similar to the ones used for twisted closed states in orbifolds 3. This full string calculation leads to a four fermion contact interaction that contains, in different limits the KK contribution (properly regularised by the string length) with coefficient
M
" „
[Ms . (flf #)].
(2.6)
with similar expression when right handed fields are involved, and the string in stanton contribution which in the case of chirality preserving interactions (all four fermions left handed or all right handed) comes with a coefficient
M|
(2.7)
where a, b,c,d are flavour indices, i,j current indices, UL is the rotation matrix re lating the fermion current and mass eigenstates, M, is the string scale, Mn is the KK mass, yt represents the position of the z— th family, A is the area of the four fermion instanton (which is ~ (47r2.Rc)/3) and finally 6 > 1 is a number depending on the brane configuration. The former contribution is obtained by performing a Poisson resummation whereas the latter is given in the leading saddle point approx imation. One interesting characteristic of these two contributions is that they are complementary due to their opposite dependence on the ratio LS/LC. When one is negligible the other one is large and vice versa. The chirality changing fourfermion interaction mediated by string instantons is a little more involved but very interesting 4 , particularly for the generation of fermion masses we will come to in the next section. One particularly interesting feature is the fact that it does not in general factorize any more, the reason being that now left and right handed fermions are involved so there is more than one nonvanishing area and the resulting action does not factorize as the sum of both areas. (Incidentally, this does not happen for Yukawa couplings, which have several nonvanishing areas as well, because SL(2,R) symmetry allows us to fix all three vertices in this case whereas in the fourfermion amplitude we still have to integrate over the fourth vertex.) In order to see what is going on we consider the particular case in which the angles are the same in every subtorus, the classical part of the amplitude takes the form 4 Ad=es, (2.8)zyxwvu
5 with the classical action
which clearly only factorizes in the trivial case (when a = d or fc = c) or in the degenerate case (when distances in all subtori are equal). 3 Realistic Quark Masses and Mixing Angles In the model of intersecting branes we are considering, Yukawa couplings have a rank one, factorizable form. This means that only the third generation acquires mass at tree level. As already emphasized in 10 even though this is an unrealistic situation it is indeed a good starting point, given the fact that the third family is much heavier than the other two. Small corrections could then naturally account for the masses and mixing angles of the first two generations. We have outlined that this very model has already the ingredients for these small corrections. One loop threshold effects with flavour changing couplings induce a nontrivial hierarchically small correction. If this correction again factorized, only the second generation would receive a nonzero mass, leaving a massless first generation. A clear pattern of fermion masses therefore arises with the third to second generation mass ratio being due to loop suppression whereas the second to first generation mass ratio can be traced back to the departure from factorization of the chirality changing four fermion string amplitude. The oneloop corrected Yukawa couplings then read \rutd
Ytj
L^id , /=iU,dLR = dibj +acidju,d , j' + aeC^.'
/ o , n \
(3.10)
where a represents the loop suppression and e measures the departure from fac torization of the chirality changing fourfermion amplitude. This matrix can be perturbatively diagonalized leading to the following values of the diagonal Yukawa couplings \/u,d u,d \ru,d u.d \ru.d I \\i,u.d\ /o i i \ Yj ' =ae/i 1 |, Y2 = a/V > *s = HI 6 I. I31!) and the mixings
CKM
The different coefficients in the previous equations //"' and p%j are order one functions of o;,6,,Ci,di and C/jfi. The hierarchical pattern of quark masses andzyxwvu
6
mixing angles found in nature 7 mu ~ 3 x 10~3 GeV,
mc ~ 1.2 GeV, mt ~ 174 GeV,
3
md ~ 7 x 1(T GeV, ms ~ 0.12 GeV,
Vi2 0.22, Vis ~ 0.0035,
mfc ~ 4.2 GeV,
(3.12)
V23 ~ 0.04,
can be explained by a hierarchy in the expansion coefficients, a and e. In fact reasonable values for all experimental data in Eq.(3.12), up to order one coefficients, can be obtained using, a ~ H r 2 , e~0.1, (3.13) except for the up quark for which some amount of cancellation seems necessary.
4
Experimental Bounds on the String Scale
Once we have developed a semirealistic theory of flavour in a concrete model with intersecting branes we can estimate the contribution to flavour violating processes (such as rare decays, meson oscillations, etc.) and extract from them stringent ex perimental bounds on the string scale for these models. Although a definite pattern for the fermion spectrum following the above lines has not been neatly presented yet, we shall estimate it here using the one and two loops KK contribution to the Yukawa couplings, which has a reasonably similar pattern to the one discussed above. The result is a realistic set of quark masses and mixing angles and the corresponding bounds on the string scale shown in Table 1.
Quark sector Observable Ms > (TeV) Am/f 4000 AmBd 1300 500 Am Sa 2000 ArriD
M HgEDM
Semileptonic Observables Observable Ms > (TeV) /j, — e conversion 2700 K — > n/j, 80 K — i nfj,[j, 200 Supernova 10
104 10
Table 1. Bounds on the string scale from different observables in the quark (left) and leptonic (right) sectors. The observables in the upper part are CP preserving while the ones in the lower part of the table are CP violating. In this table CP conserving quark observables are considered in the upper left side. In the lower left side, we include quark CP violating observables whereas the right side is devoted to semileptonic observables. These bounds should be taken with caution. First, a fully realistic example of fermion masses and mixing angles generation along the lines above has not been produced yet and the detailed value
7 of the FCNC present in the model depends as we saw on the rotation matrices and therefore on the Yukawa couplings 1. Second, in our estimation, only the quark sector has been considered, and CP violation has been neglected. This means that the very stringent bounds should be taken as estimations of the order of magnitude of the result in a more realistic calculation, and they are more precise for the CP conserving quark sector than in the rest. Nevertheless it is clear that the bounds are so constraining that it does not seem feasible to have models of intersecting branes with a very low string scale, and that one can place rough bounds on the string scale of M3 > 103"4 TeV. Acknowledgements It is a pleasure to thank P. Ball, S. Davidson, F. Marchesano and I. Navarro for very useful discussions. This work has been partially supported by PPARC. References 1. M. Berkooz, M. R. Douglas and R. G. Leigh, Nucl. Phys. B 480 (1996) 265 [arXiv:hepth/9606139]. 2. S. A. Abel and J. Santiago, "Constraining the String Scale: From Planck to Weak and Back Again", to appear in J. Phys. G. 3. S. A. Abel, M. Masip and J. Santiago, JHEP 0304 (2003) 057 [arXiv:hep ph/0303087]. 4. S. A. Abel, O. Lebedev and J. Santiago, to appear. 5. D. Cremades, L. E. Ibanez and F. Marchesano, JHEP 0307 (2003) 038 [arXiv:hepth/0302105]. 6. M. Cvetic and I. Papadimitriou, Phys. Rev. D 68 (2003) 046001 [arXivihep th/0303083]; S. A. Abel and A. W. Owen, Nucl. Phys. B 663 (2003) 197 [arXiv:hepth/0303124]. 7. N. Chamoun, S. Khalil and E. Lashin, arXiv:hepph/0309169. 8. A. Delgado, A. Pomarol and M. Quiros, JHEP 0001 (2000) 030 [arXiv:hep ph/9911252]; C. D. Carone, Phys. Rev. D 61 (2000) 015008 [arXivihep ph/9907362]. 9. L. J. Dixon, D. Friedan, E. J. Martinec and S. H. Shenker, Nucl. Phys. B 282 (1987) 13; S. Hamidi and C. Vafa, Nucl. Phys. B 279 (1987) 465. 10. K. Hagiwara et a.. (Particle Data Group), Phys. Rev. D66, 010001 (2002)
a
ln Ref. 7 a detailed account of the fermionic spectrum is provided for a models with 6 Higgs doublets. The authors however consider an intermediate string scale and therefore do not bother about FCNC which would be anyway irrelevant in their case.zyxwvutsrqponmlkji
STRINGY SOLUTION TO STRONG CP VIOLATION PROBLEM C. G. ALDAZABAL Institute Balseiro and Centra Atomico Bariloche, 8400 S.C. de Bariloche, (CNEA and CONICET), Argentina Email: [email protected] L. E. IBANEZ AND A. M. URANGA Departamento de Fisica Teorica CXI and Institute de Fisica Teorica CXVI, Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain. A new solution to the strongCP problem is discussed. It involves a, stringy in spired, extension of QCD containing an unbroken gauged U(l)x symmetry whose gauge boson gets a Stuckelberg mass term by combining with a pseudoscalar field n(x). The latter has axionlike couplings to QCD. This system leads to mixed gauge anomalies and we argue that they are cancelled by the addition of an ap propriate WessZumino term, so that no SM fermions need to be charged under U(l)x Axion like field can be gauged away. The full system possesses an ex tra global abelian symmetry which allows to rotate away 0 parameter. There are generic scenarios from which such interactions can be derived. In particular we show that in certain Dbrane TypeII string models (with antisymmetric tensor field strength fluxes) higher dimensional ChernSimons couplings give rise to the required D = 4 WessZumino terms upon compactification. In one of the possi ble string realizations of the mechanism the C/(l)x gauge boson comes from the KaluzaKlein reduction of the elevendimensional metric in Mtheory. 1 The strong CPproblem In this note we present an extension of QCD, inspired in string theory, that leads to a solution of strong CPproblem. The strongCP problem 1>2 is one of the oldest fine tuning problems in particle physics. It is the statement that the QCD ^parameter appearing in the action
is indeed a physically observable parameter. The presence of such a term (which explicitly breaks P and CP) is a consequence of the nontrivial structure of the QCD vacuum, and gives rise to computable contributions to the electric dipole moment of the neutron which are about ten orders of magnitude too large for 9 of order one. Thus one should have § 1 that if one of the quarks is massless the 0 phase becomes unobservable, unphysical. This is related to the fact that with a
8
9 massless quark there is a global chiral (7(1) symmetry preserved by perturbative interactions and violated by the chiral anomaly. Eventhough this appears to be the simplest solution the existence of a massless quark is disfavoured 4'5. The axion solution In this solution a a dynamical pseudoscalar field rf is introduced with an axial coupling to the QCD field strength QCD
where /„ is a mass parameter which measures the decay width of the axion 77° . In this mechanism the pseudoscalar 77° (or rather r\ = 77° + 6) becomes a dynamical 'theta parameter'. Although the axion is perturbatively massless it acquires a periodic scalar potential at the nonperturbative level so that energy is minimized at 77 = 0. Thus the system is relaxed at zero effective ^parameter and there is no strong CP violation. This is an attractive solution but direct searches and astrophysical and cosmological limits already rule out most of the parameter space for this model. Only a small window with fa oc 1010 GeV seems to be allowed 2 . 2 Removing the strong CP problem 2.1 The model In this section we present our model (see 6.It is an extension of the SM with two key ingredients, an axion like field and a WessZumino term. The structure proposed borrows inspiration from string theory as we briefly illustrate in an example below. Namely, we introduce • A pseudoscalar state TJ with axionic couplings to the QCD field strength, very much like in the axion solution. • A U(l)x gauge interaction whose gauge boson gets a Stuckelberg mass M by combining with the axion introduced above. Quarks carry no U(\)x charge. This means we have a Lagrangian of the form: • A WZ term
(2.3) Under the transformation A
x »• Ax d"A(z) ; r)(x) > r](x) + A(x)
(2.4)
the mass term is gauge invariant. However, there is still a gauge variation of the axion coupled to QCD. We could think of canceling such variation against mixed U(l)x anomalies with QCD but this is not actually possible since we are assumingzyxwvu
10
c)
Figure 1. Contributions to t/(l)x x5t/(3) 2 anomalies: a) GreenSchwarz contribution from the exchange of the pseudoscalar TJ; b) Standard fermion triangle graph and c) Contribution from a WessZumino term.
quarks are not charged under such symmetry. In fact, last term in Eq. (2.3) is explicitly introduced in order to ensure gauge invariance of the full Lagrangean, namely, such that SSwz = f
Atr F^CD
(2.5)
JM4
Let us discuss this last step with some detail since it is an important ingredient in our construction. Instead of a pseudoscalar r\ one can equally consider its Hodge dual, 2index antisymmetric tensor B^v, ( *dB = dr] Representing the same degrees of freedom. In this dual language one can write for the relevant Lagrangian: C = CQCD ±H'"">Hltvp T^xF^ +
""'B^ F*,
(2.6)
with F^ is the field strength of the U(l)x gauge field. A duality transformation gives back the original Lagrangian in Eq. (2.3). In this language we see that the combined presence of the [7(1) x transformation of the scalar rj(x) and the axionic coupling implies the presence of a mixed U(l)x anomaly, as depicted in Fig.la. As mentioned, an obvious way to cancel this anomaly is to assume the presence of chiral fermions which are coloured and charged under the U(\)x Their contri bution to the chiral anomaly (Fig.lb) may easily cancel the above anomalous term This would be a standard D = 4 GreenSchwarz mechanism in which the axion gauge transformation cancels the mixed U(l)xSU(3)^QCD anomaly 8. Since we need the t/(l)x symmetry to be unbroken, this means unless one quark (uquark)
11 will remain massless (zero 'current' mass). This we would like to avoid since we already mentioned that quarks appear to be massive. The anomaly generated by the axion r/(x) gauge transformation and the axionic coupling is cancelled by a WessZumino term which should involve U(l)x and QCD gauge boson fields. Its contribution is schematically depicted in (Fig.lc).
2.2 The WessZumino term Notice that Swz term we are proposing is an explicit non gauge invariant interaction whose variation has the structure of a chiral gauge anomaly. Since an anomaly is a gauge variation which cannot be cancelled against a local counterterm, then the four dimensional WessZumino term is nonlocal (although its gauge variation is local). Nevertheless, it can be reexpressed as a local interaction if an extra, auxiliary, dimension is included. The simplest way to write such terms (see e.g. 7 ) is as follows: Pick a five dimensional manifold X5 whose boundary is fourdimensional spacetime M4. Next, extend the fourdimensional gauge field to Xs; that is, define a fivedimensional gauge field in Xs such that it reduces to the fourdimensional one at the boundary M4. The WessZumino terms we need can be written as
Ax tr F%CD
(2.7)
so that its change under a U(\)x gauge variation AX —* AX + d\ is clearly
SSwz = / d\ti FlCD = f /V
«/ X5
d(Xti FQCD) = [
/ V
«* X5
Atr F%CD
(2.8)
/ B,T
" M4
which is precisely the contribution required to cancel the gauge variation due to the axion shift in QCD coupling. It is worth stressing at this point that the WZ term was introduced in order to ensure gauge invariance of our Lagrangean. We have not addressed yet the issue of the QCD 6 parameter. 2.3 Rotating away the strong CP problem Apart from local gauge symmetries discussed above, needed for the full consistency of the model the system has an additional symmetry which we have not exploited yet, and which does allow to rotate away the theta parameter. The symmetry is deeply rooted in the structure of the WessZumino term. In defining it, we need to extend the 4d gauge field to a 5d gauge field on X&; namely to define a 5d gauge field on Xs, four of whose components reduce to the physical 4d gauge field at the boundary M4. This still leaves the freedom to choose freely the fifth component. In particular we are free to choose the constant value of the fifth component of the gauge field A* on the boundary. This is an additional [7(1) global symmetry of the
12 system, since this component does not appear anywhere else in the action. As is clear from Eq. (2.7), this arbitrary choice changes the effective value of the theta parameter, showing that it is indeed unphysical in the system. Since it could be a source of confusion, let us stress that the component An is not dynamical. It does not have a kinetic term, and it appears only in the Wess Zumino term (where it is unphysical, since the WessZumino term is topological and restricts to a (nonlocal) term involving only fourdimensional components of gauge fields). In fact, it is a key property that this component is auxiliary, nondynamical, so that its shift if a global symmetry of the whole theory. In this sense, the mechanism is much more similar to the massless quark solu tion, where there is also an irrelevant parameter (the massless fermion phase) which can be rotated away by a global symmetry. More formally, this can be stated as follows. In the quantum theory, one should path integrate over the 5d gauge field. This implies that, for a fixed choice of 4d gauge field, we still path integrate over A± and in particular over its constant piece at the boundary. This implies that the quantum theory includes a path integral over the effective 4d theta parameter, so that its specific value is unphysical, it is not a parameter of the theory. WessZumino term can be regarded as mimicking a chiral fermion charged under U(l)x and SU(3)QCD Indeed the £/(!) global phase rotation symmetry of a chiral fermion corresponds to the global shift of the fifth component of the gauge field in the WessZumino term. 2.4 WessZumino terms in string theory WessZumino terms naturally appear in theories with extra dimensions and, in par ticular, in large classes of type II string compactifications with pform field strength fluxes. Moreover, models with gauge and chiral fermion spectra closed to SM with U(l)x symmetry, pseudoscalar r\ and WZ term allowing for removal of theta pa rameter can be constructed . Let us show an explicit example. Consider type IIA theory compactified on Y6, with K stacks of Na coincident D6branes, a = 1,..., K, wrapped on 3cycles [IIa] in Ye. More explictly we can take Ye = T2 x T2 x if with wrapping numbers (rii, mi) on each torus Tf cycle basis (e\,e\) i = 1,2,3. Quantization of the open string sectors leads to U(Na) gauge interactions propagating on the volume of the D6a branes, and chiral fourdimensional fermions in the bifundamental representation (Na,7Jb) at the intersections of the 3cycles [II0], [Tlb] in Y6 10'12>13. Such fermions arise with multiplicity given by the number of intersections Iab = [Ha] • [lib] = Hi^a"^ — mlanl). In table 2.4 wrapping numbers that lead to a Standard Model like spectrum are provided (see 6 for details) The closed string sector contains several pindex antisymmetric tensor fields, the RR pforms, Ci, Cs, C$, CV, which can lead to fourdimensional 1forms upon
13 Ni = 3 N2 = 2
(1,0) (2,1)
AT3 = 1 AT4 = 1
(2,1) (1,0) (1,0) (2,1)
N5 = l N6 = l
(1,1) (1,2) (l,2) (1,1) (1,1) (1.2)
(Irl) (1,0) (1,0) (2,2) (1,1) (1,0)
compactification. These fields may easily play the role of the I7(l)x gauge boson AX in our above mechanism. In the following we describe this in the case of the type IIA RR 1form Ax = Ci. In Type IIA string theory the gauge fields on the D6brane couple to the closed string RR modes via ChernSimons couplings. Among them we have
/
C5Fa •
JD6a
I
(2.9)
JD
therefore, zero forms with axion like couplings to gauge groups are obtained by integrating 3form Cs term on 3cycles. For instance
C3
n\ nl n\
77123 A Fb A Fb
(2.10)
can be identified as the axion field (there are other 0forms associated with other cycles) if AFj, is the QCD field strength. On the other hand, in compactifications with nonzero flux for the NSNS 3form field strength HNS, the axions ija have Stuckelberg couplings with bulk gauge fields via the fourdimensional reduction of the type IIA tendimensional interaction. Namely, consider we turn on a flux of HNS along [noo], such that Jn dQ HNS = &flux Then reduction to four dimensions leads to desired coupling , namely (2.11)
C5 HNSF2
where FH is the field strength of the type IIA RR 1form, C\ . Finally, the model contains ChernSimons interactions which generate the ade quate fourdimensional WZ terms. In fact, following 9 the interaction (2.12) oe
on the D6brane worldvolume leads to a coupling BNS Ci tr Fa20
Scs
(2.13)
J D6,
where BNS is the NSNS 2index antisymmetric tensor field. This is precisely of the form we need. Its gauge variation is /
JM
AtrR2
(2.14)
14
and provides the required term to cancel GreenSchwarz contribution from Eq. (2.10 ) and Eq. ( 2.11 ). An amusing feature of the particular realization we have described is the fol lowing. Note that the gauge boson t/(l)x comes the TypeIIA RR 1form, Ci. If we do the lift to Mtheory such 1form comes from the circle compactification of the mixed component of the elevendimensional metric, i.e. CM =