Statistics for Veterinary and Animal Science [3 ed.] 0470670754, 9780470670750

Banish your fears of statistical analysis using this clearly written and highly successful textbook.  Statistics for Vet

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Statistics for Veterinary and Animal Science

Statistics for Veterinary and Animal Science Third Edition

Aviva Petrie, BSc, MSc, CStat, CSci, FHEA Senior Lecturer in Statistics and Head of the Biostatistics Unit UCL Eastman Dental Institute University College London Honorary Lecturer in Medical Statistics London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine University of London London UK

Paul Watson, BSc, BVetMed, PhD, DSc, FRCVS Emeritus Professor of Reproductive Cryobiology The Royal Veterinary College University of London London UK

A John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., Publication

This edition irst published 2013 © 2013 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd Wiley-Blackwell is an imprint of John Wiley & Sons, formed by the merger of Wiley’s global Scientiic, Technical and Medical business with Blackwell Publishing. Registered office: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex, PO19 8SQ, UK Editorial offices:

9600 Garsington Road, Oxford, OX4 2DQ, UK The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex, PO19 8SQ, UK 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030-5774, USA

For details of our global editorial ofices, for customer services and for information about how to apply for permission to reuse the copyright material in this book please see our website at www.wiley.com/wiley-blackwell. The right of the author to be identiied as the author of this work has been asserted in accordance with the UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, except as permitted by the UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, without the prior permission of the publisher. Designations used by companies to distinguish their products are often claimed as trademarks. All brand names and product names used in this book are trade names, service marks, trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective owners. The publisher is not associated with any product or vendor mentioned in this book. The contents of this work are intended to further general scientiic research, understanding, and discussion only and are not intended and should not be relied upon as recommending or promoting a speciic method, diagnosis, or treatment by health science practitioners for any particular patient. The publisher and the author make no representations or warranties with respect to the accuracy or completeness of the contents of this work and speciically disclaim all warranties, including without limitation any implied warranties of itness for a particular purpose. In view of ongoing research, equipment modiications, changes in governmental regulations, and the constant low of information relating to the use of medicines, equipment, and devices, the reader is urged to review and evaluate the information provided in the package insert or instructions for each medicine, equipment, or device for, among other things, any changes in the instructions or indication of usage and for added warnings and precautions. Readers should consult with a specialist where appropriate. The fact that an organization or Website is referred to in this work as a citation and/or a potential source of further information does not mean that the author or the publisher endorses the information the organization or Website may provide or recommendations it may make. Further, readers should be aware that Internet Websites listed in this work may have changed or disappeared between when this work was written and when it is read. No warranty may be created or extended by any promotional statements for this work. Neither the publisher nor the author shall be liable for any damages arising herefrom. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data is available for this title. A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that appears in print may not be available in electronic books. Cover image: Horse illustration: all-silhouettes.com Pig and dog illustration: Neubau Welt Cover design by www.hisandhersdesign.co.uk Set in 10/12 pt Times Ten by Toppan Best-set Premedia Limited

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Contents

Preface to third edition Preface to second edition Preface to first edition About the companion website 1 The 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4

whys and wherefores of statistics Learning objectives Aims of the book What is statistics? Statistics in veterinary and animal science 1.5 Evidence-based veterinary medicine 1.6 Types of variable 1.7 Variations in measurements 1.8 Terms relating to measurement quality 1.9 Populations and samples 1.10 Types of statistical procedures 1.11 Conclusion Exercises

ix xi xiii xv 1 1 1 2 3 4 4 5 7 9 10 10 10

2 Descriptive statistics 2.1 Learning objectives 2.2 Summarizing data 2.3 Empirical frequency distributions 2.4 Tables 2.5 Diagrams 2.6 Numerical measures 2.7 Reference interval Exercises

12 12 12 12 14 15 19 24 25

3 Probability and probability distributions 3.1 Learning objectives 3.2 Probability 3.3 Probability distributions 3.4 Discrete probability

28 28 28 30