Soviet Russia and the East, 1920-1927: A Documentary Survey 9781503634947

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The Jewish Bund in Russia From Its Origins to 1905

The Jewish Bund in Russia From Its Origins to 1905

Henry J. Tobias

Stanford University Press, Stanford, California

1972

Stanford University Press Stanford, California © 1972 by the Board of Trustees of the Leland Stanford Junior University Printed in the United States of America I S B N 0-8047-0764-2 L C 75-153820

To Dora, Itche, and Shime, who provided the early background

Preface

Historical importance cannot always be measured in terms of political success. Victors do not exist without losers and cannot be understood without them. T h e study of even a relatively small movement can provide valuable insight into man's condition simply by presenting a unique point of view. T h e fullness of historical knowledge, like the fullness of life itself, resides in an awareness of the depth of man's imagination and of the experiences he has borne in confronting his problems. Such considerations alone could justify the study of the Bund. But there is another important reason for studying the Bund. Its history is the record of a search and a struggle for justice, dignity, and identity. And that struggle plainly has great relevance today. Indeed, the search for justice and dignity can never be treated lightly as long as the study of history remains a humanistic enterprise. I concern myself here with the growth of the Bund itself and of the relationships that were important to its development. Obviously, some of those relationships were more important than others. Establishing ties with the Russian Social Democrats, for example, was a greater Bundist concern than relations with the Polish socialists in the period under study. Accordingly, I have tried to weight the narrative in favor of the larger concerns of the Bundists themselves, and some areas of lesser importance may appear neglected. T h e definitive history is, in any case, a pipe dream. In the end, one can only work toward that goal in the hope of filling in a few of the blanks—and perhaps creating new interest in filling in those that remain. As with most acknowledgments, mine are made in the painful knowledge that all the help I received from colleagues, teachers, and friends, and from various institutions cannot be adequately recognized here. I want to thank particularly Professor Charles E . Woodhouse, of the Department of Sociology at the University of New Mexico, for his enormous patience, high standards, and untiring loyalty. My mentor, Anatole G . Mazour, must also be given special mention, for it was his recognition that there was a job to be done

Vlll

PREFACE

on the history of the Bund that prompted me to the task in the first place. And I owe a special debt of gratitude to Mrs. Jeanne Bonnette, who so beautifully rendered the Bund hymn for me. In the way of institutions, I wish to thank especially the Faculty Research Committee and the Alumni Faculty Grants Committee of the University of New Mexico for their constant support; and the American Philosophical Society for help at particularly crucial moments. The New York Public Library (Slavonic and Jewish divisions), the Y I V O Library in New York, and the Zimmerman Library at the University of New Mexico have all served me well. Above all, I must mention the Bund Archives in New York, without whose existence this work would have been impossible. T h e natural interest of the staff in my project does not account for the extraordinary sympathy, understanding, and encouragement they gave me. They did considerably more than supply the materials I requested; they sought out much information I would not otherwise have found. The dedication of Hillel Kempinski and Mrs. Lola Szafran and the valuable critical advice of J. S. Hertz literally allowed this volume to become a reality. Finally, a word of appreciation to my family, who lived with the creation of a work that doubtless affected the fabric of their lives no less than it did mine. T o my wife, Haven, I offer a spiritual coauthorship. Norman,

Oklahoma

H.J.T.

Author's Note

Yiddish, the folk idiom of most East European Jews before World War I and the principal language used in Bund publications, is closely related to German, though it has Slavic and Hebrew elements and is written with the Hebrew alphabet. Since its written form was still highly erratic in the period under study, transliteration is something of a problem. I have not attempted to follow the Germanic spelling but have instead relied on the phonetic qualities of the Hebrew alphabet for transliteration. Where dialect differences have produced a variety of spellings, however, I have chosen to hold to a single spelling in violation of the phonetic rule, in order to avoid confusion. There are no capital letters in Hebrew, but because doing away with them altogether could be disturbing to some readers, I have adopted a limited use of capitalization, e.g., Di Arbeter Shtime. T h e difference between the Russian calendar in use during the Tsarist era and the Western calendar also creates problems. The sources published in Russia are in old style. So are the reports from Russia to the journals published in the West, which themselves employed the Western calendar. Memoir literature is usually vague on dates at best, but tends to rely on the Russian calendar. I have routinely employed (or assumed) the Russian style date unless otherwise noted.

Contents

Introduction I. The Historical Background

XV 1

2. Early Social and Ideological Elements

11

3- The Path to the Mass Movement, 1890-1894

22

4- The Rise of the Mass Movement, 1894-1897

35

5- The Early Stage of the Political Movement

49

6. The Founding of the Bund

60

7- The First Central Committee

70

8. The Rebuilding of the Center

85

9- The Local Organizations, 1897-1899

95

10. The National Question and Economism

105

II. A Period of Transition, 1900-1901

"5

12. The Politicization of the Bund

139

The Reassessment of the National Question

160

14. The Bund and ls\ra: The First Clashes

177

!5- The Bund and ls\ra: Party Organization

190

16. The Second RSDWP Congress

207

I7-

The Bund and the State, 1903-1905

221

xii

CONTENTS

18. The Bund and Jewish Society, 1903-1905

236

19. The Competing Forces of Revolution, 1903-1905

259

20. The Revolution of 1905

295

21. Epilogue

333

Biographical Notes

347

Notes

355

Bibliography

385

Index

397

THE BUND HYMN THE

OATH

Brothers and sisters of work and need, All who are scattered like far-flung seed— Together! Together! The flag is high, Straining with anger, red with blood, So swear together to live or die! REFRAIN

Earth with its heaven hears. Witness: the bright stars, And our oath of blood and tears. We swear. We swear. i W e swear to strive for freedom and right Against the tyrant and his knave, To best the forces of the night, Or fall in battle, proud and brave. II

W e swear our stalwart hate persists, Of those who rob and kill the poor: The Tsar, the Masters, Capitalists. Our vengeance will be swift and sure. HI

To wage the holy war we vow, Until right triumphs over wrong. No Midas, Master, Noble now— The humble equal to the strong. IV

To the Bund, our hope and faith, we swear Devotedly to set men free. Its flag, bright scarlet, waves up there, Sustaining us in loyalty. Shlomo Zanvil Rappoport

(Sh. An-s\y), 7902

Introduction

T h e "General Jewish Workers' Union in Lithuania, Poland, and Russia," or the Bund as it is commonly known, was founded in Vilna in October 1897 by a group of Jewish Social Democrats representing five cities in the Pale of Settlement. T h e Bund's history, however, properly begins in the late i88o's, when the founding pioneers first became committed to Marxism and the cause of transforming the Empire into a socialist society. T h e pioneers, products of a Russian school system that opened their eyes to new enchantments, began their revolutionary careers as cosmopolites whose primary interest and goal was an Empire-wide revolution. T h o u g h they never abandoned that position, their emphasis shifted markedly over the years as they became more and more absorbed with the human material around them, the downtrodden and largely passive Jewish working class. By the time the Bund was founded these Jewish Social Democrats had set themselves the task of generating a new spirit in the Jewish proletariat, a sense of national pride and personal worth that would allow the Jewish workers to participate with other proletarians in the struggle for a new society. Convinced of the correctness of the Russian vision of Marxism, with its heavy emphasis on political action and the attainment of political freedom, and faced with the problem of converting the proletariat of a small and distinct minority into an organized force capable of joining in a common struggle toward that end, the Bundists were led to undertake a series of closely interwoven operations, each amounting to a separate but necessary revolution. T h e first of these, the building of a socialist society, was at once the most farreaching and far-removed, in their eyes. Like many of their contemporaries, the Bundists chose to devote their energies to a more practical assignment— the destruction of the Tsarist regime, the omnipresent symbol of oppression and the major obstacle to the progress of the revolutionary movement. But though the end was clear, the means of achieving it were not. T h e Bundists and their revolutionary cohorts had to make some difficult decisions. H o w were they to organize the working masses into an instrument for the

xvi

INTRODUCTION

overthrow of the regime? W h a t appeals should they m a k e to the masses they hoped to lead, and h o w should they m a k e them ? T h e o r y and life mixed here. A n s w e r s had to be found that w o u l d both accommodate the ideology providi n g the outlines for the revolution and fit the circumstances of the h u m a n material assigned to its execution. E v e n the overthrow of the regime, however, was a comparatively remote objective during most of the period studied here. Before the revolutionaries could assume their efforts in earnest the w o r k i n g masses of Russia had to be welded into a single, mighty force. T o bring about the necessary class solidarity the Bundists had to undertake yet another revolution—a social and psychological change in the attitude of the Jewish workers. It was an enormous undertaking, this breaking d o w n of a deeply rooted tradition of religious and cultural isolation reinforced by a long history of legal discrimination. A n d yet, as leaders of a small minority, the Bundists could not dream of achieving victory alone, and perforce had to pin their hopes on an aroused class consciousness and sense of c o m m o n purpose a m o n g all workers. T h a t in turn supposed an end to the mutual distrust and hostility between non-Jew and Jew, in w h i c h effort the Bund could do little more than cooperate w i t h parties w o r k i n g a m o n g the non-Jewish masses. T h e w e l d i n g of class unity involved a third revolution. Marxist theory postulated an economic struggle as well as a political struggle, a conflict that was bound to develop out of the natural antagonism between worker and master. Since most Jewish workers were employed by coreligionists, the B u n d in effect had to call for class warfare in the historically united Jewish community. Further, both the second and the third revolution had their non-Marxian complexities. T h e Bundists had no wish to destroy the cultural heritage of the Jewish workers altogether; indeed, they eventually came to consider Jewish cultural development a positive goal. Consequently, they had to face the classic dilemma of many a minority group committed to a universalist movem e n t : h o w to perform the delicate surgery of separating the group member f r o m his environment and u r g i n g him into a n e w consciousness of the world around h i m without destroying w h a t he treasures and wishes to retain of his cultural life. In upholding the right of the Jewish workers to exist as Jews, the Bundists were forced to devise a formula that would maintain a balance between assimilation and exclusiveness—and that would, at the same time, be compatible w i t h their Marxist beliefs. If the Bundists did not realize all their aims, theirs was not a negligible effort. By 1905 the Bund had become a spiritual home for thousands of workers, men and w o m e n w h o firmly believed in its creed of Jewish particularism and Marxist internationalism. It is the development of that creed, the g r o w t h

INTRODUCTION

XVII

of the Jewish movement, and the cycle of revolutions the B u n d sought to b r i n g about that I study here. A brief w o r d about the compass of this w o r k . F o r reasons that I shall touch on below and that I hope will become even clearer in the course of this study, I have elected to end m y narrative w i t h the October days of the Revolution of 1905—to begin, that is, w i t h a f e w y o u n g men and w o m e n protesting conditions they found intolerable and groping for ways to correct them, and to end w i t h a mature revolutionary organization engaged in a battle to overt h r o w its declared enemy, the Tsarist regime. In short, I w a n t to present the evolution of a revolutionary movement, the transformation of isolated, secret, purely local groups into a cohesive, highly motivated party that gained the respect, albeit g r u d g i n g at times, of the whole of politically minded Russia. In the period studied the B u n d established the major features of its program, narrowing its v i e w of its revolutionary tasks, if not its vision of the revolutionary future. A f t e r it m o v e d f r o m a doctrine of general freedom to a specific political and cultural program, it changed very little. Moreover, throughout this period it was the dominant radical force a m o n g the Jewish workers in the Empire, indeed often the only force attempting to improve the lot of the Jewish proletariat there. A f t e r 1905 it was forced to compete w i t h other radical groups for the allegiance of the Jewish workers. Finally, the period up to 1905 stands apart for psychological reasons. T h e novelty of a Jewish revolutionary organization that dared to challenge the seemingly all-powerful Tsarist tyranny, the lure of underground work, the idealism of a cause and the strength gained f r o m suffering for that cause—all combined to make this an era of romance and heroism for those w h o participated in it and for those w h o came after. Contemporary and later generations of Bundists, and their admirers, remained awed by the trials and successes of the pre-Revolutionary period. T h e decline of revolutionary fervor after 1905, as w e l l as new conditions brought on by changing circumstances, only enhanced the image of the earlier time. F o r many Bundists, the days before the Revolution were glorious days, the days of their youth, their time of bright hopes and pristine thoughts.

The Jewish Bund in Russia From Its Origins to 1905

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337; post-1905 career, 347 Abramovich, Sonya, 3 1 4 Adler, Victor, 279 Aehrenthal, Aloys Lexa, 31311 Aini\ait, 8911 A k i m o v , V . P., 76, 8in, 158, 186,21711 Akselrod, Pavel, 1 1 1 , i 3 o f f , 179,199, 269-70 Aleksandrisky, Wolf, 8711, 89 Aleksandrova, E. M., 197, 199 Aleksandrovich, Sergei, 120 Alexander II, 2, 6f, 12, 14, 26, 76, 302 Alexander III, 7, 9, 16 Anarchists, 328-29 An-sky, Sh., 44-45 Anti-Semitism: of peasants, 5; of Poles, 74, 2 2 1 ; of workers, 103, 192, 327, 342; Zionists on, 174-75, 2 5 1 ; as class phenomenon, 193, 274; in Russian press, 223, 235; state use of, 3 1 2 - 1 3 . See also Kishinev pogrom; Pogroms Arbeter, Der, 103, 285 Arbeter Bletl, 46 Arbeter Shtime, Di: publishing history and general content, 47, 6 8 , 7 1 , 86-91 passim, I i 8 f , 159, 165, 259, 334; coverage of Bund congresses in, 66, io^n; Central Committee's statement of aims in, 84; cited, 100, I23f, 128, 149, 156-57, 165, 200, 2 2 1 - 2 2 , 2 2 8 , 2 4 7 , 2 5 2 - 5 5 passim, 259,287,298, 301, 3 2 5 Armenian Social Democrats, 172, 1 9 1 , 266, 281

A r m s , 314, 3 1 6 - 1 7 Arrests, 42,62, 80-85 passim, 8 9 - 9 0 , 1 1 5 , 120-22, 1 2 6 , 1 8 4 , 229 Ashpiz, Ephraim, 157 Assimilationism, 1 8 - 1 9 , 1 7 1 - 7 2 , 1 7 6 , 2 7 3 - 7 5 Attainment League, 318£ Austrian Social Democrats, 136, 161 Bailin, A., 264 Baku, 2 1 1 , 306 Balmashev, Stefan, 1 5 1 Baltic Sea, 1 Banevur, Boris, 82, 85, 347 Baranovichi, 85 Baskin, Abraham, 39 Batiushkov, governor of Grodno, 43 Bauer, Bruno, 273 Beilis, Mendel, 254n Belenky, Ie., 263, 265 Belostok, 19, 38f, 62-66 passim, 87, 89, 100, 105, 146,149, 182-84, 3°6 Belostok Committee of Bund, 157-58 Belostoker Arbeter, Der, 8gn Berdichev, 1 1 6 , 240, 2 6 i f , 322 Berdichev Committee of Bund, 260 Berdichev conference, 152-57 passim Berlin, 36 Berman, Laibechke, 236, 242, 335, 3 5 1 , 382 Berman, Pavel, 1 1 - 1 3 , 39f, 6 6 , 9 1 , 2 6 5 , 347 Bernadik, A., 87n Berne Group, 1 3 7 Bernstein, Eduard, n o , 122 Bernstein, Leon, 38, 8 6 , 1 0 2 - 3 , 1 3 7 , 1 8 1 , 347 Bessarabia, 2n, 8 Birzhes, 1 0 1 , 157, 237, 264, 307f Black Hundreds, 3 i 2 f , 3 1 5 , 3 3 6 , 3 8 1

400 Black Sea, i Blekhman, Laib, 247-48, 347 Bloody Sunday and aftermath, 295-302 passim Blum, Hillel ( K a t z ) , 20-21,29, 35f, 39,43f, 66,223,350 Blumstein, I., 93,28on Bobruisk, 71,81-85 passim, 146, 26if, 322, 383 Boevie otriady ( B O ) , 226f, 229, 237,307, 314-15,317, 333. See also Self-defense Bolshevik-Menshevik split, 201,2i9f, 265^ 269, 326f Bolsheviks, 3d R S D W P Congress, 264,324 Borisov, 146,250-51,322 Borokhov, Ber, 228n Bourgeoisie, see Jewish middle class; Liberals Boycott of D u m a , see Bulygin D u m a Bramson, Leonti M., 254n, 255, 376 Brest, 322 Briansk, 85 Bristle workers, 3 8 , 7 1 , 9 1 , 1 2 6 - 2 7 , 199 Bristle Workers' Union, 87, 89, 100, 126-27 Briinn Congress, 136, 161 Brutskus, Iu. D., 254n Buckle, Henry Thomas, 21 Bulygin, A . G., 303 Bulygin D u m a , 303-5 passim, 309^ 32of, 325. 33°. 338f Bund: founding, xv, 62-67 passim, 72-74 passim-, name, 67-68, 164ft; financing, 92f, 241-44 passim; Archives, 94; membership, 98, n o , 129-30, 140, 239-40, 246-47, 383; development as party, 118, 125, 137-38, 139; social structure, 246-47; member groups, 278; decentralization of, 335. See also Boevie otriady, and individual committees and official organs by name — C e n t r a l Committee: members, 67,90, 115; First, 67-84 passim, 89; publishing activities and cited works, 71, 84, 89, 93^ 239.3°8, 3 l 8 , 332. 333-34; arrests of, 8083 passim, 186; Second, 87, 90, 92; role in organization, 95-96, 98, 118, 158, 24546; on Zubatovites, 123-27 passim; on Y U A P , 142; on Lekert affair, 151-52; response to Martov on 4th Congress, 17071, 177-78; on new R S D W P congress,

INDEX

182, 187^ 190; on pogroms, 22iff; on state concessions, 233ff; on withdrawal from R S D W P , 260-61; and Paris Bloc, 282f; report on B O strength, 3 i 5 n ; on events of 1905, 295-305 passim, 331, 336; on legal trade unions, 334-35 —Conferences, 90-91,167, 188,200-201, 245; Second-Fourth, i52n; Fifth, 152-57 passim; Sixth, 300-302, 305, 314-21 passim-, 327; Seventh, 335, 337f —Congresses: First, 65-69; Second, 86-90, 99-100,113,139; T h i r d , 86,96f, 105-14 passim, 136, 285; Fourth, 115-18 passim, 127,129, 136, 147-52 passim, 160-66 passim, 170-71, 192, 225, 286-90 passim, 332; Fifth, 155, 158, 167-70 passim, 200-209 passim, 213-19 passim, 224, 226; Sixth, 331-35 passim-, Seventh, 335, 339 — F o r e i g n Committee: established, 92-93; activities, 93-94,159, i66f, 182-83,23944 passim-, and other groups, 112,130, 137, 180, 187-88, I92f; composition of, 115-16, 246; on terror and armed revolt, 154-57 passim, 316; defends federation principle, 194-96; decision to retain in I 9°5>333 — L o c a l organizations: and Central Committee, 71-72, 98, 242f; in first years, 87, 95-104; publishing activities, 88,97,158, 239; support Bund's withdrawal, 261; and other groups, 263^ 320, 326-27; activities in 1905,296-300, 306-11 passim Bund, Der, 253, 334, 336-37 Catherine II, 27 Caucasus, 211 Central Committee of Bund, see under Bund Central Union of Bund Organizations in the United States, 241 Cheka, 102 Chemerisky, Alexander, 122,126,141, i43n, 144.348 Chernigov province, 2n, 8 Circles, 13-21 passim, 25-30 passim Class struggle, xvi, 40-41, 125, 174-75, 231,256, 288, 334 Colonization by Bundists, 39-40,61 Committee, the, see Vilna G r o u p Communist Manifesto, 88,93-94

223^>

INDEX Concerning the Tas\s oj the Socialists in the Struggle Against Famine in Russia ( P l e k h a n o v ) , 24 C o n f e r e n c e s of B u n d , sec under B u n d C o n g r e s s of F o r e i g n Organizations of the B u n d , 166-67 Congresses, International Socialist, 26, 38, 6 1 , 9 4 . 9 8 » 99n> I 3 1 . 2 3 2 f > 2 4 ° f ) 25 1 » 2 7 8 " 80. See party congresses by individual party name C r a c o w , 256-57 " C r e d o " ( K u s k o v a ) , 112-13 C u l t u r a l identity, 3 , 1 7 - 1 8 , 31-32, 54. See also N a t i o n a l question C z e s t o c h o w a p o g r o m , 1 9 2 , 2 2 i f , 287 D a i c h , M e n d e l , 226,315, 348 D a n , Feodor, i83f D a r w i n , Charles, 21 D a v i d s o n , E l i y a h u , 171, 175-76 D e c e m b r i s t revolt, 26 D e f e c t i o n s , 145, 155,258-65 passim, 328-29 D e f e n s e Bureau, 254 D e m b o , Isaac, 16 Demonstrations, 9 7 , 1 1 9 , 140, 148-54 passim, 226, 229,238-39, 248,3or. See also M a y D a y celebrations D e u t s c h , L e v , i j f , 132 Devenishski, Isaac, 336, 348 D i k s h t e i n , S., 32 D o b r o l i u b o v , Nicholas, 13 D r a g o m a n o v , M. P., 18 D u m a , First and Second, 338. See also Bulygin D u m a D u s h k a n , Moshe, 6 i f , 117 D v i n s k , 309, 330; Central C o m m i t t e e activities in, 86,90; B u n d conferences in, y o g i , 188; workers' activities in, 94, i o r , 248; self-defense in, 226-27, 322; other groups in, 251, 265, 320, 322, 327 D v i n s k C o m m i t t e e of B u n d , 22Öf, 24on D z i e r z y n s k i , Feliks, 102-3,290 Eastern Europe, 272 Economic struggle, 25, 3 7 , 1 1 3 - 1 4 , 120-27 passim, 1 3 9 - 4 0 , 1 7 4 - 7 5 , 334-35- See also Labor m o v e m e n t ; Mass m o v e m e n t ; Strikes; Tactics Economism, 1 i2ff, 1 2 7 , 1 3 0 , 1 8 3 , i9of, 268n, 269. See also Revisionism

4OI E i d e l m a n , B. L., 75-80 passim Ekaterinoslav, 8 , 7 7 , 1 1 7 , 1 3 4 , 1 4 6 , 3 2 2 , 327, 335 Ekaterinoslav C o m m i t t e e of R S D W P , 183, I92f Elections, 326,339. See also Bulygin D u m a Electoral L a w of Dec. 1905, 337f E m i g r a t i o n , Jewish, 92f, 241, 342 E m i g r é s , Russian, 60,280. See also Plekhanov and individual émigré groups by name E m p l o y e r s ' tactics, 41-42, 101-2, 103,175 Engels, Friedrich, 68 Epstein, Alter, 103 Epstein, L i z a , 87n, 103 " E r i n e r u n g e n f u n a papirosen-makherke" ( G o z h a n s k y ) , 45 F e b r u a r y Manifesto, 303,313 Feuerbach, L u d w i g , 68 Finances, B u n d , 92f, 241-44 passim F i n l a n d , 282 F o r e i g n C o m m i t t e e of the B u n d , see

under

Bund F o r e i g n L e a g u e , 197 F o r e i g n O r g a n i z a t i o n s of the B u n d , 166 Forward Association, 241 Fraind, Der, 223, 251 F r e n c h Revolution, 26 Friends of the B u n d ( U . S . ) , 241 F r u m k i n , Boris, 83, 122, 169, 348 F r u m k i n , F r u m e , 155 F r u m k i n , Jacob, 254n G a p o n , G . A . , 295, 300 G e n e v a , 92ff, 1 6 7 , 1 7 9 ^ 200-201 G e r m a n Social Democrats, 93, 212 G e r m a n y , Jews in, 273 G i n z b e r g , A s h e r ( A h a d H a a m ) , 53, 174 G i n z b u r g , A b r a h a m , 117 G i n z b u r g , B. A . , 218 G i n z b u r g , Saul, 251 Glos Bundu, 28gn G n a t o v s k y , A n t o n , 16 G o l d b e r g , Joseph, 141 G o l d m a n , B. I., 1 8 1 , 1 9 7 G o l d m a n , L e o n , 39, 54f, 6 6 , 9 1 , 1 1 7 G o l d m a n , M i k h e l , see M a r k Liber G o l o v c h i n e r , Isaiah, 130 G o m e l , 331; other groups in, 9 5 , 1 1 6 , 2 6 2 ,

402 327; workers' activities in, 9911, 241,261, 309,311; self-defense in, 227-28,229,254; Little Bund in, 237, 309. See also Gomel pogrom Gomel Committee of Bund, 237 Gomel pogrom, 227-28,233,284 Gordon, A b r a m , 29-31 Goremykin, I. L., 43 Gozhansky, Samuel, n - 1 3 , 2 2 - 2 8 passim, 39.45.5°f> 54.62, 348 Gozhansky, Mrs. Samuel (Tsila K l i s ) , 36 Greenblat, Rosa, 66,68 Grodno: police attitudes and activities in, 42f, 85, 126; other groups in, 95,146,251, 320; workers' activities in, 98,297, 306; soldiers' circles in, 318 Grodno Committee of Bund, 257 Group, the, see Vilna G r o u p G r o u p of Socialist-Jews, 18 Gurevich, M., 375 Gurko, V . I., 303, 310 Gurvich, Evgeniia (Zhenia), 15-20 passim, 82, 85, 348 Gurvich, Isaac, i5f, 18 Gutman, Moishe, 128 Half-intellectuals, 33f, 36,90 Hanecki, Jakub, 293 Haskalah movement, 9, 11,20 Hassidic movement, 9 Hebrew language, 18, I73f, 250 Helfand, K h a i m Yankel, see A . Litvak Heller, A n n a (Mrs. P. Rosenthal), 11-13, 53 n > 2 °o> 35 2 Hertz, J. S., i26n Herzl, Theodore, 108,248f, 252n Hofman, Ben-tsion, 53n, 137, 236, 280, 349 Holiday Leaves (Peretz), 46 Holidays, revolutionary, 26. See also May D a y celebrations H u g o , Victor, 21 Hurvich, Tsivia, 39,72, 86, 87n, 90,349 Hyndman, H . M., 279f Il'iashevich, I., 50-51 Independents, 140-47,157 Ingerman, V . S., 130,132 Intellectuals, 2 1 , 2 9 , 3 2 , 3 6 , 4 7 , 68-69,86, 100-101, 126,159,236,246-47. See also Opposition

INDEX

International Socialist Bureau, 278-80 passim hkra, 134^ i7of, 205, 259, 265-72 passim, 284. See also Iskraites Iskraites: early relations with Bund, 134-35, 156; organizing efforts of, 135,192-96 passim, 202Î, 262; and Jewish national question, 170-72, 176, 277; first clashes with Bund, 177-89; break with Union Abroad, 180; and O C , 185-89 passim-, on party organization, 190-206 passim.-, at 2d R S D W P Congress, 207-20 passim ; disputes with Bund after Party split, 260.. 327. See also Bolshevik-Menshevik split; Mensheviks; Russian Social Democracy; Russian Social Democratic Workers' Party luzhnyi rabochii, 197, 218 Ivan'shin, V . P., 132 Izenshtat, Isaiah: background and early career, n - 1 3 , J7> 22> 36; debates Zionists, 50-51; at 5th Bund Congress, 167^ 204; as O C member, 199; at 2d R S D W P Congress, 206,218; as Bund elder, 236; reaction to October Manifesto, 333; post-1905 career, 349 Izenshtat, Mrs. Isaiah (Liuba Levinson), 62 Japanese war with Russia, 225, 230ÎÎ, 240,310 Jargon Committee, 36-37 Jewish civil and economic rights, 1-59 passim, 72-74, 276. See also National question ; State Jewish community: and Bund, xvii, 159, 340; institutions, 2,6, 10,19; strength of traditions in, 6, 19,43-45 passim ; impact of modernization and movement on, 9 10, 19, 40-45 passim-, national and labor consciousness in, 19, 57; reaction to selfdefense, 229 Jewish cultural identity, 3, 17-18, 31-32, 54. See also National question Jewish Democratic Group, 255, 319 Jewish Independent Workers' Party ( Y U A P ) , 140-47, 157 Jewish Manifesto (1904), 234f Jewish middle class, 7-10 passim, 29,238, 241-42,249,255. See also Liberals Jewish population, 4 - 5 , 1 1 6

403

INDEX

Jewish Social Democratic Group, see Vilna Group Jewish Social Democratic movement, see Bund; Pioneers; Vilna Group; and individual committees and publications by name Jewish workers: Bund view of, xv-xvi passim, 339-41; and circles, 13,16,20-21, 28f, 39; organization of, 19, 26, 35, 88, 98, 116,166; and intellectuals, 21, 29,32, 36,47,68-69,100-101, 126; conditions of, 27, 29, 37-38,42, 88,99, 117,139,17475. 2 3°> 2 5 7 - 5 8 ; strike gains of, 38-39, 140; at Bund congresses, 69, 87; and other movements, 146, 285^ 322,328. See also Bund (membership); Defections; Kases; Labor movement; Strikes Jewish Workers' Union (of Poland), 65 Jogiches, Lev, 17, 22,25f, 290 ]udenstaat (Herzl), 108 Kadets, 338 Ka'nal, 2 Kahan, Barukh M., 157, 349-50 Kalafati,D. P., 2i7n Kaplinsky, Israel M., 47, 66, 82, 85, 121, 350 Kases, 21, 25, 34-39 passim, 47, 58, 88, 99f, 112, 123-25 passim, 140, I56f, 240 Katz, David, 66, 86-91 passim, io6f, 113, 115,167, 169, 200, 204,246; post-1905 career, 350 Katz, Mrs. David, sec Marya Zhaludsky Katz, Hillel, see Blum Katz, Samuel, 77 Kautsky, Karl, 88, 94, 108-9, 2 73f> 2 7 9 Kharkov Committee of RSDWP, 229 Kherson province, 2n, 8 Khevrat, 6, 19, 24 Kiev, 2n, 8, 64, 75-77 passim, 116-18 passim, 146,187, 240 Kiev Union of Struggle, 77 Kishinev, 322 Kishinev pogrom, 145,150, 170, 220-27 passim, 233,242-51 passim, 256,274, 284 Kisin, Abraham, 130, 350 Klain, Bund, 237 Klasen-Kamf, Der, 8 8 Klevansky, Shmeun, 336, 350 Klingenberg, governor of Mogilev, 23on Klis, Tsila (Mrs. S. Gozhansky), 36

Knuniants, B. M., 211 Kogan, M. G., 183 Koigan, Yoina, 169,205,246,350 Kokovtsov, V. N., 299-300 Kopelson, Tsemakh, 11-14, 22,36,54,60, 92,110-11,132, i67ff; cited, 17^22,25, 32,36; post-1905 career, 350 Kosovsky, Vladimir (N. Levinson): background, n - 1 3 ; edits Yidisher Arbeter, 46; on national question, 54,166-67, 70, 191-92; at Bund congresses, 66,167, 331; as member of 1st CC, 67,70-71; responds to PPS, 72-74; detected and arrested, 82f, 121; work abroad, 116,245^ 280; on Iskraites, 135-36; on terror, 15456 passim; at Unification Congress, 179; on federation, 194-96, 199; at 2d RSDWP Congress, 205,212-13; a t International, 278ns post-1905 career, 351 Kotik, Abraham, 36 Kovno, in, 36, 62,8of, 86,102,126, 306, 309 Krasikov, P. A., i86ff, 197 Krasnukha, V. P., 183 Kremer, Aleksander (Arkady): as "Father of Bund," 11,236,245f; in Vilna movement, 11-13,2if, 26, 35f, 60, 63-64; On Agitation, 27-28,49,54,102, 11 if, 27m; changes views on Jewish worker and Yiddish culture, 54,137; 1897 trip to Western Europe, 63^ 75f, r 11; at Bund congresses, 62, 66, 67-68, 137, 167; as member of Bund CC, 67,71,95, 245; activities in RSDWP, 78-81 passim, 179, 183-85 passim, 205-6; detected and arrested, 81-83 passim, 121; work in Western Europe, 115-16,179^ 183; work in United States, 241, 280; at International, 278n; post-1905 career, 350; quoted, 17, 45,79» I 3 7 - 3 8 , 1 8 1 , 2 2 3 , 2 5 2 Kremer, Mrs. A., see Matle Srednitsky Kreslavka, 38 Krichevsky, B. N., 26,132 Krinki, 38f, 297,299 Krol, M., 254n Kronstadt uprising, 336 Krupskaia, Nadezhda (Mrs. V. Lenin), 183, i85f Krzhizhanovsky, G. M., 185,199 Kulczycki, Ludwig, 2 8 9 ^ 290 Kuropatkin, A. N., 232

404

INDEX

K u r s k y , F r a n z , i 2 n , 6311,138,24611, 293

Litvak, A . ( K . Y . H e l f a n d ) , 33,36,236,

K u s k o v a , Ekaterina, 1 1 2 - 1 3

245. 309-14 passim, 33 r, 336, 349 Local B u n d organizations, see under B u n d ; and by individual city name L o d z : w o r k e r s ' activities in, 2 6 , 1 5 7 , 299, 308,317; arrests in, 62, 85; at 2d B u n d Congress, 87; students' activities in, 2 3 7 38; u n e m p l o y m e n t in, 257; support for B u n d in, 261,330; labor Z i o n i s m in, 322 L o d z C o m m i t t e e of B u n d , 95 L o k h o v , N . N . , 185 L o p u k h i n , A . A . , 373 L u x e m b u r g , Rosa, 212, 279, 292

L a b o r m o v e m e n t , Jewish, 19-20,35-45 passim, 88, 101, 120-27 passim, 169, 192, 230, 322 Lassalle, F e r d i n a n d , 94 Lastochkin, A . V . , 297 L a t v i a n Social Democratic W o r k e r s ' Party, 226,278n, 281,283-84,290-97 passim, 303,324a L a v r o v , Peter, 31 L e a g u e for A t t a i n m e n t of F u l l Rights for the Jewish People, 3i8f L e a g u e of A r m e n i a n Social Democrats, 172 L e a g u e of Russian Revolutionary Social D e m o c r a c y A b r o a d , 180 L e i p z i g , 242 L e k e r t , Hirsh, 143,150-52 passim, 221, 234» 237 L e n g n i k , F. V . , 185 L e n i n , V . I., 62,76n, H 2 f , 133-36 passim, 1 5 6 , 1 7 2 , 1 7 9 - 2 2 0 passim, 260-72 passim, 280, 292 Lepeshinsky, P., 187 Letter to Agitators ( G o z h a n s k y ) , 27-28, 54 L e v i n , B., 87n L e v i n , E. Ia., 187, 218 L e v i n , Sholom, i68f, 259-60, 351 L e v i n , Y a n k e l , 237, 351 Levinson, L i u b a (Mrs. I. I z e n s h t a t ) , 62 Levinson, N . , see K o s o v s k y L e v i t , Rosa, 205,351 Liber, M a r k ( M i k h e l G o l d m a n ) , 54n, 137, 1 5 7 , 1 6 1 - 6 7 passim, 181, 205-18 passim, 2 45 f > 256,278n, 348 Liberals, 144, 242,254-56, 283, 305, 318-21 passim, 338, 340 Liberation of L a b o r G r o u p , 60,63, 110-13 passim, 130-33 passim, 171 L i b e r m a n , A a r o n , 18 Liesin, A b r a h a m , 5 7 , 1 2 9 Listo\ "RabotnH{a," 60 Literature, illegal, 24,86, 88,9of. See also Publications; Y i d d i s h - l a n g u a g e w o r k ; and individual papers and journals by name L i t h u a n i a n Social Democratic Party, 5 3 , 7 3 , 7 9 , 9 1 , i5of, 281 Little Bund m o v e m e n t , 237^ 309

M a k h n o v e t s , L . P., 2 i 7 n M a r t o v , Iu.: w o r k on On Agitation, 27, 2 7 m ; Turning Point speech, 5 5 - 5 6 , 5 7 , 6 1 , 2 1 6 , 2 2 5 ; and V i l n a G r o u p , 62; as part of T r i u m v i r a t e , 133-36 passim-, Bund's relations w i t h , 134t, 179, 199, 280; criticisms of B u n d , 170-71, 1 7 7 - 7 8 , 1 7 9 , 1 9 4 ; at O C F o r e i g n Section m e e t i n g , 185; positions at 2d R S D W P Congress, 207-19 passim, 265; on national question, 276-77; on B u l y g i n D u m a , 325-26; cited, 156,180, 199, 281 M a r t y n o v ( A . S. P i k k e r ) , 2 1 1 , 2 i 7 n M a r x , K a r l , on assimilation, 168, 273-74 M a y D a y celebrations, 26-32 passim, 49t, 58, 97f, 119, 150, 239^ 293, 308-9 Mass m o v e m e n t , 21, 24-25, 34, 39-40,47. See also Economic struggle; Political struggle M e d e m , V l a d i m i r , 125, 205f, 2 1 4 - 1 8 passim, 245, 259t, 272-76,278n, 292; post-1905 career, 351; cited, 167-68,205, 236,250, 272-76, 292, 3 2 3 , 3 3 i f , 335 M e m b e r s h i p of B u n d , see under B u n d M e n c h i k o f f , M . O., 235 Mendelssohn, Moses, 9 M e n s h c h i k o v , L e o n i d , 80 Mensheviks, 268-71,324-28 passim. See also Iskraites M e z h i r i c h i , 257 M i c h n i k , D a v i d , 242, 351 M i k h a i l o v , V i l n a teacher, 237 M i k h a i l o v s k y , Nicholas, 31 M i k h a l e v i c h , Bainish (J. I z b i t s k y ) , 53n, 85t, 87n, 90,265, 314,349

405

INDEX

Military: Jewish soldiers in, 2, 232; use of against radicals and Jews, 227-28, 297, 312,3i7f; Bund activities in, 230,231-32, 233.3I7-J8 Military Revolutionary Group, 232 Milkh, Jacob, 28on Mill, Joseph (John); background and early career, 11-13,22, 24,26; early concern on national identity, 32,65; as colonizer, 39; and founding of Bund, 62f; at 1st Congress, 67-68; proposes press abroad, 71; and police, 82; relations with David Katz, 91-92; establishes Foreign Committee, 92-93; activities abroad, 92ff, i n , 179, 244; at 3d Congress, 105; and national question, io6ff, 136,167; at International, 278n; post-1905 career, 351; cited, 22,26, 30,32,38,52,54,56,95,108,136-37, 244,259 Minsk, in; circles in, 14S, 19-20, worker dissatisfaction in, 36,100-101, i25f; labor movement in, 37ff, 306; as site of 1st RSDWP Congress, 76; other groups in, 128-29, I 4 I_ 47> 253> 261-62, 265; support for Bund in, 261,330 Minsk Committee of Bund, 96,100-101, 129.155» 247.3 r 5 n Minsk Committee of RSDWP, 327 Minsk Conference (1895), 40,4 I- 43> 6i£, 125-26 Minsk Group, 261-62,263 Minsk Zionist Conference (1902), 174 Minster Arbeter, Der, 125,141 Mirsky "Spring," see Sviatopolk-Mirsky Mogilev, in, 130,230,247,261,306,322, 327 Moscow, 5,77,120,135,299, 310,337 Mstislavl, 264 Munvez, M., 87n Muraviev, N. V., 120 Mutnikovich, Abram, 11-13,61,66-71 passim, 77-83 passim, 116,246,351-52 Mutual aid, tradition, 19,24,39 Naies fun Rusland, 46 Narodnichestvo, 13-14 Narodovoltsy, 14 National question, 54,80,93,105-10,160-75 passim, 191-92,252-56 passim, 271-78 passim, 286f, 33 if, 342. See also 2d Con-

gress under Russian Social Democratic Workers' Party Nashi raznoglasiia (Plekhanov), 14 Nationalism, rise of, 53-54. See also National question Neutralism, 167, 169,175,272,275-76 New York, Jewish immigrants in, 241 Nicholas 1,2,4f Nicholas II, 120, 303f Nikolaev Committee, 2i7n Nizhni-Novgorod, 183 Northern Union, 187 Northwest Committee of RSDWP, 262-65 passim Northwestern provinces, 1, 8,12,48,108, 261-62, 334. See also individual provinces and cities by name Novoe vremia, 74,235 "Oath, The," xiii, 44-45 October Manifesto, 311-12, 333 October Revolution, 331-38 passim Odessa, 117,121, 128,145, 211,240,257, 261, 322, 327,335 Odessa Committee of Bund, 24on Oguz, Max, 278n Okhrana, 80 Old Believers, 2,226 Olgin, Moissaye, 246,352 On Agitation (Kremer), 27-28,49,54,102, i n f , 27m Orel Conference, 188, i98f, 205. See also Organization Committee Organization Committee (OC), 177,183-90 passim, 196, ig8£ Opposition, the, 30-31, 32, 34,100,236 Oshmiansky, Taibechke (Mrs. S. Zeldov), 24 Osvobozhdenie, 254 Our Differences (Plekhanov), 14 Pale of Settlement, boundaries of, 1 Palen Commission, 9 Palestine, see Zionists Paris, 185-86 Paris Bloc, 282, 289,293, 324 Parkai, Shloime, 226 Peasantry, 5, 15-16,336. See also Populism People's Will, 13-14,151 Peretz, Yitskhok Laibush, 33,36,46

406 Peter the Great, 2 P e t r o k o w province, 299, 306 Petrusevich, K . A . , 79 Piatnitsky, Osip, 181, 327 P i k k e r , A . S., 211,21711 Pilsudski, Joseph, 4 6 , 5 1 , 2 8 8 f P i n s k , 157,322 P i n s k C o m m i t t e e of B u n d , 157 Pinsker, L e o , 53 P i n s k y , D a v i d , 33, 36 Pioneers, x v - x i i , 13-27 passim, 55, 91-92, 115, 246. See also V i l n a G r o u p ; and individuals by name Pisarev, D i m i t r i , 1 3 , 2 1 P i s k u n o v , A . I., 183 P l e h v e , V . K . , 145,222f, 229,233t, 248,251, 252n P l e k h a n o v , G . V . , 2 8 3 ^ 324; influence on pioneers, 21,24, 28; on a united movem e n t , 60,197; praise of Jewish m o v e m e n t , 6r, 1 3 1 , 2 7 0 ; criticizes SD's in Russia, h i ; disputes w i t h B u n d , 132, 134-35, 183,279f; at 2d R S D W P Congress, 207, 213 Plekhanovites, 60,63, n o , 131-36 passim Plock,322 Pobedonostev, K . P., 23n Podolia province, 2n, 8 P o g r o m s , 5 , 1 9 2 , 2 2 1 - 3 5 passim, 284-78 passim, 3 1 3 - 1 6 passim, 328, 335, 342. See also Kishinev p o g r o m P o l a n d : partitions, 1; Jewish population in, 8; revolutionary m o v e m e n t in, 23n, 24, 64f, 285, 288, 290, 298, 329; nationalism in, 5 1 - 5 2 ; demands on R S D W P , 79-80; strikes in 1905, 336; B u n d survives in, 339n. See also individual parties by name Polessien C o m m i t t e e of R S D W P , 262-65 passim Police: role in strikes and demonstrations, 4 i f f , 1 0 1 - 2 , 1 4 9 , 2 9 7 , 3 0 7 , 3 1 2 ; violence by, 103,147-48,229; support of labor m o v e m e n t , 120-27 passim, 1 4 3 , 1 4 5 ; and p o g r o m s , 224t, 230; as check on local organizations, 240, 246-47. See also Arrests; State; Zubatov Polish Social Democratic Party ( P S D ; S D K P i L ) , 102, i5of, 2 0 2 , 2 1 2 , 2 1 9 , 2 7 8 n , 281,290-94 passim, 329-30 Polish Socialist Party ( P P S ) , 1 0 7 , 2 3 1 , 2 8 1 ,

INDEX 329^ 334; relations w i t h Jewish m o v e m e n t and B u n d , 5 1 - 5 3 , 6 5 , 6 7 , 7 2 , 7 4 , 1 5 9 , 2 i 6 f , 285-89, 329f; congresses, 72, 285^ 329; Jews in, 65; and R S D W P congresses, 79-80,89; w o r k a m o n g Jews, 103,251, 28^ Political struggle, 49-54 passim, 58, 118, 1 2 4 , 1 4 0 , 1 5 6 - 5 8 passim, 307-8 Poltava province, 2n, 8 , 1 3 5 Ponevezh, i3f, 24,91 Populism, 1 3 - 1 6 passim, 3 0 , 5 7 Portnoy, N o a h , 1 1 5 - 1 9 passim, 123, 135-37 passim, 162-70 passim, 181-88 passim, 198-99, 204-12 passim, 245,259; backg r o u n d and post-1905 career, 1 1 - 1 3 , 352 Posledniiaizvestiia, 1 5 9 , 1 7 9 , 259,261,263, 296, 334 Postolovsky, D . S., 264 Potresov, A . N . , 133 Pravda, 117 Presses and printing facilities ( B u n d ) , 46f, 6 8 , 7 1 , 81-84, 90-94 passim, 333f P r o k o p o v i c h , S. N . , 112 Proletariat party, 266, 278n, 281, 289-90 Proletarii, 327 Protest ( L e n i n et a l . ) , 133 Przedswit, 72 Pskov Conference, i86ff Publications, B u n d , 4 6 - 4 7 , 7 1 , 88,93f, 97, i58f, 239, 333-34. See also individual Bund publications by name Raaben, g o v e r n o r of Bessarabia, 222 Rabinovich, Shmuel, 48 R a b i n o w i c h , M a x , 374 Rabochaia gazeta, 64, 76f, 81, i n Rabochaiamysl', Ii2f Rabochaia znamia, 89 Rabochee delo, i i 2 f , 132, i8of, 219 Rabotni\, 60, 132, 216 R a d c h e n k o , 1.1., i85f R a d c h e n k o , S. I., 8of Radek, Karl, io3n Rafes, Moishe, 56,352 Rappoport, S h l o m o Z a n v i l , 44-45 Red Cross, Society of the, 9on Regional C o m m i t t e e of P o l a n d ( B u n d ) , 33i Religious establishment, 19,40-42 passim, 256-57

407

INDEX Revisionism, 120,283. See also E c o n o m i s m R e v o l u t i o n a r y U k r a i n i a n Party, 278n, 281, 303.325 R e v o l u t i o n of 1905,150,23c, 241,247,282, 284, 295-343 Revolutions of 1848,26 R i a z a n o v , D . B., 178 R i g a , 95, 216,242, 248, 283,296-99 passim, 306, 322, 3 3 1 , 3 3 6 R i g a C o n f e r e n c e , 284,290,303, 324 R i g a , U n i t e d C o m m i t t e e of, 283 R o m a n o v s , see individual Tsars by name Rosenthal, Pinai ( P a v e l ) : b a c k g r o u n d and early w o r k , 1 1 - 1 3 , 36; at 3d Congress, 105; as C C m e m b e r , 1 1 5 , 1 3 5 ; rejects national and federal approach, 1 3 7 , 1 6 3 67 passim, 200; appeals f o r support of intellectuals, 159; attempts to c o n v e n e R S D W P congress, 182-83; arrest, 184; post-1905 career, 352 Rosenthal, Mrs. Pinai, see A n n a Heller Rostov strike, 302 R o v n o , 322 R o z e n , E z r a ( L a p s e r d a k ) , 241,278n, 331, 350-51 Rules of 1898, see 1st Congress under Russian Social Democratic W o r k e r s ' Party Russian C o m m u n i s t Party, 76n Russian Revolutionary O r g a n i z a t i o n "Social D e m o c r a t , " 178 Russian Social Democratic m o v e m e n t , 56, 224,324; attempts at unity in, 60,62-63, I78f, 280-83 passim, 306; Bund's role in, 79, h i , 130, 188-89, 3 4 i f ; splits in, n o f f , 131-33, 178, 216, 218, 220, 244, 278, 324; 1905 goals of, 303, 305. See also BolshevikMenshevik split Russian Social Democratic W o r k e r s ' Party ( R S D W P ) : 1st Congress, 76-80 passim, 118,190-96 passim, 207fT, 212,220; 1st Central C o m m i t t e e , 78-80 passim-, w o r k a m o n g Jews, 1 1 7 , 2 5 9 - 6 5 , 3 2 8 ; B u n d ' s v i e w of role in, 1 3 8 , 1 6 0 , 1 6 4 - 6 5 , 1 7 7 , 201-5; 2d Congress, 1 4 9 , 1 7 7 , 1 8 3 - 9 0 passim, 196-200 passim, 207-220 passim, 291-92; B u n d w i t h d r a w a l and aftermath, 150, 207,217, 244,259-61 passim, 265-71 passim; joint activities of, 280-83 Passim; R S D W P C o u n c i l , 28 i f f ; a n d P S D ,

291-92; at R i g a Conference, 303, 324; 1905 relations w i t h B u n d , 327-28; on trade unions, 334. See also BolshevikM e n s h e v i k split; L e n i n ; M e n s h e v i k s ; Russian Social D e m o c r a t i c m o v e m e n t Russo-Japanese w a r , 225,23off, 240, 310 S D K P i L , see Polish Social D e m o c r a t i c Party St. Petersburg, 6 0 , 6 3 , 7 5 , 7 7 , 1 3 5 , 2 5 4 , 2 9 6 , 306,310, 321 St. Petersburg C o m m i t t e e of R S D W P , 183, i86f, 263 St. Petersburg G r o u p of the B u n d , 242 St. Petersburg W o r k e r s ' Council ( S o v i e t ) ,

336 St. Petersburg W o r k e r s ' O r g a n i z a t i o n , 2 i 7 n Samara, 187 Sapotnitsky, A l b e r t , 242, 352-53 S c h w a r z , Solomon, i20n Segal, Shaine Raizel, 39,87n Seimists, 322 Self-defense, 222-31 passim, 242,250, 3 1 3 - 1 6 passim, 32off, 325, 340, 382. See also Boevie otriady Sergei, G r a n d D u k e , 312 S e r w y , Victor, 279 Sherman, printer in Minsk, 81, 85 Shidlovsky, N . V . , 303 Shipulinsky, F. I., 183 S h k l o v s k y , G . L . , 2Ö2ff Shtot magid, Der ( V i l n a G r o u p ) , 41 S h u l m a n , Victor, 53n, 116, 122, i27n, 353 Sipiagin, D . S., 151 Skhodkas, 35, 39, 58, 100, 124, 157, 260, 335 Sliozberg, G . B., 254n Smolensk, 5 , 1 7 9 , 182, 260 S m o r g o n , 38, 327 Socialist Revolutionary Party ( P S R ; S R ) , 155-56, 278n, 279, 284-85, 311, 328 Soroka, Hirsh, 6 6 , 8 5 , 3 5 3 Southern and southwestern provinces, i n , 8, n 6 f , 135,165,240, 263,325. See also individual provinces and cities by name Soviets ( w o r k e r s ' councils), 325, 336 Spain, Jews in, 168 Srednitsky, M a d e (Mrs. A . K r e m e r ) , 22, 6 2 , 6 6 , 9 1 , 350 State: Jewish policies of, 1 - 3 , 7 , 2 3 4 t ; and strikes, 42-43, 101-2; and labor m o v e ment, 120-21; security measures o f , 149-

4O8

INDEX

50,229; and pogroms, 222-28 passim, 315; concessions of, 2 3 3 - 3 4 , 2 5 1 - 5 2 , 3 0 3 , 306; and Zionism, 248-52 passim; response to 1905,297,303,3o6f, 31 i f ; counterrevolution, 335,337,339. See also Military; Police Steklov, I. M . , 180 Stolpner, Boris, 263 Strikes, 1 9 , 2 5 - 2 9 passim, 38-43 passim, 88, 98-102 passim, 1 2 2 , 1 3 9 - 4 0 , 2 3 9 , 2 9 5 - 3 1 2 passim, 327,336 Struve, P. B., 76n, 80-81,254 Students, 7 1 , 9 2 f , 1 1 6 - 1 7 , J 37, 237-40 passim Sviatopolk-Mirsky, P. D . , 230,233fr, 242, 255»282.3°2-3 Syrkin, N a c h m a n , 1 2 7 , 1 7 2 - 7 6 passim T a u r i d e province, 2n, 8 Tactics, 2 7 - 2 9 , 4 7 , 8 9 - 9 0 , 1 1 4 , 1 2 4 , 1 4 0 , 3 0 1 - 2 , 3 1 6 - 1 7 , 331. See also Demonstrations; Economic struggle; Mass movem e n t ; Political struggle; Strikes T e m p o r a r y Rules of 1882, 7 T e p e r , K o l i e , 157 T e p l o v , P. F., 132 Territorial principle, 1 6 1 , 1 6 6 , 1 7 3 , 1 7 5 , 2 7 2 73. See also Zionists Territorialists, see under Zionists T e r r o r , 1 4 , 1 6 , 4 2 , 1 5 5 t , 225,248, 289, 328t; B u n d policy on, 88, 1 0 0 , 1 1 9 , 1 4 7 - 4 9 , 152-53 Tiflis, 306 Tiflis C o m m i t t e e of R S D W P , 229 Tobias, M a x , 90 Tolstoy, D . A . , 23n T r a d e unions, 334-35. See also Kases T r e a t y of Portsmouth, 310 T r e p o v , D . F., 120,123, 303, 312 T r i u m v i r a t e , 133-36 passim. See also L e n i n ; Martov T r o t s k y , L e o n , 208-16 passim, 28on T r u d o v i k s , 338 T r u s i e w i c z , Stanislaw, 2 9 m Tsarskoe Selo, 242 T s e d e r b a u m , K . I., 180 T s e d e r b a u m , S. O., 1 3 5 , 1 8 1 T u c h a p s k y , P. L., ySi T u l a , 26 T u r g e n e v , Ivan, 21 Turning

Point in the History of the Jewish

Workers'

Movement,

The

(Martov),

55-56,57,61,216,225 U k r a i n i a n socialists, 278n, 281, 303, 325 Unification Congress, 179-82 passim U n i o n of Polish W o r k e r s , 24 U n i o n of Russian Social Democrats A b r o a d ( U n i o n A b r o a d ) , 6 0 , 6 7 , 1 1 0 - 1 3 passim, 130-34 passim, 138, 178-85 passim, 211, 2i7n,219 U n i o n of Southern Committees, 183^ 187 United C o m m i t t e e of Riga, 296 United States, B u n d w o r k in, 130,241,244 Unzer tsait, 205n Urussov, S. D . , 222f, 312 Vademecum ( P l e k h a n o v ) , 132 V a n K o l , H . H . , 279 Varshaver Arbeter, Der, 8gn Vasiliev, police chief of M i n s k , i 4 i f f , 145 Ve\er, Der (bristle w o r k e r s ) , 8gn, 126 Ve\er, Der ( V i l n a ) , 334, 337f Vestni\ Bunda, 233t, 244, 254, 272 " V i k u a k a v e g n m a z e l , A " ( G o z h a n s k y ) , 45 V i l b u s h e v i c h , Mania, 1 2 6 , 1 2 9 , 1 4 1 , 1 4 4 , 1 4 6 V i l n a , 1, 11, 13, 87, 135, 261, 330; early circles in, 16-23 passim-, M a y D a y celebrations in, 26, 50,97; Jewish school enrollm e n t in, 29; organizational development in, 36f, 157; strikes in, 38, 306,311; police activities in, 43, 62, 85, 229; conference of 1895, 61; other groups in, 64, 128, 143-44, t 46, 262,327; printing press of, 9 1 ; student support in, 237; religious opposition in, 257. See also Hirsh Lekert; Vilna Committee; Vilna Group V i l n a Central O r g a n i z a t i o n , 22 V i l n a C o m m i t t e e of B u n d , 70, 85, 88-89, 144, 150, 263, 3 0 6 , 3 1 5 ^ 3 3 6 V i l n a G r o u p , 1 i f f , 22-67 passim, 75-76 V i l n a Teachers' Institute, 23 V i n a v e r , M . M., 242,245n V i r g i l i , see K a h a n V i t e b s k , 38,65t, 8 6 , 1 1 9 , 1 2 6 , 1 4 9 , 2 6 1 , 3 0 6 , 328 Vitebsk C o m m i t t e e of B u n d , 3 1 1 , 3 i 5 n V l a d i m i r o v , M . K . , 264-65 V o l i n , Y e h u d a , 122, 141 V o l k o v y s h k i , 38 V o l y n i a , 2n, 8, 240

INDEX V o r o n t s o v , M . S., 4 V o r w ä r t s , 94 Vos\hod, 320 Vozrozhdenie, 254 Vpered, 327 W a h l , V i k t o r von, ¡5of, 234 W a r s a w : M a y D a y celebrations in, 26,293, 308; relations between Jewish groups and Polish parties in, 64-65; Bundists in, 65fr, 85fr, 8 9 , 9 1 , 2 6 1 , 306-7, 33of; labor m o v e ment, 38, 306; police control in, 62, 85, 229; labor Zionism in, 128; in 1905,298t 309,336 W a r s a w C o m m i t t e e of B u n d , 298 W a r s z a w s k i , A d o l p h , 292t W e b b , Sidney, 122 Weinstein, A a r o n , io6f, 162,167, 353 Who Lives by What? ( D i k s h t e i n ) , 32 W i t t e , S. Iu., 312, 333, 337 W o l f e , Bertram, 219 W o m e n ' s role in m o v e m e n t , 44 W o r k e r s , 8-9, 36, 102-3, 122-23, I92> 222> 306. See also Jewish w o r k e r s W o r k e r s ' Cause, 75t W o r k e r s ' councils (soviets), 336, 325 W o r k m e n ' s Circle, 241 Yaroslav, 13, 166 Y e r m a n s k y , A . O., i83f Yevrciskii rabochii, 334 Yiddish-language w o r k , 4, 11, 18, 29-37 passim, 45-46, 61-62, 93-94, 174, 223, 250-54 passim. See also individual papers and journals by name Yidishcr Arbeter, Der, I05n, 1 7 1 ; early history, 46, 58-63 passim, 88; becomes B u n d organ, 68; Mill editorship of, 93f, io6f, 132, 137 Yidisher U n a b h e n g i k e Arbeter Partai ( Y U A P ) , 140-47, 157

Y o u t h in B u n d m o v e m e n t , 7 1 , 9 2 f , 1 1 6 - 1 7 , 137.236-40 passim, 309 Yud, Der, 25 if Zaks, Felix, 286ff Zalewski, K . , 2 i g n Z a l k i n d , A.lbert, 39,90,96 Zaria, 134, 171 Zaslavsky, D a v i d , 117, 246, 353 Zasulich, V e r a , 92, i n , 1 3 2 , 1 5 1 , 1 5 6 Zborovski, M . S., 211 Z e l d o v , Sendor ( N e m a n s k y ) , 33,47n, 86, 9of, 106, i i 5 n , 137, 183, 186,200, 353 Z e l d o v , Mrs. Sendor ( T . O s h m i a n s k y ) , 33 Zemstvos, 234, 283 Z h a l u d s k y , M a r y a , 66, 86f, 350 Zhitlovsky, C h a i m , 106, 108, 127, 136, 248 Zhitomir, 1 1 6 , 2 4 0 , 2 4 2 , 2 6 2 , 3 1 3 - 1 6 passim, 32°.322 Z h i t o m i r C o m m i t t e e of B u n d , 299 Zilberfarb, Moishe, 249Í Zionist-Socialist W o r k e r s ' Party ( S S ) , 322Í Zionists: and V i l n a G r o u p , 5 0 - 5 1 , 5 3 ; Zhitlovsky attack on, 106; and Bund, 108, 127, 159, 164, 248-55 passim, 33of; congresses, 108, 128, 174, 250, 253, 322n, 323; and w o r k e r s , 125, i27ff, 340; and state, 129, 248-52 passim; Bund criticisms of, 13 m , 176, 34of; labor-oriented groups of, 146-47, 248-54 passim, 321-23, 330, 334, 340; splits in, 172-73, 249-54 Passim-, and pogroms, 223f, 228n, 249; numbers of, in 1905, 239; Y i d d i s h press of, 251-52; territorialists, 253-54, 322; Poale Zionists, 322 Zubatov, S. V . , 80-83 P^sim, 141-46 passim, 186, 257 Zubatovites, 123-29 passim Zuliunft, Di, 57n, 28on Zurich, 167, 331

120-29 passim,

Zurich conference ( A u g . 1897), 63n