Sir Walter Raleigh 9781400879007

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Sir JValter 'Raleigh

Sir Walter Raleigh

1

By WILLARD M. WALLACE

Ol what a noble mind is here o'erthrown: The courtier's, soldier's, scholar's eye, tongue, sword; The expectancy and rose of the fair state, The glass of fashion and the mould of form, The ohserv'd of all observers, quite, quite down! HAMLET, ΠΙ, fi, I 5 8-63

PRINCETON, NEW

JERSEY

PRINCETON UNIVERSITY

1959

PRESS

Copyright © 1959 by Princeton University Press London: Oxford University Press ALL RIGHTS RESERVED

The Library of Congress catalog entry for this book appears at the end of the text. 24>

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5> 2 9> 44> 45> 4«) 59) 64 Dutch, the, 2 3 , 1 0 3 , 1 2 5 , 1 3 5 , 1 4 5 ; W R ' s opinion of, 1 0 3 ; courage impugned by W R , 1 5 0 van Duyvenvoord, Admiral J a n , 1 2 5 , 145 E l Dorado, 108, 1 0 9 , 1 1 2 , 2 5 5 Elizabeth I, Queen, 4, 5, 20, 3 2 , 33, 34> 43> 59> 63, 64, 82, 83, 1 0 2 , 1 0 3 , 1 1 5 , 146, 147, 156, 158, 160, 1 6 1 , 1 6 2 , 1 6 6 , 1 8 2 , 1 8 3 , 206, 2 5 0 , 2 5 8 ; meets W R , 2 1 ; personality and policies of, 2 1 - 2 4 ; shows W R marks of favor, 24, 2 6 - 2 9 ; makes w a g e r with W R over tobacco, 4 7 ; accepts Essex as favorite, 4 8 - 5 0 ; angry at Essex over Lisbon expedition, 65-66; attitude toward marriage, 8 5 ; refuses to let W R sail with Howard, 8 6 ; gives Sherborne to W R , 90; forbids W R to sail after Plate Fleet, 9 1 ; anger over W R ' s marriage, 92-99; lack of interest in Guiana, 1 2 0 - 2 2 ; authorizes Cadiz expedition, 1 2 5 ; furious

at lack of spoil from Cadiz, restores W R to f a v o r , 1 3 9 - 4 0 ; prised by Essex, 1 6 3 ; convinced Essex must die, 1 7 0 ; death o f , Erskine, Sir Thomas, 270

137; surthat 189

Fayal, 149, 1 5 2 , 1 5 3 , 1 5 6 , 169, 2 4 7 ; WR's attack on, 1 4 9 - 5 1 . See also Azores Fernandez, Simon, 3 2 , 34, 39, 5 1 Ferrol, 144, 148, 1 5 4 , 1 5 5 Fitzwilliam, Sir William, Lord Deputy of Ireland, 84-85, 96, 1 0 5 Flores, 148, 1 5 2 . See also Azores France, 9, 1 0 , 2 3 , 44, 263-64, 292, 2 9 3 ) 2 95> 2 9 9 " 3 0 0 ) 3*4- $ e e a ^ s o Henry IV Freedom of Speech, in Parliament, 102 Frobisher, Sir Martin, 3 1 , 6 1 , 9 1 , 92, 96 Fuller, Thomas, 1 8 1 ; "cloak and puddle" story, 2 1

de Gamboa, Don Pedro Sarmiento, 4 3 - 5 , 109-259 Gascoigne, George, 1 1 , 1 2 Gawdy, Justice, 202, 208, 2 1 8 , 304 Gilbert, Sir Humphrey, 1 1 , 1 2 , 1 3 , 1 4 , i9> 3 ' ) 3 2 > 33) 34 Gilbert, Sir John, 1 2 , 1 3 , 98, 1 3 5 , 188 Gondomar, Count, see de Acuna, Don Diego Sarmiento Gorges, Sir Arthur, 95, 148, 1 4 9 , 1 5 0 5 1 , 1 6 7 , 168, 202, 2 3 2 , Sir Ferdinando, 1 6 7 , 168, 202, 232 Grenville, Sir Richard, 38, 39, 40, 4 1 , 5 1 ) 5 2 > 53> 63, 87-88, 89 Grey of Wilton, Lord ( f a t h e r ) , 16, 17, 1 9 , 20, 1 9 3 (son), 1 9 3 , 2x9, 2 2 3 , 224, 2 2 5 , 226, 228, 2 5 0 , 252 Guiana, 1 2 4 , 2 5 4 , 2 5 5 , 286, 290-92, 3 0 1 ; W R ' s first expedition to ( 1 5 9 5 ) : 109-22 (beauty of, 1 1 6 - 1 7 ; Amazons o f , 1 1 7 ; value to England, 1 1 9 - 2 0 ; travel classic about, 1 1 9 ) ; W R ' s second expedition to ( 1 6 1 7 ) : 265-83 Hakluyt, the two Richards, 3 6 - 3 7 , 38, 42, 54, 109, 1 2 0 , 2 3 2 Hariot, Thomas, 39, 42, 46-47, 50, 80, 82, 83, 2 1 6 , 2 3 2 Hawkins, Sir John, 46, 6 1 , 97, 99, 1 2 4 , 1 2 5 , 2 1 3 , 2 6 1 , 283

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INDEX Henry I V , K i n g of France, 43J 4.4, 86, 1 2 3 - 2 4 , 1 2 5 , 200. See also France Henry, K i n g of Navarre, see Henry IV and France Henry, Frederick, Prince of Wales, 2 3 7 , 2 39> 2 43> 249, 2 5 2 , 283 Herbert, William, E a r l of Pembroke, 2 2 3 , 266, 283, 299 Howard, Charles, Lord Admiral and E a r l of Nottingham, 6 1 , 9 1 , 1 1 1 , 125, 126, 132, 133, 1 3 J , 137, 15657, 1 6 0 , 1 6 7 , 1 8 7 , 188, 200, 2 1 0 , 227 Howard, Frances, L a d y Cobham and Countess Dowager of Kildare, 1 7 5 76 Howard, Lady Frances, Countess of Somerset, 2 5 1 , 2 5 3 , 254 Howard, Lord Henry, E a r l of Northampton, 1 9 2 , 194, 1 9 7 , 203, 250, 2 5 1 , 2 5 6 ; hatred of W R , 1 8 2 - 8 3 ; denunciation of W R , Lady Raleigh, and Cobham, 1 8 7 - 8 8 ; accepts Spanish pension, 2 1 3 , 257 Howard, Lord Thomas, E a r l of Suffolk, 86, 87, 89, 1 2 5 , 1 3 2 , 1 3 4 , 1 4 4 , 146, 1 4 7 , 1 5 1 , 1 5 2 , 200, 2 0 3 , 209 Huguenots, see France and Henry IV Hume, David, 1 2 0 , 249 Huntingdon, E a r l o f , 1 2 3 , 265, 266

Ireland, 1 3 , 1 4 , 26, 28-29, °> i, 63, 66, 67, 68, 84-85, 1 0 5 , 1 0 6 , 1 2 4 - 2 5 , 1 5 8 - 5 9 , 160, 1 6 1 - 6 2 , 1 6 3 , 269, 3 1 0 Islands Voyage ( 1 5 9 7 ) , 1 4 1 - 5 5 James V I , K i n g of Scotland, and I , K i n g of England, 4, 5, 1 6 6 , 1 6 7 , 1 7 1 , 2 1 6 , 2 1 9 , 226, 2 3 1 , 2 3 7 , 239, 240, 2 5 2 , 254, 2 5 5 , 2 5 7 , 258, 267, 270, 284, 285, 286, 287, 288, 289, 292, 296, 298, 299, 3 0 1 , 304, 306, 3 1 0 , 3 1 2 , 3 1 4 ; loathes tobacco, 4 8 ; religious opinions of, 1 8 6 ; convinced that W R is dangerous, 1 8 8 ; ascends throne of England, 1 8 9 ; meets and dislikes W R , 1 8 9 - 9 1 ; object of conspiracy to bring about accession of, 1 8 1 - 9 2 ; commutes WR's and others' sentences to imprisonment, 2 2 3 - 2 5 ; gives Sherborne to Carr, 2 3 3 - 3 5 ; dislikes WR's History of the World, 2 4 9 - 5 0 ; dominated by Count Gondomar, 2 5 8 - 6 0 ; gives Gondomar intelligence of W R ' s expedition to Guiana ( 1 6 1 7 ) , 2 6 2 - 6 3 ; orders WR's

arrest, 2 8 3 ; rewards Stukely, 2 9 5 ; considers ways of legally executing W R , 3 0 2 - 3 ; refuses to listen to appeals for WR's life, 307 Jonson, Ben, 1 7 6 , 248, 249, 266 Keymis, Lawrence, 1 1 1 , 1 1 2 , 1 1 8 , 208, 2 1 0 , 2 3 4 , 254, 2 6 1 , 268, 2 7 5 , 276, 2 7 7 , 278-9, 280-81 K i n g , Samuel, 286, 2 8 7 , 288, 292, 294, 295 King's Bench, Court of, 202-3, 2 1 4 - 1 5 , 2 1 8 , 305-6

121, 274, 293, 208,

Lake, Sir Thomas, 270 Lane, Ralph, 39, 40, 4 1 , 42, 5 1 , 52, 82 L a Renzi, Lawrence, 1 9 5 , 208, 2 1 3 Leicester, E a r l of, see Dudley, Robert Lisbon, 1 3 6 ; attack on, 64-65 Main Plot, 1 9 3 - 2 1 6 fassim Manourie, Dr., 288, 289, 292, 296 > 3 ° 4 Markham, Sir Griffin, 2 1 8 , 2 2 3 , 2 2 4 , 225 Marlowe, Christopher, association with W R , 80-82 Medina-Sidonia, Duke o f , 1 2 7 - 2 8 , 1 3 5 , 1 3 6 , 268 Meyrick, Sir Gelly, 149-50, 1 5 1 , 169 Milton, John, 1 2 1 , 240, 247-48 Montague, Sir Henry, 306, 307 Mount Aio, 276, 277 Mount Iconuri, 1 1 8 , 276, 280 Naunton, Sir Ralph, 293, 297, 300, 307 Norris, Sir John, 64, 65, 86, 258 Northumberland, E a r l o f , see Percy, Henry Ormond, E a r l o f , 1 6 , 18 Overbury, Sir Thomas, 2 1 7 , 2 5 3 , 254, 255 Parliament, 28, 2 3 3 , 240, 2 5 4 ; of 1 5 9 3 , 100-05; *597> 1 5 7 - 5 8 5 of 1 6 0 1 , 177-80 Parsons, Father Robert, 76 Pembroke, E a r l o f , see Herbert, William Percy, Henry, E a r l of Northumberland, 82, 1 8 5 , 266 Perrot, Sir John, 1 4 , 64 Perrot, Sir Thomas, 1 4 , 49 Philip II, K i n g of Spain, 22, 2 3 , 4 5 , 59, 6 1 , 62, 86, 87, 106, 1 2 3 , 1 2 4 - 2 5 . See also Spain

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INDEX Philip III, King of Spain, 259, 265, 270, 284, 302. See also Spain Plate Fleet, 86, 87, 90, 136-37, 148, !53) 154, 261-62, 282, 297 Pocahontas, 267-68 Popham, Sir John, Chief Justice of King's Bench, 168, 205, 208, 212, 217, 218, 228, 232, 306; character and career of, 202-03; sentences WR to death, 215-16 Preston, Sir Amyas, m , 118, 181, 209 Privy Council, 5, 13, 20, 23, 58, 59, 63, 84, 124, 156, 157, 158, 165, 184, 192, 194, 195, 250, 255, 270, z8 5 , 3°9> 3 ! 4 Puritanism, 103-05, 177, 248, 254 Raleigh, Carew, brother of WR, 7, 77, 90 , Carew, son of WR, 228, 234, 3 1 °! 3!4 , George, nephew of WR, 226, 274, 280

, Katherine Champernoun, mother of WR, 7, 8 , Lady (Elizabeth Throgmort o n ) , wife of WR, 118-19, 197, 199, 22O, 227, 231, 234, 267, 268, 2828 3i 2%9i 3 0 1 ) 3 I 0 > marriage to WR, 91-945 disapproves first Guiana voyage, n o ; animosity toward Lady Cobham, 175-76; criticized by Henry Howard, 1875 pleads to Cecil for WR's life, 219; quarrels with WR, 228-29; meets WR at Plymouth after second Guiana voyage, 286; visits WR for last time, 309 , Margaret, sister of WR, 7 , Sir Walter, reasons for studying about, vii-viii; multifarious interests, 4 ; ancestry of, 7; at Oxford, 8; in the Huguenot wars, 9, 10; at the Middle Temple, 10, 1 1 ; as a poet, 1 1 ; action against Spanish shipping, 12-13; duel with Thomas Perrot, 14; early activities in Ireland, including Smerwick massacre, 13-19; introduced at Court, 20; meets Queen Elizabeth, 2 1 ; envoy to William the Silent, 2 6; ideas on Ireland, 26; receives Durham House and wine and broadcloth licenses, 26-27; knighted, 27; appointed Lord Warden of the Stannaries, Lieutenant of Cornwall, and Vice Admiral of the West, 2728; elected to Parliament of 1584,

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2 8 ; acquires Irish properties, 28-29; appointed Captain of the Guard, 29; active interest in Virginia, including ideas of colonization and naming of colony after the Queen, 31-42; captures Don Pedro Sarmiento de Gamboa, 43-45; promotes tobacco, 46-48; sends out the "Lost Colony," 50-54; transfers Virginia interests to syndicate, 54-55; prepares defences against Armada, 59-60; Mayor of Youghal, 60; role in defeat of Armada, 60-63 > duel with Essex prevented by Privy Council, 63-64; part in Lisbon attack, 66-67. Association with Spenser, 68-71, 83, 84; poetry, 69-75; criticism of views, 75-76; accused of atheism, 768 3 ; association with Marlowe, 8082; many-sided patron, 8 3 ; quarrels with Fitzwilliam, Lord Deputy of Ireland, 84-85; writes pamphlet on the Revenge, 88-90; helps save Rev. John Udall, 90; receives Sherborne, 90; command of Panama expedition cancelled by Queen, 9 1 ; "seduces" and marries Elizabeth Throgmorton, 91-94; imprisoned in Tower, 92-99; temporarily released to secure the Mad-re de Dios, 97-99; retires to Sherborne, 100; serves in Parliament of 1593, speaking on the Separatists and the defense of Ireland, 101-05; makes expedition to Guiana, sees its imperial value and writes travel classic, 109-22; ardent for attack on Cadiz, 125; quarrels with Vere, 126; persuades Essex and Howard to change plan, 130-31; contrives his own plan of battle, 132; leads attack, 3-4) !33-35) wounded, 135; share of spoils, 137. Continues friendly with Essex and Cecil, 138-40; restored as Captain of the Guard, 139-40; plans for voyage to Azores, 142; writes on "The Spanish Alarum," 142; Rear Admiral in Islands Voyage, 144-48; attacks Fayal without Essex, 149-51; confronted by Essex and apologizes, 151-53; ends regular naval career, 154-55; makes enemy of Lord Admiral Howard, 156-57; attends Parliament of 1597, 157-58; appointed Governor of Jersey, 158; recommends drastic Irish policy, 158-

INDEX 5 9 ; recommends reduction of Essex, 1 6 3 - 6 5 ; tries to reason with Gorges, 1 6 7 - 6 8 ; present at Essex's execution, 1 6 9 - 7 1 ; unpopularity of, 1 7 2 - 7 3 ; meets Sully and Biron, 174-75; serves in Parliament of 1 6 0 1 , speaking on monopolies, the subsidy, farming and Catholics, 1 7 7 - 8 0 ; plotted against by Howard and Cecil, 1 8 3 88; meets James I, 1 8 9 - 9 1 ; loses Captaincy of Guard and Durham House, 1 9 1 - 9 3 ; in T o w e r f o r treason, 192-9 5 ; attempts "suicide," 196; writes controversial letter to wife, 1 9 7 - 9 9 ; recovers courage and writes Cobham, 1 9 9 - 2 0 0 ; tried before King's Bench and convicted, 2 0 2 - 1 6 ; praised f o r conduct at trial, 2 1 7 - 1 8 ; pleads to James for mercy, 2 x 9 ; recovers courage again, 2 2 0 ; writes " T h e Passionate Man's Pilgrimage," 2 2 1 2 2 , sentence commuted to imprisonment, 2 2 3 - 2 5 . Loss of main sources of income and of Sherborne, 226-29, 2 3 3 - 3 5 ; chemical and pharmaceutical experiments, 229, 2 3 1 ; writes essays for Prince Henry's edification, 2 3 8 - 4 0 ; political philosophy, 2 4 0 ; view of a w i f e , 2 4 1 - 4 2 ; writes History of the World, 2 4 3 - 5 0 ; alleged epitaph on Cecil, 2 5 1 - 5 2 ; interest in Guiana gold gains release, 2 5 4 - 5 7 ; after difficulties, finally sails to Canaries, 2 5 7 - 7 1 ; illness forces him to remain off Trinidad, 2 7 1 - 7 5 ; two mines, 2 7 6 ; refuses to forgive Keymis for son's death, 2 8 0 - 8 1 ; returns to E n g land, 2 8 1 - 8 3 ; arrested by Stukely, 2 8 7 ; pretends illness to write " T h e A p o l o g y , " 2 8 8 - 9 2 ; tries to escape and is betrayed, 293-95 ; seeks Queen's help, 2 9 6 ; defends Guiana policy, 297-98; suspected of plotting with France, 2 9 8 - 3 0 0 ; hearing, and sentence of death, 3 0 5 - 0 7 ; comforts wife, 3 0 9 ; writes religious couplet, 3 x 1 ; superb behavior and execution, 3 1 1 - 1 7 ; spelling and pronunciation of name, 3 1 9 , Walter, son of W R , 106-07, 1 9 9 , 228, 2 3 2 , 2 4 1 , 266-67, 274, 278-79 , Walter of Fardell, father of W R , 7, 8 Revenge, the, 87-89

Richard II, 144, 1 6 7 , 250 Richelieu, Cardinal, 264 Roche, Lord, 18, 269 Roe, Sir Thomas, 2 5 4 , 2 5 5 , 256, 262, 270, 277 St. John, Sir William, 256, 293, 294 St. Michael, 149, 1 5 4 . See also Azores San Thome, 2 5 5 , 264, 274, 2 7 5 , 276, 2 7 7 , 279, 280, 284, 287, 290, 2 9 1 , 297 Shakespeare, William, 82, 1 2 1 , 1 6 1 , 1 6 7 , 1 7 7 , 250 Sidney, Sir Philip, 69, 85 Smerwick, 1 6 - 1 7 Somers, Sir George, 1 1 1 , 1 1 8 , 1 8 1 Spain, 5, 6, 3 7 , 43> 5 3 , 59, 1 0 2 > I 0 3 > 1 2 3 , 1 4 1 - 4 2 , 1 7 7 , I 7 9 , 200, z ° 4 , 206-07, 239, 284, 285, 290, 2 9 1 , 292, 3 1 4 . See also Armada, the Philips I I and I I I , Gondomar, and Guiana Spanish Marriage, the, 260, 295, 307 Spenser, Edmund, 5, 6 8 - 7 1 , 83, 84 Stuart, Arabella, 1 9 4 , 2 0 3 , 204, 2 1 0 , 213 Stukely, Sir Lewis, 40, 287, 288, 289, 292, 293-95, 296, 304, 3 1 0 , 3 1 4 Suffolk, E a r l of, see Howard, L o r d Thomas Terceira, 144, J 4 9 , J 5 3 Throgmorton, Sir Arthur, 1 2 6 , 1 3 5 - 3 6 , 234 • — , Elizabeth, see Raleigh, L a d y , Sir Nicholas, 92, 2 1 5 Treason, legal basis of, 207-08, 2 1 4 , 218 T r i a l of W R , 2 0 2 - 1 6 Tyrone, E a r l of, 1 2 4 , 1 2 5 , 1 6 2 , 1 6 3 Udall, Reverend, John,

90

Venice, 1 3 7 - 3 8 , 263, 264-65, 299 Vere, Sir Francis, 1 2 4 , 1 2 5 , 1 2 6 , 1 3 3 , 1 3 4 , 1 3 5 , ! 3 6 , 1 3 7 , H 5 , I 49> I 5 I , 258 Villiers, George, Duke of Buckingham, 2 5 5 , 256, 2 8 5 , 293, 296-97, 307 Virginia, 3 1 - 4 2 , 5 1 - 5 7 , I 2 o , 1 8 0 , 2 3 2 , 233 Waad, Sir William, 202, 203, 2 1 0 , 2303 1 , 253 Walsingham, Sir Francis,

333

85

10, 19,

32,

INDEX Warsfite,

the,

3,

125,

133-3J,

144,

i45> ! 5 4 , 1 5 5 White, John, 39, 42, 50-60 •passim Williams, Sir Roger, 65, 66, 67, 86 Wilson, Sir Thomas, 300-02

Winwood, Sir Ralph, 2 0 1 , 2 5 4 ,

255,

2 5 6 , 282, 283 Yelverton, Sir Henry, 303, 305-06

T h e Library of Congress has catalogued this book as follows:

Wallace, Willard Mosher, 1 9 1 1 — S i r Walter Raleigh. Princeton, N . J . , Princeton University Press, 1959. 327 p. illus. 25 cm. Includes bibliography. 1. Raleigh, Sir Walter, I 5 5 2 ? - I 6 I 8 . D A 8 6 . 2 2 . R 2 W 3 3 C 9 2 3 . 9 4 2 ) 5 9 — 9 6 7 7 J Library of Congress

334