212 106 50MB
Turkish Pages 257 Year 2008
6L1< $ / / ( 5
6L67 ( 0/ ( 5
$. $'(0L < $ QM VLQ\DOL VDGHFH Q LQ WDPVD\L GHJHUOHUL LFLQ WDQWPODQPUVWLU %LU GLMLWDO VHVVLQ\DOLQLQ L LQFL RUQHJLQH YHER\OHFH NLVLOLN DLOH ELLWFHVLRUWDODPDVPD
XP
EDNUQDPQ ELUDQODUP \RNWXU L© W
a
W
W 2F DN
2F DN
aHNOO$\QN] DPDQOOVOQ\DOHELU2UQHN2&DN FODQ2&DN DKDIWDOLN' RZ- RQHVERUVDHQFOHNVL Q
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ā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
2-
E
aHNOO D V XUHNOL]DPDQO YHE D\QN] DPDQOV LQ\DOOHULQJUDOLNVHOJRVOHULPOHUL
%X NLWDEP FRJXQOXJXQGD D\QN ]DPDQK YH VLLUHNOL ]DPDQK VLQ\DOOHUL D D DQFDN SDUDOHO RODUDN HOH DIDFDJ] a\OHFHBEBLUJUXS LFLQJHOLaWLULOHQ RQVH]L GLJHaL a LDPa \DUGGF RODUDN NXOODQ,DELUaaOXa GH RPHNOHUQH VRUXVXQDGRQHFHJL] YH X DV DQLa RLQaNOHPHOH HGH HGOHQ VXUHNK]DPDQK VLQ\DO LOH D\QN ]DPDQK VLQ DO DUDVPaDNOaNL\ PFHOHUQHN LQ VLLUHNOL ]DPDQK YHD\QN ]DPDQK NDYUDPODQ ELULUD \DJHW- UH&HJL] 6LQ\DO ( QHUMLVL YH *Xa LIG aLaW\H aDGDUaJODQDQ FaLWOL FLPHNOHUGHQ VLQ\DOOHULQ RN aL8L IHQRUQHQOHUL D H H HFHJPaRUX\Ra] 8\JXODPDODUP KHSVPGH ROPDVDGD ELUFRJXQGD HOH DO GLJXUXaāa\aOOFUIL]aVHO EUUVVWHUQGHNL JLLYHHQHUML\L WXWDQ IL]LNVHO QLFHOLNOHUOH GRJ UX GDQ DO&-OJKGLBU2PHJPaHJaaVa\ODY YH LW 5 GLUHQFL LOHELUGLUHQER\XQFDJHUL P YH P VHDQO- NJXF 2\OHGU SW YW L,
B 9 W 5
^,,
6 LQ\DOOHUYH6 LVWHPOHU
%2OWLP
%D]L VLQ\DOOHU LFLQ GHQNOHPLQGHNL HQWHJUDO YH GHQNOHPLQGHNL WRSODP ELU OHVPH\HELOLU RP HJHU [W`YH\D [>Q` KHU ]DUQDQ VLILUGDQ IDUNK ELU WDPVD\L\D HVLW LVH
6WW]DPDQ DUDKJPGD KDUFDQDQ WRSODP HQHUML
Uā S G -,5YF G
(URLOHVLQ\DOOHUVXXUOL HQHUML\HVDKLSNHQEXJLEL VLQ\DOOHU VRQVX]HQHUML\H VDKLSWLU
-
%HQ]HUELUVHNLOGH VRQVX] ELUDUDOLNWD ]DUQDQRUWDODPD JLLFLOVLUDVL\OD VLLUHNOL YH D\QN]DPDQGD
YHEX]DPDQ DUDKJ ER\XQFD RUWDODPD JXF
B BUā SW G W WW-
6 LLUHNOL=DPDQOO YH$\QN =DPDQK6 LQ\DIWHU
Uā
YW GW WW- 5
YH %HQ]HU VHNLOGH 6HNL , GH JRVWHULOHQ RWRPRELO LFLQ VXUWXQPH LOH KDUFDQDQ DQ OLNJLLFSW` EYW` GU YHER\OHFH YHO GHQNOHPOHULQGH NLJLEL ELU]DPDQ DUD OLJPGD WRSODP HQHUML YHRUWDODPD JLLFLLWDPPOD\DELOLUL] %XQODU JLEL EDVLW IL]LNVHO RUQHNOHUGH PRWLYDV\RQ JLEL KHUKDQJL ELU VLLUHNOL ]D PDQ VLQ\DOL [W YH\D KHUKDQJL ELU D\QN ]DPDQK VLQ\DO LFLQ [>Q@ JLLF YH HQHUML LFLQ EHQ]HU ELU WHUPLQRORML\L NXOODQPDN \D\JP YH ID\GDK ELUX\JXODPDGLU $ \QFD ODVDFD JRUHFHJLPL] JLEL RaQOXNODNDUPDVUN GHJHUOHU DODQ VLQ\DOOHUL HOH DOPD\L X\JXQ EXOD FDJL] %X GXUXPGD L W W ]DPDQ DUDKJPGD VXUHNOL ]DPDQK ELU VLQ\DOGH [W` WRS ODP HQHUML O[O LQ [ VD\LVUUXQ NDUPDVLN RODELOLU ELL\LLNOLLJLLQLLLIDGH HGHQ
1
RODUDN WDPPODUQU %X WDPPODUOD LLRQHPOL VLQ\DO VLPILP EHOLUOH\HELOLUL] %XQODQQ LO NL VLPUK WRSODP HQHUMLOL VLQ\DO VLPILGLU RP ( RRLFLQ RODQ VLQ\DOOHU %X JLEL ELU VLQ\DO VLLUHNOL]DPDQK GXUXPGD RUQHJLQ GHQNOHPLQGHQ
3 , H R ",UU
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a GW
U
% $ *,06 ,= '( *L.( 1 '21880/( 5 L 6LQ\DO YH VLVWHP DQDOL]LQGH ELU WHPHO NDYUDP ELU VLQ\DOLQ GRQaLLPLLGLLU PHJLQ ELU XFDNNRQWURO VLVWHPLQGH SLORWXQ KDUHNHWOHULQH NaKN JHOHQ VLQ\DOOHU HOHNWULNVHO YH\D PHNDQLN VLVWHPOHUOH XFDNVLLULLaLLQGHYH\DGDKD VRQUD DUDFUQ GLQDPLN YHNLQHPDWLJL LOH VLUDV\OD X\DNK]PGDYH\RQLLQGH GHJLaLPOHUKDOLQH JHOHFHN GLLPHQ YH\D NDQDWFWNJL EL XFDNNRQWURO \LL]H\OHULQGH GHJLaLPOHUH GRQaWLLULLOLLU $ \QFDELUFRNGX\DUK VHVVLV WHPLQGHNDVHW YH\D&'LL]HULQHND\LWK ELUPLL]LJLLIDGH HGHQ ELUVLQ\DO LVWHQLOHQ R]HO OLNOHUL DUWUPDN ND\W JLLULLOWLLVLLQLL\RN HWPHN YH\D VLQ\DOLQ aLWOL ELOaHQOHULQL RP WL]OLN YH EDV GHQJHOHPHN DPDF\OD GHJLaWLULOLU %X EROLLPGH VPUK DQFDN EDJPVL] GHJLaNHQLQ EDVLW GHJLaLPLQL LFHUHQ RP ]DPDQ DNV EDVLW VLQ\DO GRQLLaLLPOHULQLQ RQHPOL VPWILQD RGDNODQ- PaWU %X EROLLPGH YH LOHUOH\HQ EROLLPOHUGH JRUHFHJLPL]JL EL EDVLW GRQaLLPOHU VLQ\DOOHU YHVLVWHPOHULQ ELUFRN WHPHO R]HOOLJLQL WDUXWPDP]D LP NDQ VDJODU'DKD VRQUDNL EROLLPOHUGH D\QFD VLVWHPOHULQ GDKD]HQJLQ YHRQHPOL VUXIOD QP WDQPODPDN YHR]HOOLNOHULQL EHOLUOHPHGH RQHPOLURO R\QDGJOLOO JRUHFHJL]
YHD\QN ]DUQDQGD 1
( aOLP />1O /aOO Y1
ROGXJXQX JRUGLLJLLPLL]GHQRUWDODPD JLLFLL2ROPDKGLU 6LUXUKHQHUML VLQ\DOLQH ELURUQHN a ,a, LFLQ , GHJHULQL DNVL GXUXPGD 2 GHJHULQL DODQ VLQ\DOGLU %X GXUXPGD ( , YH3 2 GWU 6LQ\DOOHULQ ELULNLQFL VLPIL 3VLPUK RUWDODPDJLLFOLL RODQODUGLU$ ]RQFH JRUGLL JLLPLL]GFQ\RODFLNDUDN HJHU 3! LVH
HHROPDVU JHUHNLU %XHOEHWWHPDQQNKGLU FLLQNLLHJHU KHUELULUQ ]DPDQ LFLQ VLILUGDQ IDUNK ELURUWDODPD HQHUML YDULVHRP VLILUGDQ IDUNK JLLF EXQX VPUUK ELU ]DPDQ DUDKJPGD ELUOHVWLUPHN YH\D WRSODPDN VPUK PLN WDUGD HQHUML RUWD\D NDQU 2PHJLQ [>Q` VDELWVLQ\DOL V,OO7KHQHUML\H VDKLSWLU DQ FDN RUWDODPD JLLF 3 GLU $ \QFD QH 3 QH GH
LQ VPUK ROGXa VLQ\DOOHU EXOXQ PDNWDGLU %DVLW ELURPHN [W` WVLQ\DOLGLU 'LJHUEROLLPOHUGHYHEXQGDQ JHUL\H NDODQ ODVXQGD EXVPIODQQKHUELULQGHNLGLJHUVLQ\DORPHNOHULLOHNa Na\DJHOHFHJL]
RODUDN WDPUQODPU *LLFLLQ ]DPDQ RUWDODPDVL GHQNOHPL ]DPDQ DUDKJLPQ WUW X]XQOXJXQD EROLLQHUHN HOGH HGLOLU $ \P VHNLOGH D\QN ]DPDQVLQ\DOLQGH >Q@ Q Q Q]DPDQ DUDKJLQGD WRSODP HQHUML
O,< ,
U O[,a GW ( aOLP /U U
3 OLPa /O[+ 1 1
, %XQXQ JLEL ELU LOLVNL YDUROVD ELOH YH GHQNOFPOFUL \DQKL ER\XODUD YH ROaNOHUF VDKLS RODELOLU 2PaLQ YF GFQNOHPOHUL NDULODLWPOGLQGR HJFU [W ELUGLUHQH ER\XQFD JFULOLPL JRVHULUVH IL]LNVHO HQHUML ELULPLQL HOGHHWPFN LFLQ - GHQNOHPLQLQ GLUHQF RPFaLQ RKP LOF 2OaLOKQ2L LOHEROXQPRVL JFUHNWLaLQL JRQLQL]
6 P\D'HU YH6 LVWHPOHU NLOQ
6 OLUHNL =DPDQOOYH$\QN =DPDQOL6UL\D- HU
% DJPV]'HJ OaNHQOQ 'RQXaXPOHUOQH2UQHNOHU
[WQO %LU VLQ\DOLQ EDJLPVL] GHJLVNHQLQLQ EDVLW YH FRN RQHPOL ELU GRQLLaXP RUQHJ@ ]DPDQ ND\GUUPDGUU $ \P VHNLOOL DQFDN ELUELUL\OH EDJPWK \HU GFJLaWLULOHQ YH\D ND\GPODQ LNL VLQ\DOH VDKLS [> Q@ YH [> Q QU- D\QN ]DPDQGD ELU ]DPDQ ND\GLUPD 6HNLO , GH JRV WHULOPLVXU $\QFD 6HNLO , GD JRVWHULOGLJ JLEL [^O QLQ[R JHFLNQULOPLV HJHU SR]LWLI LVH YH\D LOHUL HJHU QHJDWLI LVH YHUVL\RQXQX JRVWHUGLJL VLLUHNOL ]DUQDQGD ]D PDQ ND\GLUPDODULP HWF DODFDJU] %X VHNLOGH LOLVNLOL VLQ\DOOHU FHaLWOL DKFLODQQ IDUNK NRQXPODUGD ELU RUWDP DUDFKJ LOH VX ND\D KDYD YE DNWDQODQ VLQ\DOL JR]OH\HQ UDGDU VRQDU YH VLVPLN VLQ\DO LVOHPH JLEL X\JXODPDODUGD JRULLOLLU %X GXUXPGD VLQ\DOLQ WUDQVIHU FGLOGLJL EDVODQJLF QRNWDVPGDQ KHUKDQJL LNL DKFU\D \D\LKP VXUHVLQGHNL IDUN LNL DKFLGDNL VLQ\DOOHU DUDVPGD ELU ]DPDQ ND\UQDVL LOHVRQXFODQLU =DPDQ HNVHQLQLQ LNLQFL ELU WFPHO GRQXaLLPX ]DPDQWHUVLQPHVLGLU PHJLQ 6H NLO OO2 GD JRVWHULOGLJL JLEL [>Q`VLQ\DOL [>Q` VLQ\DOLQGHQ \DNODVUN \DQVLPDVL LOH VLQ\DOL WHUV GRQGXUFUHN HOGH HGLOLU $ \UX VHNLOGH 6HNLO , ,, GH JRVWHULOGLJL JLEL [ VLQ\DOL \DNODVLN \DQVUPDVL LOH [, VLQ\DOLQGHQ HOGHHGLOLU %F\OHFHHJHU[^, ELU VHV EDQGL ND\GLP LIDGH HGHUVH [ JHUL\F GRJUX FDKQDQ D\P VHV ND\GLGUU %LU EDVND GRQXaLLP ]DPDQ ROFHNOHPHVLGLU 6HNLO O GH EDJUPVL] GHJLVNHQGH GRJUXVDO ROFHN GHJLVLPOHUL LOH LOJLOL LLF VLQ\DO [ [ YH [L JRVWHULOPLVWLU (JHU WHNUDU [O \L EDQW ND\GL RODUDN GXaXQLLUVHN [ D\ VFV ND\GLPQ LNL NDX KL]OD YH [L LVH \DQ KL]OD FDKQDUXGLU & RJXQOXNOD DYH 3QP YHULOFQ VD\LODUROGXJX[DW- ELFLPLQGHNL VLQ\DOL HOGH HWPHN LFLQ YHULOHQ ELU VLQ\DOLQ [^, EDJLPVL] GHJLVNHQLQLQ GRQLLaLLP HWNLVLQL EHOLUOF PHN LOJL FHNHU 6RQXFWDNL VLQ\DOLQ HJHU , D, , LVH GRJUXVDW RODUDN X]DUQDVU , D, !, LVH GRJUXVDO RODUDN VUNUVQQOPDVL D LVH]DPDQGD WHUVLQPHVL YH HJHU S VLILUGD IDUNK LVH ]DPDQGD ND\GLQOPDVL KDULFLQGH EDJUPVU] GHJLVNHQLQ EX JLEL ELU GRQLLLLPLL [^ QLQVHNOLQL NRUXU %X DVDJLGDNL RUQHNOHUGH JRVWHULOUQLVWLU
Q D
;OQ
OR
W
aNOO
%LU ]DUQDQND\GQQD6LH LOJL VXHO, ZQDQOO 6 OO OOHU a- DNLH OR2GWE\OHFH [, , LHUL YHUV\RQXGXU ^[OIGHOGKHU QRNOD[^OIGHQGDKDHUNHQ ELU
Q E
aOGO D ELQ\QN ]DPDQKVP\DO[QME \DNODaN 2GD āFQVLQ?ā
]DPDQGDROXaXU
6, ;^Q-
[W
[Q
D
[W Q
[W [QOORO
aNOO %LU]DPDQ ND\GUPDV LOHLOJOOL D\QN ]Dā PDQK VLQ\DOOHU %X aNLOGH E!2 GLU E2\WHFH ^Q OE@ $Q- LQ JHFLNWLULOPLa YHUVL\RQXGXU $QIGHNL KHUQRNOD GDKD VRQUD OQ IE GDRUWD\D FNDU
Q
a E aNOO ^D EOUVLLUHNL]DPDQOO 6OO DO [WWE \DNDMN GD\DQV PDVO`
W
aNLO ]DPDQ2ORHOGHPH OLHLOJLOLVLLHOGL ]DPDQOO VWO DOHU
6 LQ\DOWHUYH6 LVWHPOHU
%WXP
6 XUHNL= DPDQOW YH$\QNDPDUL- 6 LQ\D'H
2UQHN VWHULOUQLXU[W , VLQ\DOL 6HNLO OE GH JO!VWFULOaLL 9 FULOFQ [WW aP\DK 6HN ,E OGNDJVRRODND\aD LOHUOFPF\F ND- OLKN JFOLU 2]HOOLNOF W WRGD LEL HNVHQL ER\XQFD EOU PP J ,
GH[W O GFROaWX$XQDGLNNDOHGHKP [W QP GH$ HUPPWU , [W-
2PH$ LQ W, GH [W QLQ GH$HUL W , , RÂFD [W O GH EXWXQXU$ \QFD W LFLQ[^W VIX ROGXa aLQ W , LaLQ[W VIOO GWU$ \UX aLOGH W! LaLQ [W VILU ROGXa W ! , LaLQ [Wa , VIOO GLU [W ,- GHNL W LOH GHJLaWLULOHUFNHOGHHGLOHELOHQ[ ,- VLQ\DOLQLHWFDODKP [W , [W O LQ]DPDQ WHUVLQPa YHUV\RRXGXU% XQHGHQOH[ , JILOFHORODUDN[W O LQ6FOFLO F GHJO!VWHULOGLMOJLE ,HNVHUXER\XQFD\DQVZDNHOGHHGLOHELOLU
2PHN 9 HULOHQ[^W VLQ\DOL6HNLO ,D GDJVHULaU6HOFLO ,G GH J HULOG$LJE [IW VLQ\DOL IDNWRQL LOH [W QP VUNPOP EDOLGOU 2]HOKOFOH UāFD WW QLQ GH$HQQLQ , I GD [IW GH ROXaXJXQXQRWHGFOLP2PF$ WQW , GF[ GH$HUL WL^, I GD [^ WW GHEXOXQXU $ \QFDW LaQ[W VIUROGX$XQGDQW LaLQ [IW VLIPKU$ \Qa,GHW! LaP[W VIU
ā DO
ROGXaQGDQW!WLaLQ[I VIOUGWU
2PHN
āa 2
,
DYH QP YHQOHQ VD\OODUROGXa[DU - IRQQXQGDVLQ\DO HOGH HWPHN DPF\ODYHULOHQVLQ\DO [W QLQEDJPVL]GH$LNHQLQLQGQPHWNLVLPEFOLUOHPHN LVWHGL$LPL]LYDUVD\DKP%XQX\DSPDā 'O' 6,6WHPDOLNEUU \DNO P[W \LSGH$HUPFEDD-RODUDNQFHJFFLOQLQQFN YF\D LOHUOFWPFNYH
VRQUDDGHJHUL LOH LOLONLOL RODUDNHOGFHGLOHQ VP\DOLL]FQQGH ]DPDQ OaOHPFVYFYF\D ]DPDQ WHUVPPHVLX\JXODPDWPU*FFLNOLULOPL- YF\DLOHULVLQ\DOF$FU , LVHGRaVDORODUDNVLOUG2ULLOXU
a,
HJHU
, [W-
ODO ODO!, LVHGRDXVDORODUDNVaPOWUYH H$HUD LVF ]DPDQGD WFUVGQHU
%X\DNOaPDQODWPDN LaLQ[W LaLQ[IW , LQ QDVLO HOGH HGLOHEOFFHJ6FNLO ,,- D GD JVWFULOPLLU3 ,ROGXJXQGDQ [W LON2QFH6HOFLO D GDJVWHULOGL$ LJLE , LOHUOHWLOLU VROD ND\GPOWU I ROGX$XQGDQ6FNLOOF GFJO!VWHULOHQVLQ\DOLFOGH HXQFN LaLQI IDNWQLLOF 6HNLO OE GHN ND\GPOPWaVLQ\DOLG!$XVDORODUDNVWNOWUDELOLUL]
ODO
B
&
GL
%LUVRQDUVLQ\DOLQGH]DPDQND\GWQQDYHE]ODQPDYF\DELUEDQWND\GPWQWHUVL JLELIL ]LNVHO IHQRPHQOHULQLIDGHVLQGHNLNXOODQXQ- DQQDFNRODUDNEDJXQV]GHJLaNFQLQGRQaLLP OHULVLQ\DOYHVLVWHPDQDOL]LQGFaN ID\GDOGUU%ROLLPO GDYHEROLLP GFEDJQV]GH JLaNHQGRQaLLPOHULVLVWHPOHULQR]HOOLNOFULQLDQODWPDNYHDQDOL]HWPHNLaLQNXOODQODFDNWU %XGRQLLaLLPOHUD\QFDVLQ\DOOHULQED] RQHPOLR]HOOLN- HULQL WDUXPODPDNYHLQFHOHPHN LaLQ RQHPOLGLU 3HUL\RGLN 6 OQ\DOOHU
O, ā HNO GHN8DQODQVLLUHNO]DPDQOW aND ED2LPV]GH4OaNHPQGQaOOOOOQJVWHUPHNa P ā ā UEO VLQ\DOaaā E ]DPDQND\GLUPD VLQ\DOO F ]DPDQND\GQOPaVLQ\DOOO, F OO VP\D U ]DPDQa\GUPDV YH ]DPDQ WHUVLQPHVLLOH HOGH HGL8U G ]DPDQ aaa VLQ\DO [W YH H
[WW , VLQ\DOL]DPDQND\GUPDYH2,4HOOHPHOLHHOGHHGOLU
%XNLWDSER\XQFDVWOFa NaOaFDJPX]RQHPOLELUVLQ\DO6O'OIWSHUL\RGLNVLQ\DOOHUVPIL GLU%LUSHUL\RGLNVLLUHNOL]DPDQKVLQ\DO[W WXPWGHJHUOHULQGH ,,, [, [W 7 L\LQELUSR]LWLI7GHJHULROPDVR]HOOLJLQHVDKLSWLU'LJHUELUGH\LaOHELUSHUL\RGLNVLQ\DO UQLQ ]DPDQND\GWUPDVLOHGHJLaPH\FQELUR]FOOLJLYDUGU 3HUL\RGLNVLLUHNOL ]DPDQKVLQ \DOOHUaaLWOL EDJODPODUGDRUWD\DWOFDU2PHJLQ 3UREOHP GHJRVWHULOGLJLJLEL HQHUML QLQ NRQPGXJXVLVWHPOFUGHGRJDOELUWFSNL R]GLUHQaHQFUML \D\GPDVLGHDO/& GHYUHOHUL JLELYFVLLUWLLQPFND\EWROPD\DQLGHDOPFNDQLNVLVWHPOHUJLEL SHUL\RGLNWLUYHDVKQGD%R OLOP GHDQODWODFDNRODQED] WHPHO SHUL\RGLNVLQ\DOOHUGHQROXaXU
6 LQ\DOOHU YH6 LVWHPOHU
6 LLUHOGL= DPDQOW YH$\QOF =DPDQ6 OQ\DOOHU
aNLO %LUVXUHa ]DPDQK SHQ\RGLN VLQ\DO ā7
2
7
7
7
,
3HUL\RGLN VXUHNOL ]DUQDQK ELU VLQ\DO RPHJL 6HNLO GH YHULOPLVWLU HNLOGHQ YF\D GHQNOHPLQGHQ HJHU 7 SHUL\RGX LOH[W SHUL\RGLN LVH WLLUQ WGHJFUOHUL YH KHUKDQJL EUU P WDUQVD\UVL LFLQ[W [W P ROGXJX NROD\FD EXOXQDELOLU %R\OHFH [W GH 7 7 SHUL\RGX LOHSFUL\RGLNWLU [W QLQWHPHO SFUL\RGX 7R ,,, GHQN OHPLQLQ WXWWXJX UQLQ HQ NLLaLLNSR]LWLI GHJHULGLU [W QLQ WDPVD\L ROGXJX GXUXP KDULF WFPHO SHUL\RGXQ EXWDUXUP LVOHU %XGXUXPGD [W KHUKDQJL ELW 7VaLPL LFLQ HQNLLaLLN SR]LWLIGFJFU \RNWXU SFUL\RGLN ROGXJXQGDQ WHUQHO SHUL\RW WDPPVL]GLU 3HUL\RGLN RO PD\DQ ELU[W VLQ\DOL GRQHPVL]VLQ\DORODUDN DGODQGPKU 3FUL\RGLN VLQ\DOOHU D\ULN ]DPDQGD EHQ]HU RODUDN WDPUQODPU 2]HOOLNOH ELU D\ QN ]DPDQK VLQ\DO [IQ`1 LQ ]DPDQ ND\GUUPDVL LOH GFJLaPL\RU LVH RP LQ WXP GH JHUOHUL LFLQ [>Q@ [>Q 1- LVH1 LQ SR]LWLI WDPVD\L ROGXJX W- SHUL\RGX LOH SHUL\RGLNWLU (JHU GHQNOHPL WX WDUVD[>Q GH 1 1 SHUL\RGX LOHSHUL\RGLNWLU 7HPHO SHUL\RW 1R GHQNOHUQL QLQ WXWWXJX HQ NLLaLLN SR]LWLI 1GHJHULGLU 1R WHPHO SHUL\RGX LOH D\QN ]DPDQK SHUL \RGLN VLQ\DOH ELURUQHN 6HNLO , GH JRVWHULOPLVWLU
[^Q- [^Q- UVH
%LUVLQ\DO HJHU [ [W [I [>Q-
aHWHNWLUGFQLU %MUHaVLQ\DO YH GHQNOHPOHUL [2 [2 YH[>2@ ^2- XUXPXQXJHUHNWUGJ UHP 2 GD RROPDVL NL & IW [ RPHNOHUL 6HNL -- GH JRVWHQLOPWU JHUH U YHWHNVXUHNK ]DPDQK VLQ\DO
UL , , , ,
Q
aHNLO V 1R WHPHOSHUL\RGX LOHELUD\QN ]DPDQESHUL\RGLN VLQ\DO
B Ka,
2UQHN
D
9 HULOHQ ELUVLQ\DOLQ SHUL\RGLN ROXS ROPDGJLQ EHOLUOHPHN LFLQ JHUHNHELOHFHN SUREOHP WLSLQL JRVWH UHOLP 3HUL\RGLVLWHVLQL NRQWURO HWPHN LVWHGLJLPL] VLQ\DO aJGD YHULOPLVWLU [,
FRVW W2 B[I ^ VLQW W2
7ULJRQRPHWULGFQ FRVU FRVW YF VLQU a VLQ, ROGXJXQX ELOL\RUX] %R\OHFH ,! YH D\Q D\Q HOH DKPUVD [W QLQ KHU U X]XQOXJXQGDN@ DUDKNWDQ VRQUD NHQGLQL WHNUDUODGLJUP JRULOQ L] $ QFDN HNLO GD JRVWHULOGLJL JLEL [O D\QFD RULMLQGH EDVND KLHELU ]DPDQGD JLLULLO PH\FQ ELU VLOUHNVL]KN JRVWFULU %LU SFUL\RGLN VP\DOLQ VHNOPGHNL KHU R]FOWLN SHQ\RGLN RODUDN WHNā UDUODQPDN ]RUXQGD ROGXJX LHLQ [ VP\DOLQLQ SFUL\RGLN ROPQGW VRQXFXQD YDQQ]
a D V XUHNL ]DPDQ VLQ\DO E OHN
VXUHNL]DPDQ VLQ\DO
%2OLLP
6 OQ\DOOHU YH6 LVWHPOHU
6 XUHNOLODPDQO YH$\QNODPDQO 6 LO\DOOHU
Q! [^Q@ ^ 2Q
6 XUHNOO= DPDQK. DUPDN2V WHOYH6 LQXV 6 OQ\DOOHUO 6LLUHNOL]DPDQK NDUPDVLN XVWHOVLQ\DOJHQHOOLNOH &YHD QP NDUPDVLN VD\LODUROGXJX [W
&W
ELFLPLGLU %XSDUDPHWUHOHULQGHJHULQHEDa RODUDN NDUPDVLNXVWHOELUHRN IDUNOW R]HOOLN JRVWHUHEOOOU
Q 2
*HUaHOF8VWHO6OQ\DOOHU
Q WZ^[^Qa
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
Q Q !
? @
ā WWW aW , - ā Q ā 2
?Q ; , Q Q!2
G^[>Qa
? āā ā
W O O
,
R
L
Q
aNOO ELU D\QN ]DPDQK VLQ\DKQ WHNaIW D\Q PaO
EL IWGLJHUL WHN ROPDN X]HUH LNLVLQā QHPOL ELU JHUFHNEHUKDQJa ELU Qaaā LQ "aHN LFLQ[W QLQFLIWNLVUP RODQ \DOLQ WRSODUP aHNOLQGH SUDODQDE?HFHJGU XQX JR VXVLQ\DOL HOHDODKP O[ [W @ HY^[W ` W $ HNLOGH[W QLQ WHN NLVUP DDJLGDYHULOUQLVWLU O 2G^[W ` W[W [W @ \Q a G HNROGXJXQX YH[W QLQ EX LNLVLQLQ WRS?DQX &LIWSDIOOOOODVOPGD FLIW WHa SFDUXQ DW GLU 7DP RODUDN EHQ]HU WDQXQODU D ONa ROGXJXQX NRQWURO HWPHN EDVLW ELU DOWWOaa DOLQ WHNFLIW D\QVLP RUQHJL HNO PDQK GXUXPGD WXWXOXU $ \QN ]DPDQ UU VP\ ,6 GH JRVWHULOUQLaWLU
867 ( / 9 ( 6L186 6L1< $/ / ( 5 L
, OOHUL DQā , NO ]DPDQK YHD\QN]DPDQ VLQ\D %XYHEXQGDQ VRQUDNL ERO8POHUGH FaWK WHPHaUa, NDOPD\S D\QFD GLJHU VLQ\DOOHUL ROXWXā ODWDFDJ] %XVLQ\DOOHUVDGHFH VLN VUN RUWD\D F D D
UDELOHFHJLPL]WHPHO\DSEORNODU RODUDN FDKaUODU
E
aNOO 6XUHNL ZQDQK JHaN 2VWHO [a &H D D!2 E D
R
%P
6 LLUHWGL =DPDQOYH$\QN=DPDQOW6 LQ\DOOHU
6 LQ\DOOHUYH6 LVWHPOHU
GLN.DUPDLN 2V WHOYH6 LQXV 6 OQ\DOOHUL 3HU\R OPD\D ]RUODRUQDV . DUPDVLN LLVWHOOHULQ ELU LNLQFL RQHPOL VXXILD PQ WDPDPHQ VDQD R LOH HOGH HGLOLU 2]HO RODUDN VXQXHOH DODKP O [W
GG
%X VLQ\DOLQ RQHPOL ELU R]HOOLJL SHUL\RGLN ROPDVLGUU %XQX GRJUXODPDN LFLQ ,, , GHQNOHPLQGHQ HJHU
- ZW- ZUO7-
-
LVH [W QLQ 7SHUL\RGX LOHSHUL\RGLN RODFDJXX KDWWUOD\DKP 9 H\D SHUL\RGLVLWH LFLQ L]
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
OHGLJL
$FRVXRW a G H aHO HO
ROGXJXQGDQ
GHQNOHPLQGHNL LNL LLVWHKQ NDUPDVLN JHQOLNOHUL ROGXJXQX QRW HGHOLP $ OWHPDWLI RODUDN ELU VLQX]RLGL NDUPDVLN XVWHO VLQ\DO EDNLPPGDQ F NDUPDVLN ELU VD\L LVH OOH^ F` QLQ JHUFHN NLVUPJRVWHUGLJL aDJGDN LIDGH LOH JRVWHUHELOLUL] $ FRV&WO, $ OH^ W L` $ \QFDF QLQ VDQDO NUVUP LFLQ P^F` QRWDV\RQXQX NXOODQDFDJL]ER\OHFF RUQHJLQ $VLQ&WO, W $OLP^H
%R\OHFH H ,,YHHOaUOVLQ\DOOHUL a\PWHPHO SFaL\RaaVaKLSWLU , 6 N , GH JRVWHULO 3HUL\RGLN NDUPDVLN XVWHO LOH \DNPGDQ LOLVNLOL EDUVP\D H GLJL JLEL VLQXV VLQ\DOLGLU - [W $ FRV2- U- , LI %LULP W JLELVDQL\HOHU LOH YH ZRELULPOHUL VLUDVU\OD UaG\DQ YH KHUVDQWH L\aaU GWL G $ IF P KHU VDQL\H LFLQ GRQJLL ELULPLQH VDKLS ROGXJX Ya\D HUW] ]
U aODaN GD\D]UKU . DUPDVLN LOVWHOVLQ\DO JLEL VLQXV VLQ\DOL GH GHQNOHP ZR \R ā GLNā LOHYHULOHQ 7RWHPHO SHUL\RGX LOHSHQ\R W QU [W $FRV OORO FS
`
GHQNOHPLQGHQ WHPHO IUHNDQVRODUDN DGODQGLUGUJXP] ELUVLOUHNOL ]DPDQOW VLQXV VLQ\DOLQLQ YH\D SHUL\RGLN NDUPDVLN LLVWHOLQ WHPHO SHUL\RGX 7 MOLa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
ILU
G
FXR
I GW 7R aHNOO V2UHNOL ]DPDQK VLQXV VLQ\DL
aN
aWDULLXFOOFULQ KHVOSODPXO OHLWJK ( XOHU ERWQ-6YFGOFUWFPFOILNUOFUEXOXPXQVRQXQGDSURE OFPOFQQ PDWFPNVFO ROGHQ JaQQF NPQGDFOFKQPaXU
6 LQ\DOOHUYH6 LVWHPOHU
%LLP
6 XUHNOL= DPDQK YH$\QN=DPDQK 6 LQ\D'HU
, U [W ā226
3 OLPOH, U 7 7
GWPO
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
H
,
GLUYH Z7R PU QLQ NDX ROGXJXQX LIDGFHGFU Z7 QN N , %R\OHFH HJHU U # 7R LVH GHQNOHPLQL VDJODUQDN LLLQ Z QLQ Z P ELUWDPVD\L NDX ROGXJXQX JRULOULO] < DQL KDUUQRQLNRODUDN LOLVNLOL NDUPDVLN LLVWHOOHU NLLPHVL KHSVLWHNELUSR]LWLIIUHNDQVP OW NDWODQ RODQ WHPHO IUHNDQVK SHUL\RGLNLLVWFOOHUNLLPHVLGLU 0W H- 0,
N 2
N 2LLLQ - MW VDELW LNHQ N QP EHUKDQJLGLJHU GHJHUL LFLQ 0W WHPHO IUHNDQV ONOZR YH VXWHPHO SHUL\RWLOHSHUL\RGLNWLU U 7R
ONOZR NO
aNLO 6 XUHNL]DPDQO 6OOOLL6VLO\DOOHa aQ WHPHO IUHNDQV YH SHUL\RW DLDVLRFODNL LOOaNL EXUDGD D ! a ! DR 7 7] 7 ROGXJXQX EHOLUWLU
F
, 3 SUUI!:
7R
( SUL 2,
,
G
OGXJXQGDQ VLLUHQLQ WDPDUP LOH
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
W RRLOH RRDUDVPGDGHJLaLUNHQVRQVX]Va\ aSHQ\RW R RGX WDP82HQ D\P JRULLQLLU
LLJLOL WRSODP HQHUML aRaVX]GXU aFDNaP\aaPaUaaaLa ELUNDF SHUL\RGXQ RUWDODPD 6LQ\DOLQ RUWDODPD JaFX KHUBSHQ\RWWDNOHHa aLNIWVWHOVa\DOLQ VLUXUK RUWDODPD JLLFLL JLLFLL KHU ]DPDQ O GLU < DP NDUPDVL SHQ\R VXQD HVLWWLU
2UQHN %DXQ LNLOFDQQa/OF LOVWFOLQWRSODPXX WFN ELU aN LOVWHOLQ LLQLQLL YH HN ELU VLQX]RLGF RODUDN IDGFHWPHNDPD HGLOLU 2PFJLQ aGDNL VLQ\DKQ EX\LLNOLLaLLaL]PFN,6OFGLaL]- GaFOLP [W a
%2OWLP
6 LOUHNIM =DPDQO- YH$\QN DPDQOO 6 LQ\DOOHU
6 LQ\DOOHU YH6 LVWHPOHU
ā ā ā
aUaL >,O>8āāā
, ,
aNOO D\QN a EDVDPDN FL=,6,
^SN 1>Q@ H OL1; UQ@ %X GHQNOHPLQGH YHULOHQ NLLPHGH VDGHFH 1 IDUNK SHUL\RGLN LOVWHO ROGXJXQX DQOD XU2PHJLQ
USR^Q@ S> H ,1 H
1 ^S1 > H- OU1O Q1
P
, ,
, ,
, ,
GHQNOHPLQGHNLOHULQ KHSVL IDUNOUGLU YH KHU GLJHU EXQODUGDQ ELUL LOH D\PGLU RP
,
,
,
U
,
Q
,
,
P 31 >@ R^Q@ YH >Q@ 1
D 72SODQUULI
%L5L0 '85 789 ( %L5 L0 %$ 6$ 0$ . La/ ( 0/( 5 L
%X EROLLPGH GLJHU ELUFRN WHPHO VLQ\DOOHUL R]HOOLNOH VLOUHNOL YH D\QN ]DPDQGD ELULP GXUWLL YH EDVDPDN LVOHPOHUL VLQ\DO YHVLVWHP DQDOL]LQGH D\QFD ROGXNFD RQHPH VDKLSWLU %R+LP GH ELULP GLLUWLL VLQ\DOOHULQLQ GLJHU VLQ\DOOHULQ ROXVWXUXOPDVU YH LIDGH HGLOPHVL LFLQ WHPHO \DS ELULPOHUL RODUDN QDVUO NXOODQDELOHFFJLPL]L JRUHFHJL]$ \QN ]DUQDQK GX
2
Q
,
,
aNOO GHQOGHPUZ GHYDP HGHQ WRSDP D OO2 E =!
, ,
P E
UXPOD EDVOD\DKUQ
$ \UN= DPDQK% LUOP' XUWXY H% LULP% DV DPDN' O]LOHUL
$ \QN ]DPDQK ELULP GLLUWLLYHELULP EDVDP N G D\QN]DPDQOW ELULP GLLUWLL D DUDVP D\DNP ELULOLVNL YDUGLU 2]HOOLNOH
(Q EDVLW D\QN]DPDQK VLQ\DO ELULP GLLUWLLGLLU YH\D ELULP RUQHNOHP 6HNLO , GH JRV WFULOHQ VXVHNLOGH WDUXUQODPU
Q@ X>Q@X>Q@
^
R>Q@
W
DB\Qa aDQOL EDVDUQDJP LON IDUNLGLU a QP RUQHJLQ KDUHNHOOL WRSODQXGUU < DQL
Q 2 . LWDS ER\XQFD \HU GHJLVWLUHUHN R^Q@ GHQ ELULP GLLUWLL YH\D ELULP RUQHN RODUDN EDKVHGHFHJL]
X>Q@
VHNLOGH D\QN ]DPDQO EL E
PP DVDPDN EL
I R>P@
>Q-
O !!RW
ODUD-
HNLO D\QN]DPDQK ELULP GXUW2 2PHN
aaDUaHa JUDILNVHO HaLO OaGD JRVWHULOUQLWLU %LULP RPHJLQ WHN VUIUU GH NO GHJNL "DWUQVL] GHJNHP VLILU RODQ QRNWDGD ROGXJX LFLQ VHNLOGHQ , Q HUQP H VHQ WRSODPP Q LaLQ 2 YH a , ,
WQLa
a
HJLNHQLQL a GHQNOHPLQGH P GHQ GHLLaaaaaLF DVDPDJP ELULP RUQHN EDNPPGD 8VHNLOGH \D]- DELOHFHJL EXOXQXU
%LU LNLQFL WHPHO D\QN]DPDQK VLQ\DO X>Q@ LOHJRVWHULOHQ YH
aaaa
Q 2 XQ >@ ^ Oa
X>Q@ ,RUQN@ N
YH\D HVGHJHU VHNLOGH LOH WDPUQK D\QN ]DPDQK ELULP EDVDPDNQU %LULP EDVDPDN GL]LVL 6HNLO , GD JRVWH
ULOUQLVWLU
X>Q@ IRUQN@
6 LQ\DOOHUYH6 LVWHPOHU
7RSODPWQ DUDK2 X,
UWN ,
Q, 2O H
a 6XUHW ZP ELQP EDVDā PDNORRNVO\RRX 7RSODPRQ DUDK
2]HOOLNOF VLLUHNOL ]DPDQK ELULP EDVDPDN
!
/
R7 GU
^ aHNOO GHQNOHPLQGHYHULOHQOOLaNL D Q2 E Q!
ELULP GLLUWLLQLLQ KDUFNHWOL HQWHJUDOLGLU %X D\QFD W LOH DUDVPGD GD GHQN OHPLQGFNL FO>Q@ LIDGFVLQF EHQ]HU ELULOLNLRQHULU 2]HOOLNOH GHQN- HPLQGHQ VLLUHN OL ]DUQDQK ELULP GLLUWLLQLLQ VLLUHNOL ]DPDQK ELULP EDVDPDJP ELULQFL ULLUHYL RODUDN GLLLLā QLLOHELOHFHJL VRQXFX FUNDU
E
LU %X GXUXPGD N@ QLQ VLILUGDQ IDUNK , GHQNOHPLQGHNL WRSODPP GHQNOHPL FNO GH JRVWFQBOPWa M GHJFUL N QP Q F HVLW ROGXJX GFJHUGHG U a\ HFH \PH GX
Q2 LFLQ 2 YH Q LLaQ ROaXJXQX JRUXUX? ā XV GLLUWLLOHULQ ELQGLUPHVL JLELGLU RU GHQNOHPLQLQ ELU \RUXPX JHH 8QQE ELUL GXUWXāā O@ GLOOHUL Q GF ā ā G a@ QO GH U PP , W! QHJLQ GHQNOHPL Q 2 GD EPa aQX a G EX RUXPXQ WDP ELU NXOODPUP JRVWHUL UU@ WRSODUP RODUDN JRUHELOLUL] %ROXP H \ OHFHNWLU GL]LVL Q 2 GDNL ELU VLQ\DO GHJHULQL RPHNOHPHN LFLQ NXOODQOaEKU OO N%OHQPVDGa 2LFLQ VLILUGDQ IDUNK YH O HHVLW ROGXJXQGDQVXQDX\DU
]H
[>Q@ >UU@ [>2@ >
R>UUUUR@ EāP āPGLLUWLLVLLQLLHOH DKUVDN 'DKD JHQHO RODUDN Q QRGD [UU@QQ@ [>QR@>QR@ %LULP GLLUWLLQLLQ EXRPHNOHPH R]HOOLJL %RKOP YH GH RQHPOL UROR\QD\DFDNQU
GW
$ \QN ]DPDQK GXUXPXQ DNVLQHU2 GD XW` VLLUHNVL] ROGXJXQGDQ YH EXQXQ VRQX FXQGD ELFLPVHO RODUDN WLLUHYOHQHELOLU ROPDGJ LFLQ EX IRQNVL\RQXQ ELLULLPGLLUWLL IRQN VL\RQXQXQ LIDGHVLQGF ELaLPVHO JLLLOLLNOHU PHYFXXXU $ QFDN Q GHQNOHPLQL HNLO GH JRVWHULOGLJL JLEL $NUVD]DPDQ DUDKJPGD 2GHJHULQGHQ , H\LONVHOHQ EL ULP EDVDPDJPD \DNQVDPD LOF\RUXPOD\DELOLUL] (OEHWWH ELULP EDVDPDN DQL RODUDN GH JHU GHJLaULULU YHEXQHGHQ- H VLOUHVL KHUKDQJL ELUSUDWLN QHGHQ LFLQ VRUXQ ROPD\DQ $ LLLQ X, QLQ ELU LGHD&WLULOPHVL RODUDN GLLLLQLLOHELOLU %LFLPVHO RODUDN $ LNFQ XW QLQOLPLWLGLU HNLO , GH JRVWHULOGLJL JLEL L GXW
^,
GL WLLUHYLQL HOH DODKP
6X UHNOL=DPDQK%LULP % DV DPDNY HDāULPRUWX X ) RQNV O\RQODUL 6LLUHNOL ]DUQDQK ELULP EDVDPDN IRQNVL\"Qa a >W- BD\QN ]DPDQOL HVL LOH D\P VHNLOGH WD QLPODPU 2]HOOLNOH 6HNLO , GH JRVWHULOGLJL JLEL
W ^ ā, ! GLNND HG OLP 6LLUHN-L ]DUQDQK ELULUQ GXUWLL W 2 GD ELULP EDVDUQDJP VXUHNVE]aOGXaQa EDaDPLF IRQNVL\RQODQ DUDVPGDNL LOLNL IRQNVL\RQX D\QN ]DPDQK āaa Xa H LOHD\UX VHNLOGH ELULP EDVDPDN LOHLOLVNLOLGLU
,
āL
aNOO ELQPEDVDPDN \H62UHNOL a- OOODPD
a 8$W QOQ WLOUWYO
6 LQ\DIWHU YH 6 LVWHPOHU
%OOOXP
N
ā
ā
,QWHJUDO HUDKOMW 2
R
O
āāā
HNOO 6 2UHNOL] DPDQKEOULPG2UW2
HNOO 2OaHNOHQPLaG2UW2
Waā-
V
$ VLLUHVLQGH YH$ QLQ KHU GHJHUL LFLQ ELULP DODQ LOH W QLQ NLVD ELUGDUEH ROGXJXQD GLNNDW HGHOLP $ LNHQ W ELULP DODPP NRUX\DUDN GDKD GDU YH \LONVHNGXUXPD JHOLU 6XXU ELFLPL , - Ma,
,QWHJUDODUD
āā
,QWHJUDOWOWMOW R
ER\OHFH $ VLLUHVL EHOLUVL] KDOH JHOLUNHQ NLVD GDUEHVLQLQ LGHDOOHVWLULOPHVL RODUDN GLLLLQLLOHELOLU FW QLQ JHFHUOL ELU VLLUHVL GFJLO DQFDN ELULP DODP ROGXJXQGDQ GDUEHQLQ DODPPQ U 2 GD \RJXQODVQJLP LVDUHW HGHQ YH RNXQ \LLNVHNOLJL YH \DUXQGDNL , LQGLLU WLL DODUXP LIDGH HGHQ RNXQ U 2 GD ROGXJX NDEXO HGLOHQ JUDILN QRWDV\RQX 6HNLO O GH JRVWHULOPLVWLU 'DKD JHQH RODUDN NF ROFHNOHQPLV GLLUWLLVLL ELU N DODQPD VDKLSWLU YF ER\OHFH
B
E
V HNOO GHQOGHPGHYHULOHQKDUHNHU O2 E O!2
/
,, ā
E
D
N!
NRU GW
HWOO GHQOGHPQGH YHWLHQOLOFOD O2 E O!2
2OFHNOHQUQLV GLLUWLL\LL JRVWHUUQHN LFLQ NXOODUXODQ RNXQ \LLNVHNOLJLQLQ GLLUWLLQLLQ DODP LOH RUDQQK RODFDN VHNLOGH VHFLOGLJL N DODQK ELU ROFHNOHQPL GLLUWLL 6HNLO O GD JRVWHULO PLVULU $ \QN ]DPDQK LOH ROGXJX JLEL GHQNOHPLQLQ KDUHNHWOL HQWHJUDOLQLQ EDVLW
a\QaaPDQK GLLaGHROGXJX JLEL VLLUHNOL]DUQDQK Gā R]HOOJPH VDKLSWLU 2]FOOLNOH ELaNVHEH WHQ G XBUWXaHBHRBNRQHPK ELU RPFNOHPH ,WVXUHNOL ]DPDQK IRQNVL\RQODQQ ÂÂW SO aODO\WELU GXUWXQXQ YH GDKD L\L GDYUDUXV XUXQ HQP HH DOPDN 2 U , N aQ DaNODPDV HQNROD\ RODUDN , G B QHP W R DFD RU %X QLFHOL ULOPLWLU 2]HOOLNOH VXQX HOHDODKa HQNOHPPH JRUH aW WDUXUP NXOODPODUDN JHOLVWL
JUDILNVHO DQODXUPUQ VDJOD\DELOLUL] EX 6HNLO , GH JRVWHULOUQLVWLU 6LLUHNOL ]DPDQK EL ULP GLLUWLL FU U 2 GD \RJXQODW LFLQKDUHNHWOL HQWHJUDOLQ 2 LFLQ 2 YH W ! LFLQ , ROGXJXQX JRULLULL] $ \QFD GHQNOHPLQGH VLLUHNOL ]DPDQK ELULP EDVDPDN YH GLLU WLL DUDVLQGDNL LOLVNLQLQ HQWHJUDOGHNL EDJLPVL] GHJLVNHQ U GHQ D U \H GHJLVWLULOH UHN GHQNOHPLQGHNL D\QN ]DPDQK ELFLPH EHQ]HU ELU VHNLOGH IDUNK ELU IRQQGD \D]LODELOHFHJLQL QRW HGHOLP
XF!
/
IDF a!GX
RU GU
$
; [W 2$, HOGO OD GD LNL ]DPDR IRQNVL\RQ [ W B EXQODQQ LLULLQOHULQLR VLILUGDQ IDUNO, ORXPOW YH LWa JRaWHaOP- aU YH HNLO OE GH GLU < DSV LWLEDUL LOH R V D 6, DQUXQ JHUXO&OOOUUX JRUXQWLLVLLQLL JRULLOPHNWH [W 8DUDKJP LL]HaGHDNOLN aaaD [W VLILUGLU < HWHULQFH NLLFLLN LFLQ
L a
YH\D XW
U
RW X GX
XW LOH F DUDVPGDNL EX IRQQGDNL LOLVNLQLQ JUDILNVHO \RUXPX 6HNLO O GH YHULOUQLVWLU %X GXUXPGD F FU QWQ DODUX R WQRNWDVPGD WRSODQGLJL LFLQ \LQH GHQNOHPLQGHNL HQWHJUDOLQ W LFLQ 2 YH W!LFLQ ROGXJXQXJR 4BULL] (QWHJUDO DOWP GD ELULP GLLUWLLGDYUDPVUUXQ EXWLSJUDILN \RUXPX %ROLLP GH FRN ,D\GDK RODFDNXU
[W RLW [2 R- W $ 2 LNHQ OLPLW a ROGXJX LFLQ DDJGDNL GHQNOHPH X\DU B [W aW [2 a, , $ \PGXXQFH OLH UDVJHOH ELU QROFWDGD RaXQO LIDGH PHYFXWWXU %X \ IILO WR GL\HKP EUUGLLUWLL LaLQ EFQ]HU ELU
[W aWWR [WR aW
6 LQ\DOOHUYH6 LVWHPOHU %XP
62UHNOL=DPDQEYH$\QN =DPDQ- 6 LQ\DOOHU
2UQHN aaaaaa
a
a
aaGUFaLQ\DO
[ \L aOH DODOWP 6LOUHNOL ]DPDQO ELULP GXUWLL LOF EL
KUL] 2]FOKNOF [ QLQ N\a2a"aaUa,, NR2aG\FD aOD\S JUDILJLQL aLFEL OLLUFYOFPFQLQ VLO NVā E N DGDOX DU Qa WU %DQP EDVDPDN GXUXPXQGD YFUGLLQL J2ULLULL]>, aGaQNOF L- $ \ QHD , GFQFaaaUK OLaQ\F VXUFNV]OLN OH ELQP EDVDPD JL VD\X DOH aDUSDUDNN EX\XNOXJLLQGF EUU VDJODGJUX JRULLULO] %X NXUDOa6FaYaa FaaRNDVLQa N DODQK ELU GLLUWX\a \XNFKa ZLJ GRJFUVP\DO aQ JaOLGU 6RQRH RON GB a JLE VWaUDQLD BVXUFNVKLL RODQ I7ā ā ā XUWXQXQ VXQNV]OJP EX\XNOXāāQH EL Fa QLQ KHU VXUFNVKJLQH \FUOaKQOGLJL 6HNL , E G ,G Eā &` W DUDDQ QFJP GH [W QLQ VLOUFNVā]ON G ā
&2 XX O ,8O 9 WP \OW&EKU 2Uā OFQP GLOUWLLQOLQ GF \HUOaWWaOGLL FLFaaX$ XQX YF ER\O© H WIW VP\DOWQGF LOH ROaFO
W
; - aHNOO [W W QLQ VRQXFX D LNL IRQNVL\RPP JUDIL4, E VRQXFXQ VIUGDQIDUNKNVPQDDOWJHQOaā
OHWWOa J2QOQWXV2
ā /
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a JHOLVULUHFHJL]
; - /
E
ā / ā/ ā/
LQWHJUDO DUDO
a
F
ā %ULP GXUWLL YHGWFULOJ,, RQNVL\RQODU aXQOXNWD WFNLOOLN IRQNVL\RQOQ RODQN DGODQGQODQODU DFQHOOaWLULOPLW URQNVL\RQODU YHGDWKPODU WHRULVL DOWFPRWLIEaKNWDQ DOQGD PDWFPDWLN DODPQGD aWDQ VRQD aKOPU %X NRQXQXQ GDKDGFOOO\K OOOUWPDVaP WQEXRQ 7KHR\ DQG7UDQVIRQQ $QDO\VLV E\$ +=HPDQLDQ 1FZ< RULF 0F*UDZ+LOO %RRN &RPSDQ\ *HQHUDOLVHG )XQFWLRQV E\5 ) +RVNLQV 1HZ < RUN+DOVWHG 3UHVV < F\D GDKD LOHQ G2aF\ ELU )RXULHU $QDO\VLV DQG *FQFQOL]FG )XQFWLRQV E\ 0 - /LJKWKLOO 1HZ < RUN &DPEULGJH 8QLYFUVW\ 3UHVV ND\QDNODQQD EDNPR] %2,2P 6GF WFNLOKN IRQNVL\RQODQ KRONQGDN OOOUWIILDP] EX\XODU DQODXOQ PDWFPDWLNVFO WHRUL UXKX\OD \DNPGDQ OOJLOLGLU YHER\OFFF EXNRQXQXQ PXWHPDUONUH GFVWHNOH\FQ NDYPRQORP J2QGFOLN ELUJLULaVDDODU
ā ā
aLL D 2PHN 7GHLQFHOHQHQaVXUHNVO] VLQ\DLā E
EOO LO LW F WW QWQO?DUHNHOLHQWHJUD DL WP,OH DUDVOOOGDELUU GH4HULL? OQJ2VWHQOPaEU
RODUDN a QLQ \HOOOGHQHOGH HGLOPHVDQLQ
6 LQ\DIIHUYH6 LVWHPHU %XP 6 XUHNOL=DPDQKYH$\QN= DPDQ- 6 Q\DOOHU 6RQXFXQNRQWURWXJLEL[L QLQ [, GHQ WFNUDUHOGFHGLOHELOHFFJLQO GRJUXOD\DELOLUL]2]HOOLNOH [ YH[L QLQ LNLVLGH V2aLQVIUROGXaXQGDQVDGHFH !LHLQNRRWUROHWPHNJHUFNLU [ a ^ IU GU
6HNLO F GH JRVWFULOGL$L JLEL L \L RORVWXUDQ GLOUWLOOHULQKLaELULOLOUHYOHPF DUDK$ PGDRO PDG$-LaLQ , LFOQ GHQNOFPLQLQVD4WDUDIPGDNLHQWHJUDOVIUGU , LHLQ LONGLOQLL a, H \FUOaWLULOPa OLOUHYOHPHDUDK$ WQGDNLWHNGLLUWLOG2UYH EXQFGHQOF GHQNOHPPGHNL HQWHJUDOEXG2Q8QLOQ DODQPD \F HVLXOU , LaLQ LONLNL GLLQ2 OLLUHYOFPHDUQK$PGDGUYH FQWHJUDO KHULNLVLQLQDODUXPWRSODPXX DKU \DQL ā 6RQRODUDN O! LFLQ 2aGLOQLOQLOQ WLOP2 W2UHYOFPH DUDKPGDGU ER\OHFHHQWFJUDO LOa DODPQ WRSODPPD&OLOWLU\DQL , 6RRXaWRUQRORUDN6HNLOOD GD JWOVWFULOFQ[ VLQ\DOLQHHVOXLU
$ \P aaLOGH aLUD\QN ]DPDQK VLVWHP \DP D N ,DUDFHYLUHQ ELUVLVWHP HNLO E G Q- \^Q- O %X NLWDEP FRJXQ- XJZ- GD D\QN ]DPDQK YH VLLUHNK SDUDOHO RODUDN HOH DODFDJ] %ROLLP GH RPHNOH ]DPDQO VVWaaOHQ D\Q D\Q DQFDN YH D\QN ]DPDQK VLVWHPOHUL ELU DUD BPH NaYUDP LFHQVPGH VLLUHNOL ]DPDQK \DOOHULQ La- HQUQHVLQGH D\QN ]DPDQLUaaaāa aa RPHNOHQLQLa aLLUFNOL ]DPDQK VLQ UDFDJ- ] QQ X DQPPD EU PNWDUDQOD\a ROXaWX
6 85 ( ./L =$ 0$ 1/ , 9( $ < 5 ,. =$ 0$ 1/ , 6 L6 7( 0/ ( 5 (Q JHQLV DQODPGD IL]LNVHO VLVWHPOHU ELOHVHQOHU FLKD]ODU YH DOW VLVWHPOHULQ ELU EDJODQX VLGUU 6LQ\DO LVOHPH YH LOHWLVLPGHQ HOHNWURPHNDQLN PRWRUODUD RWRPRELO DUDFODQQD YH NLP\DVDO LVOHP IDEULNDODUPD GHJLVHQ EDJODPODUGD ELU VLVWHP JLULV VLQ\DOOHULQLQ VLVWHP WDUDILQGDQ GRQLLOLLULLOGLLJLL YH\D VLVWHPLQ D\P VHNLOGH WHSNL YHUPHVLQL VDJOD\DQ YH GL JHU VLQ\DOOFUOH FN RODUDN VRQXFODQDQ ELU VLLUHF RODUDN JRULLOHELOLU PHJP ELU WDELL VHV ND\UW VLVWHPL ND\GHGLOPLV VHV VLQ\DOLQL DKU YHEXVLQ\DOLQ NRS\DVLUX LLUHWLU (JHU KL ILVLVWHP WRQ NRQWUROLLQH VDKLS LVH XUHWLOHQ VLQ\DOLQ WRQ R]HOOLJLQL GHJLWLUHELOLUL] $ \P VHNLOGH 6HNL , GHNL RWRPRELOMU JXFXQH HVLW ELUJLUL YHDUDFLQ KL]PD YW HVOW FNā ,W ELU VLVWHP RODUDN GLLLLQLLOHELOLUNHQ 6HNL GHNL GHYUH JLUL JHULOLPL YW YH FN JHULOLPL YW LOH ELUVLVWHP RODUDN JRUXOHELOLU %LU LPJH SHNLVWLUPH VLVWHPL ELU JLULV LUQ JHVLQL DUQQOPLV NRQWUDVW JLEL LVWHQLOHQ R]HOOLNOHUHVDKLS ELUFN LPJHVLQH GRQaWLLULLU 6LLUHNOL ]DPDQK ELU VLVWHP VXUHNOL ]DPDQK JLULV VLQ\DOOHULQLQ X\JXODQGWJL YH VLLUFNOL ]DPDQK FN VLQ\DOOHUL LOH VRQXFWDQGUJL ELU VLVWHPGLU %XQXQ JLEL ELU VLVWHP JRUVH RODUDN VLVWHUQ [W QLQ JLUL\W QLQ LVHFN ROGXJX 6HNLL,D GD JRVWHULOPLVWLU$ O WHPDWLI RODUDN ELU VLLUHNOL ]DPDQK VLVWHPLQ JLULVFUNLV LOLVNLVLQL FRJXQOXNOD 8 QRWDV\RQLOH JRVWHUFFHJL] [W W \W
6 IV WHPOHUIQ % DV OW2PHNOHUI
6LVWHPOHULQ DQDOL] YH WDVDQPPGD J ELUL EL RN IDUNK X\JXODPDGDQ VLWHaQaUDaNDQa JHKP aPHQ RQHPOL QHGHQOHUGHQ %XQX JRVWHUPHN LFPEUNDaEDVX RPHNOH LDaOD\Daa PDWHPDXNVH WDULIOHQ ROPDVGU
2PHN FNLO,, GH JVOHULOHQ 5& GH9 7,PLFOHDODKP ($ ā ā RODUDNDKUVDNEE\OHFF EDVLO GHYUH DQDOL]LQL L HU Y , \JLQ VaQaKYaY \LaNVLQ\QOL HOGFHWPHOFLaLQNXOODQDELOXX 2]HOUNO 2K J YFaN aQGDN KaNL\DQODLDQEU GHQNOHP F 7 G , H P OED6OQFEQ a ERYWPUD / G DJHQ P 8IIO&6LOFRUDQKGURUDQXKKN VDE 5 LOF PH$- Qāā DP āa ER\XQ
āF
L, Y Y
5 LaP UXPOD\LFFVDV ED K NRQGDQVDWUaPGFNJFULKPVLLUHVLLOHLOLNLOHQGLUHELOLUL]a < , OFXOODQDUDL < , G&$PK]PD $\UX &NLOGaBELU NaRU
L, &GY, GL YH GHQNOHPOFULQLQVD$WDUDIODQ
FGFRELUGLIFUDQVL\HOGHQNOHPHOGHFGLOLU 6LLUHNOL]DPDQK [W L VLVWHUQ
ā>
\,
W- THQFUHN ^ JLQOHY^ DUDVPGDNL LOLaNL\LWDULI
IR , , Gā^ YW 5& 5& W
D
2UQHN [>Q@
$ \QN ]DPDQK VLVWHP
ā>
L
E
\>Q@
aWaaOVaa,a aL a Na KXP ]DPDQWXUHYLTLWOHQFUHN aX HOGH GY
FGFQ]
FGLOGLB$,6HNLO a \LFOFDOD- P($HUP LVHOFLLWOF\HEXQPOQHWa LOHYUQH
,
- Q, aNOO D V2UHNOO]DPDQKV OVWHP E D\QN ]DPDQKV HWHP
VQ\DOOHU YH6 LVWHPOHU
%2KLP
6 LLUHNOL =DPDQOW YH$\QN =DPDQOW 6 LQ\DQHU
\DQL
a Hā a GL ,OO
GHQNOHPOHULQL LQFHOH\HUHN YH NDaODWUDUDN < XNDQGDNL RPHNOHUGH ,a Ya a, ,G GLOHQ JLUL9 LODa LOLNLOHULQLQ WHPHO RODUa EX LNL FRN IDUNE IL]LNVHOVVWHPLFQaaH aa aLQ LULV \W QLQ FNDYH E QLQ VDELW D\PROGXJXQX JRULLULL] 2]HOKN aā a GH G OLQHU GLIHUDQVL\HO GFQNOHPOHU ROGXJX OHUROGXJX DJGDNL IRUPGD ELULQFL HUHFF HQ
QXJRULLULL]
G\W GW
W
D\W E[W
WFPOHULQ JHQH VODQPQ DQDOL]L WFLQ %X GHaNOHPLQGF JRVWFULOGJ JE?Va JXODPDODUGD NXOODPODELOHFHJL JHUHJL RQWHPOHU JHKWPOHUHN EXQODQQ FRNFHaW \ aLQFRNEDVLOELURPHJLGLU 2UQHN
, N E U EQQND KFDEQGD \DQ H\D GFQJFOFPFN $ \Q? ]DPDQK ELU VVHPLQ EDVLO EWU aPF$ R DaD a VRQXQGDN GFQJF ROVXQ YH !āQ` LQ D\GDQ LaLQ EDVLO EOU PRGHO HOH DORKP WFOKNOF < - O LW aNVL JFUL aFNPFOFU JVFUGL$ YH O\> ,- D\D D\ ER\XQFD W^ @ LQ QHW GFSR]WR\X aSR? G $ $GDN GFQOFOFPF JRUH JFKaX$P WFULaLQLQ KHU D\ IRL]OF a$OG JHaF$WP V VWHU YDUVQ\D, \,,@ O\Q OO[> YF\D &LO &NLOGH \^ Q@
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aLWOL IL]LNVHO VLVWHPOHULQ 2PHN ā 2 GDNLOHU GDKLO ROPDN LO]HUH EX NLWDSWD LQFHOHGLJLPL] VLVWHP VPIODULFLQGHaRNL\L PRGHOOHQHELOHFHJL LVSDWODQPaELU JHUFHNWLU %XQXQOD ELUKNWHEX LGHDOOaWLUPHOHUFRJX X\JXODPDGD JHUFHN GUHQF YHNDSDVLWRUOHU LFLQ WDPDPHQ GRJUX GXU YH EX QHGHQOH EX JLEL LGHDOOaWLUPHOHUL NDSVD\DQ DQDOL]OHUJHULOLP YH DNPEX EDVLW OLQHHU PRGHOOHULQLQ JHFHUOLROGXJX FDKPDN28OODQDOWPGD NDOGJ VLLUHFH ID\GDK VRQXFWDUYHNDUDUODU VDJ ODU $ \P &NLOGH GHQNOHPLQGH VLLUWLLQPH HWNLOHULQL JRVWHUPHN LaLQ OLQHHU JHFLN WWQQH NXYYHWPLQ NXOWDPP ELUFRNJHFHUOLOLNLOH ELU YDUVD\PGU 6RQXFRODUDN EX NL WDSWD EX NRQX\X NRQXaFDN ROPDPDP]DUDJPHQEXUDGD JHOLaWLULOHQ \RQWHPOHUL NXOOD PPPGD PLLKHQGLVOLN SUDWLJLQLQ RQHPOL ELU ELOaHQLQLQ ELU PRGHOGHNL YDUVD\PODQQ JHFHUOLOLNDODQPP EHOLUOHQPHVLQGHQ YHEX PRGHO LO]HULQH NXUXOX DQDOL] YH\D WDVDQPP EXYDUVD\PODQ ER]PDGJPPWHPLQ HGLOPHVLQGHQ ROXaWXJXQX KDXUWDPDN RQHPOLGLU
W2O\^O@[>Q
6 OV WHPOHUOQ$ UD% DJODQWODQ 2UQHN
NL RUDKNODUD D\UGWWXUX] YF GYW \L aQa GH LON ONLQFL ELU PHN RODUDN ]DPDP $ X]XaLXQa NLGLIHUDQVL\HO GFQNOHPLQ EDVLO GWDO VPXODV\R JHQ IDUN OOH \DNODaODaDQ GH FPP H QXQX HOH DODKP \DP
- O Q$ Q
a Q$ I ROVXQ GHUVHN RPFNOFQPLa-^ @ YH Y^ VLQ\DOOFULQL LOLV %X GX1,7OGD - Y$ YF- ^ ,,O - ? NOHQGLUHQ WGQNL D\QN ]DPDQK PRGFK HOGHHGHQ] aILQ ^ ^ QOO S$ P S$ P GH D HQFO ELULQFL GHUHFFGHQ IDUN GHQNā YF GFQNOHPOHULaL aDaOW UDN NVPP \UX J OFPLQLQ RPHNOFUL ROGX$XQX JRULOUX] \DP `IOO D\^Q , D E[>Q
. LWDS ER\XQFD NXOODQDFDJPL] RQHPOL ELU ILNLUVLVWHPOHULQ DUD EDJODQXODQ NDYUDPGU RJXJHUFHNVLVWHP aLWOL DOW VLVWHPOHULQ DUD EDJODQWWODQ RODUDN ROaWXUXOPXUXU %LU RPHN UDG\R DKF6&'FD-F YH\D\LLNVHOWLFLOL NDVHWFDODUYHELUYH\D GDKD ID]OD KRSDU ORULLQ EDJODQWWVPGDQ ROa ELU VHV VLVWHPLGLU %LU GLJHUL XFDJP ELU DUD EDJODQWV RODQ K]ODQPDGRQPH OX]\RQJLELXFDNGHJLNHQOHULQLQ FaLWOL DKFODQ SLORUXQHPLU JLULHULQHLVWHQLOHQ \RQ \LLNVHNOLN E-]JLEL YHROFLLOPLLGHJLaNHQOHUH WHSNL YHUHQ ELU GLMLWDO RWRPDWLN SLORWXFDNWDNLDHURGLQDPLN JLOFOHULGHJLaWLQQHN LO]HUHXFDNNRQWURO \LL ]H\OHULQL NXOODQPDN LFLQGXPHQ NDQDW NX\UXN JLEL RWRPDWLN SLORW WDUDIWQGDQ VDJOD QDQJLULHUHWHSNL YHUHQ XFDaQ KDUHNHWH JHFLULFLOHULJLEL RQX HWNLOH\HQ KDUHNHW YH DH URGLQDPLN JLLFOHUL LOH WDPPK GLMLWDO RODUDN NRQWURO HGLOHQ ELU XFDNWU %XQXQ JLEL ELU VLVWHPH ELOaHQOHULQLQ ELUEDJODQWWVJLEEDNDUDNELOaQ VLVWHPOHUL YHQDVWO EDJODQGN ODQ DQOD\XQ]WLLPVLVWHPLQ GDYUDPaYHFDKaPDVP DQDOL] HWPHN LaLQNXOODQDELOLUL] $ \QFD VLVWHPL GDKD EDVLO DOW VLVWHPOHULQ EDJODQWV HNOLQGH WDPPOD\DUDN DVKQGD NDQQaN VLVWHPOHUL GDKD EDVLO WHPHO \DSEORNODQ LL]HULQGHQ VHQWH] HWPHN LFLQ ID\GDK \ROODU WDUXPOD\DELOLUL]
6 LQ\D'HU YH6 LVWHPOHU
HWPHN LL]HUH EDVDPDNK YH SDUDOHO EDJODQXODQ ELUOHVXUHELOLUL] %XQXQ JLEL ELU EDJODQX QP RPHJL 6HNLO OF GH YHULOUQLVWLU *LUGOD D NOW
VVWHP
*LUGL D
aNOO *HQEHVOHPH ED4ODQWLVO
6 OVWRP
VVWHP NLW
*OUGO 6 LVWHP
EO
6 OVWHP 6 OVWHP 6 OVOHP
WOOW
*WUGL
%LU GLJHU RQHPK VLVWHUQ EDJODQQVU WLSL ELU RPHJL 6HNUO O GF JRVWHULOHQ JHUL EHVOHPH EDJODQXVUGLU %XUDGD VLVWHP \N JHUL EHVOHQLOLS VLVWHP , H JHUFHN JLULL LLUHWPHN LL]HUH KDULFL JLULVH FNOHQLUNHQ VLVWHP , \Na VLVWHP QLQ JLULVLGLU *HUL EHV OHPH VLVWHPOHUL FRN Fa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
6 LVWHP
F
E aNOO OLRVLVWHPQ EDJODQOOODQ D VHQ EDVDPDNK aODQ?O
UDWHOEDJODQWU F VHQSDUDOHO aODQW SD
āHFHJL KDOGH NaOaODQ ELUFRN WHUQHO aLWOL VLVWHP EDaODaOLO: ROXaWXUXO aVDPDNK EDJLDQXV 6HNLO D GD JRV EDJODQWLODU PHYFXWWXU >NL VUVWHPP VHQ YH\ DO ODUDN DGODQGPKUODU %XUDGD 6LVWHP LEL GL DJUDPODU EORN VHP DQ 6L EL ā ā āāQFH6LVWHP O LOH YH VRQUD LV WHULOPLWOU %XQXQ J < ā ā ā āGLU YH WXP VWVWHP U JP N VWVWHP QP JLQV E HNELU \XNVHOWLFL LOH L]OHQHQ UDG\R āā 6HQ EDJODQWL\D URP WHUQ LOH LH\HUHN GRQXWXUXU I , W LQVHQā EDODQWV WDQXQODQDELOLU NLOG āāU YH\D GDKD D] DVLV HPW H DEFLVLGWU $ \UX a H 8\ NLO E GH JRVWHULOPLWLU %XUDFOD D\UQ JLQV ,NL VLVWHPLQ SDUDOHO EDJODQWV H 6 NLOG NL(% VHPEROX WRSODUQD\ JRVWHULU VLQ\DOL , YH VLVWHUQOHULQH X\JXODQUUOUL WPOHaQLQ NODQ WRSODPGU 3DUDOHO EDBJ ER\OHFH SDUDOHO EaJODQWaP "N a aH V LWHPLQL EHVOH\HQ ELUNDF PLNURIRQ LOH ODQQPQ ELU RUQHJL WHN ELU \XNVHOWF YH RaDa Ra UDOHO EDJODQX\D HN RODUDN LNLGHQ EDVLW ELU VHV VLVWHPLGLU HNLO E GHN ELOL SD H GDKD NDUPDN EDJODQWWODU HOGH ID]OD VLVWHPLQ SDUDOHO EDJODQWVP WDQPOD\D , P] Y
O
WL,
]!O &
5
Y,
aa aa a . DSDVO2U a,
YW
L ,
U
Y, &
1 GW
a, D EDV,HOHOGULNGHYUHVL E $HOO6,2U a, a, YW 5
%DXQ N VQ\D- Q aXQQ
LNLGHYUHHWHPDPPQ JHQ EHVOHPH EDaODQā WV RODUDN J2VWHQIHQ EORNaPDV
DVWPQFN 2LFUF# VFPERO2UFVP, RVFQPOFUGF D\QFD NXOODQWODFDNEU EOD 2PFDQ FNLO
6 LQ\D'HUYH6 L6 WHPHU
%MXQ
6 XUHOGL =DPDQOWYH$ IO =DPDQOO6 WQ\DOHU
7 ( 0( / VL67 ( 0 2= ( / / L. / ( 5 L , L WHPOHULQ ELUFRNR]HOOLJLQL DQODXS WDUā %XRROLLPGH VaUHNOB ]DPaQK aaaa DaD YH JHOLWLQQH\H EDODGJP] VLQ\DO aLa]aaaaaQRaFaHa]aaLWaDWHPDWLNVHO WDQPODUD VDKLSWLU
WPa aI
aDaaaa
% HOOHNOOY H % HOOHNV O] 6 OV WHPOHU ā ā P]DPDQ %LU VLVWHPHJHU EHOLUOL ELU aDPDaGDEDJaV]GHJLNHQLQ KHU GHJHQ P D\ GDNL ND EDJK LVHEHOOHNV] GHQLU 2UQHJP \@ [>@[ >@ > @ G J ULKHUKDQJL ELUEHOLUOL QR DUXQGD VDGHFH RDQGD EDJPWV\ODEHKUOHQHQ VUVWHP\Q a a N GL %HQ]HU HNLOGH 5 QLQ GLUHQF ROGXJX NL[@ GHJHULQH EDJK ROaaJaaGDQ a aa aLDUDN DKQDQ JHULLLP LOH ELU GLUHQFLQ JL DNLP RODUDN DKQDQ[W JP L H YH\ Y Y ULNLOLNLVL \W 5[W N JLULL LOH D\UX aaHOOLaOFEDVLO aU aH OHNVL] VLVWHP ELULP VLVWHPGLU < DQL VLLUHNOL ]DPDQK ELULP VLVWHP PJPāN LOLVNLVL \W [W GLU YHD\QN ]DPDQKGD LVHVR\OHGLU \@ [>Q ā ā NLL PX ,DRUY I H\D WRSOD\FGU %HOOHNOL ELUD\QN ]DPDQKVLVWHP RPHJELUD
\>Q@
W
YDUKJPD NDUVLKN JHOLU PaLQ GHQNOHPLQGHNL JHFLNWLQQH JLULVLQ RQFHNL GHJH ULQL WXWPDK \D GD GHSRODPDKGLU %HQ]HU VHNLOGH GHQNOHPLQGHNL DNXPLOODWRU JHFPLV JLULVOHUKDNNPGDNL ELOJL\L GHSRODPDK YH\D KDXUODPDKGLU 2]HOOLNOHDNLLPLLOD WRUVLPGLNL ]DPDQD NDGDURODQ WLLPJLULVOHULQ KDUHNHWOL WRSODUPP KHVDSODU YHEXQHGHQ OH DNLLPLLODWRU KHU DQ R DQGDNL JLULGHJHULQO KDUHNHWOL WRSODPP ELURRFHNL GHJHULQH HNOHPHOLGLU 'LJHU EUU GH\LVOH ELU DNLLPLLODWRULLQJLULV YH N DUDVPGDNL LOLVNL \OH WDPPODQDELOLU !I@ YH\DHVGHJHU RODUDN
ā
,[>N [>Q
ā \> \^ Q [>
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aNLOLGLU %LUVLVWHPGH EHOOHN NDYUDP WLSLN RODUDN J&PLaJLULaYH NaGHJHUOHULQL GHSR ODPD\ DQODWPDVPD UDaHQ EL LPVHO WDPPP] D\QFD HJHU PHYFXW DNWP Na JLUL YHWNODQQJHOHFHN GaHUOHULQH EDJK LVHEHOOHJH VDKLS ELUVLVWHPH GLIHWHGHU *HOH FHN GHJHUOHU LL]HULQGH EXEDJPKKJD VDKLS VLVWHPOHU LONRQFH GRJDO JRULLQPF] LNHQ DV KQGD %ROLLP O GH GDKD GHWD\K WDUWFDJP]JLEL VLVWHPOHULQ N RQHPOL ELU VP ILPROXWXUXUODU
*HUL 'RQXLWXUXOHELOOUOLNYH7HUV 6 LV WHPOHU
[>N@
YHLNLQFLELURPHN LVHELUJHFLNPH GLU \> [> O@ ā ā āā N JHU JLULV DNLUQ %LU NDSDVLWRU EHOOHNOL ELU VLLUHNOL ]DPDQK VLVWH H ELU RaHNWLUMGa BX H RODUDNDOXQU YHN JHULOLPRODUDN DKPUVD & QLQ NDSDVWDQV R
\W L / [U GU
W
%LU VLVWHP HJHU IDUNKJLULHUIDUNK WNOODUD QHGHQ ROX\RULVHJHUL GLLQLLWLLULLOHELOLU GH QLU HNLO OD GD D\QN ]DPDQK GXUXP LLQ JRVWHULOGLJL JLEL HJHUVLVWHP JHUL GR QLLWLLULOOHELOLU LVH RULMLQDO ELU VLVWHP LOH EDVDPDNODQGJPGD LON VLVWHPLQ JLULaL [Q H &LW ELU Z>R OD LLUHWHQ ELU WHUV VLVWHP PHYFXWWXU %R\OHFH HNLO OD GD VHUL EDJODQOO ELULUQVLVWHPLLRRODQ LOHD\P WLLPJLULaLN LOLaNLVLQH VDKLSWLU *HUL GRQLLWLLULLOHELOLUELUVLLUHNOL ]DPDQK VLVWHP RPHJL L\OHGLU \W [W WHUVVLVWHP LLQLVHaR\OHGLU , ZW \W
G E N N UDUP VLVWHPGH JLULHUOH LO . DEDFD VR\OHQHFHN ROXUVD ELU VVWHP H H,,H DaSROD\DQ ELU PHNDQL]UQDQP JLOL ELOJL\L VDGHFH R DQ GHJLO ]DPDQ ]DPDQ WXWDQ YH\
%X RPHN HNLO OE GH JRVWHULOPLaWLU *HUL GRQLLWLLULLOHELOLU ELU VLVWHPLQ ELU GJHU RPHJL GHQNOHPLQLQDNLLPLLODWRULLGLLU
6 LQ\DIWHUYH6 LVWHPWHU
%2OLLP
6 WLUHOGL =DPDQOWYH$\QN=DPDQOW6 L\DOHU
\>Q@
[QO
6OVWHP
,QYHUVH VLVWHP
RODUDN DGODQGPKU FLLQNLL VLVWHP FNa JLULVOHULQ JHOHFHN GHJHUOHULQL WDKPLQ HWPH] 6RQXF RODUDN HJHUQHGHQVHO ELUVLVWHPH LNLJLQV]DPDQGDELUQROFWD\DNDGDU WRYH\DQR D\P LVH WHNDELLO HGHQ FNODU GD EX D\P ]DPDQD NDGDU D\QFD D\P ROPDKGLU HNLO GHNL 5& GHYUHVL NDSDVLWRU JHULOLPL VDGHFH ND\QDN JHULOLPLQ R DQGDNL YH JHFPLa GHJHUOHULQH WHSNL YHUGLJL LFLQ QHGHQVHOGLU $ \P VHNLOGH ELURWRPRELOLQ KDUHNHWL VLLULL FLLQLLQ JHOHFFN GDYUDPVODQP WDKPLQ HWPHGLJLQGHQ QHGHQVHOGLU YH GHQN OHPOHUL LOH WDPUQK VLVWHPOHU D\QFDQHGHQVHOGLU DQFDN ! IQ- [>Q- [>Q@
Z>Q [QO
D
\W ZW L\, [W
ZW ; ,
\W [W
YH E
\W [W ,
\Q@
Z>Q \>QO ā< LQā [Q@
&
W E 6 GHQNOHPO ,OH DPPOL G2Q2- ,2QLWHELOLUVLVWHP F aNOO 6 D JHQHO G2QaW2UX U 6 ,6 HP ā GHQOGHPLQGHLDPPKG2Q:2QLOHELOOUV VWHPOF"QWHUVVOVWHPNDYUDP
ā ā G NG K ā QGDNL IDUN WDP RODUDN VRQ JLULGHJHULā %XVLVWFP LFLQ FNODQQ N DU a HFHQ F GH JRVWHULOGLJL JLEL 2\OHGLU GLU %X QHGHQOF EXGXUXPGD LHUVVLVWHP H , Z>Q \Q \>Q@
Ua
*HUL GRQLLaWLLULLOHPH] VLVWHPOHULQ RPHNOHUL VR\OHGLU \>Q@ 2
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aHNLOGH QHGHQVHO LaOHP LOH VPUK GHJLOL] %LU ENDRPHNRODUDN WDULKVHO ERUVD DQDOL]L YHGHPRJUDILN FDKaPD ODU GDKLO ROPDN LL]HUH FRJX X\JXODPDGD D\QFD HJLOLP LOH LOJLOL \LLNVHN IUHNDQV GHJL LPOHULQL GH LFHUHQ \DYRODUDN GHJLaHQ HJLOLP YHULVLQL EHOLUOHQPHVL LOH LOJLOHQHELOLUL] %XGXUXPGD VDGHFH HJLOLPL NRUX\XS GDOJDODQPDODQ \XP84WPDN DPDF\OD JHQHO ROD UDNNXOODPODQ ELU \DNODP ELU DUDKN LL]HULQGH YHULOHQLQ RUWDODPDVP DOPDNWU 1HGHQ VHOROPD\DQ ELURUWDODPD VLVWHP RPHJL aR\OHGLU ,
1
/
\>Q@ [IQN@ 0 OMB -
L KHUKDQJL ELUJLULa GL]LVL LFLQ VILU FNaUX LLUHWHQVLVWHPGLU YHFNOaELOJLVLQGHQ JL \DQ ā ā ā ELUUGXUXPGXU ULVLQ LVDUHWLQL EHOLUOH\HPHGJP \W [W ,,2, LGL āā N FRN FHVLWOL LOH *HUL GRQLLaWLLULLOHELOLUOLN NDYUDPW ELUFRN EDJODPGD RaHPa, ,U JLEL ELU VLVWHP WLVLP X\JXODPDODQQGD NXOODUXaDQ BNRGODPDVLVWHUPQ H JaI XaVLVWHPH JLULV RODUDN X\ La VLQ\DOGH ED]W ID]ODKNODU GH LOHWPHN LVWHGLJLPL] VLQ\DO LLaRQaa NRGODa JXODUXU %XQXQ \BDS?aDVPaD aaa BYHLa DGODQGUGJXP] ELWOHULQ HNOHQPHVL RUL
L
a?a
2PHN %LU VLVWHPLQ QHGFQVHOOLJLQLNRQWUROHGHUOFHQJLULaN- LOaNLVLQH GLNOFDWOLFF EDODQDOFRQHPOLGLU %XQXQ \DSDWNHQ LaHQ ED]O NRQXWDQJRVWFUPFOFLaLQ LNLR]HO VLVWHPLQ QHGHQVFOOL LQLNRQWURO HGHFFJL] ,ONVLVHP\OFWDQPO,'8U \Q@ UQ@
- LWaaD- aaaaHaHPaa aaH BLL VUUDVPGD ROBXaDQKa Ja W` Da PS PXKWHPHOHQ GX]HOWLOPHVL LVWHJPGHQ FHVLWOHQHQRa QHGLOHELOLU ROPDKGUU \DQL NRGODPD LFLQ NRGWD\UFL Jaa FNaWDQ WDPDPHQ WH H H NRGOD\LFL JHUL GRQLLaWLLULLOHEKU ROUQDKGLU
1HGHQVHOOLN N G GDNL YHRQFHNL ]DPDQODUGDNL Fā %LUVLVWHP HJaUKHUKDQJB ELU DQGGDNOFGaLa%VD HaHJaEELU VLVWHP FRJXQOXNOD QHGHQVHO NLVODQQ GHJHQQH EDJK UVH QH HQVH UU XQX
OO26
!QROaaPP QRSR]LOLI]DPDUXQGDVDGHHFQFJDWLIRODQYHEXQFGHQOFQR PJaaLQGF RODQāQR ]DPDQPGD UQR JP VLQ\DOLQLQGHWHULQF EDa ROGXXQGLOFOFD HGFOLP %X QRNWDGD YHQOFQ VLVWFPLQQHGFQVHOROGXa VRQXFXQDYDUPD\GLLLLQHELOLUL]$ QFDNKHU]DPDQLaLQJLULāaN-LOLNLā VLQLNRQWURWLaLQGLNNDFWPHNJFUGXU 2]FORODUDOFQLaLQRPH LQQ LaLQ! U ROGX XQXJRULLUX]ER\OHFHEXDQGDNLaāNOJPLQELUJFOHFFNGH FQQHEDJKGU%XQHGFQWFVVWFP QHGHQVFOGH LOGLU $ \QFD VLVWFPLQODQXQPGDNXOODUXODQKFUKDQJLGLJFUIRQNVL\RQXQaLUXQ HOOFLOFULQLGLN EWOLFFD\XW FWPHN RQFPOLGU2PFWDQaLWGDNL VLVFPFOHDODKP ! ^W [U FRVW ,
%P
6 2WHNIL =DPDQOO YH$\QN =DPDQOO 6 LQ\D- HU
6 LQ\DOOHU YH6 LVWHPOHU
GD ]DPDQOD GH^ OLFQ ELU VD\ LOH aDUSOUQL %X VLVWFPGF KHUKDQJL ELU O ]DLQDPQGD aBN Da aPDQ G GaL&Q ELU IRQNV\RQ ROGXLX \DUX aLWWLU R]FOOLNOH ? GFQNOFPWP JW QP ]DPDQ D JWUW& W JW FRVX ? 8 &NLOGH \D]DELOLUL] \W [W JW NW PLQ R DQGDNL GHLHULQL HNLOFU YF EX FG VDGHFH [W JLULLQLQ R DQGDN GHLFQ \^W a aQLaGHQVFO ROGXOX VRQXFXQR YDQQ] YF DVKQGD EHOOHNV]
. DUDUKKN G UL UFVPL RODUDN NDUDUK ELU VLVWHQLNa . DUDUKKN ELU GLJHU RQHPOL VLVWHP R]FOKJW UU D\ X ELU VLVWHPGLU PHJLQ JLQVP \XN JLULOHULQ IDUNK ROPD\DQ VRaaDaHaHaIVDU OPD \W ROGXJX 6aNLO D GDNL X\JXODQDQ NXYYHW [W YH \WNWQ L F\NL NDFL GLNH\ NRQXPD JHQ JHXUPH\H FDK VDUNDFL HOH DODOQQ %X GXUXPGBD\HU LUPaaQPH LOJLOL ND\LSODU VLOULLNOHQPHGHQ GR VDQ ELU JHUL GRQGLOUPH NXYYHWW X\JX DU YH VN XJ NLO\LON ELU [W NXYYHWL X\JXODPUVD OD\ RQX \DY4ODWPD\D \DKWU 6RQXa aODUDO %HaQDNDUV HNLO OE GHNL WHUV VDU GLNH\GH PF\GDQD JHOHQB aDSBPD GD NXWN RXaD\ DUWUPDD \%KDQ ELU NXYYHW X\JXODU NDF LFLQ \HU \HNLPL HWaaVaBGNa\GHQ R DQVXQPHGHQ ND\QDNODQDQ UXWXFX NXYYHWOFUH %R\OFFH X\JXODQDQ NX\XN ELU NXYYHW V LOU LQF QHGFQ ROXU UDJPHQ ELL\LON GLNH\ VDSPDODUD YH VDUNDaWQ "FYQ aaFV JL LNHQ HNLO E GHNL VLVWHP HNLO D GDNL VLVWHP NaaK ELU VVWHP RUQH , UDN ELO\LLGLOJLO LFLQ ]LQFLU UH NDUDUVL]GUU 6LVWHP WHSNLVL NLL\LON JLQOHUGFQ LJUQaVaaaaP ROPDGJ QLLIXV ELL\LOPHVL GLJHU NDUDUVL] VLVWHP RPHJL B DNVL\RQODU YH\D OLPLWVL] BJGD aa\QD LFLQ PRGHOOHU BNDUDUV] VVWHP RUQHN aa LLQNLO HJHU LON GHSR]LWR \DSWWU \DP GHQNOHPLQGHNW EDQND KHVDEW aRGH , LUNL OHU ROPD] LVH EX GHSR]WWR IDL] RGHPH [>Q@ SR]LWLIELU PLNWDU YH RQX L]WNOa\āHL< aDaHV] RODUDN KHU D\ ELL\LO\HFHNWLU OHULQLQ ELUOHVLN IDL] KHVDSODPDV H W6W W H H
$ \QFD NDUDUK VLVWHPOHULQ ELUFRN RPHJL PHYFXWWXU )L]LNVHO VLVWHPOHULQ NDUDUOWKJ JH QHOOLNOH HQHUML\L GDJXDQ PHNDQL]PDODQQ YDUKJPGDQ ND\QDNODUQU 2UQHJLQ 2PHN , GHNL EDVLW 5& GHYUHQLQ SR]LWLI ELOHVHQ GHJHUOHULQL NDEXO HGHUHN GLUHQa HQHUML\L GD JOOU YH EX GHYUH NDUDUK ELU VLVWHPGLU 2PHN O GDNL VLVWHP GH VLLUWXQPH \ROX\OD HQHUML GDJWWOPDV QHGHQL\OH NDUDUKGWU < XNDQGDN RPHNOHU EL]H NDUDUOWKN NDYUDPPD VH]JLVHO ELU DQOD\a ND]DQGWQU 'DKD EL\LPVHO RODUDN HJHU NDUDUK ELU VLVWHP JLULaL VPUODQGQOPa VH \DQL HJHU ELL \LLNOLLJLL VPUV] RODUDN ELL\LLPLL\RUVD aONa GD D\QFD VPUODQGPOPDKGU YHBEX \LL] GHQ IDUNKO4PD] %X NDUDUKKJP NLWDS ER\XQFD NXOODQDFDJP] WDPPGU 2PFJLQ EWODQJ\WD GXUJXQ RODQ HNLO , GHNL RWRPRELOH VDELW NXYYHWM^ W ) X\JXODQGJP GLLLLQHOLP %X GXUXPGD DUDFP K] DUWDFDNWWU DQFDN VPUV]GHJLOGWU aLLQNLL WXWXFX VLLUWLOQPH NXYYHWL GH K]OD EHUDEHU DUWDU $ VKQGD VLLUWLLQPH NXYYHWL WDPRODUDN X\JXOD QDQ NXYYHWL GFQJHOH\HQH NDGDU K] DUXQD\D GFYDP HGFU ER\OHFF GHQNOHPLQGHQ EX VRQ 9 K] GHJHULQLQ aXQXVDJODPDV JHUHNWWJLQL JROLLOLL] S , 9 ) P P
W
a V?a
O
\DQL
)
9
S %WND ELU RPHN RODUDN GHQNOHPL OH WDPPODQDQ D\QN ]DUQDQOW VLVWHPL HOH DODKP YH [>Q@ JLULaLQLQ WLLP QGHJHUOHUL LaLQ ELU VD\ LOH % GL\HOLP VPLUK ROGXJXQX YDUVD\DOWP %X GXUXPGD \>Q@ L\LQ RODVW HQ ELL\LLN ELL\LLNOLLN D\QFD % GLU aLLQNLL\>Q@ VPUK JLULa GHJHUOHUL NLOPHVLQLQ RUWDODPDVGU %X QHGHQOH \^ Q VUXUOW YH VLVWHP NDUDU KGX 'LJHU WDUDIWDQ GHQNOHPL\OH WDPPK DNLLPLLODWROLL FOH DODOWP GHNL VLVWHPGHQ IDUNOW EL\LPGH VDGHFH VPWUOW ELU GHJHU NLLPHVL \HULQH VLVWHP JLULaLQ WLLP JaPLa GHJHUOHULQL WRSODU YH [>Q@ VWUXUOW ELOH ROVD WRSODP VLLUHNOL RODUDN ELL\LL\HELOHFHJL LaLQ VLVWHP NDUDUV]GWU 2PHJLQ DNLLPLLODWRU JLULaL ELULP EDVDPDN X>Q@ LVH\Na \^ Q
U
X>N- QO X>Q-
W © !
[,
< DQL\>2 O\>O
- YH\^ Q VPUUVW] ELL\LOU
2UQHN [W
aNOO D NDUDUOVDa E
(LHU ELU VLVWHPLQ NDUDUV] ROGX XQ-DQ LLSKFOHQLUVFOF EXQX GRZXODPDN LaLQ ID\GDK ELU VWU- WUML V-6X ELU aONOO QFGHQRODQ WFO EW VOO8UOL JWULL DUDPDOUXU %R\OH ELU RPHN EXOPDN YHQOHQ VLVWHUQP NDUDUVW] ROGX$ X VRQXFXQD YDQQDP]L VDJODU (LFU E\OF ELU RPFO \RN LVH YH\D EXOXQ PDV ZU LVF NDUDUKKOF JWUL VLQ\D8FULQLQ R]FO PHNOFULQL NXOODQPD\DQ ELU \RQWHP NXOODPODUDN NRQ8 2, HGLOPFKGWU %X\DNLDXUX JRVWFQQGF LaQ LNL VVWFUPQ NDUDUKO$P NRQWURO HGFKP
NDUDUV]WHUVVDUNDa 6 \W W[W EO
6 LQ\DOOHUYH6 OVWHPOHU
YH
. QUDUV]K$PDNVLQL LVSQWHWPHNLFLQ]FOELUNDOOPHNDUDUNHQVDELWYF\DELULPEDVDPDN JE EDVLW VLUXUK JLULVWHUL GHQH\HELOLUL] GFXNOFPLQGFNL 6 VLVWHUQL LLQa , VHELW JLULL KDQJLVDELWLDOG$P]2QFPOLROUQDGLJPGDQ VUPUVL] RODQ , H W \L LLUHWLUEUUWGF$HULP ,-a EXVDELWLJaHU6 VLVWHPLQLQ NDUDUVL]ROGXJXVRQXFXQDYDUP] . DUQUKRODQ 6LVLVWFPLLFLQVQUV]aNWLHVRQXFWDQDQVLPUK ELUJLULEXODPD\DFDNXN %X GXUXPGDW2PVXXUK JLULHULQVPLUKaNODU,OHVRQXODQG-QWGR$UXOD\RUDNGHYRPFGFQ]R]FOā OLNOH %UQVDHOHELUSR]WLIVD\ROVXQYF[ % UOH VPUK UDVDFOH EUU VLQ\DOROVXQ\DQLKHUWLaLQ
HJHU[>Q- JLUL LNHQWQ- D\QN ]DPDQK ]D G X\JXODQGJPGD \ NaROXU 6LLUHNOL ] DGHJaPH\HQaVWaPaN LVH[>Q QR \ LOHELU]DPDQGD GHJLaPH\HQ VLaWHP[]DP UX
GDO[G , JU8&NaKNJHOHQ WN JP XJXQGD ! ^, OR NPD VDKLS RODFDNWU %LU VLVWHPLQ ]DPDQGD GHJLPH] LLQYHEXR]HOOLJH ELUDQOD\aND]DQ Na aS RPDGJa QDVO EHKUOHQGLJLQL JRUPHN Y PD WQ DaJGDN RPHNOHQ HOHDODKP
,, ,,
2UQHN YF\D [W
KDULa[, LOFLOJLOL YDUVD\VP\DSQX\RUX] GFQNOFPPGFNL 6 WDPUPP NXOODQDUDNHJHU [W , GFQNOHPLQLVD$ODUVD QLQGDNLaLW6LOL$LVD$ODPDVJFUFNWL$LQLJOULLQO] H ,< W ,H
a$F:FL GFQNOHP LOFUDQPKVLLUFNK ]DPDQKVVHPLFOFDODKP - ^ W VLQ[W O %XVVFPP]DPDQGDGH$LPF]ROGX- OXQXNRQURO KHU LQYF KHU]DPDQ ND\GPQDVL ,P HWPFO aLQ]DPDQGD GF$PF]KN]FOOL$PLQ [ VLVLHPHUDVJFOHELUJULROVXQYH a LXWXS WXPDG-PEFKUWFPFPL] JFUFNU%XQFGFQOF VP[,
,, ,6
($FU6 QLQ KHUKQQJLELU JLULLUDVJHOH ELUSR]LWLIVD\V LOH VPLUK LVHNDUVLKN JFHQaNVPF LOFVPUODQDFD-VRQXFXQD YDQQ]
RQD WFNDELLOHGHQaOWROVXQ 'DXWVRQUL ! ]DPDQGDND\GWUDUDNFOGFFGOFQELUONLQFLJLaL ;L FOFDODKP [ U ,,
%X EROLOUQGH EXUD\D NDGDU DQODWXJPX] VLVWHP R]HOOLNOHUL YHNDYUDPODU ELL\LLN RQHP WD VLPDNWDGLU YH EXQODQQ ELU NUVPLP NLWDEP LOHUOH\HQ EROLLPOHULQGH GDKD GHWD\K RODUDN LQFHOH\HFHJL] %XQXQOD ELUOLNWH ]DPDQGD GHJLVPF\HQ YHGRJUXVDOKN ROPDN X]HUHNL WDELQ LOHUOH\HQ EROXPOHULQGH R]HOOLNOH RQHPOL UROH VDKLS JHUL\H NDODQ LODYH LNLR]HOOLN YDUGLU YHEX EROLOPLLQ NDODQ NUVPPGD EXFRN RQHPOL LNL NDYUDP DQODXODFDN YH EXQODU OD LOJLOL LON WDUXVPDODU VDJODQDFDNXU
%XJLUL&NDIKNJFOFQLNL $\Q&NLOGF,, ,6 GFQNOFaaF VLQ>[- W - VP^ [ -
VQ>[ - , ,, 9& , GFQOGHPOFULQL OH WOD8UDUDN , EXVVWHP]DPDQFDGF$LPF]GUU \- W @ aNOLLUFWFQQW - H 2 , KQFOFDODOQQ$QFDN [>Q@ Q ,@ LUL > BB Q 2 GX-XWaP ; Q FWQ@Ja VLQ\D ?ONO LLUFWLU OHH J O ]QQWQ O- []>Q WQ@ VL\RQXGF$OGa \ F[>Q- U>- LQ ND\GLQOPOYFUVL\RQX LNFQ\>Q- \>@ LQND\GLQOQXO YHU
6OQ\DOOHUYH6LVWHPOHU
%2OLLP
6
6 2UHNO =DPDQO YH$\QN DPDQOO6 LQ\DOOHU
ā UW DKLSNHQ YH VRQXF RODUDN 2QFHNL RPHNaHJRUaLLaLLPLO]BVLVWHP ]DPDQGD GHaaL VDELW DUXVD VDKLSWLU YH ]DPDQGD GHHQELU VLVWHP LNHQ GHQNOH W POHULQ GLHU RPHNOHUL DVKQGD ]DPDQGD GHJLa,PBHaOGLU aDaWQāUGD$ aDHOIaHa DaDQGD GHJLHQ ELU VLVWH O, GHQNOHP HQ , HYHQPLV ā Y a PLJRVWHULU
'RJUXVDOKN / LQHHUOLN
aIWP
2UQHN
6LLUHNOL YH\DD\QN ]DPDQKGD GRJUXVDO ELUVLVWHP RQHUQOL ELQGLQQH R]HOOLJLQH VDKLS ELU VLVWHPGLU (JHUELU JLULVELUNDFVLQ\DOLQ DaOWNODQGWQOPa WRSODPPGDQ ROXVXUVDEXGX UXPGD aONa VLVWHPLQ EX VLQ\DOOHULQ KHU ELULQH RODQ WHSNLOHULQLQ ELQGLQQHVLGLU \DQL DUOWNODQGWQOUPa WRSODPLGUU 'DKD QHW ROPDN JHUHNLUVH \W VLLUHNOL ]DPDQK ELU VLV WHP JLULaL[W QLQ NDIKJ ROVXQ YHE DOFFF$JWEW EX VaOFP a, GHJLOGLU 2UQH Â Âa[ Q 9 &; >Q ,6 & EX GXUXPGD
\W V[W
LOFLOLVNLOHQGLULOPLVEDVNDELUVLVWHUQ 6 H X\JXOD\DKP2QFFNLRPHNWHROGX$ XJLEL[W [W YH
[Q \Q@ [Q@
[LW \L WRQPODUVDN
[Q \ Q>Q
Q, \ [ [ \ [ ,
$ QFDN [ [ [Q F OHSNL& L\OHGLU
YH
\Q >aQ [Q
[W \W [ R[ E[W `
D [L W E [ W DE[LW [W
YH \Q \Q F FVLWGHJLOGLU $ OOa,, I aODUDOR [IQ D 2LVH ! IQ ROGXL PGDQVLVWFPLQ GFQOFOHPLQGFYFULOFQG JRULLULO] a, VVWFPOHQQ VWILUJLULā6WIDUaN-R]FOOLLQHX\PDGJP
D \ E \W DE[ [ $aNaD [ W DYH E \L \ R\ E\ LOHD\QWROPD\DHDNVHNLOGH EHOLUOH\HELOLUL] 2PHMLLQHJHUW , [W D YHE LVHEXGXUXPGD \ [ GLU DQFDN
PÂ < XOFDQGD-FLRPa a, ROPDPDV GFQOGHPL BB ā LaQ aPFJRULLQHELOLU2LJHUWDUDIWDQ 6HNLO O6 GH a EW,GaOFP ROGX aR$ UXVDOVVFPPaN-WYHVLVWFPLQVIDUJLULV, N aRVBWHQOGJaEaXVVWHPPaNV ELU OLQGFJFLVWHQOHELOLU, GFQOGFPPGHOFL HSaPH&,, EWUaOHD VWQ\DKQaNOVWRSODPHOF V6WFPaP a , VVWFP B@TQ@
\W [W GLU VVLVWHPLQLQGR$Q- VDOROPDGa VRQXFXQDYDQQ] YHVIUJLULWHSNLVL \
2UQHN %LUVLVWFPLQ GR$IXVDOK$W NRQWUROHGLOLUNFQVLVWFPLQRSODQUONYHKRPRMHQOLN R]HOOLNOFULQLQKHU LNLVLQL GHVD$OPQDVJHUFNWLMLLQLYFROaFNOFPHVDELWOHULQLQ\RPVLUDVLQ\DOOFULQGFNRQQDVNRODEL
6 LQ\DQHUYH6 L6 WHPHU
%2OXP
62UHNL=DPDQUYH$\QN= DPDQO6LQ\DOOHU
< R,
6 2/ 80 35 2%/ ( 0/ ( 5
aNOO $UWDQG42UXVDOVOVWHPOQ\DSV%XUDGD OOQ V OVWHPOQV WIUJOULIWHSNOVLGLU $ VKQGD KHP V2UFNOL ]DPDQKGD KHP GHD\QN ]DPDQKGQ6FNLO WGF ROGX$XJEJVWFULOHELOHā HHN I2NVLVWHP VPI PHYFXWUXU \DQL WXPVLVWHP aN VILUJLULWHSNLOL ELU Ga, VLVWFPLQ WHSNLWHULQLQ ELQGLUPFVLQGRQ ROXVDQODU LFLQ 3UREOHP , GF JVWHQOGL$ JLEL E\OH VLVWHPOHU DUWDQ GR$-XVDOVLVWHPOHUH WHNDELOOHGFU \DQL JLULWHNLGH LLPOHUFGRa, RODUDN \DQX YHUHQ V8UHNOL YH\D D\QN ]DPDQK VLVWHPOHU 'L$HUELUGH\LVOH DUWDQGVDO ELU VLVWHPH KHUKDQJL LNL JLULLQWHSOFLOHULDUDVDQGDOFLIDUNLNLJLULDUDVPGDNL IDU[DQGRIXVDOELU\DQLWRSODPU YHKRPRMHQ IRQNVL\RQXGXU 2PF$LQ H$HU[> YH[>Q@ GHQNOHPL LOFEHOLUOFUXQLVLVWFP JLULFULLVH YH\>Q@ YH->Q RQDWHNDE2,HGHQa,; ODULVHEXGXUXPGD \>@ \L>Q@[aQ@ [O@ ` ^ [^ Q@[>@`
B 7HPHO 3UREOHPOHU NDYUDUQYH\RQWHPO NX RPHNOHUGaJRVWHULOHQOHUH EHQ]HU ELUVHNLOGHYXa- DUOODQP PHNDPWLWXNLWDSWDR]LLOHQ -HU 3UREOHP- HU\D]LK PDO]HPHQLQ N DUDVQQU YHD\QQWUK LQFHOHU SUDX X\JXODPDODQ YHWHPHOOHUL LL]HULQH 3UREOHPOHULQ LON EROLLPLL WHPHO 6,'OI ā WXU 6RQUDNL LNL EROLLP VUUDVU OD WHPHO DaWWU YHaYDSODL NWDEP VRQXQGD PHYHXW EROLLPLL PDWHPDWLNVHO OQFHOPH ND YH WHQBNDWHJRULOHUH DW SUREOHPOHUL LFHULU )LQDO X\JXODPD SUREOHPOHUL VDJODU aā DQWPHXN YHFHEU WHPHO ILNLUOHUL KDNNPGD & ( 9$ 3/ , 7( 0( / 35 2%/ ( 0/ ( 5 aaJaDNL NDQQaN VD\ODQQ KHU ELULQL [ M \ NDUWH]\HQ ELFLPLQGH LIDGH HGLQL]ā H HO H H H ILH ? ILH- ILHILH, $ JGDNL NDUPaWN VD\ODQQ KHUELULQL NXWXSVDO EL\LPGH UH OWRLW ÂU G HG , - L a D H P] - - M , M ^, ā U
- - - ^ , M M YML M
āFL ā
2]HW
%X EROXPGH VXUHNOL ]DPDQK YH D\QN ]DPDQK VLQ\DOOHU YH VLVWHPOHU LOH LOJLOL ELUNDH WHPHO NDYUDP JHOLVWLUGLN %LUFRN RUQHN DUDFKa LOH VLQ\DO YHVLVWHPOHULQ QH ROGXJX LOH LOJLOL KHP VH]JLVHO ELU SRUWUHVXQGXN KHPGH VLQ\DOOHU YHVLVWHPOHU LFLQ NLWDS ER\XQFD NXOODQDFDJLUQU] PDWHPDWLNVHO LIDGH\L DQODWXN 2]HOOLNOH VLQ\DOOHULQ PDWHPDWLNVHO YH JUDILNVHO LIDGHOHULQL DQODWWLN YH EX LIDGHOHUL EDJXQVL] GHJLVNHQLQ GRQLLaLLPOHULQL X\JX ODPDN LFLQ NXOODQGLN $ \QFD KHP VLLUHNOL KHPGH D\QN ]DPDQKGD ELUFRN WHPHOVLQ\DO WDUXPOD\LS LQFHOHGLN %X NDUPDVLN XVWHO VLQ\DOOHUL VLQXV VLQ\DOOHULQL ELULP GLLUWLL YH EDVDPDN IRQNVL\RQODQP LFHULU $ \QFD VLLUHNOL ]DUQDQK YHD\QN ]DPDQK VLQ\DOOHULFLQ SHUL\RGLVLWH NDYUDPLP DUDVXUGLN 6LVWHPOHUOH LOJLOL ED]L EDVLW ILNLUOHUL JHOLVWLULUNHQ VLVWHP EDJODQQODQ LOH LOJLOL WDUā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aLaPH]OLJLQ R]HOOLNOHUL /7VLVWHUQOHULQ GDYUDUXVXX GDKD GHWD\K RODUDN DQD OL] HWPHPL]H RODQDN VDJODU
$ JGDNL VLQ\DOOHULQ KHUELUL LFLQ SYH ( GHJHUOHULQL EHOLUOH D [W HXW E [ HF \PL] F [W FRVW G [>Q@ X>Q@ H ;I- H&O ! I F [- >Q FRVQ ā [IQ@ QYHQ!LFLQ [>Q@ LOH ELUVLQ DO ,V Â LFLQ \DSDQQGHJHUOHULQL EHOLUOH\LQL] < R XQ $ aJGD YHQOHQ KHU VLQ\DO D [>Q @ E [^Q F [^Q@ G [IQ a@ ^ H [^Q@ O6 [W W2DFP [W LOH ELUVLQ\DO ROVXQ $aaLG ā WGHJHUOHULQL EXOXQX] ā a D YHQOHQ KHU VLQ\DO LFLQ \DSDQ D [, W E [, [ ^G [W H [W W F [, W [ W $ aDJLGDNLVLQ\DOOHULQKHUELULQLQ ā RGLN , D [W HFXW SHQ\ R XSROPDGa EHOLUOH\LQL] E [>Q@ X>Q@X>Q@ F [- >Q- / LB ^>QN@>QN@` aDJGD YHULOHQKHUVLQ\D, L\LQ V DO IWOR UXPGD WXPEDJPV-=GHJLaNHQ GLQUEHOLUaRROGXJX JDUDQWL ROGXJX GX D [>Q@ X>Q@ X>Q@
E [ VLQ
,
F [- >Q@ X>Q@
G [W H
XW
6 LQ\DOOHUYH6 LVWHPOHU 6 2LXP
6 XUHOGL] DPDQW YH$\QN =DPD6 LQ\DOOHU
$ VDJUGDNLVLQ\DOOHULQ KHU ELULQLQ JHUFHN NUVXQODQUX $! YH UULOH $D Z YH XQ JHUFHN VD\LODU ROGXJX $H FRVZW IRUUQXQGD LIDGH HGLQL] D [W
E [
- LH FRV U - H !
F [ H VLQW U G [W $ DJGDNL VLQ\DOOHULQLQ KHU ELULQLQ SHUL\RGLN ROXS ROPDGUJP EHOLUOF\LQL] (JHU VLQ\DO SFUL\RGLN LVH WHUQHO SHUL\RGXQX EHOLUOH\LQL] D [ - W E [W H L H [@ HO G ; @ WOOQOOQ@ 8 VHNLOGH LIDGH HGLOHELOVLQ [>Q X>0Q [W aW VXUHNOL ]DPDQK VLQ\DOLQL HOHDODKP
/
\W
[ U GU
VLQ\DOL LFLQ
GHJHULQL KHVDSOD\UP] 7 SHUL\RGX LOH OWO [W ^ , SHUL\RGLN VLQ\DOLQL HOH DODKP %XVLQ\DOLQ GXUWLL NDWDQLOH LOJLOL WLLUHYL 7 SHUL \RGX LOHVR\OHGLU
JW
H (aHU [I- LQ VRQOX WDPVD\L % LOH VPUODQGPOG ELOLQL\RU UVF \DQL KHU ,, Uaā Oā[I-,% LVF \>Q LQ ELU & VRQOX WDUQVD\P LOF aPUODQGPOGJ JRVHUL OHELOLU 9 HQOHQ aVWHPLQ NDUDUK ROGXJX VRQXFXQD ?DQQ] & \ H KDNL PPGDQ IDGHFGP] $ DJaDNL JLULUNLOLNLOaULQLQ KHU ELUL LULQ LOJLOL VLVWFPLQ GRJUXVDO P PLQ GD GFJPa P YH\D KHU NV ELUGHQ ROGXJXQX EFOLUOH\PL] D ^ U[, , E I L> ^ F \>a- [I@[a- G \>- 2G^[ a, JaaOa YH\ UNK VXUHNK ]DPDQK ELU GRJUXVDO VLVUHP DDJGDNL JLULULN UIWOHQP XUHWU Y
IRFN
H /
;,
[ HQ G[W GL
I [^N-
\W H -
/ \ H
$J $LJ,W D [ FRVW LVH6VLVWHPL LFLQLOJLOL \ FNP EXOXQX]
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
E [LW FRV^ W
LVH6VLVWHPL LFLQ LOJLOL \W UNP EXOXQX]
7( 0( / 35 2%/( 0/ ( 5 aLLUFNOL aaaQa ELUaW VQUDOHNLO 3 GH JRVWHULOPLLU $DJGDNL VLQ\DOOH QQKHU EPP GNNDWKFH U]S UHWOH\PL] D [^ W , E [^ F [^ W I ,
G [
F >W^ W [W @
O RWB O
, [W
ā
EaaLOG3O aH D!a OPDQK ELUVLQ\D- JRVWHULOPLWLU $ DJa VLQ\DOOHaQ KHU PP NNDWKFHUO=OSUHOOH\LQL] D [>Q@ E [>Q@ F [>Q@ G [> , H [> >@ I [>Q @R^ Q@ , , J K [>Q [>Q O [Q@
6 LQ\DOOHU YH6 LVWHPOHU
%ROLLP
6 LLUHNL=DPDQEYH$\QN= DPDQK6 LOO\DOOHU
Q
ā
ā
,
Q
E
aN3
aHNOO3
a ā
aOGO 3
F
HNLO 3O GHJRVWHULOHQVLQ\DOOHULQWaNYHLIWNLVUPODQP EHOLUOH\LQL] YHFL]L QL] &L]LPOHULQL]L GLNNDWOLFHLVDUHWOH\LQL] $ VDJLGDNL VLLUHNOL]DPDQKVLQ\DOOHULQKHUELULQLQSHUL\RGLNROXSROPDGLJLUX EH OLUOH\LQL](JHUVLQ\DOSHUL\RGLNLVHWHPHOSHUL\RGXQXEXOXQX] U
K
D [W FRVW
E [W H!
F [W >FRVU @
G [W FY^FRVP XW `
H [W FY^VLQP XW ` ā ā
I [W
LH !Q
E
$ VDJLGDNL D\QN]DPDQKVLQ\DOOHULQKHUELULQLQSHUL\RGLNROXSROPDGLJLQL EHOLU OH\LQL](JHUVLQ\DOSHUL\RGLNLVHWHPHOSHUL\RGXQXEXOXQX] D [Q VLQU QO
E [Q@ FRVU
[W
YH , U
I
G [Q@ FRVQ FRVQ ā
&
aN3
6HNLO 3O GHJRVWHULOHQVLa\DOOHULQWaNYHFLIWNLVLPODQP EHOLUOH\LQL] YHFL]L QL] &L]LPOHULQL]L GLNNDWOLFHaDUHWOH\P]
U H [>Q@ FRVQ VPQ FRVQ %XEROLLPGHVLVWHPOHULQJHQHOR]HOOLNOHULQLDQODWQN2]HOOLNOHELUVLVWHP %HOOHNVL] ]DPDQGDGHJLVUQH] GRJUXVDO QHGHQVHO 6 NDUDUK RODELOLUYH\DROPD\DELOLU$ aDJGDNLVLLUHNOL]DPDQKVLVWHP- HULQKHUELULLFLQEX R]HOOLNOHULQJHFHUOLROXSROPDGLJPEHOLUOH\LQL]&HYDSODQP]L GRJUXOD\PL] +HU RPHNWH\W VLVWHPNaP[W VLVWHPJLULVLQLJRVWHULU I
WU
I
%LLP
6 XUHNOLDPDQOO YH$\QN= DPDQ6OQ\DOHI
6 LQ\DOOHUYH6 LVWHPOHU
, \W [W
E \W FRVW 0W
D \^ , ; , [ I
R 2 F \W
[^,,@
U
^
G \, [W [W a
[U GU
2[W 2 H \, ^ [W [W [L a
W \^ , [W
P \>Q@ [>@
GW
ELUL ā LQ 3UREOHP , GH OLVWHOHQHQ D
E
F \>@ [>@ a
O[^@aO
aL^W
,,
WON
%X SUREOFPGH GRJUXVDOKN YH ]DPDQGD GHJLVPH]OLN R]HOOLNOHULQLQ HQ RQHPK
FIU, J \W
X Haa, X KaQJ LOFULQLQ ROPDGJQ EFOLUOH\L $aDJGDNL D\QN aPDQK VaFWHUOO RHOUGOOX? HO7LNOFULQ KDQJL FULQLQJH + ! FNLH ^,,@ VLVWFP FLNLLQO [W LVH VLVWFP QL] &FYDSODQ] GRJUX D\UP] HURUQ JLULLQL JRVBWFULU E YQ@ [> [> D \Q@ > G \>Q` VY[>Q @`
,,
Q - LQ@ ^2
VRQXFODQQGDQELULQL JRVWHUHFHJLW 2]HOOLNOH GRJUXVDO YH\D GRJUXVDO ]DPDQGD GHJLVPH] /7> ELU VLVWHPLQ WHN ELU JLULVH YH\D ELUNDF JLULVH WHSNLVLQL EOGLJL PL]GH GLJHUELUHRNJLULVH WHSNLVLQL KHVDSOD\DELKUL] %X NLWDEP JFUL NDODQ NLV PPP FRJXQOXJX /7 VLVWHPOHULQ VHQUH] YHDQDOL]L LFLQ VRQXF YH WHNQLNOHULQ JH OLVWLULOPHVL DPDFL\OD EX JHaHJLQ NXOODUQOPDVL LOH LOJLOLGLU 6HNL, 3O D GDNL [ VLQ\DOLQH WHSNLVL 6HNL, 3 E GHNL \ VLQ\DOL RODQ /7 VLVWHPPL HOH DODKP 6HNL, 3F GH JRVWHULOHQ [ JUULVLQF VLVWHUPQ UHS NLVLQL GLNNDWOLFF FL]LQL] YHLVDUHWOH\LQL] D GD HOH DKQDQ VLVWHPLQ 6HNLO 3OOG GH JRVWHULOHQ [ JLQVPH WHSNUVLUQ EH OLUOH\PL] YHFL]LQL] <
H
O [ O
W \>@
,
,
ā> [>O@ ā , aLNL NLOL QN ]DPDQK 6WHPP W D W> JLULL YH\^@ Ua !^ @ (Iaaa- aaa Y> -OH^ F ` aaUNOGaaaUPaVa2-aaaOa WRSODUKNW]FLOaWOJaWaaU]a GHYDP HGHU PL aX SUREOHUQGH - LaaOLVaIULFaLULaaQaaWRODQLUKN YH KRPBRMHQOLN E . LWDSWD ELU VLVWHP UHP H
ā OGXX JFU HJQ WDUQV R]HOOLNOHULQLQ KHU LNLVLQH GH VDKLSVLVWHP HUH H R EKRPRāHQ ROX RO
O
āE
a
D
E
LaWD
aaDGLaaaaaLaaaJaDaIUaaaL WaHLO` LaLF< ELVSDW LDSDUDN aDa ELURUQHN EXOXQXS EXOXQPDGJP NRQUURO HGLQL]
[^Q @[^Q O@R
L \W FG[^ @ [W GW
LL \>
[>U ^ 2[>Q ,@
ELOL , S ROUQDGLJWP EHOLUOH\LQL] (JaU &9 O $aaOOGDNL KHUaVWHP FHYQ H aOaH VLVWHPH D\P FLNLD VDKLS N JP WHU OHELOLUVH WHUV VUVWHUUX R8WXUXQX] R EXOXQX] > @ D \W [W E \, FRV G \W
a3
G
L/ ( 5 L35 2%/ ( 0/ ( 5 [W VLLUHNOL ]DPDQK ELUVLQ\DOROVXQ YH
/[U GU
F \^ @ [@
< [ YH OW [O ROVXQ [^ ,@ a Q 2 H \>Q@ 2 O ?@
, \Q@ [>Q@[>Q ,@
O
K \W J \@ [O @
/HU&U GU
6LQ\DOLQ VLLUHVLQLQ \DQ\DLQGLULOPHVL \ROX\OD\^ VLQ\DOL [W QLQ K]ODQGPOP YHUVL\RQXGXU %HQ]HU &NLOGH\ VLQ\DO VLLUHVLQLQ LNLNDXQD FNDQOPDV \ROX\ OD[ QLQ \DYDODWOP YHUVL\RQXGXU$4JLGDNL LIDGHOHUL HOH DODKP , [W SHUL\RGLN LVH EXGXUXPGD\^ SHUL\RGLNWLU \W SHUL\RGLN LVH EXGXUXPGD [ SHUL\RGLNWLU
Q\DOHUYHVVWHPOHU
[>Q@ H Z ,- [W SHUL\RGLN LVHEXGXUXPGD !OW SHa\RGNWa aa UUaaUHUaaaNEaLaXGaWa"aaāaaaaUaL]aaaI GHGH HOH DKQDQ LON VLQ\DOLQ WHPHO SHQ\RWODQ DUDVP
GHGRJUXGHJLOVH ELU NDUVRUQHNEXOXQX] [>Q D\QN ]DPDQK ELU VLQ\DOROVXQYH [^ Q QLIW \>Q [>Q@ YH \>Q@ ^ 2 QWHN
ROGXJXQX JRVWHULQL] 2PHJLQ
aLaaa
ROVXQ \>@ YH \>@ VLQ\DOOHUL ELU EDNLPD VLUDVL\OD [>QaLKaWa \DYDODWOPa YHUVL\RQODQP LIDGH HGHU $QFDN D\aN ]D \I - , NODQ EXā K]ODQGPOP NDYUDPODQQP VXUHNOL ]DPDQK HVOHULQGHQ PFH DU OXQPDNWDGLU $ aDJLGDNL LIDGHOHUL HOHDODKP , [>Q@SHUL\RGLN LVH EXGXUXPGD \UOª@ SHUa\RGaNWaU \>Q SHUL\RGLNLVHEXGXUXPGD[>Q SHa\RGaNWaU [>Q SHUL\RGLN LVH EXGXUXPGD\>Q SHUa\RGaNWaU > SHUL\RGLN LVH EXGXUXPGD [>Q SHQ\RGNXU %XGGOHULQGRJUX ROaS ROUQDGLJLP EHOLUOH\LQL] YHGRJUX LVH LaaHGEaUHaHD DQa LNL VLQ\DOLQ WHPHO SHUL\RWODQP NDUODWPP] OIDGH GRJUX GHaV UV
QHN LLUHWLQL] ,, ā ā , FHNULU %X UREOHPGH WHNYHFLIW VLQ\DOOHULQ ELUFRNR]H LJ PFHHQH S D [>Q ELUWHNVP\D LVH [^ Q 2 ROGXJXQX JRVWHULQL]
I
E [>Q WHN VLQ\DO LVH Yā>Q@ FLIW VLQ\DO LVH EX GXUXPGD [>Q [>Q LQ WHN VLQ\DO ROGXJXQX JRVWHULQL] H [>Q FLIWYHWHNNLVXQODQ [W^Q@ FY^[^Q@` YH , , [Q RY^[^Q@` LOHJRVWHULOHQ UDVJHOHEUUVP\D R VXQ
I[>Q I
G
[R L, ROGXJXQX JRVWHULQL]
`F NVLFO
D\QN āQDQK VLQ\DO RODUDN LIDGH HGLOGLJL aDLGH D\a R]HOOLNOHU VLLUHNOL ]DPDQKGD GD JaHUOLGLU %XQX DQODWPDN LFP [ H [W QLQ VLUDVL\OD[W QLQ FLIWYHWHNNUVXQODQ ROGXJX
&[W GW
I
> [W GW>
[ W GW ROGXJXQX JRVWHULQL]
[>Q - PO81- SHUL\RGLN D\QN ]DPDQK LLVWHO VLQ\DOLQL HOH DOaOXa %X VLQ\DOLa RG FG 1 LQPYH1 LQ HQEX\LLN RUWDN EROHP ROGXJX \DP N ,G EXā WHPHO SHQ\ XQXQ J P KHP 1 KHPGHP LWDPVD\L GHJHULNDGDUEROHQ HQEX\X WDPVD\R XJ
JFG OJFG JFG (JHUPYH1KLFELU RUWDN IDNWRUH VDKLS GHJLOVH 1 1ROGXJXQD GLNNDW HGHOLP ZWHPHO IUHNDQVU LOHYH7R QIZ WHPHO\HUL\RGX LOH[W
[L! U VLLUHNOL ]DPDQK NDUPDVLN LLVWHO ROVXQ [W` QLQ aLW RODUDN D\QOUPV RPHNOHUL DK RDUDNHOGH HGLOHQ D\QN ]DUQDQK VLQ\DOL HOHDODOXQ \DRL [^ Q@ [Q7 H- 7 D [>Q LQ VDGHFH YH VDGHFH 7IIRJHUHHN VD\L LVH SHUL\RGLN ROGXJXQX JRVWHUL QL] \DQL HJHUVDGHFHYHVDGHFHRPHNOHPH DUDKJ WDP RODUDN [W SHUL\RGXā QXQ NDXQD &LWLVH E [>Q LQ SHUL\RGLN ROGXJXQX YDUVD\DOP \DRL S YHT QXQ WDPVD\L ROGXJX 7 S 3O 7R T [>Q LQ WHPHO SHUL\RW YH WHPHO IUHNDQV QHGLU" 7HPHO IUHNDQV ZUQLQ NH VLU L RODUDN JVWHULQL] F < LQH 7II P 3Oā GHQNOHPLQL VDaDGLP YDUVD\DUDN [>Q LQ WHN ELU SHUL\RGXQX ROXWXUDQ PHNOHUL HOGH HWPHN LFLQ WDP RODUDN NDF WDQH[W SFā UL\RGX JHUHNWLJLQL EHOLUOH\LQL] &RLX LOHWLLP X\JXODPDVPGD RQHPOL ELU NDYUDP LNL VLQ\DO DUDVPGDNL NRUHODV \RQGXU %ROLLP QLQ VRQXQGDNL SUREOHPOHUGH EX NRQX KDNNPGD VR\OHQHFHN GDKD FRN &< RODFDN YH SUDWLNWH QDVLO NXOODUXOGJL DRODWODFDNWU LPGLOLN NRUH ODV\RQ IRQNVL\RQODQQD YHE=OR]HOOLNOHULQHNVDELUJLULLOH\HWLQHFHJL] UW YHBI LNL aLQ\WO ROVXQEXGXUXPGDNRUHODV\RQ IRQNVL\RQX \OHWDUXPODUXU W`
F[F7 \ G7
- W IRQNVL\RQX JHQHOOLNOF [W VLQ\DOLQLQ RWR NRUHODV\RQ IRQNVL\RQX RODUDN ELā OLQLUNHQ 0W FRJXQOXNODFDSUD]NRUHODV\RRIRQNVL\RQX RODUDN DGODRGPKU D 0W LOH 0W DUDVPGDNL LOLNL QHGLU" E - W LQ WHNNOVPXX KHVDSOD\P] F \W [W ROGXJXQX YDUVD\DKP 0W YH aF L 0W EDNXUXQGDQ LIDGH HGLQL] %XSUREOHPGH ELULPGLLUWLL IRQNVL\RRXQXQ ELUNDaR]HOOLJL LQFHOHQPHNWHGLU D LRW` ROGXJXQX JRVWHULQL] LSXFX LW \LLQFHOH\LQL] EN]HNLO E %ROLLP O GH VLLUHNOL ]DPDQK ELULP GLLUWLL\LL VLQ\DOLQLQ OLPLWL RODUDN WDQPODGN 2DKD QHW RODUDN aW QLQ ELUFN R]HOOLLQL RQD WHNDELLO HGHQ
R]HOOLOF- HULQL LQFHOH\HUFN WDPPODGN 2PHJLQ
6 LQ\DQHU YH6 VWHPOHU
%OOXP
6 LLUHNOO ODPDQO YH$\QN=DPDQE Q\DOOHU
XW > U GU VLQ\DOL
ROGXJX LFLQ $ a LNHQKHU ELQQLQ ELU GLOUWLOJLEL GDYUDQGLJPU JRVWHULQL]+HU GXUXPGD XaW` VP\DOLQL GLNNDWOLFH FL]LQL] YH LVDUHWOH\LQL] 7LLP $ OHU LFLQ 2` ROGXJXQD GLNNDW HGLQL] %XQHGHQOH aW` \L WaLFLQ VLILU ROD UDNYH W LFLQ VRQVX] RODUDN WDPPODPDN YH\D GLOLOQPHN\HWHUK GHJLOGU%X QXQ \HULQH R]HOOLNOHUL GLOUWLL\LOWDPPOD\DQ 3O` GHQNOHPLQGFNL JLELGLU %R OLOP GH ELULP GLLUWLOWOHLOLVNLK YHD\QFD GHJHUOHUL \HULQH R]HOOLNOHUL LOHWDPP KWHNLOKN IRQNVL\RQODQ RODUDN ELOLQHQ VP\DOOHULQ WLLPVIP UDUXPOD\DFDJL] 'RJUXVDO ]DPDQGD GHJLPH] VLVWHPOHULQ DUDVWPOPDVPGD FO^ YHGLJHU WHā NLOOLN IRQNVL\RQODQPQ R\QDGJ URW IL]LNVHO IHQRPHQLQ LGHDOOHVXULOPHVLGLU YH JRUHFHJPL] JLEL EX LGHDOOHVWLUPHOHULQ NXOODUQUP EX JLEL VLVWHPOHULQ ID]ODVL\OD RQHUQOL YH FRN EDVLW LIDGHOHQPQ HOGF HGLOPHVLQL PLOPNLOQ NUODU 7HNLOKN IRQNVU \RQODQPQ NXOODPPPGD \LQHGH GLNNDWOL ROPDN JHUHNLU 2]HOOLNOH EXQODQQ LGH DOOHVWLUPH ROGXJXQX KDXUODPDN JHUHNLU YH ER\OHFF EXQODU NXOODPODUDN KHU KH VDSODPD \DSOGJPGD EX KHVDSODPDPQ LGHDOOHVWLULOPHN LVWHQLOHQ VLQ\DO GDYUDP PGRJUX ELU LIDGHVLQL JGVWHUGLJL WDP RODUDN NDEXO HGLOLU*RVWHUPHN JHUHNLUVH 8GHQNOHPL HOFDODKP
U
OLP ,,$ W $ 8
ELULP EDVDPDJLQD \DNLQVDGJ LYLQa` \L
O
U GU LUL] GHQNOFPL LOF YH\D a \L X QLQ ELFLUQVHO WLOUFY JLEL JRUHUHN \RUXPOD\DEO āa,
?
DP
L L E D
U
[` ` [2 6W`
- BMO
3O`
%XGHQNOHP 8JR]OHPH GD\DPU
G
[W ,` [2 W
F
U! O
L
$
O
aNOO 3
B
! &,- E OLUOHPFN \HULQH PLOPNLOQ GHJLWGLU %X WLS WDUQVPD a \L KHU W UHP GHJHQUX a HPOLGLU %ROLOP GH GRJUXVDO R]HOOLNOHUL LOH WDPPODPD\D YDKaWJP] LWP aQI GDK a,DQELULP GLOUWLLQLLQ FRN ]DPDQGD GHJLPH] VLVWHPOHU DUDaXUPDaGD D\ QDVLO GDYUDQGJP DQODPDN EDVLW WDPODQPDV VDJODQDFDNBLU$QOFN 8 DQJLaaaUPH\HRGDNODQDFDJ] %XQX LQELULP GLLUWLONXOODQWPPGD RQHP DYUDa
ā ā 6FNLO \DSPDN UHP 3Oā GH JRVWHULOFQ DOX VLQ\DOL HOH DODKP a / UU GU
ROVXQ GHUVHN EXGXUXPGD - LPa`
āā
3
%XEDJPXQP OLPLWLQL DOPDN 3O GHQNOHPLQGHNL LGHDOOHVWLULOUQLV RODP XUH WLU$ QFDN3O GHQNOHPLQLQ WLLUHWPHVLQLQ GDKD GLNNDWOL LRFFOFQPHVL GHQN OHPLQ VDGHFH W 2 LFLQ [` VLLUHNOL LVH DQODPK ROGXJXQX JRVWHULU 'HJLO LVH EX GXUXPGD NLOWLON W LFLQ[W [2 ROPD\DFDNXU %X QRNWD\L GDKD DQODVLKU KDOH JHWLUPHN LFLQ XW ELULP EDVDPDN VLQ\DOLQL HOH DODKP , GHQNOHPLQGHQ W LFLQ XW ROGXJXQX YHW!LFLQ !ROGX JXQX DQFDN 2 GD GHJHULQLQ WDQXQK ROPDGLJXQ KDXUOD\DOXQ >RPHJLQ a I LNHQ 3UREOHP ,E` GHQ` WLLP$ LFLQ $ ROGXJXQD GLNNDW HGH OLP@ +HVDSODPDODU XW NXOODPODUDN \DSLOGJVLLUHFH X2 R]HOVHFLPL LFLQ JLLYH QLOLU ROPDPDVL P WDUXPVU] ROPDV R]HOOLNOH UDKDWV] HGLFL GHJLOGLU 2UQHā JLQHJHU- OW VLR\DOL 2 GDVLOUHNOL LVH > IR XT G 7 GHJHUL X2 VH\LPLRH EDJK GHJLOGLU 'LJHU WDUDIWDQ XW` RLQ WDUXPV]ROGXJX JHU WHJL WHNLOOLOLN IRQNVL\RQODQ LOH LOJLOL ED]W KHVDSODPDODQQ WDPPV] RODFDJ DQ ODPPD JHOLU X`FO^W DUSPPP GHJHULQL EHOLUOHPH\H \DKaXJLP] GLLaLLQHOLP %XQXQWDPPODQDPD\DFDJP JRUUQHN P
6 LQ\DOOHUYH6 LVWHPOHU %XP
6 2UHNOL=DPDQOYH$\QN=DPDQK6 LQ\DOOHU
- LP>XU` R aR
[>Q@
6LVWHP,
6LVWHP
6 MVWHUQ
\>Q@
DQFDN a,3 ,
OLP> -RF R
ROGXJXQX JRVWHULQL] ā NO G - D ER *HQHOOLNOH VLQ\DOOHU \HUOHUL FDNUVDQ WHaLOOLNOHU aVa NVL]K H XUWXBHU YH\ OLLP 6 GH DQODXODQ GLJHU WHNLOOLNOHU LFHUPHGLJL VXUHFH LNL VP\DOP \DUSP VaUXQX] RODUDN KHVDSOD\DELOLUL] . RQXP- DU \DNWJPGD FDUSUP WDPUQVL UU 2PHN RODUDN JW U RU GU VLQ\DOLQLQ XW LOH D\P ROGXJXQX \DaL WaL\LQ 2 ROGXJXQX W ! LFP , ROGXJX QX YH RLFLQ WDPUQVL] ROGXJXQX JRVWHQP] G NLOG D %LU VLVWHP WRSODPU YH\D KRPa-HQ LaHB HJHUJLQ LVH \ONOP DD\P VH , H VLILU ROPD R]HOOLJL ROGXJXQX JRVWHQP] G NO QO E 1HWR -DPU QHGHKRPRMHQ ROPD\DQ QH D\QN ]DPaKQH HVXH PD DPDaJHUJLUL D\QHQ VILU LVH\ONO GDVLILU RODQ ELU VLVWHP EHOLUOH\LQL] DQ F D VH HQHJLQGHQ VLLUHNOL ]DPDQKGD YH ]DPDQODQ DUDVQGDD\QN ]DP KGDa YH Q]DQDQODQ DUDVPGD GRJUXVDO ELU VLVWH aJLULV 2B LVH \N D\P ]DPDQ DUDKJPGD VLILU ROPDOLGLU VRQXFXQD YDUDELOLU PLVLQL]" &HYDEPL]L DFUNOD\LP] EL \>Q@ [>Q@^J>Q@ J>Q@` LOH LOLNLOL[Q@ JLULVOLYH\>Q@ WUORK UU VLVWHUQUP HOHDODKP D KHU LFLQ JQ@ , LVH 6 QLQ ]DPDQGD GHJLPH] ROGXJXQXJRVWHULQL] E J>Q@ QLVH 6 QLQ ]DPDQGD GHJLVUQH] ROPDGLJXX JRVWa] F J>Q@ LVH6 QLQ ]DPDQGD GHJLVPH] ROGXJXQX JRVWHQP] D $DJGDNL LIDGH GRJUX PX \RNVD< KaLGLU" QGD ONL GRJUXVDO ]DPDQGD GHJLPH] VLVWHPP VHQ EDJODQQV ELU GRJUXVDO ]DPD GHJLVUQH] VLVWHPGLU &HYDELUX]W GRJUXOD\LP] E $DJGDNL LIDGH GRJUX PX\RNVD\DQKVUPGLU" ONL GRJUXVDO ROPD\DQ VLVWHPLQ VHUL EDJODQQVL GRJUXVDO GHJLOGLU &HYDEPL]L GRJUXOD\XX] F $ DJLGDNL JLULVFLNWVLOLVNLOHUL LOH LLWU VLVWHUQL HOHDODKP
D [W JLULVL YH\BW UONa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aVDO ROPD\DQ VLVWHP EX OXQX] G $ \QN ]DPDQK ELUVLVWHP L ULQ WHUV HYULOHELOLUOLJLQ $LGDNL LIDGH LOH D\P ROGXJXQX JRVWHULQL] KHUQLWULQ\Q@ LLUHWHQ WHNJLUL KHU QL\LQ[>Q- 2 GU
V Â Â Â
6LVWHP ,
Q ^ [>Q@ QaLIO \ , 2 Q WHN
6LVWHP
, \ [>Q@[>Q@[>Q@
6LVWHP \>Q@ [> %X VLVWHPOHULQ 6HNL 3O GH JRVWHULOaLJL JLELBaHULBaOaN EDJODQGJa YDUVD\D KP $UD EDJODQXK WXP VLVWHP LWULQ JBLQ9 LLN LOLVNLVLQL EXOXQX] %X VLVWHP GRJ UXVDO PLGUU"=DPDQGD GHJLVPH] PLGLU"
%LUVLLUHNOL]DPDQK GRJUXVDO VLVWHP LLQD\Q LIDGH JH\HUOLGLU H G VH\HQHJLQL VDJOD\DQ DQFDN WHUV ?HYULOHELOLU ROPD\DQ GRaVDO ROPD\DQ
ELU VLWHP EXOXQX] 3UREOHP O GH NRUHODV\RQ IRQNVL\RQODQ NDYUDUPP WDUXROG RJXQOXNOD KW QLQ YHULOHQ VDELW VLQ\DO ROGXJX DPD [^ W QLQ URN \HLWOL VLQ\DOOHUGHQ KHU KDQJL ELUL RODELOHFHJL W NRUHODV\RQ IRQNVL\RQXQX KHVDSODPDN SUDWLNWH RQHPKGLU %X GXUXPGD [W JLULL YH ^ W \NK ELU 6VVWHPL WDVDUODPDN L\LQ QH\DSKU" D 6GRJUXVD- PGLU" 6]DPDQGD GHJLPH] PLGLU"6QHGHQVHO PLGLU" &HYDSOD QP D\FOD\P] ^ E (JHU UWNW W \HULQH $W DKUVDN D VH\HQHJLQH YHUGLJLQL] FHYDSODUGDQ KHUKDQJL ELUL GHJLaLU PL" 6HNL 3O UXQ JHUL EHVOHPH VLVWHPLQL HOH DODKP Q2 LLQ\>Q@ ROGXJXQX YDUVD\D- P
> -U
ā
\>R
BBa
\>Q
aNOI3 W
D [Q@ Q@LNHQ \WNa UL=LQL] E [>Q >Q@LNHQ \ON UL]LQL]
6 LQ\D$HU YH6 LVWHPOHU
UXVDO ELU VLVWHPL YH[>Q@ < >Q WLNQD NaaLKNJHOHQ 6 \H a D 6Da Gaa NLO 3O D GDJRVWHQOHQVLVWHUPHOFDODKP 6V UHFaLa aaaaDRLWaaLaaX HYDVKaGD [> YH\>QODUaXaGDNL WLLP JLULaāWONO O HFLPLQH EDJK ROPDGLJLP JRVWHQQW] LOLNO6,2,2aā a R]H VHF 6 NLO O GH JRVWHULOHQ ELFLPGHLIDGH HGL E D VHLHQHJQ VRQXFXaX QP H ā OHELOHFHJLQL JRVWHQLHN UHP aXO DQLQW] GLU" aYD ODQP]L GRJUXOD\L F $ DJGDNL VLVHPOHQQ KDQJOHGQ DUWDQaRJOaRJUXVDO VLIWHPLQL YH VLVWHPLQ P] YH HJHU ELU VLVWHP DUWDQ RJUXVD LVH NL ā > D\ \LEH HNLO , GH JRVWHULOHQ LIDGHVL LFLQ VLILU JLQVWHS LV Q [>Q@[>Q Q Q aLIW LL > O W \ ,, ^ Oa [^N@ WHN
\ ^ [Q [Q [ Q [ [Q O [2 LY 6HNLO 3E GH JRVWHULOHQ VLVWHP Y 6HNLO 3, F GH JRVWHUL- HQ VLVWHP G %HOLUOL ELU DUWDQ GRJUXVDO VLVWHPLQ GRJUXVDO VLVWHPL JRVWHUHQ O YH VUILUJLULV WHSNLVLQL JRVWHUHQ \>- LOH6HNLO , GHNL JLEL ELUJRVWHULPH VDKLS ROGXJX QX YDUVD\DKP 6 QLQ VDGHFH YH VDGHFH O ELU]DPDQGD GHLPH] VLVWHP LVH YH\> VDELW LVH]DPDQGD GHJP&=ROGXJXQX JRVWHULQL]
0$ 7 ( 0$ 7 L. 6( /L1& ( / ( 0( . DUPDVLN ] VD\LVL ELUFRN VHNLOGH LIDGH HGLOHELOLU ] LFLQ NDUWH]\HQ YH\D GLNGRQJHQVHO IRUPX M - M ROGXJX YH[YH! QLQVLUDVL\OD] QLQ JHUHHN YHVDQDO NUVLPODQ ROGXJX
][M\ GLU
L\>Q@
'DKDRQFHJRVWHUGLJLPL]JLELWRJXQOXN- D8QRWDV\RQX OFXOODQDFDJ] [ OH^]`\ Q^]` . DUPDVLN ] VD\UVL D\QFD U !2 QP ]YH P ELL\LLNOLLJLL] QLQ DW YH\D GRQHPL ROGXJX NXWXSVDO IRUPGD LIDGHHGLOHELOLU
D O
] UH
L [W a
, a \W
%LL\LLNOLLNOHUFRJXQOXNOD L\OH\D]LKU VLUa \
GW
U O]O% ] . DUPDVUN VD\LODQQ EX LNLLIDGHVL DUDVLQGDNL LOLVNL (XOHU EDJPXVPGDQ HOGH HGLOHELOLU WL FRVMVLQ2 YH\D NRRUGLQDW HNVHQOHULQLQ OH^ H` \DWD\ HNVHQL YH Q^]` GLNH\ HNVHQLER\XQFD 6HNLO 3O GH JRVWHULOGLJL JLEL NDUPDVLN GLL]OHPGH] \L JRVWHUHUHN EHOLUOHQHELOLU %XJUDILN JRVWHULPLQH JRUH[YH\ ] QLQ NDUWH]\HQ NRRUGLQDWODQ YHUYH %LVH OFXWXSVDO NRRUGLQDW ODQGLU
E
FRV[Q
L
BB
]>QO
Y>QO LL J \>Q@
[ >QO
\ Z>Q
/a
Z>Q`[>QO
[ F aNOO 3 aNOO 3
6 LQ\DOOHU YH6 LVWHPOHU
] U OE NXWXSVDO NRRUGLQDWODQ YH[R-OR NDUWH]\HQ NRRUGLQDWODQ LOHELU NDUPD aN VD\W ROVXQ $aDGDNL NDUPDVLN VD\LODQQ LIDGHOHULQL . DUWH]\HQ NRRUGLQDWODQ LFLQ [ YH < R EDNLPPGDQ HOGH HGLQL] U YH aāP LNHQ YH UR YH a P LNHQ =R ] ] = ] YH =V QRNWDODQUX NDUPDVLNGX]OHPGHFL]LQL] LLLPOHULQL] LL]HULQGH KHU QRNWDQP JHUFHN YHVDQDO NLVLPODUXX JGVWHULQL] D ] UVH E ] R F ] URHOOKWO G ] URH H ]V URH OW $aDJGDNL NDUPDVLN VD\LODQQ KHU ELULQL NXWXSVDO IRQQGD LIDGH HGLQL] YH KHU ELUL QLQELL\LLNOLLN YHDFV LOH NDUPDVLN GLL]OHPGH JRVWHULQL] D , M E H M G M
H , -
,
J ^ , M
K M M
, , M
]
a!
Faa
aDVJHOH NDUPDVLNVD\LODU ROGXJX aJGDNL EDJPQODQ HOGHHGLQL]
]] ] ] H^ ]] ` H^ ] ]` ]O ] ]] O]-O], H^]` 6 I]O PW^]`6M]M M]] ] ]-VO]]M J LM]O]O 6I]]I 6 a]MO] %X SURE HPGHaOH DOP EDJPXODU NLWDS ER\XQFD ELUFRN VHEHSOH N , D $aJGDNL LIDGHPQ JaHUOLOLJLQL LVSDWOD\LP] X DP Pa-U E F G H
S
a ^1 D , D1 1
/- D R
I H
M - O M H
N M ILH
KHUKDQJL NDUPDVLN VD O D, ,D
E MDM, LVH
M UD
D 6HNLO3O YH\D (XOHU EDJPQVLP NXOODQDUDN [YH\ QLQ UYH EDNPPGDQ LIDGHVLQL HOGH HGLQL] E UYH 2 QXQ [ YH\EDNUPLQGDQLIDGHVL QHGLU" F (JHU VDGHFH UYH WDQ` YHULOLUVH [YH\ L EHQ]HUVL] ELU VHNLOGH HOGH HGHELOLU PL\L]" $FUNOD\LP] (XOHU EDJPXVXX NXOODQDUDN DaDJGDNL EDJLQXODQ HOGH HGLQL] D FRV` - H H F FRV H W,FRV G VLQ VLQ WFRVI- WFRV% H VLQ VLQ FRVFRVVLQ ] ] [M\ UO RODQ ELU NDUPDVLN VD\L ROVXQ ] QLQ NDUPDVLN HVOHPHVL LVH ] [M\ UHÂ-2 ]] YH] QLQ UDVJHOH NDUUQDVLNVD\LODUROGXJXa GDNL EDJPQODQ HOGH HGLQL]
a X " E
/QDÂ a OD
WH HÂ
E VLQI-
,
D ROGXJXQX JRVWHULQL] F MDM , LVH
ROGXJXQX JRVWHULQL] G ODO , ROGXJXQX YDUVD\DUDN VXQX KHVDSOD\LP]
ID a ,66 3UREOHP O LLQ FHYDSODQP NXOODQDUDN
FOKGDN ā ā RSDPDUP OD KHU KPP KHVDS \LUX] YHFHYDSDQP]LNDUWH]\HQ IRUPXQGD LIDGH HGLQL]
D
UHU
E
F / F H Q
V ]
G
HI
F ]] MOH^]` G ]] MªQ^]` H ] ] ] ] I D]] D] ] DKHUKDQJL ELUJHUFHN VD\L J a ā a
=
aGWaa OHULQ D
U H
G O
=
K ?OOH^a` B>]L] ] ]@
G
&H- SRaHQLQB QDVLO PDWHPDWLN HOHDODKP %X&NOLQNDODQ NWVUPaQa aaaQGLLWaa?DaGD JRBVWHQOHQa>@ VLQ\DOLQL aaJa- LaIU - aaaULaaLL GXaXEHV ]DPDQaDDLaUaaaEaaaNaaaa
,
[O@R^ O ^ [^ ,@
*L5 La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
,, W
[^ 2- >Q- ^ [^2 Q 2 QW2 [^ ,- >Q,@ ^ $IO@
, , %aQHGHQOH aHNLOaHNL EHV GBL]LQLQWRSODUP V,, V LFLQ[>Q@ GLU 'DKD JHQHO ROD N UD H WUD ND\GXPD ROFHNOHUXPaGLLUWLLOHUGDKLO HGLOHUHN8QX\D]DELOLUL]
R
,, W
[IQ@ [I@>@ UI@R^ Q @ [IO@RQ,@[^2@R^@ $ IO@O@ [^@F^@ [^ - @R^ Q@
aaJL ELU QGHJHa LaLQaBT GHQNOHPLQLQ VDJ WDUDILQGD EXOXQD WHULPOHUG EEQVWIXGNOGU YH EX WHQPOa WKNKROFHNOHPH WDP RODUDN [>Q@ GLU %X WRSODQX aaGNHFH D VD LU aH H\D]PDN JHUHNLUVH [IQ@
[^N@>QN@
W
Waaā
a aaOIH aLHHaaaaaaVaaLaGaLaāWDQ >N@ RaXJUNR^QN@LVD\GPOP EL [IQ@ @ ELULP EDVDPDJPHOH DODOP %XG D HVPH , JHKU 2PHN RODUDN LFLQX>N- , ROGXJXQGDQ GHQNOHPLEROLLaaa a,aaa X>N>-EROGXJXQGDQ YHBNa2 GH\H &O RODQ8KDOHJHOLU ā HQ ] GHQNOHP@ID
@ ,RUQN-
6 LQ\DOOHUYH6 OVWHPOHU
%2,2P
DPDQOD'H2aHQ
8QHHU6 LVOHPOHU
GHQNOHPL D\QN ]DPDQK ELULP GLLUWLLQLLQ VLUDODPD R]HOOLJL RODUDN DGODQGP KU R>QN@ GL]LVL N Q LFLQ VLILUGDQ IDUNK ROGXJX LFLQ GHQNOHPLQLQ VDJ WDUDILQ GDNL WRSODP [>N@ GHJHU GL]LVLQL LQFHOHU YH VDGHFH N Q VNDUVLKN JHOHQOHUL VDNODU %LU VRQUDNL DOWEROLLPGHD\QN ]DPDQK ELU / 7 O VLVWHP LFLQ HYULVLPWRSODP JRVWHULUQLQL JH OLVWLUPHN DPDFL LOHD\QN ]DPDQK VLQ\DOOHULQ LIDGHVLQL NXOODQDFDJL]
[>Q@
Q
$ \UN= DPDQK%OUOP 'LLUWLL 7HSNOVOYH/7,6OVWHPOHUOQ(YUOOP7RSODP
*RVWHUOPO D
YH GHQNOHPOHULQLQ VLUDODPD R]HOOLJLQLQ RQHPL [>@ LFRN EDVLW WHPHO IRQNVL \RQODU JXUXEXQXQ \DQLX\JXQ NGHJHUL LOHEHOLUOL WHNELUQRNWDGD KHUELULVLILUGDQ IDUNK , GHJHUL LOH ND\GLUUQD ELULP GLLUWLLOHUL R>QN@ ROHNOHQGLULOPL YHUVL\RQODQPQ ELQ GLUPHVL RODUDN LIDGH HWPHVL JHaHJLQGH \DWDU 'RJUXVDO ELU VLVWHPLQ [@ H WHSNLVL EX ND\GLUPD GLLUWLLOHULQLQ KHUELULQH VLVWHPLQ ROHNOHQGLULOPL WHSNLOHULQLQ ELQGLQQHVL ROD FDNXU $ \QFD ]DPDQOD GHJLPH]OLN R]HOOLJL ]DPDQOD GHJPH] ELU VLVWHPLQ ]DPDQ ND\GLQOUPV ELULP GLLUWLLOHULQH WHSNLOHULQLQ EDVLW RODUDN ELU GLJHULQLQ ]DPDQGD ND\GPO UPV YHUVL\RQODQ ROGXJXQX VR\OHU +HP GRJUXVDO KHP GH ]DPDQOD GHJLPH\HQ D\QN ]DPDQK VLVWHPOHU LQ HYULVLPWRSODP JRVWHULPL EX LNLJaHJLQ ELUDUD\D JHOPHVPGHQ ND\QDNODPU 'DKD R]HO RODUDN GRJUXVDO PXKWHPHOHQ ]DPDQOD GHJLHQ ELU VLVWHPLQ UDVJHOH ELU[^ Q@JLULVLQH WHSNLVLQL HOHDODKP GHQNOHPL \ROX\OD JLULVL ND\GLUPD ELULP GLLU ULLOHULQLQ GRJUXVDO ELU NRPELQDV\RQX RODUDN LIDGH HGHELOLUL] N>Q@ ND\GPOPLV ELULP GLLUWLLVLL R>QN@ \D GRJUXVDO VLVWHPLQ WHSNLVLQL JRVWHUVLQ %X GXUXPGD GRJUXVDO ELU VLVWHP LFLQ ELQGLUPH R]HOOLaQGHQ > YH GHQNOHPOHUL@ GHQNOHPLQGH [>Q@ JLULVLQH GRJUXVDO VLVWHPLQ WHSNLVL \>Q@ EDVLW RODUDN EX WHPHO WHSNLOHULQ DJLUKNODQGPOUPV GRJUXVDO NRPELQDV\RQXGXU < DQL GHQNOHPL IRQQXQGD JRVWHUL OHQGRJUXVDO VLVWHPH[>Q@ JLULVL LOH!^ Q@ OX \OHLIDGHHGLOHELOLU
[ Q
@
Q
ā
EO [ā@ >Q@
ā
Q
, F
[2- Q
G
Q
\>Q
[> Qā@
,
H
Q
[> Q
ā
I
,
I[^ N@X>Q@
V
Q
aNOO $\QN]DPDQLOEOUVOQ\DOLQND\ā GXPD G2UWLLOHQQLQaUONODQGLQLOP,2O! ODPQDGHNRPSRP\RRR
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
6LQ\DDHUYH6LVWH W 6 ROXP
=DPDQODaL70< HQ /LQHHU6 WVWHPOHU
[>Q
; Oā OOQ ; ā KQ
ā
Q
Q
Q
D [2 OOQ
[2 KRQ
K >Q
KOQ
a
Q
OOL
Q
[^- OOQ-
Q
Q
Q
E
,/
aHNOO GHQNOHPLQGHOWDGHHGOGL LJOEOD\QN] DPDQKaUXVDOEOUVOVWHPLQJUDILNVHO\RUXPX
F! Q
Q
*HQHOOLNOH HOEHWWH KL>Q@ WHSNLOHULQLQ N PQ IDUNK GHJHUOHUL LFLQ ELUELUOHUL\OH LOLVNLOL RO UQDODQ JHUHNPH] $ QFDN HJHU GRJUXVDO VLVWHP D\UX ]DPDQGD ]DPDQOD GHJLVUQH] LVH EXGXUXPGD ]DPDQGD ND\GLQOUPV ELULP GLLUWLLOHUHEXWHSNLOHULQ KHSVL ELUELULQLQ ]DPDQ GD ND\GLQOUUXV YHUVL\RQODQGLU 2]HOOLNOH RQN@ R@ LQ ]DPDQGD ND\GPOUPV YHU VL\RQX ROGXJXQGDQ K>Q@ WHSNLVL @ LQ ]DPDQGD ND\GPOPLV ELU YHUVL\RQXGXU\DQL
F
[^Q-
KWQ@ KR>QN@
\Q-
1RWDV\RQDO X\JXQOXN LFLQ K@ GHNL DOWVLPJH\L NDOGPS ELULP GLLUWLL RUQHN WHSNLVL QLWDPUQOD\DFDJL] @ KR>Q@ 6
7
Q
Q
< DQL R^Q@ JLULV ROGXJXQGD KQ@ / 7 O VLVWHPLQ NGLU %X GXUXPGD / 7 O VLVWHUQOHU LFLQ GHQNOHPL VR\OH ROXU
\^Q@
I[IN@K>QN@
G
a %X VRQXF HYULVLP WRSODUP YH\D ELQGLUPH WRSODUP RODUDN DGODQGPKU YH GHQNOFPLQLQ VDJ WDUDIPGDNL LVOHP [>Q@ YH @ GL]LOHULQLQ FYULVLPL RODUDN ELOLQLU (YULVLP LVOHPLQL VHPEROLN RODUDN VR\OHJRVWHUHFHJL] \>Q@ [>Q@O>
GHQNOHUQLQLQ ELU / 7, VLVWHPLQL EL ā aNLO GHYDPL UDVJHOH ELUJLULVH WHSNLVLQLLIDGHHWWLJLQHa aa GWLUWLL\H VVWaP WHSNVL EDNPPGDQ ODUUX\ODWHNELUVLQ\DOHWHSNLVL LOHā \DQLELULP BHXQ aa ELU/ 7- VLVWHPLQWDPDQ GHQNOHUQLQLQ \RUXP X/ 7 O VLVWH a\H WHSNLVL WLHWDQXQODQGJPJRQLUX] JPVLQH WHSNLQLQ [IN@KI B N@ ROGXJX - a UXPaaDN]DLQaaGD X\JXODQDQ [>N@ KIQ LQND\GPOUPV YH RWFHNOHQPL ELU YaL QXa YHaWKJPHaaUGaUB\DQL FN WXPEXWHSNLOHULQ ELQGLQQHVLGLU \ \DQNL 'DKD RQFHNL JE DVLO
a\P
6LQ\DOOHUYH6LVWHPOHU
%OOOXP
=DPDQOD'HOMa\HQ /LQHDU 6LVWHPOHU
2PHN NLOL E / 7 VLVWHPLQLHOH DODKP%X E - ā ,L YH K>Q@GXUW WHS X 6HNL?D GD JRVWHQOG$JW $Q JP GHQOGFPLaXLIDGF\HVDGHO&U GH[>2OYH[O@ VIUGDQIDUNKROGXJX aWQ ā GXUXPaLQ 6 Z ^Q@[^2-K@ [^ O@KOQ ,@ 26KQ` KQ ?@
LQ 8UHWLPL ,OHLOJLOL ELQGLUPH LFLQ JFUHNOL GXUWLL\DaNVGUaX 6 YH K O@ G]OFQ a> LQLNL\DQN\WRSOD\DUDN6 FN?F GH ā E GF JRVWHQOPU Q LQ KHUGH$ FQa \DQNDUF , N J OLVWFULOHQ\>` HOGHHGOOLU K>Q-
+HUELU FWNW RPHJL X]HULQGH ELQGLUPH WRSODQXPQ HWNLVLQL HOH DODUDN HYULVLUQ WRSODUPUX NXOODQDUDN\>Q KHVDSODPDVUUX GLLaLLQPHN LFLQ ELU EDVNDFRNID\GDK \RO HOGH HGHUL] 2]HOOLNOH Q EHOLUOL ]DPDUXQGD FNW GHJHULQLQ KHVDSODQPDVXX GaLLQHOLP %X KHVDSODPD\L JUDILNVHO RODUDN JRVWHUPHQLQ R]HOOLNOH X\JXQ ELU\ROXN PQ IRQNVL\RQODQ RODUDN JRULLOHQ LNLVLQ\DO[>N@ YHK>Q N@ LOH EDVODU %X LNL IRQNVL\RQX FDUSDUDN KHUN ]DPDQGD[N@ PQ QDQPGD FNLDNDWNUVLPLIDGHHWWLJL JRULLOHQJ>N@ [>N@K>Q N@ GL]L VLQL HOGHHGHUL]J>N GL]LVLQGHNL WLLPRPHNOHULQ WRSODQPDVL LOHVHFLOHQ Q]DPDPQGD Na LLUHWWLJL VRQXFXQD YDQQ] %X QHGHQOHWLLP QGHJHUOHUL LFLQ \>Q@ L KHVDSODPDN LHLQ EX \RQWHPL KHUQ GHJHUL LFLQ WHNUDUODPDN JHUHNLU 1H\VH NL Q GHJHULQL GHJLVWLUPHQLQ LNL VLQ\DO [>N@ YHK>QN LFLQ N IRQNVL\RQXRODUDN JRULLOHQ FRN EDVLW ELUJUDILNVHO \R UXPX YDUGLU $ DaWGDNL RPHNOHU EXQX DQODXUYHHYULVLP WRSODPODQPQ KHVDSODQPDVP GDVR]LLJHFHQJULLLLNXOODPU
, ,
Q
2PHN < LQF2PHN GFNL HYULVLPSUREOFPLQL HWHDODKPN PQ IRQNVL\RQXRODUDNJULOFQYHVDELWQ LaLQKQNOGL6LFNLOE GF JVWFULOLULFQ[N@GLVL6HNL GDJVWFULOPO` OOU%XGL]L OFULQNOEOZODNaL]LOPHVLQGFELUKN ]DPDQWHUVLQPHVLX\JXODPDVJFUHNVLPPLQLDaNOD\DUDNN DQDUNHQ Q N DXKU %XQXELOFUHNK>Q W@ VLQ\DOLQLaL]PFNLaLQEFOLUOL OH GFWFUL LaLQ GTFULQL EFOLUOFPFPL] JFUHNLU2PFWLQQ W]FLL$L Q N GD 2 D TPLU%R\OFFFFWHUKN VP\DOLQL aL]HUVHOFQSR]LQIVH EDVaHVDJD ND\GUDNQLOH YH\DQQFSWLIVH VRODND\GLUDUDN N VLQ \DOLQL FOGFHGHELOLUL] 2PHN LaLQQ GFWHUOFUL LaLQQ , YF Q ! LaLQVRQXa6HNLO E GHJRVWFULOPLa
[QO
, M
Q
D
26K>Q-
+HUKDQJL ELUEFOLUOLQGTHQaLQ [N@YFKQ N aL]LOFUHNEX LNLVLQ\DOLa YF OLOPN GFWHUOFQQL WRSODQ] 2PFJLP]aLQQ LaWQ[N@YH K>QW QP VIUGDQIDUNKGHJHUOFULaDNā PDG$- QGDQ6 HNLO GHQWXPN ODU LaLQ[N@KQ NO ROGXJXQXJULLQL6 RQa RODUDNQ LaLQ\Q 2 GUQaLQK2N@GL]LVL LOF[N GL]LVLQLQaUSXQ 26 GFJFULLOFVDGFFHVILUGDQ IDLWK ELUGH$FULROGXaQGDQ O8 VRQXFDYDQQ]
RV
Q
K^Q-
` ^2-
-
LLN K2N@
6
ā
Q
[N GL]LVLQLQK, N GL]LVLLOHaP aJLGDNLLIDGH\LFOGFHWPFN LaLQWRSODQDELOFFHNLNLV ILUGDQIDUNKRPFWHVDKLSWLU
E
\,
O
\QO %HQ]HU&NLOGF
āāU- M
2
U
F āUOO^Q`VLVOHPJLa,EOJLaOQVKUGDQIDLKGHJHaHUL YHOO^` F E GHNL ,2P\DQNODQQ,2 ODPO RODQWRP
aV
ā ā
6 6
F L$N KN@ 266 Q
YH aNOO D %LU/7,VLVWHUULQG2UOLOWa WHSNLOHUYH\D\DQNODURVOQ YHQ\DQ WHSNL ^Q-
W$LN KON
6 LQ\DOOHU YH 6 LVWHPOHU
2PHN 2D, LFOQ
[WN
,
RV
[IQ DX>Q
LOHYHULOHQELQPGā aXāO ā ,W KQ@ X>Q ā FS ,6 L >Q YFU>Q ā ā , XU B$ a VP\DOOFQQ HYULVLUPQLQ KHVDS aDOOXQB%BXVLQ\DOOFUHNLO V GFJOLVWFULOPLā 6HNLO GD KN@K>N YHK>WN LOH L]OFQFQ[IN H aaXQaPFVPGF \DUGPF ROPDV LFLQ VRQ Ra ELU UDVJHOH SR]LLIQ GHLFULL LQ YH VP\D \DP Q, YH , LaLQK>QN'Ya JRVFQOPL- U %XaNOOGFQ Q a6OIXGDUVUOFQFSWLI EUR GHLHULLaLQK>QN FNLO GD ROPDGaP QRW HGFOLP %XQFGFQOF Q2 YHOLEQ Na NO aFK>Q NO QRNWDODQ DUDVPGD aDNPD GHQOGFUUXQGFQQ2aLQ\>Q ROGX QX a F2U a āaP[IN K>N 2 GYHER\OFHF
N
D
aLQ
K^QN Q2
āa
O O Q Q
Q
aa
N [N- KOQN F^ D 26$ 6Q DFVLOWDGF K2N
ā
N [Q
D ?U>Q@
,
K^āN
N
, , , , , , , O W W , , , , , W W W
Q
D KāN
N
KN
O -
N
KQāN Q!
Q E
aNLO2PHN GHOFL aQ-YHOQ- VLO\DOHUL
, , ,
Q Q Q
N
%R\OFFFQa2LFLQ
ID
LQ E
YH3UREOHP OLLQVRQXFXQX OFXOODQDUDOF aX aNLO aNLO GHJRVWHULOHQ Q YH [^Q VLQ\DOOHUL a GHQOGHPLQLQ \RUXPX D [^- FM VLQ \DWL YH E 4HaLWOL QGaHUWHUL Q 2 Q W Q! a OQ - FM VLQ\DIL VDELOQLOH N PQ ELU IRQNVL\RQX RODUDN %X VLQ\DOOHULQ KHU EOUL @ EOULP GLLUW2 GDUEHVL WHSNLVLQLQ ND\GPOPDV YH \DQ VXQDV LOH HOGHHGOOLU +HUQ GHJHUL LFMLQ ^Q WHSNLVO D YH E GHNL [^, YH OQ NOVLQ\DOOHULQLQ FDU SOPDV YH GDKD VRQUD W2P NGaHUWHUL X]HULQGHQ \DUSPODQQ DSDQPDV LOH HOGH HGLOLU %X2PHOO OaLQKHVDSODPD 2UQHN GH GHWD\OL RODUDN \DSOPaWU
āIā
!3O
[IN-K>N- R
6RQROXDN Q! LHLQKHU NLaLQ[N@OO> N@ aDUSP VIUGUYHE8O OOGDQQ!LFLQ\>Q@ ROGX aXVRQXFXQD YDQQ]
!L a D ,D ^ ,D
QLFLQ
%X QHGHQOHKHUQLaLQ
WDā
\>Q@
,D
I \OFaELOLUL]
X>Q
6 LQ\DQHUYH6 LVWHPOHU
U2 āD 2
< Q
2 , - ,D , , - , , , 7777777W W
W
ā
`
X>Q
N
K@āN@
UUUUUUUUUUU
N
E
K>āOāN
M I I O L O O O O O O ,,2
Q N
F
K>OāN
I I O I O I O O O I I B-W B
N
2 , G
(YULLP LHPL ED]HQ K>Q N- GL]LVLQLQ JaPLa [N \D ND\PDVL EDORPPGDQ WDUXPODUXU 2UQHJLQ EHOLUOL QVD\LVU LFLQ Q Q ROVXQ \Q- L KHVDSODGJP= YDUVD\D KUQ < DQL K>QR N- VLQ\DOLQL aL]LS [>N- VLQ\DOL LOH aQJP=- YHWLLPNGHJHUOHUL LL]H ULQGHQ VRQXFX WRSODGJLP= G8LLQHOLP \Q L Q LQ VRQUDNL GHJHUL LFLQ KHVDSODPDN LFLQ \DQL Q QR , K>Q , N- VLQ\DOLQL FL]PHN JHUHNLU $ QFDN EXQX K>Q N@ VLQ\DOLRL DKS RQX ELU QROFWD VDJD OFD\GXDUDN \DSDELOLUL] +HU DUGWWN Q GHJHUL LFLQ K>QN \W VDJD ELUQRNWD ND\GDQS [>N- LOHFDUSDUDN YHNLL]HULQGHQ VRQXFX WRSOD\DUDN GHYDPHGHUL]
2PHN 'DKDLOFULELURPHNRODUDNa LNLGZ\L HOHDODOXQ
,UUU,,U,,,,W,,,,,,
a Q- ^Â
6Q6
N
LI
DNVLLVH
H YH
M
K^Q- IDÂ RVaVB
K@N@
O :, ,6&
- - I O O I Q
N
I
aNOO2PHN aOQHYULaOPWRSODP KHVDEQLQJUDILNVHO\RUXPX
D ! , SR]LWLIGHWHUOFUL aLQEX VLQ\DOOHU6FNLO GH JRVFULOPLUONLVLQ\DOLQaLPLQL EHVDS ODPDNLaLQQLFLQEHD\Q DUDKa HOHDOPDNX\JXQROXU%X6FNLO GD JVOFULOUQLOLU $ QLKN OQ LaLQVLLUGDQIDUWO WIN YH K>QN- RRODDODQ DUDVOQGD aWX \RNWXU YH VRQa RODUDN\IQ 2 GU $ UD-N 6 QV LaLQ
[IN K>QN- ID 2Va 6Q
OR ZVH
6 LQ\DOOHU YH 6 LVWHPOHU
LP
=DPDQOD 'HJLPH\HQ 8QHHU 6 LVWHPLHU
%R\OHFFEXDUDKNWD \
U
aDā āā
,,,-
[>Q@
K^HN
,
,
,
,
-OO?O
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
O
Q
2 , 6
ā
D Q
K>Q
Q
2 E
,
,
,
,
,
W 7
,
,
,
MLXMā
,
Q
E aNOO2PHN GHHYaWLULOHQV LQ\DQHU
Q
āā
N H
KQāN
%X RSODP VRQOX WRSODP IRUPLOOLOQX GHQOGHPLQL OFXOODQDUDNKFVDSOD\DELOLUL] 2]FOOLOGF GHQNOHPLQGHNLWRSODPLQGFaLNHQLQLN GDQUN \D GFaLWLUHUFN8QXHOGHHGHUL] D
\@
UDÂ D
OO
Qa
,WWU
Q
$ UDKN- !DPDQ 62 LHLQ\DQLQ 6 [^N KQN
G
U
Va6 DLPLVH
M
Qa,2
\OHFFEXDUDKNOD
-W IWWWWU
2
Q
N
%LUNH]GDKD GHQNOFPLQLKFVDSODPDNLLQ GHQNOFPLQGHOFLJFRPHWQOFWRSODPIRUPLL OXQ8NXOODQDELOLUL]2]HOOLNOH GFQNOHPLQGFQVDELWHDUSDQG D\QODUDN8HOGHHGLOLU F
, \Q DÂUDÂ a R Â DÂ ,D
$ UDKNQ!DPD 6LFLQ\DQLQ6 ,2LFLQ [^N KQN
^ Dā QaVN6
DNVO ,6&
R
E\OHFF \-
U B DÂÂÂ
Q
N
6LQ\DHI < 6 LVOHIOLHI
XQ
=DPDQOD 'HJ- YQH\HQ OLOHH6 LVOHPOHU
, ELOL NQ ROVXQ GHUVHN WXQX %X WRSODP KHVDSODPDN LaLQ \LQH GHQNOHPLQL NXOODQD LQ] U
, [N N
HOGH FGHUL] \>Q
R
O
O O
© D ā ,DÂ Dāa W DU D D D Ba
B
R
,
, , , U , , , ,
,
$ UDKN 6Q !YH\DHH$ HU RODUDN Q!LaLQ VIUGDQ IDUOFK [^ N YHK> N@ORVXQODQ DUDVP GD aDNOLPD \RNWXU YFEX QHGFQOH \^-2 FNLO ,2 GX JVWHULOFQ $GDNL LIDGH\L FOGH HGFUL] 2 %X GXUXPGD LFW,HQFN L Q
Q
KQāN
N
Dā 26Q6
aā
\>Q
LXO
D D Q6 ,D
\Q
D D
Q 6
aā
,2Q
O
O
K
\>Q
ā,
Q
E aNOO D 2PHN6 GH DOHD-QDQ HYULLP SUREOHPO O\LQ[N@YHKQN@ IL]LOHULE a LQa
aN VLQ\D8
[>N@ YF K>QN@ GL]LOFUL N QPIRQNVL\RQODQ RODUDN 6HLGO OD GD aL]LOPLWLU N!2LaLQ[N@ QDQ VIU ROGX$ XQX YHN! aLQ OO>QN QP VOIU ROGX$XQX QRWHGHOLP$\QFD[^ N@K>QN GL]LVLQLQ Q LQ GH$Fā ULQGFQ aD] RODUDN N FNVFQL ER\XQFD KHU ]DPDQ VIUGDQ IDUOFK RPFNOFUL ROGX$ XQX JOO]OHPOF UL] Q ROGXJXQGD [^ N@K>N@ QP N62 DUDK$ LQGD VLILUGDQ IDUOFK GH$HUOHUF VDKLSWLU 1 LHLQ 8 LIDGH\HX\DU
Q
a 2PHN GHNLHYUOLPHPLQLQV RQXFX
,
!
,
,N K>QN- ,
ā
ā
GHQNOHPLQGHNL VRQOX WRSODUP KHVDSODPDN LHLQ VRQVX] WRSODP IRUPXOLLQX NXOODQDELOLUL]
2UQHN
> OE GXUWLL WHSNLOL ELU / 7, VLVWHPLQL HOH DODKP a$ LGD EHOLUWLOGL$L JLEL [>Q@ JLULVOL YHKQ PP
[^ @ X>@
,D
,
2DO,
,D
K>Q@ X>Q@
` GHQOGHPLQGH WRSODPWQ aNHUXUXN GDQU- F \D GFPWXHUFNaX HOGH HGHUL]
a
,
U ,/ ā
%R\OFFH \- Q LaLQ VDEX GH$ HULQL D- U 2 ROGXJXQGD [^ N KQN@ N6 Q a VZUGDQ IDUNK OOPHNOFLH VDKSWU Q aLQ 8 LIDGH\H X\DU
6 LQ\DOOHUYH6 LVWHPOHU %2,2P
=DPDQOD 2H2a\HQ 8QHHU6 OVWHPOHU
!IQ@
I O^N@KQN I
; ,
%LU GH$LN&QGHWLLUHUFN, NYHGDKD VRQUD P , Q\LQF GHQNOHPLVRQVX] FRSODP IRUPLLOLLQ2 GHQNOFPLQGFNLWRSODUP KHVDSODPDNLHLQ NXOOQQDELOLUL] 6RQXHQ LaLQD$ ā GDNLJLELGLU \>- ,
, āāā O , ā
P\>@ GL]LVL6HNLO OE GH FL]LOPLLU $ 2 $ $
%X RUQHNOHU HYULVLP WRSODUP KHVDEPP JUDILNVHO RODUDN JRUVHOOHVWLULOUQHVLQLQ ID\GDKKJUUXJRVWHULU $ \QFD ELU / 7 O VLVWHPLQ WHSNLVLQL KHVDSODPDN LFLQ NROD\ \RO VDJ ODPDVPP \DUXQGD HYULVLP WRSODUP / 7 O VLVWHPOHUL LFLQ R]HOOLNOHULQL GDKD GHWD\K LQFH OHPHPL]H RODQDN VDJOD\DQ FRN \DUDUK ELU JGVWHULP VDJODU 2]HOOLNOH %ROLOP GH HYULVLPLQ ED]L R]HOOLNOHUL DQODXODFDN YH D\QFD RQFHNL EROLLPGH WDPXODQ ED]L VLVWHP R]HOOLNOHUL EX R]HOOLNOHULQ / 7, VLVWHPOHUL LFOQ QDVLO WDPPODQDELOHFHJLQL JRUPHN LFLQ LQFHOHQHFHNWLU
[$ O $ / ?
Q , $ $ E
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a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
$ 2 F
2 $ G [$ O $ $
6 XUHNOO =DPDQK6 LQ\DOOHUOQ 'XUWXOHU % DNPLQGDQ*RV WHUOPO
GHQNOHPLQGH D\QN ]DPDQK VLUDODUQDR]HOOLJLQLQ VLLUHNOL ]DUQDQK HVLQL JHOLVWLUPHN LFLQ 6HNLO D GD JRVWHULOGLJL JLEL VLLUHNOL ]DPDQK ELU[W VLQ\DOLQH ELUGLLUWLL YH\D PHUGLYHQ \DNLQVDUQDVLP [^ HOH DODUDN EDVODQ]
OIIa H
aOGO VLLUHNOL ]DPDQO ELW VLQ\DOHPHUGLYHQ \DOXQVDPD
6 LQ\DOOHU YH6 LVWHPOHU
%,2P
RHRa
=DPDQOD
8QHHU6 LVWHPOHU
$ \QN ]DPDQK GXUXPGD PHYFXW RODQD EHQ]HU ELUVHNLOGH EX\DNPVDPD 6HNLO D H GH JRVWHULOGLJL JLEL JHFLNWLULOPLV GDUEHOHULQ GRJUXVDO ELU NRPELQDV\RQX RODUDN LID GHHGLOHELOLU (JHU
WRV ^ DNVL LVH
W
WDUXPODPUVD W ELULP JHQOLJH VDKLS ROGXJXQGDQ 8 LIDGH PHYFXWWXU W
[W
,[N W N
D
ā
W
6HNLO GHQ D\QN ]DPDQK GXUXPGD ROGXJX JLEL > GHQNOHPL@ KHU WGHJHUL LFLQ GHQNOHPLQLQ VDJWDUDILQGDNL WRSODPP VDGHFH ELUWHULPLVLILUGDQ IDUNKGUU QLQ 2 DXODVPDVPD L]LQYHUGLJLPL] VLLUHFH [W \DNPVDPDVL GDKD L\LKDOHJH OLU YHOLPLWWH [W \H HVLWOHQLU %R\OHFH [W OLP
I[N WN
PR
WR $ \QFD LNHQ GDNL GHQNOHP ELU HQWHJUDOH \DNODVLU %X GHQNOHUQLQ 6HNLO GH JRVWHULOHQ JUDILNVHO \RUXPX HOH DKQDUDN JRULLOHELOLU %XUDGD [U WU VLQ\DOOHULQL YHFDUSLPODQP JRVWHUGLN $ \QFD LNHQ [U ^ WU DOWPGDNL DOD QD XODVDQ DODP JROJHOH\HUHN LVDUHWOHGLN WWV© PW W LFLQ JROJHOHQPLV EROJHQLQ [^ P H HVLW DODQD VDKLS ROGXJXQD GLNNDW FGHOLP (NRODUDN W QLQ EXGHJHUL LFLQ N P LOH GHQNOHPLQGHNL WRSODPGD VLILUGDQ IDUNK WHN WHULUQGLU YH ER\OHFH EX GHQNOH PLQ VDJ WDUDI [P H HVLXLU 6RQXF RODUDN GHQNOHPLQH X\DU YH RQFHNL JRULL WHQ LNHQ [W [U` WU UXQ DOWPGDNL DODQP OLPLWLQH HVLWWLU $ \QFD GHQNOHPLQGHQ LNHQ E D QLQ OLPLWL WW ELULP GLLUWLL IRQNVL\RQXGXU 6RQXF RODUDN
W
E
7
[P$
,$
[W [U WWU GU
W
URa $ \QN ]DUQDQKGD ROGXJX JLEL VLLUHNOL ]DPDQOL GLLUWLLQLLQ VLUDODPD R]HOOLJL JLEL GHQNOHPLQH EDNDQ] [W XW R]HORUQHJL LFLQ GHQNOHPL U LFLQ XU YH U LFLQ ROGXJXQGDQ DVDJUGDNL JLELROGXJXQD GLNNDW HGHOLUQ
!
X`
F
XU RWU GU
U
RWU GU
GHQNOHPL %ROXUQ O GH HOGH HGLOHQ GHQNOHPLQH HVLWWLU %LU NH] GDKD GHQNOHUQL \HWHULQFH NLLFLLN LFLQ GHQNOHPLQGHNL [W \DNPVDPDVL WHPHO RODUDN KHU SUDWLN DPDF LFLQGRJUXGXU UQDQXJPGD ELU LGHDOOHV WLUUQH RODUDN JRQLOPHOLGLU %X GXUXPGD GHQNOHPL ND\ERODFDN NDGDU NLLFLLN DKQDUDN EDVLWFH GHQNOHPLQLQ LGHDOOHVWLULOPHVLQL LIDGH HGHU $\QFD GHQN OHPLQL GRJUXGDQ %ROLLP O GH HOGH HWWLJLPL] ELULP GLLUWLLQLLQELUFRN WHPHO R]HOOLJLQL NXOODQDUDN WDHOGH HGHELOHFHJLPL]L QRW HGHOLP
a,
F
GHQ- - HQLQLQ JUDILNVH
\RW?IIOO
2]HOOLOGH Haa aE GH aRVWHaOGLBa JLEL RWU VLQ\DOL VDELW WLOH W QLQIRQNVL ! RQBXB ROJRUXOHQ U WGH ELU ELULP GLLUWLLGLLU %X QHGHQOH 6HNLO F GH JRVWH QOGJL JE [aUB RWaU VLQ\DOL ELU NH] GDKD U IRQNVL\RQX RODUDN JRULLOHQ [W aWBU \H HVUWWLU >\DP[W QLQGHJHULQHaLWELUDODQ LOHW U GH ROFHNOHQPL ELU GLLU WRGXU@ 6RQXF RODUDN U ;! GDQ U © ! D EXVLQ\DOLQ HQWHJUDOL [W \H HVLWWLU \DQL
F
[U RWU GU
F
[W RWU GU
F
[W
RWU GU [W
aaaWPHGRJUXGDQ %ROLLP \L LaOHGLJL KDOGH GHQNOHPOHULQGH YHUL GWPH\ a ON ]DUQDQO GXUXPB WLH ",a EHQ]HUOLNOHUL YXUJXODPDN YH R]HOOLNOH ā HQNOHPXXQ \RUXPXQX aW VP\DOXX DJWUKNODQGPOP ND\GPOPL GLLUWLLOHULQ WRSODP RODUDN GDKDGRJUXVX EU HQWHJUDOL LIDGHVLJLEL YXUJXODPDN DPDFL\OD LFHUGLN
[7
I , ,W
E!
W 2$ D
D U2
F!
O W
a
2$ ^ E
O
,
; ^$
F! E
a [W āW [O āW
F
[W
[^N$
M , W
aNOO D UDVJHOH VLQ\DO U E VDELW W LOH U QOQELU ORQNVL\RQX RODUDN U RRU OLLV2 F EXLNLVLQ\DOOQa USP
T
OF$
F
^G
aO
6 2UHNOL =DPDQK %LULP'2UW27HSNLVL YH/7,6 LVWHPOHULQ (YULaLP ( QWHJUDOLOWDGHVL
T $ \QN ]DPDQOL GXUXPGD ROGXJX JLEL RQFHNL EROLLPGH JHOLVWLULOHQ JRVWHULUQ UDVJHOH VH FLOPLV ELU VLLUHNOL ]DPDQK VLQ\DOL ROFHNOHQPLV YH ND\GPOPLV GDUEHOHULQ ELQGLQQHVL RODUDN LQFHOHPHN LFLQ ELU \R VDJODU 2]HOOLNOH GHQNOHPLQGHNL \DNODVLN LIDGH LW VLQ\DOLQL W WHPHO GDUEH VLQ\DOLQLQ ROFHNOHQPLV YH ND\GPOPLV YHUVL\RQODQUXQ WRSODPL RODUDN JRVWHULU 6RQXF RODUDN EX VLQ\DOH GRJUXVDO ELU VLVWHPLQ LW WHSNLVL aW QLQ R FHNOHQPLa YH ND\GPOPLV YHUVL\RQODQQD WHSNLOHULQ ELQGLUPHVL RODFDNQU 2]HOOLNOH OXW \L ELU / 7,VLVWHPLQ W N JLULVLQH WHSNLVL RODUDN WDPPOD\DOXQ %X GXUXPGD GHQNOHPLQGHQ YH ELQGLUPH R]HOOLJLQGHQ VLLUHNOL ]DPDQK GRJUXVDO VLVWHPOHU LFLQ VXQX JRULLULL]
O6FB KB
H [W
T
B EB B
I
ā
\W
[N KWW W
2
GHQNOHPL \RUXPXQXQ D\QN ]DPDQKGD GHQNOHPL LFLQ RODQ LOH EHQ ]HUGLU 2]HOOLNOH 6HNLO QLQ VLLUHNOL ]DPDQK HVL RODQ 6HNLO , L HOH DODKP
W
W
a < H GHROFOHPOHQGH ODGH VLLUHOGLā āaāaāā ā VHI 2,?,,7,8 9 OU B O 8,, 6L6WHPOHSODVQQ JOOOOL- F
6 LQ\DOLHU YH 6 WVWHPOHU
HNLO OE G GH [W LIDGHVaGHNL DJaKBN DQGPOaa aaaQ[aWaaaaL WLaaUU LFLOHUL JRVWHULOLUBNHQ 6HNLO OND GD @ JaaaaLY?WILVH aH JRVWHULOGL$ L JLEL WLLP %X GXUXPGD [W \H Na JH HQ \ \ EX LHSNLOHULQ ELQGLQQHVLGBLU DN G HG NLLLLNKDOH JHOLUNHR \DQL %X GXUXPGD JHQ\H NDODQ ,L aD\EaODF HUHF H PLQGH LIDGH HGLOGLJ@ JLEL a LNHQ QHRWGXJXQXGLLaLLQPHNWU 2]HOKNOH GHQOFOH LN LNL \DN
VLā WaaāaFa
WāLaU
[W aOH XaaDa?FWaaLLaaaHa aa"aNaaLaaHa
aGILL JLELB[a DVO aLWRaLFaaaUaaaaaDaaāLa
< DRL VH]JLVHO RODUDN [W \L U GLLUWLLVLLQGHNL DJUKJP [U GU ROGXJX DJLUKNODQGPOPUV ND\GPOPLV GLLUWLLOHULQ WRSODPL RODUDN GLLaLLQHELOLUL] %X \RUXPOD EHUDEHU GHQNOHPL EX JLULVOHULQ KHU ELULQH WHSNLOHULQ ELQGLQQHVLQL LIDGHHGHU YH GRI8VDOKN LOH KUW QLQ RWU ND\GPOUPV GLLUWLLVLLQHWHSNLVL D\QFD [U GU GLU GHQNOHPL VLLUHNOL ]DPDQKGD ELU GRJUXVDOVLVWHUQWHSNLVLQLQ JHQHO IRUPX QX LIDGH HGHU (JHUGRaKJD FN RODUDN VLVWHP D\QFD ]DPDQOD GH$LaPH] OVH EX GX UXPGD OWU, KRIWU GXU \DQL ELU / 7O VLVWHPLQ RULMLQGHQ U VDQL\H ND\GPOUUXV ELā
aa H
aLa
WWaaFaRaaNROGaJa VLOUHFHGEXaDUaH\OFOaaDMVOaBLJaNQa\RGaaOaa,a ELU ELULUQ GXUWX\H WHSN LOH D\P WU DP U NL EL GUWLL\H ELULP GLLUWLO\H WHNDELOO HWWLJL LFLQ EX JLULV GDUEHVLQH KW$, WHSNLV PaWWH X EL WH NL KDOLQH JHOLU %X QHGHQOH H$ HU KUW W DPQGD U DUQQGD RQXP DQPLV LU RIWU ELULP GLLUWLLVLLQH WHSNL\L JRVWHUVLQ GHUVHN EX GXUXPGD
ULP GLLUWLL\H RWU WHSNLVL ELULP GLLUWLL IRQNVL\RQXQD WHSNLQLQ EHQ]HU VHNLOGH ND\GLQOUPV YHUVL\RQXGXU 9 LQH JRVWHULPVHO X\JXQOXN LFLQ DOW VLPJH\L NDOGPS KW ELā ULPGLLUWLLWHSNLVLQL aR\OH WDUXPOD\DFDJL]
KW KUIW
\DQL KW \HWHSNLGLU %X GXUXPGD GHQNOHPL aR\OH ROXU
\W > [U KWU GU
\W OLP
I
[N KD$
B B
ā ā LEL WDUDIWDNL WRSODP ELU a LNHQ HNLO GD JUDILNVHO RODUDN JRULLOHaOHaHaaJ L VD G QNO VD$ HQWHJUDO RLXU 2]HOOLOGH HNLO GD JROJHOHQPaGNGRUWIHQ LaRQX WDUDIPGDNL WRSODPGD ELU WHULUQL JRVWHaU YH a LNHQ WRS DPa U QP WU RODUDN JRULLOHQ [U DUW QLQ DOWQGDN DODQD XODVLU %X QHGHQOH
Lā
\W
&[U KUW GU
W
ā ā ā , LOH D\UXGLU %ROLLP GHQNOHPLQLQ \RUXPX GaaN Ha aP Ra ā O GH JRVWHUGLLPL] JLEL KHUKDQJL ELU[W JPaaR\OHLIDGH HGOHEKU
[W
&[U RWU GU
(YULVLP HQWHJUDOL YH\D ELQGLQQH HQWHJUDOL RODUDN DGODQGPODQ GHQNOHPL HYULVLP WRSODUP GHQNOHPLQLQ VLLUHNOL ]DPDQK HVLGLU YH VLLUHNOL ]DPDQK ELU / 7 O VLVWHPLQ ELU ELULP GLOUWLO\H WHSNLVL EDNLPPGDQ LIDGHVLRH WHNDELLO HGHU INL VLQ\DOLQ HYULVLPL [W YHKW VHPEROLN RODUDN aR\OH LIDGH HGLOHFHNWLU \W [W KW
VHPEROLLQLL KHP D\QN]DPDQK KHP GH VLLUHNOL ]DPDQK HYULVLPL EHOLUWPHN LO]HUH VHF PLVROUQDQQ]D UDJPHQ aDUWODUJHQHOOLNOH LNLGXUXPX D\UW HWPHN LFLQ\HWHUOL RODFDNWUU $ \QN ]DPDQKGD ROGXa JLEL VLLUHNOL ]DPDQO ELU / 7 O VLVWHPLQ WDPDPHQ GLLUWLL WHSNLVL LOH WDQPODRGJPJRULLULL] \DRL WHN ELU EDVLW VLQ\DOH ELULP GLLUWLL WHSNLVL LOH %LUVRQUDNL EROLLPGH KHP VXUHNOL ]DPDQEGD KHP GH D\QN]DPDQKGD / 7 , VLVWHPOH ULQYH HYULaLP R]HOOLNOHULQL LQFHOHUNHQ EXQXQ \RUXPODQUX aWUDH$ ] (YULaLP HQWHJUDOLQLQ GH$ HUOHQGLULOPHVL LFLQ \RQWHP D\QN ]DPDQK aL HYULaLP WRSODP LFLQ RODQ \RQWHPH \N EHQ]HU 2]HOOLNOH GHQNOHPLQGH W QLQ KHUKDRJL ELU GHJHUL LLLQ \W FNUQQ [U LL]HULQGHNL DJLUKJLQ K^W U ROGXJX JLULaLQ DJUUKNODQGPOUQa HQWHJUDOL ROGXJXQX JRULLULL] W QLQ EHOLUOL ELU GHJHUL LFLQ EX HQWHJUDOL KHVDSODPDN LLLQ LONRQFH LOH KU GHQ RULMLQ LL]HULQH \DQVPDVLOHYHW! LVH WNDGDU VDJD ND\GUPD LOH YH\D W 2 LFLQ OWO NDGDU VROD ND\GXPD LOH KW U VLQ\DOLQL VDELW W LOH U QLQ ELU IRQNVL\RRX RODUDN HOH DKQDQ HOGH HGHUL] 'DKD VRQUD [U YH KOU
aNOO YH GHQNHPā OHULQLQJUDOLNVHOJ2VWHUOPL
VLQ\DOOHULQL EHUDEHU \DUSDQ] YH \W VRQXL DUSPWQ U RR GDR U LR D HQWHJUDOL DKQDUDN HOGH HGLOLU (YULaLP HQWHJUDOLQLQ KHVDSODQPDVP JRVWHUPHN LLLQ ELaN RPHN HOHDODKP
6 LQ\DOOHU YH 6 LVWHPOHU %OOOOLP
=DPDQOD 'H2aHQ 8QHHU VOHPOHU
UQHN
%X LIDGFGFQ W ! LaLQ\W \L KFVDSOD\DELOLUL]
[, ELULP GLOUW2 WHSNLVL K OOH \
/UGUÂ aÂa
; , H D! YF
D
%X QFGFQOF KHU ,aLQ\W
ROVXQ 6HNLO O" G YH K, ROGX4X ELU /7 O VLVWHPLQHJPa ā H K7 [U U IRQNVL\RQODQPQHJD [ WLI ELU W GF4FUL LaLQ YH SRLLWLI ELU ,GF4FUL LaLQ J2VFULOPLaLU %X VHNLOGHQ , a ā U YF K U FDUSLPL VIUGU YHVRQXFRODUDN \ VILUGU !aWQ
ROXU YHEX 6HNL GF JRVWFULOPaWLU
W 2UW [U KW7` ^ 2 DNVL KDOGF ā
\W H XW
D
L
HNOO 2PHN GDOFL 6,6WHPLQ GXWWX WHSNLVLO4 a4LH EOWLNWHT4 U a4a
OHSOXVU
UQHN aaGDNL
LNL VLQ\DKQ HYULVLPLQLHOHDODKP , 2W7 [W a^ DOFVL KDOGF
\W ^ DNVLKDOGF ā
KWU
,
LR
ā
$ \QN ]DPDQO- HYULLP LFLQ 2PGF GF ROGXJX JLEL \ QLQ GFJFUOHQGULOPFVLQL D\Q DUDKNODUGD GLLLLQPHN X\JXQGXU 6HNL O GD [U aL]LOPa YH K U LOJLOL KHU DUDKNWD JRVFULOPLaLU W2 YH W! 7LHLQ WLLP U GaFUOFUL LaP [U KW U 2 GWU YH EXQGDQ GROD\W !^, 2 GWU 'L4FU
DUDEOGDU a [U KW U ?USWP FOFLO GF JLLVWFULOGa JLELGLU %R\OHFF EXa DUDEN aLQ HQWHJUDOJUDILOFVFO RODUDN 6HNL GH JRVWFULOFQ a LGDOG VRQXHOD \DSLODELOLU
KOW
a
7
W2 \ 7WI7
,
,
2 W HNOO 2PHN O\LQ HYULOP HQOHJUDOL KHVDSODQPDV
7W7
IW 7W I7
7W7
7 W
2W7
2 7 2
W
W2 7 W7
,
WR
Wā7
2 7 E KWW 2W7
WW
, R
7W7
W
W 7
I 7 Wā7 F a
2PHNa %USLPLQ D\QHQ VUILUROPDG- JU &O\M]MWFOH2HUL4Q [U KU USPEN]a
7W7
MRL W7
7W7 7
7
7
? W7
2PHN \W a- GDOFL LOGVLQ\DOLQHYULVLPLQLJRVWFQLQ W! 7 [W H X
KW XW
R
W
Wā7
[U YH KW U VLQ\DOOHUL U UXQIRRNVL\RQODQ RODUX aHOFLO D GD aL] La,ON RLWDN W GF FULQGFQW!DDPVRODUDNEX LOGVLQ\DOLQVIUUGDRIDUFOWa E LOJHOHULQLQROGXJXQXJ ]OHPOHā
UL] aNOO 2PHN a,Q W QOQIDUNK aHUOHUO aOQ [U YH U VOQ\DOOHUL
,
VQ\DQHUYH6 LVWHPOHU
= $0$1/ $ '( *L0( < (1 '2*5 86$/ 6L67 ( 0/ ( 5 L12=(//L. / ( 5 L 2QFHNL LNL EROLLPGH VLLUHNOL ]DPDQK YH D\QN ]DPDQK / 7 O VLVWHPOHULQ ELULP GLLUWX WHSNLOHUL EDNLUPQGDQ FRN RQHPOL JRVWHULPOHULQL JHOLVWLUGLN $ \QN ]DPDQKGD JRVWHULP VLLUHN- L ]DPDQK HVLQGH HYULVLP HQWHJUDOL LNHQ HYULVLUQ WRSODUPIRQQXQXDKU YHLNLVL GH NROD\KN LFLQ EXUDGD WHNUDUODQUPVXU
\Q
I[N >N@
ā
OIQ K>Q
\W > [U KWU GU [W KW
*OLVWHUGLJLPL] JWEL EX JGVWHULPOHULQ ELU VRQXFX ELU / 7 O VLVWHPLQ R]HOOLNOHULQLQ WDPDPHQRQXQGLLUWLLWHSNLVL LOH WDUXPODQPDVLGLU %XR]HOOaLLQJHQHORODUDN VDGHFH / 7 VLVWHPOHU LFLQ JHFHUK ROGXJXQX YXUJXODPDN RQHPOLGLU 2]HOOLNOH aDJGDNL RPHNWH JRVWHULOGLJL JLEL GRJUXVDO ROPD\DQ VLVWHUQLQ ELULP GLLUWLL WHSNLVL WDP RODUDN VLVWHPLQ GDYUDPVUP WDPPODPD]
-
2UQHN , Q K>Q@ ^ PL KDOGF
EO
aHNOO2UQHN FOHHOHDXQDQHYULILPSUREOHP U B LFLQ VLIPLDQ IDUNKGU YH
ELULP GLOQLL UHSNLVL LOF ELU D\QN ]DPDQK VLVWHUP HOH DODKP (FU VLVWHP / 7 O LVH GFQNOFPL ELLWLLQX\OH JLUL- aOF GDYUDPP EFOLUOFU 2XOOLOGH GFQNOHPL HYULVLP WRSODUPQGD GHQOGHPLQGH\FULQF NRQXODUDN EX / 7 O VLVWFPP JLUO YHaWORPLQQDVUO LOLVNLOLROGX$ XQXDQODWDQ a$ GDNL EFOLUJLQ GFQNOHP EXOXQXU
O2
U6 2 ROGX$ XQGD [U YH KUU
QLQ aDUSP \^ Q@UQ [>Q ,@
HYULVLP HQWHJUDOL \OF ROXU
U \U , H GU
F
^
ā
'LWHU LDUDIWDQ R>Q JLULaLQF D\UX WFSNL LOHELUHRN GRJUXVDO ROPD\DQ VLVWHPOHU EXOXQPDNWDGUU \DQL GHQNOHPLQGH YFULOFQ JLEL 2UQTLQaGDNLVLVWFPOHULQ LNLVLGHEXR]HOOLDFVDKLSWLU
IUGDQ IDUNKGWU YH EXGXUXPGD HYQP a LaLQ [U OUU U QLQ aUSQX HHU a V , \^ Q@ [>Q@ [>Q O < \^ Q@ PD[[>Q [>Q ,
HQWHJUDOL
, G , \W OH U
6RQa RODUDN FJHU VLVWHP GR$UXVDO GFJLOVH GFQNOFPLQGF WDPDUQFQ GLOQLL WHSNLVL LOH WDPUQ ODQPDPaXU
6RQXF VLQ\DW \, 6HNL E GHaL]LOPLaLU
NO ā LI GHHUWLJL JLEL VLLUHNOL]DPDQ %7 O GH VXQXODQ RPHNOHU YHEXRPH HQQ , D RXP , JUDILNVHO \RUXPX HYULaLPHQOHJUDOOHQP YHORSDPDQPQ KYHD\QN ]DPDQ , HYQaaP JRUVHOOHaWLULOPHVLQGH FRNRQHPK GHJHUHVDKLSXU
< XNDQGDNL RPHN / 7 O VLVWHPOHULQ GLJHU VLVWHUQOHULQ VDKLS ROPDGUJL ELUNDF R]HO OLaLQLQ ROGXJXJHUFHJLQL HYULVLP WRSODPODQ YHHQWHJUDOOHULEDNLPPGDQ VDKLS ROGXNODQ \DNR]HO LIDGHOHUL LOH EDVOD\DUDN JRVWHULU %X EROLLPLLQ NDODQ NUVPLQGD EXR]HOOLNOHULQ ED]L FRNWHPHO YHRQHUQOL RODQODQUX NXOODQDFDJL]
6 OQ\DOHUYH6 OVHPOHU
'HJO- PH V LUD EDJPV D] 2]HOOOJO
+HPVLOUHNOL KHPGHD\QN ]DPDQOWGD WHPHOHYULVLP R]HOOLJL VLUDEDJUPVL]LVOHUQROPD VLGUU < DQL D\QN ]DPDQKGD FIW \IW-
IK>N@[>QN@
[>Q@ K>Q@ K>Q@ [>Q@
āā
YHVLLUHNOL]DPDQKGD
!
[W KW KW [W > KU [W U GU
%X LIDGHOHU DFUNELU VHNLOGH YH GHQNOHPOHULQGH GHJLVNHQOHULQ \HULQH NR QXOPDVL \ROX\OD GRJUXODQDELOLU 2PHLQ D\QN ]DPDQK GXUXPGDU QNROVXQ GHUVHN YH\D HVGHJHU VHNLOGH N QU ROVXQ GHUVHN GHQNOHPL \OH ROXU
;W-
a K^W K W-
Waāa
IW
[>Q@ K>Q@
I[>N@K>QN@ W&,2
I[>Q U@K>U@
K>Q@[>Q@
U
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© ! U. 2 X]HULQGHQHQWHJUDOLQL DODUDN KHVDSOD\DELOLUGLN 2]HO GXUXPODUGDHYULVLPLQ KHVDSODQPDVL LFLQ LNL IRUPGDQ ELUL \DQL D\QN ]DPDQKGD YH\D GHQNOHPOHUL YH VLLUHNOL ]DPDQKGD YH\D GHQNOHPOHUL@ JRUVHOOHVWLUPHN LFLQ GDKD NROD\ RODELOLU DQFDN KHU LNL IRUP KHU ]DPDQ D\P FHYDSOD
a a O7, VLVWOPHWLLSHLD- H aOOVO a HYa GDGPD2]HOOJO \RQPX 'DJGPD R]HOOLJL VLVWHP EDJDQWWODQ EDOR G B D GD JRVWHULOGLJL JLEL LNL VLLUHN-L RBQHPOa \RUXPD VDKLSWLU HNLO %ORN aPDGDJRVWHULOHQ VLVWHPOHU JGVWHULOHQ ELa GaaHOOO- aQOaO RODUDNHOH DODKP %X UHVQQVHO JRVWHULP / 7 O VLVWHPOHUL EO N P XQRBWHSNLOHQ OH / 7 VLVWHPOHUGOU ELU\ROGXU YH D\QFD ELU / 7VLVWHPLQ GXa &WHSaa JRVWHUPHN LFLQ R]HOOLNOH X\JXQ JHBaJLQL WHNUDU YXUJXODU X LVLPQ GDYUDUXVLP WDPDPHQ EHOLUOHGLJL OOFL VLVWHP K^ W YH KLW GLLUWLL W NLO HNOHQLU HS HQ OH ELUOLNWH D\PJLULaOHUF VDKLSWLU YH FNODQ E
]D PILaa
ELU
[>Q@[>Q@@ K>Q@ [>Q@ K>Q@ ; >Q@ K>Q@
[>Q@ O>Q@ >Q@ [> Q@ ]>Q@
%LU VRQUDNL RUQHNWH JRVWHULOGLJL JLE HYULaLLQLQ GDJOPD a]HOOLJL D\QFD NDUPDVLN ELU HYULVLPL ELUNDFGDKDEDVLWSDUFD\DEROPHN P NXOODPODEKU
YHVLLUHNOL ]DPDQKGD
ā
>[, ;W @ KW ;W KW ;W KW
YH
% OUOH PH 2]HOOOJL (YULVLPLQ ELUGLJHURQHUQOL R]HOOLJL ELUOHVPHR]HOOLJLGLU < DQL D\QN]DPDQEGD
%X R]HOOLN LOJLOL WRSODUQODQQ YH HQWHJUDOOHULQ EDVLW KHVDSODQPDVL LOH LVSDWODPU %XQX GRJUXOD\DQ RPHNOHU 3UREOHP GH YHULOPLVWLU %LUOHVUQH R]HOOLJLQLQ VRQXFXRODUDN 8 LIDGHOHU DFLNWLU
2UQHN
\>Q@ [>Q@ K@ U>@
\W [W - W OU
\>Q@DaaGDNLLNL GL]LQLQ HYULVLPLQL JRVWHUVLQ
YH
[>Q@ *- X>@@
>@ @ I NO
,G a D GLNNDW HGHOLP \OFELU HYULVLPLQ 7XP ]DPDQ FNVFQL ER\XQFD[^@ LQ VUIWUGDQ DU R X XQ GDJUOPD R]FOOLaLQL\>Q@ LLNL GDKD GRaGDQGFaHUOFQGLULK OOL ELU EDN UPD \RaGaaaUDWaUD[UaaHNL\LQ NXOODQDELOLUL] 2]HOOLNOF EDVLW HYULVLP SUREOHPPP VRQXFDQ WRS , [>@ >@ YH[>@ > ROVXQGHUVFN VXRUWD\D FUNDU - \>@ [ ; >,, > ,,,
N
< DQL YH GHQNOHPOHULQH JRUH EX VLQ\DOOHUL KDQJL VLUD LOH HYULVWLUGLJLPL] RQHPOL GHJLOGLU $ \QN ]DPDQK VLVWHPOHU LFLQ ELU ELUOHVPH R]HOOLJL \RUXPX 6HNLO D YHE GH JRV HULOPLOLU HNLO D GD \>Q@
Z>Q@ K>Q@ [>Q@ K>@ OU>@
(YULLPLQGDJLOPDR]HOOLaLQL NXOODQDUQN GFQNOHPLQL \HQLGHQa\OH\D]DELOLUL] \>@ \>@ < >@ YHEXUDGD \>@
HNLOE GH
[>@>@
\>Q@ [>Q@ O>Q@
YH
\>@ [>- K>@ GLU
[>Q@ OU>Q@ OU@
ā GHQNOHPLQGHNLHYULVLUQ Q@ LQ PHN 6 GFGHaHUOHQGLULOPLa ROPDVPDUDJPHQ< >QOāaLQ ā LPHN GHQ D V LOH HOGHHGLOHELOLU7 RSODPODQ6HNL GH JRVWHQOHQ\>Q@ GLU \Q
,
O
a 7 ā
R
HNOO 2PHN LaOQ \IQ@ O^Q@ aQ- VOQ\DOO
Q
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
6 LQ\DOOHUYH6 LVWHPOHU
%2OXP
=DPDQOD 'H4LYQH\HQ8QHHU6 LVWHPOHU
K>Q@ .R>Q@
\>Q
[>Q@L
YHHYULVLUQ WRSODQX8 EDJPQKDOLQH JHOLU \>Q@ .[>Q@
D
,
[>Q-a K>Q@ K>Q@ K>Q
aJHUELUBD\N ]DPDQK / 7, VLaWHP Q LFLQ D\QHQ VLILU ROPD\DQELU K>Q- GLLUWLLWHSNL VLQH VDKaSLVH aX aXLXPGD aWVWHP aOOHNOLGLU %HOOHNOL ELU / 7 O VLVWHP RUQHJL "aQNOHPOH YHULOPLVWLU %X VLVWHP P GHQNOHPLQGH YHULOHQ GLLUWLLWHSNLVLQ , PVLILUGDQ IDUNKGLU aa GHQNOHPLQ"aaā VaUHNOL ]DPDQK EHOOHNOL YH EHOOHNVL] /7 , VLVWHPOHU LFLQ EHQ]HU R]HOKNOHU"NDUDEaKQ] "]HOOLNOH W LFLQ - W LVH ELUVLLUHNOL ]DPDQK / 7 O VLVWHP EHOOHNVL]GLU YHER\OHELU EHOOHNVL] / 7 O VLVWHP ED]L VDELW . LFLQ 8 IRUPDVDKLSWLU
a\>Q
E
\W .[W YH8 GLLUWLLWHSNLVLQH VDKLSWLU [>Q-a
KQ@ K>Q@ K>Q@
a \>Q@
- W . W
ā, F
\Q@HNOO ( YULaLPOQELUOHaPH 2]HOOL? MO YH
[Q@a
YHaB aHQNOHPOHULQGH HJHU . O LVHEXGXUXPGD EX VLWHUQOHU JLULVH HVLW NW YH ELULP GXUWLL\H HVLW ELULP GLLUWLL WHSNLOL ELULP VLVWHPOHU ROXU %X GXUXPGD HYQVLP WRSODUP YHHQWHJUDOL IRUPLLOOHUL [Q@ [^Q@R>Q@ YH [W [W W
EXQXQ\RUXPXYH/7 O VLVWHPOHOLQVHUL ED4ā ODQWODQa,QGH4LaPH2]HOOL4,
a\QN aDQK YHVLLUHNOL ]DPDQK ELULP GLLUWLLOHULQLQ ND\GLUPD R]HOOLNOHULQH FHYLUHQ 8 LIDGHOHULLPDHGHU
G
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aWLUHELOPHN / 7 , VLVWHPOHUH R]HO ELUR]HOOLNWLU $ VKQGD 3UREOHP GH JRVWHULOGLJL JLEL EX R]HOOLJLQ JHQH RODUDN GRJUX ROPDVL LFLQ KHPGRJUXVDOKNKHPGH]DPDQOD GHJLVPH]OLNJHUHNLU %HOOHNOL YH % HOOHNV O]/ 7,6 LVWHPOHU %ROXP GH EHOLUWLOGLJL JLEL ELU VLVWHP HJHU KHUKDQJL ELU ]DPDQGD WNWW VDGHFH D\P ]DPDQGDNL JLULV GHJHULQH EDJK LVH EHOOHNVL]GLU GHQNOHPLQGHQ EXQXQ ELU D\QN ]DPDQK / 7,VLVWHP LFLQGRJUX RODELOHFHJL WHN\RO Q LFLQK>Q ROPDVLGLU %XGXUXPGD GLLUWLLWHSNLVL. K>2@ PELUVDELW ROGXJX 8IRUPD VDKLSWLU
[Q@
I[^N@R>QN@
[W > [ U GU
/7, 6 LV WHPOHULQ *HUL'RQX) XUXOHELOLUOLJO KW GLLUWLLWHSNLVL LOH ELU VLLUHNOL ]DUQDQK / 7, VLVWHP GLLLLQHOLP %ROLLUQ O GHNL WDU
WOPDOaGD\DQDUDN aaVLVWH"aGHFHYHVDGHFH RULMLQDOVLVWHPOH VHULRODUDN EDJODQGL JaGa aON VaWHa JPVPH HVUW aUUB LLUHWWLJLQGH WHUVELU VLVWHP PHYFXW LVHJHUL GR 'aWWLUWLOHEa $ \QFD HJHUELU / 7 ,VLVWHP JHUL GRQLLWLLULLOHELOLU LVHEXGXUXPGD WHUV ELU / 7 , D VDKLSa aN]a7"EOBHPB %X QHGHQOH 6HNL GD JRVWHULOHQ UHVLP PHaFXWWXU KW aWLUWWL WHSNLK ELU VLVWHP YHULOUQLVWLU KW GLLUWLL WHSNLVL LOH WHUV VLVWHP aHNGD GDNL VHQ EDJODQQ 6HNLE GHNL ELULP VLVWHP LOHD\PRODQZW [W LOHVRQXFODQLU
6 LQ\DOOHUYH6 LVWHPOHU
%ROLLP
[W B B aD
=PDQOD' HJa
OLQHHU 6 LVWHPOHU
RODUDN DOWUVDN EXGXUXPGD
ZW [W
KW OR %HQ]HU VHNLOGHD\QN ]DPDQKGD VDIELU ]DPDQ ND\GUUPDVL R>QR@ ELULP GLLUWLL WHSNLVLQH VDKLSWLU ER\OHFH ND\GLQOUWO ELU GLLUWLO LOH ELU VLQ\DOL HYULVWLUPHN VLQ\DOL ND\GLUPDN LOH D\QUGLU $ \QFD R>QQR@ GLLUWLO WHSNLVL LOH / 7, VLVWHPLQ WHUVL VLQ\DOL D\P PLNWDUGD WHUV \RQGF ND\GLUDQ / 7 VLVWHPGLU \DQL F>Q@ GLLUWLL WHSNLOL / 7, VLVWFPGLU
D
aBB%OULPVLVWHP OLB WB B
a [W !
[W
,
aHNOO 62UHNOL ]DPDQOO/7 OVLVā WHPOHU LaLQWHUV VOVWHPNDYUDUP KLa GXUWX WHSNLVL OLH VLVWHP aHU - OVH Ka G2UW2 WHSNLOOV LVWHPLQWHUVOGLU
E
2UQHN K@ X>Q@
6HNLO D GDNL WLLP WHSNL -W KW ROGXaXQGDQ -W QLQ WHUVVLVWHPLQ GLLUWLL WHSNLVL ROPDVL LFLQ VXQX VDJODPDVL VDUX YDUGLU \DP KW
GLLQLL WHSNLOL ELU / 7, VLVUHPL GaLLQHOLP (YULVLP WRSODUPP NXOODQDUDN EX VLVWHPLQ UDVJHOH ELU JLULVHWHSNLVLQL KHVDSOD\DELOLUL]
%HQ]HU VFNLOGH D\QN ]DUQDQ,,GD ,> Q@ GLLUWLL WHSNLVL LOH ELU /7 , VLVWHP LFLQ WHUV VLVWHPLQ KL>Q@ GLLUWLL WHSNLVL VXQX VDJODUQDKGLU K>Q XQ R>Q
\^-
, IN-QN@
ā QN LFLQ X>Q NO 2ROGXJX LHLQYHQNaLHLQ , ROGXJXQGDQ GHQNOHPL
$aDJGDNL LNLRUQHN ELU WHUV VLVWHPLQ JHUL GRQLLaWLLULLOHELOLUOLaLQL YH \DSUVPL JRV \^
IB
N
8 KDOH JHOLU
WHULU < DQL LON RODUDN%ROLLP GH NDUOaWJLP] EX VLVWHP EN] GHQNOHPL@ PHYFXW ]DPDQD
2UQHN NDGDU LLP JLUL GHMHUOHULQL KHVDSOD\DQ ELU WRSOD\F YH\D DNLLPLLODWRUGLLU %ROLLP O GH JRUGLL
6DI ELU ]DPDQ ND\GLUPDGDQ ROXVDQ / 7 OVLVWHPL HOHDODKP
JLLPLL] JLEL ER\OF ELU VLVWHP JHUL GRQaWLLULLOHELOLUGLU YH WHUVL GHQNOHPLQGHYHULOGLJL JLEL EDVLW RODUDN ELU LON IDUN LVOHPO RODQ VX LIDGHGLU
\W [
ā ā ā ā
NP YH HJHU 2 LVHELU LOHUOHPHGLU 2PHJLQ HJHUOR! %R\OH ELU VLVWHP HJHUOR!VHELUJHH HN EL Q
GDNL JLULV GHJHULQHHVLXLU (JHU LVH EX GXUXPGD O ]DPDQLQGDLNL GDKD HU HQ LU ]DPD E ,, NVL]GLU +HUKDQJL , LVH GHQNOHPLQGHNL VLVWHP ELU ELULUQ VLVWHPGLU YH EXGQHGEBHQOH H GHD ā JLUL GHHULQH R WRGHJHUL
N GLJHU Q VLVWHP EHOOHNOLGL LU FXQ X PHYFXW ]DPDQ GUVP D LU ]DPDQ NDUVLKNYHULU HGLO ELOL ā 6LVWHUQ LLQ GLLUWLL WHSNLVL GHQNOHPLQGHQ JLULV RW \H HVLW DKQDUDN HOGH L H WU\DP
[O OR [
\>Q@ [Q [>Q ,
WIQ@
F VHHLOHUHN WHUV VLVWHPLQ GLLUWLL WHSNLVLDL
K- R>Q` F>Q@
RODUDN EXOXUX] GHQNOHPLQGH E>Q@ LQ YH GHQOGHPLQGH K>Q@ LQ JHUHHNWHQELUELUOHULQLQ WHUVL RODQ / 7 OVLVWHPOHULQ GLLUWLL WHSNLOHUL ROGXJXQXQ ELU NRQWUROLL RODUDOF GHQ-GFPLQL GRJUX GDQKHVDSOD\DUDOF GRJUXOD\DELOLUL]
%X QHGHQOH K@KQ ^Q@ ^R>Q` F>Q O- `
Qa
%LU EDVND GH\La& ELa ND\GPOUPV GLLUWXNā ELU VLa\DaaaaaHaa LHaaL\aaNaHa N, WOXWDQ VP\DK WHNUDU HOGH HWUQH \DP 6W E G G WHUV VLVWHPGLU < DQL JHUL ND\GUUPDNXU %X WD]PLQ HGLFL ]DPDQ ND\GWUPDK VLVWHP X XUXP D ā
X- F>Q@^ - F> -- Q`XQO` R>Q
R,OR
6 LQ\DOOHUYH6 LVWHPOHU
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
KQ 2
GHQNOHPLQH JRUH QHGFQVHO ELU /7 O VLVWHPLQ GLLUWLLWHSNLVL GLLUWLL ROXVPDGDQRQFH VILU ROPDKGLU YH EX VH]JLVHO QHGHQVHOOLN NDYUDPPD GD X\JXQGXU 'DKD JHQHO RODUDN 3UREOHP GH JRVWHULOGLJL JLEL GRJUXVDO ELU VLVWHP LFLQ QHGHQVHOOLN VWDWLN EIWODQJW\ GXUXPXQD HVLWWLU \DQL QHGHQVHO ELU VLVWHPH JLULV ]DPDQGD KHUKDQJL ELU QRNWD\D NDGDU 2 LVH EX GXUXPGD R]DPDQD NDGDU 2 ROPDKGLU 1HGHQVHOOLJLQ &LWOLJL YHVWDWLN EDVODQ J\ NRVXOXQXQ VDGHFH GRJUXVDO VLVWHPOHUH X\JXQ ROGXJXQX YXUJXODPDN RQHPOLGLU 2U QHJLQ %ROLLP , GD WDQOGJ JLEL\Q [>Q@ VLVWHPL GRJUXVDO GHJLOGLU $ Q FDN QHGHQVHOGLU YH DVKQGD EHOOHNVL]GLU 'LJHU WDUDIWDQ [>Q@ \>Q LW LVH EXGX UXPGD VWDWLN EDVODQJL© NRVXOXQD X\PD] 1HGHQVHO D\QN ]DPDQK ELU VLVWHUQ LFLQ GHQNOHPLQGHNL NRVXO GHQNOHPLQGHNL HYULVLUQ WRSODUP LIDGHVLQLQ 8VHNOH JHOGLJLQL \Q
[>N@K>QN@
6RQ RODUDN QHGHQVHOOLN VLVWHUQOH E ,U YH\D , L\LQ VLILU LVH QHGHQVH - DUQ GU R]H J aHQ ELU 6La\DOL HJHU Q L\LQ WHUPLQRORML LFLQ QHGHR YH a aa O\WQ 2UWa Ea WHUPLQRORMLGLU %X GHQVHOOLJL RHGHQVHO ELUVLQ\DO RODRGa- FN aPOHaQaHQ JHOLU %LU / 7 O VLVWHPLQ QH WHS LVPH HVUWQU /7,6 OVWHPOHU OV OQ. DUDUKKN %ROLLP O GHQ ELU VLVWHPLQ HJHUKHUVXX , EL GXJXQX KDOOUOD\D- LP / 7,VLVWHPLQ N , aaQ UUVPLUK \N LLUHWL\RUVD NDUDUK RO \LLN- LONWHELU[>Q@JLULLQL HOHDODKP DUDU ,R XJXNRVXOODQ HOGHHWPHN LFLQ VXQUK ELL +HUQ LFLQ M[>QO% % ā K X Q, O>ELULP GLLUWLL WHSNLVL LOH ELU / 7 O ā VRQUD HYULVLP WRSODQXP NXOODQDUDN OD- P EaaHaaaaODEaJBUX]YDUVD\DKP 'DKD - XJX O\WQ ULIDGH HOGH HGHUL]
,< OQO a K>N [^QNI %LU VD\LODUNLLPHVLQLQ WRSODPPP ELL\LLNOBB \XN ROPDGJ L\LR GHQN- 8VX VD\ODQQ EX\XNOLLNOHUL WRSODQXQGDQ ELL
ā HPPQ VRQXFX RODUDN
,
GHRNOHPLQGHQ WX N G
P YHQ HJHUOHQ O\P M[>QNOO% GLU G ā H ā E7UQH aXQX EHOLUWLU ā ā XX P H
ā
YHDOWHPDWLI HVGHJHU IRUPXQ GHQNOHPLQLQ KHUQL\LR
,< QOVQIMK>NO
\>Q@ IK>N@[>QN@
ā
GHRNOHPLQGHQ HJHUGLOUWLL , NLV B
HS , WXPX\OH WRSODQDELOLU LVH\DQL
W2
VHNOLQH JHOGLJLQL EHOLUWLU %HQ]HU VHNLOGH VLLUHNOL ]DUQDQK ELU / 7 , VLVWHP HJHU I MK>NOFR WLFLQ KW
LVHQHGHQVHOGLU YHEX GXUXPGD HYULVLP HQWHJUDOL 8 LIDGH LOHYHULOLU
ā
LVH EX GXUXPGD\^ Q@ LQ ELL\LLN- LLN RODUDN UXUO ROGXJX VRRXFXQD YDUDELOLUL] %X RHGHRO Va DQGJXX Ya EX QHGHQOH VLVWHPLQ NDUDUE PLQ NDUDUKKJP JDUDQWL HWPHN L\LQ ,L GQN- HP- D\QN ]DPDQO- ELU/7,VLVWH 3UREOHP GD JRVWHULOGLJL JLEL HJHU a GaGXU $ VOPGD EX NR8, D\QFD VRRX\ODQDQ VPUK JLULHUROGXJXQGDQ RQHP- L E N VDWOaD]VD VPXV] \-RaODUOD / 7 OVLVWHPLQ NDUDUEK L WLLPX\OH G QN- L aaOaXU %R\OHFH D\QN ]DPDQK ELU VXUHNOLā ]DPDQKGD EU ā H HQXQH &WWLU / 7, VLVWHPLQ GUWLL OHL ā ODQOOOOOQ- HOGH HGHUL] 2]FOOLNOH X WHS V EDNLPPGDQ EHQ]HU NDUDUKKN GHQNOHPOHUL LOHEHQ]HUOLN L\LQGaaIa- aW M LVH EX GXUXPGD
\ -
\W /[U KWU GU IKU [WU GW
2UQHN GH WDULI HGLOHQ KHP DNLLPLLODWRU K>Q@ X>Q@ KHP GH WHUVL K>Q@ RQ@R>Q@ GHQNOHPLQL VDJODU YH EX QHGHQOH QHGHQVHOGLU 'LLUWLL WHS NLVL KW RWWR LOH \DKQ ]DPDQ ND\GLUPD WRa2 LFLQ QHGHQVHOGLU ]DPDQ ND\GLU PDVW ELU JHFLNUQH ROGXJXQGD DQFDN WRā LFLQ QHGHQVHO GHJLOGLU ]DPDQ ND\GLUPD QP ELULOHUOHPH ROGXJX ER\OHFH NJLULLQJHOHFHN GHJHUOHULQL WDKPLQ HGHU
6 LQ\DOOHUYH6 LVWHPOHU
62LXP
=DPDQOD'H2L9QH! HQ 8QHHU 6LVWHPOHU
KW
\W ,
?&WU [U GU?
U GU XW
YH
U
>OXU U
GU RR ROXU
V>?WU O[U GL 'LLUWLOWHSNLVLWLLPLL\OHLQWFJUDOOHQHELOLUROPDGL QGDQVLVWHPNDUDUV]GWU
V%
L U
ā
N OHHQWHJUDOOHQHELOLU LVHVLVWHP NDUDUKGLU \DP HJHU 2< ā %X QHGHQOHGXUWX WHS V WXPX\ OH LVF © O
>?OLU U
GHQNOHPL VDJODQPD] LVH VLPUVU] aNODULLUH $ \QN ]DPDQKGD ROGXJX JLEL HJHUO LO NO ]DUQDQK ELU / 7 O VLVWHPLQ NDUDUKKJ WHQ VPUO JLUL &a YDUGLU EXQHGFa FGV aa HULQLQ NDUDUKKJP WHVWL LFLQ NXOODPP DVD GHQNOHPPH HVXQU YH HQ HP JLGDNL LNLRPHNWH JRVWHULOPLWLU
2UQHN
ELUVLVLHPLHOHDODKP %XGXā 62UHNOLPQQKGDYH\DQ\UN]DQXQKGDVDI]DPDQND\GUPQRDQ UXPGDD\QN]DPQQKGD
I>O I?^QO
O
% LU/ 7,6 OV WHPOQ% OUOP % DV DPDN7 HSNOVO LPGL\H NDGDU ELU / 7 O VLVWHPLQ ELULP GLLUWLL WHSNLVL EDNXUXQGDQ LIDGHVLQLQ EHOLUJLQ VLVWHP R]HOOLNOHUL WDPPODQP HOGH HWPHPL]H LPNDQ VD$ODG$P JRUGLLN 2]HOOLNOH K>Q
YH\DKW ELU / 7 O VLVWHPLQ GDYUDUXVLP WLLPLL\OH EHOLUOHGLJL LFLQ NDUDUKKN YH QHGHQVHO OLNJLELVLVWHP R]HOOLNOHULQL GLLUWLL WHSNLVL R]HOOLNOHUL LOH LOLVNLWHQGLUHELOGLN ā / 7 O VLVWHPOHULQ GDYUDUXVUPQ WDULILQGH NXOODPODQ EDVND ELUVLQ\DO GDKD YDUGLU [>Q X>Q YH\D[ XW ROGXJXQGD aND WHNDELLO HGHQ ELULP EDVDPDN WHSNLVL V>Q YH\D VU %DXQ EDVDPDN WHSNLVLQH EDVYXUPD\WID\GDK EXODFDa YHEX QHGHQOH EXQX GLLUWLL WHSNLVL LOH LOLVNLOHQGLUUQHN GHJHUOLGLU (YULVLPWRSODP LIDGHVLQGHQ D\QN ]DPDQK ELU / &OVLVWHPLQ EDVDPDN WHSNLVL GLLUWLLWHSNLVL LOHELULP EDVDPDaQ HYULaLPLGLU\DQL
X>Q K>Q
V>Q
$ QFDN HYULLPLQ GHJLaPH R]HOOLJL LOH V>Q@ K>Q X>Q YH EX QHGHQOH V>Q ELULP GLLUWLLWHSNLVL X>Q LOHELUD\QN ]DPDQK / 7O VLVWHPLQ E>Q JLULaLQH WHSNL RODUDN JRULLOHEL OLU2PHN GH JRUGLL$XPLL]JLEL X>Q@DNLLPILODWRULOQ ELULP GLLUWLL WHSOFLVLGLU %X QH GHQOH
LNHQVLLUFNOL]DPDQOWGD
W B OU>N
I FUO>WIU >ORUWR MGU O
V>Q
DQQ] %LUVLQ\DOELO\2NOXNHODUDNVUPUKLVHEX ROXUYHLNLVLVWHPLQGHNDUDUKROGXaVRQXFXQDYUKRODFDWPGDQEXaDWUWWFWROPDPDKGLU VLQ\DOLQKHU]DPDQGDND\GLQOPWaYFaW\RQXNaD ULL FOFDODKP%ROLLP O GF DUWWWJQP]aL 6LUQGL 2PHN GHWDULIHGLOHQ XPXDWR E G LaLQEXNDUDUVL]ELUVWVWHPGLU ELD-UXP8ODRUHVDELOELUJLULaX\JXODUXUVDaWN>WaOV W?FaaLLX WLLPLL\OHWRSODQDELOLU ROPDGW < DQL EX VWVHPLQNDUDUVW] ROGXWX D\QFD JHaaJLQGFQGHJRULLOFELOLU
a W
%XGHQNOHPGHQ YH2PHN GHQ K>Q LQ DOOJ- GDNL EDaPOO NXOODPODUDN V>Q@ GHQ WHN UDUHOGH HGLOHELOHFHJL DaOOU K>Q V>Q V^ Q
< D QL D\QN ]DPDQOL ELU /7 , VLVWHPLQ EDVDPDN WHSNLVL GLLUWLL WHSNLVLQLQ KDUHNHWOL WRS L->M L>@
āā
HOOL]DPDQKHVLQLHOHDODKP %HQ]HUVHNLOGHHQWFJUDODKFL\WDNXPXDWRUXQVXU
\W / [U GU E GROD\Wā \DQLVDELWELUJLULVLQVPUVW]ELL\LOa&" $ NLLPXORWRULFLQ YHULOHQ WLH WDPDUQHQD\PVH FSLH GLU (QWFJUDO DKFL LaLQGLOUWLLWHSNLVL EL NOaVHEFSROPDVPGDQGROD\W EX NDURUV WUVWVFP W a RW ROPDVPDL]LQYHULOHUHNEXOXQDELOLUYHEXGXUXPGD
ODPGLU> GHQNOHPL %XQD NDU D\QN ]DPDQO- ELU / 7, VLVWHPLQ GLLUWLL WHSNLVL ED VDPDN WHSNLVLQLQ LONIDUODGLU > GHQNOHPL %HQ]HU aHNLOGHVLLUHNOL ]DPDQ- GDKU GLLUWLL WHSNLVL LOHELU/7, VLVWHPLQ EDVD PDN WHSNLVL D\QFD ELUHQWHJUDO DOWFUXQ KU JLULLQH GLLUWLLWHSNLVLXU LOH WHSNLVLQH aLW RODQ 8LIDGH LOH YHULOPLWLU VU XW KU < DQL ELU VLLUHNOL ]DUQDQOL / 7 O VLVWHPLQ EL ULP EDVDPDN WHSNLVL GLLUWLL WHSNLVLQLQ KDUHNHWOL HQWHJUDOLGLUYH\D
/KU GU
V,
6LQ\D8HUYH6 LVWHPOHU
8QHHU6 DELW. DWV D\LK'OIHUDQV O\HO' HQNOHPOHU EDVDPDN WHSNLVLQLQ ELULQFL WXUHYL YH GHQNOHPLQGHQ EPP GXUWX WHSNLVL EPP GLU YH\D
GVW
FL
KW 6 ,
GW PDQKGD ELULP EDVDPDN WHSNLVL D\QFDELU / %XQHGHQOH KHP VXaaK KHP GHD\āaaQNLL ELULP GLLUWX WHSNLVLQL RQGDQ KHVDSOD\Da VLVWHPL WDPPODPDN LFP NXOODPODEKU LX HQWHJUDOLQH EHQ]HU LIDGHOHU / 7 O VLV G ā LPWRSODUP YHHYQVLP OLUL] 3UREaHa HDN HYUWN EDN PPGDQ LIDGHVL LFLQHOGH HGWLPOVWLU WHPOHQQ ELULP EDVDP WHS V
( ) $5 . '( 1. / ( 0/( 5 LL/ ( 'L) ( 5 $ 16L<
/ 9 7 $ 1,0/ ,1( '( 16( / / 7 ,6,67 ( 0/ ( 5 , G EL I LUL YHWWNOQ VDELW NDWVD\L , RJUZā 6LLUHNOL ]DPDQK VLVWHPOHULQ FRN RQaPK LUVBP J IW %X WL LQGHQNOHPOHUL LRNFH VDO GLIHUDQVL\HOGHQNOHP\ROX\OD WKaOHQGPOGJ VaDa LNDU 2PHJLQ %ROLLP , GH LWOL VLVWHaOaULQ YaIL]LaHOaaaHaaaaLLa aHSOVL?H HNLO O GH JRVWaULOGLaL JRVWHUGLJP] JLEL aNO Oa a ULQLQ HWNLVLQGH ELU DUDFP KDUHNHWL VDELW JLEL K]ODQPD JLULaQ YH VXU NXUWaaOX\OD WDPPODQDELOLU %HQ]HU GLIHUDQVL\HO NDWVD\LK GRJUXVDO GIHUDQV\H H HPLL OHULQL LFHUHQ PHNDQLN VLVWHPOHULQ WDPUUXQGD GHQNOHPOHU JHUL \LLNOHPH YHVaQXP J a NGLJHU EDJODPODUGD RUWD\D FLNDU NLP\DVDO UHDNVL\RQODQQ NPHWJPGH YaEaa OHULQ FRN RQHUQOL ELU VLPI@ JLULYHN 8\JXQ ELU&NLOGH D\QN VLVB HOX\OD LOLNLOHQGLULOGLa VPLIXU %XBW&LO ,' VDELW NDWVD\K GRJUXVDO IDU H HUP WDQWPODPDN LFLQ NXOODPKU 2UQH GHQNOHPOHU ELULRN IDUNK LHPP DUaa?aDUDaāaaVDEPGD WDVDUUXIODQQ ELULNPHVLQLQ JLQ 2PHN OO2 GD IDUNGHQNOHPOQB"a aH 2PHN OO O GH EXQODQQ ELU GLIHUDQVL\HO WDULILQGH QDVLO RUWD\D NOOJP JRa] GLWDOVLPLLODV\RQXQXQ WDULILQGH QDVLONXO GHQNOHP LOHWDPPK VLLUHNOL ]DPDQK VaVWHPP ,-a \DOOHUL LL]HULQGH EHOLUOL LHPOHUL ODUXOGJP JRWLLa] )DUN GHQNOHPOHQ \ DaaLaaPOHULQ EHOLUOHQPHVLQGH FRN VN JHU\HNO&WLUPHN LPWDVDU DQa a L]OH\HQ JLULV GHJHUOHUL DUDVPGDNL IDUNL KHVDSOa LEL O GHQNOHPL LOH WDPUQODQUUXV ELU RODUDN RUWD\D FLNDU 2PHJa LU LQ \DQ VLVWHP O GHQNOHQXaGGH aOGaa?aDSO\HDQaLVWHP IDUN GHQNOHPOHUL LOHWDPPKā DUDOLN LL]HULQGH RUWDODPD JP HJHQP GX L , GRJUXVDO GLIHUDQVL\HO YH IDUN GHQNOHPOHUL LOH %X NLWDS ER\XQFD VDELW NDa\ LQL HUHNWLUHQ ELU\RN QHGHQ RODFDNWLU %X WDPPK VLVWHPOHULQ HOH DKQPDVYHQFHHQNLHVNOJPOHULQLQLR]LLPLL LOH LOJLOL ED]L WHPHO EROLLUQGH EX VLVWHPOHUL aLIHUDQV\aOBYH Da aQ ,HWDQPO VLVWHUQOHULQ ED]L R]HOOLNOHULQL ILNLUOHULQ WDQWWOPDV LFP YH EXaEGHQ, H HL >OHUOH\HQ EROLLPOHUGH EX JLEL GHQNā DUDOOUPDN YHRUWa\D NDLPDNLaP PFH H\HFYHEXQODUWQ GDYUDQW YHR]HOOLNOHULQL DQ OHPOHUOH WDPPK VVWHPOHQQ DQDOL] \HWHaHJa
VWHPOHULQ DQDOL]L LLLQ HNVWUD \RQWHPā OD\P]DRQHPOL NDWNGDEXOXQDFDN VP\D YHV WHUJHOLWLUHFHJL]
U
VWFULOHQ QRWDV\RQODQQ LNLVLQL GH NXOODQDFDO
% NLWQ \XQF GFQNOHPLQGH LON UFYEHOXWPFN2]FUHD
X 3 KDāW2UFYOFULaLQGHNXOODQODFDOPU HQ]& IQR6\RQD\QFD
/ LQHHU VDELW NDWVD\WOW GLIHUDQVL\HO GHQNOHPOHUOH EHOLUOHQPL VLVWHPOHUOH LOJLOL ED]L RQHPOL ILNLUOHUL WDUXWPDN LLLQ GHQNOHPLQGHNL ELUELULQFL GHUHFHGHQ GLIHUDQVL\HO GHQNOHPL HOH DODKP \DQL\W QLQ VLVWHP NW', YH[W QLQ JLULL JRVWHUGLJL G\W \W` [, GW
2UQHJLQ X\JXODQDQ YH VLLUWLLQPH NXYYHWOFULPQ FWNLVLQGH ELU DUDFP KO=O LLLQ GHQNOHPLQL GLIHUDQVL\HO GHQNOHPL LOH NDIODWUDUDN HJHU\W DUDFP K] YW LOF WDQPODQP ROVD\G HJHU [W X\JXODQDQ JLL\ - ^W RODUDN DKQVD\G YH GHQNOHā PLQGHN SDUDPFWUFOHU EOP YH P , JLEL ELULPOFUH QRQQDOOHWLULOPL ROVD\G GFQNOHPL WDP RODUDN EXVLVWHPH WHNDELLO HGHUGL GFQNOHPL JLEL GLIHUDQVL\HO GHQNOHPOHUOF LOJLOL LRNRQHPOL ELU QRNWD WDP RODUDN EFOLUOHQPHVLQL VDJODPDODQGU < DQL JLULLQ ELUIRQNVL\RQX RODUDNVLVWHP UNW,ā QP DN LIDGHVL \FULQH JLUL YHWWNO DUDVPGDOFL WDP LOLNL\L WDPPODUODU %LU Da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a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
a OLQ© W$ELW NDXD\LK GLIFQQVL\, GHDOGHPOFULQR 2OFX\XFXQXQEX NRQX LNWDQaNKW- ROGXDQX aOLOPLL] ]LLPLLOOIIO':',= N6!GX< DXGP LRFGHPGW aQ 2UGLQD\ 2IIHUHQOODO ( TJWLRQV UG HG E\ :( %R\FH DQG 5 & 2W3QQXR 1HZ < RUL- RKQ:LOH\DQG6RQV DLELVURGDQGLIDDQV\, GHQNOFPOHULQ]LLPLLLOH OODLK ELUNLā WDSQP\RQ]$ \QFD GHYQ WFRQVL ED4ODPQGD GLIFQQV\O GHQNOHPOHUL ELU OW ORWDS EXOXQPDNWDGW%X QTLQ %XWH &LUFXLW ! ā E\ / 2 &KXD &$ 'FVRFUDQG(6 . XK 1HZ < RUL0F*UDZ+8 %RRN &RPSDQ\ . WWDS8W aNODQG JLEWX- H\FREPODGHEPP DP. PL] aQ \WHUOLRODUOKQHFU GIHUDQVL\,GHQNODQOHQQ a]LLP2 aQGWHUaN ID\GDK \QWFPOHULDQOWªHD4]$\QD GIHUDQV\,GHQNOHPOFQQ a]LLPLOH OJLOLEUa DKā XQQDEPQRQXQGDNLSUREOFPOFUGH WO?OU
%XP
]DPDQWD 'HJa
OLQHH6 LVHPOHU
6LQ\DOOHUYH6LVWHPOHU
2UQHN *LULVVLQ\DOL . UQQJHU\FNELUVD\DROGX X
[ . H! X^ ROGX XQGD GHQNOFPLQLQ a]LOPLOQLOHOH DODKP ELU ]HO ]LL GHQOGFPLQLQ WDP ]LOPLL ]HO \]LLPLOQ GaHPQVD ODG$
PXQ\L YFELUWLOUG&\]LLPLLQ! WRSODPDQGDQR8XU\DUX ^, \ \
RODUDN EXOXUX] 'DKO RQFHEFOLUWLOGL LJLO!L 6 GLIHUDQVD\HO GHQNOHPLNFRGL EDPD GFQN OHPLQGHNL[ JLULLQF EFQ]FUVL] ELU aNLOGF WHSNLVLQL EFOLUOFPF] 2]FOOLOFOH GHQNOH PLQGHNL VDELO $EHQ4] EFOLUOHQPHUO?WLU$ F6 FWFULQLQ EFOLUOHQPFVL LLQ6 GLIHUDQVL\FO GFQNOW! PLQH FN RODX \DUGXQF ELU NXOEFOLUOHPFPJHUHNLU 3UREOHP GH aQOGL L JLEDEX \DUGLPFDNXOLLRIDUOFK VHFLUQOHU IDUNK \OO]LLPOHULQF \ROD\DU YHVRQXaRODUDNJLUOYHN DUDVPGD IDUNODLOLNLOHUFQHGHQROXUGDKD QFF La HWWLLXQL] JLELEXNLLDEP aR$XQOX XLLQ/ 7 O YHQHGFQVFO VLVFPOHQ ZXPODPDNLaLQODLOODQDODQGLIHUDQVL\FO YF IDUNGFQN- FPOFULRF RGDNODQDFD DL] YF EX GXUXPGD \DUGXQFDNXOPWLN EDODQJLaN8,8 IRUPXQX DKU < DUXSUREOHP GH JVWHULOGL LDLEL QFGFQVHO /7 O VLVWFP LLQWR LaLQ[ LVFYFE\OHFF VLDWLNEDODQJNXOX LLQ ROGXSX J OFULU GFQN- FPL 2 GDGH HUOHQGLUPHNYH\2 RODUDN \DUWDPDOF :O8LLUHWU
YF< L a XODNL UG&GLIFQOOOVL\HO]PQ ELU]2P2GLOU 2$(B G\,
GL GHQNOFPLQGHNL JLEL ELU 2VWHOJLUO VLQ\DOL LaLQ]HO ]LLP EXOPDN L\LQJHQH ELU \ OWFP aaF]RUODQPWHSNL\LDUDPDNXU\DQO JLULLOH D\QDIRUPGDELUVLQ\DOLDUDaDOFWDUa GHQNOa [ . L X^ ROGXaX LLQ ,! L\LQ< QLQ EL]LPEFKUOFPHPD] JHUFNHQ EDU PDQHDUH ! DQ VD\DROGXJX 8IRUPGDELU\]PLOKLSRWH]RODUDN OFXUDQ]
\OFFH W \LQ LNFQ! LaLQ
\ Q@ D\>Q ,@ E[>Q@
\Q
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
a, GHQNOHQLOH OLOQPO QHGHQVHO D\QN ]DPQ VLVWHPLEORNa J2VOHULQL
D
%XQGDQ VRQUD aDJLGDNL ELULQFL GHUHFHGHQ GLI , G VLLUHNOL ]DUQDQK VLVWHPL HOHDODKP HUDQVU\H HQNOHP LOH WDPPK QHGHQVHO \>Q@ D\>Q ,@ E[Q@
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
G\W D\W E[W
%XVLVWHP L\LQEORN VHPDVLJRVWHULPL WDUXPODPDN ,LONG UHP HQHPH RODUDN\HQLGHQ FL\ OH\D]DKP \W
G\W E [W D GW D Â
%X GHQNOHPLQ VDJ WDUDI LLaWHPHO La- HPGHQ , WLLUHYOHPH %X QHGHQOH 6HNL GD OOXUWRSODPD NDWVD\L LOH FDUSXQ YH GHQNOHPLQO 6HNLO GDNL EORIRVL"L Xa WHPHO DJ HOHaLQ WDPPODUVDN QN ]DPDQK VLVWHP L\LQNXOODPODQD EHQ] NLOGHaQXLODQDQ GDKD RQFH DQODWODQ D\ HU & H XWHPHO HOHPDQODQQ DUD EDJODQWV RODUDN LIDGHHWPH\L GaLLQHELOLUL]
6 LQ\DOOHU YD6 LVWHPODU
; ,
a
; W GW
,
[W
a
a [ ; ,
[W
a\W
WOGO 72O OD\OFONDO6O\O aQ YDHQWHJUDODKFODUNaQWODUDN YH GHQOGHPOHULQGHOVLVWHPa EORN
D
a
[W ,,; , E
BU
aNOO GHQNOHPL +D WDQLPK V2UHNOL ]DPDQO VOVWHPOQEORN IHPDV J2VWH ULPO L\UO ELUROD6 , WHPHO HOH PDQN2PHVLD ELUWRSOD\F E ELUNDWVD\OLHaUSHPF ELUWXUHYDKF
G[,
[W a 7
J2VWHULQL
(QWHJUDO DKFUODU LVOHUQOH LOJLOL \LLNVHOWH\OHUNXOODPODUDN NROD\FD X\JXODQDELOGLNOHUL LFLQ HNLO GHNL JLEL JRVWHULPOHU GRJUXGDQ DQDORJ X\JXODPDODUD \RQOHQGLULU YHDVKQGD KHP DQDORJ ELOJLVD\DUODU KHP GH PRGHP DQDORJ KHVDSODPD VLVWHUQOHUL LLQ WHUQHOGLU 6LLUHNOL ]DUQDQKGXUXPGD VLVWHPLQ EHOOHN GHSR HOHPDQODQP LIDGH HGHQLQ HQWHJUDO DKFL ROGXXQX QRW HGHOLP 6HLNL GH HJHU GHQNOHUQLQL aaGDNL LIDGH LOHVRQXFODQDQ VHNLOGH ]DUQDQPGD VPUUK ELU QRNWDGDQ HQWHJUDOLQL DOPD\L GLLaLLQLLUVHN EXGDKD NROD\ JRUXOHELOLU \W \WR > - E[U D\U @GU
R ?ā [,
D
\W
aHNOO72O OD\F NDWVD\ LOH aUSP YD W2UHY DOWHGDU NXIODQGDUDN YH GHQOGHPOHUOQGHNO VLVWHPOHU L\LUO EORN a J2VWHUOPOHUO
G ā WHUQ LFLQ JH\HUOL ELU JRVWH NLO GHQNOHP WLH WDPPK QH HQVH VLV Y 6RQUDN VH ā LN ODPDODUD \RQOHQGUHQ EOUJRVWH ULP LNHQ FRN VLN NXOODPODQ YH\D GRJUXGDQOSUDQ X\aXU KHP GH KDWD YH JLLU2OWLLOHUH ULP GHJLOGLU LLQNX WXUHY DXFLWDUP X\JX DQPDVL ]RU GX\DUKGWU LIEL JXODPD GHQNOHPL aR\OH\HQLGHQ 'DKD \D\JP RODUDN NXOODUXODQ DOWHPDQ LUX\ \D]ODUDN G\W E[W D\W GW
KQDUDN HOGH HGLOHELOLU 2]HOOLNOH GHQNOH YH GDKD VRQUD ; ! GDBQ W \H HQWHJUDO DG K VWILU NDEXO HGHUVHN G\W GWHQWHJUDOL PL LOH WDPPODQDQ VVWHPGH E[U D\U @GU
, G LEL HQWHJUDO DKFL LOH ELUOLNWH HNLO GD %X IRUPGD FNLO GH WDPP DQ , LXILaPODUDN X\JXODQDELOLU HNLO EX VLVWHP JRVWHULOHQ WRSWD\LFU YH NDWVD\U FDUSDQ LGL LFLQ EXHOHPDQODQ NXOODQDQ ELUEORN VHPDVL JRVWHQP LU
GHQNOHPL \W VSHVLILNDV\RQXQXQ ELU EaODQJL NRVXOX\DQL \W GHJHULQL JH UHNWLUGLJL JHU\HDLQL DNOD NDYXVWXUXU %X WDUQ RODUDN HQWHJUDO DKFLPQ WR ]DPDPQGD GHSRODGGHJHUGLU %ORN VHPDVU ROXVWXUXOPDVLP VDGHFH HQ EDVLW ELULQFL GHUHFHGHQ GLIHUDQVL\HO YH IDUN GHQNOHPOHUL LFLQ JRVWHUPLa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a Da,6, LOH HOH DODKP 2]HOOLNOH %R GH VLLUHNOL ]DPDQK ELUELULP GLLUWLLQLLQ\HWHULQFHNWVDELUGLLUWLLQLLQ LGHDOOa OLLP , WLULOPHVL RODUDN JRULLOHELOHFHJLQLER\OHFH aNOL YHaLLUHVLQLQ SUDWLN ELUVRQXFX ROPDG a \DQL KHU EHOLUOL / 7 , VLVWHP WHSNLVL VR] NRQXVX ROGXX VLLUHFH GLLUWLLQLLQ DOWWQGDNL UXP DODUXQ KHPHQ X\JXODQPa JLEL GaLLQLLOHELOaLQL RQHVLLQQLLaWLLN %XEROLLPGH LON RQFH EXQXQ QHDQODPD JHOGLL LOHLOJLOLVRPXW ELURPHN VDDWDPDN YHGDKD VRQUD RPHN WH NXOODQWODQ \RUXPX ELULP GLLUWLLOHULQ YH GLHU WHNLOOLN IRQNVL\RQODUP NXOODQPXQP DQDKWDQUXQ EX LGHDOOHaWLULOPLa VLQ\DOOHUH \DQL DVKQGD GLHU VLQ\DOOHU LOH QDVWO HYULaLUQ DOWPGD ROGXNODQ EDORPPGDQ WDQWPK VLQ\D- HUH / 7 , VLVWHUQOHULQ QDV, NaKN YHUGLa QLQEHOLUOHQPHVLQGH ROGXDXLX JRVWHUPHN LLQNXOODQPDN LVWHUL]
6 Q\DQHUYH6 LVWHPOHU 22LLP
=DPDQODaaQ
/LQHHU6 LVOHPOHU
LGHDO . V D'DUEH 2ODUDN %OUOP'XUWX . D\GXPD R]HOOLJLQGHQ GHQNOHPL RW ELULP GLLUWLOVLO ELULP VLVWHPLQ GLOUWLO WHS NLVLGLU < DQL KHUOLDQJL ELU[W VLQ\DOL LFLUL [W [ RW W %X QHGHQOH [W RW RODUDN DKUVDN RW R GHQNOHPL ELU ELULP GLOUWLO R]HOOL$LGLU YH D\QFD LGHDOOaWLULOPL O!LUGDUEH RODUDN ELULP GLOUWLO \RUXPXPX] LaLQ FRN RQHUQOL ELU FUNDQPPD VDKLSWLU 2PH$ LQ %ROLOP , GH ROGX$X JLEL RW` \L GLNGRUWJHQVHO GDUEHQLQ VUPUOD\UFL IRUUQX RODUDN GLOLOQ GLO$LLPLO]LO YDUVD\DKP G]HOOLNOH RW VHNLO O GH WDPPODQDQ GLNGRUWJHQVHO GDUEH\H WHNDELOO HWVLQ YH U$W
W W ROVXQ %X GXUXPGD U$W` 6HNLO GH FL]LOGL$L JLELGLU ($HU RW \L a LNHQ W QLQ OLPLWL RODUDN \RUXPODPDN LVWHUVHN EX GXUXPGD GHQN-HPLQLQ GRJUX OX$X LOH U$W LFLQ a LNHQ OLPLW D\QFD ELU ELULUQ GLLUWLO ROPDKGLU %HQ]HU VHNLOGH a LNHQ U$W U$W YH\D UEW W LQ OLPLWL ELULP GLOUWLO ROPDOLGLU YH EXQXQ JLEL %R\OHFH WXWDUKKN LFLQ ELULP GLOUWLO\LO ELU VLQ\DOLQ VXXUOD\LFU IRUUQX RODUDN WDPP ODUVDN EX GXUXPGD DVKQGD KHSVL OLPLWWH ELU GLOUWLO JLEL GDYUDQDQ VPUUVL] VD\LGD FRN IDUNK JSULOQHQ VLQ\DOOHU ROGXJX JHUFHJLQL JRULLULL] 2QFHNL SDUDJUDIWDNL DQDKWDU VR]FXNOHU ELU GLOUWLO JLEL GDYUDQPDN ROXS EXQXQOD DQODWPDN LVWHGL$LP] VH\ JRVWHUUQL ROGXJXPX] JLEL GDUEH
\HWHULQFH NLVDROGXJX VD UHFH \DQL \HWHULQFH NLOFLON ROGXJX VXUHFH ELU /7 O VLVWHPP WLOP EX VLQ\DOOHUH WHSNL VLQLQ WHPHO RODUDND\P ROGXJXGXU $D$GDNL RUQHN EX ILNULJRVWHULU
22UWR[, U E
, UWR ;, RW URW F
,
22UWR[,
FL
G
aNOO GHQNOHQ:O GHWDPPOO VLQ\DO URW 2
8
2PHN 6WDWLN aODQJa NRVXOX LOH ELUOLNWH ELULQFL GHUFFHGHQ GLIHUDQVL\HO GHQNOHP LOH WDPPK / 7 O VLVWHPL HOH DODKP
G\W \W [W GW
aHNLO aaLWOL LaLQ EX VLVWHPLQ 6 UW UW W YH UW UW \H WHSNLVLQL JRV WHULU < HWHULQFH JHQLV LaLQ EXJLUL VLQ\DOOHULQH WHSNLOHU EFOLUJLQ RODUDN IDUNKOaU $QFDN \FWFULO4F aLLN O- LaLQ WHSNLOHU UHPHO RODUDN D\XW HGLOHPH]GLU YF ER\OHFF JLUO VLQ\DOOFULQLQ KHSVL D\UX VHNLO GF GDYUDUXU $ \QFD VHNLOGH EHOLUWLOGLaL JLEL WLLP EX WHSNLOFULQ VPUUK IRUPX WDP RODUDN H GLU %X VLQ\DOOHULQ KHU ELULQLQ OLPLWL $ LNHQ ELULP GLLUWLO ROGXa LaLQ H LQ EX VLVWHP LaLQGLOQLO LHSNLVLROGXaX VRQXFXQD YDQQ]
0,2PYHG XEXNDWVD\LKORQFFUGLUFQQV\FOGHQNOFPOFULOHQPKa, OLUOFPFN LaLQGRKD EDVLO\ROORU DQORDFa]
/ 7,VLVWFPOHULQ G*QLLWHSOFLVLQL ,ª
B F H < a HWHPFH ODVD RDQELUGDOEULā ā B B OHFH ELU / 7 O6L6WHPLQEX GD
N a RODUDNEOUELQPGXUWIQQ\RUXPX a QWLHELU Â Y a! RX= 2O,- 68 RLGX28 VXUHFH GDUEHKHPHQ D YH a JLULSHO a X\JXODQPa RODWDNGa WHSNLHQ E D\P$GH2HUOHWL D\P VLVOHPLQ LOHODQPW QHGHQVHO O7VLVWHPLQ UDW \HHSDHL H 6LVWHPa G2UW2WHSODVL HSNLOHQF W UW \H WHSNWOHUG URW OD6LQGD EHLUJLQIDOG- OWNDU , H H XW $ O O EXIDOOGWVLQ\DOHUHOHSOFLHU GXUWLOWHSOLVLQH aU YDUGU DQFDN $ D]DOOUNHQ ODUWGGWNODUD]DOUYH 2P OHSNLOHU H GHJ2VWHQOHQ
6 LQ\DIOHUYH6 LVOHPOHU 9 XUJXODQDFDN ELU LLQFUQOL QRNWD \FWFQQFH aLLN LOH DQODQOPDN LVWHQLOHQLQ \XEQGDNL GDUEHā OFULQ X\JXODQGDa EHKUK / 7 O VLVWFUQLQH EDK ROGX XGXU 2PHJLQ 6HNL - 6 GH EXGDUEHOHUH OT! NDOFUL aL- GDNL ELULQFL GHUHFHGHQ GIHUDQV\HO GHQNOFUQ LOH WDUXPK QHGFQVHO / 7 O VLVUHP LFLQ IDUNK GH HUOFUL LaWQ JLLVWHUGDN
G\W \W UW GW HOWLOGH JRUXOGLL LL JLED EXGXUXPGD WHSOFLOHULQ EXEDQQGHQ YH VDVWFUQ aQ OW a XW GLOUWX WHSNLVLQGHQ D\DQ HGLOHEUWPHVLLHLQGDKD NLLaLLN WL GHWFQQH JHUHN YDUGDU \OHFH \HWHULQFH NLLLLN LOF DQODXODPQ EX LNL VLVWHP LDQ IDUNK ROPDVPD UD PHQ KHU NLVL LFLQ \HWHULQHH N2LLN RODQ W- GH HUOHUL EXODEDOLUL] %X GXUXPGD ELULP GLOUWLL VLLUHVL LOP VLVWHPOHU LDQ \FWFULQFH NO6 RODQ NDVD GDUEHUXQ LGHDOOaOPHVLGDU
22UW2 [, E
; , G,
%LUOP 'XUWXQXQ( YULLOPOLH7 DPPODQPDV
O
< XNDQGDNL RPHNH JRVWHQOGLL JLEL \HWHULQFH NLOaLON W LFP , U$ W URW W YH U$ W` U$W VLQ\DOOHULQLQ OLOPLO ELU / 7 O VLVWFPF X\JXODQGLJPGD GLOUWLO JLEW GDYUDPU $ VKQGD EXQXQ GRJUX ROGXJX GLJHUELUFRN VLQ\DO YDUGLU %LU ELULP GXUWLL\LL ELU / 7 O VLVWHPLQ RQD QDVLO WHSNL YHUGLJ@ EDNLPPGDQ GLLLOQPHPL] JHUHNWLJLQ RQH VX UHU %LU IRQNVL\RQ YH\D VLQ\DO JFQHOOLNOF EDJUPVL] GHJLNHPQ KHUGHJHULQGH QH LVH RQXQOD WDUXPODPUNHQ ELULP GLOUWLLQLOQ EDVKFD RQFPW KHU WGHJHULQGH QHROGXa GHJLO GLUDQFDNGDKD GRJUXVX HYULVLPDOWWQGD QF \DSQJUGUU %XQHGHQOH OLQHHUVLVWHPDQDOL]L EDNLV DFLVPGDQ ELULP GLLUWLL\LL DOWHPDWLIRODUDN ELU / 7 O VLVWFPH X\JXODQGLJLQGD GLLUWLL WHSNLVLLLUHWHQVLQ\DO JLEL WDPPOD\DELKUL]< DQL RW LKHU[W LaLQ
[W [W RW
[, OOM
RODQ ELU VLQ\DO RODUDN WDPPODQ] %X EDJODUQGD Wa JLEL ND\ERODFDN NDGDU NLLaXN VXUHOL NLVD GDUEHOHUH WHNDELOO HGHQ W UW` JLEL VLQ\DOOHULQ WLLPLLOLPLWWH ELU ELULP GLLUWLL JLEL GDYUDPU \LLQNLO L EXVLQ\DOOHULQ KFUKDQJL ELQ LOH GHJLVXQUVHN EX GX UXPGD GHQNOHPL OLPLQH VDJODQUPVROXU ,KWL\DFUUP] RODQ UXP ELULP GLLUWLL R]HOOLNOHUL GHQNOHPLQGH YHULOHQ Lā OHPVHO WDUXUQGDQHOGH HGLOHELOLU PHJLQ KHU,LFLQ[W , ROVXQ GHUVHNEXGXUXPGD
[, a G F
K,
" X,
, [W [W` RW
RW [W > RU ]W U GU
> RU GU ROXU RR\OHFHELULPGLLUWLLELULPDODQD VDKLSWLU %D]HQ EaND ELUWDPDUQHQ D\P RW` WDQXPNXOODUXQDN ID\GDKGU %XDOWHPDWLI IRQQX HOGH HWPHN LaLQ UDVJHOH VaLOPL ELUJW VLQ\DOL DKS JW HOGH HWPHN LLLQ ]D PDQGD WHUV \HYLQQH\L YH GDKD VRQUD EXQX RW LOH HYULWLQQH\L GLOLOQHOLP GHQNOHPLQL NXOODQDUDN 8QX HOGH HGHUL]
H
āaHUL JXODG4P= VLVWHPHEDJKGU D aNOOaHULQFH NLI aa Qa QDPK aHQVHO O7OVLVWHPLQ WHSNDHUL E UU \H WHSNL YH,&,2 JQaQH ,Q G2UW2OH NLVL KW HāLRXW OHU F U \H WHSNLOHU G UU \H WHSNLWHUa H 6 VWHP a a HUL OZOODPODPO= %X WHSNLOHULHNL GHNLOHLOHNDaWXDUDN EXGXUXPGD VXUDGHQ GDKDa JHUHNW2LQL YHGDUEH HNOOQLR2QHPLROPDGaDQD J22U2]
JW J W` RW
> JUW`RU GU
UL
RQFH
YHEX W LaLQ aDJGDNL GHQNOHPL LLUFWLU J2
&JU RU GU
6 LQ\DOOHUYH6 LVOHPOHU IOMM2P
=DPDQOD' HJLYQH\HQ/ LQHHU6 6 OHPOHU
%X QHGHQOH GHQNOHPL LOHYHULOHQ LVOHPVHO WDUXPL GHQNOHPLQL JRV WHULU 'LJHU\DQGDQ GHQNOHPL GHQNOHPLQL EHOLUWLU %XQX JRUPHN LFLQ W VDELW ]DPDPQGD [W VLQ\DOL YHULOVLQ YH
G[W [W X
GW
JU [W U WDPPOD\DKP %X GXUXPGD GHQNOHPLQL NXOODQDUDN NFVLQ RODUDN GHQN OHPL RODQ [W J2
> JU RU GU
a GaaHPLQLQ QLQLVOHPVHO WDPUP RODUDN FDKVPDVL JLEL GHQNOHPL a XaaW Pa aOHaHO WDaPaODUDN DODFDJL] %HQ]HU VHNLOGH X \L QLQ LNLQFL a a JPVP LNLQFL WXUFYP DODQ ELU/ 7 O VLVWHPLQ GLLUWLL WHSNLVL RODUDN WDQXQOD E ,ā Q]\DUQ \D
[WU RU GU
G[W
G %X QHGHQOH GHQNOHPL ELULP GLLUWLLQLLQ HVGHJHU ELU LVOHPVHO WDPUPGUU < DQL EL ULPGLLUWLL ELUJW VLQ\DOL LOH FDUSLOGLJPGD YH GDKD VRQUD RR GHQ HR \H HQWHJUDOL DKQ GLJPGDJ2 GHJHULQL LLUFWLU 3UHQVLS RODUDN / 7, VLVWHPOHU YH ER\OHFH HYULVLP LOH LOJLOHQHFHJLUQL] LFLQ GHQNOHPLQGH YHULOHQ WDUQUP HQ VLN VR] HGHFHNOHULPL]GHQ ELUL RODFDNXU $QFDN GHQNOHPL ELULP GLLUWLLQLLQ GLJHU R]HOOLNOHULQL EHOLUOHPHGH ID\GDKGLU 2PHJLQW QLQ EDVNDELU VLQ\DO ROGXJX VLQ\ DOLQL HOH DODKP %X GXUXPGD , GHQNOHPLQGHQ
&JU U RU GU
J
'LJHU WDUDIWDQ 2 RW GHQNOHPLQL HOH DKUVDNVXQXJRULLULL] > JU I2 RU GU J
[W XLW
GHQNOHPLQGHQ VXQX JRULLULL] G[, GG[W
MU GW
GL
[W X
YHEX\LL]GHQ *HQH RODUDN N ! 2 aW ā N 7 ā ā N X QP XUHYGU YH EX QHGHQOH JLULVLQ N OLL ā ā - VLVWHUUXQ GLLUWLO OHL Gā Y UHYP D DQ WHS V LU %XVLVWHP N WXUHYDKFLPQ VHUL EDO?DQWWV RODUDN HOG HGLO E , GJ UP VXQD VDKLEL] H , H
XWW XW X
YH GHQNOHPOHUL NDUVLODVWPODUDN LNL VLQ\DO IW 2W YH I2 RW QLQ KHUKDQJL ELUJW VLQ\DOL LOH FDUSLOGLNODQQGD YHRR GHQ FR \H HQWHJUDOOHUL DKQGLJPGD D\UX VHNLOGH GDYUDQGUNODQUXJRULLULL] 6RQXF RODUDN VLQ\DOOHULQ LVOHPVHO WDUXP IRUPODQ NXOODQUODUDN %ROLLP O GH >EN] GHQNOHPL@ DOWHPDWLI RODUDN HOGH HGLOHQ ELU R]HOOLN RODQ VX VRQXFD YDQQ] IW 2, I
W
%LULP GLLUWLO- HU LOH ROGXJX JLEL EXWHNLOOLN WL QNVL HOGH HGLOHELOHQ R]HOOLNO YDUG 2P R L\RQODLLPa KHUEULLVOHUQVHO WDQXUXQGDQ HQ UU HJLQ[W , VDELW VLQ\DOLQL HOHDKUVDN G[22 [W XLW >U [WU GU
PU GU
%LUOP© OIWOLYH 'OJHU 7HNLOOON )RQNVO\RQODU
"GXJaa aXOXNUX] ER\OHFH EXX ULIW-L VUILU DODQD VDKLSWLU $ \QFD JW VLQ\D- LQL XW %LULP GLLUWLL KHU ELUL HYULVLUQ DOQQGDNL GDYUDQLVL EDNLPLQGDQ LVOHPVHO RODUDN WDUQPK WHNLOOLN IRQNVL\RQODQ RODUDN ELOLQHQ ELU VLQ\D- VPLILGLU NOa JLULVLQ WLLUHYL RODQ / 7 VLVWHPL HOH DODKP \DQL
, HHYQVWPUVH
VXQX HOGH HGHUL]
JU U GU J XW \W G[W GW %X VLVWHPLQ ELULP GLLUWXWHSNLVL ELULP FLIWOL RODUDN DGODQGLQODQ ELULP GLLUWLLQLLQ WLL UHYLGLU / 7 , VLVWHP LFLQ HYULVLUQ JRVWHULPLQGHQ KHUKDQJL ELU[W VLQ\DOL LFLQ aJGDNL LIDGH\H VDKLS ROXUX]
GJ, J W GW
YH EX W LFLQ VXQX LLUHWLU J 2 JU U GU
6 LQ\DOWHU YH 6 LVWHPOHU
6 ROXP
%HQ]HU ELUVHNLOGH XW YHGDKD \XNVHNGHUHFHOL WHNLOOLN IRQNVL\RQODQQP LOJLOLR]HOOLN OHULQL HOGH HGHELOLUL] YHEXR]HOOLNOHULQ ELUFRJX 3UREOHP Ga HOa aOPUPaWLU %LULP GLLUWLL LOH ROGXJX JLEL EX WHNLOOLN IRQNVL\RQODQaa KHUEWa aāaPVHO ROPD\Da aU VHNLOGH NLVD GDUEHOHUOH LBOLaNLOHQGaL HELOU 2UQHJLQ ELULP \a EaLāPaHO RODa BEPa GLOUWLLQXQ WLLUHYL ROGXJX LFP FLIWOL\L ELULP DODQK NLVD GDUEH WLLUaYaaGHDaOaWPOPHV RODUDN GLLaLLQHELOLUL] PHJLQ HNLO O GHNL W NVaFWUXEaVP GXaXaHKP %X aDU EH 2 LNHQ ELUGLLUWLL JLEL GDYUDUXU 6RQXF RODUDN WXUHYPP LNHQ ELU LIWa JLEL GDYUDQPDVLUX EHNOHUL] 3UREOHP GH GRJUX D"GJa aāa G W ,GaaNO GD JRVWHULOGLJ JLELGLU W GD OOB DODQK ELU ELULP GXUWLL LOH L]OHQHQ W GD DODQK ELUELULPGLOUWLLGHQROXVXU \DP
YHD\QFD DVDJUGDNLXW WDUXPPD VDKLSROXUX]
=DPDQOD 'HJa\HQ
/LQHHU6 LVWHPWHU
/
[W XW [U GU
aaQ]HUVHNLOGH LNLHQWHJUDODKFPP 6HULEDJODQQVPGDQ ROXVDQ ELUVLVWHPL WDUXPOD\DEL OLUL] . ROD\FD XW UXQHYULVLPL RODQ GLLUWLL WHSNLVL LOH JRVWHULOLU ELUHQWHJUDO DKFU QPGLLUWLL WHSNLVL NHQGLVL LOH
]W XW XW /XU GU
WLFLQ 2 D HVLWYHW! LFLQ , H HVLWROGXJX LFLQ VXQDX\DU
G W > W GW W
,
, %LULP \RNXV IRQNVL\RQX RODUDN DGODQGPODQ EX VLQ\DO 6HNLO GHJRVWHULOPLVWLU $ \ QFD XW LQ HYULVLP DOWPGD ELU LVOHPVHO WDPUPUQ YH GHQNOHPOHULQGHQ HOGH HGHELOLUL]
6 RQXF RODUDN [W RWWR [WWR JHUFHJLQL NXOODQDUDN >EN] GHQNOHPL W2 LNHQ \DNPVDPDQP JLWWLNFHGRJUXKDOH JHOGLJL VXLIDGH\L EXOXUX] [W 8 ;W W W G W [W [W B G[W [W GW GW
^/[X GX XW
GHQNOHPLQL GHQNOHPL LOHNDUVLODVQQUVDN G W ,GW QLQ DVKQGD LNHQ ELUELULP \LIWOLJLEL GDYUDQGLJLUX JRUXULO] )DUNK GHUHFHOL ELULP GLOUWLLQLLQ WXUHYOHUL FODQ WHNLOOLN IRQNV\RQODQQDHN RODUDND< OaD ELULP GLLUWLL IRQNVL\RQXQXQ DUGLVLN HQWHJUDOOHULQL LIDGH HGHQVLQ\DOOHUL a POD\aaāOaQ] 2UQHN GH JRUGLLJLOPLL]JLELELULP EDVDPDN ELUHQWHJUDO DKFPP GXUWLL WHSNLVLGLU
/^ ,[X GX G
%HQ]HU ELU VHNLOGH GDKD \LLNVHNāGHUHFHOL RW HQWHJUDOOHULQL VHUL EDJODQPLV HQWHJUDO DKFLODQQ GLLUWLLWHSNLOHUL RODUDN WDPPOD\DELOLUL]
\W /[U GU
/XW !^ GU
WW XW XW
%XQHGHQOH
NFO
XW
WR G
[WUaa 8W āā LOHHYULVLPL X\JXQ ELU VHNLOGH [W QLQ \LLNVHNGHUHFHOL HQWHJUDO aaQUXXUHQU $ \QFD a GHQNOHPLQGHNL HQWHJUDOOHULQ DVDJLGDNL LIDGH\L HOGH HWPHN X]HUH , GHQNOHPLQGH \DSLOGUJU JLEL GRJUXGDQ EN] 3UREOHP KHVDSODQDELOLU
GW GW
8W
aHNLO HNLO GHNL GLNG2UWJHQVHO NVD GDUEHQLQ G GW WXUHYL aNOO %LULP DUW IRQNVL\RQX
%KLP
6 LQ\DOOHUYH6 LVWHPHU
=DPULO' HJa
/OQHHU 6 6 WHPOHU
W
UDN ELULUQ GLLULOLQLLQ DUGWVLN HQWHJUDOOHUL HYULVLUQ %R\OHFH RW WXUHYOHUPGHQ IDUNGKRKOD W GHOOHUL LFLQ WDPPODQDELOHQ IRQNVL\RQODUGLU DOWPGDNL GDYUDPaODQQP \DUXQ D HU aaa aaaHaa?
2=( 7
XW XW N
YH LFLQ DOWHPDWLIELU QRWDV\RQ NXOODQUQDN ID\GDKGU \DP
R, XR, XW XBLW
W NVHULEDW WLLUHY DKFLQP GLOUWLL WHSNLVLQL OORW ELULP VLV %XQRWDV\RQ ,D N ! 2 UP N NL ā ā GUWX
WHSNLVLQL YHNLFLQ XNW ONO VHUL HQWHJUDO DXFPLQ GXUWX WFS UVLP JRVH WFPP X $ \QFD ELUWLLUHY DKFL ELUHQWHJUDO DKFPP WHUVLVWHPL ROGXa UHP QU
X, XLW RW
YH\D DOWHPDWLIQRWDV\RQXPX]GD X XRW YH GHQNOHPOHULQGHQ KHUQDQJL N YH UWDP N ā 'DKD JHQH RDUD VD\LVW LFLQ aR\OH ROGXJXQX JRUXUX] XW X ,ON W G QNOHUQL VHUL EDJK NWXUHY DKFL YHRQX (JHU N YHU QLQ KHU LNLVL GHSR]WI LVH F , EL N LLUHWWLJLQL EHOLUWLU , UWDQH GDKD WLLUHY DKFPP JLULaLQ N U UXUHYLRDQ ,I Y āa %HQ]HU VHNLOGH HJHU N YH U QHJDWLI LVH VHUL EDJO ONO HQWHJUDO DKFL YH RaX O]WH\HQ ELU LI LWLI LVH VHQ EDJK ONO HQ GLJHU HQWHJUDO DKFL YDUGLU $ \QFD HJHUN QHJDQB YHUSR]L ONa WHJUDO DOLFL RQX L]OH\HQ UWLLUHYDKFL YDUGLU YHWLLPVLVWHP N aa LVH VHQ ED K N U! LVH VHUL EDJK N UWLLUHY DKFL\D HVLWWLU YH\D N a U LVHEL HQWHJUDO DKF\a % HG , WHNLOOLN IRQNVL\RQODQP HYULVLP DOWPGDNL GDYaaODQ QP VLVWHUQH aWWU X 2 H"H UEL N KNOD RQODQ NXOODRPDPL]D YH / 7, VLVWHP EDORPPGDQ WDQQaOD\DUDN JRUHFH UU RD\ , DQX]D RODQDN YHUHQ ELU WDPPODPD
OUO
OHUL LFLQ RQHPOHQB EDNPPGDQ GRJUXGDQ \OGRUX" WHNLOOLN IRQNVL\RQODQ LFLQ EXER HOGH HGFUL] %X NLWDSWD WHPHO NRQXPX] RB XJX UaQ OLLPGH YHULOHQ LaOHPVHO WDUXP DUQDFP]LFLQ \HWHUKRODFDNXU TULOP URUXFV\RQODU YHGD LXP ,&2ULVLFPDXI LVLPNQ %OXP , GHDFNODQG L LELFNLOKN IRQNV\RQODQ EOaPGFDOGJP] \DNOD- LP DVKQGD %XP , GF GLS '&, QFOD PDFPDLNDODQLQGD DDLUKOGRODUDNaWKOPaDU X KL G O GFYHULOHQ UHIFUDQVORUGD DKQDQ WLWL] \DNODP LOF\DNDQRODUDNT X XU
F
%XEROLLPGH / 7 ,VLVWHPOHU LFLQ KHPD\QN ]DPDQK GD KHPGHVLLUHNOL ]DPDQKGD RQHUQ OL JRVWHULPOHUJHOLVWLULOPLVWLU$ \QN ]DPDQKGD VLQ\DOOHULQ ND\GPOP ELULP GXUWLLOHULQ D$UKNODQGPOP WRSODUQODQ RODUDN JRVWHULPLQL HOGH HWWLN YHGDKD VRQUD EXQX ELUD\QN ]DPDQK / 7 O VLVWHPLQ WHSNLVL LULQ HYULLP WRSODUQ JRVWHULPLQL HOGH HWPHN LULQ NXOODQ GN 6LLUHNK ]DPDQKGD VLLUHNK ]DPDQK VLQ\DOOHULQ ND\GPOPa ELULP GLLQLLOHULQ DJUKNODQGPOP HQWHJUDOOFUL RODUDNEHQ]HU ELUJRVWHULPLQL HOGH HWWLN YH EXQX VLLUHNOL ]DPDQK /7O VLVWHPOHU LULQ HYULLPHQWHJUDOL JRVWHULPLQL HOGH HWPHN LULQ NXOODQGN %X JRVWHULPOHU URNRQHPOLGLU aLLQNLL ELU/7 O VLVWHPLQ UDVJHOH ELUJLULHVLVWHPLQ ELUELULP GLLUWLL\H WHSNLVL EDNPPGDQ WHSNLVLQL KFVDSODPDP]D RODQDN YHULUOFU $ \QFD %ROXP GH HYULLPRSODP YHHQWHJUDOL / 7, VLVWHPOHULQ R]HOOLNOFULQL DQDOL] \ROODQ YHR]HO OLNOH / 7, VLVWHP R]HOOLNOHULQL QHGHQVHOOLN YHNDUDUKOWN GDKLO ROPDN LL]HUF X\JXQ ELULP GLLUWLLWHSNLVL R]HOOLNOHUL LOH LOLNLOHQGLUPH \ROODQ VD$ODU $ \QFD %ROLLP GH VLLUHNOL ]DPDQK ELULP GLLUWLLYHGLJHU LOJLOL WHNLOOLN IRQNVL\RQODQPQ HYULLP DOWPGDNL GDYUDPa ODQ EDNPPGDQ ELU\RUXPX JHOLWLULOPLWLU %X \RUXP R]HOOLNOH /7 O VLVWHPOHULQLQ DQD OL]LQGH RQHPOLGLU 6LLUHNOL ]DPDQK VLVWHPOHULQ RQHPOL ELU VPI VDELW NDWVD\K OLQHHUGIHUDQVL\HO GHQN OHPOHU LOH WDQPK RODQODUGDQ ROXXU %HQ]HU aHNLOGH D\QN ]DPDQKGD VDELW NDWVD\K OL QHHU IDUN GHQN- HPOHUL aGHJHU PLNWDUGD RQHPOL URO R\QDU %ROLLP GH GLIU QV\HO YH IDUNGHQN- HPOHULQLQ EDVLW RPHNOHULQL LQFHOHGLN YHEX WLS GHQNOHPOHU LOHWDQPK VLV WHPOHULQ ED] R]HOOLNOHULQL WDQOON 2]HOOLNOH VWDWLN EaODQJLU NRXOX LOH ELUOLNWH VDELW NDWVD\K OLQHHU GLIHUDQVL\HO YH IDUN GHQNOHPOHUL LOH WDQUQK VLVWHQOHU QHGHQVHO YH / 7 O GLU OOHUOH\HQ EROLLPOHUGH EXJLEL VLVWHPOHUL DQDOL] HWPH \HWHQHJLQL ELL\LLNROULLGH NROD\OaXUDQ HNDUDUODU JHOLaULOHFHNWLU
%2/ 80 35 2%/(0/ (5 3UREOHPOHULQ LON EROLLUQLL WHPHO NDWHJRUL\H DLWWLU YH FHYDSODU NLWDELQ DUNDVPGD PHYFXWWXU . DODQ LLaEROLLPWHPHO VUDV\OD LOHUL YHLODYH NDWHJRULOHULQH DLWWLU IODYH SUREOHPOHU PHWLQGH VXQXODQODQQ RWHVLQGH X\JXODUQDODU NDYUDPODU YH\D \RQWHPOHUL DQODEU
& ( 9$ 3/ ,7( 0( / 35 2% /( 0/( 5 [^Q R>Q R>Q R>UU YH KQ@ R>QO@R>QO ROVXQ $ a$ GDNL HYULLPOHULQ KHUELULQL KHVDSOD\P] YHUL]LQL] D \ [ Q@ E < OQ [ Q@ F \Q@ [^ Q@ K>Q@
6 LQ\DOOHU YH 6 LVWHPOHU
ROXP
=DPDQOD 'HJLa\HQ /LQHHU 6 LVOHPOHU
D [^ Q@ R^ Q LNHQ\>Q@ L EHLUOH\LQL] E [^ Q@ R^ Q@ LNHQ\>Q@ L EHOLUOH\LQL] F 6 / 7 O UUXGU" G [>Q@ X>Q@ LNHQ\>Q@ L EHOLUOH\LQL]
$ aDJGDNL VLQ\DOL HOH DODOLP
U
K>Q@
^ X>Q X>Q 2-`
$YH % \L QEDNLPPGDQ DVDJUGDNL LIDGH GRJUX RODFDN VHNLOGH LIDGH HGLQL] K>QN@
U 2
[>@ aU
$ N6
ā EDVND \HUGH
X>Q
K>Q@ X>Q
$ aDJGDNL LNLVLQ\DOLQ HYULVLPLQL EHOLUOH\LQL] YHFL]LQL] W, 2V W6, [W W OW6 EDVND\HUGH KW RW RW , KW H XW H XW ROVXQ
LOH YHULOHQ [>Q@ JLULaLQL YH OU>Q ELULP GXUWLO WHSNLVLQL HOH DODKP \>Q@ [>Q@ K>Q NaP EHOLUOH\LQL] YH FL]LQL]
$ YH % \L EHOLUOH\LQL]R\OHNL U
KW7
Q [>Q@ ^ 2 DNVL KD,GH , 6Q K>Q ^ DNVL KD,GHā
^ HO0
U $ $ U%
H
%7
D V, ROGXJX \HUGH
^ ,
[^
ROGXJX \HUGH\Q@ [>Q@ K>Q@ L KHVDSOD\UP] YHFL]LQL]
2VW 6 ,
EDVND\HUGH
16 ROGXJX\HUGH O 2 VQ ^ , VQ V1 YH K^Q [^ @ ^ 2 EDVND\HUGH EDVND \HUGH ROVXQ \>Q@ [>Q@ K>Q@ LOH YH\>@ \aO` 2 YHULOHQ 1 GHJHULQL EHOLUOH\LQL]
YHKW [WR ROGXJXQXYDUVD\DKP
D \W [W KW \L EHOLUOH\LQL] YHFL]LQL] E (JHUG\W OGWVDGHFH LLVLLUHNVL]OLN LFHUL\RUVD DGHJHULQHGLU" [W XW XW YHKW H XW ROVXQ
[>Q@ *7
X>Q@
YH KQ` XQO BLVH
D \W [W KW \L KHVDSOD\LP] E JW G[W OGW KW \L KHVDSOD\PL] F JW LOH\W QDVLO LOLVNLOLGLU"
\>Q@ [>Q K>Q@ HYULVLPLQL KHVDSOD\LP] YHFL]LQL] %LU-LQaHU VVLVWHUQL J^ Q@ X>Q@ X>Q ROGXJX \HUGH JLULV [>Q@ LOH Na \>Q@ DUDVLQGD VX LOLVNL\H VDKLSWLU \>Q@
I[>N@J>QN@ O
\W H XW
I
RW N ROVXQ
āV©
W LLQ\W
ROGXJXQX JRVWHULQL] YH$GHJHULQL EHOLUOH\LQL]
6 LQ\D1HUYH6 LVWHPOHU OLP
=DPDQODaa\HQ
/LQHHU6 LVWHPOHU
$DJGDNL GLLUWLLWHSNLVL LOH6 D\QN ]DPDQK VLVWHPLQLHOH DODKP 6 QHGHQVHO / 7, , a^@ [Q@ a^O@ 6 QHGHQVHO / 7 , \Q@ D\>Q@ SOO!Q@
K>Q@ L- X>Q@ D %LU $WDPVD\UVL EXOXQX] R\OH NL K>Q@$K>Q@ R>Q@ ROVXQ E D NLVPPGDNL VRQXFX NXOODQDUDN 6 LQ WHUV VLVWHPL FODQ ELU 6 / 7 O VLVWH PLQJ >Q@ GLLUWLLWHSNLVLQL EHOLUOH\LQL] $ DJGDNLGLLUWLL WHSNLOHULQLQ KDQJLVL YH\D KDQJLOHUL NDUDUK / 7, VLVWHPLQH NDUVU KNJHOLU" D W HÂ +OO XW E W HÂ FRVW XW $ DJGDNL GLLUWLO WHSNLOHULQLQ KDQJLVL YH\D KDQJLOHUL NDUDUK / 7, VLVWHPLQH NDUVL KN JHOLU" D @ QFRV^ I X E @ $DJGDNL LIDGHOHULQ KHUELULQLQ GRJUXYH\D \DQKVROGXJXQX EHOLUOH\LQL] D (JHU Q 1 LFLQ [>Q@ LVH YH Q 1 LFLQ K>Q@ LVH EX GXUXPGD Q1 1 LFLQ [>Q@K>Q@ 2 GLU E (JHU\> [>Q@K>Q LVHEXGXUXPGD\>Q@[>Q :K>Q ,@ GLU F (JHU\W [W KW LVHEXGXUXPGD\W [W KW GLU G (JHUW! 7 LFLQ [W LVH YH W! 7 LFLQ KW LVHEXGXUXPGD W !77 LFLQ[W KW ' GUU
[>Q- YH\>Q@ L LOLNLOHQGLUHQ IDUNGHQNOHPL , \>Q@ < Q@ \Q ,- [>Q- D DYH - \LEHOLUOH\LQL] E 6HUL EDJODQQO 6 YH6 QLQ GLLUWLL WHSNLVLQL JRVWHULQL]
$DJGDN FQWHJUDOOHUL GHJHUOHQGLULQL] D XRW FRVW GW E
VLQP R^ W
GW
F IX,7 FRVUU G7
7 ( 0( / 35 2%/ ( 0/ (5 [W JLULL YH\W \ONO DDSGDNL GLIHUDQVL\HO GHQNOHPOH LOLVNLOL RODQ ELU / 7 O VLV WFPL HOH DODOLP
G
3
\W \W [W GW
6LVWHP D\QFD VWDWLN EDVODQJUF NRVXOXQX VDJODU D (JHU[W H OLOWXW LVH\W QHGLU" E H^ [W ` QLQ OOH^\W ` LOHSO GHQNOHPLQL VDJOD\DFDJWP QRWHGHOLP (JHU[W H FRVW X^ W LVH / 7 , VLVWHPLQ \W \NO EHOLUOH\LQL] [>Q@ JLULVL YH\>Q@ aN DVDJLGDNL IDUNGHQNOHPL LOH LOLVNLOL RODQ ELU / 7 VLVWHPL HOH DODKP , \>Q@ \>Q@ [>Q@
$ DJGDNL VLQ\DO aLIWOHULQLQ\Q D [>Q@ DX>Q@`DS K>Q@ SX>Q-
E [>Q- K>Q@ G X>Q@ F [Q- W X>Q- K>Q@ XQ@ G [>Q- YHK>Q- HNLO 3 GHNL JLELGLU
; Q-
,
H H
U,,,
(JHU[>Q@ R^Q ,@ LVH\>Q@ L EHOLUOH\LQL] 6HNLO 3 , GD JRVWHULOGLJL JLEL LNL VHULEDJK 6 YH6 VLVWHUQLQL HOHDODOLUQ
[>Q- K>Q@HYULVLUQLQL KHVDSOD\LUX]
,
K^Q
U U U U U U U U U U U
Q
aODO3
aNLO 3
[^Q-
BBBVB
YQ@
O B B Ba VB
\Q@
aJaDNL aDOJD ELaaL- LaHULQLQ KHU ELUL LFLQ [W JLULVLQH KW GLLUWLL WHSNLVL LOH aVWHPP\W WHSNLVLQL EXOPDN LaLQHYULVLP HQWHJUDOLQL NXOODPP] 6 RQXFODQ
a7
a,=,2,=
[W H XW ` D KW HÂ - WXW EXQX KHP D 3 LNHQKHPGH D SLNHQ \DSXX]
6 LQ\DOOHU YH6 LVWHPOHU
6 ROXP
ODPDQODaLaPH\HQ /LQHHU6 LVWHPOHU
E [W XW XW XW KW H XO W F [W YHKW HNLO 3D GDNL JELGLU G [W YHKW 6HNLO 3E GHN JLELGLU H [W YHKW 6HNLO 3F GHNL JLELGLU
O
KW
[W
D [W
,
D
W W W W āW W W W W W W 7 7
2
7
7 7
W
KW
[W
E
aNOO 3
aHNLO 3D GDJRVWHULOHQ LL\ QHGHQVHO / 7, VLVWHPLQ VHUL EDJODQQVUUX GLLaLLQH KP 'LLUWLLWHSNLVL KQ@ K>Q@ X>Q@X>@ GLUYHWLLPGLLUWLLWHSNLVL 6HNLO 3E GH JFVWHULOGLJ@ JLELGLU
B
E
KW
[,
[>Q \Q
D
F
aHNLO 3
KW 6HNL 3D GD JRVWHULOHQ XFJHQVHO GDUEH YH[, LVH HNLO 3E GH JRVWHULOHQ GLLUWLLNDWDQ ROVXQ < DQL
GOOLK
Q
E
,RWN7
[W
N© !
$aDJGDNL7 GHJHUOHUL LYLQ\W [W KW \L EHOLUOH\LS FL]LQL] D 7 E 7 H 7 G 7 O
aNOO3
D KQ GLLUWLLWHSNLVLQLEXOXQX] E [> E^- E^Q ,@ JLULVLQH WLLPVLVWHPLQ WHSNLVLQL EXOXQX]
6 LQ\DOOHUYH6 LVWHPOHU 6 ROXP
=DPDQOD2HJL QH\HQ8QHHU6 LVOHWHU
H KW Ha
[Q@ X>QO@*-
X>Q@ I KW WH
YH
J KW HāHRR XW
KQ@ - X>Q@
$DJGDNL ELULQFL GHUHFHGHQ IDUNGHQNOHPLQL HOHDODKP
ROGXJX \HUGH \>Q@ [>Q@K>Q VLQ\DOL ROVXQ D (YULVLPLQ GDJLWPD R]HOOLJLQGHQ \DUDUODQPDGDQ\Q@ L EHOLUOH\LQL] E (YULVLPLQ GDJLWPD R]HOOLJLQL NXOODQDUDN\>Q@ L EHOLUOH\LQL] [>Q@ @[>Q@ X>Q @YH[>Q@ R^Q@ R^Q @ LVH \>Q@ [>Q [>Q@ [>Q@ LQ GHJHUOHQGLULOPHVLQL HOHDODKP D [Q [Q HYULVLPLQL KHVDSOD\PL] E \Q@ L KHVDSODPDN LHLQ D VHFHQHJLQLQ FHYDEL LOH[>Q L HYULVWLULQL] F [>Q@ [>Q HYULVLPLQL KHVDSOD\LUX] G \>Q@ L KHVDSODPDN LFLQ F VHFHQHJLQLQ FHYDELLOH[Q L HYULVWLULQL] 6LLUHNOL]DPDQK VLQ\DO YW DOWPGDNL DODP $
\>Q@ \>Q ,@ [>Q@ %DQJWD VWDWLN RODQ YH $ GDNL ,L DUNGHQN- HPL LOH WDPPK /7 O VLVWHPLGLLLL QHOLP
\Q@\>Q O- [>Q@ [>Q@ %X VLVWHPLQ HNLO 3 GH JRVWHULOHQ ELU&NLOGHR]HUHNEXOXQX] JPVH WHSNLVPL IDUN GHQNOHPLQL R]\LQHOL
[^Q-
G> ,, U
/YW GW
RODUDN WDPUQOD\DKUQ\W [W KW LVH$ $$ROGXJXQX JRVWHULQL] $ DJGDNLOHU D\QN ]DPDQK / 7 VLVWHPOHULQ GLLUWLL WHSNLOHULGLU +HU ELU VLVWHPLQ QHGHQVHO YHOYH\D NDUDUOW ROXS ROPDGUJLP EHOLUOH\LQL] &HYDSODQP]L GRJUXOD\L
Q a,38
,
\Q- \>Q [Q- 3,
P] )DUN GHQN- HPLQL HOHDOD- - PYH D KQ W >Q@ E K>Q @ F K>Q@ W Q@
[IQ- - XQ@ 3 YDUVD\DOXQ \Q@ a]XPXQXQ3O GHQN- HPLQHR]HO]LLP\Q@ YH
G K>Q@ , Q@
H KQ@ W XQ@ ^ XQ I KQ@ W XQ@ X>OQ
GHQNOHPLQL VDJOD\DQ\Q@ WXUGa L]LLPLLQ WRSODQXQGDQ R8WXJXQX IDU]HG - L HP J K>Q@ W X>Q@
$ VDJUGDNLOHU VXUHNOL ]DPDQK / 7 , VLVWHPOHULQ GLLUWLLWHSNLOHULGLU +HU ELUVLVWHUQLQ QHGHQVHO YHYH\D NDUDUK ROXS ROPDGLJPL EHOLUOH\LQL] &HYDSODQP]L GRJUXOD\U
D
Q@ R]LLPLLHOGH HWPH\LGLLaHOLPR\OHNL
E KW HW F KW HÂ W G KW HOW
,
,
\>Q- \>QO- - ā X>Q@
6 LQ\DOOHU YH 6 LVWHPOHU
%2,2P
DPDQ-D'H2a 8QHHU6 LVWHPHU
% IRUPXROGXJXQX YDUVD\DUDN YHEXQX \XNDQ ROVXQ \S>Q@ Q a ZLQ - HNR DUDN %GHJHQP HOGH HFKP] GDNL IDUNGHQNOHPPGH \HQQ Q@ RO GHQNOHPL LOH EFOLUOHQPa VLQ\DOH JPa RODUD VD a aHQHNOHULQGHQ Q a GXJXQGDQ Q2 LFLQ \a- 2 GUU $ \QFD D YH LFLQ\>Q@ VX IRUPVVDKLSWLU
\> $a- %a-
E a LFLQ ELU\>Q@ GHJHQ EHOLUOH %LOLQPH\HQ VDEL$ < aR]PHa aFaQ , EaODQJF NRXOXQX YH 3 PHN JHUHNLU \>2 EFKUaHaH & VD X GH HUGHQ $ VDELWLQL EHOLUOH\LQL] YH 3 GHQNOHPOHQP a GHaNOHPL LOH YHULOGLJLQGH VWDWLN %X KHVDSODPDPQ VRQXFX JP GHQNOHPLQH FR]LLPLO LOUHWLU EDVODQJLF NRXOXDOWPGDG3a a aUHFHGHQ GLIHUDQVL\HO GHQNOHPL VDJOD [W JLULL YH\W FNa DDJ D PQFL \DQELUVLVWHPL HOH DODKP G\W \W [W 3,
Wa
La
GW
6LVWHP D\QFDVWDWLNEDaQJF ONGRaXOXQGa\VDaO aLVWHPFNP EHOLUOH\LQL] *LULV[W U ā ā U H XW R XJXQ D L a ā L X, ROGXJXQGD\ VLVLHUQ FNP EH WUH\P] ,, PV; W BDHXU SH XW RO LLL DYH SQP JHUFHN VD\LODU ROGXJX JPV ;! , ,OO GXaQGD \- W VLVWHP FNP EHOLU?H\LQL] \! W D\W S\ RU GXJXQX JRVWHULQO] LY [W YH[ UDVJHOH VLQ\DOOHU ROVXQ R\OH NL [W 2 WW LFLQ ;W I LFLQ N W JLULL LFLQ\LW VLVWHP FLNO YH [ W JLULL LFLQ\ VUVWHP [L , G N [W JLULVL LFLQ \W D[W S[ VLVWHP FN R VXQ HUVH \W D\W S\ W LQL] %R\OHFH JR]GHQ JHFLULOHQ VLVWHPLQ GRJUXVDO RO ROGXJXQX JRV HQ ā GXJX VRQXFXQD YDUDELOLUL] ā ā . L ROGXaQGD\ VLVWHP FNOP EHOLUH\Pa E *aaSW B .HFQ ROGXJXQGD < W VLVWHUQ FLNLVXXEHKUOH\P] *P [W H X \LW \W ROGaJaaWaH ELU VLQ\DO ROVXQ [W JLULVU LFLQ [W a W2 [ WB JLULL LFLQ\W VLVWHP FN ROVXQ \W VLVWHP FN YH [ , ; GHUVHN
"
ROGXJXQX JGVWHULQL] ER\OHFH LQFHOHQHQ VLVWHPLQ ]DPDQOD GHJLVPH] ROGXJX VRQXFXQD YDUDELOLUL] D VHFHQHJLQGH HOGH HGLOHQ VRQXFOD LLLā NLOL RODUDN YHULOHQ VLVWHPLQ / 7 O ROGXJX VRDXFXQX HOGH HGHUL] %X VLV WHUQ VWDWLN EDVODQJLF NRVXOXQGD VDJODGLJPGDQ D\P ]DPDQGD QHGHQ VFOGLU 6WDWLN aODQJF YDUVD\XUX JLUL VLQ\DOLQF X\JXQ RODUDN EFOLUOHQFQ ELU ]DUQDQGD X\JXODQDQ ELU VLILU GHJHUOL \DUGUPFL NRVXOD NDUVLKN JFOLU %X SUREOHPGH NXOOD PODQ \DUGPF N28, VIPODQ IDUNO ROVD\G YH\D KHU ]DPDQ VDELW ELU ]DPDQGD X\JXODQVD\G JLULWHQ EDJPV] RODUDN NaKN JHOHQ VLVWHPLQ /7 O RODPD\DFD J JRVWHULOLU [^W JLULL YH \W aNL 3, ELULQFL GHUHFHGHQ GLIHUDQVL\HO GHQNOHPLQL VDaOD\DQ ELUVLVWHPLHOH DODKP D \, , \DUGPF NRXOX YHULOL\RU Na RPFN EXODUDN VLVWHPLQ GRJUXVDO ROPDGJP JRVWHULQL] E \, , \DUGPF N2XOX YHULOL\RU NDO RPHN EXODUDN VLVWHPLQ ]DPRQOD GHaLPH] ROPDGJP JRVWHULQL] F !^, , \DUGPF NRXOX YHULOL\RU VLVWHPLQ DUWDQ GRaUXVDO ROGXaQX JRVWH ULQL] G \O \DUGPF NRXOX YHULOL\RU VLVWHPLQ GRJUXVDO ROGXJXQX DQFDN ]D PDQLD GHJLPH] ROPDGJP JRVWHULQL] H \2 \ \DUGPF NRXOX YHULOL\RU VLVWHPLQ GRJUXVDO ROGXJXQX DQ FDN ]DPDQOD GHJLPH] ROPDGJP JRVWHULQL] < XNDQGDNL SUREOHPGH VDELW ELU ]DPDQGD JLUL VLQ\DOLQH EDNPDGDQ \DUGPF N28O X\JXODQPDVPP NaKN JHOHQ VLVWHPLQ ]DPDQOD GHJLPH] ROPDPDVPD QHGHQ ROGXJXQX JRUGLON %X SUREOHPGH VDELW \DUGPF NRXOODQQ ELU VLVWHPLQ QHGHQVHOOLaL LO]HULQGHNL HONLOHULQL aW- UDFDa [W JLULL YH\W FN 3 , ELULQFL GHUHFHGHQ GLIHUDQVL\HO GHQNOHPLQL VDJOD\DQ VLVWHPL HOH DODKP 'LIHUDQ VL\HO GHQNOHP LOHELU&LN\DUGPF N28OXQ\2 ROGXaXQX YDUVD\DKP $D JLGDNL JLULHULQKHU ELUL LFLQVLVWHP FWORQO EFOLUOH\LQL] D KHU W LFLQ [W 2 W, E [ ^ , W!, (JHU[W JLULL LFLQ\W FOD ROVD\G- YH[W JLUL LFLQ\LW FWNO ROVD\G [W YH [W , LFLR D\P ROVD ELOH \W YH\LW QLQ W , LFLQ D\P ROPDGJ'- JR]OHPOH\LQL] %X JR]OHPL YHULOHQ VLVWHPLQ RHGHQVHO ROPDGJL VRQXFXQD YDU PDN LFLQWDUWPDQWQ WHPHOL RODUDN NXOODQUX] [IQ@ JLULL YH\>Q- FN aDJGDNL LIDGH LOHLOLNLOL ELU D\QN ]DPDQK VLVWHPL HOH DODOP \>Q-
\>QO- [IQ-
D (JHUEXVLVWHP VWDWLNEODQJLa NRXOXQX VDaODUVD \DQLQQaLaLQ [IQ@ LVFQ LILQ \>Q- EX GXUXPGD GRJUXVDO YH]DPDQOD FIFJPHLROGX JXRX JRVWHQQL] E (JHU EX VLVWHP VWDWLOF EaODQJF NRXOXQX VDJODPD] EXQXQ \HULQH \DUGPF NRXOX\>2- VDJODUVD QHGHQVFO ROPDG- JLUX JRVWHULQL] LSXFX SUREOHP GH NXOODPODQD EHQ]HU ELU\DNOaP NXOODQP]@
6 LQ\DOOHUYH6 LVWHPOHU %L- P
=DPDQODaLa\HQ /LQHHU6 LVOHPOHU
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
aNOO36
[W
\ W
E $ DJLGDNLEDJPQODQQJHFHUOLOLJLQLJRVWHULQL] L \ W [W K U
/
LL \W [U GU O W / >[ U KU GU [ W
/OU GU
>LSXFX EXQODU D VHFHQHJLQLQ LLL NLVPPGD ROGXJX JLEL EORN VHPDODQ NXOODUXODUDN YH X RW JHUFHJONXOODUQODUDN NROD\FD \DSL KU@ F` %LU / 7 O VLVWHP \W VLQLZW WHSNLVLQH YH [W HVXW JLULVLQH VDKLSWLU D VHFHQHJLQGHNL FHYDELEXVLVWHPLQ GLLUWLLWHSNLVLQL EHOLUOHPHN LFLQ\DUGLUQ RODUDN NXOODUXP] G VW B EaVLLUHaOLLDPDQK / 7,aLaWaPLaELULP EDVDPDN WHSNLVL ROVXQ E VHFH QHJLQL [W JPVPH \W WHSNLVLQLQ 2\OHROGXJXQX WHVSLW HWPHN LFLQ NXOODP UQ]
\W > [ U VWU GU
^ 3O
[W > [ U XWU GU ROGXJXQXJRVWHULQL]
3
$ \QFD
6 LQ\DOOHU YH6 LVWHPOHU %ROXP
VW HOH
EDVDPDN WHSNLVL LOH " GHQNOHPLQL NXOODQP] W V>Q@ ELU D\QN ]DPDQK / 7 VLVWHPLQ ELULP EDVDQLDN WaaNV ROVXQ " YH" GHQNOHPOHULQaD\QN ]DaDQKBHaOHQ QHGLU L %LU V/ 7 O VLVWHUQLQL YH[W H VLQ\DOLQL HOH DODOLP (JHU [W a \W YH
,-QHHU6 LVWHPOHU
/ 7 , VLVWHPOHUOH LOJLOL DVDJLGDNL LIDGHOHULQ GRJUX ROXS ROPDGLJLP EHOLUOH\LQL]
H %LW / 7, VLVWFUQLQ [W H XW JLULVLQH WHSNLVLQL EHOLUOHPHN LFLQ
LVH 6 QLQ- LW GLLUWLL WFSNLVLQL EHOLUOH\LQL]
=DPDQOD 'HJa\HQ
&HYDSODQP]L GRJUXOD\XX] D (JHU KW ELU /7, VLVWHPLQ GLLUWX WHSNLVL YH KW SHUL\RGLN YH VLILUGDQ IDUNK LVHVLVWHP NDUDUVL]GUU E %LU QHGHQVHO /7 O VLVWHPLQ WHUVL KHU ]DPDQ QHGHQVHOGLU F (JHU . QWQ YHULOHQ ELUVD\L ROGXJX ELU\HUGH KHU QLFLQ MK>Q@Ma. LVH EXGX UXPGD @ HGLLUWLL WHSNLVL RODUDN VDKLS RODQ / 7 O VLVWHP NDUDUKGUU G (JHU ELUD\QN ]DPDQOW VLVWHP ELU VLUXUK VLLUHOL K@ GLLUWLL WHSNLVLQH VDKLSVH VLVWHPNDUDUKGLU H (JHUELU/ 7 OVLVWHP QHGHQVHO LVHNDUDUKGLU I 1HGHQVHO ROPD\DQ ELU/ 7 O VLVWHPLQ QHGHQVHO ELUVLVWHPOH VHQ EDJODQQV NH VLQOLNOH QHGHQVHO GHJLOGLU J %LU VLLUHNOL VLVWHP VDGHFH YH VDGHFH HJHU EDVDPDN WHSNLVL VW WDPDPHQ LQWHJUDOOHQHELOLU LVH NDUDUKGLU \DQL VDGHFH YHVDGHFH
%L KR, GLLUWLL WHSNLVL LOFEHOLUOL ELU ]DPDQOD GHJPH]GRaVDO VLVWHP YHK\Ra HNLO 3 GF FL]LOGLJL JLEL JLULV[ ROGXJXQGDFLNLVP EXUDGD[ RW YHK RW VLUDVU\OD[RW YHKRW QP ELULQFL WXUHYOHQP JRVWHQU
&OV
;
K %LU D\QN ]DPDQK / 7 , VLVWHP VDGHFH YH VDGHFH EDVDPDN WHSNLVL VQ@ Q 2 LFLQ VLILUGDQ IDUNK LVHQHGHQVHOGLU
%ROLOUQGH HJHU WDPDPHQ WRSODQDELOLU LVH\DQL
LVH EX GXUXPGD K>Q@ GLLUWLL WHSNLOL VLVWHUQLQ NDUDUK ROGXJXQX JRVWHUPLVWLN %X WLLP WRSODQDELOLUOLJLQ NDUDUKKN GXUXPX LFLQ \HWHUOL ROGXJX DQODPPD JHOLU %X SUREOHPGH EXQXR D\QFD JHUHNOL ELU NRVXO ROGXJXQX JRVWHUHFHJL] 7DPDPHQ WRSODQDELOLU ROPD\DQ K>Q@ GLLUWLLWHSNLOL ELU/ 7, VLVWHPL HOH DODKUQ \DQL
IMK>NO © !
ā
D %XVLVWHPH JLULVLQ
W aHNLO 3
%X GXUXPODQQ KHU ELULQGH JLULV [W ROGXJXQBGD Ya VLVWHa ]W GXUQL WHSNLVLXH VDKLS ROGXJXQGD \W FLNWP EHOLUOHPHN LFLQ \HWHUK ELOJL\H aaS ROXS ROPDGJXQa EHOLUOH\LQL] (JHU\W \LEHOLUOHPHN PLLPNLLQVH WDP ELUFL]UPXX VD\LVDO GHJHUOHU DFN FDJUDILNWH EHOLUWLOPLV VHNLOGH VDJOD\P]
E>Q 2LVH [@ K>Q@ E>Q@F2LVH MK>Q- ,
RWGXJXQX YDUVD\DKP %X JLULaVLQ\DOL VXXUK ELU JLULVL PL LIDGH HGHU" (JHU R\OH LVHKHU ,, LFLQ M[>Q- , 6%RODQ HQNLLFLLN %VD\UVL QHGLU"
6 OQ\DOOHU YH6 LVWHPOHU
E %X EHOLUOL JLULa VHFLPL LFLQ Q 2 GD FNa KHVDSOD\LUX] 6RQXF WXP WRSODQD ELOLUOLJLQ NDUDUKKN LFLQJHUHNOL ELUNRVXO ROGXJX VDYUP LVSDWODUUP" F %HQ]HU VHNLOGH ELU VLLUHNOL ]DUQDQK /7 O VLVWHPLQ HJHU VDGHFH YH VDGHFH GLLUWLLWHSNLVL WDPDPHQ LQWHJUDOOHRHELOLU LVHNDUDUK ROGXJXQX JRVWHULQL]
D
, ROGXJX DDJGDNL GLLUWLL RUQHN WHSNLOL ELUD\QN ]DUQDQK / 7 O Vā W , D- DKP LVHUP H H OUIQ@ QO DX>Q@ %XVLVWHUPQ EDVDPDN WHSNLVLRLQ DJGDNLJLEL ROGXJXQX JRVWHULQL]
6HNLO 3 GH JRVWHULOHQ LNL VLVWHPLQ VHUL EDJODQQVUUX HOH DODKP %LULQFL VLVWH PLQ $ / 7, ROGXJX ELOLQL\RU ONLQFL VLVWHPLQ %$ VLVWHPLQLQ WHUVL ROGXJX ELOL QL\RU \W $ VLVWHPLQLQ [W \H WHSNLVLQL YH\W $ VLVWHPLRLQ [W \H WHSNLVLQL JRVWHUVLQ
V>- >B B a Dā D ā@ D DO ] D, QO D >@ LSXFX
\W
,
G
1
6OVaHP
OOOa[W
a NO D KR
1RO
,D GDWR
ROGXJXQX QRWHG
U HUP
aNOO3
D $ JLGDNL WLLUGHGHQNOHPL GLLLLQHOLP D DYH E QLQ VDELW ROGXJX D\W EQ@LVH FONL
/ U 2 WRR GW
3,
(JHU V 1
SV
,DE
2 3
W2
GHQNOHPLQLQ a]LLPLL OVH EX GXUXPGD $H NVDELW ROGXJX 3 , GHQN- H QaR $ PR UDVJHOH ELU NDUPD ā PPP FR]XPXROGXQXJRVW ā E S GHQN- HPLQGHNL SV OLQ HQP] FDUSDQODQQD D\QODELOLU SR RPX V VNRNOHQ EDNPGDQ \OH
]>Q@ QZ>Q@ 6LUDVL\OD 6HNLO 3D YH 3E GHNL VHUL NRPELQDV\RQ- DQQ GLLUWX WHS NLOHULQL KHVDSOD\DUDN EX LNL VLVWHUQ LFLQ GHJLVPH R]HOOLJLQLQ JHFHUOL ROPDGL JP JRVWHULQL]
- /B BaUV/B B
>Q B B
\>Q
a
%XUDGD 6 3 GHQNOHPLPQ D , ā \DQL KHUNRNLLQa]LLP RODUDN N aH 2L RQODQQ aRN- XNODQGU Da H]JRUXQGXJX VD\LGLU 6XQX QRWHGHOLP DDL D 1
Uaaa
[>Q@ a \Q
a D
SV DYVV VV VV
E
aNOO3
E 6HNL 3 O GHNL EDJODQQK VLVWHPOHULQ KHUELULQGH % \L JLULVL ZQ@ YHF/Na
]>Q@ DUDVPGD DVDJLGDNL LOLVNL RODR VLVWHPOHGHJLVWLUGLJLPL]L YDUVD\DKP
*HQHW RODUDN HJHU 2L !, LVH EX GXUXPGD 3, GHQNOH VDGHFH $HGDGLU UUXPQ FR]XPX a D\QFD $W H M VLILUD aLW YH\D GDKD EXQ EL VD\L ROGXJX VLLUHFH YH , G NLL - UU WDP ]LL G % 2L HQ FLLN YH\D RQD HVLW ROGXJX VLLUHFH ELUFR P XU XQX DQODWPDN FPHJHU aā ā E , GHQNOHPLRLQ a XGXUXPGD $WH RLR3 NDQQaN ELUVD\aXX GaaaX JRVWHQQ >LSXFX HJHUV ELU UDVJHOH
]>Q@ Z>Q@ %XGXUXPGD D VHFHQHJLQGHNL KHVDSODPDODQ WHNUDU HGLQL] a G $WH
IR
GU
GSV $SV WH $ aH ROGXJXQX JRVWHULQL]
6 LQ\DOOHU YH6 LVWHPOHU
P ,
//$aH - 2
Q B UU LIDGHVLQLQ 3, GHQNOHPLQLQ U , X LFLQ UR]LLP*ROGXJX JRV WHULOHELOLU $ VDJLGDNL \DUGLPFL NRVXOODU LOHWLLUGHIDUNGHQNOHPOHULQL LR]LLQLL] $
%R\OHFH 3 GHQNOHPL LQ HBJHQHO LR]LLPLL$Y QLQ UDVJHOH NDUPDVLN VDELWOHU ROGXJX DDJGDNaHNLOGHGU
F F $ DJGDNL \DUGXQFL NRXOODULOF W8UGHGLIHUDQVL\FO GHQNOHPOHQ FR]XQX]
,
L - ^ Q@\QO- \Q G\ O\ \O \2 2 \ G GL G\ G\ L\O 2 \2 , \ ,, GW GL
\2@ O !^O@
LL L^ Q a^ O@!^ Q
@
LLL \- \QO- \
!^ ,- 2
\2- O \O
LLL \ G\W \W \2 \ 2 GW GL
LY \Q a !IO L- ^ @
%ROLLPGH VDEX NDWVD\LK OLQHHU IDUNGHQNOHPOHULQLQ LR]LLPLLLFLQ ELU\RQWHP DQ ODOBPaU YHEXQX \DSPDN LFLQ ELUEDVNDVL 3UREOHP GD JRVWHULOPLaWLU (JHU
LY G\W G\ \ \2 , \ 2 , GW GL Y GO\W G\W B F\, B\, \2 O \ 2 , \2 GL GL GL
YL GL\a, G\W \W \2 , \ 2 , GU GW D $ DJLGDNLWLLUGH IDUN GHQNOFPLQL HOH DODKP 1 aP\>QN@ 2
- ^ 2- 2 \
3,
VWDWLN EDaODQJU YDUVD\LUP \DSLKUVD YH ER\OHFH IRUN GHQNOHPL LOHWDUQPK VLVWHP / 7 O YH QHGHQVHO LVHEX GXUXPGD SUHQVLS RODUDN K>Q ELULP GLLUWLL WHSNLVLQL EX \RQWHPOHUGHQ KHUKDQJL ELQQL NXOODQDUDN EHOLUOH\HELOLUL] %ROLLP GH L GDKD VDGH ELU VHNLOGH EHOLUOHPH\H LUQNDQ YHUHQ EDVND ELU \RQWHP DQODXODFDNXU %X SUREOHPGH ELOH LI LQ WHPHO RODUDN X\JXQ EaODQLY NRVXOODQ LOH WLLUG& GHQN OHP UR]LLOHUHN EHILUIHQHELOHFHJLP JRVWHUHQ EDVND ELU\DNODVUP DQODQOPDNWDGLU D %DVODQJLFWD VWDWLN RODQ YHVXGHQNOHP LOH WDUXPOL VLVWHPL HOH DODKP , !^ Q@< QO [>Q 3,
W 2
(JHU]R Y
3
,DL]Â
$]
ā āā āāPRXāāLVH EX GXUXPGD $ QP UDVJHOHELU VDELW ROGXJX ā ā NOHUPUXQ LR]X GHQā 3Oa GHaHPLQLQ ELULR]LLBP*ROGXaNXaaVWOaULaa VDKLS SROLQRPODUOa E 6X DQ UHP ] QP VDGHFHGQLHJDWLIRKQLa GHQNOHPLQLQ KHU LNL WDUDIL @ YDUVD\UKUVD \2- QHGLU" a , LFLQ KDQJ GHQNOHPL VDJODU YH KDQJL \DUGUPFL NRVXOOD VDJODU" %X GHQNOHPL Q LFLQ NDSDK IRUPOX EUU LIDGH HOGH HWPHNLFP LR]LLQLL] E %DVODQJLFWD VWDWLN RODQ YH DVDJLGDNL IDUN GHQNOHPL LOH WDUXPK / 7, VLVWHUQL HOH DODKP ,
\ \ O [> [>Q O
]
S]
D] ]
] ā
(JHU\>Q@ Q] LVHEXGXUXPGD IDL\QN@ GS] ]Â Q1 S] ]āā ā $ 2 G] ā LVH EXGXUXPGD $ YH% QLQUDV ROGXWPX JRVWHQP] %XaHULHJNaI!aIQ] QLQKHU LNLVLQLQ GH 3ā^ aaHNOHDaa?aWaaW JRVWHUPHN LFLQ NXOODPP] 'DQD JHQH RODUDN D\P \RQWHP FJHU RLª , LVHEXGXUXPGD
RaJ8@a
3
%X VLVWHP 6HNL 3D GD EOOODQJaWD VWDWLN RODQ LNL / 7 O VLVWHPLQ VHUL EDJODQXVU RODUDN JRVWHULOPLVWLU / 7 O VLVWHPOHULQ R]HOOLNOHULQGHQ GROD\L VHUL EDJK VLVWHPOHULQ VUDVUX D\PVLVWHPLQ WDPDPUXQ DOWHPDWLIELU LIDGHVLQL HO GH HWPHN LULQaHNLO 3E GH JRVHULOGaL JLEL WHUV \HYLUHELOLUL] %XJHU \HNWHQ D VH\HQaLQLQ VRQXFXQX 3 GHQNOHPL LOH WDUXPK VLVWHPLQ GLLUWLL WHSNLVLP EHKUOHPHN LLLQ NXOODPP] F 'LLUWLLWaNLVLQLJRVWHUHQ 0Q LOHD VH\HQHaQLQ VLVWHPLQL WHOFUDUHOH DODOXQ 3M GHQNOHPLQLQ 36O GHQNOHPLQL VDJODGJLUX GRJUXODUDUDN UDV Ja,aE?U[>a- JLULaLQH\>@WHSNLVLQLQ DVOWRGD aX HYULaP WRSIDUUX OH YHULOGL JWUX JRVWHQP] \Q@
I
K>QP@[>P@
%XUDGDUDNWRQ āFO!FQPQNXOODP
ā\DPN ON; Nā YF , RODQNWDQPORQLU
3
6 LQ\DOOHU YH6 LVWHPOHU
[>Q@
\^Q
\WQ@\Qā@ ]LQ
]>Q@ [>Q@[>Qā
D %4ODQJW\WD VWDWLN RODQ YH GDN GLI VLVWHUQL HOH DODOUP HUDQVL\HO GHQNOHP LOH WDPPK / 7 O
D
; Q@
,
ZQ ZQ [Q
\Q ZQ@ ZQā
a
G\W , GW \ [W ā 3- [W RW HOGXJXQX YDUVD\D- P %LULP GLLUWLL X O VRQUD \, GHJHULQL EHOL , N \JX DQUQDVPGDQ KHPHQ WU HPH YP 3 GHQNOH W UGDQ W 2 \D HQWHJUDOLQL DOPD\L GLOLLQHOLP \DQLā GUWLL , UUXP a X\JX DQPDVPGDQ KHUQHQ RQ FHGHQ KHPHQVRQUD\D %X YXQXXUHQU
\Q aHNOO 3
E
%DVODQJLFWD VWDWLN RODQ YH 2DJGDNL IDUN GHQNOHPL LOH WDPPK / 7 O VLVWHPL HOH DODKP 1
UD\QN@ ?IQ@
3
W2
1
H
I
RU GU ,
3
<2- ,
EODQJLNRXOXLOH G\W \W 2
0
UDW\>QN@ / EXIQN@ W2
\U GU
6LVWHUQ E4ODQJLWD VWDWLN ROGXJX G \2 2 GU 3 GHQNOHPLQaa a UHP [W ROGXJXQGDQ FHW!LWLQ[W RROGXLQQG J YPB\2 - ROPDKGU %R\OH DQVVWHPP]PGXUWXWHSNLVL
DR H 2 YDUVD\LKUVD [>Q@ E^Q LVH\>2@ QHGLU" %X VRQXFX NXOODQDUDN VLVWHPLQ
GLLUWLL WHSNLVLQLQ VDJODPDVL JHUHNHQ EDVODQJLF NRVXOODQP YH WLLUGHGHQNOHPL EH OLUOH\LQL] 'DKD VRQUD DVDJUGDNL IDUNGHQNOHPL LOHWDPPK QHGHQVHO /7 O VLVWHPLQL HOH DODKP
U
W
1@ \>1O ` \> 3 GHQNOHPLQL[IQ E^Q@ ROGXJXQ GD \>2@ - >0- L HOGH HWPHN LFLQ R]\LQHOL RODUDN LR]LLQLL] 0 LFLQ K>Q@ KDQJL GHQNOHPL VDJODU" %XGHQNOHP LFLQX\JXQEDVODQJLF NRVXOODQ QHOHUGLU" G YH H NLVPPGD R]HWOHQHQ \RQWHPOHUGHQ ELULQL NXOODQDUDN JWGDNL GHQN OHPOHUOH EHOLUOHQHQ QHGHQVHO / 7 ,VLVWHPOHULQ GLLUWLLWHSNLOHULQL EXOXQX] L \Q@ \>Q [>Q@ LL \Q \>Q [Q [>Q , LLL \>Q \>Q F [>Q [>Q LY \Q@- < Q O@ W< &Q [Q@
WLLUG& GLIHUDQVL\HO GHQNOHPLQLQ FR]LLPXGLL WHUQLYLQK GLOUWX OHSNLVLQL HOGHHWP N Ua aIHUDQV\HOGHQNOHPL 6LV H UHP FR]XQX] \W > KWU [U GU LIDGHVLQLQ 3O GHQNOHPLP KHU [W VRQXFX NRQWURO HGLQL] JLQV UHP VDJODG-Q JRVWHUHUHN E < XNDQGDNL WDUQVPD\L JHQH8HPHN LYL E LOH 4DJGDNLGLIHUDQVL\HO GHQNO Q DQaFWDVaWLN RODQ YH[W` aW HP LHWDUXPE ELU/ 7, VLVWHPL HOH DODKP
K2
[W GW
3
LWLQ[W 2ROGXJXQGDQ
G\ B
\R ! G ,
%X SUREOHPGH 3UREOHP 66 GH JHOLVWLULOHQ WHNQLJLQ VLLUHNOL ]DUQDQK HVL RODQ ELU \RQWHUQL HOF DODKP < LQH EDVODQJLFWD VWDWLNRODQ YHVDELW NDWVD\LK GRJUXVDO GLIH UDQVL\HO GHQNOHP LOH WDPUQK ELU / 7 OVLVWHP LFLQ ! LFLQ GLLUWLL WHSNLVLQL EHOLU OHPH SUREOHPLQLQ X\JXQEDVODQJUF NRVXOOX WXUGHV GHQNOHPLQL \]PH SUREOHPL QH LQGLUJHQGLJLQL JRULLULO]
G\
1
/
G< ā,
FR ! FR!R GW 9
3
ROGXJXQX DQODWDQ VWDWLN E , N OHPLQLQ LNL WDUDILQ U GLQ RaaOXQX NDEXO HGHOLP 3 GHQN GHQNOHPLQL YHD GD NXOODQOOaD D EWUEaH]BHaWaaOLP DODOPYH Q]HU WUJRUXaXVRQXYGHQN- HPLQLQ \2 G\& 2 G \: 2 GW G1 3D
aU
6 LQ\DOOHUYH6 LVWHPOHU
YH G \ BBB 3E YL&2 D GW 6RQXF RODUDN VLVWHPLQ W! LFLQ LOHVDJODQGJP JRVOHUPHN NYOP aXLQaaaQEaODQJY NRXOODQ LOHDVDJUGD GLLUWLL WHSNLVL 3 GHQ HUP HY NLWLLUGHGHQNOHP YFL]LLOHUHNHOGF HGLOHELOLU a 2N GW\, , GW R ā ā DODKPā F $ DJGDNL GLIHUDQVL\HO GHQNOHP LOHWDPPK QHGHQVHO / 7 O VLVWHUP HH GW\, BaE GW\, 3 DF UU ! W , GO N R *, NL EDNLPPGDQ LIDGH HGL GUWLL WHSNLVLQL E VH\HQHJPGH VLVHP %X VVWHPP X QL] LSXFX 6HNLO 3 \ PFHOH\P]
/
1 [W
GNZW
NRDN
W
\W
[
B
G E YH F VaHQHNOHQQGGH aWOUQaa
0 GNZW , EN
\W
N R
W
D 6 QLQ JLGDNL JLULV YONLLOLVNLVL LOHELUOLNWH LNL QHGHQVHO / 7 O VLVWHPLQ6
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
HPOHUL EaODQJLYWD VWDWLN RODQ YH
aaaaK / 7L VLVWHPOHU LFLQ GLLUWLO WHSNL
DDJGDNL GIHUDQV\HO HQ HP HU OHULQL EXOPDN LL]HUH X\JXOD\PW]
[>@ JLULVL YH\ >Q@ FN DVDJUGDNL IDUN GHQN- HPL LOH LOLVNLOL 6 QHGHQVHO / 7, VLV WHPLQL HOH DODKP \>@ D\>O@ER[>Q@E[Q ,@
G\W G\W \ ; , GW GW
LL G\aW G\W \W [W GW GW U3V GHQNOHPLQGH 0 1 H E YH F VHYHQHaaHU PQ VaaXD aa Ha GD \RJXQaPW WHNLOOLN IRQaVL LVH EX GXUXPGD GXUWX WHSNLV a W ,, R]HOOLNOH D QLQ VDEWOHU ā VDSWDPDN WYP NX DPP]
\RQODQ XHUHFHP WHNLOOLN IRQNVL\RQODQ ROGXJX ROGXJX YHXW QLQ %ROXUQ GH WDPP DQDQ 0 1
/DXF!
[>Q- JLULVL YH\>@ \Na DaDJGDNL IDUN GHQNOHPL LOH OLNLOL 6 QHGHQVHO /7 O VLV WHPLP HOHDODKP \>Q \>Q , \>Q [>Q@ 6 [>Q D 6 QLQ DVDJUGDNL JLULFR LOLVNLVL LOH LNL QHGHQVHO / 7 O VLVWHP 6 YH 6 QLQ VHUL EDJODQXVU RODUDN GLLaLLOHELOHFHLQL GRJUXOD\LP] 6 \Q@ [>Q@ [>Q , , 6 < > < > ! @[>Q@
E 6 LQ EORNaHPDVJRVWHULPLQL FL]LQL] F 6QLQ EORN &PDVJRVWHULUQLQL FL]LQL] G` 6 LQEORN &PDV JRVWHULPLQL 6 EORN &PDV LOH WDNLS HGLOHQ 6 EORN aHPDV JRVWHULPLQLQ VHUL EDJODQQV RODUDN YL]LQL] H 6 LQ EORN &PDV JRVWHULPLQL 6 EORN &PDV LOH WDNLS HGLOHQ 6 EORN aHPDV
U2
JRVWHULUQLQLQ VHUL EDJODQQV RODUDN YL]LQL] IRUPOX ELU WHULP LFHULU QHGHQVHO / 7 , VLVWHPOHULQ GLOUWLL I $DJGDNL GLIHUDQVL\HO GHQNOHPOHU H WDPUQW WHSNLOHULQL EXOXQX] L G\W \, G[W [W , G GW G\ G\W O a G[W G[W [W \ , GO GW GL LL GW GL ,
I H VH\HQHJLQGH HOGH HGLOHQ 6 EORN &PDV JRVWHULPLQGHNL GRUW ELULP JH
FLNPH HOHPDP LLF ELULP JHFLNPH HOHPDPQD GLLaLLQLOHELOLU G YHH VHH QHNOHULQGH HOGH HGLOHQ EORN &PDODU GRaGDQ IRUP , 6JHaHN&WLUPHVL RODUDN DGODQGPKUNHQ VRQXY EORN &PDV GRaGDQ IRUP ,, 6 JFUFHN&WLU PHVLRODUDN DGODQGLQKU
6 LQ\DOOHU YH 6 LVWHPOHU
%2OXP
=DPDQOD HJL QH\HQ /LQHHU 6 LVWHPOHU
[W JLULVL YH\W N DVDJLGDNL GLIHUDQVL\HO GHQNOHP LOH LOLVNLOL ELU 6 QHGHQVHO /7 O VLVWHPLQL HOH DODOWP DLG\W DR\, ER[W ELG[W GL
6 \LW &[LW ' [LU GU(> 6 \LW
/[LD GD ` WU
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
IWW >OZN7
aHJHULQL LaGHHGFUYHELULQGHR GLJHULQH DNXVWLNHOHNWQN VLVWHPOHU DUDFLK J LOH JHFHEOP] 'LNNDW HGLOPHVL JHUHNHQ RQHPOL ELU QRNWD 3 GHQNOHPL LOH YHUL OHQ GLLUWLL WHSNLOL VLVWHPLQ JHUL GRQaWLLULLOHELKU ROUQDVUGLU %X QFGHQOH - ^W aW [IW Raa BELU / 7 O VLVWHP EXODELOLUL] YF ER\OHFH EX VHNLOGH \W HOHNWQNVHO VLQ\DOLQL LVOH\HUHN YH VRQUD WHNUDU DNXVWLN VLQ\DOH FHYLUHUHN NPXK\DQNLODQ \RN HGHELKUL] *HUHNK GLLUWLLWHSNLVL JW D\QFD ELUGLLUWLO NDWDQGUU
3O
N2
%XUDGD \DQNL 7 VDQL\H X]DOFWDROXVXU YH KN LVHEDVODQJLF DNXVWLN GLLUWLOGHQ ND\ QDNODQDQ N \DQNL LL]HULQGH ND]DQF IRNWRULO LIDGHHGHU D [W RULMLQDO DNXVWLN VLQ\DOL LIDGH FWVLQ RUQHJLQ RUNHVWUD WDUDIPGDQ LOUHWLOHQ PLO]LN YH aW [W IWW \DQNL\L NDOGLUPDN LFLQ KLFELU LVOHUQ \DSLOPDGL JPGD GX\XODQ DVLO VLQ\DO ROVXQ < DQN LOHRUWD\D FLNDQ ER]XOPDODQ \RN HW PHN LFLQ \W L DOJUODPDVL LFLQ ELU PLNURIRQ NXOODPOGLJLUX YH RUWD\D FLNDQ VLQ\DOLQ ELUHOFNWULN VLQ\DOLQH GRQLOaWLLULOOGLLJLOQLO GXVXQHOLP %X VLQ\DOL JRV WHUPHN LFLQ D\QFD\W L NXOODQDFDJL] LLQNLO EXDNXVWLN VLQ\DOLQ HOHNWULNVHO
JW
,JRW N7
DUGUVUN JW aP VDJODPDV aFUHNHQ FHELUVHO GHQNOFPOFUL EHOLUOH\LQL] YH EX GHQNOHPOHQ JRJ YHJ KN EDNLUQPGDQ R]LOQLO] E +HUL" LKF O K O , 2 GU %XGXUXPGDJW QHGLU" F < DQN ROXXPX LLQ JLL]HO ELUPRGHO 6HNL 3 GH JRVWHQOPLWLU %X QH GHQOH ELaELaQL L]Oa\HQ KHU\DQN\W QLQ 7VDQL\F JHFLNWLULOPL YH DLOH RO HNOHQP EU JHQ EHVOHPF YHUVL\RQXQX LIDGH FGHU 7LSLN RODUDN DUGN \DQNODUD]DOWOOGJGDQ 2DO GLU [W
!\W
*HFLNPH 7 a,3
L %X VVWHa Gaa WHSNLVL QHGLU" 6WDWLN aODQJ NRaXOXQX YDUVD\D LL KP LSXFX 6FKZDUW] &LWVL]OLJL KHUKDQJL LNL VLQ\DO XW YH YW LFLQ VXQX LIDGH HGHU
%LU [ VLQ\DOLQLQ RWR NRUHOBDa\RQ IRQNVL\RQX 3 , GHQNOHPPGH \WS[W VHNOLQGH D\DUODQDUDN HOGF HGLOLU LSR, [WU \U GU ā D 6HNLO 3D GD JRVWHULOHQ LNLVLQ\DOLQ [ YH[W KHU ELUL RWRNRUH ODV\RQ IRQNVL\RQXQX KHVDSOD\P] [W [OOO
E D
[W ; R,
,
,
G F aHNOO 3
E [W YHULOHQ ELU VLQ\DO ROVXQ YH [W QLQ VaUK ELUVLLUHOL ROGXJXQXYaUVD\D KP \DQL 2 LFLQ [W R YH !7 [W JP ROGXLXQGD WSUL QPODL ROGXJX ELU / 7 O VLVWHPLQ GLLUWLLWHSNLVLQL EXaQa] F E NVPPGD HOGH HGLOHQ VLVWHP [W VLQ\DK PEUX\XPOX ILOWUHGUG8aa WX ILOWUH WDPPPQ 3UREOHP GD DQODXODQ LOH D\P ROGXJX a D JRUXā OHELOLU
U
U
-
ā G6 > X W GW
>
U -
YW GW
%XQX !P LL]HULQGH ELU VLPU HOGH HWPHN LLQNXOODPP]@ G 3 GHQNOHPL LOH YHULOHQ VLPU EDVLWFH GLLUWLL WHSNLVLQH ELU ROFHNOHPH VDJODU LLQNLODUWDQ 0 VDGHFF F NLVPPGD DFLNODQDQ VNDOHU FDUSLFL\U GHJL WLULU %R\OHFH UW LFP E`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aOHQGLJL JLULVH WHSNLVL LOH VLL]JHFLQ DNWDQODELOHQ GLJHU VLQ\DOOHUGHQ ELULQH WHSNLVL DUDVPGDNL IDUOD PDNVLPXP VHYL\H\H JHWLUPHN LVWHUL] %X QRNWD\L JRVWHUPHN LFLQ 6HNLO 3E GH JRVWHULOHQ LNLVLQ\DO ; RW YH[W \LHOHDODOXQ [RW LFLQ X\XUQOX VLL]JHFL YH / [ LFLQX\XUQOX VLL]JHFL LIDGH HWVLQ L [W YH[W \H ORWHSNLOHULQL L]LQL] $ \PVP / LLQ \DSPW= LL , GH EXQ- DQQ GHJHUOHULQL NaOOaXQP] W GH KHP [W \H OR WHSNLVL KHPGH ; RW \HO WHSNLVL 2ROXUVD ;RW LOH[W DUDVPGD D\UW HWPH LaLQLQ DKF LLQ GDKD NROD\ ROPDV L\LQ [W L QDVO GHJLaWLULUGL QL]" 8\XPOX VG]JHFOHULQ YH NRUHODV\RQ IRQNVL\RQODQPQ RQHPOL URO R\QDGLJ ELU EDVND X\JXODPD UDGDU VLVWHPOHULGLU 5DGDQQ RQFHOLNOL SUHQVLEL ELU KHGHIH DNWD QODQ HOHNWURPDQ\HWLN GDUEHQLQ KHGHI WDUDIPGDU \DQVPODFDJL YH VRQUD KHGHIH
B
6 OQ\DOOH YH6 LVWHPOHU
RODQ X]DNKN LOH RUDQXK ELU JHFLNPH LOH JRQGHULFL\H JHUL GRQPHVLGLU ,GHDO ROD UDN DOPDQ VLQ\DO DNWDQODQ RULMLQDO VLQ\DOLQ EDVLWFH ND\GPOUUXV YH EHONL ROFHN OHQPLV YFUVL\RQX RODFDNXU SW JLLQGHULOHQ RULMLQDO GDUEH ROVXQ LSSS2 PD[USW
6LLUHNOL ]DPDQK WHNLOOLN IRQNVL\RQODQ LOHEHQ]HUOLN LFLQG EL K VLQ\DO WDPPOD\DELOLUL]2]HOOLN- H H UUJUXS D\QN]DPDQ X>Q@ X>Q@ X2>Q@ aQ@ YH
ROGXJXQX JRVWHULQL] < DQL QLQ DOGJ HQ ELL\LLN GHJHU GLU %X GHQNOHPL JRQGHULFL\HJHULJHOHQ GDOJD IRUPXD QP ELU SR]LWLI VDELW ROGXJX [W DSW WR LVH EXGXUXPGD PD[
>Q@ aQ@ aQ , ROVXQ YHVXQODQ WDPPOD\DKP X>Q@ XQ@ XQ@ XQ@ N!2
YH
ROGXJXQX WHVSLW HWUQHN LFLQ NXOODUXP] OSXFX 6FKZDUW] HVLWVL]OLJLQL NXOODPP] %R\OHFH UDGDU WDUDUQD VLVWHPOFULQLQ FDKVPD VHNOL DNWDQODQ GDOJD IRUPX S, LFLQ X\XPOX VX]JHF NXOODUXUP YH EX VLVWHP FLNLVPP PDNVLPXP GHJHULQH XODVX J ]DPDUX QRW HWPH\H GD\DPU
>Q@ X>Q@ X>Q@ X ^Q N2 0U [>Q@ aQ@[>@ [>Q@ X>Q@
%ROLLP 6 GH 8 GHQNOHP LOH ELULP FLIOOL\L KHUKDQJL ELU[W VLQ\DOL LFLQ WDUXUQOD GLN [W
%XGHQNOFPGHQ
8 LOLVNL\L
[W 7 P7 GU [ ,
3,
[>Q@ X>Q- [>Q@ X> , ROGXJXQX QRW HGHOLP
HOGH FWWLN
J U XL7 GU
J 2
3
D 3 GHQNOHPLQLQ XW QLQ HVGHJHU ELU WDUQPODUQDVU ROGXJXQX 3 GHQNOHPLQLQ 3 GHQNOHPLQL DQODPJLP EHOLUWHUHN JRVWHULQL] >LSX FX LVDELWOH\LQL] YH JU [OU VLQ\DOLQL WDPPOD\LP]@ %R\OHFH HYULVLUQ DOXQGD QDVLO GDYUDQGUJL \ROX\OD ELULP GLLUWLL YH\D ELULP FLIOOL WDPPODPDQP UDVJHOH ELU VLQ\DO JW LOH FDUSLOGUJPGD HQWHJUDO DOQQGD QDVUO GDYUDQGUJW \ROX\OD WDUXPODUQD LOH D\P ROGXJXQX JRUWQLL ROGXN $Vā KQGD %ROXUQ 6 GH JRVWHULOGLJL JLEL EX LVOHPVHO WDPPODQQ HVGHJHUOHULQLQ WLLP VLQ\DOOHU LFLQ YHR]HOOLNOH WLLP WHNLOOLN IRQNVL\RQODQ LFLQJHFHUOLGLU E M^W YHULOHQ ELUVLQ\DO ROVXQ X I2 X I 2 R, ROGXJXQX KHU LNL IRQNVL\RQXQGD D\P LVOHUQVHO WDUXUQODUD VDKLS ROGXJXQX EHOLUWHUHN JRVWHULQL] H
[7 XU GU
GHJHUL QHGLU"^ LFLQ E VHFHQHJLQGH^ LFLQ RODQD EHQ]HU ELU LIDGF EXOXQX]
[>P@
YH
D
F
W
W[>P- >P@
QHGLU"
E [>Q@XQ@
[>2@XQ >[>O [>2- @RQ-- [>O X>@>[>- [>2- @R>Q
ROGXJXQX JRVWHULQL] F YH VLQ\DOOHULQL HL]LQL]
G YHQ VLQ\DOOHULQLFL]LQL] H JHQHORODUDN N! LFLQ , N
XL>Q-
ā >X>Q@X>QN@@ QN
3,
,SXFX 7XPHYDQa NXOODPP] F V QHJLQGHQ OOW>OO` LQ N YH LFLQ 3, GHQNOHPLQL VDJODGJL DFLNXU %XGXUXPGD 3 , G QN- ā ā >
G ā H HUUXPQ 8Na D a\GDUDN OON>@ L XN>Q- EDNPPGDQ \D]LP] YH GHQN OHPLQ D\QFD /> GH VDJODGLJP JRVWHULQO] 4 *HQHRODUDN N!LFP
6 LQ\DOOHUYH6 LVOHPOHU
%2OXP
=DPDQOD2HJaPH\HQ/ LQHHU6 LVWHPOHU
XN>Q@
Q N X>Q@ QN
3
ROGXJXQX JRVWHULQL] OSXFX \LQHQLUQHYDQUPNXOODQLUX] X FN L >Q@X F Q @ X>Q@
3 ROGXJXQX QRWHGLQL] 'DKD VRQUD 3 GHQNOHPLQLQ XN>Q@ LFLQBJaHUOL ROGXJXQX YDUVD\DUDN 3 GHQNOHaa 3 GHQNOHPLQLQ XB NQ> LFLQ GH JHFHUOL ROGXJXQX JRVWHUPHN P NXOODPP]
E D VH\HQHJLQL [W
©
YH KW HBXW JW W E^ W LFLQ WHNUDUOD\XX]
H $ \PVPL DVDJUGDNLOHU LFLQ\DSLP] O VLVWHPOHULQ DQDOL]LQL ELL\XNROFXGH NROD\ODVWLUDQ FHVLWOL ILaLUWH %X EROXPGH / 7 UL YH R]HOOLNOHU NXOODPOGL %XQODU DUDVPGD LNL WDQHVL ELUD] GDKD \DNPGDQ BPFH OHPHN LVWHGLNOFULPL]GLU *RUHFHJLPL] JLEL EHOLUOL FRN R]HO GX PODUaD DNVL KDW
[>Q@ -
GH QLWHOLNVL] RODUDN JHFHUOL RODQ EX R]HOOLNOHULQ NXOODPPPGD GLNNDWOL ROPDN JH K>Q@ *- X>Q@ UHNLU NO K G D (YULVLUQLQ WHPHO YH HQRQHPOL R]HOOLNOHULaGHQ ELQ KHP VXUH , Ha aD\ QN ]DPDQKGD ELUOHVPH R]HOOLJLGLU < DP HJHU [W` KW YH JU XF VP\DO LVH EXGXUXPGD [W >JW KW`@ >[W JW @ KW >[W KU @ JW 3, %X LOLVNL LL LIDGHQLQ WLLPLL L\L WDPUQK YH VPLUKB ROGXJX aLLUHaH JFFHUOLGLU %X JHQHOOLNOH SUDWLNWH RODQ GXUXP ROGXJXQGDQ ELUOHVPH R]HOOLJL JHQH ROD UDN YDUVD\LP YF \RUXPODU ROPDGDQ NXWODPODFDNQU $ QFDN EXQXa JHHUa ROPDGLJL ED]L GXUXPODU YDUGLU 2UQHJLQ KW XLW YH JBW XW LOH aaNa, 3GHJRVWHULOHQ VLVWHPLHOH DODKP %X VLVWHPLQ KHU W P [W , JPVL QH WHSNLVLQL KHVDSOD\LUX]
[W a \ W
J>Q@ R>Q@ R>Q @ %RaOHFH BJaQa, RODUDBN HYULLUaLQ ELUOHVPH R]HOOLJL VDGHFH 3O GHQNOaPPGHN XF LIDGH ELU DQODP LIDGH HGL\RU LVaBJHHUOLGLU \DQL VDGHFH / , VVBaPOaUEaN PPGDQ \RUXPODQ DQODPK LVH 2UQHJLQ D VHHQHJLQGH aU VDELWLQ WXUHYLQLDKS YH VRQUD HQWHJUDOLQL DOPDN DQODPKGLU DQFDN VDEL Ka © ! GDa HQWHJUDOLQL DOPD LVOHPL YH VRQUD WLLUHYLQL DOUQDN DQODPK GH JOGU YHEX ELUOHVUQHQLQ ER]XOGXJX WHNGXUXPGXU B < XNDQaDaBLWDUWaaD LOHB\DNaGDQ LOJLOL ELU NRQX WHUV VLVWHPOHUL LFHULU Ka B a GXa WaSNK / 7 VLVWHUP HOH DODKUQ D VHFHQHJLQGHJRUGLLJLLPLL] JLEL EX VLVWHP aPNP VPLUVL] ROGXJX LLJLULV YDUGLU R]HOOLNOH [ aaGDQ IDUNK VDELWWLU YH ER\OHFH EX JLEL FUNLVODQ JLULVL WHNUDU HOGH HWPHN P J UL GRQLLaaHVRUXVX DQODPVL]GLU $QFDNHJHUNHQGLPL]L VLUXUK NLVODU XUHWHQJLULVOHU LOHVLUXUODUVDN \DQL 3
[W
aa a \W
aa
aHNOO3
%XQX 3O GHQNOHPLQGH RQH VLLULLOHQ LL IDUNK \R,OD YH VHNLO LOH \DSL UX]
L 2QFHLNL GLLUWLLWHSNLVLQL VRQUD VRQXFX[W LOH aYULWLaHUaN LL 2QFH[W L W LOH YHGDKD VRQUD VRQXFa XW OB Ha9 UWWUHUHN LLL 2QFH [W L XW LOH YHVRQUDVRQXFX LOH HYULVWLUHUHN
GaaNOaPLQL VDJODaJLULBaUL DKa EX GXUXPGD VLVWHP JHUL GRQLLaWLLULLOH ELOLUGLU YH GXUWX WHSNLOL / 7 OV6WHPRQXQ WHUVLGLU G B GXUWLL WaSaLL/ 7 VLVWHPLQ JHUL GRQLLUXULLOHELOLUROPDGJPL JRVWHULQL] OSXFX KU LNV aHBKaU ]DPDQ VILUNa LLUHWHQ LNL IDUN- JLUL EXOXQX] aQFDN HJHUaHQGP= 3 GHQNOHUQLQL VDJOD\DQ JLULHUOH VPLUODUVDN VVWHPP JHQ GRQLLaWLLULLOHELOLU ROGXJXQX JRVWHULQL] OSXFX 3UREOHP GH EU/ 7 , VLVWHPLQ [W KDULFLQGH KLELU JLULa KHU ]DUQDQ 2 RODQ ELU LLUHWPH] LVH aa, VLVWHPLQ JHUL GRQLLWLLULLOHELOLU ROGXJX JRVWHULOPLWLU GHQNOHPP VDJOD\DQ YH LOH HYULWLULOGLJLQGH D\P VILU WHSNL VPWLUHWHQ LNL [, JLULLPL YDUGLU"@ %X SUREOHPGH JRVWHULOHQOHU DJGDNLJLELGLU
aa"
6 LQ\DQHUYH6 LVWHPOHU
O (JHU [W KW YH J, LL VLQ\DO LVH YH FJHU [W JW [W OUaa YH OUW JW aLQ KHSVL L\LaDPPK aaVPLUK LVH EX GXUXPGD ELUOHVUQH R]HO OLJL 3O GHQNOHUQL JHHUKGU OUW ELU / 7 O VLVWHPLQ GLOUWLL WaSNLVL ROVXQ YH LNLQFL EaU VLVWHUPQ JW GXU WLL WHSNLVLQLQ VXR]HOOLJH VDKLS RWGXJXQX YDUVD\DKP
- W JW D
3( 5 L< 2'L. 6L1< $ / / ( 5 L1 ) 285 ,( 5 QW]WVW *267 ( 5 L0L
3
%X GXUXPGD , GHQ [U JW [U OW QLa KHU LN VLQLaGH a\L aQPK YHVLUXUK ROGXJR WXP [W JLULVOHUL LFLQ HNO3, G JRVWHaHQ N aH O VLV UL EDJODQOOK VOVWHUQ ELULP VLVWHP JLEL GDYUDPUYH K"\OHFHLNL / 7 WHUQ ELUELUOHULQLQ WHUVL RODUDN NDEXO HGLOHELOLU 2UQHJLQ HJHU OW XaWa LVH YH JW XW LVH EX GXUXPGD NHQGLPL]L a GHQNOHPa VDD\DQ JLULVOHU LOH VLPUODUVDN LNL VLVWHPL WHUVOHUL RODUDN NDEXO HGHEL
ā
%X QHGHaL?3 GHQNOHPLQLQ ELUOHVPH R]HOOLJLQL JRULLULL] YH 3O GHQNOHPLQGa YHULOHQ / 7 O WHUVOHUL WDPPODQ LHULOHQWXP HYULaLPOHU aPK VXUHFH HHUOLGLU %X JHUFHN ELU SUREOHPGHNL GXUXP ROGXJXQGDQ X R]H HQFO RaDUDN GFJHUOHQGLPH \DSPDGDQ YH \RUXPVX] RODUDN NXOODQDFDJU] 7DUā aaPDGD VR\OHGLNOHULPL]LQ RJX VXUHNOL ]DPDQK VLQ\D, YH VLVWHPOHa "DN>P PGDQ ROPDVPD UDJPHQ D\UX QRNWDODU D\QFD D\QN ]DPDQKGD GD \DSODEKU F VHFH
aaa
QHWLQGH DFLNROGXJX JLEL@ U a LFLQ \XNVHNOLaLQGHNL GLNGRUWJHQVHO GDUEH\L JRVWHUVLQ
R
a > @ GW
W
ROGXJXQX GRJUXOD\P] 7LLPHYDQP LOH
WÂ XWO WW^, N O LFLQ Y N āROGXJXQX JRVWHULQL]
*L5 La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aK VIODQQP )RXULHU GQLOP JRVWHULPOHQQL JHQL OHWHFHJL] %LUOLNWH EX JRVWHULPOHU / 7 O VLVWHPOHULQ YH VLQ\DOOHULQ DQOaOPDV WDVDUODQ PDV YH DQDOL]L LLQ HQ HWNLOL YH RQHPOL DUDODUGDQ ELULQL YH RQVH]L VDJODU YH )RXULHU
VLLUHNOL ]DPDQOW VLQ\DOOHU YHVLVWHUQOHU LFLQ ,L N E UDQVLLUHNOL ]DPDQE )RXULHU GRQ LLPLLQLLQ UH aV 2 aHB < aHLUX WHPHOOHULQL ROXVWX WHPHO LL]HULQH HNOH\HFHJL] %ROLLa 6 GH E RQHPLWR]HOKJP RUWD\DLWNDQUNHQ EX OaWWUDFDJ ā XJH LVLUP D\QN ]DUQDQK VLVWHPOHU LFLQ NDUVL
a
685(./ L =$0$1/, ) 285, (5 '218a808
$a( 5 L< "'L. '21( 06L= 6L1< $/ / ( 5 L1* 267 ( 5 L0Lā 685 ( . / ,= $0$1/ , ) 285 ,( 5 ' 21880 āB aRaaPaO]BEOUBVOa\DOOQ ) RXULHU 'RQXXPX *RV WHUOPO *HOO OPO aaHHUāQGFRHQOHXaXPXBBJRNVaQPPPGRJDVLQDELUWDNLPDQOD\LV ND]DQPDN LLLQ 2PHN ā QHQ VXUH , ]DPDQOWSHUL\RGLN NDUHG WHNUDU HOHDODUDN EDVODQ] 2]HOO NO EL JD UHP )RXQHU GV JRVWHULPLQL Y H USHQ\RWWD [W ^ ā
MW7L
7L ,W7 YHHNLO GHJRVWHULOGLJL JLEL SHQ\RGLN RODUDN WHNUDUODU
2PHN GH EHOLUOHQGLJL JLEL EX NDUH G, ā ā ZR U,7 ROGXJX VX&NLOGHGLU JD UHP DN )RXULHU GL]LVL NDWVD\LODQ
VLQK7 a NZR7
>GHQNOHP
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aLLN GHUHFHGH \DNPGLU YH OLQHHU NRPELQDV\RQ EDNXQPGDQ LIDGHOHUL WRSODP \HULQH HQWHJUDO IRUPXQX DOWU %X JRVWHULPGH NDWVD\LODUP VRQXFODQDQ VSHNWUXUQX )RXULHU GR QLLaLLPLLRODUDN DGODQGPKU YH EX NDWVD\LODQ VLQ\DOL NDUPDVLN LLVWHOOHULR OLQHHU NRPEL QDV\RQX RODUDN LIDGH HWPHN LFLQ NXOODQDQ VHQWH] HQWHJUDOL NHQFOL EDVLQD WHUV )RXULHU GRQLLaLLPLLRODUDN DGODQGPKU $ SHUL\RGLN VLQ\DOOHU LFLQ VLLUHNOL ]DPDQKGD EX JRVWHULPLQ JHOLVWLULOPHVL )RXULHU LQ HQ RQHUQOL NDWNWODQQGDQ ELULGLU YH EL]LUQ )RXULHU GR aLLPLL JHOLVLUQL RRXQ FDOLVPDODQQGD NXOODQGLJPD FRN \DNP ELU \RQWHPL L]OHU 2]HOOLNOH )RXULHU D SHUL\RGLN VLQ\DOOHULQ VRQVX] SHUL\RWOX ELU SHUL\RFOLNVLR\DORODUDN JRUXOHELOHFHJLQL GX aLLQPLLaWLLU 'DKD QHW RODUDN SHUL\RGLN ELUVLQ\DOLQ )RXULHU GL]LVL JRVWHULPLQGH SHUL\RW DUWDUNHQ WHPHO IUHNDQV D]DOWU YH KDUPRQLN RODUDN LOLVNLOL ELOHVHQOHU IUHNDQV RODUDN ELU ELUOHULQH \DNODVLUODU 3HUL\RW VRQVX] ROXUNHQ IUHNDQV ELOHVHQOHUL ELU VXUHF ROXVWXUXU YH )RXULHU GL]LVL WRSODPW ELU HQWHJUDO ROXU %LU VRQUDNL EROLLPGH VLLUHNOL ]DPDQK SHUL\R GLN VLQ\DOOHU LFLQ )RXULHU GL]LVL JRVWHULPLQL JHOLVWLUHFHJL] YH LOHUOH\HQ EROLLPOHUGH
6HNLO GH EX NDWVD\LODQQ HXEXN ,LL EL EL L\LQJRVWHULPLWLU JUD VD WW UU 7 GHJHUL UHPYHaaLWOL 7GHJHUOHUL GHQNOHPLQLQ GHJHUOHQG ā EL DO ā OHULJLELGLU R]HOOLNOH UUQHPQ U WHUQDWLI \ROX ]DUI IRQNVL\RQXQ RUQHN
VLQZU D Z Z
NOO ā < DQLVLLUHNOL GHJLVNHQ RODUDN Ga āā L Qa JRVWHULU YH DN NDWVD\WODQ EDVLW aXLXa VLaZ7 OZIaQNVL\RaX7DW QP ]DUIL ELWOHQPLV ULFLQ 7D ]DUI 7 LQNL G E HVLW DUDKNK RPHNOHQGU $ \QFD VD P Q HQ DJXQV/ =GOU 6HNLO GH \LQH SHUL\RGLN NDUH [W
-
Q Q ā7
ā7
a , 7 ā7 U
ā
>- O
7
aNLO %LU62UHNL]DPDQWSHQ\RGLNNDUHGDOJ
&- 7
>
6 LQ\DOOHUYH6 LVWHPOHU %LLP
6 2UHOFOL= DPDQW )RXQHU2 2QaLL
U
7 D
? ? ? ? ā7
ā7
ā7
2
7
,
7 7
,
- aa %XQXQ LW QP )RXULHU GL ā ā ā
aOFOOD D HOL\RFLNVU\D[U E ELSHQ\RWWD [O \H
QDa
W
B
āa RXWa
SHWU\RFOFVUL\D-
YH GHQNOHPOHULQL X\JaaIaNaRaHaaa X]HULQGHNL HWNLOHULQL LQFHOH\HOLP PPGHNHQWHJUDOLQ\DSWOPDV LOH\HQLGHQ< aN 6 a77,DUDKJPGD GHQNOH aRā RGXJX VXQX HOGH HGHUL] LW
aHNOO &Ha8O 7GH4HaHQa aNOO HNO SHUL\RGN NDUH
GDOJDa Q)RXULHUGL]LVLNDOVD\LDā QYH ]DUIODU VDELGHQPOa7 LOH D 7 7 E 7 7 F aN
GDOJD LFLQ )RXULHU GL]LVLNDWVD\LODQ JRVWHULOPLVWLU DQFDN EX NH] GHQNOHP GH EH OLUWLOGLJL JLEL 7DN ]DUIPP RUQHNOHUL RODUDN JRVWHULOPLVWLU 6HNLOGHQ 7 DUWDUNHQ YH\D HVGHJHU RODUDNWHPHO IUHNDQV Z P D]DKUNHQ ]DUIPJLWWLNFH GDKD \DNP DUDKNODU ,DRUQHNOHQGLJL JRULLOLLU 7 LVWHJH EDJK RODUDN EX\LLUNHQ RULMLQDOSHUL\RGLN GDOJD GLNGRUWJHQVHO ELU GDUEH \H\DNPVDU\DQL ]DPDQ EROJHVLQGH NDODQP KHSVL NDUH GDOJDUXQ ELUSHUL\RGXQD NDUVL OLNJHOHQ ELUDSHUL\RGLN VLQ\DOGLU $ \QFD 7LOH FDUSUODQ )RXULHU GL]LVL NDWVD\LODQ ]DU ILQ GDKD VLN DUDKNODUOD \HUOHVWLULOPLV RUQHNOHUL KDOLQH JHOLU ER\OHFH ELUEDNLPD ODVD DFLNOD\DFDJXP] JLEL )RXULHUGL]LVL NDWVD\LODQ NLLPHVL 7 RR LNHQ ]DUI IRQNVL\RQXQD \DNPVDU %X RUXHN )RXULHU LQ ELU DSHUL\RGLN VLQ\DO LFLQ ELUJRVWHULUQ JHOLVWLUPHVLQLQ DU NDVPGDNL WHPHO ILNUL DFLNODU 2]HOOLNOHDSHUL\RGLN ELUVLQ\DOL LVWHJH EDJK RODUDN SH UL\RW ELL\LOUNHQSHUL\RGLN ELUVLQ\DOLQ OLPLWL RODUDN GLL LLQLLULL]YHEXVLQ\DO LFLQ )RXULHU GL]LVL JRVWHULPLQLQ OLPLWOH\HQ GDYUDUXVLP LQFHOHUL] 2]HO RODUDN VLUXUK VLLUHOL ELU [W VLQ\DOLQL GLLaLLQHOLP < DQL EHOLUOL ELU 7 VD\LVL LFLQ 6HNLO D GD JRVWHULOGLJL JLEL 7 LVH [W 2 GLU %X DSHUL\RGLN VLQ\DOGHQ 6HNLO E GH JRVWHULOGLJL JLEL ELa SHUL\RW RODQ [W LFLQ ELU LW SHUL\RGLN VLQ\DOLQL ROXVWXUDELOLUL] 7 \L GDKD X]XQ VHFX JLPL] LFLQ GDKD X]XQ ELU SHUL\RWWD LW [W LOH D\UXGLUYH 7 RR LNHQ KHU VXXUK , GHJHUL LFLQ LW [W \H HVLWWLU
IDLH
Wā , U
U
BG
D - UW H MW 7 LLQ $? W [ ,G ā ā R XJXP YHD\QFD EXDUDKJUQ GLVLQGD[W ROGXJ GHQNOHPL VR\OH\D]ODELOLU XLP , UQ , DW 7- U[W H GW 7 > [W HSGW %X QHGHQOH 7DWLFLQ ;LZ ]DUIXQ
;MZ I> [W HBBG
RODUDN EHOLUOH\HUHN
*W NDWVD\ODQ
LaLQ VXQX HOGH HGHUL] , DW \;8NZR B YH GHQNOHPOHULQL ELUOHVWLUHUHN LW < ,; LZā? EDNLPPG
XD- 8OOOOLO DQa\OHLIDGHHGHELOLUL]
LW
, ;MNZR H W7
WL!
YH\D HVLW VHNLOGH XR Q7ROGXJXQGDQ
,
/
[W ;MP H X! R UK
%ROLLP
6 2UHNOL= DPDQO)RXQHUa
6 LQ\DOOHU YH 6 LVWHPOHU
OLPLWGHQNOHPLQGH [W QLQ ELU , N ā NPVDUYH VRQXFRDUD I 7 D LNHQ [W [ W \H\D 2 G YH GHQNOHPPQ VDJ WDUD 7 RR LNHQ ZR WU ā , , N JRVWHULPL KDOLQHJHKU $ \QFD N O GH JRVWHULOHQ JUDILNVHO\RUXPX HHD PDUD ELUHQWFJUDOF JHFHU %XGaQNOHPHKU WaULPL Z2 JHQLLJLQGH YF ;M- YR HI ER JRULLOHELOLU 6DJ WDUDIWDN WRSODP ELW ?DUDN NDEXO HGLOPLaWLU ZR LNHQ QGDNL GLNGRUWJHQLQ DODPGLU %XUDGD O VD R G 7 HR LNHQ LW [W RO \X B JUDOLQH \DNODU %X \X] HQ WRSODP ; MNZR F QP HQW? GHQNOFPOHULQLQ VLUDV\OD \OHROGXJXQX JR GXJX JHUHJLQLNXOODQDUDN YF UXULL] [W > ;MZ HL GZ U
< XNDQGDNL JHOLVLUQHGD\DK RODUDN YH\D HVLWVHNLOGH YH GHQNOHPOHUL QLQ NDUVUODVWPOUQDVPGD ELU LW SHUL\RGLN VLQ\DOLQLQ DW )RXULHU NDWVD\LODQQP LW QLQ ELU SHUL\RGX )RXULHU GRQaLLPLLQLLQ aLW DUDKNK RUQHNOHUL EDNLPPGDQ LIDGH HGLOHELOHFHJLQL QRWHGHOLP 2]HOOLNOH LW QLQ 7SHUL\RWOX YH DN )RXULHU GL]LVL NDWVD\ ODQQD VDKLS SHUL\RGLN ELU VLQ\DO ROGXJXQX YDUVD\DOXQ [W WDP RODUDN ELU SHUL\RWWD LW \HHaLW ED] VGHJHUOHUL LLQ V W V7 LLQ GL\HOLP YHDNVL KDOGH VIU RODQ ELU VPUK VLLUHOL VLQ\DO ROVXQ EXGXUXPGD GHQNOHPL LW QLQ )RXULHU NDWVD\ODQ ELUSHUL\RWWDHQWHJUDOLQLDODUDN KHVDSODPDUUX]D RODQDN YHUGLJL LaLQ aXQX\D]DELOLUL]
, Uā7LW`Ha GW , Uā7[W H! GW
V6 , V7 DUDKJPP GPGD[W VIWUROGXJX LaLQaLW ELUHNLOGH 8QX\D]DELOLUL] , DL 7
Uā7[W H
- KWLW
GHQNOHP LOF NDaOaWUDUDN;MZ QLQ [W QLQ )RXULHU GRQLLaLLPLO ROGXJX 8 VR QXFD YDQQ]
YH
;MZ > [W H G
GHQNOHPL LW \H DLW )RXULHU NDWVD\WODQQP LW QLQ ELU SHUL\RGXQXQ )RXULHU GRQLLLLPLL RPHNOHUL ROGXJXQX EHOLUWLU 3UDWLNWHVNKNOD NXOODPODQ EX GXUXP 3UREOHP GH GDKD GHWD\K LQFHOHQPLWLU
)RXULHU 'RQXXPX < DNQVDPDV
aNOO GHQOGHPLQLQ
JUDKNVHO\RUXPX ,OO
ND- R
LIWL RODUDN ;MZ )RXULHU aRaLLLL YH GHQNOHPOHQ )aXQHU GRQXaX GHQNOHPL WHUV )RXULHUGRQXXP PLL YH\D [W QLQ )RXULHU HQWHJUDK RODUDaHa a DSHUL\RGLN VLQ\DOOHU LFLQ Baa GHQNOHPL RODUDN DGOaGaKU 6HaWa GHQN PDEHQ]HU ELU URO R\QDULLQNLLKHU LNa GHQNOHPLQLQ SHUL\RGN VP\DOOHa UHP R\QDI N ELQDV\RQX RODUDN IDGH HGHU 3HQā GH ELU VLQ\DOL NDUUQDaN LLVWHOOHQQ aRa,,VD LU RQNOFPLQGH YHULOGLJL JLEL ^DN` JHQā ā ā E NDUUQDLNXVWH HU ā N N HVLQGH NZH \RGLN VLQ\DOOHU aQ X a LLL NLOL IUHNDQVODQQ D\Q aP OLNOHULQH VDKLSXU YH KDUUQRPN RaaUDa DOIHU LFLQ NDUUQDaNLLVWHOOHU ELU IUHNDQVVXaH N EXOXQXU DSHQ\RGL VP\ M Z G W JHQOLJLQH VDKS ā WH]GHQNOHPPH JRUH ā āā EHQ]HU FLQGH PH\GDQD JHaUYH VaQ N WVD\LODQ LFOQNXOODPODQ WHUPPRR-\H WLU3HUL\RGLN ELUVLQ\DOLQ aRXUaHU G]a D GRQLLaLLPLL JHQH? RODUDN [W VSHNWUXPa &NLOGH ELU [W DSaa\aGN aP\aaaLaVODUGDNL VLRLLVVLQ\DOOHaaLQ OLQHHU NRPEL RODUDN DGODQGPKU XQNX[W DO N GHHWPHN LFLQ JHUHNOL ELOJ\ VDJODU QDV\RQXR]HOOLNOHELUHQWHJUDK RDUD D
āV-
U
)RXULHUGRQaLLPLL LILLQL HOGH HWPHN LLQ NXOODQGJP] DQPD [W \L LVWHH EDJK DQFDNVPUKVLLUHOL NDEXOHWWLJLKDOGH YH GHQNOHPOHUL VRQVX] VLLUHOL VLQ\DOOH ULQ ROGXNDJHQL ELU VPIW LaLQ J&HUOLROPD\D GHYDP HGHU $ VKQGD )RXULHU GRQLLLLā PLLQLL HOGH HGLaLPL] )RXULHU GL]LVL \DNPVDPDV LaLQJHUHNOL GXUXPODU NLLPHVLQLQ D\P ]DPDQGDEXUDGDGDX\JXODQPDV JHUHNWLJLQL RQHQU YHJHaHNWHQSUREOHP RODUDN JRVWH ULOHELOLU 2]HOOLNOH GHQNOHPLQH JRUH GHJHUOHQGLULOPL ; Z \L GaLLQHOLP YH LW GHQNOHUQLQLQ VDJ WDUDIPGDNL; 8Z NXOODPODUDN HOGH HGLOHQ VLQ\DOL JRVWHU VLQ< DQL [W
BBB> [XZ HGZ U
%LOWQHN LVWHGLJLPL] GHQNOHPLRLQ QH ]DPDR JH\HUOL ROGXJXGXU >\DQL [W QH]D PDQ RULMLQDO VLQ\DO [W RLQJ UOL ELU JRVWHULPLGLU"@ (JHU [W VPUK HQHUML\H VDKLS ROVD\G \DRLHJHUNDUHHQWHJUDOOHQHELOLU ROVD\G R\OHNL > O[OG Z
, )RXQHU GQLOaLOPLL OOOQOPDV YF RFOKNOHUL YF X\JXODPDODQ KDNNQGDPDWFPDWLEFO ROUXGDKD GFOO\EELULWQOPD LaLQ EN] 5 %UDFHZHOO 7KH )RXQFU 7UXVIRUP DQG ,WV $SSOLFDO- 2,,6QG HG 1HZ < HQ 0F*UDZ+%RROH &RPSDQ\ $ 3DSRXKV 7KH )RXQFU OQWTUDO LQGWV $ SSOLFDXRQV 1HZ < HQ 0F*UDZ+LOO%RRN&RPSDQ\ ,&7LWFKPUFVK OQWURGXFXRQ WRWKH7KFRW\ RU)RXQHU OQWFYDOV2IRQO &OPQGRQ 3UHVV %XP GH GWSQRFWDUG FQQVRODUXYPOFR '\P0FNHDQZDIQGDD\D]OOOOODS
6 LQ\DQHUYH6 LVWHPOHU
EXGXUXPGD; LZ QLQ VLPUK ROGXJX >\DQLO ` GHQNOHPLQLQ \DNPVDGLJU@ YH [W LOH [U DUDVPGDNL ILDD\ JRVWHUHQ FW >\DQL H?W [U [U @ LOF ; L Z a
O[W O GW
ROGXJX JDUDQWLOHQUQLV ROXU YH GHQNOHPOHUL SHUL\RGLN VLQ\DOOHU LFLQ YH GHQNOHPOHULQLQ D SHUL\RGLN HVOHULGLU %X QFGHQOF SFUL\RGLN VLQ\DOOFU LFLQ RODQ LOH EHQ]HU ELU VHNLOGH HJHU [W VXXUK HQHUML\H VDKLSVH EXGXUXPGD [W YHRQXQ )RXULHU JRVWHULPL [W WHNW GHJHUOHULQGH EHOLUJLQ RODUDN IDUNKODVDELOGLJL EDOGH IDUNODQQGDFQHUML \RNWXU $ \P SHUL\RGLN VLQ\DOOHUOH ROGXJX JLEL LFLQ [U QLQ [W \F HVLW ROGXJXQX VLL UHNVL]OLJLQ KHUKDQJL ELU WDUDIPGDNL GHJHUOHULQ RUWDODPDVPD FaLW ROGXJX \HUGH VXUHN VL]OLNWFNL KDULF ROPDN LL]HUF KHU W GRJUXODPDN LFLQ \HWFUOL DOWHUQDWLI ELU GXUXP NLLPHVL YDUGLU %X NRVXOODU \LQH 'LULFKOHW NRVXOODQ RODUDN DGODQGLQOLU YHVXQODQ JHUHNWLULU O [W WDPRODUDN LQWHJUDOOHQHELOLU ROPDVPL \DQL
D!2
D Z Â %X)aaa GQaPLLaOLH GF HUOLROGX ā ā ā :Z < ,EX\LLNOLLN YHHYUHVOEDODQXQGDQ LIaa RQXZUXQEUIRQOHVW\RQXRODUDN aLPLHNāaLQ
-[XZaa YD %XEOTHQOFULQKHUELUL6HNL6 GH aLaU ($HUD &W &N\HULQH aWN LVH EXGXUXPGO FQFJUDOOHQHELUROGX$XQXYH EXGXUXPa , K H^ D` ! ROG8MXVLOUHFHWW QLQ ODPDPFQ QRWHGFOLP < DQL D H\HQ FDSIDPDQP :Z LaLQD\PIRUPX4UFQL$-QL
; L Z B B B B B
^`!2
D Z ,; 8Z I
>O[W`MGUFR
WOD
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aLLPGH L]LQ YHULOUQLV LVH )RXULHU GRQLLaLLPLLQH VDKLS RODUDN GLLaLLQLLOHELOHFHJLQL JRUHFHJL] %X LOHUOH\HQ EGOLLPOHUGH X\JXQ EXODFDJLUP] )RXULHU GRQLLaLLPLL YH )RXULHUGL]LVLQLQ JHQHO LVNHOHWH GDKLO HGLOHELOHFHN ROPDVL DYDQWD MPD VDKLSWLU EX QRNWD\L %ROXP GH GDKD GHWD\K LQFHOHPHGHQ RQFH )RXULHU GRQLL aLLPLLQLLQ FHVLW@@ RUQHNOHULQL HOH DODKP
D
D
; MP
G
6 XUHNOL= DPDQK) RXULHU'RQX- XPX2UQHNOHUL UQHN aGLV2 PHN GHHOHDOLQDQ [W H XW
U
;8Z HHGW < RQL
H© aaa Q Uaā )RX
D! 2PHN
VLQ\DOLQL GLLaLLQFKP GFQNOFPLQGHQ
ā LQ
QHUG2QXa
ā
H ā-Za D Z
WW H+
ROVXQ %XVLQ\DO 6HLGO GD
ā ā ā ā
D!2
a PLVXU6P\DOLQ )RXQFU GQaLOPX
6 LQ\DOOHUYH6 LVWHPOHU
LLP
62UHNL= DPDQKā)RXQHUa
;8Z > HaHGW
2PHN
/HHGWUHG
6HNLOD GDJVWFULGL LJLEO
, U^ W ^
DMZ D - :
D GNGUWJHQVHGDWEHVLQ\DOLQLHOHDODKP GHQNOHPLX\JXODQ0ONEXVLQ\DOLQ)RXULHUGQLLā PLOQLOQHNLOE GH aL]LOGLDLJLEL\OHROGXJXQXEXOXUX]
R - %XGXUXPGD; ^Z JaNWLU YH HNL GHJVWFULOPLWLU
; M Z QH U7, MZWGVLQZ7, Z
[,
P 7
7
! aHNOO2UQHN QLQ UW Hā+ VOQ\D8 ; 4D
; 2 D
D ā
LL
ā UGQ 2P2
a2PHN GHHOHDOLQDQYHHNLO GDJ2VWHULOHQV LQ\DOLQ) RXQH
a
a, 8 D 2PHN GHNLGLNG2OWJHOO EOOOGD- EHVLL\DO< HE 2,8, )RXULHUa
%ROXPLOQ EDVLQGD WDUQVQJUUP] JLEL GHQNOHPL LOH YHULOHQ VLQ\DO SHUL\RW LVWHJH EDJK RODUDN ELL\LLUNHQ SHUL\RGLN NDUH GDOJDPQ OLPLWOH \HQ IRQQX RODUDN GLLaLLQLLOHELOLU %X QHGHQOH EX VLQ\DO LULQ VHQWH] GHQNOHPL \DNPVDPDVUUXQ NDUH GDOJD LFLQ 2PHN GH JR]OHQHQ LOH EHQ]HU ELU VHNLOGH GDYUDQPDVLP EHNOH\HELOLUL] 2]HOOLNOH GLNGRUW JHQ ELFLPOL GDUEH VLQ\DOLQLQ WHUV )RXULHU GRQaLLPLLQLL HOH DODKP
UQHN LPGL [W a, ā G QNOHPLQGH\FULQHNR\PDOF828 LLUFWLU ELULPGLLUWLLVLOQLOQ)RXULHUGRQLLLOPLOQEHKUOH\HKP H
;8Z > RW HGW ,
LW
>L VLQ Z7HGZ U
Z
aa
%XGXUXPGD [W NDUH HQWHJUDOOHQHELOLU ROGXJX LFLQ
) ULHUGRQPLOQHVDKLSWLU < QQLELULPGLLUWLLWXPIUHNDQVODUGDa NDWNODUGDQRXVDQ RX
>O[ [F GW R
6 LQ\DOOHUYH6 LVWHPOHU
%2OWLP
6 WLUHOGL= DPDQK)RXQHU'2QaLLPWL
$
FD [W 'LULFKOHW NRVXOODQP VDJODGLJPGDQ [W QLQ VXUHNVL]OLJLQ La \DUXQGDNL
aQGH HULQLQ RUWDODPDVL RODQ \H \DNPVDGWJ VLLUHNVL]OLN QRNWDODQ Ka& W 7L GLU (N RODUDN [W QLQ [W \H \DNPVDUQa aHNLO aD 3aa\aGLN NDUH GDOJD LFLQ JRVWHULOHQ JLEL *LEEV IHQRPHQLQL JRVWHULU 2]HKNOH )RXQHUO G]a\DNaaD OHP VXXUK X]XQOXNWD ELU IUHNDQV DUD JP D DVDJL D PDVPD EHQ]HU RODUDNGHQN ā NLHQWHJUDOL GXVXQHOLP
a W
UY H VLQ © U
U Z
` ,G
Z
6HNL LOH X NDUVLODVQUDUDN YH\D HVLW VHNLOGH YH GHQNOHPOHULQL YH GHQNOHPOHUL LOH NDUVLODVXUDUDN LOJLQF ELU LOLVNL JRULLULL] +HU GXUXPGD )RXULHU GLLQLLaLLPLLFLIWL VLQD E IRUPXQGD ELU IRQNVL\RQ YH ELU GLNGRUWJHQ ELFLPOL GDUEHGHQ ROXVXU $ QFDN ELU GDUEH RODQ 2PHN GH ;LZ GRQLLaLLPLL LNHQ 2PHN GH [W VLQ\DOLGLU %XUDGD DFLN RODQ R]HO LOLVNL )RXULHU GRQLLaLLPLL LFLQ %ROLLP GD GDKD GHWD\K HOHDODFDJLPL] LNLOLNR]HOOLJLQLQ GRJUXGDQ ELUVRQXHXGXU YH GHQNOHPOHULQGH YHULOHQ IRUPGD IRQNVL\RQODU )RXULHU DQDOL]LQGH YH / 7 VLVWHPOHU FDKVPDVPGD VLNKNOD RUWD\D FLNDU YHVLQH IRQNVL\RQODQ RODUDN DGODQ GPKU 6LQH IRQNVL\RQODQ LFLQ \D\JP RODUDN NXOODUXODQ ELU WDP ELU IRUP aR\OHGLU
Z VLQUO VPF aā
Z LNHQ
EX VLQ\DO VXUHNVL]OLNOHU KDULF KHU \HUGH [W \H \DNPVDU $ \QaVXUHN VL]OLNOHULQ \NPPGD VLQ\DO GDOJDODQPD JRVWHULU %X GDOJDFLNODQQ WHSHHQKJN GDOJD FLNODQQ VXUHNVL]OLJH GRJUX VNaWPOPa KDOH NLVD JHOPHVLQH UDJPHQ DUWDU HQ DUW PD]YHGDOJDFNODUGDNL HQHUML VLILUD \DNLQVDU
6LQH IRQNVL\RQ 6HNLO ,2 GD FL]LOPLVWLU YH GHQNOHPOHULQGHOFL VLQ\DOOHULQ KHU LNLVL GH VLQH IRQNVL\RQODQ EDNLPPGDQ LIDGHHGLOHELOLU
Z7 7VPF
VLQ Z7
2UQHN
ā GLO LO U )RXULHUWUDQVIRUUQXDVD$GDNLJLELRODQ[W VP\DUP 6 QH LUQ
Z ,
; MZ ^
+: +!:
7
VLQ:W V : LQH :W
7I
%X GRQLOVLLP 6HNL D GD JRVWHULOaLaOLU VHQWH] GFQNOHPLQL NXOODQDUDN6HNO E GH JRVWHULOHQDVD$GDNLLIDGF\LEHOLUWH\HELOLUL]
/
, VLQ:W [W HGZ U
7
VOQFX
; -W
UE
a a a a a a :/ a : aa a a P D
HOGO6 LQH)RRNVL\RQX 6RQ RODUDN IDUNK :GHJHUOHUL LFLQ 6HNLO RODUDN \HQLGHQ FL]GLJLPL] 6HNLO X LQ FHOH\HUHN )RXULHU GRQLLaLLPLLQLLQ ELU GLJHU R]HOOLJLQH DQOD\LV ND]DQDELOLUL] %X VHNLOGHQ W 2 GD [W QLQ DQD WHSH QRNWDVL GDKD \LLNVHN KDOH JHOLUNHQ YH EX VLQ\DOLQ LON OREXQXQ \DQL U,: LFLQ VLQ\DOLQ SDUFDVL JHQLVOLJL GDUDOXLFHQ : DUWWLJLP
OWO
;LZ QLQ GDKD JHQLV ROGXJXQX JRULLULL] $ VOLQGD : RR LNHQ KHU Z LFLQ OLPLWWH ;LZ O GLU YH VRQXF RODUDN 2PHN GHQ GHQNOHPLQGHNL [W QLQ : FR LNHQ ELU GLLUWLL\H \DNPVDGLJPU JRULLULL] 6HNL GH JRVWHULOHQ GDYUDQLV ]DUQDQ YH IUHNDQV EROJHOHUL DUDVLQGD YDU RODQ WHUV LOLVNLQLQ ELU RPHJLGLU YH 7O GHNL DUWLVP [W L JHQLVOHWWLJL DQFDN ;LZ \LGDUDOWQJL EHQ]HUELU HWNL\L
6 LQ\DOOHUYH6 LVWHPOHU 222P
[
6 LOUHNOL=DPDQK)RXQHUa PLO
DODELOLUL] $ VOPGD JRUHFHJLUQL] JLEL SHUL\RGLN ELU VLQ\DO LFLQ )RXULHU GRQLLLLPLLJRV WHULPLQL GRJUXGDQ )RXULHU GL]LVL JRVWHULPLQGHQ ROXVWXUDELOLUL] 6RQXFWD RQD\D FUNDQ GRQLLLPGLLUWLLDODQODQ )RXULHU GL]LVL NDWVD\LODQQD RUDQK IUHNDQV EROJHVLQGH ELU GLLU WLLNDWDQQGDQ ROXVXU %XFRN ID\GDE ELUJRVWHULUQ RUWD\DFLNDQU *HQH ELU VRQXF RQHUPHN LFLQ Z Z GD U DODQK WHN ELU GLLUWLL RODQ ;MZ )RXULHU GRQLLLPOLL ELU[W VLQ\DOLQL HOH DODKP \DQL
Z
;MZ PaZ ZR
%XQXQ )RXULHU GRQLLLLPLL ROGXJX [W VLQ\DOLQL EHOLUOHPHN LFLQ WHUV GRQLLLP GHQNOH PLQL GHQNOHUQLVXQXHOGHHWPHN LL]HUHX\JXOD\DELOLUL] ; -D ; OD
[W
, , ,
ā Z
Z
B PZ ZR HGZ U U
'DKD JHQH RODUDN HJHU ;MZ IUHNDQV GD HVLW DUDKNK GLLUWLLOHULQ OLQHHU NRPELQDV\RQX IRQQXQGD LVH \DQL
E D
; MZ
I
B B UDEZNZR
LVH EXGXUXPGD GHQNOHPLQLQ X\JXODQUQDVW VXQX YHULU [W
I
UDa
GHQNOHPLQGH EHOLUWLOGLJL JLEL GHQNOHPLQLQ WDP RODUDN SHUL\RGLN ELUVLQ \DOLQ )RXULHU GL]LVL JRVWHULPLQH WHNDELOO HUWLJLQL JRULLULL] %R\OHFH ^DW` )RXULHU GL]LVL NDWVD\WODQ LOH SHUL\RGLN ELU VLQ\DOLQ )RXULHU GRQLIXQL KDUPRQLN RODUDN LOLVNLOL IUH NDQVODUGD YHN KDUPRQLN IUHNDQV NZ GDNL GLLUWLLQLLQ DODUXNDN )RXULHU GL]LVL NDWVD\L VLUQQUNDQ RODQODUGD ROXVDQ GLLUWLLOHULQ ELUNDWDQ RODUDN \RUXPODQDELOLU
F G āUX aHNOO)DUNK:GHJHaHULaLQaHNLO GDNL) RXQHU YQXaXPX
ELOL %ROXP 6 GH )RXULHU ROFHNOHPH R]HOOLJL EDJOD 6HNLO GH JRUH , P] RX GRQLLFLLPLL Y PPGD EXGDYUDUXVP ELUDFLNODPDVPL EXODELOLUL] 2UQHN < LQH6HNLO GHJRVWHULOHQNDUHGDOJD\ HOH DODKUQ%XVLQ\DOLaLQ)RXULHUGL]LVLNDWVD\WODQ
3( 5 L< 2'L. 6 L1< $ / / ( 5 LaL1) 285 ,( 5 '21a0
U NO YHUGLN )RXULHU GRQLLLPL JRVWHUXUXP DQODWWWN YH FHVLW , RUQH aU
NL EOXPGH QHH , R ,, ā G XQDFPF LNHQ D\OOO * WLJLPL] EROXUQGH GLNNDWLPL] DSHUL\RGLN VP\D HUX]HUaQ Ha Y Y ]DaDQGD SHUL\RGLN VLQ\DOOHU LFLQ )RXULHUGRQLLLPLJRVaHQOHQP "HKOOUaaa 2- H OHFH KLUOHVWLULOPLV ELU EDJODPGD SHUL\RGLN YH DSHUL\RGLN VLX\DOOHULQ KHU LNLVLQL G
DN VLQ07, ,UN YHVLQ\DOLQ)RXULHUGRRaLL
6LO\DHUYH6LVWHPOHO
% LP
6 LLUHOFL =DPDQK )RRQHUa
LELGL 7 7 LFLQ 6FNLO GF aLLOPLWLU 6FNLO D LOH :WODOOQOGLQGD IDUNEKNODU , \ G ā ā NXOWDQXUXGOO VDGFFF RUDQKEN IDNWULLLUYF aXEXN JUDILOF \FQQF XUWX HQQ
JL OO YH
; 2P
3 , , , ,
? ? ? ?
D
? ? ? ? , ? ? , ,
, , , , ,
,
,
a
?
,
ā'R
,
aNOO6 LPHWULNEOUSHUL\RGLNNDUHGDOJDPQ) RXULHUa
7
I
PHN E
[W` VLQZRW
aOGOD a VLQa E a &26:2,)RXULHUGQPOHQ ROVXQ %X VLQ\DO LaLQ )RXULHU GL]LVL NDWVD\WODQ \OHGLU
2UQHN %LOP GF RPFNOFPF VLVWFPOFULQLQ DQDOL]LQGF ROGXNa RQHPOL EXODFDaL] ELU VLQ\DO 7SFUL\RGX LOH SHUL\RGLN RODQ 6HOFLO O^ D` GD JVWHULOGLa JLELaOH ELU GLOUWLO EWDQGLU
[L! IRFQ
N
R
YF\D
āā
%X VLQ\DO LHLQ)RXULHU GL]LVL NDWVD\ODQ &!PHN6 GH EHVDSODQUPVQUYHVXQXQ OD YHULOPLVWLU
>U RL HG
,
%R\OFFF )RXULHU GQILLLPLL 6HNLO D GD JVWHULOGLL JLELGLU %HQ]HU &NLOGF
DW
7 P
, 7
LW FRVZRW LFLQ )RXULHU GL]LVL NDWVD\ODQ aR\OHGLU
< DQLSFUL\RGLN GLOQLL NDWDQUXQ KHU)RXULHU NDWVD ,6, D\UX GaFWW 7VDKOSWLU GHQNOHPLQGH EXGHWHUL
'W LaLQ \HULQF
NR\DUVDN
8,,8
YFP
D Dā NWO YH\D DW LNL G D %ROLLP 6 GF VLQXV ) G WWLLPLL 6HNLO E GH J2VWHULOPLaWLU %X W RQXa P %X VP\DKQ RXQHU RQ ā G N ,LRODFDN8U ELaLPOL PRGLOODV\RQ VLVWFPHQUX DQDK] HGHUNHQ RO X HD RQHP
;8Z` U IRZUN Â 7 Â 7 %\OFFH a E GH aL]LOGLJL JLEL W SHUL\RGX LOH ]DPDQ EROJFVQGH ELU SFUL\RGLN GLLUWLL OFDWDQQP)RXULHU GQLLLLPLL 7SHUL\RGX LOH ,PDPVEROLHVLQGF SFUL\RGLN ELU GLLUWLL NDWDQGX %XUDGD \LQH ]DPDQYH,PDPVEROJFOFUL DUDVPGDWHUV aNLQLQ JVWFULPLQL JULLULL] =DPDQ EROJH VLQGHNL RP SFUL\RW GLLUWLLOHU DUDVPGDNL ERVOXN X]DPNa FNDQV EROJFVLQGFNL \DQL WHPHO IUH NDQV GXUWLLOHULQDUDVQGDNL ERVWXND]DKU
6 LQ\DOOHU YH6 LVWHPOHU
[W
ā7
ā7
aPDQ ]DPDQ ; - Z GHQ )^ [W ` QRWDV\RRX LOH Va]HaH\L X\JXQ EXODFDJ]$ \QFD [W YH ` GZ OZ
LPGL YHZ GFJLNFQOFULQPLVLPOFULP GH LWLUFUFOF85 8 EXOXUX]
WOW
F ?G
GHQNOFPLQLQ 3 J WDUDIW , U LHLQ )RXULHU GQLOPLO DQDOLLLGLU YH E\OHFH 8 VRQXFD 8OWQ]
)^,` WOW
aNOO YH GHQNOHPOHULQOQ) RXULHUG2Q2a2POHULDUDVQGDNO
ā āā NL NLW , GH JRVWHULO FLIWOQL HOHDOGLN ,NL )RXULHU GRQ8aLLP LIWL YHDUDODQQGDNL āa H PLVWLU
ā GR āā LLPLOQH X]DPU %X LNL RPHN LOH JRVWHULOHQ VLPHWUL JHQHO RaDUDN )RXULHU QXVX LLP LIWL 2]HWUNOH YH GHQNOHPOHUL DUDVPGDNW VBPaWa"HaGROD\L K GRQaa ELRU LFLQ aHNaQV YH]DUQDQ GHJLVNHQOHUL \HU GHJLaPLa ELU LNLOL FLIW YDUGLU XHQ < WU
ONLOLN R]HOOLJL D\P ]DPDQGD )RXULHU GRQLLaLLPOHULQLQ GLJHU R]HOOLNOHULQL EHOLUOH PHN YH\D RQHUPHN LFLQ NXOODPODELOLU 2]HOOLNOH )RXULHU GRQLLaLLPLLQHJRUHX\JXODPD ,DQ RODQELU]DPDQ IRQNVL\RQXQXQ R]HOOLNOHUL YDUVD EXGXUXPGD ELU IUHNDQV IRQNVL\ QX LOHLOLVNLOL D\P R]HOOLNOHULQ ]DUQDQ EROJHVLQGH LNLOL X\JXODPDODQ RODFDNXU 2PHJLQ %ROLLP GH ]DPDQ EROJHVLQGHNL WLLUHYOHPHQLQ IUHNDQV EROJHVLQGHMZ LOH FDUSLPD NDUVLKN JHOGLJLQL JRUGLLN < XNDQGDNL WDUXVPDGDQ ]DPDQ EROJHVLQGH MW LOH FDUSLPP NDEDFD IUHNDQV EROJHVLQGHNLWLLUFYOHPH\HNDUVLKN JHOHFHJLQL IDQHGHELOLUL] %X LNLOLN R]HOOLaLQLQ WDP ELU IRUPXQX EHOLUOHPHN LFLQ %ROLLP GH NXOODPODQ \RQWHPH WDP RODUDN EHQ]HU ELU VHNLOGH LOHUOH\HELOLUL] %R\OHFH HJHU Z \H JRUH GHQNOHPLQLQ WLLUHYLQL DKUVDN VXQX HOGHHGHUL]
QHNLOH DFLNODPU G;8Z U MW[ H- ZWG GZ -
2UQHN
< DQL
JO O,
MW[W a
N < OLJ NXOODQPD\ GXaFOWP 2PHNGH VLQ\DOLQLQ *MZ )RXULHU GRQLLa"XQa aXaD aaQ , , U HEHQ]HUEOU IRUPDVDKLSROGXJXELU Z QLQELUIRQNVL\RQXRODUDN )RXULHUGRQaXPXQa [ VaQaD " )RXULHUGQaLLPaLIWLQLHOHDOGN 2]HOOLNOH)RXQHU GRQaXPX
F
G;8Z GZ
%HQ]HUVHNLOGH YH GHQNOHPOHULQLQ LNLOL R]HOOLNOHULQL HOGHHGHELOLUL] ; - Z WO
HU[ a; 8ZZR
DO % GXUXPGDPHN GHQ RODQ[W VLQ\DOLQL HOHDOGJXQ]YDUVD\ XQ X
YH
[W H+a; ` Z F O ROXU%X)RXULHUGRQLOLLOP aLIWLLFLQVHQWH]GHQNOFPL
a[W U[2 RW a MW
[I G
6 LQ\DOOHI YH6 LVWHPOHU
%2XQ
6FLUHNO=DPDG 1OWIIOI a
3DUV HYDO%DJLQWV
)
(JHU[W YH;LZ )RXULHU GRQLLLLP LIWL LVH EX GXUXPGD
>O[W O GW B > ,;MZ OGZ U
4 aā &-
ā,
3DUVHYDO EDJPXV RODUDN DGODQGLQODQ EX LIDGH )RXULHU GRQLLLLPLLQLLQ GRJUXGDQ X\JX ODQPDVPP VRQXFXGXU 2]HOOLNOH ; 2
>O[W OGW
> [W [ÂW GW
ID
&[F!>a / [Â MZ HÂ-ZOGZ@ G
ā,
HQWHJUDOLQ VLUDVXX WHUVLQH FHYLUPHN VXQX YHULU L E
3DUDQWH] LFLQGHNL WHULP EDVLW RODUDN [W QLQ )RXULHU GRQLLLOPLLQLL JHVWHULU ER\OHFH a2PDN GHHOHDOLQDQ)RXULHUa
> O[W OGW
a ,; MZ O GZ
)UHNDQVEF OJHLQGF( \L GHJHUOHQGLQQFOF 3 O D LaP
GHQNOHPLQLQ VRO WDUDIPGDNL WHULP [W VLQ\DOLQGHNL WRSODP HQHUMLGLU 3DUVHYDO EDJPV EX WRSODP HQHUMLQLQ O[8`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
I YHGLOE aLQ
, ROaaaa, EDJPa,6UX OFXOODQDELOLUL]< DQL EX 6HOFLO aWXUHQ8 IDGHGLU
4;MZ O
,;MZ O
) UHRQV EROJHLQGH2 ā K , ā OL]HOOLJLQLOFXOODQP] < , HVDSDPDN aP GLHRRFHaJGDOFLQLJOOHPOHPHNLaLQ QOUHYOHPF
JW
GGL[W /MZ;MZ *8Z ' J2 B
ROGXWXQX QRWFGHUWNa VRQXFD
a ā'
/*8Z GZ
LU
>M; /- Z GZ ^
UQHN aHNLO GF JRVWFULOHQ KHU )RXULHUGRQLLLOPXLFLQ GDNL]DPDQEROJHLIDGHOHULQLGHJHUWHQ
, YHEXaHNLO^ D LaLQVWIWUYH6HNL@ ^ E ā ā aP - RODWDNGHJHUOHQGLULU
GLQQHNLVWHUL] ( / O[W M GW
'
G [W M GW
LPGL\H NDGDU WDUWOUWNODQQX]D HNRODUDN GL J YDUGLU %LUVRQUDNL LNL EROLLPGH / 7 O W - JHUELUFRN )RXULHU GRQLLaLLPLL R]HOOL VLV HP HUYHX\JXODPDODQQGD R]HOOLNOH PHUNH]L
6 LQ\DOOHUYH6 LVWHPOHU %2NLP
UROH VDKLS LNLEHOLUOL R]HOOLJL VXQDFDJL] %XQODUGDQ %R+LP GH HOH DOGLJXUX] ILOWUH OHPH GDKLO ROPDN LL]HUH ELUFRN VLQ\DOOHU YH VLVWHPOHU X\JXODPDODQQD WHPHO RODQ LON HYULVLUQ R]HOOLJL RODUDN DGODQGPKU %ROLLP 6 GH HOH DKQDQ LNLQFLVL FDUSPD R]HOOLJL RODUDN DGODQGLQKU YH%ROLLP OHRUQHNOHPH WDUXVPDVPD YH %GOXP GH JHQOLN PRGLL ODV\RQXQD WHPHO ROXVWXUXU %ROXP GD )RXULHU GRQLLLLPLLR]HOOLNOHUL R]HWOHQPLWLU
(9 5LaL0 2=( / /L*L %ROLLP GH JRUGLLJLLPLL] JLEL HJFUELUSHUL\RGLN VLQ\DO ELU)RXULHU GL]LVLQGH LIDGH HGL OLUVH \DQL KDUPRQLN LOLNLOLNDUPDVLN LLVWHOOHULQ GRJUXVDO ELUNRPELQDV\RQX RODUDN LID GHHGLOLUVF EXGXUXPGD ELU / 7 O VLVWHPLQ EXJLULVH WHSNLVL D\UX ]DPDQGD ELU)RXULHU GL ]LVL LOHJRVWHULOHELOLU . DUPDVLN LLVWHOOHU / 7,VLVWHPOHULQ R] LVOHYOHUL ROGXJXQGDQ UN VP )RXULHU GL]LVL NDWVD\LODQ JLULVH DLWRODQODQQ WHNDELLOHGHQ KDUPRQLN IUHNDQVODUGD KHVDSODQUPV VLVWHP IUHNDQV WHSNLVL LOH\DUSOPKDOLGLU %X EROXPGH EX VRQXFX VLQ\DOOHULQ DSHUL\RGLN ROGXJX GXUXP LFLQ JHQLVOHWHFH JL] ,ON RQFH %GOXP GH SHUL\RGLN VLQ\DOOHU LFLQ JHOLOLUGLJLPL] DQOD\LV LOHUOHWPHN LFLQ R]HOOLJL ELFLUQVHO ROPD\DQ ELU VHNLOGH EHOLUOH\HFHJL] YH GDKQ VRQUD GRJUXGDQ HYULVLUQ HQWHJUDOLQGHQ EDVOD\DQ NLVD ELFLPVHO ELUWLLUHYOHPH VDJOD\DFDJU] . DUPDVLN LLVWFOOHULQ OLQHHU ELU NRPELQDV\RQX RODUDN [ LFLQ ELU LIDGH RODUDN )RXULHU GRQLLLLPLL VHQWH] GHQNOHPLQLQ DFLNODPDVLP KDQUOD\DKP 2]HOOLNOH GHQNOHPLQH EDNLODUDN [W WRSODPP OLPLWLROQUDN LIDGHHGLOLU\DQL [W
BB U; MZ H GZ OLP BB U /R
I ;MNZR`WZR
- ^W YH)RXULHUGRQLLLLPLL <LZ <W
> <MZ HU GZ a
LOHLOLNLOLGLU YH <LZ \L G QNO ā H HPPGHQ EHKUOH\HELOLUL] <Y ;MZ +LZ 'RKDELFLPVH@ ELUHOGHHWUQ 2ODUDN H HYQVUP HQWHJUDOLQL HOHDODKP
U
\W
[U OLWU GU
&>U[U KWU GU`Â ZWGW
<MZ ) \W `
RODQ <LZ Â Â Â < W6W-\RUX] HQWHJUDOLQ VUDVPGHJL8UHUHNY JPD GNNDHGHUHN VXQX HOGHHGHUL] H [U QPW\H EDJK ROPDG <MZ
U
[U >UKWU HGW
L IUÂ =DPDQ ND\GUPDR]HOOLJL LOH GHQNOHP %XQX GHQNOHPLQGH N SaQWH] YPGHNWHULP HÂ +MZ GLU \HQQH R\PDN VXQX YHQU
RU <MZ
>[& + U H MZ GU
U
+MZ
[U HGU
%ROLLP YH GH JHOLVWLULOGLJL JLEL ELU NDUPDVLN LLVWHOLQH KW GLLUWLL WHSNLOL ELU OLQHHUVLVWHPLQ WHSNLVL
U
+MNZR
KW H GW
HQWHJUDO ;LZ GLUYHEXQHGHQ- H <LZ +MZ ;MZ
< DQL
ROGXJX \HUGH +MRZ H- - GLU +MZ IUHNDQV WHSNLVLQL GHQNOHPLQGH WDPUQ ODQGLJ JLEL VLVWHP GLLUWLL WHSNLVLQLQ )RXULHU GRIOLLLLPLL RODUDN NDEXO HGHELOLUL] %DVND ELU GH\LVOH GLLUWLL WHSNLVLQLQ Z RY GD KHVDSODQDQ )RXULHU GRQLLLLPLL / 7, VLVWHUQLQ R] LVOHY H! H X\JXODGUJL NDUPDVLN ROFHNOHUQH IDNWRULLGLLU 2VW GLLLLPGHQ >EN] 'HQNOHP @ VXQXHOGH HGHUL]
\W OLW [W a
- "HaBOHP VLQ\D- YHVLVWHP DQDOL]LQG HGLOGLJL JLE )RXULHU GRQLLLLPLLLNLVā U ) a Y!a "aGLU %XGHQNOHPGH LIDGH 3aDU +LZ GLLUWLL WHSNLVLQLQ )R a\Dāa RaQGRQXXPOHUL LLULLQOHULQH HYULLPLQL JLELILNDQV WHSNLVLGLU YH KHU ,,, GRQ8aaā GHQNOaP , GH WDQXQODQGL )RXQHU GRQLLLLPLLQLLQ NDUPDa JHaJPGaNL GHJLLPL \DNDODU PaWa GD R\OH NLEX EDQWWDNL IUHNDQV EL& , VH\F ILOWUHOHPHGH ELU IUHNDQV DODQUQ GaJLLP JH\LUHFHN YH\D KLa JH\LQQH a VVWaPGHQ aROD\ YRN NLLYLLN D]DOPD YH \D GJHUIUHNDQV DODQODQQGD EXDUDONWD^ E, &NLOGH +MZ , ROPDVP LVWH\HELOLUNHQ ODFDN&NLOGH+MZ ROPDVP LVWH\ELLOHQOHU HOHQHFHN YH\D EHOLUJLQ RODUDN D]DOW )aaDQV WHSNLVL +MZ / 7 , VLVWHPOH GXUWX WHSNLVPGH ROGXJX JLEL RQHPOL ELU URO QQ DQDK]aGHaHa GRQLLLLPLLQGH ELULP R\QDU%HEUK EURPHN LYLQ KW ELU / 7 O
IUHU
YHER\OHFH GHQNOHPLQGHQ OLQHHU VLVWHPLQ [W \H WHSNLVL VR\OHGLU \U
I ;MORYR +M
2 HWZR NÂ
OLP BB R U
B U; MZ +MZ HIZWGZ U /R
<MZ +MZ ;MZ
6 LQ\DQHU YH6 LVWHPOHU
XP
6 2UHNOL =DPDQOO ) RXQHa
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
D HUWHOH\HFHJL]YHR ]DPDQDNDGDU ) JLPL]ELU\RNSUREOHP YHSUDWLN X\JXODaaaa LLNX- ODQDUD- F DQDOL]HGHELOHFH
2UQHN- HU (YULLP R]HOOLJLQL YH X , - KP \JXDPD DQUX GDKD L\L DNODPDN LFLQ aLWOL RPHNOHUL HOH DOD
2PHN ; ,
%%
KW
\W
GLOQa OT!NLK LOUFOGL XPDQ- - ELU / 7, DLVWHPLG 6 )RXULHUGRQaLLPXGXU YH8 IDGHLOHYFUL- PL` KU LOLLQFKP %X VLVWHPLQ IUGFDQV OHSOFLVL KW QLQ D
+8Z
[O
L L) -P + - P
Wa \,
E
[W \W
aNOO a GHQN /7, VOVWHP %XUDFOD KHUEORN J2VWHULOH , IUHNDQV WHSOFLVLQHV DKLS ELU /7 , VLVWHPOLIDGH
FO HFOHU
%ROXP , GH WDUWWVLOGUJ JLEL )RXULHU GRQLLLLPLL \DNPVDPDVL VDGHFHEHOLUOL NRVXOODU DOQQGD JDUDQWLOHQPLVWLU YH VRQXF RODUDN IUHNDQV WHSNLVL KHU / 7 O VLVWHP LFLQ EHOLUOHQHPH] $QFDN HJHU ELU / 7, VLVWHP NDUDUK LVH EX GXUXPGD %ROXP GH YH 3UREOHP GD JRUGLLJLLPLL] JLEL GLLUWLOWHSNLVL NHVLQOLNOH HQWHJUDOOHQHELOLUGLU \DQL
6 %\OHFH[Z )RXULHUGRQaLLP2 LOH KHU[ , JWQaaPaOFQ)RXULHUGQLLLOPa\OHGLUā
@
E © D MZ EªMZ GHQNOFPLQGFNL KHU WFQP L\P WFUV GQLLP LQFHOHPH LOF IDUN FGLOFELOLU LOP GFNLFOF WUXVDOKN]FOOL LUXOFXOODQDUDN8'8 FOGHFGFUL] , \ >HāX` W X
E D E D ROGXaXQGD GFQNOHPPLQORVUQLNHVLUD\KPJaOL GHOLOGLU$ QFDNE DLOF
PO GUW2aVOā EO6 OVWHPOQWUHNDQVWHSNLVOQOQE2\XNW242 aOGO DO GHQNOHPOQGHNO/ 7VOVWH Q X
GFQNOFPL KDOHJFOLU , < - Z R MZ
%XQX
UQHN , G > , @ D MZ GZ D ,Z
JOaVLQ\DWLQF
W H
D! 2
, K \LGaGDQ EaSaDa \aF G2UWXWHSOGOLELU/ 7OVLVWFPLQWHaNaPBFOH?DKaIL "GFQa, YHL QLQ )RXULHUGRQ88POHQ SUREOHPLIUHNDQVEJHVLQHGRQ8WXUHKP P ;8Z a
W
aNOLQGF NDEXOFGFUFN GFQNOFPLQGFYFULOGLaLJLELWXUHYOFPF]FOOL$ LQLQLNLOL$LQLNXOODQDEL OLUL]%XQHGHQOH 8 a - :
F!
GGZ> @ D - :
) , 8 ,
YH
D Z
ROXUYHVRQXaRODUDN\OHROXU &NOLQGHGLU% XQHGHQOF R2ZF ; Z G LIDGHVLQLQ ELU VRQXFXGXU ER\OHFH <MZ Z VDJD ND\GLQOUPV ; LZ \H YH [Z` GH LVZ\H \DNP DOFDN SH\LUHQ OLOWUHQLQ JHFLUPH EDQGPD ND\GUQOUPV IUHNDQVODQQD HVOW WLU %HQ]HUHNLOGHIOU H ZU QLQ )RXULHU GRQLLLLPLL
ROaLUWQ
ORO
2]HOOLNOH FDUSPD R]HOOLJLQGHQ YH\D IUHNDQV ND\GPQD R]HOOLJLQGHQ \W H [U QLQ )RXULHU GRQaLLPLL
ZW
I
!
) MZ :MZ
B
aHNOO%LUNDUPDaLNRVWHODa\FKJHQOONPRG2ODV\RQXNXOODQDUDNEDQWJaOUHQOGWUHX\JXODPDV
ROXU ER\OFRH )MZ QLQ )RXULHU GRQLLLLPLL VROD Z ND\GPOPLV - 9 LZ GLU 6HNL GHQ 6HNL GDNL OLLP VLVWHPLQ 6HNL GH JRVWHULOGLJL JLRLZPHUNH] IUH NDQVK YH Z EDQW JHQLVOLNOL ELU LGHDO EDQW JHFLUHQ ILOWUH\H HVLW ROGXJXQX JR]OHUL] . DUPDVLN LLVWHO VDKQPDFPP ZIUHNDQVL GHJLWLJ LFP EDQL JHFLUHQ ILOWUHQP PHUNH] IUHNDQVU GDGHJLWU
; OD
a
7 ,
P
,
,
aNLO HOGO OH aHU EDQWaHQILOUH < @D
,GHDO DOaDNJaOUHQ ILOWUHQLQ IUHNDQV J2VWHULPO
6HNLO GDNL VLVWHPGH JHUFHN [W LOH\W ZU YHIOU VLQ\DOOHULQLQ WLLPLL NDU PNU (JHU- OU QLQ VDGHFH JHUFHN NLVUPP WXWDUVDN VRQXFODQDQ VSHNWUXQ 6HN-, GD JRVWHULOHQGLU YHaHJHU EDQL JHFLUHQ ILOWUH 6HNL GD JRVWHULOGLJL JLEL ZH YHZHHWUDILQGD PHUNH]OHQPLV IUHNDQVODQ JHFLULU %HOLUOL NRVXOODUDOQQGD VRQUDNL VHN OHDLO VLVWHPL X\JXODPDN LFLQ NDUPDVLN LLVOHO PRGLLODV\RQX \HULQH D\UX ]DPDQGD VLQLLV ELFLPOL PRGLLODV\RQX NXOODQPDN PLLPNLLQGLLU %X SUREOHP GD GDKD GHWD\K LQFH OHQHFHNWLU
L ,
:MP
0 aNOO a LH aNLOO H^ I ,VSHNWUXPX ) MP
+8D
Wā
, P
, '
aNLO a GDNL6M6OHPGHOG VOQ\DOHULQV SHNWUXUUR
a, a GDNL W!^ I ` a aHUEDQW aHQ WLOWH
6 LQ\DIIHUYH6 LVWHPOHU
% LP
6XUHNL=DPDL5 LRRHa
7$ % /
7( 0( / ) 285 ,( 5 '218a80 FL) 7/ ( 5 L9( ) 285 ,( 5 2=( / / L. / ( 5 L7$ % / 26 8
7( 0( / )285 ,( 5 '10 aLIIL( 5 L
< XNDQGDNL EROLLPOHUGH YH EROLLPLLQ VRQXQGDNL SUREOHPOHUGH )RXULHU GRQLLaLLPLLQLOQ RQHPOL R]HOOLNOHULQLQ ED]LODQUX HOH DOGLN %XQODU D\QFD KHU R]HOOLJLQ KDQJL EROLLPGH WDUWWOGJLQLQ JRVWHULOGLJL 7DEOR GHR]HWOHQPLVWLU 7DEOR GH )RXULHU GRQ*LLP FLIWOHULQLQ ELUFRNRQHPOL YHWFPHO R]HOOLJLQL WRS ODGLN %XQODQQ ELUFRJX LOH VLQ\DOOHU YHVLVWHPOHU LQFFOFPHPL]GH )RXULHUDQDOL]L
6LQ\D, )RXULWU GRQaXPLL
āI
U
R]HOOON
D Z$ZH
YZ
7$ % / 2 ) 285 ,(5 10 =( //L./( 5 L
%ROLOP
DSHUOaRGON VOQ\DO
)RXULHU GRQLLLLPLL
[, !^
;- Z < MZ
)RXUIX G:VONDWVD\LODQ SHUL!RGLN ,VH
D DNV KDOGH
-
'RUXVDOKN D[W E\W D;MZ EO Z
]DPHQND\GPXL
6
IUHNDQVNR\GQQD &&PF ]DUQQQWHUVLQPHVL ]DUQDQYHIUFNDQV
ROaHNOFPF (YULVLP
D D W D DNVLKDOGH
H`O ,2; MZ
[W WR HO B O,
;MZ ZR ; MZ ;Z
W
[
2W
a;
[ \
;MZ <MZ
=DPDQGDQOUFYOHPH
I[,
OQWHJUDOOHPF
/[!G
IUHNDQVGDWLLUHYOHPF
R
N
BBBBLWIW-
, OWM 7 ^ 7
,ULV I
IVLBāQBWB Ua F6 Za
D7
RU VDQH BPDaU
N ,,
[ \
DW
ELW 7! ,&,
; ,
&8-!PD
,
PIZ 3HUL\RGLNNDUHGDODD
[DW
6
aW
D DNVLKDOGH
U ;82 <MZ2 G2
,,
YH [W D[,
MZ;MZ M;8Z U; Z
I WQ7` LHL U, KHUN āaP
O[W
MI ; MZ ; MZ
[MZ
[W
, OWO7 ^ OWO!7
aH; MZ `D ?5 H^; MZ`
JHUHHN VLQ\DOOHU LFLQ HVOFQLN VLUQHWUL
P; MZ
[ JHUHHN
P; MZ
a ,; 0O ,; 0,
; MZ ^,
GMZ GMZ
JHUFHNYHaLILVLQ\DOOHU LLQVLPHWUL JHUHHNYHWHNVLQ\DOOFU
[W JHUFHNYHLIL
;- Z JHUHHNYHaLIW
[W JHUHHNYHWHN
;- Z WDPDPHQVDQDOYHWFN
[` HY[ > J HYHN@
- OH^; MZ `
7 RG^ [, ` >[W JHYHN@
MOP; MZ `
X
YZ
LFLQVLPHWUL
JHUFHN VLQ\DOOHU LFLQ FLIOWHN D\QVLUP
H - OHD` !
ā D- :
DSHUL\RGLNVLQ\DOOHULLQ 3DUVFYDOEDJPXVL Hā - OHD` !2
/ R- Z
,7W OGW
I
>[XZW GZ LU BHXW
?-H^ D` !
MWWM: LM!:
NU
6LQ\DOOHUYH6LVWHPOHU
%RKLP
6 LLUHNOL=DPDQK )RXQHU Q8XPLL
DUDFODQUX X\JXODUNHQ VLN VUN NDUVLODVDFDJL] 7XP GRQLLLOP FLIWOHUL WDEORGD VRQXQFX KDULF RQFHNL EROXPOHUGHNL RPHNOHUGH HOH DOPUUXVQU 6RQ FLIW 3UREOHP GD HOH DOPUPVXU $ \QFD 7DEOR GHNL VLQ\DOOHULQ ELUFRJXQXQ SHUL\RGLN ROGXJXQX QRW HGH OLP YH EXQODU LFLQ D\P ]DPDQGD NDUVLKN JHOHQ )RXULHU GL]LVL NDWVD\UODQUXQ JRVWHULOGL JLQH GLNNDWH HGHOLP
YHWLOUHYOHPH R]HOOLJLQGHQ GHQNOHPL 1
1
/DWMZ <MZ /EW`Z` ;MZ O
N
ROXUYH\D HVGHJHU RODUDN
6 $ %L7. $ 76 $ aDW`Z
- ;MZ! >WE- Z -
%F\OHFH GHQNOHPLQGHQ GN ; , /PGW \W /E GW 1
F- N
1
NR2
Q
K2
IRQQXQGD VDELW NDWVD\LK OLQHHUELUGLIHUDQVL\HO GHQNOHPL VDJODGJ VUPIXU %XEROLLP GHER\OHELU/ 7 OVLVWHPLQ IUFNDQVWHSNLVLQL HOGHHWPHVRUXVXQX HOH DODFDJL] 7DUQVPD ER\XQFD KHU ]DPDQVLVWHPLQ IUHNDQV WHSNLVLQLQ ROGXJXQX \DQL GHQNOHPLQLQ \DNPVDGLJXX NDEXO HGHFHJL] GLIHUDQVL\HO GHQNOHPL LOH WDPUQK ELU/ 7 ,VLVWHPL LFLQ +MZ IUHNDQVWHSNL VLQLQ EHOLUOHQHFHJL LNL\DNPGDQ LOLVNLOL \RO YDUGUU . DUPDVLNXVWHO VLQ\DOOHULQ / 7 ,VLV WHPOHULQ R] LVOHYOHUL ROGXJX JHUFHJLQH GD\DQDQEXQODQQ LONL %ROXP 2 GD FHVLWOL ED VLW LGHDOROPD\DQ ILOWUHOHULQDQDOL]LQGH NXOODUXOUPVQU 2]HOOLNOHHJHU[W LVHEX GXUXPGD LNa\ +MZ G ROPDKGUU %XLIDGHOHUL GLIHUDQVL\HO GHQNOHPLQGH \HULQH NR\DUDNYHELU WDNLPFHELUX\JXOD\DUDN +8Z \L R]HELOLUL] %X EROLLPGH D\P VRQXFD XODVPDN LFLQ)RXULHU GRQLLLLPLOQLLQ GHQNOHPL WLLUHYOHPH R]HOOLJLQL NXO ODQDUDN DOWHPDWLI ELU\DNODVLP NXOODQDFDJL] GHQNOHPL LOH WDQLPK ELU / 7, VLVWHP GLLVLLQHOLP (YULVLP R]HOOLJLQGHQ ;MZ <MZ YH+MZ QLQVLUDVL\OD JLULV [, LWN\W YHGLLUWLL WHSNLVL KW QLQ )RXULHU GRQXVXPOHUL ROGXJX <MZ +MZ ;MZ
+MZ <MZ / REWMZ ;MZ / RDMZ Â
%R\OHFH +MZ QLQUDV\RQHO ELU IRQNVL\RQ ROG JXQ ā M RUDP ROGXJXQX EHOLUWHOLP 3D\SROLQRPXQ NDWVa , XaDa GZ GHNLSROLQRPODQQ ELU GL \W DQ ā HQNOHPPP VDJ WDUDILQGD JRQLOHQ NDWVD\LODUD E WDUDILQGDNL NDWVD\LWDULa]Uaa SD\GD SROLQRPXQ NDWVD\LODQ a GHQNOHPLQLQ VRO =aGGHQBNOHPW LOHWDPPK / VLVWHP LFLQ GHQNOHPLQGH YHULOHQ UUHaaHHaOBHaa 'LIHUDQVL HO G QNO 3 RJLX DQPFHOHPH WLH\D]UODELOLU ODQGPKU\LLQa GaaUOONOH GBHUHFBHGHQGLIHUDQVL\HO GHQN- HP RODUDN DG FD GHQNOaPLQGH +MZ QLQSaa\aDVā- aEQWaUN1DGGDUH RODQGULLUHYOOaULQLLFHULU $ \Q
ā UHFH HQ SRPRPGXU
,
=
2UQHN D!2LOF G\W
D\W [W GLIHUDQVL\HWGHQOFOHPLLOHWDUXPK NDUDUKEā / 7 , ā WHSNLVL aaGDNL JLELGLU
LU
VLVWHUP FOHDODKP GHQOGHPLQGHQIUHNDQV
ROXU YH\D HVGHJHU RODUDN
+8Z MZD
+ āZ < MZ - ;MZ
ROXU 'DKDVRQUD GHQNOHPLQLQ KHU LNL WDUDILQD )RXULHU GRQLOaLOPLOQLODVDJLGDNL LIDGH\L HOGH HWPHNLFLQX\JXODUQD\L HOHDODKP
%XQXQ2PHN LQVRQXFXLOHaā- aXQOPDVGāB LLPLLROGXJXQX JRULLUX] %XGZXPG H ā BGFQNOHUUXUXQH XW QLQ) RXULHUGRQLL DVVWHPLQ XQX WHSNLVL KW H© XW RODUDNNDEXOHGLOLU
)^DNG \W ` )^E \W ` N2
GW
N2
GN GW
UQHN6
'RJUXVDOKN R]HOOLJLQGHQ GHQNOHUQLEX8 KDOHJHOLU G G\GW \^ W G[W [ GW ,
DY^GN LD2
\W ` ,E)^G [LW ` GW
N2
GW
GLIHUDQVL\HOGHQOFOHPL LOH WDPPO NDUDUK ELLU / 7,VLVWHPXXHOHDODOWP ā UHSNLVL GHQOGHPLQGFQ IUHNDQV
6 LQ\DQHUYH6 LVWHaU 6 2LXP
6 XUHNOL=DPDQ)RRQHU'RRPLL
MZ IOZ MZ MZ
(OFE2OLOPGF HOH DKQG$- JLEL EXGXUXPGD OFW6PL NHVLU DOLP $ $ &$ P EHOLUOHQHFHN VDELOā OHU ROGXJX - X IRUPX DKU
8\JXQ GLLUWLL WHSNLVLQL EFOLUOFPHN LaLQ +LZ QLQ WHUV )RXULHU GRQaXPD IR QDN KaL\DFQL] UG %X FN E2OLLPGF GFOD\K RODPN DQODKODQ YH 2PHN GD NXOODPODQ , HVLU DP
MZaa
/ Z ,@
MZ 8Z MZ
%X EROLLPGH VLLUHNOL ]DPDQOW VLQ\DOOHU LFLQ )RXULHU GQLLLLPLL JRVWHULPLQL JHOLWLUGLN YH EX GQLLLLPLL FRN NXOODUX/W \DSDQ EaN R]HOOLJLQL LQFHOHGLN 2]HOOLNOH SHUL\RGX LVWHJH EDJO RODUDN ELL\LL\HQ ELUDSHUL\RGLN VLQ\DOL SHUL\RGLN ELU VLQ\DOLQ OLPLWL RODUDN HOH DODUDN %ROLLP GH SHUL\RGLN VLQ\DOOHU LaLQJHOLWLULOHQ )RXULHUGL]LVL JRVWHULPLQGHQ DSHUL\RGLN VLQ\DOOHU LaLQ )RXULHU GL]LVL JRVWHULPLQL HOGH HQLN $\QFD SHUL\RGLN VLQ \DOOHU SHUL\RGLN VLQ\DOLQ KDQQRQLN IUHNDQVODQQGD VDSWDQDQ YH X\JXQ )RXULHU GL]LVL NDWVD\GDQQD RUDQO- DODQD VDKLS GLLUWLL NDWDUODQQGDQ ROXa )RXULHU GRQLLLLPOHUL NXOOD PODUDN LIDGHHGLOHELOLU )RXULHU GQLLLLPLL VLQ\DOOHULQ GRQLLaLLPOHULQGH QDVWO IDUNK R]HOOLNOHU \DQVQJP DQODWDQ aRN &&LWOL RQHPOL R]HOOLNOHUH VDKLSWLU YHEXEROLLPGH EXR]HOOLNOHULQ ELaJXQX HOGH HWWLN YH LQFHOHGLN %XQODQQ DUDVUQGDQ LNL WDQHVL VLQ\OOOHU YHVLVWHPOHU aDKaPDP] LFLQ EHOLUOL RQHPH VDKLSWLU %LULQFLVL NDQQFN LLVWHO VLQ\DOOHULQ R]LaOHY R]HOOLJLQLQ
6 LQ\DOOHUYH6 LVWHPOHU %2OLLP
6 XUHOGL=DPDQOW)RXQHU22Qa2PX
GRJUXGDQ ELUVRQXFX RODQ YHELU / 7 O VLVWHPLQ IUHNDQV WHSNLVL EDNLPPGDQ WDPUPQD QH GHQ RODQ HYULVLUQ R]HOOLJLGLU %X WDPUQ LOHUOH\HQ EROGUQOHUGH NDUVLODVPD\D GHYDP HGH FHJLPL] / 7 , VLVVHPOHULQ DQDOL]LQH IUHNDQV EROJHVL \DNODVUPLQGD WHPHO URW R\QDU )RXULHU GRQLLa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
3UREOHPOHULQ LON EROLLPLL WHPFO JUXED DLWWLU YH FHYDSODQ NLWDEP DUND NUVPPGD EXOXQPDNWDGWU . DODQ LL\EROLLP VUUDVL\OD WHPHO LOHUL YHLODYHEROLLPOHUGLU
& ( 9$ 3/ , 7( 0( / 35 2% / ( 0/( 5
$ DJGDNLOHULQ )RXULHU GRQLLLLPOHULQL KHVDSODPDN LFLQ )RXULHU GRQLLLLPLL DQDOL]GHQNOHPLQL NXOODPP] D Hā^!XW , E HLMLO
6
;MZ M; ^ MZ MH U0 QLQ M; MZ M ^ XZ XZ `
;MZ aZ U ROaXJX \HUGHWHUV)RXULHU GRQLLLLaLLQLL )RXULHUGRQILLLPLL VHQWH]GHQNOH PP aXOODQBP]&HYDEUP]L[W W\LQ WGHJHUOHULUXEHOLUOHPHN LFLQ NXOO [W QP ;2Z )RXQHU GQ KLaaaHLWHRaGaaWaOaW,aaa OIW Z OGZ
%OWLP
6 2UHNL= DPDQO)RXQHU'2QaLLPLL
6 LQ\DOOHUYH6 LVWHPOHU
W VFR
K2
E 6LVWHP DQDOL]LQGH RQHPOL ELU NDYUDP ELU / 7, VLVWHPLQ EDQWJHQLLJLGLU 6DQW JHQLLJLQL WDQPODPDN LFLQELUFRN IDUNK PDWHPDWLNVHO \R? YDUGLU DQ FDNEXQODU QLWHO YHVH]JLVHO ELU ILNLURODQ *MZ IUHNDQV LHSNLOL WHPHO ROD UDN JLZ QLQ \RN ROGXJX YH\D NLLLON ROGXJX Z GHJHUOHUL LFLQ aZ IRQQOX VLQ\DOOHUL GXUGXUDQ YH *MZ QLQ NLLLLNROPDGJ IUHNDQV EDQGPGD NDU PDVLN LLVWHOOHUL JH\LUHQ ELU VLVWHPOH LOLNLOLGLU %X EDQGP JHQLLJL EDQW JHQLLJLGLU %X ILNLUOHU %ROLLP GD GDKDDNDQ?DXODFDNWLU DQFDN LPGLOLN +MZ LFLQ RQFHGHQ EHOLUWLOHQ R]HOOLNOHUH VDKLS IUHNDQV WHSNLOL VLVWHPOHU LFLQ R]HO ELU EDQW JHQLLJL WDPPP HOH DODFDJ] 2]HOOLNOH ER\OH ELU VLVWHPLQ EDQL JHQLLJL %WDQXP +MZ DOWPGD NDODQ LOH&LODODQK +M2 \LLNVHNOL JLQH VDKLS GLNGRUWJHQLQ JHQLLJLGLU %X 6HNLO 3D GD JRVWHULOPLWLU +M2 PD[ MZ ROGXJXQGDQ &NLOGH EDQW LHULVLQGH JRVWHULOHQ IUHNDQV ODU +MZ QLQ HQ ELL\LLN ROGXJX IUHNDQVODU ROGXJXQD GLNNDW HGHOLP 6HNLO GHNLNHVLQ JHQLLN VHFLPL NHVLQOLNOH LVWHJH EDJKELUELQLU DQFDN ]DUQDQ YH IUHNDQV DUDVQGDFRN RQHPOL ELU LOLNL\L QHW&WLQQHPL]H YH IDUNK VLVWHPOHUL NDaODXQQDP]DRODQDN VDJOD\DQ ELU LDPP VH\WLN
V W KW ROGXJXQGDQ YHD\QFD 2 PD[ B VLPXP GHJLLP KL]W NRUXQXUNHQ UGR]HOKJPGHQ GROD\L , VW QLQ PDN
V DQ VFRD ā N ā PaGLU aX HNLO 3E GH JRVWHULOPL WLU JWPH JHUHNHQ ]D W+MZ`EDNQUXQGDQ ELU LIDGH EXOXQ] VO
aNOO 3E E
+MZ - O ?O?a:" O!:
?R
H` IUHNDQVWHSNLOLVLVWHPLQ EDQW JHQLLJL QHGLU" +- Z +2
O
2LNGUWJHQQDODQ +MR QLQDOEQGDNODODQ
F YH^G VH\HQHNOHULQLQ VRQXODQP U ROGXJXQX JRVWHUPHN LLR ELUOaWLULQL] , 3, HOGH BEDQW JRRLLJLQL EDJPV] a,DUDa aVWHPPaQBKHP DQa VLLUHVLQL a HPBL HJHU KW]K ELUVLVWHP LVWHUVHN NLL VUH\HBPH\a RBPHJLQ3O aPHVaKWSROPDVJHUHNWLJLQL DQODXU % ^ aXN Wa VVWHPP EX\LLN EDQW JHQLOL RQHPK WHPHOELULaWLU XE\2NVVWHP WDVDQPSUREOHPLQGH RN LWOL R] ODGWN YH LQFHOHGLN %XSaHPG HaaHQ YHBNRaODV\RQIRQNVL\RQODQP WDQO'O FHOH\HFHJL]B [^U`YH \W LNL JHaN VaQDQaEROJHVPGH EX JLEL IRQNVL\RQODQ LQ DSUD]NRUHODV\RQ IRQNVL\RQX aH WDQPOaa ā %X GXUXPGD [U YH\W` QLQ
3UREOHP YH GH
aNOO 3D D
H %ZEDQWJHQLLJL LFLQ+M EDNWPPGDQELULIDGHEXOXQX] G VW D VHHQHJLQGH GLL]HQOHQHQ VLVWHPLQ EDVDPDNWHSNLVLQL JRVWHUVLQ %LU VLVWHPLQ LHSNL KL]LQP RQHPOL ELU ROLLWLL EDQW JHQLOLJL JLEL QLWHO WDPUP RODQ aLWOL PLLPNLLQ PDWHPDWLNVHO WDPPODUD VHEHS RODQ NXOODQDFDNODQ UP]GDQ ELUL RODQ DUWVLLUHVLGLU 6H]JLVHO RODUDNELU VLVWHPLQ DUWVXUHVL EDVDPDN WHSNLVLQLQ VIUGDQVRQ GHJHULQH QH NDGDU K]K \LLNVHOGLJLQLQ ELU
%HQ]HUaHNLOGH W W [Wa`\U GU 3 < , YH W` \ WDQPO E7 QHVW VXDV\OD [^W YH \W VLQ\DOO D\D P] >EXQODQR VRQ LNL WD !MZ W!/ - Z ! M YH ,! aQPQ RWR NRUHODV\RQ IRQNVL\RQODQ GHQLU@ ) RXQHU ā GRQLLLLPOHULQL JRVWHUVLR M VUDV\OD ā QP W W FDW YH UW D` O!/ - Z !- DUDVPGDNL ā LOLNLQHGLU" ,! 8 LOH;MBYZ
E` ROLLWLLGLOU
VFR ?LUQVW
%X QHGHQOH GDKD NLLLLNDUXV VXUHVL VLVWHPLQ GDKD P]K WHSNL YHQQHVL GH PHNWLU %X SUREOHPGH HOHDKQDQ VLVWHP LFLQDUQVVLLUHVLQL 2\OHWDPPOD\D FDJ]
?? Oa,2
Z YH < LZ EDOR
F` O!D^MZ RLQ KH PPGDQ ELU LIDGHHOGHHGLRL] ā U :Oa,2 J&I\HNROGXPQ ā G` 'GL JHU\HN GHJHU?L GLLUWLL W NLOO H XaHQHJDWLI ROPDGJP JRVWHULQL] [W` Â E HS YH +MZ IUHNDQV WHSNLO QP JWIO ROGXJXQX YH \W` U / 7 O VLVWHPH
!MZ LOH O!ª8Z LaLQ!/ - Z YH Qa9 Za ROGXaX YDUVD\DOWP EDN8O8LOGDQWIDGHOHULEXOXQX]
6 LQ\DOHUYH6 LVWHPHU
LEL HKL H
X, D!2 / 7, VLVWHP H [, 6HNL 362 GH JVWHQOGJL JL VXQ Y,! ā Z \L a G VaHQHNOHUL GLLUWLL WHSNLVL ROVXQ !D-OY ,!^-, YH - , QLQVRQX?DQQL NXOODQDUDN KHVDSOD\P] I IRQNVL\RQXQXQ DDJGD )RXULHU GQLLLLPLLQLLQ YHULOGLJLQL YDUVD\DKP
-!MZ Z ā Kā LNL QHGHQVHO NDUDUK / 7 O \H HVLW RWR NRUHODV\RQ IRQNV\RQXQD VD aS QHGHQVHO NDUDUK VLVWHPLQ GLLUWLL WHSNLVLQL EXOXQX] %XQODUGDQ DQJVPP
WHUVL YDUGLU" [ W
aNOO3 2
O
NLOL LNL / 7 VLVWHPHOH DODKP YHEX VLVLHPOH $ \QFD VLVWHPOHULQ VLUDVL\OD +MZ D 6UDV\OD K, YHa GLOUWX WHS , ? ULQ ELUELULQLQ WFUVL RaGXJXQX YDUVD\DNaa H VDKLS ROGXJXQX NDEXO HGHOLP YH *MZ LOH JRVWHQOHQ IUHNDQV WHSB HQQ +MZ LOH *- Z DUDVPGDNLLOLVNL QHGLU"
^ E
+
+Z 2 DNVL KDOGH
WEaaaaaa
IUHNDQV WHSNLOL VLLUHNOL ]DPDQa?aa, a?āJLELROGXJXELU [, aL L aXVLVWFPH aaPNa HG "(O?HU PLLPNLLQVH[ \L KXOXQX] 'HJO UW EXOPDN PXP XQ PX XU H VH QHGHQLQL D/NOD\PL] " EXX]L D NOD\PL] PLGLU" &HYD S EO GH LL %X VLVWHP JHULGQLLWLLULLOHEKU ā N I V VDORQXQX HOH DODKP UR HP ā F < DQNL SUREOHPL RODQ ELU RQ HUDQ N WDUGDNL N GLLUWLLVLL N WDUROGWJ JLEL NRQaHUaV aDORQXQX Daaa WHSNLOL ELU/ 7 O VLVWHP \DQOD\D GHQN JHOHQELUGXUWWL NDWDQQ DQR- LW I NW Q N \DQNXXQ ]D\LI JLEL PRGHOOH\HELOLUL] %X R]HO GXUXPGD H D RaX DKUQ ODPDVXX LIDGH HWWLJLGLOUWLLWHSNLVLRLQ DDJGDNJLELROGXJXQX YDUVD\ K,
IHU N7
āR N DQNL HWNLVL ND\X FLKD]L LOH 6DKQHGHQ \LLNVHNNDOLWHOL ELU aD\W \DaDE?PHO RN HGLOaHOLGLU 3UREOHP DOJLODQDQ \DQNODU ED]L VaV āaOHPOHQ XaJXHLLQL FOHaOPDN LFLQ HYULVLPVHO WHN GH ER\OH ELU OHPFQP ELUWDVDUPRLQ U EOHPGH IUHNDQV EROJHVL P*RGMaO a JDaaXVWLN V LQ\DOOHUL LOHPHN QLNOHU NXOODQGLN IDUNK ELU2"NXOVOaNNO R]HOOLNOHULQL NXOODQDFDJ] ]H , H Z
aaaM
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aLLP HOHPDPQP WHSNL R]HOOLNOHULQGHQ GROD\ RPHJLQ WHU , PRPHWUH LLQGHNL FYD VFDNKN GHJLLPOHULQGH KHPHQ WHSNL YHUPH\HQ ELU / 7 VLVWHP JLEL PRGHOOHPHN PDQNKGU 2]HOOLNOH EX FLKDQ VFDNKNWD ELULP ED VDPDJD HSNVLQLQIL\OHROGXJXQX YDUVD\DKP VW
, HL XW
3,
D 2OLOPFLKD]PP ORW VDJODQGJPGDVYPP DQKN VFDNOJPD&LOELUN YHUHQ WHODIL HGLFL ELUVLVWHP WDVDUOD\P] E 7HUV VLVWHPOHULQ ROLLP FLKD]ODQ LLQ WHODIL HGLFL VLVWHPOHU RODUDN NXOODP PPGD RJXQOXNOD RUWD\D aNDQELU SUREOHP ROaLOPFLKD]PP JHUHN N FLKD]GDNL NLLLLN NDUDUV]IHQRPHQGHQ GROD\L KDWD YHULUVHJRVWHULOHQ VFDN KNWD 2,8ELOHQ ELL\LLNEDWDODUGU*HaHN VLVWHPOHUGH KHU]DUQDQ EXJLEL KD WDND\QDNODQ ROGXJXQGDQ EXQODU KHVDEDNDWOOUQDKGU %XQX DNODPDN LLQ WLLPa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
6 LQ\DOOHUYH6 LVWHPOHU
%2OXP
6 XUHNOL=DPDQK ) RRQHU2RRaXPX
L [OW H XW , X , ( VDVRO2PF OKD] , , B B , ,
2OFPHF LKD]PP /7OPRGHOO VW ā XW
- /W , , , , ,
WL [WUWL ^ H+a OWL 6, YH,6 W V, LVH /7,PRGHO ROaPFLKD]QLQ WHUVVVWHPO
LLL [WWL ^ H+a 2WL6, YH\D26 W 6, LVHYH\DKHULNLVL
DNVL KDOGH LY [^W WL 6HNL3 GH JRVWHULOGLJL JLELGLU
D
Y
U, QUX ,
0XNHPPHOROFXP FOKD] VW XW
H+Âa
, ,
! / -
DNVL KDOGH
[W .RPSDQVH VOVWHPO
WY
WDUDKDODQGD YH 2 GaQGD
aNOO3
E
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
Z]
; Z
UU - - [^WWL H
MROOZX G
GW
D %X FLIW HQWHJUDOLQ LNL DUGLVLN ELU ER\XWOX )RXULHU GRQLLLLPX RODUDNLONRQFH VDELW NDEXO HGLOHQ LOH GH YH GDKD VRQUD GH JHUFHNOHVWLULOHELOHFHJLQL JRVWHULQL]
E D VHFHQHJLQLQ VRQXFXQX WHUV GRQLLLLPX HOGH HWPHN LFLQ \DQL [W W LFLQ ;MZ- ZL EDNXUXQGDQ ELULIDGHHOGH HWPHN LFLQ NXOODPUX] F $VDJUGDNL VLQ\DOOHULQ LNLER\XWOX )RXULHU GRQXVXPOHULQL EHOLUOH\LQL]
aHNOO3
G ON ER\XWOX )RXULHU GRQXaXPX DVDJLGDNL JLEL RODQ [WUU VLQ\DOLQL EHOLUOH \LQL] ; MMZL
a RZL Z ?9,
H [WW YH KO VUUDVL\OD ;MZML YH+MZMZ LNL ER\XWOX )RXULHU GR QLLLLPOHULQH VDKLS LNL VLQ\DO ROVXQ $ VDJLGDNL VLQ\DOOHULQ ;MZMZ YH +MZM EDNLPPGDQ GRQLLaXPOHULQL EHOLUOH\LQL] L [ 7UW 7 WL [DWEW LOO \W > [QQ KQQ GQGQ
%2OXUQ
$\QN=DPDQOL)RXQHUa
$ 3(5L< 2'L. 6L1< $ / / (5L1 *267(5L0L $ < 5,. =$ 0$ 1/ , )285,(5 '218a808
$ < 5,. =$ 0$ 1/ , )285,(5
%LLa GH >GHQNOHa YH 6aNLO @ ELU VLLUHNOL ]DPDQOW NDUH GDOJD LFLQ )RXQHU GV NDa\OODQQP ELU ]DUI IRQNVL\RQX RPHNOHUL RODUDN HOHDOWQDELOHFHJLQL YH aDUHBGDOaDQP aQ\aX DUWXNFD EX RPHNOHULQ GDKD L\L RUQHNOHQGLJLP JRUGLLN %X RaHOOa ELU āSHQ\RGN VP\a, [\ \L LON RQFH ELU SHUL\RWWD [W \H HVLW RODQ ELU SHUL\R GLN VP\DO [W ROXVWXUDUDN LIDGH HWPH\L RQHULU 'DKD VRQUD EXSHUL\RW VRQVX]D \DNOD VLUNHQ LW GDKD JHQLV ]DPDQ DUDKNODQQGD [W \H HVLWXU YH LW LFP )RXULHU GL]LVL JRVWFULPL W L"LQ aRXQHU aaQLLLLPa JRVWHULPPH \DNPVDU %X EROLLPGH D\QN ]D PDQOW DaHQ\RGN VP\DOOFU UHP )RXQHU GRQLLLLPLL JRVWHULPL JHOLVWLUPHN LFLQ D\QN ]DPDQKVP\DOOHUH EHQ]HU ELU\RQWHP X\JXOD\DFDJ] 6LPUK VLLUHOL ELU[>Q- JHQHO GL]UVLQL GLLLLQHOLP < DQW ED]L 1 YH1 WDPVD\OODQ a B1B 6 Q 61 BDUDOaJPBP GLVPGD [>Q- 2 GU %XWLS ELUVLQ\DO 6HNL, OD GD JRV WHULOPLVWLU %X DSHaaRFKa VLQ\DOGHQ 6HNLO OE GH JRVWHULOGLJL JLEL [>- LQ ELU SHUL \RWROGXJXGXUXP UHP ELU L>Q- SHUL\RGLN GL]LVL ROXWXUDELOLUL] 1SHUL\RGXQX GDKD ELL\LLN VHULJ] VLLUHFH L>Q- GDKD X]XQ ELU DUDKNWD [>Q@ H HVLWWLUYH 1RR LNHQ KHU VPLUK QGHJHQLFLQ L>Q- D[>- ROXU
'218a808
$ \ULN =DPDQK) RXULHU 'RQXaXPX*HOOaOPO
*L5La
6LPaL L>- LQ )RXULHU GL]LVL JRVWHULPLQL LQFHOH\HOLP 2]HOOLNOH YH GHQNOHPOHQQGHQ VXQODUD VDKLEL] %ROLLP GH VLLUHNOL ]DPDQK )RXULHU GQLLLLPLLQLL DQODWQN YHVLLUHNOL ]DPDQOW VLQ\DOOHUYHVLVWHPOHU R]HOOLNOHULQLQ DQODVLOPDVPGD YHDQDOL]LQGH )RXULHU DQDOL]L \RQ WHPOHULQL FRNRQHPOL \DSDQ EXGQLLLLPLLQ R]HOOLNOHULQLQ ELUFRJXQXJHOLVWLUGLN %XER OLLUQGHD\QN ]DPDQK )RXULHU GQLLLLPLLQLL WDPVQUDUDN YHLQFHOH\HUHN )RXULHUDQDOL]L WHPHO DUDFODQ JHOLVLUQLQL WDUQDPOD\DFDJL] %ROXP GH )RXULHU GL]LVL WDUWUVPDPL]GD VLLUHNOL ]DPDQK VLQ\DOOHU LOH D\QN ]D PDQOW VLQ\DOOHULQ DQDOL]L DUDVPGD ELUHRN EHQ]HUOLN YH JLLUOLL EDJODQXODU ROGXJXQX JRU GLLN $ QFDN D\UX ]DPDQGD RQHPOL IDUNOWOWNODUGD EXOXQPDNWDGLU 2PHJLQ %GOXP GD JRUGLLJLLPLL] JLEL D\QN ]DUQDQK ELU SHUL\RGLN VLQ\DOLQ JRVWHULUQL VLLUHNOL ]D PDQK SHUL\RGLN VLQ\DOOHULQ JRVWHULPL LFLQ VRQVX] GL]L JHUHNPHVLQLQ DNVLQH ELU VRQOX GL]LGLU %X EROXPGH JRUHFHJLUQL] JLEL VLLUHNOL ]DPDQOW YHD\QN ]DPDQK )RXULHU GQLL VXPOHULQGH WHNDELLO HGHQ IDUNKOWNODU PHYFXWWXU %XEROXPXQ JHUL NDODQPGD WHPHO RODUDN EROXP GH NXOODPODQ LOH D\P VWUDWHML \L L]OH\HUHN VLLUHNOL ]DPDQK YH D\QN ]DPDQOW )RXULHU DQDOL]L DUDVPGDNL EHQ]HUOLNOHU GHQ \DUDUODQDFDJL] 2]HOOLNOH D\QN ]DPDQOW DSHUL\RGLN VLQ\DOOHU LFLQ ELU )RXULHU G QLLLLPLL JRVWHULPL JHOLVWLUPHN LFLQ )RXULHU GL]LVL WDQQUXUX JHQLVOHWPHNOH EDVOD\DFDJL] YH D\QN ]DPDQOW )RXULHU GQLLLLPLL R]HOOLNOHULQLQ EROLLP GH YHULOHQH SDUDOHO RODQ DQDOL]L LOH GHYDP HGHFHJL] %XQX \DSDUDN VDGHFH D\QN YHVLLUHNOL ]DPDQOPP KHU LNL VLQGH RUWDN RODQ )RXULHU DQDOL]L WHPHO NDYUDUQODQ DQOD\UVXP]L DUXUPDNOD NDOPD\LS D\P ]DPDQGD KHU LNLVLQLQ EHOLUJLQ R]HOOLNOHULQL DQOD\LVXP]L GHULQOHVWLUPHN LL]HUH IDUN ODQUX NDUVLODVXUDFDJUH
/Da !
L>Q@
,<
DL ,
/L>Q- HāWF1
11O OIQ-
aUOUUOOOL DW
,Q
IUUWWOOOOL IUUU-PU UOOOP8,,8W
%2OXP
2PHOGHPH
VLQ\DOL a,8WXQQa YHVRQUD VLOUHNOL ]DPDQD JHUL FHYLUPHN LFLQNX- ODQ %LUVRQUDNL WDUQVUQDGD RPHNOHPH NDYUDPLP YF ELU Fā OIO QHNOHPOHUPGaQ JHUL FDWOPD\ RJUHWHFHJL] YHJHOLWLUHFHJL] VLH W ]DPDQ VP\DOP Ra UHNK ]DPDQ VP\DOLQLQ RPHNOHPOFUGHQ WDPRO XODUWPaGD KaP ELUVX WaPPOD\DFDJ] KHP GH E- NRVXOODU VDJODQPaaaaQ ROaXUX- DE-HFHaNRVXOODQ J] %XQX WDNLEHQ RPHN- HPOHU YDVXDV , N a& VBRQXF DQ PFHOF\HFH UaaOL aPDQ VLQ\DLOHULQLQ ,VOHUQOHULQL LQaJLa a OH aOHQ aHaHaaaaPHVLQL YH DODNDK 2ODQ RQGDKNODPD YH DUD GHJHUOFPH NDaUQa
5 1( . / ( 0( /
W
*HQHOOLNOH HN ELOJL YH\D NRVXOOD NO ,, G RPHN- HPOH EL QQ \R XJXQ D ELU VP\DKQ D\UX VHNLOGH \HU&WLULOHQ QQP LU VLUDVU WDUDILQGDQ WHN RODUDN EHOLUWLOHE ā J JLQ 6HNL, ā , GH UQLQ WDUQVD\L NDWODQQGD ELUH\VHO GHJHUOHa aLaaaWaā 2UQH
*L5 L
[ N7 [OF7 [- N7 %HOLUOL VDUWODU DOXQGD ELU VLOUHNOL ]DPDQ VLQ\DOL ]DPDQGD D\P VHNLOGH \HU DODQ QRNWD ODUGD WDP RODUDN JRVWHULOHELOLU YH GHJHUOHUL YH\D LLPFNOHPOHULRXL ELOJLVLQGHQ GLO]HOWL OHELOLU %X ELU GHUHFH\H NDGDU VDVLUXF R]HOOLN RUQHNOHPHWHRUHPLRODUDN LIDGH HGLOHQ WHPHO ELU VRQXFX WDNLS HGHU %X WHRUHP DVP GHUHFHGH RQHPOL YH \DUDUKGUU %X RPH JLQ ELUH\VHO FHUFHYHOHULQ VLUDVLP LFHUHQ YF KHU ELUL VLOUHNOL RODUDN GHJLVHQ ELU PDQ]D UDQP DQKN JRULOQWLOVLLQLO\DQL ]DUQDQGD ELU RUQHNOHUQ VXQDQ KDUHNHWOL UHVLPOHUGH NXO ODUXKU %X RUQFNOHPOHU \HWHULQFH KL]K ELU RUDQGD VUUD\OD JRVWHULOGLJLQGH RULMLQDO VLLā UHNOL KDUHNHW HGHQ UQDQ]DUDQP WDP ELU JRVWHULPLQL DOJLODQ] 'LJHU ELU RUQHN RODUDN EDVLODQ UHVLPOHU WLSLN RODUDN KHU ELUL UHVLPGH JRVWHULOHQ X]D\VDO RODUDN GHYDP HGHQ ELU RUQHNOHPH NDUVLOLN JHOHQ QRNWDODQQ FRN JLO]HO ELU L]JDUDVPGDQ ROXVXU (JHU RPHNā OHPOHU ELUELUOHULQH \HWHULQFH \DNLQVD RPHNOHPOHU FLQVLQGHQ JFVWHULPLQLQ ELL\LLWHF D- QQGDDFLN KDOH JHOPHVLQH UDJPHQ UHVLP X]D\VDO RODUDN VXUHNOL JR]XNXU 2PHNOHPH WHRUHPLQLQ RQHPLQLQ ELU NLVUP VLLUHNOL ]DPDQ VLQ\DOOHUL YH D\QN ]DPDQ VLQ\DOOHUL DUDVPGDNL ELU NRSULO UROLLQGH \DWDU %X EROXPGH JRUHFHJLPL] JLEL EH OLUOL VDUWODU DOWPGD ELU VLOUHNOL ]DPDQ VLQ\DOLQLQ RPHNOHPOHULQLQ ELU VLUDVPGDQ GLL]HOWLā OHELOHFHJL JHUFFJ@ ELU VLLUHNOL ]DUQDQ VLQ\DOLQLQ ELU D\QN ]DPDQ VLQ\DOL DUDFLKJU\OD JRVWHULOPHVL LFLQ ELU PHNDQL]PD VDJODU %XGLMLWDO WHNQRORMLQLQ JHFHQ ELUNDF RQ \WO,-R \XQFD NL SDKDK ROPD\DQ KDILI SURJUDPODQDELOLU YH NROD\FD LOUHWLOHELOLU D\QN ]DPDQ VLVWHPOHUL\OH VRQXFODQDQ GUDPDWLN JHOLVLPL \LO]LOQGHQGLU 2PHNOHPH NDYUDUP GDK VRQUD VXUHNOL ]DPD VLVWHPOHULQL WDPDPODPDN YH VLLUHNOL ]DPDQ VLQ\DOOHULQL JHFLQQHN LFLQ D\QN ]DUQDQ VLVWHPL WHNQRORMLVLQLQ NXOODQUOPDVL LFLQ DVP GHUHFHGH FHNLFL RODQ YH \D\JP RODUDN NXOODPODQ ELU PHWRW RQHULU 2PHNOHPH\L ELU VLLUHNOL ]DPDQ VLQ\DOLQ D\QN ]DPDQ VLQ\DOLQF GRQLOaWXQQHN D\QN ]DPDQ VLVWHPL NXOODQDUDN D\QN ]DPDQ
RODQ LLFIDUNK VLLUHNOL ]DPDQ VLQ\D- LQL UHVLPOHDGLUGLN
aL
aaaX]Ea\EGDWOVLQ\DO RPHNOHPOaULQ YHULOHQ EOU NLOPHVLQL ROXVWXUDELOLU a DQ D VPLUK\VD ā\DUX HaHU )RXULH G a VRQVX] ELUNXDJ GLVPGD VLIL U RQXVXPX IUHNDQVODQQ YH HaHU RPHN- HPOFU VLQ\DOGH EXOXQDQ HQ \LLNVHN IUH NDQVOD LOJLOL RODUDN ELUEL , UHQQH \HUHUPFH \DNP DKUXUXODUVD NO PO RODUDN EHOLUWLUOHU YH EL] RQX NXVXUVX] ELU NOG RPH H HU aP\D- WHN WHRUHPL RODUDN ELOLQHQ E a H \HUXGHQ ROXWXUDEKQ] 2PHNOHPH ODQQGD G E XVRaXa VP\D YHVVWHP DQDOL]L PHURWODQUXQ SUDWLN X\JXODPD
HQQ WU RQHPH VDKSOOU
XVD
B 7
ā7
7,
2
, 7
, ,
7 7 aNOO UQQWDPVD\ NDWODQGDELUH\VHOGHOHUHVDKOSRODQa VWLUHOGL ]DPDQVLQ\DIL
6 LQ\DOOHUYH6 LVWHPOHU %RKLP
2PHNOHPH
'LLUWLL. DWDU 2UQHNOHPHVO ROGXJXQX JRULLULL] &DUSPD R]HOLJLQGHQ%ROLLP 2UQHNOHUQH WHRUHPLQL JHOLVWLUPHN LFLQ ELUVLLUHNOL ]DPDQ VLQ\DOL RUQHNOHPHVLQL GLL]HQOL DUDKNODUGD JRVWHUPHN LFLQ NXOODPVK ELU \ROD LKWL\DF GX\DQ] %XQX \DSPDPQ \DUDUK ELU \ROX RPHNOHPHN LFLQ LVWHGLJLUQL] [W VLLUHNOL ]DPDQ VLQ\DOL\OH FDUSLODQ SHUL\RGLN ELU GLLUWLL NDWDQ NXOODPOPDVLGLU 'LLUWLLNDWDQ RPHNLHPHVLRODUDN ELOLQHQ EX PHNDQL] PD 6HNLO GHEHOLUWLOPLVWLU SW SHUL\RGLN GLLUWLLNDWDQ RPHNOHPH IRQNVL\RQX 7SH UL\RGX RUQHNOHPH SHUL\RGX YHSW QLQ WHPHO IUHNDQVL ,OO U,7 RUQHNOHPH IUHNDQVL RODUDN LIDGHHGLOLU =DUQDQEROJHGH [SW [W SW
[8D-
; 8 382- G
a YH2UQHN GHQ U R2- ND 3M2-
/
W
7 ROGXJXQXELOL\RUX] 'LLUWLLOLL HYQVLP ELU VLQ\DOL NROD\FD ; MD RZ ; MZ @EXQX WDNLEHQ
LNHQ
GHJLWLUHELOGLJLQGHQ
>\DQL
SW ` Q7
/; 8ZND UDB
; M2-
6ROXP - GH WDUXVUODQ ELULPWHSNLQLQ RUQHNOHPH R]HOOLJLQGHQ GROD\L [W QLQ ELUEL ULP WHSNL\OH FDUSWOUQDVLPQ VLQ\DOLQ GLLUWLLQLLQ \HUOHVWLJ QRNWDGDNL GHJHULQL RUQHNOHGO JLQL ELOL\RUX]\DQL [` [W RWW %XQX GHQNOHP H X\JXODUVDN 6HNLO GH JRVWHULOGLJL JLEL [ QLQ 7\OH \HUOHVWLULOHQ DUDKNODUGDNL [W RUQHNOHPOHULQH HVLWGLLUWLLOHULQ JHQOLNOHULQH VDKLS ELUGLLUWLLNDWDQ ROGXJXQX YHEXQXQ
© W
I[Q7 E WQ7
aX ; Ma HNLO - WH UHVLPOHQGLULOHQ OIU\OH RWFHNOHQGWULWHQ ; 8Z QLQ GHJLVWLULOHQ RPHNOHPPP LLVW GLLLLPLLQLL LFHUHQ D QXQ SHUL\RGLN ELU IRQNVL\RQXGXU 6HNLO - a GH ,OO aDD YH\D D\P VHNLOGH DL !W9 YH ER\OHFH ;8DL QLQ GHJLWLUL OHQRUQHNOHPOHQ DUDVPGD KLFELU RUWLLaPH \RNWXU HNLO - G GH DL DL \OH UWLLPH YDUGLU6HNLO - F GH UHVLPOHQGLULOHQ GXUXP LFLQ ; 8!VDGN RODUDN RUQHNOHPH IUH aQVPP WDPVD\L NDW- DQQGD \HQLGHQ ROXaWXUXOPXaWXU'ROD\V\OD ! LVH [W 6H WH EHOLUWLOGLJL JLEL 7 ND]DQFK YH D! GHQ ELL\LLN YH D! Z GHQ NLLULLN RODQ EaUNHVLP IUHNDQVPD VDKLS ELU DOFDN JHFLUHQ VLL]Ja QL\HWL\OH[W GHQ WDP RODUDN \H
a
a
SW
QLGHQ ROXVWXUXODELOLU ; W a; SW
; LP
O
OL- 0
P
W'0
D
MUM
W
SWO
3MP
W W
W W W W
BW
I
W
W
W
W
P
a / / P āZ P
HWNLVO D RULMLQDO VLQ\DOLQ VSHNWā UXPX E RPHNOHPH IRQNVM\RQX
QXQVSHNWUXPX
aHNOO
E
P
aNLO =DPDQāO!2OJHGHNL RPHNOHPHQLQ IUHNDQVāEROJH\H
%2OLLP
2PHNOHPH
6 LQ\DOOHUYH6 LVWHUULHU
B S, ( Q7
; SLZ`
;L
;O I-
B? ? ,?/?? ? :0
2 '0
F
9 D
2-
'
Wa[W D
Z Z0O ; 2P
2 F
a
aHNOO F D! P āQ 2UQHNā OHQHQ VOQ\DOLQ VSHNWUXPX G Z Z IL 2PHNOHQHQ VLQ\DOLQV SHNWUXPX
X
E
'0
;L 2UQHNOHPH WHRUHUQL RODUDN LIDGH HGLOHQ EX WHPHO VRQXFDVDJLGDNL JLEL EHOLUWLOHELOLU
a- K 2UQHNOHPH7 HRUHPO [W -D- !Z LFLQ ; M, ,W ELUEDQW VPLUK VLQ\DO ROVXQ ]DPDQ M
ā,OOV
2,0
W'0
2,
F
!
OO
LNHQ
+22L U ,OO
7
W'0 2OH 2,0
7
LVH [W [Q Q ,a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
, āW'F
W'F
W'
G
aNLO %LU VXUHOGL ]DPDQ VLQ\DOLQLQ LGHDO ELU DaN JaUHQ VLL]a NXOODQDUDN RPHNOHPOHULQGHQ WDP RODUDN GX]HOWLOPHVL D 2PHOGHPH YH JHUL aKOPD aLQ VL6 WHP E a a RPHN VSHNWUXP F [ LLQ
[
a P0
2,0
2,
NDaGWN JHOHQ VSHNWUXP FO ; 8P GHQ ;8Z GLL]HOWPHN aQ LGHDO aN 4HUHQ VR]a H ;8O QLQVSHNWUXPX
H
QFPOL YH GLO]HQOL RPHNOHPH WHRUHPL PDWHPDWLN HGHEL\DXQGD\OOQQDELUHRN VHNLOGHPHYFXXX2UQHJLQ - 0 :KLWWDNHU$ UDGHJFUOFPFOL )RQNVL\RQ 7FRULVL1HZ < RUN6WHFKFU+DIQFU 6HUYLFH $ JFQF\ EROLLP H EDNā P]*LLULOOW29 RUOLJDQGD+DEFUOaPH3URFHFWLJ RIWKH ,5(2FDNSS, LVPL\OH NODVLNUDSRUXQ 6KDQQRQ URIUQGDQ GD EDVLOPDVPD NDGDUKDEHUOHVPHWHRULVLQLQFGHEL\DXQGDāaNRODURNJ2]LONPFPLaWL2\VD GF+ 1\TXLVWYHO GD'*DERU)RXULHU6HULOFULQLQNXOODUXOPDVPDGD\DQDUDN7:QXPDUDODQQP 7V2UFVLQLQYH:HQ IUHNDQVPPELUIRQNVL\RQXQXJRVWHUPFNLFLQ\FWHUOLROGXJXQXYHUJXODGUODU 1\TXLVWK]P ELU\DQVPD NDaOUNJHOHQ 0 IUFNDQVJHQHOOLNOH1\TLVWIUHNDQV RODUQNLIDGFFGLOLU
UNVFN
%GOLLP GD WDUQVUOGLJ JLEL LGHDO VLO]JHFOHU JHQHOOLNOH ELUFRN QHGHQOH X\JXODPDGD NXOODUXOPD]ODU +HU SUDWLN X\JXODPDGD 6HNL WHNL LGHDO D] JHFLUHQ VX]JHFLOJLOL SUREOHPaH La LVWHQLOHQ IUHNDQV RaHOOLJLQH WDP \HWHULQFH \DNODVDQW\DQL ODLL UR Q+8P W YH , ^- P+8Z- 2 +84 ! LGHDO ROPD\DQ VLL]JHFL\OH \HU GHJLVWLUHFHNWLU%HOOL NL DOFDN JHFLUHQ VX]JHFOHPH HYUHVLQGHNL ER\OH KHU \DNODVXQ
OFY!
6 LQ\DOOHU YH 6OVWHPLHU
%2OLLP
2PHOOHPH
6HNLO WHNL [W` YH [ DUDVPGDYH\D D\P VHNLOGH ;8! YH ; - HLO DUDVPGD ELU FHOLVNL\H \RO JRVWHUHFHNWLUOGHDO ROPD\DQ VX]JHFLQ EHOLUOL VHFLUQLGDKD VRQUD G2a2Q4 OHQ X\JXODPD LLQ ER]XOXPXQ NDEXO FGLOHELOLU VHYL\HVL WDUDIPGDQ GLNWH HGLOUQLVWLU . R OD\KN LFLQ YHRUQHNOHPH WHRUHPL JLEL WHPHO LONHOHUL YXUJXODPDN LFLQ EX YHVRQUDNL E2,8POHUER\XQFD X\JXODPDGD ER\OH ELU VX]JHFLQ HOLPL]GHNL SUREOHP LFLQ LGHDO 2]HO OLNOHUH WDP RODUDN \HWFULQFH \DNODVPDVL LFLQ WDVDUODQDQ LGHDO ROPD\DQ ELU VX]JHFOH \HU GHJLVWLUPHVL JHUHNWLJ@DQOD\LVL\OD LGHDO VX]JHFOHULQ NXOODPQX YH HOYHULLOLJLQLG]HQOL RODUDN YDUVD\DFDJL]
S, KR,
; ,
EB a
[W
; R,
2
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© 2\VD EXGXUXPGD LVWHQLOHQ VX]JHF JHFLUPH NXVDJPGD DUXN VDELW ND]DQ FD VDKLS GHJLOGLU OVWHQLOHQ VX]JHF 2]HOOLNOHULQL JHOLVWLUPFN LFLQ RQFHOONOH VLIPQFU GHUHFHGHQ WXWXQPDPQ [ FLNXVLPQ NXUDOGD 6HNLO GD JRVWHULOGLJL JLEL GLNGHUW JHQVHO ELU GLOUWLLWHSNLVLQH VDKLS ELU /7 O VLVWHPL\OH WDNLS HGLOHQ GDUUDNDWDQ 2PHNOHUQH VL\OH ROXVWXUXODELOHFHJLQH GLNNDW HGHUL] [ GHQ [W \L JHUL FDWPDN LFLQ GLOUW2
7 ,
[,
WHSNLOL YH +M- IUHNDQV WHSNLOL ELU / 7, VLVWHPL\OH ; R^W LVOHPLQL G8QLLU]%X VLV WHPLQ HNLO GDNL VLVWHPOH VHUL EDJODQPDVL +Mª \L EHOLUWPHN LVWHGLJLPL]GH UW` [W LNHQ 6HNLO GH JRVWFULOPLVWLU6HNLO GHNL VLVWHPL 6HNLO WHNL VLVWHPOH
; RO
NL\DVODGUJPX]GD HJHU K! YH ?W P VHUL EDJODQUQD ELUOHVLPL 6HNLO WH NXOODPODQ LGHDO DOFDN JHFLUHQ +M- V2]JHFL\VH UW` [W`ROGXJXQX JRULLU2]2PHN WHQ YH %R 8P GHNL ]DPDQND\GLUPD R]HOOLJLQGHQ + - - H 7>VLQ- 7 @ - ROGXJXQGDQ EXJWGDNL &LWOLJL JHUHNWLULU HU+8Z +R- 2- VLQ2-7
a
/ -
[W
6 IDQQR
POD
SW
, +8P , ,
,
; SW ,, [W
a 2LNGF OJHQVHWEUUGLLUWLLWHSOM EHW /7, VLVWHPL\OH WDNLS HGLOHQ GLLUWL-NDWDQ 2PHNOHPHVO RODUDN VWIQQFGHUHFHGHQ
, , ,
IOR W
E
; RW
K
,,
+MD
W
,
UW
/ a
;R
7W
GHUHFHGHQ
WXWXQXP
, ,
,
aNOO 6 KQQFGHHFHGHQELU0XUYQDGDQID\GDODQPDPQPHNOHPHVL aNOO < HQWGHQaWXUXODQ EUUV2]a VWIUQOO&+OHWHFHGHQEHWWXWXQPDQa WHO6,:OO VHQa- DQPDV
6 LQ\DOOHUYH6 LVWHPOHU
,
2PHNOHPH
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
WI
O
%ROLLP
+
ROGXJXQGD YH\DGHQNOHP OH YHULOHQ [U \OH [^,
aHNOO < HQOGHQROXaWXUXODQELUV2]JaHVKQQFā GHUHFHGHQELUWXWXQPDQLQNXZHOYHID]
I[7 7
,
2PHJLQ ,`
, \H HVLW RODQ IM,` NHVLP IUHaDQBV\OD aaILaPGHUHFHGHQ ELBU WXaQ UQD\L WDNLS HGHQ \HQLGHQ ROXVWXUXODQ VX]JHF LFLQ LGHDO EX\XNOXN YH ID] 6HNLO GH
JRVWHULOHQGLU NL ā N I UN %LU NH] GDKD X\JXODPDGD GHQNOHP GHN IUHNDQV WHS V WDa R DUD D HGLOHPH] YH ER\OHFH RQD \HWHUOL ELU \DNOaVP WDVDUaDQaDKGU$ VKaGD aBU\RN GXUXP GD VLIPQFUGHUHFHGHQ WXWXQPDPQ NXVLODYaWHQ KLFELU DOFDN JHaUaaaXaJHFOHPHRO PDGDQ RULMLQDO VLQ\DOLQ NHQGLVLQH \DSLODQ ELU \DNODVLP RODUDN GXVXQXBXU aa aDVP GDRUQHNOHUQGHJHUOHUL DUDVPGD NXVNXVX] FRNNDED ROPDVaD UDJPHQ PXPNa ELU DUD GHJHUOHPH JRVWHULU$ OWHPDWLI RODUDNED]L X\JXODPDODUGDRPHaOHa aHJHUOHa DaVPaD GDKD GLL]JLLQ DUD GHJHUOHPHOHU \D]PDN LVWH\HELOLUL]%LU VRQUDNL EROXPGHELU VXa\DKQ RUQHNOHPOHULQGHQ \HQLGHQ ROXVWXUXOUQDVWUXQ \RUXPODQUQDVPP JHQHO NDYUDUPUXELU DUD GHJHUOHPH LVOHPLRODUDN GDKD D\QQWLK ELUVHNLOGHDUDVQUDFDJL]
%L5 6L1< $/ L1 $ 5 $'( *(5/ ( 0( . 8/ $1$ 5 $. 25 1( ./( 0/ ( 5 L1'(1 < (1L'(1 2/ 87 85 8/ 0$6, $ UDGHJHUOHUQH ELU VLLUHNOL ]DPDQ VLQ\DOLQLQ RPHNOHPH GHJHUOHUL NLLPHVLQBHNXUXOPDVL ELU IRQNVL\RQX RUQHNOHPOHULQGHQ \DNODVLN RBODUDN aH\a WDP RODUDN \HPGHQB ROaaaU PDN LFLQ \D\JP RODUDN NXOODPODQ ELU LVOHUQGLU %DVW ELU DUD GHaHUOHPH VOaP aRO , GHWDUQVLODQ VLIPQFLGHUHFHGHQ WXWXQUQDGLU $ UD GHJHUOHPHQLQ \DaBDUKBGaHU"U ,L 6HNLO GD UHVLPOHQGLULOGLJL JLEL NRPVX RUQHNOHP QRNWDODQQP GX] ELUFL]JL\OH aHNLO2PHNOHP QRNWDODUUDUDVLQGDNLGRJUXVDODUD aHUWHPH .HVLNOL HJUL RULMLQDOVLQ\DOLYH WDP HJQGH GRJUXVDODUDGHJHUOHPH\LJ2VOHUL\RU
'HQNOHP [Q RUQHNOHUQ QRNWDODQ DUDVPGD VLLUHNOL ELU HJULQLQ QDVLO ROXVWXUXOD FDJLUX WDPPODU YH GROD\UVL\OD ELU DUD GHJHUOHUQH IRUUQLLOLL JRVWHULU 6HNLO WHNL +MZ LGHDODOFDN JHFLUHQVLL]JH\ LFLQ KW Z7VLQOW, &:
ER\OHFH ; ,
a 7 Z7VLQZW7 /;,, ā
UU
ZW7
,,
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
%OXLQ
2PHNOHPH
6 OQ\DOOHUYH6 LVWHPWH
aā D
B
aW
B
E
aNOO 6 LQH ORQNVO\RQXQX NXQDQDUDN
\DSLODQ ,GHDO EDQWāVPUW DUD GH HUWHPH D EDQOāVPUW VLQ\DO [W E [W QOQ 2PHOOHPOHULQOQG2UW2NDWDQDUD GHUW PH^GHQNOHP F
,+-,' ,
E
,GHDO DUD GaHUOHQGOUPH
V2]JHFO VILQQR GHUHFHGHQ
āOV
aNOO 6 WPQFOHUHFHGHQ WXWXQPD YH LGHDO DUDGH HUWHPH V2]JHFL UDNWDQP IRQNVO\RQX
,'V 2 2OD ,' 7 6 NLO G WXWXQPDQWQED]LGXUXPā IPQFGHUHFHGHQ +HP6HNLO ,O GHQKHPGH H ā DQ V ,G J āā āā]PHJLQ ODUGD\HWHUOLaOPDVPD UDJPHQ FRNNDEDWDVBODNEL\DNODaOPRGDXGRXaL aNOHQPLa ā 0 ā VLL]JHLOHPHYHQOHQELUX\JXDPD H LODYHHGLOHQDLFD[JHLLUaQ OHG NW %X HNLO GHNL UHVLPOHULQGX VHWLLPDUDGHJHUOH a\BJaKaWPH\HPH\GXW aaNOPHOL\DQLX]D\VDOGDUGLLUWLLOLL UXUQXQGDUHVLPOHaGaOPaW7HNO aDL V NLO D \D LNL ER\XWOXELU VLIPQFW RUQHNOHPH UHVUUX JRVWHQ\R6HaOWNL HO aN HNOHQUQHVLQLQELUVRQXFXGXU GHUHFHGHQWXWXQUQDQPPR]DWNELUH \HVRQXFDQ
a
FO HNLO D '2UWLO 2PHNOHPHWLaNLO D YH J QLQRULMLQDO UHVLPOHOL E D GDOG UHVUQOHIH X\JXODQDQ VGPQFGHUHFHGHQWXO?- QPD * VHO VLVOHPX]DOGOOGDD]D- DQ ELUN6 OIIOIUHNDQVPDVDKLS DN DNa VX]JHFOHPH\L GR2DO RODUDNRUWD\DaNDQ\RU\OHFHELUX]DNOONā ,,aLQGHa ^E< GHPR]D-GHOFO6 8O HNVL=OOFOHIa F D YH E GHNXOODQLODQ EOUG2U4 QF2 \DWD\YH GNH\ a GL-IWLLPHOGHPHVOQFOHQ VRQUD VUKQQDGHUHFHGHQ EOUWXWPDQ X\JXOD0ODVPQ VRQXFX
6 OQ\DOOHU YH6 OVWHPOH
%XQXQOD ELUOLNWH LQVDQL JRUVH VLVWHP DOFDN JHFLUHQ VX]JHFOHPH\L GRJDO RODUDN HWNLOHU aH GROD\UVU\OD ELU PHVDIHGH JRULLOGLLaLLQGH PR]DLNWHNL VLLUHNVL]OLNOHU GLL]JLLQOHa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aWLULOHQ DNWDQP IRQNVL\RQX GD D\QFD VHNLOGH JRVWHULOUQLaWLU YHaR\OFGU
@
+M- a>VLQZ7 7 -
[,
āa a
a
G
+8 7
OGXORD aOUPH 6 8- J© ,
0XUYQDYH,GHDODUDGHJHUOHPH V2]JHFLZL DNWDQP ORQNVL\RQX
ā
%LULQFLGHUHFFGFQ WXWXQPDQP DNWDQUQ IRQNVL\RQX LGHDO DUD GHJHUOHPH VLL]JHFL UHP DNWDQUQ IRQNVL\RQXQXQ LLVWLLQH NR\XODUDN JRVWHULOPLVWLU6HNLO 6HNLO E GHNLOHUOF D\P RODQ DPD RPHNOHQHQ UHVPHHNOFQHQ ELULQFLGHUHFHGHQ ELUWXWXQUQDK UHVPH NDUVLKN JFOLU %HQ]HU ELUVHNLOGH GDKD \LLNVHN GFUHFHOL GLL]JLLQOLONOHUH VDKLSJHULFD XOPDODU LLUHWHQ LNLQFLYH GDKD \LLNVHN GHUHFHGHQ FXFXQPDODU WDPPOD\DELOLUL] 2PHJLQ LNLQFLGHUHFHGHQ ELUWXWXQPDPQ FLNXVU VLLUHNOL FODQ YHVLLUHNOL ELUELULQFL WLLUHYH YHVLLUHNVL] ELULNLQFL WLOUHYHVDKLSRODQ RPHNOHP GFJHUOHULQLQ ELUDUDGHJHUOHUQHVLQL VDJODU
a
aNLO G PHIGHQHQV\DH X\JXODQDQ ELULQFLOHUHFHGHQ a H ELPFLGHUHFHGHQ
QXQOFDaOD- WPQDV
&! $ / a. +,='$ 25 1(. / ( 0( 1,18 .LVL 25 7 8a0( %X EROLLPGH ELU RQFHNL NUVLPGD RPHNO N QQP VDJODQDFDJ NDGDU U aH H DQVPPRPHNOHPH UFRUHPLQLQ NRVXOOD GLULOGLJL JLEL !O < IaHUaaNKNWHBROGaaX YDUVD\LKWKHNLO WH UHVLPOHQ RUDQXK NRS\DODPDVUX LWHULU YH EX RQHa,VLQ\D P VaaPX aa QLQ VSHNWUXPXQXQ ROaJXQGD [W QLQ VSHNWUXPX DUWLN [PODL H aHRUHPPP WHPHOLQL ROXVUXUXUPDZ "aUHQ VLL]JaOHBPH\OH GLL]HOWLOHELOLU GaLOGLRaDODQaD] YHEBX aHGHQOH DLN DOBLDN LFPH DODQ EX HWNLRUWLL- PH RODUDN LIDGH HGLOLU HP GDNL ELUH\VHO WHQPOHQ GH
SW
[W a; ,
aā
7 E K,
K 7
7
aNLO XJHQVHO WZ &OOL
WHSNLOL HYULLPOH L]OHQHQ FOLLUWX NDWDQPHN- HPHVL RODUDN GR? VDO DUD GH4HUWHPHELULQFL GHUHFHGHQ 0XQPD D 2PHNā OHPH YH JHQaWLOPD aQ VLVWHP EOPHNOHPOHULQGLLUWLLāNDWDQF ELULQFLOHUHFHGHQ ELU 0,- OO1 ,
7 F
JVWHUHQG2UW2WHSNLVL aNOO HOLO D YH E GHNO$LPODQELUāLLLQFX GHUHFHGHQELUWXWXUYQDGDQ]L\DGH ELQQFLOHUHFHGHQ B \DWD\ YHGLOH\ DUDKNODWODGXUW2HPHOGHPHVUOGHQ VRQUD VGIOOO&,
OXOXQPDQUQX\JXODOPDVQUQVRQXFX
UQHNOHPH
62LXP
6 LQ\D8HU YH6 LVWHPOHL
; MD
$FLN RODUDN HJHU 6HNLO WHNL VLVWHP ,OOD ,LELU VLVWHPH X\JXODUXUVD JHUL FDQODQ [ VLQ\DOL DUWLN [W \HHVLW ROPD\DFDNXU 2\VD 3UREOHP WH GH DUDVXQOGUJL JLEL RULMLQDO VLQ\DO YH EDQWVUPUK DUD GHJHUOHPHVL NXOODUQODUDN JHUL FDXODQ [W VLQ\DOL RU QHNOHPH DPQGD KHS HVLW RODFDNODUGX\DQLKHU ,OO VHFLPL LFLQ [Q7
[Q7
,,F
I
D
D!D! ROGXJXQGD [W YH [ DUDVPGDNL LOLVNL\L NDYUD\LV NL\DVOD GDKD EDVLO VLQLL ]RLGDO ELU VLQ\DO GXUXPXQXQ GDKD GHWD\K ELU VHNLOGHGLLVLLQLLOPHVL\OH VDJODPU%R\OH FH6HNL ,D GD EHOLUWLOGLJL JLEL ; - D )RXULHU GRQLLLLPLL\OH
[W FRV - W
,
ROVXQ%X VHNLOGH GDNL GLLUWLL\LL X\JXQOXN LFLQ D!R GHNLQGHQ JUDILNVHO RODUDN D\LU
GLN;- D RUQHNOHQHQVLQ\DOLQ VSHNWUXPXQX GLOLOQHOLP YH R]HOOLNOH \HUOHVWLULOHQ Z RUQHNOHPH IUFNDQVK IUHNDQVPGDNL GHJLVLPLQ HWNLVL LL]HULQGH \RJXQODVDKP 6HNLO D H GH QLQ ELUFRNGHJHUL LFLQ ; - D \L UHVLPOHQGLUGLN $ \QFD NHVLNOL YL] JL\OH EHOLUWLOHQ 6HNLO WHNL Z D! OL DOFDN JHFLUHQ VLL]JHFLQ JHFLUPH NXVDJW GUUDOR D!RWGXJXQGDQ G YH H GH EXOXQXUNHQE YH F GH RUWLLPHQLQ EXOXQPD GUJPDGLNNDW HGLQL] 'RUW GXUXPXQ KHU ELUL LFLQDOFDNJHFLUHQVX]JHFOHQHQ [ FLNX VLDVDJLGDNLOHU JLEL YHULOPLVWLU
, , ,
, ,
F
; ^
D
D!R aā [W &262- RO [W $OLDVLQJ
E
D [W
& 262- RO [W
,
,
H
DL
D
G
D-R
OOOR a
, ,
[W FRV- 2- R I [W
aPR *OVāOOOR G
- W ; &26- :R O ;W
D
a-DO \LLNVHN K]GD RPHWGHPH YH Da KaGD 2PHWGHPHQLOO OUHNDQVaNL H
ā ā 2OIOODO VLQXORLGDO ā D !! a 6O HNOQXRR E F
; SLOL
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
6LQ\D-LQ VSHNOUXUUR G H ª - L 2PHNOHQHQ VLQ\DOLQ VSHNWUXPX E a G \H KDUHNHWWH DUWPUVD- F NHVLNL aJ\OH a VROD ND\DLEQ OZLQ aJL\OH a GLLUWXWHU aD ND\DUG YH H GH EX
W
GLLUWXOHU,GHDOa aLUHQ V2]aULQa H
a,a
ED]OODQQQa
ELUaaā
OLNROPDVLQD< WHFHNNDGDKDUHNHW HOOLOHU
2QFHNL RPHNOHUGH ELU GHJLLNOLN RODUDN
[U FRVDY
2UMLQDO VLQ\DO
8,
Z & O
*HUL DW- ODQ VLQ\DO
PR a
\PHNOHU
ā
,
D
OO PR a
, , , ,
, ,
,
,
,
,
,
, , ,
- ,
, ,
,
,
,
U
? , ?
, ?
a , ,
,
, ,
,
,
, ,
, , ?
,
,
, a
,
a E
L aHNLO 2UWXaPHQLQ VLQ2]RLGDO ELUVLQ\DOH HWNLVL Z QLQ G2UWGHJHULQLQ KHU ELOLL4LQ RULMLQDO VLQLL]RLGDOV LQ\DONDOOQ HJUL RPHNOHPHOHUL YHJHUL aOā
,
,RQHW aOOORFOOWOL ROUO?URFLPORUYOLULOPLFWOU
K ? ,I? ? ,I? ? IX Wª L 9 9 9 9 aY7- 9 9 9 a 6O &
PR ,
?
,
,
?
, ,
,
W
,
,
, ,
, , ,
, ? ,
"
P
, , ,
, ,
7
-
?
? ,
?
, ,
?
? ?
,
, ,
F
W? ^? ? ? /IW a a ? ? ? II? >?
Y Y Z Y Y Y Y ?- - Y Y Y Y 6D
7
,
a
,
,
? ,
MB B
ā
G
8,
aNOOHYDP
Z
6 LQ\DOWHUYH 6 LVWHPWHU 6 2LXP
VLQ\DOLQL GLLaLLQHOLP %X GXUXPGD [W QLQ )RXULHU GRQXVXPXNHVLNOL FL]JL\OH EHOLUWLOHQ GLLUWX ]LW ID]K \DQL QH JHQOLJH VDKLSNHQ NDKQ ELU FL]JL\OH EHOLUWLOHQ GXUWXQLLQ UH JHQOLJLQH VDKLS ROUQDVL GLVPGD DVKQGD 6HNLO OD GDNL\OH D\PGLU (JHU HNLO WHNL JLEL &'R QLQ D\PVHFLPOHU NXUQHVLQL GLLVLLQLOUVHN FRVD9 QLQ RPHNOHQHQ YHUVL\RQODQ LFLQ VRQXFWDNL VSHNWUXPODU WXP NDKQ GXUWXOHULQ UH JHQOLJLQH VDKLS ROPDVL YH WLOP NHVLNOL RODQODQQ UHÂ JHQOLJH VDKLS ROPDVL\OD WDP RODUDN VHNLOGHNO JLELGLU < HQLGHQG YH H GXUXPODQQGD RUWXVPH YDUNHQE YH F GXUXPODUPGD RU QHNOFPH WHRUHPLQLQ NRVXOODQ VDJODQLU YH ER\OHFH [ FRVD!R [W ROXU %X QXQOD ELUOLNWHVLUQGL DOFDN JHFLUHQ VX]JHFLQ JHFLUPH EDQGLQGD JRUXOHQ NHVLN YH NaKQ GLOUWLOOHUGH ELU WHUVLQPH ROGXJXQX JRUXULO] 6RQXF RODUDN EX GXUXPODUGD ID]PP LVD UHWLQGH ELU GHJLaLNOLN \DQL ELUID] WHUVLQPHVLROGXJXQGD [W FRV>DDR W@ ROGXJXQXDQODQ]
2UQHNOHUQHWHRUHPLQLQ RUQHNOHPH IUHNDQVPP VLQ\DOGHNL HQ \XNVHN IUHNDQVP LNL NDXQD ELO\LLN YH\D HVLW ROPDVL \HULQH HQ \LONVFN IUHNDQVP LNL NDWPGDQ ELO\LON RO PDVLP DFLNFD JHUHNWLUGLJLQH GLNNDW HWUQHN RQHPOLGLU %LUVRUXDNL RPHa VLQLO]R GDO aLa VLQ\DOL IUHNDQVPP WDP RODUDN LNL NDWU IUHNDQVWD RUQHNOHQGLJLQGHW\DQL KHU GHYLUGH N RPHNOHP \FWHUOL ROPDGLJLP UHVLPOHQGLUL\RU 2UQHN [^`aFRV S VLQLL]RLGDO VLQ\DWL GLL` LLQHOLP YH EX VLQ\DOLQ GLLQLL RPHNOHPHVL NXOODPODUDN VLQLL]RLGDOLQ IUHNDQVU QP UDPRODUDN LNL NDQ IUHNDQVWD \DQL FY GH RPHNOFQGLJLQ YDUVD\DKP 3UREOHP GD JRVHULO GLJL JLEL HJHU EX GLLQXRPHNOHPHOL VLQ\DO D! NHVLP IUHNDQVK LGHDO ELU D] JHFLUHQ VLL]JHFH JLUGL RODUDN X\JXODPUVD VRQXFWD ROXVDQ N [` FRVS FRV
2PHNOHPH
I?- ?3- 99?- ?- aNOO 2PHN LQVLQ2]RLGDO VLQ\DO
$ OFDN KL]GD RPHNOHPHQLQ GDKD \XNVHN IUHNDQVODQQ GDKD DOFDN IUHNDQVODUD \DQVPO UQDVL YDVXDVL\OD ROXVDQ HWNLVL VWURERVNRSLN HWNLQLQ GD\DQGLJL LONHOHUGLU 2PHJLQ GLVN X]HULQGH LVDUHWOHQHQ WHN ELU LVPVDO LL]JLOL VDELW ELURUDQGD GRQHQ ELU GLVNH VDKLS ROGX JXPX] HNLO , GH EHOLUWWLJLPL] GXUXPX GLOaLOQHOLP3DUOD\DQ VHFLFL GDUEHSHUL\RGLN ELU RUDQGD FRN NUVD]DPDQ DUDKNODQQGD GLVNL D\GPODWXJPGDQ ELU RPHNOHPH VLVWHPL UROLLR\QDU6HFLFL GDUEH IUHNDQVL GLVNLQ GRQLO KL]PGDQ FRN \LONVHN ROGXJXQGD GLVNLQ GRQPH KU]WGRJUX RODUDN DOJODQU6H\LFL GDUEH IUHNDQV GLVNLQ GRQLOa IUHNDQVPP LNL NDWPGDQ GDKD D] ROGXJXQGD GRQPH JHUFHNWH ROGXJXQGDQ GDKD \DYDa ELU IUHNDQVD\ PaJLEL JRULOQLOU$ \QFD ID]WHUVLQPHVL QHGHQL\OH GLVN \DQK\RQGH GRQLL\RUPX JLEL JR]XNHFHNWLU . DEDFD VR\OHPHN JHUHNLUVH DUGN RPHNOHPOHUGHNL GLVNH \HUOHaWLULOHQ ELUL]JLQLQ NRQXPXQX WDNLS HGHUVHN DL,OO ROGXJXQGD KHUGRQDPP ELUNH]RO GXJXQGDQ ROGXN\D ID]OD VNKNWD RPHNOHPL ROXUX] GLVNLQ RPHNOHPOHUL GLVNLQ VDDW \RQLLQGH GRQPHVLQLQ DNVLQH VDDW\RQLO WHUVLQGH DUGaWN RODUDN \HU GHJLaWLUHQ NRQXPGD \HUOaWLULOHQ LL]JL\L JRVWHULUOR D! \H NWKN JHOHQ GRQDKP EDaPD D\GPKNWD aQ VDN \L]JL VDELW JR]XNXU %HQ]HU ELU RPHN JHQHOOLNOH SRVWD DUDEDVPP WHNHUOHNOHULQLQ DUDEDPQ KDUHNHWLQH X\JXQ ROPDV JHUHNLUNHQ GDKD \DYD YH ED]HQ \DQK \RQGH GR QLL\RUPX JLEL JRULOQGLLJLL 9 DKL %DWW ILOPOHULQGH JR]OHQLU%X GXUXPGD RPHNOHPH \RQWHPL KDUHNHW HGHQ UHVLPOHULQ RPHNOHPH IUHNDQVPD NWKN JHOHQ ELU RUDQGDNL JHQHOOLNOH VDQL\HGH \HU\HYH ELUH\VHO \HUHYHOHULQ ELU VRQXFX ROGXJX JHULHJLQH NKN JHOLU
WL
6RQXF RODUDN [ QLQ NXVXUVX] JHUL HDQKPUPQ VDGHFH QLQ VIOUYH\D QLQ WDPVD\L ELU NDX ROGXJX GXUXPGD ROXVDFDJXQ JRULLULL] $ NVL WDNGLUGH [ VLQ\DOL [ \H &LW GHJLOGLU 6 RQ ELU RPHN RODUDN U YHGROD\LVU\OD [O` VLQ ROGXJX GXUXPX GXaLOQHWLP%X VLQ\DO 6HNL GH L]LOPLWLUUZ RPHNOHPH SHUL\RGaQaQ WDPā VD\ NDWODQQGD VLQ\DOLQ GHJHUOHULQLQ VUILU ROGXJXQX DQOD ] aRQX RODUDN EX aHNDQaWDN RPHNOHā PHQLQ VLILUOD L!]Ga RODQ ELU VLQ\DO LLUHWWLU YH EX VLILU JLUGLVL LGHDO EL] DOFDN JHHUUHQVX]JHFH X\JX ODQGJGD VRQXFODQDQ [ FUNXVUUXQ GD VLILUOD ]G& ROXU aNOO a 6 HaFODUEH
GDUEHHWNLVL
6 LQ\DOOHUYH6 LVWHPOHU
2QFHNL WDUQVPD VWURERVNRSLN HWNL\L DOFDN KL]GD RUQHNOHPH GROD\UVL\OD RUWLLaPHQLQ \DUDUK ELU X\JXODPDVPD ELURUQHN RODUDN GHJHUOHQGLUUQH\L RQHULU2UWLLVPHQLQ GLJHUELU SUDWLN X\JXODUQDVL RUQHNOHPH VDOXXPROFHUO RODUDN LIDGH HGLOHQ ELU ROLLP DOHWLQGH RU WD\D FLNDU%X DOHW HHN \LLNVHN ,UHNDQVK GDOJD ELFLPOHULQL JR]OHPOHUQHN LFLQ WDVDUODQ PLVXU YHFRN GDKD NROD\FD JRVWHULOHQ EX GDOJD ELFLPOHULQL RUWPHN LFLQ RUQHNOHPH LO NHOHULQGHQ \DUDUODPU2UQHNOHPH VDKPPROFHUL 3UREOHP GH GDKD D\QQWWK ELU VH NLOGH LQFHOHQUQLVWLU
685 ( ./L = $0$1 6L1< $/ / ( 5L1L1 $< 5,. = $0$1 La/ ( 0( 6L %LUFRN X\JXODUQDGD ELUVXUHNOL ]DPDQ VLQ\DOLQL RQFH ELU D\QN]DPDQVLQ\DOLQH GRQLLa WLLUHUHN VRQUD D\QN ]DPDQ LVOHPHVL\OH VLLUHNOL ]DPDQ VLQ\DOLQH JHUL GRQLLaWLLUHUHN La OHPHGH VXQXODQ RQHPOL ELU DYDQWDM YDUGUU $ \QN ]DPDQ VLQ\DOL LVOHPHVL JHQHOYH\D R]FO DUQDFK ELU ELOJLVD\DUOD PLNURLVOHPFL\OH YH\D R]HOOLNOH D\QN ]DPDQ VLQ\DOL LVOH PH\H\RQHOLN ELUFRN D\JLW WLLULL\OH WDPDPODQDELOLU *HQH WHULPOHUOH VLLUHNOL ]DPDQ VLQ\DOL LVOHPH\H \DSLODQ EX \DNODVLP 6HNLO O GD EHOLUWLOGLJL JLEL[ YH< VXUHNOL ]DUQDQ VLQ\DOOHUL YH [>Q@YH< >Q@ [U YH\W H NDUVLKN JHOHQ D\QN ]DUQDQ VLQ\DOOFUL LNHQLLF LVOHUQLQ VHUL EDJODQUQDVL RODUDN JRUXOHEL OLU7LLP VLVWHPWDEL NLJLUGLVL YHNWV VLLUHNOL ]DPDQ VLQ\DOOHUL RODQ ELUVLLUHNOL ]DUQDQ VLVWHPLGLU%LUVLLUHNOL ]DPDQ VLQ\DOLQL D\QN ]DPDQ VLQ\DOLQH GRQXVWXUPH YHELUVXUHNOL ]DPDQ VLQ\DOLQL D\QN ]DPDQ WHPVLOLQGHQ \HQLGHQ ROXVWXUPDUXQ WHRULN HVDVU%ROXP GH WDUXVLODQ RUQHNOHUQH WHRUHPLQH GD\DPU2UQHNOHPH WHRUHPL NRVXOODQ\OD RUQHN OHPH IUHNDQVL X\JXQOXJXQX LFHUHQ SHUL\RGLN RPHNOHUQH LVOHUQL YDVWDV\OD[ VLLUHNOL ]DPDQ VLQ\DOL [FQ7 DQKN RUQHNOHPH GHJHUOHULQLQ ELU GL]LVL WDUDIPGDQ WDP RODUDN JRVWHULOHELOLU[OHO D\QN ]DPDQ GL]LVL[W \OH 8 VHNLOGH LOLVNLOLGLU
[>@ [Q7
[GQ $\QN]DPDQ G2Q2 2P2
$\QN ]DPDQ VLVWHPL
< GQ 6 2UHNOL]DPDQ a G2Q2 2P2
< FW
HNOO6 LLUHNOL]DPDQ VLQ\DOOHULQLQ D\QN ]DPDQ LaOHPHVL [FW QLQ [>Q \H GRQXVXUPO 6HNLO , GDNLVLLUHNOL ]DPDQGDQD\QN ]DPDQD GRQLLLLP RODUDN LIDGH HGLOHFHN RODQ YH& ,' VHNOLQGH NLVDOQODFDNRODQ ELULQFL VLVWHPH NDUVLKN JH OLU7HUVL LVOHP D\QN ]DPDQGDQ VLLUHNOL ]DPDQD GRQLLLLPLL JRVWHUHQ YH ',& VHNOLQGH
%RUXP
2PHNOHPH
NLVDOQODFDN RODQ 6HNLO GHNLLLLLLQFLLVLVWHPH NDUVLKN JHOLU',& LVOHUQL VLVWHPH JLUGL
RODUDN VDJODQDQRUQHNOHPGHJHUOHULDUDVLQGD ELU DUD GHJHUOHPH VHUJLOHU',& LVOHPL \$Q@D\QN ]DPDQ VLQ\DOLQH \>Q@ \Q7 LOH LOLVNLOHQGLULOHQ JMU VLLUHNOL ]DPDQ VLQ\DOLQL LLUHWLU%X JRVWHULP 6HNL \L DFLN KaBOHJHWBLULaRU$ \QN aaaQ VLQ\DOLQLQ GLMLaO VHNLOGH JRVWHULOGLJL GLMLWDO VLVWHPOHU YH\D GLMLWDO ELOJLVD\DUODU JLEL VLVWHPOHUGHJHQHOOLNOH &,'GRQLLLLPLLQLLWDPDPODPDN LFLQNXO ODPODQ D\JUW DQDORJGDQ GLMLWDOH GRQLLWLLULLFLL$ GDQ ' \H RODUDN LIDGH HGLOLU YH ',& GRQLLLLPLLQLLWDPDPODPDN LFLQ NXOODPODQ D\JX GLMLWDOGHQ DQDORJD GRQLLWLLULLF8' GHQ $ \D RODUDN LIDGHHGLOLU !FWQ & ,' ; FW
;HQ7
L
G2Q2a2P2
$\UN ]DPDQ VLVWHPO
< G>Q@ VLQ\DOOHUL \ YH\>QO VLQ\DOOHULQLQ ROGXaX JU VPGHQ \RUXP D\D , P]
ā ā ā ā , GL R NO EL HNOHPH YH EDQWVLUXUK DUD GHJHUOHPH YDVXDVU\OD LOLNOHQGPOPHU UU HQ HP āWHNL +H [$QO GL]LVLQLQ EDQWVPUK DUD GHJHUOHPHVLQLQaD\GPOP Eaa YHU VLRQXQXQ RPHNOHQOHULQH HVLWWLU%X HNLO aaRāaD ED]HQ \DQRPHNOHP JHFW PHVL RODUDN GD LIDGH HGLOHQ 07 O \OH UHVLPOHQGPOPOOU
U- OU7UI
O 7
7
$< 5 ,. = $0$1 6L1< $ / / ( 5 L1L1 25 1(. /(10( 6L %X EROLOPH NDGDUVLLUHNOL ]DPDQ VLQ\DOOHULQLQ WLPHNOHQPHVLQL HOH DOGLN YHLQFHOHPH\L VLLUHNOL ]DPDQ RPHNOHPHVLP DQODPD\D \HWHFHN NDGDU JHOLVWLUPH\H HN RODUDN ELUHRN X\JXODPDVPL RJUHQLN%X EROLOPGH JRUHFHJLPL] JLEL ELUFRN RQHPOL X\JXODPD\OD R]HOOLNOHU YH VRQXFODQQ FRN EHQ]HU NLLPHVL D\QN ]DPDQ VLQ\DOOHULQLQ RPHNOHQPHVL LFLQJHOLVWLULOHELOLU
[W
2
VRQXFXQDYDQQ]
,
'XUWX. DWDUL2UQHNOHPHV L D
UUUUUQW -\F L
Xā?) O
aHNLOD ELU VLLUHNOL ]DPDQ VLQ\DL QLQ a QULQ FIL]LVL E ELU \DQā
RUQHNOHP 2
7
7
6HNLO GHNL VLVWHPL NXOODQDUDN HOGH HGLOHQ VLLUHNOL ]DPDQ RUQHNOHPHVLQH EHQ]HU ROD UDN ELU D\QN ]DPDQ VP\DOLQLQ RPHNOHQPHVL 6HNLO GHJRVWHULOGLJL JLEL LIDGH HGL OHELOLU%XUDGD RPHNOHPH \RQWHPL VRQXFX HOGH HGLOHQ \HQL [>Q- GL]LVL1 RPHNOHPH SHUL\RGXQXQ WDPVD\L NDWODQQGD RULMLQDO GL]LVLQH HVLQLU YHDUD RPHNOHPOHUGH VLILUD HVLWWLQ\DQL [^Q Q 1 LQDPVD\NROV\D [>Q ^ 2DNVLWDNGLUGH
JHFLOXQHOL
D GDNLFIL]L
E
2UQN
NO JHFLNPH VLVWHPLQGHNL D\QN ]DPDQ VLL]JHFLQLQ 2PHN GHN \DNODVLP D\QFD \DQRUQH HP K>Q- GLLUWXWHSNLVLQLEHOLUWFPHGHGHX\JXODQDELOLU6HNLO HEDVYXUDUDN
%ROLLP GHNL VLLUHNOL ]DPDQ RPHNOHPHVLQGH ROGXJX JLEL D\QN ]DPDQ RPHNOHPHVL QLQ IUHNDQVEROJHVLQGHNL HWNL %ROLLP WH JHOLVWLULOHQ FDUSUQD WL]HOOLJL NXOODPODUDN JWLULLOLLU%R\OHFH [Q@ [^Q S>
BIB [>N1@R^QN1@
VLQP7
[W U
LOHIUHNDQVEROJHGH ; H
ROVXQ%XQX WDNLEFQ2UQFN GFQ
BB U 3a ; H G 7 - L
[>@ [7` \R>Q
&LWOLJLQL HOGHHGHUL]
6 LQ\DOOHU YH 6 LVWHPOHU
6 ROXP
2PHOGHPH
!@@
; H
O W SQ@
WV
Q N1-
D
Q D
Nā
3^HL
[>Q
W
W
W
aO
W
OOOQOOOO
W
W [
D
E
Q
aHHOā! S>Q
? $ $
O- - O- , -
?? $ ? āD
D
F
, ,
O , L
$B
2UQHN GDNL JLEL S>Q RUQHNOHPH GL]LVLQLQ)RXULHU GRQLLaLLPLL # RUQHNOHPH IUHNDQ VL U,1 \HHVLWROGXJXQGD
/2- N-
U
ROXU 'HQNOHUQ YH L ELUOHVWLULUVHN
[ HO , [aOO 1K2
R QNO
D
a
VLLUHNOL ]DPDQ RPHNOHPHVL LFLQ RODQ GHQNOHP QP D\aNBaDR HNLHVLLLa NRS\DVLGLUYH6HNLO GH UHVPHGMOPLaWLUHNLO G GHN JLEL
W
^G aNLO %LU D\QN ]DPDQ VLQ\DQLQ GXUWLL NDWDQ RPHNOHPVLQLQ WUHNDQVE2OJHGHNO HOOOLVL D RQMLQDO VLQ\DOLQ VSHNWUXPX E RPHOGHPH GL]LVLQLQ VSHNWUXPX F 2PHOGHQHQ Sa OL VLQ\DOLQ VSHNWUXPX G RPHOGHQHQ āZ ,LVLQ\DQVSHNWUXPX 2aPHQLQ EXWXQGXJXQX GLNNDW HGLQL]
-
1
W
^
=DPDQEROJH YH IUHNDQVEROJH R]HOOLNOHUL DUDVLQGDNL WDNDVODQQ YH VLL]aHUOHaaDUPD LNK , YHEHGHOL LEL GLJHU NRQXODQQ GLLaLLQLLOPHVL VX]JHF WDVDQPPBQRQHP aPRP V āJ ā ā J LL LNLE N EROXPGH YHEROLLPLLQ VRQXQGDOFL SUREOHPOHQQ ED FHNLUGHJLQL ROXVWXUXU HQ LU D
IU N QVEROJH R]HOOLNOHULQH EDVND RU ]UODQQGD / 7 , VLVWHP YHVX]JHFOHUH YH]DPDQ YH H D QHNOHU GHVXQX\RUX]
3 HM
FX
Q
-
- 0 YH\D D\UX VHNLOGH Z LOH IUHNDQVEROJH RUWLLaPHVL VRQXFODPU
NHQ6HNLO F GH T! a LOH KLH ELURUQLVPH \RNWXU\DQL ; H UXQNRS\DODQQP VLILU ROPD\DQ NLVLPODQ LLVW LLVWH ELQPH] 2UWLLaPHQLQ \RNOXJXQGD ; H M - RYH U UXQ WDP VD\ NDWODQ HWUDIPGD WDPRODUDN \HQLGHQ LLUHWLOLU6RQXF RODUDNO^ Q DOFDN JHFLUHQ VLL]JHFLQ NHVLP IUHNDQVLP ZRODUDN EHOLUWWLJLPL] 6HNLO WH JRVWHULOGLJL JLEL D GHQ ELL\LLNYH ,OO - GHQNLLFLLNELUNHVLP IUHNDQVK YH1ND]DQFK DOFDN JH FLUHQEL]VLL]JH\ROX\- D[>Q-FWHQ \HQLGHQ XUHWLOHELOLU(JHU 6HNLD GDNL WLLPVLV WHP # OLO LFLQ RODQ ELU GL]L\H X\JXODUXUVD RUWLLaPH PH\GDQD JHOLU YH [>Q@ DU OON[>Q \H HVLW ROPD]2\VD VLLUHN- M ]DPDQ RUQHNOHPHVL\OH ROGXJX JLEL LNL GL]L RUQHN OHPH SHUL\RGXQXQ NDWODQQGD HVLW RODFDNXU EX GHQNOHP H NDUVLKN JHOLU YH RU WLLaPHGHQEDJLPVL] RODUDN ROXaXU3UREOHP \D EDNPL]
6 LQ\DOOHUYH6 LVWHPOHU
S^Q
%ROLLP
2PHNOHPH
[>Q@ LQ RQLPH LKWLPDOL ROPDGDQ RUQHNOHQHELOFFFWL HQ GaLLN IUHNDQVLEHOLUOF\HELOPHN LFLQ
a1a [>Q
[>Q
RODQ HQ ELL\LLN 1GHJHULQL EXOPDUP] JHUHNLU 1 YH X\JXQ JHOHQ RPHNOHPF IUHNDQVXXQ U U ROGXJX VRQXFXQD YDQQ]
D
[> H X\JXODQDQ ELU DO JFLUHQ VLL]JFFLQ NXOODPOPDVV YDVWDV\WD[IQ LQ JHUL FDXOUQDVU ; - D
]DPDQEROJHGH GHQNOHP O H EHQ]H\HQ ELU DUD GHJHUWHPH IRUPLLOLL RODUDN \RUXUQODQDELOLU$ OFDN JHHLUHQVLL]JFFLQ GLLQX WHSNLVLQL JRVWHUFQ K^Q LOH
a
a
a ā
8,0
D0
K>Q@ a
D
VLQO
U
^- a- ,
aLWOL$ LQL HOGF HGFUL]2 ]DPDQ JHUL FDXWDQGL]L
[>Q- [>@O>@ YF\D D\UX VHNLOGH
[>Q
I
[^N1@1, VLQO N1
- U
O QN1
; - P
ROXU 'FQNOHP LGHDO EDPVPLUK DUD GH$ FUOFPH\L JF OVWFULU YH LGHDO ELU DOHDN JHHLUHQ VLL]JFFLQ \HUOaWLUPHVLQL JFUHNWLULU7LSLN X\JXODPDODUGD&GH$HU DUD GHJFUOHPH IRUPLLOLLQLLQK>QODUD OFQHQ VLL]JFFLQ GLLUWLL WHSNLVL\NHQ
ā, D
GHJHU
[>Q@ / [IN1- K>QN1@ ā VHNOLQGH ROGXJX GXUXUQODUGD 6HNLO WFNL DOHDN JHHLUHQ VLL]Ja LaLQ X\JXQ ELU \DNODVLP NXOODP KU %ROLLUQ GH WDUXVLODQ VLIPQFUGHUHHHGHQ UXUXQPD YH ELULQFLGHUHFHGHQ WXWXQPDQP D\QN ]DPDQ NRS\DODQP GDLHHUHQ ED]L R]HO RPFNOFU 3UREOHP GH FOH DOPPLVQU
, E
HNOO%LUD\QN]DPDQVLQ\DOOQLQLGHDO ELUDOaNJaUHQVX]JHFLQNXOODPOPDVU\DRUQHNOHPOHULQGHQWDPGXā ]HOPHVL D EDQWVQXUK ELU VLQ\DOLQ RPHNOHPOHULQGHQ JHUL aWGPDVU YH 2PHNOHQPHVLaQ EORN L]HQHJL E [^Q@ VLQ\DOLQLQVSHNWUXPX F [- RLQVSHNWUXPXFO` O - NHVLPIUHNDQVOOLGHDOELUDaN4LUHQV X]JHFLQ IUHNDQVWHSNLVLH JHUL FDWQDQ [Q VLQ\DOLQLQVSHNWUXPX%XUDGD EHOLUWLOHQ RPHNWH ,OO!OO GLUYH ER\OHFH 04aPH\RNWXUYHGROD\V\OD [ [IQ@ ROXU
$\UN=DPDQK2QGDKNODPD9 HDUDGHJ HUOHPH $ \QN ]DPDQ RUQHNOHPHVLQLQ LONHOHULQLQ VLL]JHF WDVDUODPD YHDUD GHJHUOHPHGH YH KD EHUOHVPH X\JXODPDODQQGDNL JLEL ELUFRN RQHPOL X\JXODPD WLLQYDUGLU%LUFRN X\JXOD PDGDRPHNOHPH DQODQ DUDVLQGD RPHNOHQHQ [>Q@ QLQVLILU ROGXJX ELOLQGLJLQGHQ RU QHNOHQHQ [>Q GL]LVLQL GLUHNW RODUDN 6HNLO O GHNL ELFLPGH JRVWHUPHN \D\PODPDN YH VDNODPDN LFLQ \HWHUVL]GLU%X QHGHQOH RPHNOHQHQ GL]L WLSLN RODUDN[ QLQ EDVLW RODUDN KHU1 LQFL GHJHUL RODQ \HQL ELU [>Q GL]LVL\OH\HUGHJLVWLULU\DQL
2UQHN
[>@ [>Q1-
)RXULHU GRQLLXPLL
$ \QFD[> YH[>Q@ 1 LQ WDPVD\L NDWODQQGD ELUELULQH HVLWROGXJXQGDQ D\P VHNLOGH
[>Q@ [>Q1@ R]FOOL$LQH VDKLS ELU[I GL]LVLQL HOH DODKP
%R2P
2PHNOHPH
6 LQ\DOOHUYH6 LVWHPOHU
ROXU +HU 1LQFL RPHNOHPL HOGH HWPH LVOHUQL JHQHOOLNOH RQGDOLNODPD RODUDN LIDGH HGL OLU [> [@ YH[>Q@ DUDVPGDNL LOLVNL 6HNLO WH UHVPHGLOPLVWLU
$ \QFD GHQNOHP QLQ VDJWDUDIXQ [>Q@ QLQ )RXULHU GRQaLLPLL RODUDN WDQXQODQ] \DQL
2QGDKNODUQDPQ IUHNDQVEROJHGHNL HWNLVLQL EHOLUOHPHN LFLQ [FH ā ; >Q@ QLQ )RXULHU GRQLLLLPLL YH ; HO DUDVLQGDNL LOLVNL\L EHOLUOHUQHN LVWHUL] %XQXQ LFLQ [H
I
%R\OHFHGHQNOHP YH WHQ
[>N@HB
; H ; H D1 YF\D GHQNOHP L NXOODQDUDN ; EH
I[3>N1 HB
,© !
ROGXJXQD GLNNDW HGHUL] (JHUQ N1 YH\D D\P VHNLOGH N Q1ROPDVPL VDJODUVDN
;HIW
/ [S>Q@H 1
VRQXFXQD YDQQ] %X LOLVNL 6HNLO WH UHVPHGLOPLVWLU YH EXQGDQ RUQHNOHQHQ GL]LQLQ YH RQGDKNODVDQ GL]LQLQ VSHNWUXPODQQP VDGHFH ELU IUHNDQV ROFHNOHPHGH YH\D GX]JHOHPH GH D\QOGUJPL JR]OHPOHUL](JHU RULMLQDO ; H VSHNWUXPX \DNODVLN RODUDN EDQWVLPUK\VD YH ER\OH FH ; H GH RUWLLVPH EXOXQPX\RUVD R ]DPDQ VHNLOGH JRVWHULOGLJL JLEL RQGDOWNODPDPQ HWNLVL RULMLQDO GL]LQLQ VSHNWUXPX IUHNDQV EDQGPP GDKD JHQLV ELUSDU FDVWX]HULQH\D\PDNWWU
U1 L-
; P 8WWEWO INRL
\D]DELOLUL] YHQ 1 LQ ELU WDPVD\L NDWW RODPDGLJPGD [>- 2ROGXJXQGDQD\QFD
a
; EH /[3>Q@HB
a āāP0
a
W
D
\D]DELOLUL]
? [>Q
L
Q
a Q
W,OO,,,,,,,,,,,,U Q
-S>Q
, ,
, ,, , , , ,
,
,
,
,
aHNLO2PHOGHPHYHRQGDOWOGDPDDUDVQGDOLaNLQLQ OUHNDQVEROJHUHVLPOHPHVL
,
Q
[W>Q
LO,,
aHNOO 2PHOGHPH\HNDaKN JHOHQ [>QO YHRQFODOLNODPD\D NDaKN JHOHQ [@ DUDVPGDNLLOLaNL
Q
7FNQLN RODUDNRQGDORNODPDKHURQXQFXRPHNOHPLQHOGFFGLOPHVLQH NDaRORN JHOHFHNWL2\VD1 -2 D aLW ROPDGR PGD ELOH LaOHPLRQGDKNODPD RODURN LIDGFFXQFN LFLQ NXOODPODQ JHQH WFULPKDOLQHJHOPLaWLU
(JHU RULMLQDEIQ- GL]LVL ELU VLLUHN- L ]DPDQ VLQ\DOLQLQ RUQHNOHQPHVL\OH HOGH HGLOPLVVH RQGDKNODPD\RQWHPL VLQ\DOGHNLRPHNOHPHIUHNDQVLPQ 1LQ ELU FDUSDUX\ODLQGLUJHQ PHVL RODUDN JRUXOHELOLU 2UQLVPH\L RQOHPHN LFLQ ; H WDP IUHNDQV EDQGUUQ WXWD PD]%DVND ELU GH\LVOH HJHU VLQ\DO RUWLLaPH\L WDPPODPDGDQ RQGDKNODQDELOL\RUVD R ]DPDQ RULMLQDO VLLUHNOL ]DPDQ VLQ\DOL \LLNVHN WX]GD RPHNOHQPLVWLU YHER\OHFH RUQHN OHPH IUHNDQVL RUWLLVPHVL] ]D\LIODXODELOLU %LU VLLUHNOL ]DPDQ VLQ\DOLQLQ RUQHNOHPOHUL RODUDN [Q@ VHULVLQLQ DUD GHJHUOHPHVL\OH RQGDKNODPD LVOHUQL JHQHOOLNOH D] RUQHNWHPH RODUDN LIDGHHGLOLU
%ROXP
6 LQ\DOOHUYH6 LVWHPOHU
2PHNOHPH
$\UN]DPDQK &,' GFLQ2a2P2
; FW
DOFDN+H,
JHYLaILOWUHVO
;
a
'
'
āQ <
Q
aHNOO1\TXLVWK]XGD]JXQELU EOYOPGH2PHNOHQHQVXUHNOL ]DPDQK VLQ\DO$\QN]DPDQKVX]JaOHPHGHQ VRQUDPH\GDQDJHOHQGL]LD\QFDD] 2PHNOHQPOaRWDELOLU%XUDGD [ [ QLQ V2UHNOL ]DPDQK )RXULHU G2Q2a2P2G2U [ YH Q@ WQ D\QN ]DPDQK )RXULHU GQaLLPOHULGLU YH +HO EORN\L]HQH4LQGHEHOLUWLOHQ D\QN]DPDQKDO\DNV2]JHFLQIUHNDQV WHSNLVLGLU
W
W
%LU VHULQLQ ELU VLLUHNOL ]DPDQK VLQ\DOLQLQ RPHNOHQPHVL\OH HOGH HGLOGLJ ED]L X\JXOD PDODUGD RULMLQDO RUQHNOHPH K RUWLLVUQH WDUXPODPDGDQ PLLPNLLQ ROGXJXQFD DOFDN RODELOLU DPD LODYH HGLOHQ LVOHPH YHVX]JHFOHPHGHQ VRPDGL]LQLQ EDQW JHQLVOLJL ]D\LI ODWLODELOLU %R\OH ELU GXUXPXQ ELU RUQHJL 6HNLO GD JRVWHULOPLaWLU$ \QN ]DUQDQK VX]JHFLQ FUNWLVL EDQW VPLUK ROGXJXQGDQ D]RUQHNOHPH YH\D RQGDKNODPD X\JXODQDELOLU %D]L X\JXODPDODUGD D]RPHNOHPHQLQ \DUDUK ROPDVL JLEL ELU GL]L\L GDKD \LLNVHN HVGHJHU RPHNOHPH IUHNDQVPD GRQLLVWXUPHQLQ FRNLLPHNOHPHYH\D DUDGHJHUOHPHROD UDN LIDGH HGLOHQ ELU \RQWHPLQ \DUDUK ROGXJX GXUXPODU GD YDUGLU &RN RPHNOHPH WH PH RODUDN RQGDOLNODPD YH\D D]RUQHNOHUQHQLQ WHUVLGLU 6HNLO YH6HNLO WH UHVā PHGLOGLJL JLEL RQGDKNODPD GDRQFH RUQHNOL\RUX] YHVRQUD VDGHFH RUQHNOHPH DQPGDNL GL]L GHJHUOHULQL WXWX\RUX] &RN RUQHNOHPHN LFLQ \RQWHPL WHUV FHYLUL\RUX] 2PHJLQ 6HNLO H EDNDUDN[L© L HOGH HWPHN LFLQ [>Q@ GL]LVLQL FRN RUQHNOHPH\L HOH DKā Q][E>@ GHQ VLIX JHQOLNOL 1 QRNWDVPP [E>Q@ GHNL WXPGHJHUOHUL DUDVLQD HNOHQPHVL\OH [>@ GL]LVL ROXVWXUXOXU $UD GHJHUOHQHQ [>Q@ GL]LVL GDKD VRQUD [@ GHQ DOFDN VLL] JHFOHPH\OH HOGHHGLOLU $ \QQWLK LVOHUQ 6HNLO GH R]HWOHQPLVWLU
F
W
F
6 LQ\D8HU YH6 LVOHQWHL
%2OWLP
2PHOGHPH
2UQHN
)RXULHU GRPOLLPX GDOD GD UHVPFGLOFQ GLLLVLQL HOH DODKP 2PFN &GH:WaOGL RPFNOFPFVLQLQ RUWLOPH\H PDUX] OFDOPDGDQ EX GLLL LOVWLLRGF NXOODUXODELOFFFJL HQ PFOGFQPHVLQH a JHKUI FU ER\OH ELU GaLLN IUHNDQV [ WLLU%X [> - QLQ EHU XQFLL a RPFNOFPHQLQ VRQ&8 LOR ELW a ODRQGDOa VSFOFWQLPX 6HOWLO - 6E< GH JRVWFULOFQ ELU [>Q GL]LVL HOGHFGFP$ a RQ- WQDO VSHNXZQXQ KDOD aL \RNWXU%XQXQOD EUOLOFWF EX VSFOFW UXP D\QFD D]UQFNOFPF aLQRGDROPDVWUX QFUFQ Q VMaV WU aLQVIOWGUU 2]FO RODUD` 6HLGO \O &&OFUVFN FJHU IUGFDQV UXQ ELU a\OD ROFFOGHQFKQUVFN OOO& GDQD JFOFQ VSGUXP8Q - U GHQ - U \H WXP IUHEQV DUDKJWQGD VLIPEQ IDQG aUX JRRL UX]%XQXQOD ELUOFWF ELU :OO6` ROUQDG GDQ EXQD D] PFNOHPF\OH WDPDPHQ XOPDā \X7HUHLKHQ RQFH [>@ \ QMQ ELU "OO DOOO\OD a RPHOGFUQFOL\M] YH VRQUD XQ ELU a\OD D] RPFOGFPHK\L]2]FOOLNOF [^Q UXQ ELU a\OD a 2PFOGHQGLDQGHHOGH FGLOHQ [>Q VP\DOLQP D] RPHNOHQGLLQGHPH\GDQD VSHNXZQX 6HOWLO F GH SWHQOPa U>Q VRQUD XQ ELU aL\E JFOHQ [>Q@GL]LVLPQ O &NWUXPX aORO F GH JRVWFULOHQ JLELGLU %X EUOaULOHQ VRQa FWNLQ ROQUDN ,^ QLQ :WP` , ROPD\DQ ELUPNZOD \OFD] RPHNOFQUQHVLQHaKN JFOLUU^ Q QLQELU [ W V2WHNā ,L]DPDQ VLQ\DOLQP aHQ PFNOFPLQL JRLFUGLSQL 9IILO\DUPDUD aFQHQ YH RQFEENODQDQ GL]LPL] ,, W QLQ PZQNLLQ 2ODQHQ\LLNVHN QXYQFVL] D]OOPHOGFPFVLQL WFPVLO HGFU
EL Gāā ā ā
JW JLEL GLLUWLLāTQPF
%X RPFNWH DUD GHJHUWHPHQLQ YH RQGDKNODPDPQ EU ELUOFaaPQ WU P\ RaPa\H a ELUDNUQDGDQ D\QFD D] RUQHNOHPFN LFLQ QDVO NXOODQLODEOFFHaa UHVaHGHFFa] 0XPNXQ FODQ HX \XNVFN D]RPHNOFPH\H WU GHQ U \H WXP EDQG GROGXUPDV UHP JFQaOHXOHQ D\QN ]DPDQKVSFE UXPXQ ELU SFUL\RGXQXQ VLIUUROPD\DQ NLVPUQGD XOaODFDWPD GLNNDO HGLOPHOLGLU
; HO
āOLW
W
OLW W
ā,W
ā
ā
,W
W W
,OO
D
; EHOZ
,OO
āOLW E
; XHOH
ā
W 2 ,W
- WOLW
&
G
UDOOL aHNOO 2PHN 6 OH LOJOOL RODQ VSHNOUXPODU D [^Q@ QOQ VSHNWUXPX E H D] 2PHOGHPHGHQ VRQ VSHNWUXP F [^Q 0 QLQ ELU aUSDP\OD 42N 2PHOGHQPHVLQGHQ VRQUDNL VSHNWUXP G [^ Q QLQ OWHa 2PHNOHQPHVL YH VRQUD D D]2UQHNOHQPHVQGHQ VRQUDNO VSHNWUXP
2=( 7 %XEROLLPGH VLLUHNK ]DUQDQK YH\D D\QN ]DUQDQK ELU VLQ\DOHVLW RODUDN D\QOP RPHN OHPOHULQ ELU GL]LVL\OF WHPVLO HGLOLUNHQ RPHNOHPF NDYUDPP JFOLOLUGLN 6LQ\DOLQ RU QHNOHPOHUGFQ WDP RODUDOF GLL]HOXOHELOGLJ aDU RPHNOHPF WHRUHPLQGF VRPXWOWPO PU 7DP JHUL DXOPD LPEX WHRUHP RPHNOHQHFHN VLQ\DKQ EDQW VPUKROPDVP YH RPHNOHPH IUHNDQVPP RPHNOHQFFHN VLQ\DOGHNL HQ \LLNVHN IUHNDQVP LOFL NDXQGDQ GDKD ELL\LLN ROPDVP JHUHNWLULU %X IWODU DOXQGD RULMLQDO VLQ\DOLQ WDP JHUL DWOPDV LGHDO DKDN JHLUHQ VLL]JHOFPH YDVWDV\OD VDJODQU %X GFDO JHUL aDWWOPD SURVHGLLULLQLLQ ]D PDQELLOJF DUD GHJHUOHPHVL JHQHOOLNOH LGHDO EDQWVPUK DUD GHJHUOHPH RODUDN LIDGH FGLOLU8\JXODPDOW \HU&WLQQHOHUGH DWDN JHLUHQ VLL]JH \DNPOaWPOP87 YH ]DPDQ ELLOJHGHNLDUD GHJHUOHPH DUXN WDP GHJLOGLU%D]W DQODUGD VIPQFGHUHFFGHQ ELU WXWPD YF\D GR\XVDO DUD GHJHUOHPHELULQFLGHUHFHGHQ ELU WXWPD JLEL EDVLW DUD GHJHUOHPH \RQWHPOHUL \HWHUOLGLU (JHU ELU VLQ\DO DOa K]GD RPHNOHQPL6H\DQL HJHU RPHNOHPH IUHNDQV RPHN OHP WHRUHPLQLQ JHUHNWLUGLJLQGHQ GDKD D]VD R ]DPDQ LGHDO EDQWVPUK DUD GHJHUOH PH\OH JHUL DWGDQ VLQ\DO RULMLQDO VLQ\DOH FLUWLLPHRODUDOFLIDGH HGLOHQ ELU ER]XOXP HN OL YDVWDV\OD LOLNLOHQGLULOPL RODFDNWLU &RJX ]DPDQ RPHNOHPH IUHNDQVP LUWLLPH\L RQOH\HFHN HNLOGH aPHN RQHPOLGLU %XQXQOD ELUOLNWH RaPHQL OFXOODUXOG- JVWUR ERVNRSL JLEL ELaN RQHPOL RPHN WLLULLYDUGWU PHNOHPHQLQ ELaN RQHPOL X\JXODPDVYDUFKU]HOOLNOH RQHPOL ELU X\JXODPDODU NLLPHVL VLLUHNOL]DPDQK VLQ\DOOHUL PLQLELOJLVD\DUODU PLNURLHPFLOHU YH\D R]HO RODUDN D\QN]DPDQK VLQ\DO LOHPH\F Na RODUDOF\DSGDQGPODQ D\JLWODQQ KHUKDQJL ELUL YDVWD V\ODDON]DPDQO VLVWHPOHUOH LOHPHN LaLQRUQHNOFPHQLQ OFXOODUXOPDVPNDSVDU 2PHNOHPHQLQ WHPHO WHRULVL VLLUHNOL]DPDQO VLQ\DOOHU LaLQYH D\QN]DPDQK VLQ \DOOHU LLQ EHQ]HUGLU $ \QN]DPDQ GXUXPXQGD RQGDKNODQDQ GL]LOHU &LW RODUDOF D\QO P DUDKNODUGD RULMPDO GL]LQLQ GHJHUOHULQLQ B aNDQOPDV\OD HOGF HGLOPWNHQ RQGDKNODPDQP \DNPGDQ DODNDK NDYUDP YDUGUU 2PHNOHPH YH RQGDKNODPD DUDVPGD
6 LQ\DOOHUYH6 LVWHPOHU WLP
2PHNOHPH
NL IDUN RPHNOHQHQ GL]LOHU LFLQ RQGDKNODQDQ GL]LOHUGH EX VLIOUGHJHUOHULGL]L\L ]DPDQ
I
LFLQGH VLNLVXUPDN VXUHWL\OH FUNDQOPLVNHQ VLILU GHJHUOHULQLQ RUQHNOHP GHJHUOHUL DUD
U
SW /- RWQ7 YH VPGD EXOXQGXJX JHUFHJLQGH \DWDU 2QGDKNODPDUXQ WHUVL DUD GHJHUOHPHGLU 2QGDKNODPD YHDUD GHJHUOHPH ILNLUOHUL VLQ\DOOHU YHVLVWHPOHULQ KDEHUOHVUQH VLVWHPOHUL GLMLWDO VHV\2NVHN\2=8Q8UO8NWH WHOHYL]\RQ YHGLJHU ELUFRN X\JXODUQD\L GD LFHUHQ ELU RNRQHPOL SUDWLN X\JXODPD W8UOHULQGH RUWD\DFLNDU
D!R Â [W \L FLNX YH W \L JLUG RODUDN YHUHR ILOWUHQLQ IUHNDQV WHSNLVLQLQ ID] YH ELL \LLNOLLN LL]HULQGHNLVDELWOHULQL EHOLUOH\LQL]
& ( 9$ 3/ ,7( 0( / 35 2%/( 0/( 5
7
HN, 3 JRVWHULOHQ VLVWHPGH ]DPDUXQ LNL IRQNVL\RQX [W YH [ FDUSUPLQP VRQXFX ZW SHULRGLN V8UHNOL ]DPDQ VLQ\DOL LOH RPHNOHQPLVWLU [W IRQNVL\RQX Z H YH[ IRQNVL\RQX Z H EDQW OLPLWOL ROVXQ %X VHNLOGH
*HUFHN GHJHUOL [, VLQ\DOLQLQ RPHN IUHNDQVP Z OW ROGXJXQGD EHKUOHQ GLJL ELOLQPHNWHGLU Z QLQ KDQJL GHJHUOHUL LLQ; MZ QLQ VIU ROPDVU JDUDQWL GLU"
; LZ ; LLZ
, FX , Z OZOZ
ZW QLQ FXW GHQ LGHDO DOFDN LOHWLPOL ILOWUH NXOODQDUDN 7 QLQ HQ \LLNVHNRUQHN
6WLUHNK]DPDQ VLQ\DOL [W LGHDO DOHDN LOHQPOL ILOWUHFLNLVPGD URDV O222OW NHVLP IUHNDQVPGD HOGH HGLOPFNWHGLU (JHU HWNL]LQFLUL RUQHNOHPHVL [, LO]HULQGH X\JX ODPUVD DVDJLGDNOOHUGHQ KDQJL RPHNOHP SHUL\RWX [, RUQHN YHUVL\PXQGDQ X\ JXQ DOFDN LOHWLPOL ILOWUHGHQ HOGH HGLOPHVLP JDUDQWL HGHU" D 7 [ ā
OHPHDUDKJUPEHOLUOH\LQ
SW , 6WāQQ
E 7 [ ā
[W
3
[ aZWB !aa
ZW
F 7 ; W
; PO
2PHNOHP WHRULVLQGH RPHNOHP IUHNDQVL WDUDIWGDQ DVLODQ IUHNDQVD 1\TXLV\RUDP GHQLU $DJGD YHULOHQVLQ\DOOHU LFLQ 1\TXLVW RUDUXQW EXOXQ" D [, FRVLUW VLQ,2222LUW
; MP
UQ
E [W VLQP ,P
HOGO3
F [, >VLQP ,Q @
[, 1\TXLVW RUDP Z LOH ELUOLNWH ELU VLQ\DO ROVXQ $ VDJLGD YHULOHQ VLQ\DOOHU
LFLQ 1\TXLVW RUDUXP EXOXQ" D [W [O E G[W ,GW F [W G [W FRV :RI
[W 1\TXLVW RUDP Z LOH ELUOLNWH ELU VLQ\DO ROVXQ $ \Q ]DPDQGD \W [W SW
ROVXQ %XGHQNOHPGH SW DVDJLGDNL VHNLOGH LIDGH HGLOVLQ
;RW VLQ\DOL LLUHWPHN LFLQ [W VLQ\DOL 7HWNLQ RPHNOHUQH SHUL\RWX LOH VLILU GHUHFH WXWPD RSHUDV\RQX ROXVWXUXU [W [W RPFNOHULQGH ELULQFL GHUHFH WXWPD RSHUDV \RQXVRQXFX ROVXQ [W DVDJUGDNL VHNLOGH LIDGH HGLOVLQ
[U
/ [Q
< XNDQGDNL GHQNOHPGH K HNLO 3 GH JRVWHULOHQ ELU IRQNVL\RQGXU [W \L FLNQ YH[RW \L JLUGL RODUDN YHUHQ ILOWUHQLQ IUHNDQV WHSNLVLQL EHOLUOH\LQL]
6 LQ\D'HU YH6 LVWHPHL
62LXP
2PHOGHPH
ā7
aHNOO 3
$ aD$LGDNL )RXULHU VHULVL LOHJRVWHULOHQ JHUHHN WHN YHSHULRGLN LQD-L JR]BRQXR GH EXOXQGXUXQ [W RUQHNOHPH SHUL\RWX 7 NXOODQDUDN GXUWX NDWDQ RUQHN OHPHVL LOHHOGH HGLOUQLV ELUVLQ\DO ROVXQ
/ W VLQNLUW
[W V ,
N2 D 'LLUWLONDWDQ RUQHNOHPHVL [W` GHX\JXODQGLJPGD RQXVPH ROXVXUPX"
E (JHU[W LGHDO GLOaLONJHFLUJHQOL ILOWUHGHQ LUa7NHaaH IUHNDQV YH7B 7B &WLa PH NXaDJ ND]DQXUX\OD JHFHUVH JW NW VLQ\DOLQLQ )RXULHU VHQVL JRVWHQ PLQL EHOLUOH\LQL]
$ aDJGDNLVLQ\DOLJR]RQLLQH DODUDN *2Z )RXUHU OUDQVIRaDaURQOXJ^W VP\DOL QL HOGH HWPFN LFLQ RUQHNOHPH IUHNDQVPP UR Q RODQ ELU RUQHNOHPH HOGHHW PHN LVWL\RUX] VLQP
[W
$ VDJUGD YHULOHQ NUVXODPDODQQ KHU ELUL LFLQ[G>Q@ LQ ; GH M )RXULHU WUDQVIRUPDV \RQXQGD ; MZ \L EXOXQX] D ; GWOM JHUHHNWLU E 7LLPZ OHU LQ ; G^H MQLQHQ\LLNVHN GHJHUL O HVXXU F Q V , Z , 6LU LLQ ; - HM GLU G ; G^WOM ; - ; G^H M Q 6 , Z , 6Q R]HOOLJL\OH ]DPDQ D\QN VLQ\DOL [G>Q@ ; - M )RXULHU WUDQVIRUPDV\RQXQD VDKLS ROVXQ [^W VLQ\DOL aJWGDNL VHNLOGH WDUXUQODQVP 7 ,ā GXUXPXQGD VLQ\DO VLLUHNOL ]DPDQ VLQ\DOLQH GRQLLWLLULLOPLLROVXQ [^W QLQ ; MZ )RXULHU WUDQVIRUPDV\RQXQXQ VILU RODFDJU WLLP UR GHJHUOHULQL EXOX QX] VLQW [^W 7 [G>Q@B7 BB UWQ7 6HNLO GH YHULOHQ ILOWUFOHPH \DNODVLPPD JRUH RPHOFOHPHSHUL\RWX 7 JULa [^W \ EDQW VUK RODUDN NDEXO HGHOLP %XEDJODUQGD , Z ,a WO7 LFLQ ; MZ 2 ROVXQ (JHU WLLPVLVWHP\^W [U7 R]HOOLJLQH VDKLS LVH6HNL, GH YHUL - HQ]DUQDQ D\QN VLQ\DOL LHLQ K>Q YXUXV WHSNLVLQL EHOLUOH\LQL]
/
GHYHULOHQ SUREOHPLDJGDYHULOHQYDUVD\UPD JRUH WHNUDUR]LLQLL]
WU
$ aJGDNL aLWOLJL JHUFHNOHVWLUHQ Z PHQ \LLNVHN GHJHULQL EXOXQX] \^W
[I
, Z , VUR LFLQ *2Z ; MH [^Q@ LQ HWNL RPHNOHPHVLDVDJLGD YHULOHQ\DNODVLP LFLQ NXOODUXOPUV ROVXQ $ DJLGDNL WDUXPODQQ KDQJLVLQL GRJUX YH\D \DQOLV ROaXJXQX EHOLUOH\LQL] D [W W7- XW7- VLQ\DOL RUQHNOHPH aaQ\RWX"a7a 7R ROGXJX GXā
UXPGDRUWLLVPHGHQ GLLUWLLNDWDQ RUQHNOHPHVL LOHJHFLULOHELOLU E ;MZ XZ Z XZ D )RXULHU WUDQVIRaa" RQOX[^W aP DKRUQNā OHPH SHUL\RWXQXQ7 UFOZ ROGXJX GXUXPGD RUWXPHGHQ GXUWXNDWDQ RUā QHNOHPHVLLOHJHFLULOHELOLU H ;MZ XZ XZ D )RXULHU WUDQVIRQQDV\RQOX [WaVBQ\DOWRaHNOHPH SHUL\RWXQXQ 7UD ROGXJXGXUXPGD UWLLPHGHQ GLOUWLLNDWDQ RPHNOHā PHVL LOFJHFLULOHEOOLU
, UR ,aQ LFLQ ; MZ 2GXUXPXQGD )RXULHU WUD"VIRUPDV\Raa [FW VLLUHNOL ]DPDQ VLQ\DOL ROVXD =DPDQ D\QN VLQ\DOL DVDJLGD VHNLOGH HOGH HGLOVLQ [G^` [Q ; ,
J>Q
W
[>Q- R>QN1-
L ā
U 6 , WD , 6QLLQ; WOM 2 DHVLW NDEXOHGLOLUVH[>Q- RPHNOHPH VLLUHFLQGH RaPH ROaPD\DFDJXX YDUVD\DUDN 1RPHNOHPH DUDOJL LaLQHQ ELL\LLN GHJHUL EHOLUOH\LQL] aJGDNL GXUXPODUVLQ\D- [>@YHRQXQ )RXULHU WUDQVIRUPDV\RQX LaLQ YHULOUQLV ROVXQ [^Q@JHUUHNWLU Z [ LLQ; H MHVLWROPDVP [>Q- UR>QN@ R>- [> QM EHOLUOH" %XDUDGD VLQ LU ,U VLQ\DOLQ KHU LNLGXUXPD X\GXJXQXJR UHELOLUVLQ
6 LQ\DOOHU YH6 LVWHPOH
Q UR Q IUHNDQV WHSNLVLQGH K >@ YXUXV WHSNLVL WHSNLVL LFLQ LGHDO D\QN ]DUQDQ EDQG VRQGXUHQ ILOWUH \L JR] RQLLQGH EXOXQGXUXQ
V
+HO MO
>
[Q
OZOaa YHMZM
KLFELU 9XUXVWHSNLVL ,> @ RODQ ILOWUHQLQ IUHNDQVWHSNLVLQL EHOLUOH\LQL]
6 H < Q
ā- W - W
$UD GHJHUOL NHVLP ,UHNDQVL OUFODQ LGHDO D\QN]DPDQ GXaLLN JHFLVOL ILOWUH LFLQ 6HNLO GH YHULOHQ GXUXPD JRUH IDNWRUOLL RUQHNOHPVL] ELU GXUXPX YDUVD\D KP %X RUQHNOHPVL] YXUXV WHSNLVLQH NDUVLKN JHOHQ IUHNDQVWHSNLVL QHGLU"
@
*LULVL [>Q` YH RQD NDUVLKN JHOHQ Na \>@ RODQ YH 6HNLO 3 GD YHULOHQ VLV WHPL JR]LLQGF EXOXQGXUXQ 6IUHNOHPHOL VLVWHPLQ [>Q@ LQ ELUELULQL WDNLS HGHQ GHJHUOHU DUDVLQGD VIWUJHQLVOLNOL LNLQRNWD\L VLVWHPF HNOHGLJLQL GLLaLLQHOLP 2PHN VH\UHOWPHQLQ DVDJLGD YHULOHQ VHNLOGH WDPPODQGLJUUX NDEXO HGHOLP \>Q@ Z>@ Z>@ VH\UHOWPH VLVWHPL LFLQ JLUGL VUUDVL ROVXQ (JHUJLUGL IRUPX DVDJLGDNLJLEL EHOLUOHQUQLVVH VLQ ; ,, > @
Y]
6 $
D]
7 ( 0( / 3 5 2%/ ( 0/ ( 5
! - UF
+HO UWL Z>QO 6 IOUHOGHPHOL
6 H\UHOWPH
[Q
a
aNOO 3
[W &!
\Q
;MZ )RXaaU WUDQVIRaDV\RQOX [ VLQ\DOL GXUWLLNDWDU RPHNOHPH RQWHPL OH aJGD EHKUROHQ IRQNVL\RQX ROXVWXUPDNWDGUU 7 ,2B ROVXQ \ \
WU,
UR GHJHUOHUL LLQ\>` FLNXODQP EHOLUOH\LQL] D Z U E
@
Q
aHNOO3
LNL D\QN]DPDQ VLVWHPL 6 YH 6 NHVLP IUHNDQVL IU RODQ LGHDO GLLaLLN J&LaOL ILOWUH\L JHUFHNOHVWLUUQHN LFLQ ROXVWXUXOPXV ROVXQ 6 VLVWHPL 6HNLO 3D GD YH 6 VLVWHPL 6HNLO 3E GH WDULI HGLOPLVROVXQ %X VHNLOOHUGH6 $ KHU ELU JLUGL RUQHJLQH ELU VLILU HNOH\HQVLIWUHNOHPH VLVWHPLQH 6 GH KHU ELU JLUGLGHQ LNLQFL RPHJL FLNDUDQ RPHN VH\UHOWPH VLVWHPLRH NDUVLKN JHOVLQ D 2QHULOHQ6 VLVWHPL LVWHQLOHQ LGHDO GLLaLLN JHFLVOL ILOWUH VLVWHPLQH NDUVLKN
W
[>Q7@> Q@
$ aJLGD YHULOHQ VRUX VHWOHUL LFLQ[W YHOYF\D ; MZ RPFNOHP WHRUHPL %7 ,H EDNXX] [W QLQ [W GHQHOGH FGLOHELOLUOLLQL VDJOD\DELOLU PL", R XP D , &O! ,! &P LFLQ ;MZ 2 E ,Z ,! &PLFLQ ;MZ 2 F , Z,!&PLLQ5H^;MZ ` 2 G Z ! Q LFLQ[^W JHUHHN YH;MZ R H Z &PLLQ[^W JHUFHN YH;MZ 2 I ,WR, ! &PLFLQ ;MZ ;MZ 2 J , FD ,! Q LLLQ, [YZ , R Q7@ ^WQ@
\W QLQ \SW GHQ HOGH HGLOHELOHFHJL 7RPHNOHPH SHUL\RWXLFLQ GHJHUDUDKNOD
D $ 7 LFLQ ;MZ QLQ :MZ LFLQGHNLFRJDOWPDODQ DUDVPGD RIWLLPHROPD GJGXUXPODUGD UR LOHLOLVNLOLRODUDNHOGHHGLOHFHNHQELL\LLN 7GHJHUL QHGLU" E $ 7LFLQ ;MZ QLQ :MZ LFLQGHNL FRJDOWPDODQ DUDVPGDUWLLPHROPD GJGXUXPODUGD UR0 L#OLROa HOGHHGLOHFHN HQELL\LLN7GHJHULQHGLU"
L
[W
QP EHOLUOH\LQL] HNLO 3 GH YHULOHQ VLVWHP IDUNK LDUaWOaU YLQ aaHNOHPa VLQ\DOLQLQ GLLUWLL NDWDU VLVWHPL ROGXJXQX JRVWHUPHNWHGU *LUGL VLQ\DOLQLQ )RXULHU WUDQVIRUPDV\R QXVHNLOGHJRVWHULOPLLU D $ 7&Z0 LFLQ [W YH\W QLQ )RXULHUWUDQVIRUPDV\RQXQXQ FL]LQL] E $ 7&Z0 LFLQ [W \L [SW GHQ HOGH HGHFHN VLVWHPL EHOLUOH\LQL] H $ 7& Z0 LFLQ[W \L \W GHQ HOGHHGHFHN VLVWHPL EHOLUOH\LQL] G [W \L [SW \D GD \W GHQ :0 LOH LOLVNLOL RODUDN HOGH HGHFHN HQ ELL\LLN $ GHJHUL QHGLU"
;
ZW
I VW
/- a/- 7 /-
SW aNLO 3
6HNLO 3 GH [W \L [W QLQ RUQHNOHULQGHQ \HQLGHQ ROXVWXUPDN DPDFL\OD LGHDO GLLLLN JHFLUJHQOL ILOWUH YHULOUQLV ROVXQ PHNOHPH WHRUHPLQGHQ HJHU aā 7& :H - YH [W GH PHYFXW HQ\LLNVHN IUHNDQVP LNL NDXQGDQ E\LLN LVH \HPaHQ ROXVWXUXODQ [W VLQ\DOLQLQ [W VLQ\DOLQH &LW ROGXJXQX ELOL\RUX] (aHU YHQOHQ EDQW DUDKJPGD [W QLQ EX GXUXPXQD X\XOPX\RUVD [W [W \H &O ROUQD\DFDNQU %XSUREOHPGH HJHU WD ZLVH7 QLQ VHFLOPLV KHUKDQJL ELU GHJHULQGH [^W GHJHUL [W \FHVLW RODFDNXU
a
W
W
[N [N N
%XGHJHUL HOGH HGHELOPHN LFLQ
SW W Q7 QRR
; MP +M-`
; SW
LOOB
[W
O- F
[W`
P aNLO3
+MP
[W
I
I
' W
R
a
R
' W
W
[>Q7` 7a VLQ>ZWQ'@ WU D! WQQ
- F ZGXUXPXQGD P aHNLO3
6HNLO 3 GHYHULOHQ VLVWHP SHULRGLN NDUH GDOJDVL\OD FDUSLOQXV ELU JLUGL VLQ\DOL ROVXQ VW QLQ SHULWRWX 7ROVXQ *LUGL VLQ\DOL , Z , :0 LFLQ ,; - Z , OH EDQWVQXUK ROVXQ
[^,
/
VLQ>QU @ [>Q7@
Q7 7
3O
6 LQ\DOOHU YH6 LVWHPOHU %ROXP
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aLLN ELU RUQHNOHPH KU]U EHNOHQPHVL PDQWUNK RODFDNQU (QHUMLVL ELU IUHNDQV EDQG LFHUVLQGH NRQVDQWUHROPXV ELU VLQ\DOH JHQHOOLNOH EDQW JHLaEDQGSDVV VLQ\DOL RODUDN DGODQGLQKU %DQWJHFLV WHNQLNOHUL DGL DOXQGD EX WLLU VLQ\DOOHUL QXPXQFOH\HFHN FRNFHVLWOL WHNQLNOHU PHYFXWWXU %LU EDQW JHFLV VLQ\DOLQLQ WRSODP EDQW JHQLVOLJLQGHQ GDKD GLLaLLN ELU KU]GD QXPXQHOHQPHVL RODVLKJPP LQFHOFQPHVL LFLQ 6HNLO 3E \L LQFHOH\LQL] 0! D! L0YDUVD\LOPL \DSODUDN 7 QLQ PDNVLPXP GHJHULQL ;W [W ROPDN X]H UH$ D! D!L VDELWOHULQLQ GHJHUOHULQL EXOXQX]
2PHNOHPH
3UREOHP GD EDQWJHFLVIEDQGSDVV@ QXPXQHOHQPHVL YH \HQLGHQ \DSUODQGLQO PDVW LFLQELUSURVHGLLU HOH DOQXVWLN %LU EDVND SURVHGLLU LVH[W QLQ JHUFHOROGXJX GXUXPGD [W QLQ NDUPDVLNXVWHO LOH FDUSUOPDVXX YH FDUSLP VRQXFXQX QXPXQHOHPHVLQL LFHUPHNWHGLU 1XPXQHOHPH VLVWHPL 6HNL 3D GD JRVWHULO PHNWHGLU ; JHaHO YH [MD! VLILUGDQ IDUNK ROPDN LL]HUH D!L, DOO WX IUHNDQV D!L D!L YH GH GXVLLN JHFLULPOL ILOWUH +8- NHVPH IUHNDQVL RODUDN D!L D!L D 6HNL 3E GHJRVWHULOHQ ;M- LFLQ ;SL- \LFL]LQL] E [W QLQ [SW GHQ HOGH HGLOPHVLQL PLLPNLLQ NUODQ PDNVLPXP QXPXQHOHRH SHU\RGX 7 \LEXOXQX] F [W QLQ[SW GHQ HOGH HGLOPHVLQL PLLPNLLQ NLODQ ELUVLVWHP ROXVWXUXQX]
; MP
[! [
[
W
āW >?
+-8-
; SO
W ā
HāOOOORO
,'
S OāQ7 D
U
S, D
Q7
; MP
[,
[,
+MP
I ,? āWLO
āWLO
P
PL
*
S,
E
aNLO3
W W
M
W 6HNLO D VLLUHNOL ]DPDQ VLQ\DOLQL D\Q ]DPDQ VLD\DOLQH GRQLLaWLLUHQ ELU VLVWHPL JRVWHUPHNWHGLU [W JLUGLVL VDQL\H SHU\RGX LOHSHU\RGLNWLU ; QLQ )RXULHU VHULVL NDWVD\L,DQ
7 +MP
Q āā
LLW
aO RR N © !
'
ā
E
aHNOO 3
'LLVLLNJaLa ILOWUHVL +M- 6HNL 3E GH JRVWHULOHQ IHNDQV WHSNLVLQH VDKLSWLU 1XPXQHOHPH SHU\RGX 7 ; ā VDQL\HGLU D [>Q@ QLQ SHU\RGLN GL]L ROGXJXQX JRVWHULQL] YH SHU\RGXQX EXOXQX] E [>Q@ QLQ )RXULHU VHULVL NDWVD\LODQUX EXOXQX]
6 LQ\DOOHUYH6 LVWHPOHU
%RKLP
2PHNOHPH
6HNLO QXPXQHOH\LFL GL]L\H FHYLULFL YH/ 78 D\QN ]DPDQ VLVWHPL WDUDILQ 'a8- L
JH\L [W
ILOXHVL
OPSXOV WUHQLQLQ ELUGL]L\H G2Q8 W8UWOOPHVL
[FW
[a
+MWL-
GDQ WDNLS HGLOHQ VLLUHNOL]DPDQ / 7 , VLVWHPLQL JRVWHUPHNWHGLU 6LLUHNOL]DPDQ / 7 6, VLVWHP PDNXO ROXS GRJUXVDO VDELW NDWVD\LK GLIHUDQVL\HO GHQNOHPL VDJOD PDNWDGLU G\FW Q@ aQ RODFDN VHNLOGH + IUHNDQV WHSNLVLQL K>Q@ DWWKP WHSNLVLQL EX OXQX]
RR
SW O6^ W Q7 Q RR
+8: OPSXOV
/7,
WUIIOOQOQEOU GO]O\H
/7,
; FWO
Z>Q- +HO
Q2I^2U2OPHVO
, W
W
aHNOO3
SW , Q7
FR aNLI 3
HNLO 3 VLLUHNOL ELU ]DPDQ VLQ\DOLQL D\QN ]DPDQ ILOWUHVL NXOBODQDUDN ILOWUHaH \HQJHQHO ELUVLVWHP JRVWHUPHNWHGLU (JHU; MM- DQG aH
HNO 3 GDaRV WHULOGLJL LL]HUH O7 N+] IUHNDQVPGD LVH ; SM- ; H <H M Q@ NXODOQDUDN GRJUXVDO YHDVDJLGDNL GLIHUDQVL\HO GHQNOHP LOHLOLQWLOL ROPDN LL]HUH \>Q@ O \>O [>Q@ ; MMZ 2 OZO! UU7 NRVXOXQX VDJOD\DQ EDQWOLPLWOL JLUGL VLQ\DOOHUL LFLQDVDJUGDNL VHNLOVLLUHNOL]DPDQ / 7 ,VLVWHPLQHGHQNWLU *LUGL [FW YH NW \FW ROPDN LL]HUH ELLWLLQ RODUDN HVGHJHU VLVWHPLQ +- MZ IUHNDQV WHSNLVLQL EXOXQX]
OPSXOa %LUGL]L\H [>Q- OQ8W8U2OURH
; Q7
\>Q
< HQ7 WUHQLQLQ ELUGL]L\F
K >Q@ +HL
2QLOLMWOOU8OPHVL
LGHDOGXaLLN OPSXOV WUHQLQLQ ELUGL]L\H
a,
RR
[>Q
\>Q KQ
WUHQLQH GRQaUXOPHVL
SW , RWQ7
GRQLOIWXUXOPHVL
HHHH
2L]LQLQ ELUPSXOV
\W-
JaLULPOL ILOWUH VPUODPDV IUHNDQV
7
D
SW ā,QQ
RF aNLO3
%LU [>Q@ VLQ\DOL )RXULHU GRQLLaLLPLL RODUDN ;GM -= !OUXO!-= W; ,
W; ,
a
Q
OO
;GM
ROPDNWDGLU
%LUEDVND VLQ\DORODUDN
E
aHNOO3
ROGXJXQGD
6 LQ\DOOHU YH 6 LVWHPOHU
6 ROXP
J>Q@ [>Q@
/ >-
N@
2PHNOHPH
D (JHU W 7SHUL\RGXQXQ LLUQHJL LOH RUQHNOHQPLV LVHJW DGPGD ELU HNOHQGL
O© !
IRQNVL\RQX EHOLUWLQ NL ROXVWXUXOUQXVWXU J>@ JLULOGLJLQGH [>Q@ L NW RODUDN YHUHQ GLLVLLN JHFLULUQOL ELU ILOWUHQLQ +H IUHNDQV WHSNLVLQL EXOXQX] %LU[>Q@ VLQ\DOL )RXULHUGRQLLaLLPLLRODUDN DOaDJGDNLR]HOOLNWHGLU
` [Q7 JW U7
G[W GW
a&U`
[>@ a>N@
E JW IRQNVL\RQX WHN PLGLU" OZO: EDQW JHQLVOLJLQGH VLPUK RODQ ELU VLQ\DO GHJLVNHQ X]DP RUQHNOHPL LOH
VPª
I
[>Q@
\HQLGHQ EXOXQDELOLU 2\OH NL RUWDODPD IHNOHPLQ VNKJ VDQL\HGH :U RU QHNOHP ROVXQ %X SUREOHP GHJLVNHQ RUQHNOHU LFLQ RUQHN YHULOPLVWLU HNLO 3 GH YDUVD\DKP NL O [W VaODQGPOPa ELU EDQWWLU ;MZ R 2OZO !: SW VHNLO 3E GH JRVWHULOGLJL JLELGHJLVJHQX]DPK SHUL\RGLN ELU JHQHO HJLOLP ]LQFLULGLU U I^W SHQ\RGLN GDOJDODU VHNOLQGHGLU YHSHUL\RGX 7 GXU ELU LWNL
+DQJL URGFJHUOHUL LFLQ ;UO HaLWOLJL NHVLQOLNOHGRJUXGXU ODUM VF DUDOUJLQGD GHJHU@ VU ILURODQ ELU )RXULHU GRQLLaLLUQLL ;U PHYFXWWXU 2QFH LNOH ELU / IDNWRULL LOH \X NDQ QXPXQHOHPH YH GDKD VRQUD0 IDNWRULL LOH DaDJ QXPXQHOHPH \DSLOPDN VXUH WL\OH )RXULHU GRQLLaLLPLLQLLQ ;U VLQLQLQ ELU SHU\RGXQXQ VLILUGDQ IDUNK RODQ NLVUP MDUM WW DUDKJLP NDSVD\DFDN VHNOH JHWULOHELOLU %X NRVXOX VDJOD\DQ / YH 0GHJHUOHULQL EXOXQX] $ \QN ]DPDQK ELU [>Q@ GL]LVL GLLaLLQHOLP %X GL]LGFQ ;S>Q YF[G@ LVLPOL LNL \HQL ROXVWXUDKP %XUDGD [S>Q@ QXPXQHOHPH SHU\RGX LOH QXPXQHOHPH [>Q@ H [>Q@ LVH IDNWRQ LOH D]DOQFL [>Q@ HWHNDELLO HWUQHNWHGLU %XQDJRUH ^[>Q - *HUFHO GHJFUOL D\QN ]DPDQ VLQ\DOL [>Q@ U, I
Z ]LQFLULQH DUSWJ LFLQ VDGHFH DYH E GHJHUOHULQLQ 2 YH W ! GD NDEXO HGLOHELOLU ELFLUQGH DQODPKGLU +LZ ID]K ELU \HUGHJLVWLULFLVLGLU +MZ ^ -Â #! , !
;3 >,,@
2Q
YH [G >Q@ [>Q@
W -
< W
, - U U , O- U UāO,
2PHWGHQa ;, +
;
[W
% ] ,
< 3W D
-
ā",W
a
- OL
a
OI
OW
P
E
3,
aHNLO 3
D 6HNLO 3D GD[Q JRVWHULOPLVWLU%XQDJRUH[S>Q YH[L>Q@GL]LOHULQL FL]LQL] E ; LaHNLO 3E GH JRVWHULOPLVWLU %XQDJRUH[H; &H aOHULFL]LQL]
L/ ( 5 L6 ( 9L< ( / L35 2%/ ( 0/ ( 5 [W ZQ ELU VLPUODQGPOUPV
OZa LFLQ; - Z 2 ROVXQ
āWL R
$
FL]HOJH ROGXJXQX YDUVD\DOLP 2\OH NL KHU E
aHNOO3
6 LQ\DOOHU YH6 LVOHPOHL
6
2PHOGHPH
B aa X\JXQ ELUVHNLOGH [W EDQW JHRLaOLJL LOH LOLVNLOL RODQ RPHNOHPH DUDOXJQGDQ VH aROPDKGU (JHU VRQXFWD LWNL ]LQFLUL D\PFL HNOHQWL DOFDN JHFLVOL ILWOHULQ LFLQGHQ JHFLULOLUVH [SW VLQ\DOL ELUVLQLLVOLL [W VLQ\DOLQGHQ LWNL]LQFLU RUQHNOHPLQGHQ HOGH HGLOLU NL IUHNDQVL PRPHNOHP IUHNDQVLPQ \DQVPD HVLWWLU
+MZ ELUDOFDN JHFLVOL ILWOHUGLU 2\OHNL
+-P
%RWXP
^ aR ORM!:
NELUVDELWWLU D SW \ U \W YH$ W QLQ )RXULHU JHFLVOHULQL EXaXQ E D E YH N GHJHUOHULQLQ IRQNVL\RQX RODUDN EXOXQ R\OH NL KHU VPaODQGP- PLV [W LFLQ ], [W WXP 2 W! Q: DUDKJPGD EXWXQDQ -DU
%LUVDKUXUQ ROFHN VD\IDVPGD GDOJD VHNLOOHUL NLVD ]DPDQGD FL]LOHQ \DSLODU aNVUN JRVWHULOLU PHVHOD QDQRVDQL\H GH ELQOHUFH ROF8GH (Q KL]O VDKPP ROFHULQ ELOā \OLNVHOPH ]DPDUX EXQGDQ GDKD ID]OD ROGXJX LFLQ EX JRVWHQ HOHU GLUHN HO"H HGLOLQHPH]OHU +DOEXNL HJHU EXGDOJDODU SHUL\RGLN ROVD DU]X HGLOHQ VRQXFODU RU QHNOHP VDKUXUQ ROFHU DGLQGD ELU FLKD] LOH GROD\K ELU \ROGDQ HOGH aGLOHELOLU $ PDFUPL] 6HNLO 3 GH JRVWHULOGLJ@ JLEL ELUKU]K GDOJDVL RODQ [W QP KHU ELU SHUL\RWWD RPHNOHQPHVL DPD VRQUDNL QRNWDODQQ SH\ SHVH SHUL\RWODU GDROPDVLGX
[W FRV LW YH
I[Q7 R WQ7
[W
ā
U 7 VH
D JW \L [W FRV FRVLW JW RODFDN VHNLOGHEXOXQ
a W M MUU2 O O W ,
O
I7
,
E Q LFLQ JQ7 ROGXJXQX JRVWHULQ F QFHNL LNLVLNNP VRQXFODQUQ NXOODQDUDN HJHU [SW NHVPH IUHNDQVL LOHLGHDO
,
DOFDN JHFLUJHQ ILWOHULQ [SW P
\W FRV FRV O
O
,
,
L
,
aa \W ,
a
L
&B
9 W
D
[W`aF
+MZ
ā
7SHUO\RGX
\W
ROGXJXQX JGVWHULQ L]LOPa GaUW aaLLaOLL GH9 O aL RODR ELUGLVN GaaLLQ %X GLVN VDQL\H GH \DNODVLN ,B" GHYLU aRGXUXOX\RU %R\OHFHX]XQ YH GDU EUUNHVLWWHQ EDNLOGLJPGD EXVLQXV OX GHYUHVLQLQ IUHNa +] GLU %X GLL]HQOHPH VHNLO 3 GD JRVWHULOUQLVWLU YW X]XQ YHGDU NHVLWWHQ JRQLQHQ FL]JLQLQ SR]LV\RQXQX JRVWHULU %R\OHFH YW $FRVD! J WYR OU 8OXVODU DUDVL NROD\KJP VDJODQPDVL LFLQ YW \L QRUPDOOHVWLUHFHJL] \DRL$ a+]GHJR] YW \L WDNLS HGHPH] YHELU IDU]HGL\RUX] NLEXHWNLJR]LLQ PR GHOLQLQ NHVPH IUHNDQVPP +]OLNLGHDOELUDOFDN JHFLUJHQ ILWOHUL RODFDN WXVDQL\HOINVPLL]ROGDO aL]JO SR]E\RQX
,; *Z L 2 IRU,P , :[
SW B O>W Q7W
,
?
?
@
OPO +MP`
7 W
^ EDNDV E
, , ?
? ? , ,
? ?
aHNOO
B B 'LNUSV ? GHGRQLL\RU
?B B , , , BB
B B
B
aHNLO
6LVW
6 LQ\D8HUYH
VHNLOGH DFLNOD\DELOLUL] 6LQX]LRGDO RPHNOHPL GLVNLQ VHFLFL GDUEH OJ LOH ON ODQGLQOPDVU\OD LLVWHVLQGHQ JHOLEHOLU %R\OHFH LVLNODQGUUPD DVDJUGDNL LWNL ]LQFLUM QL JRVWHUFELOLU LW
a aaOā7R-
IRW N7
\
7KHUW] GHVHFLFL GDUEH IUHNDQVLGUU 2UQHNOHP VLQ\DOLQLQ VRQXFX UW aW LW \DU SPXGLU5MZ 9MZ MZ VLUDVW\OD UW YW YHLW )RXULHUJHFLGLQL EHKUWL\RU D YF42 SDUDPFWUFOHULQLQ HUNLVLQL DFLNFD JRVWHUHUHN 9MZ \L WDVODN FL]LQL]
$ODFNa V, [, D [Oā7R
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ā WHUQ RUQHNOHGLN NL EX VLVWHPGH ELU DOJLOD\UFU D\UX ]DPDQGD PH\GDQD JHOHQ [ VLQ\DOLQL DOJLK\RU YF ELU [W QLQ JHFLNPHVL D]DOXOUPV NRS\DVLUX ELU HNR JRVWHU PHNWHGLU %X \X]GHQ ELU DOJUOD\LFUPQ OD OO NHQFLNWLVU VW [W D[W 7R ROXU 6HNLO 3 E GH JRVWHULOGLJL JLEL EX FLNX [W QLQ LON ELU VUUD\D GRQLLULLā QOU VRQUD ELU X\JXQ GLJLWDO K>Q@ ILWOHULQL NXOODQDUDN \FQLGHQ HOGH HGLOPHVL LHLQ PHWRGOaQGPOPLaW,7 OD , , NHQ [W QLQ ELU VPLUODQGPOUUXV EDQW ROGXJXQX IDQ HGLQ / < DQL OD-!D!0 LFLQ ;- Z 2@ D (JHU B 7R LVH YH RUQHNOHP SHUL\RWXQ E D HVLW NDEXO HGLOLUVH - 0
+ &'
( ONO= ,2&OQQQ VQ- Va
\Q
PB
KQ
G2Q2- PHVO
,W
I
ā\
I
\F,
RR SO 8Oā8 NRR
E aNOO 3
%LUVPaBUODQGPBOPa[F VLQ\DKQL JR] RQLOQGH EXOXQGXUXQ NL1\TXLVWRUDUQQGDQ G"KD \XNVFN ELURUDQD RPHNOHQPL ROVXQ 6HNLO 3 GH JRVWHULOGLJ JLEL 7VD QL\HGH ELU ERVOXN DUDQRPHNOHPOHU ELU[@VUDVPDGRQLOWLLULLOLLUOHU
SW
/LWQ7 [W a
a
(WNL]LQFLULQLQ a[ VWUD\D GRQXaPHV
> @ Q [ Q7
- 0
aNOO
>\DQL 7 72@ GLJLWDO K>Q@ LFLQ ELU IDUN GHQNOHPL EHOLUWLQ 2\OH NL \W [W \H RUDQXK ROVXQ E %ROLLP D \ IDQHGHUNL LGHDO DOFDN JHFLVOL ILWOHULQ$ DUWUVLP EHOLUWLQ 2\OH NL \DQL 7
LVH YFRUQHNOHUQ SHUL\RGX 7R DHVLWNDEXO
-
GLJLWDO OQ@LFLQ ELU IDUN GHQNOHPL
< W [W RUDQXOL ROVXQ
IM[>QI
ā 9 H[FW VLLUHNOL ]DPDQ IRQNVL\RQXQXQ HQHUMLVL aR\OH LIDGH HGLOLU
EHOLUWLQ 2\OH OHL ( IM[WI GW
6 LQ\DOOHU YH 6 L6OHP- HU
62LXP
2PHNOHPH
6HNLO 3D JLUGLVL YHNWV D\Q ]DUQDQ VLQ\DOL RODQELU VLVWHUQL UHVPHWUQHN WHGLU $ \Q ]DPDQJLUGLVL RODQ[>Q ELUVLOUHNOL ]DPDQ LWNLVL]LQFLUL RODQ[S H GRQXWLOULLOLOU 6RQUD VLOUHNOL ]DPDQ LWNLVL VLQ\DOL RODQ [LW FLNXVPP HOGF HGLOPHVL LFLQ NXOODQLODQ / 7 O VLVWHPL LOH ILOWUH HGLOLU Q- H GRQLOaWLOULLOLLU / 7, VLVWHPL [HW JLUGLVL YH NO
FRV
+HU 7VDQL\HGH [>N@ GHJHUL LOH HWNLOHQUQLV ELU LWNL LLUHWHOWP %LUGDLUHVHNOLQGH N 2,1 GHJHUOHULQGHQ EaOD\DFDJL] < DQL
\N7 [N PDGLLO1
G2@
aNOO3
+HUKDQJL D!L 62- 6DLL DUDKJPGD IUHNDQV GHJHUL RODQ VLQX]LDO VLQ\DOLQL LLUHWHEL OHQ EX VLLUHNOL ]DPDQ MHQHUDWRUXGL]D\Q HWPHN LVWHGLJLPL]LIDQHGLQR\OHNL ! YH :L SR]LWLI VD\LODUGUU 'L]D\PPL] VLUDGDNL IRUPODQ WDNLS HWPHOLGLU ELU D\Q ]DPDQ FRVLXV GDOJDK 1 SHUL\RGXQX VDNODUPV EXOXQX\RUX] < D QL [>@ [>1,@ VDNODUPV EXOXQX \RUX] R\OH NL 2- SDUDPHWUHVL EHOLUWLOUQLVER\OHFH \W DU]X HGLOHQ IUHNDQVEDQW ,W ELUVLLUHNOL ]DPDQ FRVLQXV VLQ\DOLGLU
U
7 a a \W
-&^1āO@ \W %
&26,'W
D E
aNOO30
%RUXP
2PHNOHPH
6 LQ\DOOHU YH 6 LVWHPOHU
[Q
G
Z YHD!L DUDVPGD VHFLOHQ ZGHJHULQH EDJK \W JHQLVOLJLQL GHJLVHFHN
[>Q
KQ@
[>Q
WLU %R\OHFH VHNLO 3E GH JRVWHULOGLJL JLEL EX VLQ\DOL QRUPDOOHVWLUHQ ELU *MZ VLVWHPL GL]D\Q HWPHOL\L] %R\OHFH ELU *MZ EXOXQ
6HNLO 3 GH JRVWHULOHQ VLVWHUQGH [ JLUGLVL
[- M 2
S>Q WQāN1
OZM!O [ LOH
N RR
HNOO3
VLUXUODVWPOUUXVQU K>@GLMLWDO VX]JHFL JLUGL NW LOLVNLVL LOH DQODXODELOLU
[UQ@ QLa"LU )RXULHUJHFLVLQH VDKLS ROGXJXQX GLLaLLQLLQ O VM- V - ,, G VOO, D HVUWQU $aDJGD aLWOLJL JRVWHULQ
: , O DUD LJP D
3O
\>Q@ 7I [>N N
D (JHU [ GHQ [3 \H JHFLVLQGH PH\GDQD JHOHQ RUQLVPH RQOHQLUVH UQLQ HQ ELL\LLN JHFHUOL GHJHUL NDFQU" E 3O HVLWOLJLQGH EHOLUWLOHQ D\Q ]DPDQ / 7 VLVWHPL LOH LWNL NDaKJ RODQ K>-\L JRVWHULQ F +HUKDQJL 7GHJHULQLQ ROXS ROUQDGUJLP EHOLUWLQ R\OH NL
W[>N@>VLQIQN -
[>Q
B Q- N
$B
(JHU 2V O DUDKJPGD[>Q - FRV
I
YHJ>Q@ [>-
WR
N
,
LVH R LFLQ QDVUO ELU ID]ODGDQ VLPUODQGUUPD NR\XOPDKGLU NL
RR
VP O
9 DU LVH HQ ELL\LLN GHJHULQL EHOLUWLQ < RN LVH 3 HVLWOLJLQH HQ \DNP GHJHUOHQGLULOPLV 7 \L QDVLO VHFLOPHVL JHUHNWLJLQL EHOLUWLQ YH DFLNOD\P %X EROXPX]HULQGHFRNGLNNDWOL ROXQ . ROD\KNOD \DQKVVRQXFD YDQUVLP]O
6 RUD\D GOQLLP
KQ@
(ONO ]LQFLULQH GRQX2P
< FO
< SO
J>Q@
I -
[>Q@"
āā %ROLLP WH WDUWLaWJPaaaa6HNL, GH UHVP HWWLJLPL] JLEL HNOHQWL PHWRGX aaGD ELU B WDaVDa IDaRUX LOH \DSLODQ FRN RPHNOHPH VHUL EDJODQXK LNL LVOHP UHLQ aHGXXQXOHEBKa6LVWHP $ \ LFHUHQ LON La DUD\D HNOHQHQ 1 VLILUBVLUDK KHUELU [>Q- GHJHULQLQ EFQ]HULGLU ER\OHFH
+29 \QO
[Q- [Q7
$
3
I[ U GU
OLP\>Q OLP OO'
,K
W1O1B > @ ^V>L` R G
[3 Q
aaLU
VXXUODQGPOQXV EDQWHNOHQWLVL LFLQ +H LGHDO ELUDOFDNJHFLVOL
SO
āRWQ7 Q LHF
HNLO3
6HNLO 3 GD JRVWHULOGLJL JLEL ELU [>QO VLQ\DOL D\Q ]DPDQ GD RUQHNOQPLVWLU K>Q@ ELU LGHDO DOFDN JHFLVOLILWOHUGLU YHNDUaKN IUHNDQVL
+ H- Q ^
,
U
L
IRLL ,I - LORI
D E F G
$VVWHaQ OLQHHUROXS ROPDGLJPL EHOLUWLQ $ VaVWHPPQ]DPDQ GHJLVPH\HQROXS ROPDGUJQQ EHOLUWLQ 6a3GDWDVODNFL]LOGLJLJLEa ; $ HL LFLQ 1 LOH [ G LWDVODN ā ā 6HN, 3 GD NLJLEL 1 LFLQ ; HL YH GDNLN Iā ,, G OUUX&,=OOO W EUU 6,,OOI DQ P EDQW HNOHQWV PVaOPL RODQ +OH ; H \LWDVODNYL]LQ ; GHLR-
YH HVLWOLNOHUGHQ FLNWW ILWOHULDVDJUGDNL HVLWOLN RODUDN EXOXQXU
1WD VLQH] QN1 [>Q@ ` [>N1@K>QN1@ /[>N1@ F N B Z QN1 Z O 1 ROGXJXQGD [>Q@ VLUDVPP P KHUKDQJL ELU SR]LWLI YH\D QHJDWLI WDPVD\L LNHQ 1\TXLVW RUDUXQP [>P1 [>P1@ \XNDQVL YH\D DaDJV RUQHN
? , ? ā W
OHQPLVROXS ROPDGLJPD NDUVPEDJLPVL] JP JRVWHULQ
P
HNOO3
%2OXP
2PHNOHPH
6 LQ\DOOHUYH6 LVWHPWHU
%X SUREOHPGH %ROLLP YH GH VLLUHNOL ]DPDQ LFLQ HOH DKQDQ VLILUPFL GHUHFHGHQ WXWPDQP YH ELULQFLGHUHFHGHQ WXWPDQP D\QN]DPDQK NRS\DVPL HOH DODFDJL] āā NO LQ X\JX [@6HNLO 3 GH UHVPHGLOGLJL JLEL D\QNā]DUQa RPH HPHP ā ODQGLJL ELU GL]L ROVXQ$ \QN]DPDQK RPHNOHP WHRUHPPP NRXOODQPQ VDJaDQG JLP YDUVD\DKPā\DQL - RPHNOHPH IUHNDQVL LNHQ WR!ZX YH ; H Z OZ? RULMaDO VLQ\DOL R ]DPDQ %ROLLP WH HOH DKQD` 0"WāVPUK DUDGHJHUOHPH\H NDUVLKN JHOHQ LGHDO DOFDN JHFLUHQVX]JH\OHPH\OH GHQ WDP RODUDN GLL]HOWLOHELOLU HGLOGL LEL 6LIPQFLGHUHFHGHQ WXWPD 6HNLO 3D GD 1 P UHVP ! J KHU RUQHNOHUQ GHJHUL 1 DUGLVLN VXUH WHNUDUODPUNHQYH\D WXWXOXUaHQ \DNODN ELU DUD GHJHUOHUQH\L WHPVLO HGHU%LULQFLGHUHFHGHQ WXWUQD D\P &N GH UHVPHGLO GLJL JLEL RPHNOHPWHU DUDVPGDNL GRJUXVDO ELUDUDGHJHUOHPH\ WHPVLO HGHU
D 6LIPQFUGHUHFHGHQ WXWPD GHQNOHP VHNOLQGHNL ELUDUD GHJHUOHUQH\OH YF\D D\P VHNLOGH 6HNLO 3E GHNL VLVWHPOH WHUQVLO HGLOHELOLU%LU 1RU
QHNOHPH SHUL\RGXQXQ JHQH GXUXPX LFLQ K>Q L EHOLUOH\LQL] YH WDVODJLUX L ]LQL] E [I- 6HNL 3F GHGH EHOLUWLOGLJL JLEL \DNODVLN ELU +HL / 7, VLL]JHFL NXOODPOPDVU\OD a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
[WQO
UO W UO,-
6HNLO GH JRVWHULOGLJL YH%ROWLP GH HOH DOPGJJLEL 1WDUQVD\U FDUSDQK DUDGHJHUOHPH YH\DFRNRUQHNOHPH LFLQ\RQWHPLNLLVOHPLQ VHULEDJODUXV RODUDN GLLVLOQLLOHELOLU 7DP EDQWVUUXUK DUDGHJHUOHUQH LFLQ 6HNLO GHNL +H VLL] JHFL LGHDO ELUDOFDN JHFLUHQ VX]JHFWLU %HOLUOL KHUX\JXODPDGD \DNODVLN ELUDOFDN JHFLUHQ VLL]JHFL WDPDPODPDN JHUHNHFHNWLU %XSUREOHPGHEX\DNODVLN DOFDN JH FLUHQ VX]JHFOHULQ WDVDUODQUQDVPD JHFLULOHQ ED]L \DUDUK NLVXODQ DUDVWUUDFDJL]
Q
D +HO QLQ VLILUID]K ELU ),5 VLL]JHFL\OH \DNODVXQOGUJLP YDUVD\DKP 6LL]
O
JHH RULMLQDO [>@ GHJHUOHULQLQ WDP RODUDN XUHWLOGLJL NUVUWODUOD WDVDUODQUUXV XU\DQL
Q
[Q@ [^ ]O
Q /O
3 %X RULMLQDO GL]LOHU DUDVPGDNL DUD GHJHUOHUQH WDP ROPDVD ELOHDUD GHJHUOH PHGH RULMLQDO GHJHUOHULQ XUHWLOHFHJLQL JDUDQWL HGHU 'HQNOHP 3O` LQ WLLP[$@ VHULOHUL LFLQ WDP RODUDN VDJODQDFDJLP JDUDQWL HGHQ DOFDN JHFLUHQ VLO]JHFLQ U>Q@GLLUWLLWHSNLVLQGHNL NLVQ W EHOLUOH\LQL] E LPGL DUD GHJHUOHPHQLQ 1X]XQOXNOX GRJUXVDOID]K UDVJHOH VLPHWULN ELU ),5 VLL]JHFL\OH HOGH HGLOGLJLQL YDUVD\DKP \DQL+H JHUFHN LNHQ
[Q
)2+
U@-,- Q
D
OU>Q@ 2 Q!1, =2+
3
+H +5W 9 [Q@
[Q@
[Q-* ;RQ- F E
36, 6X]JHF RULMLQD- [$@ GHJHUOHULQLQ WDP RODUDN XUHWLOGLJ@ NUVLWODUOD DPDD +H QLQ ID]LPQ HJLPLQLQ QHJDWLIL\NHQ ELU D WDUQVD\L JHFLNPHVL\OH RUL MLQDO GHJHUOHULQLQ WDPRODUDN XUHWLOGLJL NLVLWODUOD WDVDUODQUPVWLU \DQL
)2+ [SQ ( `[>Q
D@ [Q@ [> O QD /O 3O
G
aHNOO 3
6 LQ\DOOHUYH6 LVWHPOHU %XP
%XQXQ ELU NUVLW JHFLULS JHFLUPH\HFHJLQL YH 1VX]JHFX]XQOXJXQXQ WHNUQ@ \RNVD FLIO PL ROGXJXQXEHOLUOH\LQL] F 6LPGL \HQLGHQ DUDGHJHUOHPHQLQ GRJUXVDOID]KUDVJHOH VLPHWULN ELU),5 VLL]JHFL\OH HOGH HGLOGLJLQL YHER\OHFH+H JHUFHN LNHQ +H +5H HBS
2PHLOHPH
D [ [W YHSW VLUDVL\OD ; MZ ; MZ YH 38OOO QLQ )RXULHU GRQLLaLLUQOH UL\NHQ ROGXJXQX JRVWHULQL] E [W QLQ ]DPDQVXXUK ROGXJXQX YH ER\OHFH
0R"a
LFLQ [W 2 ROGXJXQX
YDUVD\DUDN [W QLQ ELU GLLaLLN]DPDQK SHQFHUHOHPH LVOHUQL YDVLWDVU\OD ROGXJXQX YDUVD\DKUQ 6WL]JHF RULMLQDO [$Q@ GHJHUOHULQLQ WDP RODUDN LLUHWLO GLJL NLVXODUOD DPD ID]P HJLPL LFLQ WDP RODUDN \HWHUOL ROPD\DQ ELU 0JH FLNPHVL\OF WDVDUODQPLVXU \DQL
[W` GHQ HOGH HGLOHELOHFHJLQL JRVWHULQL]< DQL :R
[>Q@ [ >
:R
D@
/ Q0 // %XQXQ ELU NLVLW JHFLULS JHFLUPH\HFHJLQL YH 1 VX]JHF X]XQOXJXQXQ WHN PL \RNVD FLIW PLROGXJXQX EHOLUOH\LQL] %X SUREOHPGH ]DPDQVUPUK ELUVLQ\DOUHNDQVEROJa RaHaOHPOaULQGHQ JHUL \DWODaL OLUNHQ ]DPDQEROJH RPHNOHPH WHRUHPPHRODQ GXDK JHKaWaHJ] %XVRQXFX JHOLV WLUPHN LFLQ6HNLO 3 GHNL IUHNDQVEROJH RUQHNOHPH LVOHPLQL HOHDODKP ;NP PāNPR
3- P V ( PāNPR
a
P
W W W W āā , , , , 2
P
P
aHNOO3
! a :R
LNHQ
[W [ Z
F (JHU [U OWO" a LFLQ VLILURODFDN VHNLOGH NLVXODQPDPUVVD [^ W QLQ GHQ GLL]HOWLOHPH\HFHJLQL JRVWHULQL]
W
; 8P ;- P 3MP
OWO V V
/ $3/ $& ( '218808 %2WRP WH KW GLLUWLL \DPWK GRJUXVDO ]DPDQOD GHJLPH\HQ ELU VLVWHPLQ H VHNOLQGHNL
/ $ 3/ $ &( '218a808
NDUPDVUN XVWFO JLUGL\H RODQ WHSNLVLQLQ
+V KW H GW
\W +V H
GXUXPX VDJODQGJPGD ROGXJXQX JUPWN 6DQD V LFLQ V M- GHQNOHP GFNL WLOPOHY KW QP )RXULHU GQPLOQH NDU VUKN JHOPHNWHGLU .DUPDVLN GHJLNHQ V QLQ JHQFO GHJHUOHUL LFLQ KW G2UWO \DPWPP
/ DSODFH GRQPQH GHJLQLOLU %LU ; W JHQH VP\DOLPQ / DSODFH G2QLLP2 ; V a >WW HGW
*L5 L 2QFHNL E2OLLPOHUGH )RXULHU DQDOL]LQLQ DUDFODQPQ VLQ\DO YH / 7 O VLVWHUQOHULQL GH LFHUHQ YH RQHPOLOLN WHVNLO HGHQ ELUFRN SUREOHPLQ FR]LLPOHPHVLQGH RQHPOL RBOFLLGH\DUDUK RO GXJXQX JRUGLLN %X GXUXPX GDKD FRN JHQLV VLQ\DO VQXIODQQP GRQFUQOL NDPDN2VW OHULQ GRJUXVDO ELUOHVLPOHUL RODUDN JRVWHULOHELOPHVLQH YH EX NDUPDVLN OVWHOOHUQa / 7 ,BVV WHPOHULQLQ 2] IRQNVL\RQODQ ROPDODQQD EDJOD\DELOLUL] 6LLUHNOL ]DPDQK )RXULHU GRQ LLPLL VLQ\DOOHULQ V MFD LNHQ H VHNOLQGHNL NDUPDVLN XVWHOOHULQ GRJUXVDO ELUOHVLPL RODUDN JRVWHULOHELOPHVLQL VDJODU %XQXQOD ELUOLNWH %ROXUQ GF JRVWHULOHQ 2] IRaNVL \RQ R]HOOLJ@ JHWLUGLJL ELUFRN VRQXFODQ LOH EHUDEHU V QLQ WDPaHQ aDQDO aaJHUOFa GL VPGD GLOHPVHO GHJHUOHUL LFLQ GH X\JXQ ROPDNWDGLU %X a2]OHP EL]OHUL "X EROXPaH OH\HFHJLPL] / DSODFH GQLLLLPO RODUDN ELOLQHQ VLLUHNK ]DPDQK )RXQHa "QXPXQaa JHQHOOHVWLUPHVLQH J2WLOULLU %LU VRQUDNL EROXUQGH ]GRQOLLPLL RODUDN ELOLQHQ NDUVL GX HQD\QN]DPDQOL JHQHOOHVWLUPHOHUL LQFHOH\HFHaL] *RUHFHJLPL] X]HUH / DSODFH YH DGRQXVXPOHUL )RXULHUDQDO=-Ba\aK NLODQ ELUFRN R]HOOLJH VDKLSWLU %XPP RWHVLQGH EX GRQXVXUQOHU )RXULHU GRQXXPLO NXOODPODUDN FR ]LLPOHQHELOFQ VLQ\DO YF VLVWHPOHU LFLQ LODYH DUDF YH NDYUD\UVODQ VDJODPDNOD NDOPD] D\UX ]DPDQGD EX GRQLLLLaOFU )RXULHU GRQLOPOHULQLQ X\aXOaQDPDGJ RQHPOL GXUXPODUGD NXOODPODELOLU 2UQHJLQ / DSODFH YH ]GRQXVXPOHUL ELUFRN NDUDUVL] VLVWHUQOH ULQ DQDOL]LQGH X\JXODQDELOLU YH EX VHNLOGH EX GRQXVXPOHU FHVLWOL VLVWHPOHULQ NDUDUKKN YH\D NDUDUVL]KNODQQP EHOLUOHQPHVLQGH RQHPOL URO R\QDPDNWDGUOD %X GXUXP / DSODFH YH ] GRQLLPOHULQLQ )RXULHU GRQLOLOPOHUL\OH SD\ODVWLNODQ aHE UVHO a]HOKNOHUā OH GH ELUOHVHUHN VLVWHP DQDOL]W LFLQ R]HOOLNOH %ROXP , , GH JRUHFHJPX] JHQ EHVOHPH VLVWHPOHULQLQ DQDOL]L LFLQ NXOODQODELOHFHN 2QFPOL DUDFODU VXQPDNWDGUU
RODUDN WDPPODPU YH 2]FOOLNOH EHOLUWLOPHVL JHUHNLU NL EX EDJUPVU] GHJLNHQ V QLQ H QLQ 2VWLOQGHN NDUPDVLN GHJLVNHQHNDUVLKN RODUDN JHOPFVL IRQNVL\RQXGXU . DUPD VUN GHJLVNHQVVUUDVL\OD D YH - JHUFHNYHVDQDOSDUFDODQ LOHEFUDEHU V D MD ROD UDN \D]LODELOLU 'DKD X\JXQ ELU NXOODUQP LFLQ EXUDGD ED]HQ / DSODFH GRQLLLLPQ O^[W ` RODUDN LHF VHNOLQGH JRVHUHFHJ]YH[LMYH; V DUDVPGDNL GRQP LLLVNLVLQL WW a; V
RODUDN LIDGH HGHFHJL] V M- ROGXJXQGD GHQNOHP DVDJUGDNL JLEL ROXU ; M- > [W HāG
aaF
YH EX [W LQ )RXULHU GRQLOa2PLLQH NDUVLKN JHOLU NL EX DVDJLGDNL JLEL LIDGHOHQGLULOLU ; V M ) ^ [W` `
/ DSODFH GRQLOa2PLL NDUPWN GHJLaNHQ VWDP RODUDN VDQDO ROPDGJPGD GD )RXULHU G QP LOH GRJUXGDQ LOLaNLOHQGLULOHELOLU %XLOLNL\L J2UPHN LFLQGHQNOHP WH EHOLU WLOHQ ; V \LG2a2QHOLP YHV \L V X M- RODUDN KHVDED NDWDKP EXaHNLOGH
; X M-
/
[W Hā,& - - OWGL
, 'FQNOFP WF WDQDPODQDQGQPXP GDL LONGL$ LPLaWWN DQDQ/ DSOD© GQP2QGFQD\Q FGLOFELOPFVL āaQaXQOXNE NLWYDM ODSWD© G+I- PLLRODP D- EQGPKU'PONP- WFNN ZDQGQaP RR GHQ F QWSOOWPHaU OW/ ZDOOG2Q'aPGFQNOFP LFNQHEWQ]WWELUaNLODOUDQFDNEXGXUXPGDQOTSOOPF2 GDQ © ! NDGDURODQ EUVLQRUaQGWGU%RQQF,RODUD//!,' GQPOHGJKROGXWXPX]L?LQN LDUDQāNHKPFVQ a,2P GDDQOPEWKUV]OLWQ2QOFPWNaPKX\aROGXJXGXUXPOUGOQGDNXOOQPD\DFD ]
6 LQ\DQHUYH6 LVWHPOH
'HQNOHP LQ VDL WDUDILP [W H QLQ )RXULHU GQLOLOPa RODUDN JaULO\Ra] \aL LQ / DSODFH GRQXaRPLO [W QLQ)RXULHU GWLQLOa2P2Q2Q ELU JHUHUHN XVLHW VLQ\DO WLH [
WP Y D LPPGDQ VRQUDNL KDOL RODUDN GHaHUOHQGPOHEW U / DSODFH G2QP2QLO YFEXG2QLOa2PLOQ )RXULHUGWLQLOa2P2 LOH RODQ LOLVNLVLQL DFLNOD\D
;2 M^- - ^- D GHQNOHPLQL HOGH HGHELOPHN LFLQGHJHUOHQGLULOHELOLU 'HQNOHP GD JRVWHULOGLJLJLEL D LFLQ / DSODFH GQLOLOPLO )RXULHUGRQLOa2P2QH HVLWWLU EX ELU 2QFHNL RUQHNWHNL GHQNOHP YH X NDUVUODVXUGUJXP]GDDFUNFD RUWDGUU (JHUD QHJDWLI \D GD 2 LVH / DSODFH GQLOLOPLO KDOD RUWDGD\NHQ DUQN )RXULHU G2QLOP2QGHQ EDKVHGLOHPH]
ELOPHNLFLQDaaWGDNL 2PHLHEDNDOWP
2UQHN
\DGD
; D M^- I [W H < GL
2UQHN
)RXULHUG2QPD !2 GD
OaUFO [W H ROVXQ 2PFN GHQ J2U2OG2$2 JLEO ;M-
\DNQVDUYHEXG2Qa2P 8&NLGHYFULOLU ;MR!
, H H GW M2- 2 D!2
FI
U
XWaO GW
2PFN LOFELUNDIWOWUPD\DSDEOOPFN WaLQNQFLELU2PFNGQFKPYHVP\DOO$WGDNJE ROVXQ [^O āaX %X &NLOGF ; V > H © XW GW
U
aGL
'FQNOFP- OFQ / DSODFHG2Q8P8%D$GDNLJLELGLU
U
 ÂaH GW
; V IH H GW
FÂÂaGW
; V
U D %X 2PHNWFNL\DOXQVDPDaP ^UD` F\D ^U` D FUFNLUEXGD
\DHD V DMR! LOH ;X M-
UH
HX a ^V D
'FQNOHP LOHNDIOLODWOUGLP]GDGHQNOHP O L Hāa QLQ )RXULHUGQPRODUVN J2UFELOLUL]YH EX&NLOGH
;XM,
2 D!
DD - 2- \DGDHVLWRODUDN V D M2- YH 7 H^V` ROGX$ XQGDQ ; V F^ V !D
V D %XGD HXW a
F^ V` !D
V D 2PFLQ R LFLQ[W ;V - V ^ V` !/ DSODFHG2QLLP2\OHELULPEDVDPDNXU
2]HOOLNOH EHOLUWPHN JHUHNLU NL )RXULHU G2QLOa2PLOQLOQ ELOWLOQVLQ\DOOHU LFLQ \DaWQ VDPDGa JLEL / DSODFH GWLQLOaLOP8GH ED]U,-WH^V` GHJHUOHUL LFLQ \DNPVDUNHQ ED] GaHU O HLHUOHU LFLQ \DNLQVDPD\DELOLU 'HQNOHP , WH / DSODFH G2QLOa2P8 VDGHFH D PH^V` ! D GXUXPXQGD \DNPVDU DSR]LWLI LVH; V D 2 GD
V D
'HQNOHPOHU YH O X NDUVLODVXUGUJUUP]GD / DSODFH GRQLOPLO LFLQ RODQ FHELUVHO GH\LPLQ 2UQHNOHU YH GHNL VLQ\DOOHU LFLQ D\P ROGXJXQX JRUPHNWH\L] %XQXQOD ELUOBLaWH EX GHQNOHPOHUGHQ D\P]DPDQGD GH\LPLQ JHFHUOL ROGXJX V QLQ GHJHU JUXSODQQP N RUQHNWH FRN IDUNOW ROGXJXQX GD JRUPHNWH\L] %X GXUXP ELU JHaaL DFUNODUQDNWD 2QHPOLGLU ELU VLQ\DOLQ / DSODFH GQLOLOPLOQLL EHOLUOHUNHQ KHP FHELUVHO GH \LPH KHP GH GH\LPLQ JHFHUOL ROGXJXV QLQ GHJHUOHUL GL]LVLQH JHUHNVLQLP YDUGUU*HQHO RODUDN GHQNOHP WHNL WLOPOHYLQ \DNPVDGLJW VGaHU GL]LVL \DNPVDPD DODQW 52& ELaLPLQGH NVDOWEU RODUDN LIDGHOHQGLULOLU [W HB QLQ )RXULHU GRQaLOPXQLOQ \DNP VDGJ V DM^- GHLHUOHULQL 52& LaHULU/ DSODFH GQLOLLPLOQLO2]HOOLNOHULLO]HULQH GD KD ID]ODNDYUD\W JHOLWLUGLNaH52& KDNNPGD GDKD ID]OD & < VR\OH\HFHJL] 52& X JRVWHUHELOPHN LaLQ X\JXQ ELU \RO 6HNLO GH J2VWHULOPHNWHGLU V GHJLNHQL NDUPaN ELUVD\GLU YH 6HNLO GH NDUPa/ N GLO]OHPNLJHQHRODUDN VGLO]OHPL RODUDN LIDGHOHQGLULOLU D] 2QFH EDKVL JaHQ NaWN GHJLNHQ LOH LOLNLOHQGLULOLU . RRUGLQDW DNVODQ \DWD\ HNVHQGH ,-OF^ V` GLNH\HNVHQGH LVH WPV GLU < DWD\YH GLNH\HNVHQOHU ED]HQVUDV\OD XHNVHQL YH M^- HNVHQL RODUDN GD LIDGH HGLOLUOHU 6HNL, D GDNL WD UDOW DODQ 2PHN GH \DNQVDPD DODQPD NDaWEN JHOHQVGLO]OHPLQGHNL QRNWDODU NLO PHVLQL J2VWHUUQHNWHGLU 6HNLO OE GHNL WDUDOW DODQ LVH2PHN GHNL \DNPVDPD DOD PP J2VWHUUQHNWHGLU
6 LQ\DOOHUYH6 LVWHPOHU
2UQHN ,P %X2PHNWH ELUJHUFHN YH ELU NDUPDVUN LLVWHOLQ WRSODUP RODQ ELU VLQ\DOL LQFHOH\HFHJL] VaX]OHPO VGLL]OHPL [ H H FRVW
(XOHU EDJPXVUP NXOODQDUDN DVDJLGDNLQL \D]DELOLUL]
D
5H
5H
D,
[ , , , , , ,
, , , , ,
YH EXQD
>HÂ LHB
LB@
J2UH[ LQ / DSODFH GQPLL 8 VHNLOGH LIDGHOHQGUULWHELOLU ; V
> Hā G
E D
L
/H
H G
HNOO D 2UQHN OLQ52&E 2UQHNLLQ52&
L>Hāā
H
G
'HQNOHP 6 WHNL POHYOHQQ KHU ELUL2PHN GH NDaOaJP] W2UGHQ ELU / DSODFH GQLOā PR J2VWHUPHNWFGLU 6XVHNLOGH GHYDP HGLOHELOLU
2UQHN
Uā HFHDL] %XRPHNWH LNL JHUFFN 8VHOLQ WRSODUUQRODQ ELU VP\D ,PFFF\ ā
[, H
H
a V Hāā- Y a VO M ,
%XQD JRUH / DSODFH G2Q88P8QLOQ FHELUVHOGH\LPL ; V
->Hā
H @ HG -Hā Hā G > L Hā G
NO RHU
H- V !
H a ,
2
aOHLV` !
OOPOFYOHULQ KHU ELUL GHQNOHP ,2 GHNLOHUB aOH D\P &NLOGHGLU ER\OHFH O GHNL āGaNL VRQXF DDJGDNL GHQNOHPL HOGH HUPHNLFLQ NXOODPODEKU
, V- M
5HOVO !
( ]DPDQK \DNPVD\DQ 2a / DSODFH GQP LaLQ OF^ V !, GXUXPX JHUHNOLGLU 'ROD\UVL\OD [W LQ/ DSODFH G6QLOLOP2
; V
a
, , , , aOH^V ! V VOM VOM
[
aaa`aaaaaLVa
52& X EHOLUOHPHN LaLQ LQ LNL JHUFHN DVWHOLQRSODa ROGXaXaX OHNLO WHULUQOHULQ KHU ELULQLQ / DSODFH GRQ82POHUPP RSDa RB XB X ā
ODFH GOOQ2ā %LULQFL WHULP H
QLQ / DSODFH GRQLOOOPLOGLOU LNLQFL WHQP UVH H X, RP / DS
\D,ODRUWDN ELU SD\GD 2VOLLQGH WHULPOHULQ ELUOHVWLULOUQHVL\OH Hā H
FRVW a
PLOG8U 2UQHN GHQ ELOL\RUX] NL
V 6V
H^VO!
Vā V,2 V
Hā a Hā a
Va,
OOF^V- !
V
2QFHNL GRUW RUQHJLQ KHU ELULQGH / DSODFH GRQLLaLLPLL UDV\RQHOGLU RUQHN RODUDN GRQX VXP NDUUQDVLNGHJLVNHQ V GHNL SROLQRPODQQ ELU RUDPGUUEX VHNLOGH
OOF^V` !
D ^ ` G a OH NLLPHVL F^ V` ! GLU YH EX +HU WHULPLQ / DSODFH GRQLO8PLOQ8Q \DNPVDGUJL F V HJHU U ā ā , ā ā ā , VDDUGDNL GHQNOHP HOGH VHNLOGH GHQNOHP QLQ VDJ UDUDIPGDNL LNL WHULPLQ ELU &IO PHVU\ H DVDJ
; V 1V
'V HGLOLU
Hā Hā a
VO
V V
OOF^ V` !
NL EGXUXPGD 1V YH 'V VUUDVL\OD SD\ SROLQRPX YH SD\GD SROLQRPXGXU 2UQHNOHU YH WH RQHULOGLJL JLEL ; V [W JHUFHN \D GD NDUPDVUN LOVWHOOHULQ GRJUXVDO ELUOHVLUQL ROGXJX ]DPDQ UDV\RQHOGLU %ROXP GH JRUHFHJLPL] X]HUH UDV\RQHO GRQLOaLLPOHU / 7, VLVWHPOHULQ GRJUXVDO VDELW NDWVD\LK WLOUHYVHO GHQNOHPOHU RODUDN EHOLUOHQPHVL
6 WQ\DOOHU YD 6 LVWHPOHL
GXUXPXQGD GD RUWD\D FLNDU 2OYHN IDNWRUX GLVPGD UDV\RQHO ELU / DSODFH GRQ2a2PXQ GHNL SD\ YH SD\GD SROLQRPODQ NRNOHUL\OH LIDGH HGLOLU ER\OHFH VG2]OHPLQGH 1V YH 'V LQNRNOHULQLQ \HUOHULQL LVDUHWOHPHN YH 52& X EHOLUOHPHN / DSODFH GRQLLa2P2QLLWD ULIHWPFGH HOYHULVOL ELU \RO VDJODU 2UQHJLQ 6HNLO D GD 2UQHN Q / DSODFH GR Q2a2POOQ8Q VGX]OHPL JRVWHULPL VXQXOPDNWDGLU EXUDGD GHQNOHP WHNL SD\GD SROLQRPXQXQ NRNOHULQLQ KHU ELULQLQ \HUL [ LOH JRVWHULOPHNWH LNHQ SD\ SROLQRPXQXQ NRNOHULQLQ KHUELULQLQ \HUL R LOH JRVWHULOPHNWHGLU 6HNLO E GH 2PHN WHNL / DSODFH GRQ8a8PLOQOOQ SD\ YH SD\GD SROLQRPODQQP NRNOHULQLQ GL\DJUDPaHULOPHNWH GLU %X RUQHNOHULQ KHU ELUL LFLQ \DNPVDPD DODP NDaKJ JHOHQ GL\DJUDP LFLQGH WDUDQ
UPVXU OOP , , , , , , ,
VGOHPO
( a , , , , , ,
LIDGHOHQGLULOLU %XQXQOD ELUOLNWH 2PHN YH GH JRUGLLJ2PLL]JLEL ;V LQFHELUVHO VHNOLQLQ ELOLQUQHVL NHQGL EDVPD / DSODFH GRQLLaLOPLOQ2Q 52& XQX EHOLUWPH] < DQL RO HHN IDNWRUDQH EDJK UDV\RQHO ELU / DSODFH GRQLOaLOP2Q2QWDP ELUEFOLUWPHVL GRQLOaLLP2Q VUILUNXWXS GL\DJUDUP LOHEHUDEHUGRQDaDPDQ 52& XQX 6HNLOOHU YH GH JRVWHUL OHQVGLO]OHPLQGHNL WDUDK DODQ GDLFHULU $ \P ]DPDQGD ;V UDV\RQHO GRQLOa2P2QLLQ FHELUVHO VHNOLQLQ LIDGHVLQGH JHUHNVLQLP GX\XOPDPDNOD EHUDEHU ED]HQ ;V LQNXWXS \D GDVUILUODQQD VRQVX]GD GHJLQLOPHVL X\ JXQ RODELOLU 2]HOOLNOH SD\GD SROLQRPXQXQ GHUHFHVL SD\ SROLQRPXQXQNLQGHQ ELO\2NVH VVRQVX]D \DNODVXNFD ;V RODFDNXU7HUVL RODUDN SD\ SROLQRPXQXQ GHUFFHVL SD\GD SROLQRPXQXQNLQGHQ ELO\2NVFVVRQVX]D \DNOaOON\D;V` VPUUVL] RODFDNXU %X GDYUD QLa VUIXODQQ \D GD NXWXSODQQ VRQVX]GD ROPDVL RODUDN GHJHUOHQGLULOHELOLU 2PHJLQ GHQNOHP WHNL / DSODFH GRQLOa2P2 GHUHFHGHQ ELU SD\GD\D YH ,GHUHFHGHQ ELU SD\D VDKLSWLU EX GXUXPGD ;V VRQVX]GD ELU VILUD VDKLSWLU $ \P aH\ GHQNOHP GDNL GRQa4P LFLQ GH JHFHUOLGLU EX GXUXPGD SD\ GHUFFFGHQ LNHQ SD\GD GHUHFFGHQGLU *HQHO RODUDN SD\GDUQQ GHUFFHVL SD\P GHUFFHVLQL NNDGDU DVDUVD ;V LQ VRQVX]GD NNDGDU VLILQ RODFDNWLU %HQ]HU RODUDN SD\P GHUHFHVL SD\GDQP GHUHFHVLQL N NDGDU DVDUVD ; V LQ VRQVX]GDNNDGDU NXWEX RODFDNWLU
2UQHN O WW 7 H XW H
D ROVXQ 'HQNOFP QLQ VD$ DUDIPGDN LNPFL YH 2a2QF2 WHULPOHULQ / DSODFH G2QPOHUL 2PFN , GHQ GF$ HUOFQGLULOFEWOLU %2\OFFH ELULP G2QRPQ / DSODFH G2QP2 GLQN RODUDN
OOP VG2]OHPO
R ,
aNOO /DSODFH G2QLLaXPOH ULQOQ VGX]OHPL J2VOHULPL D 2PHN E 2PHN %X
, , ,
aOOHUGHOL KHU [ a- JO
RODQ /DSODFH G2Qa2PLLQXQ NXWEXQX ELU SD\GDQP NRNLLPOJ2VWHULU %HQ]HU RDUDN KHU R VKQR SD\P NRNLQL J2VWHULU 7DUDK DODQODU $2& ODQ EHUWUWPHNWHGLU
, ,
R ,
RODUDN EXOXQDELKU YH EX V QLQ KFUKDQJL ELU GHJHUL LaLQ JHFHUOLGLU < DP / ^ ` QLQ 52& X V G2]OFPLQLQ E2W2Q2GXU %X VRQaWD EHUDEHU GHQNOHP GFNL GL$ FU LNL WHULPLQ /DSODFH GRQ POHULQL GHNXOODQDUDN a$ - GDNLQLFOGF HGFUL]
E
5DV\RQHO / DSODFH GRQLOaLOPOHULQGH SD\ SROLQRPXQXQ NRNOHUL V QLQ EX GHJHUOHUL LFLQ ;V 2 ROGXJXQGDQ \RJXQOXNOD ;V LQ VWILUODQ RODUDN LIDGH HGLOLU 3D\GD SROLQRPXQXQ NRNOHUL ;V LQNXWXSODUWRODUDN LIDGH HGLOLU YH V QLQ EX GHJHUOHUL LFLQ ;V VRQVX]GXU 6RQOX VGX]OHPLQGH ;V LQ NXWXSODQ YH VLILUODQ ELU ROFHN IDNWRUWU\OH EHUDEHU WDP RODUDN ;V LQFHELUVHO GH\LPLQL NDUDNWHUL]H HWPHNWHGLU ;V LQ V GLL]OHPLQGH NXWXS YH VLILUODQ 2]HULQGHQ JHVWHULPL ;V LQVLIUUNXWXS GL\DJUDUP RODUDN
; V W B OB BB,B V, V
OH^ V` !
\DGD ; V
V VW; V
OH^ V` !
6
NL EX GXQXQGD 52& V QLQ [^ W GHNL KHU FULPLQ \DNPVDGJ / DSODFH GRQLLPQ VD$ D` OO GaFUOFUL N2PFVLGLU aNLO F EX 2PFN WaLQ RWDQ VIWUāNX8S GL\DJUDP 52& LOF EFUDEHU J2VOF ULOPFNWFGLU $ \QFD ; V LQSH\ F SD\GDODQQP GHPFOFUL TLWROGXWX aP ; V LQ VRQVXLGD VLQ \DGDNXWEX \RNWXU
%2OLLP
6 LQ\DOOHU YH6 LVOOILHU
/DSODFH 2RQLLaXPL
< DQL [W LQ / DSODFH GRQLLaLLPLLQLLQ 52& X [W H LQ PXWODN WLLPOHYL DOPDELOLU RO GXJX VGHJHUOHULQL LFHULU
VG2]OHPO
> O[W OH GWRR
2]HOOLN , GHNL GXUXP VDGHFH D \D EDJKROGXJX LLQV DLQ JHaHNSaDVPPVRQXFXGXU M 2]HOOLN 5DV\RQHO / DSODFHGRQLL LLPOHULQGH 52& NXWXS LHUPH] aM! āO 5 H , , , , , , , ,
2]HOOLN VX DQDNDGDU FDKVLODQ EXWXQ RPHNOHUGH NROD\FD JR]OHPOHQHELOLU ;V NXWXS WDVRQVX] ROGXJX LFLQ GHQNOHP WHNL WLLPOHY DNLD NXWXSWD \DNPVDPD] YHEX VD \HGH 52&V QLQNXWXS RODQ GHJHUOHULQL LFHUHUQH]
,
]HOOLN [W VRQOX VLOUHOL YH PXWODN WLOPOHYL DKQDELOLU LVH 52& VGX]OHUQLQLQ WDPDUP ROXU
aHNLO2UQHNLLLQ VPUNXLXS GL\DJUDP YH$2&
'HQNOHP GDQ KDQUODQDFDJL JLEL V M- LFLQ / DSODFH GRQXVXPX )RXULHU GRQXVXPXQH NDUVLKN JHOLU %XQXQOD ELUOLNWH / DSODFH GRQ2a8P2QLOQ 52& X `2- FNVHQLQLQ LFHUPL\RUVD R ^ V` LVH )RXULHUGRQLOaLOPLO < %NPVDPD] 6HNLO WF JRUGLOa8PLO]JLEL EXDVKQGD 2PFN LFLQ GH D\P GXUXPGXU NL EX GXUXPGD [U- GHNL H WFULPLQLQ )RXULHU GRQ8a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` LQ ]DUQDQEROJHVL R]HOOLNOHUL LOH \DNPGDQ LOLVNLOLGLU *HOHFHN EROXUQGH EX NLVLW YHR]HOOLNOHULQ ED]LODQP LQFHOH\HFHJL]
%X VRQXFXQ DUNDVPGDNL RQVH]L 6HNLO YH WH RQHULOPHNWHGLU 2]HO RODUDN ELU VRQOX VLQ\DO 6HNLO WH JRVWHULOLJ@ JLEL VRQOXVLLUHOL DUDKJ GLVPGD 2 ROPD R]HOOLJLQH VDKLSWLU 6HNLO D 6HNLO WHNL [W \LD]DODQ ELU XVWHO LOH FDUSLOUPV RODUDN JRVWHU PHNWHGLU YH6HNL E GH D\PVLQ\DO E2\LO\HQ ELU8VWHO LOH FDUSUOUPVXU
aNOO 6 RQOX VLLUHOLVLQ\DO
$]DODQ LLVWHO
/ $ 3/ $&( '218a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
, 2]HOOLN - ;V LQ 52& X VG2]OHPLQGH
O a D aNLO D $]DODQ ELU LLVWHO LOH HNL VRQWXVXUHWL VLQ\DO
aOOPa HNL OHNL VRQOXVLLUHOL VLQ\DO E 0DQE ELU LLVWHO LOHaOPa a
MPHNVHQLQH SDUDOHO VHULWOHU LFHULU
%X R]HOOLJLQ JHFHUOLOLJL;V LQ 52& XQXQ [W H LQ )RXULHUGRQXVXPXQXQ \DNPVD GJ V D MFD GHJHUOHULQL LFHUPHVL GXUXPXQGDQ JHOPHNWHGLU
/ DSODFHGQILLLPOHULYHEXG2QaPOFULQ \DNQVDPD\G LHHUHQPDWHPDQNVHO]FOOLNOFUPPGDKDDaN YHELLWLOQFLLOELU LOH\L aLQ EDNUP] ( ' 5DLQYLOOH 7KHODSDUH 7UDQVIRUPÂ$Q,QWURGXFWLRQ 1HZ < RUWF0DFPLOO >/DSODFH ^ ILLP* *LULH 59 &KXUFKYF- : %URZQ &RPSOH[ 9DULDEOHV DQG $SSOLFDWLRQV OK HG 1HZ < RUN ,.DUP- N' HJLaHQHU ,- \JXODPDORU 0XWODNW2POFYLDKQDELOLUOLJLQLQ% 2OILP GF )RXULHUG2QaLLPOHUL QLQ\DNPVDPDV'XULQF\DSODQWDUWPDODUNDSVDPQGDYHULOFQ'LULFKOHWGXUXPODQQGDQFRQGLWRQ ELULROGXJXGDEX UDGD QRW FGLOPFOLGLU
6 LQ\DOOHUYHa
[W LQ 2 ROPDGWJL DUDKN VRQOX ROGXJX LFLQ 8VWHO DJUKNODQGUPD KLFELU 8OPDQ aQUV] GHJLOGLU GROD\WVL\OD [W LQ LQWHJUDOOHQHELOLUOLJLQLQ EX 8VWHO DJUKNODQGUPD LOH \RO FGLOPHPHVL JHUHNLU 2]HOOLN 8Q GDKD DYN ELU NDQXODPDVL 8 VHNLOGHGLU [W \LPXWODN WXPOHY DK QDELOLU GXVXQHOOPEXGXUXPGD > O[W OGW
%X QRNWDGD VXQX DQODPDN 2QHPOLGLU NL 2VWHO DJUKNODQGUPD QP [W LQ2 RO PDGJ DUDKN 2]HULQGH VLPUK ROGXJXQX VDJODPDN LFLQ 2QFHNL WDUXVUQDODU DJUKNOD [W LQVRQOX VLOUHOLROPD GXUXPX 2]HULQGH \RJXQOaPWOO 6RQUDNL LNL R]HOOLNWH 2]HOOLN WHNL VRQXFXQ [W LQVDGHFH DUX]DPDQ \D GD HNVL]DPDQ \2QLOQGH VRQOX X]XQOXNWD ROGXJX GXUXPGDNL GHJLVLNOLNOHULQL GLOLOQHFHJL]
a
52& XQ LFLQGH V D MD! LYLQ [W H LQ PXWODNW2POHYL DKQDELOLU ROPDVL JHUHNLU 2PHJLQ
6DJUDUDMOELUVLQ\DO 6HNLO GD J2VWHULOGLJL JLELELU VRQOXVRUH GHQ 2QFH
O[W OHÂ FUGWFHR
[W ROGXJX VLQ\DOGLU %X WRU ELUVLQ\DO LYLQ / DSODFH GQ8PLLQQ ELU \DNLQVD\D
- U 'HQNOHP OF^ V` D 2 ROGXJXQGD V QLQ52& LFLQGH ROGXJXQX NDPWODPDNX GLU D! 2 LFLQ [W LQ2 ROPDGJ DUDKN 2]HULQGH H LQ PDNVLPXP GHJHUL HÂ RU GLU ER\OHFH DDJGDNL \D]LODELOLU UUÂ[W OH GW H DM
O[W OGW - U - 2HQNOHP XQ VDJ YF VRO WDUDIODQ VPUUK ROGXJX LFLQ OF^ V` ! RODQ VG2]OFP
FDJ ELU V GHJHULQLQ ROPDPD GXUXPX RODVLGLU %X NRQXGDELUHUQHN WW H VLQ\D OLGLU %XQXQOD ELUKNWH / DSODFH GQLOLOPQQ ELU D GHJHUL LFP D RODUDN J2VWHUH OLP \DNPVDGLJLP YDUVD\DKP 2\OH\VH > O[WaHGFHH
\DGDHVLWRODUDN [W VDJWDUDIK ROGXJXLFLQ GH 52& XQ LFLQGHROPDKGUU %HQ]HU ELUFUNDQPOD D© LVH > O[W OH GW HR
O[W OHR GW HU O[W MGW
[W
YHWHNUDU [W H PXWODN WXPOHYL DKQDELOLUGLU %R\OHFH 52& VG2]OFPLQLQ ELOWLLQLOQ2 LFHULU 2UQHN [W ^
H
2 W 7 GLJHUaNLOGF
a a a WDUDO VLQ\DO
ROVXQF !\OH\VF
%X2PFNWFNL[W VRQOXX]XQOXNWDROGXJXLFPEXUDGDQFOOLN Q VRQXFXRODUDN 52&EXWWOQV GLL]OHPLQHGHQNWLU'HQNOFP LQ ELFLPLQGH; V V D GDELUNXWEDVDKLSJLELJ2]2N2UOHL EXGXUXP 2]HOOLN GHQ DQODVLODFDJU X]HUHE2W2QVGX]OHUQLQL LFHUHQ52&LOH WXWDUVL]GUU$VOPGD GHQNOHP GHNL FHELUVHO GH\LPGH KHP SD\ KHP GH SD\GD V D GD 2 GX YH E2\OHFH V D GD; V \LEFOLUOFPFNLFLQ/ +RSLWDOVNXUDKPaJGDNLOHUL HOGHHWPHNLaLQNXOODQDEOLUL]
!@
OLP; V -LP / H BB > ^VD
-LP7H7WU
YHE2\OHFH ; D 7
2\OH\VH D !D LVH 6HNLO GH JRVWHULOGLJL JLEL W © ! GD H HÂ GHQ GDKD KL]K D]DOGJ LFLQ [W H LQ PXWODN WLOPOHYL DOPDELOLU ROGXJX GRJUX ROPDKGLU $ aN\ D !D GXUXPXQGD VXQX VR\OH\HELOLUL]
O[W OH GW ,O[U OHHXOW GW ,
,
6HL UO[WaHÂ R GW
L VRQOX ROGXJX LYLQ GHQNOHP LQ VRQXFXRODUDN GHQNOHP GFNL HaLWVL]OLJLQ VDJ WDUDIL VRQOXGXU YHEX&NLOGH [U H PXWODN WLOPOHYL DKQDELOLUGLU 2QFHNL WDUWPDODUGD[W LQ VDJ WDUDI ROGXJX LL]HULQGHQ GLOaLLQFHOHULPL]L \RQ OHQGLUGLN EX &NLOGH W © ! GD YH D!D GXUXPXQGD H HB GHQ GDKD KL]K XDNVDPDVPD UD7OHQ W LYLQ [W ROGXJXQGDQ [W H HNVL]DPDQ \RQLOQGH VPUV]RODUDN ELO\2\HPH]
6 LQ\D- OHU YH 6 LVWHPOHU
%LLP
/DSODFH 'QaLLPWL
[W
G aHNLO
[W VDJ WDUDIK LVH YH
[ āa PXWODN WXPOHYL DKQDELOLU
LVH HU!7 LNHQ [ H PX?ODN WXPOHYL
%XGXUXUQGD D\QFD ELU V QRNWDVL 52& LFLQGH LVH R ]DPDQ V QLQ VDJPGDN@ E8W2Q QRN WDODU RUQHJLQ GDKD EX\XN JHUFHN SDUFDOL WLOP QRNWDODU 52& XQ LFLQGHGLU %X QHGHQOH EX GXUXPGDNL 52&FRJXQOXNOD VDJ\DQGLO]OHP RODUDN DGODQGPKU
E
^&
aHNLO a %LU VDJāaUDIO YH ELUVROWDUDII VLQ\DOLQ WRSODPQD EXQHQ LNLWDUDIO VLQ\D- D LNLWDUDIO VLQ\DO E ,! 7R aQ [W \Ha RODQYH ,7 4LU 2 Da+ RODQ VDJāWDUDII VLQ\DO F W 7 [O \Ha+RODQYH
, !7 aQ2 D aLWRODQ VROWDUDIO VLQ\DO
6ROWDUDIOW ELU VLQ\DO 6HNLO GF JRVWHULOGLJ JLEL ELU VRQOX VXUH UB GHQ VRQUD [W ROGXJX VLQ\DOGLU %X R]HOOLJLQ DUNDVPGDNL FUNDUVDUQD YH RQVH]L R]HOOLN 8Q DUNDVPGDNL FLNDUVDUQD YH RQVH]L LOH WDP DQODQQ\OD EHQ]HUGLU $\QFD VROWDUDIK ELU VLQ\DO LFLQ ELU V QRNWDVL 52& XQ LFLQGH\VH V QLQ VROXQGDNL E8WXQ QRNWDODU 52& XQ LFLQGHGLU YHEXGXUXPGD 52& JHQH RODUDN VRO\DQ GX]OHPRODUDN DGODQGPKU
, O O
, , O O
O 6IIO O
, , , O
,
a
aHNOO 6RO WDUDIO VLQ\DO D
J
]HOOLN (JHU[W LNL WDUDIK\VD YH ?+H V FL]JLVL 52& XQ LFLQGH LVH R]D PDQ 52&VGX]OHUQLQGH V & L] LVLQL L HUHQ ELU HULWWHQ ROX XU ONLWDUDIOW ELU VLQ\DO 6HNLO D GH JRVWHULOGLJL JLEL KHP W ! KHP GH W UHLQ VRQVX] X]XQOXNWD RODQ VLQ\DOGLU %X WLLU ELU VLQ\DO LFLQ 52& 6HNLOOHU E YH F GH JRVWHULOGLJL JLEL ELU GLOHPVHO 7D ]DPDP VHFHUHN YH [W \L ELU [5W VDJ WDUDIOW VLQ\DOL LOH [/W VROWDUDIK VLQ\DOLQLQ WRSODPPD EROHUHN LQFHOHQHELOLU [W LQ /DSODFH GRQ8a8P8 [5W YH [/W LQ GRQXVXPOHULQLQ LNLVLQLQ GH \DNPVDGLJL VGHJHU OHUL LFLQ \DNPVDU 2]HOOLN WHQ JRUXOHFHJL JLEL H^[5W ` LQ 52& X ELU R5 GHJHUL LFLQ H^ V` !R5 RODQ ELU \DQGX]OHPGHQ ROXVXU YH 2]HOOLN WH JRUXOHFHJL JLEL H^[/W ` LQ 52& X ELU GFJHUL LFLQ V^ V` & RODQ ELU \DQGX]OHPGHQ ROXVXU %X GXUXPGD H^[W ` LQ 52& X 6HNLO ,2 GD JRVWHULOGLJL JLEL EX LNL \DQGX]OHPLQ 2VW 8VWH JHOUQHVL LOH ROXVXU %X HOEHWWH &5 2 / L IDU] HGHU NL ER\OHFH ELU XVW XVWH JHOPH ROXVXU (JHU GXUXP ER\OH GHJLOVH [5W YH [/ W LQ / DSODFH GRQXVXPOHUL WHNLO RODUDN YDUROVD ELOH[W LQ / DSODFH GRQ8aLLP8\RNWXU
VGLL]OHPL
6W
5H
VGX]OHPL
,6WB ,
6 II, O O O
, ,
, ,
O
,
E
aNLO
D aNLO GDNL [ aQ $2& E a
5H
,
^F
GDNL [ aQ $2& F aNLOOHU D YH E GHNL
$2& ODQQ LLVWLLVWHJHOGLJLQL YDUVD\DLDN [^, [ [/ $2&
6LQ\DOOHU
YH6 LVWHPHL
2PHN
YH ER GXUXPODQQWQ KHU LNLVL LFLQ GH
E 2 !
,
W
a
, , , ,
, , W W
6HNLO GH J2VWHULOGL$L JLE
UU HU,
a [ a aa[aa ROVXQ %X VLQ\DO LOXWDUD ELU VP\DO ROGXWX LFLQ VLQ\DOL ELU VDJWDUD YHEUUVROWDUD VP\DKQ
E , , , , ,
WRSODPPD EROHOLP EX GD
U HāX, H
©
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
a ā GXUXPODQQLQ KHU ONLVLaQ U HL, VLQ\DOL aNLO E 9H E
2PHN , GHQ
, H XW E /
Pa
aNOO D 2PHOF a VKāNXWXS GL\DJUDPYH $2& %LU VLQ\DOLQ \D / DSODFHGQP \RNWXU aDGDEX VLQ\DO 2]HOKN WHQ \DND GDU LVOHQLOHQ G2UWNDWHJRULGHQ ELULQH GDKLO ROXU 2\OH\VH / DSODFH GQP RODQ KHU KDQJL ELUVLQ\DO LFLQ 52& E2WLOQVG2]OHPL VRQVX]X]XQOXNWDNL VLQ\DOOHU LFLQ VRO\DQ G2]OHPVROWDUDIK VLQ\DOOHU LFLQ VDW\DQG2]OFP VDJ WDUDIK VLQ\DOOHU LFLQ \DGD WHNELU VHULW LNLWDUDIK VLQ\DOOHU LFLQ ROPDKGLU 'QG2aPLO] E2W2Q2PHNOHUGH 52& KHU\2Q GH2PaLQ WH^ V` DQDQ \D GD D]DODQ NXWXSODUOD VXXUK ROUQD\DGDVRQVX]D X]DQPD 2]HO OLJLQHVDKLSWLU$ VKQGDEX/ DSODFHG2QaLOPOHUL a KHU]DPDQ GRJUXGXU
E , , , , ,
HV ªE
]HOOLN [ QLQ/ DSODFHGRQLLPLO RODQ ;V UDV\RQHO LVH R ]DPDQ HJHU[W VDJ WDUDIKLVH52&VG2]OHPLQGH HQVDJGDNL NXWEXQ VDJPGDNL DODQGLU (JHU[W VRO WDUDIK LVH52&VGLO]OHPLQGH HQVROGDNL NXWEXQ VROXQGDNL DODQGLU
V
)DUNK 52& ODQQ D\P VLILUNXWXS PRGHOL LOH QDVUO LOLVNLOHQGLULOHELOHFHJLQL J2V WHQQHN LFLQDVDJLGDNL RUQHJL LQFHOH\HOLP
YH 2PHN GHQ
, F?V`E H aE
V
2PHN
ā ā OR PD DODQODQ ROUQD 'HQNOFP GHNL WHNLO WHULPOHULQ KHU ELULQLQ / DSODFH G2Q8aLOP HQaP \D aVD , UL L LQ VPD NDUVP E6R LVH RUWDN ELU \DNWQVDUQD DODaW \RNWXU YH EX aNLOGH E UXQ EX GHJHU H UW LQ/ DSODFH G2QLOa2P2 \RNWXU E! LVH UU P/ DSODFH G2QOOPLO āL,
H
/
,
L
,
a
E OHOV` E
VE V E
7DUDK DODQ 52& X J2VWHUPHN X]HUH LOJLOL VWIWUNXWXS GL\DJUDP 6FNLO GH J2VWFULOPFNWHGLU
6HNL, D GDNL VIWUāNXWXS PRGFOL LOF LOLaNLOHQGLULOPL- RODUDN ; V , VO V
ROVXQ 6FNLOOHUW^ E ^ G GF JVWFQOGLJL JUEL EX FHELUVHO GH\P LOF LKLNLOHQGWULOHQ a D\Q VP\D OF 8- OWKN JFOHQ a RODV 52& YDUGWU HNWO E GHOX VIUOFXWXS PRGFK WLF LKNLOHQGPOFQ VLQ\DO VD DUDIOGU 52& M2- FNVFQLQL LaHUGL L LaLQ EX VLQ\DOLQ )RXULHU GRQa2PLO \DNPVDU 6HNL F VROWDUD2W EWU VP\DOF aWKN JHOLU HNLO G LVF LNWāWDUDIOW EU VP\DOF 8- OWOWN JFKU %X LNL VP\DKQ 52& ODQ M2- FNVFQLQ LaHQQFG L EX VP\DOOFQQ KLEQQP )RXULHU G2Qa2P2 \RNWXU
6 LQ\DOOHUYH6 LVWHPOHU
< DQL © ! GDQ © ! \D GHJLVHQ Z YH VDELW D LOH 52& LFLQGHNL ELU V D - Z GHJHU N2PHVL LFLQ [W QLQ / DSODFH GRQPLOQQ GHJHUOHQGLULOPHVL\OH [W \HQLGHQ EXOXQD EUOLU ;V` GHQ[W \L \HQLGHQ HOGH HWPH\L GHQNOHP GFNL LQWHJUDOOHUQHQLQ GHJL NHQLQL Z GHQ V \H GHJLVWLUHUHN YH D LQ VDELW ROPD GXUXPXQX NXOODQDUDN \DQL GV MGDU \L VDJOD\DUDN YXUJXOD\DELOLUL] YH EX GXUXP LFLQGH \HQL NDYUD\LVODU ND]DQD ELOLUL] %XUDGDVRQXF WHPHO WHUV / DSODFH GQLOP4 GHQNOHPLGLU
, ,
,
,
,
,
,
, ,
, ,
?a [a[ [[U
8?&
E
[W U-
D
6P
6P
+ WWO F
G
aHNOO D 2UQHNOaQVIOUāNXWXSPRGHO EOVDJDUDIO EUVUD\DNDaKNJHOHQ$2&^F VROWDUDIOELU VUD\DNDUKNJHOHQ$2&G ON+DUDOKEUVUD\DNDaKNJHOHQ$2&
7( 5 6 / $3/ $& (
'218808
G EL ā / DSODFH GRQLOLOPLOQLOQ R VLQ\DOLQ LOVWHO DJLUKNODQGPOP VHWQP H LU VP\D LQ a N ā FÂZ ROD LOQ )RXULHU GRQLO8PLO RODUDN LIDGHOHQGPOPHV WDUXVX \DP V WLOUXQ Y ā G NL - GHJHUOHQ UDN LIDGH HGLOHQ VLOH[W LQ/ DSODFH GRQLOXPLO 52& LFP H V D - LFLQDVDJUGDNL JLELGLU ;DM- ) ^ [W H `
/[W H© GW
%X LOLNL\L GHQNOHP GD YHULOPLV RODQ WHUV )RXULHU GRQLOLOPLOQLO NXOODQDUDN GRQā WXUHELOLUL] %X GXUXPGD
/; D - D HGWD
Uā3
; V HGV
S
%X GHQNOFP [W LQ NDUPDVUN 2VWHOOFULQ DJUKNODQGPOP W2POHYL RODUDN LIDGH HGLOH ELOHFHJLP QHUPHNWHGLU 'HQNOHP GHNL WLOPOHY HYULWL VGX]OHUUXQGHNL OH^V`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
$ ;V
,
V D ; V LQ 52& XQGDQ GHQNOHP GHNL WHNLO WHULPOHULQ KHU ELULQLQ 52& X HLNDQODEL OLU YH GDKD VRQUD 2UQHNOHU YH GHQ EX WHULPOHULQ KHUELULQLQ WHUV / DSODFH GRQLL PLO EHOLUOHQHELOLU %X GHQNOHPGH KHU $OVD WHULPLQLQ WHUV G2Q2aLOP2 LFLQ LNL RODVL VHFHQHN YDUGLU (JHU 52& V D GD NXWEXQ VDJPGD LVHEX WHULPLQ WHUV GRQLLā PLO $HÂ LXW VDJWDUDIO VLQ\DOLGLU (JHU 52& V D GD NXWEXQ VROXQGD LVH EX WHULPLQ WHUV GRQLOLOPLO $HÂ Â
XW VROWDUDI VLQ\DOLGLU 'HQNOHP GHNL WHNLO WHULPOHULQ WHUV GRQLLPOHULQL HOGHPHN ; V LQ WHUVGQLLaLLPLLQ YHULU %X \RQWHPLQ GHD\ODQ HQ L\L HNLOGH ELU GL]L RPHN LOH YHULOHELOLU
2UQHN
[W H 3 ^;DMZ ` U
; V
, VO V
O"HVO!,
\D GD KHULNLWDUDIW H LOHFDUSHUDN DJGDNLQL HOGH HGHUL] ,
[W U
F ;D -
HR- 1 WGWD
ROVXQ 7HUV / DSODFHGQ POOQLL FOGH FWPFN LaPLONRFH NVPLNFVUDaKRXPNXOODQDULN a ā GDNL FOGFFGLKU
; V
, VO V
aB V,
V
6 LQ\DOOHIYH6 LVWHPOHO
K LNL WDUDIUP V[V LOHDUSDUDNYHGDKDVRQUD (NWHWDWOGaJLELGFQNOHP XQ HU N$YH%NOOWVD\LODQPEXODELOLUL] $ OWHU V QLQ LNLUDUDIWDNLGFQNJ2FOHULQBLaaDWVD\LODQPFF\FUH QDWLIRODUDN8 LLNL\LNXODQDEKQ] $ >V O` ; ^ V ,
HNLOOFU E YHF GFJ2UOOOG2 2JLEU 52&E2WOOQ NXWXSODQQ VDJ WDUDIPGDROGXLX LaLQ EX GXUXPWFNLOWFULPOHULQKHUELQ FLQGHGaGXU6 RQXaRODUDNELU2QFHNLNPPGDNL2]FOKN GFQ EXWFULPOHULQVDLāODUOO O ELUVP\DOFNDUWKN HOGLWP ELK\RUX] %2\OFKNOFGFQNOFP GFNL WFNOWHQPOFULQWFUVGQOP2PHN HUFIFUDQVODHOGHHGUOHELKU
H
XW a
OOOHVO !
V, %>V ; V @
,
HāXW a
OHV !
V %2\OHFF ; V LFLQNVPLNFVLUQFKPaaGDNJLELGLU EXVHNLWGHJWGDNLHOGHHGLOLU ,
,
; V FLa
ā
Hā H X /
H^ VO !
&VW; V NO G N ELUG2Q8PLFLQ 52& XQ NXWEXQVDaQ 2PFNOFU YF GHQ ELOL\RQXNL OV &O P H a2Q22P YDUGLU %2\OHOLNOF GFQNOFP GD YH\D VROXQGD ROPDVPD EDaK ROaUDN N Ra WaUV GLULOFELOHFaNOFQ52& ODQQ EHOLU GFNL WFNLOELULQFLGHUFFFGFQWFQPOFQQaHUEQa aaa]FOOLNOFQQFUFIFUDQVOD\DSODELOLU WHQPHVPHLKWL\DFYDUGUU %X%2,'aaGGF O,a QLQ NVPLNHVU DFKPPGDNLWFNLOWHQPOHULQ ; V LFLQ 52& aOH^ Va ROGXaXFaQ HaaX E2 HOLNOH ELU NXO?OSYF\DVRQVX]LOH VUODQG 52& X ?-OH^V ! W FFQU OLHU WHQPP ,@ WF GV VD
, VD
OOHVO!D
$VKQGDGFQNOHP,22 2QUHNUDUODQPLVELUX\JXODPDVRODUDNDaGDNLQLHOGHHGHUL]
U-
XW a
H
,
OLHIV` !D
VD
YHGDKDJHQHRODUDN
/UW U V;V O GV UM - GW 6RQXF RODUDN G[O ,GW V;V LQ WHUV / DSODFH GRQXVXPXGXU V;V LQ5 2& X ;V LQ52& XQX LFHULU YH ;V LQ V GD V LOH FDUSLUP VRQXQGD VLOLQPLV ELULQFL GHUHFHGHQ ELU NXWED VDKLS ROPDVL GXUXPXQGD 52& GDKD JHQLV RODELOLU 2UQHJLQ [W XW LVH R ]DPDQ OH^ V` ! RODQ ELU 52& LOH EHUDEHU ;V V GLU [W LQ WLLUHYL EXWXQ VGLO]OHPL RODQ ELU 52& YH ELULP VD\UVL RODQ LOLVNLOL ELU / DSODFH GRQLLLLā PLOLOHELUOLNWHELU GLLUWLLGLLU
āā
H a Q VD
OOHIVO!D
NO LUVRQBUDNLRPHNaHJRVWHUGLJL JLEL EXR]JLLO / DSODFH GRQLLLLLQLLFLIWL R]HOOLNOH
WLVUUXaNHUaHKNXWXSOX ELUUDV\RQHO IRQNVL\RQXQ WHUV / DSODFH GRQXVXPXQX EaOLUOHPHGa HVLU DFLKPPP X\JXODQPDVL VLaVPGD \DUDUKGLU UQHN
V% ROJHV LQGH7XUHYOHPH 'HQNOHP WHNL / DSODFH GRQXVXPXQXQ LNL WDUDILPGDWLLUHYOH\HUFNRUQHJLQ
$ aJGDNL/ DSODFHG6QaLLPXQLLGaLLQHOLP
;V ;V [W HGW
V V V, V]
H^V` !
DVDJLGDNLQLHOGH HGHUL] (NWFWDPPOaQDQNVPLNHVLUDFUOXP PHWRGXQXX\JXOD\DUDNaJLGDNLQL\D]DELOLUL]
G;V GV
[W HGW
%OLOLLP
6 LQ\DOOHU YH6 LVWHPOHU
/ DSODFH 'RQXaPX
UQHN 52&V a YH GHNL NXWXSODUP VDJPGDROGXJX LFLQ WHULPOHULQ KHU ELULQLQ WHUV aRQ2a2P8 VDJ ,ON YH VRQGHJHU WHRUHPOHUL ELU VLQ\DOLQ / DSODFH G2QaLOPLL KHVDSODPDODQQP GRJUXOXJXQX NRQW URO HWPHGH \DUDUK RODELEU !PHJLQ !PHN WHNL [W VLQ\DOLQL GaLOQHOLP 'HQNOFP WHQ [2 ROGXJXQX J2U2U2] $ \QFD GHQNOFP X NXOODQDUDN DaJWGDNLQL EXOXUX]
WDUDIO ELU VLQ\DO ROXU YH GHQNOFPOHU YH 8Q X\JXODQUQDVL\OD DVDJLGDNL WHUV G2QLOa2P HOGHHGLOLU [W
>X© HÂH
@ XW
U ; ! U LV V V V V B V V V
NLEX GHQNOHP O GDN LONGHJHQ WHRUHPL LOH WXWDUOWGLU
=DPDQ %ROJHVOQGH(QWHJUDO
]HOOON 7DEORVX (JHU 52& 5 LOH
[W a;V
7DEOR GH EX EROXPGH JHOLVWLUGLJLUQL] R]HOOLNOHU FL]HWOHQPHNWHGLU %LOLOP GH EX R]FOOLNOHULQ RJX / DSODFH GLQLOaLOPLOQLOQ GRJUXVDO ]DPDQODGHJLVPH\HQ VLVWHPOHULQ DQDOL]L YH QLWHOHQGLULOPHVL LFLQ X\JXODQPDVPGD NXOODUXOUPVQU %LUFRN RPHNWHJRVWHULO GLJL JLEL / DSODFH GRQXVXPWHULQLQ YH EXGRQ2aLLPOHULQ 52& ODQQP ELUFRN R]HOOLJL EL ]H ELU VLQ\DO YH RQXQ GRQ2a8P8 LFLQ ND\GD GHJHUELOJLOHU VDJODU YH EXQODU VLQ\DOL WD PPODPDGD \D GDELU GHQNOHPLQ NRQWURO8QGH \DUDUOW RODELOLU .UVLPODU YH GH YH EX ERO8P8Q VRQXQGDNL SUREOHPOHULQ ED]UODQQGD EX R]HOOLNOHULQ NXOODPPODQ X]HULQH ELUFRN RUQHN YHULOPLVWLU
R]DPDQ
/ [U GUaa; V
5Q^ H^V`
!`
LFHUHQ 52& LOH
%X R]HOOLN %ROXP 7GH RQH VXUXOHQ WLOUHYOHPH R]HOOLaLaLQ WHUVLGLU %X %ROLOP GD JRVWHULOHQ HYULVLP R]HOOLJLQLQ NXOODPUP\OD FLNDQODELOLU 2]HO RODUDN
7$%/2 /$3/$&( 1011=( //,./( 5 , / DSODFH
/[U OU XW [W
2UQHN GHQ D LOH
O
OH^ V` !
XW a
[W [W [
; V ; V ; V
,, 5
5
RUW E[W
D; V E; V
( QX
V YHER\OHOLNOH HYULVLPR]HOOLJLQGHQ XW [W a[V V NL EXUDGD 52& GHQNOHP GDNL 52& RODUDN VRQXFODQDQ a V La B52a X LOH GHQNOHP GHNL W LQ/ DSODFHGRQLOLOPLOQLOQ 52& XQXQ NHVLVLPLQL LFHQU
2 LONYH6RQ'HJHU7HRUHPOHUO R LFLQ [W R ROGXJX YH [LM LQ RULMLQGH GLOa YH\D \LOaHN GHaHFHOL WHNLOOLNOHU LFHUUQHGLJL GXUXPODUGD LONGHJHUL [2 H W SR]LWLI GHJHUaHUPGHQ2 DGRJUX \DNOa QNFD [W / DSODFH GRQXVXUQWPGHQ GLUHNW RODUDN KHVDSODQDELOLU 'DKD DFLN RODUDN LON GHJHULWHRUHPLVXQX GLOH JHWLULU [R OLPV; V
'R UXVDOKN =DPDQ ND\GUPDV VE2OJHVLQGH ND\GRUPD
[W a [W
=DPDQ 2OaFNOHPHVL
[R
(HPF
[ W
; V
(YULLP
[- [W [W GL
; V ; V
V%2OJHVLQGH
Wa2&!
2OaFNOFQPL- 52& V,D 5 QLQ LaLQGF\VHV 52& XQ LaLQGFGLU
=DPDQ %2OJHVLQGF
5 (QD]
525
V; V
(QD] 5
G ; V
5
[V V
( QX 5^ WH^ V` !2`
7LOUFYOHPF ©
7OLUHYOHPF
=DPDQ %2OJHVLQGF
/ G!
72UHYOFPH
,ON YH6RQ'HJHU7 UHPOHUL W LaLQ [W YH [W W 2 GDGOOQ' \DGD NGHUHFHOL WFNLOKN HULaL\RUVD R]DPDQ [2 a; V
W 2 LFLQ UW` 2 YH [W LQ WFR GD
%XVRQXFODQQ WLOUHWPHVL 3UREOHP WH GLNNDWHDOPUUQVQU
5 QLQ ND\GPOPRL KDOL VV
$ \QFD HJHU W 2 LFLQ [W 2 LVHYHHNRODUDN [W LQ Wa RR GDVRQOX OLPLWLYDUVD R ]DPDQ VRQGHJHUWHRUHPLVXQX VR\OHU
OLPV;V VR
; VV
5
5
5 QLQ aV5 2& XQ aQGHGLU
OLP[W
a ; V
OLP OLPV;
ā
QOXELUWLPXL YDUVD R PDQ
%ROLLP
/ DSODFH aLL
6 LQ\DOOHU YH 6 LVWHPOHU
'HJLVLP FLIWL , GRJUXGDQ GHQNOHP H X\PDNWDGWU 'RQXVXP \LIWL aYH GRJUXGDQ D 2D D GUU 'RQXVXUQ \LIWL 2PHN GLIH UDQVL\HO R]HOOLNOHULQL NXOODQDUDN JHOLVWLULOPLVWLU 'RQXVXP YLOOL %ROXP - GH EHOLU OHQPLV RODQ R]HOOLNOHUL NXOODQDUDN GHJLVLUQ YLIWL LLQ VRQXFX RODUDN ROXVPXVWXU 'RQLL VXP FLIWL YH EROXP WLQ D , LNHQ]DPDQ ROYLLP R]HOOLNOHUL LOH ELUOLNWH V UDVL\OD GFLQLLaLLP YLIOL YH H WHUQHOOHQGLULOPLVWLU %HQ]HU VHNLOGH ,2 GDQ \D NDGDU RODQ ELLWWLQ GFLQLLaLLP FLIWOHUL 7DEOR GHNL X\JXQ R]HOOLNOHUL NXOODQDUDN WDEOR QXQ ELURQFHNO GFLQLLLOPFLIWOHULQL NXOODQDUDN HOGH HGLOHELOLUOHU 3UREOHP H EDN
%$ = ,/ $3/ $&( '218808 L)7/ (5 L
2PHN H X\PDNWDGLU YH VLUDVU\OD
%FLOLLP WH EHOLUWWLJLPL] JLEL WHUV / DSODFH GRQLLaLOPLL JHQHOOLNBOa ; aa L EDVLW ELOHaaQ OHULQLQ OLQHHU NRPELQDV\RQXQD D\LUDUDN NROD\OWNOD GHJHUOHQGLULOHELOLU 7DEOR GH ELUNDF \DUDUOW / DSODFH GRQLLaLLP FLIWOHUL VWUDODQUPVWUU 7$%/2 7( 0( / )21.6 ,< 21/$5 ,1 /$3/$&( 2&10/( 5,
QPaOUOOWUO
6OPJH
RRQRRP
5 2&
,
72PV
,
WV` ! V
O^V
,
/ $3/ $&( '21880 L/ ( /7 ,6L67( 0/ ( 5L1 7 $1,0/ $10$6, 9 ( $ 1$ /L=L / DSODFH GRQLLLOPLOQLLQ RQHPOL X\JXODPDODQQGDQ ELUL / 7 O VLVWHPOHULQLQ DQDOL]L YH QLWH OHQGLULOPHVLQGHGLU %X WLS VLVWHPOHUOH LOJLOL UROLL GRJUXGDQ NDW FL]HOOLJLQGHQ LOHUL JHO PHNWHGLU%ROLOP 2]HOOLNOH / 7 O VLVWHPLQ JLULaYH FUNLVPP / DSODFH GFLQLLLLPOHUL VLVWHPLQ GLLUWWL \DPWW / DSODFH GFLQWLLOPLO LOHFDUSLPPD EDJKGLU %R\OHOLNOH
V
!
/ F!
,
V
B / F!
O^ V` !
YHEXUDGD ; V < V YH +V VLUDVL\OD JLULVYN YHVLVWHPLQ GLOUWWL \DPQ / DSODFH GRQXVX PLOQLO JRVWHUPHNWHGLU / DSODFH GRQLOPOHUL NRQXVX LFHULVLQGH GHQNOHP )RXULHU GHJLVLP GHQNOHPL QWQ ELUEHQ]HULGLU $ \QL]DPDQGD %ROLOP GHNL / 7'VLVWHUQOH ULQLQNRPSOHNV 86WHOOHUHRODQ NDIKJWLL]HULQHRODQ WDUQVPDUP]GDQ HJHU / 7,VLVWHPLQLQ JL ULVL [W H V +V LQ 520 XQGD LNHQ YWNa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
^ `
1HGHQVHOOLN
V
,`
Fā
O^V` !D
, VD
H
O^V D
, VD
/ Hā X, O
WOV`
V
< V +V ; V
a HP
, VD
WV !
D
O^V` D
, VD
O
7`
HU
,,
>FRVZU
V V
>VLQZL@
V
7XPV
Z
V a
>HBFRVZL
VD
O^ V !D
1HGHQVHO ELU / 7,VLVWHPLQGH W LFLQGLLUWWL \DPWW VLILUGLU YH ER\OHOLNOH VDJ WDUDIKGLU 'ROD\LVL\OD %ROXP GHNL WDUQVPDGDQ JRUX\RUX] NL
VD a
>HaVLQZ` `
,, VD a
OOO H
ā IO NHUH
1HGHQVHO ELU VLVWHP LFLQ ELU DUD\D JHOHQ VLVWHP IRQNVL\RQX LOHELU DUD\D JHOHQ 52& ELU VDJ\DQ GLL]OHPLGLU 7RPV
G R,`
,6
O^V` !D
ā O^V`!
V
%XQXQOD ELUOLNWH EX LIDGHQLQ WHUVLQL GRJUX ROUQDVPP JHUHNPHGLJL RQHPMH YXUJXODQUQD KGLU 2PHN GD GD JRVWHULOGLJL D]HUH VDJ NXWEXQ VDJPGDNL ELU 52& VLVWHUQLQ QH
6LQ\DOOHU YH6LVWHPOHU
GHQVHO ROGXJXQX JDUDQWLOHPH] GDKD ]L\DGH GLOUWLO \DUXXPQ VDJ WDUDIK ROGXJXQX JRVWH ULU < LQH GH HJHU +V UDV\RQHO LVH 2UQHN YH , GH JRVWHULOGLJL JLEL VLVWHPLQ QHGHQVHO ROXS ROUQDGLJUUX 52& XQ VDJEROXUQ GLO]OHPOL ROXS ROPDGLJUUX NRQWURO HGHUHN EDVLWFH DQOD\DELOLUL] 2]HOOLNOH
Hā XL B/ GLU VO
O^V` !,
6RQUD %OOLLP >GHQNOHP QLQH ]DPDQGHJLVXQ ]HOOLJLQGFQ GHQNOHP , WHNL H IDNWULL ]DPDQ IRQNVL\RQXQGD GFJL` WLQOHUHN KHVDSODQDELOLU 6RQUD
5DV\RQHO VLVWHP IRQNVL\RQOX ELU VLVWHP LFLQ VLVWHPLQ QHGHQVHOOL JL 52& XQ VDJNXWEXQHQ VDJPGDNLVDJ\DQ G8]OHUQOL ROPDVL LOH GHQNWLU
H B/ GLU
a^ V` !
V, E\OFOLNOH , L ROPD\DQ VLVWHPOH ELUKNWH Ga2Q2OFQ G2UW2 \D
2UQHN HLāX ,
'2UW2 \DPX +W H
RODQ ELUVLVWHPL FOH DODKP OW 2 LHLQ W 2ROGXJXQGDQ VLVWHUQ QHGHQVFOGLU $\QFD VLVWHUQ IRQNVL\RQX 2PFN GHQ HOGH HGLOHELOLU
IV V,
a^ V` !O
%X GXUXPGD VDJNXWEXQ VDJPGD EXOXQDQ 52& LOF UDV\RQHO VLVWHP IRQNVL\RQOX VLVWHPOHU LaLQ UDVWODQXVDOKN GFQNWLU LIDGFVLQF X\JXQ RODUDN VLVWHP IRQNVL\RQX UDV\RQHOGLU YH GHQNOHP O O WD 52& VDJNXWEXQ VDJRQGDGU
2UQHN '2UW2 \D
RODQ ELU VLVWHP HOH DODKP 2 LFLQ a 2 ROGXJXQGDQ VLVLHP QFGFQVFO GHJLOGLU $\QFD 2PHN GHQ VLVWHUQ IRQNVL\RQX
+V V B GLU
O!,
%R\OHOLNOH VLVWHPLQ QHGHQVHO RODPDPD LIDGHVLQH X\JXQ RODUDN LV UDV\RQHOGLU YH 52& VDJ NXWEXQ VDJPGDGHJLOGLU
ROXU %X QHGHQOH VLVUHP UDVWODQXVDO GHJLOGU %X 2PHN UDVWODQXVDOKN 520 XQ HQ VDJ NXWEXQ VDJPGD ROGXJX DQODPPD JFOGLJUQL KDXUODWPDVL DFUVPGDQ\DUDUKGU DQFDN WHUVL VLVWHP IRQNVL\RQX UDV\RQHO ROPDG VDUHHH JFQHO EUU GRJUXOXa VDKS GFJLOGLU
%HQ]HU ELU ELFLPGH QHGHQVHOVL]OLN NDYUDPPL GD LQFHOH\HELOLUL] (JHU ELU VLVWH PLQ GLOUWLO \DPQ ,! LFLQ KW 2 LVH R QHGHQVHOVLWOLNXU%X GXUXPGD K, VDJ WDUDIK RODFDJPGDQ %ROXP GHQ ELOL\RUX] NLVLVWHUQ IRQNVL\RQX +V LQ 52& X VDJEROXP G8]OFPLGLU 7HNUDUGDQ JHQHO RODUDN WHUVL GRJUX GHJLOGLU < DQL +V LQ 52& X VDL\LP G8]OHPL LVH ELOGLJLUQL] KW LQ VDJ WDUDIOL ROGXJXGXU < LQH GH HJHU +V UDV\RQHO LVH 52& XQ VDJNXWEXQ VDJPGD ROPDVL VLVWHPLQ QHGHQVHO ROPDGUJL LOHGHQNWLU . DUDUKKN V LQ B52& XBVLVWHaLBQ NDUDUKKJL LOH GH LOJLOL RODELOLU %ROXP GH EDKVHGLOGLJL X]HUH ELU / 7 O VUVWHUPPQ NDUDUKKJL RQXQ WDPDPHQ EXUXQOHVHELOLU RODQ GLOUWLL \DUXQ LOH GHQNWLU NL EX GXUXPGD )RXULHU GRQLOa8PLOQLLQ GLLUWLL \DUXQ LOH ELUOHVLUOHU %LU VLQ\DOLQ )RXULHU GRQXVXPX MPDNV HHUFHYHVLQGHGHJHUOHQGLULOHQ/ DSODFH GRQLOa8PLOQH HVGH JHUROGXJXQGDQ %LU / 7 O VLVWHPL VDGHFH YHVDGHFHVLVWHP IRQNVL\RQX +V LQ52& X ELLWLLQ MFRDNVLUX >LH5H^V 2@ LFHUGLJLQGH NDUDUKGLU
2UQHN +V
2UQHN
V V,; V
H +V GLU O^ V` !O V, VLVWHUQ IRQNVL\RQXQX HOH DODKP %X VLVWHUQ LFLQ 52& HQVDJ NXWEXQ VDJPGDGLU %X QHGFQOH G2UW2 \DQLX VDJ WDUDIK ROPDKGUU '2UW2 \DUQXP EHOLUOHPFN LLQ LON RQFH 2PHN LQ VRQXFXQX NXOODUX\RUX]
VLVaHP IRQaL\RQOX ELU /7 O VLVWFPL HOH DODKP52& EHOLUWLOPHPLV ROGXJXQGDQ EL] %LOP GHQ ELOL\RUX] NLGHQNOHP , GD YHULOHQ FHELUOL LIDGH LOH ELUOLNWH GaLLQLLOHQ ELUND GF$LLN 52& YH EXQD EDJK RODUDN GD ELUND? GHJL` LN G2UOLO \DPO VLVWHPL YDUGU 9 LQH GH FJHU VLVWHPLQ UDVWODQWVDOOā \D GD NDUDUKKJ KDNNPGD ELOJLPL] DUVD X\JXQ 52& WDPPODQDELOLU 2PHJLQ HJHU VLVWHPP HGHQVHO ROGXJX ELOLQLUVF G2UW2 \D/
%ROLLP
/DSODFH 'RQa&PLL
6 LQ\DOOHU YH6LVWHPOHU
O WI H
HVK ROGXJX ELU GXUXPGD 52& 6HNL, D GHNL JLEL EHOLQLOHFHNWLU 52& XQ EX R]HOVHFLPL - ZDNVPLLaFPHPHNWHGLU YH EX QHGHQOH X\JXQVLVWHPNDUDUVL]GLUKW LQ WDPDPFQ HQWFJUDOROGXJXQX J2]OHPOH\FUFN GH EXQX DQOD\DELOLUVLQL] 'LJHU WDUDIODQHJHUVVFPLQ NDUDUK ROGXJX ELOLQLUVH 52& X 6HNLO E GH YHULOFQGLU YH X\JXQ G8QLO \DQLX GD WDPDP\OD HQWHJUDO RODQ - , IH LH
GLU
6RQ RODUDN 6HNL , 6F GF GHNL 52& LaLQ VLVWHP QHGFQVHO GHJLOGLU YH NDUDUVL]GUU YH
7DEL NL UDV\RQHO ROPD\DQ ELU VLVWHP IRQNVL\RQXQXQ NDUDUK \D GD NDUDUVL] FRN PXK WHPHOGLU 2UQHJLQ GHQNOHP ,, WD JHFHQ VLVWHP IRQNVL\RQX UDV\RQHO GHJLOGLU YH RQXQVLVWHPLQ NDUDUK ROGXJXQX JRVWHUHFHN VHNLOGHGHQNOHP GHNL GLOUWLL\DPX WDPDUP\OD HQWHJUDOOHQHELOLUGLU $ QFDN UDV\RQHO VLVWHP IRQNVL\RQX RODQ VLVWHPOHU LFLQ NDUDUK VLVWHPLQ NXWXSODQP NXOODQDUDN NROD\FD DQODVLODELOLU 2UQHJLQ 6HNLO WHNL VLILUNXWXS DODUX LFLQNDUDUK MZDNV 52& DGDKLO RODFDN VHNLOGH LNLNXWXS DUDVPGDNL 52& XQ VHFLPLQH EDJKGLU &RNR]HOYHRQHPOLELUJUXSVLVWHP LFLQNDUDUKOLNNXWXSODQQ NRQXPXDFLVPGDQ FRN EDVLW ELU VHNLOGH WDPPODQDELOLU]HOOLNOH +V UDV\RQHOVLVWHUQ IRQNVL\RQOX QHGHQVHO / 7 O VLVWHPOHULQLGLNNDWHDODKP 6LVWHP QHGHQVHO ROGXJXQGDQ 52& VDJ NXWEXQ VDJPGDGUU 'R OD\UVL\OD EX VLVWHPLQ NDUDUK RODELOPHVL LFLQ \DQL 52& XQ M- DNVPL LFHUPHVL LFLQ +V LQHQVDJPGDNLNXWXS MZDNVPP VROXQGDROPDKGUU %DVNDELUGH\LVOH
, IH F
, , , , , ,
[
, , , , , ,
V G2OHPO
,
VDGHFH YH VDGHFH +V LQ NXWXSODQ VGX]OHUQLQLQ VDJ WDUDIPGD EXOXQXUVD \DQLEXWXQ NXWXSODQQ JHUFHN QHJD WLIWDUDIODQ ROXUVD NDUDUK GDRODELOLU
VG- FPL
, , , ,
UQHN
[ [
[
+V UDV\RQHO VLVWHP IRQNVL\RQOX QHGHQVHO ELU VLVWHP
O?H
^
,
,
, , , , ,
, , , , ,
OOH
,
,
, ,
, ,
E
D
< HQLGHQ PFN GHNL QFGHQVHO VLVWHUQL \HQLGHQ HOH DKQ'HQNOHP O WHNL G2QLO \DPQ WDPDPHQ HQWHJUDOOHVHELOLUGLU YHE\OHOLNOH VLVWHP NDUDUKGLU%XQDEDK RODUDN JRU2\RUX] NL V B , GH +V LQGHQNOHP , WFNL OFXWEX VG2]OFPLQLQ VRO WDUDILQGDGUU 7HUVLQH G2Q2 \DPX KW HXW RODQ VLVWHP WDPDPHQ HQWFJUDOOHQHELOLU ROPDG LaLQ NDUDUVU]GLU $ \QFD EXGXUXPGD , +V 5H^ V` !
V NLVLVWHPLQ V LaLQVGLO]OHPLQLQ , VG2]OHPL
, ,
VDLWDUDIPGD OFXWEX RODELOVLQ
PHN 2QFHGHQ %ROLLP YH GH WDQWOOJLPL] LNLQFLOG2]HQ QHVQHO VPUIVLVWHPLQLGHJHUOHQGLUHOLP
, , ,
2LLUWLL\DQX YH VLVWHP IRQNVL\RQX VLUDVU\OD ; 5H
a
KW 0H
H -
Z V ZV Z VF VF
YH +V EXUDGD F
F UZ Z- U F Zªa- ,
,
aNOO 2PHN GHQ V YHV YHV GH VKUBLNHQ VLVWHBP IRQNVL\RQX L\LQ PXKWB HPHO 52& ODU D QHGHQVHO NDUDUVL] VLVWHP E QHGHQVHO ROPD\DQ NDUDUX VVWHP DQWL QHGHQVHO NDUDUVL] VWVWHP 0 a
J
%ROXP
, , , ,
/DSODFHaLLPX
'HQNOHP, QHQKHULOFLWDUDIPDGD / DSODFHG2Qa2P2Q2X\JXOD\DUDNYH%2,2P, LOH NR\PXV ROGXJXPX]VUUDVL\OD >GHQN YH GRJUXVDOOWNLOHGLIHUDQVL\HO2]HOOLNOHUL NXOODQDUDN VGLOOOFPL
V< V < V ; U FHELUVHOGHQNOHPLQLFOGHHGL\RUX] %2\OFOLNOHGHQNOHP,, GHQVLVWHPIRQNVL\RQX
a , , , , , ,
+V
< U GLU ; V
EXVLVWHPGHQ
āWZ , , , , ,
U
2 V
HOGHHGL\RUX]
,
a
%X QHWLFHRODUDNVLVWHP IRQNV\RQXQHHELUVHOLIDGHVLQL YHULUDQFDN\DNPVDPDE2OJHVLQL YHUPH PFNWFGLU *HUHHNWHP WH DQWOOaP]LO]HUH GLIHUDQVL\HO IRQNVL\RQXQNHQGLVL / 7,VLVWHPLQLQ WDP ELUWDPQXGHJLOGLUYHE2\OFOLNOHJHQFORODUDN GWIHUDQVL\FOGHQNOFPOHUOFWDPDPHQX\XPOXG2QLO \DQXODQ PHYFXXXU 'LIFUDQVL\FO GHQNOFPH FN RODUDN VLVWFPLQ QHGHQVHO ROGXJXQX ELOL\RUX] GROD\LVL\OD52& XQ HQ VDJ aWEXQBVDJPGDROGXJX VRQXFXQXaWNDUDELOLUL] YH EXGD 5F^V` ! HNDIKNJHOPHNWHGLU (JHUVLVUHUPQQHGHQVHOROPDGJLQELOL\RUVDN+V LOHLOLNLOLRODQ52& 5H^U` RODFDNWUU 1HGHQVHOGXUXPGDNDUVLKN JHOHQGLOQ2\DUXQ
aHNOO R LNHQONOQFLOāGX]HQQHVQHOVOVWHPOLQNXWXSNRQXPODQYH$2& 6HNLO GD LQ NXWXS NRQXPODQP J2VWHUGLN 6HNLO GD LQ NXWXS NRQXPODQ JRVWFUGON 6RQ VHNLOGFQ GFQNOHP YHGFQNOHP WHQ GH DQODVUODFDJL 2]HUHGHDQODaD FDa X]HUH 2 LFLQ KHULNLNXWEXQGDJHUFHNSR]LWLIE2,2POHUL YDU%XQHGHQOH LFLQ UDVWODQX VDO LNLQFLOVUUDK VLVWHP NDUDUOWRODPD] %XROD\ 5H^F` !YH 5H^ F`!ROGXJXQGDQGROD\L KOU WHULPWHQLQ DUWPDVL\OD ELUOLNWH E8\8G8J8LFLQKW LQ NHVLQOLNOH HQWFJUDO RODPDGLJPP ELUNDPXGX
KU HÂ XW OU HX GUU
/LQHHU6 DEOW .DWV D\K'OIHUDQVL\HO 'HQNOHPOHU LOH7DPPK / 7, 6 OV WHPOHU
QHGFQVHOROPD\DQGXUXPGDLVH
2UQHN WHNL GLIHUDQVL\HO GHQNOHPLQGH +V \L EXOPDN LFLQ NXOODQGUJLUP] SURVHGX ULLQD\PVUP GDKD JHQH RODUDN X\JXODQDELOLU
'LIHUDQVL\HO 'HQNOHPOHU a GO\W 0 /- D
āR
%ROXUQ GH GLLUWLL \DPWLUQ \D GD ]DPDQEROJHVLQGHNL VRQXFX EXOPDGDQ OLQHHUaDELB NDWVD\LK GLIHUDQVL\HO GHQNOHP LOHNDUDNWHUL]H HGLOPLV / 7 , VLVWHPLQLQ IUHNDQV WHSNLVLQLV HOGH HWPHN DPDFL\OD )RXULHU GRQXVXPXQ NXOODUXUUXP WDUQVUPVQN 7 DPDPHQ EHQ]H ELU \ROOD/ DSODFH GRQXVWOUPOQWOQ R]HOOLNOHUL OLQHHU VDELWNDWVD\LK GLIHUDQVL\HO GHQNOHP LOH NDUDNWHUL]H HGLOUQLV ELU / 7, VLVWHPLQLQ VLVWHUQ IRQNVL\RQXQX GRJUXGDQ HOGH HWPHN LFLQ NXOODUXODELOLU %LU VRQUDNL RUQHNWHEX SURVHGLLULL DFLNK\RUX]
GW
GW; , /E GW
W2
ELFLUQLQGH JHQHO ELU OLQHHU VDELWNDWVD\LK GLIHUDQVL\HO GHQNOHPL HOH DODKP / DSODFH GRQLLaLLPLLQLL KHU LNL WDUDID GD OLQHHU YH GLIHUDQVL\HO R]HOOLNOHUL WHNUDU NXOODQD UDNWDQX\JXODUVDN \DGD
UQHN *LUGLVL[W YHaNWV \W LQOLQHHU VDELWNDWVD\LKGLIHUDQVL\HOGFQNOHP G\W \W [W \L
WLW VDJOD\DQELU/ 7VLVWFPLQL HOHDODKUQ
6 LQ\DOOHU YH6 LVWHPLH
%ROXP
%R\OHOLNOH GLIHUDQVL\HO GHQNOHP LOHWDPPODQUPV VLVWHUQLQ
6 LV WHP) RQNV L\RQXOLH6 LV WHP' DYUDP OQOLOL NLOHQGLUHQ 2UQHNOHU
/DSODFH '2QaPWL
*2UGLLJLOPLL]X]HUHQHGHQVHOOLN YHNDUDUKKN JLEL VLVWHP R]HOOLNOHUL VLVWHP IRQNVL\RQX YH RQXQ R]HOOLNOHUL LOHLOJLOLRODELOLU *HUFHNWH WDUXPODUPV ROGXJXPX] / DSODFH GRQLLaLLPR]HO OLNOHULQGHQ KHUELUL EX VHNLOGH VLVWHPLQ GDYUDUXVLP VLVWHP IRQNVL\RQX LOH LOLVNLOHQGLUPHGH NXOODPODELOLU %XEROXUQGHEXROD\ DFLNOD\DFDN ELUFRNRPHN YHUPHNWH\L]
R]LOPOHULQLQ VLILU ROPDVL YH $O
/DNO R K2
2UQHN
\R]LONOHULQLQ NXWXSODQQGDQ GROD\L VLVWHP GHQNOHPL KHU ]DPDQ UDV\RQHOGLU
($HU/ 7 OVLVWHP JLUGLVLQLQ
%LU RQFHNL WDUXVPDUP]P GHYDUP RODUDN OLQHBHaVDELWNDWVD\UE GLIHUDQVLaa, GHQNOHPL WHN EDVPD \DNODVPD ELOJHVLQL VLPUODPDGLJU La GHQNOHP B +Va P \DNODVUQD EROJHVLQLQ VPP LFLQ KHUKDQJL ELU WDPP D a JHWUPHPHNWaGU aQFDN VaWaPP NDaU KKJL \D GDQHGHQVHOOLJL LOH LOJLOL HN ELU ELOJL WLH \DNODVUQD ELOJHV FLNDQODELOLU 2UQHJP HJHU VLVWHP X]HULQHQHGHQVHO RODELOHFHN VHNLOGH EDVODQJLF NRVXOODQP X\JXODUVDN 52& HQ VDJ NXWEXQ VDJPGD RODFDNWLU
LVHaNWVPP GD
[W H XW
ELOL\RU ROGX$XPX]X YDUVD\DKP *2VWHUGL$ LPL] JLEL EX ELOJLGFQ EX VLVWFPP VLVWHP IRQNVL\RQXQX EHOLUOH\HELK\RUX] YH EXQGDQ VLVWHPLQGLJHUELUHRN?]HOOL$LQL KHPHQ aNDUDELOLUL] / DSODFH GOQPQ [W YH- W \HJ?UH KHVDSOD\DUDN
2UQHN
ā U
5&G\W /&G \W \W [, GW GW
; V 5F^V` ! V
EL
*HULOLP NDSDVLWHVL YH JHQH LQG2NW2ULO EDVWBDQJX RODUDN aILU " "Q ELU 5/ & GHYUHVL aQFHU a LW NDWVD\LK GLIFUDQVL\HO GFQNOFP LOH WDULIOHVHELOHQ ELU / 7O 6,6,&aOa2, BROXaWXQQDNWDaU HNO GHNL VHUL 5/ & GHYUHVLQL HOH DODKUQ*HULOLP ND\QDJPGDQ JaHQ JHULOLPLQ JLUGL LVDUHQ [W ROVXQ YH VJD WDQ JHFHQJHULOLPLQ LVDUHWL \O ROVXQ . D\QDN JHULOLP LOH UH]LVWDQVWDQPGLONWOUGHQ YH VJDaDQ JHHHQ WRSODPJHULOLPL KHVDSODGUJXP]GD
YH < V
, 5H^ V` !, VO` V
HOGH HGL\RUX] 'HQNOHP O GHQ
+V < V V B V ; V V O V V V
GHQNOHPLQL HOGH HGHUL] 2HQNOHP X\JXOD\DUDN
VRQXFXQD YDUDELOLU
,/ & +V V 5,/ OOO&
\
HOGH HGHUL] 3UREOHP WH JRVWHULOGLJL Q]HUH HJHU 5/ YH &DUULQ GHaHUOHUL SR]LWLIWLU LVH VLVWHP IRQNVL\RQX NXWXSODQUXQ QHJDWLI JHUFHNEOOLLPOHUL RODFDN YH GROD\UVL\OD VLVWHP NDUDUK RODFDNXU
5
/
$ \QFD EX VLVWHPLQ 520 XQX GD WDPPOD\DELWLUL] )DUNK RODUDN %?,2P GD EDKVHGLOHQ HYPL VLP ?]HOOLNOHULQGHQ GH ELOGLJLPL]LL]HUH 52& XQ < V VL HQ D]PGDQ 52& ODQQ V YH; V NHVLVLU OHULQL LFHUPHVLJHUHNPHNWHGLU +V LQ a IDUNK VHHHQHJLQL LQFHOH\HUHN \DQL NXWEXQVROXQGD V GH NXWXSODU DUDVPGD V YH O GH YH NXWXSODQQ VD$ PGD V GH ; ^ V YH < V LQ 52& ODUL LFLQX\JXQ RODQ WHN VWHQHJLQ 5H^ V` !, ROGXJXQXJRULL\RUX] GD +V LQ HQ VDJ NXWEXQ VD JPGD ROGXJXQGDQ +V LQ QHGHQVHO ROGXJX VRQXFXQX aNDQ\RUX] YH +V LQ LNLNXWEXQXQ GD QHJD WLIJHaHN EROLPOHUL ROPDVPGDQ VLVWHPLQ NDUDUK ROGXJXQX aNDQ\RUX] %XQGDQ EaND GHQNOHP YH GHQNOHP DUDVPGDNL EDJODQW- GDQ EVODQJa NDODQ LOH ELUOLNWH VLVWHPL WDPP OD\DQ GLIHUDQVL\HO GHQNOHPL EHOLUOH\HELOLUL]
F
\W
2UQHN aHNOO 5 /& GHYUH VHULVL
%LU / 7,VLVWHPL LaLQ DVDJGDNL ELOJLOHUH VDKLS ROGXJXPX]X G2V2QFOLP , 6LVWHP QHGHQVHOGLU 6LVWFP IRQNVL\RQX UDV\RQHOGLU YHV LOH6 WH VDGHFH LNL NXWEX YDUGU
VQ\DIWHUYHa
-
, J
( FU[W , LVH\ LO GU 22UWLO \DPPQ 2 GFNL GFMLFUL WLOU
+V +V OLP+V
D IDGFL - ^ K ` LQ V WF KW PQF / DSODFH GOQLOa2P2QGHN GHJHULQH X\GXJX aLQ %X ELOJL\OH VLVWFP IRQNVL\RQXQ VLVWHPLQL EFOLUOHPFN LVWHUL] Z LI N ,ON LNL ELOJLGHQ VLVWHPLQ NDUDUVL] RQXOGXJXQXQHGHQVHO ROPDVPGDQ YH V WH SR]UX JHUFH E4 PR RODQ VDKWS ROPDVPGDQ YFSV QLQF VDGF SRKQRP RWGX X VLVUHP IRQNV\RQXQXQ SV V V; Y
SV
7 V L
&NOLQGF ROGXJXQX EOPFNWF\] W, , O JLUGLVLQLQ \DQ ^, UXQH $ +2 D TD ROPQVL JFUFNWL LQGFQ ELOJL WFQ S2 2 \QQL SV PQF VD2 GD YF TV PQF VDGH EDVND EX SROLQRP ROGX X 3V VTV IRUPXQGD NOONOFUO ROPXVLJHUFNOU 6RQ RODUDNELOJL FQ YH%22P ,2 GQNL EDODQJaGF$FU WFRUHPPGFQ V TV KPVOV KP a VV
Vā
ROGXDXQX J2PHNF\/ ā N N LO 2 2
G V LNFQ 6,,3V QLQH SD\ YH SQ\GRV KHU LNLVL LaLQ GH VHPQ HQ \R VF VW Q Q WFQP HJHQ GL G NW , L GF HUOFQGLULUNHQ VDGHFH RQWDQQ 2QHP YDUGLU $ \QFD H$ WW SD\ HJFaDaU GaD HaNFa EL GF$HUL YDO DOLPLW XFDNODaXNXU 'ROD\P\OD KPLW aQ VRQWX aHVUX
VDGHFH
\DQKOU (JHU \DNPVDN UVH EX 6 XQ 52& GD ROGXJXQX JOO!WFULU 1WGFQVFO YHNDUDUK ELU VLVWHUPQ 52& X KHU ]DPDQ VD$ LQGD ROPDKGU $QDN V Vā GHN NXWEXP a$WDUDIPGD GFL- OGU E IDGFV GFPFN LOF &GH FU RWGXDXQGDQ \DQKOU%X - V QPF RULMLQGF VILU GH F URODPDPDV LIDGFV\OF WFUV Ga2$ 2QGHQ \DQKWU F IDGFV GRWUYOXU 7DEWR F J2UF%22P 6 GF PFFOFG$LPL 7+$ W QP / DSODFH G2Q2a2P2 +V LOF D\P 52& D VDKSWU %X 52& 2- DNVP LaFUPFNWHGLU H EX &NLOGF X\JXQ GHQNOHP NDUDUKGLU $ \QFD W 2 Q KW ROPDV W2 aP WKW GHPFNWLU %2\OHFF 7,,$ QFGHQVHO EU VVWFPP G2UW2 \DPXP WFPVLO FWPFNWFGU G IDGHV GR$ UXGXU 7DEOR F J2UF GKW< GW VOOV / DSODFH G2QPOOQF VDKSWU 6 OF DUSP V āGFOD NXWEX \RN FWPFPFNWFGU F IDGHV \DQKU (JWW KW VPUK EU VRUFNKK$ L ? ,U VF E2\OFFF / DSODFH GQOOPQQ 52& GD KHUKDQJ EU QRNWDV YDU VF 52& W2P VDODP ROPDKGU $ QFDN EX V GF NXWEX RODQ WOV OH X\XPOX GFDOGU I IDGHV \DQKOOI (JWW GR$UX ROVD\G WO- QLQF V GF NXWEX ROGX$ XQGDQ V GF GH NXWEX ROPDV JFUFNUGL %X KHU QFGFQVFO YF NDUDUK VLVWFPP VGOO]OFPLQLQ VRO WDUDILQGQ ROPDV JFUFNLU IDGHVL\OF 8 8IIOPDNWDGU * IDGFVPP aOX$ X 9 FULOFQ EOJLOFU $PGD NFVLQO PHPFNFGUOIDGF OOV QLQF SD\ YF S\GD GHUHFFVLQLQ a,, 2OOOQ JFUFOQQFNWFGU YF EOOOP +V QLQF GXUXPXQXQ 2\OF RWXS ROPDGWP EFKUOFPHN LP \FWFUOL YFQPL] \RNWXU
3-aaW
aD\DQ ELU GFLHUL aHaDGFFF V QLQF SD\PQGHUaHVaL WH HaaaFFaaaaa ROGXWX GXUXPGD HOGH FGHEOP] 3D\GDQP GH$ HQ LVH HQ FP E TV QPF GFYDPK ROPDVL JFUHN$L VRQXFXQX aNDQ\RUX] \DP TV ā . %XVD
.V .V KP ÂV V VÂ
KP
GFaFUOFQGLUFUFN HOGH HGHELOLUL] 2FQNOHP W YHGFQNOFP X GHQNOHVXUHUFN . QP ROGXJXQX J2UHELKQ] YH E2\WFOLNOH V \ +V V; V XU
%XWWHUZRUWK6 X]JHaOHUO 2PHN WH / 7 O VVWHPOHULQLQ \D\JP RODUDN NXOODPODQ YH %XWWHUZRUWK 6LL]JaOHUL RODUDN ELOLQHQ VPIP NVDFD WDPWPaWN %X VPIVLL]JHaOHULQLQ EDQW JaLUHQGHNL KHU ELU VLO]JHFLQ GLLUWLL \DPWPP ELL\LLNOLLN 2]HOOLNOHULQL GH LaHUHQ ELaRN 2]HOOLJL YDUGWU YH EX GD RQODQ KHUKDQJL ELU X\JXODPD LaLQ SUDWLN KDOH JHWLUPHNWHGLU / DSODFH G2QLLa2P2 QLLQ NXOODQaK ROPDV LOH LOJLOL GDKD ID]OD RPFN LLQ EX ELOPGH / DSODFH GRQLLa2P WHNQLNOHULQL %XWWHUZRUWK VLO]JHFLQLQ IUHNDQV WHSNL ELO\LLNO2JLL 2]HOOLNOHULQL RQXQ VLVWHP IRQNVL\RQXQX EHOLUOHPHN LaLQ NXOODP\RUX] %LU 1 LQFLGLO]HQ Ga2N JaLa %XWWHUZRUWK VLO]JHFLQLQ ELL\LLNOLLJLLQLLQ NDUHVL
,%8Z`O 2UQHN
U NV HWF D-DOXQ UW2 \DPOO ,L RWDQ NDUDUK YH QHGHQVHO ELU VLVWHP LOH +W VLVWFP RQ L\RQXQX ,a +aV QLQH UDV\RQHO ROGXJXQX V GH NXWEX ROGXJXQX YH RQMLQGH VILU RWPDG$a āDUVDa %2W2Q GLJFU NXLXSODULQ YH VLIODQQ NRQXPX EOLQPHFNWFGLU 0DaGDN aHU LIDGH P HaP RWD GR$UX ROXS ROUQDGLJUP NFVLQ RODUDN \DQ ROXS ROPDGUJUUX \D GD LIDGHQLQ GRJUXOXJXQX DPW D\!
- :- : Y
RODUDN YHULOHQ YH 1HQLQ VR]Ja,HULQ G2]HQLQL J2VWHUGLJL ELU IUHNDQV WHSNLVLQH VDKLSWLU 'HQNOHP WDQ
M%8Z O \L YHUHQ %V VLVWHP
IRQNVL\RQXQX WDPPODPDN LVWHUL]
,ONRQFH EHOLUWHOLP NL WDPP RODUDN FDN ELWJLGH FNVLNOLN ROXS ROPDG$P NDUDUODaOOUDKP
,%8ZO %MZ %MZ D
GXU
L^ KW H
` \DNPVDNWU
-
E
KW FOW H 7+$ , QFGHQVFO YH NDUDUK ELU VLVWaPLQ G2a2 \DPGU G O / DSODFH G2QOOa2P2QGH HQ D ELU NXWXS HUPFNWHGU H W QLQF VLPUK ELU V2UFOWLOLJL YDUGUU
(JHU %XWWHUZRUWK V2]JHFLQLQ G2UWLL \DPWP JHaHN RODFDN aHNLOGH VPUODQGPUVDN )RXULHU GRQ2a2POHQLaLQ RODQ NaKNK VLPHWUL 2]HOOLJLQGHQ
%MZ %MZ
6 X\DOOHUYH6 LVWHPOHI %XP
ODSODFHa
NL
% Z % Z ROVXQ - - , - :,- :
1 1
'DKD VRQUD %V , MD GUU YHEXQFGHQOH GH GHQNOHP GDQ
[
ª!
[
? ?
,
, %V %V ROXU 6- : 3D\GDQP SROLQRP N2NOHUL V MZ GHNL
[a/ ?
,
[ D
, ?
,
F
,
2OH , DOH
?
[
2OH
[
%M- YH%V QLQH ELUOHVWLULOPLV NXWXSODQQD WHNDE2, HWPHNWHGLU 'HQNOHP OV, Z LNHQ KFUKDQJL ELU V V3 GHJHUL LFLQ VDJODQUQDNWDGLU YH
1
WU UN , N ELU WDPVD\UGLU 1
< DQL
V ZH[SM> Ua1, @`
6HNLO GF 1 O YH LFLQ %V QLQH NXUXS SR]LV\RQODQUX DFUNK\RUX] *HQHW RODUDN EXNXWXSODU LFLQDVDJLGDNL JR]OHUQOHU \DSLODELOLU , 6GLL]OHPLQH \HU D,DQ \DSZRODQ ELUFHUQEHUH HVLW PHVDIHGH DHL\OD \HUOHV PLV RODQ 1 NDGDU NXWXSEXOXQPDNWDGLU %LU NXWXS KLFELU ]DPDQMZDNVLQGD \HU DOPD] YH 1 LQ WHN ROPDVU NRVXOX LOH HUDNVPGD \HU DKUDQFDN 1 LQ YLIWROUQDVL GXUXPXQGD JHFHUOLGHJLOGLU %V %V QLQ NXWXSODQ DUDVLQGDNL DFLK PHVDIH QO1 UDG\DQGUU %V %V QLQ NXWXSODQ YHULOHUHN %V NXWEXQXQ EHOLUOHPHN LFLQ %V`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a2 GD ELUOLN ND]DQFL RODFDN VHNLOGH VHFLOLU %V QLQ NDUDUOLKJUP RUQHNOHQGLUPHN LFLQ 1 , 1 YH 1 GXUXPODQP GH JHUOHQGLUHOLUQ 'HQNOHP GHQ HOGH HWWLJLPL] X]HUH 6HNLO GH %V %V QLQ NXWXSODQ JRVWHULOPLVWLU
a
1 YHa aV aā6 OOOO a
NROXQODQ
HNLO GD 1 QLQ D- WWDEHOLUWLO ā G a NXWXSODUJ2VWHULOPLWLU 8 P HEHILUHQQP aHU ELUL LFLQ %V LOH LOLNLOHQGLULOPL Y \JXQ R DQ WUDQV HUIRQNV\RQODQ 8 aNLOGHGLU 1 , %V a V Z
,a
6 - LZV ,
%2OLOP WHNL WDUQVPD GRJUXOWX G % G UDQVL\HO GHQN- HPL VDSWD\DELOLUL] aaaOLLH VNDaa ELUOHVLN OBPHHU aaLWNDWVD\KB GLIH X\JXQ RODQGLIHUDQVL\HO GHQNOHPOHU aXQODUGa VR]2 HGLOHQ 1 QP 2 GHJHULQGHQ
6 LQ\DOOHUYH6 LVWHPOHU
/ 7 ,6 OVWHPOHUL% DJ ODQWODU,&MOQ6 OV WHP) RQNV L\RQODUL
a 6HNLO D GD JRVWHULOGLJ@ 8]HUHLNLVLVWHPLQ SDUDOFO L\ EDJODQXVLP FOH DODKP %LOW2Q VLVWHPLQ GLLUWLO \DQXU
W W GLU YH / DSODFH G2Q2aLLPLOQLLQ KQHHUOLJLQGHQ +V V +V ROXU %HQ]HU ELUVHNLOGH 6HNLO E GHNL VHUL L\EDJODQXODQQ GLOUWLL \DPQ KW KW YFELUOLNWH X\JXODQGJ VLVWHUQ IRQNVL\RQX GDā V OOV +V GLU YH %DVLO SDUDOHO YH VHUL NDPELQD]\RQ VLVWHPOFULQL FFELUVFO LVOHUQOFUOF GDKD NDUPDVUN EDJODQXODUD JHQLVOHWPHN LFLQ NXOODPODQ / DSODFH G2QLLaLLPOHUL 6HNLO GD YHQOPLV XU %XQX EHOLUWUQHN LYLQ 6FNLO GH YHULOHQ LNL VLVWHPP JHUL ELOGLULP EDJODQWUODQP J2]RQXQGH EXOXQGXUXQ %X EDJODQXODQQ GL]D\Q X\JXODPD YH DQDOL]OHUL .UVLPGD GHWD\K RODUDN YHULOPLVULU 6 LVWHPLQ HWNL DODQPGDNL DQDOL]L EDVLW ELU DQDOL] GHJLOGLU [W JLUGLVLQGHQ \W FLNXVPGDNL JHQHO VLVWHP IRQNVL\RQX LQFHOHQGLJL ]DPDQ VLVWHPLQ EH OLUJLQ ELU FHELUVHO PDQLSLOODV\RQ ROGXJX J2ULOOPHNWHGU6SHVLLILN RODUDN 6 HNLO GHQ DVDJUGDNL EDJODQXODU HOGH HGLOLU
1
LOOOF
ª
, ,
a [aB - aaa ā
āF ? ?
5H
?
[
ā
B
[ @,OOH
,
a aaB - aaa 5H
āOOF ? ?
< V +V ( V
( V ; V =V
[
aNOO 1 ,4LQ%V NXO?-SODQ [,
\,
1 O 1 1
G\W Z[W GW G\W - Z G\W Z\W Z[W GW GW G\W G\W Z G\W 9 \, ?a;W Z GO GW GW ,
D
6L67 ( 0La/ ( 9 & ( %L5 L9 ( %/ 2. a( 0$ 6,*267 ( 5 L0/ ( 5 L [,
N ELL UXUHYOHUQH HYULaLP ]DPDQ ND\GPQD JLEL ]D / DSODFH GWLQLOa8PLOQLO NXOODQPD L]H L G GK , GHJLaWLPHPL]L RODQDNOL NLODU / 7 O PDQEROJH LaOHPOHUL FHELUVHO GHQNOHP HQ ,H D XaUXN YF EX EWLOLOPGH GH FHELUVHO OD EXQXQ \DUDU DUP JYUP Y ā VLVWHPOHQPQ DQDL] VUUDVP ED ODQWLODQ DQDOL]LQGH YH VLVWHPOHQ EDVLO VLVWFP IRQNVL\RQXQXQ a7O VVWHPOHQPa J WH]OHPHN JLEL EDVND RQHUQOL NXOODPP VLVWHP \DSL ELULPOFULQLQ YEDJODQWODQ RDUD VHQ ODQQD JWL]DWDFDJL]
?
\,
E
a
EX /7 6 ,6 HPLQUWJHUL- LNLUP LED2ODP6,
6 LQ\DOOHUYH6 LVWHPOHU
a
\W ; O
Uā \W
aHNOO D ONL/7,VOVWHPOQOQSDUDOHOLYED4ODQWLODQE ONL/7,VLVWHPLQLQV HQNRPEPDV\RQODQ ; ,
=V +V < V
W
\W
EXQGD GD < V
OV ; V + V < V @
EDJODQXVLP HOGH HGFUL] \D GD < V + V ; V
+ V O V V
E
\
aNOO D 2PHOF GHOLQHGHRVHO/7 , 6 ,6 WHPOHQO:OENONa KOF J2VWHQPLā E aHU ENONaWLN JVWHULPO
5 DV\RQHO 6 LVWHP ) RQNV L\RQODULYH 'LIHUDQVL\HO 'HQNOHPOHU OLH 7DPPK 1HGHQVHO /7, 6 LVWHPOHUL LVOQ %ORNaHPDV *RVWHUOPOHUO %FOWOP OH ELU / 7 O VLVWHPLQLQ WRSODPD NDWVD\L LOF FDUSPD HY HQWFJUDOLQL DOPD JL EL WHPFO LVOHUQOHUL NXOODQDUDN ELULQFL GFUHFHGHQ GLIHUDQVL\HO GHQNOHP LOH WDUXPODQUPV EORN GL\DJUDP JRVWHULPLQL RUQHNOHQGLUPLVWLN %X 2F LVOHP GDKD \2NVHN GHUHFHOL VLV WHPOHULQ EORN GL\DJUDP ROXVWXUPDGD GD NXOODUXODELOLU YH EX EROXPGH EXQX ELUFRN 2U QHNOH DFLNOD\DFDJL]
EXOXQDQ VLVWHP IRQNVL\RQX NDWVD\WaW\OD "- !WOPDVQD X\XPOXGXU 6HNLOGFNL EORN GL\DJUDP 6HN, D GD J2VWFULOGLJL X]HUHYH ELU 2QFHNL DOW EROLPGH HOH DKQGWOL OO]HUFEL ā GR
OPLJL JHUFNWLUPFNWFGW , UP ā U JHQ Q22P aā FNLO GFNL JE IRRWQOPDVPGDQ ]L\DGF 6HNL E GFNL JE WRSOD\F JUGOFQPQ N VLQ\DOL FNOFPU < LQF GH 6HNL E G 2V ,G ā G2Q4VLOP RO GDNL, ā H WHQ X]HUH JHQ < XQ YH a,- !PGDNL NDWVD\PP LVDUHQQL GFWLUFUFN UDP 6HNL GFNL JLEL ELU EORN GL\DJUDP HOGFHGHQ]6 RQa RODUDN GFQNOFP
+V a V V GRJUXOXJXQX NDPWODPDN LILQ NXOIDQDELOLUL]
2UQHN 6LVWFP IRQNVL\RQX +V V
UQHN RODQ QHGHQVHO VLVWHUQL HOH DODKP %OLO8P WHQ EX VLVWHUQLQ EDVODQJa NDODUXPQGXUXPXQX GD 6LVWHP IRQNV\RQX J2]FWHUFNWHQ G\U \, !
GW GLIHUVQVL\HO GHQNOHPL LOHGH WDUXPODQDELOHFHJLQL ELOL\RUX] %2,2P FNLO GF J2VWFULOPLV RODQ YH EXQXQ JLEL ELULQFL GFUFFH VLVWFPOHUL LFHUHQ ELU EORN GL\DJUDP J2VWFULPL ROXVWXUGXN(VGFJHU ELU EORN GL\DJUQP GD Da- YH E W LFLQ 6HNLW \H X\ PDNXGLU 6HNL, GH J2VWHULKQLVWLU %XUDGD V G8UW2 \DPX XW RODQ ELU VLVWHUQLQ VLVWHUQ IRQN VL\RQXGXU \DP ELU W2UFY DKF VLVLHP IRQNVL\RQXGXU$ \QFD 6HNLO GFN JFQEOGLQP \ROXQGD
+V
a V V
V
RODQ ELU / 7 , QHGFQVFO VLVWHPLQL HOHDLP aQNaFP Q 2QFUGLJL X]HUH VLVUHP IRQNVL\RQX V RODQ ELU VLVWHP LOH GFYDP HGHQ VLVWHP HQNVL\FQX , V RODQ ELUVVWFPQ DO8Q- RODUDN GLOLOQOPHOWGU YH EL] EXQX -V VLPJHOH PHN a FNLO D GDNL ELRO G\DJUDPP NXOODQDUDN FNLO - UH 2PFNOFGN
6 LQ\DOOHU YH 6 LVWHPOHU
2HQNOHP WHNL VLVWHPL NXOODQDUDN DOWHPDWLI ELU EORN GL\DJUDP JRVWHULUQL FOGH HXQHN GH P8PNOOQ / DSODFH GQLO8POOQQ OLQHHUOLJLQL YH GLIHUDQVL\HO 2]HOOLNOHULQL NXOODQDUDN ELOL\RUX] NL HNLO D GDNL \W YH ]W
%ROXP
/DSODFH 2RQaPLL
2UQHN 6LVWHP IRQNVL\RQX +V
\, G]W ], LOH EDJKGLU GW
, VO V V V
QHGHQVHO LNLQFL GHUHFHGHQ ELU VLVWHUQL HOH DODKP %X VLVWHPLQ JLUGLVL [ YH aNXV !a, 9 LQH GH LQWHJUDW2U8Q JLUGLVL HW G- W G W \W [W G GW GLIRUDQVL\HO GHQNOHPLQL VDJO\RU
\W HW ]W
RODFDN VHNLOGH OW? RODUDN ]W QLQ WOOUFYLGLU YH EX GD HNLO D GD J2VHULOHQ DOWHPDWLI EORN GL\DJUDP WHUQVLOLQH JPFNWFGLU %HOLUWHOLP NL 6 HNLO D GDNL EORN GL\DJUDUUX ; O
\W
G]W W GW
ROGXJFQGQQ ]W QLQ W2UHYL JHUHNPHNWHGLU %XQXQ WFUVLRODUDN 6HNLO E GHNL EORN VHPDVPP KLaELU LVDUHWLQ DHUN GLIFUDQVL\HOLQL JHUHNWLUPFPHNWHGLU
D
[W
; O
= W
\W
E
D \W
\O
; W
HW
] , O
F
E
HNLO 2PHN GHNLVLVWHPLOEN!Na JRVOHULPOHULD GRJUXGDQORRQ E VHQIRUPF SDUDOHO IRUP aHNLO D RPHN GHNLVOVWHPLQEOROWaHNLOJRVOHULPOHULE HaHUEORNaNLOJRVOHULPOHUL aQaHaL 2PHNOHLH X\JXQ B2QHULaHUL NXOODQDUDN aaLL OH J2VOHULOHQ VLVWHPLQ EORN VHUQDWLN J2VWH QPP FOaHFGHQ] &O]HWKNOH WXUHY DKFUUXQ JLUGLVL W2UHY DKFPP aNVP UHYL ROGXJXQGDQ EORN VHNLOGHNL VP\DOOHU
6 LQ\DOOHUYH6LVWHPHL
G\U
/ DSODFH2FLQaXPX
GD LQFHOHQPLVWLU YH VRQXFX GD VHNLO 6 WH JRVWHULOHQ GRJUXGDQIRUPOX EORN GL\DJUDPUGUU %XQGDQ EOO\OH GRJUXGDQIRUP JRVOHULPLQGF EORN GL\DJUDPGD J2ULLOHQ NDWVD\L GHQNOHP , GHNL VLVWHP IRQNVL\RQXQXQ NHVLVLPL RODUDN EHOLUOFQHELOLU
IU GaaU
HU GIU GW
%ROXP
LOFLOJLOLGLU
GW
$ \QFD GHQNOFP 6HNLO UH J2VWHULOHQLQ WDPDPHQ D\PVL RODQ W\W aWO\U \,
GU
[U
GL
\DGD HU U \ [U aNOO
VHNOLQGH \D]LODELOLU
2PHN GHNL VLVWHPLQGR4UXGDQāIRRQJ2VWHULPL
%X VHNLOGHNL EORN GL\DJUDP NDWVD\LVPPVLVWHP IRQNVL\RQXQGDNL \D GD HVGHJHU RODUDN GIHUDQVL\HW GHQNOHPLQ NDWVD\L LOH GR$ UXGDQ EHOLQLOHELOLU ROGXJXQGDQ ED]HQ GOUHNIRUP JRVWHULQH EDYXUXOXU 2QFPOL RODQ GLJHU EORN GL\DJUDP J2VWFULPOFUL WXWDUK ELU FHELUVHO VLVWHP IRQNVL\RQX PLNWDQQGDQ VRQUD FOGF HGLOHELOLU 2]FOOLNOH GHQNOHP , WHNL +V VLVWHUQLQ ELULQFLGHUHFH LNL GHQNOFPLQ
$ KHPDWLI RODUDN OOV \L
+V ]V V V
+V V V,
NDODPRODUDN \D GD
+ VO
V
VHNOLQGH \D]UODELOLU 2QHQQHNWHGLU +V QLQ NDODQ IRUPDXQGDNLJ2VWHULPL HNLO E GH \DQVLQOPUVXU
VHNOLQGH \D]DELOLQ]
$ KFPDWLI RODUDN OV QLQ E2,2P NHVUL JHQLVOHPHVL RODUDN NXOODQDUDN 6HNLO E GH J2VWHULOHQ SDUDOHOIRUP JRVWHULPLQH RODQDN VDJOD\DQ , , +V V, V HOGHHGHUL]
%aQODUGDQ aLBULQFLVL NDODQIRQQXQGD JVHULPLQL LNLQFLVL LVF SDUDOHOIRUP EORN GL\DJUDP JRVWHUL UPUQ JHUHNWLULU %XQODU GD 3UREOHP GD J2VWHULOPLaWLU
ª
2UQHN
5DV\RQHO VLVWHP IRQNVL\RQODQ YHGLIHUDQVL\HO GHQNOHPOHUOH WDPPODQUPV QHGHQVHO / 7, VLVWHPOHUL LFLQ NXOODUXODQ EORN GL\DJUDP \DSLODQGLUPD \RQWHPOHUL \LLNVHN GHUHFHOL VLV WHPOaULFLQ GD\P VHNLOGH NXOODPODELOLU (NRODUDN EXQXQ QDVUO \DSLOGUJ ROGXNFD HV QHNWLU 2UQHJLQ GHQNOHP , GHNL SD\GDODQ WHUVFHYLUHUHN
6RQ ELU RUQHN RODUDN +V V V L V V
HOHDODKP &HELUVHO VLVWHP IRQNVL\RQX NXOODQDUDN +V \L KHU ELULQGH EORN GL\DJUDP J2VWHULP LKWLPDOLPL]LQ ROGXJXELUNDFGHJLVLN VHNLOGH\D]DELOLUL]2]HO RODUDN +V \L 6HNLO WHJRVWHULOPLV VLVWHPLQ YH VLVWHP IRQNVL\RQXQXQ V V RODQ VLVWHUQLQ NDODP RODUDN JRVWHULOGLJLQL \DQVXDQ
+V , V V V V VHNOLQGF \D]DELOLUL] < LQF GH WDP 2UQHN GD \DSQJPQ] JLEL ELULQFL VLVWHPLQ LQWFJUDW2ULOQ RODQ VLQ\DOOHUL DNROD \DUDNā EX LNLQFL VLVWHUQH JHUHNOL RODQ VLQ\DOOHUL RQD\D FUNDUDELOLUL] %X \DSLPQ GHWD\ODQ 3UREOHP
+V
a V O V
V
\D]DELOLUL] YH EX GD IDUNK ELU NDODQ IRQQX RQJRUPHNWHGLU$ \QFD 3UREOHP GH JRVWHULOGLJL X]HUH GRUGXQFXGHUHFHGHQ ELUVLVWHP IRQNVL\RQXLNLQFLGHUHFHGHQ LNLVLV WHP IRQNVL\RQXQXQ 2ULLQLLRODUDN \D]LODELOLUKHU ELUL ELUFRN IDUNK VHNLOGH JRVWHULOHELOLU \DQL GRJUXGDQIRUPX NDODQ SDUDOHO YHRGD KHU KHUELULQLQ IDUNK ELUNDF JRVWHULPL RODQ IaUNK DO GHUHFHOHULQLQ WHULP WRSODUP RODUDN \D]LODELOLU %X VHNLOGH GXVXN GHUHFHK EDVLW VLVWHUQOHUGDKD \LLNVHN GHUHFHOLNRPSOHNV VLVWHPOHULQ ROXVXPXQGD \DSL WDVL RODUDN NXOODPODELOLU
6 LQ\DOOHU YH6 LVWIOOOLH
%LLP
/DSODFH QaR
7(. 7$5 $) / , / $ 3/ $ & ('21a0 ; V
%X E2OLOPLLQ 2QFHOLNOL DOW EROXPOHULQGH LNL WDUDIK / DSODFH GRQLOLOPLLQLO HOH DOGLN %X DOW EFOXPGH QHGHQVHO VLVWHPOFUL R]HOOLNOH VILU ROPD\DQ EDVODQJLF NRVXOODQ LFUHQ \DQL EDVODQJLFWD NDODQ LFHUPH\HQ OLQHHU VDELWNDWVD\LK GLIHUDQVL\HO GFQNOHPOHU LOF WDUXUQODQUPV VLVWHPOFULQ LQFHOHQPHVLQGF RQHUQOL ELU \HUL RODQ GHJLLN ELU GQLOLOPX WHN\D /DSODFH GLILLLIO WDUXWLS LQFHOH\HFHJL]
6XUHNOL ]DPDQK VLQ\DOL [W WHN WDUDIK / DSODFH GQLOLOPLO ]V a
U
[W H GW
5© !^V` !D
2UQHN 6RQUDGD [^ ©! X
O \L
HOHDKP]
%X2PFNaDQa WDUDG2Qa ; 2PFN %2,2P6 V , GHQHOGFFGOFEOWUH ]DPDQND\GUPD2]HOOLJ
RODUDN WDQLPODQUUXVXU YH XUGD HQWHJUDOLQ DOW OLPLWL KHU GLOUWLO\2\D GD W 2 GD \R JXQODaP \XNVFN GFUHFFOL WFNLOOLN IRQNVL\RQODQ HQWHJUDO DUDOLJPD GDKLO HWWLJLPL]L JRVWFULU %XQGDQ ER\OH VLQ\DO YHRQXQ WFN WDUDIK / DSODFH GRQLOLOPLO LFLQ NXOODPVK ELU JRVWHULP VHNOL EFQLPVL\RUX] [W a; V 8/^[W `
D
H ; V GUU VD
O 6
UH 8, O FR GL
U
'HQNOHP YH NDUVLODVWUPUDN WHN WDUDIK EHYLIL WDUDIK / DSODFH GRQLOPOH ULQLQ WDPPODQ DUDVLQGDNL IDUN FQWHJUDOLQ DOW OLPLWLQH JRUHGLU &LI@ WDUDIK GRQXVXP W © ! GDQ W RR DNDGDU RODQ ELOWLOQ VLQ\DOOHUH EDJKGLU WFN WDUDIK GFOQLOP LVH VD GHHH W GDQ W RR DNDGDU RODQ VLQ\DOOHUH EDJKGUU 6RQXF RODUDN W2 GDQ ELUELULQ GFQ IDUNK FODQ YF Wa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
a© !VO ! D
%XQD/LO RODUDOWFNWDUDaQOOP
GW
Hā, V D
aW IV` !D
%2\OHOWNOH Ea 2PFNFWHN YH aLIW WDUDG2QO-2POFUāaN RODUDN IDULGGU $KQG FN WDUDIO
aWLP a GaWQVIURODQVDQ\DKQaQWDUDGQOOPWHO WDUDIOWGQOOPGXU\RUX PXD a POXRODUDN E UV \ [ QLQGHW, [ X QLQEU LDUDR G2Q2P2RODUDN Ga2QPFK\
aQ
2UQHN W2LaLQ[) ROGXaDQ? & RULMLQGHNLWFNLOOLNPOaLPBDUDODQQD GDOXOROGXXQGDQ N DUDQG2Qa aLIWWDUD2 G2R F B [ , QDQUH PLO , HD\QOGUY]HOOWNOF X P aLIW WDUD GQOO2PLLQLOQ V ROGX-ROJXVXQXGRQ-PaLUX ,6 7DEOR NXOODQDUDN UV ; V , V VV O© !^V` ! D
V
7HN7DUDIK/ DSODFH 'RQLLaLLP2UQHNOHUO
V
HOGFFGFUL]
7HN WDUDIK / DSODFH GFOQLOLOPLOQLO RUQHNOHQGLUPHN LFLQ DOWWDNL RPHNOHUL HOH DODKP 2UQHN 2UQHN , ]V
[W Hā XW ,
FOHDODKPW2 LaLQ [O 2ROGXaXQGDQ FNWDUDIK YH aLIWWDUDG2QLLaLOPOHUaaFUGLU %2\OFOLNOF7DEOR GFQ
VP\DOLQL
, VO V
OHNWDUD2/ DSODFHaQaXPLOQ2 HOFDODOWP 2PFN GDGFQNOFP, GDNLYHEa 52&OH D PIL ā PLO a WHUVG2QO-LOP2FOHDOPaXN7HNWDUDQ G2Qa2Pa R5,2&DQaODUIOWDUDaNXSIREFHaQR a HQ V W XQVDM
6 LQ\DOOHU YH 6 LVWHa
7$%/2 7( .< 21/2/$3/$&( R1011 2=( :./( 5 , E2,8PDODQPP VDJPGD EXOXQPDODQ JHUHNL\RU\DQL E2\OH ELU GXUXPGD 52& OH^ V` !, LaLQ 6,PJW
2XOOLN
V PQELOOLLQQRNWDODQP aHULU%XGXUXPGD EX WHNWDUDIKGOOQ'P
7WN 7 UD /DSOaW''P2 ; V
[W [W
]V
[W >H
H@XW ,! LHLQ UV
[
DUF! E[! GFQNOFPLQLHOGFHWPFN LaLQ2PFN GDNLQLQD\PVRODFDNVHNLOGHWFUV\2]FGHELOLUL]%X2PHN OH ELUOLNWHWFN WDUDIK / DSODFH G2QOOV2POHULQLQEL]H VDGHFH W! GD YDU RODQ VLQ\DOOFU KDNNPGD ELOL YHQOLNOFUPL EHKUX\RUX]
āāāaUFaL L[!āāāāāāā āāāāāāāā āāāāāāāāāā āā
6DODPQGDX\G- PXK
H[
; VV
=DPDQND\GQQDK
WD D!2
[
[
WV
V aLQG2QP2QHOH DODKP ]V QLQ SD\ GHUHFHVL SD\GDQP GHUHFHVLQGHQGDKD Na2N ROPDGU
UFPF [W YH[ QP FGF FUKYHVIOU ROGXaQX YDUT\DUDN
aPGRQ ]V \L
=DPDQDODQPGD W2QYOFPH
BW,
V; V [2
2UQHN V
]V
F
GW
]V $ 2V
V 6DODQQGDW2UHYOFPF
[V
W[,
G
VFNOLQGFJHQLVOFL\RQ]'FQNOHP YH, \L a2]HUFNYHSD\GDODQ VDGHOHVWLUHUHN =DPDQDODQPGD WQPWHVPH V $ % V &
      Â         Â         Â
YFV QLQ KHUGFUHFFVLLFLQNDWVD\KFVDSOD\DUDN5 2& VD OH^ V` ! RODQ ]V V \
^ [U GU
( HU32 LaLQ G2O ,2\D GD\LONVFNNPFWFNLOOLNOP aHUPDLVH W2
V HOGHHGHUL],OHUWHULPLQWHUVG2Q8V2P2QLODODUDN
R LHLQ
!
; V
V %aODQJaāYF%- āO FJFU7FRUHPLHa āāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāā
OaV; V
aV; V aV; ^ V GLU
[W RW Hā ROXVXU
7 HN7 DUDIK/DSODFH'RQXaXPOHUOQOQ]HOOONOHUL
&LIW WDUDIK / DSODFH G2QaXPLLQGH ROGXJX JLEL WHN WDUDIK / DSODFH GRQLLaLLPLLQLLQ GH ELUFRN RQHPOL 2]HOOLJL YDUGLU YH EXQODQQ ELUFRJX LIW EHQ]HUOHULQLQNLOHUOH D\P ROUQD UQDVLQD NDUVP ELUFRJX GDRQHPOL !OLLGH IDUNKGLU 7DEOR R]HOWLNOHUL R]HWOHPHNWHGLU +HU WHN WDUDIK / DSODFH GRQLOa2P 52& VLQLQ VDJRROLON DODQPGD \HU DOGJPGDQ KHU VLQ\DO LFLQ WHN WDUDIK / DSODFH G2QLOaLLP52& VLQL QHW ELU VHNLOGH WDPPOD\DQ ELUNRORQ GDKLO FWPHGLJLPL]H GLNNDW HHNHUL]2PFJLQ UDV\RQHO WHN WDUDIOL / DSODFH GRQLLaLLP2Q2Q 52& VL KHU]DPDQ HQ VDJ NXWEXQ VDJPGDGU
aDEOR HYH 7DEOR H ]LW RODUDN LIO WDUDIK GRQXVXP LFLQ X\DQ LOH JRULL\RUX] NL BIO WDUDIK / DSODFH GRQa2P 52& VLQLQ KHU]DPDQ VDJERO2P GLL]OHPOHaGLU YH OLQHHUa aN aDODa BND\PDV ]DPDQRaLLPLL H\OHP HNLPL YH GLIHUDQVL\HO DOPD aLEL VDODQ R]HOKNOHQ IO WDUDQ EHQ]HUOHQ OHBD\PGU %HQ]HU aHNLOGH %2,2UQ 2 GD D\LNODQDQ EaOaJYH ILaDOaHJHU WHRUHPOHQ WHN WDUDI / DSODFH GRQLLLLPOHUL LLQ GH JH\HUOLGLU - %LOWXQ EX R]HaKNOaQQ NaNOHUL LIWWDUDI EHQ]HUOHUL LOH D\PGU ā 7HN DaQ GRQLLa2POHQQ NDW R]HOOLJL GH \LQH LIW WDUDIK GRQLLPOHULQ X\JXQ GR HQ 2]HOEJ WLH D\PGWU %XR]HOOLJH JRUH HJHU a KHUW 2 LLQ GDKD VRQUD
aHNWF aODQJ , YHa FOFWFU,P GHFH [, VP\DOOFQQFX\JXWDQDEORU
WHO ZDGQaPWFOKNKROXSGXQXQXQGW2 FVGFFUaLQ
6 LQ\DOOHUYH6 LVWHPOHW
āJP ā GHQ KHPHQ VRQUD JHOHQ LIW WDUDIK GRQXVXPOHULQā NDW R]H ā GHQNOHPLGHQN OHP , QWQ GXUXPXQGD WHN YH LLIW WDUDIK GRQ88POHQQ KHU La ; W YH a Va \DOL LFLQ GH HVGHJHUGLU %R\OHOLNOH VLVWHP DQDOL] DUDFODQ YH EX EROXPIGHO JHKBWGaOOPO \ F N ā HVGHJHU RODUDN DQ JLU , HUH YHNXOODQLOUPV FHELUVHO VLVWHP RQ VL\RQX W2 LFLQ \
IW V UR IO GFL I PG L] QHGHQVFO VLVWHUQ IRQNVL\RQX G8UWLO \DPXQLQ KHP WHN KHP WDUD QX XB Xa E ā ā āL LO LOH LGLJLUQL] VXUHFH WHN WDUDIK GRQLOLOPOHUH KLFELU GHJWNKN RODQ /B7, VLVWHP HQ H Ea ā % QD ELU RPHN 7DEOR WHNL FQWHJUDO R]HOOLJLGLU (JHU JHUHNWLUUQHGHQ X\JX DQD LU X W2 LFLQ [W 2 LVH [U GU [W W [V 8V ]V
&LIW YH WHN WDUDIOL GRQLOLLP R]HOOLNOHUL DUDVPGDNL FRN RQHPOL IDUNODUGDQ ELULVL GH WLLUHYOHPH R]HOOLJLGLU 6LQ\DO [W \L WHN WDUDIK / DSODFH GRQLOLOPLL ]V LOH HOH DODKP 6RQUD EROXPOHULQ HQWHJUDOLQL DODUDN G[W GW QLQ WHN WDUDWOW GRQLLLOPLL
U
aaW
© GW [W HÂ
U U V
[W HGW
V]V [: GLU %HQ]HU ELU VHNLOGH EXQX LNLQFL X\JXODPDVL EL]H G[W , GW QLQ WHN WDUDIK / DSODFH GRQLOPLOQLO YHULU \DQL
V]V V[2 [ :
ONLQFL ELU QRNWD RODUDNDVDJLGDNL FLUQHJL HOH DODKUQ 2UQHN
G
YH EXUDGD [ 2 W Rā GD GHJHUOHQGLULOPL RODQ [W QLQ ULOUHYLQL JRVHULU 6XSKHVL] SURVHGLLU2 \LONVHNGHUHFHGHQ WHN WDUDIK GRQLLLOPOHUL HOGH HWPHN LFLQGHYDP HGHELOLUL]
N
1HGHQVHO ELU / 7 O VLVWFPLQOQ EDODQJ NDODQQX GD J] 2Q2QGF EX XQ XUDUD G \W G\W \W [W G W GW GLIFUDQVL\HO GFQNOHPL LOF DPODQGa YDU VD\D,UP RHQNOFP ā NXOODQDUDN VUVWHP FP VLVWHP IRQNVL\RQXQXQ
7HN 7DUDIK / DSODFH 'RQX XPX . XOODQLODUDN 'LIHUDQVO\HO 'HQNOHPOHUOQaR]XPX
+V V V ā N Q / DSODFH 6LVWHP JLULVLQLQ [W DX, ROGXJXQX YDUVD\DKUQ %X GXUXPGD FN \W QP WH WDUD ROGXJXQX EXOX\RUX]
7HN WDUDIK / DSODFH GRQLOLOP RQFHOLNOL NXOODPUP VI-U ROPD\DQ EDDQJW\ GXUXPXQD VDKLS OLQHHU VDELO NDWVD\K GLIHUDQVL\HO GHQNOHPOHULQ VRQXFXQX HOGH HWPHN LLQGLU %XQX 4DJGDNL RPHNWH JRVWHUL\RUX]
GRQLO8P2
D
< V +V ]V VV O V
2UQHN < &2
D B a V 2UQHN \L GHQNOHP LQ
V,
3
\;R- U
GLU
V
EDDQJL GXUXPXQD VDKLS GLIHUDQVL\HO GHQNOHP LOH DUXPODQP VLVWHPL HOH DODKP ; & OXW ROVXQ 6RQUD HNDUDIO GRQLLP GHQNOHP XQ LNL LDUDID GD X\JXOD\DUDN
KHU WHULPLQH X\JXODUVDN
` ROXVXU
V < V 3V UV< V 3 < V a
\W D>aH aHÂ
V \DGD
GHQNOHP 7 N RQOLO / D ODFH GRQXVXPLOQXQ NDW R]HOOLJL VDGHFH YH VaGHFH RāāP Ha GHNL VLQ\DO [W YH [ W OHULQ KHU LNLVLQLQ GH GHJHUL VLILU ROGXJXQGD X\JaOD ā \ ā , [ QLQ L5?DUDIO / DSODFH GRQ8LOPLO KHU ]DPDQ W YH []W QP PU DP [ JW IRQNVL\RQXQXQ )RXULHU GRa8XP@ FRQYHUHJH HGL\RUVD ;W IRQNVL\RQXQXQ VDJ WDUDIK UP VRO WDUDIK UP WDUDIK PW ROGXJXQX EXOXQX] V D` GH [V OHV ! P 9 HULOHQH a?OOHV !aOH^ V D V VO VRQVX] / DSODFH GRQ8a8P2Q8 EXOXQX] 6LUDGDNL KHU / DSODFH GRQLOLOPLO LFLQ JHRPHWULN GHJHUOHQGLUPH\L NXOODQDUDN )RXULHU GRQLO8PLOQH NDUVUKN JHOHQ VLILU NXWXS DODPQGD )RXULHU GQLO8aLO Ga JHULQLQ \DNODVLN RODUDN ORZSDVV KLJKSDVV \D GDEDQWSDVVROGXJXQX EHOLUOH\L QL] , D +V OHV ! VO V V , E +V OHV ! V V,
aIO
 [W
I- H ,, W ,
G\W [W ELU \HUGH JW [W D[W YH J^ W QLQ R,GXJX GW
/ DSODFH GQPLL * V B VB ,WH^ V` , ROVXQ D YH V , GHJHUOHULQ@ EHOLUOH\LQL]
I- VDELWOHULQLQ
6LQ\DO [W LOH / DSODFH G2QP8 ;V KDNNPGD 4JGDNL JHUFHNWHULQ YHULOGLJL QW YDUVD\DKP , [W JHUFHN YHFLIWWLU ;V LQ NXWEX YDUGLU YHVRQOXVG2]H\ LQGH VILUGHJLOGLU ;V LQ V O H
GH ELUNXWEX YDUGLU
UW GW
;V L YH5 2& VLQL EHOLUOH\LQL]
9 DUVD\DKP NL LNL [^W YH \U VDJ WDUDIK VLQ\DOL G[W \W RW YH GW G\W GLI , OLNO ā , GW [ W , HUDQVL\H & HQ\ H EDJK < V YH; V \L FRQYHUJHQFH DODQ ODQ ER\XQFD EHOLUOH\LQL]
OWPH WHSNLVL KW RODQ QHGHQVHO ELU / 76VLVWHPL [^ W JLULVLQH YHGHQNOHP IRUPX
V
F +V
OHV !,
V V , VV, , OHV ! RODUDN EHLUHQUPV VP\D V V , )RXULHU GRQLO8PLO GHJHULQL VLILU NXWEX DODPQGDQ JHRPHWULN GHJHUOHQGLUPH\L NXOODQDUDN EHOLUOH\LQL]
G"\W G\W G W - G O D DD O B D\W [W ^ GW GW
/ DSODFH GRQLOLOPLO ; V
6LQ\DO KDNNPGD DVDJLGDNL LOaJHUFHJLQ YHULOGLJLQL YDUVD\DKP , [W 2IRUW2 [N IRU N ,
RODQ ELU OLQHHU VDELW NDWVD\L LOHGRJUXGDQ LOJLOL ?, FUNLVPD VDKLSWLU GKW D JW GW KW ROGXJX GXUXPGD *V LQNDF NXWEX YDUGLU" E D QP KDQJL GHJHUOHUL LFLQ6 LQ VDELW ROPDVLJDUDQWLOHQLU"
[,, Hā ; V ; W QLQ / DSODFH GRQLOLLPLLQLO LIDGH HWVLQ $DJGDNL LIDGHOHUGHQ KDQJL
VLOKDQJLOHUL ;W LOH LOJLOL YHULOHQ ELOJLOHU LFLQX\JXQGXU" D ; V LQ VLQUUK VG8]OHPLQGH VDGHFH ELUNXWEX YDUGLU E ; V LQVXQUK VGX]OHPLQGH VDGHFH LNLNXWEX YDUGLU F ;V VUK VG8]OHPLQGH LNLGHQ GDKD ID]ODNXWED VDKLSWLU
1HGaQVHO ELU aaO 6 VLVWHPLQLQ EORN GL\DJUDQX JRVWHULPL VHNLO 3 ,YHULOUQLVWLU %XVVWHPGH JP[^ W QLQ aNa ! W LOH LOJLOL ROGXJX GLIHUDQVL\HO GHQNOHPLQL EX OXQX]"
6 LQ\DOOHUYH6 LVWHPOHL
%LOLLP
ODSODFH 'RRLLaPLL
\W
[W
L [W FW XW
M [U RW
$ VDJUGDNL / DSODFH 'RQXVXPOHUL YHRQODUP LOLVNLOL \DNPVDN EROJHOHUL LFLQ ]DPDQ IRQNVL\RQODQP [W EHOLUOH\LQL] ,
D V]
OH^ V` !
V E
V]
aOH^ V` 2
F
V , V
OH^ V` ,
aHNOO 3
3UREOHP L]2OHQ 5/ & GHYUHVLQLQ JLVWHUGLJL QFGHQVHO / 7 O VLVUHPLQL JL] RQWPGH EXOXQGXUDUDN
D OV L YFRQXQ \DNVDGJ EROJH\L EHOLUOF\LQL] &FYDEQX] VLVWHPLQ QHGHQ VFO YH VDELW FOPDVL LOH DODNDK ROPDK E OV LQ LVDUHWOL VUILU NXWEXQX YH JHRUQHWULVL KHVDSODQUPV )RXULHU GLQLOP QLL NXOODQDUDN LOJLOL )RXULHU BGLQOOPXQTQ ELO\2a,2JLOQ8Q DOFDN BJHFLUHQ EDQW JHFLUHQ YH\D \8NaHN JHLUHQ NDUDNWHULVWLNWF UP RORX EFOLUOH\LQL] F (JHU 5 QLQ GHJRUL ā Q-2 Q RODUDN GHJLWLULOLUVH V L YH RQXQ \DNLQ VDGJ EROJH\LEXOXQX] G FNVGD FOGF HGLOFQ +V LQ LVDUFWOFQUQLV VLILUNXWEXQX YH JHRPHWULVL KH VDSODQUPV 3RXULHU GLQ8P2Q2 NXOODQDUDN LOJLOL )RXULHU GLQLLPLLQLLQ EX \ONO8- 8Q8Q DOFDN JHFLUHQ EDQL JHFLUHQ YF\D \2NVHN JHFLUHQ NDUDNWHULVWLNWH PL ROGX EHOLUOH\LQL]
V G VVO V,
-H^ V`
H
OH^ V` V V
I
,
V VV ,
OH^ V` !
VV, OH^V` !, V [W LFLQ DDJGD YHULOHQ KHU LIDGH LFLQ YH VHNLO 3 WHNL KHU LVDUHWOHQPLV GRQ VLILU NXWXS LFLQ 52& LO]HULQGH X\JXQ RODQ VXXUODQ EHOLUOH\LQL] , [W HÂ OW NHVLQOLNOH LQWHJUDOOHQHELOLU [U H NHVLQOLNOH LQWHJUDOOHQHELOLU [W 2W !, J
$ DJGD YHULOHQ KHU VLQ\DO LFLQ \DNPVDGLNODQ EROJH\L YH WHN WDUDIK / DSODFH GL
QXVXPOHULQL EFOLUOH\LQL] D [, H X H W [W H ,
H Hā W
E [W RWO R, H , F [W
3UREOHP LFLQYHULOHQ 5/ GHYUHVLQL GLNNDWHDODUDN D %X GHYUHQLQ VLILU GXUXPXQGDNL YHUGLJL NDUKJ [W Hā JLUOV DNUUP
LFLQ EHOLUOH\LQL] E 'FYUHQLQ VLIUU JLULV NDUVLKJUP W !2 LFLQ EXOXQX] \2 RODUDN DKUQ] F 'HYUHQLQ FUNWWVUP JLULV DNPX [W Hā XW LFLQ EHOLUOH\LQL] YH LON GXUXPX E NLVUUXQGD EHOLUWLOHQOH D\UXGUU
[W
[
-
[
[
N
[
[
-
DW ,
7HPHO 3UREOHPOHU $ VDJLGDNL IRQNVL\RQODQQ / DSODFH GRQXVXPOHULQL YH LOLVNLOL \DNPVDN EROJHOHULQL YH LVDUHWOHQUQLV VLILU NXWEXQXEHOLUOH\LQL] D [O` H X H X, E [W H XU HÂ 6WVLQW XW
[
G` [W OHL9,
H [W OWOH9,
I
a ,V, O J [ ^ HOVHZKHUH
W2aW a, K < W [W ^ W VOV
M
F [W H XW H
ā-
-
[
W
ā
[
M
[W OWOH ā
ā
aHNLO3
GL
ā
6 LQ\DOOHU YH 6 LVWHPOHU
%ROLLP
/ DSODFH' RQa2PLL
J
%X SUREOHP VXUHVLQFH / DSODFH GRQXVXUQOHULQLQ \DNPVDPD EROJHOHULQL KHU ]D PDQMZ HNVHQLQL GDKLO HGHUHNKHVDSOD\DFDJU] / DSODFH D %LU [W VLQ\DOLQL ;MZ )RXULHU GRQLOaLOPWO YH ; V VO GRQ8LOP8 LOH JR] RQXQGH EXOXQGXUDUDN ;V LFLQ VLILU NXWEXQX FL]LQL] $ \QFD X]XQOXJX ,; MZ , LOH EHOLUWLOHQ YH JHUFHN HNVHQH JRUH RODQ DV ;MZ RODQ YHNWRUX YHULOHQ ELU Z GHJHUL LFLQFL]LQL] E %ROXP D LFLQ FL]LOHQ VLIUU NXWXS YH YHNWRU VHNLOOHULQL JR]GHQ JHFLUHUHN ;V JLEL IDUNK ELU / DSODFH GQLOaLOPLOQLO ]DPDQ IRQNVL\RQX [W \H X\ JXQRODFDN ELFLUQGH EXOXQX] %XVD\HGH
2 ,PR
;
,4R
[ GLH
HOO
[ ā,PR
ā,PR D
E
,; MZ , ,; MZ , IDNDW
[W [W 6UILU NXWEXQX YH ; MZ LFLQ EHOLUWLOHQ ELUOHVLN YHNWRUOHUL JRVWHULQL] F E EROXUQXQGHNL FHYDEPL]D JRUH ;MZ YH ; MZ DUDVLQGDNL LOLVNL\@ ELUELUL\OH LOLVNLOL YHNWRUVHNLOOHULQL JR]GHQ JHFLUHUHN EHOLUOH\LQL] G ; V JLEL ELU / DSODFH GQPLO EHOLUOH\LQ R\OF NL ; MZ ;MZ IDNDW [W YH [W ELUELUL\OH RUDQXK ROPDVP ;LV LFLQ VLILU NXWXS FL]JLVL YHRQD EDJK ; MZ \L WDVYLU HGHQ YHNWRUOHUL JRVWHULQL]
[ ,,
H
%ROXP G GHNL FHYDEXX]D JRUH ,; MZ , YH ,; MZ , DUDVPGDNL EDJODQQ \ EHOLUOH\LQL] I %LU [W VLQ\DOLQL VLIX NXWXS FL]LPL VHNLO 3 JLEL RODQ ; V / DSODFH GR Q8aLOPLO LOH ELUOLNWH GXVXQXQ %LU ;V EHOLUOH\HOLP R\OH NL
āE [ ā[
D E
HOO
G
H
,;8Z , ,;MZ , YH ; V LFLQ WLLPNXWXSODU YH VLILUODU V GLL]OHPLQLQ VRO \DQUQ NLVUPQGD ROVXQ >LH H^ V` 2- $ \QFD ; V L EHOLUOH\LQ R\OH NL ;MZ ; MZ YH ; V LFLQ WLLP NXWXSODU YH VLILUODU V GX]OHUQLQLQ VRO \DQP NLVPPGD ROVXQ
2 L R
[ HH
HOO
āLPR H
,
aNOI3
a[ a Ra R [aaaa
OOH
HNLO3
%ROLOP WH JHOLVWLULOGLJL JLEL )RXULHU GRQXVQPXQXQJHRPHWULN VLPUODPDVPL GXVXQHUHN VHNLO WHNL KHU VLILUNXWXS FL]LPOHULQGHQ EDJPXK )RXULHU GRQWO VXPWHULQLQ EX\XNOXNOHULQL FL]LQL]
%LU \W VLQ\DOLQLQ [W` YH [W VLQ\DOOHULQH DVDJUGDNLJLEL EDJODQQKROGXJXQX G8aLLQHUHN \W ; ; ^ YH [W HÂ XW YH
6 LQ\DOOHU YH6 LVWHP- HL
%XP
$ \QFD
*LULVL [W YH NO \W RODQ ELU VXUHNOL ]DUQDQK ELU / 7 O VLVWHPL HDWXU a
OH^V`!D
V D / DSODFH GRQXVXUQORULQLQ R]HOOLNOHULQL NXOODQDUDN \W LFLQ < V QLQ / DSODFH GRQXVXPOHULQL EHOLUOH\LQL] %LU JHUFHN VLQ\DO [^ U YH RQXQ / DSODFH GRQLOLOP8 ; V KDNNPGD DDJGDEHV DGHW ROJXYHULOL\RU , ; V WDPRODUDN LNLDGHW NXWED VDKLSWLU ; V LQV G8]OHPLQGH VUILUODQ \RNWXU ; V V , M X]HULQGH ELU NXWED VDKLSWLU
/DSODFH 2RQaLLPLL
H [W NHVLQOLNOF LQWHJUDOOHQHELOLU
G\a, G\W \W [W IRQNVL\RQX LOH GRJUXGDQ LOJLOLGLU ; V < V YH
GW
GW
+V \L VUUDVL\OD [W \W YH LW LWPH WHSNLOL QLQ / DSODFHGRQLLLLP ROD
UDNDKUVDN D +V \L V FLQVLQGHQ LNL SROLQRPOX ELU RUDQ RODUDN EXOXQX] YH VLILU NXWEX PRGHOLQLQ JUDILJLQL FL]LQL] E LFLQ DVDJLGDNL GXUXPODQ GHJHUOHQGLULQL] , 6LVWHP VDELW 6LVWHP UDVWODQQVDO WHVDGLLIL 6LVWHP VDELW YH UDVWODQXVDO GHJLO
; OWPHWHSNLOL UDVODQXVDO / 7 O VLVWHP KW DDJGDNL2]HOOLNOHUH VDKLSWLU
; V L EFOLUOH\LQ YH \DNPVDPD EROJHVLQL DFLNFD EFOLUWLQ
%LLWLLQ WGHJHUOHUL LLQ [W H VLVWHP JLULVL ROGXJX ]DPDQ ELOWLLQWGHJHUOH UL LFLQ FLNUV \W ^O H ROX\RU E QLQ WDUXUQVL] ELU VDELW ROGXJX \HUGH LWPH WHSNLVL KW ,
%LU / 7 , VLVWHUQLQLQ VLVWFP IRQNVL\RQX NXWXS VWILU RPHJL VHNLO 3 GH JRVWFUL OHQ+V RODUDN YHULOL\RU 6P
GKW KW GW
JLOHU OJGDVLVWHP IRQNVL\RQX +V \L EXOXQX] & HYDEUUX]GD ELOLQPH\HQ ELU VDELW ROPDPDK \DQL EFHYDEPL]GD JR]XNPHUQHOL
a[ [āa a [a
Ha XW EXW \H NDUVLKN JHOL\RU < XNDQGD HULOHQ ELO
OWH
HNLO 3
D %XNXWXS VLILURUQHJL LOH LOJLOL RODQ WXPRODVL 52& OHUL EHOLUWLQL] ^E %ROXUQ D GD EHOLUWLOHQ KHU 52& LFLQ LOJLOL VLVWHPLQ VDELW YHYH\D UDVJHOH ROGXJXQX EHOLUWLQL] *LULVL [W H XW YH LWPHWHSNLVL KW HXW RODQ / 7, VLWHPLQL JR] RQXQ GHEXOXQGXUDUDN D KW YH [W QLQ / DSODFH GRQLLLLPLLQLO EXOXQX] E . LYQUQ R]HOOLJLQL NXOODQDUDN N \W QLQ / DSODFH GRQLOLOPLO RODQ <W \L EXOXQX] F VLNNPGDNL / DSODFH GRQXVXPX \W \L NXOODQDUDN \W \L EXOXQX] G &ONN EHOLUJLQ NUYQUQK [W YH KW \H JRUHWHVWHGLQL] %LU / 7 O VLVWHPLQH JRUH PRGHOOHQPLV EDVPFROFHU KHU ^, H WH XW DGLPP GD ELU WHSNL YHUPH\H D\DUODQUUXVWLU2QFHGHQ EHOLUOL [W LFLQ \N H HL XW RODUDN JR]OHUQOHQL\RU %X JR]OHPOHQHQ ROFXPH JRUH JHUFHN EDVPF JLULVLQL ]DPDQ IRQNVL\RQXRODUDN EXOXQX]
%LU / 7, VLVWHPLQLQ VLVWHP IRQNVL\RQX +V V,
GXU *LULV [W HL , VV © !W RR ROGXJX ]DPDQ WHSNL \W \L EXOXQX]YH JUDILJLQL FL]LQL] OWPH WHSNLVL KW YH UDV\RQHO VLVWHP IRQNVL\RQX +V RODQ VDELW YH UDVWODQWLVDO ELU /7 O VLVWHPL 6LFLQDJGDNLELOJLOHULQ YHULOGLJLQL YDUVD\DUVDN , +O *LULV XW ROGXJX ]DPDQ FUNLVP NHVLQOLNOH HQWHJUDOL DKQDELOLU *LULV WXW`ROGXJX ]DPDQ \NNHVLQOLNOH HQWHJUDOL DOPDUUX\RU 6LQ\DOGKW , GW GKW`,GWUW VRROX ELU VXUH +V VRQVX]GD NHVLQ , VLILUD VDKLS +V \L YHRQXQ \DNPVDGUJL EROJH\LEHOLUOH\LQL] *LULVL [, YH \N \W RODQ QHGHQVHO ELU / 7, VLVWHPL EORN GL\DJUDP VHNLO 3LOHGRJUXGDQ L- JLOLGLU D \W YH [W \HJRUH ELUGLIHUDQVL\HO GHQNOHP EXOXQX] E 6LVWHP VDELW PL"
6 LQ\DOOHUYH6 LVWHUQHU
H %LURQFHNL VRQXFX NXOODQDUDN 6 LQ GLUFNW IRUP EORN GL\DJUDP JRVWHULUQLQL JHQLVOHWLQL]YH6LFLQELUEORN GL\DJUDP JRVWHULPL ROXVWXUXQX]
\W
[,
I
+V
VVO VV, \L JR] RQLLQGH EXOXQGXUDUDN 6 LFLQ LNL DOW VLVWH
PLQ NDGHPHOL GL]LVL RODFDN VHNLOGH ELU EORN GL\DJUDP JRVWHULUQL FL]LQL] J +V
aHNOO 3
%X SUREOHPGF
JWUW
[W
N
\W
YH VLVWHP
\L JR] RQDQGH EXOXQGXUDUDN 6 LFLQ DOW VLVWHPL V V, SDUDOHO RODFDN VHNLOGH ELU DUD\D JHWLUHUHN ELU EORN GL\DJUDP JRVWHULPL L]L QL] $DJGDNL VLVWHP IRQNVL\RQODQ YHULOHQ QHGHQVHO / 7,VLVWHPOHUL LFLQ GLUHNW IRQQ EORN GL\DJUDP JRVWHULPOHULQL FL]LQL]
IRQNVL\RQX D +, V
V V +V RODQ QFGHQVHO ELU / 7 O 6VLVWHPL LFLQ ELUFRN FHVLWOL EORN GL VV \DJUDPL ROGXJXQX GXVXQHOLUQ 6 LQ GLUHNW IRQQ EORN GL\DJUDP JRVWHULPLQL HOGH HWPFN LFLQ LON RQFH 6 VLWHPL JLULVL [W LOH D\UX JLULVH VDKLS RODQ QHGHQVHO ELU / 7 , 6 VLVWHPL GXVXQPHOL\L] DPD EX VLVWFPLQ VLVWHP IRQNVL\RQX
+ V ROPDOLGUU \W \H JRUH EHOLUOHQHQ 6 LQ NWO LOH 6 LQ
V V GLUHNW IRUP EORN GL\DJUDP JRVWHULPLQL VHNLO 3 GD JRVWHULOL\RU HNLOGHNL G\W G\W G\W \W [W HW YH W VLQ\DOOHUL LNL JLUL GW G GW LQWHJUDWRUXQX]VLPJHOL\RU D \W \L \ W G\W ,GW YH G\W GW QLQ NRPELQDV\RQX VHNOLQGH DFLN ODPDVP \DSPL] E G\W ,GW QLQ IW LOH LOJLVL QHGLU" F G\W GW QLQ HW LOH LOJLVL QHGLU" G \, \L HW IW YH \W QLQ NRPELQDV\RQX RODUDN DFUNOD\PL]
[W
\W
aNOO3
V, V V
E +V V6 V VV,2
F +V V
V
6LVWHP IRQNVL\RQX +V
RODQ GRUGXQFX GHUHFHGHQ QH V VO Vā V,
GHQVH ELU/ 7,VLVWHPL RODQ 6 \L JR] RQXQGHEXOXQGXUDUDN D 6 LFLQ GRQELULQFL GHUHFHQGHQ EROLOPOHUL NXOODQDUDN JHUFHN RODPD\DQ VDELW OHULQ FDUSQPP LFHUHFHN VHNLOGH NDGHPHOL GL]LGHQ ELUEORN GL\DJUDUP JRVWH ULQL] E 6 LFLQ LNL LNLQFL GHUHFHQGHQ VLVWHPLQ GLUHNW IRQQXQX ELUELULQH EDJOW NDGH PHOL GL]LGHQ ELU EORN GL\DJUDUP JRVWHULUQL FL]LQL] %ORN GL\DJUDP VRQXFXQ GDJHUFHN ROPD\DQ VDELWOHULQ HDUSUPL ROPDPDK F 6 LFLQ LNL LNLQFL GHUHFHQGHQ VLVWHPLQ GLUHNW IRQQXQX ELUELULQH EDJK SDUDOHO RODQ ELUEORN GL\DJUDUP JRVWHULPL FL]LQL] %ORN GL\DJUDP VRQXFXQGD JHUFHN ROPD\DQ VDELWOHULQ FDUSXP ROPDPDOW WLW HÂ XW YH [ HāX , \L DODUDN D WW LFLQ ]V LQ WHN \DQK / DSODFH GRQLLLLPLLQLO YH ]V LQ FLIW \DQK / DSODFH GRQLOLLPLLQLLEXOXQX] E aW LFLQ ]V LQ WHN \DQK / DSODFH GRQLLLLPLLQLO YH ]V LQ LIW \DQK / DSODFH GRQLO8PLLQLL EXOXQX] F WNDQ]V ]V GHQ WHUV LIW \DQK / DSODFH GRQLLLLPLO DODUDN VLQ\DO JW [W ;LW \LEXOXQX] G &LNDQ ; V ]V WHUV WHN \DQOW / DSODFH GLLQLLLOPLLQLLQ JW W !2 LFLQ LOH D\P ROPDGUJLP JRVWHULQL] 6VLVWHPLQLQ G \aW G\aW G\W \W [^ O HNOLQGH NDUDNWHUL]H HGLO GW GW GW GLJLQL GLL8QHUHN
6 LQ\DOOHU YH6 LVWHPHU
D *LULV [W [W [W H XW LFLQ EX VLVWHPLQ VLILU GXUXPX WHSNLVLQL EXOXQX] E 9 HULOHQ \2 ,
G\W , G\W , , WJPGD W! 2 LFLQ EX
GL GW VLVWHPLQ VLILU GXUXPX WHSNLVLQL EXOXQX] F *LULV [W H ROGXJX YH LON VDUW E VLNNPGDNL GXUXP LOH D\P ROGXJX ]DPDQ 6VLWHPLQLQ FUNLVXX EXOXQX]
L/ ( 5 L6( 9 L< ( 35 2%/ ( 0/ ( 5 D (JHU [W ELU FLIW IRQNVL\RQ ROVD\GL ; V ; V ROGXJXQGDQ [W [ ROGXJXQX JRVWHULQL] E (JHU [W ELU WHN IRQNVL\RQ ROVD\GL ; V ;V ROGXJXQGDª [W [ ROGXJXQX JRVWHULQL] F 6HNLO 3,GHNL LVDUHWOL VUIUU NXWXSODUPGDQ KDQJLVL FLIW ]DPDQ IRQNVL\RQXQD GHQN JHOLU %XQX \DSDELOPHN LFLQ JHUHNOL 52& \L JRVWHULQL]
%ROXP
/DSODFH 'RQaXPX
aaJGDNL GXUXPODQQ GRJUX PX \DQKV QXROGXJXQX EXOXQX] (JHUGXUXP GRJUX UVH RQX GHVWHNOH\LFL DUJLLPDQODUOD DFUNOD\QX] HJHU \DQOLV LVH GRJUX RUQHNOHUL JRVWHULQL] D +V WXW / DSODFH GRQLLLLPLLV\X]H\LQGH KLFELU \HUH\DNPVDPD] E
L XW
/ DSODFH GRQLLLLPLL V\LL]H\LQGH KLFELU \HUH \DNPVDPD]
F H / DSODFH GRQLLLLPLL V\LL]H\LQGH KLFELU\HUH \DNPVDPD] G H 9W / DSODFH GRQLLLLPLLV\LL]H\LQGH KLFELU \HUH \DNPVDPD] H OUO / DSODFH GRQLLLLP V\X]F\LQGH KLFELU \HUH \DNPVDPD] KW \L LWPH WHSNLOL UDV\RQHO VLVWHP IRQNVL\RQOX YH UDVJHOH VDELW ELU / 7 O VLVWH PLRODUDN DKUVDN D OWPH WHSNLOL GKW GW VLVWHPL UDVJHOH YHVDELW RODELOLU PL" E LWPH WHSNLOL
/KU GU VLVWHPL UDVJHOH YHGHJLVNHQ RODELOLU PL"
! ROGXJX \HUGH [W IH URW7 \L RPHNOHQPLV VLQ\DO RODUDN DKUVDN R
D ; V \L YHRQXQ \DNPVDGLJL EROJH\L EXOXQX] E ;V LFLQLVDUHUOL VIUNXWEXQX FL]LQL] F LDUFWOL VUILU NXWEXQXQ JHRPHWULN \RUXPXQX NXOODQDUDN ;M- QLQ SHUL\R GLNROXS ROPDGLJPD NDUDU YHULQL]
a [ a H [aa B
2;
,,
HNLO 3D GDNL / 7,VLVWHUQLQL YH ;V V [W 2 W!ā V ,,
I
\U
I
H XW H ELOJLOHULQL JR] RQLLQGH EXOXQGXUDUDN
D +V \L YHRQXQ \DNPVDGUJL EROJH\L EXOXQX] E KW \L EXOXQX] E
D
\W
GP
aKPO [W a \W
a [a L a [aa B
a [a a L a
H
D
, E G
F
aNLO3 aHNOO3
6LQ\D'HU YH6LVWHPOHU
ā ā , H Rª VHNOLQGH ROXUVD DNNPGD EXOGXJXQX] VLV F (JHU JP [ Y WHUQ IRQNVL\RQX +V \L NXOODQDUDN FN QH ROGXJXQD NDUDUYHQP]
+V \L UDVWODQXVDO YH VDELW ELU VLVWFPLQ VLVWFP IRQNV \RQa aOaaN DODKP B6LVa       U WHULPLQ W2-!ODPPGDQ ROXPDNWDGU ELULQFLVL GJHQ WHUQP JLQ 8Y
H QLQ 2VWHO
NRPSOHNVL LQ NRPSOFNV ELU VDELW ROGXJX \FU N UVH
L, F XW LH FRVW F VLQ HNOLQGH\VH EX ELOJLOHU ā JPGD V \L EXOXQX] V \W F XW FLNWVLQ\DOL RODQ YHVLVWHP IRQNVL\RQX V LRODQ ELU W2P -
JHFLVOL UDVWODQXVDO VLVWFPLQ N E D 08PN2QRODELOHFHN HQ D] LNL [, JPVXX YH EXQODQQ \W F DQUPP X OXQX] YH FL]LQL] E >[W OGO 22 VHNOLQGH ELOLQFQ JLUL ; , QHGLU" F *aLL \W RODQ ELU VDELW DPD UDVWODQXVDO ROPDN ]RUXQGD GFaLO VVWHaGF FLNO [W QH ROGXJX ELOLQL\RUVD JLUL aW QaGLa" %X ILOWUHQLQ
XPH WFSNLVLQL EXOXQ YH \W [W &NKQGH POHKJ YXUJXODQDQ GLUHNW NY
U
QPD JRUH J2VWFULQL] NO G ,G +V VLVWHUQ RODUDN WDPPOHQ WHUV EOU / 7, VLVWHPLQGH +V EDVDPD DQ aU ā JPGDWRSODP WUDQVIHU IRQNVL\RQaPXQELUOHWLULOPHVLQLQ VRQXFXQGD YH\D HVLXQ H WRSODP LWPH ELU LWPH RODUDN WHSNL YHQ\RU N D (JHU +V +V QLQ WHUV VLWHPLQLQ WUDQVIHU IRQNV\RQX RODUD D,LPUVD +V YH +V $ UDVPGDNL JHQH FHELUVHO EDJODQW\ EXOXQX] E HNLO 3 VDELW YF UDVWODQWLVDO +a LQ LDaWOHQBPB VLILU EROJHVGU OKU NLOHQGLULOUQLV WHUVVLVWFPLQ LDUHWOHQP VILUEROJHVLQL EXOXQX]
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`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aJPGD JLGDNL GXUXPODQQ GRJUX PX \DQK P \D GD EHOLUOHQHELOPHVL LFLQ\HWHUVL] ELOJL\H VDKLS ROXQPDG JPD NDUDU YHULQL] D KW H NHVLQOLNOH LQWHaOOHQHEOLU E +V LFLQ52& VL OHWV` !, HNOLQGHGLU F 6 LQ JLUL [W YH aNW \W LFLQ RODQ GLIHUDQVL\HO GHQNOHPOHUL VDGHFH ELU JHUFHNVDELW RODFDN &NLOGH \D]ODELOLU G ; ] OIM ; H V^[^Q` ` -LP+V , H +V GHQ D]VD\GD NXWED VDKLSWLU I WX QLQ HQ D] , VRQOX GHJHUL LaLQ +MWX aHNOLQGHGLU J (JHU6 JLUL H VLQ HNOLQGH ROXUVD FWNW HFRVW &NOLQGH ROXU %RORP WH / DSODFH GRQLOPQQ ELUFRNR]HOOLJLQGHQ YH RQXQ EHQ]HU 2]HOOLNā OHUH VDKLS DQDORJ )RXULHU GRQLLP WLOUHYOHULQGHQ YH RQODQQGD WXUHYOHULQGHQ EDKVHGLOGL %X SUREOHPGH VL]GHQ , QXPDUDK / DSODFH GRQLOaLL 2]HOOLJLQLQ W2ā UHWUQHVLQLQDQD KDWODQPFL]LOPHVL LVWHQL\RU %ROLLP WHNL )RXULHU GRQLLPQLLQ EHQ]HUR]HOOLNOHULQLQ WLLUHYOHULQL JR]OHPOH \HUHNDJGDNL KHU ELU / DSODFHGRQLLLOPQ WLLUHWLQL] 7LLUHYOHULQL] RQODQQ \D NPVDGJ EROJH\L GH EHOLUWPHN ]RUXQGDGWU D =DPDQ ND\GUPDV^%2,2P E 6DODPQGDNL ND\GUPD%ROLOP F =DPDQROaHNOHQGLUPH %ROLLQ G . YQP 2]HOOLJL%ROLOP %ROLOP ,2 GD J2VWHULOGLJL 2]HUH ELULQFLOGHJHU WHRUHPL / DSODFH GRQPLL ; V RODQ [W VLQ\DOL LFLQ YH W ROGXJX \HUGH [W LFLQ YH [W QLQ LON GHJHUL LFLQ ; V GHQ
aNLO3
[R
OLPB V; V
>HT
%ROXP
/DSODFH' 2QaPLL
6 LQ\DOOHUYH6 LVWHPOHU
,HOGH HGLOHELOLU2QFH EHOLUWPHOL\L] NL W2 ROGXJXQGD [W 2 ROGXJX LFLQ [W [ GLU 'DKD VRQUD [W \L W 2 LFLQ 7D\ORU GL]LVL DFLKUUXUX \DSDUVDN [W >[2 [ 2 W[ āEXUDGD [ UGD [W QLQ Q LQFL WXUHYLQL JRVWHUPHNWHGLU D 6D\ID GHNL GFQNOHPLQ VDJ WDUDILQGD [ KHUKDQJL GHYUHVL LFLQ / DSODFH GRQLLLOPLOQLO EHOLUOH\LQL]2PHN 8 JR]GHQ JHFLU PFQL]\DUGUPFL RODELOLU E D GDNL VRQXF YH V\I GFQNOHPLQ DFLOPXQGDQ ; V LQ I , ; V W; 2 L ROGXJXQX JRVWHULP] R V F 'HQNOHP ,2 XQ E QLQ VRQXFXQGDQ FUNDUXOGLJXX LVSDW HGLQL] G 2QFH [W \LEHOLUOH\HUHN DVDJLGDNL RUQHNOHU LFLQ EFOLUOF\LQL]
, ; V OV ; V VOV V
,U,F G VUF
F > [U GU HQFOLQ
YDO WH L Q1
LFLQ
[Q 2 2
G
3, VRQXFXQX NXOODQPDP] JHUHNHFHN 'aQNOHP 3 , L WDP WDPPD VDJODPDGDQLQDQGLQFKJP WDUWLVPU] %LU[W VLBQ\aOLQLQ aV / DSODFHGO6QLL8PLLGRUW NXWED YH ELOLQPH\HQ PLNWDUGD VLILUD VDKSWLU[ VP\DOLQLQ W 2 GD ELU GLOUWLL\H VDKLS ROGXJX ELOLQPHNWHGLU % VLILUODQQ VD\LVL YH\HUOHVLPL KDNNPGD YDUVDVDJODGJ ELOJLOHUL EHOLUOH\LQL] ā X KW +B^V UDV\RQHO VLVWHP IRQNVL\RQOXUDVJHOH YH NDUDUK ELU / 7,VLVWHPLQLQ GLLUWLL WaSNLV aOVXQ JU H^ K^ W ` QLQ GH UDVJHOHYH NDUDUK ELU VLVWHPLQ GLOUW2WHSNL VPH VDKLSROGXJXQXJRVWHULQL] aVa [W QLQ WHN WDUDIK / DSODFH J2VWHULPLQL EHOLUWL\RUVD DaDJGDNLOHULQ ; V FPVPGHQ WHN WDUDIK / DSODFHGO6QLO8PLLQLL EHOLUOH\LQL] D [W E [W,
H *; V / [ L R
G G- [W GW-
VD
V
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Â \OH DJUUKNODVDQ [W QLQ WDUQDUQHQ LQWHJUDOOHQHELOLU ROGXJXQX JRVWHULQL]. DUPDVUN ELU IW IRQNVL\RQX LFLQ
( . 35 2%/( 0/( 5 aD\PODaDQ VLQ\DO DKFUGD \DQVWOGJPGDQ X]XQPFVDIHOL WHOFIRQ KDEFUOHVUQH VLQGH ELU aDQN JHQHOOLNOH ND- OLODWQOPWLUKDWWD JHUL JRQGHULOPLWLU \D\POD \FGD \HPGHQ \DaVWOPWOU YH aKa\D GRQGLLULLOPLLWLLU 6DGHFH ELU \DQNPP aGJPa YDUVD\"JP]GDB EXBHWBNPP PRGHOLQL \DSDQ ELU VLVWHP LFLQGLLUWLL OHS NaBV6 HNL 3 aD aRVWHQOPOOU 7SDUDPHWUFVL LOHWLLP NDQDK ER\XQFD WHN \RQOX \RODKPa VXUaPH ND- OLKN JHOLU YH D SDUDPHWUHVL \D\POD\F YF DKF DUDVPGDN JHQOLNWHN ]D\DPD\ LIDGH HGHU
D D
W
W
7
7
aNLI3
D +V- VLVWFa IaQaVL\RQXQX YH VLVWHPLQ \DNPVDPDVPP LOLNLOHQGLULOHQ ERO JHVPEHKUOH\P] E aa NLVPGaNL aRaXFaQX]GDQ +V QLQ ELU SROLQRP RUDP LFFUPHGLJLQL JR]OHPOH\HEKUVP]< PH GHJHQHOOLNOHVILUODU +V 2 RODQ V GFJHUOHUL\ NHQYH aXWXSODU ,,+V 2 RODQ VGHJHUOHUL\NHQ RQX NXWXSODU YH VILUODUFLQ VPGHQ IDGaHWPHN \DUDUKGUD NVQQGD EXOXQDQ VLVWHP IRQNVL\RQX LFLQ VIUODQ EHKUOH\LQL] YHKLaNXWXS ROPDGJP NDPWOD\P]
6 LQ\DOOHU YH6 LVWHPOHU
F` E NLVUPQGDNL VRQXFWDQ +V LFLQ aXWXSVILU JRVWHULPQLQ WDVODJPL YLaLaLa G` V GLO]OHPLQGHNL \DNODVLN YHNWRUOHUL HOH DODUDN VLVWHUQP IUHNDQV WHSNLVLQLQ
G,
āā%Uāā
ELO\LONOLOJLOQLOQ WDVODJLP FL]LQL] E,
a,
W
W
%LU [W VLQ\DOLQLQ FL] LOLQWL IRQNVL\RQX aNLO3
aU >[ [ U GO VHNOLQGH WDPPODQUPVQU B Q *LUGLQLQ [, ROGXJX YH FLNXPQ ROGXJX ELU / 7 O VLVWHUPQLQ KW GXUWLL WHSNLVLQL [W FLQVLQGHQ EHOLUOH\LQL]>6HNLO D @ E D NLVPPGDNL FHYDEUUX]GDQ U QLQ / DSODFH GRQLOLOPLO RODQ © V \ ; V FLQVLQGHQ EHOLUOH\LQL]$ \QFD U QLQ )RXULHU GRQLOLOPLO RODQ M- \L ; M- FLQVLQGHQ LIDGH HGLQL]
, , , , ,
6D]JHF WDVDUODPDGD DOFDN JHFLUHQ ELU VLO]JHFL \LONVHN JHFLUHQ ELU VX]JHFH GR QXVWXUPHN YH EXQXQ WHUVL JHQHOOLNOH PLOPNLLQGLOU YH X\JXQGXU2ULMLQDO VX]JH FLQ DNWDQP IRQNVL\RQXQX WHPVLO HGHQ V YH GRQLOWLOULOOHQ VLO]JHFLQ DNWDQP IRQNVL\RQX RODQ *V LOH \D\JP RODUDN NXOODPODQ ELU GRQLOLOP V QLQ V \OH \HU GHJLVWLUPHVLQL LFHULU\DQL
+
*V
D +V OVO LFLQ ,+M- , YH ,*M- O QLQ WDVODJLP FL]LQL] E` +V YH *V LOH LOLVNLI RODQ GRJUXVDOVDELW NDWVD\LK GLIHUDQVL\HO GHQNOHPL EHOLUOH\LQL] F 6LUQGL +V` QLQ ? GW\W` 1 GW; W , G 3-
aDGN W2
W2
[ W % a [[, [ aaa
JHQH VHNOLQGHNL GRJUXVDOVDELW NDWVD\LK GLIFUDQVL\HO GHQNOHPL\OH LOLNLOL RODQ DNWDQP IRQNVL\RQX ROGXJX GDKD JHQFO ELU GXUXPX HOH DODKP *HQHOOLNWHQ KLFELU & < \LWLUPHGHQKFUKDQJL EHOLUOL ELU GXUXPGD ED]L NDWVD \LODUP VLILU RODELOHFHN ROPDVPD UDJPHQ 1WXUHYOHULQLQ VD\UVPP GHQNOH PLQ KHU LNL WDUDILQGD GD D\P ROGXJXQX YDUVD\GN+V` YH *V QLQ WDVODJUP
H
, , ,
D
E
aHNOO3 FL]LQL]
F (JHU ; V VLILUNXWEX RULOQWLOVLOQH YH 6HNLO 3E GH JRVWHULOHQ 52& D VDKLSVH VLIUUNXWEX RUXQWXVXQXQ JUDILJLQL FL]LQL] YH [V LFLQ 52& X EH OLUWLQL] 6LQ\DO WDVDUODPD YH DQDOL]LQLQ ELUFRN X\JXODPDVPGD VLQ\DO VLPIL H / Q
3
G
/W` H 3 QGL D /W IRQNVL\RQODQ /DJXHUUHSROLQRPODUL RODUDN LIaGa HGLOLUOHU2QODUP DV OPGD SROLQRP VHNOLQGH ROGXNODQUQ NDPWODPDN UHP / W /LW YH / W \L DFLNFDEHOLUOH\LQL] E 7DEOR GHNL / DSODFH GRQXVXPOHULQLQ R]HOOLNOHULQL YH 7DEORB GHN / DSODFH GRQXVXUQ FLIWOHULQLQ R]HOOLNOHULQL NXOODQDUDN W QP V / DSODFH GRQLOLOPLOQLO EHOLUOH\LQL] F` W VLQ\DOOHULQLQ NXPHVL 6HNL 3 HNOWaGHN \HUX ELU DJLQ EaU GXUWLO\OH X\DQOPDVL\OD ROXVWXUXODELOLU,E aVPaGaN "HYBDaP]GDQ VHQ EDJODUQD ]LQFLUL ER\XQGDNL GLOUWLO WHSNLOHULQLQ EHOLUWLOGLJL JLEL VLQ\DOOHUL RODFD J VHNLOGH +V +V YH +V \L EHOLUOH\LQL]
G` F` GHNL VRQXFXQX]GDQ *V \OH LOLVNLOLRODQ GRJUXVDOVDELW NDWVD\LK GLIHUDQVL \HO GHQNOHPLGHQNOHP3` GHNL NDWVD\LODU FLQVLQGHR EHOLUOH\LQL] 6HNLO GH JRVWHULOHQ [W`JLUGLOL YH\W FLNQK5/& GHYUHVLQL HOH DODOWP D (JHU 5 / YH &QLQ KHSVL SR]LWLIVH / 7 O VLVWHPLQLQ NDUDUK RODFDJLP JRVWH ULQL] E 6LVWHUQLQ LNLQFLGHUHFHGHQ ELU %XWWHUZRUWK VQ]JHFLQL WHPVLO HWPHVL LFLQ 5 O YH &DUDVPGD QDVLO ELU LOLVNLROPDKGUU" D 6HNLO 3 GHNL 5/ &GHYUHVL LFLQ YW YH YW \L LOLVNLOHQGLUHQ GLIHUDQ VL\HO GHQNOHPL EHOLUOH\LQL] E 9LW` HÂXW ROGXJX NDEXO HGLOLUVH WHN \DQK / DSODFH GRQXVWLUQLLQWO NXOOD QDUDN 9 2U GHJHULQL EXOXQX] W!2
U 9R GY M GL
aNLW3
6 LQ\DOOHU YH 6 LVWHPHU
6HNLO S GD JRVWHULOHQ 5/ GHYUHVLQL JRUH LW DQDKWDU $ NRQXPXQGD LNHQ VD ELWWLUHJHU DQDKWDU W 2]DPDUXQGD $ GDQ%\HWDVPLUVD D LW YH -GHJHUOHULQLQ W! 2DJRUH GLIHUDQVL\HO GHQNOHPLQL EXOXQX] %X GL IHUDQVL\HO GHQNOHP LFLQ 9 , HJRUH NRVXOODQ EHOLUWLQL] L2 GHJHUL E WDEOH WH EHOLUWLOHQ WHN \DQK / DSODFH GRQXVXP R]HOOLNOHULQL NXOODQDUDN DVDJUGDNL GHJHUOHU 9, YH - GHJHUOHUL LFLQ LW \LEXOXQX] L 9O 29 - O 9 LL 9O 9 - 29 LLL 9O 9 9 9 5 9
='218a808
OW
aN3
*L5 L EROXUQGH / DSODFH GRQLLaLLPLLQLL VXUHNOL]DUQDQ )RXULHU GRQLLaLLPLLQLLQ X]DQXVL RODUDN JHOLVWLUGLN %X X]DQQ EROXPOHU WDUDIPGDQ KDUHNHWH JHFLULOPLVWLU DVKQGD EX )RXULHU GRQLLaLLPHJRUH GDKD JHQLV ELU VLQ\DOOHU VPLILQD X\JXODQDELOLU F2QNLL / DSODFH GRQXVX PR )RXULHU GRQ2aLLPGHQ GDKD FRN VLQ\DO LL]HULQGH ELUOHVLU / DSODFH GRQLLa2PLO EL]H GX]HQVL] VLVWHPOHULQ GRQXVXP DQDOL]OHUL X\JXODPDN YH / 7 O VLVWHP DQDOL]OHUL LFLQ HNV WUDGDQ DUDFODU JHOLVWLUUQHUQL]L VDJODU %X EROXPGH VR\XW ]DPDQ LFLQ = GRQLLaLOP2QGHJHOLVULUGLJLPL] D\P \RQWHPL NXOODQDFDJL] OOHUGH JRUHFHJLPL] JLEL JHUHNOL RODQ PRWLYDV\RQODU YH] GRQXVXPXQXQ R]HOOLNOHUL / DSODFH GRQLLaLOPLL LOH\DNP ELU SDUDOHOOLN JRVWHULU VXUHNOL]DPDQ YF VR\XW ]DPDQ DUDVLQGD ROGXJX JLEL )DNDW LOHUGH ]GRQ2aXUQLLYH / DSODFH GRQLLaLLP2 DUDVPGD VLVWHP YHVLQ\DOOHULQ WHPHO IDUNKKNODUGDQ ND\QDN- DQDQ FRNRQHPOL IDUNKKNODUOD NDUVL ODVDFDJL]
= GRQXLXPX %ROXUQ GH JRUGXJXPQ] JLEL VR\XW]DPDQ FL]JLVL GHJLVUQH\HQ ELU VLVWHP LFLQ LWLFL J2F \DPQ K> NDUUQDVLN LLVVHOJLUGLW IRUPXQD RODQVLVWHP \DUQQ > \>@ +] ]
-2,
6 LQ\DOOHUYH6 LVWHPWHU
:JHUFHNGHJHUL LOH ] , O]O , GHQNOHPLQGH NL WRSODP > QLQ VR\XW]DPDQ )RXULHU GRQXVXPXQH X\PDNLDGUU 'DKD JHQH RODUDN O]O ELU GHJHUOH VPUUODQGPOPDG JPGD WRSODP L> QLQ]GRQLLLLPLL RODUDN EHWLPOHQH ELOLU 6R\XW ]DPDQ VLQ\DOLQLQ ] GRQLLP8 ]> VX VHNLOGHWDPPODPU
; ]
/ [> @]
,
U8!
%XUDGD ] NDUPDVLN GHJLVNFQGLU 8\JXQOXN LFLQ [>@QLQ ] GRQLLLLPLL ED]L ]DPDQODUGD =^ [>+ JLEL GHJFUOHQGLULOLU ; > YH RQXQ ] GRQLLPLL DUDVPGD NL LOLVNL DVDJLGDN JL ELGLU [>Q- a;
%ROLLPR ]2RQaXPX
'HYDPK ]DPDQ GXUXPXQGD GRQLLa2P GHJLVNHQLQLQ JHUFHN NUVUP LVH / DSODFH GRQX aLLPLL )RXULHUGRQXVXPXQF LQGLUJHU 6 GLL]OHPL NDYUDUP LOHDFUNODUQU \DQL / DSODFH GR QLLLLPLL )RXULHU GXQXVXPXQX KD\DOL ELU VGLL]OHPLQH LQGLUJHU V MZ LFLQ %XQX WHUVL RODUDN GRQLLLLP GHJLVNHQO ]ELULP ROGXJXQGDI\DQL ] H ] GRQLLLLPLL )RXULHU GR QXVXPXQH LQGLUJHQLU %R\OHOLNOH 6HNLO ,GH JRVWHULOGLJL JLEL ]GRQLLaLLPLL \DQFDSL ELULP RODQ ELU FHUQEHUGHQ LEDUHW NRPSOHNV ] GLL]OHP FHYULWLQGH )RXULHU GRQXVXPXQH LQGLUJHQLU =GLO]OHPLQGHNL EX FHUQEHUELULPFHUQEHUL RODUDN ELOLQLU YH VGX]OFPLQGHNL VDQDO DNVP / DSODFH GRQLLPLLQH RODQ HWNLVLQH EHQ]HU ELU HWNL LOH FGRQXVXUQ WDUWLVPD VPGD HWNLOLGLU
EROXPGH GFYDPK]DUQDQ VLQ\DOOHUL LFL /DSODFH YH )RXULHU GRQXVXPOHULQH GHJLQGLN %HQ]HU ELU \ROGD VR\XW]DPDQ GRQLLLLPYH ] GRQLLPLL DUDVPGD HRN RQFPOL LOLVNLOHU EXOXQPDNWDGLU %X LOLVNL\L LVSDWODPDN LFLQ NDUPDVLN GHJLVNHQ ] \L SRODU IRUP RODUDN = UL
, HNLO .RPSOHNV] GLL]OHPL= QLQEU a U LL]HOLQGHNL GHJHUOHUL aāQ GRQLLaLLPLLQ2Q) RXULHUG2QaUQXQH Q-L JHQPHVL
EHOLUWWLN %XUDGD U] QLQ EX\2NO2JLL RODUDN ZGH] QLQ DFLVL RODUDN HOH DOWQGW 5 YH Z\H JRUHHOH DOGUJLUP]GD GHQNOHP ; UH ` [>Q `UH
'HQNOHP , GHQ JRU2\RUX] NL ]GRQLLPQ \DNUQVDPDV LFLQ [>- U QLQ )RXULHU \DGD ; UH
`
^[> - U`H
GHQNOHP , \D JRUH; U DUGUVLN )RXULHU GRQXVXP[>Q QLQ ULOH FDUSLOPDVUGLU ; UH
^[>- U`
GRQPLO \DNUQVDNROPDK +HUKDQJL ELU R]HO [-GL]L LFLQ EX \DNPVDNKN U QP ED] GHJHUOHUL LFLQ EHNOHQLU ED]ODQ LFLQ GH EHNOHQPH] *HQHO RODUDN ELU GL]LQLQ ] GRQLOLLP; U QLQ \DNVDGJ ] QLQ ELU GHJHU NLLPHVL LOH ELUOLNWH \DKZ / DSODFH GR QLLaLOPLLQGH ROGXJX JLEL EXGHHUNLLPHVL \DNPVDPD EROJHVL5 2& RODUDN ELOLQLU (JHU 5 2& ELULP \HPEHUL GH LFHUL\RUVD EX GXUXPGD )RXULHU GRQLLLLPIL GH \DNPVDU GRQLO aLOPLLQLL YHELUOLNWH FDKWJ GHJHU NLLPHVLQL JRVWHUPHN L\LQ ELUNDF RPHJL LQFHOH\HOLP
]
2VVHO DJUUKN UD]DODELOLU \D GD DUWDQ Q OH EX\X\HELOLU %X GXUXP U P , GHQ EX\XN \D GD NXFXNROPDVPDEDJKGUU 5 , LFLQ O]O , GHQNOHP , )RXULHU GRQXVXPH LQGLUJHU
2UQHN
[>@ DX> VLQ\DOLQLFOHDODEP%XGXUXPGDGHQNOHP , GHQ ; ] ,
; H ^[^Q``
,DX>OOM ,D B
;
6R\XW]DPDQOU VLQ\DOOHU X]HULQH ] GRQ88PLL YH )RXULHU GRQLLLLPLL DUDVPGDNL LOLVNL ROWLP GH EHOLUWLOHQ GHYDPK]DUQDQ VLQ\DOOHUL LOH LOLVNLOL WDUXVUQDODUOD X\XVPDNWDGLU ; QLQ \DNPVDNKJ LaLQ , 'HQNOFP GH WDQXQODQDQ ]G2Q2VOP2 JHQFOOLNOF LNL\DQK]GQLLLOPRODUDN DPKU %XVFNLOGH WHN \DQK G2Q2ā VXPLLQGFQE,,8P GDEDKVHGLOFQ R\UOU ONL \QOO ]- 2QP2 YFFF WRSODPXX LFHULUIDNDWWFN \DQK G2Q2ā VRPRGHQNOHP IRUPDGFNL2GDQ DWRSODPOLPLWL\OH EHUDEHU\RNQKN JRVFQU'DKDaRNFLIO \RQ,LL]G2Q2V8Pā OFUL LOFLOJLOFQGLJLPLª LFLQ; \LGHQNOHP WFDPPODQG JLEL ]G2Q2a2P2 QLWHOFQGLUHFHJL] %2,2P GDNDQ VNKW 2QOFPFNLa WFN \2QO2 YFFLQ \2QO2NHOLPFOFULQL NXOODQGUN
/OD Â ,
ROXU
; !ROPDV JHUHNLU 6RQXa RODUDN \DNPVDNKN EROJHVL
] QP MD ,, \DGD&GHJHURODUDNOD]
, , ROGXJXGHJHUN2PHVLGLU 2LDPDQ
6 LQ\DOOHUYH6LVOHULH
%ROXP
]'RQaPX
ROXU %R\OHFH EX VLQ\DOLQ ]GRQLL8P GHQNOHP D EDJK RODQ D QP E2\8NO8J8\OH EHOLUOF QHQ ELU 52& OD D QP KHU GHJHUL LFLQ L\L ELU VHNLOGH WDUXPODQUPVXU2UQHJLQ D , LFLQ [>@ , ;
O O!O
=āG2]OHPL
1ORQRVRPO8 ELULP EDVDPDNVHULVLGLU 2FQNOFP GDNL ]GRQ8V2P2QLOQ UDV\RQHO ELU IRQNVL\2OO ROGXJXQX JWOULOUWO] 6 RQXF RODUQN UDV\RQHO /DSODFH GRQXVXPWHUL\OH ROGXJX JLEL GRQLOVLLPLL VIU OXQ\ODISD\SROLQRPODUXXQ NRNOFUL YH NXWXSODQ\ODUSD\GDSROLQRPXQXQNRNOHUL DPODQDELOLU%X RPHN LFLQ U 2 GD ELU VUILU YH D GD ELU NXWXS YDUGUU6UILUNXUEX J2VFULPL YF 2PFN LaLQ \DNPVXPD EROJHV@ 2 YF , QUDVPGDNL ELU D GFJHU LFLQ 6 FNLO , GH J2VOFULOPLVWLU
ODO!, LFLQ
D QP EX GHJFUOHUL LFLQ D> LQ )RXULHU GQLLV2P8Q8Q \DNQVDPDGJ LHUFHJLQLQ YDUKJ\OD 52& ELULP GFYUH\L LHHUPF]
J
aHNOO 'HQNOHP X YH L YHa YH WL NDaODaWPUVDN ;^]
'HQNOHP X YH, O L YH 6HNL YH NDUVUODVQQUVDN ; ] LFLQFHELU VHO LIDGHQLQ YH X\JXQ JHOHQ VUILUNXWEX 2UQHN - 2, YH GH EHQ]HUGLU YH ] GRQPOFUL VDGHFH \DNPVDPD EROJHOHULQGH D\QOLUODU %R\OHFH / DSODFH GRQLOLOPLO\OH ROGXJX JLEL ]GFQXVXPXQXQ WDPPODPDVL KHP FHELUVHO LIDGH\L KHP GH\DNPVDPD ERO JHVLQL JFUFNWLULU $ \QFD KHU LNL RPHNWH GH GL]LOHU 2VWHOGL YH PH\GDQD JHOHQ ] GRQLOPOHUL UDV\RQHOGL $VKQGD DVDJUGDN@ RUQHNWH GHD\QFD RQFULOGLJL JLEL [> JHU HHN \DGD NDUPDVLN XVWHOOHULQ GRJUXVDO ELUELUOHVLPL GHROVD ; ] UDV\RQHO RODFDNQU 2UQHN ONL JHaFN LLHKQ WRSODUP RODQ EDUVP\DK HOH DODKP
WI
8>-+
>
aHNOO 2F , LTLQ 2UQHN aLQ VILUNXOEXYH\DNLQVDPDRROJHVL 2]DPDQ ]GRQXVXPX
2UQHN 6LUQGL [@ DD> ,- ROVXQ2 ]DPDQ R]
; ]
,
/ >Q O@]
/D
āā a
H
,a
B R
/ - D ] ,
OD ]O , YH\DD\P VFNLOGH
D ]
O] O DO LVHGFQNOHP 2 ,2 GDNL
WRSODP \DNPVDU YH
;
B B ]
D ] D]
O OODO
]D ; ] QLQ \DNPVDPDVL LHLQ GHQNOFP HNL
%X RPHN LFLQ \DNLQVDPD EROJHVL YF VLILUNXWEX YH , DUDVPGDNL ELU D GHJHU LFLQ 6HNLO , OH J2VFULOPLWLU
,a!
O]O ! YH EROJHVL O ,! ROXU
, , YH\D D\P VHNLOGH
\LJFUHNWLUHQ LNL WRSODUQ GD\DNPVDPDKGUU %R\OHFH \DNPVDPD
%XRPHN LFLQ ]GQ2a2P2 D\QFD 2PFN LQ VRQXFODQPQ NXOODPOPDVD\OD GDHOGH HGLOHELOLU
6 LQ\DOOHU YH 6 LVWHQLHU
2UQHN 2OFOOLNOF G2Q2a2POOQOOQ GFQNOFP FNL WDPUUXQGDQ ]G2QOOa2P2a2Q GRJLXVDO ROaXJXQX 2U8U2]ā DP ?LU- LNLWFULPLQ RSODP\VD R ]DPDQ? ? ELUH\VHO WFQPOHQQ G2aXV2P8QXQ WRS IDP ROaFDNX YH NL GOQ2V2P2 GH \DNPVDGWaPGD \DNPVD\DFDNXU 2PFN GHQ GDKD QFH
WIQ@D
FLU
VLQ
IQ`^Q
GH EFOLUOHGLaLPL] JLEL W
Q@ B Q
aLQ\DOWQ GQP a?GDNL JLELGLU < &
B , , a
a O O!
YH RQXa RODUDN
*-> +> !,a
,a
OO!W
,
ā G LP YH EUUOFVXQOHQ VLQ\DO aP 52& YH VLILUNXWEX J2WFQP 6FNO OLHU EWU EUF\F , WHQUPQ /ā , UH J2VWFULOPLaLU GP J
Hā
\DGDGFQN RWDUVN
] GX]WHPL ]G2]OHPL
; O LQ \DNPVDPDVL LaLQ GFQNOFP GDNL MO āM
YH MF
EQ WRSODPODQQ \DNPVDUQDV JHUHNUU NL EX
, LQ\D GD GFQN RODUDN
O O !, GXQLPODQQ JHUFOXULU
%XRPFN aLQ RODQ VLILUNXWXS G\DJULP YH 52& 6FN, ,26F J2VHULOPFNHGLU
^E ,
J
]GX]ORP
]G2]OHPL
aNLOV 2PHN HNL] a
&
aNOO 2UQHN HNO ORSODP YH ELUH\VHO WHUOPOHU LaQ\DNLQVDPD EOJHVL YHVIāNXWEX , , , , , , , O , , D O]O! E ! F !
6O VPUOWXWXS GL\DJUDPOYH 52&
2QFHNL GRQ RUQHJLQ KHU ELULQGH ]GQ2a2P2Q2 KHP F GHNL SROLQRPODQQ ELU RUDP KHP GH GHNL SROLQRPODQQ ELURUDP RODUDN LIDGHOHQGLUGLN 'HQNOHP WH YHULOHQ ]GRQ2a2P2QLOQ WDPPPGDQ LFLQ VUILU RODQ VLUDODU LFLQ ; ] ] QLQ VDGH FH QFJDWLI JXFOHULQL LFHULU %R\OHFH EXVLQ\DO VPLI LFLQ ; LQ ] GHQ ]L\DGH ] GFNL SROLQRPODU FLQVLQGHQ LIDGH HGLOPHVL 2]FOOLNOH GRJUXGXU YF X\JXQ ROGXJXQGD EX IRU PX DQODWXQODQUUX]GD NXOODQDFDJL] %XQXQOD ELUOLNWH NXWXSODUD YH VLILUODUD UHIFUDQV
6 LQ\DOOHU YH 6 LVWHPOHU
%ROXP
] GHNL SROLQRPODU JLEL KHU]DPDQ SD\ YH SD\GDaaNRNOHUL FLQVLQGHGLU $\UQ ]DPaQGD ED]HQ ;] \L SD\P GHUHFHVL SD\GDQP GHUHFHVLQL DVDUVD VRQVX]GD NXWXSODUD VaKS RO PD \DGDSD\P SD\GDGDQ GDKD NXFWLN ROUQDVL GXUXPXQGD VRaVX]GD VILaODUDBVDKS ROaD GXUXUQODQQGD ] GHNL SROLQRPODQQ ELU RUDP RODUDN \D]UODELOHFHN VHNLOGH LIDGHOHQGLU UQHN X\JXQGXU
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aQ ELU )RXULHU aRQLLā PLLQF VDKLSWLU < DQL [>Q@ QLQ ]GRQXVXPXQXQ Q9 PXWODN RODUDN WRSODQDELOLUGLU
]āG2]OHPO
?
HWPHNWHGLU 2]HOOLN \ WDUQVQJUUP]GD JRUHFHJLPL] JLEL < % JHUFHNWH VDGHFH ELU KDO NDGDQ ROXVPDKGLU %D]L GXUXPODUGD < % QLQ LFVPP LFHRULMLQH GRJUX YHED]L GXUXP ODUGDGDGVLUXUGVRQVX]OXJD GRJUXJHQLH\HELOLU O!]HOOLN 52& KLFELU NXWXS LFHUPH] / DSODFH GRQXVXPX\OH ROGXJX JLEL EXH]HOOLN EDVLWFH \OH ELUROJXQXQ VRQXFX GXU %LUNXWXSWD ;] VRQVX]GXU YHER\OHFH WDUXPJHUHJL \DNPVDQDPD]
]'RQXaXPX OFLQ< DNPVDPD % ROJHV O< %
/M[Q aā FFR
]ā 2RQaXPX
aHNOO < % ELU KDOND RODUDN ]GX]OHPLQGHGOU %D] KDOOHUGH LY VLQU RULMLQH GRJUX JHQaOHU EX GXUXPGD < % ELU GLVN KDOLQL DKU %DVNDGXUXP ODUGD Ga VPLU Ga VRQVX]OXJD GRJUX JHQaOH\HELOLU
2]HOOLN (JHU [>@ VRQOX ELU VXUHQLQVH RODVU ] 2 YHYH\D ] HR KDULF < % WLLP ELU ]G2]OHPLGLU 6RQOX ELU VXUH GL]LVL \DOP]FD VLILUROPD\DQ GHJHUOHULQ VRQOX ELU UDNDPPD VDKLSWLU JH QLVOHWLUVHN GL\HOLP NL 1L GHQ Q 1 \H 1 YH1 QLQ VRQOX ROGXJX \HUGFGLU %R\OH FH]GFQXVXP WHULPOHULQ VRQOX VD\LODQQ WRSODPLGUU\DQL ;]
ā [>Q@] /
1
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a GXUXPXQX LFHUPH] (JHU 1 VILU YH\D QHJDWLIVH , GHQNOHPLQGH ] QLQ VDGHFH SR]LWLI LLVOHUL EXOXQPDNWDGU YHVRQXFWD < %] 2GXUXPXQX LHULU UQHN %LULP GLLUWLO VLQ\DOL ROQ@ QL GaLLQHOLP %XQX]GRQa2PLO a\OH YHULWL\RU
RU@a %X \R,OD \DNPVDPD VDGHFH U O]O \H EDJK YH Z \H EDJOW GHJLOGLU 6RQXF RODUDN HJHU ] QLQ EHOLUOL ELUGHJHUL < % GH LVH D\UX FHPEHUGH \DQL D\P FDSWD RODQ WXP ]GHJHUOHa UL < % GH RODFDNXU %X NHQGL EDVPD HVUQHUNH]OL KDONDODQ LFHUHFHN ELU < % \L JDUDQX
IROQ@ā
W
aa ]G2]WHPLQL LaFUHQ ELU < % LOH 2 YH\D ] FR GXUXPXQX LIHQQHNWHGLU 2WH \DQGD JHFLNPL EPP GLOUWLLV2 BROQW@ LGLLQHOLP EXQXQ LaLQ EOQ a
IRUQ@ ā ÂÂ
%X]GRQP ELU NXEXQ ROGXJX ] GWWQGD L\L WDQVPODQPOOU % O\OHFH D X LaHUFQ DQFDN G- D\DQ < % W2P ]GLL]OHPLQGHQ ROO8U %HQ]HU ELaLPGH ]DPDQGD LOHUL JLGHQ ELU G2UW2\LL GLOQHOLP \OH NL ,@ %X GXUXPGD
=G2Q2W2P8Q2QPDWHPDWLNVHO2]HOOLNOFULQLQ WDPEOUGDYUDPVU LFLQEDNUP]59 &KXUFKLOOYH- : %URZQ& WF[ 9FUODEOHVDQG$SSOLFDWLRQV6WK HG 1HZ < RUN 0F*UDZ+LOO DQG( ,-XU\ 7 KHRU\ DQG$SSOLDLRXUUÂ UDVIRU0HK- 0DODEDU )/ 5( . ULHJHU3XE &R
%OWLP =āa 6 LQ\DIOHUYH6 OVWHPOHU
6DJ WDUDIK GL]UKPOHU LFP JHQHOOLNOH GFQNOHP, aR\OH ELU ELFLP DKU EO a ,`a
IROO ]
]
,
W
;
B < % RPVRQOX]- LOUOFPLQGFQROXPONā = PQ W2PVRQOX GHJHUOFQQGF\ WDPPODQPaXU@ELU VDJWDUDIK ELU ] QLQ WRP VRQOX GHJHUOHUL LFLQ OO!URGD 52& GF RODFDNOOU
O OUR 52& GH LVH
, N GFNL 2]FOOLN F FV ELFLUQGH QQODXODELOLU %LU VDJ %X IO]HGOaa a\Da aPDKVHUKaaJELa GHQFUL GL\FOLP NL 1 WOQFFVPGH VILUGU (JHU FHUQEHU WDUD , ,P Q QP H ā 6 L GL
,
L GLLa2QHOLP O]O O R 52& GH\VF PXWODN RODUDN WRSODQDELOLUGLU WP W U!UR ]U ā GHQ GDKD FDEXN HNVLOLU 6HNLO ? GH JWOU2OGXJ2 JLEL EX ā ā EW \,HFHDUWDQ Q UHP L Q @ K> U ,, Q
,,
VLQ2
YH +H
O
+^ H +U
UFRVHHÂ UHÂ
ROGXJXQGDQ HVLWOLJLQGHQ VLVWHP LOHWL VRQXFODQPQ ]
GRQXVXPXQH EDJK RODUDN VLVWHP IRQNVL\RQXQX 8 VHNLOGH FUNDUDELOLUL]
+U
OUFRV ] U] +] QLQ NXWXSODQ a\OH\HUOHVWLULOLU
U
a?a
a,, D DPQ DUDK4QGDNLFOH4HOHULL\LQFaXW8"YH VIOU YHNW2OHULQLQGHUHFHGHQVLVWHUQGHaIUHNDQV YH D R GH4HUOHULQIUHNDQVVRQXLDQPE2\2NO2NOHUL F D YH D GH4HUOHUO4LQIUHNDQVVRQODU OO- UXPODQ
2ULMLQGHQ ELULP FHPEHUH RODQ YL YHNLHUXQXQ X]XQOXJX ELULP X]XQOXNWXU YH +HO GHJHULQH HWNLVL \RNWXU )DNDO VILU YHNWRUXQXQ JaUHN HNVHQH RODQ a D +H GHJHULQL HWNLOHU 2 D DUDKJPGD NXWXS YHNWRULO a2QRNWDVQGD PLB QLPXP GHJHULQL DKU YH ^W GHJHUL 2 GDQ WU \H GRJUX JLWWLNFH YHNW?UXQ X]XQOXJX GDDU
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aU Y YHNW2ULOQLOQER\X
6 LQ\DQHUYH6 LVWHPOHI
%2OLOP = aPX
\D \DNODVQNFD WHSH QRNWDVPD GD \DNODVLU . XWXS YHNW2UOHULQLQ GDYUDUXVPD EDJK RODUDN U GHJHUL DUWWLNFD NXWXS YHNWRUOHULQLQ PLQLPXP GHJHUL D]DODFDNXU %XD]DOPD LOH IUHNDQV GHJHUL GDKD OX]K DUWDFDNWLU %LULPH \DNP U LFLQ Y YHNWRU%\O6, FHYUHVLQGH NHVNLQ ELUGHJLLNOLJH XJUDU $ \QFD, GHNL YH GDOFL LOHWL JUDILJLQGHQ YH\D GHNL YH GDNL DVDPD VRQXFODQQGDQ J2ULOOG2 J2 X]HUH , GHUHFHGHQ VLVWHPGH NXWXSODU RULMLQH \DNODVXNFD U GHJHUL D]DKU LOFWLOHU KL]ODPU YHDVDPDODU GDKD KL]K JHUFHNOHVLU NLVD ROPDVL KDOLQGH X GHJHUL
,+H
]G2]OHPO
='212a202121 2=(//L. /(5L U
2LJHU G2QPOHUL JHOLVWLUHUHN NHVLNOL]DPDQ LVDUHWOHUL YH VLVWHPOHUL HDKVPDODQQGD 2]HOOLNOHUL VD\HVLQGH FRN GHJHUOL RODELOHFHN ROGXNFD 2QHPOL RODQ ]G2QLOP2Q2 EXO GXN %XE2,2PGH EX2]HOOLNOHULQ ELUFRJXQX 2]FOOH\HFHJL] 7XUHYOHUL GLJHU G2QPOH ULQ W2UHYOFULQH EHQ]HGLJ LFLQ ELU NLVUP 8QLWH VRQXQGDNL DKVXUPDODUD ELUDNUOUPVXU EN] , YH , DKVQUPDODU
'RJUXVDOKN
(JHU D
YH L
+HD
[>Q@a; ] LVH 5
Q5
52& 5 LNHQ
\L LFHUHQ 52& OD ELUOLNWH
D[ Q@E[Q@aD;] E;B a ,
B ^
ROXU *RULLOGLLJLO X]HUH 5 2& HQ D]LQGDQ 5 YH a NHVLVLPLQGHQ ROXVUQDNWDGUU 5 DV\R QHO ]GRQLLLLPOLLGL]LOHU LFLQHJHU D; ] E; ] NXUXSODQ ; ^ ] YH ; ] NXWXS ODQQP WXP ELOHVHQOHULQL LFHUL\RUVD \DQL KL\ NXWXSVLILU LSWDOL \RNVD GQLLLLP DODP WDUQ RODUDN WXP GRQLLOP DODQODQQP WRSODPPD HVLW RODFDNXU $ UQD HJHUED]L VUILUODU HNOHQHUHN NXWXSODU \RN HGLOL\RUVD GRQLLLLP DODP GDKDELL\LLNRODELOLU %DVLO ELURPHN OH [ Q@ YH [>Q@ VRQVX] ]DPDQK YH GRJUXVDO ELOHVHQOHUL VRQOX LVH EXQX JRUHELOLUL] %X RUQHNWH GRJUXVDO ELOHVHQOHULQ GRQaLOP DODQODQ VUIUUYH VRQVX] GDKLO ROPDN X]HUH WLLP ]GWO]OHPLGLU 2UQHJLQ D-O YH DW@ GL]LOHULQLQ GRQLLaP DODUQ O , !ODO VHNOLQGH WDUXPODQUPVQU )DNDW D Â DQ,@ IDUNPP DODP WLLP]GX]OHPLGLU
=DPDQ 'HJLOPOLOLJL H
(JHU
Waaa
aNOOR D ONOQFOGHUHRHVOVWHPOHUGHIUHNDQVROXaXPODUPQ JHRPHOUONKHVDSODPDVQGDNXOODQLODQY VKUYHNWRQO YHNW2UOHULYH NXWXS EO U RYH U RNXOXS YHNO2UOHULQLQ aUSPODQQP WHUVO L4OQ IUHNDQV ROXaXPODQPQ
[ a; ^ ] YH 52& 5
X
EXGXUXPGD U 6 YHU 2LOMLQ IOHWFDQV ROXaPXQXQID]
6 LQ\DOOHU YH 6 LVWHPOHU
F>@a] ; ] YH 52& 5 RULMLQLQ \DGDVRQVX]OXJXQ PXKWHPHO HNOHQPHVL YH\D VLOLQPHVL KDULF
],2]OHPO
D
LDPDQEJHVQHaā EL[ >Q- VL\DOa 6 OIZa a a
86O, G]L aā OH E E ]B B B B B OZ ?,3,,,:,> - 0-OD&O! DODQOOGDOGHONLVOD ]a 6OOL\DLLIOVGLUaa B ; Q aÂ
%X ERO2P WH DQODOOODQ IUHNDQV N G WU ā VLQGH ELU NDUPaN LOVWHOOH FDUSXP UPD]H J\OH WXaUKGU \DQL ]DPDQ EROJH GHQN JHOGLJL J2VWHULOPLaWL $ \QFDā aHU 2aLOaaPaQH DX IUHNDQVWD ELU ND\PD\D ] URHLU ROGXJXQGD NXWXS YHVLILUNRQXPO JHQH UU XUXPGD GHQNOHP WH \LONORJDQGH?HNOHQLUOHU DQ LYR DaV\OD GRQHUOHU YH URNDWVD\UVU ELO
]%ROJHVOQGH2OaHNOHPH [>@a; ]
%PUQ GD- H
52& UHFHLYLQJRSHUDWLQJFKDUDFWHULVWLFV DKFL LVOHWLP HJULVL ] LOH FDUSPD \X]XQGHQ ! LFLQ NXWXSODU ] 2 GD RUWD\D FUNDFDNODUGLU %X ; ] QLQ ] 2 GDNL PXWDELN VUIUUODQP LSWDO HGHELOLU %XQXQ VRQXFXQGD ] ; ] QLQ ELU NXWEX GHJLONHQ ] ; ] QLQ ELU NXWEX RODELOLU %X GXUXPGD ]Â; ] LFLQ 52& ; ] QLQ 52& VLQH HVLXLU DUQD VLOLQPLV ELU RULMLQOH %HQ]HU VHNLOGH HJHU 2LVH 6Wā ILUOQU ] 2 GD RUWD\D FUNDFDNODUGLU NL EXQODU ; ] QLQ ] 2 GDNL PXWDELN NXWXSODQQ LS WDO HGFELOLUOHU 6RQXF RODUDN ]2 ; ] QLQ ELU NXWEX GHJLONHQ ]; ] QLQ ELU VLIUQ ROQELOLU %X GXUXPGD UFR ] ; ] QLQ ELU NXWEXGXU YH ER\OFFH ] ; ] LFLQ 52& ; ] QLQ 52& VLQH HVLXLU DPD VLOLQUQLV ELU] RR LOH
(JHU EXGXUXPGD
=G]WHP
"
YH 52& 5LVH
= DPDQ7 HUVOQPHVL (JHU
[IQ@I/;
YH52&D 5LVH
EXUDGD O]RO 5 5 QLQ ROFHNOHQGLULOPLV YHUVL\RQXGXU < DQL HJHU ]; ] QLQ 52& VLQGH EXGXUXPGD ELU QRNWD\VD O]RO] GH ; ]O ] LQ 52& VLQGH ELU QRNWDGLU $ \QFD HJHU ; ] QLQ ] D GD ELU NXWEX YDUVD \D GD VLIUU EX GXUXPGD ; ]O LQ ]]D GD ELU NXWEX YDU GWU \DGDVUILU 'HQNOHP , LOQ ELU EDVND RQHPOL R]HO GXUXPX GD ] H ! ROGXJXQGDGLU
[I- I/;B
? &
52&
]
B 5
,
\DQL HJHU =R [^@ LFLQ 52& GH\VH ]R [I@ LFLQ 52& GHGLU
%XGXUXPGD O]RO5 5 YH
= DPDQ* HQOHLPHVL
HÂaÂā[>Q@a; H ]
'HQNOHP , LLQ VRO WDUDIL NDUPDVUN XVWHO ELUGL]LQLQ NDWODQQD WHNDELOO HGHU'HQNā OHPLQ VDJ WDUDI LVH ] GLO]OHPLQGH ELU URWDV\RQ RODUDN \RUXPODQDELOLU \DQL VHNLO , WH JRVWHULOGLJL JLEL WLLP VLILUNXWXS NRQXUQODQ ]GX]OHPLQGH :H DFUVL\OD GRQHU OHU %XaR\OH JRUXOHELOLU HJHU ; ] QLQ D] VHNOLQGH ELU NDWVD\UVL YDUVD ;H
QLQ DH K ] VHNOLQGHELU NDWVD\UVL RODFDN GHPFNWLU YH VRQXFRODUDN ; = QLQ ] D QRNWDVPGDNL ELUNXWXS YH\DVILU ; H] QLQ ] DH QRNWDVPGDNL ELU NXWXS YH\D VUIUUD GRQXVHFHNWLU %LULP FHUQEHUGHNL ]GRQLOaLLP KDUFNHWL GH ?9R DFLVU\OD ND\DFDNXU
%ROLOP GH WDUWaJP] JLEL D N ROGXJXQGDQ ]DUQDQ RO\HNOHQGLQQaL JRVWHUJHV WDP VD\ GHJHUOHUOH WDPPK < LDH GH ]DPDQ JHQOHaPHVLQLQ D\QN ]DPP VXUHN ]DPDQ NDYUDUBUX D\QN ]DPDQDHULaPH] G N DQ DYUDP 2PHJPā [>- N QVPPDU āaā GHJHUOHUL DUDVPDVILUODUHNO N , D\Q ]DPDQ VH YHVVWHP DQDOL]LQGH RN 2QHPOL ELU URO HPH aa DQDEaLUYHD\QN ]DPDQ VLQ\DO aJGDNLJLEL WDPPODUXPRODQ [ IQ- RaDā HO[OOXP GH J2U2OPLLa YH ! VHQV
Faa
[IN- HJHU N QP ELU?USDQW\VD [I,,- ^
HJHUQN QPELU?DUSDP GHJLOVH
6 LQ\DOOHUYH6LVWHPOHL
%2OXPW2 =a
RULMLQDO VLQ\DOLQ DUGUVLN GHJHUOHUL DUDVPD \HUOHWLULOPL N DGHW VLILUD VDKLSWLU%X GX UXPGDHJHU [>@a; ] YH 52& 5LVH
YH LVH EX GXUXPGD
; >Q@ a;]N YH52& 5 ā ; ] QLQ 52& GH\VH ] QFNWDVL ; O QP 52& HGLU $ \QFD ; ] QLQ < DP HJHU ]
]D QRNWDVPGD ELU NXWEX YH\D VUIP YDUVD ;L] QP ]U DW QRNWDVQGD ELU NXW EXYH\D VLIP YDUGUU %X VRQXFXQ \RUXPX ]DPDQPGD WFULPLQLQ NaWVDB\VPD HVX RODQ VP\DKBQ GHJHULQGHQ J2UG8J8P8]X]HUH ] G2QLOLOP8Q8Q NXYYHWVHULOHUL IRUPXQGDQ FLNDU < DP
©
[O
I
[>@]
LOH VRQUDVPGD ; O `
[>@O ` [>@
DR
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aWNDUDN GQPLOQ ] QLQ NDWVD\LVPP DUGU VUN[> GHJHUL ROGXJX
GFNL VHULOFU RODUDN WDPQ] $ VKQGD HYULVLUQ 2]HOOLJL GHQN OHPL , LNL FRNWHULPOL YH\D JLOaVHULVL ; ] YH ; ] ELUELUL\OH FDUSUKUVD FDU SLUP VLPJHOH\HQ FRNWHULPOLGHNL NDWVD\LODQQ ; ] YH ; ] FRNWHULPOLOHULQGHNL NDWVD\LODQQ HYULVLPOHUL ROGXNODQP LIDGHHGHU %N] 3UREOHP
W
'HQNOHP O LQ VDJ WDUDILP LQFHOHUVHN RUWD\D aāNaQWaULPOFUaa` DGFFH VHNOLQ GHROGXJXQX JRUXUX] %DVND ELU GH\LVOH EXNXYYFW VHULOHULQGH V a NDWaD\V aJHUP N UXQ NDQ GHJLWVH VLILUD HVLWWLU DPD HaHU P BN PQ NDX\VD [>P N@ D HVXXU %R\OHFH GHQNOHP , LQ WHUVGRQLO8P8 [OW GLU ( aOHPH (JHU
2UQHN %LU/ 7 OVLVWHPGQQNL
[>@a; ] YH 52& 5LVH
! @ [
?&
EX GXUXPGD K SQ@SQ
DQHDN
6RQXF RODUDN HJHU [> UHHO LVH GHQNOHP , GHQ VXQX aNDUDELOLUL]
;] [ ] %R\OHFH HJHU; ] QLQ ] ] QRNWDVPGD ELUNXWEX YH\D VLIP YD\VD] ] NDUaQDNHV OHQLN QRNWDVPGD GD ELU NXWXYF\D VLIP ROPDKGLU GL\HELOLUL]2UQHJLQ UHHO VLQ\DO [>Q` LFLQ RUQHN WHNL ; ] GRQLOPLOQLOQ ] H QRNWDVPGD NXWXSODQ YDUGUU
52&RULMLQ KDULaW2P]GLL]OHPPFHVXQU $\QFDGHQNOFP , WFN ] GRQa8Q2Q VO GHELU VILQ YDUGLU'FQNOFP, GHQ JULOULL]NLHJHU [>Q ; ] YF52& 5LVH EXGXUXPGD
\ a ā ; 52& 5 YHa
LQPXKHPFOVKQPFVLYF- YF\D PPXKOHPHOFNOFQPFVLLOH
( YUOaOP2[HOOLJO 'NNQWFGFOLPNL EXVLVWFPLaLQ
\ >!Q S-@
W W [
6 LQ\DOOHUYH6 LVWHPWHU
%ROXPR ]'RQaXPX
< DQL\>@ [@ VHULVLQLQ LON IDUNLGUU LON IDUN LVOHPL \D\JP RODUDN XUHYH GHQN ELU D\QN ]DPDQ JLEL GLOQLLOGLOJ2QGHQ GHQNOHP EROXP GH XQODXODQ / DSODFH G2Q2V2PLOQGHNL WLOUFYOHPH 2]HOOLJLQH GHQN ELU ] GLQLOVLOP8 JLEL GLLV2Q8OHELOLU
DD X
-D]
O O!ODO
,
(JHU EXQX ]DPDQ ND\GLUPD 2]HOOLJL\OH ELUOHVWLULUVHN
2UQHN
9 DUVD\DOQQ NL VLPGL LON aNDPD LVOHPLQLQ WHUVLQL HOH DK\RUX] \DQL WRSODPD LVOHUQLQL ]HOOLNOF
DD
X a OD]
O O!ODO ,
EHOLUWPHN JHUHNLUVH Z>Q@ [>Q@ QLQ WRSODQX ROVXQ GL\FOLP 6 RQXHRODUDN
I[N@ -[>@
W
2X GXUXPGD GFQNOFP L U2]NL
ā,
2PFN -2, LQ WHUQHODGLPPGDNL ]GOQP2\OF NXOODQDUDNJ2U2
2UQHN , Z ,[N K OO
72UFYOFPF 2]HOOLJPLQ NXOODPUPQD END ELU 2PFN RODUDN GOQPQQ WHUVLQL EHKUOHPF\L LFP FOFDODKP
;
Dāā,
; 52& XQ HQ D]UQGDQ 5 YF
!,
N2PFVLQLQ NHVLVLPLQL NQSVDPDVU VDUQ\OD 'FQNOHP E2,2P
WD]
MM!MDM
2PHN O GFQ
GQNL FQUFJUDO O?]FOOLJLQF GFQN D\QN ]DPDQK ]G2Q8V8P8G2U
6 = % ROJHV LQGH7XUHYOHPH YHE2\OHFH
a
(JHU
QDX+a
G] D
[>@;]
,
- D]ā O
O O!O- X-
YH52& 5 LVH
EXGXUXPGD
G;]
Q[>Q@a]
LONGHJHU 7HRUHPO
YH52&
5
G] (JHU [>Q@ LVH %X R]HOOLN DFUN ELU VHNLOGH GHQNOHP WH YHULOPLV RODQ ] GRQLLaLLPLLLFLQ LIDGHQLQ KHULNLWDUDILP GD UXUHYOH\HUHN GHYDP HGHU %XR]HOOLJLQ NXOODUQUUXQD ELURUQHN RODUDN EXQXRUQHN , WH GLNNDWH D,PDQ WHUV ]GRQLLaLLPLL EHOLUOHQPHVLQH X\JXOD\DKP
[>2@ OLP; ]
%X R]HOOLN ? >@ ROPDN LL]HUH ] GRQXVXPXQXQ LIDGHOHULQGHNL KHU ELU WHULPLQ D\QD\Q OLPLWLQL DODUDN GHYDP HGHU %XNLVXODPD\OD
2UQHN
;] a!>@]
(JHU
;] ORJOD]ā
O]O!ODO
EXGXUXPGD
G;
D]
[ ] B G] , D]
,]O!OD,
! ROGXJXQGD ]aF[!] aR Q 2 ROGXJXQGD GD ]ā %R\OHOLNOH GHQNOHP , GHYDP HGHU OONGHJHU WHRUHPLQLQ ELU VRQXFX RODUDN QHGHQVHO ELU GL]L LFLQ HJHU [>2@ VRQOX\ VD ;] GHVRQOXGXU 6RQXF RODUDN; ] QLQ ] GH FRNWHULPOLOHULQ ELU RUDPRODUDN
72UHYLQL DODUDN ] GRQLOP2Q2 UDV\RQHO ELU LIDGH\H FHYLUPLV ROGXN 'HQNOHP , XQ VDJ WDUDILUXQ WHUV ] GLQLOLOPOL EROXP , GH EFOLUWLOFQ GHQNOHP , GHNL ]DPDQ ND\GLUPD R]HO OLJLQLQ RUQHN O2, LOF NXOODPOPDVU\OD HOGH HGLOHELOLU 2]FOOLNOH RUQHN , YH GRJUXVDOKN R]HOOLJLQGFQ
LIDGH HGLOPHVL\OH SD\GDNL FRNWHULUQOLQLQ VLUDVL SD\GDGDNL FRNWHULPOLGHQ GDKD EX\XN RODPD] \DGDEXQD GHQN RODUDN [] QLQVRQOXVUILUODQPQ VD\UVL VRQOX NXWXSODQQ VD\U VPGDQ GDKD FRNRODPD]
6 LQ\DOOHU YH 6 LVWHP- HU
%RKLPR ]2RQaXPX
2UQHN >ONGHJHU UFRUFPL ELU VLQ\DOLQ ] G2Q2a*P8 KHVDEPUQ GRJUXOXJXQX NRQWURO HWUQHNWH GH \DUDUK RODELOLU 2UQFJLQRPFN , WFNL VLQ\DO [>@ L HOH DWDOQQ 'HQNOHP ,2, GHQ JRUX\RUX]NL [2@ , $ \QFD GHQNOFP WFQ
OLP; 4 ÂOLP - ! , , , , , ] ]
5
UQ
;
5
UQ
LONGHJHU WHRUHUQL\OF WXWDUK RODQ \XNDQGDNL GFQNOFPL HOGH HGHUL]
6,
'RJUXVDOKN
V
=DPDQ. D\GUPDV
-26-
]ELFVLQGF2OaFNOFQGLUPF
;
5
DUQ EUQ UQQ
D; K; ;
H[Q UQM D U>QM
[a
7DEOR , GH ]GQLOLOPLOR]HOOLNOHU R]HWOHQUQLVWLU
; ]
aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa
2]HOOONOHUOQ2]HWO
UQ
%$ =,257 $. = '21a0 aL) 7 /( 5 L
(QDW 5 YF 5QLQNFVLP 2ULMLQP PXKWFPFOFNOFQPFVL YH\DVLOLQPFVL KDULa5 5
[W [D
7HUV / DSODFH GQLOPLOQGH ROGXJX JLEL WHUV ]G6Q8PLOGH JHQHOOLNOH ; ] L GDKD ED VLO WHULPOHULQ GRJUXVDO ELUOHVLUQOHUL JLEL LIDGH HGHUHN \D GD WDQPDELOLU WHUV GRQXVXPOHU RODUDN GHJHUOHQGLULOHELOLUOHU 7DEOR , GH ELUFRN ID\GDK ] GRQLO8P FLIWOHUL OLVWHOHQ PLVWLU %XQODQQ KHU ELUL WDEORGD OLVWHOHQPLV R]HOOLNOHULQ &OLJLQGF GDKD RQFHNL RUQHN OHUGHQ GH FLNDQODELOLUOHU 2UQHJLQ GRQXVXP FLIWOHUL YH RUQHN , GHQ RUQHN ,2 , GHQ FLNDQODELOLU %XQODU GDKD RQFH EROXP , YH , GH VUUDVL\OD DQODQODQ ]DPDQ WHUVLQUQHVL YF]DPDQ ND\GLUPDVL R]HOOLNOHUL\OH ELUOLNWH GRQLLLOP FLIOL YH L YHULUOHU & LIWOHUGHQ YH GRQXVXPLIWL \L VLUDVU\OD EROXP YH , WH DQ ODQODQ GRJUXVDOOLN YH ROFHNOHQGLUPH R]HOOLNOHUL\OH NXOODQDUDN HOGH HGLOHELOLU
5 QQ 2OaFNOFQGXLOPLaNOL 2U ODO5 ^MDO` QRNWDODU N2PFVL5 GF ]LaLQ
=DPDQ7FUVLQPFVL
>Q
[āM
7FUV52U]5 GHROGXJXQGD
QRNDODUN2PFVL
[]
5 2U ]5 GFROGX- OXQGD QRNLDODUN2PHVL
6
=DPDQ*HQOHVPHVL
6
(VOHPH
U Q
[ ]
5
( YULVLP
UQ UQ
; ;
( QD]
,ONIDUOF
UQ [Q
[
= '218a808 . 8/ / $ 1$ 5 $ . / 7 ,6L67 ( 0/ ( 5 L17 $ 1,0/ $10$6, 9 (
$ 1$ / L= L
=GRQLLVXUQXD\QN ]DUQDQOL / 7, VLVWHPOHULQLQ JRVWHULPL YH DQDOL]LQGH R]HOOLNOH RQHUQOL
5 YF 5QLQNFVLLPL
ELU UROR\QDU %ROXP GHNL HYULVLP R]HOOLJLQGHQ 6
<] +] ;]
(QD] 5 YF O]M!2 QLQ
NFVLLPL
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ā QHNOHQGLUHFHJL]
6
%LULNLP
UBN-
( QD] 5 YHMO!O QLQ
[
NFVaLPL ,26
]EJFVLQGHW2UHYOHPH
QUQM
G; ] G]
6 OONGF- OFU7HRUHPL
(JFUQ2LaLQ [Q 2LVF U2 a; ]
5
6 LQ\DOOHU YH 6 LVWHPOHU
7 $ %/ 2 %$= ,< $< *,1='218a80 FL)7 / ( 5L
W
$ \QN ]DPDQK ELU / 7 O VLVWHPL VDGHFH YH VDGHFH VLVWHP IRQNVL\RQXQXQ 52& VL ELU FHPEHULQ GUVPGD\VD YHVRQVX]OXJX NDSVL\RUVD QHGHQVHOGLU $OO]
->
O , ! , ]ā
W@
@
52&
'RQL8P
6OQ\DO
%F XP R ]ā'RQXaXPLL
O O ]ā ]
O]O
, W2P ]KDULF P!2 © ! KDULa LVF
LVH O O!ODO
D >@
(JHU +] UDV\RQHOVH EROXP , GHNL ]HOOLN GHQ VLVWHPLQ QHGHQVHO ROPDVL LFLQ 52& HQ NXWEXQ GLVPGD ROPDK YH VRQVX]OXJX NDSVDPDKGUU %XQD GHQN RODUDN +] QQ OLPLWL ] ; VRQOX ROPDKGLU %ROXUQ , GD JRUGLLJLLPLL] JLEL Ea +] QP SD\ YHSD\GD ] OL FRNWHULUQOLOHUOH LIDGH HGLOGLJLQGH SD\GDGDQ GDKD EX\XN ELU GHUHFH\H VDKLS ROPD\DQ SD\PD GHQNWLU < DQL
P2
D]ā O
D O
D >@
QDXO
O OODO
WD]Â D]Â
WD] `
2UQHN
OO!ODO
D] ,
6LVWHUQ IRQNVL\RQX aaGDNL JLELRODQ ELU VLVWHP GQFOLP ā
ā
O O>DO
WD] `
>FRV R@
>FRVXa@ ā OFRVLYR@] Â -2 VLQ Z@@
O , !,
52& L ELOH ELOPFGFQ GL\HELOLUL] NLVLVWHP QHGHQVHO GHaLOGLU &LOQN2 SD\P GHUHFHVL SD\GDPQNP OQ EOO\2NW2U
VLQ R@]ā
2UQHN O>FRV R@]ā
]ā
>UFRVZ@
O ,! , 6LVWHP IRQNVL\RQX aJGDNL JLEL RODQ ELU VLVWHP GLLQHOLP , ,
O]O!U !@ā U]Â >UVLQ R@ā
+] a!
ā
UFRV
U VLQZ@
O]O !U O>UFRVZX@]
U]]
āāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāā I 1HGHQV HOOLN 1HGHQVFO ELU / 7 VLVWHPLQLQ Q2 LFLQ VLIUU RODQ ELU K>Q@ G8UW8 \DUQQ YDUGUU YH EX \X]GHQ VDJ WDUDIOLGUU %ROXUQ GHNL R]HOOLN WHQ ELOL\RUX] NL +] QLQ 52& VL ] GX]OHPLQGHNL ELU FHPEHULQ GLVUGUU %D]L VLVWHPOHU LFLQRUQHJLQ HJHU K>Q@ S>Q@ +] - ROXU YH 52& KHU GRJUXOWXGD JHQLVOH\HELOLU YH RULMLQL GH NDSVD\DELOLU $ \QFD JHQHOOLNOH VDJ WDUDIK ELU GXUWX\DUXWL LFLQ 52& VRQVX]OXJX LFHUHELOLU GH LFHUPH\HELOLU GH 2UQHJLQ HJHU K>Q @ VDU@ LVH+] ] ROXU NL EXQXQVRQVX]OXNWD ELU NaWEa YDUā GLU $UQD JHQH GH EROXP O GHNL R]HOOLN GH JRUGXJXPX] JLEL QHGHQVHO ELU VLVWHP LFLQ NXYYHWVHULOHUL
%X VLVWHP IRQNVL\RQX LaLQ 52& HQ Xa NXWEXQ GUVLQGD ELU FHPEHULQ G ROGXJXQGDQ ELOL\RUX] NL GLOQ2 \DPQ VDJ WDUDIK 6LVWHPLQ QFGHQVHO ROXS ROPDGJP EHOLUOHPHN LaLQ QFGHQVHOOLN LHLQ JHUHNOL RODQ GHUHFH VUUDVUP NRQWURO HWPHOL\L] < DQL +] ] OL FRNUHULPOLOHUOH LIDGH HGLOGLJLQGH SD\P YH SD\GDPQ GHUHFHOHULQL NDaOQQDK\] %X RPHN LFLQ
]
IO^ ]
,
O
^ā ā
]ā,
\DQL KHP SD\ KHP GH SD\GD GHUHFHGHQ GHQNOHPOHUGLU YH VRQXH RODUDN GL\HELOLUL] OHL VLVWHP QHGHQVHOGLU %X I] QLQ WHUVLQL KFVDSOD\DUDN GD EHOLUOHQHELOLU 2]HOOLNOH WDEOR - GHNL GRQaLOP aLIWL 6 NXOODUXODUDN EX VLVWHPLQ GLLUWLO \DQQPP
KQ@ >+ @XQ
ROGXJXQX EXODELOLUL] Q2LFLQ
K
ROGXJXQGDQ VLVWFPLQ QHGHQVHO ROGXJXQD HPLQ RODELOLUL]
+] /K>9
] QLQ KLH ELUSR]LWLI NXYYHWLQL LFHUPH] 6RQXF RODUDN 52& VRQVX]OXJX LFHULU 2]HWOHU VHNDVDJUGDNL SUHQVLELPL] YDU
. DUDUKKN %",8P GH JRUGLLJLLPLL] JLEL D\QN ]DUQDQK ELU / 7 - VLVWHPLQLQ NDUDUKKJ @LVWH PP PXWODN RODUDN WRSODQDELOHQ G8UWLL \DPWODQQD GHQNWLU %X GXUXPGD OLU QLQ
6 LQ\DOOHU YH6 LVWHPOHU
)RXULHU GRQLOLOPLO RUWDN ELU MLRNWD\D GRJUX \DNPODVLU YH VRQXF RODUDN 52& ELULP FHPEHUL LFHUUQHN ]RUXQGDGLU 2]HWOHUVHN 8 VRQXFD XODVLQ] %LU / 7, VLVWHPL VDGHFH YHVDGHFH FHUQEHUL LFHULUVH NDUDUKGLU
O]O ,
2UQHN . RPSOHNV NXWXSOX GHQNOHP GD YHULOPLV RODQ LNLQFL GHUHFFGHQ ELU VLVWHPLQ VLVWHP IRQNVL \RQX aJGDNL JLELGLU
YHVLVWHP IRQNVL\RQX +] QLQ 52& VL ELULP +
, UFRV ā
-2,2,
Uā
. XWXSODU ] UH
YH ] UHÂ - , QRNWDODQQGD NRQXPODQUPVXU1HGHQVHOOLJLYDUVD\DUDN J2U2ULO] NL 52& HQ XF NXWEXQ GLQGDGU
2UQHN 7HNUDU GHQNOHP ,` GFNL VLVWHP IRQNVL\RQXQX GQFOLP52& ELULP FHPEHUL LFHUPH\HQ O]O ! EHOJHVLQGF ROGXX LFLQ VLVWHP NDUDUKGHLOGLU %X PXWODN aODUDN WRSODQDUQD\DQ GaQLO \DaX GHQNOFPL GDQ GD FNDQODELOLU *HQH GH HJHU VUVWHUQ IRQNVL\RQX GHQNOHP GHNL JLEL RODQ DUQD 52& VL 9 O]O EOaHaLQGH EXOXQDQ ELU VLaWHPBL FBOH DKUVDN 52& ELULP FHaEHUL NQSVDG LFLQ VLVWFP QFGHQVHO GHOGU DQFDN NDUDUKGUU GL\HELOLUL] %X GXUXPGD WDEOR GFN GQLOP FLIOOFUL YH \ NXOODQDUDN EXQD GHQN G2UW8 \DUXXPQ PXWODN RODUDN WRSODQDELOHQ ā GDNL JLEL ROGXXQX VOO\OF\HELOLUL]
O]O!,a %X VLVWHUQLQ VIUāNXXS GL\DJUDP
YF 52& VL UO YH
! LFLQ 'JGDNL JLEL aL]LOPLLU U, LaLQ NXWXSODU ELULP FHPEHULQ LFLQGHGLU 52& ELULP HHPEHUL FFQU EX QHGHQOH VLVWHP NDUDUKGUU U!, LFLQ LVF NXUXSODU ELULP FHPEHULQ GPGDGLU 52& ELULP HHPEHUL LFHUPH] \DQL VLVWHP NDUDUVM]GUU %UYQGDLUH
]G2]OHPL
K- *- ,
$\QFD GHQNOHUQ GH EHOLUWLOHQ OO] QLQ OF2QF8 PXKWFPHO 52& DODUX -]O LFLQ EX VLVWHP QH QFGHQVFOGLU52& HQ XF NXWEXQ GLVPGD ROPHGUJPGDQ QH GH NDUDUKGU52& ELULP FHPEHUL LFHUPHGLJLQGHQ %X G2UW2 \DQUXQGDQ GD FLNDQODELOLU WDEOR , GFNL 2]HOOLN NXOODQUOD UDN
> L >+
2UQHN QLQ JRVWHUGLJL JLEL ELU VLVWHPLQ NDUDOW ROXS QHGHQVHO ROPDPDVL JD\HW PXKWHPHOGLU *HQH GH HJHUQHGHQVHO VLVWHPOHU X]HULQH RGDNODQUUVDN NDUDUKKN NXWXS ODQQ NRQXPODQP LQFHOH\HUHN NROD\FD NRQWURO HGLOHELOLU 2]HOOLNOH UDV\RQHO VLVWHP IRQNVL\RQOX QHGHQVHO ELU VLVWHP LFLQ 52& HQ XF NXWEXQ GLVPGDGUU $\ 52& ELULP FHUQEHUL LFHULUVH , VLVWHPLQ WXUQNXWXSODUPP ELULP FHPEHULQ LFLQGH ROPDVL JHUH NLU < DQL
O] O
5DV\RQHO VLVWHP IRQNVL\RQX +] \H VDKLS ELU QHGHQVHO / 7, VLVWHUQL VDGHFH YH VDGHFH +] QLQ WLOP NXWXSODQ ELULP FHPEHULQ LFLQGH NDK\RUVD NDUDUKGLURU WXP NXWXSODQQ ELO\LNOLOJLO , GHQ NLOLLON ROPDOUGUU
Z
a
aNOO NRPSOHNVNXWXSOX LNLQFLGHUHFHGHQELUV LVOHPLQ VLIUāNXWXSGL\DJUDP D UO E W!
/ LQHHU 6 DELW .DWV D\K )DUN 'HQNOHPOHUL LOH7DQPK / 7, 6 LV WHPOHUO
/ LQHHUVDELW NDWVD\OW IDUN GHQNOHPOHUL LOH WDPPOW VLVWHPOHUGH VLVWHUQLQ VLVWHP IRQNVL \RQXQX IUHNDQV\DQPP \DGD]DPDQ EROJHVL \DQWW-UX HOGH HWUQHGH]GRQLOaLOP R]HOOLN OHUL ELOKDVVD aN X\JXQ \ROODU VDJODU LPGL EXQX ELURPHNOH LQFHOH\HOLP 2UQHN %LU / 7,VLVHP GLOQHOLP NL JLUGL [Q@ YH LOULOQ \Q OLQHHU VDELW NDWVD\K IDQGHQNOHPLQL VDD VP
2UQHN 6LVWFP IRQNVL\RQX DVDJLGDNL JLEL RODQ ] D GD ELU NXWEX RODQ ELU QHGHQVHO VLVWHP GQHOLP
, \>Q@\>,@ ,
, [ [O
+] D] 'HQNOHP , QLQ LNL WDUDIPD GD ] GRQP X\JXOD\DUDN YH ERO2P GH J2UG2J2P2] GRJUXVDOKN YHERO2P , GHNL ]DPDQ NDOGUPD 2]HOOLJLQL NXOODQDUDN X VLVWHUQLQ NDUDUK FOPDVL LFLQ NXWEX ELULP FFPEHULQ LFLQGH ROPDKGUU 2U ODO O ROPDKGLU %X PXWDELN G2UW2 \DPX
D
QLQ PXWODN WRSODUP VDUX\OD WXWDUKGLU
GDKD RQFH
6LQ\DOOHUYH6LVWHPOHU
HOGHHGHUL]< DGD
%ROXPR ]'RQXaXPLL
YH\D 1
< ] ;] >
Wā
,
$O
<] /2L] ;] a ]Â
R
W2
L
HOGH HGHUL] %R\OHOLNOH
2HQNOHP , GDQGDDVDJLGDNL VRQXFXHOGHHGHUL]
+ā < ] ;]
, ] B /
<
,
+] ;] a WB W=
,ā
%X +] QLQ FHELUVFO LIDGFVLQL YHULUDPD\DNLQVDOKN E2OJFVLQL YHUPH]$VKQGD ELUL VDJWDUDIK ELUL VRO WDUXIKROUQDNX]HUH GFQNOFP LOF WXWDUO RODQ LNLD\QG2UW2\DPX YDUGLU %XQD NDOOKN JHOHQ FFELUVHO LIDGF LOF LOLQWLOL LNL IDNK 52&VHFQFJLYDUGUU %LUL O]O! K>Q@ QLQ VDJWDUDIKROGXJXYDUVD\PX\OD LOLVNLOLGLU GLJFULLVF O]O
K@ QLQ VDJWDUDIK ROGXJX YDUVD
\LUP\OD LOLNLOLGLU
%LULQFL\L FOFDKUVD 52& O , !, H&LOROXU
/ EL]Â
K2
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
OW]ā BO %XQD GFQN JFOFQ G8UW2 \DW EXOPDN LFLQ WDEOH , GHNL GQLOP L2L 6 L GRJUXVDOOLN YH ]DPDQNQ\GLUPD 2]HOOLNOFUL\OH NXOODQDELOLUL]
6 LVWHP ) RQNVL\RQX LOH 6 LV WHP 'DYUDQQ LOLWNOOHQGLUHQ UQHNOHU 'DKD RQFHNL DOWEROXUQOHULQ GH RPHNOHQGLUGLJL JLEL D\QN ]DPDQK / 7 O VLVWHPOHULQ ELU FRN R]HOOLJL GRJUXGDQ VLVWHP IRQNVL\RQX YHRQXQ R]HOOLNOHUL\OH LOLVNLOHQGLULOHELOLU %X EROXUQGH ] GRQLLLLP R]HOOLNOHULQLQ VLVWHPOHUL DQDOL] HWPHGH QDVLO NXOODUQOGLJUP JRV WHUPFN LFLQELUFRN HNRUQHN YHUL\RUX]
,@ K>@ @, ,
L
52& QLQ GLJFU DOWHPDWLIL LFLQ\DQL O]O , WDEOH , GHNL GRQLOP L2L \ GRJUXVDOKN YH ]DPDQND\GLUPD 2]HOOLJL\OF NXOODQDELOLUL]
UQHN
, @, , @ K>@
9 DUVD\DKPNLELU/ 7 OVLVUHPLLFOQaJGDNLELOJLOHUYHULOPLV ,( JHUVLVWHPLQ JLUGLVL[Q X>Q- LVH2U2Q
%XGXUXPGDVLVWFP WHUVQHGHQVHO Q!2LFLQ K@ YHNDUDUVL]GLU \
'DKD JHQHO RODUDN 1LQFL GHUHFHGHQ ELU IDUN GHQNOHPL LFLQ ]GRQLLaLLPLB GBHQNOHPLQLNL WDUDILQD GD X\JXOD\DUDN YH GRJUXVDOOLN YH ]DPDa ND\GBLPaD R]HOaOaQa aXOODQDUDa RUQHN , WHNLQH EHQ]HUELU \RO L]OHUL] 2]BHOOBLaOH JLUGPa YH aUXBQaQBBOLQHHU VDELW NDWVD\LK ELU IDUNGHQNOHPLQL VDJODGJ DVDJLGDNL JLEL ELU / 7 OVLVWHUP GXVXPP 1
0
/! \QN@ a [N@
>- >D8 RL- @XQ@
GLUDELUUHHOVD\LGUU (JHU [@
U LOU2Q \Q@
a GLU 6LPGL JRVWHUGLJLPL] JLEL EXLNLSDUFD ELO
JLGHQD VD\LVLUQQ GHJHULQLGH LHHUHQVLVWHP IRQNVL\RQX +] \L EHOLUOH\HELOLUL]+HPHQDNDELQGH VLVWHPLQEDVNDR]HOOLNOHULQLGHFUNDUDELOLUL] LONELOJLGH YHULOHQVLQ\DOOHULQ]GQLOILPOHULaJGDNLJLELGLU
,
K2
K2
[] ā
6RQUD GHQNOHP , LQ LNL WDUDILPQ GD ] GRQXVXPOHULQL DODUDN YH GRJUXVDOKN YH ]DPDQ ND\GLUUQD R]HOOLNOHULQL NXOODQDUDN
,
ā!
D
Q@K>Q@2 ]DPDQ JQ
U GLOQ2 \DQ QFGHQVFO ROGXJX LaLQ KQ@L>- 2 OL
>KQ@KU
ELU VVFP $\QV R
F GH GRJXGXU 'DKDV 0OXP 7GF DQODXODQ FYOLWP 2]HOK
JL\OF GLOQ2 \DQ K- Q@ FGFQN JHOFQ VLVLFP IRQNV\RQX + GLU YF 0OLOP 6 GF
\DGD DQODXODQ WLOUFYOHPF 2]FOOLJ\OF GH
J>Q \H GHQN JHOHQ VLVWHP
IRQNV\RQX
* B + >` @ GU G]
W
G
YH\D VRQ RODUDN
,
+]
]
W
,
GFQNOFP WHQ *] QLQ NXWXSODQQ RQ- PLQ PXKWHPFO aNDUOOPDV\OD +] QPNLOHUOF D\Q NRQXPODUGD ROGXJXQX FNDUDEKUL] %X \2]GHQ +] QLQ ,2P NXWXSODQ ELULP FFUQEHULQ LaLQGH ROGXJXQGDQ *] QPNLOFU GH R\WF ROPDKGU %X JQ@ QLQ QHGHQVHO YF NDUDK EU VLVWHPP G2Q2
] \DQX ROGXJX\OD GHYDP HGHU
$ \QFD HYULVLP R]HOOL$LQGHQ GH
NHVLLPOHULQL NDSVRPDKGU UHNO]OOOO]OYHO]O!OO ; ]`
@> @ OL]ā a]
&NOLQGH \HQLGHQ \D]DELOLUL] %X GFQNOHP VHNLO , E GH JVWHULOPL VLVWFPLQ GHQNOFP ,2 , GFNL LNL FDUSDQPD GHQN JHOHQ EDVDPDNODQPQK LOG VLVWHP RODUQN J2VWFULOGLJL EDVDPDNODQPD KVHNOL WHUQVLO HGHU $ \QFD NVPL NHVLU DFUKQXP X\JXODUVDN SDUDOHO &NLO JRVWFULPLQL YFUHQ ,
aNLO
9H
2PHN GHNO
VHWHP LQaUXGDQ ORRQOX J2VWHUYQ
aa
,
]ā,
OO B B /B B B /B
O
'FQNOFP SDUDOHW IRUPOX ELU EORN a]HQHJLQL JOOVWFULUNFQ GHQNOHP EDVDPDNODQ PDK ELU IRUPX J2VWHULU %XQODU SUREOHP - GF GH GLNNDWF DKQPVXU
= ,
GFQNOHPL HOGH HGHUL]
2UQHN 6RQ RODUDN DVDJUGDNL VLVWHP IRQNVL\RQXQX HOF DODKP
]ā +] ā ,]ā]ā
+^] >
]ā]
GL\H \D]UQDN VLVWHUQLQ
VHNLO
^
,D GDNL
@]āB
VLVWHUQ EDVDUQDNODQPDVL
YH VLVWHP IRQNVL\RQX
= ]ā ]āO RODQ ELU VLVWHP JLEL JRVWHULOPHVLQL RQHULU *HQH GH RUQHN - GD ROGXJX JLEL ELULP JHFLNPHVL HOHPDQODQ GHQNOHP - 2 \H ELULQFL WHULPLQ HNOHQPHVLQH LKWL\DF GX\GXODU YH D\QFD RUWD\DFLNDQJHFLNUQLV VLQ\DOOFU LNLQFL VLWHPLQ 2U2Q8QLOQ KHVDSODQPDVPD LKWL\DF GX\GXODU 6RQXF VHNLO GH JRVWHULOHQ \DSLP GHWD\ODQ SUREOHP - GH LQFHOHQHQ GRJUXGDQ VHNLOOL EORN FL]HQHJLG© 'RJUXGDQ VHNLOOL JRVWHULUQOHUGHNL NDUVD\LODU GHQNOHP , GHNL VLVWHUQ IRQNVL\R QXQXQ NDWVD\UODQUX LQFHOH\HUHN EHOLUOHQHELOLU $ \QFD +] L DVDJLGDNL JLEL GH \D]DELOLUL]
] W]ā > L]ā L]ā
+] , ,
ā> O
- 2
'HYDP HGHQ RUQHNOHUGHNL EORN FL]HQHJL JRVWHULPLQGH NXOODPODQ NDYUDPODU GRJUXGDQ GDKD \LLNVHN VHYL\HOL VLVWHPOHUH X\JXODQDELOLUOHU YH EXQXQ ED]L RPHNOHUL SUREOHP , GD JRVWHULOUQLVWLU 62UHNOL]DPDQGD ROGXJX JLEL EXQX \DSDUNHQ GLNNDWHGHJHU ELU HVQHNOLN VR]NRQXVXGXU \DQL GHQNOHP ,2 , GH ROGXJX JLEL 2U2QGHQH NDGDU SD\ YH SD\GD NDWVD\UVL FLIWOHQPLVWLU KHU NDWVD\L QDVLO NRQXUQODQUPVQUYH NDWVD\LODU KDQJL VLUD\OD EDVDPDNODQUUXVQU JLEL7 XUQ FHVLWOHQPHOHU D\P VLVWHPLQ JRVWHULUQLQH VHEHS ROXUNHQ SUDWLNWH DVKQGD GHJLVLN EORN FL]HFHNOHULQLQ NDUDNWHULQGH GH GHJLVLNOLNOHU YDU GLU 2]HOOLNOH ELU VLVWHPLQ KHU EORN FL]HQHJL JRVWHULPL VLVWHPLQ \HUOHVWLULOPFVL LFLQ GRJUXGDQ ELOJLVD\DU ORJDULWPDVPD GRQLOWLLU2OHELOLU*HQH GH ELUELOJLVD\DQQ VRQOX NHOLPH X]XQOXJX EORN FL]HQHJ@ JRVWHULPLQGHNL NDWVD\LODQQ QLFHOHQPHVLQL JHUHNWLUGLJLQGHQ YHGH ORJDULWPD LVOHGLNFH VD\LVDO\XYDUODPD ROGXJXQGDQ W2PEXJRVWHULPOHU RULMLQDO VLVWHPLQND UDNWHULQH VDGHFH \DNODVDQ ORJDULWPDODUD GRQXVXUOHU 'DKDVL KHU ELU \DNODVPDGDNL KDWDODU ELUVHNLOGH \DQKV RODFDNODUGLU %X IDUNKKNODU \LO]LLQGHQ EORNFL]HQHJL JRVWHULPLQLQ EDJWO R]HOOLNOHULQL LQFHOHPHN LFLQGRJUXOXNODQ YH KDVVDVL\HWOHUL ED]PGD ND\GD GHJHU FDEDODU KDUFDQUUXVXU %X NRQX KDNNLQGHNL WDUWLVPDODU X]HULQH RNX\XFX NLWDEP VRQXQGDNL ELEOL \RJUDI\DNUVPPGDQGLMLWDOVLQ\DOLVOHWPHOHULQHEDNDELOLU
7 HN7DUDIK] 'RQXaXPX
LPGL\H NDGDU DQODWWODQ ] GRQILLLPLLQLLQ VHNOL JHQHOOLNOH LNL \RQOLL ]GRQLLLLPX RODUDN DGODQGPKU / DSODFH GRQLLLLPLLGXUXPXQGD ROGXJX JLEL WHN WDUDIO ] GRQLLPLL RODUDN DGODQGPODQ ELU EaND ] GRQLLILPLL DOWHPDWLIL GH YDUGLU %X DOWHPDWLI VIWU ROPD\DQ EaODQJWL N28OOX OLQHHU VDELW NDWVD\K IDUN GHQNOHPOHUL\OH EHOLUOHQPL QHGHQVHO VL WHPOHUL DQDOL] HWPHGH R]HOOLNOH \DUDUKGWU RUEDODQJLWD GXUJXQ ROPD\DQ VLVWHPOHU %XEROLLPGH WHN WDUDIO ]GRQLLPLLQLL LH\HFHJL] YH EXQX ED]R]HOOLN YHNXOODPPOD QPEROLLP GD LHQHQ / DSODFH GRQLLLLPLLNRQXVXQD SDUDOHO RODUDN RPHNOHQGLUHFH JL]
6 LQ\DOOHUYH6 LVWHPOHU
XP ] 'RQaXP2
[>Q@ VHULVLQLQ WHN WDUDIK ]GRQ8LOPLO DVDJUGDN JLEL WDPPODQUUXVWLU ] ` [M[ā
;] I[>Q- ]Â
RQFHNL EROXUQOHUGH ROGXJX JLEL ELU VLQ\DO YH RQXQ WHN WDUDIK ] GRQLO8PLO LFLQ X\JXQ ELU JRVWFULP VHNOL EHOLUOL\RUX] [>@a]] 8=^ [>@`
] D] ,
0!ODO
7HN WDUDIK ] GLQLOLOPLO GHJHUOHU LFLQ [>@ VLIWU ROVXQ YH\D ROPDVP WRSODPD Q QLQ VDGHFF QHJDWLI ROPD\DQ GHJHUOHUL X]HULQGH JHUFHNOHVWLJLQGHQ LLIO WDUDIK GRQ8 VXUQGHQ IDUNKKN JRVWHULU %X \X]GHQ [>Q@ QLQ WHN WDUDIK GRQ8LOP8 [ @@ QLQ
2UQHN $JGDNLJLELFNWDUDIKELU]GQPGQFKP a]
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a LFLQ 52& QLa EU FHPEHULQ GGD ROGXJXQX KHVDED NDUXNWDQ VRQUD WHPHO RODUDN IW WDUDIKODUGDNL JU ELGLU
2PHN, GD GFQNOFPO GFNL\OFD\P IRUPGDRODQELUFIODUDIOG2QP2Q2YFERN GHJLLN52& L HOHDOPWN %XUDGDNLWFNWDUDIKGRRPGXUXPXQGD 52&; ^ ] NXWXSODQQP HQ ER\RJRQH&LW RODQ\DQFDSWDNLFFPEHULQGPGDROPDKGUU< DQL EXGXUXPGD O]O!ORODQ WXP ] QRNWDODQ 6RQUD GD WDPRODUDN2PHN , GDROGXJX JLEL WHN WDUDIO GQP8 UFUVLQH FHYLUHELOLUL]
+
QaR LaLQ
[
8 @
'FQNOHP^ , WH WHNWDUDIK]GQPOHULQEL]H [ KDNNPGDVDGHFH a LaLQELOJLYHUH ELOGLJLQLQ DOXPaL]GLN
7HUV 'RQLL LLPOHUYH7HN7DUDIK]'RQLL LLPOHULQLQ2 UQHNOHUL 2UQHN $DJGDNLVLQ\DOLHOHDODKUQ
[- D@
Q2LFLQ [>@ 2 ROGXJXQGDQWHNYHFLILWDUDIKGRQLL2POHU EXRUQHNLFLQHVLWWLUOHU< DQL
[] ,a
O]O!ODO
%ROXP WH DQODWLODQ WHUV GRQXVXPOHU KDNNPGDNL EDVND ELU \DNODVLP \DQL WHUV GR QXVXUQOHUL GRQLLPQ NXYYHW VHULVL DFUKUUXQGDNL NDWVD\LODUGDQ WHVKLV HWPH LVOHPL WHN WDUDIK GRQLLaLLPOHU LFLQ GH NXOODUQODELOLU *HQH GH WHN WDUDIK GXUXPODUGD EXOXQPD V JHUHNHQ ELU VDUW GD GHQNOHP ,2, LQ ELU VRQXFX RODUDN GRQXVXPXQ NXYYHW VHUL OHUL DFUKUUXPQ ] QLQ SR]LWLI NXYYHWOHULQL LFHUHUQHPH VDUQGLU 0HVHOD RPHN WH X]XQ ELOPHLaOHPLQL; ] QLQ IDUNK LNLPXKWHPHO 52& LQH GHQN JHOLU aHNLOGHLNL \RO GDD \LIWWDUDIO ELUGRDLLaLLPGH X\JXODGWN ,
; ]
D] 2UQHN [@ D @
ROVXQ
[@ 2 ROGXJXQGDQ EXGXUXPGD WHN YHFLI?WDUDIKGRQPOHUHVLWGHJLOGLUOHU &LIOWDUDIK GRQLOLOPRUQHN YHEROXP, GH DQODXODQ]DUQDQND\GLUUQDR]HOOLJLQGHQHOGHHGLOHELOLU
EX VHLHQHNOHUGHQ VDGHFH ELU WDQHVL \DQL 52& L O]O!ODO \D GHQN JHOHQ ] QLQ SR]LWLI NXYYHWOHUL ROPD\DQ ELU VHUL DKPPD \RODPaWU , D]
; ] WD]
O O!ODO
%XQD]LWRODUDNWHNWDUDIK G2QLOa8PGH%DJGDNL JLELGLU
D]
ā,
D]
YH HJHU GHQNOHP WHPDWLILGLU
WHN WDUDIO ELU GRQLOLLPLO VLPJHOL\RUVD EX DKQXQ WHN DO
6 LQ\DOOHUYH6 LVWHP- HU
'LNNDW HGHOLP NL ]] QLQ ] QLQ SR]LWLI NXYYHWOHULQGHQ ROXVPD\DQ ELU NXYYHW VHULVL DFLKPPD VDKLS ROPDVL ] QLQ KHU IRQNVL\RQXQXQ WHN WDUDIK RODELOHFHJLQL JRVWHU PH] 2]HOOLNOH ] QLQ ] GH ] GH GHJLO FRNWHULPOL ELU NHVLU RODUDN \D]UOUPV UDV\R QHO ELU IRQNVL\RQXQX HOH DKUVDN
%ROLLP
]2RQaUVPX
7$%/27(. 7$5$)8= ā2210112=(8,./(5, aFaaHOaOLNaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa 6LQDOO aaaaaaaB B 7HN aB B aaaaaaaaaaaa 7 DUDQ ]2RQLLaLLPLL a O a B a [ [ [>
S] T]
,
BB
EXQXQ WHN WDUDIK ELU GRQQVDP ROPDVL KDOLQGH52& QLQ ELU FHUQEHULQ GLVPGD ROUQDV NRVXOX\OD SD\P GHUHFHVL SD\GDUXQGHUHFHVLQGHQ EX\XN ROPDKGLU
B
'RaOKN =DPDQJFFLNPHVL =DPDQLOFUOFPHVL E2OJHVLQGF2OaHNOFPF
2UQHN %XNRQX\XJHVWHUHQ EDVLO ELU 2PFNGFQNOHP ,2 , GDNL UDV\RQHOIRQNVL\RQODYHULOUQLVULU %XQX ] GHQ ROXVDQ FRNUHULPOL ELU NFVLU KDOLQGHQD$GDNLJLEL\D]DELOLUL]
]D %X IRQNVL\RQD ED$ODQDELOHFFN 52& QLQELUL O]O YHGL$FUL O]O !ODO ROUQDN X]HUH LNL UQXKWH PHO LQDUDIOG2QPYDUGUU O]O ! VHFFQHJLVD$WDUDIK ELUVFUL\HGFQNJFOLU DPDWOOPQ2 LLQ VIOURODQELUVLQ\DOHGH$LOLQN8GFQNOFP, GD YFULOHQUHUVG2QOOP2a LLQVLILUGH$LOGLU 'DKD JHQHO RODUDN GHQNOHP \ 52& VL T] QLQ HQ ELO\2NN2NLOE8\2NO2$2QGH \DQFDSK ELU FHUQEHULQ GGD RODQ aLIO WDUDIK ELU GLQOPOF LOLVNLOHQGLULUVHN WHUV GOLQLO8PLO NHVLQOLNOHVD$WDUDIKRODFDNXU*HQH GH XOP Q2 LFLQ VLIUUROPDVL LFLQ GHUHFHS] aGHUHFHT] VDUQ GDROUQDKGLU
[] [
WL>
=DPDQJFQOFPHVL (HPH (YULLPQ2LLQ [> YH[> QLQ VILU ROGXJXQX YDUVD\DUDN
D[>Q EUQ
D] E]]
[>O
]ā [U [>
[QO
]U] ][2-
W [>Q
]H ]
[>Q- D [>Q [>Q [>P Q PN [>Q PN
]O H [Dā [
] ^ā KFUKDQJLELU PL?LQ [ >Q@
[] [ ?
[> [>Q@ ,ON IDUN
^ā U [O
[> [, %LULNP
,
=E2OJHVLQGH XUHYOHPH
,W>N
]Â[]
WQ
G]a G]
7HN7DUDIK ]'RQXaXPXQXQ 2]HOOLNOHUL LON GHJHUHRUFPL [>2- a[]
7HN WDUDIK ] GRQXVXPXQ ED]LODQ FLIW WDUDIK\D GHQN ED]LODQ RQGDQ WDPDPHQ IDUNK ELUFRN RQHUQOL R]HOOLJL YDUGLU 7DEOR EXR]HOOLNOHUL R]HWOHU 'LNNDW HGHOLP NL KHU KDQJL ELUWHNWDUDIOL ] GRQXVXPXQ 52& VL KHU ]DUQDQ ELUFHPEHULQ GGDROGXJXQGDQ KHUELUVLQ\DO LFLQ WHN WDUDIK ]GRQXVXPXQ 52& VLQL EHOLUWHQ ELUNRORQ HNOHPHGLN WDE OR\D 2UQHJLQ UDV\RQHO WHN WDUDIOL ELU ] GRQXVXPXQ 52& VL KHU ]DPDQ HQ XF NXWEXQ GLVPGDGLU
%X WDEOR\X FLIW WDUDIK ]GRQXVXPW LFLQ \DSLOPLV WDEOR LOH NDUVLODVQUDUDN WHN WDUDIK GRQXVXPXQ GRJDVL\OD LOJLOL GLNNDWH GHJHU ELOJL HGLQHELOLUL] 2]HOOLNOH ED]W R]HOOLNOHU PHVHOD GRJUXVDOKN ]EROJHVLQGH ROFHNOHUQH ]DPDQ JHQOHVPHVL HVOHUQH YH ]EROJHVLQGH UXUHYOHPH FLIW WDUDIK ]GRQXVXPXQNL\OH D\PGLULDU Q2 LFLQ [>@ VDUWLP JHUHNWLUGLJLQGHQ DVOHQ WHN WDUDIK GRQXVXP R]HOOLJ RODQ EROXP , GD EHOLU WLOHQ LONGHJHU WHRUHPLQGH ROGXJX JLEL %ROXP , WH DQODQODQ aLIW WDUDIOL ]DPDQ WHUVLQPHVL R]HOOLJL EDUL] RODUDN WHN WDUDIK ELU GHQJLQH VDKLS GFJLOGLU . DODQ R]HOOLNOHU LFLQWHN YHFLIW WDUDIK GRQXVXPOHUGH RQHPOL IDUNOLKNODU YDUGLU
6LP> G@L HYULaLP 2=&"OOLJLQGHNL IDUNKKJ JRUHOLP 7DEOR JRVWHULU NL HJHU Q2 LLLQ [ [>@ VH EXGXUXPGD [>@O ]>@a ]] ] ] %X VLQ\DOOaULQ KHU ELUL LLLQ WHN YH LLIO WDUDIO GRQaLLPOHU D\Q ROGXJXQGDQ GHQNOHP aIWWDUDIHYULaLP R]HOOLJLQL WDNLS HGHU %X\LL]GHQEXERO2PGHNXOODPODQ YH JHOLaaLaOHQVLVWHP DQDOL]L YHVLVWHP IRQNVL\RQX FHELUL WHN WDUDIOGRQLLaLLPOHUH JLUGLOHUL aa2P aaURODQ QHGHQVHO /, VLVWHPOHUL HOH DOPDN ND\G\ODVLVWHP IRQNVL\RQXG2U WX \DPWWBBLP aHPWHa KHPGHIO WDUDIORODQ GRQ2a2POHUGH GHJLaLNOLN \DSPDGDQ X\ aODaDEOaU %"\Oa"UX\JXDPD\DRPHN "OaUDN WDEOR WHNL ELULNLP \D GD WRSODPD R]HOKNOHQ YHQOHEKU 2]HOKNOH HJHU Q2aP [>@ 2LVH EXGXUXPGD
,! >N@ [>@ X>@a N
ONLQFL ELURPHNRODUDN aXQD EDNDKP
,
]] 8] ]] B ]
,
6 LQ\DOOHUYH6 LVWHPOH %ROXP =a
2UQHN \D GD $DJGDNLIRUNGFQNOFPL\OF WDUQPOQQQXV QHGHQVFO VLVWHUQL HWFDODKP \>Q \>, [>
< ^ [ āI[Q
< [ ā [
\DQL
6DELUEDODQJaOQL\ODGLOO2QPEXVLVWHPPVUVWHP IRQNVL\RQXDWGDNLJLEGU
YDUVD\DWXQ NL VLVWFPLQ JLUGLVL
, , ]
[>@DX>@
YH DYHULWPLVELUVDEK VD\ ROVXQ %XGXUXPGDLOU2Q
GHQNOHP ,2, QP WHNUDUX\JXODQPDVL\OD \ PQ WHN DUDQ YH aQWDUD G2QPRā >Q@ YIQO [Q
QLQ WHN WDUDIK GRQP < ] , ] D D 2PFN KHUELU WHULPHX\JXOD\DUDN
D>a +U
\>-
` O-
[I UIO- ā L , VHNOLQGH ROXU %X WHNUDU HGHQ SURVHG'UFGHYDP HGHUHN KHUKDQJL ELU PSR]PI GHJHUL LFLQ WQP- QLQ GH WHN WDUDIK GRQ''P'Q2 EHKUWH\HELWLUL]
FOGH HGHUL]
%XUDGD GLNNDW HGLOPHVL JHUHNHQ RQHUQOL ELU QRNWD HYULVLP R]HOOLJLQLQ WHN WDUDIK ]GRQXVXPOHUH VDGHFF GHQNOHP ,, GFNL VLQ\D, [>@ā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
'HQNOHP , WHNL \ [ QLQ JHFLNPLV &NOL ROGXJXQGDQ GHQNOFP , aD]HQ aPDQB JHFLNPH R]HOOLJL RODUDN GD DPKU 7HN WDUDIK GRQ2a2POHUGH WQ QLQ OHUOHP VHNOLQLQ GRQP'Q2 ] LOH LOLVNLOHQGLUHQ ELU ]DPDQ LOHUOHPH R]HOOLJL GH YDUGLU %XR]HO RODUDN SUREOHP , GD JRVWHULOPLWLU [QO a] X2
7HN 7DUDIOW]'RQLL- LLPLL.XOODQODUDN )DUN 'HQNOHPOHUO aR]LLPLL
$ DJGDNL RPHN WHN WDUDWO ]GRQ'B2PXQLOQ YH ]DPDQ ND\GLUPD R]HOOLJLQLQ VLILU RO PD\DQ EDVODQJLH NRVXOOX KQHHUVDELW NDWVD\UK IDUN GHQNOHPOHULQL FR]PHGH QDVLW NXO ODPODFDJP JRVWHULU 2UQHN %aODQJLa NRVXOX aDJGDNL JLEL RODQ [- DX- RODQ GHQNOHP \HQL GHQ HOH DODKP \O 3
GHQNOHB P KHU LNL WDUDILQD GD WHN WDUDWO GRQP' X\JXOD\D UDNGRJUXVDOKN YH]DPDQ JHFLNPHVLR]HOOLNOHULQL NXOODQDUDN
< ,7
< 3 < a
-
[> L[>Mā
L HOGHHGHUL]< ] L HR]HUFN < ā /
D
6 LQ\D- OHU YH6 LVWHPOHU
2PHN , R]HOOLNOH GHQNOHUQ ,2, \H GRQHUHN GHQNOHP ,2, QLQ VDJ WDUDIPGD RODQ LNLQFL WHULPLQGHQNOHP , GHNL EDVODQJLF NRVXOX 3 RLFLQ VUILU ROGXJXQGD VLVWHP \DUXXQP WHN WDUDIK ]GRQXVXPXQH HVLW ROGXJXQX JRUX ULO] < DQL VWDWLN EDVODQJLF NRVXOX\OD EHUDEFU EX WHULP GHQNOHP , LOH WDUQUQODQUPV QHGHQVHO / 7 O VLVWHUQLQ \DUQWLP WHPVLO HGHU6LLUHNOL ]DPDQGD ROGX JX JLEL EX \DUQW VLNFD EDVODQJLF NRVXOVX] WHSNL RODUDN GD QLWHOHQGLULOLU2U EDV ODQJLF NRVXOX YH\D GXUXUQX VLILU ROGXJaaGD ROaQ \DUXW 'HQNL HP 2, QLQ VDJ WDUDIPGDNL LON WHU VUIUU JUGLO?WHSaPP WHaBWDUDI GRQLOPLO RODUDN \RUXPODPU JLUGL VLILU ROGXJXQGD D R VLVWHUPQ WHSNLVL 6LIUU JLUGLOL WFSNL EDVODQJLF NRVXOXQXQ S GHJHULQLQ ELU OLQHHU IRQNVL\RQXGXU 'DKDVL GHQNOHP , VUILUVW] EDVODQJUF NRVXOOX OLQHHU VDELW aDWaa\K EUBIDUN GHaN OFPL R]LOP8QLOQ DVOLQGD EDVODQJLF NRVXOVX] YH VLILU JLUGLOL WHSNLQLQ 2VW XVWH NRQPDVL ROGXJXQX JRVLHULU %DVODQJLF NRVXOX VLIUUD aFWLULOPL EDVODQJLF NRVXO VX] WHSNL VWDWLN EDVODQJLF NRVXOOX BYH IDUN aHQaHPP"a WDQPODQP aHaHQVHO ELU / 7 O VLVWHPLQ WHSNLVLQH GHQN JHOLU 6UILU JLUGLOL WHSNL LVH VDGHFH JLUGLVL VLILUD JHWLULOPLV EDVODQJLF NRVXOOXQXQ WHSNLVLGLU 3UREOHP YF VUILUVU] EDV ODQJLF NRVXOOX IDUN GFQNOHPOHULQL FR]PHGH WFN WDUDIK ]GRQLOLOPLO NXOODPUUXP RPHNOHQGLULUOHU 6RQ RODUDN DYH3 QLQ KHUKDQJL ELU GFJHUL LFLQ SDUFDOL NHVLU PFWRGXQX NXOODQDUDN GFQNOHP GHNL < ] QLQ DFUKUPUX \DSDELOLU YH \I L HOGH HWPHN LFLQ WHUVLQL DODELOLUL] 2UQFJLQ HJHU D YH 3 , LVH < B B ā , YH KHU ELU WHULPH RUQHN O GHNL WHN WDUDIK GRQLOLOP FLIWOHULQL X\JXOD\DUDN DVDJLGDNLVRQXFXHOGH HGHUL] ª] R LFLQ \>@ > @
%2OLLP
= 'RQaLLPX
%X EROXPGHNL FRJX NLVUUQ LFLQ FLIW WDUDIK ]GRQLLaLLPLL LL]HULQGH \RJXQODVQN *HQHGH/ DSODFHGRQWOVXPXQGH ROGXJX JLEL ]GRQLLLLPLLQ WHN WDUDI ]GRQLLLLPROD aNaLOLQHQELU EDNDHNOLQL GHRUWD\D NR\GXN 'HJHUOHULQ2 LLQ VIU RODQ ELU VLQ\D IWWDUDIGRQLLLLPLL RODUDNJRULOOHELOHFHN RODQWHN WDUDIGRQLLLLP R]HOOLNOH OLQHHU VDELW NDWVD\K IDUN GHQNOHPOHUL\OH WDQPODQP YH VIUV] EaODQJ NRXOOX VLVWHPOH ULQ DQDOL]LQGH \DUDUKGUODU 35 2%/ ( 0/ ( 5 3UREOHPOHULQ LON NVP WHPHO NDWFJRUL\H DLW ROXS FHYDSODQ NLWDEP DUND EROLLPLLQGHGLU . DODQ LONVP LVHVUDV\OD HPHO LOHUL VHYL\H YHHNNDWHJRULOHUHDLXLU &( 9$3/ , 7( 0( / 35 2%/(0/ ( 5
$ DJGDNL WRSODPODQQ \DNVDPDV LFLQ LLQ EHOLUOH\LQL]
U O]O
LL]HULQGHNL VPUODPD\ KHU ELUL
D , ]Â āā
/
F I^ OO ` ]ā R
G
I +FRVQ ]ā āā
$ DJGDNLVLQ\DOL HOH DODKP
[Q@ *-
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
%X VLQ\DOLQ ]GRQLOLLPLLQLL EXOPDN LLQ GHQNOHP LL NXOODQP] YH EXQD GHQN JHOHQ \DNPVDPD EROJHVLQL WHVSLW HGLQL]
[@ O X@DX>Q@ ROVXQ ; ] QLQ 52& VL OO]O NDPaN VD\VYH WDPVD\ Q LL]HULQGHNL VXXUODPDODQ EHOLUOH\LQL] $ DJGDNLVLQ\DOL HOHDODKP
[>@
*- FRVaQ`
; ] QLQ NXWXSODQP YH52& VLQL EHOLUOH\LQL]
LVH
D
Q!2
6 $ DJGD JHHQ ELU VLQ\DOLQ ]GRQLLLLPLOQH DLW FHELUVHO LIDGHOHULQ KHU ELUL LLQ VRQOX ]GLL]OHPLQGHNL YH VRQVX]OXNWDNL VILUODQQ VD\ODQP EHOLUOH\LQL]
6 LQ\DOOHUYH6 LVWHPOHU
,
=aLLPLL
E 52& QLQ O]O,ROGXJXQX YDUVD\DUDN [>2@[>@[>@ EXOPDN LFLQ X]XQ EROPH LVOHUQLQL NXOODPUX] $aDJGDNLLIDGHQLQ WHUV ]GRQaLLPLLQLL EXOXQX]
,] ] L ] ]
D
%RUXP
GHJHUOHULQL
,
;]
F
]ā]ā
>] R@O]M!2 BB] 6WILUNXWXS GL\DJUDPPGDQ )RXULHU GRQLLaLOPLOQWLQ ELO\8NOWLJWLQWLQ JHRPHWULN \R UXPODPDVLP HOH DODUDN DVDJUGDNL KHU ELU ]GWLQLOaWLPLO LFLQ GHQN JHOHQ VLQ\DOLQ \DNODVUN RODUDN DOFDN JHFHQ EDQW JHFHQ YH\D\WLNVHN JHFHQ NDUDNWHUL ROXS ROUQD GJP EHOLUOH\LQL]
L] L]
[ @ UDV\RQHO ; ] ]GRQXVXUQX\OF PXWODN GHaH BRODUDN WRSODQDELOLU R VXQ (JHU; ] QLQ ] O QRNWDVPGD ELU NXWEX ROGXJX ELOLQL\RUVD [Q@ RODELOLU D VRQOXVXUHVL RODQ ELU VLQ\DOGLU E VRO WDUDIK ELUVLQ\DOGLU F VDJWDUDIOW ELUVLQ\DOGLU G LNL WDUDIK ELUVLQ\DOGLU [> @ QLQ ]GRQXVXPXQ FHELUVHO LIDGHVL IDU]HGHKP NLDVDJLGDNL JLEL ROVXQ
; ]
] , ,]ā , ] ]
; ] \H ND\ IDUNOW \DNPVDPD EROJHVL WFNDEXO HGHELOLU" [O@ ELUVLQ\DO ROVXQ YH UDV\RQHO]GRQLOaLOPLO ; ] Q ] O QRNWDVPGD NXWEX
ROVXQ
-
0XWODN RODUDN WRSODQDELOFQ
[ >@
YHPXWODN RODUDN WRSODQDPD\DQ
[>@
a
, a ā D ; ]` ]M]M! E ; ]` O]O! ā ] O]ā ]Â , F ;] M]M! O] [>Q@ O266 'LNGWLUWJHQVHO VLQ\DO HOHDODKP [>@ 2GLJHUWLLUOLL YH
[>Q@ ROVXQ D VLQ\DO J>Q- L EXOXSRQXQ ]GRQWLaWLPLOQLOGHJHUOHQGLULQL]
[>Q@
YHULOUQLV ROVXQ [>@ QLQ VDJ YH\D VRO WDUDIK ROXS ROPDGUJUUQ \D GD LNL WDUDIK ROXS ROPDGUJPL EHOLUOH\LQL] $ aDJGDNL SDUFDK NFVLU LIDGHVLQL YHELOJL\L NXOODQDUDN , DX>Q@aO]O!ODO
E [>@ IJ>N@ ROGXJXQD GLNNDW HGHUHN WDEOR O L NXOODPP] YH R
[>@ QLQ ]GRQLOa2PLLQLO EXOXQX] JHQVHO VLQ\DO
D] $ VDJLGDNL LIDGHQLQ WHUV]GRQXVXPXQX EXOXQX]
GLJHU WLLUOLO
] ; ] O]O ! ]ā ]
HOHDODKUQ
D 2\OH ELU OOR GHJHUL EHOLUOH\HOLP NL
[>Q@ VLQ\DOLQLQ
[>Q@ RLQ SUREOHP
, WHNL GLNGRUW
; ] ]GRQXVXUUX LFLQ YHULOPLV DVDJUGDNL FHELUVHO LIDGH\L HOH
DODKP O]ā ; ] D 52& QLQ O]O !, ROGXJXQX Ya UDN [>2@[>@[>@ PDN LFLQ X]XQ EROPH LVOHPLQL NXOODPP]
GHJHUOHULQL EXW
JHQVHO VLQ\DO ROGXJX J>Q - [>@ [>QQ@ ROVXQ E 3UREOHP , WH EXOXQDQ ; ] LOHELUOLNWH HYULVLUQ YHND\GLUPD R]HOOLNOHULQL NXOODRDUDN *] \L EHOLUOH\LQL] &HYDELP]P LON GHJHU WHRUHPLQH X\XS X\ PDGLJPD EDNLP]
6 LQ\DQHU YH 6 LVWHPOHU
- $ VDJUGDNL VLQ\DOOHULQ KHU ELUL LFLQWHN WDUDIK ]GRQa8PLLQ8 EHOLUOH\LQL] YH EXQ ODUDGHQN JFOHQ \DNPVDPD E2OJFOFULQL EHOLQLQL]
,
>Q@\ B >@ ROVXQ ;L ]GRQLO8P8QH VDKLS LNL D\Q VP\DK $DJGDNL KHU LNL DUW GD NDIWOD\DQ ] EFOLUOH\LQL] , >; ] ; ] < ] G EL W QF NXLEX YH VDGHFH ELU WDQH VIP YDUGLU ; ] QLQ ]G8]OHPPGH VD HFH WU D LGDNL VLVWHP IRQNVL\RQODQP HOH DODOLPWHUV . DUDUK / 7, VLVWFPOHQ LFP RODKQDEDa G UXP LFLQ VLVWHPLQ QHGHQVHO ROXS ROPDGL ]GRQ88PLOQ8NXOODQPDGDQ HU WU X JP EHOLUOF\LQL] , , ā ] , , ] ] ā E , F , - D ] ]ā ]] ]] ] G XaXPX+] RODQ R]HOELU / 7,VLVWHPL 6 KDNNPGD ā
WRWV
D [>Q- O- >@
E [>@ S>Q@S>Q@X>Q@
F [>U@ *I - *LUGLVL [>@ YF2ULOQLO \>@ OJUGDNLJLELLOLNLOFQGLULOPa ELUVLVWHPGLOLLQFOLP
\> O@ \>Q@ [>@ D (JHU - ^8 LVF EX VLVWHPLQ EDVODQJLF NRVXOX WHSNLVLQL EXOXQX]
E *LUGL ? , ^ ,, >@ ROGXJXQGD EX VLVWHUQLQ EDVODQJLFNRVXOVX] WHSNL VLQL EXOXQX] F *LUGL [@ ^ >@ YH \>@ ROGXJXQGD Qa2 LFLQ EX VLVWHPLQ 2ULLQ2Q2EXOXQX]
]
W '8UW8 \DPX
W
$ DJGDNL KHU ELU GL]L LFLQ ]GRQLLP8Q2EHOLUOH\LQL] 6LILUNXWXS GL\DJUDUPP L]LS \DNPVDPDEROJHVLQL EHOLUWLUX] %X GL]LOHU UHLQ )RXULHU GQ8PQQ ROXS ROPDGUJLP GDJRVWHULQL]
JGDNL EHV JFU HJLQ YHULOGLJLQL YDUVD\DOWP OO>Q@ UHHOGLU
7( 0( / 35 2%/ ( 0/ ( 5
OQ@ ] RQ a
Q@ VDJ WDUDIKGLU
- >
D I-@
OLP+] O
QLQ LNL WDQHVLIPYDUGWU E WDUDIPGDQ WDPPODQPW WU HPā 6 +] QLQ NXWXSODUPGDQ ELUWDQHVL ] EHU 8]HULQGH UHHOROPD\DQ ELUNRQXPGDGU $ DJGDNL LNL VRUX\X EX GRJUXOWXGD FHDSOD\P] D 6 QHGHQVHO PLGLU" E 6 NDUDUK PLGLU"
+
*LUGLVL [>@ YH 8ULOQ8 \>@ QLQ DJGDNL &aLO 3,2 aGHaL EORN ]HQHJ JRVā
G
,
H
X>Q@
H
,
X>
I L- >
J >@ - E - ā
$ DJGDNL KHU ELU GL]L LFLQ ]GRQLLPLLQLO EHOLUOH\LQL] . DSDK VHNLOGH WLLP WRS ODPODQ LIDGH HGLQL] 6UILUNXWXS GL\DJUDPLP FL]LS \DNPVDPD EROJHVLQL EHOLUWL QL] %XGL]LOHULFLQ )RXULHU G2QLOPLLQ8Q ROXSROPDGLJLP GD JRVWHULQL]
WHULPLQGHROGXJXJLELRODQ QHGHQVHO ELU/ 7 O VLVWHUQ GXXQHKP D
*-
E
H
OQ*-
G HRVaa@>O@
\Q
^ X>Q@X>6-`
*-
[^QO
āW D \>@YH[>Q LLOLNLOHQGLUHQ ELU IDUN GHQNOHPL EHOLUOH\LQL]
E 6LVIHPOFDUDUK UPGUU"
aNLO 3
$JGDNLOHU ED]L ]L2QLa2POHULGLU +HU ELUL LFLQ KHP SDUFDK NFVLU DFLKUUXUX KHP GH X]XQ EROPH\H GD\DQDQ 7D\ORU VHULOHUL PHWRGXQX NXOODQDUDN WHUV ] GRQLPOHULQL EHOLUOH\LP] ] , , ā , ; ^ ] M M! ; ] O O , O , ]
6 LQ\DOOHU YH 6 LVWHPOHU
B
,
,
ā,
D $aJGDNL GL]LQLQ ]G2QLLP2Q2EXOXQX]
]
; ^ ] ] O]O!
,],
,
; ^ ] aO]O ]
,
[Q - >- S @
E a NNPGDNGL]LQLQ VLILUNXUXS GL\DJUDPP FL]LQL] ,
,
]
,
!
; ]
ā
, %HOLUWLOHQ PFWRGX NXOODQDUDN KHU ELU]G2Q8a8P8QF X\DQ GL]L\L EHOLUOH\LQL] , D 3DQDK NHVLUOHU [] , ] YH [Q@ PXWODN RODUDN WRSODQDELOLU
I 0
,
[>@
YH
; ^ ]
a
aā ā
E 8]XQ 0LPH
F ELULP &aPEHUP VDJD VROD LHYULOPFVL\OH VLILU YH NXWXS YFNW2UOHULQLQ GDYUD Q NaR] 2Q2QHDODUDN ; OQ@ QLQ )RXULHU GQLOP8VLGGHWLQH DLW \DNODVLN ELUHV W]\DSLP] - Q2- 2 LRUWa WDUOOWOGJBJLE IUFNDQV \DQXPP JHRPFWULN EHOLUOHQPHVLQL J2] N7 Q) H X XQ XUDUDN &N, 3, GDN KHU ELU VLILUNXWXS GL\DJUDP LFLQ LLL RXQHU GRQ8P2Q2QVLGGHWLQL FL]LQL]
VDJ WDUDIKGLU
= ,
F 3DUFDK NHVLUOFU
[]
YH
[Q@ PXWODN RODUDN WRSODQDELOLU
,
, ā, ] ]
, ]GQ88P8 DJGDNL JLEL RODQ VDJ WDUDIK ELU [@ GL]LVL GXVXQHOLP
;]
E-
3,
,
L]ā ]ā
D 'HQNOFP 3,O LQ ] ,L FRNOX WFULPOHUGHQ ROXVDQ SDUFDK NFVLUOL DFU OLUPP \DSLUX] YHEX DFLKPGDQ [> - L EXOXQX]
E 'HQNL FP3, L] OL FRNOX WHULPOHUGHQ ROXVDQ ELU NFVLU RODUDN \HQLGHQ \D]XX] YH ; ^ ] QLQ ] OL FRNOX WHULPOHUGHQ ROXVUQXVELU SDUFDK NHVLUOL DFLK UUQP \DSLP] %X DFUKPGDQ [>Q@ L EXOXS EXUDGDQ HOGH HWWLJLPL] GL]LQLQ D VLNNPGDQ HOGH HQLJLUQL]OH D\UQ ROGXJXQX !VWHULQL] ]GRQLLLOP8 DVDJLGDNLJLEL RODQ VRO WDUDIOL ELU [Q- GL]LVL GXVXQHOLUQ
GL
I
&
G
;]
, HUP
L]ā ]ā
D ; ]` L ] GHQ GHJLO GH ] GHQ ROXVDQ FRNOXWHULUQOL ELU NHVLU RODUDN \D]PL] E 3DUFDK NHVLUOL ELU DFLKUP NXOODQDUDN KHU ELU WHULPLQ D VLNNPGDNL FHYDS WDQ ELU NXWEX WHPVLO HWWLJ@ ;] L WHULPOHULQ WRSODUPRODUDN LIDGH HGLQL] F [ Q@ LEXOXQX] ]GRQ8a8P2 DVDJUGHNL JLELRODQ VDJ WDUDIK ELU [Q@ GL]LVL G2a2QHOLP ] ]6]] ;] ]RB]B ]B
LFLQ
[>@ L EXOXQX]
aNLO3
6 LQ\D'HU YH6 OVWHPOHI a
=a
6LQ\DO [>@YH[>@ LOH DDJGDNL JLEL LOLVNLOHQGLULOPLV ELU \>@ VLQ\D,LG2aLLQH OLP \> [ >Q@ [>@ [>@ -
>@
YH
[>- *-
>@ ROVXQ
, 9 FULOFQ
DX>@a ]
O]O !ODL ELOJLVLQGFQ ]GRQXVXPXQXQR]FOOLNOHUL
D] QLNXOODQDUDN \@ QLQ < ] ]GLLQ2a8P2Q2 EXOXQX]
QHGHQVHO ELU / 7, VLVWHUQL DVDJLGDNL IDUN GHQNOHPL\OH WDPUQODQQXVXU \U- \>Q ,-\>- [>,- D EX VUVWHP LFLQ VLVWHP IRQNVL\RQX +] < ] ; ] \L EXOXQX] +] QLQ NX WXSODQ YHVLILUODQPQ GL\DJUDPP FL]LS\DNPVDPD EROJHVLQL JRVWHULQL] E 6LVWHPLQ ELULP 2PHN \DQ EXOXQX] F 6LVWHPLQ NDUDUK ROGXJXQX EXOUQDKVLP] %X IDUN GHQNOHPLQL NDUVLOD\DQ QH GHQVHO ROPD\DQ NDUDUKELU ELULP RUQHN \DW EXOXQX] *LUGLVL [>-YH 2ULLQ2 \>- RODQ aDJGDNL JLEL ELU /7,VLVWHP G2a2QHOLP
V
LR ]GF6Q2a2P2P ; RODQ D\QN ]DPDQK U>@ VLQ\DOL KDNNPGD DaDJGDN YFULOPLVWLU , [> UHHO YH VDJ WDUDIKGLU ; QLQ WDP RODUDN LNL NXWEX YDUGUU ; ] QLQ RULMLQGH LNL WDQH VLIP YDUGUU
6 LVWHUQ NDUDKYH\DQHGFQVHO RODELOLU YH\DROPD\DELOLU %XODFDJUP]IRUN GHQNOFPL\OF LOJLOL VLILUNXWXS GL\DJUDUPP G2a2QHUHN ELULP 2PHN \D \LQ PXKWHPFO 2\ VHFH QHJLEHKUOH\PL] +HU 2\ VHFHQHJPGH IDUNGFQNOHPLQL VLJODGJP J2WHULQL] *LUGLVL [-YH2U2Q2 \- RODQ DaJGDN JLEL GRJUXVDO D\QN ]DPDQK YH ND\ GLUPDGHJLVLPVL] ELU VLVWHPG8V2QHOLP
] H [ QRNWDVPGD ELU NXWEX YDUGUU
; ] QLQ
\@
;, ; ] L EHOLUOH\LS \DNPVDPD E2OJHV WFVaOW FGaQāaā - 22UW2 \D DaDJGDNL JLEL RODQ ELU /7 O VLVWHQX GXVXQFOLP a
[^,,-
*LUGLVL [>-YH 2U2Q2 \- RODQ QHGHQVHO EUU / 7 U VLWHPP EORN aL]HQHJL JRVWH ULPL HNLO 3, GHNL JLELGLU
^
\- \>Q,-
6 LVWHUQ NDUDUKGUU ELULP PHN \DPXP EFOLUOF\LQL]
©
K>@
\QW- \- \ ,- [-
EHV ELOJL
[QW \QI
YHJLUGLVL DVDJLGDNL JLE^L ROaa
Q 6 1, [@ D [@ YH
Q@ QLQ
GLJHUWLOUOLL
D\QN HYULVLUQLQL DFUNFD GHJHUOHQGLUHUHN XUXQ \@ L
EHOLUOH\LQL] E *LUGLQLQ YH ELULP RUQHN \DPQQ ]GRQ2a8POHQQP XUXQOHQQP WHUV ] GRQ2aLLPOHULQL DODUDN LLULLQ \>@ L EHOLUOH\LQL] D )DUN GHQNOHPL DVDJUGDNL JLEL FODQ QHGHQVFO / 7 , VLVWHPLQ VLVWHP IRQNVL\R QXQX EHOLUOF\LQL] \Q@ \>
,- L \>@
E ]GRQLLa2POHULQL NXOODQDUDN HJHU [>@
[>@
*-
> LVH \>@ L EHOLUOH\LQL]
aNLO 3
D \- YH[>@ LLOLaNLOHQGLUHQ ELU IDUN GHQNOHPL EHOLUOH\LQL] E VLWHP NDUDUK UUXGUU" 6LVWHP IRQNVL\RQX +] +] + GHQVHO ELU 6 /7VLVWHUP GIL2QHOLP , +] YH ,
RODUDN EHOLUWLOPLV JLUGLVL [>- RODQ QH
ROVXQ
6 LQ\DOOHUYH6 LVWHU1HU
%RXQ
+] QLQ EORN FL]HQFJLQH GHQN JHOHQ ELU FL]HQHN + ] YH +a QLQ aDaDPDNODQ GUUPDK FL]HQHNOHULQGHQ HOGH HGLOHELOLU 6 RQXF 6 HNLO 3B," GH JRVWHULOUQLVWLU %XUDGD D\QFD DUD VLQ\DOOHU H > H @I YHI]> GHJRVWHULOPLVWLU [Q
\WQ
a
D +HUELUVLVWHP IRQNVL\RQX LFLQ GRJUXGDQ IRUPOX ELU EORN FL]HQHJL FL]LQL] E +HU ELUVLVWHP IRQNVL\RQX LFLQ LNL DGHW LNLQFL GHUHFH EORN FL]HQHNOHULQLQ EDVDPDNODQGUUPDK EDJODQQVWRD GHQN JHOHQ EORN FL]HQHNOHULQL FL]LQL] +HU ELU LNLQFL GHUHFH EORN LL]HQHJL GRJUXGDQ IRUPOX ROPDKGUU F +HUELU VLVWHP IRQNVL\RQX LFLQWLOP NDWVD\L FDUSDQODQUHHO ROPDN VDUQ\OD
GRUW WDQH ELULQFL GHUHFH EORN FL]HQHJLQLQ EDVDPDNODQPDVPD DLW ELU EORN LL]HQHJL ROXS ROPDGLJUP EHOLUOH\LQL] 3UREOHP GHNL KHUELU GL]L LFLQ WHN WDUDIK ]GRQPQ EHOLUOH\LQL] $JWGDNL LNW VP\DOL HWFDODKP
,X>Q,@
, [Q@ aNOO3
[>Q- aU X>Q@ D H>` QLQ
I@
LOH LOLVNLVL QDVLOGLU"
E H^ @ QLQ >@ LOH LOLVNLVL QDVLOGUU" F ,ON LNLVLNND YHUGLJLQL]FHYDSODQQ UHKEHUOLJLQGF 6 L VDGHFH N JHFLNUQH HOHPDP WDVL\DQ ELU GRJUXGHQ IRUPOX EORN FL]HQHJL L]LQL] G $DJGDNL ELOJL\H GD\DQDUDN 6 LFLQ EDVDPDNODQGUUPDK ELU EORN L]HQHJ JRVWHULPL \DSPL] , ] ,,]
, ] L
O
L ,
@>
> , ]
]
H $DJGDNL ELOJL\H GD\DQDUDN 6 LFLQ SDUDOHO IRUPOX ELU EORN FL]HQHJL JRVWH
ULPL\DSLP]
U>` QLQ VLUDVU\OD WHNWDUDIK YHLLIWWDUDIK G2Q22POHQ ]] YH ? ] ROVXQ [^@ QLQ WFN WDUDIK YH LLIL WDUDIK ]GRQXVXPOHUL VUUDVL\OD ]] YH ; ] RO VXQ D J@ [ >@;L Q@ L EHOLUOHPHN LLLQ ; ] ; ] QLQ LLIL WDUDIK ] G2Qa2P2QLOQ WHUVLUQ DKUX] E aLLLQ VLQ\DO T>@ HOGH GUQ&N L\LQ ]] QLQ WHN LUDIK ] GRQP8QLOQWHUVLQLDOP]'LNNDWHGHOLPNL a LLP T @ J>@ \HHVQFNWLOGLU $JGDNL KHU ELU IDUN GHQNOHPL YH EXQODUOD LOLVNLOL JLU LOHU YH EDVODQJLF NRVXO ODQ LFLQ EDVODQJLH NRVXOX YH EDVODQJLF NRVXOVX] WHSNLOFUL WHN WDUDIK ] GQPOHUL NXOODQDUDN EHOLUOH\LQL] , , D \Q@\>QW@ [@ E \Q@ \Q@ [Q@ [ O@
+] ]
[Q@ X>Q@
[Q *U XQ@
\@ \>@
1HGHQVHO / 7 O VLVWHPOHUH GHQN JHOHQ DVDJUGDNL LLL VLVWHP IRQNVL\RQXQX HOH DOD
F
,
,
\>Q@ \>Q@ [>@[> ,@
KUQ
[>Q@ X>Q- +^] ]ā a] L]ā L]
\@
, L/ ( 5 L6 ( 9L< ( '( 35 2%/ ( 0/( 5 5DV\RQHO ; ] ]GQLLP\OH ELUOLNWH LLIL ELU [Q@ GL]LVL [Q [>@ GLLLL
,
QHOLP D ]GQP WDQXQPGDQ ; ] ; ROGXJXQX JRVWHULQL]
6 LQ\DOOHUYH6 LVWHPOHU %ROWLP
E LON VUNNLQ VRQXFXQGDQ ; ] QLQ NXWXSODQQGDQVILUODUQGDQ ELU WDQHVL ] ] QRNWDVPGDROXVX\RUVD ELU NXWEXQIVUILUP GD ] QRNWDVPGDROX &DJ JRVWHULQL] ]R F $VDJLGDNL KHU ELU GL]L LFLQ EROXP E GHNL VRQXFX GRJUXOD\UP] - > ,@ I"> O@
]'OLQaXPX
\>@ K>@ [>Q@ V>@ RODQ WLLPPXKWHPHO O]>@GLLUWLL \DPWODQUX EXOX QX] $ VDJUGDNLOHU JLUGLVL [>@ HY LLULLQLL \>- RODQ D\QN ]DPDQK ELU / 7 O VLVWHPL KDNNPGD ELOLQHQOHUGLU F
-R>O@VR>@W- >O@ , 7LLP
\>@
[>Q@ ; ] DGFQXVXPX\OH EFUDEHU D\QN ]DUQDQK ELU VLQ\DO ROVXQ $DJGDNL KHU ELUVLQ\DO LFLQ ; ] FLQVLQGHQ ]GRQXVXPOHUL EHOLUOF\LQL] D [>@ YH H [>@ [>@[>,@ LOH WDPPODQUPV LON IDUNLVOHUQFLVLGLU E ^ [>@ HP VD\ [>@
,, GHJHUOHUL
LFLQ HJHU
[>@
L- @
\>@ 3@D
LFLQ
GU
7LOP ,,GHJHUOHU@ LFLQ HJHU DJGDNL VHNLOGHGLU
[>@ LVH WXP ,, GHJHUOHUL
LVHWLLP ,,GHJHUOHUL LFLQ \I@
D ELU VDELW VD\ ROPDN LL]HUH
Q WFNVD\
F [>@ [>@
$ VDJLGDNL KDQJL ]GRQLO8POFULQ NDUDK ROPDN GXUXPXQGD ROPD\DQ DPD Q2 LFLQ ELULP RUQHN \DUXX V ILURODQ D\QN ]DPDQK OLQFFU ELU VLVWHPLQ DNWDQUQ IRQN VL\RQX RODELOHFFJLQL EFOLUOH\LQL] *FUFNFFOFULQL]L DFLN RODUDN RUWD\D NR\XQX]
W]
]` ,
D
E
]
D VDELW VD\WD QP GHJHULQL EXOXQX] E 7LLP Q GHJHUOHUL LFLQ JLUGL [@ , LVH \> Q@ \DW EXOXQX] 9 DUVD\DKP NL LNLQFL GHUHFH QHGHQVHO ELU / 7, VLVWHPL I@JLEL JHUFHN ELU GLOU WLO \D\OD YH UDV\RQHO VLVWHP IRQNVL\RQX +]- KH WDVDUODQUPV ROV +^] QLQ VUILUNXWXS GL\DJUDUP HNLO3 ,D GDNL JLEL JRVWHULOPLVWU 6LPGL GLOUWLL \DUQX K>O YH UDV\RQHO VLVWHP IRQNVL\RQX +] RODQ ELU EDVND LNLQFL GHUHFH QHGHQVHO / 7 VLVWHPL GLOLOQHOLP%XQXQ VLILUNXWXS GL\DLUDP GD 6HNLO 3OaaE GH JRVWHULOUQLVWLU $DJGDNL XF VDUQ NDUVLOD\DQ ELU JW@GL]LVL EHOLU OH\LQL]
]
K>@ J>@>@ Q2 LFLQ J>-
]L- ]L-
]LU ]L-
F
G
IOJ>N@
J
'L]L [>@ JLUGLVL V>Q@ RODQ ELU / 7, VLVWHPLQ LOULOQLOGLOU 6LVWHP DVDJLGDNL IDUN GHQNOHPL\OH WDPUQODQPUVWWU [>Q@ V>@HV>@ YH 2DO GLU
D 6LVWHP IRQNVL\RQX +] ;] L EXOXQX] YH ]GLO]OHPLQGH VLILU YH NXWXS
,
6 ]
*,
ODQUX FL]LQL] < DNPVDPD EROJHVLQL EHOLUWLQL] E V>@ L ELU / 7, VLVWHPOH [>Q GHQ HOGH HWPHN LVWL\RUX] \> V>@ RODQ VLVWHP IRQNVL\RQX +]
aa LEXOXQX] +>]@ LFLQ WOLP PXKWHPHO
\DNPVDPD EROJHOHULQL EXOXQX] YH KHU ELUL LFLQ VLVWHPLQ QHGHQVHO YH\D ND UDUK ROXS ROUQDGUJLPVR\OH\LQL]
D
E aNLO 3O
WOOH
6 LQ\DOOHU YH 6 LVWHPOHU
%ROXP = 'RRaLUPLL
[>
%ROXP QLQ R]HOOLJLQGH EHOLUWPLVWLN NLBHaHU aDJWDUDIK ELU GL]LB\VH YH O]O FHPEHUL 52& QLQ LFLQGH\VH O]O U P ] Qa WXP VRQOX GHJHUOHUL GH 52& QLQ LFLQGH RODFDNQU %X WDUQVPDGD VH]JLBVHO ELU DNOB"aD \DaOPW / DSODFH GRQLLPLLQH EDJK RODUDN GDKD GX]JXQ ELU DaNaDD EROXP B GHa R]HOOLJH SDUDOHO RODUDN \DSUODELOLU 2]HOOLNOH DVDJLGDNL JLEL VDJ WDUDIK ELU GL]L\L HOH DODOLP [>Q@ 1
IO[>Q@KW IO[>Q-URā FHR
%XUDGD
FR
E Y LQ ELU NHQDQ ELULP YHNWRU YHGLJHU NHQDQ D X]XQOXJXQGD ELU YHNWRURODQ
ELU XFJHQLQ LOLLQFLLNHQDQ ROGXJX JHUFHJLQL YH NRVLQLLV NDQXQXQX NXOODQD UDN Y LQ X]XQOXJXQX EXOXQX] F E VLNNPGDNLQH EHQ]HU ELU \ROOD Y QLQ X]XQOXJXQX EXOXQX] YH Z IUHNDQ VPGDQ EDJLPVL]RODUDN RQXQ Y LOH RUDQXKROGXJXQXJRVWHULQL] 5DV\RQHO ]GRQLLLLPLO; ] RODQ ELU JHUFHN GHJHUOL
[>- GL]LVLQL HOHDODKP
GXU
1
^D ]GQLOLOPLOQ WDPPPGDQ
9 HHJHU 6 L LVH
;] ; ] ROGXJXQX
JRVWHULQL]
] ]QRNWD VPGD ROXVX\RUVD ELU NXWEXQIVUIPQ GD ] ] QRNWDVPGD ROXVDFDJUP JRV WHULQL] H $ DJGDNLKHUELU GL]L LLQE VLNNUP GRJUXOD\UP] E D VUNNPGDNL VRQXFXQX]GDQ HJHU ; ] QLQ ELU NXWEXVWIP
IM[>-U V$I-[>Q@aRā 1
Q 1
$ SR]LWLI ELUVDELW VD\L 3 D 'HQNOHP 3, LQ GRJUX ROGXJXQX JRVWHQP] YH VDELW VD\L $ \W ULMYH1 FLQVLQGHQ EXOXQX] E D VLNNPGDNL VRQXFXQX]GDQ EP GHNL 2]HOKJP LVOHGLJLQL JRVWF ULQL] ā ā N G N F %8P - GFNL R]HOOLJLQ JHFHUOLOLJLQL JRVWHUUQHN P \X DQ D PH EHQ]HUELUWDUQVUQD JHOLVWLULQL] HNLO 3,D GD VLILUNXWXS GL\DJUDUP JRVWHULOHQ D\QN ]DPDQK VLVWHP aUH
NDQV \DPWPP E2\LONO8J8 IUHNDQVWDQ EDJaV] RDUaN VDELW ROGXJXQGDQ ELULQFL GHUHFHGHQWXPJHFLUHQ ELU VLVWHP RODUDN QLWHOHQGLULOLU D ,+HIZ QLQ FHELUVHO RODUDN VDELW ROGXJXaXBJRVWHQBP] $ \P R]HOOLJL JHRPHWULN RODUDN JRVWHUUQHN BP 6aaLO a, E GHa YHNWRU GL\DJUDUUXP HOH DODKUQ %XUDGD JRVWHULHN LVWHGLJLUQL] IUHNDQV Z GDQ ED JXQVL] RODUDN Y QLQX]XQOXJXQXQ Y PX]XQOXJX\ODRUDQQOL ROGXJXGXU
[> *-
,
>@
[>- S>-LSQO-LS>@ G E VUNNPGDNL VRQXFODUPP 3UREOHP - E GHNLOHUOH ELUOHVWLUHUHN UHHO YHLIL ELU GL]L LFLQ+] QLQ ] SH QRNWDVPGD ELU NXUEX YH\DVLILQ YDUVD +] QLQ D\P ]DPDQGD ] OS HOYH] OS HQRNDODLPGD NXWEXQXQ YH\D VUILQQP RODFDJLP JRVWHULQL]
GD ELU
,
]GQLLOPLO ; ] RODQ ELU [>Q@ GL]LVLQL YH ; ] RODQ ELU W]>Q@GL]LVLQL HOH DODKP 9 H
%LULP GDLUH
%LULP GDLUH
W]>Q@ [>@
ROVXQ
; ] ; ] ROGXJXQX JRVWHULQL] YH EXUDGDQ HJHU ; ] UXQ QRNWDVPGD ELU NXWEXYH\DVLILQ YDUVDEX GXUXPGD ; ] QLQ VPGD ELU NXWEXQXQYH\D VLILQUXQ RODFDJUP JRVWHULQL]
D 7DEOH /2 , GHNL WDNLS HGHQR]HOOLNOHUL NDUXWOD\UP] , EROLOP GH NL2]HOOLN EROLOP / WHNL R]HOOLN ERO2P , WHNL R]HOOLN
52& >]SD E
D
aHNLO3,262
]
] ]
,, ] QRNWD
%ROXP R ]'FLQXaPR
6 LQ\D- OHUYH6 LVWHPHL
0
E [>@ QLQ ]GRQXVXPXQX VLPJHOH\HQ; ] YH; ] QLQ 52& LQL VLPJHOH\HQ 5 LOH DVDJLGDNL KHU ELU GL]L LFLQ ; ] YH 5B FLQVLQGHQ ]GRQLLPLL YH 52& L EHOLUOH\LQL] ,[Â>@ ]X LQ NDUPDVLN ELUVD\L ROGXJX ]R[>@ %RO2P , GD QHGHQVHO GL]LOHU LFLQ LONGHJHUWHRUHPLQL NDPWODQXVXN D (JHU [> - NDUVL QHGHQVHOVH EXQD GHQN JHOHQ OHRUHPL EHOLUWLQL] YH NDQ,D \] !LFLQ [>- LVH E LFLQ
< ; ] ; ]
L WDPPOD\UP] 9 H <]
/N- ] ROVXQ N
ā2
D 0 \L 1YH1FLQVLQGHQ LIDGHHGLQL]
E \>2@\>O@YH\D>@ L EHOLWOHPHN LFLQFRNWHULPOL FDUSPD LVOHPLQL NXOODPP] F 2aNa0LLQ \>N@ [>@[>N@ ROGXJXQX JRVWHUPHN LFLQ FRN WHULPOL FDUSPD LOHPLQMNX- DQP] %LU HQ NLLN HYUHOL VLVWHP NHQGLVL YH WHUVL QHGHQVHO YH NDUDUK RODQ VLVWHPGLU %LU HQ NXFXN HYUHOL VLVWHPLQ VLVWHP IRQNVL\RQXQXQ VWILU YH NXWXSODQQP ] GX]OHPL 2]HULQGHNL NRQXPODQPQ VUPUODUQDODQP EHOLUOH\LQL] HNLO 3, GD JRVWHULOHQ VD\LVDOVX]JHF \DSLVUPHOH DODKP
[>@ LVF EX GXUXPGD [>O@ aa]^ ; ] [>2@ ROGXJXQX
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
I
; >@ ; >@
;
>N@[ >N@
āā
3,
OW
aNLO3
D %X QHGHQVHO VX]JHF LFLQ +] L EXOXQX] 6LILUNXWXS GL\DJUDPUUQ FL]LS \D NPVDPD EROJHVLQL JRVWHULQL] E N QP KDQJL GHJHUOHUL LFLQVLVWHP NDUDUKGLU" F 7RP QGHJHUOHUL LFLQN , YH [>@ LVH \>Q@ L EHOLUOH\LQL] 7HN
WDUDIK
]GRQLLPLL
]] RODQ
ELU
[> VLQ\DOL
\>Q@ [>QO@ LQ WHN WDUDIK ]GRQXVXPXQXQ \]
GQVXQHOOP
]] ][>2 RODUDN
EH
D 'HQN?HP3O LQ]GRQ8LLPLOQLLDODUDNYHGHQNOHP- 8NXOODQDUDN
OLUOHQHELOHFHJLQL JRVWHULQL]
a! >N@; ]`
; ] ; ]
N
]] [>@ QLQWHN WDUDIK ]GRQXVXPXQXJRVWHUL\RUVDDVDJLGDNLOHULQWHN WDUDIK ]GRQXVXPOHULQL ] FLQVLQGHQ EHOLUOF\LQL]
(JHU ROGXJXQX JRVWHULQL]W
; ] [ >N@ QLQ GRQXVXPXGXU
E D VLNNPGDNL VRQXFXQX]X YHWDEOR , GHNL R]HOOLN \L NXOODQDUDN
D [>@
E [>Q
F ,B [>N@
; - =
,
;
=
;L >N@ =N
NG!
ROGXJXQXJRVWHULQL]
( . 35 2%/( 0/( 5
F E VLNNPGDQ GHQNOHP , GH DQODWLOGUJW JLEL
; ]` ; ] ; ]` [>Q GL]LVLRLQ R] LOLQWL GL]LVL DVDJWGDNL JLEL WDUXUQODQUPVXU ROGXJXQX JRVWHULQL] ; ]` [ >2- [ >O@] [ > 1 @]1 ; ]` [>@ L>,@]
[>1-]
a >@ ROVXQ
/[>N- U>QN@
ā
X>@ QLQ ]GRQXa2PLOQLO[>@ QLQ ]GRQXVXPX FLQVLQGHQ EHOLUOH\LQL]
/
6 LQ\DOOHUYH6 LVWHUQOHU
%2OLLP ='RRaLLPLL
$ VDJLGDNL NXYYHWVHULOHUL D\KP NXOODQDUDN
ORJOZ / + ,
%LU RQFHN@ SUREOHPGa JRUGLOJLOPLO] FLIW WDUDIK GRQLOLOP ELU D\QN ]DPDQOL VX] JHH HOGa aWUQHGa < a IUHNDQV \DPQQP ELO\LONOLOJLO YHULOUQLV VLOUHNOL ]DPDQK DO FDN JH\aK ELUVLO]JaaP IUHNDQV \DQP ELO\LLNOLOJLOQH EHQ]HU RODQ ELUVLO]JHFL HOGH HWPHGH NXOODPODELKU %X SUREOHPGHEX EHQ]HUOOJL VLVWHP IRQNVL\RQX +V RODQ VLOUHNOL ]DPDQK LNLQFL GHUHFH ELU %XWWHUZRUWK VX]JHFL RPHJL X]H ULQGHQ LVOH\HFHJL] D +] +V ,a ROVXQ
,
,
DVDJWGDNL LNL ]GRQXVXPXQWOQ WHUVLQL EHOLUOH\LQL]
, D ; ] ORJO] O]O
Wā
E ; ] ORJ]ā O]O!L
; ] L LON EDVWV WLOUHYOH\HUHN YH X\JXQ UGFQXVXPX R]HOOLNOHULQL NXOODQDUDN DVD JGDNL ]GRQXVXPOHULQ KDQJL GL]L LFLQ ROGXJXQX EHOLUOH\LQL] D ; ] ORJO] O]O
E ; ] ORJ]ā ]O!
D YHE VLNODQQGDQ HOGHHXLJLQL] VRQXFODQ SUREOHPO WFQ HOGH HWWLNOHULQL] OH NDUVLODVQQP] KDQJLVLQGH NXYYHWVHULOHUL DFUKPL NXOODUXOGL"
I
+H +M WDQ
E +V VH V HÂ O YHEXQD GHQN JHOHQ VLO]JHFLQ QHGHQVHO ROGX JX YHULOPLV ROVXQ + , ROGXJXQX YH Z QLQ DUWDQ SR]LWLI GHJHUOHUL LYLQ
LIW WDUDIK GQLOLOP UDV\RQHO ELU +G ] ]GRQLOaLOPLOQLO UDV\RQHO ELU +V / DSODFH GRQXVXPXQGHQ HOGH HWPHQLQ JRQGHULPLGLU %X JRQGHULPOQ RQHPOL LNLR]HOOLJL YDUGLU ,(JHU +V QHGHQVHO YH NDUDUOL ELU /7 , VLVWHPLQ / DSODFH GRQLOLOPLO LVH EX GXUXPGD +G ] QHGHQVHO YH NDUDUK ELU / 7 O VLVWHUQLQ ] GRQLOLOPLOGLOU - Z QLQ ED]L RQHUQOL R]HOOLNOHUL ^H GH NRUXQPXVWXU %X
,+ ,
,+
,
ROGXJXQX JRVWHULQL]
,+LZ M QLQ
PRQRWRQ ELU VHNLOGH
D]DOGLJPU
M+ ,
Z ,\DQP NXYYHW IUHNDQVL\VD YH +RR 2 ROGXJXQX GRJUXOD\PL] F E VUNNLQGDNL +V \H + ] L FOGH HUPHN LFLQ YLIO WDUDIK GRQXVXP X\JXODQGaQGD EX GXUXPGD +] YH +^H KDNNPGD DVDJUGDNLOHU GHQ KDQJLVL LGGLDHGLOHELOLU" , +] QLQ LNLVL GH ELULP FHPEHULQ LFLQGH RODQ VDGHFH LNL WDQH NXWEX YDUGUU +H
SUREOHPGH R]HOOLNOHUGHQ LNLQFLVLQL WLOP JHFLUHQVX]JHFOHU LFLQ RUQHN
\H JLWWLNFH M+ ^H PRQRWRQ ELUVHNLOGH D]DKU
Z 2 GDQ
+ H QLQ \DQP NXYYHWIUHNDQVL
OO
OHQGLUHFHJL]
D D QLQ UHHOYHSR]LWLIROGXJX
+V DV ROVXQ VD
,+LZ , O ROGXJXQX JRVWHULQL] E 6LUQGL +- ] L HOGHHWPHN LFLQ +V \HFLIW WDUDIK GRQXVXPX X\JXOD\D KP
+G ] QLQ ELULP FHUQEHULQ LFLQGH RODQ ELU NXWEX YH ELULPFHPEHU GLVPGD RODQ ELUVLIPROGXJXQX JRVWHULQL] F E VLNNLQGDQ FLNDQ VLVWHP IRQNVL\RQX ] LFLQ
+
JRVWHULQL]
,+
H ,
^
, ROGXJXQX
Q GLU