Shakespeare's Proverb Lore: His Use of the <i>Sententiae</i> of Leonard Culman and Publilius Syrus [Reprint 2014 ed.] 9780674365940, 9780674365933

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SHAKESPEARE'S PROVERB LORE His Use of the Sententiae of Leonard Culman and Publilius Syrus

Shakespeare's Proverb Lore His Use of the Sententiae of Leonard Culman and Publilius Syrus

CHARLES G. SMITH

HARVARD UNIVERSITY PRESS Cambridge, Massachusetts 1963

© Copyright, 1963, by the President and Fellows of Harvard College

All rights reserved

Distributed in Great Britain by Oxford University Press, London

Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 63-17213

Made and printed in Great Britain by William Clowes and Sons, Limited London and Beccles

To the Memory of My Father and My Mother ROBERT DANIEL

SMITH

and JANETTE PASCHAL

SMITH

PREFACE

This monograph is the by-product of a long and lively interest in the proverb lore of the English Renaissance, primarily with reference to Spenser. For the past six years the material presented here has been my chief interest. The main purpose of this adventurous enterprise is to exhibit proverb lore found in Shakespeare with striking parallels discovered in the Sententiae Pueriles of Leonard Culman and in the Sententiae of Publilius Syrus. It is a deliberately limited study; its subtitle furnishes a key to its chief concern and its limitation. In his Elizabethan Proverb Lore and in his Dictionary of the Proverbs in England, Morris Palmer Tilley has given special prominence to Shakespeare because Shakespeare "knew the proverb more thoroughly than anyone else." Tilley's findings have been of invaluable help in the present investigation and I have made extensive use of his material. However, I have not always followed him, but nowhere have I called attention to the fact. The material which I have presented has, I hope, its own validity. In order to make the proverbial material considered in this monograph readily accessible, I have supplied three indexes: a distribution index to the proverb lore quoted from Shakespeare; a Latin word index to all the sententiae quoted; and, a catchword index to the proverb lore quoted from Shakespeare and to the translations of all the sententiae quoted. To colleagues and other friends I owe kindnesses far too many to enumerate. For many years I have studied proverbs under the influence of the three most outstanding American authorities on proverb lore: Archer Taylor, the late Morris Palmer Tilley, and Bartlett Jere Whiting. I am grateful to Professor Taylor and vii

vili

PREFACE

Professor Whiting for their kindly interest, their critical reading of my manuscript, and their detailed suggestions for revision : to both of them I owe a special debt of thanks. To Dr. Roy F. Butler I owe particular and emphatic thanks for help in translating some of the sententiae and for provocative observations and judgments. I am under happy obligation to Mrs. J . Homer Caskey and Mrs. Arthur Smith for their critical reading of my manuscript and for their helpful suggestions. I desire to express my appreciation to the officers and staff of the Baylor University Library for their cooperation and their assistance; to Miss Estaline Cox and Miss Lulu Stine I am especially grateful. To the University of Michigan Library I am indebted for the use of its copy of the Sentences of Publilius Syrus edited by Jules Chenu, printed in Paris in 1835. For practical encouragement in the form of leisure to complete this study, I am under obligation to Baylor University; for this encouragement I wish to thank Dr. E . Hudson Long, Chairman of the Department of English. For valuable assistance in the preparation of this material for publication, including the making of the typescript, I am indebted to many of my students. T o the following I owe a debt of gratitude : JoEllen Dahlor, Peggy Hightower, Vernita Holzschuh, Joyce Keele, Cynthia Kollhoff, Jane Mabray, Marilyn Marlow, Ersilee Ruth Parker, Ann Hope Perkison, Dell Bruner Rogers, Barbara Sexton, and Roberta Tharp. My greatest debt is to my wife, Cornelia Marschall, who, several years ago, published an article on the use of proverbs ("Proverb Lore in The Ring and the Book," P M L A , L V I : March 1941, 2 1 9 229). To her, my steadfast comrade and good companion, I express my gratitude for her judicious criticism and her unfailing encouragement. I owe more to her mind and spirit than can be said. CHARLES G . SMITH

Waco, Texas September 9, 1962

CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION

L I S T OF PROVERBS

BOOKS FREQUENTLY CITED

3

I7

139

D I S T R I B U T I O N I N D E X TO T H E P R O V E R B L O R E

Q U O T E D FROM S H A K E S P E A R E

143

L A T I N W O R D INDEX

I 51

ENGLISH W O R D INDEX

171

SHAKESPEARE'S PROVERB LORE His Use of the Sententiae of Leonard Culman and Publilius Syrus

INTRODUCTION I

In the exploration of any aspect of Shakespeare's proverb lore it is important to remember not only that the Elizabethans loved proverbs but also that they were proverb conscious: they were steeped in proverbs. They knew that " when we deal with proverbs we are close to man and often near to wisdom." 1 We should not forget that their conception of what was proverbial was elastic. Today we scrutinize collections of proverbs and make distinctions between proverbs and sententiae, but in the English Renaissance proverbs and sententiae were considered essentially the same. In this study, therefore, no distinction is made between them: such a distinction rigidly enforced on the material presented here breaks down. Thomas W. Baldwin, 2 Virgil K . Whitaker,3 and many others have made fruitful investigations of Shakespeare's literary background, but there is much still to be done. In the present monograph the results of a thorough study of the possible influence of the Sententiae Pueriles of Leonard Culman4 and the Sententiae of

1 B. J. Whiting, Francis W . Bradley, Richard Jente, Archer Taylor, and M. P. Tilley, " T h e Study of Proverbs," Modern Language Forum, X X I V : 2 (June 1939), 83. 2 William Shakspere's Small Latine & Lesse Greeke, 2 vols., Urbana, 1944. 3 Shakespeare's Use of Learning: An Inquiry into the Growth of his Mind & Art, San Marino, California, 1953. 4 Leonard Culman [Leonhardus Culmannus] was born at Crailsheim, Germany, on February 22,1497 or 1498. His preuniversity schooling was in Halle, Dinkelsbühl, Nürnberg, and Saalfeld. He studied later at Erfurt and Leipzig. He served as a schoolmaster in Bamberg, Ansbach, and Nürnberg. Finally, he became an evangelical clergyman. In 1558 he took a pastorate in Bernstatt near the capital city of Ulm. In this region in 1562 he died. For further information concerning him consult Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie, Leipzig, 1876.

3

4

SHAKESPEARE'S PROVERB LORE

Publilius Syrus5 on Shakespeare are presented. Although the main endeavor is to demonstrate the possible use Shakespeare may have made of the sententiae of Culman and Publilius Syrus, the evidence presented is not to be considered as an effort to establish sources. In addition to the time spent in discovering in Culman and Publilius Syrus noteworthy parallels with sententious material in Shakespeare, much time has been spent searching out other striking parallels in Shakespeare's literary environment. When Shakespeare was in school, in all probability he, like every other Elizabethan schoolboy, was taught to keep a commonplace book of sayings drawn from his reading. Without question, he came under the influence of many classical writers. It is generally agreed that sometime during his life he read Cato, Cicero, Horace, Ovid, Plautus, Seneca, Terence, and Vergil. In this monograph, pertinent parallels found in these and other classical writers are presented. These parallels serve to indicate that, although Shakespeare may have been influenced by a maxim found in Culman or Publilius Syrus, he may have been influenced also by the same maxim, or some variation of the maxim, found in some other writer. Since many of the proverbs in Shakespeare considered in this investigation are widespread in both classical and Elizabethan literature, the probability is that in using most of these proverbs Shakespeare was influenced by more than one source and occasionally by a multiplicity of sources. Specific source ascription for proverb lore is usually unwarranted. In this study when sententious material in Shakespeare is presented with parallels from Culman or Publilius Syrus only, it is because no other parallels have been discovered. An exhaustive search for classical parallels, however, has not been made, since s Publilius Syrus belonged to the age of Julius Caesar. Of Syrian origin, he came to Rome probably from Antioch. For some time he was a slave in Rome. His talents and virtues gaining for him his freedom, he began to write plays called mimes. His great success attracted the attention of Julius Caesar, who called him to Rome and showered honors upon him. His plays have all been lost. Only his moral maxims— his pithy sententiae—have survived.

INTRODUCTION

5

the supplying of such parallels is of secondary importance in the present endeavor. When in Culman or Publilius Syrus a parallel with sententious material in Shakespeare has been found, but no parallel can be found elsewhere in Elizabethan literature or in classical literature thought to have been available to Shakespeare, the probability that Shakespeare got it from Culman or Publilius Syrus is of course strengthened. II The influence of Leonard Culman's Sententiae Pueriles on Shakespeare has been singularly neglected. The Sententiae Pueriles is a collection of Latin maxims from divers authors which apparently every Elizabethan schoolboy was required to commit to memory. J. Q. Adams suggests that Shakespeare committed it to "the ventricle of memory" 6 and says: There is nothing unlikely about the assertion that Shakespeare secured a country school, probably not far from Stratford, and that for a few years he taught Lilly's Grammatica Teatina, the Sententiae Pueriles, Ovid, Terence, Plautus, and such other books as he had studied under his Stratford schoolmasters.7 There is some evidence that Culman's Sententiae Pueriles was well known to Shakespeare's contemporaries. In 1569-1570 it was entered on the Stationer's Register. Baldwin has given a good account of the use of the little book in Elizabethan England. He says that it "was very widely used in Shakspere's time," and that " he may very well have memorized the collection." 8 Whitaker asserts that "Shakespeare almost certainly used" it, since it was " a universal textbook." 9 The sententiae in the collection are arranged alphabetically in groups of maxims of two words, maxims of three words, and so on. Culman compiled the collection Love's Labor's Los/, I V , ii, 70-71. Life of William Shakespeare, Boston, 1923, p. 92; cf. pp. 55-56; 90-9}. 8 William Shakspere's Small Latine & Lesse Greeke, I, 593; cf. pp. 591-595. « Shakespeare's Use of Learning, p. 21.

6

7

6

SHAKESPEARE'S PROVERB LORE

probably not long before 1540. Evidently he collected his maxims from numerous sources. Undoubtedly he got many of them from Erasmus, several from Cato, and a few from Seneca. A copy of Oilman's book printed at Nürnberg in 1540 is in the Library of the University of Illinois; a copy printed at Leipzig in 1544 is in the British Museum. 1 0 In the present investigation the edition printed in London in 1658 with a translation by Charles Hoole is used. 11 In the 1658 edition there are 1173 sententiae.12 Edmund Malone (1741-1812) was perhaps the first to suggest that Shakespeare was acquainted with the collection. 13 In 1887 James Orchard Halliwell-Phillipps, after examining the book, asserted that Shakespeare probably studied and used it. He says : The Sententiae Pueriles was, in all probability, the little manual by the aid of which he first learned to construe Latin, for in one place, at least, he all but literally translates a brief passage, and there are in his plays several adaptations of its sentiments. It was then sold for a penny, equivalent to about our present shilling, and contains a large collection of brief sentences collected from a variety of authors, with a distinct selection of moral and religious paragraphs, the latter intended for the use of boys on Saints' Days. 1 4 10 Cf. Baldwin, I, 592. There is a copy of the edition printed in Boston in 1723 in the Library of Congress and a copy of the same edition in the Huntington Library. A copy of the 1639 edition is in the Folger Shakespeare Library; a copy of the 1658 edition is in the British Museum. 1 1 The 1658 edition has been carefully compared with the edition printed in London in 1639 and the edition printed in Boston in 1723. O n the basis of these comparisons a few minor emendations have been made in the sententiae cited from the 1658 edition. Hoole's translation has not been consistently used, and some of his spelling has been modernized. All old type-forms have been modernized in accordance with modern usage. 1 2 The 1540 edition, perhaps the first, contains a few more sententiae than the 1658 edition: there are a few sententiae in the 1540 edition that are not in the 1658 edition, and vice versa. The 1639 edition, the 1658 edition, and the 1723 edition all contain the same 1173 sententiae. In ascertaining the number of sententiae in each of these three editions, the section appended at the end of each edition on " T h e more common and ordinary rules for children's behaviour" has been left out of account. 13 Variorum (1821), II, 104; cf. Baldwin, I, 591. 14 Outlines (1887), I, 53; cf. Baldwin, I, 591.

INTRODUCTION

7

Apparently H. R. D. Anders, in 1904, was the first to point out definite passages in Shakespeare that have parallels in Culman. He says: 1 cannot say exactly what the 'brief passage' is, which HalliwellPhillipps refers to. The following are some sentences which have a resemblance to passages in Shakespeare. But they are so general in character, that we can scarcely infer anything definite from them. Belli exitus incertus. Compare Coriol., V, iii, 140: "Thou know'st, great son, The end of war's uncertain." Doloris medicus tempus. Comp. Gent, of Ver., III, ii, 15 : " A little time, my lord, will kill that grief." Comp, too, Act III, i, 243 ; and Cymbeline III, v, 37: "The cure whereof, my lord, 'Tis time must do." Varia et mutabilis semper foemina. Compare 1 Henry IV., Act. II, iii, HI : "constant you are, But yet a woman." Somnus mortis imago. Compare Cymb., II, ii, 31 : " O sleep, thou ape of death;" or Macbeth, II, iii, 81: "sleep, death's counterfeit." 15 The second investigator to point out passages in Shakespeare that have parallels in Culman was Morris Palmer Tilley: in 1926 he cited six hitherto unnoted parallels.16 In 1944 Baldwin cited two additional new parallels;17 in 1950 Tilley cited one more previously unnoted parallel.18 Before this investigation was undertaken, apparently no other parallels had been cited. In the present monograph the thirteen parallels discovered by Anders, Tilley, and Baldwin, augmented by supplementary Culman and Shakespeare parallels and supported by selected 15

Shakespeare's Rooks, Berlin, 1904, pp. 47-48. Elizabethan Proverb Lore, New York, 1926, "List of Proverbs," nos. i n , 258, 398, 642, 732, 753. 17 William Shakspere's Small Latine & Lesse Greeke, I, 592. 18 Proverbs in England, Ann Arbor, 1950, N307. 2 16

8

SHAKESPEARE'S PROVERB LORE

parallels from Shakespeare's classical background, are presented in the "List of Proverbs" in the following entries: 32, 49, 64, 130, 133, 182, 219, 232, 271, 296, 301, 321, 337. In addition to these previously discovered parallels, 196 hitherto unnoted parallels are pointed out. Of these 209 different proverbs in Shakespeare, 160 have one Culman parallel; 35 have two; 11 have three; 2 have four; and 1 has five. In one instance there are two Culman parallels that have the same wording. 19 The 196 hitherto unnoted parallels, in conjunction with the 13 previously discovered, give strong support to the suggestion made by Adams and Baldwin that Shakespeare memorized Culman's little book. Many of these parallels are striking; many of them throw new light on Shakespeare's use of proverbs. Ill Some explanation of the editions of Publilius Syrus used in the present investigation is in order. The earliest collection of the sententiae of Publilius Syrus, compiled perhaps sometime during the first century A.D., was possibly entirely Publilian. Since that time, however, many sententiae taken from other writers, Seneca for example, have been foisted into the original collection. It is regrettably true that the sententious verses which passed under the name of Publilius Syrus during the Middle Ages and Renaissance and even later are troublesome to find. We have had many editions since Erasmus's text published with the Disticha Catonis in 1514 and . . . the complications of separating the genuine and spurious parts we . . . need not attempt.20 19 Cf. " L i s t of Proverbs," no. 1 8 3 . In no. 197 there are two Culman parallels that have essentially the same wording. 20 Whiting, Bradley, Jente, Taylor, Tilley, pp. 5 8 - 5 9 . For a comprehensive study of the various editions of Publilius Syrus consult the Introduction to R. A . H . Bickford-Smith's 1895 edition.

INTRODUCTION

9

Apparently every medieval and Renaissance schoolboy studied Publilius Syrus. Professor John Matthews Manly, evidently confusing the Sententiae Pueriles of Leonard Culman with the Sentential of Publilius Syrus, says that " one of the first books in the course in Latin was the Sententiae Pueriles of Publilius Sirus," and suggests that it "was familiar to every mediaeval schoolboy." 21 The two collections of Publilius Syrus used in the present study22 are comprehensive. They contain about 900 sententiae not in Erasmus's school collection. Of the 270 sententiae attributed to Publilius Syrus by Erasmus, 266 are in one of the two collections used in this study. In many of the sententiae, however, there are slight variations in the wording and in the spelling. Erasmus's school collection was accessible to Shakespeare, and it is altogether possible that he may have come in contact with many of the other sententiae in the two collections used in the present study: for example, he may have come in contact with them in one of the several collections of sententiae published either before or during the Elizabethan period. Shakespeare did not stop reading when he left school. Hence, striking parallels in Shakespeare with the sententiae in the two collections used in this study have been diligently sought out. The fact that many of the parallels of Publilius Syrus exhibited in the present monograph are not in Erasmus's school collection does not prevent their having significance: some of them are illuminating. For example, the sententia of Publilius Syrus exhibited in entry no. 62 in the " List of Proverbs," although it is not in the school collection, gives every evidence of being highly significant. Hitherto no one has found a satisfactory source or springboard for Ulysses' famous speech on degree in Troilus and Cressida. The sententia presented in entry no. 62 expresses the leading idea of Ulysses' speech patently. It is quite possible that Shakespeare, 21

Chaucer's "Canterbury Taies," N e w Y o r k , 1928, p. 549. Sentences of Publilius Syrus edited by Jules Chenu, 1 8 3 5 , and Sententiae of Publilius Syrus edited by J . Wight Duff and Arnold M . Duff, 1 9 3 4 ; cf. " B o o k s Frequently Cited." 22

IO

SHAKESPEARE'S PROVERB LORE

employing the devices of amplification (with which he was thoroughly familiar) and giving his imagination full reign, in Ulysses' speech used this sententia to create one of his finest compositions. In his Elizabethan Proverb Lore Tilley has identified no less than twenty-eight parallels in Publilius Syrus with sententious material in Shakespeare.23 It is incredible that previous to Tilley only three parallels had been pointed out: one by Isaac Reed (17421807) and two by Edmund Malone. 24 Only one of these is included in Tilley's findings.25 In discussing the influence of Publilius Syrus on Shakespeare, Baldwin considers only four parallels. Apparently he thinks only one of Tilley's parallels is significant. He says, "Professor Tilley notes several other parallels with Shakspere;" but, since "these were not in the school collection" prepared by Erasmus, he disregards them.26 However, three other parallels pointed out by Tilley, but overlooked by Baldwin, are in Erasmus's collection.2? A copy of that collection, published in London in 15 72, is in the British Museum. The findings presented here are based on that copy. In the present investigation—in addition to the seven parallels pointed out by Reed, Malone, and Tilley—forty-six 23 Tilley used the 1835 edition of Publilius Syrus edited by Jules Chenu, one of the two editions used in the present investigation. His twenty-eight parallels are to be found in his " L i s t of P r o v e r b s " in the following entries: 7, 52, 69, 1 1 0 , 1 4 3 , 144, zoo, 209, 2 1 1 , 2 5 8 , 2 7 8 , 3 1 8 , 3 2 2 , 360, 377, 4 4 6 , 5 1 5 , 5 1 6 , 623, 6 3 3 , 6 5 1 , 659, 6 6 1 , 686, 692, 7 0 1 , 738. These parallels are presented in the " L i s t of P r o v e r b s " in the present study in the following entries: 7, 16, 30, 55, 64, 75, 92, 95, 129, 1 3 2 , 146, 1 4 7 , 169, 190, 203, 220, 248, 249, 254, 2 5 5 , 256, 2 5 7 , 2 7 3 , 294, 306, 3 1 7 , 328, 336. 24 Cf. Variorum ( 1 8 2 1 ) , V I , 401 ; V I I I , 3 3 2 ; X X , n o ; Baldwin, I, 603-604. T h e parallel pointed out by Reed is included in the " L i s t of P r o v e r b s " in this study, no. 1 1 7 ; the two by Malone in nos. 190, 201. Cf. Tilley, Elizabethan Proverb Lore, " L i s t of Proverbs," no. 692. Tilley's finding is reported in the " L i s t of P r o v e r b s " in this study, no. 190. 26 William Shakspere's Small Latine & Lesse Greeke, I, 5 9 5 - 5 9 6 , 604. T h e parallel pointed out by Tilley which Baldwin considers is to be found in Tilley's Elizabethan Proverb Lore, " L i s t of Proverbs," no. 701 ; cf. the " L i s t of P r o v e r b s " in this study, no. 336. 2 ' Cf. Tilley, Elizabethan Proverb Lore, " L i s t of Proverbs," nos. 1 1 0 , 738. These are presented in the " L i s t of P r o v e r b s " in this study, nos. 1 3 2 , 256, 257.

INTRODUCTION

II

hitherto unnoted parallels in Erasmus's collection have been adduced.28 Besides these 53 parallels, in this study 127 additional parallels, not in the school collection, are presented. Of these 127 parallels, 23 were cited first by Tilley; 29 the remaining 104 have been cited for the first time in this study. A total of 180 parallels in Shakespeare (many of them occurring several times) with sententiae of Publilius Syrus have now been discovered and are exhibited in this monograph. Of these 180 different proverbs, 147 have one Publilius Syrus parallel; 30 have two; 2 have three; and 1 has five. On the basis of only four parallels, Baldwin concludes that "some of Shakspere's sentential wisdom thus derives ultimately from Publius Syrus." 30 The material presented in this study impressively reinforces Baldwin's statement: supported by 53 parallels in the school collection and 127 parallels not in the school collection, one is amply warranted in suggesting that some of Shakespeare's proverbial wisdom "derives ultimately" from Publilius Syrus. It should be noted that 34 of these 127 bastard sententiae of Publilius Syrus are supported by parallels in Culman.31 Since Shakespeare probably

28 These 53 parallels ate presented in the " L i s t of Proverbs" in the present study and are marked with an asterisk. They are to be found in the following entries : 4, 7, 13, 29, 41, 44, 50, 51, 53, 67, 88, 94, 105, 106, 116, 1 1 7 , 122, 132, 134, 145, 152, 154, 161, 172, 184, 188, 190, 199, 201, 215, 216, 222, 226, 227, 244, 245, 250, 256, 257, 259, 264, 272, 275, 291, 299, 310, 314, 322, 324, 334, 336, 338, 345. No. 94 includes two of Publilius Syrus's sententiae found in Erasmus's collection. The 1572 edition of Erasmus's Catonis Disticha includes his collection of the sententiae of Publilius Syrus; cf. Baldwin, I, 595. 25 Cf. Elizabethan Proverb Lore, " L i s t of Proverbs," nos. η, 52, 69, 143, 144, 200, 209, 2 1 1 , 258, 278, 318, 322, 360, 377, 446, 515, 516, 623, 633, 651, 659, 661, 686. These are presented in the " L i s t of Proverbs" in this study in the following entries: 7, 16. 3 ° . 55. 64. 75, 92> 95» " 9 . 146, i47> 169, 203, 220, 248, 249, 254, 255, 273, 294, 506, 317, 328. 30 William Shakspere's Small Latine & Lesse Greeke, I, 604. 31 These sententiae of Publilius Syrus, supported by parallels in Culman from whom Shakespeare may have taken them, are to be found in the "List of Proverbs" in this study in the following entries: z, 16, 30, 47, 54, 55, 64, 90, 97, 120, 1 2 1 , 124, 128, 148, 149, 157, 180, 182, 183, 186, 206, 214, 219, 230, 241, 246, 265, 267, 276, 306, 3 I 5 , 3*3. 3*6.

12

SHAKESPEARE'S PROVERB LORE

read Seneca, who appropriated many of the sententiae of Publilius Syrus, it is possible that Shakespeare got some of Publilius Syrus's maxims from Seneca.32

IV Of the 346 different proverbs in Shakespeare considered in the present study, 166 have Culman parallels but no Publilius Syrus parallels; 137 have Publilius Syrus parallels but no Culman parallels; 43 have both Culman and Publilius Syrus parallels. It is possible that Shakespeare got some of these proverbs directly or indirectly from Erasmus: 82 have parallels in the Adagia·, 8 have parallels in Erasmus's other works. Since many of these proverbs were widespread in Elizabethan literature, Shakespeare probably got some of them from his contemporaries. The twenty-five parallels with Shakespeare found in Cato, never before pointed out, should not be overlooked. 33 (Prior to the present investigation, apparently only one parallel had been noted.)34 Some of these parallels are striking. For example, if Shakespeare did not get "Learn of the wise" (As You 'Like It, III, ii, 69) from Culman, he probably got it from Cato's Disticha, iv, 23 : Disee sed a doctis,35 It is noteworthy that of the 346 different proverbs in Shakespeare considered in this study at least 162 have here, for the first time, 32 In the " L i s t of Proverbs" in this study parallels from both Seneca and Publilius Syrus are to be found in the following entries: 29, 30, 47, 53, 54, 64, 67, 84, 90, 105, 116, 117, 120, 125, 132, 144, 178, 182, 189, 210, 214, 225, 236, 249, 262, 281, 289, 306, 315, 324, 343, 345. Note especially the parallels in entry nos. 84, 105, 178, 182, 189, 225, 262, 345. 33 These parallels are cited in the " List of Proverbs " in this study in the following entries: 10, 28, 30, 52, 53, 6i, 68, 97, 112, 156, 171, 176, 187, 207, 214, 221, 230, 243, 258. 267, 271, 290, 304, 319, 338. 3 4 Cf. Baldwin, I, 603. Baldwin says: "Curiously enough, only one parallel, so far as I have observed, has been noted with Cato proper." The parallel he cites is not relevant to the present investigation. 35 Cf. " L i s t of Proverbs" in this study, no. 171.

INTRODUCTION

13

36

been authenticated. Of these 162 proverbs, 70 have Culman parallels but no Publilius Syrus parallels ; 67 have Publilius Syrus parallels but no Culman parallels; 25 have both Culman and Publilius Syrus parallels. The fact that only a few of these proverbs were current in Elizabethan literature increases the probability of their having been taken from Culman or Publilius Syrus. In some instances, when one of these proverbs does occur elsewhere in Elizabethan literature, it is possible that each writer who uses it got it directly from Culman or Publilius Syrus.37 The multiplicity of the parallels in the sententiae of Culman and Publilius Syrus with proverb lore in Shakespeare adduced in this study is impressive. A careful examination of these parallels impels one to believe that Shakespeare wrote under the influence of the sententiae of Culman and Publilius Syrus and that he used many of those sententiae,38 Shakespeare does not merely put them into English dress: he plunges them into the solvent of his imagination, and, in absorbing them with poetic freshness into the fabric of his material, he takes the stiffness and rigidity out of them. He has so transmuted many of them that they are difficult to recognize; and, unless one has a close acquaintance with them, one's ears are likely to be deaf to their presence and their value. Often Shakespeare merely alludes to a proverb obliquely: if we are acquainted with the proverb, the passage takes on meaning; if we are not, we miss some of the overtones of the passage. 36 To determine whether the material from Shakespeare in the " L i s t of Proverbs" in this study has been previously established as proverbial, consult the references cited at the end of each entry. In the entries where no references are given no authentication of the material has been found. In the following entries, although references are cited, the material from Shakespeare has not hitherto been authenticated as proverbial: 8, 23, 57, 82, 90, 103, m , 1 2 1 , 124, 125, 126, 127, 129, 134, 136, 141, 142, 178, 183, 193, 203, 207, 208, 209, 213, 214, 240, 253» *55, 264, 267, 268, 299, 300, 308, 310, 339, 341. 37 Cf. " L i s t of Proverbs," nos. 93, 1 5 1 , 222, 344. 38 The fact that Shakespeare employs many proverbs several times suggests that he had them stored up in his memory, unless, like Hamlet, he used his "tables" to record remarkable sayings. In The Dark Lady of the Sonnets Bernard Shaw represents Shakespeare as often crying out: " M y tables! Meet it is I set it d o w n " (Hamlet, I, ν, 107).

SHAKESPEARE'S PROVERB LORE

14

It remains only to add a f e w observations concerning the significance

of

the

sententious

material

presented

in

this

monograph. ι . N o material f r o m Shakespeare has been included without careful consideration of its validity and its significance. Some of the identifications, h o w e v e r , probably will not g o unchallenged. 2. T o d a y some of the proverbs presented in this monograph are considered c o p y b o o k platitudes and a f e w of them are thought of as mere trifles, but as employed b y Shakespeare they are not without significance. 3. A l t h o u g h many of Shakespeare's proverbs were widespread in English literature during his lifetime, many of them are classical in their provenience. 4. T h e material presented in this study is further evidence of the soundness o f the thesis that Shakespeare had a comprehensive k n o w l e d g e of classical proverbs. 5. M u c h of the sententious material in Shakespeare that has never been authenticated as proverbial is undoubtedly the product o f his creative imagination. F r o m his study of sententiae in school he knew their telling p o w e r : he learned to think sententiously. It is to be hoped, however, that other researchers will find in the sententiae of Culman and Publilius Syrus, in other collections o f sententiae in Shakespeare's literary environment, and in the Latin and G r e e k authors thought to have been accessible to him, undiscovered parallels for more of his proverb lore. 6. Unlike some of his contemporaries w h o seem to have employed proverbs largely as an ornamental d e v i c e — L y l y f o r example—Shakespeare used proverb lore as a component in almost everything he wrote. This study of only one small part of his use of proverbs demonstrates that proverbial w i s d o m is vital in his thought and is, therefore, a deeply diffused humanism.

LIST OF PROVERBS

LIST OF PROVERBS

This is a list of Shakespeare's proverbs for which parallels in Leonard Culman and Publilius Syrus have been discovered. The arrangement of the proverbs with the parallel sententiae under each numbered boldface heading, alphabetized according to a more or less arbitrarily selected catchword, is as follows : ι. The proverbial material from Shakespeare, taken from his Complete Works edited by George Lyman Kittredge and arranged chronologically according to Kittredge's dating of the plays and the poems. 2. Parallels from Leonard Culman's Sententiae Pueriles and Publilius Syrus's Sententiae. The 1658 edition of Culman is used; two collections of Publilius Syrus are used: the collection edited by Jules Chenu, 1835, and the collection edited by J. Wight Duff and Arnold M. Duff, 1934. The sententiae of Publilius Syrus marked by an asterisk were in the Elizabethan school collection included in Catonis Disticha prepared by Erasmus. 3. Parallels chiefly from Greek and Latin authors and Erasmus's Adagia. Nearly all of the sententious material cited from Latin and Greek authors is taken from the Loeb Classical Library editions. 4. References, primarily to modern collections of proverbs. 1 ACCUSING FORTUNE IS ONLY EXCUSING OURSELVES Jul. Caesar, I, ii, 140-141 : The fault, dear Brutus, is not in our stars, But in ourselves, that we are underlings. 5 A l l ' s Well, I, i, 231-232: Our remedies oft in ourselves do lie, Which we ascribe to heaven. 5Κ. Lear, I, ii, 128-132: This is the excellent foppery of the world, that, when we are sick in fortune, often the surfeit of our own behaviour, we make guilty of our disasters the sun, the moon, and the stars ; as if we were villains on necessity. Publilius Syrus (1934), 667: Stultum est queri de adversis, ubi culpa est tua (Silly to grumble about misfortune when the fault's your own). 17

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SHAKESPEARE'S PROVERB LORE

Homer, Odyssey, i, 32: ΤΩ ττόττοι, οίον 8η νυ θεούς βροτοί αΐτίόωνται (Look you now, how ready mortals are to blame the gods). 5 Aristotle, N. Ethics, iii, 1 , 1 1 : των μίν καλών εαυτόν, των 8' αίσχρών τα η Sea (It is absurd to blame external things, instead of blaming ourselves). 5Quintilian, Inst. Orat., vi, Pref., 13: Frustra mala omnia ad crimen fortunae relegamus (It is in vain that we impute all our ills to fortune). 5 Sidney, Arcadia, Works (Feuillerat), I, 156: You blame your fortune very wrongfully, since the fault is not in Fortune, but in you that cannot frame your selfe to your fortune. 2

A FRIEND IS KNOWN IN ADVERSITY

Pass. Pilgr., 20, 51-5 2 : He that is thy friend indeed, He will help thee in thy need. 5 Hamlet, III, ii, 218-219: Who in want a hollow friend doth try, Directly seasons him his enemy. Culman, 10: Amicos inter adversa cognoscimus (We know our friends in adversity). ^Ibid., 13 : In adversis amicus probatur (A friend is tried in adversity). 5Ibid., 16: Tempore adversitatis probatur amicus (A friend is tried in time of adversity). ^Ibid., 17: Amici in rebus adversis cognoscuntur (Friends are known in adversity). 5 Ibid., 21 : In adversis rebus amicus cognoscitur (A friend is known in adversity). ÇPublilius Syrus (1934), 41 : Amicum an nomen habeas aperit calamitas (Misfortune reveals whether you have a friend or only one in name). Plautus, Epidicus, 113 : Is est amicus, qui in re dubia re iuvat, ubi rest opus (A real friend in a pinch is a friend in deed, when deeds are needed). 5Erasmus, Adagia, 1055A: Amicus certus in re incerta cernitur (When fortune is fickle the faithful friend is found). Cf. Tilley, Prov. in Eng., F693, T301. 3 IN ADVERSITY A VALIANT MAN SUFFERS WISELY Cf. no. 4 : The virtue of adversity is patience β Hen. VI, III, i, 24-25 : Embrace . . . sour adversity, For wise men say it is the wisest course. 5 Timon, III, v, 31-3 2 : He's truly valiant that can wisely suffer The worst that man can breathe. Culman, 19: Fortis animi est, non perturbati in rebus adversis (It is the part of a valiant man not to be troubled in adversity).

LIST OF PROVERBS 4

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9

THE VIRTUE OF ADVERSITY IS PATIENCE

Cf. no. 5 : In adversity a valiant man suffers wisely Com. of Errors, IV, iv, 20-21: 'Tis for me to be patient! I am in adversity. 5Othello, I, iii, 206-207: What cannot be preserved when fortune takes, Patience her injury a mock'ry makes. ^Tm Noble K., II, i, 27-28 : They have patience to make any adversity asham'd. Culman, 17 : Adversa aequo animo sunt toleranda (Adversities are to be undergone with a patient mind). 3*P u blilius Syrus (1934), h i : Cuivis dolori remedium est patientia (Endurance is the cure for any pain). 5Ibid. (1835), 229: Et miseriarum portus est patientia (Patience is affliction's haven). 5 AFFLICTIONS A R E SENT US BY GOD FOR OUR GOOD Cf. no. 233 : Bitter pills may have wholesome effects Cymb., Ill, ii, 33: Some griefs are med'cinable. ^Winter's T., II, i, 121-122: This action I now go on [imprisonment] Is for my better grace. Culman, 28 : Adversitates nostrae a Deo (Our crosses are from God). Seneca, De Prov., iii, 2: Quaedam incommoda pro is esse quibus accidunt (Ills are sometimes for the good of those to whom they come). Cf. Tilley, Prov. in Eng., A 5 3.

6

WE ARE MADE WISER BY AGE

Lucrece, 1550: Priam, why art thou old, and yet not wise? ^K. Lear, I, iv, 261 : As you are old and reverend, you should be wise. ^Ibid., v, 47-48 : Thou shouldst not have been old till thou hadst been wise. Culman, 5 : Aetate prudentiores reddimur (We are made wiser by age). 5ibid., 10: Ante annos prudentia nulla (There is no discretion before years). 5Ibid., 15: Praestantiores sunt senum sententiae (Old men's opinions are the best). Euripides, Phoenissae, 529-530: ήμπ^ιρία ΐχ€ΐ τι λίξαι τών vtwv σοφώτ€ρον (Experience can plead more wisely than the lips of youth).

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SHAKESPEARE'S PROVERB LORE

5Terence, Adelphoe, 832: Aetate sapimus rectius (We get wiser as we grow older). 5 Cicero, De Sen., xix, 67: Mens enim et ratio et consilium in senibus est (It is in old men that reason and good judgment are found). ^Lucian, Heracles, 4: το he γηpas εχει τι λέξαι των νέων σοφωτερον (Old age has wiser words to say than youth). 5 Erasmus, Adagia, 929D: Aetate prudentiores reddimur (We are made wiser by age).

7

WHAT CANNOT B E ALTERED MUST B E BORNE, NOT BLAMED (LAMENTED)

Cf. no. 47: What cannot be cured must be endured; no. 105 : It is folly to fear what cannot be avoided Two Gent., Ill, i, 241 : Cease to lament for that thou canst not help. 5 Coriol., IV, vii, 1 1 - 1 2 : I must excuse What cannot be amended. * Publilius Syrus (1934), 206: Feras non culpes quod mutari non potest (What can't be changed you should bear, not blame). Erasmus, Adagia, 117D: Feras non culpes, quod vitari non potest (What can't be avoided you should bear, not blame). Cf. Tilley, Eli\. Prov. Lore, 52, Prov. in Eng., A231.

8

ANGER PUNISHES ITSELF

Cymb., I, i, 134-13 5 : Harm not yourself with your vexation. I am senseless of your wrath. Culman, 6 : Ira tormentum sui ipsius (Anger is the torment of itself). 5Publilius Syrus (1835), 1025 : Expetit poenas iratus ab alio; a se ipso exigit (Anger would inflict punishment on another; meanwhile, it tortures itself). Erasmus, Similia, 588C: Iracundia sibi nocet saepenumero, cum aliis nocere studet (Anger often injures itself, when it strives to injure others). Cf. Tilley, Prov. in Eng., A247.

LIST OF PROVERBS 9

21

HE INVITES DANGER WHO INDULGES IN ANGER Cf. no. 219: Nothing is well said or done in anger

Ant. & Cleop., IV, i, 9-10: Never anger Made good guard for itself. Publilius Syrus (1835), 684: Petit, qui irascitur, periculum sibi (He invites danger who indulges in anger). 10

MODERATE YOUR ANGER

All's Well, II, iii, 222: Do not plunge thyself too far in anger. Culman, 2: Iracundiam tempera (Moderate thy passion). 5Ibid.., 24: Ponere modum irae & voluptad, bonum est (It is good to keep a measure in anger and pleasure). Cato, Collectio Dis. Vulg., 45 : Iracundiam rege (Control your anger). 11 A MAN IS THE ARCHITECT OF HIS OWN FORTUNE J-Mcrece, 1069: I am the mistress of my fate. ^Jul. Caesar, I, ii, 139: Men at some time are masters of their fates. 5Othello, I, iii, 322-323 : 'Tis in ourselves that we are thus or thus. Publilius Syrus (1835), 286: Fortunam cuique mores confingunt sui (His own character is the arbiter of everyone's fortune). Plautus, Trinummus, 363 : Nam sapiens quidem pol ipsus fingit fortunam sibi (For I tell you, a man, a wise man, molds his own destiny). ^Sallust, Ad Caesarem De Rep., i, 2: In carminibus Appius ait, fabrum esse suae quemque fortunae (Appius says in his verses that every man is the architect of his own fortune). 5 Erasmus, Adagia, 5 3 2E : Sui cuique mores fingunt fortunam (His own character shapes each man's fortune). Cf. Taverner, 35; Bacon, Promus, 357; Tilley, Prov. in Eng., Mi26. 12

AN ASS THOUGH LADEN WITH GOLD STILL EATS THISTLES

Jul. Caesar, IV, i, 21-27: He shall but bear them as the ass bears gold, To groan and sweat under the business . . . Then take we down his

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SHAKESPEARE'S PROVERB L O R E

load, and turn him off (Like to the empty ass) to shake his ears And graze in commons. Culman, 17: Asinus mavult stramina, quam aurum (An ass had rather have straw than gold). Cf. Tilley, Prov. in Eng., A 3 60.

13 DISPOSITIONS NATURALLY BAD N E E D NO TEACHER 2 Hen. VI, V, i, 191 : A subtle traitor needs no sophister. * Publilius Syrus (1934), 369: Malae naturae numquam doctore indigent (Bad natures never lack an instructor).

14

TO BE RATHER THAN TO SEEM

Lucrece, 600: Thou art not what thou seem'st. 5 1 Hen. IV, V, iv, 140: Thou art not what thou seem'st. 5Meas, for Meas., III, ii, 40-41 : That we were all, as some would seem to be, Free from our faults, as from faults seeming free! 5Othello, III, iii, 126-128: Men should be what they seem; Or those that be not, would they might seem none! — Certain, men should be what they seem. 5Coriol., Ill, i, 218: Be that you seem. 5Ibid.., ii, 46-47: To seem The same you are. Publilius Syrus (1835), 800: Quid ipse sis, non quid habearis, interest (It matters not what you are thought to be, but what you are). Aeschylus, Seven agst. Thebes, 592: ού γαρ Βοκεϊν άριστος, αλλ' eîvai θίλet, (His resolve is not to seem the bravest, but to be). 5 Cicero, De Offic., ii, 12, 43 : Praeclare Socrates hanc viam ad gloriam proximam et quasi compendiariam dicebat esse, si quis id ageret, ut, qualis haberi vellet, talis esset (Socrates used to express it so admirably: "The nearest way to glory—a short cut, as it were—is to strive to be what you wish to be thought to be"). JSallust, Catilina, liv, 6: Esse quam videri bonus malebat (He preferred to be, rather than to seem, virtuous). 5Ovid, Τ'ristia, ν, 13, 26: Quod non es, ne videare, cave (Beware of seeming what you are not). 5 Erasmus, Adagia, 990A: Cura esse, quod audis (Take care to be what you are reported to be). Cf. Bacon, Promus, 509; Tilley, Prov. in Eng., S214.

LIST OF PROVERBS 15

23

BECAUSE IS A WOMAN'S REASON

Two Gent., I, ii, 22-24 : Your reason ? —I have no other but a woman's reason: I think him so because I think him so. 5Troilus & Cres., I, i, 108-109: Wherefore not afield? —Because not there. This woman's answer sorts. Culman, 22: Nihil, praeter quod gliscit, novit foemina (A woman knoweth nothing but what she hath a mind to). Cf. Tilley, Prop, in Eng., Β179.

16 BEWARE OF HIM WHO HAS ONCE DECEIVED YOU Titus Andr., I, i, 301 : I'll trust by leisure him that mocks me once. 5;? Hen. VI, IV, iv, 30: Trust not him that hath once broken faith. Ç2 Hen. IV, III, i, 88-90: King Richard might create a perfect guess That great Northumberland, then false to him, Would of that seed grow to a greater falseness. JOthello, I, iii, 293-294 : Look to her, Moor, if thou hast eyes to see. She has deceiv'd her father, and may thee. Culman, 18 : Cavendum ab eo qui semel imposuit (We must beware of him that hath once deceived us). 5Publilius Syrus (1835), 136: Cave ilium semper, qui tibi imposuit semel (Beware of him who has once deceived you). Erasmus, Adagia, 915C: Cavendum ab eo, qui semel imposuit (We must beware of him who has once deceived us). ÇUdall, Apoph. of Erasm., 327:7: To mistrust an vntrustie persone is a poinct of wisedom. Cf. Tilley, Eli^. Prop. Lore, 144, Prop, in Eng., D180.

17

BLUSHING IS A TOKEN OF VIRTUE

Two Gent., V, iv, 165 : I think the boy hath grace in him; he blushes. 5-2 Hen. IV, II, ii, 80-83: Come, you virtuous ass, you bashful fool, must you be blushing ? . . . What a maidenly man-at-arms are you become! 5Much Ado, IV, i, 35-39: Behold how like a maid she blushes here ! . . . Comes not that blood as modest evidence To witness simple virtue ? J

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SHAKESPEARE'S PROVERB L O R E

Culman, 15 : Rubor virtutis est color (Blushing is the colour of vertue). Diogenes Laertius, Diogenes, vi, 54: Ιδών ποτέ μεφάκιον ¿ρνθριών, "θάρρει," ίφη· "τοιούτον ¿στι της αρετής το χρώμα" (One day he detected a youth blushing. "Courage," quoth he, "that is the hue of virtue"). Cf. Udall, Apoph. of Er asm., 140:133 ; Tilley, Prov. in Eng., B480.

18

WE A R E NOT BORN FOR OURSELVES ALONE

Timon, I, ii, 105 : We are born to do benefits. Culman, 7: Nemo sibi nascitur (Nobody is born for himself). 5Ibid., 34: Nemo sibi soli natus est (No man is born for himself alone). Cicero, De Fin., ii, 14, 45 : Non sibi se soli natum meminerit sed patriae, sed suis (Man was not born for self alone, but for country and for kindred). 5Ibid., De Offic., i, 7, 22: Non nobis solum nati sumus (We are not born for ourselves alone). 5 Erasmus, Adagia, 1094E: Nemo sibi nascitur (No one is born for himself). Cf. Tilley, Prov. in Eng., B141.

19

E V E R Y O N E AS HIS BUSINESS LIES Cf. no. 3 20 : Everyone should labor in his own vocation

ι Hen. IV, II, ii, 81 : Every man to his business. ^Hamlet, \, v, 128-131: I hold it fit that we shake hands and part; You, as your business and desire shall point you, For every man hath business and desire, Such as it is. Culman, 36: Vocatio cuique sua curanda (Everyone must look to his own calling). Cf. Tilley, Prov. in Eng., M104. 20

CALAMITY (EXTREMITY) STIRS UP THE WIT Cf. no. 284: The things which hurt us teach us

Coriol., IV, i, 3-5 : You were us'd To say extremity was the trier of spirits; That common chances common men could bear. 5Two Noble K., I, i, 118: Extremity . . . sharpens sundry wits.

LIST OF PROVERBS

25

Culman, 10: Adversa saepe excitant ingenium (Crosses do ofttimes stir up the wit). ^Ibid., 13: Ingenium mala saepe movent (Crosses ofttimes bestir the wit). Horace, Sat., ii, 8, 73-74 : Ingenium res adversae nudare soient, celare secundae (Mishaps often reveal genius, smooth going hides it). 5 Ovid, Artis Amat., ii, 43 : Ingenium mala saepe movent (Ills often stir the wits). Cf. Tilley, Prov. in Eng., Ci5a.

21

DO NOT TORMENT YOUR MIND WITH CARES

Rich. II, III, iv, 2 : Drive away the heavy thought of care. Culman, 22 : Ne curis tuum ipsius animum excrucies (Do not torment thy mind with cares).

22 WHEN THE CAT'S AWAY, THE MICE WILL PLAY Hen. V, I, ii, 172: Playing the mouse in absence of the cat. Culman, 19 : Dum felis dormit, saliunt mures (Whilst the cat sleepeth the mice skip about). Cf. Tilley, Prov. in Eng., C175.

23

ALL THINGS CHANGE

Rom. & Jul., IV, ν, 90: All things change them to the contrary. 5]ul. Caesar, I, iii, 66-67: A l l . . . things change from their ordinance, Their natures, and preformed faculties. Culman, 3: Omnia mutantur (All things are changed). ^Ibid., 9: Tempore omnia mutantur (All things are changed in time). ^Ibid., 14: Omnes res facile mutantur (All things are quickly changed). ^Ibid., 22 : Mortalia omnia mutationes multas habent (All mortal things have many changes).

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SHAKESPEARE'S PROVERB L O R E

Aristotle, Politics, V, ΙΟ, i : το μη μένζιν μηθίν αλλ' ει> τιvi irepióhw μεταβάλλΐΐν (Nothing is permanent, but everything changes). ^Ovid, Metam., xv, 165 : Omnia mutantur (All things are changing). 5 Erasmus, Adagia, 286A: Omnium rerum vicissitudo est (In all things there is change). Cf. Taverner, 22; Tilley, Prov. in Eng., C233.

24

CHASTITY (MODESTY) IS A WOMAN'S DOWRY

Hamlet, III, i, 140-141 : Plague for thy dowry: be thou as chaste as ice, as pure as snow. ^ All's Well, II, iii, 150-151: Virtue and she Is her own dower. 5Tempest, III, i, 53-54: My [Miranda] modesty (The jewel in my dower). Culman, 7: Mulieris dos pudicitia (Chastity is a woman's dowry).

25

ONCE A MAN AND TWICE A CHILD

Lúcrete, 939-954: Time's glory is . . . To make the child a man, the man a child. 5 As You Like It, II, vii, 163-165 : Last scene of all, That ends this strange eventful history, Is second childishness and mere oblivion. 5Hamlet, II, ii, 403: They say an old man is twice a child. 5 K . Lear, I, iii, 19: Old fools are babes again. 5 Pericles, IV, iii, 3-4: I think You'll turn a child again. 5Cymb., V, iii, 57: Two boys, an old man (twice a boy). Culman, 5 : Bis pueri senes (Old men are twice children). Aristophanes, The Clouds, 1417: èyù> Se γ' άντείποιμ' αν ώς òìs παίδες οΐ γέροντες (I would reply that old men are twice boys). ^Plautus, Mercator, 295-296: Senex quom extemplo est, iam nec sentit nec sapit, aiunt solere eum rusum repuerascere (Once a man gets old and reaches the senseless, witless stage, they do say he's apt to have a second childhood). 5Erasmus, Adagia, 195B: Bis pueri senes (Twice a boy, once an old man). Cf. Taverner, 16; Smith, 472; Tilley, Prov. in Eng., M570.

LIST O F P R O V E R B S

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2

7

CHILDREN ARE THE BLESSING OF GOD

All's Well, I, iii, 26-28:1 think I shall never have the blessing of God till I have issue o' my body; for they say barnes are blessings. Culman, 3 3 : Liberorum copia, Dei donum optimum (Store of children is a very good gift of God). Cicero, PostReditum, i, 1, 2: Quid dulcius hominum generi ab natura datum est quam sui cuique liberi (Of all nature's gifts to the human race, what is sweeter to a man than his children) ? Cf. Tilley, Prov. in Eng., C331.

27

C H I L D R E N SHOULD N O T BE EXPOSED T O WICKEDNESS

Merrj Wives, II, ii, 133-134: 'Tis not good that children should know any wickedness. Culman, 3 6 : Scandalum non praestandum pueris (Children ought not to be exposed to sin).

28

BE CLEANLY

Winter's T., I, ii, 123 : We must be neat—not neat, but cleanly. Culman, 2 : Mundus esto (Be cleanly). Cato, Collectio Dis. Vulg., 8 : Mundus esto (Be tidy).

29

C L E M E N C Y (COURTESY, PITY) BREEDS G O O D WILL A N D F A V O R

Pericles, IV, ii, 131-132: Pity begets you a good opinion, and that opinion a mere profit. * Publilius Syrus (1934), 90: Bona comparat praesidia misericordia (Pity provides good defenses). 5 ibid., 370: Misereri scire sine periclo est vivere (To know how to pity is to live without danger). Seneca, De Clem., i, 11, 4: Clementia ergo non tantum honestiores sed tutiores praestat ornamentumque imperiorum est simul et certissima

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SHAKESPEARE'S PROVERB LORE

salus (Mercy, then, makes rulers not only more honored, but safer, and is at the same time the glory of sovereign power and its surest protection). 30

IN TROUBLE (MISERY) IT IS GOOD TO HAVE COMPANY

Titus Andr. (Q.2 and Ff.), V, iii, 169: Friends should associate friends in grief and woe. ^Lucrece, 790 : Fellowship in woe doth woe assuage. 5 Ibid., i n ι - ι 113 : Grief best is pleas'd with grief's society; True sorrow then is feelingly suffic'd When with like semblance it is sympathiz'd. 5 L . 'Lab. Lost, IV, iii, 49: In love, I hope—sweet fellowship in shame. 5Ibid., 127-128: Thy love is far from charity, That in love's grief desir'st society. fRom. & Jul., Ill, ii, 116: Sour woe delights in fellowship. 5 Κ . Lear, III, vi, 110-113 : Who alone suffers suffers most i' th' mind,. . . the mind much sufferance doth o'erskip When grief hath mates, and bearing fellowship. 5 Winter's T., I, ii, 190-196: There have been . . . cuckolds ere now . . . there's comfort i n ' t . Culman, 26 : Solatium in miseriis amicus compatiens (A friend that suffers with us, is a comfort in miseries). 5Publilius Syrus (1835), 1012: Calamitatum habere socios miseris est solatio (It is a consolation to the wretched to have companions in misery). Cato, Collectio Monos., 63 : Quisque miser casu alterius solatia sumit (Another's woe consoles all wretched folk). 5 Seneca, Ad Marciam de Con., xii, 5 : Solacii genus est turba miserorum (A crowd of fellow sufferers is a kind of comfort in misery). 5 Erasmus, Epist., 427E: Societas miseriam levât (Fellowship lightens misery). Cf. Tilley, Eli\. Prov. Lore, 446, Prov. in Eng., C571. 31

KEEP NOT ILL COMPANY LEST YOU INCREASE THE NUMBER

2 Hen. IV, V, i, 72-76 : It is a wonderful thing to see the semblable coherence of his men's spirits and his. They, by observing of him, do bear themselves like foolish justices; he, by conversing with them, is turned into a justice-like servingman.

LIST O F P R O V E R B S

2

9

Culman, ι ζ : Fies malus malorum contubernio (Thou shalt be made evil by the company of evil men). ^Ibid., 27: Talis quisque fit, cum qualibus habet familiaritatem (Everyone becomes such as they with whom he is familiar). Cf. Tilley, Prov. in Eng., M536.

32

COMPARISONS ARE ODIOUS

Much Ado, III, ν, 18 : Comparisons are odorous. Culman, 5 : Comparado omnis odiosa (Every comparison is odious). Cf. Tilley, Eli%. Prov. Lore, i n , Prov. in Eng., C576; Baldwin, I, 591.

33

C O N F E S S I O N OF A FAULT PARDONS IT

Merry Wives, I, i, 107: If it be confessed, it is not redressed. Publilius Syrus (1835), 1079: Proximum tenet locum confessio innocentiae (Confession of our faults is the next thing to innocence). Cf. Tilley, Prov. in Eng., C590.

34

BE ABLE T O C O N Q U E R YOUR BUT SPARE HIM

ENEMY,

Cf. no. 147: T o be able to do harm and to abstain from doing it is noble All's Well, I, i, 74-75 : Be able for thine enemy Rather in power than use. Publilius Syrus (1934), 686: Satis est superare inimicum, nimium est perdere (It is enough to vanquish a foe, too much to ruin him). Statius, Thebaidos, vi, 816 : Pulchrum vitam donare minori (It is noble to spare the vanquished).

35

C O N S C I E N C E IS A T H O U S A N D W I T N E S S E S

Rich. III, V , ii, 17-18: Every man's conscience is a thousand men, T o fight against this guilty homicide. 5 Ibid., iii, 194-196: My conscience

SHAKESPEARE'S PROVERB LORE hath a thousand several tongues, And every tongue brings in a several tale, And every tale condemns me for a villain. Culman, 5 : Conscientia mille testes (Conscience is a thousand witnesses). Quintilian, Inst. Orat., ν, 11, 41 : Conscientia mille testes (Conscience is as good as a thousand witnesses). 5 Erasmus, Adagia, 394D: Conscientia mille testes (Conscience is worth a thousand witnesses). Cf. Taverner, 27; Bacon, Promus, 998; Tilley, Prov. in Eng., C601.

36

A BAD CONSCIENCE IS A SILENT TORTURE OF THE MIND

Rich. III, I, iii, 222: The worm of conscience still begnaw thy soul! 5Merrj Wives, III, iii, 234 : You suffer for a pad conscience. 5 Troilus 231-232 (1); I, i, 237-238 (180); I, i, 239-241 (51); I , iii, 26-28 (26); I I , i, 145-147 (107); I I , ii, 60-61 (168); I I , iii, 20 (56); I I , iii, 150151 (24); I I , iii, 222 (10); I I , i v , 22-23 (267); I I , ν , 53 (143); I I I , iv, 42 (277); I V , i, 19-20 (96); I V , ii, 21-22 (304); I V , iv, 35-36 (79); I V , v , 105-106 (261); V , i, 1 5 - 1 6 (319); V , iii, 19-20 (249); V , iii, 105-106 (167); V , iii, 336 (79). A N T O N Y A N D CLEOPATRA

!» i, 42-43 (112); I , ii, 133-134 (157); π , V, 58-59 (307); I I , vi, 2-3 (340); I I I , v i , 52-53 (311); I I I , xiii, 31-32 (245); I V , i, 9-10 (9); I V , iv, 20-21 (77); I V , v i , 25 (207); I V , x i v , 120-121 (197); I V , x i v , 135-138 (119); V , ii, 48-49 (208). AS YOU L I K E I T

I , ii, 81-83 (154); I I , i, 2-3 (48); I I , i, 51-52 (234); I I , vii, 18-19 ( " 7 ) ; H . vii, 63-69 (97); I I , vii, 102-103 (165); I I , vii, 163-165 (25); I I , vii, 181 (110); I I I , ii, 69 (171); I I I , ii, 206-207 (63); I I I , ν , 57 (167); I V , iii, 129-131 (147); V , i, 3 5 - 3 6 (331); V , iv, 60-61 (181); E p i l . , 4, (328). COMEDY OF ERRORS

I, i, 2 (53); I , i, 31-32 (248); I I , i, 15 (174); I I , ii, 66 (298); I I , ii, 101-102

(298); I V , i, 1 1 2 - 1 1 3 (194); I V , iii, 76 (329); I V , i v , 20-21 (4); I V , i v , 44-46 (78). CORIOLANUS

I, vi, 71 (55); I I , i, 7 5 - 7 6 (167); I I , i, 192 (266); I I , ii, 88-89 (312); I I , ii, n 6 (66); I I , iii, 124-126 (48); I I I , i, 152-153 (182); I I I , i, 218 (14); I I I , i, 258 (275); I I I , ii, 46-47 (14); I I I , iii, 88-89 (88); I V , i, 3-5 (20); I V , i, 6 - 7 (262); I V , vii, 1 1 - 1 2 (7); I V , vii, 37-39 (241); V , i, 1 8 - 1 9 (147); V , iii, 141 (321); V , iii, 154-155 (345)· CYMBELINE

ι . i. i j i - i j 7 (264); ι , i, 134-135 W ; I , iv, 146 (102); I I , ii, 31 (271); I I , iii, 47-49 (294); I I , iii, 72-78 (209); I I , iv, 143 (282); I I , ν , 30 (337); I I I , ü , 33 (5); I I I , iii, 79 (213); I I I , iv, 35-36 (270); I I I , iv, 157-158 (222); I I I , v , 37-38 (289); I I I , vi, 9-13 (226); I V , ii, 1 1 0 - 1 1 1 (197); I V , ii, 1 1 1 - 1 1 2 (163); I V , ii, 252253 (54); V , iii, 57 (25); V , ν , 7 5 - 7 6 (321); V , ν , 4 1 7 - 4 1 9 ( 1 4 7 ) .

I, i, 5 6 - 5 8 ( 9 ° ) ; I. ü» 72 (52, 67); I, ii, 146 (3 37) ; I» ii, 15 9 (227) ; I, iii, 3 8 (269) ; I, i « , 43 ( 2 5 9 ) ; I, " i , 4 7 - 5 1 (236); I, iii, 62-63 (3°6); I, iii, 68-69 (161); I, i v , 30-32 ( 2 1 1 ) ; I, i v , 30-38 (61); I, ν , 4 3 - 4 5 (334); I, ν , 4 3 - 4 5 (13 5); I, v , " 8 131 (19); I, ν , 188 (108); II, ü 403 (25);

143

144

SHAKESPEARE'S PROVERB LORE

II, ii, 571 (207); III, i, 78-82 (198); III, i, 100-101 (133); III, i, 107-108 (316); III, i, 140-141 (24) ; III, i, 140-142 (269) ; III, i, 158-161 (242); III, ii, 6-9 (208); III, ii, 177-178 (336); HI, ii, 196 (275); III, ii, 202-203 (224); HI, ii. 208-209 (160); III, ii, 210-211 (127); III, ii, 217 (252); III, ii, 218-219 (2); III, ii, 221-222 (120); III, iii, 41-43 (308); III, iv, 37-38 (49); III, iv, 161-162 (49); IV, iii, 4-7 (206); IV, iii, 9-11 (70); IV, iii, 24-26 (54); IV, iv, 39-44 (75); IV, ν, 78-79 (204); IV, vi, 20-22 (307); IV, vii, 1 1 2 114 (294); IV, vii, 118-119 (255); IV, vii, 135-140 (286); IV, vii, 165 (204); IV, vii, 189 (213); V, i, 76 (48); V, i, 285-286 (102); V, ii, 10-11 (120); V, ii, 146-147 (167); V, ii, 189-192 (217); V,ii, 221-222 (235); V, ii, 222-224(197). 1 HENRY IV

I, i, 105-107 (219); I, ii, 116-117 (320); I, iii, 94-95 (321); II, ii, 81 (19); II, iii, I I I - I I 2 (337); II, iv, 470-471 (301); III, ii, 57-59 (246); III, ii, 61-62 (335); III, ii, 71-72 (281); V, i, 120 (139); V, ii, 82 (179); V, iv, 139-140 (90); V, iv, 140 (14).

28-29 (53); ΠΙ, i, 72-73 (69); ΠΙ, ii, 136 (67); III, ii, 136-137 (53); IV, iii, 43-44 (309); IV, iii, 49 (216); IV, v, 32-33 (5 5); IV, ν, 40 (154); V, iii, 134 (116); V, iii, 141 (275); V, iv, 144-146 (43); V, ν, 62 (188). 2 HENRY VI

I, i, 156-157 (334); I, i, 157 (329); I. i»> 155-157 (219); II, i, 19-20 (300); II, iii, 104 (178); III, i, 170-171 (71); III, i, 247 (275); III, i, 347 (324); III, iii, 5-6 (178); III, iii, 30 (178); III, iii, 31 (268); IV, ii, 17-18 (320); IV, ii, 184-185 (91); IV, iv, 55 (139); IV, iv, 58 (302); IV, χ, 22 (132); V, i, 139-140 (91); V, i, 191 (13); V, ii, 28 (79). 3 HENRY VI

Π, i, 54-55 (280); II, i, 85 (144); II, i, 96-99 (341); II, ii, 45-46 (86); II, vi, 22 (172); III, i, 24-25 (3); III, i, 90 (221); III, iii, 76-77 (289); IV, iii, 58 (66); IV, iv, 30 (16); IV, vi, 19-20 (118); IV, viii, 7-8 (274); V, i, 49 (279); V, ii, 28 (67); V, iv, ι (330); V, iv, 37-38 (105); V, vi, 3 (109); V, vi, II (101); V, vi, 26-28 (341).

2 HENRY IV

I, i, 161-162 (219); I, i, 166-168 (321); I, iii, 108 (65); II, ii, 50-51 (79); II, ii, 80-83 (17); II, ii, 110-113 (150); II, iv, 303-304 (78); III, i, 88-90 (16); III, ii, 41-42 (56); III, ii, 42 (67); III, ii, 45 (56); IV, i, 196 (315); V, i, 72-76 (31); Epil., 21-22 (37).

HENRY VIII

I, i, 16-17 (299); I. i. 123-125 (208); I, i, 160-161 (200); II, i, 127-130 (234); II, ii, 23 (167); II, iv, 17-18 (129); II, iv, 138-139 (222); III, i, 39 (305); III, i, 100-101 (137); III, i, 168-169 (318); IV, ii, 41-42 (243); i v , ii, 142-143 ó76); ν , i, 175-176 (279)·

HENRY V

I, ii, 172 (22); II, ii, 37 (251); II, ii, 54-57 (99); Π» Ü» 165 (273); n > i». 52-53(302); II, iv, 69-71 (72); III, vi, 29 (116); III, vi, 178 (138); III, vii, 124-125 ( n o ) ; IV, i, 1-2 (41); IV, i, 4-5 (84); IV, ν, 2 3 (55); V, ii, 402 (221). I HENRY VI

I, i, 75 ( m ) ; I, iv, 31-33 (55); II, i, 58-59 (322); II, iv, 20-21 (303); II, ν,

JULIUS CAESAR

I, ii, 139 (11); I, ii, 140-141 (1); I, ii, 194-209 (81); I, iii, 66-67 (23); II, i, 78-79 (218); II, i, 114 (282); II, ii, 26-27 (66); II, ii, 36-37 (56); III, i, 99 (56); III, ii, 81 (82); IV, i, 21-27 (12); IV, ii, 8-9 (74); IV, ii, 20-21 (42); IV, ii, 86 (123); IV, iii, 190-192 (67); V, i, 23-27 (340); V, i, 104-107 (120); V, iii, 40 (221).

DISTRIBUTION KING JOHN

II, i, 82 (40); II, i, 137-138 ('46); III, i, 38-41 (276); III, i, 88-94 (80); III, iv, 139-140 (256); IV, ii, 30-31 (87); IV, ii, 56-57 (103).

INDEX

145

(271); II, iii, 55 (327); II, iii, 81 (271);

II, iii, 136 (138); III, ν, 32—33 (263);

IV, i, 39-40 (228); IV, ii, 18-19 (167); IV, ii, 75-77 (314); IV, iii, 81-82 (210); IV, iii, 119-120 (151); IV, iii, 209-210 (227); IV, iii, 214-215 (70); V, i, 75 (74).

KING LEAR

I, i, 283 (295); I, i, 296-297 (167); I, ii, 128-132 (1); I, ii, 195-197 (286); I, iii, J 9 ( 2 5); I» »V, 231-233 (215); I, iv, 240 (329); I, iv, 261 (6); I, iv, 272-273 (167); I. ν, 47-48 (6); II, iv, 305-307 (284); II, iv, 308-310 (102); III, iii, 26 (256); III, iv, 82-83 ("3); HI, iv, 82 (282); III, vi, 110-113 (30); IV, i, 19-21 (263); IV, iii, 34-35 ( " o ) ; IV, vi, 61-62 (53); IV, vi,

73-74 (89); IV, vii, 59 (207); V, iii, 322 (194)· LOVE'S L A B O U R ' S LOST

I, i, 4 (290); I, i, 26 (232); I, i, 114 (221);

M E A S U R E FOR M E A S U R E

I, ii, 130 (281); I, ii, 132-134 (64); I, iii, 37-39 (172); I, iv, 77-79 (51); II, i, 298

(229); II, ii, 37 (273); II, ii, 57-58 (339); II, ii, 99-102 (145); II, ii, 107-109 (147); II, iv, 35-36 (67); III, i, 2-3 (155); III, i, 40-41 (54); III, i, 78 (57); III, ii, 40-41 (14); III, ii, 197-198 (269); III, ii, 246247 (167); III, ii, 281-282 (97); IV, ii, 61-62 (307); IV, ii, 221-222 (73); IV, vi, 7-8 (233); V, i, 166-167 (162); V, i, 399-403 (57); V, i, 444 (98). M E R C H A N T OP V E N I C E

I, i, 199-200 (170); H, i, 54 (335); H, i>

ι, i, 7 (167); I, i, 95-97 (114); I, ii, 6-7 (260); I, ii, 7-8 (195); I, ii, 15-16 (236); II, i, 15-16 (120); II, ix, 61-62 (162); II, ix, 77 (221); III, ii, 63-68 (186); III, ii, 1 1 1 - 1 1 2 (208); III, iv, 22-23 (238).

V, ii, 533-534 ( 3 2 1 ) ; V, ii, 662 (258);

I, i, 69-71 (175); I, i, 107 (33); I. », 257-258 (95); I, iv, 14-15 (98); I, iv, 154

56-58 (147); II, i, 108 (283); II, i, 238239 (148); IV, ii, 167-168 (130); IV, iii, 49 (30); IV, iii, 63 (220); IV, iii, 127-128 (30); IV, iii, 131-132 (97); IV, iii, 217 (346); IV, iii, 237 (210); V, ii, 63 (297); V, ii, 70-72 (113); V, ii, 412-413 (304); V, ii, 762 (277); V, ii, 841 (282). LUCRECE

97-98 (210); 134-140 (201); I51-I52 (210); 270 (189); 402-404(271); 558-560 (285); 600 (14); 612-613 (97); 615-616 (242); 633-634 (loo); 731-732 (343); 790 (30); 791 (257); 846-847 (85); 939-940 (288); 939-954 (25); 990-991

(177); 1069 (IL); I I I I - I I I 3 (30); I186

(55); I287-I288 (227); 1324-1328 (90); 133° (277); 1337 (70); 1342-1343 (I°I); 1462-1463 (227); 1483-1489 (326); 1550 (6); 1573 (177); 1687 (229); 1692-1693 (344)· MACBETH

I, i, io (122); I, ii, 67 (132); I, iii, 38 (122); I, iii, 43-45 (108); II, ii, 53-54

M E R R Y WIVES OF WINDSOR

(138); II, ii, 133-134 (27); II, ii', 8-11 (102); III, iii, 234 (36); (Q.), V, V, 144 (74); V, ν, 251 (47). MIDSUMMER N I G H T ' S D R E A M

II, ii, 115-116 (247); II, ii, 137-138 (281); III, ii, 191 (275); III, ii, 364-365 (271); V, i, 129 (304). MUCH ADO ABOUT N O T H I N G

I, i, 59-60 (67); I, i, 226 (275); I, i, 287 (207); I, i, 290-291 (97); I, iii, 9-10 (47); II, i, 7-9 (195); II, i, 74-75 (196); III, ii, 14 (275); III, iii, 88 (38); III, iii, 1 1 1 - 1 1 2 (46); III, iv, 24-25 (197); HI, ν, 18 (32); IV, i, 35-39 (17); IV, i, 104 (122); IV, i, 253 (70), IV, i, 277 (282); V, i, 178-179 (336); V, ii, 76-79 (217).

SHAKESPEARE'S PROVERB

146

LORE

(142); I V , i v , 82-90 ( 1 9 1 ) ; I V , i v ,

OTHELLO

116-

I , ili, 204-205 (248) ; I , i i i , 206-207 (4) ;

1 1 9 (203); I V , i v , 1 2 6 - 1 3 1 (277); I V , i v ,

I , i i i , 230 (50); I , i i i , 230-232 (48); I , i i i ,

218 (66);

290-291 (316); I , i i i , 293-294 (16); I , i i i ,

293 (205); I V , i v , 358 (303); I V , i v , 395

301

(297); I , i i i ,

322-323

309-310 (58); I ,

IV, iv,

291 (74);

292-

IV, iv,

iii,

(282); I V , iv, 431 (337); V , ii, 17-18

I,

(35); V , i i i , 7 3 - 7 4 (197); V , i i i , 1 9 4 - 1 9 6

( 1 1 ) ; I , i i i , 3 7 7 - 3 7 8 (287);

i i i , 405-408 (286); I I , i , 187 (278); I I , i ,

(35)·

2 2 3 - 2 2 4 (108); I I , i i i , 1 0 5 - 1 0 7 ( 1 3 7 ) ; I I ,

ROMEO A N D JULIET

i i i , 206-207 ( 2 5 ° ) ; h . i i i , 2 4 1 (333); i l , i i i , 262-265 (44); I I , i i i , 376 (231); I I ,

I , i , 168 ( 1 7 7 ) ; I , i , 1 8 6 - 1 8 9 (185); I , i ,

i i i , 385 (291); I I I , i i i , 1 2 6 - 1 2 8 (14); I I I ,

221

( 1 4 1 ) ; I , ii,

IO4-IO5

(181); I ,

iv,

(323);

1 0 6 - 1 0 7 (197); I I , P r o l . , 1 3 - 1 4 (70); I I ,

I I I , i i i , 342-343 (184); I I I , i i i , 432 (329);

i i , 92-93 (220); I I , i i , 109 (282); I I , i i ,

iii,

157-161

(94); I I I ,

172

iii,

1 1 2 (282); I I , i i , 1 1 6 (282); I I , i i i , 36

I V , i i , 1 8 4 - 1 8 5 (243); V , i i , 223 (329).

(272); I I , i i i , 9 3 - 9 4 (148); I I , i v , PASSIONATE PILGRIM

ι (346); 17, T5 (116); 18, 5 (39); 2 ° , 2 9 ( 1 1 5 ; l i ó ) ; 20, 3 4 (126); 20, 35-36 (252); 20, 4 7 - 5 0 ( 1 2 1 ) ; 20, 5 1 - 5 2 (2).

I I I , ν , 6ο ( i i 6 ) ; I V , i, 68-70 (70); I V , ν ,

90 (23); V, i, 35-36 ( 2 ° o ) ; V , i, 80-82

PERICLES

I , P r o l . , 29-30 (49) ; I , i, 13 7 (83) ; I , ii, 39 (109); I , i i , 78 (106); I , i v , 6 3 - 6 4 (204);

( 1 4 1 ) ; V , iii, 1 5 3 - 1 5 4 (120); V , i i i , 212 (45); V , i i i , 294-295 (99).

I , i v , 75 (42); I I , i i , 27 (165); I I , i i i , 12

SONNETS

(120); I I , i v , 5 7 - 5 8 (310); I I , ν , 59 (60); I V , i i , 1 3 1 - 1 3 2 (29); I V , i i i , 1 - 6 (74);

IV, iii,

ΐ55-!57

(243); Π, vi, 15 (149); H I , i, 2 0 2 (*7 2 ); III, ii, 89 (45); III, ii, 1 1 6 (30); III, iii, 1 3 - 1 4 (88); III, iii, 43 (88); III, iii, 92 (67); III, iv, 4 (67); III, ν , 52-5 3 ( 2 49):

3 - 4 (25).

19, i (290); 19, 6 (292); 20, 4 ( 3 3 7 ) ;

(307); 35, 5 (98); 47,

2

24,

(307); 52>

2-

9

7

(246); 94, 1 - 5 (147); 102, 12 (95); 116, 1-2

R I C H A R D II

I, i, " 4 (175);

i, 177-17

8

(44); I> Ü,

6-8

(313); I ,

iii,

154-155

(85); I ,

182 (221); I ,

iii,

260-261

(291); I , i i i , 261 ( 1 7 7 ) ; I ,

iii,

292-293

(159); I I , i, 91-93 103 (56);

III,

178 (330); I I I , i i , 193 (166); I I I , i i i , τ

9

(i37); H I ,

(204); I V ,

i,

iv,

2 (21); I I I ,

317-318

119,

9-10

TAMING OF THE SHREW

TEMPEST

(150);

I I , i , 152 (53); I I , i , 266 (263); I I I , 29-30 (140); I I I , i i ,

(131);

I V , i i , 36 (221); V , i , 155 (169).

2 7 5 - 2 7 6 (332); I , i i i , 280-281 (159); I , iii,

116, 2-3

(94); I, i,

182-183

iii,

(199);

(84); 1 1 9 , 1 1 - 1 2 (92); 152, 5 - 6 (97).

(256); V ,

iv,

ii,

ι, ii, 9 7 - ! ° 3 (173); I, ii, 304 (68); I, ii,

ii,

450-452 (240); I , ii, 4 9 6 - 4 9 7 (214); I I , i,

17-

16-19 ( 2 0 2 ) ; HI, i, 2 9 _ 3 I (3 2 7); III, i,

28

5 3 - 5 4 (24); I V , i , 53 (208); I V , i , 1 8 8 -

i , 90

(183); V , i i i , 64 (255).

189 (212); V , i , 2 7 - 2 8 (147); V , i , 123 (282); V , i , 199-200 (248); V , i , 256-258 (120).

RICHARD III I , i i , 68-69 (143); I , ii", 1 8 3 - 1 8 4 (164);

TIMON OF ATHENS

I , i i i , 222 (36); I , i i i , 259-260 (152); I ,

I, i, 15-17 (153); I, i, 170-171 ( ! 8 i ) ; I, i,

i i i , 289-290 (42); I , i i i , 335 (143); I I , i i i ,

288-291 (134); I , i i , 1 0 - 1 1 (136); I , i i ,

42-43 (197); I I I , i , 79 (335); I V , i , 79-80

1 5 - 1 8 (42); I , ii, 6 3 - 6 7 (338); I , i i , 64-66

(342); I V ,

(302); I , i i , 98-101 (128); I , i i , 105 ( 1 8 ) ;

ii,

34-35

(141); I V ,

ii,

38

DISTRIBUTION I, ii, 105-109 (125); I, ii, 239-240 ( n o ) ; II, i, 23-24 (187); II, ii, 192-193 (124); III, i, 29 (98); III, ii, 67 (307); III, ν, 3 (229); III, v, 31-32 (3); III, V, 39 (225); HI, ν, 45-51 (284); IV, ii, 31-32 (253); IV, iii, 19-20 (192); IV, iii, 248 (53); IV, iii, 3 1 1 - 3 1 4 (252); IV, iii, 520 (104); V, i, 40-41 (97); V, i, 67-70 (303); V, i, 194-196 (265); V, iv, 21-26 (326). TITUS ANDRONICUS

I, 93 (3 J 7); I, i> 264 (321); I, i, 301 (16); I, i, 390 (312); I, i, 486 (56); III, i, 246 (250); IV, ii, 73-74 (74); V, iii, 1 1 6 - 1 1 8 (217); (Q.2 and Ff.), V, iii, 168 (213); (Q.2 and Ff.), V, iii, 169 (30). TROILUS A N D CRESS1DA

Prol., 31 (321); I, i, 108-109 (15); I, 83-84 (137); I, "i, 33-34 (40); I, iii, 34-37 (262); I, iii, 101-108 (62); I, iii, 240 (108); I, iii, 316 (325); II, ii, 14-15 (263); II, ii, 1 5 - 1 6 (151); II, ii, 199-200 (93); II, iii, 1 1 0 - 1 1 1 (199); HI, i, 1 1 2 1 1 3 (92); III, ii, 91-95 (243); III, ii, 162-164 (190); HI, "i, 75-76 (121); IV, iv, ι (208); IV, ν, 224 (79); V, χ, 28-29 (36). TWELFTH NIGHT

I, iii, i i 5 - 1 1 7 (193); I, v , 24-26 (254); I, ν, 37-38 (331); I, ν, 139-141 (76); I, ν, 3 I 5~3 I 7 (186); II, ii, 41-42 (295); II,

INDEX

147 iv

ΙΓ

iv, 71-73 (160); H, > ι ΐ 3 - 5 (227); III, i, 67-68 (113); III, i, 73-74 (112); III, iii, 15-18 (307); III, iv, 341 (221); III, iv, 388-390 (158); III, iv, 401-403 (316); V, i, 173 (282); V, i, 362-363 (162). TWO G E N T L E M E N OF V E R O N A

I, ii, 22-24 (i 5); I, iii, 22-23 (235); II, ii, 1 - 2 (47); III, i> 89-91 (135); III, i, 170 (58); III, i, 241 (7); III, i, 243 (293); ΙΠ, i, 324-325 (315); III, i, 353-354 (239); III, ii, 15 (296); V, ii, 7 (188); V, iv, 165 (17). TWO NOBLE

KINSMEN

I, i, 118 (20); II, i, 27-28 (4); II, ii, 1 1 4 - 1 1 7 (131); II, ii, 228-229 (no); III, iii, 24-25 (156); V, iv, 18 (56). VENUS A N D ADONIS

220 (162); 329-330(227); 333-334(277); 525 (167); 773 (218); 909 (149); 987 (336). WINTER'S TALE

I, ii, 91-94 (237); I, ii, 92-93 (59); I, ii, 123 (28); I, ii, 190-196 (30); I, ii, 304306 (150); II, i, 73-74 (269); II, i, 1 2 1 122 (5) ; II, iii, 85-86 (270) ; IV, iv, 10-13 (49); IV, 584 (244); V, i, 119-120 (248); V, ii, 171 (282); V, iii, 18-20 (271).

LATIN AND ENGLISH WORD INDEXES

LATIN WORD INDEX This index contains the main words in all the sententiae quoted. The numbers refer to the entry numbers in the "List of Proverbs." abditissima, 46 abjiciendus, 215 absolutio, 304 absolvit, 149 absolvitor, 293 absumus, 54 accelerant, 45 accepit, 134 accidunt, 5, 107 accipit, 129, 134 acrius, 64 acta, 79 adducit, 86 adest, 196 adhibe, 68 adhibere, 70 adicit, 72 adimere, 296 adimit, 296 adiutrix, 109 adiuves, 172 adjuvat, 119, 140 admiseris, 97 adspectu, 186 adsueta, 77 adulatio, 1 1 0 adulescentulis, 346 adversa, 2, 4, 20, 1 1 7 , 250 adversae, 20, 244 adversatur, 121 adversis, i, 2, 3, 40 adversitates, 5 adversitatis, 2 aegritudinem, 296 aequalem, 193 aequalitas, 129 aequamur, 54 aequat, 54 aeque, 309 11

aequo, 4, 67, 323 aerumnas, 144 aetas, 287, 346 aetate, 6 aetati, 52 affectum, 230 affert, 86, 157, 287, 313 afflictionibus, 89 aiBictos, 155 agendo, 157 agere, 157 ageret, 14 agnoscit, 73 ait, i l aiunt, 25, 262 alia, 248 alicui, 256 aliena, 100 aliis, 8, 97 alio, 8, 83, 143 alioqui, 209 aliorum, 97 alios, 187 aliquid, 144 aliud, 83, 98, 275 alliciendus, 186 alta, 271 alter, 64 alterius, 30, 81, 132 alteram, 94, 97 alto, 220 amant, 64 amantis, 220 amantium, 92 amantum, 220 amantur, 64 amaram, 70 amare, 190 amaris, 233

15 2

SHAKESPEARE'S PROVERB LORE

amaro, 70 amat, 64, 536 amatur, 3 1 1 ambiguis, 1 1 6 ambit, 43 ames, 190 amici, 2, 1 2 1 , 123, 124, 126, 127 amicis, n o , 127, 128, 187, 234 amicitia, n o , 129, 130, 131 amicitiae, n o , 131 amicitiam, 306 amicorum, 125, 130, 133 amicos, 2, 1 2 1 , 127, 244, 252, 306 amicum, 2, 126, 306 amicus, 2, 30, 1 2 1 , 124, 125, 187 amissatum, 224 amissas, 121 amisso, 264 amittitur, 184 amor, 185, 186, 189, 218, 294 amorem, 186 amori, 294 amoris, 92 ampia, 316 amplissima, 147 amplius, 90 anceps, 321 anchoris, 254 ancipites, 70 ancoris, 254 animam, 55 animi, 3, 36, 199, 214, 231, 324 animis, 60 animo, 4, 46, 119, 133, 275, 323, 343 animorum, 199 ánimos, 103 animum, 21, 144, 167, 230 animus 1 3 3 , 1 5 1 , 1 9 8 , 1 9 9 , 210, 230,259, 294 annos, 6 ante, 6, 79 anteponenda, 130 aperit, 2 appetimus, 64 apte, 193 aqua, 191 arbor, 301 arborem, 301 ardescit, 210

arguit, 103 armis, 321 arridet, 1 1 5 arrogantius, 217 artatque, 120 arte, 77 attem, 320 asinus, 12 aspectu, 122, 186 aspicere, 322 assentatio, 109 assidua, 235 assiduae, 281 assiduitatis, 95 assueta, 49 auctoramento, 84 auctore, 137 audacia, 41 audio, 296 audire, 94 audis, 14 auferas, 165 aufugit, 292 aures, 206 auribus, 90 auro, 142, 209 aurum, 12, 141 auxilia, 310 auxilium, 139 avaro, 201 avarum, 53, 210 avarus, 210 Bactrianos, 72 belli, 321 bellum, 273, 340 bene, 94, 159, 178, 182 beneficium, 133, 134, 307 bilem, 70 bis, 25, 203 blanda, 334 blandís, 342 blandida, 165, 188 blanditur, 42 blandus, 166 bona, 29, 53, 94, 107, 256, boni, 126 bonis, 145, 187, 315 bono, 91, 119, 134, 143

LATIN WORD INDEX bonos, 86, 169 bonum, 10, 106, 182, 254, 317 bonus, 14, 124, 175, 187 brevis, 177, 179, 291 bulla, 191 bullae, 191 caccitatem, 230 caedere, 71 caelo, 167 calamitas, 2, 183, 204, 248, 250 calamitate, 250 calamitatem, 248, 263 calamitati, 40 calamitatum, 30 calcar, 93 candet, 279 canem, 71, 72 canes, 72 capit, 308 capiunt, 135 captat, 308 caput, 158 caret, 322 carminibus, 1 1 Carum, 246 carus, 187 casta, 222 casu, 30 casus, 152 causa, 162 causam, 161 cave, 14, 16, 306 cavendum, 16 ca vendus, 170 cavet, 322 cedere, 40 celare, 20 celât, 214 celerius, 335 celerrime, 292 cernere, 97, 230 cernitur, 2 certat, 185 certe, 67 certissima, 29 certius, 56 certus, 2 cibi, 156

cicatrix, 261, 343 citius, 216 cito, 116, 326, 335 dementia, 29 cluet, 126 coepit, 131 coetui, 346 cogit, 194, 226 cogitant, 313 cogitat, 144, 202, 275 cognatio, 199 cognitam, 161 cognosce, 167 cognoscimus, 2 cognoscit, 73 cognoscitur, 2, 214, 301 cognosco, 301 cognoscuntur, 2 coguntur, 70 color, 17 comes, 148, 257 comi, 122 comibus, 186 comitari, 137 comités, 148 commendat, 246 comminuit, 117 committitur, 324 commodum, 308 commune, 65, 125, 205, communia, 125 communis, 52 comparât, 29 comparado, 32 compatiens, 30 compendiarían!, 14 compesce, 108 compescere, 258 concedas, 134 conceditur, 190 conciliant, 186, 2J2 concordia, 310 condimentum, 156, 338 condit, 156 condiuntur, 233 confessio, 33 confidendum, 302 confingunt, 11 confinia, 315

154

SHAKESPEARE'S PROVERB LORE

congregantur, 180 coniugium, 199 conjugium, 193, 199

conjunctio, 199 conlabascunt, 127 conscientia, 35, 36, 37, 101

consensus, 310 consequitur, 43 considerate, 219 Consilio, 113, 137, 219, 340 consilium, 6, 39, 75, 120, 245 consistit, 133

constans, 116 constat, 260

consuescunt, 157 consuetudinis, 50 consuetudo, 48, 186 consultis, 39 consultores, 219 consumit, 290 contemnitur, 216 contempta, 274 contemptum, 95 contineas, 91 contingit, 240 contubernio, 31 copia, 26, 128 coquus, 156 cor, 192, 300 corporum, 199 corpus, 199 corriges, 212 corrigit, 38 creato, 211 credas, 306 crede, 55 credendum, 306 credunt, 90 crescentem, 253 crescunt, 228 crevit, 40 crimen, 1 crimina, 99 crimine, 98 crudelis, 164, 250, 285 crudelius, 57 cudendum, 279 cuique, i l , 19, 26, 181 cuivis, 4

culpa, I, 268, 276 culpae, 229 culpam, 172 culpare, 97 culpes, 7 cuncta, 136, 137 cunctis, 208 cuneus, 325 cupiditas, 64 cupido, 219 cupidus, 77 cupimus, 64, 210 cupit, 71, 210, 323 cuppedine, 210 cura, 14, 253, 258 curabitur, 277 curanda, 19 curationes, 70 curis, 21 damna, 187 damnatur, 87 damno, 132, 284 damnum, 86

dando,134

dantis, 133 dare, 243, 324

das, 229 dat, 134

data, 240 datum, 26 datur, 133 debemus, 223 debes, 176 debet, 258 debetur, 67 decepit, 1I7 decernatur, 321 decet, 324 decipit, 216 decretum, 66 decrevit, 120 dediscitur, 294 dedit, 116, 134, 211 deducimur, 120 deesse, 323 deest, 75, 201 deformis, 61 degeneres, 103

LATIN WORD INDEX Dei, 26, 137, 138 dejicitur, 280 delectant, 77 delectatur, 77 deliberandum, 161 delieta, 172 delicto, 87 delinquere, 98 dementai, 76 Deo, 5, 190 depravai, 230 deprimitur, 286 descendit, 167 desiit, 131 desipere, l u desistunt, 335 desunt, 210 deteriores, 174 deterrima, 335 deum, 137 Deus, 89, 120, 137, 140, i8o, 313 die, 76 dicebat, 14 dicere, 273, 276 dici, 296 dicis, 236 dicit, 167 dicitur, 173, 191 dico, 264 dictis, 277 dictum, 326 didicere, 338 diem, 296 dies, 287, 296, 299 difficile, 213 difficilest, 126 difficili, 240 difficillimum, 213 digito, 108 digno, 134 dilabitur, 86 dilabuntur, 69, 86 dilige, 187 diligentiam, 68 diligere, 306 diligitur, 121 diluunt, 70 dimidium, 151 dimissum, 184

dira, 210 disce, 171 discere, 169, 171 diseipulus, 299 discordia, 69 disperit, 86 dissentiat, 236 dissimulanda, 99 dissimulare, 22; diu, I6I, 182, 246 diuturna, 183 diuturnitas, 289 diuturnum, 168 diversa, 104 dives, 323 divina, 120 divitiae, 241, 323 divitiarum, 94 divitias, 231 docent, 284 docet, 157, 283 doctis, 171 doctore, 13 dolis, 286 dolor, 144, 185, 226, 227, 277 dolorem, 281 dolores, 296 dolori, 4, 160 doloris, 296 dolorum, 53 domat, 289 Domino, 139 dominum, 283 domus, 88 donantis, 133 donare, 34 donum, 26, 133 dormit, 22 dos, 24 duabus, 254 dubia, 2 dubiis, 41 dubitat, 172 ducis, 123 ducit, 180, 288 dulce, H2, 249 dulcía, 233 dulcis, 188, 249, 271 dulcissima, 240

155

156

SHAKESPEARE'S PROVERB LORE

dulcius, 26 dum, 22, 279 duo, 308 duos, 308 duplex, 308 dura, 48 durum, 249 ebrietas, 46, 76 ebrii, 46 edax, 290 efficacius, 303 efficimur, 284 efficit, 327 egestas, 215 egregia, 269 egregium, 293 emendare, 47 emi, 124 emissum, 339 emuntur, 240 enitere, 97 eodem, 121 eorum, 128 ergo, 29 eripere, 213, 324 eripite, 324 erit, 199 errare, 205 errat, 1 1 6 error, 148 errorem, 148 eruditiores, 284 eruit, 288 esse, 14, 85, 173 esset, 214 esto, 28, 166 etiam, 1 1 6 , 226, 322, 343 evenerunt, 107 eveniunt, 120, 204 eventus, 86 evitare, 66 évitât, 102 evolarint, 339 evolat, 339 exaequat, 54 exaestuat, 227 excelsa, 1 1 8 excelsis, 152

excidunt, 144 excitant, 20 excitât, 274 excitavit, 274 excrucies, 21 exerce, 208, 329 exerceat, 320 exercitatio, 235 exigere, 136 exigit, 8 eximia, 267 exitu, 54 exitus, 78, 79, 80, 321 exorantur, 342 expectandum, 139 expetit, 8 exprobranda, 250 exprobratio, 250 expugnari, 209 exsolutio, 53 exstinguit, 53 exsul, 88 extemplo, 25 extirpare, 273 extrema, 79 fabrum, 1 1 facete, 236, 276, 321 faciamus, 236 facias, 236 faciat, 54 facientis, 133 facile, 23, 71, h i , 180, 278, 286, 339 facilest, h i facilius, 152 facillime, 180 facit, 1 1 7 , 129, 172, 199, 294, 310, 314. 317 faciunt, 219, 252 facta, 60 factis, 79 factum, 7 J , 74, 290 facundus, 257 fallit, 42 falsumst, 296 fama, 59, 61, 94 famae, 61, 94 famem, 156 fames, 156, 253, 260

LATIN WORD INDEX familiaritas, 95 familiaritatem, 31 fastidio, 95 fastidium, 260 fastum, 241 fatale, 144 fatis, 66, 120 favor, 121 fecetis, 97 fecundissimus, 185 felicera, 263 felici, 291 felicitas, 252, 253 felicitatem, 41 felis, 22 felix, 203 felle, 185 femina, 337 feminae, 338 feras, 7, 47 fercla, 156 fere, 335 ferenda, 47 ferendo, 119 ferre, 55 ferrum, 279, 324 fert, 183, 275, 287, 327 fertur, 159 festinans, 308 festinatam, 335 festinationis, 148 fideliores, 90 fidem, 44, 154, 264 fidendum, 302 fides, 90 fieri, 74, 132, 219 fies, 31 figura, 214 finem, 78, 294 fingit, i l , 120 fingunt, i l finis, 53, 78, 83 firma, 127, 310 firmi, 127 firmo, 124 fit» } i , i59> 177. 188, 251, 312, 326 fiunt, i } 7 flagitiorum, 80 fiere, 338

157

fletus, 144 foedam, 55 foemina, 15, 337 foeminae, 337 forma, 304, 316 forti, 332 fortis, 3, 164 fortuna, 104, 115, 116, 117, 118, 119, 120, 121, 127, 245, 321 fortunae, 1, 11, 125, 241, 330 fortunam, 11 fovet, 117 frangitur, 285 fructibus, 301 fructu, 301 frustra, 1, 213 frustratur, 308 fugacius, 292 fugiendum, 208 fugit, 292 fuit, 109, 203, 225, 269 furere, 113 furor, 230 furorem, 230 fustem, 71 futuri, 83, 197 futurum, 293 gaudet, 77, 180 gaudium, 160, i 8 j gelidae, 271 generi, 26 genus, 30, 120 gerendum, 340 gignit, 232 gladium, 324 gladius, 341 gliscit, 15 gloria, 93, 147, 312 gloriam, 14 gradus, 62, 83 Graecorum, 125, 320 grandes, 323 gratia, 307 gratiam, 307 graviore, 85 gravioribus, 70 gravis, 36, 276 gravissimum, 50, 274

158

SHAKESPEARE'S PROVERB LORE

gravius, 250 graviu'st, 122 gubernator, 262 habe, 273 habearis, 14 habeas, 2 habebitur, 1 1 4 habemus, 100, 210 habenda, 90 habendus, 195 habent, 23, 217 habere, 30, 283 haberi, 14 habet, 31, 86, 9 3 , 1 1 6 , 1 2 1 , 1 2 5 , 1 5 4 , 201, 2x0, 220, 227, 231, 252, 272, 300, 323, 334

haeieditas, 94 hau, i n haud, i n hederá, 328 herba, 82 herbam, 82 hereditas, 94 heu, 227 homine, 302 homines, 54, 90, 135, 157, 200, 342 homini, 53, 75, 1 1 4 , 120, 127, 273, 302, 323 hominibus, 157, 214, 273, 296 hominis, 192, 214 hominum, 26, 94, 98, 179, 214 homo, 1 9 1 , 214, 275, 346 honesta, 55, 94, 239 honestam, 55 honestare, 87 honestatem, 153 honeste, 215 honestior, 94 honestiores, 29 honestum, 153, 276 honestus, 94 hora, 256 horis, 333 humana, 120 humanis, 120 humilia, 310 humilis, 118

iacet, 59 ibi, 103, 124, 300, 310 ibidem, 124 ibit, 1 2 1 ictibus, 280 igitur, 167 igni, 279 ignoscendo, 229 ignoscit, 229 ignoscitur, 87 ignotum, 198 ilia, 53, 240 illicita, 64 illud, 74, 173, 296 ilium, 16, 264 imago, 214, 2 7 x immature, 58 immensum, 93 immoto, 120 impedimentum, 318 impedii, 230 imperat, 215, 222 imperio, 188 imperiorum, 29 imperitus, 67 imperium, 50 impetrat, 41 impos, 324 imposuit, 16 improbes, 87 improbitatem, 172 improbos, 172 impune, 344 inaequalium, 193 incendia, 274 incendium, 274 incerta, 2 incerti, 321 incertos, 321 incertus, 1 5 1 , 321 incipiunt, 186 inclinât, 1 2 1 inclusus, 227 incognitum, 3 1 1 incommoda, 5, 330 inconstantes, 337 incusat, 97 indicat, 214 indigent, 13

LATIN WORD INDEX indigno, 153 industrium, 140 inesse, n o inest, 98 inevitabilis, 56 inexpugnabile, 209 infantem, 164 infectum, 74 infelicitas, 250 infortunati, 121 infortunium, 86 ingenia, 335 ingenium, 20 ingens, 124 ingratitudine, 158 ingratitudo, 158 ingratum, 64 ingredi, 259 inimica, 219 inimicum, 34 inimicus, 42 iniuria, 132, 255 iniuriarum, 345 injuria, 255 injuriae, 229, 270, 345 innocentes, 226 innocentiae, 33 innumera, 263 inopem, 53 inopinata, 85 inquieta, 253 inrepatabile, 292 insaniam, 76 insequens, 308 insequitur, 308 insidias, 338 insitum, 212 insperata, 107 instituimus, 120 insultant, 146 insultatur, 146 integrado, 92 integratiost, 92 intellegit, 331 intelligit, 73 interea, 292 interest, 14 intervenís, 153 intrat, 294

intus, 227 invenerit, 71 invenit, 75, 127 invicta, 209 invidus, 81 invisa, 269 invitât, 172 invitum, 38 ipsa, 177 ipsae, 244 ipsam, 253 ipse, 14, 97 ipsius, 8, 21 ipso, 8 ipsus, I I ira, 8, 92, 219, 230 iracundia, 8, 219 iracundiam, 10 irae, 10, 92 irascere, 273 irascitur, 9 irati, 219 irato, 324 iratus, 8 irrevocabile, 339 irriseris, 207 irritare, 263 irritât, 210 isti, 324 istud, 236 ita, 214 iucunda, 249 iudicandum, 306 iudicant, 79 iudicaris, 306 Iuppiter, 220 iurandum, 220 ius, 220, 255 iusiurandum, 221 iuvant, 240, 310 iuvat, 2, 77, 271 iuventam, 335 iuvet, 147 jactato, 238 jubet, 55 jucunda, 249 judex, 162 judicandum, 161

i6o

SHAKESPEARE'S PROVERB LORE

judicia, 230 judicium, 206 jugum, 527 junctum, 160 jurato, 282 jus, 213, 255 jusjurandum, 220, 221 juvenum, 346 labat, 127 labore, 228 laboris, 251 lacrima, 338 lacrimae, 144 lacrimis, 285, 338 laedis, 153 laedit, 38 lapsaque, 46 late, 59 latet, 122 latrant, 72 latrare, 72 laudato, 239 laudatur, 182 laudo, 123 laus, 147, 237 lenit, 48, 289, 296 leo, 146 leoni, 146 lepores, 146, 308 leporibus, 146 levare, 144 levât, 30, 53, 144 leve, 159, 327 levis, 1 1 6 levitate, 1 1 6 liberi, 26 liberorum, 26 licentia, 174 licentiam, 305 licet, 64, 66 lingua, 46, 258, 341 linguae, 305 linguam, 108, 258 loco, 1 1 2 locum, 33, 229, 272, 332 locus, 62 locutum, 267 longa, 63, 290, 291

longaeva, 183 longior, 177, 183 longissima, 63 loquendo, 267 loquente, 142 loqui, 249, 275, 276 loquitur, 214 loquuntur, 236 lubet, 120 lucem, 288 lucro, 210 lucrum, 86, 132 ludit, 120 luit, 326 macrescit, 81 magis, 64, 90, 107, 199, 210, 240 magnanimo, 345 magno, 260 magnum, 84, 274 magnus, 124 maior, 147 malora, 210 maiorumque, 253 major, 90 mala, i, 20, 45, 49, 53, 82, 85, 1 0 1 , 1 1 9 , 157» 187. 204, 256, 263, 315 malae, 13 malam, 82, 87 male, 55, 86, 178, 324, 326 malebat, 14 maledicto, 270 malefacta, 326 mali, 83, 206, 326 malis, 145, 177, 204, 269 malitia, 326 malitiae, 338 malo, 91, 98, 143, 325 malorum, 31, 53, 249 malos, 217 malum, 83, 84, 86, 102, 122, 123, 143, 144, 192, 193, 198, 200, 283 malus, 3 1 , 106, 325 manet, 343 manu, 138, 270, 290 matrona, 222 maturitatem, 335 mavult, 12 maxima, 94, n o , 199

LATIN WORD INDEX maxime, 104 maximum, 274 medetur, 277 medicus, 296 melior, 130 melius, 124, 150 melle, 185 meminerit, 18 meminisse, 249 memoratur, 124 memorem, 173 memoria, 248, 249 mendacem, 173 mendacium, 175, 338 mendico, 234 mens, 6, 163, 197 mentes, 294 mentire, 176 mentiri, 176, 226 mentis, 230 merces, 237 mero, 46 metiendum, 133 metuenda, 104 metuendo, 102 metuendum, 259 metuit, 163, 198 metus, 58, 272 mille, 35, 183 minime, 125 minimum, 323 minori, 34 minus, 43 minutissima, 274 misceri, 189 miser, 30, 58, 202, 203, 227, 309 misereri, 29 miseriae, 53 miseriam, 30 miseriarum, 4 misericordia, 29 miseriis, 30 miseris, 30, 249 misero, 291 miserorum, 30 miserum, 53 missa, 339 missae, 133 mitiget, 296

mittentis, 133 mobile, 337 moderare, 170 modo, 74 modum, 10, 281 modus, 195, 196, 208 molestias, 183 molestus, 346 mora, 63 morbis, 70 mordere, 72 mores, i l , 169, 214 mori, 55, 57, 67, 178 moriendum, 67 moriri, 56 moritur, 58 mors, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 58, 67, 335 mortale, 120 mortalia, 23 mortalibus, 205 mortalium, 179, 333 morte, 54 mortem, 55, 57 morti, 67, 271 mortis, 271, 335 mortuo, 146 mortuus, 88, 146 mos, 109 movent, 20, 330 muliebris, 338 mulier, 336 mulierem, 266 mulieris, 24 multa, 75, 98, 99, 107, 141, 157, 287, 310 multas, 23 multi, 313 multis, 107, 141, 280 multo, 87, 152 multos, 252 multum, 210 mundus, 28 muñera, 135 muneribus, 133 munerum, 133 mures, 22 murmuratione, 137 mutabile, 337 mutabilis, 337

ι6ι

210,

162

SHAKESPEARE'S PROVERB LORE

mutantur, 23, 127 mutate, 47 mutari, 7, 47, 74 mutationes, 23 mutus, 144 nascitur, 18, 67, 98, 186 nati, 18 natum, 18, 47 natura, 26, 100, 192, 211, naturae, 13, 213 naturale, 289 naturarti, 213 natus, 18 naufragium, 265 necat, 164, 341 necesse, 67 necessitas, 215 necopinata, 85 nefas, 55 neglecta, 274 neglegas, 216 negotio, 212 neminem, 117, 207, 268 nemini, 66, 250, 256 nemo, 18, 58, 67, 98, 121, 268, 333 neque, 98 nesciat, 67 nesciet, 178 nescio, 86 nescit, 339 nescitur, 184 neutrum, 308 nihil, 15, 44, 64, 136, 142, 168, 176, 208, 209, 219,

212, 213, 317

154, 162, 267,

150, 157, 158, 289, 292, 303,

323. 3 2 8 . 33°. 337 nil, 142, 176, 208, 230 nimia, 95, 286 nimio, 46 nimis, 208 nimium, 34, 63, 117, 126, 149, 163, 208 nimius, 170 nisi, 59, 121, 154, 172, 271, 281, 306 niti, 254 nobilitas, 317 nobis, 18, 125, 236, 268 noceas, 187 nocent, 284

nocere, 8, 147 nocet, 8, 145, 152, 267 nodo, 325 noli, 243 nolis, 322 nolle, 147 nomen, 2, 126 norit, 320 nos, 234 nosce, 167 nostra, 100, 138, 191 nostrae, 5 nostrum, 268 novit, 15, 40 nox, 218 noxa, 83 noxam, 83 nube, 193 nubere, 193 nudare, 20 nulla, 6, 130, 179, 281 nulli, 62, 132, 245, 267 nullo, 74, 120, 210, 212 nullum, 84 nullus, 121 numquam, 13, 51, 61, 202 nunquam, 101, 169, 267, 339 nusquam, 88 obedire, 223 obediunt, 209 obiurgari, 250 obiurgatio, 250 objicienda, 250 oblivio, 224, 345 oblivisci, 97 observatum, 335 obtempera, 247 occidere, 335 occultas, 231 occulte, 186 oculati, 100 oculi, 90, 186, 206 oculis, 90, 100, 186 oculorum, 230 odi, 141 odiosa, 32, 346 odit, 175, 336 offendunt, 49

LATIN WORD INDEX omne, 208, 290, 332 omnem, 332 omnes, 23, 65, 174, 268, 284, 321 omni, 52 omnia, ι, 23, 48, 54, 85, 125, 137, 138, 209, 230, 235, 287, 295, 298, 321

omnibus, 52, 67, 130, 195, 208, 265, 333 omnis, 32, 58, 59, 63, 119, 148, 175, 264, 318, 326

omnisque, 63 omnium, 23, 53, 158, 323, 326 onus, 159 opes, 121, 124, 252 opimae, 244 opimis, 81 opinio, 94 opitulatur, 89 oportere, 173 oportet, 97, 173, 246, 306, 322 oppressit, 61 optima, 58, 335 optimum, 26, 47, 137, 156 optimus, 133, 156, 195 opus, 2, 328 oratio, 142, 214, 304, 334 oratione, 214 orationem, 214 orationi, 236 orbe, 120 ordine, 120 ordo, 317 ornamentumque, 29 ornât, 266 os, 275 otio, 157 otium, 157 pacem, 273 pallida, 67 parant, 244 parasti, 210 paratasi, 127 parcere, 273 pare, 297 parendo, 222 parentes, 234 parentibus, 223 parere, 297

pares, 54, 129, 180 pari, 193 paribus, 180 parit, 83, 95, 148, 240, 261, 263, pariunt, 241, 244 parsimonia, 228 parta, 86 parte, 134 partem, 134 particeps, 125 partum, 86 parva, 274 parvo, 260, 323 pascitur, 285 passibus, 116 patet, 59 pati, 47. 249 patienter, 47 patientia, 4, 231 patria, 332 patriae, 18 patriam, 332 Patrimonium, 94 pauci, 64 paupertas, 234 pauperum, 67 peccat, 267, 314, 344 peccato, 268 peccatores, 268 peccatum, 123, 172 pecces, 344 pectoris, 46 pectus, 210 pecunia, 94, 209, 210 pecuniae, 209, 252 pecuniam, 253 pede, 67 pejora, 144 pejus, 158 pellitur, 143 pennis, h i pensatur, 133 pepercerit, 145 peractam, 73 peragenda, 298 perdere, 34, 44, 147, 322 perdit, 44, 154, 264 peregeris, 308 perenne, 199

164

SHAKESPEARE'S PROVERB LORE

perficit, 186 periclo, 29, 51, 322 periclum, 51, 216 periculosas, 70 periculum, 9 periisse, 264 periit, 264 perire, 82 périt, 82 periuria, 220 perperam, 141 perpetuum, 168 persaepe, 267 personis, 273 persuadeamus, 268 perturbati, 3 pessimi, 219 pessimus, 106 pestis, 1 1 0 petas, 305 petendum, 39 petentibus, 210 petes, 153 petit, 9 petunt, 210 philosophi, 236 piis, 233 pinguis, 232 placidaeque, 271 placidis, 277 plerumque, 180, 255 plorat, 338 plura, 210 plures, 172, 341 pluribus, 229 plurima, 210 plurimi, 41 plurimum, 323 pluris, 240 plus, 43, 198, 210, 243, 245, 270 poenam, 220, 313 poenas, 8 poenitentia, 148 poenitet, 267 poetam, 86 pol, i l pollet, 142 ponere, 10, 77 populus, 242, 326

portus, 4 posita, 138 posse, 147 possessio, 130 possideant, 210 possiet, 243 possis, 47, 105, 165, 230, 243 possunt, 47, 209 post, 1 6 1 , 248 posterior, 299 pote, 44, 1 1 3 , 331 potentia, 120 potentior, 194 poterat, 74 potest, 7, 74, 105, 1 1 3 , 124, 132, 142, 162, 189, 219, 235, 262, 309 potestas, 147 potior, 55 potissimum, 186 potius, 133 potueris, 91 praecipit, 230 praecipiti, 281 praecipitur, 320 praeclare, 14 praecocia, 335 praeda, 86 praedicant, 217 praefero, 55 praeferre, 55 praematurae, 335 praemi, 251 praesaga, 163, 197 praesentia, 65 praesentis, 83 praesidia, 29 praestandum, 27 praestant, 236 praestantiores, 6 praestare, 136, 267 praestari, 243 praestat, 29, 55 praeter, 15, 107 praeterit, 172 praeteritorum, 249 prava, 101 precium, 133 primam, 258 princeps, 242

LATIN WORD INDEX prior, 344 prioris, 299 proba, 60 probant, 244 probat, 79 probato, 306 probatur, 2 probaveris, 306 probis, 60 probo, 94, 134 probri, 97 proclives, 200 procul, 121 prodesse, 309 prodesto, 187 profana, 46 profert, 46 profusae, 144 proinde, 236 promanant, 60 promittas, 243 promittere, 243 properando, 148 properanti, 63 properat, 149 proprium, 97 prorsum, 98 prosperis, 104 prosunt, 310, 314 proveniunt, 137, 157 proverbio, 125, 180, 320 provocai, 307 proximum, 33 prudentia, 6, 1 1 2 prudentiam, 329 prudentibus, 39 prudentiores, 6 pudicitia, 24, 316 pudor, 103, 215, 264 pudore, 264 pudorem, 55 pudori, 55 pueri, 25 pugnae, 321 pugnarum, 321 pulchrum, 34, 136, 181 puisât, 67 punitur, 220 pusilla, 63

165

puta, 276 putat, 323 putes, 123 puto, 258 quae. 53, i j i , *49> z 8 4 quaedam, ; quaere, 193 quaerendus, 325 quaestus, 132 quaevis, 142 qualibus, 31 qualis, 14, 214, 242 qualitas, 214 quam, 36, 225 quandoque, 67 quanto, 210 quantumvis, 63 quem, 61, 91 quemque, 77, 96 quercus, 280 queri, 1 querulo, 144 questus, 249 qui, 43, 1 1 3 , 1 2 1 , 202, 217, 229, 308 quibus, 5 quicquid, 67, 134, 293, 312, 322 quid, 14, 26 quidemst, 125 quidquid, 64, 1 2 ; quid vis, 21 j quies, 271 quilibet, 262 quis, 182, 236, 323 quisque, 30, 31, 77, 214, 262, 300, 320 quisquís, 145, 178 quod, 14, 15, 47, 66, 74, 97, 105, 159, 161, 165, 184, 201, 202, 212, 216, 236, 240, 243, 246, 276 quoi, 264 quoque, 98, 343 quotiens, 67 quoties, 2 1 ; rapida, 1 1 6 rapit, 335 rari, 126 rarior, 246

166

SHAKESPEARE'S PROVERB LORE

raro, 204 rarum, 246, 272 ratem, 254 rati, 230 ratio, 6 rationi, 247 rationis, 230 rebus, 2, 3, 41, 81, 104, 120, 130, 195, 196, 208, 267 recta, 37 recte, 123, 219, 277, 314 rectius, 6 reddimur, 6 redintegratio, 92 redit, 339 reducere, 249 referí, 182 rege, 10 regi, 258 regit, 38, 120, 137 regitur, 120 regna, 69 regumque, 67 rei, 78, 196 relegamus, 1 relicuam, 264 relinquit, 335 rem, 73, 87 remedio, 70 remedium, 4, 224, 289, 345 repentina, 85 reperiri, 126 reposcit, 1 1 6 repuerascere, 25 repugna tur, 213 rerum, 23, 224, 290 res, 23, J } , 120, 127, 148, 228, 230, 244, 253» 273 rest, 2 restituitur .61 retinentibus, 144 revelat, 295 revertí, 339 re volant, 339 ridet, 220 riserie, 207 risum, 170 rogando, 194 rubor, 17

ruit, 264 rumor, 94 rusum, 25 saepe, 20, 1 0 1 , 107, 1 4 1 , 206, 225, 229, 274. 515. 3 2 0 saepenumero, 8 saepius, 267 saliunt, 22 salus, 29 sanantur, 61 sanato, 343 sanatum, 343 sanitate, 150 sapere, 1 1 3 , 190, 331 sapias, 190 sapiens, 1 1 , 102, 175 sapiente, 114, 171 sapientem, 330 sapienti, 332 sapientia, 1 1 2 , 1 1 4 , 120 171 sapientiae, 1 5 1 sapientis, 343 sapientissimos, 98 sapimus, 6 sapit, 25, 333 sat, 147 satiat, 210 satiatur, 210 satis, 34, 316 satius, 55, 169, 225 scandalum, 27 scelera, 273 sceleratos, 273 scilicet, 77 scintilla, 274 scintillula, 274 scire, 29 scires, 332 scis, 315 seit, 259 secunda, 1 1 7 , 121 secundae, 20, 244 secura, ι ο ί securitas, 263 semel, 16, 61, 161, 230, 339 semper, 16,54, 78, 79, 8 6 , 1 0 2 , 1 1 5 , 1 6 3 , 180, 185, 198, 259, 269, 275, 304, 310, 321, 337

LATIN WORD INDEX sempiternae, i j i senes, 25 senex, 25, 546 senibus, 6 senilem, 535 senium, 45 sensum, 230, 232 sententiae, 6 sentit, 25, 85 senum, 6 sepulcro, 88 sequantur, 187 sequitur, 255, 278 sera, 169 serenitas, 278 serius, 149 sermo, 214, 277 sermone, 214 sero, 169, 293 servat, 155, 264 servatur, 64 servatus, 147 servetur, 62 servit, 215 servitus, 36 servum, 283 sibi, 8, 9, i l , 18 significatur, 133 signum, 335 silendo, 267 silentia, 267 silentium, 266 simile, 180 similem, 180 simili, 180 similis, n o , 191 simillima, 271 simplex, 304 simplici, 303 simplicitas, 286, 304 simul, 29, 308 simulare, 112 simulât, 106 sine, 29, 51, 84, 88, 98, m , 132, 268 singula, 310 sinit, 64 siqua, 193 siquem, 147 sis, 14 12

sobrii, 46 societas, 30 socios, 30 sola, 204, 209, 317 solacii, 30 solatia, 30 solatio, 30, 265 solatium, 30, 251, 265 soient, 20, 274 solere, 25 soles, 97 soli, 18 sollemne, 241 solum, 18, 332 somnus, 271, 272 sordida, 86 spe, 251 spetta, 78 spectandum, 133 spectandus, 78 spem, 107 speres, 107 spernimus, 65 spes. 53. 155 spoliât, 234 statuendum, 161 sternit, 54 stramina, 12 strangulat, 227 struit, 338 studet, 8 studia, 77 studio, 77 studiorum, 77 stultitiae, 97 stultitiam, 112 stulto, 114 stultum, ι , 105, 117, 206, 331 stultus, 73, 114 suadent, 218 suadente, 142 suades, 236 suadet, 229 suasit, 141 suavissima, 37 succumbit, 215 suis, 18 sumere, 274 sumit, 30

168

SHAKESPEARE'S PROVERB LORE

summa, 1 1 2 , 255, 258 summum, 55, 255 summus, 62 sumpse, 97 sumus, 18, 100, 174, 268 suorum, 77, 97 superanda, 1 1 9 superare, 34 superbia, 241 suspensa, 328 suum, 181 tabernas, 67 tacebit, 1 1 4 tacenda, 276 taciturn, 36 tacitumitas, 1 1 4 tacuisse, 267 taedeat, 281 talem, 214 talis, 14, 31, 214, 242 tam, 20X tarnen, 53, 339 tanto, 210 tantum, 29, 1 1 6 tantumdem, 54 teipsum, 167 telum, 324 tempera, 10, 258 temperantiam, 208 tempestatem, 278 tempore, 2, 23, 292, 298 tempori, 215, 297 temporis, 289 tempus, 77, 288, 290, 292, 294, 295, 296 tenere, 91 tenet, 33 tenuem, 232 tenuit, 281 tergo, 100 tertium, 336 testes, 35, 206 thesaurum, 300 thesaurus, 124 tibi, 187, 279 timeat, 202 timendum, 216 timere, 57, 105 timidi, 72

timidum, 72 timor, 103, 318 timore, 189 tolerabilïor, 55 toleranda, 4 tormento, 227 tormentum, 8, 36 trahit, 96 tranquillo, 262 tristes, 244 tristitiae, 277 trunco, 325 tua, 238 tuom, 123 turba, jo turpe, 86, 276 turpi, 55 turpia, 218 turpis, 80, 261 turpius, 87 turres, 67 tuta, 101 tutior, 94, 118 tutiores, 29 tuto, 259 tutus, 62, 259, 322 tuum, 123, 167 ubi, 88, 103, 124, 230, 300 ulcisci, 172, 225 ulla, 204 ulli, 267 ultra, 44 umquam, 154 una, 52 uni, 229 unica, 317 unicuique, 196, 2 1 1 unius, 326 unquam, 169 unus, 313 urget, 215 urit, 64 usquam, 67 usu, 294 usurpabant, 72 usus, 246 utare, 1 1 9 utendum, 128

LATIN WORD INDEX utere, 128, 319 utitur, 127 utroque, 308 uxorem, 193 vacat, 98 vagum, 337 valet, I20, 245 varia, 337 varium, 337 vehementius, 72 vehículo, 257 vel, 225 velis, 87, 246, 259 vellet, 14 velocius, 292 veluti, 123 vendibili, 328 venenum, 334 venere, 185 venereum, 220 venerunt, 210 venit, 216, 230, 272 venter, 232 venus, 188 verae, 131 verba, 46, 144, 339 verbis, 243, 342 verbum, 124, 125, 339 ver eri, 259 vergit, 281 veri, 304 veritate, 303 veritatem, 288 veritatis, 304 veros, 296 vertas, 97 vertís, 97 verum, 124, 230, 305 verumque, 173 verus, 124 vetere, 180 veteresque, 249 vetita, 64 vetus, 12 j vetustas, 290 via, 169, 257 viam, 14 vicina, 31 j

169

vicinos, 217 vicissitudo, 23 victoria, 310 videare, 14 videri, 14 videtur, 53, 63 vincere, 213 vincitur, 51 vindices, 172 vino, 328 vinum, 218 vir, 214 vires, 274 viri, 121, 214, 326 viro, 171, 332 viros, 98 virtus, 40, 41, 59, 261, 264, 267, 269, 317 virtute, 165, 312, 319 virtutem, 258 virtutibus, 315 virtutis, 17, 237, 318 virum, 222, 317 vita, 55, 150, 177, 179, 183, 191, 214, 236, 291 vitae, 53, 55, 58, 78 vitam, 34, 55, 120 vitare, 105 vitari, 7, 105 vitato, 95 vitia, 97, 100, 157, 314 vitii, 98 vitiis, 98, 273 vitio, 97, 273 vitiorum, 109, 158 vitium, 109, 211, 241 vivas, 182 vivat, 182 vivere, 29, 55, 182, 323 vivet, 178 vix, 61, 190, 240 vixit, 182 vocatio, 19 vocem, 227 voces, 263 volare, h i volat, 339 volens, 327 voles, 193

SHAKESPEARE'S PROVERB LORE volgo, 296 volubilis, 116 volueris, 67 voluntariam, 76 voluntas, 537 voluptas, 96, 240, 281 voluptatem, 240 voluptates, 246

voluptati, 10 vox,339 vulgi, 206 vulgo, 72» 173 vulnera, 61 vulnere, 343 vulnus, 343 vult, 309

ENGLISH WORD INDEX This is a catchword index to the proverb lore quoted from Shakespeare and to the translations of all the sententiae quoted. The numbers refer to the entry numbers in the " L i s t of Proverbs." ass, 12 assuage, 277, 296 attempt, 51 attend, 103 augment, 203 avarice, 210 avenge, 225 avoid, 7, 66, 105, 170, 208 away, 22

able, 34, 147 above, 137, 138 abstain, 147 abundance, 260 accuse, 87 accusing, 1 act, H 2 actions, 60, 245, 247 adversities, 45 adversity, 2, 3, 4, 104, 244, 250 affairs, 120 afflicted, 155 affliction, 4, 5, 89, 226 agree, 346 all, 23, 43, 52, 67, 79, 84, 137, 138, 174, 195, 196, 208, 265, 268, 295, 298 alliance, 189 allowed, 64 alone, 18, 204 aloud, 144 altered, 7 always, 115, 269 amend, 7, 74 amendment, 264 amity, 129, 199 anchors, 254 anger, 8, 9, 10, 92, 219, 220, 324 angry, 273 another, 83, 97 anxiety, 253 anyone, 262 appraised, 306 apprehension, 57, 197 architect, 11 argues, 142 art, 320 ascribe, 1 asks, 307 171

babe, 164 back, 339 bad, 13, 36, 84, 86, 255, 283, 315 badge, 261 barbarous, 164 bark, 72 base, 61, 80, 86, 218 bashfulness, 17 battle, 321, 340 bawd, 218 be, 14, 28 bear, 7, 12, 47, 85, 123, 225, 327 beard, 146 bearing, 119 beat, 71 beauty, 316 because, 15 become, 31, 326 bedfellow, 272 before, 161, 306 beget, 307 beguile, 286 belief, 151 believe, 90 belly, 232 belongs, 313 bemoan, 330 benefit, 18, 134

172

SHAKESPEARE'S PROVERB LORE

best, 58, 98, 156, 181, 195, 303, 345 better, 55, 84, 94, 150, 169, 225 beware, 16 bewitch, 334 beyond,339 birds, 180 bite, 42, 72 bitter, 70, 233 blame, 1 , 7, 97 blessing, 26 blinds, 230 blows, 280, 340 blushing, 17 boat, 262 boldly, 305 boldness, 41 born, 18 borne, 7, 159 boy, 25 brag, 238 brave, 332 bravery, 40, 261 break, 221, 227 breath, 191 bred, 186 breed, 29, 95, 148 breeder, 293 bring, 86, 287, 288 broken, 16 brother, 271 bubble, 191 burden, 159 bush, 328 business, 19, 77 calamity, 20, 40, 204, 250 call, 339 calling, 19, 320 calm, 262, 278 calumny, 269 candor, 286 cannot, 7, 47, 66, 74, 107 care, 21, 253, 272 carriage, 257 casts, 75 cat, 22 catch, 135 cause, 142, 157, 162, 163 ceremony, 42

certain, 56 chance, 120, 321 change, 7, 23, 47, 127, 337 changeable, 1 1 6 character, 1 1 , 1 3 1 , 214 chastity, 24, 316 chatty, 257 child, 25, 164 children, 26, 27 choler, 219 cleanly, 28 clemency, 29 close, 315 coaxing, 165, 188 color, 17 comes, 107, 186, 204, 278 comfort, 265 command, 194, 222 common, 52, 95, 125, 265 company, 30, 31 comparison, 32 comply, 297 compulsion, 188 concord, 310 condemn, 87, 273 confession, 33 confidence, 90 conflagration, 274 conquer, 34, 209, 213 conscience, 35, 36, 37, 101 consider, 161 consolation, 30, 265 constant, 102, 337 consume, 290 contempt, 95 contented, 323 control, 10, 38, 120, 174, 258 corrupt, 141 counsel, 39, 219, 340 count, 41 country, 332 courage, 40, 41 course, 213 courtesy, 29, 42 covet, 43, 210 coward, 72 craft, 42 crave, 210 created, 2 1 1

ENGLISH WORD INDEX creation, 181 credit, 44 cries, 144 crime, 172, 273 crosses, 5, 20, 45 crowns, 79 cruel, 250 cruelty, 285 crushed, 61, 117 cudgel, 71 cups, 46 c u " , 4, 70, 224, 277, 289, 343, 345 cured, 47 curse, 326 custom, 48, 49, 50, 213 cut, 341 danger, 9, 29, 41, 51, 216, 322 day, 299 dead, 146 death, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58,, 88, 178, 2 7i, 335 decay, 69, 335 deceit, 42 deceive, 16, 42, 117, 338 decree, 66, 120 deed, 307, 312 deeds, 59, 60, 93 deeper, 341 defect, 61, 163, 211 defense, 29 degenerate, 174 degrade, 61 degree, 62 delay, 63, 149 deliberate, 161 delight, 77, 327 deprave, 230 depress, 59 deserves, 307 desire, 19, 64, 210 desperate, 70, 200 despise, 65, 175 destiny, 11, 66, 245 devour, 290 die, 52, 59, 67, 82, 178, 335 difficult, 73, 240 diligence, 68 disagree, 346

disaster, 20, 40, 123 disclose, 295 discord, 69 discover, 75 discreet, 39 discretion, 6 disease, 70 disgrace, 55, 215, 276 disgust, 260, 281 dishonest, 55, 86 dishonor, 55 dispositions, 13 dissension, 69 do, 97, 276, 308, 309, 314, 327 doctrine, 236 does, 314 dog, 7 1 , 72 done, 73, 74, 219 doom, 66 double, 308 doubt, 151 doubtful, 321 doubts, 75 dowry, 24 dram, 61 draught, 76 dread, 57, 105, 189, 198, 202 drive, 21 drunkard, 46 drunkenness, 46, 76 duped, 286 each, 320 eats, 90, 161, 206 easy, 48, 71, 73, h i , 327 eats, 12 effects, 233 eloquence, 142 employment, 77 encourages, 172 end, 53, 78, 79, 80, 178, 294, 321 endurance, 4 endure, 47, 119 enemy, 2, 34, 42 enticed, 186 envious, 81 equal, 54, 129, 193 equality, 129 error, 148

174

SHAKESPEARE'S PROVERB LORE

errs, 314 escape, 66, 102 eternal, 131 everlasting, 168 everyone, 19, 77, 96, 98, 1 8 1 , 205, 320 everything, 23, 73, 137, 196, 2 1 1 , 298 evil, 3 1 , 36, 49, 53, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, ΙΟΙ, 122, 143, 157, 172, 178, 198, 218, 249. J I 5 evil-gotten, 86 exalted, 152 excess, 208 excuse, 7, 87 excusing, 1 exercise, 68, 235, 319, 320, 329 exile, 88 expected, 139 experience, 6 exposed, 27 extreme, 255, 336 extremity, 20, 70, 89 eyes, 90, 100, 186, 206, 230 fail, 107, 254 fair, 91, 122 faith, 16 faithful, 126 fall, 152 falling, 132, 256 falling-out, 92 false, 16, 101, 1 1 0 , 206 falsehood, n o , 288 fame, 93, 94, 312 familiarity, 95 fancy, 96 fast, 149 fat, 81, 232 fate, i l , 66, 120 fault, ι , 33, 87, 97, 123, 268, 273, 276, 314 faults, 98, 99, 100, 158, 326 faulty, 101 favor, 29, 1 1 7 , 307 fawns, 42 fear, 57, 102, 103, 104, 105, 106, 163, 189, 198, 202, 259, 272, 318 fearful, 72 fed, 285 fell, 280

fellowship, 30 fickle, 1 1 5 , 1 1 6 , 337 fight, 340 find, 71, 97, 107, 126 finger, 108 fire, 274 fixed, 56 flatter, 42 flattery, 109, n o flies, 292 flying, i n foe, 34 follow, 103, 236, 253 folly, 105, 1 1 3 fond, 181 food, 156 fool, 73, 1 1 2 , 1 1 3 , 1 1 4 , 1 1 7 , 331 foppery, 1 forbidden, 64 force, 165, 188, 226 foreknows, 197 forestalls, 230 foreteller, 197 forever, 168 forget, 224, 345 forgetfulness, 224 fortunate, 177 fortune, 1, 1 1 , 1 1 5 , 116, 1 1 7 , 118, 119, 120, 1 2 1 , 127, 245, 252, 321, 330 foul, 91, 122 freely, 305 frenzy, 230 friend, 2, n o , 123, 124, 187, 234, 244, 306 friends, 30, 1 2 1 , 125, 126, 127, 128, 252 friendship, 1 1 0 , 129, 130, 1 3 1 , 306 fruit, 301 füll, 42 gain, 86, 132, 210, 228 gall, 185 genius, 20 gentleness, 165 get, 43, 210 gift, 26, 133, 134, 135 give, 136 giver, 133, 134 glory, 93, I J 3

ENGLISH WORD God, 5, 26, 89, 120, 137, 138, 139, 140, 313 gold, 12, 141, 142, 209 good, 5, 30, 37, 84, 106, 143, 175, 239, 255, 293. 3°7. 309. 3T4> 3 I 5 . 3 2 8 goodness, 84, 255 goods, 86, 125 govern, 120 grace, 5, 264, 266 gratify, 285 gravelled, 75 graze, 12 great, 41, 243, 274 greater, 152, 183, 240 greatest, 323 greed, 210 grief, 30, 144, 160, 177, 227, 248, 277, 291, 296 griefs, 5, 45 grievous, 85 groan, 12 grows, 81 grumble, 1 guilt, 178 guilty. 97, 101» i45. " 9 hammer, 279 hand, 138, 324 hang, 328 happiness, 203 happy, 256, 263, 291 hard, 61, 126, 240 hares, 146, 308 harm, 8, 102, 147, 267, 286, 314, 344 harmful, 276, 284 haste, 148, 149 hasten, 45 hate, 175, 336 haughtiness, 241 hazards, 41 healed, 343 heals, 289 health, 150 hear, 90, 161 heart, 189, 227, 275, 300 heaven, 1 , 137, 313 hell, 227 helm, 262 help. 2, 7, 89, 139, 140, 309

INDEX

175

hesitant, 151 hidden, 122 higher, 152 highest, 62 himself, 18, 140, 217 hold, 254 honest, 60, 239 honey, 185 honor, 44, 55, 93, 153, 154, 261, 276 honorable, 55, 215 hope, 155, 251, 264 hot, 279 hour, 291 human, 120 hunger, 156, 260 hurt, 38, 145, 187, 284 husband, 222 idleness, 157 ignorance, 225 ill, 31, 103, 119, 178 ill-doing, 326 ill-gotten, 86 ills, ι , 5, 20, 177, 183, 249, 289 ill-spent, 86 image, 271 impose, 66 impossible, 190 impotent, 142 impute, ι inconstant, 337 increase, 31, 228 incur, 51 indulges, 9 industrious, 140 infamy, 55, 61 infirmity, 123 inflict, 8 ingratitude, 158 iniquity, 229 injure, 8, 145 injuries, 159 injurious, 270 injury, 225 innocence, 33 innocent, 145, 226 instruction, 236 instructor, 13 invincible, 209

176

SHAKESPEARE'S PROVERB LORE

invites, 9 involves, 215 iron, 279 issues, 78, 321 itself, 8 ivy, 328

light, 288 lightens, 30 like, 180, 242 likes, 181 lions, 146 lips, 108 little, 63, 274, 323 live, 29, 52, 58, 82, 103, 178, 182, 183, 335 loathe, 281 lofty, 118 log, 325 long, 63, 177, 182, 183, 291 longer, 183 look, 78, 107, 187, 325 looking, 186 lose, 43, 44, 154 loss, 86, 132, 184, 330 losses, 224, 249, 330 lost, 154 love, 77, 92, 1 3 1 , 185, 186, 187, 188, 189, 190, 220, 227, 244, 294, 306, 336 lover, 92, 220 low, 118 lust, 64, 285

join, 180, 310 Jove, 220 joy, 160, 185, 291 judge, 79, 161, 162 judgment, 1 6 1 , 162, 163, 230, 245 Jupiter, 220 justice, 229, 255 keep, 31, 221 kill, 164, 296, 341 kindle, 274 kindness, 165 kind-spoken, 166 kingdoms, 69 know, 167 known, 2, 73, 184, 214, 301 knows, 320, 331 labor, 251, 320, 327 lack, 13, 201 laden, 12 lament, 7, 105 land, 332 language, 304 lasting, 1 3 1 , 199 lasts, 168 late, 169 laughs, 220 laughter, 170 law, 255 lay, 108 lean, 81, 232 learn, 171 lenity, 172 less, 43, 255 leveler, 54 liar, 173, 175 liberty, 174 lie, 173, 175, 176, 226 lies, 19 life, 55, 5 8 , i 5 ° , ' 7 7 , 178, 179, 183, 191, 291

1

:,

mad, 76 madman, 324 make, 128 makes, 48, 49 malice, 326 man, 3, 1 1 , 19, 25, 38, 46, 96, 191, 192, 302>331 many, 99, 310 mark, 78, 261 marriage, 199 marry, 19} master, 1 1 , 194, 283, 299 masters, 209 mastery, 235 match, 193 matters, 182 mean, 1 1 8 , 195 means, 91 measure, 10, 196, 208 medicinable, 5 medicine, 70, 155 meed, 134 memory, 173, 249

ENGLISH WORD INDEX men, 6, 67, 135, 200, 330, 342 mercy, 29, 172, 229 mice, 22 mighty, 310 miles, 257 mind, 21, 36, 46,133, 151, 161,163,197, 198, 230, 231, 275, 316, 323 minds, 60, 199 mingle, 189 mischief, 157, 200, 248, 263 miser, 201 miserable, 155 misery, 30, 53, 58, 183, 202, 203, 234, 25°> 253. 309 misfortune, 1, 2, 152, 177, 204, 248, 250, 322 mishaps, 20 mistakes, 205 mistress, 11 mistrust, 101 mix, 189 mob, 206 mock, 207 moderate, 10, 170, 208 modesty, 24, 316 molds, i l money, 209, 210, 252, 253 moor, 254 more, 43, 44, 210 mortal, 67 most, 41, 101, 122 mounts, 40 mourn, 248 move, 165 much, 170, 174, 210 multitude, 206 must, 67 mute, 144, 227 name, 94 nature, 13, 192, 211, 212, 213, 214, 285, 317 near, 315 neat, 28 necessary, 56 necessity, 215 need, 2 neglect, 216, 274 neighbors, 217

never, 82, 169 night, 218 nobility, 317 noble, 34, 59, 60, 147, 182 nobody, 18, 98, 207, 256, 302 nothing, 23, 150, 168, 208, 219 number, 31, 310 nurse, 157, 218, 229, 293 nurture, 212 oaks, 280 oath, 220, 221, 282 obedience, 222 obey, 223, 247, 297 oblivion, 224 observe, 297 obstacle, 318 occasion, 40, 297 odious, 32 offend, 49, 344 offender, 229 offense, 38, 97, 172, 273, 326 old, 6, 25, 45, 346 once, 16, 25 one, 132, 256 openings, 75 opinion, 29, 94 opportunity, 89 oppression, 80 orator, 142 ordains, 120 ornament, 266 others, 8, 97, 100 ourselves, i , 18 outrage, 270 overcome, 119, 209 over-credulous, 151 overlook, 216, 225, 345 overmasters, 230 overpass, 66 own, 77, 96, 123, 181, 238 pain, 4, 185, 226, 227, 228 pang, 144 pardon, 33, 87, 145, 172, 229, 273 parents, 223 part, 161 passion, io, 219, 230 past, 6j, 203, 249, 264

i78

SHAKESPEARE'S PROVERB LORE

pates, 232 patience, 4, 47, 231 patrimony, 94 paunches, 232 pay, 314 peace, 263, 267, 273 penalty, 220 people, 206, 242 perfect, 235 perform, 243 perils, 249 perished, 264 perjury, 80, 220 permanent, 23 persuade, 141, 342 physic, 233 pills, 233 pilot, 262 pity, 29, 145 place, 62 plague, 110 plain, 303, 304 plan, 75 play, 22, 112, 113 pleasant, 37, 249 pleasure, 77, 96, 240, 246, 281, 291 poison, 141 poor, 226, 231, 323 possess, 125, 201, 210 possession, 130, 323 poverty, 234, 260 power, 120, 147, 209, 309 practice, 68, 208, 235, 236, 319 praise, 93, 217, 237, 238, 239, 249 preach, 236 precaution, 322 precisely, 75 precocious, 335 prefer, 55, 182 preferred, 14, 130 premature, 335 present, 65, 203 preserve, 62, 155 pretends, 106 prevail, 91 prevent, 322 price, 240 pricks, 64 pride, 241

prince, 242 profession, 320 profitable, 314 promise, 243 prone, zoo property, 125 prosperity, 2, 81, 104, 241, 244, 253 protection, 29 providence, 120 provides, 29 provoke, 83, 263, 307 prudence, 245 pull, 146 punish, 8, 172 punishment, 220, 313 pupil, 299 purse, 94 pursuit, 77 put, 324 quality, 214 quarrels, 92 quick-sighted, 100 quits, 202 rage, 230 rank, 317 rare, 126 rarity, 246 reason, 6, 15, 230, 247 rebuke, 250 recall, 249, 339 receive, 136 recognition, 59 redressed, 33 reform, 47 rein, 258 relationship, 315 release, 53 relief, 224 remains, 343 remedy, 1, 47, 70, 224, 345 remember, 248 remembrance, 249 removes, 296 renew, 92, 248 renown, 93, 154 repays, 134 repelled, 51

ENGLISH WORD INDEX report, 61 reproach, 97, 250, 267 reproof, 40 reputation, 44, 94 repute, 61 request, 194 require, 213, 307 resist, 2 1 } resistless, 310 resolve, 75, 161 respect, 78 restore, 61 results, 281 return, 339 reveal, 20, 214, 248, 295 revenge, 225, 344 reward, 134, 237, 251 rich, 210, 252, 323 riches, 94, 124, 241, 253, 323 riding, 254 right, 255, 314 " p e , 355 rising, 256 risk, 51 road-mate, 257 rob, 94, 184, 234 rule, 120, 137, 209, 222, 247, 258 safe, 62, 259, 263 safer, 118 safety, 29, 259, 322 said, 219 saint-seducing, 141 satiety, 260 sauce, 156 savage, 285 scandal, 61 scar, 261, 343 scold, 250 sea, 262 season, 1 1 2 secret, 46, 231 secure, 263 seduce, 135 seeing, 90, 230 seek, 153, 305 seem, 14, 63 seldom, 246 sent, 5

!79

servant, 194, 283 set, 143 shame, 55, 80, 103, 264 shapes, 11 share, 125 sharpens, 20 shipwreck, 265 shoots, 269 short, 177, 179, 291 shunless, 66 sides, 161 silence, 59, 266, 267 silent, 36, 1 1 4 simple, 304 sin, 27, 49, 83, 109, 172, 229 sinners, 268 slander, 269, 270 sleep, 271, 272 slighted, 159 slow, 149, 177 small, 243 smallest, 274 smile, 115 smooth, 262, 342 sober, 46 society, 30, 130 solace, 251 something, 84 soon,335 soonest, 286 soothe, 289 sophister, 13 sorrow, 30, 159, 160, 204, 227, 250, 277 sorrows, 45, 177, 249 soul, 141 spare, 34, 145, 229, 273 spark, 274 speak, 142, 166, 275, 276, 305 speech, 214, 267, 277, 304, 334 speed, 149 spoils, 174 spoken, 339 spur, 93 staff, 71 stained, 153 standing, 152 stars, ι starve, 260 steadfast, 126

i8o

SHAKESPEARE'S PROVERB LORE

steals, 94 stirs, 20 stolen, 184 storm, 278 straw, 12 strength, 310 strike, 279 strokes, 280 strongest, 199 submit, 215 succeeding, 299 success, 86 such, 242 sudden, 85 suffer, 3, 30, 36, 284, 326 suffering, 53, 119 suppress, 59, 227 sure, 56, 321 surfeiting, 281 surprise, 216 suspect, 286 suspicious, 101 sway, jo swear, 243, 282 sweet, 37, 185, 188, 233 sweetly, 166 swift-footed, 292 sword, 324, 341 take, 136 takes, 296, 335 talk, 214 teach, 283, 284 teacher, 13 tears, 285, 338 tell, 46, 176 temper, 230 temperance, 208 tempest, 278 terrible, 88 terror, 58 test, 244 things, 23, 65, 137, 181, 195, 196, 208, 239, 284, 287, 289, 290, 295, 298, 308 think, 75, 275, 286 thistles, 12 thoughts, 60, 202 thousand, 3; thrive, 86, 189

thyself, 140, 167 tidy, 28 ties, 199 time, 2, 104, 112, 177, 179, 287, 288, 289, 290, 291, 292, 293, 294, 295, 296,

297, 298. 333

timid, 72 today, 299 token, 17 tongue, 108, 114, 258, 305, 341 tongueless, 59 torment, 8, 21, 58, 185 torture, 8, 36, 227 touchstone, 20 tough, 325 traitor, 13 tranquility, 262 travel, 257 treasure, 124, 300 tree, 301 tries, 79, 244 trouble, 3, 30 true, 124, 131, 317 trust, 16, 90, 302, 306, 324, 338 truth, 288, 303, 304, 305

try, 79, 244, 3°6 turn, 307 twice, 25 two, 308 tyrannous, 50 tyrant, 50, 106 ultra, 255 unavoidable, 56 unbecoming, 283 uncertain, 321 unconquerable, 209 understands, 73 undone, 74 unexpected, 85 unfold, 295 unhappy, 309 union, 310 united, 310 unknown, 184, 198, 311 unlooked, 85, 107 unloved, 311 unshown, 311 unsought, 107

ENGLISH WORD INDEX unstable, 337 unthankfulness, 158 unwilling. 38 unworthy, 153 use, 68, 91, 128, 319 utter, 46 valiant, 3, 93, 332 valor, 41, 312 value, 133 vanquish, 34 vehemently, 72 vengeance, 147, 225, 313 vice, 100, 157, 158, 241, 273, 314, 315 victory, 310 villain, 106 villainies, 80 villany, 192 violence, 270 violently, 72 virtue, 4, 17, 24, 59, 237, 269, 312, 315 316, 317, 318, 319 vocation, 320 voice, 227 vow, 220 wail, 330 want, 2, 210, 323 war, 273, 321, 340 warning, 197 watch, 322 wavering, 337 wealth, 1 2 1 , 124, 209, 231, 252, 253, 32: weapon, 91, 324 wed, 193 wedge, 325 wedlock, 188, 199 weed, 82 weep, 144, 338 well, 178, 182 what, 97

wholesome, 233 wicked, 192 wickedness, 27, 326 wife, 266 will, 38, 247 willingly, 327 win, 135, 165, 235 wine, 328 wings, m wink, 99 wisdom, 102, 1 1 3 , 1 1 4 , 1 5 1 , 1 7 1 , 199, 329 wise, 3, 6, 39, 102, 1 1 2 , 1 1 3 , 1 1 4 , 190. 329» 33°. 331, 332, 335. 33$ wisely, 3 wish, 309 wit, 20, 232, 335 witchcraft, 334 witnesses, 35, 206 woe, 30, 53, 144, 159, 203, 204, 291, 330 woman, 15, 24, 222, 266, 336, 337, words, 91, 243, 277, 334, 339, 340, 342 work, 77, 320 worse, 57 worst, 122, 158 wound, 343 wrath, 8 wretched, 30, 291 wretchedness, 53, 203 wrong, 1 4 1 , 225, 255, 344, 345 wrongdoing, 87, 172 yesterday, 299 yields, 215 young, 335, 346 yourself, 97, 187 youth, 335, 346 zest, 246

181

190, 171,

249, 338 341,