Self-organizing Wireless Broadband Multihop Networks with QoS Guarantee
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English Pages 193 Year 2002
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, , 2 +
2 LH3℄ ?* * ! + ! : : ! *
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: 2 2 * * 2 * * + @ , * ! ! 2 2, * !9 ! + & /
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3D
! $ % & &" % ' % F5
11 00 00 11 00 11
11 00 00 11
11 00 00 11 00 11 00 11 11 00 11 00 00 11
F6 00 F 7 11 00 11 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0
11 F 2 00 00 11
0 1 0 1 11 00 0 F8 1 00 11 11 00 00 11 00 11 00 11 00 11 00 11 0 1 00 11 0 1 00 11 1 0 00 11 0 1 0 1 S 1 11 11 11 11 00 00 00 0 00 00 11 0 1 0 1 00 11 00 11 00 0 1 00 11 00 11 0 11 1 0 11 1 00 11 00 11 11 00 0 1 00 00 11 00 11 F 1 F9 11 00 00 11 1 F 0 00 11 3 00 11 0 1 00 11 00 11 0 1 0 1 0 1 00 11 0 1 0 1 00 11 0 1 00 1 0 00 11 D11 0 1 00 11 00 F 11 00 11 F 00 11 10 00 11 00 11 4 11 00 11 00 00 11 00 11 11 00 11 00 00 11 00 11 0 1 00 11 0 F13 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 00 11 F 00 11 11
F 12
S: source station D: destination station F: route query forward station 0 1 0 wireless station 1
+ " ( ,-. " " "+
% $$ & ' (
2 ? < 2
+ #: ,
! # + , ,2 , : : + E+E+ ! : , , + ,2 :
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!! *
+ ,
3F
: + # 2 + 2 * ,
2 L04F℄+ , ** ! *, ( S10 S7 S8
S
S S9 S4
5
2
1111111 0000000 0000000 1111111 0000000 1111111 0000000 1111111 0000000 1111111 0000000 1111111 0000000 1111111 0000000 1111111 0000000 1111111 Obstracter 0000000 1111111 0000000 1111111 0000000 1111111
S6
S1
S3
)+ " // ! "#!# & + &" '
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+
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: +
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? K
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(
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+
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! : - , @ * + , @ * * !+ : J ! +
! $ % & &" % ' %
E3
: ! *! =# K * ** *
** , *, + * ? - ** =# L040℄
@ *, *8590 , # E+G+0+
2#2
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# *8593
2 "- * +
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# , #+
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! + *
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# G+C+ * 2
-"$ , * + $2 ?* -"$ < *
! * 6-"$ /7 ! *+
2: , ,
** =# K < ! +
- " #
ED
Higher Layer
W−CHAMB NL W−CHAMB LLC W−CHAMB MAC W−CHAMB PHY
W−CHAMB air interface
Convergence Layer
$% . " " "+ ' )
& $ $ 0
G+0 -"$ * ,
2 #>9># + -"$ /I 2 * ! , * -"$ "- 2+ -"$ "- 2 , 6--7 -"$ 88- 2 *, 2 , * / ) 2+ -"$ 58 *
+ ! 2 6-87 * , 2 6#7
J 2 -"$ / ) * -"$
* 6/7 + ** ! * -8 2+ -8 *! -"$ ** @ ! +
)
&1 2
-"$ /I 2 *! ! -"$ " 2 * / ) 2 6 7+ / ) !
- " # +0 1
EF t
frame n−1
frame n
frame n+1
720 us time slot 45 us
6 us t
Tx AGC sync long PDU power ramp 4.7 us 36 us on
Tx power guard ramp time off 4.3 us
t
two Tx guard power time E−sig ramp off
Tx power ramp on 1us 2us
3us
$% ,, 6$-7+ ! $- , 2 65-7+
#22
$%& 5 !
* , 2 *, ? -"$ ;43+00 *8593: -"$ K 2 , > " ;43+00 *8593+ K 2 , ! ! K 2 K 2 2 6#7+ -"$ : K 2 # " 2 LED: 043: 04H℄+ : J? , + 2 , 2 + G+3 -"$ + # 2 ,: ! ,2 , 2 : # 3+E+G+ GC +
0D 0D ? GC V F34 + > , / ) ! / )+
- " #
E;
#22 ( G+3 ,, + 2 *2 ! * H : 2 ? * * 60+C 7: - 2 6E+3 7: ? * * @ 63+C 7 60+; 7
LFH℄+
/ ) ED , * H > " 2, + / ) * ! @ @ : , G+0+ , ,2 * , K 2: # D+3+C+G+ / ) * ,2 ! 2 , 2*+ "#+ "
%.)6 %.)6 =.)6 =.)6 9= 9= 9= 9:= 9:=
.01 +/ ( " #2 "#+ " ( # "#/ "#/
%
%
)!"+
0 +"
7
8
9
:;
:
" 2, ,
+ -B 2 $ 2 + $ 2 -B D : G+G+ $ 2 : 2 0 $ 2
C ,2 -- + $ 2
-B : 2 3 D + ? *
6-7 !2 "- $ 2
-B + ** 0C * : ,, + K 2 *
- " #
G4
two broadbant time slots 90 us
6 us
6 us t
E− Tx guard power Tx time sig ramp power off ramp on 1us 1us 4us
t
two Tx guard power time Tx E−sig ramp power off ramp on 1us 2us 3us
% "#!# / (+ ** $ 2 -B
, !2 "- 0D+
#22#
3 ! (
K 2 * < 2: # , , K 2 :
, 2 65-7+ G+C 5- * , 5- $-+ 5- ? 2 2 * $- ! / ) $- , 5-+ > 5- ! , : , + J , -- + 0D -- , 5- *
*,, 2
2+ , $ 2 -B : * ! 2+ , 0C : 00 , + , 044
K 2 , K 00 + K 2 , ,, 34 " : K 2 * ** 5- , + 5- < $-+ K 9 ! ,
-! " # # 1
G0 t
broadband slot n−1
broadband slot n
broadband slot n+1
narrowband slot n−1
narrowband slot n
narrowband slot n+1
45 us
15 us
Tx narrowband E−signal power ramp 3 us 11 us on
Tx power guard ramp time off 3 us
"&!# / (+ 2 !2 + : 5- $-+
)
*
2
-"$ "- * : * * -"$ * + < *
2 * "- * + $ , -"$ "- * : J "- ! * , , -"$ "- * + #2 2
$%& &% !
-"$ "- ! *! * 88- , 2 * 88- * 6/ )7+ ** ! : "- 2 , 6--7 * "- 2 2 /I 2 ! + , --
, 2 88- / ) 88- 2+
* / )
G3
- " #
,2 * "- 2+ )
, * ? ! , ** 2+ -"$ "- * **
! * ! 88- 2( "-O--+K "-O--+ "-O--+ J "-O +K "-O + "-O--O#)#+ " #K - 6"#-7 -"$ "- ! G+D+ * ! "-O--+K 6 7 ,2 88- 2 K "- 2 , -- * "- 2+ ,2 88- 2 -- K ,2 88- + * * ! "- 2 , --+ * * J J+ * * J J+ * * J -- , , =# K 88- / ) + * * J ?
2 , ,2 88/ ) + / ) , ** -- , ,
,
2 ? ? ! + * * J ! 2*: + + ! ! : 88- / ) + * * J !
6 -7 J+ * ! "-O--+ 6 7 ,2 "- 2 * ! 88- 2 , --+ * * J * ! "-O--+K + * * J , -- J+
-! " # # 1 LLC
GE
MAC
MAC
LLC
MAC_RCC.request (source id, destination id, channel type, maximum delay, service type, vc id )
RCC_establish_procedure
MAC_RCC.confirm ( source id, destination id, channel type, rcc id, vc id)
MAC_RCC.indication
RxRCC_ established
(source id, destination id, channel type, rcc id, vc id )
MAC_DATA.request (rcc id, data )
MAC_Data_transfer_procedure MAC_DATA.indication
MAC_RCC_STATUS.indication ( rcc id, rcc status)
(rcc id, data )
$% # >
* ! "-O--+ J 6
7 ,2 "- 2 K -- , + * * !: 88 2 / ) , --+ * * ! "-O--+ J * J * ! "-O--+ + * ! "-O +K 6
7 ,2 88- 2 * 88- / ) 88- 2+ *
* J 88- / ) , * + * ! "-O + 6
7 * "- 2 88- 2 ! ! 88- / )+ *
* J 88- / ) ! ,2 "- 2+
- " #
GG
* ! "-O--O#)#+ 6
7 * * "- ! 2 --+ J 2 *! 88- 2 -- +
2 / ) ? ** 2+ *
* ! "-O--+K + *
* -- 88- 2+ -- 2 ,
( *! --
*! --
-- #2 2
$%& &%
-"$ "- * *! 88 "- ! ,2 , -- +
2
# -"$ : "- * * < 2 , 2+ -"$ "- *
(
2 !
< 2 ! * ? , 2 < ! ,2 2 ! 6 -7+ =# !
+
2
K 2 * ,2
!+ # *, ! * 2 ,2 $ 2 + = ,2 "- ! -B + /
,2 -- +
-! " # # 1 #2 22
GC
$%& ( !
/ ) -"$ + G+F "- , *2 2: G+E+ ACH
TCH1
TCH2
LCH 2/1
LCH 1/2 ACC PDU
TCH14 TCH15 ECH1−15 t/[slot]
LCH 1/2
ACK PDU
LCH 2/1
LCH 1/2
LCH 1/1
LCH 2/1
LCH 1/2
LCH 1/1
LCH 2/1
LCH 1/2
LCH 1/1
LCH 2/1
LCH 1/2
LCH 2/1
t/[frame]
AGC
Synchronisation
User data (36 us)
Guard time
Time slot duration (45 us)
$% (+
J "- -
L0C℄+ > < 6-7+ - $ 2
-B + - !: ! $ 2 -+
* / ) ,2 -B# + $ 2 -B - ! *,
* / )+ * ? , ,2 6 ! * ?7 * - LFH℄ ,2 * - -+ P?, 2 ** : * *2 *! * 2 ! 8-+ 8-?92 ? 67 * 2 67+ ? ! , * : 2 * *
+ + +: 8-093 J *2 * 2
- " #
GD
!2 : 8-390 !2 : G+F+ $2 J @ , * ? * 2 * ,2 - , *, +
< * 2 ! , 8- 092 2 *
< =# K +
#2 22 ( :
. 8 - 2 LEH℄:
* 6->87 - "- 2+
!
## 6 # # 7 - -: # , 2 -+ - 2 !
- (
: , ! : 2 ,
: 2 , !
: , !
: ! ! ,2
: ! ,2
, G+3 ?* ->8+ * * 2 ?* : - 0 - D ! @ + - ! - $ 2 - + - : , $ 2 -: - + - , ! ! , , + -
# , $ 2 ,2 #+ - ! $ 2 - : , -+ # - 2 , ! !+ - -
$ 2 - + - ! ! ,2 #
: 29*, -+
-! " # # 1
GF
+ " (+ "
" + 3* ?
@ " 7 : 9
@ " @ +
+
% /+ + +
@
-"$ : !2 # ->8+ , - : G+; ?* -"$ + $ - : J ? 6 7
? 6 7 #+
# ? # 2 #+
# ? # #+
2 + 6-97 ,2 ! / )
* , / ) : * , ? ?
#
!
, ,2 # !+ * * ! * + , J
*, K 2 * + ?* - : - 3 ! ,2 * / ) : $ 2 -+ - 3 ->8 : ->8 +
G+;: , : - 3 ->8 + : : , 2 + # - 3 ->8 # + - 3 2 , ,2 # / ) + - 3 ! : 2 - 3: , 2 / ) - 3: + # 2
- " #
G;
- 3+ : $ 2# - ,2 : - 3 ! !: *, ! * 2+ !: - 3 2 , ,2 : ! / ) 2 ,2 + $2
! - - :
K 2 * ,
+ : : : : : : - 3
2 , 2+ - 3 , ,2 #+
00 S11 7 00 11
S6
S15
11 00 00 11 00 11
S18
11 00 00 11 00 11
S17
1 0 0 1
11S 00 00 11 00 8 11
S3
11 00 00 11
S9
S2
S1
S16 1 0 0 1 0 1
00 11
11 00 00 11
S4
11 00 00 11
11 00 RCC 1 0 00 11 0 1 00 11
S5
11 00 00 11
Rc
11 00 00 11
S10
11 00 00 11
Rd
S1 0 11 1 0 0 1
S12
S14
1 0 0 1
11 00 00 11
S
13 11 00 00 11
S: Wireless Station R c : maximum communication range of S2 R d : maximum detection range of S2
+ " $% &" ' " @ #2 22 &% . % * / ) ! - K ! * + K * ! + * * * ! -"$
-! " # # 1
GH
! -B# - / ) ! ! -+ 8 * ?* -B# - ! -
+ * 88- 2 ,2 * ! "-O--O#)#+
= : # G+G+G+ / ) * ? ** 2+ -B - K 2 ! - ,2 *** 2 ! :
-B
! 6 #87+ #8 , ! : ,
! !+ #8 , '
+ , * "- ! -B -B : ½ / ) ¾ ! - 3+ *, / )( 0+
¾ ! / )
2 -B -+ ½ -B !
#8+ / ) - 3
2+ 3+
¾ ! / )
2 -B -+ $ ½ -B !2
+ / )
, * ,2 ½ + : ¾ !
/ ) + * / ) J ,2 K , / )+ *,, 2 / ) ! , * , 2 ,2 *** #8+ E+
¾ ! / ) 2+ -B ,2 ¾ + * "- ! K ½ 2 -B - 3+ ** ½ -B
- 3 ,2 #+ # ¾
! - 3 ! ½ ½ : -B - 3
, ,2 # ? * ¾ ½ + # ½ 2 -B -
3 * - 3+ $ -B ½ ! #8+ #
C4
- " #
, ! ,2 ½ + / ) - 3
, 2 !+ = , 88- 2 "- !
-B# + ! -B# # - - ! ,2 * + K 2 *
*! 2 < 2+ #2 22# " %
, *
6 /7 ! * *
*,, 2 -: G+H+ ! * ! "-O--+K 88 2: "- 2 * ! --+ / )
, ** "- 2 , -- ,
! * * / ) **
, ** ,2 2 +
* 2 ,
88- 2 , =# K < ! + < 6$7 2 !
* 2 < 6 $7 2 + / * J
( 0 3 E G C D F
$ $
-! " # # 1
C0
+
K
2
R
* 2
,2 R
* 2 * 2 ! R
* 2
* 2 ! R * 2 2*+
* 2 2*R < * 2 2*R < * 2 2*R ! , R < 2*R : 2 !, + @ * 2 2* @ + 2
( + / @ ! 2 * 2 / ) ** =# K +
* 2 *, 2 #
-:
- # #+ @ , ? 2 , *
*,, 2+ / * , -- + ?* : , --# # - * 2: 2 0G: # -- J * * +
: # !!
+ J -- J + #
# -- *! * + G+H: ½ !! ¾
* 2 0E 600407+ ¾ -- * * + * , ! * J ! I5/" 6 I 5 /* ! / 2 " *
7 * 90 LG4℄+
#2 22 4 ! ! * ! "-O--+K 88- 2: "- 2 * , -- , *
C3
- " # S1
S2 contention period
contention period
acc s−PDU
ACH
acc s−PDU
ACH
1101 priority 13
1110 priority 14
0 ! #
"
* !+ -- , * 6 G+F7 , ,
( 0+ "- 2 # , - ,
->8+ - J + -: - , + - -- K ,2 88- 2: $ -- * * , # G+E+3+D: !
K +
K K "- 2+ * * ?
** 2+ 3+ - , , --: #
-+ "- 2 #
* 2 , / * J # G+E+3+G+ # - * 2: #
-+
, # 6 J7: # : - 6! J7: - 6 7 2* ** -+ E+ )* *
: # * ->8 J - ** ,2 # , ! !+ , # G+E+3+3: -
, !+ # J ** - , !: * # 6
7
-! " # # 1
CE
$ 2 -+
! - - ! #+ > : ! - * 2 2* !
+ G+ # !
: -- , # # , + 88 2
, * ! "-O--+ J+ 88 / ) * ! , --+
# # 9 #
! - ->8+ *, ! ,2 $ 2 ,2 !+ C+ # ! ?*
: "- 2 , @ * + *, # !
( # !
+ # J 2 - ** - , !+ # !
+ , @ ! ,
2* * , @ !
*, + $ , *
!
-: @ , @ * < * J 2 : + + ;43+00 L3H℄+ , @ ! , + > , @ ! : #
- +
#2 22* %4 4 # J - -- K
2* : $ -- * * + $ -- * $ -- !
CG
- " #
-- K ** *,, 2 $ / ) , + @ 2 * $ --( 0+ # , $ -- $ / ) # $ / ) : $ -- * $ / ) 2+ $ / ) $ / ) + 3+ $ -- , , # # $ / ) : -- * 2+ -- , 2 ,2 * 88- , 607 2 -- * J 88- -- , + 637 ! - 2 , ! / ) ,2 #+ ?* : G+04 ½ $ / ) ¾ ! ½ + ½ 88- 2 *, , ½ ¾ + ½ $ / ) ¿ J 2 - / ) : ¾ ½ * $ / ) + ½ , 88 *, , ½ ¿ , ½ , * $ / ) ¿ + S2 LLC
S1 LLC S1 S2 LLC Entity
S2 S1 LLC Entity
MAC−SAP
S3 LLC
MAC−SAP RCC 1
S1 S3 LLC Entity
S3 S1 LLC Entity
MAC−SAP RCC 1
- " "
MAC−SAP
-! " # # 1
CC
-- * G+00 ,
( 67 ½ -- ¿ - * 2 #E+ -- * ½ +
* 2 ,2 2
+ 6,7 ¿ ! -- : ! - ½ + - ! ¿ : ¿ * ½ --
-+ 6 7 * --
¿ : ½ -- ¾ ! - ½ + )* * * ! - ¾ : ½ 88- *, , ½ ¿ + ½ / ) ! ½ #E+ #E * 2 , * * ,2 J / ) + 67 #0 ! 2 * 2 #E : * * * , @ * + E+ # 2 $ -- , ,2
: / ) ,2 ,+ # J - $ / ) : -- K ! - ,+ * K : # - --
2+ : ½ -- , * , -- $ / ) + G+ # J 2 - ! ,2 , $ / ) : -- K / ) + * , 2 , - ,
# ! $ / ) +
CD
- " # S2
S1
S3
data_PDU
RCC_reassociation_s_PDU
RCC_reassociation_ack_s_PDU
RCC_deassociation_s_PDU
RCC_deassociation_acknowledgment
data_PDU
) " - " "
½ , -- $ / ) ,
,! * : $ / ) , **+ ** *,, 2 , * !2 =# K $ ! + , ! ! , ,
6--7 ! ! : # G+C+E+ #2 22)
%4 4 ( %;
, , $ -- 2
2 '
#
+ )* * -- , K 88- 2 ' , $ -- , 2 -
6 -7 * J # G+G+3+E: "- 2
-! " # # 1
CF
, ** -
, + # !
#: "- 2 # K , K + *, 2 88- 2 , K , @ * +
#2 22, 9 ' -- , , * * * 88- : 88- 2 , * / ) * ! "-O +K + -- 88- -- , : # # K , / ): * ! J 2+ 2 "- ! ! / ) 2* 2 ! --+ * / ) ! - -B -+ ) / ) + *, 88- / ) ! # -B + * / ) J 88- 2 K , / )+ ,
! / ) ? ! : ! - , 9 ! , ! ! 2+ # # ! - 88- 2 * ! "-O--O#)#+ + - !
,2 "- 2 ! -+
!
, < 2*+ )
!
* , @ * + !
: / ) , **+
#2 22< 4 4 -- 2 88- 2 / ) + ! - * 2 # *
C;
- " #
+
# # * - ->8 + # -- ! ! - * $ 2 + # # * $ 2 * ->8+ ))
2
88- G+03+ 88- 2 *, , #+ 2 9 ! K : ! 6 -7+ 88- * -- K / ) + ! / ) ! * * K *! =# / ) ! / )+ , ! * / )
, + ** : 2 ** *,, 2 / ) ! * * J ! / )+ 88- 2 = , @ , * / ) *, + , @ / ) J ,2 -- + / )
, ,2 = , # G+G+G+ #2#2 '( 5 ! =
- < K ** 2 !2 + "
, , / ) , -"$ ! 2 !2+ K / ) * ** 2 / ) LDE: FC℄+ *! =# / ) : < P * J+ < P : P K : K / ) * ** 2 +
-- " # 1
CH
Si
LLC−SAP
LLC Si Sj LLC Entity ARQ VC1 VC2 VC3
VC4 VC5
LLC scheduler
MAC−SAP
+
# / ) !2 2 : / ) , ?* * < * + < P : G+0E: * J
( / ) 2* * J( $ 6$>7: - 6->7: 6>7 # / ) 6#>7+ J / ) / ) K 2 J ,2 $> >+ J / ) + 88- ?* * -- , , # G+G+3+
bcccce
s
bccce t
train length
intertrain gap
b: BOT c: COT e: EOT s: SOT
intercar gap
LPDU
@ A B"& "#+
D4 #2#2
- " # '( .. ! ( % (
! $> / ) / ) : 88- * K / ) + $ $ < , # G+G+3+0 # G+G+3+3+ #2#22
>4 ! ( % (
* * $ * $ / ) + !, , , =# K $ ! + > / ) / ) ?* ? 2 / ) *
2 , --+ > / ) 2 , ? 2
,2 $ ! + 8 , / ) $ / ) : : !½ !¾ * -- , : $ * J
( 0+ $ -- ! , "!½ : $ -- 2 ,2 $ / ) + !½ , $ --+ "! , $ -- $ / ) + $ - $ -- 2: -- K + * $ / ) * ,2 $ / ) 2+
* ? $ $ < , < 2 + $ / ) $ / ) + 3+ $ --: , "!½ : , !½ $ -- 88- 2 * $ / ) + : , !¾ + !¾
( "! !
"- 2 !
, !¾
(
-- " # 1
D0
"! !
, / ) , + 2 2: $ -- !½ 2 $ / )+ E+ $ -- ! , : , K $
(
"!
(
"! $ / ) ! -- ! , + > #> $ * : -- $ -- 2 $ / ) ! , + #2#22
%4 ! ( % (
$ < 2
2 # -"$ + 88- 2 $ / )
( 0+ $ -- ! , : * !
$ / ) + , $ -- ' ,2 2
6 -7 , # G+G+3+E+ 3+ $ -- , $ --: - ! $ -- , , + E+ $ -- $ -- ! , :
$ -- , , + ,
$ -- K J?+ $ -- , : , $ -- 2
2 ' ,2 - +
D3
- " #
#2#22
3
( %
? %@ % (
, $ -- ' 2
2
, K $ / ) 88- 2 ,
- "- + , - 2 - ,
, ! ,2 $ -- ! , K $ / ) !2 + , -
: ! 2 + : # , $ - 2 $ ! =# $ ! + - * J
( 0 3 E G C D F ; H 04
, $ - , $ - , $ - , $ - ½ , $ --
R , $ / ) K 88- 2R : : 2 !, J < 88 2+ * 6 : : : 7 # D+3+3+3 + , - "- + : : 2 !, J + , - ! ,2 88- 2+
-- " # 1
DE
* ? , - # !
$ -- , -
+ C - , - K + )
2
?* 2 * 6 : : 7 60: 3: E: 07+ - < 2 2+ - , J , 2 < + #2#2 & ( ' 9 '
/ ) K 88- 2 * ! -- * ,2 *+ ! / ) , @ *, + ) / ) ,2 = + ! $ / ) ! -"$ 58 2+ $ / ) , 2 #: -"$ 58 $ / ) * ! 2 88- 2 * , ? #+ 2 88- 2 K --
* $> $ + $ -- , ! $ > / ) $ / ) * + 88- 2 * $ -- ,2 $ / ) 2 2 / ) $ / ) * + 2 / ) , ?* 2 + , ! 2 / ) , + , ! 2 / ) ?
: $ -- > / ) $ / ) 2 *,, 2 ! , ** *! *+ $ / ) : : * * ,2 * / ) + 2 # $ / ) ! ? * 2 / ) !+ / ) ! , : $ -- 2+ ! #
*2 - !2 # ! ** 2 2 $ / ) : # K $ + 2 : # $ -- ! $ / )
DG
- " #
* + : # , @ , K $ -- + #2#2#
'( 5 %46 ! (
* * K 6=7 / ) 88- 2 K 88- 2 * / )+ , = * : , 5 !* : # E+3+3+ = ! * -"$ < #= * * =+ G+0G
* = + * / ) - "- ,2 ! -B#
- + ! ! ?* / ) ! -: -B# + 5 -B 5B : 88- 2 / )+ -B95B ! 88- 2 ,2 * ! "-O--O#)#+ + 5B : 88- 2 / ) , @ = , @+ -B !: 88- 2 ? / )+ = * * = + $ 2 88- 2 -B95B -B95B * -B J? * +
2: 88- 2 ! * 2 -B95B + 2
= + # 2 / ) : = ! < 2 #=+ )-
$+ 0 2
-"$ 58 * *
2 * * + *, , ! *
=# , -+
-2 " # 1 ARQ buffer
DC VC i Queue PDU
LTCH n LLC MAC Sender frame n t
ACK/NAK TCH n Data PDU
Busy−E−signal
frame n+1
ECH n
or
ECH n
ACK−E−signal Receiver t
frame n
ACK or
frame n+1
NAK
ACK CRC check
NAK
@( -= (
# , ,2 J? # * : # -"$ / /
? * 2 #+ # J / *: , / , ,2 # * 2
+ # # * 2 +
* -"$
2 V G *+ ** G * ! , !
* * * + , ,2 , / , * 2 K 2 K 2 * ,2 ? , / * # +
- " #
DD #2 2
$%& 4
$ , , : , , + ,' ! -"$ , ;4T ! K E *+ - G * , 34 T+ * : ** < 2 ! , * + * 2 -"$ : ! * 6/7
-"$ / ! *+ -"$ / , * , , 657 # * ! 2+ , G+E ?* * 5 # G+0C+ # : # : # # * , #+ * , # * , # + * 5 * !: ,2
( 0+ # , , , *
2+ 3+ $2
# !: # * * , , + ?* : # !
,2 # $ # -: # - , # : #
# $ # - * , * ,: * ! 2+ /(!" !+ " $) ) * , * , 0 $0 3 $3 E $E G $G +++ +++
?* * 5 -"$ *
* ( 0+ , * 5+ : !2 * +
-2 " # 1
DF
3+ J * 5: , K 2 ,+ , ! K 2 * 5+ : * 2 + : *
+ # 2 ! * 2+
: # *! , =#+ , * + 2 , ,+ =# +
# J , * * * ! # * ! 2+ E+ * 2 ! : *,, 2 * ! + : , K 2 * , ! K 2+ ?* : G+0C: #
+ * 5 #: # , K 2 ,+ * 5 #Q ,+ #
! 2 * 2+ : # , K 2 K , 6# : # : # # 7 ** K 2 * , #: ++ : : + * K 2 K : : ++ # : # : # # , K 2 ,+ # ! K 2 * 5+ : * 2 , + : * 2 # # * 2 #+ * , # ,2 ! 2+
# J , G * * * ! # * ! 2+ E G * ,' * : * * , 2 6 ! 7 ?* * + * &/ 6& * 7: # E+3+E: -"$ / < &/ ,2 ! , + = 2 K 2 , &/ 2
D;
- " # 11 00 00 11
1 0 1 0 1 0
1 0 1 0 1 0
1 0 0 1
1 0 1 0 11 00 1 0 11 00 1 11 11 0 00 00 1 11 0 00 1 11 0 00 B2 11 00 1 0 11 00 1 0 11 00 1 0
00 11 00 11 F 1 0 2 11 00 1 0 0 1 0 1 11 00 11 00 1 0 0 1 11 00 11 00 1 0 11 00 F B1 3 S 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 00 11 0 1 00 00 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0B 3 1 1 00 11 0 11 1 00 11 11 00 11 0 1 1 0 F1 00 11 1 0 00 11 11 00 11 1 0 00 00 11 00 11 1 0 11 00 00 11 00 F11 4 00 11 00 11 00 D11 00 11 1 0 11 11 00 00 1 0 11 11 00 00 1 0 11 11 00B 4 00 1 0 00 11 1 0 11 00 11 1 0 00 11 00 11 00 1 0 11 00 11 00 1 0 11 00 1 0 00 11 00 11 1 0 0 1
S: source station D: destination station route query forward station B:border station F: 1 0 1 0 wireless station 1 0
+ " ( $% -. " " "+
-"$ /+ 2 !2 , * !2
K 2 : + #2 2 !
$ / ) -"$ , : ! 6 -7 , L000: 03;℄+ G+0D G+0F: ?* : * ,2 # # + * *
(
-2 " # 1
DH
0+ 58 # ! * ! ! "
* # 6 J7: =# K * J 6/ 7 : 58 # * -- 6
7 * J # G+C+E: K , ! , + --
: 58 # * 5: , G+E: J # , 2 2 6#7+ : -"$ / ! J ? # +
: ? # # # $+ 3+ 58 # ! J 6$ %½ 7 #)/ 58 # $+ $ %½ K 2 J , # # $+ E+ * 5: # $ J # , ,2 2 # -+ 58 # $ * --
, 2 + --
: # $ $ %¾ #)/ # -+ $ %¾ J , # $ # -+ G+ 5: # - J # ,+ - * # - , 2 + --
: # $ %¿ #)/ # + $ %¿ J , # - # + C+ #
* ! #)/ # - --
58+ D+ 58 # ->55- # , +
#: ++ # - # $: , -"$ 58 2 + F+ # ! ->55- : *
, # # , + : ,2 # # + ** , 2 -: !
- " #
F4
WS D
WS C WS B
WS A
" " !+(
* 2 LE: ;;: 03;℄+ L03;℄: ! * , * * ? ! * -"$ + #2 2
%
6--7 ! * ! =# , =# K , + -- *
2 * < + , -"$
2 : - ! , J?
2 2 LC0: D;: ;E℄ , ** -"$ + - -"$ 2 , * , 2+ #
*
->8+ @ -- , @ ! 2*+ - 2 $ #$ ! +
2 ,
* + : P , ** ! + ! 2 : 2 * $ / ) 88-
F0
-2 " # 1 API of WS A
NL of WS A
NL of WS B
NL of WS C
UNIsig of WS D
API of WSD
Connect Setup Request (DEST ID, QoS, EP ID) CAC successed SETUP (SRC ID, DEST ID, VCI1, QoS ) CAC successed SETUP (SRC ID, DEST ID, VCI2, QoS ) CAC successed SETUP (SRC ID, DEST ID, VCI3, QoS ) CAC successed Connection Indication (SRC ID, VCI3) Call accepted Connection Response CONNECT
(EP ID, VCI3)
CONNECT CONNECT Connection Confirm
(VCI3) (VCI2)
(VCI1)
(EP ID)
" " " #
+ $ ! : -- K ! =# + $ < , + $ ,
* 2
! , + -- $ ! * J
( $O--6 & 7 6 #7 0
F3
- " #
3 6 & 7 E
*
G '
$O--6& 7 6 2 #7 0 3 6 & 7 E
*
G '
! , * 2 $ ! R , - R , - ! $ ! R , - K =# K $ + & 6/ ) * 7 * $ R 0 $O--67: - ,2 $ < ! , $ ! $ ! , *
$ -- * + @ -- 2 # 9 # , * 2 2 #+ * $ ? , - * "- ,2 ! *+ $O--67 @ * -- J? " ! ! + ,2 $ * $ + * ? $ , ' ,2 * +
! " !
Ì
* , < * ! + , * 2* * -"$ * # 8+ -"$ + ) < :
* * , ! + * 2 *,, 2 2: K 2 "! 2: * , ! * 2
2+ -
$+ %$
$.
C+0 ! * +
' * ( # 8 * J *
: : : < : * ! J * + # 8 * J 2 * + * * J # 8+ -NN # 83#/-8: # 8 * J #/-8 -NN
,' * # LG: 04E℄+ ,' < 6
7 < +
,'
* + * ,' * : ,2 + ! ,2 ! * + $2 J
J * : * , * J +
FG
2 * ,
Traffic source
SDL specification NL LLC MAC W−PHY
SDL2SPEETCL
Wireless Station
Performance Evaluation
SPEETCL Configuration Parameters (x, y, z) Location management
Radio channel model )" & (
' * ,
# +
-
& $
3 $ !
* 2 * # 8 2 ! LH: 03: GC: D3℄+ # 8 , * * + # 8 ** , 2 + # 8 2 * * 2 J ,+ "!: # 8
** ,2 : # # 83#/-8+ $2 # : 2 2 ? ,
2 + * * * J * + * * # 8 , * * ,2 # + ? * * , #/-8 -NN # 83#/-8 * + ,' J * * J # 8 LH℄+ ! ,2 * * # 8+ * : 2 2*: , 2* * 2* , J+ # 8 2*
, J ! 2* J * + 2* J
2 +
3 $
FC
, ! ** : * + 2 : , *
2* J +
22 !. !3 '3 ! =
C+3 # 8 2 2*
%& * J -"$ * + J , # 8 ! ! , : ++
#'(: '((( : (( &% : &% ( (#+ #
: '()#: #)'(: (( )'(: '()(( : (( )&% : &% )(( : &% )(: ()&% : ()# #)( * ! + # 2 2 * ! + , *'(: *(( : *&% *( * 2 58: 88-: "- /8: * ! 2+ # 8 2 ,! -"$ * * J ,2 ,! , * * 2+ W"# ! W"# ! *! ,2 #/-8+ W"# ! 2 , W"# ! , 2 * # 8 * J ! +
22 !. '3 ! =
C+E: ?* : -"$ # 8 88- , 2* * J
* (( + , 2* * (( * : (( & (( # : ! (& # (&#+ ! (# )& (& )# + * (( & , *(( *&% !
(( & '( (( & &% (' &(: * ! 2+ # (( & )'(: '()(( & : &% )(( & (( & )&% * ! + * (( # , *(( *&% ! (( # '( (( # &%
FD
2 * ,
System Type stCHAMB /*#MSGDEF (name, CharString)*/;
(slNLToEnv)
(slEnvToNL)
cEnvNL
gNE bNL: btNL gLN (slLLCToNL) (slNLToLLC)
bLLC: btLLC
cNLLLC gLN gML (slMACToLLC)
(slLLCToMAC)
cLLCMAC
gML bMAC: btMAC gPM (slPLToMAC) (slMACToPL)
cMACPL gPM
bPL: btPL gEP (slEnvToPL) (slPLToEnv)
cPLEnv
$% )0 (' ((
&(
: * ! 2+ : '()(( # : &% )(( # (( # )&% +
# )'(
* (( & 2 : * (( # 2
2 ,2 * (( & + " * (( # 2 , + K * J 6/7+ *, ! * + J , * , : * (( &
* (( # *, 2 * + 88- *
2 , # G+G ,2 2+
2 +
3 $
FF
(slLLCToNL)
gLN Block Type btLLC
(slNLToLLC)
gLN
(slLLCManToNL)
(slLLCEntToNL)
srLLCManNL
srLLCEntNL
(slNLToLLCMan)
(slNLToLLCEnt)
gLN pLLCMan(1,1): ptLLCMan
gLN
srLManEnt gLME
gLME
(slLEntToMan)
(slLManToEnt)
gLN pLLCEnt(0): ptLLCEnt gML
gML (slMACToLLCMan)
(slMACToLLCEnt)
srLLCManMAC
srLLCEntMAC
(slLLCManToMAC)
(slLLCEntToMAC)
gML
gML
(slMACToLLC)
gML
(slLLCToMAC)
$% )0
!+" '
22 !. '3 ! =
2 ,! # 8 2 , ,2 # 8 * + ,! , 2 ! ,! * + * J ,! * , * ? J + C+G * * J * 2* (( & + ? J , 6+ + ' !
!
7 6+ + * !
! 7 , + * !
9 ! ,2 * * !
9! , + / * J * J * + C+C * J * !
*
2* (( & + >* : ' +
F;
2 * ,
(slLLCManToNL)
gLN
(slLManToEnt)
gLME (slNLToLLCMan)
(slLEntToMan)
Process Type ptLLCMan /*#MSGDEF (msgLLCMan, CharString, Natural, Natural, Duration)*/;
NotStarted
Started
sStart (station_id)
*
gML
sStop
pdStartUp
pdStop
Started
NotStarted
(slMACToLLCMan) (slLLCManToMAC)
$% )0 " J ? 6, 2*7+ * * ,2 -9-NN +
-
%
*2 * + # * ,2
! L00C℄+
2! * #
FH
max_entities:=getInteger (’DPRMA.Constants.LLC’,’maxLLCEnt’)
max_stationId:=getNatural (’D_ATM’,’maxStationId’)
lcep_pid_arr_ptr:=new (1+max_entities)
lcep_cepid_arr_ptr:=new (max_stationId+1) #MSG (name,’LLCMan’), (msgLLCMan,’StartUp’)
sStart(station_id) via gML
$% )0 " # * ** : 2 ! !
' ' & ( ¾
6C+07
* * ,2 * * !+ ' ' * , + & ! , !: ,2 : # C+G+ ! : *
* ** + ** < : 2 ! ! ,
' ' & (
6C+37
! * : , ** : ** , +
;4
2 * ,
*
) 6C+E7
#+ * -"$ ;43+00 K # +
* * ! : + ! ,2 *
2 , ! +
! : !: ! + : ! ,+ @ ! ,2 2 6- 7 -9 * 2+ -9 !
- ! + > *
# * 2 : * ! 5 # ,
, , ! , % * 5( % % 6C+G7
* *,, 2 ,2 -9: * + C+D * * > " -9 LDH℄+ * -9 * *,, 2+ -9: * * *,, 2+ C+D , * CG ,2 + C+D ! * 6 7 * 8
K 6C+C7+
* * ! C+D
6C+C7
* CG ,2 +
* -#"9- ;43+00: ! 2 ?* @ -9 * ! + C+F : ?* : #
2- #%,
;0
Packet error probability
1
0.1 6 Mbit/s 9 Mbit/s 12 Mbit/s 18 Mbit/s 27 Mbit/s 36 Mbit/s 54 Mbit/s
0.01
0.001
0
5
10
15 C/I [dB]
. ' " >
20
25
30
* * + : ! * @ * ½ : ¾ ¿ * 2: , -9 + * * , 2: * +
-)
$ # ( $
# C+E ! * , !+ ,2
* +
½ ½ ½ : * ! 2+
½
¾
¾ ¾
¾ ¾
½
¾
¾ ½
¾ ¾
6C+D7
* !:
*
,2 + * # 2
;3
2 * ,
Sender
Receiver
t1
t2
t3
Interefence
( ' " # "
X
V X
S
r
S
V
a wireless station
X next position of a wireless station S
a wireless station
velocity of a moving station
X destination of a moving station
"!+ "#+
, 2 #+ , 2 * + >
, 2+ , 2: , # *
! : C+;67+
, 2+ : , * * ! * * : C+;6,7+ )
2 , 2 , 2+
;E
22 4
L
L
generic ABR traffic
burst length
burst length
generic rt−VBR traffic
1/n s constant interarrival time
t T interarrival time with a negative exponential distribution
--
t
@( / A " "#+ " C%- # %- >
4 . "
! < * : < : J : + # < + * < * -"$ ;43+00 *8593: J * < * *, + 2 2
! (
+
, 2 6 $7 < ! * * * : C+H67+ !, 2 !2 ; E4
K 2 ! * + , $ < ,2 ! "! * L;3℄ + ! @ ! + $ < =# K ( ? 2 * ** *,, 2+
;G
2 * ,
Ethernet Tracefile
Star Wars MPEG
0.20 0.030
0.18 0.16
0.025
0.020
0.12
P(x)
P(x)
0.14
0.10
0.015
0.08 0.010 0.06 0.04
0.005
0.02 0.000 0.00 0.
200.
400.
600.
800.
1000.
Paketgröße [Byte]
1200.
1400.
0
5000
10000 15000 Paketgröße [Byte]
20000
. ' # ! " # " D+
2 ! 6$7 < < + , $ <
2 , : C+H6,7+ ! $ , ! ?*
2 , : ! + @ $ < +
2 2
'
=
* * * * @ : J < + C+04 * , "/ ! J L0E: GD℄+ < #- : 34,2
* * ! + P * * 6* 7 6* ,2 7+ J *, : : --R !: *
* !
25 3% + , + & , .
;C
DG ,2 ? 0C0; ,2 + HH+C T * * ,2 / ) /+ "/ J * , * !, , 6 $7 ! "/ 0 + K "/ : / $ $$/$$/$$/$$ $$+++: 03 * / 6 >/7+ J 0FG:0E; 6 * #- ? 7: * , , * ! + ! X# Y: K ! ? * ? 29 !2 + < : * J ,2 * * < + -5
3#. $ & ( $ " & ( * . $
J :
2 * : , #: * : + J + * ,2 * + $2 : * , * * ,
+ !2 * * < * @ * + 2 * ! ,2 8 ! 6 87 LGH: 044℄+ ! 0T+ * * , 2 + -6
( ( $$ "
$
, ,' -NN * LDG℄+ # 2 2 ! , -NN ,2 #/-8+ : + + ! ! : : 8 +
;D
2 * ,
1 " ( $% + " ""+
# 8 2 * * * J #/-8 -NN * # 83#/-8+ *' * : ! , #5N + ) J
2 ,2 #5NN : , 2 * , + 2 J * * 2 : * 6 )7 ! * -89B * LH4℄: C+00+
!# $" * -"$ < * 2
+ ) *,, 2 2: K
2 "! 2 , -"$ 2 * + ! 2 ! ?* 2 ,! , ! K 2+ 2 ! 2 , * J 2
2 , + : , -* C 2 -"$ 2 * + * 2 * < * ! 2 -"$ ! + 5
2$
* .$
: 2 ! -"$ + 2
#
/,, 2 6#/7 - *,, 2 2+ #/ # 2
* 2 * #
, + #
* 2
, : * * , J * #/+ #/: * -"$ "- * 2 "!
2+
*22 '( %
!
3 ?%!@ -"$ "- * *
*! =#
*,, 2
-+ #
-
5 " # 4 + & ,
;;
* 2
* J # G+E+3+G+ # * 2 !! * ,
-+ # * 2:
**+ :
+ # - # * 2 , 4 * 2: *,, 2: 2 # ?
*,, 2 ,
K 6D+07+ *,, 2 #
* 2 #+ # !!
/ )
+ # #/ # -+
+ +
6D+07
+ *,, 2
* 2 ,2 #+ + *,, 2 #
* 2
+ + + *,, 2 # * 2
0 # * 2
* 2 + # !! -+
*, #/
#+ ! + + * 2 #
* 2+
#
* 2 2: *,, 2 # ! , 4 2 , + : + +
K 6D+37 K 6D+E7: * ! 2+
+
6D+37
+
6D+E7
+
+
5 1
.
;H
*,, 2 # * 2
2 , :
K 6D+G7 K 6D+C7: * ! 2+ * K 6D+G7 * , + * *,, 2
* 2 , + +
+
+
* *
*
+
*
+
+
6D+G7 6D+C7
D+0 D+3 #/ !+ , # ! * + #/
K 6D+0: D+3: D+E: D+G D+C7+ D+067 # 2
* 2 , 4 04: #/ * 2 , #+
* 2 , 4 04
, : * * , J *
*,, 2+
, # 6 0C7: #/ ! * V 4+F+ $ #/ J 2 , # + , # 0C: ,
* , * V 4+D + : #/ K 2 , # #
* 2 2+ D+067 !
* 2 ,
, ?
* 2
, # + D+06,7 #/ !+ , # ?
* 2 V C4+ #/ #/ * 2 D+067+ : ,
* , ! * V 4+H4 # * 2 , 4 C4
, +
, # 6 C7: ,
* ! #
* 2 2+ : , #
2
5 " # 4 + & , 1
1
0.9
0.9
Access success probability
Access success Probability
H4
0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 p = 0.5 p = 0.6 p = 0.7 p = 0.8 p = 0.9 uniform
0.3 0.2 0.1
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
n, number of contending WSs
45
50
0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4
p = 0.50 p = 0.60 p = 0.70 p = 0.80 p = 0.90 p = 0.91 p = 0.99 uniform
0.3 0.2 0.1
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
n, number of contending WSs
"!!+ > ( ! " " #/ $) & (
E
#
C: #
* 2 2+ >
* 2 ,
, * * V 4+H+ D+3 #/ !+ , # ? * 2 044 0C4+ #/ , * V 4+HG * V 4+HD * ! 2:
* 2
, + * * * #/ * @ * ! @ +
, # 6 C7: ? #/
* 2 2
, + , # : * 2
* 2
, ,! + D+E * #/ ! + #/ , *! ?
* 2 + !: ?
* 2 044:
*
, *! J 2+ V 044 + D+E: , # C: ,
* ! ,2
* 2
, :
* , ,2
H0
1
1
0.9
0.9
Access success probability
Access success probability
5 1
.
0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5
p = 0.50 p = 0.60 p = 0.70 p = 0.80 p = 0.90 p = 0.94 p = 0.95 p = 0.96 p = 0.99 uniform
0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
n, number of contending WSs
45
50
0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 p = 0.50 p = 0.60 p = 0.70 p = 0.80 p = 0.90 p = 0.96 p = 0.97 p = 0.99 uniform
0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
n, number of contending WSs
"!!+ > ( ! " " #/ $) & (
"
#
* 2 2 , # C+ , @ ! ?*
2 , #:
* 2 ,
, ,
* * , #
* 2
, + * * , , * ! ,
* + > 2: , # < ! , 2 C < ! 2
,2
+ :
* 2
! , 2+ *22 *222
& % 3 ( $%& &% & 5
- -"$ " #: , ,
2 2 #+ < # / ) + , / ) / )
2 , ½ ½ + / ) 2 *! / )
2 + *
5 " # 4 + & ,
H3
1
Access success probability
0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4
Pmax = 10, p = 0.60 Pmax = 50, p = 0.90 Pmax = 100, p = 0.94 Pmax = 150, p = 0.96 Pmax = 10, uniform Pmax = 50, uniform Pmax = 100, uniform Pmax = 150, uniform
0.3 0.2 0.1
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
n, number of contending WSs
@(
"!!+ >
( ! " " #/ $)
# > "
"
< LFG℄+ ! , *! / ) ! / ) !?*
2 , &+ )* ! J / ) / ) : # ! --
* , # G+E+3+C+ , 2: 2 - 6 " 7 , ! / ) + ? *
+ -"$ "- - 5 -+ 2 - #
2
-: #
* 2 -B / ) -+ - ! # , / ) ! - ? "- + / ) : ! - , ! , # + -"$ "- * , K 2 D+G+ J K 2 , K
+ - -!
5 1
.
HE TCH 1
WS 1
ACH 2
WS 2
To receiver
server N
WS M
servers
$% # / "#+
*
+ ? ! -!
* "- + ! -! *
*,, 2 6#/7 -+
K # / ) * : , 2 ! -+ K 2 ! 2 + - -! * / ) + ! -! / ) * "- + / ) / ) , * ! - K #+ K * > 6 > 7 * 2 , @ # / ) / ) **+ , K -! * !
- !
+
, L03G℄+ , - "- 657 / ) 6 ½ ½ 7 , *** + > : , @ -+ 2 "
( 0+
2 -"$ " # + + 3+ "- - 5 -+ E+ / ) 6 , / )7
2 ½ ½ , 6 * *7 , " ½ +
5 " # 4 + & ,
HG
/ ) / ) + G+ > 2 - , ! / ) + C+ ! , *! / ) ! / ) !?*
2 , &+ *222
'( % 3
2 -"$ K D+G: "! 2 LEE: 04G: 04C℄ + -"$ "- 2 6, * 7 ,! 2 "! * (
- -
6D+D7
- K + * , # ! / ) + #
- ! -+ * , - ! / ) + 2 2 ,2 * 6 : 7: , # -: , - ! + ! : ! ! +
*, D+C+ * *,, ,
2 "! + * * 2
D+C+ ! ! -"$ K : * J + "VE 5V3 * 2 D+D+ 2 * J ! # # / ) : # # / ) + # 64: 47 #
- ! -+ *, 64: 47 60: 47: 63: 47 6E: 47 :
5 1
.
HC
0,0
0,1
0,2
1,0
1,1
1,2
M−N , 0
M−N , 1
M−N+1 , 0
M−N+1 , 1
M−1 , 0
M−1 , 1
0 , N−1
0,N
1 , N−1
1,N
M−N , 2
M−N,N−1
M−N , N
M−N+1 , 2
M−N+1,N−1
M,0
) #/ " ( $% '"> "#+
# , ! ? "- : * ! 2+ # 64: 47 # , ! ? " + # 64: 07 - ! ,2 # #
-+ # 64: 07 2 60: 07 63: 07 # , ! ! - ? "- + *, 64: 07 60: 47 63: 47 # , ! ! - ? "- + # 64: 07 64: 47 ! - / ) ! #+ # 64: 07 2 # , ! ! - + : 64: 37 2 64: 47: 64: 07 60: 47: 60: 07 60: 37 : + # 60: 47 # 64: 07: 60: 07: 63: 07: , *, 2 #
-+
5 " # 4 + & ,
HD
D+D+ D+D
* ! : , * "! -"$ 2 + * *,, 2 6 7 2
! !
!
!
6D+F7
,
K 6D+;7+
℄ * % * % * * % ! * * % ℄ * * %
½
½
½
½ ¾
¾
½
½ ¾
¾
½
½
½
½
¾
¾
½
!
! !
!
!
¾
!
!
!
!
!
¾
¾
!
!
!
!
6D+;7 #/ #:
K 6D+07+ % *,, 2 ? # 2 # , ! ? "- + !
, *! / ) ! / ) !?*
2 , &: % ,
/ , : K 6D+H7+
%
"- +
2 #+
& / 6D+H7 & / ) !
5 1
.
HF
0,0
0,1
0,2
1,0
1,1
1,2
2,0
2,1
3,0
) " #/ 3E7; E?
K 6D+;7 , ?*
( 0+ ¾ ½ *, "- , ! ?
+ *, ¾ ¾ ½ 6
!7 ¾ ½ 6
!7+ 3+ !¾ !½ *, , ! - ,2 "- , ?
, * " + E+ ¾ ½ : !¾ *, ¾ ½
! "- !¾ 6 - !7+ G+ ¾ ½ !¾
! !½ - "- + ½ ℄ *,, 2
5 " # 4 + & ,
H;
! #+ *½ *,, 2 ! - "- +
% ! *,, 2 # % # , ! "- + * *,, 2 *,, 2 ! ! +
C+ ! !
!
! - !+ *,, 2
! #+ *½ *,, 2
! - !+
# ! # , ! "- +
! !
!: - "- : #
! # , !+
D+
!
!
*,, 2 * *,, + ½ ¾ *½ ¾ *,, 2 ! ! ½ ¾ * ! ! - "- +
F+ ! ! :
2 2 , !+ *,, 2
! : *,, 2
! +
!: ! ! - ! ! -
# ! # , ! "- ! ! +
!: ! ! - ! ! -
# ! # , ! "- + 2 *,, /6 : 7 , , ,2 !
K D+04 L04G℄+
!+ 0
!
+ 0
!
6D+047
6 : 7 6: '7
*, "! : D+C+
5 1
.
HH
2 *,, 2 /6 : 7 2 , /6 7 /67 !,
,
(
!
!
!
6D+007
!
6D+037
?* ! 6-7 67(
, ,
6D+0E7
! !
!
6D+0G7
?* ! 6-7 67 -"$ "- *
* : ++ 2 * 2 , !+ 2 * J ! , / ) * , - "- + - -: 2 * 1 ,
K 6D+0C7+
1
,
6D+0C7
J
2 ?* ! , ! : K ! ! # * + K
J K 2 D+G+ !
2 67 ,
8 Q LF0: F3℄(
, , , &
6D+0D7
5 " # 4 + & ,
044
, , & * !
+ 6-7: , #: * K J K 2 + 2 / ) ! * 2 :
2 * ! + / ) ! ? -: ! ! K ! , / ) / ) * ,2 : "- + ! / ) / ) : 2 J / ) "- *
2: / ) ?* 2 8 "- *
2+ 8 / ) : !, , + / ) 2 / ) / ) *
2+ / ) 2
/ ) ,
?* ! / ) 2 / ) / )
: K 6D+0F7+
, " , "
8
2 , :
" * *
!
, "
*
6D+0;7
, "
* *
6D+0H7
K 6D+0F7 , ?*
6D+0F7
, ¾ , " , ", ", " ,,""
5 1
.
040
* * * , "
6D+347
687 / ) + / ) 2
/ ) 67 @ ! + : K 6D+0F7: / ) ! / ) / ) 2 + J ,2 D+046,7+
*222
4
* 2 -"$ "- * + *
2 : * " 6 , #7 5 6 , - * "- 7 : * ! 2+
* 2 2 ,2 #+ K 2 K 6D+047 ! $- 6, ' 7 L04G℄+ $2 ! K 6D+047: ,
K , *,, /6 : 7: V 4+++": V 4+++5: + , , # , ! - , ! K 6D+007 6D+037: * ! 2+ ?* ! , # - , ! - , 2
K 6D+0E7 6D+0G7+ * 2 * J
2 , ! K 6D+0C7 6D+347+
2 2 !J ,2 * + # , ,2 , -* C+ # * * : 2 * ,2 +
!
5 " # 4 + & , The mean number of contending WSs on ACH
043
1 0.9 0.8
Throughput
0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4
Pmax=10 Pmax=50 Pmax=100 Pmax=500 Pmax=10 Pmax=50 Pmax=100 Pmax=500
0.3 0.2 0.1
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
The arrival rate of PDU trains (1/Tf)
14 12 10 8 6 Pmax=10 Pmax=50 Pmax=100 Pmax=500 Pmax=10 Pmax=50 Pmax=100 Pmax=500
4 2
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
The arrival rate of PDU trains (1/Tf)
"
"
*222#
( & 7 %
3 D+F * ?
* 2 * -"$ 3C #+ / ) 34+ D+F67 ?
* 2 ** * J 2 **
#/+ > : !2 ?
* 2 2 * ?
* 2 C4 #/ ?
* 2 C4 + ? !, * , 4+;D+ D+F6,7 , # !+ / ) ! + ! , #: #/ ?
* 2 : D+067+ D+F6,7 , # ?
* 2 04 J 2 ?
* 2 C4 #/ + 2 !2
D+F "! K , +
5 1
.
04E
1
Throughput
0.8
0.6
0.4 E(L)=10 E(L)=20 E(L)=50 E(L)=1000 E(L)=10 E(L)=20 E(L)=50 E(L)=1000
0.2
0
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
The arrival rate of PDU trains (1/Tf)
" .01 +/ ( " ( "/(
*222
( & . ( 9 ' D+; ? * 2 * / ) + / ) 66877 K 0444: * " 2 + * ? !, * 2 : + / ) : ? * + , @ -+ $ # ! -:
, ! J ,2 -+ "- ! 2
: # 2 , , ! -
-+ , @ , / ) + D+; , @ J 2 5 V 0C / ) C4+ $ , @ , !2 J
/ ) + 687V04: ? !, * 2 , 4+D+ 2 ** / ) "- * , @ -+ $ "- * ! ,2 -+ @ , *
5 " # 4 + & ,
04G
1
0.9
Throughput
0.8
0.7
0.6 N=10 N=15 N=20 N=10 N=15 N=20
0.5
0.4 0.9
0.91
0.92
0.93
0.94
0.95
0.96
0.97
0.98
0.99
p (E(L)= 1/(1−p))
" ( ! " @ " ( ( "/(
! ,2 - , @ # D+0+3+D+ *222*
5
( ' $
D+H * , - 657 * + * * ! 5 V 04: 0C 34: * ! 2+ * !+ *: * / ) , 6687V0960*77 * + ? ! , * 4+H0: 4+HG 4+HC 5 V 04: 0C 34: * ! 2+ / ) 6 *7: , - " 657 , *, * !
,2 -+ $ D+H
* 6 * / ) 7: * !2 5 V 34 , @ -+ / ) :
5 ! * * + * 5V04 ? * 5V0C 5V 34 *
4+HF 4+H;: * ! 2+ * 5V0C ? * 5V34 *
4+HH+
? !, * 5V34
5 1
.
04C
14
35 L = 10 L = 20 L = 10 L = 20
Mean PDU delay (Tf)
Mean access delay (Tf)
12 10 8 6 4
L = 10 L = 20 L = 10 L = 20
30
25
20
15
2 0
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
10
Throughput
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
Throughput
#+ # .01 #+ 3 ?
5V0C J : 5 V 0C , , ! 5 * 2
2+ , * , ! 5 , ' 2
2
/ ) + *222)
& 3 2 '( (
D+04 *
2 / ) 2 !+ * / ) 66877 V 04 34+ D+0467
2 + ? * :
2 ! / ) + @ D+; ? !, * 687 V 34 64+;7 687 V 04 64+D7+
2
: !: J 2 < + > < ? / ) 2 *! / )
2 !+ : ,
! ,2 - !
+ D+046,7 / ) 2 !+ * + / ) 2 ** / ) K 6D+347+ ! K 6D+347 J D+046,7 ,2 : * * +
5 " # 4 + & ,
04D
5
( .$ (. $
< * -"$ ! 2 + * 2 * : ++ ! 2: : , /: < : : * !, : < * 2
2 ! + * ! * * , +
*22
! !
? D+00 , 2 < * -"$ + ? * -"$ * : K 2 * :
: *, ! 2+
# ! : * : : ! ! 2+
! 2 ! ,2 ' *
2+ ! 2 J , ,: ,2 , ? *, , , L0C℄+
6D+307
, , +: 5 , +
2 ! 2 0+ / : # 2 < + "* , * , 2+ 2 < *
: #
, * ,2
* 6/7+
:
, ,
* #+
5 , ,
04F
1S 1 0 0 1 1 0
00 S 2 11 00 11 VC 1
1S 3 0 0 1 0 1
S6
00S 7 11 11 R 00 00 11
1 0 0 1
1 0 0 1
S 12
S 11
11 00 00 11
S 16
11 00 00 11
1 0 0 1
1 0 0 1
S 21
1 0 0 1
S8
S 22
1 0 0 1
1S 5 0 0 1
11 00 00 S 9 11 00 11
1S10 0 0 1 0 1
S 13
1 14 0 0 1
11S 15 00 00 11
1S 18 0 0 1 0 1
11S 19 00 00 11 00 11
11S 20 00 00 11 00 11
11 00 00 11
S 17
1S 4 0 0 1
S 23
11 00 00 11
S
S 24
11 00 00 11
S 25
1 0 0 1 0 1
R : transmit/receive range
)+ " "
/ #+ / @ # * / +
*22
$%& + 3
2 * < 2 -"$ C?C ! 2 + # $ < * J # C+C+0 / ) E4: 2 # < + ! $ / ) ! !
t)
P(T>t)
0.1
0.63 0.01
0.63
0.01
0.50
0.001
0
5
10
0.50 0.25
0.25
0.38
0.38 15
20
25
PDU delay [ms]
,*)#
30
0.001
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
PDU delay [ms]
,*+#
0F " C%- A ; E
/ ) + # !2 / ) -- , < ,
- :
2
2+ < 64+DE7 : < * 8 V 34 , 8 V 04 , - 8 V 04+ ? 2
: < * K ! +
00H
5 , , 0.8
0.5
rt−VBR ABR
0.7
rt−VBR ABR
0.45 0.4
0.6
Throughput
Throughput
0.35
0.5 0.4 0.3
0.3 0.25 0.2 0.15
0.2
0.1
0.1 0 0.26 0.3
0.05
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
Total traffic load
*& #
*22 2
0.8
0.9
1
0 0.16
0.2
0.25
0.3
0.35
0.4
0.45
0.5
0.55
0.6
Total traffic load
*# )+
@( "/( " C%- # %- A
%4 ' + ( 6! >4 !
< * ? < C?C V 0+4 4+EG+ ; # 6C #7 $
V 0+4 64+EG7+ $ < + $ < ,2 ' ! $ / ) + < * ? < * 2 D+3D: D+3F D+3;+ < , / ) $ / ) $ / ) , -+ $ < ! * 2 $ < :
$ / ) ! ** + $ < @ * $ ! + D+3D * $ < < 4+;C 4+C4 ! 2 0+4 4+EG: * ! 2+ ? * $ < V 0+4 V4+EG * 2
V 4+EG+ : * $ < <
V 4+EG: * $ < V0+4 * + / ) , #
034
5 " # 4 + & , 1
1
0.1
0.1
P(T>t)
P(T>t)
0.33
0.51 0.71 0.01
0.85
0.26
0.45 0.01
0.50
0.16
0.66
1.44 0.001
0
5
10
15
20
25
0.001
30
0
End−to−End rt−VBR PDU delay [ms], c = 1.0
5
10
15
20
25
30
End−to−End rt−VBR PDU delay [ms], c = 0.34
*& #
*# )+
0F " C%- A
1
1
0.85
0.50 0.45
0.1
P(T>t)
P(T>t)
0.1
0.71
0.01
0.33
0.01
0.51 0.001
0.001 0
50
100
150
200
250
End−to−End ABR PDU delay [ms], c = 1.0
*& #
300
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
End−to−End ABR PDU delay [ms], c = 0.34
*# )+
0F " %- A
, V 4+EG !2
+ V 0+4
2 # ? + - $ < * 2 D+3F+ 2 $ < ! !2 + 2 $ / ) V4+EG V 0+4 * / ) + $ =# $ < , + @ , 2
5 , ,
030
$ / ) $ < $ < J + $ 2 $ / ) , !
2 # * $ ! $ / ) ! , ! $ / ) +
* D+3F67 D+3F6,7 ! V 0+4 # @ ! 2 * $ V4+EG+ 2 $ / ) 4+;C 0+GG V0+4: 2 $ / )
< V4+EG+ # , * $ * 2+ # J - $ / ) - ! $ < : * # -+ * $ < 2 *
$ < + 2 * $ < * 2 D+3;+ < 2 $ / ) J 2 , ! : V0+4 V4+EG+ 2 $ ! 2 !+ $ 2 *
* , , + : 2 $ < 2+ ! * !2 + , ! ,2 P $ < ** -/ * + *22#
( ' :
6 ! * ?7 * - , **
-"$ ! , -- LFH℄+ * - ! 2 ,2 * * ! - *! ! / )+ * / ) : --
2 / ) , * -- , + * @ < 2 *
2 , 2 < + ! , 2 : < *
033
5 " # 4 + & ,
, < * ! ! * + *, ,
2 < 2* " ** + ! *, * , ! * * ! *, ! + * *,
# ! - 2+ < , , !: * ! - , 2+ ! < + -- 2 , , * 2 , + * < * * * V 0+4 ! + , ! # ! ! < +
# ! < + 2 < , , 2 < + 2 < : * , < < + D+3H: D+E4 D+E0 * < * * * + 2 $ ! : ? * * 4+;C 4+;F: * ! 2+ @ ? * !2
: * ** * + * < 4+;4: * / ) , ! < + * 2 < * # * ,! 2 < + 2 < : , ! / ) * + D+3H ? * 2
* , *
2 J 2 < +
5 , ,
03C
*22 ' + ( > :5& ! ( -"$ ! > " ! + < * ! > " * C ? C J < + * -"$ / ) + * < * ! > " : ! *
2 ! +
*22 2 ' + ( > ' 4 -"$ "- / ) H > " 2, , * + H > " 2, * / ) 3F ,2 : 04; ,2 3GE ,2 D ", 9: 3G ", 9 CG ", 9: * ! 2+ D ", 9 * * 3F ,2 2: , * -"$ / ) CG ,2 + - / ) D ,2 : *2 / ) G; ,2 : 043 ,2 3EF ,2 D ", 9: 3G ", 9 CG ", 9: * ! 2+ * ! ? G+3F ", 9: 0;+0E ", 9 G3+0E ", 9 D ", 9 3G ", 9 CG ", 9: ? * 4+F0: 4+FC 4+F;+ :
2: ! *
, ! + D+E367 < * ! 2 0+4 D ", 9: 3G ", 9 CG ", 9+ * ! ? * 4+D4: 4+D0 4+C; D ", 9: 3G ", 9 CG ", 9+ ? * @ ? * + / ) CG ", 9 D ", 9 3G ", 9 / ) * * + < / ) - , + , @ , ! 2+ D+EE67 D+EG67
! 2 4+EG
5 " # 4 + & ,
03D
0.8
1
0.7
Mean delay (s)
Thoughtput
0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3
0.1
0.01
0.2 c=1.0, 6Mb/s c=1.0, 24Mb/s c=1.0, 54Mb/s
0.1 0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
Traffic load
0.6
0.7
c=1.0, 6Mb/s c=1.0, 24Mb/s c=1.0, 54Mb/s
0.8
0.001
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
Traffic load
@ A " E
4+3G: * + D+E36,7 2 * ! + " 2 D ", 9 3G ", 9 CG ", 9 / ) + " 2 CG ", 9 3G ", 9 <
2 CG ", 9+ 2 * ! 2+ D+EG6,7 2 D ", 9 , , 3G ", 9 CG ", 9 ! 2 4+3G < 4+3+ !2 < : 2 CG ", 9
, / ) !2 CG ", 9: 2 3G ", 9 D ", 9 +
*22 2 ' + ( > 2 * ! < * : ! ! * + ! 2 ! ,2 ' *
2+ )
5 , ,
03F
0.8
1
0.7
Mean delay (s)
Thoughtput
0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3
0.1
0.01
0.2 c=0.34, 6Mb/s c=0.34, 24Mb/s c=0.34, 54Mb/s
0.1 0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
c=0.34, 6Mb/s c=0.34, 24Mb/s c=0.34, 54Mb/s 0.001
0.8
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
Traffic load
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
Traffic load
@ A " E 7: 1
0.8 0.7
Mean delay (s)
Thoughtput
0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3
0.1
0.01
0.2 c=0.24, 6Mb/s c=0.24, 24Mb/s c=0.24, 54Mb/s
0.1 0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
Traffic load
0.7
c=0.24, 6Mb/s c=0.24, 24Mb/s c=0.24, 54Mb/s 0.8
0.001
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4 0.5 Traffic load
0.6
0.7
0.8
@ A " E :
* ! ! 2 + D+EC67: D+ED67 D+EF67 * ! 2 * D ", 9: 3G ", 9 CG ", 9+ ! 2 0+4 , < * + : * 2 < , < 4+D4: 4+D0 4+C; D ", 9: 3G ", 9 CG ", 9: * ! 2+ < *
! 2+ ! 2 4+3G:
5 " # 4 + & ,
03;
0.8
1
0.7
Mean delay (s)
Thoughtput
0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3
0.1
0.01
0.2 0.1 0
c=1.0, 6Mb/s c=0.34, 6Mb/s c=0.24, 6Mb/s 0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
Traffic load
0.7
c=1.0, 6Mb/s c=0.34, 6Mb/s c=0.24, 6Mb/s 0.8
0.001
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
Traffic load
@ A " / 9!
< 4+EC: 4+3; 4+33 D ", 9: 3G ", 9 CG ", 9: * ! 2+ D+EC6,7: D+ED6,7 D+EF6,7 * ! 2 2 D ", 9: 3G ", 9 CG ", 9+ , 2 : 2 2 < +
2 J 2 ** + 5 ! 2 0+4 ! 2 , 2 *
*
! 2+
! 2 2 * 2 * * 2 * * + ,J K 2 * * !
! 2
* +
*22 2 ' + :5& ( ( ( # D+3+C+0 D+3+C+3 ! * , 9 ! 2+ !: * ! ! + ! * : , , * ** 2, +
5 , ,
03H
0.8
1
0.7
Mean delay (s)
Thoughtput
0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3
0.1
0.01
0.2 0.1 0
c=1.0, 24Mb/s c=0.34, 24Mb/s c=0.24, 24Mb/s 0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
c=1.0, 24Mb/s c=0.34, 24Mb/s c=0.24, 24Mb/s 0.001
0.8
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
Traffic load
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
Traffic load
@ A " / : !
0.8
1
0.7
Mean delay (s)
Thoughtput
0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3
0.1
0.01
0.2 0.1 0
c=1.0, 54Mb/s c=0.34, 54Mb/s c=0.24, 54Mb/s 0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
Traffic load
0.6
0.7
c=1.0, 54Mb/s c=0.34, 54Mb/s c=0.24, 54Mb/s 0.8
0.001
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
Traffic load
@ A " / : !
# * : , * , , ! > " + -9 / ) > " : # + ! 2 > " * + D+E;67 * ! > " * + ! 2
5 " # 4 + & ,
0E4
16
1
12
Mean delay (s)
Thoughtput [Mb/s]
14
10 8 6
0.1
0.01
4 2 0
c=0.81, 6Mb/s c=0.73, 12Mb/s c=0.34, 24Mb/s c=0.24, 36Mb/s c=0.13, 54Mb/s
c=0.81, 6Mb/s c=0.73, 12Mb/s c=0.34, 24Mb/s c=0.24, 36Mb/s c=0.13, 54Mb/s 0
2
4
6
8
10
Traffic load [Mb/s]
12
14
16
0.001
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
Traffic load
@ A " & (" +' # "
D ", 9: 03 ", 9: 3G ", 9: ED ", 9 CG ", 9 4+;0: 4+FE: 4+EG: 4+3G 4+0E+ ! 2 CG ", 9 2 4+0E: ? * , 00+C ", 9: ? * D ", 9 2 E+3 ", 9 ! 2 4+;0+ ? * 03 ", 9: 3G ", 9 ED ", 9 D+C ", 9: H ", 9 04 ", 9: * ! 2+ * , ! CG ", 9 ! * + D+E;6,7 2 * + 2 * CG ", 9 3G ", 9 < ; ", 9+ * 2 + " * 2+ !: > " !2 * 2+ < * D ", 9 03 ", 9
+ > " 03 ", 9
-"$ + > " 3G ", 9 , , -"$ < *8593 ;43+00+ ! 2 +
5 , ,
0E0
*22 2# ' + ( . % 2 < * , , # > "
-9 : * 687 * J
( 0+ * , *
K
: # *, * + 3+ * , * K : * 6Z07 * , + , K +
*, + : *, , + D+EH < * * + D+EH67 < * 3G ", 9 * J 2 , * + , !2 + ** < F+C ", 9 D ", 9+ * 03+C ", 9 3G ", 9+ < * * D ", 9 * ! + D+EH6,7 2 * * + 2 *! J 2 8+ , 2 * ! 3G ", 9 8+ D ", 9: 2 *
+ 2 ? * CG ", 9 8 < 2 K ! 2 * * +
5 " # 4 + & ,
0E3
16
1
12
Mean delay (s)
Thoughtput [Mb/s]
14
10 8 6 4
0.01
LA, 6Mb/s LA, 12Mb/s LA, 24Mb/s LA, 36Mb/s no LA, 54Mb/s no LA, 24Mb/s
2 0
0.1
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
LA, 6Mb/s LA, 12Mb/s LA, 24Mb/s LA, 36Mb/s no LA, 54Mb/s no LA, 24Mb/s 16
0.001
0
2
Traffic load [Mb/s]
6
8
10
12
14
16
Traffic load
4
@ A " & ( +' # "
*22* ' + ( %
@
*
* <
9
* + 2 < *
* :
/ C / + # / * $ < + < J + ! ! < +
*22*2 ' + ( % D+G4
/+ H ? H +
* * +
! 0+G3 C+F @ ! 2+ , ,+
! 2 J # D+3+0
, / #
+
,
+
: * , , "* *
5 , ,
0EE
R = 1.42d
R = 2.9d
AP
R = 4.3d
R = 5.7d
R : transmit/receive range
d
" & ( " .
,+ > " 0D =" 093 ! 3G ", 9+ D+G0 6 * 7 < * * 2
/+ 0+G3: 3+H: G+E: C+F: ? * 4+3;: 4+EC: 4+C4 4+CH+ > * + K 2 *
* < * + , /+ * : # !
5 " # 4 + & ,
0EG
1
0.8 0.7
0.1
Mean delay (s)
Thoughtput
0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3
0.01
0.001
0.2
R=5.7d R=4.3d R=2.9d R=1.42d
R=5.7d R=4.3d R=2.9d R=1.42d
0.1 0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4 0.5 Traffic load
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
Traffic load
@( " &" ' " > " ( A " & ( " .
2: # !
! / )+
*22*2 ' + ( & % , / * /
:
* + D+GE
C /: J? + * / : < * , *! < , + D+GE67 0+G3: ? * 0+4 , ! , *
K 2 + 3+H:
# / * + ? * 2 4+DC + 0+G3: , / J 2 # + ,J K 2 * ,
* /+ 2 * 0+G3 , 3+H < : D+GE6,7+ > 2
5 , ,
0EC
R = 1.42d
R = 2.9d
AP
AP
AP
AP
AP
R : transmit/receive range
d
" & ( + + .
1.2
1
1
Mean delay (s)
Thoughtput
0.1 0.8
0.6
0.4
0.01
0.001 0.2 R=2.9d R=1.42d 0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
Traffic load
R=2.9d R=1.42d 1.2
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
Traffic load
@( " &" ' " > " ( A " & ( + + .
0ED
5 " # 4 + & ,
!2 < : 2 0+G3 3+H *
"
% & '() *** +,(-.. -* * < * *8593: ! ! 2
* * * 8593 ;43+00 * , # 8 * J
LCF: 034℄+ # *: * * 9 / * 2 ,! -"$: ;43+00 *8593+ < 2: =# * *, 2 ! 2 + # ** !
* ! ? +
;43+00 -"$
6
%
F+0 *
2 85+
/ ! ! 6"/ 7 * ? ! 65# 57: ? * , ", 6"7 2+ ! < , C ",9 85 < , ! @ +
" 2, : K !
6 , 7 8 " #
0G4
Maximum Throughput [Mb/s]
25 IEEE 802.11a 18 Mb/s IEEE 802.11a 36 Mb/s IEEE 802.11a 54 Mb/s H/2 FMT 18 Mb/s H/2 FMT 36 Mb/s H/2 FMT 54 Mb/s W−CHAMB 18 Mb/s W−CHAMB 36 Mb/s W−CHAMB 54 Mb/s
20
15
10
5
0
1
2
3
4 5 6 Number of FMT/MT
7
8
9
( "/( "
;0 ,2 : 0D3 ,2 3GE ,2 0; ",9: ED ",9 CG ",9: * ! 2+ * ! * ;43+00 00C ,2 : 0HD ,2 3FF ,2 : EG ,2 * + * *8593 CG ,2 D ,2 *
+ F+G * ;43+00 !2 * * + *8593 ": , " ! " 2 * 2 ! , / " * 2 ! ,2 , "+ *8593 ": , " ? * 2 , K 2 * "- * -"$+
6
. $%
2 < * * 85: C?C K 9 / : F+C+ ! 2 ! ,2 ' *
6#7
2+ @
0G0
6! # *
S1
S2
S3
S4
S5
S1
VC 1 S6
S2
S3
S4
S5
S7
S8
S9
S10
S 12
S 13
S 14
VC 1 S7
S8
S9
S10
S6
S 12
S 13
S 14
S 15
S 11
R
VC 2 S 11
S 15
AP
R S 16
S 21
S 17
S 22
S 18
S 19
S 23
S 20
S 16
S 25
S 21
S 24
VC 3
S 17
S 18
S 22
S 23
S 19
S 24
Fixed Core Network
S 20
S 25
R : transmit/receive range
R : transmit/receive range
1
1
+ (" "
F+C6,7:
J? F+C67+ "* , * + # *8593 ** * : , *+ )2 2
6! A
K -"$ =# < ! * 2 + , , **
,, * + ! =# ** < ! : 2 F+C ! 2 4+EG+ F+C67: J! 6 7 $ < +
# ! $ + # 2 < +
/ F+C6,7: 3C !
6 -7 , * 2
0G3
6 , 7 8 " # 0.3
0.3
rt−VBR ABR
rt−VBR ABR
0.25
0.2
0.15
W−CHAMB
IEEE 802.11a
0.1
0.2
0.15
IEEE 802.11a
W−CHAMB
0.1
0.05
0.05
0 0.12 0.15
Throughtput
Throughput
0.25
0.2
0.25
0.3
0.35
0.4
0.45
Total traffic load
. 1 " ! 2 %"''
0.5
0
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
0.35
0.4
0.45
0.5
Total traffic load
. 1 " ! 2 %"3''
@( "/( "
+ ! $ , / C # , ! + 04 # ! $ < /: 04 $ + C * $ , * $ < J! # /+ J! # 2 # $ < : C + , : F+C67 F+C6,7: J! $ 0+D *:
$ 0+H *+ * $ < ,2 ! "! * : E4D4 ,2 ? D034 ,2 : 2 , 3+ $ < * 3G * * + * $ < J 6 C+04677+ ! * J , ! @ + F+D , F+C: * $ ! ! *
-"$: * $ < < ;43+00 $ * , ** 2 ? E4 + F+C67: ? * $ ! 4+3C 4+30 -"$ ;43+00: * ! 2+ !2
6! # *
0GE
64+G7: $ * -"$ * ! $ < + @ F+C67: C $ - 0C $ - /
F+C6,7 + ? * $ < 4+30 4+0F F+D6,7 4+3C 4+30 F+D67 -"$ ;43+00: * ! 2: , /+
? * $ ! 4+30 -"$ < 4+EE: $ < 64+037+ : * $ ! $ --
K 2 * $ < + ;43+00: !: ** < 64+3D7+ : * $ ! ;43+00 2 $ *
* 2 2 $ * + * $ ! ;43+00 : !, F+D67: 4+E0 # / * $ * * ! $ * , $ * $ * ? #+ F+F - $ ! -"$ ;43+00 ! < + 2 , $ ! -"$
! !2 !
64+C7 , F+C+
t)
0.50
0.1
0.35
0.25 0.01
0.25 0.12
0.12
0.01
0.34
0.12
0.12
0.51
P(T>t)
0.1
0.36
0.25
0.25
W−CHAMB IEEE 802.11a 0.001
0
5
10
15
20
25
0.001
30
0
5
! . 1
10
15
20
25
30
End−to−end delay [ms], c=0.34
End−to−End Delay [ms], c = 0.34
! . 1
0F " C%- A 1
1
0.50 0.49
0.34
0.35
0.36
0.51
0.1
P(T>t)
P(T>t)
0.1
0.25 0.01
0.01
0.25 W−CHAMB IEEE 802.11a
W−CHAMB IEEE 802.11a 0.001
0
20
0.001
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
0
! . 1
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
ABR End−to−End Verzoegerung [ms], c=0.34
End−to−End Delay [ms], c = 0.34
! . 1
0F " %- A
=# ! < , : /+ F+; - $ < + 2 , $ ! J 2 * < , : -"$ ;43+00+ * F+C67:
F+C6,7 2 * , : $ $ ! : , @ /+
6! # * )2 2 )2 22
0GC
+ 3 ( ' + ( > ' 4
* < * -"$ ;43+00 * ! ! ! F+C67: * J < + F+H: F+04 F+00 < * D ", 9: 3G ", 9 CG ", 9 ! 2 4+3G: 4+EG 0+4: * ! 2+ , 2 : -"$ ;43+00:
! 2 : * + ,
! 2 * , + 2 * 2 * * 2 * + ,J K 2 * * !
2 * *
+ F+H D ", 9 < *
;43+00 , -"$ ! 2 0+4 4+EG+ ? * ;43+00 -"$ G ", 9 E+C ", 9 V 0+4+ < 2 -"$ ,2 *
-"$ / )+
! 2 4+EG: @ * ;43+00 -"$ + * ! ? * 3+D ", 9 3+C ", 9+ ! 2: < 2 ;43+00 @ *, + ! 2 4+3G: ? * -"$ , ;43+00+ * ! ? * 3 ", 9 0+C ", 9+ F+H
;43+00
! 2+ ?* + > * ! ;43+00 ,2
* , @ ! 2 + -#"9- ;43+00
? + < 2 ;43+00
0GD
6 , 7 8 " #
* , @ J * !+ J ,2 F+04 F+00+ * 2 < * -"$ !2 J
! 3G ",9 CG ", 9+ 3G ", 9: ? * -"$ ;43+00 0G+3 ", 9 00 ", 9 V 0+4: H ", 9 F ", 9 V4+EG: F+3 ", 9 C ", 9 V 4+3G: * ! 2+ CG ", 9: < * ;43+00 , + * ! ? * ;43+00 2 03+C ", 9: ;", 9 D ", 9: ? * -"$ E4 ",9: 0F+C ", 9 03+C ", 9 ! 2 V 0+4: 4+EG 4+3G+ F+H6,7: F+046,7 F+006,7 * 2 *
F+C67+ * ! 2 2 * , F+H6,7: F+046,7 F+006,7+ ! 2: , 2 * , !+ ;43+00 , !
2 * -"$ + ;43+00 *
3E4G ,2 : -"$ * 043 ,2 3G ", 9+ ! , -"$ "- / ) + $ ;43+00 < -"$ 2+ ;43+00 , @ , ! 2
! 2 +
)2 22 ' + ( > :5& ! ( ( ! ' * < * ! > " * : # D+3+C+E ;43+00 -"$+ F+03 * * , 2 +
# * + -9
6! # *
0GF
6
1
BPSK 1/2 6Mb/s 0.1
IEEE 802.11a Mean delay (s)
Throughput (Mb/s)
5
4
3
2
W−CHAMB
W−CHAMB
0.01
0.001 1
0
IEEE 802.11a
c = 1.0 c = 0.34 c = 0.24 0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
0.0001
0
0.2
Traffic load
1
@ A " & ( 9 !
1
16
16 QAM 1/2 24 Mb/s
14
0.1
Mean delay (s)
Throughput (Mb/s)
0.8
18
12 10
IEEE 802.11a
W−CHAMB
8 6
W−CHAMB
0.01
0.001
4
IEEE 802.11a
c = 1.0 c = 0.34 c = 0.24
2 0
0.6
Traffic load
c = 1.0 c = 0.34 c = 0.24 0.4
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
Traffic load
0.8
1
0.0001
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
c = 1.0 c = 0.34 c = 0.24 0.8
1
Traffic load
@ A " & ( : !
/ ) : ! 2 + F+03 ;43+00 ? 2 <
! 2+ > 2 -"$: ? * ;43+00 CG ", 9 ED ", 9: ? * ED ", 9 3G ", 9 ! + ?
6 , 7 8 " #
0G;
35
1
64QAM 3/4 54 Mb/s
30
Mean delay (s)
Throughput (Mb/s)
W−CHAMB 0.1
W−CHAMB
25 20 15 10
0
IEEE 802.11a
0.001
IEEE 802.11a 5
0.01
c = 1.0 c = 0.34 c = 0.24 0
0.2
0.4
0.6
Traffic load
0.8
c = 1.0 c = 0.34 c = 0.24 1
0.0001
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
Traffic load
@ A " & ( : !
* ;43+00 3G ", 9 6D+C ", 97+ F+03 ? * 6D+C ", 97 ;43+00 , ;4T -"$ 600+C ", 97+ 2 * F+0E+ ;43+00 , 2 * 03 ", 9 ED ", 9 , + ! 2 03 ",9 2 + 2 ED ", 9 , 3G ", 9 , * 2 ! , ED ", 9+ 2 * ;43+00 3G ", 9 + D ", 9: < * * 2 ! 2 !2 + , * 2 ,, ** + * -"$: ;43+00 , 2 * -"$ < + ' # F+E+3+0+ , !
2 , @ !
@ =# K ! , ** + -"$ , , ,
2 * ;43+00 =# *!+
6! # *
0GH
16 14
W−CHAMB
Thoughtput (Mb/s)
12 10
IEEE 802.11a 8 6 4 c=0.81, 6Mb/s c=0.73, 12Mb/s c=0.34, 24Mb/s c=0.24, 36Mb/s c=0.13, 54Mb/s
2 0
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
Traffic load
@( "/( & ( > " *F0 (
1
Mean delay (s)
0.1
W−CHAMB 0.01
IEEE 802.11a
0.001
c=0.81, 6Mb/s c=0.73, 12Mb/s c=0.34, 24Mb/s c=0.24, 36Mb/s c=0.13, 54Mb/s 0.0001
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
Traffic load
#+ & ( > " *F0 (
16
6 , 7 8 " #
0C4
16 14
W−CHAMB
Thoughtput (Mb/s)
12 10 8
IEEE 802.11a
6 4
LA, 6Mb/s LA, 12Mb/s LA, 24Mb/s LA, 36Mb/s no LA, 54Mb/s no LA, 24Mb/s
2 0
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
Traffic load
@( "/( & ( +' # "
)2 22 ( ' + ( . % < * * , # D+3+C+G F+0G F+0C+ ;43+00 * ! , < * 03 ", 9: -"$ , * 3G ", 9+ * 2 < * ! -"$ ! ;43+00 !2 J + ? * -"$ 03+C ", 9: ;43+00 6; ", 97+ -"$ ! CD T < ;43+00 < * * + F+0G F+0C * *! ! * , 2 + ? * ;43+00 -"$ , *! , 3G T H T: * ! 2+ 2 * *!
2+
6-
0C0
1
W−CHAMB
Mean delay (s)
0.1
0.01
0.001
LA, 6Mb/s LA, 12Mb/s LA, 24Mb/s LA, 36Mb/s no LA, 54Mb/s no LA, 24Mb/s
IEEE 802.11a 0.0001
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
Traffic load
6)
#+ & ( +' # "
""
, # D+3+D * < * -"$ ;43+00+ < * / * / , 2 : ;43+00 -"$: * F+0D F+0F+ , 2 :
9 ! < *
/ : 9 ! *! < * * / , , + * -"$: ? * ;43+00
+ / V 0+G3: 3+H: G+E C+F: * ! ? * -"$ 4+3;: 4+EC: 4+C 4+CH: ;43+00 64+0;: 4+3;: 4+ED 4+G37+ * / V 0+G3: ? * -"$ 0+4C: , F4T ;43+00 64+DC7+ 2 ;43+00 -"$
< + ?* , +
6 , 7 8 " #
0C3
0.8
1
R = 5.7d
0.7
0.1
R = 4.3d
Mean delay (s)
Thoughtput
0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3
R =1.42d R = 2.9d
R =1.42d R = 2.9d
0.01
R = 4.3d 0.001
0.2 0.1
R = 5.7d
W−CHAMB IEEE 802.11a 0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.1
0.2
0.3
Traffic load
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
Traffic load
W−CHAMB IEEE 802.11a 0.4
" ( &" ' " > " ( A " & ( " .
1
1.2
1
Meandelay (s)
Thoughtput
0.1
R =1.42d
0.8
0.6
R = 2.9d
0.4
0.01
R =1.42d
0.001
R = 2.9d
0.2
W−CHAMB IEEE 802.11a
W−CHAMB IEEE 802.11a 0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
Traffic load
1
1.2
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
Traffic load
" ( &" ' " > " ( A " & ( + + .
6-
.(( 2
< * *8593: ;43+00 -"$ , * ! + *8593
, < *
2
+ $ *8593 ** ,
* +
62 ,, 1
0CE
- ;43+00 "- * ** * + !: ! - <
* + "!: - =# ! * /- ** , + -"$ "- * , =# $ !
* + : * : -"$ ! 8 6# G+E+3+37 * : 8 6# D+3+C+G7 2 -
6 -7 6# G+G+3+E7 2
2 ' , $ -- ! "- < 2
+ -"$ / 6# G+C7 < J 2 ,2 ! , +
0CF 3+ ! * , * 2* * * # 8+ *! * !
* + E+ 2 -"$ *,, 2 2 "! - + #/ 6# D+0+07 ! *,, 2 2+ 2 ! * #: --# 2
* 2 +
* 2 , @ ! ,
, + * ! * * , 4+HG + ! : :
* 2 , + "! - -"$ "- * + 2 ,! -"$ "- * , ! 2 "! *,, 2+ *! -"$ < * + -"$ 3C # ?
* 2 04 #/: ?
* 2 C4 , + < 2
, ! / ) + * * / ) , -+
, - * "- , - , : * ! , , - * "- + , ! , - 0C , ' 2
2+
2 / ) 2 , + 2 * J 2 ** + / ) 2 ** / ) + G+ ! < * -"$ * + < * -"$ ! 2
2 ! * + * 2 * : ++ < :
: * !, : ! : :
0C;
* &
, / +: < * 2
2 ! +
- * , 2 * ! < + < * , 2 * + < - * * + - ! "- * J * < *
+ , -
** / ) ? / ) ! , *! / ) ! 2 *! / ) !+ , -
, !
/ ) < ,2 , ! #+ 2 ,2 # < , < * !2 ! 04T+ , K $ -- * ,2 $
*
/ ) + *
: / )
, ! + $
! , K $ --+ 2 :
, <
# , -- , K + :
2
2+ # , * ! + ! < $ < ,
=# $ < + )
2: < ? C4T
2 -"$ + 2 $ < ? <
! !2 + 2 $ / ) V4+EG V 0+4 * / ) + $ =# $ < , + @ , 2
0CH $ / ) $ < $
" : > " !2 -"$
* 2 * K 2 + < * D ", 9 03 ", 9
+ > " 03 ", 9 -"$ + > " 3G ", 9 , , -"$ < + ! 2 + , < *
, ! * #
> "
-9 + !2 6D ", 97 , < * * D ", 9 * ! +
/ 6 * 7 < * * 2 , @ /+ , @ / * /
:
* + / : < * , J 2 *! +
0D4
* &
C+ -* * < * -"$ ;43+00 *8593+ *8593 *
2 "- ** , < *
2
+ $ *8593 ** , * + < * *8593
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