Satellite Communication Systems [3 ed.] 085296899X, 9780852968994

Table of contents :
Contents......Page 6
Preface and acknowledgments......Page 24
Contributors......Page 26
1.1 Satellite systems......Page 28
1.2 Radio regulations and frequency bands......Page 29
1.3 Satellite orbits......Page 31
1.4 The basic satellite system......Page 36
1.5 Satellite communications in transition......Page 40
1.6 Towards the future......Page 43
2.1 The visionaries......Page 46
2.3 The early days......Page 48
2.4 International activities......Page 49
2.5 Television satellite broadcasting......Page 53
2.6 Technological considerations......Page 55
2.7 Overall developments......Page 58
2.8 The future......Page 60
2.10 References......Page 61
3.1 Introduction......Page 64
3.2 Satellite organisations......Page 66
3.3 Private satellite networks......Page 74
3.4 Ka-band satellite systems......Page 76
3.5 Starting up a satellite business......Page 77
3.6 Trade issues......Page 78
3.7 The business plan......Page 79
3.8 Finance......Page 84
3.10 Frequency coordination......Page 91
3.11 Billing......Page 93
3.12 Operations and maintenance......Page 94
3.13 Acknowledgments......Page 95
4.1 Introduction......Page 96
4.3 Objectives of frequency/orbit management......Page 97
4.5 Frequency management regimes......Page 99
4.7 Coordination with terrestrial services......Page 103
4.8 NonGSO systems......Page 104
4.9 The workload of the lTU satellite systems frequency management regime......Page 106
4.12 References......Page 109
5.2 Basic aperture antenna definitions and relationships......Page 110
5.3 Typical antenna configurations for satellite communications......Page 119
5.4 References......Page 125
6.2 Radio noise......Page 126
6.3 Ionospheric effects......Page 128
6.4 Tropospheric effects......Page 130
6.6 References......Page 142
7.1 General......Page 144
7.2 Interference between satellite networks......Page 145
7.3 Interference with terrestrial networks......Page 148
7.4 Acknowledgments......Page 151
7.5 References......Page 152
8.1 Introduction......Page 154
8.2 Network architectures......Page 155
8.3 Traffic multiplexing......Page 157
8.4 Multiple access, and assignment strategies......Page 159
8.5 Frequency-division multiple access (FDMA)......Page 160
8.6 Time-division multiple access (TDMA)......Page 165
8.7 Satellite-switched TDMA and onboard processing......Page 169
8.8 Spread spectrum and CDMA......Page 171
8.9 Packet-access techniques......Page 177
8.10 Hybrid access techniques, and comparisons......Page 180
8.13 References......Page 182
9.1 Introduction......Page 184
9.2 Channel characteristics......Page 185
9.3 Analogue amplitude modulation......Page 188
9.4 Analogue frequency modulation......Page 189
9.5 Digital modulation methods......Page 192
9.6 Practical satellite modems......Page 207
10.1 Introduction......Page 210
10.2 Coded systems......Page 211
10.3 Error-detection strategies......Page 212
10.4 Forward error correction......Page 213
10.5 Convolutional codes......Page 216
10.6 Binary block codes......Page 218
10.7 Coding for bursty channels......Page 219
10.8 Concatenation......Page 220
10.9 Coding for bandwidth-limited conditions......Page 222
10.10 Application considerations......Page 223
10.11 References......Page 224
11.1 Introduction......Page 226
11.2 Basic transmission principles......Page 228
11.3 Downlink budgets......Page 233
11.4 Uplink budgets......Page 235
11.5 Satellite path......Page 236
11.6 Overall link quality......Page 238
11.7 Satellite-link design for specified quality......Page 239
11.8 Link budgets......Page 246
11.10 Appendix: service specifications......Page 247
12.2 What is an earth station?......Page 250
12.3 Typical system configuration......Page 251
12.4 Major subsystems......Page 254
12.5 Equipment costs......Page 261
12.6 System design......Page 263
12.8 Testing and acceptance......Page 268
12.10 Conclusions......Page 270
13.1 Introduction......Page 272
13.2 Satellite design drivers......Page 274
13.3 Satellite orbits......Page 277
13.4 Satellite design......Page 289
13.5 Future large geostationary mobile communication satellites......Page 304
13.6 Launch vehicles......Page 305
13.7 Commercial satellite programmes......Page 309
14.2 Payload function......Page 316
14.3 Payload constraints......Page 318
14.4 Payload specification......Page 325
14.5 Payload configurations......Page 326
14.6 Typical configurations......Page 331
14.7 Payload equipment......Page 336
14.8 Future systems......Page 346
14.9 Acknowledgments......Page 347
15.1 Introduction......Page 348
15.2 Earth-station antennas......Page 349
15.3 Satellite antennas......Page 360
15.4 References......Page 371
16.2 Services......Page 374
16.3 Network description......Page 377
16.4 Main-network transmission technologies......Page 380
16.5 Asynchronous transfer mode......Page 390
16.6 Major network features which impact on service-carrying ability......Page 393
16.7 Satellite system performance in relation to service requirements......Page 396
16.8 Standards......Page 398
16.9 Future network developments......Page 401
16.10 Conclusions......Page 402
17.1 General introduction......Page 404
17.2 The Eureka 147 DAB system......Page 407
17.3 Satellite-specific options......Page 410
17.4 System engineering......Page 411
17.5 Experimental evidence......Page 420
17.7 Conclusions......Page 421
17.8 References......Page 422
18.1 Introduction......Page 424
18.2 Standards and regulation......Page 428
18.3 Current television standards......Page 433
18.4 New television standards......Page 437
18.5 The WARC 77 DBS plan for Europe......Page 440
18.6 Digital coding......Page 441
18.7 Source coding......Page 443
18.8 Channel coding......Page 447
18.9 Transmission aspects......Page 460
18.10 Applications......Page 466
18.11 Conditional access......Page 472
18.12 Picture quality issues......Page 473
18.13 Digital audio broadcasting (DAB)......Page 476
18.15 References......Page 479
19.1 Introduction......Page 484
19.2 Frequency allocations......Page 485
19.3 INMARSAT system and standards......Page 488
19.4 Regional systems......Page 497
19.5 Propagation......Page 503
19.6 Mobile terminals......Page 512
19.7 Satellite transponders for mobile systems......Page 518
19.8 References......Page 523
20.1 Introduction and overview......Page 526
20.3 Second-generation systems......Page 527
20.4 Third-generation systems......Page 529
20.5 Personal communications systems/networks-PCS/PCN......Page 530
20.6 Satellite PCN......Page 531
20.7 Satellite PCN-challenges......Page 533
20.8 SPCN system comparisons......Page 559
20.9 Conclusion......Page 562
20.10 References......Page 564
21.1 Introduction......Page 566
21.2 Applications......Page 567
21.3 Fundamentals of time ranging......Page 569
21.4 System description of GPS......Page 571
21.5 The future of global positioning systems......Page 576
21.6 References......Page 578
22.1 VSATs for business systems......Page 580
22.2 Applications of VSAT systems
......Page 581
22.3 Regulatory issues......Page 584
22.4 Service provision......Page 585
22.5 Voice and data......Page 586
22.6 Example systems......Page 587
22.7 Design considerations......Page 591
22.8 Modulation and coding......Page 594
22.9 Data transmission and protocols......Page 599
22.10 Satellite access techniques......Page 603
22.11 Network configurations and availability......Page 605
22.12 Link budgets......Page 606
22.13 References......Page 608
23.1 Background......Page 610
23.2 Military applications......Page 612
23.3 Frequency bands......Page 613
23.4 Satellites......Page 614
23.5 Traffic and terminals......Page 621
23.6 Link budgets and multiple access......Page 628
23.7 Threats and countermeasures......Page 633
23.8 Future trends in milsatcom......Page 642
23.9 Briefconclusions......Page 646
23.11 References......Page 647
24.1 Introduction......Page 648
24.2 Surrey microsatellites......Page 649
24.3 Applications of micro/minisatellites......Page 656
24.4 Microsatellite ground stations......Page 666
24.5 SSTL minisatellites......Page 668
24.7 Summary and conclusions......Page 670
24.9 References......Page 671
25.1 Introduction......Page 674
25.2 Television and audio broadcasting......Page 677
25.3 Mobile and personal communications......Page 679
25.4 Broadband multimedia systems......Page 683
25.5 Satellite navigation......Page 691
25.6 Messaging and monitoring......Page 692
25.7 Conclusions......Page 693
25.8 Acknowledgments......Page 694
A.1 Introduction......Page 696
A.2 Television transmission from medium power satellite to TVRO......Page 697
A.3 FDMA system design......Page 699
A.3.1 Solution......Page 700
A.4 TDMA systems design (high bit rate)......Page 702
A.5 Mobile system link budget......Page 703
A.6 SCPC system design......Page 705
A.6.1 Solution SCPC......Page 706
A.7 Military systems design......Page 708
A.7.2 Small terminal (e.g. Manpack) budget......Page 709
A.8 VSAT link budget......Page 712
B.1 Introduction......Page 716
B.2.1 Traffic......Page 717
B.3.2 Satellite specifications......Page 719
B.3.3 Earth-station parameters......Page 720
B.3.4 System margin......Page 722
B.3.5 Modulation parameters......Page 723
B.4.2 Off-axis radiations......Page 726
B.6 Link-budget calculations......Page 727
Appendix C List of abbreviations......Page 730
Index......Page 744