200 18 7MB
English Pages [282] Year 2017
SAMUEL, KINGS AND CHRONICLES, I
Texts@Contexts, 5 Series Editors Athalya Brenner-Idan Archie C.C. Lee Gale A. Yee
SAMUEL, KINGS AND CHRONICLES, I TEXTS@CONTEXTS
Edited by
Athalya Brenner-Idan and Archie C.C. Lee
T&T CLARK Bloomsbury Publishing Plc 50 Bedford Square, London, WC1B 3DP, UK 1385 Broadway, New York, NY 10018, USA BLOOMSBURY, T&T CLARK and the T&T Clark logo are trademarks of Bloomsbury Publishing Plc First published in Great Britain 2017 Paperback edition first published 2018 Copyright © Athalya Brenner-Idan and Archie C.C. Lee and Contributors, 2017 Athalya Brenner-Idan and Archie C.C. Lee have asserted their rights under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act, 1988, to be identified as Editors of this work. Cover image © Dominik Pabis/iStock All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage or retrieval system, without prior permission in writing from the publishers. Bloomsbury Publishing Plc does not have any control over, or responsibility for, any third-party websites referred to or in this book. All internet addresses given in this book were correct at the time of going to press. The author and publisher regret any inconvenience caused if addresses have changed or sites have ceased to exist, but can accept no responsibility for any such changes. Copyright Disclaimer Every effort has been made to trace copyright holders and to obtain their permission for the use of copyright material. The publisher apologizes for any errors or omissions there may be and would be grateful if notified of any corrections that should be incorporated in future editions of this book. A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress. ISBN: HB: 978-0-56767-115-8 PB: 978-0-56768-260-4 ePDF: 978-1-56767-116-5 ePub: 978-0-56767-117-2 Series: Texts@Contexts, volume 5 Typeset by Forthcoming Publications Ltd (www.forthpub.com) To find out more about our authors and books visit www.bloomsbury.com and sign up for our newsletters.
Series Preface 7KH(GLWRUV Abbreviations Introduction $WKDO\D%UHQQHU,GDQ
&217(176
YLL [LLL [Y
3DUW2QH 21*(1'(55(/$7,216+,36
+($5,1*7$0$5¶692,&(²+2:7+(0$5*,1 +($56',))(5(17/UH@FRQVWUXF WLRQRIWKHKRO\RUSULHVWO\FRPPXQLW\RIµUHWXUQHHV¶LQ(]UD±1HKHPLDKRQ WKHRWKHUKDQG"$ZKROHQHZZRUOGRIUHDORUPDQXIDFWXUHGPHPRULHVPXVW EHSURGXFHGDQGPDGHFUHGLEOHIRUWKHROGQHZSDWHUQDOO\JRYHUQHGQHZFRP HUVRIDFRPPXQLW\FODLPLQJSUHVHQWDQGKLVWRULFDORZQHUVKLSRIWKHODQG Epilogue 7KLVKDVEHHQDSUHOLPLQDU\FRQVLGHUDWLRQRIWKHJHQGHUOLQHDJHUHFRUGHG IRUVRPH+%OHDGHUVVWDUWLQJIURPWKH7RUDKDQGIRFXVLQJRQPRWKHUVRI -XGDKLWHNLQJV7KLVFRQVLGHUDWLRQKLJKOLJKWHGVHYHUDOVHHPLQJO\RSSRVLQJ WUDMHFWRULHV
Samuel, Kings and Chronicles, I
$ 7KHPRWKHUPDWWHUVDVGRGHWDLOVDERXWKHU LGHDOO\VKHVKRXOGEHD PHPEHURIWKHVDPHVRFLDOJURXSORFDOO\DQGRUHWKQLFDOO\ RIWKH IDWKHUDQGWKHLQKHULWLQJVRQLVQRWQHFHVVDULO\RUDOPRVWQHYHUD ¿UVWERUQLQWKLVWUDMHFWRU\VRQVWRµIRUHLJQ¶PRWKHUVDUHLQIHULRU ZLWKLQWKHJURXSHYHQLIWKH\HYHQWXDOO\EHFRPHOHDGHUV % )RUHLJQPRWKHUVFDQEHNLQJV¶RUOHDGHUV¶PRWKHUV & $VLWXDWLRQDULVHVZKHQWKHPRWKHU¶VLGHQWLW\GRHVQRWPDWWHURULV HYHQVXSSUHVVHGFOHDULQJWKHVWDJHIRUSDWHUQDODQFHVWU\
,WLVFHUWDLQO\WHPSWLQJWRGUDZDFKURQRORJLFDOOLQHIURP$WR&7KLVLV QRWZKDW,LQWHQGHGWRGRKHUH$OOWKUHHDSSURDFKHVPLJKWEHV\QFKURQRXV GLIIHUHQWVROXWLRQVWRVLPLODUSUREOHPVRILGHQWLW\FRQWLQXLW\DQGPHPRU\ IRUPLQJLQVHUYLFHRIWKHSUHVHQWDQGIXWXUHQHHGVRIDFRPPXQLW\RUFRPPX QLWLHV6XFKRSSRVLQJUHVSRQVHVWRWKHTXHVWLRQRIVRFLDOGH¿QLWLRQDUHQRW RQO\DPDWWHURIKLVWRULFDOFRQGLWLRQVZKDWHYHUWKRVHPD\EHEXWDOVRRIKRZ LVVXHVRILQFOXVLYLW\DQGH[FOXVLYLW\DUHFRPSUHKHQGHG :H UHDG &KURQLFOHV DV WKHODVW ERRN RI WKH +% DQG RIWHQ DVVXPH WKDW SULQFLSOHVIRXQGLQLWDQGLQ(]UD±1HKHPLDKVHUYHGDVSURRIWH[WVIRUODWHU SHULRGV$VWKLVVWXG\FRQFHUQLQJUR\DOPRWKHUVVKRZVWKLVLVQRWDOZD\VWKH FDVH%H\RQG&KURQLFOHV±DQGDFHUWDLQSRLQWLQWKH+RXVHRI'DYLG QDUUDWHGKLVWRU\WKH&KURQLFOHVWH[WVPRVWO\GHOHWHUR\DOPRWKHUV¶QDPHVDQG RWKHUGHWDLOVDERXWWKHPDVLIWKH\GLGQRWPDWWHU,Q(]UD±1HKHPLDKWKLV DWWLWXGHLVHYHQPRUHSURQRXQFHGOLQHDJHVRLPSRUWDQWWKHUHJRHVE\WKH IDWKHUXQOHVVWKHPRWKHULVµIRUHLJQ¶LQDQHZWDNHRQWUDMHFWRU\$ ,GHQWLW\ EHFRPHVEDVHGVROHO\RQDSDWHUQDOOLQHDJH %XWLURQLFDOO\WKLVFKRLFHIRUDSDWHUQDOO\EDVHGLGHQWLW\LILWKROGVDWDOO UHPDLQV RQO\IRU D ZKLOH WKH FDOO IRUH[SHOOLQJ µIRUHLJQ¶ ZLYHVDQGWKHLU RIIVSULQJHYLGHQFHVFOHDUO\DQGHPSKDWLFDOO\LIVRPHZKDWSDUDGR[LFDOO\ KRZLPSRUWDQWWKHPDWHUQDOOLQHDJHLVWRDVRQLQDGGLWLRQWRWKHSDWHUQDO OLQHDJHWKDWHQVXUHVLQKHULWDQFH%HFDXVHLQUDEELQLF-XGDLVPD-HZRIERWK JHQGHUVLVERUQWRDPRWKHUZKRLVD-HZ7KHIDWKHU¶V-HZLVKQHVVGRHVQRW PDWWHUIRUWKHSXUSRVHRIFODVVL¿FDWLRQDV-HZLVK 6RJR¿JXUHWKHUHVWDQG\RXWHOOPH
,QWHUHVWLQJO\LI(]UDLVFORVHWRWKH3VRXUFHZKLFKVHWVVXFKVWRUHE\WKHSXULW\RI ZRPHQIRONLQSULHVWO\IDPLOLHV$OVRLQWHUHVWLQJLVWKHFRPSOHWHODFNRIPRWKHUVLQWKH3 toledФtOLVWRI*HQLQWKHSDUDOOHOOLVWLQ*HQDQGDOVRLQWKHšƝtIUDJPHQW >@DWOHDVWVRPHPRWKHUVDUHPHQWLRQHG
%5(11(5,'$1Male Royals and their Ethnically Foreign Mothers
5()(5(1&(6
%HQ%DUDN=DIULUD µ7KH6WDWXVDQG5LJKWRIWKHgebîrâ¶LQ%UHQQHUHG %UHQQHU$WKDO\D µ-H]HEHO¶Shenaton+HEUHZ %UHQQHU,GDQ$WKDO\D The Israelite Woman: Social Role and Literary Type in Biblical Narrative /RQGRQ7 7&ODUN%ORRPVEXU\QGHGQRULJ6KHI¿HOG-6273UHVV %UHQQHU$WKDO\DHG A Feminist Companion to Samuel–Kings 6KHI¿HOG6KHI¿HOG$FDGHPLF 3UHVV &DPS&ODXGLD Wise, Strange and Holy: The Strange Woman and the Making of the Bible /RQGRQ%ORRPVEXU\$FDGHPLF 'RU+HEUHZ@ µ7KH5LWHRI6HSDUDWLRQRIWKH)RUHLJQ:LYHVLQ(]UD±1HKHPLDK¶LQThe Judeans in the Achaemenid Age: Negotiating Identity in an International Context HG*1.QRSSHUV2/LSVFKLWVDQG02HPLQJ :LQRQD/DNH ,1(LVHQEUDXQV µ)URP WKH :HOO LQ 0LGLDQ WR WKH %DµDO RI 3HRU¶ LQ Texts@Contexts: Leviticus and Numbers HG $ %UHQQHU DQG $&& /HH 0LQQHDSROLV )RUWUHVV3UHVV (VNHQD]L7DPDUD& µ2XW IURP WKH 6KDGRZV %LEOLFDO :RPHQ LQ WKH 3RVW([LOLF (UD¶ LQ %UHQQHUHG /|ZLVFK,QJHERUJ Trauma Begets Genealogy: Gender and Memory in Chronicles7KH%LEOH LQWKH0RGHUQ:RUOG$PVWHUGDP6WXGLHVLQWKH%LEOHDQG5HOLJLRQ 6KHI¿HOG6KHI¿HOG3KRHQL[3UHVV 0H\HUV&DURO/ µ:DV$QFLHQW,VUDHOD3DWULDUFKDO6RFLHW\"¶JBL 6SDQLHU.W]LDK µ7KH4XHHQ0RWKHULQWKH-XGDHDQ5R\DO&RXUW0DDFDK²$&DVH6WXG\¶ LQ%UHQQHUHG 6ZHHQH\0DUYLQ$ I and II Kings 27/3KLODGHOSKLD:HVWPLQVWHU-RKQ.QR[3UHVV :LOFR[HQ-D\ µ7KH3ROLWLFDO%DFNJURXQGRI-HUHPLDK¶V7HPSOH6HUPRQ¶LQScripture in HistoryandTheologyHG$/0HUULOODQG7:2YHUKROW)HVWVFKULIW -&5\ODDUVGDP3LWWVEXUJK3$3LFNZLFN3UHVV :LOVRQ,DQ'DQG'LDQD9(GHOPDQHGV History, Memory, Hebrew Scriptures: A Festschrift for Ehud Ben Zvi :LQRQD/DNH,1(LVHQEUDXQV
7+(0(',802)(1'25# =+3 =ዊᄤၴ@RQHDUWKZKLFKLVD
)UDQ]0LFKDHOHG The Taiping Rebellion: History and Documents ,,6HDWWOHDQG /RQGRQ8QLYHUVLW\RI:DVKLQJWRQ3UHVV S -RQDWKDQ6SHQFHVXPVXSWKHFRPPHQWDULHVLQWKH1HZ7HVWDPHQWLQµWKHGXDO WKHPHVRIIDPLO\UHODWLRQVKLSVDQGWKHXQLTXHQHVVRI*RGDV)DWKHU¶DQGRQHHPSKDVLVE\ +RQJWKDWµ-HVXVFDQQRWEH*RGLVQRW*RGMXVWDVKH+RQJLVQRW*RGFDQQHYHUEHDQG ZLOOQHYHUFODLPWREH¶God’s Chinese Son: The Taiping Heavenly Kingdom of Hong Xiuquan1HZ@WRRDQGLVUHSUHVHQWHGE\+RQJ¶V+HDYHQO\'\QDVW\ +RQJWKHQDGGUHVVHVWKHWZRGLIIHUHQWIXQFWLRQVRIWKHWZRIROGSDUDGLVHLQ WHUPVRIWKHGXDOVRXUFHRIKXPDQVµ7KH*UHDW3DUDGLVHDERYHLVZKHUHWKH VRXOUHWXUQVLQJORU\²WKH3DUDGLVHRI6KDQJGL¶VEOHVVLQJV7KH/LWWOH3DUDGLVH LV ZKHUH WKH SK\VLFDO ERG\ UHWXUQV LQ JORU\²WKH 3DUDGLVH RI 6KDQJGL¶V VSOHQGRUV¶7KLVYHU\LGHDPD\KDYHFRPHIURPWKH¿UVW&KLQHVH3URWHVWDQW SUHDFKHU/LDQJ)DZKRVHERRNHQWLWOHGGood Words to Admonish the World ZDV GLVWULEXWHG WR +RQJ LQ DQG KDG D SURIRXQG LPSDFW RQ +RQJ¶V XQGHUVWDQGLQJRI3URWHVWDQWLVP,Q/LDQJ¶VERRNWKHUHLVDSDUDJUDSKRQWKH WZRPHDQLQJVRIµWKH.LQJGRPRI+HDYHQ¶ 7KHWHUPµ+HDYHQO\.LQJGRP¶KDVWZRLQWHUSUHWDWLRQV2QHWRGHVFULEHWKH EOHVVLQJRIHWHUQDOKDSSLQHVVLQ3DUDGLVHZKLFKZRXOGEHHQMR\HGE\WKHVRXOV RI WKH ULJKWHRXV SHRSOH DIWHU WKHLU SK\VLFDO ERGLHV SDVVHG DZD\ WKH RWKHU UHIHUVWRWKHHDUWKO\FRQJUHJDWLRQVRIEHOLHYHUVLQ-HVXVZKHQWKH\DVVHPEOHWR ZRUVKLSWKHGLYLQH6KDQJGLLQKHDYHQ
+RQJIRXQGLQ$FWVDTXRWHGSURSKHF\IRUKLVFODLPRIUHEXLOGLQJWKHIDOOHQ 7HPSOH 7KLV LV D WH[W RQ WKH -HUXVDOHP &RXQFLO ZKHQ -DPHV DI¿UPHG 6LPRQ¶VZRUGVDERXW*RG¶VZRUNDPRQJWKH*HQWLOHVDQGREMHFWHGWRWKH SRVLWLRQRIUHTXLULQJWKH*HQWLOHVWREHFLUFXPFLVHG 0\EURWKHUVOLVWHQWRPH6LPHRQKDVUHODWHGKRZ*RG¿UVWORRNHGIDYRXUDEO\ RQWKH*HQWLOHVWRWDNHIURPDPRQJWKHPDSHRSOHIRUKLVQDPH7KLVDJUHHV ZLWKWKHZRUGVRIWKHSURSKHWVDVLWLVZULWWHQµ$IWHUWKLV,ZLOOUHWXUQDQG, ZLOO UHEXLOG WKH GZHOOLQJ RI 'DYLG ZKLFK KDV IDOOHQ IURP LWV UXLQV , ZLOO UHEXLOGLWDQG,ZLOOVHWLWXSVRWKDWDOORWKHUSHRSOHVPD\VHHNWKH/RUG² HYHQDOOWKH*HQWLOHVRYHUZKRPP\QDPHKDVEHHQFDOOHG7KXVVD\VWKH /RUGZKRKDVEHHQPDNLQJWKHVHWKLQJVNQRZQIURPORQJDJR¶7KHUHIRUH, KDYHUHDFKHGWKHGHFLVLRQWKDWZHVKRXOGQRWWURXEOHWKRVH*HQWLOHVZKRDUH WXUQLQJWR*RG$FWV1569
+RQJDGGHGDQDQQRWDWLRQWRVWUHQJWKHQShangdi¶VFRPPLVVLRQRIKLPWR UHEXLOGWKHWHPSOHLQ1DQMLQJ 1RZ *RG DQG &KULVW KDYH FRPH GRZQ LQWR WKH ZRUOG WR UHEXLOG *RG¶V WDEHUQDFOH LQ WKH +HDYHQO\ &DSLWDO >Tianjing@ DQG WKH +HDYHQO\ '\QDVW\
$ PRGL¿HG UHQGHULQJ EDVHG RQWKH WUDQVODWLRQ LQ 0LFKDHOTaiping Rebellion S ޟᄤੑሼ ౌ᮪⸃ᴺ৻ޕ᮪ᜰᄤၴ᳗ᮔਯ ଥༀੱ⡺りᱫᓟ 㕆㝬੨ฃਯ⌀ޕ ৻᮪ᜰಠᢘାᢇਥ⡍Ⓦ⊛⌔ੱ⡝㓸ᄤᏢਯᦩޠޕ/LDQJ)D⊔ Good Words to Admonish the World ޝ⦟⸒* ޞHRUJH +XQWHU 0F1HXU China’s First Preacher, Liang A-fa, 1789–18556KDQJKDL.ZDQJ+VXHK3XEOLVKLQJ+RXVH2[IRUG8QLYHUVLW\ 3UHVV&KLQD$JHQF\ )RUDUHFHQWVWXG\RI/LDQJDQGKLVLPSDFWRQ+RQJVHH.LP 6XNMRR µ/LDQJ )D¶V 4XDQVKL OLDQJ\DQ DQG LWV ,PSDFW RQ WKH 7DLSLQJ 0RYHPHQW¶ XQSXEOLVKHG3K'GLVVHUWDWLRQ%D\ORU8QLYHUVLW\
Samuel, Kings and Chronicles, I >Tianchao@$OOWKURXJKRXWWKHUHDOPDUHXQLWHGLQRQH(YHU\RQHVHHNVWKH 6XSUHPH/RUG5HVSHFWWKLV
7KHQHZFDSLWDORIWKH+HDYHQO\.LQJGRPLQ1DQMLQJEHLQJWKH/LWWOH3DUD GLVHRQHDUWKLVWKH1HZ-HUXVDOHP+RQJH[SODLQHGWKLVLQWKHDQQRWDWLRQRQ -RKQ¶VYLVLRQRIWKH1HZ+HDYHQWKH1HZ(DUWKDQGWKH1HZ-HUXVDOHPLQ 5HYHODWLRQ 2QHDUWKDVLQKHDYHQWKDWZKLFK-RKQVDZZDVWKH*UHDW3DUDGLVHDERYH,WLV WKHVDPHLQKHDYHQDQGRQHDUWK7KH1HZ-HUXVDOHPWKH+HDYHQO\&DSLWDO >Tianjing@LVZKHUH*RGDQG&KULVWGHVFHQGHGLQWRWKHZRUOGEULQJLQJERWK P\VHOI DQG WKH Tianjing@,WLVIXO¿OOHG5HVSHFWWKLV
+RQJ¶V DGYRFDF\ WR HVWDEOLVK WKH /LWWOH +HDYHQ RQ HDUWK UHTXLUHG D QHZ UHFLWDWLRQRI WKH SDVWLQFRUSRUDWLQJ WKHEHOLHILQ DQG UHVWRUHG ZRUVKLS RI Shangdi LQWR WKH UHFRQVWUXFWHG LGHRORJ\ EDVHG RQ WKH &KLQHVH KLVWRULFDO PDWHULDODQGWKDWRIWKH%LEOH%LEOLFDOWUDGLWLRQVDUHFRRSWHGWREHLQWHJUDWHG LQWRWKH&KLQHVHKLVWRULFDODFFRXQWVLQWKHYDULRXVZULWLQJVRIWKH7DLSLQJV )RUWKH¿UVWWLPHLQSXEOLFUHFLWDWLRQRIWKHSDVWLQ&KLQDWKH7DLSLQJVSXWWKH WKHPHRIFUHDWLRQIURP*HQHVLVDWWKHYHU\EHJLQQLQJRI&KLQHVHKLVWRULFDO XQGHUVWDQGLQJ +XPDQ KLVWRU\ ZDV DOVR GLYLGHG LQ DFFRUGDQFH ZLWK WKH ELEOLFDOYLHZRIGLYLQHDFWLRQLQKXPDQKLVWRU\ShangdiZDVDQJU\IRXUWLPHV EHFDXVHRIKXPDQLW\¶VSHUYHUVLRQDQGGHFHSWLRQE\WKH'HYLODQGIRXUWLPHV LQKXPDQKLVWRU\ShangdiKDGGHVFHQGHGWRSXQLVKWKHZLFNHGDQGVDYHWKH ULJKWHRXVShangdi¶VIRXUIROGJUHDWDQJHUEHJLQVZLWK1RDK¶VÀRRGZLWKWKH LQWHQWLRQWRGHVWUR\KXPDQLW\IROORZHGE\WKHUHGHPSWLRQRI,VUDHOIURPWKH GHYLOLVK3KDUDRKLQ([RGXV7KHWKLUGDQJHULVPDQLIHVWHGLQWKHLQFDUQDWLRQ RI-HVXV7KHSUHWH[WIRUWKHFRPLQJRI-HVXVLQYROYHVWKHSHUYHUVLRQRIWKH &KLQHVHXQGHUWKHIRUPHUHPSHURUV&KLQDLVWKXVLQFOXGHGLQWKHUHWHOOLQJRI WKHVDOYDWLRQVWRU\RI-HVXV
0LFKDHOTaiping RebellionS 5HIHUULQJWR+RQJ¶VVRQ 0LFKDHOTaiping RebellionS 0LFKDHOTaiping RebellionS
/((Cross-Textual and Inter-Textual Readings
%XWVLQFHWKHHPHUJHQFHRI'DRLVPLQWKH4LQ>G\QDVW\@DQGWKHUHFHSWLRQRI %XGGKLVP LQ WKH +DQ WLPHV WKH GHOXVLRQ RI KXPDQV E\ WKH GHPRQV KDV LQFUHDVHGE\WKHGD\DQGDOOKXPDQVKDYHIRUJRWWHQWKHJUDFHDQGYLUWXHRIWKH +HDYHQO\)DWKHU7KH+HDYHQO\)DWKHU¶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¿FHKLVOLIHWRUHGHHP WKHVLQVRIWKHKXPDQVRIWKHZRUOG7KH+HDYHQO\)DWKHUWKH6XSUHPH/RUG DQG*UHDW6KDQJGLVLQFHUHLQKLVSLW\IRUWKHZRUOGDQGSURIRXQGLQKLVORYH IRUKXPDQLW\VSDUHGQRWKLVHOGHVWVRQEXWVHQWKLPGRZQWREHERUQLQ-XGHD DQGWRUHGHHPRXUVLQVLQRUGHUWRSURSDJDWHWKHWUXH:D\
$FFRUGLQJWR+RQJWKH)DOORI&KLQDJRHVEDFNWRWKHWLPHZKHQWKH&KLQHVH DGRSWHG%XGGKLVPDQGIXUWKHUWKHLUSHUYHUVLRQLQ'DRLVP7KHSUHYLRXV G\QDVWLHVIURP4LQ+DQDQG6RQJWLOOKLVGD\DOOZHQWWKHHYLOZD\VDQG IURP(PSHURU+XLRI6RQJVL[KXQGUHG\HDUVEHIRUHShangdi¶VQDPHDQG SRZHUZHUHXVXUSHGDQGQRRQHKDVDQ\NQRZOHGJHRIWKH7UXHShangdiLQ +HDYHQ+RQJ¶VFRPPLVVLRQLVWKHUHIRUHVHHQDVUHVWRULQJWKHVRYHUHLJQW\ RIShangdiDQGKLVWDUJHWLVFOHDUO\DQGFRQFUHWHO\WRRYHUWKURZWKHFRQWHP SRUDQHRXV0DQFKXULDQUHJLPHRI4LQJ 7KHVWRU\RI-HVXVFRQWLQXHVGLUHFWO\ZLWK&KLQDLQGHVFULELQJWKHJUHDW ZLFNHGQHVV RI WKH 0DQFKXULDQV WKH GHYLOLVK EDUEDULDQV ZKR VHL]HG DQG RFFXSLHG&KLQDµ7KH\LQGXFHGKXPDQLW\WREHOLHYHLQGHPRQVHYHQPRUH SURIRXQGO\ 7KH GHYLOLVK GHPRQV FRQGXFWHG VWUDQJH SUDFWLFHV WR DQ HYHQ JUHDWHUH[WUHPHWKH\GHFHLYHGVHGXFHGDQGHQVQDUHGWKHVRXOVRIKXPDQV XQGHUKHDYHQFDXVLQJWKHPWRVLQNLQWRKHOOZKHUHWKH\FRXOGQRWWXUQWR
µ7KH%RRNRQWKH3ULQFLSOHVRIWKH+HDYHQO\0DWWHUV¶ޝᄤᖱℂᦠ ޞ0LFKDHO Taiping RebellionSS µ7KH7DLSLQJ,PSHULDO'HFODUDWLRQ¶ޝᄥᐔ⹎ᦠ ޞ0LFKDHOTaiping RebellionSS ,QVRPHFDVHVWKH)DOOJRHVEDFNWRDQHDUOLHUSHULRGµ:K\LVLWWKDWLQWKHSUHVHQW GD\WKHUHDUHVRIHZZKRNQRZDQGDFNQRZOHGJHWKH*UHDW6KDQJGL¶VIDYRUDQGJUDFHDQG IURPZKHUHGRHVWKHPLVIRUWXQHRULJLQDWH"2QH[DPLQLQJ&KLQD¶VKLVWRULFDOUHFRUGVZH ¿QGWKDWIURPWKHWLPHRI3DQJXGRZQWRWKH7KUHH'\QDVWLHVERWKVRYHUHLJQVDQGVXEMHFWV WRJHWKHUKRQRUHGDQGZRUVKLSSHGWKH*UHDW*RG7KLQJVEHJDQWRJURZZRUVHGXULQJWKH WLPHRI6KDRKDRዋ ZKHQWKH-LXOL㤡 ¿UVWEHOLHYHGLQFRUUXSWGHPRQVDQGH[WHQGHG WKHPLVFKLHIWRWKH6DQPLDਃ⧣ ZKRLPLWDWHGLWDQGFDUULHGLWIXUWKHU¶7DNHQIURPµAn Exhortation on the Origin and Virtue for the Awakening of the Age’ in ‘The Taiping Imperial Declaration¶ޝᄥᐔ⹎ᦠ ޞ7KLVWUDQVODWLRQZLWKVRPHPRGL¿FDWLRQLVIURP 0LFKDHOTaiping RebellionSS 6HHWKHSRHWLFIRUPXODWLRQRIWKHVWRU\LQWKHTaiping Trimetrical Classics/HH µ'HSLFWLRQRIWKH'HYLODQGWKH(GXFDWLRQRI&KLQHVH&KLOGUHQ¶SS
Samuel, Kings and Chronicles, I
KHDYHQ¶+RQJ¶VFRPPLVVLRQGHPRQVWUDWHGShangdi¶VIRXUWKJUHDWDQJHU DQGZDVVHHQDVWKHJUHDWHYLGHQFHRIShangdi¶VJUHDWSRZHUVLQVKRZLQJ PHUF\DQGVDYLQJKXPDQLW\+RQJZDVVHQWIURP+HDYHQWREHFRPHµWKHWUXH 7DLSLQJ6RYHUHLJQRIWKHWHQWKRXVDQGQDWLRQVRIWKHZRUOGDQGWRVDYHWKH SHRSOHRIWKHZRUOG¶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¿UPLQJ WKHGLYLQHLQWHUYHQWLRQLQFKRRVLQJERWK+RQJWKHVRYHUHLJQDQGWKHFLW\IRU WKHVDNHRIWKHDOOQDWLRQV 2XU +HDYHQO\ .LQJ KDYLQJ SHUVRQDOO\ UHFHLYHG 6KDQJGL¶V PDQGDWH VKDOO HWHUQDOO\UXOHRYHUWKHPRXQWDLQVDQGULYHUV7KHULJKWHRXVXSULVLQJLQ-LQWLDQ VLJQDOHGWKHIRUPDWLRQRIDYDOLDQWDQGLQYLQFLEOHDUP\DQGWKHHVWDEOLVKPHQW RIWKHFDSLWDOLQ1LQMLQJOD\VDQHYHUODVWLQJ¿UPIRXQGDWLRQ7KHFDSLWDOLV FDOOHGWKH+HDYHQO\&DSLWDOLQDFFRUGDQFHZLWK+HDYHQ¶VPDQGDWHDQGRXU FRXQWU\LVFDOOHG+HDYHQO\.LQJGRPLQFRQVRQDQFHZLWK*RG¶VZLOO
6LQFH+RQJSRUWUD\HGKLPVHOIDVERWKWKHNLQJGRPEXLOGHUDQGFXOWIRXQGHU RIWKH+HDYHQO\'\QDVW\DQGWKH1HZ-HUXVDOHPRQHDUWKKHFKDQJHGWKH RULJLQDOWH[WRIKLV%LEOHLQ*HQHVLVIURPµ7KH.LQJRI6KDOHP¶WRµ7KH .LQJRI+HDYHQO\'\QDVW\¶7KHUHDIWHUKHIRXQGZD\VWRLGHQWLI\KLPVHOI ZLWKWKHDQFLHQWNLQJDQGKLJKSULHVWLQWKH¿JXUHRI0HOFKL]HGHNLQ*HQHVLV DQG +HEUHZV +H DGGHG WKH WZR DQQRWDWLRQV WR WKH WZR SDVVDJHV UHVSHFWLYHO\
µ7KH%RRNRQWKH3ULQFLSOHVRIWKH+HDYHQO\0DWWHUV¶ޝᄤᖱℂᦠ ޞ0LFKDHO Taiping RebellionSS 0LFKDHOTaiping RebellionS ,W LV VKRUWHU LQ SRHWLF YHUVLRQ µ$ &RPSRVLWLRQ RQ $ZDNHQLQJ RI WKH $JH¶ ㉕ޝᢥޟ ޞ೨࿃ੱฃᅯᖺ㧘ਇ⌀㇎ޕᄤῳ৻ᰴ⊔ᄢᔶ㧘᰼Ṍ㑆⯖֚ԳΖԼֲ࡙૾Օॸ ΔੋֽᖩੌՅቺΖபࠅԫ୮ਈՂ০Δٛᘸ֚ࢉᗑژΖԾڶຽ۫ພ߆ݏΔჍ݊ۥ٨ે୭ॿΖ֚׀Բڻ࿇ Օ৷Δඑۥנ٨௧ֽ։Ζઃۥڂ٨ଥᅂړΔਚ֚፞׀ՕᐧΖԳଟݏಮ፞Δߵᦅዬڻ༝ԳᨋΖ֚׀ ᐚ݁ݱጐΔᄰՅၴᛧᆞԳΖ֚כળᗫࠐᚪΔՕ܂ᖜᅝՀՅቺΖநࡎᦱזԳᆞΔᣪۨැዟԼڗಽΖ֚ כඑ۶ેΔװڽԿֲ༚ᝫسΖ֚׀Ղ০ფΔլ൦֜࠹ે߬ΖܠᦱזᕦૹᆞᣩΔ৵ࡎ॰سႚ壂ଃ Ζ֚۟᧗ݏഏΔ៑֧៑א୭ყΖࣽႿֵೝઙঅ۹ΔറਈᇠවະިΖ֚׀༚Ծ࿇Օ৷Δسటࡳ ࡗΖᔅᏦᔅ䑌టటࡎΔᘣ᧷֎ᘓ⤣ⴕޕ᳗ጊᴡὑ⌀ਥ㧘េᢇᒉᆂᄤᑨޕޠZKHUHWKHVDPH
LGHDVDUHH[SUHVVHG)RUDQ(QJOLVKWUDQVODWLRQVHH0LFKDHOTaiping RebellionSS 7KLV LV WKH DXWKRU¶V PRGL¿HG WUDQVODWLRQ EDVHG RQ WKDW RI 0LFKDHO Taiping RebellionSRIDSDUDJUDSKWKDWZDVZULWWHQE\+H&KHQTXDQRQHRIWKHVFKRODUV
/((Cross-Textual and Inter-Textual Readings
7KH0HOFKL]HGHNZDVQRQHRWKHUWKDQP\VHOI)RUPHUO\ZKHQ,ZDVLQKHDYHQ ,GHVFHQGHGLQWRWKHZRUOGDQGPDGHPDQLIHVWWKHVHUHDOHYHQWVDVSURRIRI P\GHVFHQWLQWRWKHZRUOGDWWKLVWLPHWREHFRPHWKHVRYHUHLJQ$VIRUWKH WKLQJV+HDYHQGRHVWKHUHPXVWEHDSUHYLRXVDOOXVLRQWRWKHP 7KLV 0HOFKL]HGHN LV QRQH RWKHU WKDQ P\VHOI )RUPHUO\ LQ KHDYHQ RXU 2OG 0RWKHUERUHWKH(OGHU%URWKHUDQGDOVRDOOWKRVHRIP\JHQHUDWLRQ$WWKDW WLPH , NQHZ WKH )DWKHU ZDV JRLQJ WR KDYH P\ (OGHU %URWKHU ERUQ RI $EUDKDP¶VGHVFHQGDQWV7KHUHIRUH&RPIRUWHGWKHRI¿FHUVDQGWURRSVDQG FRQJUDWXODWHG DQG EOHVVHG $EUDKDP IRU $EUDKDP ZDV D JRRG PDQ 7KH )DWKHU¶VVDFUHGGLUHFWLYHVD\Vµ7KHKing of Grain⑰₺ LVUHVSRQVLEOHVDYHV WKHYLUWXRXVPDQ¶7KLVLVVDLGVROHO\DVDSURRIWKDWWRGD\,KDYHFRPHGRZQ WRWKHHDUWKWRDVVXPHUHVSRQVLELOLW\5HVSHFWWKLV
%\ UHDSSURSULDWLQJ WKH ELEOLFDO VRXUFHV +RQJ SHUFHLYHG KLPVHOI DV WKH IRXQGHU RI Shangdi¶V UHOLJLRXV FHQWHU RQ HDUWK +H ZDQWHG WR VHDUFK IRU MXVWL¿FDWLRQRIKLVUROHLQWKHGLYLQHSODQDQGJDLQSRSXODUVXSSRUWIRUWKH FDSLWDODQGWKH7DLSLQJ+HDYHQO\.LQJGRP6FKRODUVZHUHWKHQVHOHFWHGIURP WKHPRVWOHDUQHGLQ1DQMLQJJinlin DQGFRPPLVVLRQHGWRH[SUHVVLQZULWWHQ IRUP WKH UHDVRQV IRU WKH FKRLFH RI 1DQMLQJ DV FDSLWDO RI WKH 7DLSLQJ +HDYHQO\.LQJGRPDQGWRSUDLVH+RQJ¶VUXOHDVEHLQJGLYLQHO\RUGDLQHGE\ Shangdi¶Vµ+HDYHQO\0DQGDWH¶µ$'LVFRXUVHRQWKH(VWDEOLVKPHQWRIWKH +HDYHQO\ &DSLWDO LQ -LQOLQ¶ ZLWK FRQWULEXWLRQV IURP VFKRODUV ZDV FROOHFWHGDQGSXEOLVKHG7KHSK\VLFDODQGJHRJUDSKLFDOLPSUHVVLYHQHVVRI 1DQMLQJLVXVXDOO\HPSKDVL]HGDQGLWVPLOLWDU\VWUHQJWKLVKLJKO\SUDLVHG 'LVFRXUVHV ZHUH EHLQJ FUHDWHG IRU Shangdi¶V GLYLQH FKRLFH LQ WKLV ZKROH PDWWHUDQG1DQMLQJ¶VGLUHFWDFFHVVWRKHDYHQLVDOVRVWUHVVHG 8SLQ+HDYHQZLWKLQ*RG¶VDERGHWKH+HDYHQO\)DWKHUUXOHVVXSUHPHDQGWKH +HDYHQO\(OGHU%URWKHU-HVXV OLYHVLQJORU\7KHJDWHVDUHPDGHRISUHFLRXV VWRQHVDQGWKHSDODFHVRI\HOORZJROG0XOWLWXGLQRXVDUHWKHPDQLIHVWDWLRQVRI GLYLQHSRZHUDQHQXPHUDWLRQZRXOGEHGLI¿FXOWWRFRPSOHWH2XU6RYHUHLJQ SHWLWLRQVDERYHWRH[SUHVVKLVZLOOWRUHVLGHLQKHDYHQ7KH+HDYHQO\)DWKHU UHSOLHVµ1RGRQRWIROORZP\IRRWVWHSV-LQOLQLVEHDXWLIXODQGKDVDQDFFHVV SDWKWRKHDYHQ,WKDVPRXQWDLQVDQGULYHUVIDUPVDQG¿HOGVSDODFHVDQGZDOOV PDWHULDOZHDOWKLVFRQFHQWUDWHGWKHUHDQGLWLVDOZD\VIXOORISHRSOH0RUH RYHUWKHHDUWKSXOVHLVSHUPHDWHGZLWKWKHUR\DOTLLWSRVVHVVHVQDWXUDOGHIHQVH EDUULHUVDQGHQMR\VDGRPLQDWLQJSRVLWLRQDVDKHDYHQO\FLW\(VWDEOLVK\RXU
0LFKDHOTaiping RebellionS µ7KH.LQJRI*UDLQ¶UHIHUVWR+RQJ;LXTXDQZKRVHQDPHFRQWDLQVWKH&KLQHVH FKDUDFWHUVRIERWKµJUDLQ¶⑰ DQGµNLQJ¶₺ 0LFKDHOTaiping RebellionS+RQJLVLGHQWL¿HGDV0HOFKL]HGHNDOVRLQWKH DQQRWDWLRQVRQ5HY0LFKDHOTaiping RebellionS 0LFKDHOTaiping RebellionSS
Samuel, Kings and Chronicles, I +HDYHQO\&DSLWDOWKHUHDQGWKHWHQWKRXVDQGQDWLRQVDOOZLOOFRPH8QLW\ZLOO SUHYDLOJHQHUDWLRQDIWHUJHQHUDWLRQDQGWKHHQMR\PHQWRISURVSHULW\ZLOOEH HQGOHVV
2QHQRWHVWKHXSOLIWLQJRI1DQMLQJWRWKHJUHDWHVWGLPHQVLRQLQVSDFHDQG WLPH ,W LV D KHDYHQO\ FLW\ WKDW ZLOO HQMR\ SURVSHULW\ IURP JHQHUDWLRQ WR JHQHUDWLRQ DQG WKH FLW\¶V XQLYHUVDOLW\ LVH[SUHVVHG LQ WKH ZD\ WKDWPDQ\ QDWLRQVDQGSHRSOHVIURPDIDUZLOOFRPHWRLWWRSD\KRPDJH $VFKRODUQDPHG7DQJ)XWLQJDOVRODERUHGRQWKHVDPHLVVXHRIKLJK OLJKWLQJShangdi¶VGLYLQHZLVKWRFKRRVHWKHSODFHDQGWRIXUWKHUGHPRQVWUDWH +RQJ¶VREHGLHQFHWRShangdi¶VZLOOLQHVWDEOLVKLQJWKH+HDYHQO\&DSLWDOLQ 1DQMLQJ
2XU6RYHUHLJQLQFRPSOLDQFHZLWK6KDQJGL¶VFRPPDQGDQGXVLQJKLVLQYLQ FLEOHSRZHUKDVFRPHVWUDLJKWWR-LQOLQJDQGDVFHQGHGWRWKHWKURQH7KXV WKHQDPHRIWKH+HDYHQO\&DSLWDOLVHVWDEOLVKHGVLQFHWKHSODFHZKHUHWKH +HDYHQO\)DWKHURFFXSLHVKLVWKURQHLV+HDYHQO\3DUDGLVHWKHFDSLWDOZKHUH WKH WUXH 6RYHUHLJQ HVWDEOLVKHV KLV WKURQH VKRXOG RI FRXUVH EH FDOOHG WKH +HDYHQO\&DSLWDO$VZHNQRZWKDWWKRVHZKRDWWHQGWKH+HDYHQO\)DWKHULQ KHDYHQDUHVXSUHPHO\HPLQHQWWKRVHZKRVHUYHRXU+HDYHQO\.LQJLQWKH +HDYHQO\&DSLWDOPXVWEHHPLQHQWEH\RQGFRPSDUH
7KLVSODFHVXUURXQGHGE\ZDWHUDQGHQFLUFOHGE\PRXQWDLQVKDVDOUHDG\VHHQ WKHDXVSLFLRXVVLJQVRIÀ\LQJIHPDOHSKRHQL[HVDQGVRDULQJPDOHSKRHQL[HV 7KLVLVZK\WKH+HDYHQO\&DSLWDOLVHVWDEOLVKHGLQ-LQOLQ0DQFKX@ EDUEDULDQVLQWRH[WLQFWLRQDQGRFFXSLHG&KLQOLQJZKHUHKHHVWDEOLVKHGWKH +HDYHQO\&DSLWDO7KHFRQVROLGDWLRQRI&KLQOLQJZLWKLWVPRDWVDQGSRQGVKDV LQGHHG PDGH WKH SHRSOH RI WKH ZRUOG KDSS\ DQG REHGLHQW DQG P\ULDGV RI
0LFKDHOTaiping RebellionSSᄥᐔᄤ↧ผඳ‛㙚✬Νπ֚֜ؓഏٱρՀם ΰධ੩ۂᤕԳנاठष S -LQOLQLVDQRWKHUQDPHIRU1DQMLQJ 0LFKDHO Taiping Rebellion S )RU WKH &KLQHVH RULJLQDO VHH ᄥᐔᄤ↧ผඳ‛㙚✬Νπ֚֜ؓഏٱρ ਅౠ㧔ධ੩ۂᤕԳנاठष S
/((Cross-Textual and Inter-Textual Readings
SHRSOHDUHWKHUHWRDWWUDFWHG+HQFHZHNQRZWKDWZKHQRXU+HDYHQO\)DWKHU FUHDWHGKHDYHQDQGHDUWKKHSUHGHWHUPLQHGWKLVSODFHZKHUHODWHURXUWUXH 6RYHUHLJQRIWKH7DLSLQJZDVWRHVWDEOLVKDIRXQGDWLRQWKDWZRXOGQRWFROODSVH DIWHUWHQWKRXVDQG\HDUVDQGWKHUHFUHDWHDWLPHOHVVHPSLUHRIWHQWKRXVDQG JHQHUDWLRQV
+RQJZDVSUDLVHGIRUHPERG\LQJDQGSUDFWLFLQJ+HDYHQ¶VZD\DQGIROORZLQJ Shangdi¶VZLOO7KHHVWDEOLVKPHQWRIWKHFDSLWDOLVFRQVLGHUHGDVDUHOLJLRXV DFWZLWKDFXOWLFIXQFWLRQHYRNLQJWKHFRQVHTXHQFHRIKRPDJHEHLQJSDLGE\ DOOSHRSOHDQGDOOHJLDQFHEHLQJRIIHUHGE\WKHQDWLRQV 8SKROGLQJ+HDYHQ¶VWUXHPDQGDWHRXU6RYHUHLJQKDVEHHQWKH¿UVWWROD\WKH IRXQGDWLRQDQGLQXQLI\LQJDQGUXOLQJWKHSHRSOHWKHSULQFLSOHRIWKHZRUVKLS RI*RGKDVEHHQSODFHGIRUHPRVW7KHHVWDEOLVKPHQWRIWKHFDSLWDOKHUHWRGD\ LVLQGHHGWKHUHVXOWRIRXU+HDYHQO\)DWKHU¶VJUHDWGHFLVLRQDQGRXU+HDYHQO\ (OGHU%URWKHU¶VVKRXOGHULQJRIWKHUHVSRQVLELOLW\6RWKHFDSLWDOLVQDPHGWKH +HDYHQO\&DSLWDO«7KLVLVQRWRQO\DVULJKWHRXVDV*RG¶VZLOOEXWLVPRUHRYHU FRPSDWLEOHZLWKWKH+HDYHQO\(OGHU%URWKHU¶VJUHDWYLUWXH+HDYHQDQGVWDWH EHLQJRIRQHIDPLO\WKHSHRSOHDUHDOOWKHPRUHLQGXVWULRXVDQGFRQVFLHQWLRXV DW KHDUW ZLWK SHDFH DQG XQL¿FDWLRQ DFKLHYHG HYHU\ZKHUH D PDJQL¿FHQW SURVSHULW\DULVHV
7KHFDSLWDOFLW\¶VHWHUQDOGLPHQVLRQLVIXUWKHUFRXSOHGE\WKHLQWHUQDWLRQDO DVSHFWWKHSHRSOHVRIWKHZKROHZRUOGZLOOSD\KRPDJHWRWKHFDSLWDODQGWR WKH7DLSLQJ+HDYHQO\.LQJGRP7KHQDWLRQVDUHSDUWRIWKHGLYLQHSODQRI VDOYDWLRQXQGHUWDNHQE\+RQJ7KH\DUHLQYLWHGWRFRPHWRWKH/LWWOH3DUDGLVH WR DFNQRZOHGJH Shangdi¶V VRYHUHLJQ SRZHU DQG DUH H[SHFWHG WR MRLQ Shangdi¶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¶V PDMHVW\
$OPRVWDOOWKHVFKRODUVH[SUHVVHGLQVWHUHRW\SLFDOSKUDVHVWKHODQJXDJHRI XQLYHUVDODFNQRZOHGJPHQWRIDOOWKHQDWLRQVWKDWZLOOSD\KRPDJHDQGRIIHU
0LFKDHOTaiping RebellionS 0LFKDHOTaiping RebellionSS 0LFKDHOTaiping RebellionSS :ULWWHQE\/LX6KHQJS¶HLഏ⋓ၭ 0RGL¿HGWUDQVODWLRQEDVHGRQWKDWRI0LFKDHO Taiping RebellionS
Samuel, Kings and Chronicles, I
DOOHJLDQFH WR +RQJ DQG KLV +HDYHQO\ .LQJGRP 7KH ZKROH ZRUOG ZLOO EHFRPHRQHDQGDOOKXPDQVZLOOFRPHIURPWKHµIRXUVHDV¶WRMRLQWRJHWKHULQ DJUHDWXQLRQ )URP WKH DERYH SUHVHQWDWLRQ RI +RQJ¶V FRQWH[W KLV DGDSWDWLRQ RI WKH ELEOLFDOKLVWRULFDOWUDGLWLRQWRWKHVHWWLQJRIKLVOLIHDQGWLPHZHGLVFHUQDQ H[DPSOHRIFRQWH[WXDOUHDGLQJRIWKH%LEOHIRUWKHSURMHFWRIUHVWRUDWLRQDQG UHEXLOGLQJ-HUXVDOHPIRUWKH7DLSLQJ+HDYHQO\.LQJGRP7KRXJKDGLIIHUHQW FRQWH[WLVIRXQGLQWKHERRNRI&KURQLFOHVLQTXRWLQJDQGHGLWLQJSVDOPVLQ LWV QDUUDWLYH RI 'DYLG¶V IRXQGLQJ RI WKH FXOW LQ &KURQLFOHV +RQJ¶V DSSURSULDWLRQRIWUDGLWLRQVKHKDGDWKLVGLVSRVDOPD\VKHGVRPHOLJKWRQRXU XQGHUVWDQGLQJRIWKH&KURQLFOHUV¶SXUSRVHLQGRLQJVRPHWKLQJVLPLODUZLWK WKH DLP RI VHFXULQJ 'DYLG¶V OHJLWLPDF\ DQG DXWKRULW\ IRU WKH FXOW RI WKH 6HFRQG7HPSOHSHULRG The Place of Jerusalem in the Chronicler’s New Psalm 7KH&KURQLFOHUWZLFHLQFRUSRUDWHVSVDOPVLQWRWKHQHZFRQWH[W7KH¿UVWWLPH LVDW'DYLG¶VVXFFHVVIXOWUDQVIHURIWKH$UNWR-HUXVDOHPDVZHOODVWKHIRXQG LQJRIWKHFXOWLFHVWDEOLVKPHQW&KURQ 7KHVHFRQGLVDWWKHWLPH RI6RORPRQ¶VSUD\HUIRUWKHGHGLFDWLRQRIWKH-HUXVDOHP7HPSOH&KURQ ,QERWKFDVHVWKHSVDOPVDUHHPSOR\HGWRWHVWLI\OHJLWLPL]HDQG H[SRXQG RQ -HUXVDOHP DQG LWV FXOWLF HVWDEOLVKPHQW 7KH LQFRUSRUDWLRQ RI SRUWLRQVRIWKHWKUHHSVDOPVLQ&KURQLFOHVUHSUHVHQWVWKHORQJHVWSRHWLF WH[WVLQWKHSUHGRPLQDQWO\SURVHQDUUDWLYHRI&KURQLFOHV7KHWKUHHSVDOPV DUHSRUWLRQVRIDKLVWRULFDOSVDOP DNLQJVKLSSVDOPE DQGDFRPPXQDOKLVWRULFDOOLWXUJ\RISUD\HUIRUGHOLYHUDQFHDQGDGR[RORJ\ 3V :LOOLDPVRQLVRIWKHRSLQLRQWKDW&KURQKDV PXFKLQFRPPRQZLWK&KURQDVERWKSDVVDJHVµDSSURSULDWHO\ SURYLGHDIUDPHZRUNWRWKHZKROHVHFWLRQRI&KURQLFOHV±ZKLFKKDV EHHQWRWDOO\GRPLQDWHGE\'DYLG¶VSUHSDUDWLRQIRUEXLOGLQJWKHWHPSOH¶ 7KH&KURQLFOHUVXVHWKUHHSVDOPVDQG WRFUHDWHDQHZSVDOP ZKLFKLVZHOOHPEHGGHGLQWKHFRQWH[WRI'DYLG¶VDSSRLQWPHQWRIWKHFKRUDO
0LFKDHOTaiping RebellionSSHWF7KHUHDUHHFKRHVLQWKH VFKRODUV¶ZULWLQJVRIWKHELEOLFDOPHVVDJHH[SUHVVHGE\,VDLDK DQG0LFDK LQ WKHLGHDRI-HUXVDOHPEHFRPLQJDXQLYHUVDOFHQWUHIRUWKHQDWLRQVWKDWZHUHVWUHDPLQJWRLW WROHDUQRIWKH7RUDKRI*RG 0LFKDHOTaiping RebellionS 7KH RWKHU FDVHV DUH &KURQ DQG &KURQ 6HH 3DQFUDWLXV&%HHQWMHVTradition and Transformation in the Book of Chronicles/HLGHQ %RVWRQ%ULOO S 4XRWHGE\%HHQWMHVTraditionS IURP+*0:LOOLDPVRQI and II Chronicles*UDQG5DSLGV0,(HUGPDQV/RQGRQ0DUVKDOO0RUJDQ 6FRWW S
/((Cross-Textual and Inter-Textual Readings
$VDSKVLQJHUVDQGWKHWUDQVIHURIWKH$UNWR-HUXVDOHP7KHLQWHQWLRQIRU LQFRUSRUDWLQJWKHWKUHHFDQRQLFDOSVDOPVLQWRWKHWH[W&KURQ FDQ EHPHDVXUHGE\WKUHHGLIIHUHQWFULWHULD¿UVWWKHVHOHFWLRQDQGSODFHPHQWRI WKH SVDOPV VHFRQG WKH PHDQLQJ DQG UROH RI WKH FDQRQLFDO SVDOPV LQ WKH FRQWH[W RI &KURQLFOHV DQG WKLUG WKH WKHRORJLFDO DVVHUWLRQ VHHQ WKURXJK WH[WXDOGLIIHUHQFHVEHWZHHQ&KURQLFOHVDQGWKHWKUHHTXRWHGSVDOPVLQWKH ERRNRI3VDOPV7KHVHOHFWLRQRIWKHKLVWRULFDOQDUUDWLYHRI$EUDKDPIURP 3VHPERGLHVWKHGHVFULSWLRQRIWKHFRPPXQLW\¶VSUHVHQWUHDOLW\² EHLQJVPDOOLQQXPEHUDQGZDQGHULQJDPRQJWKHQDWLRQVEXWKDYLQJWKH LQGLVSHQVDEOH SRVVHVVLRQ RI *RG¶V HWHUQDO FRYHQDQW ZLWK $EUDKDP 7KH FKDQJHIURPµZKHQWKH\ZHUHDIHZLQQXPEHU¶3V WRµZKHQ\RX ZHUHDIHZLQQXPEHU¶&KURQ DQGIURPµWKHVHHGRI$EUDKDP¶3V WRµWKHVHHGRI,VUDHO¶&KURQ LQWHQVL¿HVWKHLGHQWL¿FDWLRQRI WKH&KURQLFOHUV¶DXGLHQFHZKRDUHLQSRVVHVVLRQRI*RG¶VHWHUQDOO\ELQGLQJ FRYHQDQWZLWK*RG¶VµVHUYDQWV¶DQGµFKRVHQRQHV¶7KHLPSHUDWLYHVDQG MXVVLYHVRI&KURQIXQFWLRQWRDSSHDOWRWKH&KURQLFOHV¶DXGLHQFHWR LGHQWLI\ZLWKWKHDXGLHQFHRIWKH-HUXVDOHPFXOWGXULQJ'DYLGDQG6RORPRQ¶V PRQDUFK\7KHLQWHQWLRQLVHYHQPRUHHYLGHQWDQGSRLQWHGZKHQLWLQYROYHV WKHFKDQJHRIVXEMHFWLQµHe*RG LVHYHUPLQGIXORI+LVFRYHQDQW¶3V WRDVHFRQGSHUVRQSOXUDOLPSHUDWLYHYHUEDGGUHVVLQJWKHUHDGHUVµYou VKDOOEHHYHUPLQGIXORI+LVFRYHQDQW¶&KURQ 7KHFKDQJHIURPWKH WKLUGSHUVRQVLQJXODUYHUEµUHPHPEHU¶ZKHQUHIHUULQJWR*RG¶VUHPHPEHULQJ WR D VHFRQG SHUVRQ SOXUDO LPSHUDWLYH LV EH\RQG DQ\ GRXEW D QHZ WH[W DGGUHVVHG WR WKH SUHVHQW FRPPXQLW\ 7KH SHRSOH DUH LQYLWHG QRW RQO\ WR UHPHPEHU*RG¶VPDUYHORXVZRUNVDQGSDVWZRQGHUV&KURQ3V EXWDOVR*RG¶VHWHUQDOFRYHQDQWZLWK$EUDKDPDQGKLVRIIVSULQJ7KH SUHVHQWFRPPXQLW\VKRXOGWKHQFODLPWKHVWDWXVRIEHLQJWKHSHRSOHRI,VUDHO LQLQKHULWLQJWKHODQGSURPLVHG ,WKDVEHHQQRWHGE\VFKRODUVWKDWWKHGLIIHUHQFHVEHWZHHQWKHFDQRQLFDO SVDOPVDQGDQGWKHSVDOPVLQ&KURQLFOHVFDQEHH[SODLQHG DVWKH&KURQLFOHU¶VDOWHUQDWLRQVVLQFHWKHGLIIHUHQFHVDUHFRQVLVWHQWZLWKWKH FRQFHUQVRIWKH&KURQLFOHUV&KURQLFOHVFRQWDLQVWKHQDUUDWLYHRI'DYLG¶V WUDQVIHURIWKH$UNWR-HUXVDOHPDQGWKHHVWDEOLVKPHQWRIVDFUL¿FLDORIIHULQJ LQ-HUXVDOHPIROORZLQJ6DPD7KHHGLWRUDXWKRUV RI&KURQLFOHV ±EDVLFDOO\IROORZHG6DPXHOXSWRYE7KHQ6DPFDQG DDUHOHIWRXW%RWKVHQWHQFHVUHSRUWWKHDFWRI'DYLGUHWXUQLQJKRPH
7KHUHDUHWH[WXDOGLIIHUHQFHVPRVWRIZKLFKDUHRUWKRJUDSKLFDODQGJUDPPDWLFDO YDULDQWVLQDGGLWLRQWRWH[WXDOFRUUXSWLRQDQGFRQVFLRXVDYRLGDQFHRIDQDFKURQLVPVVHH WKHFKDQJHIURPµLQKLVVDQFWXDU\¶>3V@WRµLQKLVSODFH¶DQGµWRKLVFRXUWV¶>3V@ WRµEHIRUHKLP¶>7UHQW&%XWOHUµ$)RUJRWWHQ3DVVDJHIURPD)RUJRWWHQ(UD>&KU;9, @¶VT>@SS
Samuel, Kings and Chronicles, I 6RDOOWKHSHRSOHGHSDUWHGHYHU\RQHWRKLVKRXVHL=' + 7KHQ'DYLGUHWXUQHGWREOHVVKLVKRXVHKROGL='C ¡=
3HUKDSVWRWKH&KURQLFOHUWKHGHVWUXFWLRQRIWKHµKRXVH¶LQLWVWULSOHVHQVHRI 7HPSOHSDODFHDQGG\QDVW\6DP LVVWLOODUHDOLW\DQGDELWWHUH[SHULHQFH WREHHQGXUHG7KHSHRSOH¶VLQGLYLGXDOKRXVHKROGLV\HWWREHUHVWRUHGDQG HVWDEOLVKHG ,W LV DW WKLV FULWLFDO MXQFWXUH WKDW 'DYLG¶V FXOWLF DSSRLQWPHQW RIWHPSOHVLQJHUVIRUVLQJLQJSUDLVHWRWKH/RUGLVHVSHFLDOO\PHDQLQJIXO &KURQLFOHVH[SDQGV6DPµ6R'DYLGDQGDOOWKHKRXVHRI ,VUDHOEURXJKWXSWKH$UNRIWKH/RUGZLWKVKRXWLQJRIWKHKRUQ¶ E\DGGLQJ µDQGZLWKWUXPSHWVDQGZLWKF\PEDOVVRXQGLQJDORXGZLWKSVDOWHULHVDQG KDUSV¶LQRUGHUWRVHWWKHVWDJHIRU'DYLG¶VDSSRLQWPHQWRI$VDSKDQGKLV JURXSZKRDUHUHSRUWHGLQ&KURQDVEHLQJHTXLSSHGZLWKPXVLFDO LQVWUXPHQWV&KURQLFOHVDQGDUHWDNHQIURP6DPD DQGWKH&KURQLFOHUVHWDQGEHIRUHDQGDIWHUWKHLQVHUWLRQRI WKHSVDOPVLQRUGHUWRUHIHUWRµ'DYLG¶VDUUDQJHPHQWIRUWKHWZRSDUWFKRUDO VHUYLFH DW -HUXVDOHP DQG *LEHRQ¶ ,Q WKH /HYLWHV DUH DSSRLQWHG WR µLQYRNH¶:')$!+# µWKDQN¶=##!+# DQGµSUDLVH¶++!+# UH@EXLOWRULWPD\EHDQLQGLFDWLRQRIWKHWLPH ZKHQWKH7HPSOHZDVVWLOOLQUXLQZDLWLQJWREHUHEXLOW-HUXVDOHPLVWKHQ FRQ¿UPHGDV*RG¶VSODFHFKRVHQIRUWKH7HPSOH7KLVLQVHUWLRQRI3VDOP PD\ZHOOUHSUHVHQWDQLQWHQWLRQDOHGLWRULDOFKRLFHWRDFKLHYHWKHVKLIWRIIRFXV IURPWKHODQGRI,VUDHOWRDODUJHUFRQWH[WRIWKHQDWLRQVDQGWKHZKROHHDUWK 6LQFHDµ6LQJWRUXQQLQJ@DIWHUKLP¶Y 1RZ$EQHUPDNHVKLVSRLQWPRUHH[SOLFLWO\$IWHUUHSHDWLQJKLVSURSRVDO XVLQJWKHHWKLFDOGDWLYHDIRXUWKWLPH²¶7XUQ>\RXUVHOI@DVLGHIURPIROORZLQJ PH¶²KHWULHVWRPDNH$VDKHOFRPSUHKHQGWKHELWWHURXWFRPHRISHUVLVWHQFH LQWKHFKDVH$EQHUZLOOWKHQKDYHQRFKRLFHEXWWRNLOO$VDKHOHYHQWKRXJK KHGRHVQRWZDQWWREHFDXVHLWZLOOWXUQ-RDELQWRKLVVZRUQHQHP\µ:K\ VKRXOG,VPLWH\RXWRWKHJURXQG"+RZWKHQFRXOG,ORRN\RXUEURWKHU-RDELQ WKHIDFH"¶Y (VSHFLDOO\LQOLJKWRIWKHRXWFRPHLWVHHPVWKDW$EQHU¶V ZDUQLQJWR$VDKHOLVQRWMXVWSV\FKRORJLFDOZDUIDUHEXWDVLQFHUHVWDWHPHQW E\DYHWHUDQZDUULRUZKRNQRZVKLVRZQDELOLWLHV2QFHDJDLQ$VDKHOLJQRUHV KLPµ%XWKHUHIXVHGWRWXUQDVLGH¶Y 7KHUHLVQRGLDORJXHEHWZHHQ $EQHU DQG $VDKHO WKHODWWHU GRHVQRW UHVSRQG WR WKH IRUPHU¶V SURSRVDOV DOPRVWSOHDV$SSDUHQWO\$VDKHOLVIRFXVLQJRQKLVGHVLJQWRNLOO$EQHUDQG GRHVQRWZDQWWRZDVWHKLVEUHDWKDQVZHULQJKLPFRQWLQXLQJWKHFKDVHLVKLV UHVSRQVH1RGRXEW$VDKHOVRXJKWWKHJORU\RINLOOLQJWKHHQHP\FRPPDQGHU 7KLV¿WVLQZLWKWKHVSLULWWKDWSUHYDLOVDPRQJ'DYLG¶VKHURHVZKRVHHPWR FXOWLYDWHWKHYDOXHVRIVHOIVDFUL¿FHDQGH[WUDRUGLQDU\YDORU$VDKHOUHOLHV RQKLVOHJHQGDU\VSHHGNQRZLQJWKDWLWLVRQO\DTXHVWLRQRIWLPHEHIRUHKH RYHUWDNHV$EQHU7KHGHFUHDVLQJJDSH[FLWHVKLPDQG¿OOVKLPZLWKDQWLFL SDWLRQ:HUHWKH\LQDIRRWUDFHWKHUHLVQRGRXEWWKDW$VDKHOZRXOGKDYH ZRQ%XWHYHQWKRXJK$EQHUFDQQRWUXQDVIDVWDV$VDKHOKHLVWKHPRUH H[SHULHQFHGZDUULRUDQGKHUHDGRSWVWKHUXOHWRµZDJHZDUE\VWUDWDJHPV¶ 3URY :KHQ$VDKHO¿QDOO\FORVHVWKHJDSDQGLVMXVWEHKLQG$EQHU $EQHUGRHVQRWWXUQDURXQGWR¿JKWKLPDVWKLVZRXOGKDYHJLYHQ$VDKHO WLPHWRSUHSDUHKLPVHOIIRUFRPEDW,QVWHDGZLWKRXWWXUQLQJDURXQG$EQHU WKUXVWVKLVDUPEDFNZDUGVDQGSLHUFHV$VDKHOZLWKKLVVSHDU²WKDWLVWKH
7KXV*DUVLHO,,,2Q'DYLG¶VKHURHVVHH*DUVLHOHVSHFLDOO\WKH ELEOLRJUDSKLFDOUHIHUHQFHVRQSQ
6+(0(6+Running in the Bible
SRLQWHGEXWWRIKLVVSHDUZKLFKEDODQFHGLWVZHLJKWDQGFDQEHVWXFNLQWKH JURXQGHYHQGXULQJWKHQLJKWVOHHSLQDQHQFDPSPHQWVHH6DP 7KH VKDIWRIWKHVSHDUSHQHWUDWHVEHQHDWK$VDKHO¶V¿IWKULEWKDWLVLQWKHFHQWHURI WKHDEGRPHQRQWKHULJKWVLGH,WLVSRVVLEOHWKDW$EQHUKRSHVWKDWWKHEORZ ZRXOGQRWSURYHIDWDOEXWPHUHO\ZRXQG$VDKHODQGUHQGHUKLPXQDEOHWR FRQWLQXHWKHLUFRPEDW+HUW]EHUJ0DXFKOLQH %XWDVD UHVXOWRIWKHIRUFHRI$EQHU¶VEORZDQG$VDKHO¶VIRUZDUGPRPHQWXPWKH VSHDUJRHVULJKWWKURXJKWKH\RXQJPDQ¶VERG\DQGFRPHVRXWDWKLVEDFN *DUVLHO ,,, 7KXV $VDKHO¶V UHQRZQHG VSHHG FRQWULEXWHV WR KLV PLVIRUWXQHDQGLQVWDQWGHDWK7KHPLGUDVKTXRWHGDERYHZLWKLWVH[DJJHUDWHG GHVFULSWLRQRI$VDKHO¶VH[WUDRUGLQDU\VZLIWQHVVOLQNV$VDKHO¶VIDWHWRWKH REVHUYDWLRQWKDWµWKHUDFHLVQRWWRWKHVZLIW¶4RK µ7KHUDFHLVQRWWRWKHVZLIW¶WKLVDOOXGHVWR$VDKHODVLWLVVDLGµ$QG$VDKHO ZDVDVOLJKWRIIRRWDVRQHRIWKHURHVWKDWDUHLQWKH¿HOG¶6DP « )UHHGPDQDQG6LPRQ @
6ZLIWQHVVRIIRRWLVQRWHQRXJKWRDFKLHYHYLFWRU\LQEDWWOHDVVKRZQE\WKH WUDJLFHQGRIWKHIDVWHVWUXQQHULQ,VUDHO $VDKHO¶VPRPHQWXPZKLFKFDXVHVKLPWRFROODSVHRQWKHVSRWDQGGLH LQVWDQWO\LVDUUHVWHGWKHSDFHRIWKHVWRU\DQGHYHQWVVORZVGRZQDVZHOO 7KHQDUUDWRUFORVHVWKHVFHQHQRWZLWK$EQHUWKHNLOOHURUZLWK$VDKHOWKH YLFWLPWKHFKDUDFWHUVZHKDYHDFFRPSDQLHGWKURXJKRXWWKHVFHQHEXWZLWK WKHUHDFWLRQRIWKRVHZKR¿QG$VDKHO¶VERG\µ$QGDOOZKRFDPHWRWKHSODFH ZKHUH$VDKHOKDGIDOOHQDQGGLHGVWRRGVWLOO¶6DP 7KHLUSK\VLFDO UHVSRQVH LV HYLGHQFH RI WKHLU HPRWLRQDO UHDFWLRQ²WKH VKRFN IHOW E\ WKH ZDUULRUVZKHQWKH\GLVFRYHU$VDKHO¶VFRUSVHFDXVHVWKHPWRVWRSWKHUHDQG OHDYHRIIWKHLUSXUVXLWRIWKHGHIHDWHGDUP\:KHUHDVµ$VDKHOSXUVXHG¶Y WKHHSLVRGHHQGVZLWKµ>WKH\@VWRRGVWLOO¶$VDKHO¶VSXUVXLWFRQFOXGHV ZLWKWKHVWLOOQHVVDQGVWULFNHQLPPRELOLW\RIKLVROGHUEURWKHU¶VVROGLHUV $FRPSDULVRQRIKRZWZRFRQWHPSRUDU\VFKRODUV)RNNHOPDQDQG*DUVLHO UHODWH WR $VDKHO¶V GHDWK LV LQVWUXFWLYH )RNNHOPDQ FHQVXUHV $VDKHO +H VXJJHVWVWKDW$VDKHO µSHULVKHVWKURXJKXQGHUHVWLPDWLQJKLVRSSRQHQW DQG RYHUHVWLPDWLQJKLVDELOLW\¶DQGDGGVµ0D\EH$VDKHOLVQ¶WVRXQLTXHDVKH
8QOLNHWKHDVVHUWLRQE\+HUW]EHUJ WKDW6DPGRHVQRWUHIHUWR WKHVXVSHQVLRQRIWKHSXUVXLWE\'DYLG¶VVROGLHUVEXWWRDFXVWRPRIODWHUJHQHUDWLRQVRI VWRSSLQJDWWKHSODFHZKHUH$VDKHOKDGIDOOHQ,Q6DPZHHQFRXQWHUDVLPLODU FDVHZKHQ'DYLG¶VVROGLHUVKDOWDIWHUFRPLQJXSRQWKHERG\RI$PDVD,WLVRQO\DIWHURQH RIWKHPFRYHUVWKHFRUSVHZLWKKLVFORDNDQGPRYHVLWWRWKHVLGHRIWKHURDGWKDWWKH SXUVXLWLVUHQHZHG %XWWKHQH[WVFHQHFUHDWHVWKHLPSUHVVLRQWKDWWZRRIWKHPGRQRWKDOWWKHSXUVXLW WKHUHµ-RDEDQG$ELVKDLFRQWLQXHGWRSXUVXH$EQHU¶6DP
Samuel, Kings and Chronicles, I
WKRXJKWKHZDV¶)RNNHOPDQ +HFRQWUDVWV$VDKHOZLWK6DXODQG -RQDWKDQLQ'DYLG¶VHOHJ\IRUWKHPµ7KH\ZHUHVZLIWHUWKDQHDJOHVWKH\ ZHUHVWURQJHUWKDQOLRQV¶6DP $FFRUGLQJWR)RNNHOPDQ$VDKHO ZDVFHUWDLQO\VZLIWRIIRRWEXWXQOLNH6DXODQG-RQDWKDQKHQHYHUGHPRQ VWUDWHVWKDWKHLVVWURQJHUWKDQWKHOLRQ$EQHU)RNNHOPDQ +H JRHVRQWRFRQWUDVWWKH\RXQJPDQZLWKKLVEURWKHU-RDEZKRLQWKHQH[W VFHQH6DP SXUVXHV$EQHUDIWHU$VDKHO¶VGHDWK%XWZKHQ$EQHU WULHVWRSHUVXDGHKLPWRFDOORIIWKH¿JKWEHWZHHQWKHWZRDUPLHV-RDEERZV WRKLVORJLF)RNNHOPDQ $FFRUGLQJWR)RNNHOPDQ$VDKHOKDGD µWKLFNKHDG¶+LVUHMHFWLRQRI$EQHU¶VVXJJHVWLRQWRWXUQDVLGHLQGLFDWHVWKDW KH LV REVHVVHG E\ WKH VLQJOH WKRXJKW RI NLOOLQJ WKH HQHP\ FRPPDQGHU +RZHYHU $EQHU SURYHV WKDW KH LV WKH µROGHU DQG ZLVHU PDQ¶ )RNNHOPDQFRQFOXGHVKLVGLVPLVVDORI$VDKHOZLWKWKHGHURJDWRU\VWDWHPHQW WKDWµ7KLVNLQGRI¿[DWLRQEOLQGWRDOOHOVHLVDQH[WUHPHH[DPSOHRIWKH UHJLPHQRIWKHHJR¶ %\FRQWUDVW*DUVLHO,,, HYLQFHVJUHDWHUXQGHUVWDQGLQJDQG V\PSDWK\IRU$VDKHOZKRVHSHUVLVWHQFHDQGGHWHUPLQDWLRQLQSXUVXLQJ$EQHU DUHSHUIHFWO\FRPSDWLEOHZLWKWKHVSLULWRIWKHHOLWHXQLWWRZKLFKKHEHORQJV :HPXVWUHPHPEHUWKDW$VDKHOLVDPHPEHURIWKHHOLWHXQLWLQ'DYLG¶VDUP\ 'DYLG¶V+HURHV6DP&KURQ :HVKRXOGQRWHWKDWWKLVXQLW ZDVFXOWLYDWHGE\'DYLGDQGZDVDQREMHFWRIDGPLUDWLRQDQGFKDOOHQJHIRUDOO RI 'DYLG¶V VROGLHUV ZKR VRXJKW WR UHFRUG VSHFLDO IHDWV RI EUDYHU\ WR WKHLU FUHGLWLQRUGHUWREHFRPHDPHPEHURIWKLVXQLWWRZLQIDPHDQGSUDLVHDQG ULVHLQWKHXQLW¶VFRPPDQGODGGHU/R\DOWRWKHWUDGLWLRQRIWKHXQLWDQGWKH FKDOOHQJHVLWVHW$VDKHOUHIXVHVWR\LHOGWR$EQHU¶VXUJLQJWKDWKHFDOORIIKLV SXUVXLW
7KHEDWWOHEHWZHHQWKHWZRDUPLHVFODLPVWKHOLYHVRIRI$EQHU¶VVROGLHUV DQGRQO\RURI-RDE¶V7KHQDUUDWRUKRQRUV$VDKHOE\OLVWLQJRQO\KLP E\ QDPH QRW WKH RWKHU YLFWLPV ZKHQ KH QRWHV WKH UHODWLYHO\ IHZ ORVVHV VXIIHUHG E\ -RDE¶V DUP\ µ$IWHU -RDE JDYH XS WKH SXUVXLW RI $EQHU KH DVVHPEOHGDOOWKHWURRSVDQGIRXQGQLQHWHHQRI'DYLG¶VVROGLHUVPLVVLQJ EHVLGHV$VDKHO¶6DP ,QDGGLWLRQRQO\$VDKHO¶VEXULDOLVPHQWLRQHG WKHQDUUDWRUPDNHVVXUHWRWHOOXVWKDWKHUHFHLYHVDQKRQRUDEOHEXULDOLQWKH WRPERIKLVIDWKHULQ%HWKOHKHPY EThe Benjaminite’s Run from the Battle, Bearing Bad News (1 Samuel 4.1218) $IWHUWKH,VUDHOLWHVKDYHEHHQURXWHGE\WKH3KLOLVWLQHVWKH\WDNHÀLJKWLQ HYHU\GLUHFWLRQµHYHU\PDQÀHGWRKLVWHQWV¶6DP %XWWKHQDUUDWRU IROORZV RQO\ RQH RI WKHP µ$ %HQMDPLQLWH UDQ IURP WKH EDWWOH¿HOG DQG UHDFKHG6KLORKWKHVDPHGD\KLVFORWKHVZHUHUHQWDQGWKHUHZDVHDUWKRQKLV KHDG¶Y 7KLVMRXUQH\LQYROYHVVLJQL¿FDQWHIIRUW²DGLVWDQFHRIVRPH
6+(0(6+Running in the Bible
NLORPHWHUVDOPRVWPLOHV DQGQHDULWVHQGDQDVFHQWRIPHWHUVPRUH WKDQIHHW3LQF]RZHU 7KH%HQMDPLQLWHPDLQWDLQVDUDSLGSDFH DQGLVWKH¿UVWIXJLWLYHWRUHDFKWKHWRZQRI6KLORKZLWKWKHWUDJLFQHZV+LV RXWZDUG DSSHDUDQFH²WRUQ JDUPHQWV DQG HDUWK RQ KLV KHDG²UHÀHFWV WKH PRXUQLQJFXVWRPVRIWKHDJHDQGLVHQRXJKWRWHOOWKHUHVLGHQWVWKDWKHLVWKH EHDUHURIEDGWLGLQJV 7KLVHSLVRGHLVVLPLODUWRWKHHSLVRGHRIWKH$PDOHNLWHODG¶VDUULYDOLQ =LNODJKLVJDUPHQWVUHQWDQGHDUWKRQKLVKHDGWRWHOO'DYLGWKDWKHFRPHV IURP *LOERD ZLWK WKH QHZV WKDW WKH ,VUDHOLWHV KDYH EHHQ GHIHDWHG E\ WKH 3KLOLVWLQHVPDQ\VROGLHUVKDYHIDOOHQDQG6DXODQG-RQDWKDQDUHGHDG 6DP :HDUHQRWWROGWKDWWKH$PDOHNLWHKDVDFWXDOO\runWREULQJWKH QHZV XQOLNH WKH %HQMDPLQLWH WKLV FDQ EH H[SODLQHG E\ WKH PXFK ORQJHU GLVWDQFHKHKDVWRFRYHUDMRXUQH\WKDWWDNHVPRUHWKDQWZRGD\V6DP ,QDGGLWLRQWKH$PDOHNLWHODGVD\VWKDWKHKDVPHUHO\FKDQFHGRQWKH EDWWOH¿HOG6DP LQRWKHUZRUGVKHLVQRWDVROGLHUÀHHLQJIRUKLVOLIH ZKHQKHPDNHVKLVZD\WRWKHVDIHKDYHQLQWKHVRXWKEXWKDVGHFLGHGWR PDNH WKH MRXUQH\ WR 'DYLG¶V FDPS LQ 3KLOLVWLD WR EULQJ KLP WKH QHZV $OWKRXJK KLV JDUPHQWV DUH WRUQ DQG WKHUH LV HDUWK RQ KLV KHDG OLNH WKH %HQMDPLQLWHLQRXUVWRU\KLVRXWZDUGDSSHDUDQFHLVQRWFRQYLQFLQJ'DYLG VHHPV WR EH MXVWL¿HG LQ KLV DVVHUWLRQ WKDW WKH $PDOHNLWH EHOLHYHV KH LV EULQJLQJJRRGQHZVIRUZKLFK'DYLGZRXOGUHZDUGKLP6DP %\ FRQWUDVWWKH%HQMDPLQLWH¶VPRXUQLQJLVVLQFHUH+HGRHVQRWDSSHDUWRKDYH EHHQDSURIHVVLRQDOUXQQHURUWRKDYHSODQQHGWREHWKHSHUVRQZKRVSUHDGV QHZVRIWKHGLVDVWHU,WLVPRUHOLNHO\WKDWKH¿QGVKLPVHOILQWKLVWKDQNOHVV UROHDJDLQVWKLVZLOO7KLVLGHDLVVXSSRUWHGE\WKHIDFWWKDWKHLVUHIHUUHGWRDV µWKH%HQMDPLQLWH¶Y DQGµWKHPDQ¶YY LWLVRQO\DIWHU(OL DVNVKLPZKDWKDVKDSSHQHGWKDWKHLVUHIHUUHGWRDVWKHµEHDUHURIWKHQHZV¶ Y +HGHVFULEHVKLPVHOIDVDIXJLWLYHIURPEDWWOHY DQGWKLVLVKRZ ZHVKRXOGVHHKLPDVROGLHULQDGHIHDWHGDUP\ZKRKDVUXQIRUKLVOLIH )RNNHOPDQ DOVR .OHLQ %HFDXVH KH LV WKH ¿UVW VROGLHUWRUHDFK6KLORKHYLGHQWO\WKDQNVWRKLVH[FHOOHQWSK\VLFDOFRQGLWLRQ KH¿QGVKLPVHOIWKHEHDUHURIWKHKRUULEOHQHZV 7KHUHLVDFRQWUDVWEHWZHHQWKH%HQMDPLQLWH¶VUXQQLQJY DQG(OL¶V VLWWLQJRQKLVFKDLUY DVZHOODVEHWZHHQWKHQDUUDWRU¶VMX[WDSRVLWLRQRI WKHUXQQHU¶VRXWZDUGDSSHDUDQFH²KLVFORWKHVDUHWRUQDQGWKHUHLVHDUWKRQ KLVKHDGY ²ZLWK(OL¶VHPRWLRQDOVWDWHµKLVKHDUWWUHPEOLQJIRUWKH$UN RI*RG¶Y $SSDUHQWO\WKHIXJLWLYHVHHV(OLVLWWLQJWKHUHDVLQGLFDWHGE\WKHLQWHU MHFWLYH hinneh—µKH DUULYHG DQG there was (OL VLWWLQJ RQ D VHDW ZDLWLQJ EHVLGHWKHURDG¶Y ²ZKLFKGHVFULEHVWKHSULHVWIURPWKH%HQMDPLQLWH¶V SRLQWRIYLHZ%XWKHHYDGHVWKHEOLQG(OLDQGHQWHUVWKHWRZQXQZLOOLQJWR
Samuel, Kings and Chronicles, I
UHSRUWWKHEDGQHZVWRWKHROGPDQ7KLVLVDGGLWLRQDOHYLGHQFHWKDWKHLVQRW DQRI¿FLDOPHVVHQJHU+HFDQQRWHYDGHWKHWRZQVIRONZKRVHHLQJKLVWRUQ FORWKHVDQGWKHHDUWKRQKLVKHDGUHDOL]HWKDWKHLVEULQJLQJHYLOWLGLQJV:H PD\VXSSRVHWKDWWKH\IDOORQKLPZLWKTXHVWLRQV:KHQKHFRQYH\VWKHEDG QHZVWRWKHPWKHUHLVDJXOIRINQRZOHGJHEHWZHHQWKHµZKROHFLW\¶WKH WRZQVSHRSOHZKRVWDUWFU\LQJDQGWKHOHDGLQJFLWL]HQ(OLZKRLVVLWWLQJ DSSUHKHQVLYHO\DWWKHHQWUDQFHWRWKHWRZQZDLWLQJLPSDWLHQWO\IRUQHZV :KHQ KH KHDUV WKH FULHV KH GRHV QRW NQRZ ZKHWKHU WKH\ DUH VKRXWV RI WULXPSKRUGHVSDLUµ:KDWLVWKLVXSURDU"¶KHDVNVY +LVTXHVWLRQUHFDOOV WKDW RI WKH 3KLOLVWLQHV µ:KDW LV WKLV ORXG VKRXWLQJ LQ WKH FDPS RI WKH +HEUHZV"¶Y ZKHQWKHDUULYDORIWKH$UNRIWKH&RYHQDQWDWWKHEDWWOH ¿HOG KDV PRYHG WKH ,VUDHOLWHV WR FKHHUV RI HQFRXUDJHPHQW DQG MR\ %\ FRQWUDVWWKHUHVLGHQWVRIWKHFLW\FU\RXWLQGLVPD\DWWKHHYLOWLGLQJVZKLFK LQFOXGHWKH$UN¶VFDSWXUHE\WKH3KLOLVWLQHV %\QRZWKH%HQMDPLQLWHXQGHUVWDQGVWKDWKHFDQQRWNHHSWKHQHZVIURP (OLDQGPXVWSXWDQHQGWRWKHSULHVW¶VDQ[LRXVZDLWLQJµ7KHPDQKDVWHQHG DQGFDPHDQGWROG(OL¶Y %XWZKHQKHEHJLQVKLVUHSRUWKLVKHVLWDQW VSHHFKDWWHVWVWRWKHHPRWLRQDOEORFNWKDWNHHSVKLPIURPGHOLYHULQJKLVPHV VDJHLPPHGLDWHO\$OWHU%DU(IUDW µ,DPWKHRQHZKR FDPHIURPWKHEDWWOH¶KHEHJLQVZLWKDQHXWUDOVWDWHPHQWWKDWVD\VQRWKLQJ DERXWWKHQDWXUHRIKLVQHZV2QO\WKHQGRHVKHDGGµ,KDYHÀHGIURPWKH EDWWOHWRGD\¶Y +LVVHFRQGYHUEVXI¿FHVWRFRQYH\WKDWKLVQHZVLVQRW JRRG:HPD\FRQMHFWXUHWKDWDIWHUWKLVLQWURGXFWLRQKHIDOOVVLOHQWDQGZDLWV IRU(OL¶VUHVSRQVH(OLVHQVHVWKHPDQ¶VGLVWUHVVDQGXQGHUVWDQGVWKDW,VUDHO KDVEHHQGHIHDWHGE\WKH3KLOLVWLQHVEXWVWLOOGRHVQRWNQRZWKHH[WHQWRIWKH FDWDVWURSKH&RQVHTXHQWO\(OLDGGUHVVHVWKH%HQMDPLQLWHWHQGHUO\LQRUGHUWR HQFRXUDJHKLPWRVSHDNXSµ+RZGLGWKLQJVJRP\VRQ"¶7KHXVHRIµKRZ¶ mah DQGµWKLQJV¶ha-daڬar DVZHOODVWKHDIIHFWLRQDWHµP\VRQ¶UHFDOOVD VLPLODUVLWXDWLRQLQZKLFK(OLVRXJKWWRZUHVWIURP6DPXHOZKDWWKH/RUGKDG VDLGWRKLPJXHVVLQJFRUUHFWO\WKDWWKHODGLVHYDGLQJKLPEHFDXVHKHKDVKDG EDGQHZVµ6DPXHOP\VRQ¶LVKRZ(OLDGGUHVVHGKLVIDLWKIXODWWHQGDQWWKH PRUQLQJDIWHUKLVUHYHODWLRQDQGFRQWLQXHGµ:KDWmah LVWKHWKLQJhadaڬar +HVDLGWR\RX"¶6DP ,QWKDWFDVH(OLWULHGWRPDNHWKH ODGWDNHDQRDWKWKDWKHZRXOGQRWFRQFHDODQ\WKLQJWKDWWKH/RUGVDLGQRZ ZLWKWKHDGXOWVROGLHUZKRKDVDUULYHGLQ6KLORK(OLGRHVQRWQHHGWRUHVRUWWR VXFKDQH[WUHPHPHDVXUH
%DU(IUDW %\FRQWUDVW7VXPXUD XQGHUVWDQGV WKH ZRUG hinneh KHUHDVPHDQLQJµULJKWDWWKDWPRPHQW¶2WKHULQWHUSUHWDWLRQVKDYHEHHQRIIHUHGIRU WKHIDFWWKDWWKHSHRSOHRI6KLORKUHFHLYHWKHIXJLWLYH¶VUHSRUWEHIRUH(OL(OLLVVLWWLQJDWD GLIIHUHQWJDWHIURPWKDWE\ZKLFKWKHUXQQHUHQWHUVWKHWRZQ$EUDYDQHO RUKH LVQRWVLWWLQJDWWKHJDWHRIWKHWRZQEXWDWWKHHQWUDQFHWRWKHVDQFWXDU\+HUW]EHUJ
6+(0(6+Running in the Bible
5HVRQDWLQJLQWKHEDFNJURXQGRI(OL¶VTXHVWLRQµ+RZGLGthingsJR¶LV WKH UHSHDWHG XVH LQ 6DPXHO RI WKH URRW d-b-r LQ FRQQHFWLRQ ZLWK WKH FDODPLW\WKDWZLOOVWULNHWKHKRXVHRI(OL)LUVWLQWKH/RUG¶VDQQRXQFHPHQWWR 6DPXHOµ,DPJRLQJWRGRLQ,VUDHOVXFKDthingdaڬar WKDWERWKHDUVRI DQ\RQHZKRKHDUVDERXWLWZLOOWLQJOH,QWKDWGD\,ZLOOIXO¿OODJDLQVW(OLDOO WKDW,VSRNHFRQFHUQLQJKLVKRXVHIURPEHJLQQLQJWRHQG¶6DP $QG DJDLQ ZKHQ (OL FRD[HV IURP 6DPXHO WKH FRQWHQW RI KLV UHYHODWLRQ µ³:KDWLVWKHthingWKDWKHsaid dibber WR\RX"«7KXVDQGPRUHPD\*RG GRWR\RXLI\RXNHHSIURPPHDVLQJOHthingRIDOOWKDW+HsaidWR\RX´ 6DPXHO WKHQ WROG KLP HYHU\ thing¶ daڬar YY 7KH dabar HFKR LQIRUPVXVWKDWWKHQHZVEURXJKWE\WKH%HQMDPLQLWHLVSUHFLVHO\WKHZRUGRI WKH/RUGWR6DPXHOLQWKHSUHYLRXVFKDSWHU 7KH%HQMDPLQLWHWULHVWREHFRQVLGHUDWHRI(OL¶VIHHOLQJVDQGWHOOKLPWKH QHZVOLWWOHE\OLWWOHVWDUWLQJZLWKWKHOHDVWVHULRXVDQGSURJUHVVLQJWRWKHZRUVW Y $W¿UVWKHUHSRUWVRQO\WKHÀLJKWE\WKH,VUDHOLWHDUP\µ,VUDHOKDVÀHG EHIRUHWKH3KLOLVWLQHV¶7KHQKHDGGVWKDWWKHGHIHDWLVLQIDFWDPDVVDFUHDQG PDQ\ RI WKH ,VUDHOLWHV ZHUH VODLQ µ7KHUH KDV DOVR EHHQ D JUHDW VODXJKWHU DPRQJWKHSHRSOH¶$IWHUKHPHQWLRQVWKHYLFWLPVLQJHQHUDOKHOLQJHUVRQ WZRVSHFL¿FYLFWLPVZKRVHGHDWKLVDSHUVRQDOEORZWR(OLµ$EVDORP@ ²$KLPDD]¶V DVVXUDQFH WKDW µDOO LV ZHOO¶ LV LURQLF 1HYHUWKHOHVVHYHQEHIRUH'DYLGDVNVDERXW$EVDORP$KLPDD]VHHPVWR KDYH¿QDOO\LQWHUQDOL]HGZKDW-RDEKDVVDLGDERXW'DYLG¶VSULRULWLHVVRKH GRHVQRWDGGWKDWµ7KH/RUGKDVYLQGLFDWHGKLPDJDLQVWKLVHQHPLHV¶Y DVKHKDVRULJLQDOO\SODQQHGEXWUDWKHUµ3UDLVHGEHWKH/RUG\RXU*RGZKR KDVGHOLYHUHGXSWKHPHQZKRUDLVHGWKHLUKDQGDJDLQVWP\ORUGWKHNLQJ¶Y 7KHVXEVWLWXWLRQRIWKHYHUEµGHOLYHUHG¶s-g-r +LI IRUµYLQGLFDWHG¶š-f৬ LVQRWDFFLGHQWDO7KHODWWHUYHUEZLWKLWVEDVLFVHQVHRIµMXGJH¶DOOXGHVWR WKHELWWHUIDWHRIHQHPLHVZKRKDYHEHHQSXQLVKHGE\WKH/RUGZKHUHDVWKH IRUPHUVXJJHVWVWKDWDOWKRXJKWKHHQHPLHVKDYHEHHQVXEGXHGWKH\DUHVWLOO DOLYHDQGWDNHQFDSWLYH$OWKRXJK$KLPDD]XVHVWKHSOXUDOLWLVFOHDUWKDW µWKHPHQZKRUDLVHGWKHLUKDQGDJDLQVWP\ORUGWKHNLQJ¶UHIHUVSULPDULO\WR WKHUHEHOSULQFH
:HVKRXOGQRWHKRZHYHUWKDWKHUHZHGRQRWKDYHWKHQRUPDOFROORFDWLRQRIWKH YHUEs-g-r +LI µGHOLYHUKDQGRYHU¶ZLWKbe-yadµLQWRWKHKDQGRILQWRWKHSRZHURI¶DV LQ6DP$KLPDD]GRHVQRWWHOO'DYLGWKDWWKH/RUGKDVKDQGHGRYHU KLVHQHPLHVLQWRKLVSRZHUXQOLNH$ELVKDL¶VUHSRUWWR'DYLGFRQFHUQLQJ6DXOµ*RGKDV GHOLYHUHG\RXUHQHP\LQWR\RXUKDQGWRGD\¶²6DP +DG$EVDORPEHHQWDNHQ SULVRQHUE\'DYLG¶VIRUFHVKLVOLIHZRXOGKDYHEHHQVSDUHG%XWEHFDXVHWKH/RUGKDQGV KLPRYHUWR-RDEZKRLVJXLGHGE\QDWLRQDOFRQVLGHUDWLRQVUDWKHUWKDQSHUVRQDORQHVWKH RXWFRPHLVGLIIHUHQW
6+(0(6+Running in the Bible
,I $KLPDD] KDV WKRXJKW WKDW 'DYLG ZLOO UHMRLFH DW WKH QHZV KH LV GLVDSSRLQWHG:HDUHQRWWROGWKDW'DYLGWKDQNVWKH/RUGIRUWKHYLFWRU\RI ZKLFKKHKDVMXVWEHHQDSSULVHG$OOWKDWLQWHUHVWVKLPLVWKHTXHVWLRQWKDWKH KDVWHQVWRDVN$KLPDD]µ,VDOOZHOOZLWKWKH\RXQJPDQZLWK$EVDORP"¶ Y ,WLVDWWKLVSRLQWWKDW$KLPDD]EHJLQVWRVWDPPHUDQGLQIDFWWROLH DQGEHWUD\KLVUROHDVPHVVHQJHUµ,VDZDODUJHFURZGZKHQ+HEUHZ@ $OWHU5 The David Story: A Translation with Commentary of 1 and 2 Samuel1HZ +HEUHZ@ (PHUWRQ-$ D µ7KH5LGGOHRI*HQHVLV;,9¶VT E µ6RPH)DOVH&OXHVLQWKH6WXG\RI*HQHVLV;,9¶VT )RKUHU* Elijah=ULFK=ZLQJOL
Samuel, Kings and Chronicles, I
)RNNHOPDQQ-3 Narrative Art and Poetry in the Books of Samuel,,,Throne and City (II Sam. 2–8 & 21–24)$VVHQ9DQ*RUFXP Narrative Art and Poetry in the Books of Samuel,9Vow and Desire (I Sam. 1–12)$VVHQ9DQ*RUFXP )UHHGPDQ+DQG06LPRQ Midrash Rabbah, Ecclesiastes9,,,WUDQV$&RKHQ/RQGRQ6RQFLQR )ULHGODQGHU*HG Pirkê de Rabbi Eliezer1HZ