Sams Teach Yourself Access 2000 in 24 Hours [illustrated edition] 9780672312892, 0672312891

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Sams Teach Yourself Microsoft Access 2000 in 24 Hours by Timm Buchanan; Craig Eddy Sams, Macmillan Computer Publishing ISBN: 0672312891 Pub Date: 04/29/99 Search Tips

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Introduction About the Authors Title

Part I—Introduction to Access 2000 -----------

Hour 1—Introduction to Relational Databases Access 2000: Not Just a Desktop Database Anymore What Is a Relational Database, Anyway? The How and Why of Indexes Components of an Access Database Tables Queries and Views Forms Reports Data Access Pages Macros and Modules The Limitations of Access 2000’s Data Store What’s New in Access 2000 Summary Workshop Q&A Quiz

Hour 2—A Quick Tour of Access 2000 Before You Install Access 2000 Software and Hardware Requirements

Upgrading to Access 2000 from Access 2.0 or Access 95 Installing Access 2000 Choosing Your Database Platform Factors Affecting Your Platform Decision Installing the MSDE Platform Starting Access 2000 and Opening a Database Start Menu Windows Explorer Microsoft Office Toolbar Opening a Database from Within Access Opening a Sample Database The Access Window The Access 2000 Title Bar The System Menu Button The Minimize and Maximize Buttons The Close Button Menu Bar Toolbar The Database Window Status Line The Seven Main Access Database Objects Tables Queries Forms Reports Pages Macros Modules Relationships Saving, Backing Up Databases, and Exiting Access Summary Workshop Q&A Quiz

Hour 3—Getting Help with Help Systems Examining Ways to Get Help Using the Office Assistant Using the Help Topics Dialog Box The Contents Tab The Index Tab ToolTips Screen Tips The Microsoft Office on the Web Option

Summary Workshop Q&A Quiz

Part II—Editing Data in an Existing Database Hour 4—Understanding Someone Else’s Database Viewing the Splash Screen Opening a Microsoft SQL Server Database Looking at the Types of Security Working with Encrypted Databases Examining Relationships Using the Database Documenter Summary Workshop Q&A Quiz

Hour 5—Using the Datasheet View An Overview of the Datasheet Windows Toolbars Used Sorting the Datasheet Finding and Filtering Records Finding Records Filtering by Selection Using Filter by Form Working with Records in the Datasheet Adding, Editing, and Deleting Records Copying, Cutting, and Moving Records Data Entry Shortcuts Working with Subdatasheets Formatting the Datasheet Changing Datasheet Formatting Changing Datasheet Font Changing Column Width and Row Height Printing the Datasheet Closing the Datasheet Summary Workshop Q&A Quiz

Hour 6—Using an Existing Table Opening Tables

Using the Design and Datasheet Views Design View Datasheet View Examining the Basic Structure of Tables Field Names Data Types Description Properties Examining Table Properties Summary Workshop Q&A Quiz

Hour 7—Using Existing Queries Opening Queries Using Queries in Datasheet View Using Queries in Design View The Design Grid and Field List SQL View Looking at the Basic Structure of Queries Fields Sorting Criteria Query Properties Field Properties Using Toolbars The Design View Toolbar The Datasheet View Toolbar Closing Queries Summary Workshop Q&A Quiz

Hour 8—Editing Data in Forms Understanding Forms Opening a Form Looking at the Types of Forms Using Forms Versus Using Datasheets Viewing Forms Working with Data in Forms Navigating in a Form Adding and Editing Records in a Form Deleting Records and Data in a Form

Copying Records Finding Records Using Forms Printing Data from Forms Closing and Saving Forms Summary Workshop Q&A Quiz

Hour 9—Displaying Data in Reports Examining Report Fundamentals Using Reports Opening and Viewing Reports Looking at the Types of Reports Looking at Forms Versus Reports More Ways to Open and View Reports Printing Reports Closing and Saving Reports Summary Workshop Q&A Quiz

Part III—Modifying an Existing Database Hour 10—Modifying an Existing Table Changing the Table Design Looking at Table Properties Modifying, Adding, and Deleting Fields Using the Field Builder Field Descriptions Field Properties Testing Validation Rules Understanding Primary Keys and Indexes The Primary Key Indexes Saving the Table Design Editing Table Relationships Summary Workshop Q&A Quiz

Hour 11—Modifying and Using Existing Queries Using the Field List

Using the Design View’s Grid Specifying the Sort Order and Showing Fields Specifying Criteria Querying Multiple Tables Setting Join Properties Working with Properties Query Properties Field Properties Table Properties Saving Queries Summary Workshop Q&A Quiz

Hour 12—Modifying an Existing Form Design Using Form Controls Control Types Label Controls Text Box Controls Using Advanced Control Types Buttons and Boxes Option Groups List Boxes Using Control Properties Customizing Forms Creating New Controls Working with Controls Aligning and Sizing Controls Using Subforms Summary Workshop Q&A Quiz

Hour 13—Modifying an Existing Report The Report Window Design View Print Preview and Layout Preview The Report Components Report Properties Common Report Properties Using Expressions in Reports Date Expressions Page Numbers

Using Graphics in Reports Summary Workshop Q&A Quiz

Part IV—Creating a Database Using Wizards Hour 14—Creating a Database Using Wizards Planning a Simple Database Using the Database Wizard Using the Table Wizard The Table Analyzer Wizard Summary Workshop Q&A Quiz

Hour 15—Adding Additional Components to a Database Using Wizards Using the Table Wizard Using the Form Wizard Using AutoForm to Create a Form Using Query Wizards The Simple Query Wizard The Crosstab Query Wizard The Find Duplicates Query Wizard The Find Unmatched Query Wizard Using Report Wizards Using AutoReport to Create a Report Using Database Wizards Summary Workshop Q&A Quiz

Part V—Creating a Database from Scratch Hour 16—Planning and Designing Your Database Relational Databases Review of Relational Database Terms Relationships and Joins The Three Types of Keys Primary Keys

Composite Keys Foreign Keys Referential Integrity The Three Types of Relationships One-to-One One-to-Many Many-to-Many Steps to Creating a Relational Database Identifying Required Data Collecting the Identified Fields into Tables Identifying Primary Key Fields Drawing a Simple Data Diagram Normalizing the Data Identifying Field-Specific Information Creating the Physical Tables Choosing a Back-End Database: The Integrated Store or SQL Server Summary Workshop Q&A Quiz

Hour 17—Creating Tables Many Means to the Same End Creating a New Table Creating a Table in Datasheet View Creating a Table in Design View Data Types Field Properties Field Size Format Input Masks Default Value Lookup Fields SQL Server Field Properties Creating Table Indexes Setting and Changing Indexes Which Fields to Index Setting Relationships Between Tables Summary Workshop Q&A Quiz

Hour 18—Creating Queries Ways to Create Queries

The Query Design View Steps in Creating a Query Creating a Basic Query Specifying a Sort Order Specifying Criteria Showing and Excluding Fields Using Advanced Selection Options in Queries Wildcards Comparison Operators Creating Queries that Accept Parameters Adding Calculated Fields Additional Query Features Grouping the Query’s Results Queries that Display Totals Summary Workshop Q&A Quiz

Hour 19—Creating Forms Types of Forms Types of Controls Adding Controls Designing a Form Creating a New Form Summary Workshop Q&A Quiz

Hour 20—Creating Reports Designing Reports Design the Appearance, Function, and Data Sources of Your Report Determining What Data Is Needed and Creating a Query Creating a New Report and Adding Controls Sorting and Grouping Adding Special Effects Designing and Creating a New Report Summary Workshop Q&A Quiz

Hour 21—Creating Macros What Is a Macro?

The Uses of Macros The Macro Window Creating and Editing Macros Adding Actions Editing Actions Saving Macros Running Macros Conditional Macros Debugging Macros Single Step Action Failed Dialog Box Events Self-Executing Macros Integrating Macros and Forms Summary Workshop Q&A Quiz

Part VI—Additional Topics Hour 22—Exchanging Data with Word 2000, Excel 2000, and Other Applications Using Access Data for Microsoft Word Mail Merges Publishing Access Components Using Microsoft Word Analyzing Access Data Using Microsoft Excel Using the Label Wizard to Produce Labels Exporting Data to Other Sources Summary Workshop Q&A Quiz

Hour 23—Database Administration Compacting a Database Problems When Compacting a Database Repairing a Database Backing Up a Database Restoring a Backed Up Database Encrypting and Decrypting a Database Converting a Database Securing a Database Summary Workshop

Q&A Quiz

Part VII—Advanced Topics Hour 24—Access 2000 and the Web Setting Up a Web Server on Your Computer Introducing Web Folders Exporting Data to an HTML File Creating an HTML Template File Performing the Export Creating Dynamic Web Pages Creating an ODBC Data Source Creating ASP Pages Data Access Pages Creating a Data Access Page with the Wizard Modifying a Data Access Page in Design View Summary Workshop Q&A Quiz

Part VIII—Appendix Appendix A—Quiz Answers Hour 1 Hour 2 Hour 3 Hour 4 Hour 5 Hour 6 Hour 7 Hour 8 Hour 9 Hour 10 Hour 11 Hour 12 Hour 13 Hour 14 Hour 15 Hour 16 Hour 17 Hour 18 Hour 19

Hour 20 Hour 21 Hour 22 Hour 23 Hour 24

Index

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Sams Teach Yourself Microsoft Access 2000 in 24 Hours by Timm Buchanan; Craig Eddy Sams, Macmillan Computer Publishing ISBN: 0672312891 Pub Date: 04/29/99 Search Tips

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Title

Introduction by Craig Eddy

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Welcome to Sams Teach Yourself Access 2000 in 24 Hours, a teach-yourself guide to one of the most widely-used desktop database management systems. In this book, you’ll learn the basics of working with Access 2000 in 24 chapters that should take about one hour each to complete. I first began working with Access back in the dark ages of Access 2.0. At the time, I was working as a hardware design engineer who had drifted into programming Windows-based tools to aid our engineering efforts. Most of what I did as an engineer involved databases of one kind or another: tracking parts available from manufacturers, parts we had in our inventory system, parts we had in stock, parts used on my projects, and so on. Because I was programming in Visual Basic, which contains all the tools necessary to manipulate Access databases, Access was the natural choice as a database. Access has come a long way since version 2.0. The latest version, Access 2000, has Internet capabilities, the ability to work with a SQL Server back-end database, and a greatly improved built-in database engine. The book you hold in your hands covers everything you need to know about Access 2000 up to a moderately advanced level. If you have no experience whatsoever with databases, have no fear. We cover all the basics of working with existing databases, as well as designing your own original databases. If you’re already familiar with other database platforms, you’ll still learn a lot from this book about working with databases in Access 2000. We start by explaining how to familiarize yourself with an existing database. After the basics of working within the Access 2000 environment have been covered, we move on to modifying existing databases. Finally, we cover how to create a new database. In the closing sections of the book, you’ll learn about some more advanced topics, such as combining Access with other Office 2000 applications or creating Web pages for your data. The examples presented in this book are based on the Northwind Traders sample database that is included with Access 2000. This means that an accompanying CD-ROM is not necessary. These examples are based on the kinds of tables, queries, forms, and reports that will be familiar to most people who create databases for common business applications.

We certainly hope that you enjoy working with and learning from this book as much as we’ve enjoyed writing it. Your investment of time spent here will pay off greatly in the future. Good luck on your journey.

Conventions Used in This Book This book uses different typefaces to differentiate between code and regular English, and also to help you identify important concepts. Text that you type and text that should appear on your screen is presented in monospace type. It will look like this to mimic the way text looks on your screen. Placeholders for variables and expressions appear in monospace italic font. You should replace the placeholder with the specific value it represents. This arrow (Ò) at the beginning of a line of code means that a single line of code is too long to fit on the printed page. Continue typing all characters after the Ò as though they were part of the preceding line. Note: A Note presents interesting pieces of information related to the surrounding discussion.

Tip: A Tip offers advice or teaches an easier way to do something.

Caution: A Caution advises you about potential problems and helps you steer clear of disaster.

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Sams Teach Yourself Microsoft Access 2000 in 24 Hours by Timm Buchanan; Craig Eddy Sams, Macmillan Computer Publishing ISBN: 0672312891 Pub Date: 04/29/99 Search Tips

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About the Authors Craig Eddy works for Pipestream Technologies, Inc. where he is Program Manager for Pipestream’s thin-client version of its popular customer information management software, Sales Continuum 98. Craig resides in Richmond, VA, and can often be found surfing the Web or on the sands of the Outer Banks in North Carolina. Craig can be reached via email at [email protected] or via his Web page at http://www.mindspring.com/~craig.eddey (sic). Timothy Buchanan is a Senior Technical Consultant for Ware Consulting in Minneapolis, Minnesota. He has been developing with Microsoft Access since version 1.0, as well as helping Microsoft beta-test each new version of Access and Office. He has developed many large-scale Access database applications for large global corporations. Timothy was the co-author of Sams Teach Yourself Access 97 in 24 Hours, and is also writing an introductory Peoplesoft book for Sams Publishing. Feel free to contact Timothy at [email protected].

Acknowledgments Craig would like to thank, most of all, his wife and kids for all understanding why he was often stressed while trying to juggle writing, working, and running a business. In addition, Craig acknowledges the tremendous effort put forth by the team at Sams, especially Jonathan Gennick and Neil Rowe. Finally, many thanks to the wonderful team at Pipestream Technologies, who often endured a moody, sleep-deprived lead developer!

Dedication To everyone in my family, and especially to Stacy. Without their love, support, guidance, and strength, I would not be the person I am today. Thanks to you all. —Timm

Tell Us What You Think! As the reader of this book, you are our most important critic and commentator. We value your opinion and

want to know what we’re doing right, what we could do better, what areas you’d like to see us publish in, and any other words of wisdom you’re willing to pass our way. As an Associate Publisher for Sams, I welcome your comments. You can fax, email, or write me directly to let me know what you did or didn’t like about this book—as well as what we can do to make our books stronger. Please note that I cannot help you with technical problems related to the topic of this book, and that due to the high volume of mail I receive, I might not be able to reply to every message. When you write, please be sure to include this book’s title and authors as well as your name and phone or fax number. I will carefully review your comments and share them with the authors and editors who worked on the book. Fax: Email: Mail:

317.581.4770 [email protected] Bradley L. Jones, Associate Publisher Sams Publishing 201 West 103rd Street Indianapolis, IN 46290 USA

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Part I Introduction to Access 2000 Hour 1 Introduction to Relational Databases 2 A Quick Tour of Access 2000 3 Getting Help with Help System

Hour 1 Introduction to Relational Databases Craig Eddy You are about to embark on a 24-hour journey through the heart of Microsoft Access 2000. When you have completed this journey, you will have a firm handle on how to use Access 2000 to solve your database needs. Whether you’re a business professional, an engineer, or a programmer developing database applications, you’ll find Access 2000 is an easy-to-use but full-featured database development tool. Access can be used for everything from maintaining a simple list to implementing a full-featured accounting tool. Of course, what you can do with Access depends on what you put into the databases you develop. The purpose of this book is to provide you with the necessary knowledge and skills to effectively use Access to meet your needs. The highlights of this hour follow: • An introduction to just what Access 2000 is and does • The ins and outs of relational databases • The components that make up an Access database • A little about the capabilities and limitations of Access 2000

• What’s new and different in this version of Access This journey is intended to give you a thorough introduction to building and using databases with Access 2000. After completing the first hour of the journey, you’ll have the confidence and knowledge necessary to sail through the remainder of this book smoothly.

Access 2000: Not Just a Desktop Database Anymore What is Access 2000? That question can be answered simply: Access 2000 is a relational database development tool. This section describes just what makes this so. By the end of this short section, you’ll understand why Access is a relational database development tool. First, Access is a database development tool. Databases enable you to collect any type of information for storage, searching, and retrieval. Access excels at being able to collect information through the use of either a Datasheet view or a custom form. The datasheet view, which you’ll delve into in-depth in Hour 5, “Using the Datasheet View,” provides a spreadsheet similar to Microsoft Excel. You can also create custom forms that look like all other Windows applications and use these to gather and retrieve information. In addition, Access allows you to create custom reports for printing or exporting the information stored in the database. A relational database is a database that allows you to group its data into one or more distinct tables that can be related to one another by using fields common to each related table. Secondly, Access provides data storage. Access 2000 gives you a choice for your database’s physical storage (that is, where the data is actually stored). You can use the default desktop database file or Microsoft SQL Server to store your data. Using the desktop database file, you can place the database file on a network file server and share the database with other users on your network. This method is not, however, a true client/server database because the Access database is a file stored on a hard drive, not a running application. This might seem like a disadvantage, but it really isn’t. When Access is used in this environment, it has distinct advantages over client/server databases. First and foremost, it is very easy to administer. There aren’t a lot of complicated settings or network and security issues to muddy the waters. You also don’t need a Pentium 200 with 64MB of RAM to run Access 2000. So if you’re a one-person shop, or you need a database which only a few people must access at a time, using the default desktop database file is the perfect choice. Client/server is a term that describes two applications, typically running on two different computers, which communicate with one another. One computer, the server, provides data and other services for multiple other computers, the clients. Finally, Access is a relational database tool. Relational databases are one of the most versatile types of databases ever developed. As you can see, the fact that Access 2000 is a relational database development tool brings with it many advantages. You have the ease of use of a desktop database and the power of a relational database all in one package.

What Is a Relational Database, Anyway? In a relational database, you can define relationships between the different data tables contained in the database. These relationships can then be used to perform complex searches and produce detailed reports. Another advantage to relational databases is that they eliminate the need to store redundant information. For example, a mail-order business might use a relational database to track their customers and orders. The Northwind sample database that ships with Access 2000 is just such a database. Because the customer data already contains a customer’s address and phone number, the database does not need to repeat that information with the order data. Instead, each order record is related to an existing customer record. The Northwind database has a field named CustomerID that is found in both the Orders table and the Customers table, as shown in Figure 1.1. This CustomerID field is used to define the relationship between the two tables. Relationships are discussed in detail in Hour 16, “Planning and Designing Your Database.”

Figure 1.1 An illustration of related tables. The remainder of this hour will provide an introduction to indexes, provide an overview of the many components of an Access database, and discuss the capabilities and limitations of an Access database.

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The How and Why of Indexes Another feature that gives Access 2000 some added horsepower is the use of a database concept known as indexing. An index to a database is similar to the index at the back of this book. Just as you use the book’s index to quickly find a topic of interest, Access uses an index to quickly locate the record for which it is searching. A book’s index decreases the amount of time it takes a reader to find the necessary information. A database’s indexes decrease the time it takes to perform its work. An index is an ordered list of the data contained in a field or a group of fields within a table. The list is designed to be quickly searched by the database engine, just as a book’s index is organized to be quickly searched alphabetically. This ordered list is maintained internally by the database engine and cannot be viewed or edited. Access uses indexes to assist in performing its searches or lookups. When an index is provided and you attempt to search on the field that defines the index, Access does not need to look at each record in a table. Instead, it can use the index to quickly locate the value you are searching for and then identify the matching records. Let me give you an example. The Customers table is shown in Figure 1.2. The Customers table has an index on the Company Name field. If you were searching for all the customers whose company name started with the letter D, Access would not have to look at each customer in the table. Instead, Access would move directly to the Ds in the Company Name index’s ordered list. It would then see that the customers with Customer ID values DRACD and DUMON begin with D. These two records would then be returned as the results of your search.

Figure 1.2 The Customers table in Datasheet view. The data shown in Figure 1.2 is not very extensive. Even a mere human can quickly locate the customers

whose Company Name begins with D in this list. However, a database is quite capable of storing tens of thousands of customer records. Without an index, even a computer could not examine each record quickly enough to be useful as a search engine. Indexes are the key to searching vast amounts of data in a timely manner. Caution: Too much of a good thing can be dangerous as far as indexes are concerned. You should take care not to create too many indexes on your tables because doing so can degrade performance. You should only have indexes on fields that are most commonly queried upon. The index’s ordered list must be maintained as records in the table are updated, inserted, or deleted.

Components of an Access Database Because you already know that Access is a database tool, you know that it provides connectivity to a repository into which the data you want to store is placed. Access is a full-featured application development environment. This section discusses the objects that provide you with the capability of developing a complete database application using Access. Don’t let the number of different objects available in Access 2000 scare you off. Access provides wizards which are very helpful when creating your database’s objects. You’ll see wizards covered extensively throughout your journey. They’re a great way to get started using Access 2000. In Hour 14, “Creating a Database Using Wizards,” you’ll learn about wizards in-depth. Tables The most obvious component of any database is the table object. This is where the actual data being stored is kept. A table is a collection of records that can be divided into fields. Each field holds a single piece of information about the record in which it resides. Access tables can be viewed in either Datasheet view (see Figure 1.2) or Design view (see Figure 1.3). In Datasheet view, you enter the data for each record in the table. In the Design view, you define how the table operates.

Figure 1.3 The Customers table in Design View. The Datasheet view, as you can see in Figure 1.2, is similar to a spreadsheet. The columns in the datasheet represent the fields in the table. There is one row for each record stored in the database. You’ll learn more about using the Datasheet view in Hour 5. The Design view is used to set the properties for the entire table and for each individual field. These properties include the field names, the data type used for each field, and the indexes defined for the table, among other items. In Hour 10, “Modifying an Existing Table,” you’ll learn more about the Table Design View window. Queries and Views In a database you use a query (or view, depending on the data storage platform) to search, view, and modify the data that exists in the tables. You can also use queries to modify the structure of the tables or to access data that is external to the Access database. The term view is synonymous with query; they perform the same function. In SQL Server, the object is called a view. When using the default Access 2000 data storage mechanism, the object is called a query. The typical query is used to return data that meets specific criteria. These queries can be viewed in Datasheet view or can be used as the source of data for forms and reports that are created in the database. In addition to providing the capability to search on specific criteria, queries can also be used to summarize and analyze data. The Northwind database has a query named Sales by Category. This query summarizes data from the Products, Categories, Orders and Order Details tables to produce the datasheet view shown in Figure 1.4.

Figure 1.4 The Datasheet view for the Sales by Category query. Like tables, queries also have a Design View window. Actually, queries have two different design views: the Design Grid (see Figure 1.5) and the SQL View (see Figure 1.6). The Design Grid provides you with a user-friendly means of creating and modifying queries. The SQL View allows you to modify the actual code used to define the query using Structured Query Language. This is a computer language that is used when (surprise!) you create database queries. You’ll learn more about these views in Hour 7, “Using Existing Queries.”

Figure 1.5 A query’s Design Grid View.

Figure 1.6 A query’s SQL View.

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Forms One of the most powerful features of Access 2000 is the capability to create forms that can be used to enter, edit, and search your data. After a form is created, it looks and operates like a Windows application. The Products form from the Northwind database is shown in Figure 1.7.

Figure 1.7 The Northwind database’s Products form. As you can see in Figure 1.7, the form contains text boxes for data entry, labels to identify the various elements on the form, and buttons to perform other actions. The form also has a record selector. This is the series of buttons on the bottom edge of the form. The record selector allows you to navigate among the records in the underlying data. The form in Figure 1.7 uses the Products table as its data source. Using the record selector will move you from one product to another and change the data on the form accordingly. You’ll learn more about forms in Hour 8, “Editing Data in Forms,” and in Hour 12, “Modifying an Existing Form Design.” Reports What good is all the data you enter into a database if you can’t share it with someone else? Reports enable you to output data to any number of destinations (such as your printer or an email message) in an easy-to-read format. You can send reports to a printer or you can export the report to any number of formats. You can even publish your reports on the Internet or your company’s intranet. Reports, like forms, use an underlying data source, either a table or a query, to provide the actual data. The report’s design dictates how the data will be presented when the report is printed, previewed, or exported. Figure 1.8 shows the Print Preview window for the Northwind database’s Products by Category report.

Figure 1.8 The Products by Category report in the Print Preview window. You’ll learn more about reports in Hour 9, “Displaying Data in Reports,” and in Hour 13, “Modifying an Existing Report.” Data Access Pages Data Access Pages are Web pages that you can create and link to an Access database. These pages can query or update the data contained within the database and are very similar to Access forms. Data Access Pages require Internet Explorer 5.0 to operate. Whereas Data Access Pages are stored within the file system as opposed to within the Access database itself, Access provides all the tools required to create and edit them. Figure 1.9 shows a data access page created for the Products table, viewed in Internet Explorer 5.0. This page is saved as “View Products” in the Northwind database.

Figure 1.9 A data access page for the Products table. Macros and Modules Finally, Access provides the capability of creating and using macros and modules. These help produce the action side of a database. They provide a means of acting upon and utilizing the tables, queries, forms, and reports that exist within a database. Macros are simply a set of actions that each performs a specific task within the Access 2000 project. You can define a macro to open a specific report in the Print Preview window, for example. Macros are useful in automating Access 2000. You’ll learn more about macros in Hour 21, “Creating Macros.” Modules are collections of Visual Basic for Applications (VBA) procedures. Access 2000 uses the same built-in programming language as the other Microsoft Office applications. Developing in VBA is essentially identical to Microsoft’s popular application development tool, Visual Basic. VBA as a language is a subset of the standard Visual Basic language. VBA in Access 2000 allows you to create your own custom functions and procedures. You can also programmatically control Access 2000’s underlying database engine. This allows you to, for example, work with data one record at a time and perform some operation on each record. Modules and VBA are beyond the scope of this particular book. However, if you would like more information on them, Sams Teach Yourself Access 2000 in 21 Days or Access 2000 Unleashed, also published by Sams Publishing, provide excellent coverage on these topics.

The Limitations of Access 2000’s Data Store Hopefully, by the time you’ve gotten to this point in your first hour, you’ve come to realize that Access 2000 is a powerful database development tool. However, there are some definite limitations and drawbacks to keep in mind when using Access 2000’s desktop database file. You should consider some of these points when choosing how you will deploy your database. For example, Access 2000 has no built-in backup process. Microsoft SQL Server has built-in backup capabilities and does not require all users to exit the database before the backup can proceed. Access does require the database file to be closed by all users before it can be manually backed up. If you’re using mission-critical data, you might want to consider this point. Of course, there are automated backup procedures that can back up the database file as long as all users have closed their connection to the database. Second, the default Access data store has a limit of 1.2 gigabytes of data per database. For a desktop database, that’s a lot of data. For an Order Entry and Inventory database for a large corporation, that’s probably not going to be enough storage space.

Third, Access 2000 has a limit of 255 total users connected to the default store. Again, if you’re in a large network environment with hundreds or even thousands of users who must have access to the data, you’ll probably need to choose a different database storage mechanism such as SQL Server. Fortunately, as you’ll see in the next section, Access 2000 can serve as a front-end tool working against a SQL Server back-end database. This allows you to overcome these limitations while still working with a user-friendly but powerful database development tool.

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What’s New in Access 2000 Although this book is intended for users who are new to Access 2000, chances are most people have heard about some of the capabilities of previous versions of Microsoft Access. This section describes some the new features brought to the table with Office 2000 in general and Access 2000 in particular. Some of the new features include: • Access Projects: Now you can use Microsoft Access as a front-end database development tool without actually storing the data in the Access file. The Access Project file contains the forms, reports, macros, modules and Data Access Pages. The file contains no tables, queries, or views. These are kept in the back-end database. • Choice of back-end database: With Access 2000, Microsoft has finally taken Access beyond the realm of being simply a desktop database. As you’ll learn throughout this book, you can now use Access to develop databases in a client/server environment such as Microsoft’s SQL Server. This opens the Access developer to a whole new world of opportunities and capabilities. No longer is Access relegated to the world of data suitable only for a stand-alone computer. You can now use Access as a full-featured development tool for high-powered database platforms. • Data Access pages: Data Access Pages are Web pages that you can create and link to an Access database. These were described in an earlier section in this hour. • Friendlier user interface in the Database window: The main window used in Access has been made more user-friendly. For example, menus have been segregated into sets of commonly used and less-used items. Also, you can have Access automatically move menu items you use most often to the top of the menu. • Subdatasheets: Using subdatasheets allows you to view data in a hierarchical mode. You can drill down to related data. For example, when viewing orders in a datasheet, you can drill down to the line items on the order within the same datasheet. • Web Folders: This is a new feature of Office 2000 that allows you to link your Windows Explorer file system to Web servers. If the Web server supports the FrontPage extensions, you can open and save Access databases (and any other file) on a Web server easily using Web Folders. • Office Clipboard: Using the new Office Clipboard, you can copy multiple items, at different times and from different applications, and paste them all at one time.

Summary This hour has provided an introduction to Access 2000 and its components. By now you should be in a position to move on to the next hour, “Installing Access 2000 and Choosing a Data Store,” where you’ll learn about installing and choosing a back-end data storage mechanism.

Workshop The Workshop is designed to help you anticipate possible questions, review what you’ve learned, and begin thinking ahead to putting your knowledge into practice. The answers to the Quiz are in Appendix A, “Quiz Answers.” Q&A Q A

Q A Q A

Q A

How did you create the Order Entry database? Run Access 2000. In the initial dialog box, select the Access database wizards, pages, and projects option button in the Create A New Database Using option group. Select the Order Entry icon in the New Database dialog that appears next and follow the steps the Database Wizard provides. If you do not see the Access database wizards, pages, and projects choice, you did not install that wizard when you installed Access 2000. Refer to Hour 2 for details on doing so. Do all the tables in my database need to be related in some way? No. You can have tables that are not related to any other table. However, you’ll find that this will be a rare case because your data will almost always be interrelated in some way. Does creating an index for a field require that the field contain unique values throughout all the data stored in the table? No. You can create indexes on fields regardless of the data that will be contained in the field. However, you can create a unique index that requires such uniqueness. This is a property of the index. A special index known as a primary key is a unique index that can be used to identify each record in a table. I have a form which I would like to use to print the data for more than one record. Can this be done? The best way to do this is to create a report based on this form. You can do this easily by selecting the form in the database window, right-clicking the mouse, and selecting Save As Report from the shortcut menu. The form will be converted to a report that can be used like any other report.

Quiz 1. 2. 3. 4.

What, exactly, is Access 2000? What is the primary purpose for using an index? What is the primary purpose of a query or view? What is the maximum size of the default data store for an Access 2000 database?

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Hour 2 A Quick Tour of Access 2000

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Timothy Buchanan This hour gives you a quick tour of the various windows and dialog boxes that Access 2000 uses. Even if you already are familiar with previous versions of Access, it is a good idea to take a look at the changes that Access 2000 brings. The highlights of this hour include • How to install Access • Different ways to start Access • Opening databases • Looking around the database window • Main database objects and their relationships • Closing, saving, and backing up a database • Exiting Access

Before You Install Access 2000 Access 2000 will need to be installed on your computer before you can use it. The whole process is simple, and you should be using Access 2000 within 30 minutes of starting the installation process. If you choose to install Access 2000 along with the other applications in Office 2000, allow 45 minutes or more for a full installation. The Access 2000 installation process is similar to other Windows 98 products. Note: Although installation is a relatively easy thing to do, if you are installing it on your company’s computer, there might be some considerations you need to know about before you install Access. It is a good idea to check with the department that handles your computer systems to see whether any special circumstances exist.

Software and Hardware Requirements

To run Access 2000 comfortably and successfully, you need an IBM or compatible computer with a Pentium or higher processor and 16 megabytes (MB) of RAM over and above any RAM required by your operating system. I recommend a Pentium 90 or better with at least 32MB of RAM. The more RAM you have, the more applications can be run simultaneously and the better your overall performance will be. You also need between 25 and 75MB of hard drive space, depending on what you choose to install with Access 2000. If you install all the applications in Office 2000, you will need a minimum of 250MB of free hard drive space. You will also need room for all the databases you will be creating. Access 2000 also requires at least a VGA monitor, although an SVGA monitor would be much better. A fast video card is also recommended. A mouse or other pointing device is required to do any work with Access 2000, and if you want to print anything from Access, a printer or access to a printer across your network is required. Note: Access 2000 requires that Windows 95, Windows 98, or Windows NT be installed on your computer. Windows does not come with Access 2000; it must be purchased and installed separately. The rest of this chapter assumes you are using Windows 98 as your operating system. All Office 2000 products also require that Internet Explorer 5.0 be installed on your PC. You can install it at the same time as you install Office or Access 2000, or install it at a different time.

Upgrading to Access 2000 from Access 2.0 or Access 95 If you already own a copy of Microsoft Access 95 or Access 97, you can purchase and install an upgrade version of Access 2000. If you do not own any of the previous versions of Access, you need to purchase a regular copy of Access 2000. Before you decide to upgrade any databases that were created in previous versions of Access, you should consider a few things. First, although you can still open a database that was created in a previous version of Access, you cannot make any design changes to that database until it has been converted to Access 2000. You can change data contained within the database, though. If you will be working with other people who will still be using a previous version of Access, and you need to make design changes to the databases you share with them, you might want to install the older version in a separate place on your computer. That way, you can work with both versions of your database.

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Installing Access 2000 1. Now select Run from the Windows 98 Start menu. 2. Either type in the default setup path to run the Access 2000 setup program, which is usually D:\setup, (D being the letter of your CD-ROM or floppy disk drive), or run Windows Explorer and select the proper drive there and run the Setup program. 3. The setup program first collects information about your PC and how it is set up. The first screen, seen in Figure 2.1, asks for user information, including User Name, Initials, Organization, and CD Key. The CD Key is found on the back of the CD case. You will not be able to install any programs without this security CD Key entered properly. This is your proof of ownership, and you will be asked for it if you call for support, so keep the CD-ROM in a safe place, or at least write down the CD KEY. Select Next to continue.

Figure 2.1 Access Setup information screen. 4. The next screen that Setup displays is your End-User license agreement. This is shown in Figure 2.2. Read the agreement carefully, select the button stating that you accept the License Agreement terms, and hit Next to continue.

Figure 2.2 Access end-user agreement. 5. The next screen, shown in Figure 2.3, has two options, Install Now, and Customize. For a normal installation, click the Install Now button, and Access (or Office) will be installed with the most frequently used options. If you click the Customize button, you can select other features be installed at

this time. For now, go ahead and click the Install Now button. If you try to use an option later that has not been installed, Access will ask you if you want to install it. If you say yes, Access will install it for you. Click the Next button to continue.

Figure 2.3 Access Setup program. 6. Setup will check to see whether any existing copies of Access or other Office components are on your system. You can keep these earlier versions on your PC, or you can remove them after you install the newer version. The Windows Control Panel has an Add/Remove Applications Utility you can use for this purpose. In Figure 2.4, you can see that the install program checks to see whether any other applications are running. You will need to shut any other applications down before continuing with the install process.

Figure 2.4 Access setup program. 7. After the install program finishes copying files, it will need to restart your computer. This is shown in Figure 2.5. Select Yes to continue.

Figure 2.5 The Access Setup program must restaart your computer Depending on what options you have selected, the installation could take anywhere from 20 to 60 minutes. While the installation is taking place, a series of pictures and notes appears on your screen giving information about different features of Access 2000, and how you can use them. When the installation is complete, the install program must restart your computer. This is shown in Figure 2.5. After you select Yes to continue, Windows is restarted, and you are returned to the Windows 98 desktop. After rebooting, Setup will finish updating your registry and start menu. This could take up to 15 minutes depending on your PC. Now you are ready to try out your new applications. A new program in your Start menu is named Microsoft Access.

Choosing Your Database Platform With the introduction of Access 2000, users of Access can now develop and manipulate SQL Server-compatible databases in addition to the standard Access database files. The choice of which engine to use depends on the intent and size of the database, as well as the technical resources you have at your disposal. This section briefly discusses the reasons you might choose one or the other platform. Access 2000 has two native database platforms from which to choose: JET and the Microsoft Data Engine (MSDE). The JET platform has been the standard platform for Access databases since Access was first introduced. The version included with Access 2000 (JET 4.0) is much improved over previous versions. The MSDE is a database engine for Windows 95/98 that’s compatible with the SQL Server 7.0 code base. This means that all of the features found in SQL Server 7.0 are included in the MSDE, but the MSDE can be run on Windows 95/98 machines (SQL Server 7.0 requires Windows NT). When deciding which platform to use, there are a number of factors to consider. First and foremost is your experience and your environment. If you’re developing databases for single or a few concurrent users, or if you’re completely new to databases in general or Access 2000 in particular, you should stick with the standard JET engine. If scalability of data and number of users is now or might be in the future an issue, you should start with the MSDE.

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Factors Affecting Your Platform Decision There are four factors which you should consider if the decision is still up in the air: simplicity, data integrity, number of simultaneous users, and the amount of data.

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On the simplicity issue, the hands-down winner is the JET platform (which is why I recommend it for those new to database development or Access 2000). The requirements for system resources, disk space, and administration are very low compared with the MSDE. If data integrity is a major concern, then the MSDE should be chosen. The MSDE, because it’s built on the SQL Server 7.0 code base, is a client/server data engine. JET, on the other hand, is a file-server data engine. This means that with the MSDE there is an application running behind the scenes to handle the transfer of data from Access 2000 to the physical data storage. This engine performs such tasks as logging database transactions and ensuring transaction integrity. There is also some built-in fault tolerance with the MSDE. In general, the more important it is that your database be available 24 hours a day, seven days a week, the more likely you are to choose the MSDE. The third concern, number of simultaneous users, is often difficult to address at the start of a new project. What starts out as a database intended for a few users can quickly blossom to one being used by hundreds. If this is a possibility, your best bet is to start with the MSDE. Likewise, if you wish to use the Windows NT security model with your database, the MSDE provides this integration. JET does not. If you get beyond the hundreds of users mark, your best bet is a dedicated SQL Server machine (remember, MSDE databases are fully compatible with SQL Server, so upsizing them is not an issue). Finally, there are definite differences in the amount of data accessible by each platform. The JET platform has a maximum databases size of 2 GB (gigabytes) while the MSDE platform can go into the terabyte range (a terabyte is 1000 gigabytes). If your database will grow beyond 2 GB, choose the MSDE platform. Even if you decide, as I recommend, to stick with the JET engine for now, Microsoft provides the Access Upsizing Wizard with the Office Professional Edition. This wizard will recreate your JET database on a SQL Server. Installing the MSDE Platform

While I recommend that you stick with the JET platform for now, and indeed the bulk of this book in general covers the JET platform only, you may have a need to install the MSDE platform on your machine. Microsoft will probably make the steps required to do so a little more streamlined in the future, but as of this writing these are the steps to follow. First off, the MSDE platform is not available in the normal Office 2000 installation program. To install the MSDE platform, locate the CD containing the Office Server Edition (OSE) and Resource Kit. Under the OSE directory on CD 1 is a directory named SQL. This directory contains an x86 directory, which in turn contains a Setup directory. Browse to this directory with Windows Explorer and execute setupsql.exe. The first two dialogs are standard setup application dialogs. On the third dialog you specify where you wish the program files and data files to be installed. Usually the defaults are fine. On the fourth dialog, there are a slew of settings that control how data is stored in the database, how it’s sorted and searched, and how data is handled in Unicode environments (Unicode is a character set that has enough characters for most of the languages in use today). To make the database work like a JET database, leave the default choices. Caution: If you make the incorrect choices on this dialog, and later need to correct them, you’ll have to rebuild all of your databases and reload the data into them. Not a pretty task, so if you’re unsure about any of these choices, refer to the Help file (there’s a Help button on the dialog) or a SQL Server administration text.

In the next dialog you specify which network protocols the MSDE will use to handle network traffic. Because the MSDE is not a file-server database, but a client/server database, it cannot use the network file system to communicate with other machines. Instead, it has its own data transport mechanism. The MSDE can communicate using multiple protocols, but only choose those protocols in use on your network. If you have any concerns, consult the Help file (there’s a Help button on the dialog) or your network administrator. The last dialog simply informs you that the setup application is ready to begin copying the necessary files to your machine. Click Next and it will do so. After the files are copied, the setup application will start and stop the database engine a few times and finally display a dialog informing you that the installation was a success. The MSDE does not ship with any SQL Server management tools other than the SQL Server Service Manager. This application runs either in a window or as a system tray application (the area where you see the clock and other small icons). The Service Manager allows you to stop and start the MSDE. A shortcut to it is placed in your Startup folder so it will run each time you restart your computer. In Hour 4, “Understanding Someone Else’s Database,” you’ll learn how to open or create a database on your new MSDE server. You must make sure that the server is running before you attempt to open or create a database there (the Service Manager makes this simple). Note: The server is installed with a single user, sa, having a blank password.

Starting Access 2000 and Opening a Database There are several ways to start Access 2000. The easiest way is with the Windows Start button. If you have Microsoft Office, you can also start an Access database from the Office toolbar.

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Start Menu When you install Access 2000, a shortcut to Access 2000 is added to the Start button’s Programs menu. The easiest way to start Access is to click the Start button, select Programs, and then select Microsoft Access. This starts Access 2000 and displays the Access startup screen. Windows Explorer You also can select the database you want to load using Windows Explorer. Simply select the database you want to load, double-click the filename, and Windows will start Access 2000 with the database you selected open. Access 2000 databases usually have the .MDB file extension. If you already have Access running when you double-click a database file in Windows Explorer, Windows will start another copy of Access 2000, and open the database you selected. You are allowed to open multiple databases at the same time, using concurrent instances of Access 2000. However, it will not let you open the same database more than once. Microsoft Office Toolbar When you install Microsoft Office and do not customize your installation, an Office shortcut toolbar will automatically load whenever you start Windows. There are two ways to start Access 2000 from this toolbar. You can either select Start a New Document, and choose Blank Access Database, or you can select Open a Document, and select a database you have already created. Opening a Database from Within Access When you load Access, the first screen you see asks you whether you would like to open a database, or create a new database, as shown in Figure 2.6. From this menu, you can select the radio button next to Blank Database to create a new database. If you select Access Database Wizards, Pages, and Projects, a wizard that asks you different questions about the database you want to create, and helps you to create the basic elements will run. If you select Open an Existing File, Access asks you which database you want to open. If the database you want is not shown in the list, select More Files. Access will enable you to choose which database you want to open.

Figure 2.6 Opening an Access database. Note: Don’t worry about that strange-looking paper clip character on the bottom of your screen. That is the new version of the Office Assistant, and you will learn about it in Hour 3, “Getting Help with Help Systems.” You can click Cancel at this screen, and still open a database later.

Opening a Sample Database The sample database used in this book is included with Access 2000, and is called Northwind. To open this database, select the Open an Existing File option and click the Northwind Sample database option. Tip: Even if you did not select to install the Northwind database, you can still try to open it under the Open an Existing File option. Access will ask you if you would like to install it now. Make sure your Access or Office CD is in your CD-ROM drive and click Yes.

Clicking the Northwind database file and selecting the Open button, or just double-clicking Northwind, opens the Northwind database. The Northwind Traders opening screen loads as shown in Figure 2.7.

Figure 2.7 Northwind Traders database splash screen. This splash screen lets you know you have opened the Northwind database and explains a little about the database. You can either click OK to continue, or if you don’t want to see this screen the next time you open the Northwind database, select the check box titled Don’t Show This Screen Again, and click OK.

The Access Window The screen you see in Figure 2.8 is an example of the Access window. This is the Northwind database with the database window maximized. The Access window is the center of all activity regarding your database, and consists of several elements.

Figure 2.8 The Access window. The Access 2000 Title Bar The database window always displays the name of the currently open database in the title bar. The System Menu Button The System Menu button is located in the upper-left corner of the application window, and has the new Microsoft Access 2000 icon, which is a picture of a key on it. When you click this button once, a menu appears that allows you to perform certain tasks, such as restore, move, size, minimize, maximize, and close Access. When you double-click the System Menu button, Access closes automatically. The Minimize and Maximize Buttons The Minimize button is located in the upper-right corner of the screen, and has a picture of a line on it. When you click this button, your application is still running, but it is minimized. You can restore the screen by selecting it from the taskbar. The Restore/Maximize button can be used to maximize your application if it is only taking up part of the screen, or it will restore the screen to its previous size if it is already maximized.

The Close Button The button in the upper-right with the X on it is the close button. This will close Access when clicked, just as if you used the File, Exit menu option. Menu Bar The menu bar contains all the various menu choices. When you click one choice, a menu drops down with more choices. The choices will depend on what you are doing in Access at that time. Toolbar The toolbar is located directly below the menu bar, and is a group of picture buttons that provide shortcuts to many of the menu bar commands. Depending on where you are in Access, and what you are doing, the pictures will vary. The toolbar can be resized and moved to different places on the screen. To move a toolbar, click and hold the cursor on the vertical bar on the far left of the toolbar you want to move. Position it where you would like it to be. Release the mouse button to drop it into place. By selecting View, Toolbars, you can show, hide, select new, or customize other toolbars, and pick between large and small icons.

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The Database Window The database window has two main parts. A list of the types of objects are displayed on the left side of the Database window, whereas the right side of the window displays a list of the objects of the type selected on the left. The list on the left side of the window is called by some the “Folder Bar,” similar to the folder bar in Outlook 2000. This list contains two sections. The top selection, labeled Objects, contains Tables, Queries, Forms, Reports, Pages, Macros, and Modules. The lower section, labeled Groups, contains a group named Favorites. Groups are containers where you can place often-used database objects. To add a new group, simply right click over the Folder Bar and select New Group from the shortcut menu. A New Group dialog box appears, requesting a name for the new group. Enter a name and click the OK button. Now you can drag and drop objects from other lists in the Database window (such as Reports or Queries) onto the new group. To see the contents of a group, simply click its entry in the Folder Bar. The Tables item is the default selection, and you see the different tables that the Northwind database uses. The command buttons are used to place the database object in a different view. You can open, design, or create a new object with these buttons. The list of objects displays a list of all the existing objects of that type in the current database. To display or design an object, you select the name of the object from that list. Note: You also can change the way you view the objects in the list by selecting View from the database window menu bar. The four choices are Large Icons, Small Icons, List, and Details.

Status Line The status line is located at the bottom left of the screen. The left side is reserved for displaying information helpful to whatever you are doing at the time. The right side displays the status of various keyboard settings, such as Caps Lock and Num Lock.

The Seven Main Access Database Objects To understand how to use Access, you must first understand a few basic database concepts. A database is a collection of information regarding a certain topic. A database will help you organize this information in a logical manner for easy understanding. The database in Access is a term for the container that holds all the

data and its associated objects. The seven main objects in Access include tables, queries, forms, reports, pages, macros, and modules. Although some other computer database programs might call the object that actually holds the data a database, Access calls this object a table. Access can only work with one database at a time, but in that database can be hundreds of objects, such as tables, queries, and forms. They all are stored in one Access file. The heart of the Access database is the table. Tables A table is used to hold the raw data of the database. You enter your data into tables. Next the table organizes this data into rows and columns. The table list is the default view when you open a database in Access. Queries A query is used to extract only certain information from a database. A query can select groups of records that fulfill certain conditions. Forms can use queries so only certain information will appear on the screen. Reports can use queries to print only certain records. Queries can be based on tables or on other queries. Queries can be used to select, change, add, or delete records in your database. An example of a query in the Northwind database is shown in Figure 2.9.

Figure 2.9 A query from the Northwind database. Forms Forms can be used in a variety of ways, but the most common ways are as data entry and for display. Data entry forms are used to help users enter data into tables quickly, accurately, and easily. Forms display data in a more structured way than a normal table does. You can change, add, delete, or view records from a table using a form. Display forms are used for the selective display of certain information from a given table. An example of a typical form in the Northwind database (the Sales Analysis form, to be exact) is shown in Figure 2.10.

Figure 2.10 The Sales Analysis form from the Northwind database. Reports Reports present the data you select in a printed format. Reports can be based on tables to show all the data from the given table, or they can be based on queries to show only information that meets certain criteria. The reports can also be based on multiple tables and queries to show complex relationships that exist in your data. Access has many default reports that you can easily create to display your data in any way you might require. An example of a report in the Northwind database is shown in Figure 2.11.

Figure 2.11 Example report from Northwind database. Pages Pages are new to Access 2000, and are more formally called Data Access Pages. Pages are HTML documents that can be bound directly to data in a database. These documents are very similar to Access forms, but they are designed to be viewed with Internet Explorer. One big difference between Data Access Pages and forms is that the Pages are saved to a different file than the Access database, whereas forms are stored within your database file. This is because the Pages are designed to be used with an Internet browser (specifically for

Internet Explorer 5.0) and they make use of dynamic HTML. An example of a Page is shown in Figure 2.12.

Figure 2.12 An example of a Data Access Page, a feature new to Access 2000. Note: To use and design Data Access Pages, you must have Microsoft Internet Explorer 5.0 installed on your PC. Earlier versions of Internet Explorer will not work with these pages. For more information on how to link your Access database to the Web using Data Access Pages, see Hour 24, “Access 2000 and the Web.”

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Macros Macros help automate repetitive tasks without having to write complex code or learn a programming language. You will be introduced to macros in Hour 21, “Creating Macros.”

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Modules Modules are user-written functions using Visual Basic for Applications. This book does not cover modules. A good source on modules is Access 2000 Unleashed by Sams Publishing.

Relationships There are a few things to think about before you design your first database. One very important tool is relationships. Figure 2.13 shows the relationship diagram for the Northwind database. This can be a tricky topic, but it is important to the overall design and function of your database. I will go into more detail later, but for now here are a few items to think about. Tables should be related to each other so information in one table can be accessed by other tables. Most of the time, several tables will be related to one another. These tables are related by having certain fields in each table that share common values. The field names do not have to be the same, but the values have to match. Using good table and relationship design helps prevent you from storing the same data in two different places. Eliminating duplicate date not only saves time, but helps keep your data accurate as well. This might seem complicated right now, but keep it in mind as you continue throughout the book.

Figure 2.13 The Northwind database Relationship diagram.

Saving, Backing Up Databases, and Exiting Access When you are done working on your database, there are several ways to quit Access. You can choose Exit

from the File menu, click the Close button at the top right of the title bar, or double-click the command button. Just make sure you never simply turn off your computer without closing Access first. You will corrupt your database, and you might lose data. If you want to turn off your computer when you are done with Access, you must first exit Access, go to the Start menu, and then shut down to avoid a loss of data. It is always a good idea to back up your database often. If you keep a copy of important databases in two different locations, the chance of a complete loss of information is greatly reduced. You will also want to back up the Northwind database before you begin to work with it. To back up this database, you need to use Windows Explorer as your Web browser. In Explorer, select the Northwind files, as shown in Figure 2.14. Click on the database file you want to back up and drag it to the directory in which you want to save the database files. It is also a good idea to back up very important databases on a floppy disk, or onto your network hard drive if you have access to one. Keep a copy on floppy disk at a different location than your PC in case of fire or other damage.

Figure 2.14 The Northwind database Access files in the Windows Explorer. Caution: Remember to always exit Access properly, or you run the risk of losing data!

Summary This hour provides a quick tour of what Access 2000 has to offer. This chapter samples the various windows and dialog boxes that Access 2000 uses, as well as a few topics you should think about before designing your first database. You should now know how to install Access, open and close a database, and exit Access. Keep in mind that Access 2000 has many more things to offer.

Workshop The Workshop is designed to help you anticipate possible questions, review what you’ve learned, and begin thinking ahead to putting your knowledge into practice. The answers to the Quiz are in Appendix A. Q&A Q A Q A

Q A

Why are tables so important to Access? They not only hold the raw data that all objects use, they also use relationships to maintain data integrity and accuracy. Why do I need to exit Access before I shut off my computer? Access has many different internal files open when it is running, and if you shut off the computer before saving and exiting Access properly, these files are left open, and database corruption and data loss can result. Can I run Access 97 and Access 2000 at the same time? You can have both versions on your computer at one time, but databases created in Access 2000 cannot be used in versions of Access prior to Access 97. Also, any databases created in earlier versions of Access can only have their data modified (but not their database design) in Access 2000 until you convert them.

Quiz 1. Why are relationships between objects important to the design of your database? 2. What are the seven main database objects used in Access 2000? 3. How do you save your database in Access 2000?

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Hour 3 Getting Help with Help Systems

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Timothy Buchanan In this hour, I explain how to find topic information using the online Help systems. After you complete this hour, you will be able to find help and more information on any Access 2000 topic. Topics for this hour include the following: • Using the Office Assistant • Getting help using the standard Help menus • Browsing Help using Contents and Index

Examining Ways to Get Help Now that you know the basics of starting Access, you probably need some help learning more about the program. Online Help systems provide a reference tool and information about various Access tasks. The questions you might have can be answered in many ways, and several online functions are available to help you: • Office Assistant • Standard Windows Help menus • Screen tips Many of the examples in this chapter make use of the Northwind sample database that ships with Access 2000. If you haven’t already done so, you might want to open it so that you can follow along. Note: Hour 2, “A Quick Tour of Access 2000,” explained how to start Access and open the Northwind sample database. To open the Northwind database, start Access, select the Open an Existing Database option, and double-click the More Files option. The Northwind database default location when Access 2000 is installed with Office 2000 is C:\Program Files\Microsoft Office\Office\Samples. It might be in a different location on your PC.

Using the Office Assistant One of the first things you notice when starting Access 2000 is a new, curious-looking creature in a box at the bottom right-hand corner of the screen. This is the Office Assistant—a feature in all the applications in the Office 2000 suite. His main function is to help you with any questions or problems you might have with any Office 2000 product. To activate the Office Assistant, click on him with your mouse. After you click the Office Assistant, press F1, or select Help, Microsoft Access, a menu is displayed by the Office Assistant listing several options, as shown in Figure 3.1. Your list might look slightly different, depending on your setup. You can also press F1 to open the Office Assistant.

Figure 3.1 Using the Office Assistant menu. Note: The screen shots in this book might look different from the screen on your PC. Different resolution settings, colors, and choice of Office Assistant can make the screen shots different from what you are viewing on your own PC. Don’t worry about the differences; just concentrate on the information I discuss.

Under the heading “What would you like to do?,” a few context-sensitive Help topics are listed that are relevant to what you currently are doing in Access. You can view even more topics by clicking the See More topic at the bottom of the list. Below this option is a text box with room for you to type a request or Help question. If you need help but are not exactly sure which Help topic you should select, this is a good place to start. You can type a question using plain English, without relying on technical language. Or, you can just type one or two words related to the Help topic for which you are searching, as shown in Figure 3.2. After you finish typing, click the Search button. You then see Help topics that are related to the question you typed.

Figure 3.2 Searching for a Help topic. You can click the Options button to change the capabilities and functions of the Office Assistant. If the Office Assistant is not set up to open when you hit F1, you can select Help, Show the Office Assistant from the menu. Note: The default Office Assistant is Rocky the Dog, but you can change your Office Assistant by right-clicking him and clicking Options or Choose Assistant. You can choose from a number of different Assistants, including an Albert Einstein assistant, a bouncing rubber ball, Mother Nature, or F1 the robot. They all work the same way, but are a rather amusing distraction, so have some fun, play around with them, and see the different animations they each provide.

Using the Help Topics Dialog Box If you get a little annoyed with the Office Assistant, the standard Windows 98 Help systems are also available. You can turn the Office Assistant off using the Options button. With the Office Assistant turned off, you can choose Help, Microsoft Access Help; or hit F1 to display Access’s Help Topics dialog box, as shown in Figure 3.3.

Figure 3.3 The Microsoft Access Help dialog box with the Contents tab selected. The Help Topics dialog box shows you a few ways to get started with Access 2000. This dialog box offers three options: • Contents: Displays the default view in the table of contents, as shown in Figure 3.3. After you click

a topic, a menu of subtopics appears. • Answer Wizard: Enables you to type in a question in plain English, and displays topics that should help you with your question. • Index: Displays an alphabetical listing of the Help topics available to you. You can scroll through the list or type the first few letters of the topic on which you want to get help. Tip: If you have used a previous version of Access, you might want to use the default Help menu, which provides information on the new features of Access 2000. This information is listed under the What’s New topic.

The Contents Tab The list of Help topics under the Contents tab is very general. Book icons designate general topics. Double-click a book icon to display more specific topics. You can double-click an open topic to close it. Double-clicking the general topics leads you to specific Help topics, which are indicated by open-book icons and page icons, as shown in Figure 3.4.

Figure 3.4 Viewing specific topics indicated by the book and page icons.

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The Index Tab You can click the Index tab to search for help alphabetically. Type the first few letters of the help topic for which you are searching, and the menu jumps to the topics that start with those letters, as shown in Figure 3.5. Double-click a topic, or select the topic and click the Display button, to view the help topic.

Figure 3.5 Using a shortcut to search for help When a Help topic is displayed, some words appear underlined, as shown in Figure 3.5. If you click these words, which are called hyperlinks, you are taken to a new area with more information on that specific word or topic. When viewing these Help topics, you can click the Back button to return to the previous Help topic. You can click Help Topics to return to the main Help menu. Tip: One good shortcut involves the right mouse button. Access 2000 uses the right mouse button for many different options. Right-clicking different parts of the database gives you several shortcut options for that part of the database. Experiment with the parts of the database to see what shortcuts you can use.

ToolTips You can get help on using the toolbar tools by viewing ToolTips. When you move the mouse pointer to one of the toolbar tools and leave the mouse pointer on the tool for a moment, Access displays the name of the selected tool in a small box next to the pointer. This is a ToolTip, as shown in Figure 3.6.

Figure 3.6 Placing your cursor over a toolbar button to preview the action that the icon performs.

Screen Tips Screen tips are similar to ToolTips but usually provide more information. Screen tips give you a short explanation about the various parts of Access. They consist of text only, displayed in a rectangle. Screen tips provide a paragraph about the topic, whereas ToolTips consist only of a word or two. You use screen tips by clicking the Help icon on the toolbar or choosing Help, What’s This? You then click the area of the screen that you want information on, and Access displays a screen tip consisting of a paragraph of text about the item you selected, as shown in Figure 3.7.

Figure 3.7 Using screen tips to learn about the Tables tab. Tip: You also can press Shift+F1 to access screen tips related to the part of the screen where your cursor is located.

The Microsoft Office on the Web Option You might have noticed an option on your Help menu called Office on the Web (see Figure 3.8). Clicking this menu item causes Access to log onto the Internet (if necessary) and take you to the Web page with Help related to the topic you selected.

Figure 3.8 Using the Help menu to access the Internet and view Help related to a specific topic.

Summary In this hour, I explained how to find topic information using the online Help systems. There are many different ways to get help using Access 2000. The most popular and easiest ways to get help are covered in this hour.

Workshop The Workshop is designed to help you anticipate possible questions, review what you’ve learned, and begin thinking ahead to putting your knowledge into practice. The answers to the Quiz are in Appendix A. Q&A Q A

Q A

What other Office Assistants are available for use? Access 2000 gives you six different Office Assistants: The Dot, F1 the Robot, The Genius, Office Logo, Mother Nature, and Rocky the Dog. They all perform exactly the same, but each provides a way to make your desktop unique. Microsoft will probably add more assistants. Check its Web site at http://www.microsoft.com/office. What kind of help is available on the Microsoft Web pages? All kinds of help and news on Microsoft products are available on the Microsoft Web pages (http://www.microsoft.com/office). Tips, free software downloads, and more information is available.

Quiz 1. Where can you get help on the Internet? 2. How do you access Help? 3. Can you browse for Help?

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Part II Editing Data in an Existing Database Hour 4 Understanding Someone Else’s Database 5 Using the Datasheet View 6 Using an Existing Table 7 Using Existing Queries 8 Editing Data in Forms 9 Displaying Data in Reports

Hour 4 Understanding Someone Else’s Database Timothy Buchanan This hour helps you quickly understand the basic design of a database that someone else has developed and to make changes to that database as necessary. You learn about the following topics in this hour: • Examining startup options • Reviewing security levels • Understanding existing relationships • Establishing referential integrity • Using encryption • Using the Database Documenter Note: Several concepts covered in this hour are too complicated to be discussed completely within the scope of this book. I will cover the basic topics related to understanding an existing database.

Viewing the Splash Screen You might have noticed when loading the Northwind database that a splash screen appears first. This screen simply tells you a little about the database, but this feature also can be used as a security measure. Some databases use the AutoExec option or the Startup macro to display the splash screen to prevent you from accessing other parts of the database. This way you can show the user just the main menu and hide the other elements of the database. Using this method the user can still access the rest of the database, but they first have to exit the menu. You can skip this opening screen by pressing Shift while the database is loading. This prevents the AutoExec macro from executing. Note: A macro is an Access database object that enables several menu item actions to take place at once. The Startup macro is a macro that executes automatically when the database is opened, usually running a “splash screen” and opening forms. You’ll learn about these and other types of macros in Hour 21, “Creating Macros.”

Opening a Microsoft SQL Server Database Access 2000 is a very versatile database development application. Not only can it work with native Access database files, but it can also be used to create and modify the design of Microsoft SQL Server databases. While SQL Server database administration is beyond the scope of this book, it’s important that you at least know how to use Access 2000 to open a SQL Server database. Access 2000 works with SQL Server databases through the use of Access Project (ADP) files. These files contain the information necessary for Access to connect to the SQL Server database they represent. Access 2000 provides two ways to create new ADP files: one for a new SQL Server database and one for an existing SQL Server database. Both of these options are found on the General tab of the New Database window (see Figure 4.1).

Figure 4.1 The New Database dialog box, showing the Project (Existing Database) and Project (New Database) icons. To work with SQL Server databases, you must have the SQL Server client access modules installed on your system. Additionally, you must have the client configuration set properly for your network protocols and the particular SQL Server machine to which you’ll connect. All of this is beyond the scope of this book and should be set up by a system administrator, particularly if you’re using an enterprise-based machine. Once you have these items in place, you can proceed to create your Access Project file. If the database already exists on the SQL Server, double-click the Project (Existing Database) entry in the New Database dialog box. If you’re creating a new database on the SQL Server machine, use the Project (New Database) entry. In either case, the File New Database dialog box appears. This is a standard File Open/New dialog box. Enter a name for your project files (which have an extension of ADP) and pick an appropriate folder. Then click the Create button. If you choose the Project (Existing Database) entry, the Data Link Properties dialog box, shown in Figure 4.2, appears.

Figure 4.2 The Data Link Properties dialog box, where you enter the information necessary to connect to an existing SQL Server database. This dialog box has three steps. You enter the name of the SQL Server machine (in step 1 of the dialog box),

your login information required to gain access to the SQL Server (in step 2), and the name of the database which you’re opening (in step 3). If SQL Server is version 7.0, and you’ve entered proper login information, you will be able to drop down the list box in step 3 and see a list of the databases to which you have access. After the dialog box is completed, you can click the Test Connection button to validate everything. If all is well, you’ll get a success message. Otherwise you’ll get a message box informing you of the errant entry or possible communication problem with the SQL Server. Click the OK button to connect to the database. Access will populate the various sections of the Database window, as shown in Figure 4.3.

Figure 4.3 The Database window connected to a SQL Server. If instead of an existing database, you choose the Project (New Database) entry on the New Database dialog box, Access will launch the Microsoft SQL Server Database Wizard instead of the Data Link Properties dialog box. This wizard is shown in Figure 4.4.

Figure 4.4 The Microsoft SQL Server Database Wizard, for creating a new SQL Server database. Note: This wizard is not installed under the typical installation. However, Access will prompt you to install it thanks to the “Install on First Use” feature of Office 2000 Setup. You’ll obviously need to install it if you wish to create SQL Server databases in this manner.

Here you enter a server name, the login information (you must have CREATE DATABASE permission on the SQL Server you specified in order to create a new database there), and a name for the new database. The wizard provides a default name that’s based upon the Access Project filename you specified on the File New Database dialog box. After the information is entered, click the Next button. Since the wizard only has two dialog boxes, this is its final dialog box. Click Finish to create the new database. After it’s created, you’ll find yourself at the Database window ready to add the objects (such as tables, views, and stored procedures) needed in your database.

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Looking at the Types of Security Two general types of database security are available in Access 2000. The first and simplest is password security. Databases that have this type of security display a Password Required screen when you try to load the database, as shown in Figure 4.5.

Figure 4.5 Entering your password so you can load the database. If you do not enter the correct password, you cannot open the database. If you type the correct password, you are allowed to open the database, and you also are granted rights to view and edit all objects in the database. Tip: If the database you tried to load displays a Password Required screen when you open it and you do not have the password, you must get the correct password from the database designer before you can log on. You will not be able to open the database until you get the password.

The second type of security is user-level security, and it is more flexible and extensive than simply setting a password. This form of security is similar to a network system’s security. Users have to enter a user ID and password when they open databases that have security passwords enabled. These users are defined as members of a group in the workgroup information file. Each group is given permissions that regulate what they are allowed to do with each object in the database. See Hour 23, “Database Administration,” for more on permissions. Note: If you cannot access the whole database, or if it is difficult to access all parts of a database, the database you are trying to change is probably using user-level security. The easiest thing to do is to contact the original database designer and have him remove the security. If you cannot do that, you can remove user-level security, but it is beyond the scope of this book to explain how. You can find more information about this by searching for the Help topic “Removing User-Level Security.”

Working with Encrypted Databases Encrypted databases are another potential problem when working with someone else’s database. Encrypted databases are databases that have been compacted and made indecipherable to a word processor or utility program. Access can still open encrypted databases. To decrypt a database, choose Tools, Security, Encrypt/Decrypt Database. Next specify the database you want to decrypt and click OK. Now specify the name, drive, and folder you want for the decrypted database, and then click OK. This process creates a new, decrypted copy of your original database. The old, encrypted, database still exists on your computer. Note: You must have enough disk space for both the original database and the decrypted database. For example, if the database is 5MB, you need at least 10MB of hard drive space or you get an error.

Caution: Encrypting a database does not restrict access to any of the database objects. You must implement user-level security in order to restrict access.

Examining Relationships After you can open and change the objects of the database, the next topic you need to consider is the relationships between the objects in the database. As you might remember from Hour 2, “A Quick Tour of Access 2000,” relationships are the way objects are linked together to ensure data integrity. To view the relationships of objects, you can open the Relationships window. Make sure that the database is loaded and that the Database window is active. Press F11 if you do not know whether the Database window is active. Click the Relationships button on the toolbar or choose Tools, Relationships from the menu. If any relationships exist in this database, the Relationships window is displayed. If no relationships are defined, the Add Table/Queries dialog box appears. Figure 4.6 shows the Relationships window for the Northwind database.

Figure 4.6 Viewing the Northwind database Relationships window. You can use the Relationships window to see which tables and fields are related to one another. You can use this information to build a blueprint of how the database is designed. The different symbols represent the types of relationships that exist between the database objects. The 1 symbols represent the “one sides” in one-to-one or one-to-many relationships, and the infinity symbols represent the “infinity sides” in one-to-many relationships. Relationships are important to the overall design of a database for many reasons. Relationships between objects are used to maintain referential integrity. Referential integrity refers to a system of rules that Access 2000 uses to ensure that relationships between records in related objects remain valid and that related data is not accidentally changed or deleted. A well-designed database uses referential integrity to ensure data validity.

Using the Database Documenter The Database Documenter is a tool that first was included with Access 95. You can use it to easily explore the database design and objects. You can view the table design for a table in your database by choosing Tools, Analyze, Documenter, as shown in Figure 4.7. You can also print the table design after viewing it. This feature is not installed automatically when you install Access 2000. If you did not choose to install it, Access 2000 will ask you if you want to install it now.

Figure 4.7 Viewing Northwind’s table design in the Database Documenter. After you open the Database Documenter, a form appears in which you can choose which database objects you want to analyze. You can select the All Object Types tab to display a list of all the object types in the

database, as well as different options for printing. You can also click the Options button to access additional options that enable you to select the information to print about your database. You can even print all the field names, their properties, and their indexes. After you select the information you want to display, Access displays this information in a report. You can then simply view this information or print it. Note: You can use the Database Documenter Report to document all the tables, queries, forms, and other objects to tell you more about the database with which you are working. Print out a copy of this report for future reference. Figure 4.8 shows the Database Documenter report for the Northwind database.

Figure 4.8 The Database Documenter Report for the Northwind database.

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Summary This hour discussed ways to quickly learn and understand the basic design of a database that someone else has developed and to make changes to that database as necessary. Security and encryption of databases were also covered.

Workshop The Workshop is designed to help you anticipate possible questions, review what you’ve learned, and begin thinking ahead to putting your knowledge into practice. The answers to the Quiz are in Appendix A. Q&A Q A Q A

What can you do with a Startup macro? You can use the Startup macro to open any database object such as forms, reports, queries, or tables. Any action performed by the menu can be performed in a macro. Why should you use relationships? Relationships are a very important feature of any database program. Relationships ensure that your data is valid and that there is no unnecessary duplication of data.

Quiz 1. How do you skip the startup screen when a database loads? 2. How can you look at the relationships in a database? 3. Can you save the results of a database documentation?

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Hour 5 Using the Datasheet View

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Craig Eddy Access 2000 provides a variety of ways to view and work with data, whether that data resides in tables or is returned by queries. There are forms, Datasheet views, Data Access Pages, Print Preview windows, and printed reports. This hour provides an introduction to the Datasheet views, which, except for forms, you’ll probably use more often than any other window in Access. This chapter covers the fundamentals of working with the Datasheet view. In future hours, you’ll build on this knowledge while delving into the specifics of the hour’s topic. The highlights of this hour follow: • An Overview of the Datasheet Windows • Toolbars Used • Sorting the Datasheet • Finding and Filtering Records • Working with Records in the Datasheet • Data Entry Shortcuts • Working with Subdatasheets

An Overview of the Datasheet Windows Datasheet views are very similar to Excel spreadsheets. An example is shown in Figure 5.1. As you can see, data is displayed in a row and column format. Each row represents a single record in the table or query results. Each column represents a field in the table or returned by the query. Tables, queries, and forms all have Datasheet views available.

Figure 5.1 A typical Datasheet window. Note: Not all forms have a Datasheet view. For example, the Main Switchboard form does not display any data, thus rendering a Datasheet view useless.

You can use the row and column headings for various editing functions or to sort and filter the information. Using the + sign in the first column, you can expand the subdatasheet to show records related to the selected record. Subdatasheets are described later in this chapter. You can also format the way the data is displayed within the datasheet, as well as print or export that data. The remainder of this hour will cover the basics of working with the Datasheet views. If you want to work along with the text, open the Northwind sample database that you installed with Access 2000.

Toolbars Used In Access 2000, as well as most other Office 2000 products, you’ll make heavy use of the toolbars to perform common functions. These are the rows of buttons just below the application’s main menu. They provide a way to use common features with a single click of the mouse. This section provides you with an introduction to the Datasheet toolbar, which is a collection of the more useful toolbar buttons present while a Datasheet view is active. The Datasheet toolbar is shown in Figure 5.2. Table 5.1 follows with a brief explanation of each button. This hour I’ll only be concerned with the buttons specific to datasheets, so my discussion will start with the Sort Ascending button.

Figure 5.2 The Datasheet view toolbar. Table 5.1 The Toolbar Buttons of the Datasheet Views Icon

Name

Description

Sort Ascending

Sort the datasheet’s records from last to first using the selected or current column to sort on. Sort the datasheet’s records from first to last using the selected or current column to sort on. Filter the datasheet so that only records having the same value in the selected field will remain in the datasheet. If only a portion of the field’s value is selected, any records that have the same matching portion will remain. Filters the datasheet based on data you enter into a form which is opened when you click this button. This allows you to filter on more than one field at a time. If a filter is not active, applies the last defined filter. If a filter is active, removes the filter and returns the datasheet to its original contents. Searches the currently selected column for a value which you specify. The matching records are found one at a time. If the datasheet is updatable, allows you to enter a new record into the database. If the datasheet is updatable, allows you to delete the currently selected record or records.

Sort Descending Filter by Selection

Filter by Form

Apply/Remove Filter

Find New Record Delete Record

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Sorting the Datasheet One of the most useful features of a database application is its capability to sort data. Access 2000, likewise, has a powerful sorting tool you can use with the click of a button.

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The records displayed in the datasheet window can be sorted on a single column by simply highlighting the column and then clicking the appropriate toolbar button. You can sort the data in either ascending (first to last) or descending (last to first) order. To sort on more than one column, the columns must be adjacent to one another in the datasheet window. You must highlight each column on which you want to sort. Access will then sort the records starting with the leftmost of the selected columns. You can sort any type of data except fields that have data types of Memo, Hyperlink, and OLE Object. The Memo and OLE Object data types do not lend themselves to efficient sorting and the Hyperlink data is really not in a format that can be sorted. Hyperlink fields contain addresses of objects which are in a variety of formats (such as http://www.mcp.com or ftp://ftp.mcp.com). There are two toolbar buttons that are used in sorting: the Sort Ascending button and the Sort Descending button. If the column on which you want to search has the focus (that is, has the cursor in it), you can click these buttons to sort the data. You can also use the Records, Sort flyout menu and select either Sort Ascending or Sort Descending. If you want to sort on multiple adjacent columns, simply select the columns by Shift-clicking in the column header for each column and then clicking the appropriate sort toolbar button or using the appropriate menu item. To return the datasheet’s data back to its original sort order, use the Records, Remove Filter/Sort menu item. To try out some sorting, open the Northwind sample database that you should have installed when you installed Access 2000. Open the Customers table in Datasheet view by clicking on the Tables section in the Objects group of the Database window, selecting the Customers table, and clicking the Open button. Let’s first sort on the Contact Name field. Select the column by clicking on the words Contact Name in the column header. Now click either the Sort Ascending toolbar button, or click the right mouse button and select Sort Ascending in the shortcut menu. The data is now sorted by the Contact Name field. Return the datasheet to its default sort order by using the Records, Remove Filter/Sort menu item. The data is now back

the way it was before you sorted it.

Finding and Filtering Records Another feature that makes databases useful is their capability to find and to filter data. Being able to find and to filter means that you can locate and work with the specific information that you’re interested in at a particular time. The difference between finding and filtering in a Datasheet view is that when you perform a find, you’ll locate a single record at a time. Enacting a filter, however, will find multiple records by narrowing down the data displayed in the datasheet to the records that match your filter specifications. Finding Records First let’s look at how the find feature works. Open the Northwind database’s Customers table again. Click in the Contact Title field’s column. Click the Find button on the toolbar. The Find and Replace dialog appears, with the Contact Title field already selected in the Look In drop-down list (see Figure 5.3).

Figure 5.3 The Find and Replace dialog box. Enter Owner in the Find What text box and click the Find Next button. The first record with Owner in the Contact Title field is selected. Click Find Next to locate the next record with Owner in the Contact Title field. Access indicates the found record by highlighting the Find What text and making the record in which it was found the current record (the leftmost column has a right-facing triangle in it). Keep going, clicking on the Find Next button until you’ve located all of them (not really, but I’m trying to make a point here, as you’ll see in the next section). Filtering by Selection Finding records in this manner is a bit tedious. And you really can’t do a whole lot with the records you do find because they’re being located one at a time and as soon as you move to the next record, you’ve lost touch with the previous record you found. Here’s where filters come to the rescue: Filters will weed out any records that do not match your criteria. The datasheet will be populated with only the records matching the filter. Let’s try it. If the Find and Replace dialog is still open, close it by clicking the Cancel button. Click in the Contact Title column for one of the records which has Owner in this column. Click the Filter by Selection toolbar button. Now the datasheet should appear as in Figure 5.4. Only the records whose Contact Title equals Owner are left in the datasheet. You can now print this datasheet or export the data to some other file. A little more useful than Find, don’t you think?

Figure 5.4 The Customers table filtered by Contact Title equals Owner. Click the Remove Filter button to return the datasheet to its original contents. Now, click it again to see that the previous filter’s criteria are still active. Using Filter by Form Now let’s look at the Filter by Form feature. This allows you to filter across multiple fields at once. Click the Filter by Form button. The window changes to a single row grid with Customers: Filter by Form in the title bar (see Figure 5.5). Notice that in the Contact Title field the Owner criteria is already present. Scroll over to the Country field using the horizontal scrollbar at the bottom of this window. The drop-down list boxes are populated with the current data from all customers in the database. So, if you open the drop-down list box in the Country field, you’ll see that it’s filled with all the different countries represented by the customers in the database. Select USA in the drop-down list for Country (see Figure 5.6). Click the Apply

Filter toolbar button (it’s the same button as on the normal datasheet toolbar, just in a different location). Now the datasheet contains only two records, both of which have Owner in the Contact Title and USA in the Country.

Figure 5.5 The Customers table’s Filter by Form window.

Figure 5.6 The Customers table’s Filter by Form window showing the Country selection.

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Working with Records in the Datasheet Now that you have the data in which you are interested displayed in the datasheet, it’s time to do some work with that data. This section discusses how you edit the data in a datasheet.

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Most of the editing discussed in this section requires that the datasheet in question be updatable; that is, that you are allowed to update the records. Some queries that you can execute in Access 2000 produce a resulting set of data which cannot be updated. Unfortunately, Access does not always provide a visual cue that a datasheet is not updatable. If you try to type in one of the fields of a datasheet that cannot be updated, you’ll hear a beep and the status bar at the bottom of the Access window will display the following message: This Recordset is not updatable. Adding, Editing, and Deleting Records To add records to an updatable datasheet, click the New Record toolbar button. The cursor is moved to a blank row at the bottom of the datasheet. You should now enter the data for this record. Moving to a different row or closing the datasheet window will cause Access to save your new row. You can also use the Records, Save Record menu item. To edit data in a datasheet, simply select the record and field you want to edit by clicking in its row and column. Make your desired changes and either move to a different row or use the Records, Save Record menu item to save the changes. If you have violated a rule imposed by the database’s design, Access will display a message informing you of the problem. You must either correct the data problem or cancel the edits you’ve made by pressing the Esc key. To delete a record from the datasheet, click in the row for that record and click the Delete Record toolbar button. You can also use the Edit, Delete Record menu item or select the row (by clicking in its row header in the far left column), right-clicking the mouse and selecting Delete Record from the shortcut menu. Again, if there is a database rule that requires this record to be in the database, you will receive a message from Access informing you of this fact. Copying, Cutting, and Moving Records In some instances you might want to copy an entire record and modify only a few of the fields. First, select

the record to be copied by either clicking in the record’s row header or by using the Edit, Select Record menu item. Next use either the Edit, Copy menu item or right-click the mouse and select Copy from the shortcut menu. The record has now been copied to the Windows Clipboard. To add the new copy to the current datasheet, use the Edit, Paste Append menu item. To add the copy to a different datasheet (but with the same fields as the current datasheet), open that datasheet and use the Edit, Paste Append menu item. Caution: WARNING! If you don’t change any of the data in the pasted record before you move to another row in the datasheet, you’ll more than likely cause Access to display an error message. Most tables in an Access database require that at least one field contain a value that’s unique from all the other fields in the table. In the case where you simply paste a copy of another record, you’ll have no data unique from the record which you copied.

To copy a record to the Clipboard and delete it from the current datasheet, use the Edit, Cut menu item or right-click the mouse and select Cut from the shortcut menu. The record has now been deleted and copied to the Windows Clipboard. You can now use the Edit, Paste Append menu item in another datasheet to move that record to the other datasheet. Again, the fields must be identical between the two datasheets.

Data Entry Shortcuts Table 5.2 shows a few of the available shortcut keys you can use when editing data in the datasheet. Table 5.2 Data Entry Shortcut Keys Action

Keystroke

Insert the current date Insert the current time Insert the default value Insert the value from the same field in the previous record Add a new record Delete the current record Save changes Toggle between values in a check box or option button Insert a new record

Ctrl+semicolon (;) Ctrl+colon (:) Ctrl+Alt+spacebar Ctrl+apostrophe (‘) Ctrl+plus sign (+) Ctrl+minus sign (-) Shift+Enter spacebar Ctrl+Enter

Working with Subdatasheets There’s a really cool feature hidden within most datasheets you’ll encounter. Recall Figure 5.1 having the subdatasheet expander column with the plus signs? You can click on those plus to expose the subdatasheet. A subdatasheet shows records from another table or query which are related to the row whose expander you clicked. Figure 5.7 shows the Customers table and the records from the Orders table related to a certain customer.

Figure 5.7 The Customers table with an expanded subdatasheet. You can continue this “drilldown” process with the subdatasheet’s records, if a subdatasheet is available. For example, Figure 5.8 shows the Customers table with a subdatasheet within a subdatasheet. The first subdatasheet shows all the orders related to the selected customer. The inner subdatasheet displays all the line items for the selected order.

Figure 5.8 The Customers table with two levels of subdatasheets expanded. Subdatasheets don’t appear by magic. You have to define the relationships between the tables and inform Access that you want to use the subdatasheet features. This is all explained in Hour 17, “Creating Tables.” When a subdatasheet has the focus, you can perform all the same functions available in the standard datasheet window. This includes formatting and filtering. Note: When you format a subdatasheet, the formatting information will apply to all subdatasheets at the same level as the one with focus. For example, when you expand another order record after you’ve set formatting information for an order details subdatasheet, the newly opened order details subdatasheet will have the same formatting.

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Formatting the Datasheet Not only is the datasheet a handy way to view your data, it can also be a well-formatted way to do so. Access 2000 has many features that enable you to adjust the look and feel of the datasheet window. This section will touch upon a few of these features. Changing Datasheet Formatting By changing the datasheet formatting you can change elements such as the background color and how the cells are displayed graphically. To access these elements, use the Format, Datasheet menu item. The Datasheet Formatting dialog shown in Figure 5.9 appears.

Figure 5.9 The Datasheet Formatting dialog. On this dialog you can choose whether or not to display the horizontal and vertical gridlines, what color and line style to use for the gridlines and the cell background, and whether to make the cells appear flat, raised, or sunken. To change the line style for a specific type of line (such as the datasheet border, horizontal grid lines, or vertical gridlines), select the appropriate entry in the left-hand drop-down list box of the Border and Line Styles frame. The Sample frame of this dialog shows how the datasheet will look if you click the OK button. Changing Datasheet Font You can also change the font used for all text displayed in the datasheet. Use the Format, Font menu item to access the Font dialog shown in Figure 5.10.

Figure 5.10 The Font dialog. Here again there is a Sample frame that displays the results of your font changes. Changing Column Width and Row Height You can also change the width of individual columns and the height of all rows in the datasheet. To resize a column or row, move the cursor to the line in the column or row header that separates the columns and rows. When it’s in the proper position, the cursor will change from a pointer to a sizing cursor. For the column header, this cursor is a vertical line with arrows pointing left and right (see Figure 5.11). For the row header, this cursor is a horizontal line with arrows pointing up and down. You can drag this cursor in the desired direction to either expand or contract the row or column sizing.

Figure 5.11 Column resizing in action. In addition to this method, you can also double-click the mouse when the sizing cursor is active. This will cause the row or column to be sized to fit the data currently displayed in the datasheet. Also, you can use the Format, Column Width and Format, Row Height menu items to display dialog boxes. Note: Access will print the datasheet using the column widths and row heights the same size as they are on the datasheet window.

To move a column to a different place in the datasheet, simply click the column header, hold the mouse button down, and drag the column to its new location.

Printing the Datasheet Now that you’ve seen a basic introduction to using the Datasheet views, it’s time to learn how to print the data. Printing in Access 2000 is about the easiest operation you’ll perform (next to closing a window, which I’ll touch on in the next section), so this won’t take long. After you have your datasheet loaded with the data you’d like to print, use the File, Page Setup menu item to set the output page’s margins, paper orientation, and paper size. Next, use the File, Print Preview menu item to display the output in the print preview window. This gives you a chance to see just how the printout will look and to make any adjustments if necessary. If everything is in order, click the toolbar’s Print button and the datasheet will be output to your default printer. To print using a dialog to choose the printer, select the print range, or set the number of copies to be printed, use the File, Print menu item. The Print dialog box appears where you can set these properties to meet your current needs.

Closing the Datasheet When you’ve finished working with the datasheet, you need to close the window. Click the close button in the upper-right corner of the window. You can also use the File, Close menu item. If you have modified any of the formatting for the datasheet, such as the column widths, font, and so on, Access will prompt you asking whether you want to save these format changes. If you select Yes, then the next time you open that datasheet it will look just like it does now. If you don’t care to save the formatting changes you’ve made, select No.

Summary This hour has introduced you to the basics of working with the Datasheet views. It’s a pretty important topic

because throughout the rest of this venture in learning Access 2000 you’ll be using datasheets quite a few times. The next hour teaches you how to work with existing tables in a database. Here you’ll rely heavily on datasheets to get through the hour. If you need to, review the material in this hour and perhaps work through the examples with a different datasheet than the one I used.

Workshop This section contains a questions and answers section as well as a Quiz to test your knowledge of queries. The Quiz answers are contained in Appendix A, “Quiz Answers.”

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Q&A Q

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A

Q A

What causes Access to display a message box about not being able to delete a record when I attempt to do so? Because Access is a relational database, it is possible to relate rows in one table to rows in another table. This relationship is usually based on a key field in common between the tables. In order to maintain your data’s integrity, it is necessary to maintain this related data throughout the database. Otherwise, you will produce orphan records which are records in one table that point to a record in another table that no longer exists. For example, if you were to delete a customer’s record, but there were still order records which “pointed” to that customer, those order records would be orphans: their corresponding customer record would no longer exist, and you wouldn’t know anything about who had placed that order! If you’re working in a workgroup environment, there’s another possibility: You do not have sufficient permission on the table you’re attempting to delete from. Every user of an Access database has a particular set of security permissions on every object in the database. If your database has not been secured in any way, the default permissions apply and you should be able to delete records. If the database has been secured, it might be that you do not have permission to perform deletions. If this is the case, see your system administrator about changing your permissions. In Hour 23, “Database Administration,” you’ll find more information about database security. Can I change the font of an individual cell in the datasheet? No. Font changes apply to the entire datasheet.

Quiz 1. Which is more useful when you want to print a specific set of records in a datasheet: Find or Filter? 2. Can you sort the datasheet based on more than one column? 3. What differences are there between subdatasheets and standard datasheets?

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Hour 6 Using an Existing Table

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Craig Eddy Tables are the basic building blocks of any database. Tables serve as the repository where information such as names, addresses, product cost, and so on, is actually stored. A true database without some sort of table does not really serve much of a purpose (recall that creating an Access Project file does not really constitute creating a database, so the fact that the project file contains no tables doesn’t violate this rule). I’ve found that the best way to learn how to design and implement databases is to examine existing databases, particularly the table design. This is even more helpful when the database being examined performs a function similar to your current needs. As you saw in the last hour, you can use the Datasheet view to view and edit the data held in a table. In this hour, you’ll learn the basics of working with tables that already exist in a database, and you’ll learn the basics of a table’s structure. The highlights of this hour include the following: • Opening tables • Using the Design and Datasheet views • Looking at the basic structure of tables

Opening Tables When working with an existing database, the place to start is usually with the tables in the database. Tables contain the data being stored in the database. Access’s integrated store and SQL Server databases use a relational database model—the database can contain more than one table, and the tables in the database can be related to one another. To open an existing table, activate the Access 2000 Database window. Make sure the Objects group is exposed. Next click the Tables section. The List view for the Tables section lists the three available table wizards and then displays the names of all the existing tables in the open database. Figure 6.1 shows the

Tables section for the Northwind sample database that ships with Access 2000.

Figure 6.1 The Tables section for the Northwind sample database. Click the name of the table you want to work with. After you select a table, you can perform many different actions on it. You can use the buttons at the top of the Database window to open the table in Datasheet view or Design view. To open the table in Datasheet view, click the Open button. For Design view, click the Design button. You can right-click a table name to see a larger list of available activities useful for existing tables. Right-clicking causes a pop-up menu to appear. In addition to Open and Design, which perform the same functions as the buttons on the Tables tab, this menu contains items such as: • Print and Print Preview: Enable you to print the data in the table. The printout will have the same look as if you had printed the table with the Datasheet View window. • Cut and Copy: Enable you to use the Windows clipboard to cut and paste or copy and paste an entire table—data and all. You can paste a copied or cut table into the currently open database, or into a completely different database. • Save As: Allows you to save the table’s data and the definition to a new table, or to a form, report, or data access page. • Export: Allows you to export the table’s definition and data to an external Access file. You can also export to a different type of file, such as an HTML file or a Microsoft Excel spreadsheet file. • Send To: A flyout menu which provides a mechanism for emailing the table to someone else. • Add to Group: A flyout menu which enables you to organize the objects in the database into groups, providing a more logical way to locate the objects. For example, you might have a group labeled System Tables and one labeled User Tables. The former would contains tables describing the database, the later containing user-entered data. • Create Shortcut: Enables you to create a Windows shortcut to the selected table. You can place the shortcut on your desktop or in any location you specify. • Delete: Enables you to, surprisingly, delete the table as well as any data it contains. Access warns you if the table is involved in any relationships with other tables. You then can instruct Access to remove these relationships and delete the table. • Rename: Enables you to rename the table. You also can rename a table by clicking its name after selecting it. • Properties: Displays the properties of the current table. You also can view the table properties by clicking the Details button on the Database window or choosing View, Details from the main menu. Figure 6.2 shows the Details view for the Tables tab.

Figure 6.2 Using the Tables tab in Details view. You also can perform all these functions by using Access 2000’s main menu. You can create a Windows shortcut by choosing Edit, Create Shortcut, for example.

Using the Design and Datasheet Views In this section, you’ll see how easy it is to view the design and data of existing tables. Make sure that you have the Northwind database open so that you can follow along with the text. Also, activate the Database window by clicking its title bar (if visible), clicking the Microsoft Access button on the Windows Task Bar, or choosing Window, 1 Northwind: Database from the main menu. In this section, you’ll examine the Employees table, so click Employees in the Table list.

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Design View After you select the Employees table, right-click and choose Design or simply click the Design button. This opens the Design view for the Employees table, as shown in Figure 6.3.

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Figure 6.3 Looking at the Employees table in Design view. You can use Design view to examine the structure of the table—the fields contained in the table, as well as the data types and properties of those fields. This topic is examined further in “Examining the Basic Structure of Tables,” later in this hour. Design view is set up in a form/subform arrangement. The grid at the top of the Design View window lists all the fields in the table, their data types, and an optional description for the field. The tabs at the bottom of the form display other properties for the field that is selected in the grid. To view the details of another field, simply click anywhere in the grid row on which it appears. The information displayed in the tabs changes to match the properties for the newly selected field. The leftmost column of the grid at the top of the Design View window displays an arrow on the row of the currently selected field. If the leftmost column of the grid displays a key icon, that field is being used in the primary key for the table. The relational database model requires that every table have a field or fields that can be used to uniquely identify each record stored in the table. This field, or set of fields, is known as the primary key for the table. The tabs at the bottom are divided into General and Lookup. The General tab contains miscellaneous properties for a field. The Lookup tab is used to determine whether the field is related to another table in the database. If it is, the information on the Lookup tab describes how the field’s data is entered whenever the field is displayed on a form or in Datasheet view. Select the TitleOfCourtesy column and click the Lookup tab to see how this process works. Notice the contents of the Row Source property. Now click on the Datasheet View toolbar button and click in the Title of Courtesy column. A drop-down arrow appears in the cell. Click

the drop-down arrow and the list of combo box elements that you saw in the Row Source property of the Design view (see Figure 6.4).

Figure 6.4 Looking at the effect of the Row Source property in in Datasheet view. When you click anywhere in the Design View window, the text at the bottom right of the window changes to describe the currently selected item. Click in the Description column, for example, and the text changes to describe how the Description column is used. For additional information about any item, you can press F1 for context-sensitive help. You’ll visit the table Design View window in more depth in Hour 10, “Modifying an Existing Table.” Datasheet View Next, you’ll look at the Datasheet view. Datasheet views were covered in depth in Hour 5, but I’ll review the specifics of the table Datasheet view here. If you’ve been following along through this hour and still are looking at the Employees table in Design view, simply choose View, Datasheet View to open the Datasheet view. Otherwise, activate the Database window, select the Objects group, click the Tables section, and then click Employees in the list view. Next click the Open button. You also can double-click the table name and open the table in Datasheet view. Figure 6.5 shows the Datasheet view for the Employees table.

Figure 6.5 Looking at the Employees table in Datasheet view. Datasheet view displays the data using a grid or spreadsheet format. The columns represent the fields in the table. The rows are the data records stored in the table. In the Employees table, each row represents an employee. To move around the datasheet, you can use the mouse or the keyboard. Using the mouse, you can click in any cell in the datasheet. Using the keyboard, you can press Tab and Shift+Tab to move from field to field. When you reach the last field in the current row and press Tab again, you are taken to the first field of the next record. The same applies to the first field; if you press Shift+Tab when the cursor is in the first field, you move to the last field of the preceding record. You also can use the arrow keys to move up and down in a column; this moves you from record to record within the same field. To add text to a highlighted field, press F2. Alternatively, you can click on the field you want to edit. To highlight the entire contents of the field, press F2 again. Pressing F2 toggles between Edit and Highlight mode. Caution: If you do not press F2 or you don’t click in the field before typing, you will replace the previous data in the field. To undo this, press the Esc key.

To select an entire record, click the leftmost column of that record’s row (the column with the arrow that signifies the current row). You then can cut, copy, or delete an entire record of data. To add a new employee to the table, click in the last row of the datasheet and enter the appropriate data. You also can append a new row by copying a row and choosing Edit, Paste Append. You should look at a few special fields in the Employees table. First, click in the Title Of Courtesy column. Notice that the edit box changes to a drop-down list box. Click the button with the down arrow to display the available titles in the drop-down list. Click one of the titles, and the field’s value changes to the value you selected. Likewise, the Reports To column displays a drop-down list. The names in this list are actually the names contained in the Employees table. You can see how this is set up by returning to Design view (choose

View, Design View), selecting the ReportsTo field, and clicking on the Lookup tab at the bottom of the Design View window. Another special field is the Photo field. Notice that for every record in the table, the value is Bitmap Image. This signifies that an image object is being stored in the field. Access 2000 can store binary data and OLE objects in fields in the database. To view the image while in Datasheet view, double-click the cell for the employee whose photo you want to view. Microsoft Paint (or possibly another application that has been installed to handle bitmap files) opens, and the photo is displayed. Click the plus sign in the first column. This will display the subdatasheet for the Employees table. By default, the Employees table’s subdatasheet shows related records from the Orders table. Which related table is shown is controlled by the Subdatasheet Name table property (you can modify this by returning to Design View an clicking the Properties toolbar button). You work in the subdatasheet just like you work in the main datasheet.

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Examining the Basic Structure of Tables In this section, you’ll learn all about how a table is constructed. As I said earlier, the best way to learn about database design is by studying existing databases. Here, you’ll examine the design of the Employees table in more detail. If you’ve been following along with the text, you’ll be looking at the Employees table in Datasheet view. If so, choose View, Design View to return to Design view. If you haven’t been following along, open the Employees table in Design view by activating the Database window, selecting the Objects group, clicking the Tables section, selecting the Employees table, and clicking the Design button. Field Names The Field Name column specifies a name for the field (surprised?). The name can be practically anything you want it to be, but you can’t use the same name twice in the same table. The field name is set in the leftmost column of text in the grid at the top of the Design View window. In the Employees table, some of the field names are EmployeeID, LastName, FirstName, HireDate, and ReportsTo. Field names must follow certain rules. They can contain up to 64 characters and can include any combination of letters, numbers, spaces, and special characters except periods, exclamation marks, accent graves, or square brackets. Field names cannot start with spaces or control characters (ASCII values 0 to 31). Note: Although spaces can appear in a field’s name, it’s not advisable to use them. Doing so necessitates the use of square brackets ([]) around the field’s name whenever the field is referred to in a query or another expression. Instead of spaces, most database designers use mixed case, as in the LastName and HireDate fields in the Employees table.

Data Types The Data Type column, which is next to the Field Name column, specifies the type of information stored in the field. The edit box for this column is a drop-down list box. The list contains all the available data types, as well as a Lookup Wizard entry. The available data types include the following: • Text: A string of characters used to store alphanumeric data. The maximum number of characters

you can store in a single Text field is 255. • Memo: Stores long text fields. No maximum is specified by the user, but Access imposes a limit of 64,000 characters. The Notes field is a Memo field. • Number: Stores numeric data. • Date/Time: Stores dates and times. HireDate and BirthDate are Date/Time fields. • Currency: A special numeric data type used for monetary values because it prevents round-off errors during calculations. • AutoNumber: A special numeric data type that can be used for primary key fields. Fields of this data type always are read-only, because Access automatically inserts the next number in the sequence or a random number when a data record is created. The EmployeeID field is an AutoNumber field. • Yes/No: Stores Boolean data, which can contain only one of two values, such as On/Off, Yes/No, or True/False. • OLE Object: A special type of object or component provided by a Windows OLE server. The Photo field is an OLE Object type. • Hyperlink: Stores the text for a hyperlink address. Access enables you to store addresses to Web documents, network files, and local files. The hyperlink also can contain more detailed information, such as a bookmark in a Word document, an object in an Access database, or a range of cells in an Excel spreadsheet. After a Hyperlink field is clicked, Access attempts to load the referenced file or document using the appropriate viewer. As you can see, there’s a data type for just about every occasion. By examining the Employees table, you can get a good feel for which data types are appropriate for your needs. The Lookup Wizard is a wizard that guides you through the steps necessary to populate the Lookup tab. You’ll find Lookup Wizard as the last entry in the Data Type drop-down list. To invoke the Lookup Wizard for a field, select it in the Data Type drop-down list. You will never see a field with the data type set to Lookup Wizard, even if the wizard was used to help populate a field’s Lookup tab properties. Description A short description about the field can be entered in the Description column. The description should provide future viewers of a table’s design (such as yourself) with a complete explanation of the purpose the field serves. Note: If the field is added to an Access form, Access uses the text in the Description column as the default text displayed in the form’s status bar area when the user is editing that field (unless you change the Status Bar Text property of the form control).

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Properties

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Each field in a table has its own set of properties that further define the field and how it’s used in the database. Although an exhaustive look at the different properties is not necessary at this time (field properties are covered in more detail in Hours 10, “Modifying an Existing Table,” and 17, “Creating Tables”), a brief look at a few important properties is in order. The available properties change, depending on which data type is chosen for a field. To verify this, make sure that the General tab at the bottom of the Design View window is active and select fields with different data types in the grid at the top of the Design View window. You’ll see the Properties list at the bottom of the window change. Now take a look at some of the more useful properties.

Field Size The Field Size property is available for the Text and Number data types. For Text fields, the property specifies the maximum number of characters that can be stored in the field for a single record. Access only uses enough disk space to store the data actually entered in the field—not the amount of space required to hold the number of characters specified by the Field Size property. For Number fields, Field Size specifies the type of number that will be stored in the field. The available choices are • Byte: a number from 0 to 255, whole numbers only • Integer: –32,768 to 32,767, whole numbers only • Long Integer: –2,147,483,648 to 2,147,483,647, whole numbers only • Single: can store a very large number and fractional numbers • Double: stores numbers larger than Single • Replication ID • Decimal The choice made in this case does impact the amount of disk space Access uses to store the field, so Field Size should be appropriate to the data being stored. The most common choices you’ll see are Integer, Long Integer, and Double. Long Integer fields can store numbers larger than Integer. Double

fields can store data with numbers to the right of the decimal point.

Caption The Caption property specifies a string to be displayed as the column heading whenever the field is displayed in Datasheet view. Also, if the field is added to a form, this value is used as the caption for the label that is added along with the field. In the Employees table, the Caption property is used to put spaces into the Datasheet view column headers for field names that use mixed case, such as LastName and FirstName. You can use the Caption property to enter any text that appropriately labels the field.

Default Value The Default Value property specifies a value that will be inserted into the field if one is not specified when a record is added to the table. None of the fields in the Employees table specifies a value for the Default property.

Validation Rule and Validation Text The Validation Rule property specifies a test to be performed on any data entered into the field. If the data does not pass the rule, a message box that displays the text specified in the Validation Text property appears. In the Employees table, the BirthDate field specifies a Validation Rule property of 0 in the Criteria row (see Figure 7.7).

Figure 7.7 The Current Product List query with additional criteria.

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Query Properties Like every other object in an Access database, queries have properties. To view the properties specific to the query as a whole, click in the blank area of the Design View’s table pane. Then choose View, Properties or right-click and choose Properties from the shortcut menu that appears. Figure 7.8 shows the Query Properties window. In this hour, you’ll review some of the properties. You’ll get a more in-depth analysis in Hour 11 and in Hour 18, “Creating Queries.”

Figure 7.8 The Query Properties window for the Current Product List query. The Query Properties window can be resized, so if some of the property settings are cut off (such as the Description property), you can resize the window and see more of the information. The Description property is a string that describes the query. This is the same description you see on the Database window’s Queries list when in Details view or after you choose Properties from the shortcut menu. The Output All Fields property specifies whether all fields in the grid are shown in the query’s datasheet. Setting this property to Yes is identical to enabling the Show check box for each field in the grid. The Unique Values and Unique Records properties are used to remove duplicate field values or duplicate records from the query’s resulting data. The Filter property shows any filter that was created when the query was being viewed in Datasheet view. The Order By property is similar; it shows any sorting information used when the query was viewed in Datasheet view. Field Properties Just like tables, fields shown in queries also have individual properties. Properties affect how the field appears in the datasheet view. Fields that are used in the query but are not shown in the result set (that is, they don’t

have the Show box checked) do not have properties that can be set. Fields inherit their properties from the table in which they reside. This means that after a property is set in the table’s design, the value of the property is used whenever the field appears in a query. The ProductName field in the Current Product List field inherits the Caption property value Product Name, for example. To view the properties for a field, select the field in the grid at the bottom of the Grid Design view and choose View, Properties. Table 7.2 lists the available properties, Figure 7.9 shows the Properties Window. Table 7.2 Query output field properties Property

Function

Description Format Input Mask

Specifies a description of the field in the query. Specifies the formatting string used to display the data in the field. Specifies the mask used when editing data in the field. This property is available only for fields containing data that you can edit. Specifies the label caption (for forms and reports) or column heading (for Datasheet views) that will be displayed for the field. Specifies the number of digits to display to the right of the decimal point (for numeric fields that aren’t integers).

Caption Decimal Places

Figure 7.9 The query Field Properties window. You’ll notice that all the properties for the fields in the Current Product List query are empty. That’s because the values set in the Product List table design are sufficient for this query. You can override the table’s property settings by specifying values for the query fields’ properties. You would want to do this, for example, if you wanted a date to appear in a specific format in the query’s datasheet view. You would enter a format expression in the field’s Format property. The Lookup tab also is available on the Query Properties window. This is useful for fields that can look up values in other tables. See Hour 17, “Creating Tables,” for more information on creating lookup fields.

Using Toolbars Queries have two standard toolbars: one for the two design views and one for the Datasheet view. The Design View toolbar has the same buttons for both Design Grid and SQL view, but some are disabled in SQL view. This section will cover only the buttons specific to query design. Common functions such as Save, Cut, and Paste will not be covered here.

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The Design View Toolbar Figure 7.10 shows the Design View toolbar. In the upcoming hours, when you modify and create queries, this toolbar will become very familiar to you. Several buttons are not available on the toolbar and are grayed out. These won’t be covered in this section.

Figure 7.10 The Design View toolbar. Table 7.3 describes each of the buttons on the Design View toolbar. Table 7.3 Design View Toolbar Buttons Icon

Button Name

Description

Query Type

Displays a drop-down list that enables you to change the query type among the select, crosstab, or various action queries. Executes the query. If the query is a select or crosstab query, Datasheet view displays the resulting records. If the query is an action query, you receive a message box informing you of the results. Displays the Show Table dialog box, which enables you to add tables to the QBE Grid’s table pane. This button is disabled in SQL view. Displays the Totals row in the QBE Grid’s field grid. Used for creating summations such as Sum, Min, and Max.

Run

Show Table

Totals

Top Values

Provides an edit box that enables you to limit the query’s results to only the top (or bottom) portion of a certain number of records. You can set this to an integer number of records (display the five most expensive products, for example) or to a percentage of the total number of records (display the top 10 percent of the orders for a year, for example). You can click the down arrow button to display a drop-down list of common choices for the Top Values. Displays the Properties dialog box for the currently selected object. You can use this dialog box to edit the properties for the selected object. When an appropriate item or property is selected, displays the builder for that object. If the cursor is in the Criteria row of the QBE Grid, for example, clicking Build displays the Expression Builder. Hour 10, “Modifying an Existing Table,” discusses the Expression Builder in more detail. Causes the Database window to become the active window. Provides a quick way to return to the Database window. Displays a drop-down menu that provides a quick way to create an AutoForm or AutoReport based on the current query or to create a new object in the database. AutoForms and AutoReports are wizards provided by Access to quickly create forms and reports having a predefined format. If you installed the Office Assistants, displays the current assistant.

Properties

Build

Database Window New Object

Office Assistant

The Datasheet View Toolbar Figure 7.11 shows the Datasheet View toolbar.

Figure 7.11 The Datasheet View toolbar. Table 7.4 describes the buttons on the Datasheet View toolbar that are specific to the query datasheet. Table 7.4 Datasheet View Toolbar Buttons Icon

Button Name

Description

Insert Hyperlink

If the current column is a hyperlink column, displays the Insert Hyperlink dialog box. Using the current column or the selected columns, sorts the data in the datasheet in ascending order. Using the current column or the selected columns, sorts the data in the datasheet in descending order. Uses the data in the current cell to create a filter. Only data that is the same as the currently selected cell or currently selected text in a cell is displayed in the datasheet. In the Current Product List query’s Datasheet view, for example, highlight the letter C in the Product Name column for the Camembert Pierrot product. Then click Filter By Selection. Only those products beginning with the letter C are displayed. Displays a form with all the fields in the query and enables you to create a filter by using a filter-by-example methodology. You enter data into the form that defines the records that will appear in the resulting datasheet. If a filter is not active, applies the last used filter. If a filter is active, removes the filter criteria to display all the data returned by the query.

Sort Ascending Sort Descending

Filter by Selection

Filter by Form

Apply/Remove Filter

Find

New Record

Delete Record Database Window New Object

Office Assistant

Displays the Find in Field dialog box, which searches the current column for text you enter into the dialog box. This is useful for locating specific records in a query’s returned data. Inserts a new record into the underlying table (if the query can be updated). This button is not as useful in a query datasheet as it is in a table datasheet, but it is available. Deletes the current record from the underlying table (if a query can be updated). Causes the Database window to become the active window. Provides a quick way to return to the Database window. Displays a drop-down list, which provides a quick way to create an AutoForm or AutoReport based on the current query or to create a new object in the database. If you installed the Office Assistants, displays the current assistant.

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Closing Queries When you finish working with a query, click the box with the X in the top-right corner. If you made any changes to the query’s fields or properties, you are prompted to save those changes. Because, for now, you’re only looking at queries and how they are defined, click No to avoid changing the Northwind database. You also can close a query window by pressing Ctrl+F4.

Summary This hour showed you how an existing query is structured and how to view, sort, and filter the data returned by the query. In the next hour, you’ll learn all about finding and editing data by using Access 2000 forms. You’ll learn more about queries in Hours 11 and 18.

Workshop The Workshop is designed to help you anticipate possible questions, review what you’ve learned and begin thinking ahead to putting your knowledge into practice. The answers to the Quiz are in Appendix A. Q&A Q A Q A

Quiz

When I open the Customers and Suppliers By City query in Datasheet View, I cannot type in any of the cells. Why is this? This query is a union query. Union queries are not updatable. You should update the tables that make up the query instead. Also, union queries cannot be opened in Grid Design View. When I attempt to open the Employee Sales By Country query, I am prompted to enter a Beginning Date and an Ending Date. What causes this to happen? This query uses two parameters in its query definition: [Beginning Date] and [Ending Date]. Access requires values for these parameters before the query’s datasheet can be constructed. See Hour 18, “Creating Queries,” for more information on parameters in queries.

1. Which field property can be used to specify how data is entered into a field in an updatable query? 2. How can you, in one step, cause all fields involved in a query to be shown in the query’s datasheet? 3. While in Datasheet view, when is the Insert Hyperlink toolbar button active?

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Hour 8 Editing Data in Forms

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Timothy Buchanan This hour gives you an introduction to forms. Forms are the most flexible way to view, edit, and delete your raw data. Some topics covered in this hour include the following: • Looking at the basics of forms • Working with forms versus datasheets • Using different views of a form • Entering data in a form • Printing data from forms • Using Form toolbars

Understanding Forms All the raw data you will use in your database is stored in tables. Although you can view and edit your data in a table, forms provide a much easier and flexible interface to view and edit data. Forms display data from an underlying table or query. Forms enable you to view all or just a few records at once while also viewing all the fields. Table datasheets enable you to view several records at once, but the number of fields you can view is limited. Forms also provide an easy way to enter, change, and delete records. All the information a form displays is contained in controls. Controls are the objects that display data, perform certain actions, and create special effects on the form. You’ll learn more about controls in Hour 12, “Modifying an Existing Form Design.” Opening a Form Now take a look at forms by opening a form in the Northwind database. Make sure that you have the Northwind database open. If you forget how to open a database or do not know how, refer to Hour 2, “A

Quick Tour of Access 2000.” When you have the Northwind database open, select the Forms tab. Figure 8.1 shows what your screen should look like at this point.

Figure 8.1 The database window with the Forms tab selected, showing all the forms in the Northwind database. Start with a simple, basic form. Double-click the form name Customers to display the Customers form. This form should be similar to Figure 8.2; it displays the contents of the Customers table. Close the Customers form and double-click on the Customers table. You can see that this is the same information you just viewed in the Customers form but, although you can see many records onscreen at once, you can see only a few fields. Now close the table and open the Customers form again. The globe picture behind the form is a graphic that is displayed only in this form. Graphics and other special effect tools help you design good-looking, easy-to-use forms. Adding special effects to your forms will be discussed in Hour 12, “Modifying an Existing Form Design.”

Figure 8.2 The Customers form in the Northwind database. Note: Microsoft made the forms in the Northwind database very fancy to show off all the power and possibilities of Access 2000. You do not have to create forms that display pictures behind your data or that use special text or formatting. When you are ready to use special effects such as shadows, three-dimensional effects, and graphics, Access 2000 makes it easy to create these forms. For now, just concentrate on learning the basics.

Looking at the Types of Forms Six basic types of forms are available: • Single-column • Datasheets • Tabular • Subforms • Pivot table • Graphs In this hour, you’ll look at single-column and tabular forms.

Single-Column Forms The Customers form has a single-column or columnar format (refer to Figure 8.2). Single-column forms show the fields from the table on which they are based in columns. Forms can be more or less than one full screen, depending on your screen resolution. The Customers form should fit on one screen. Single-column forms are a good example of a data-entry screen. Although you can enter all your raw data into tables from the table’s Datasheet view, entering data in a form can be easier, much more reliable, and more productive. This is because forms can help prevent redundant data-entry, and provide a simpler interface for adding new data to your tables.

Tabular Forms The Product List form in the Northwind database is an example of a tabular form. To open this form, click the Forms tab and double-click the Product List form. The form appears, as shown in Figure 8.3. Notice that a tabular form allows you to view several records at one time. Any part of a tabular form can be formatted, allowing for more flexibility in how you display and enter information. Special effects can be added, and you can have multiple lines per record.

Figure 8.3 Looking at the Product List tabular form in the Northwind database. You can use the tabular form to see several records at one time, along with all the fields for those records. This type of form is useful for viewing or printing all the records and fields in a table. Note: Most information on a form comes from an underlying table or query, but information completely independent of a table or query also can be on your form. You can display data such as a company name or logo on the form. More about forms will be discussed in Hours 12, “Modifying an Existing Form Design,” and 19, “Creating Forms.”

Using Forms Versus Using Datasheets Datasheets enable you to view only limited information about your data. You have little control over the appearance of your information. With forms, however, you can place information on your screen exactly where you want it to be displayed. You also can format each field differently and use several types of special effects. Forms also give you much greater flexibility. Forms provide data validation and the capability to add calculated fields. In addition, you can add pictures such as the globe picture in the Product List form. These graphics or pictures are called OLE objects. Note: OLE stands for object linking and embedding. OLE is a Windows method for inserting and embedding objects in Windows applications.

Now you’ll take a look at the different ways to view a form.

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Viewing Forms When you open the Product List form in the Northwind database, you are using Form view. This is the view you use to enter or change data. To switch to Datasheet view, right-click anywhere on the form and choose Datasheet view. This is the same view as the table Datasheet view; the form displays raw data. The next view of a form is Print Preview, as you can see in Figure 8.5. This view shows how a form looks when printed. Note you cannot right-click to Print Preview; you must use the toolbar button or the File menu. Now right-click anywhere on the form and choose Form Design. Now you are in Design view, as shown in Figure 8.6. Here, you can design the different fields and controls to tell Access how you want to view your data.

Figure 8.4 Using the Datasheet view of the Product List form.

Figure 8.5 Using the Print Preview view of the Product List form.

Figure 8.6 Using the Design view of the Product List form. Note: You can print or preview a form from any of the other three views, as well as from the main Database window.

The Design view is where all the work is done to tell Access what data you want to display and in what

format. You can open a form in Design view by clicking it in the main Database window and clicking the Design button on the right-hand side of the screen. The form Design view consists of three sections: • Detail section—Contains the form’s main body. All controls are displayed in this section. You cannot delete or remove the Detail section. • Form Header/Footer sections—Contain information such as title, date, or other information you want to display only at the top or bottom of a form. You can add or remove these sections by choosing View, Form Header/Footer. The data is displayed when you print the form as well as when you view it onscreen. • Page Header/Footer sections—Contain information such as date, form name, page number, or other information you want to display at the top or bottom of each page, but only in the printed form. These sections do not appear onscreen. You can add or remove these sections by choosing View, Page Header/Footer.

Working with Data in Forms As mentioned earlier in this hour, the easiest, most flexible, and most reliable way to enter data is using a form. Now you’ll see how to enter or change data using a form. I will take a look at how to navigate in a form, as well as data manipulation in a form. Navigating in a Form Open the Customers form from the Northwind database in Form view. The form in Figure 8.2 appears. Except for the actual information and graphics on the screen, the rest of the screen should look familiar. The top of the screen has a title bar, menu bar, and toolbar, just like the datasheet. The line at the bottom of the screen is the status bar. The status bar displays the information you entered in the table design for each field. If no information is stored in the description field in the table design for that field, Access displays FORM VIEW in the status bar. Directly above the status bar are the form-navigation buttons. You use these buttons to navigate quickly between records. Figure 8.7 shows these various screen elements.

Figure 8.7 Identifying the various elements in Form view. You also can move around the fields on a form. This is very similar to using a datasheet. You can click any field to make changes or additions, or you can press Tab to move around the fields. To move from record to record, you use the form navigation buttons found at the bottom of the screen. You can move one record at a time, either forward or backward through the sort order active for the form, using the Next Record and Previous Record buttons. You can also use the Page Up and Page Down keys to move forward and backward, respectively. To move to the first or last record, use the First Record and Last Record buttons. To move to a specific record by number, enter the number in the text box and press the Enter key. Adding and Editing Records in a Form Adding and editing records in a form is similar to adding and editing records in a datasheet. If you want to add a new record, click the New Record button at the bottom of the screen. Your cursor moves to the end of the records in the datasheet and displays an empty record on your form. To edit any of the fields, you can click a field with your mouse pointer and type the new information. As you press Tab to move around the form, you can edit the information simply by typing. To select the entire field, press F2 or double-click the field. Note: Some fields might not be editable because they are locked. You can lock fields in Design view to ensure that no one changes the information stored there. This is a good idea for important information (such as salary information) that rarely changes or should be changed only by certain individuals.

Deleting Records and Data in a Form Deleting records is very easy. Some forms automatically display a button to add or delete records. If your form doesn’t display these buttons, simply select a field in the record you want to delete and press Ctrl+[ms] (hold down Ctrl while pressing the minus sign key). Depending on the table’s relationships to other tables, it

may not be possible to delete certain records if doing so would create orphaned records in related tables. Caution: Make sure that you really want to delete a record before you do so. It is not always possible to undo deletions.

To delete information in a field, first select it by tabbing to that field or clicking it with your mouse pointer. Now press Delete or choose Del from the main menu.

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Copying Records

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Sometimes you will enter repetitive data or change several records to a new value. To copy information from the same field in the preceding record, select the field and press Ctrl+’ (hold down Ctrl and press the apostrophe key). This copies the information stored in the preceding record into the current field. If the field has a default value, you can replace the current value with the default by pressing Ctrl+Alt+Spacebar. You also can insert common information, such as the current date or time, into fields. To insert the current date, press Ctrl+; (hold down Ctrl and press the semicolon key). To insert the current time, press Ctrl+: (hold down Ctrl and press the colon key).

Finding Records Using Forms You can search for certain records by using forms. To understand how Access finds records, search for information using the Customers form in the Northwind database. Open the Customers form in Form view, click the Contact Name field, and choose Edit, Find from the main menu. A dialog box appears, as shown in Figure 8.8.

Figure 8.8 Using the Find dialog box. In this example, we will search for any customers named Simpson. Type the name you are searching for in the Find What text box. Several options are available to you in the Find dialog box. Because you know that the information you are searching for is located in the Name field, enable the Search Only Current Field check box. If you were looking for customers from a certain state, you would select the State field before running Find and then select the Search Only Current Field check box. Because you only know the last name of the customer for whom you are searching, select Any Part of Field in the Where section of the Find dialog box. This returns all records that contain the word “Simpson” in any part of the field name. If you knew the customer’s first and last name, you would type both and select Whole Field from the Match drop-down list. Now click the Find First button. Access takes you to the first record that contains “Simpson” in the name field, as shown in Figure 8.9. Each time you click the Find Next button, you will be brought to the next record that matches your Find criteria. Ctrl+F is another way to bring up the Find dialog box.

Figure 8.9 Using the Find function with the Northwind database Customers form. Tip: You can use the Find function with the Replace function to replace numerous instances of the same data. If you need to change all the customers named Smith to Smythe, for example, you can use Find and Replace together to accomplish that feat easily.

Printing Data from Forms It is easy to print one or more records contained on your form. The printed version looks almost exactly as it does onscreen. The easiest way to print a form is to click Print on the toolbar. This will immediately output the form to the Windows default printer. You can also choose File, Print from the menu. This will cause the Print dialog box shown in Figure 8.10 to appear. If the dialog box shows the correct printer, click OK, and the form is printed using the font you selected for the form. The printed form displays any formatting or special effects you designed in the form. To change the settings for the printer itself, click the Properties button. To change the page setup (margins and the like), click the Setup button. To specify a range of pages to print, or to print only the selected record (or records), use the Print Range radio buttons. To print multiple copies, modify the entry in the Number of Copies text box.

Figure 8.10 The Print dialog when printing a form. To display what the printed version of the form will look like, choose File, Print Preview or click Print Preview on the toolbar. You can print the form from the Print Preview screen by clicking the Print button on the toolbar, or you can click the Close button to return to Form view.

Closing and Saving Forms Access automatically saves each record as you move off the record. You can force Access to save the record before you move off it by pressing Shift+Enter (hold down the Shift key while pressing the Enter key). To close and save the form and return to the Database window, choose File, Close or click the close box in the upper-right corner of your screen. If you have not saved your design changes, Access asks whether you want to save the changes.

Summary This hour provides a quick tour of the basics of forms and how they work in Access 2000. You learned how to open a form, as well as to identify the basic parts of a form. This chapters covers the different views for a form, as well as how to enter, add, delete, find, filter, and sort records. You now should know how to print information from your form, as well as how to save your changes and close your form.

Workshop The Workshop is designed to help you anticipate possible questions, review what you’ve learned, and begin thinking ahead to putting your knowledge into practice. The answers to the Quiz are in Appendix A.

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Q A

What are some uses of forms other than data entry? Forms can be used to display pictures (in the background of the form, for example) or for graphs or other graphical information. How can you print the underlying data in a form? When you use the Print function from the Form view, you print the form as you see it. To print the data only, either select the Datasheet view and then print, or print the data from the table or query that the form is based on. What happens if I shut down my PC without saving the changes on a form? Does Access save it automatically? No, Access automatically saves data that has been entered into a form or table if you have moved to the next record, but does not save any design changes automatically.

Quiz 1. What are the six types of forms in Access? 2. Why should you use forms instead of tables for data-entry use? 3. Where is the underlying data in forms stored?

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Hour 9 Displaying Data in Reports

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Timothy Buchanan In this hour, you’ll learn how to preview and print reports. Opening reports, printing reports, understanding the basics of reports, and saving reports will be covered. Reports have many uses, and this hour will introduce their basic functions and capabilities. Topics that will be covered this hour include • Understanding the fundamentals of reports • Looking at the types of reports • Looking at the differences between forms and reports • Opening and previewing reports • Printing reports • Saving reports • Closing reports

Examining Report Fundamentals Reports are the most powerful and flexible way to view and print the information in your database. You can print only the information that is important to any specific request or task, and you can view or print this information in any format or style. You can add other information, such as totals, comparisons, graphics, and pictures. You will begin your understanding of reports by taking a look at how to open them and view them. Note: Reports present a customized view of the information in the underlying table or query. Although reports can be viewed onscreen, it usually is better to print them. If you can imagine a way that you want to view your data, Access probably will be able to generate a report to match.

Using Reports

Reports provide the best way to print information to be distributed, and they provide greater control and flexibility in the overall design. Some major advantages of using reports to print data follow: • You can easily control font styles and sizes. • You can easily perform calculations on the underlying data. • You can format data to fit forms already designed and printed, such as purchase orders, invoices, and mailing labels. • You can add graphics, such as pictures, graphs, and other elements. • You can group and organize data to make a report easier to read. Opening and Viewing Reports You open a report much like you open a form or table. Select the Report tab in the Database window and then select the report you want to open. You can double-click the report to open it, or you can click on the report and then click Open. Figure 9.1 shows the Products by Category report from the Northwind database. This view is called the Print Preview view of the report. The default Preview view of your report shows it at 100 percent. This setting only enables a small percentage of the actual report to fit onscreen. Later this hour I will discuss more ways to open and view reports.

Figure 9.1 The Products by Category report is a tabular report. Looking at the Types of Reports Access offers four basic types of reports: • Tabular reports—Print data in rows and columns • Single-column reports—Print data as a form • Mail-merge reports—Print form letters • Mailing-label reports—Print multicolumn labels Tabular reports display data in rows and columns, similar to a table. Tabular reports are different from tables, though, because they group their data by one or more field values. Tabular reports also can have other elements, such as page totals, dates, and subtotals. They are usually used to calculate and display subtotals for the numeric fields for groups in the report. Figure 9.1 shows the Print Preview screen of the Products by Category tabular report from the Northwind database. Single-column reports display data vertically, with one or more records per page. These reports display data much like data-entry forms, but they are for viewing and printing only—not for entering data. The Northwind database uses a single-column report to print invoices. Figure 9.2 shows the Print Preview screen of the Invoice report.

Figure 9.2 The Invoice report is a single-column report. Note: The Invoice report has many examples of report capabilities. The report uses graphics, grouping, and totals to create a good-looking, multifunctional report.

You use mail-merge reports to print form letters using data from your database. These reports are linked to Microsoft Word to sort and print the mail-merge documents. You can find more details about these kinds of forms in Access’s Help feature. Look in Help under Mail Merge for a complete walk-through of the procedures. You can use the Mailing Label Report to create labels from several different sizes of Avery brand labels. You

generate this report by using the Mailing Label Report Wizard. Figure 9.3 shows the Print Preview screen of the Customer Labels report, which is a mailing-label report from the Northwind database. The quality and ease of printing mailing labels will depend on your printer. A good laser or ink-jet printer is recommended for best results.

Figure 9.3 The Customer Labels report is a mailing-label report. Looking at Forms Versus Reports Forms and reports are similar in many ways, but they serve two very different purposes. The main difference is the reason for the output. Forms generally are used for data entry, whereas reports are used to view data onscreen or on paper. You can display anything onscreen with a report that you can display with a form. Both forms and reports are based on the data from underlying tables or queries, but only forms can add or change the original data. Note: Access enables you to save a form as a report. This capability is helpful when you want to base a new report on a form that you already have created. After you save the form as a report, you can customize the report. To save a form as a report, select File Save As from the main menu, and select Report from the Save As dialog box.

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More Ways to Open and View Reports Now that you know how to open and view a report, what a report is, and what its function is, here are some additional ways to open and view reports. Again, the Print Preview option only shows a small percentage of the report. To see more of the report, move your mouse over the report. The mouse pointer changes to a magnifying glass with a minus sign inside it. After you click the report with this icon displayed, the report zooms out so that the whole report is displayed onscreen. This is called the Page Preview view. (See Figure 9.4.) You also can select the Zoom drop-down list from the toolbar. This list gives you several percentage options to view the report. When you move the mouse over the report now, the magnifying glass icon has a plus sign inside it. Clicking the report returns the view to the original 100-percent view. You can view the entire report by dragging the elevator boxes in the vertical and horizontal scrollbars. Also, you can use the page controls at the bottom left corner of the screen to move around between pages.

Figure 9.4 Using Page Preview to show the entire Products by Category report onscreen. The Preview screen offers several options. The first button on the toolbar (on the far left) is the View button. You click this button to toggle between the Design and Preview views of the form. You can use other buttons on the toolbar to print, close, and export the form to other Office products. You will learn how to export reports in Hour 20, “Creating Reports.” You also can open a report in Design view by selecting the report from the Report tab in the main database window and clicking Design. Figure 9.5 shows the Products by Category report in Design view.

Figure 9.5 Viewing the Products by Category report in Design view. Note: Notice how the report Design view looks very similar to the form Design view. Many of the functions of a form are the same as a report. The only difference is the actual output. The main difference in the Design view is the different sections that make up the report. Forms and reports both contain a Detail section, but reports also provide several different headers and footers that you can use to better display data.

Printing Reports You can print your reports in several ways: • Click the Print button in the Print Preview screen. • Highlight the report from the Report tab in the main database window and then choose File, Print from the Database window. • Highlight the report from the Report tab in the main database window and then click the Print button in the Database window. When you use any of the File, Print methods, the standard Windows 98 Print dialog box appears, as shown in Figure 9.6. You use the Print dialog box to choose the printer that will print the report, what pages to print, what range of pages to print, how many copies, and other printer properties.

Figure 9.6 The Windows 98 standard Print dialog box gives you several options to choose from when printing a report. Note: After you click the Print icon, the report prints from the default Windows 98 printer; a dialog box is not displayed.

You use the Page Orientation option in the Print dialog box to print your report in portrait or landscape orientation. Click the Setup button in the Print dialog box to change this option. This is saved with the report, so you only need to set it once. You use the Print Range option to choose which pages of the report to print. You select All to print the entire report. You choose Selection to specify what range of pages to print, and you select Pages to print only the pages you specify in the From and To boxes. Tip: Sometimes, extra blank pages are printed when you print your report. This usually happens because the dimensions of the report are larger than the size of the paper. Make sure that the width of the report plus the width of the margins does not exceed the width of the paper.

Tip: Another common problem is too many blank areas surrounding sections of data on the report. You might get an error when printing a report that tells you that some sections might be too wide to fit on the page, or you might have simply placed the objects on your report too far apart. To remove this blank area, resize the sections to better fit the information being displayed. You can resize any controls on the report by moving the mouse over the lines of the box in Design view, and clicking and dragging the lines to resize them to fit the data being displayed.

Closing and Saving Reports You can save reports at any time by choosing File, Save. Or you can choose File, Save As/Export if you want to change the name of the report. When you save a report for the first time, or exit a report the first time without saving it, a dialog box appears and asks you to name the report. In this dialog, Access will provide a default name, Report1 for example, which you should change to something more descriptive.

Summary This hour was devoted to studying reports and how they display data. You learned what kinds of reports Access offers, and you learned about the differences between forms and reports. You also looked at the many

ways to print and preview reports. You will take another look at reports and learn how to create and modify them in Hours 13, “Modifying an Existing Report,” and 20, “Creating Reports.”

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Workshop The Workshop is designed to help you anticipate possible questions, review what you’ve learned, and begin thinking ahead to putting your knowledge into practice. The answers to the Quiz are in Appendix A.

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Q&A Q A Q A

What other elements can be added to reports? Graphics, images, graphs, different fonts, colors, and lines. Just about anything you want to make your report look better can be added. Can reports be saved in other formats? My boss wants to see my report onscreen, but he does not have Access. Yes, you can save reports in Word or Excel format. The Save As function has this feature.

Quiz 1. 2. 3. 4.

What are reports? Why should I use reports? What are the four basic types of reports? What is the difference between forms and reports?

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Part III Modifying an Existing Database Hour 10 Modifying an Existing Table 11 Modifying and Using Existing Queries 12 Modifying an Existing Form Design 13 Modifying an Existing Report

Hour 10 Modifying an Existing Table Craig Eddy In the first section of this book, you learned all about viewing and using existing database objects. With that knowledge safely in hand, this section of the book will help you learn all about modifying tables, queries, forms, and reports that already exist in a database. In this hour, you’ll learn how to modify existing tables. You’ll learn how to modify table properties, modify fields, and add and delete fields from the table. Also, you’ll learn more about primary keys, indexes, and table relationships. The highlights of this hour follow: • Changing the table design • Modifying, adding, and deleting fields • Understanding primary keys and indexes • Editing table relationships • Using the Field Builder

• Using the Expression Builder

Changing the Table Design The bulk of this hour will be spent discussing how to modify an existing table’s structure. You’ll learn how to modify a table’s properties, change the fields available in a table, and modify the properties of the fields in a table. Figure 10.1 shows the Tables section of the Database window for the Northwind database. The list is shown in Details view, which you get to by clicking the Details button on the Database window. This list is where you’ll start all the design changes in this hour.

Figure 10.1 The Tables tab of the Northwind Database window. Looking at Table Properties Like all objects in Access databases, tables have properties as well. To modify the properties for a given table, select the table by clicking its name in the Database window’s Tables list. Then right-click and choose Properties from the shortcut menu. Alternatively, you can select the table and choose View, Properties. The Table Properties dialog box then appears, as shown in Figure 10.2. The title bar of the dialog box changes to show the name of the table whose properties you’re editing.

Figure 10.2 The Customers Properties dialog box for the Northwind database. In the Table Properties dialog box, you can change the description of the table, hide the table, and—if the database is the design master of a replicated database—specify whether the table is replicated to other databases and whether the table utilizes row-level or column-level conflict detection. A replicated database is a database that has been specially set up to be copied to one or more other databases. The copies can than be synchronized, copying data changes to all copies of the replicated database. The Table Properties dialog box also shows the dates and times the table was created and last modified. The Owner field specifies the user who created the table and is useful only if you’re using Access 2000’s security features. The security features are discussed in Hour 23, “Database Administration.” If you change the table’s description, the change is reflected when you return to the Database window. If you check the Hidden box, the table disappears from the Database window. You might want to hide a table, for instance, if it contains data that other users should not have direct access to. Hiding the table does not necessarily prevent such access, but it does make it more difficult to get to the table. Note: Access provides you with an option to view tables which are marked as hidden. To turn on this option, invoke the Options dialog (use the Tools menu and click Options). On the Options dialog’s View tab, check the box labeled Hidden objects. When you return to the Database window, the hidden tables will now be visible.

Tables also have record-level validation rules and can be provided with a default filter and sort order that are applied when the table is opened in a data view (Datasheet, Form, or Report). To set these properties, make sure that the table Design View window is active. Then choose View, Properties, click the Properties toolbar button, or press Alt+Enter. For more information on sorting and filtering data, see Hour 5, “Using the Datasheet View.”

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Modifying, Adding, and Deleting Fields

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Just because you have a database design that works for today’s needs doesn’t mean that you won’t need to make modifications to the database’s table structure in the future. It often becomes necessary to add and modify fields to one or more tables as new needs are discovered. It also might be necessary to delete fields from a table, but this should be done only with careful consideration. Chances are that if a field already contains data, you won’t want to delete the field altogether; instead, you simply might want to move the field to another table. All these changes are performed in the table Design View. Open the Northwind database and select the Tables section on the Database window. Select the Customers table and click Design. The Design View window for the Customers table appears, as shown in Figure 10.3.

Figure 10.3 The Customers table in Design view.

Modifying Fields When modifying an existing field, you can change several attributes. These attributes include the field’s name, data type, description, and properties. In most cases you’ll be modifying the field’s properties, which you’ll learn more about a little later in this hour. You modify the field’s name, data type, and description using the top portion of the Design View window. To change the field’s name, for example, click in the Field Name column for the field you want to change. The cell containing the field’s name works like a standard Windows edit box: You can highlight text; cut, copy, and paste (including using the Office Clipboard toolbar); and use the arrow keys to move back and forth in the text that makes up the field’s name. You can modify the field’s description in a similar manner. To modify the field’s data type, click in the Data Type column and then click the down arrow on the button that appears at the right side of the cell. Select the new data type to be used.

Note: If you change a field’s data type and the field already contains data, Access attempts to convert that existing data to the new data type. If you have a field that contains text data and you attempt to change the field to the Number data type, Access attempts to convert the text data to numeric form. This works just fine, as long as the field contains nothing but numerals. If records with any nonnumeric data exist in the field, Access displays a warning message. If you allow Access to continue, the contents of the field are cleared for these records.

Suppose that you want to select the PostalCode field and change its data type to Number. Choose File, Save to save the table. A message box appears when Access attempts to update the data type. If you choose Yes, the contents of those fields are cleared. If you choose No, the table design is not saved and you are returned to the table Design view. You then should change the field’s data type back to Text, or simply close the Design View window and choose No when Access prompts you to save the table’s design.

Adding Fields When modifying a table’s design, you are usually adding fields to the table. Fortunately, Access 2000 makes adding fields a simple process. You add fields to a table by using the table’s Design View window. You can add a field to the bottom of the Field list by clicking in the row below the last field. In Figure 10.4, I have clicked in the row below the Fax field. Access is now ready to accept the new field’s name, data type, and other properties. Simply type the name for the field. Next press Tab or click in the Data Type column to set the new field’s data type. You then can press Tab or click in the Description column to enter the description.

Figure 10.4 Adding a field to the Customers table. You must click in the Field Properties section at the bottom of the Design View window if you want to change the new field’s properties from their default values. If you just press Tab while the cursor is in the Description column, you wind up in the Field Name column of the next row. If you want to insert a field between existing fields in the table, select the field you want to appear after the new field. Choose Insert, Rows to insert a blank row into the grid. Add the field by following the steps outlined earlier in this section.

Deleting Fields Access 2000 enables you to delete fields as well. You should be careful when deleting fields that have data in them, however. Make sure you really want to delete the fields before proceeding. To delete a field, simply select it in the top of the table Design View window and choose Edit, Delete Rows. You can delete multiple fields at once by pressing Ctrl while clicking in the row-selector column (the leftmost column of the grid) for each field you want to delete. Then choose Edit, Delete Rows. If you have saved the table’s design since the fields to be deleted were added (which is the case most of the time), Access will confirm that you really want to delete the fields. Choosing Yes causes Access to delete the fields and any data they contain. If a field to be deleted has one or more relationships with other tables, you will be unable to delete the field until all these relationships are dissolved. You will learn more about this subject in the section titled “Editing Table Relationships,” later in this hour. Using the Field Builder You can add a field manually, but Access 2000 also provides a Field Builder feature. You can use the Field Builder to choose from a wide range of predefined fields that can be added instantly to your table. This is by far the easiest way to add fields to a table because the Field Builder also sets properties such as the Caption, Input Mask, and Format properties. To use the Field Builder, click in the grid at the top of the table Design View window. Right-click and choose Build from the shortcut menu, or click the Build toolbar button. The Field Builder then appears, as shown in Figure 10.5.

Figure 10.5 Using the Field Builder to add a field. You can select from business or personal tables by selecting the radio buttons at the bottom left of the Field Builder dialog box. Select a table and field combination in the Sample Tables and Sample Fields list boxes. Next click OK to add the new field—properties and all—to the table. Because you’re working with the Customers table, select Customers in the Sample Tables list box. The Sample Fields list box changes to show fields related to customer data. Select EmailAddress in the Sample Fields list box and click OK. The new field is added to the Customers table and even has a caption specified.

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Field Descriptions To edit the description of a field, simply press Tab or click to place your cursor in the Description column. The text in the Description column is used as default status bar text whenever the field has focus (whenever the edit cursor is in the field) when the field is displayed in a Datasheet view or a form. Field Properties To change any of a field’s properties, you first select the field in the top of the Design View window. Then click in the Field Properties section at the bottom of the window. Select the property you want to modify. Table 10.1 lists the various field properties and their purpose. Table 10.1 Field Properties Property

Usage

Field Size Format Decimal Places

Defines the amount of data a field can hold. Defines the way that the data contained in the field is displayed. Only available on Numeric data type fields, this property specifies the number of digits that will appear to the right of the decimal point. Provides a mask which dictates how users enter data into the field. Used as the datasheet column header or as the default caption for the field’s label when the field is used on a form or report. The initial value for the field when a new record is created. Defines what constitutes valid data for a field. The message that will be displayed should a user enter data that violates the Validation Rule property. Indicates whether or not data is required in the field in order to save the record. This property determines whether or not zero-length strings are valid within a Text field.

Input Mask Caption Default Value Validation Rule Validation Text Required Allow Zero Length

Indexed

Specifies whether or not the field should be indexed, and if so whether or not the same value should be allowed on multiple records.

The edit box for any property comes in one of three control types. There’s a standard edit box, a drop-down list box, and an edit box that sports a button with an ellipsis. The first two boxes are standard Windows 95 edit controls. The third control is used to invoke the Expression Builder shown in Figure 10.6 or, in the case of the Input Mask property, an Access wizard. The valid property values determine which control type is used for the edit box.

Figure 10.6 The Expression Builder. Note: The Input Mask Wizard is an advanced wizard that is available only if you installed the advanced wizards when you installed Access 2000. If you did not install the advanced wizards, you can use the Control Panel Add/Remove Program applet to add the advanced wizards to your Access 2000 setup. See Hour 2, “A Quick Tour of Access 2000,” for information on installing Access 2000.

To change a property that has the standard edit box, simply click in the box and make your changes. To change the field size of the Customers table’s City field to 30, for example, select the City field, double-click in the Field Size property text box and type 30. To change a property that has the drop-down list box control, select the field and then click the down-arrow button. Select an item in the list to change the property’s value. There are several properties that have Yes/No values. These also use the drop-down list box. To change a property using an Expression Builder, select a property such as Validation Rule. Click the ellipsis button that is at the right-hand side of the property’s edit box to invoke the Expression Builder. The Expression Builder makes it easy to create complex expressions by using a point-and-click method. Select one of the items in the leftmost list box, and the other two list boxes display items you can use in your expression. With the Functions folder in the leftmost list, you must double-click to expose subfolders that contain expression items. You also can type directly into the text box at the top of the dialog box, as well as use the many buttons located between the Expression text box and the list boxes. These buttons enable you to insert common operators (such as add, subtract, multiply, and divide) and expressions by pointing and clicking. Testing Validation Rules Let’s say you did change the value of the Validation Rule property for several fields. Access 2000 has a new feature which will enable you to test validation rules (as well as several other properties) on demand. You’ll have to save your table’s design before proceeding, but, if the table has a good bit of existing data, using this feature after each change to a Validation Rule will save you time. Any existing data which violates the Validation Rule will be left as-is in the table, but you’ll know that your Validation Rule already has data which doesn’t fit its constraints. While on the table’s Design View window, you can test the validation rules, the Required property, and the Allow Zero Length property using a simple menu command. To test these rules and properties, choose Edit, Test Validation Rules. Access will display a dialog box explaining what’s about to happen and warning you that the test could take some time. Click Yes to continue. Access will check all the rules and properties and inform you if any records violate them.

Understanding Primary Keys and Indexes In the relational database model on which Access 2000 is built, primary keys uniquely identify records. Indexes help the performance of the database engine when it’s called upon to search and sort records in your tables, be they stored within an Access file or on a SQL Server. Both primary keys and indexes are very important to any good database design. In this section, you’ll learn how to view and modify the primary keys and indexes for a table.

A relational database model is a database model that groups the underlying data into one or more discrete tables that can be related to one another by using fields common to each table.

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The Primary Key A primary key is a field or a set of fields that uniquely identifies each record stored in a table. Although primary keys are not required, they are necessary if you want to relate the table to any other table in the database. Refer to Figure 10.3, which shows the Customers table in Design view. The primary key for the Employees table is the CustomerID field. This is represented in the Design View window by a Key icon in the row-selector column (the leftmost column) of any fields that make up the primary key. To change the primary key fields, simply select the fields that should make up the primary key by pressing Ctrl while clicking the row-selector column of each field. Then choose Edit, Primary Key or click the Primary Key button on the toolbar. (Its picture is identical to the Key icon that appears in the Design View window.) Note: If the table has relationships with other tables and its primary key is involved in those relationships, you will not be able to modify the primary key. You first must dissolve any relationships involving the table’s primary key before modifying the primary key’s fields.

Indexes Indexes are used to optimize searching and sorting by the database engine. If certain fields will be used more often than others for searching the table, they probably should be indexed. You can create an index on a single field or on multiple fields. Use a multifield index in cases where the first field can have duplicate values in the table. Indexes can cause some operations, especially updating and adding rows to the table, to take longer, so you should be careful not to over-index your tables. To view and modify the indexes for a table, choose View, Indexes or click the Indexes toolbar button while the table’s Design View window is active. This opens the Indexes window for the current table. Figure 10.7 shows the Indexes window for the Customers table.

Figure 10.7 The Indexes window for the Customers table. In the Indexes window, you specify the name for the index, the fields that make up the index, and the sort order for each field in the index. To create an index made up of more than one field, enter the index name, a field name, and a sort order on the first available row. In the next row, leave the index name empty, and specify the next field name and sort order. Do this for each additional field in the index. In Figure 10.7, you can see that the Customers table has five indexes: City, CompanyName, PostalCode, PrimaryKey, and Region. As you can see, the table’s primary key also is used to create an index on the table. You can give an index any valid object name, as long as you don’t use the same name twice for a given table. By using the row-selector column, you can insert and delete rows into the grid. To delete an index, select its row by using the row selector and press Del. To insert rows, select the row that will appear below the new row and press Ins. Caution: If you attempt to use the Edit and Insert menus, your actions are applied to the Design View window rather than the Indexes window.

Saving the Table Design After you make all the necessary changes to the table’s design, you must save the design. Click the Save button on the toolbar, choose File, Save, or press Ctrl+S. Access attempts to save the table design. If you made any changes that affect validation rules, Access asks whether you want to check any existing data against these new validation rules. Figure 10.8 shows the message box that asks this question. If you have the Office Assistant running at this time, the assistant will ask you the question in the form of a balloon-like window.

Figure 10.8 A message informing you that the data integrity rules have changed and asking whether you want to test the existing data with the new rules. If you choose Yes, Access tests the existing data against the new rules. If any data fails to meet the validation rules, Access displays the dialog box shown in Figure 10.9.

Figure 10.9 A message box telling you that the data integrity rules have been violated. If you want to keep the new validation rule even though some data doesn’t meet the requirement (not a good idea), choose Yes. The invalid data will remain in the table even though it violates the validation rule. If you want to change the validation rule back to the old setting, choose No. To cancel the operation, choose Cancel. You should (in most cases) choose No from this message box, save your table using the reverted-to validation rule, adjust the data accordingly, and attempt to change the validation rule again (if you still want to use the new rule). If you have made changes to any field’s data type, Access attempts to convert any existing data in that field to the new data type. If it cannot convert the data, the message box shown in Figure 10.10 appears.

Figure 10.10 A message box informing you that a data conversion error has occurred. If you really do want to change the data type, regardless of whether all the data can be converted, choose Yes. The conversion will continue, and any data that doesn’t fit into the new data type will be lost. If you do not want to lose any data, click the No button, change the data type back to its old value, save the table, and adjust the data accordingly.

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Editing Table Relationships As I’ve mentioned several times in this hour, it is possible for tables in a relational database to be related to one another. That’s where the term relational comes from, after all. For example, in the Northwind database are a Customers and an Orders tables. The two tables are related to each other by a common field: CustomerID. In the Customers table, CustomerID is the primary key which uniquely identifies each customer. In the Orders table, CustomerID specifies which customer placed the order. This relates an order (which is represented by a record in the Orders table) to a specific customer (which is represented by a record in the Customers table). To edit relationships in an existing database, use the Relationships window shown in Figure 10.11. You open the Relationships window by choosing Tools, Relationships.

Figure 10.11 The Relationships window for the Northwind database. Note: You cannot edit a table’s relationships if that table is opened in Design view. Be sure to close any Design View windows for tables whose relationships you want to modify.

To edit a relationship, double-click the thinner portion of the line joining the two tables that have the relationship you’re modifying. The Edit Relationships dialog box shown in Figure 10.12 appears. From here, you can modify the properties pertinent to a relationship in Access 2000. These properties are discussed in greater detail in Hour 17, “Creating Tables.”

Figure 10.12 The Edit Relationships dialog box. To dissolve a relationship, click the line joining the two tables and press Del. To create a new relationship, select the field in the master table and drag it to the related field in the other table. To try these activities, select the line that joins the Employees and Orders tables. Press Del. Access asks you to confirm that you really want to remove the relationship; choose Yes. The term join is used to denote a relationship between two tables. The tables are said to be joined if there is a relationship between them. The master table in a relationship is the table in which the field or fields used to join the tables is the primary key. Now it’s time to replace the relationship. Click and hold down the mouse button while the pointer is over the EmployeeID field in the Employees table. While keeping the mouse button pressed, drag the field name over the EmployeeID field in the Orders table. Release the mouse button to drop the field name onto the Orders table’s EmployeeID field. The Relationships dialog box appears. Check the Enforce Referential Integrity check box. This causes Access to ensure that any data entered in the EmployeeID field in the Orders table has a corresponding EmployeeID value in the Employees table. It does not mean, however, that every employee must have a corresponding order. Click Create to finish creating the new relationship. Referential integrity consists of rules used to ensure that data contained in fields involved in a relationship with another table is valid in that table. Referential integrity is checked when data in such fields is updated, added, or deleted. After you finish modifying the relationships, you must save the Relationships window’s layout before you can close the window. You can choose File, Save; click the Save toolbar button; or press Ctrl+S.

Summary In this hour, you learned about the process of editing an existing table’s definition. You will use most of what you learned here again in Hour 17. By now, you should be able to view and modify all the pertinent pieces of a table’s structure: field names, data types and properties, primary keys and indexes, and table relationships. You also should be adept at adding and removing fields from an existing table. The next hour delves into modifying existing queries. This is when you’ll learn how to really make Access 2000 give you the answers to your data-related questions.

Workshop The Workshop is designed to help you anticipate possible questions, review what you’ve learned, and begin thinking ahead to putting your knowledge into practice. The answers to the Quiz are in Appendix A. Q&A Q A

Q A

Some of the tables have disappeared from the Tables list. What happened to them? One of two things: You deleted the table or you changed the table properties and marked the table as hidden. To view hidden tables, choose Tools, Options to display the Options dialog box. Select the View tab and enable the Hidden Objects check box in the Show section. Click OK and return to the Database window’s Tables tab. If the tables still do not appear, you probably have deleted them. Otherwise, the hidden tables now should be listed, and you can modify their properties to make unhide them (see “Looking At Table Properties,” earlier in this hour). Whenever I attempt to edit or delete a relationship, I get a message box informing me that one of the tables is in use by another person or process. How do I resolve this problem? More than likely, the table specified in the message box is opened in Design view. Use the Window menu to see if the table has an open window. If it does, click its entry in the Window menu and close its window.

Quiz 1. What types of controls are available for editing field properties?

2. How can you view and modify the indexes defined for a table? 3. Can you change a field’s data type if it already contains data? 4. What tool can you use to verify validation rules on demand?

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Hour 11 Modifying and Using Existing Queries

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Craig Eddy In this hour, you’ll learn how to take an existing query and modify it to better suit your current needs. This is probably the easiest way to learn about defining and using queries. You can take advantage of the work someone else has done in setting up the query by building on that foundation. You might want to modify a query to add additional fields to its output, or you might need to modify the criteria that a query uses to determine which records to include in its output. For either of these needs and many others, the material in this hour provides you with the information you need to make a query work your way. The topics covered in this hour follow: • Using the Field list • Using the Design Grid • Specifying criteria • Querying multiple tables • Using properties This hour uses queries from the Northwind sample database that ships with Access 2000. If you have not installed the sample, return to Hour 2, “A Quick Tour of Access 2000,” for instructions on installing the sample databases.

Using the Field List As you saw in Hour 7, “Using Existing Queries,” queries have two design views. The SQL View enables you to examine and edit the actual SQL coding that defines the query. The Design View provides you with a visual tool for building your queries. You’ll learn about the Design View throughout most of this hour.

Figure 11.1 shows the Design View for the Current Product List query. To get to the Design View, activate the Database window and display the Queries list by clicking on the Queries entry in the Outlook bar. Then select the Current Product List query and click the Design button.

Figure 11.1 The Design View for the Current Product List query. This section discusses the Field List pane, which is the top half of the Design View. The Field List for the Current Product List query contains fields from the Products table. This table is represented by the list box with the caption Product List (as you’ll see later in this hour, this caption is set by the Alias query table property). This list box is the Field List for the Products table. The Field List has an entry for each field in the table. It also has an entry containing only an asterisk (*). This entry represents all the fields in the table; when used, it will cause all fields in the table to be included in the query. An asterisk is also used in the SQL code to represent all the fields in the SQL statement (such as SELECT * FROM Products). Also, notice that the ProductID field is in bold type. This signifies that the field is part of the Products table’s primary key. The primary key field is used to link this table to other related tables that can be added to the query as needs dictate. It’s a simple matter to add a field from the Field list to the query design grid at the bottom of the window. You can use any of several methods. First, you can double-click the field’s name to place the field in the first available column of the Design view’s grid. This means that this field appears as the last (right-most) column in the Datasheet view when the query is executed. Second, you can add a field to the grid by clicking the field name and dragging it onto the grid. You can control which column the field is displayed in by using this method as well. The column onto which you drop the field shifts to the right, and the new field is placed in front of the other fields. You also can select multiple fields from the Field list (by holding down the Shift or Ctrl keys when you click a field’s name) and drag and drop them to add them to the grid. Caution: The drag-and-drop action cannot be undone and produces no confirmation message, so the only way to revert to the old query is to close the query without saving. Use this with caution!

The Field List also has a shortcut menu, which you access by right-clicking while the pointer is over the Field List. The shortcut menu contains two items. The first item is Remove Table, which removes the selected table and all its fields from the query. The second item is Properties, which displays the Table Properties window discussed in the section “Working with Properties,” later in this hour. To add tables to the Field List pane, you first must display the Show Table dialog box. (See Figure 11.2.) Just choose Query, Show Table.

Figure 11.2 The Show Table dialog box. As you can see, the Show Table dialog box has three tabs: Tables, Queries, and Both. The Tables tab displays a list of all the tables in the database. The Queries tab displays a list of all the queries saved in the database. Queries don’t have to be based only on tables. They can also be built using other queries that have been defined in the database. The Both tab displays a list of both the tables and the queries. To add a table or query to the query’s Field List pane, you can double-click the item’s name or select the item and click Add. You can select multiple items by holding down the Shift or Ctrl keys before clicking the item’s name. Next click the add button to add all these items at once. When you add a table that is related to a table already in the query, a line is drawn between these related tables to show the fields that join the two tables. Suppose that you add the Categories table to the Current Product List query. A line is drawn between the CategoryID field in the two tables, as shown in Figure 11.3.

Figure 11.3 The Current Product List query with the Categories table added. A join describes the relationship between two tables in a relational database. The tables are joined because a field or group of fields is common to both tables. This join forms the relationship between the two tables.

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Using the Design View’s Grid The area at the bottom of the Design view is the Query by Example (QBE) grid. This is where the various field-specific attributes of the query are defined. Each field added to the query has its own column in the QBE grid. The rows in the grid represent different attributes for the field. There are rows for field name, table name, sort order, and visibility of the field in the result set; there also are rows for setting result set criteria based on the field. The Field Name and Table Name rows contain drop-down list boxes that enable you to change the field represented by the column or to add new fields to the query. Simply select the desired table and field from the drop-down lists. To add a field, select an empty column in the grid and choose the table name and field name. If the required table does not appear in the list, you must add it to the Field List pane using the instructions in the earlier section, “Using the Field List.” To remove a field from the query, move the pointer over the top of the field’s column until the pointer changes to a down arrow. Now click on the column header to select it. Press Delete to remove the field. You also can remove a field by clicking in any row in the field’s column and choosing Edit, Delete Columns. Caution: This field-removal action cannot be undone, so use it with caution.

To move a field to a different column position (and change the field’s display column in Datasheet view), select the column. Next click the column’s header and drag-and-drop it at the desired location.

Specifying the Sort Order and Showing Fields For each field in the query, you also can specify the sort order and whether the field is included in the query’s result set. Each of these attributes has its own row in the QBE grid. The sort order determines how records are ordered when the query executes. You specify the sort order by using the Sort row’s edit box. Just open the drop-down list box and choose Ascending, Descending, or Not Sorted, which is equivalent to having no entry in the Sort row. Refer back to Figure 11.1, or if you’re following along in Access 2000, look at the QBE grid in the Design

View for the Current Product List query. The ProductName field is sorted in ascending order. This means that the products are listed in alphabetical order (from A to Z). If you execute the query by choosing Query, Run (or clicking the Run toolbar button), you’ll see that the products are indeed listed in alphabetical order. Return to the QBE grid by choosing View, Design View and change the sort entry for the ProductName field to Descending. Run the query again, and observe carefully that the products now are listed in reverse alphabetical order. Amazing, isn’t it? Note: To review some important considerations to keep in mind when setting the sort order, search the Access 2000 Help file for the phrase “sorting data, overview” and review the tips.

In Figure 11.1, the Show row contains a checkbox for each field in the query. If the box is checked, the field appears in the query’s output. If the box is not checked, the field does not appear. This option is available because you might want to use a field as part of the sort order or criteria but not display it to the user. In the Current Product List query, the Discontinued field is not shown. It specifies the criterion for being a current product: The Discontinued field must be set to No. Because all records returned have their Discontinued field set to No, there’s really no need to display the field; its value is implied by the fact that the product is included in the query’s output. Just for fun, check the Show checkbox for the Discontinued field and execute the query. You see that none of the products has its Discontinued field checked, as shown in Figure 11.4. This is because all the records returned by the query have their Discontinued field set to No.

Figure 11.4 The Current Product List query with the Discontinued field visible. Tip: Of course, if you want to provide a quick way for the user to mark current products as being discontinued, displaying the Discontinued field in the query’s output is the perfect way to do so. Users can then simply check the box in the Discontinued column for any products that have been discontinued. The user will have to rerun the query to have the discontinued products removed from the datasheet, though.

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Specifying Criteria Part of the reason why queries exist is to draw from the database records that match specific criteria. The list of current products consists of all those products that are not discontinued, for example. The products that are discontinued are not included in the current product list. The rows that start with the Criteria row in the QBE grid are where you specify the data that must be present in a field in order for that record to be included in the query’s result set. You can specify multiple criteria in an OR fashion by entering the different values on separate rows in the field’s column. This means that if the field’s value in a record matches a condition on any row, that record will be included in the query’s output. The entries made in the Criteria rows must be valid Access expressions. The Criteria edit boxes have an Expression Builder Wizard that can help you quickly build a valid expression. (Figure 11.5 shows the Expression Builder.) You access the Expression Builder by clicking the Build button on the toolbar (the Magic Wand icon) or by right-clicking the Criteria edit box and choosing Build from the shortcut menu. The Expression Builder is covered in Hour 10, “Modifying an Existing Table,” and isn’t covered in detail here.

Figure 11.5 The Expression Builder dialog box. Now you’ll look at a few common examples of using criteria to change a query’s output. These examples use the Current Product List query, so open that query in Design view if you’re following along in Access 2000. In the first example, you will modify the query so that only the current products on order are returned when the query is executed. The Products table has a UnitsOnOrder field, which shows the number of units ordered for a product. Add that field to the grid by double-clicking its name in the Field List. Next, click in the Criteria row for the UnitsOnOrder field. To see which products are currently on order, type >0 in the edit box. Your screen should now resemble Figure 11.6. Now execute the query by choosing Query, Run or by clicking the Run toolbar button. Figure 11.7 shows the results. Instead of 69 records, as you

saw in earlier executions of this query, there now are only 17.

Figure 11.6 The QBE grid for the Current Product List query with the UnitsOnOrder field added.

Figure 11.7 Viewing the Current Product list with additional query criteria. Now suppose that you want to return only the products that cost between $10 and $50. First, remove the UnitsOnOrder field by clicking its column in the grid and choosing Edit, Delete Columns. Add the UnitPrice field by double-clicking its name in the Field list. Click in the field’s Criteria edit box and type >=10 and 2500 in the criteria field. 3. You want this field to have a different name in the report. Although you can change the label in the report design, it is easier to change the name at this stage. You want this field name to be Sale Amount instead of Subtotal. 4. To make the change, click in the Field row and type Sale Amount: before the name Subtotal, as shown in Figure 20.4. This displays all the sales totals from the Order Subtotals query that are greater than $2,500.

Figure 20.4 The new query with the first field added and formatted. 5. Now add the OrderID field from the Orders table, which is used to display the order ID on the report. To add this field, drag the OrderID field from the Orders table to the second query column. 6. Now, your screen should be similar to Figure 20.5.

Figure 20.5 The new query with the first two fields added and formatted. 7. The next field you need is the company name, which is stored in the CompanyName field in the Customers table. Drag this field to the third query column. Figure 20.6 displays the query with three fields entered.

Figure 20.6 The new query with the first three fields added and formatted. The fourth and final field you need on the report is a field that enables you to display only the orders that were shipped during 1998. This field is not displayed on the final report but determines what records the query returns. The date information is stored in the ShippedDate field in the Orders table. 8. Drag the ShippedDate field to the fourth query line. 9. You only want the orders from 1998, so you need to add a line to the Criteria field. To do this, you use the Between…And function. Type the following into the Criteria field: Between #1/1/1998# And #12/31/1998#. Using this criterion only displays the records with a ship date occurring during 1998. 10. Your screen should now look like Figure 20.7.

Figure 20.7 The new query with all four fields added and formatted. Note: In Figure 20.7, the column with the ShippedDate field has been widened so that you can see the entire text of the Between condition. Similarly, the first column has been widened, so that you can see how Subtotal was renamed to Sales Amount.

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The query is now finished. To test the query, first save it, naming it New Sales Totals by Amount. Click the Run button on the menu toolbar (the button with the exclamation point). Your datasheet should look like Figure 20.8.

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Figure 20.8 Datasheet displaying the information you designed the “New Sales Totals by Amount” query to display. Now that you are satisfied that the new query displays the information you need for the report, you can design the report. 1. Close the new query, making sure that it was saved. 2. Click the Reports tab and click the New button. Access displays the New Report dialog box and asks you what table or query you want to link to the new report. 3. Select the “New Sales Totals by Amount” query and click OK. Access now displays a blank report that is bound to the new query. According to Figure 20.1, which shows the original report, the first thing we will add is the title and date that is displayed in the report header. 4. To add the report header, select View, Report Header/Footer from the menu. You can add both of these elements with an unbound text box placed in the report header. 5. Select the text box tool from the toolbox and click in the Report Header section. 6. Type Sales Totals by Amount in the label section. 7. Move the label to the top-left corner of the report header, change the font size to 18, and make the text bold (you can use the Formatting toolbar to do so). 8. Increase the size of the label box to display all the data. You can use a separate label to display the title, but using the label that is provided automatically to the unbound text box saves you a step or two.

9. Now, you want the text box to display the date. Add the text =date() to the text box. 10. Change the font size to 10 and make the text bold. 11. Resize and place directly under the title label, and align the left sides. 12. To match the date format of the original report, click in the Format property for the text box (located in the Properties dialog box under the Format tab) and select the Medium Date format. 13. Scroll down to the Text Align property and select Left. Your screen should be similar to Figure 20.9. Now, you are ready to add fields to the Page Header and Detail section.

Figure 20.9 The new report with the first two fields added to the report header, displayed in Design view. You add the data from the Sale Amount, Order ID, and Company Name fields to the Detail section and labels for these fields to the Page Header section. The labels act as column titles and are printed on each page. The data displayed on the text boxes is printed on each page of the report. 1. Select the text box tool from the toolbar and drag the three fields from the Field list box to the Detail section of the report. Select the labels for each of these text boxes and delete them, leaving behind just the text boxes. 2. Select the label tool, click in the Page Header section, and create three labels, typing in the name of each of the three field names Sale Amount, Order ID, and Company Name. 3. Change the label font to 10 and make the text bold for each label. 4. Line up the labels like the report in Figure 20.1 and align the text boxes in the Detail section below the labels. 5. Change the Text Align property of the Order ID text box to Center to display the information in the middle of the text box instead of the right. 6. Change the Decimal Places property for the Sales Amount text box to 0 in order to round up the values to the nearest dollar. 7. Add another label in the Page Header and type Counter: in the label. 8. Add an unbound text box in the Detail section directly under the Counter label and type =1 in the text box. Select the label next to this text box and delete it. 9. To change the background color of the Page Header, click the Page Header section and click the button with the three dots next to the Back Color property in the Property sheet. 10. Select the light gray color for the background of the page header. Your screen should now be similar to Figure 20.10.

Figure 20.10 The new Sales Totals by Amount report with the Report Header, Page Header, and Detail sections added and formatted. 11. You want to sort the sale amount in descending order and group the sales amount in $1,000 increments. To do this, select the Sorting and Grouping button on the toolbar. 12. In the top line under Field/Expression, click the drop-down list and select Sale Amount. 13. To the right under Sort Order, select Descending to sort the values in descending order. 14. You want a line to separate each group, so select Yes for Group Footer in the Group Properties field in the lower section of the Sorting and Grouping box. This is shown in Figure 20.11.

Figure 20.11 The new Sales Totals by Amount report with the Report Header, Page Header, Detail, and Sales Amount Footer sections added and formatted. 15. You want to group on an interval of $1,000, so select Interval for the Group On property and select 1000 for Group Interval. 16. Add a horizontal line running the width of the report in the Sale Amount footer using the Line button from the toolbox. Your screen should be similar to Figure 20.11, which shows the Sorting and Grouping dialog box open. You can partially see the horizontal line in the group footer. Look behind the Sorting and Grouping dialog box, about two thirds of the way down. To see the screen without the dialog boxes in the way, refer to Figure 20.12.

Figure 20.12 The new report with all the controls added and formatted. 17. The next step is to change the Running Sum property of the Counter unbound text box to Over All. The property is found on the Data tab of the control’s Properties window. This will keep the counter number set up properly, with the number consistent over the whole report, not renumbering on each separate group. 18. The last thing you need to do is add the page number box in the Page Footer. 19. Add an unbound text box to the lower-right corner of the Page Footer and delete the label. 20. Add the following text to the Control Source property for this text box: =“Page ” & [Page] & “ of ” & [Pages]. This uses the concatenation function, represented by the “&” operator, to add the words Page and of to the current page number and total page numbers. 21. Change the size of the font of this text box to 10, and line it up all the way to the right of the Page Footer. Set the Text Align property to Right. 22. Add a horizontal line to the entire width of the Page Footer. Click the line and change the Border Width property to 3 and the Border Color to light gray.

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Now, the report is finished and ready to preview. Your screen should look something like Figure 20.12. Save the report as New Sales Totals by Amount Report and select the Print Preview view. Your new report should be similar to the one shown in Figure 20.13.

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Figure 20.13 The new report shown in Print Preview. Congratulations—you just designed and created your first report, a complex combination of several tables and queries that display exactly the information you need to know.

Summary This hour provided more detail on reports. I discussed several steps you need to take before you can design and create a report. You re-created a report from the Northwind database from scratch while learning many of the design issues you need to think about when designing and creating reports.

Workshop The Workshop is designed to help you anticipate possible questions, review what you’ve learned, and begin thinking ahead to putting your knowledge into practice. The answers to the Quiz are in Appendix A. Q&A Q A

Q

What is a good way to learn more about creating reports? By doing exactly what you did in this hour. Pick a report that does something similar to what you want to do and examine all the parts of that report. After you get an idea of how the report works, you can use that information to help you create a new report. What other calculations or expressions can you add to a report?

A

Many more calculations and expressions can be added, such as a running sum, average, and other arithmetic calculations.

Quiz 1. What are the fundamental building blocks of reports? 2. What kind of special effects can be added to a report? 3. What are the nine steps in designing a report?

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Hour 21 Creating Macros

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Timothy Buchanan This hour introduces macros. Macros help automate tasks that are performed frequently or repetitively. You can use macros by themselves or in combination with other objects in your database. You can automatically run macros using events, such as when a button on a form is clicked. How macros work and how you integrate them into your databases is the focus for this hour. Topics covered this hour are • What a macro is • The uses of macros • The macro window • Creating and editing macros • Running macros • Conditional macros • Debugging macros • Events • Self-executing macros • Integrating macros and forms

What Is a Macro? A macro is an Access object that executes certain tasks or a series of tasks. Each of these individual tasks are called actions. Access 2000 allows you to select and perform dozens of different actions in a macro. When you run a macro, Access uses the objects and data that were specified in the actions of the macro to execute those actions in the sequence in which they are listed. For example, you can design a macro that automatically opens two forms that are used often in your database. Your macro would have two actions that tell Access to open the forms in the order you list them. You also can use macros for other functions, such as

validating complex data, creating custom menu bars, or triggering other macros. Note: Macros can change the data in your tables! Make sure you make a backup copy of your database before you attempt to create your own macros.

The Uses of Macros You can use macros for any repetitive task or series of tasks you do in your database to save time and effort. Any task that is repetitive or performed often is a good candidate for implementing as a macro. Macros also add accuracy and efficiency to your database by performing the actions you specify in the exact same way every time they are run. You can use macros to perform a wide variety of tasks such as • Open a table, form, query, or report in Design view or Datasheet view. • Open multiple forms and reports together. For example, a form can have buttons linked to macros to automatically print a report that is based on the current form. You also can use buttons to open one form that is related to the form you are currently using. • Set or change most form and report properties and the properties of their controls using macros. • Close tables, forms, and reports that are open. • Run action queries. • Move data between different tables. • Execute any commands from the Access menu bar. • Set values of controls on forms and reports. Using the results of calculations or using a value from another table, a macro can set the value in the form or report. • Perform certain actions when you click a command button or press a key. • Move, minimize, maximize, size, or restore any window. • Display information, such as warnings, to the user. • Rename database objects. • Start other applications.

The Macro Window The Macro window is the graphical design workplace used to create macros. It is very similar to the design window of other Access objects. To open the macro design window, click the Macro tab in the Database window, select a macro from the list, and click the Design button. Figure 21.1 shows the list of macros in the Northwind database.

Figure 21.1 The list of macros available in the Northwind database. Figure 21.2 shows the Suppliers macro from the Northwind database displayed in Design view. The Macro Name column is used when creating macro groups. Macro groups are used to group a series of actions into a single entity. Whenever a macro group is executed, Access will perform all of the actions in that group. A macro group ends at the next line without an empty macro name. For example, the Add Products macro group begins with the Echo action and ends with the GoToControl action (it actually ends two lines past that, but neither of those lines do anything, they’re just comments).

Figure 21.2 The Suppliers macro from the Northwind database opened in Design view. To create a new macro, click the Macro tab on the Database window and click the New button. Figure 21.3 shows a blank macro in Design view. Notice that the design window is separated into four parts. The menu and toolbar are located at the top of the screen, similar to the other Access objects. The upper section of the

macro window is where the macro is designed. This section has two columns, Action and Comment. You use the Action column to add the actions for each step of the macro. You use the Comment column to add a description of each action. The data in the Comment column is ignored by Access and is a good place to document the actions of a macro (see Figure 21.2). You can make comments about each action of the macro for future use. Documenting your code is an important programming technique.

Figure 21.3 A blank macro opened in Design view. Note: You can display the two columns missing from the default macro Design view (Macro Name and Condition) by selecting View, Macro Name and View, Condition. You also can click the icons on the toolbar to view these sections. Conditional macros are discussed in the “Conditional Macros” section below.

The lower section of the macro window specifies the arguments for each action. You need to provide information for most actions before Access can perform them. Access uses these arguments to get more information about how to perform each of the actions. In Figure 21.4, the Customer Labels Dialog macro from the Northwind database is open, and an action that opens a report is selected. Notice that the Action is OpenReport. The lower section lists the arguments for the OpenReport action. The Report Name is the report to be opened. In this case, the Customer Labels report is specified. The View is the view in which the report is to be opened. In this case, the Customer Labels report is to be opened in Print Preview. Each action has different arguments it needs before it can execute properly.

Figure 21.4 The Customer Labels macro from the Northwind database is opened in Design view, and the OpenReport action is selected. Note: You can easily and quickly move between the upper and lower sections by pressing the F6 key.

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Creating and Editing Macros When creating a macro, you must use both sections of the Design window. After you add the actions and arguments, you can save the macro to use another time.

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Adding Actions There are several ways to add an action. You can enter the action name directly in the Action column of the macro window. You can also select an action from the drop-down list box in the Action column. The next step is to add a description of the action in the Comments column. Adding a description is not mandatory but is considered a good programming practice. Now, you must specify the arguments for the action listed in the Action column. After the action is selected in the Action column, the lower section displays the arguments that you can select for that specific action. Each macro action has a different set of arguments. You can manually type a value into the argument or, where appropriate, select a value from a drop-down list. Another feature that makes creating macro actions easy is the ability to drag and drop items from the Database window onto the Macro Design window. If you drag a table and drop it onto the macro Design window, the OpenTable action is added to the macro and the name of the table is placed in the appropriate argument value for this macro. Most of the other object types (queries, forms, reports, pages, and modules) have similar Open macro actions. If you drop an existing macro onto the Design window, the RunMacro action is added. You can add more than one action to a macro. Access performs the actions in the order in which the actions are listed. Simply use the next empty line in the upper pane of the macro Design window. Editing Actions When you have a macro with multiple actions, you might need to change the order of the actions. To move an action, select the action by clicking the row selector to the left of the action name. Next click the highlighted row and drag it to where in the macro you would like that action to be performed. You can also delete macro actions. Click the row selector to the left of the action name, and press the Delete key or select Edit, Delete Rows from the menu. Macros are run in the order in which they are listed in the macro screen, from top to bottom. If you call another macro from your original macro, the macro you call is run in its entirety, and control is returned to your original macro. The remaining macro actions are then performed.

Saving Macros You must save a macro before you can run it. If you attempt to run a macro that was not saved, Access asks you whether you want to save it. After the macro is saved, it is listed with the other macros under the Macro tab in your Database window. Tip: The easiest and fastest way to save a macro is to press the F12 key and type the macro name.

Running Macros After you create a macro, several different places in Access allow you to run the macro. You can run the macro from the Macro Design window by clicking the Run button in the toolbar, which has an exclamation point icon. You also can choose Run, Run from the Design menu. Another way to run a macro is from the Database window. Select the macro from the macro list under the Macro tab in the Database window, and click the Run button. You can also double-click the macro you want to run. Note: You also can run a macro within another macro. The action RunMacro enables you to run any other macro in your database.

Conditional Macros In some cases, you might want to perform a certain action or actions only if a specific condition is true. For example, you might want to display different information to the user depending on what value the user enters. In these cases, you can use a condition to control the flow of a macro. A condition is a logical expression. In other words, it can only be true or false. When the condition is true, the macro executes the action and subsequent actions having ellipses in their Condition column; when the condition is false, the action is not executed and execution continues at the next action which does not have ellipses in its Condition column (more on the ellipses in a moment). The Customer Labels Dialog macro from the Northwind database, displayed in Figure 21.5, has several actions that depend on the condition of the PrintLabelsFor variable.

Figure 21.5 A macro with Conditions. To add a condition to a macro, you must have the Condition column visible. Click the Condition button on the toolbar to view this column. You enter the conditions for the actions that require them in the Conditions column in the Macro Design window. If the condition is true, Access performs that action. Access can also execute a series of actions if the condition is true. Type an ellipses in the Condition column of the actions that immediately follow that condition. The ellipses is shown in the Customer Labels Dialog macro from the Northwind database in Figure 21.5. When you run a macro, Access examines each expression in the Condition column and determines whether the condition is true or false. If the expression is false, Access ignores the action and moves to the next row that does not have an ellipses. If the expression is true, Access performs the action that is beside the expression and all the following actions with an ellipses in the Condition column. If the Condition column is blank, Access performs that action and continues to the next expression, where the cycle continues. For example, note the actions in Figure 21.5 having the condition [PrintLabelsFor]=2 And IsNull([SelectCountry]). This condition will be true if the value of PrintLabelsFor is 2 and there is no value for SelectCountry. In this case, the action on the line containing the condition is executed (MsgBox). Likewise, the two actions following this one, GoToControl and StopMacro are executed. If the condition is false (either PrintForLabels is not 2 or there is a value in SelectCountry), execution jumps to the line which has a Condition column of [PrintLabelsFor]=2. Note that this line would have been evaluated after the previous lines were executed but for the StopMacro action.

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Debugging Macros Access provides two tools to help you troubleshoot problems in your macros: single stepping and the Action Failed dialog box. Using Single Step mode allows you to see how each line of the macro operates. The Action Failed dialog boxsimple informs you that your macro had a failure, and shows you some information about the line that caused the failure. Single Step You use single-step mode when you receive unexpected results from your macro and you want to examine the macro’s actions more carefully. Single stepping moves through the macro’s actions one step at a time, pausing between each action. Single stepping allows you to take a look at the result of each action and determine what action or actions are causing the incorrect results. To use the single-step mode, click the Single Step button on the toolbar (see Figure 21.6) or select Run, Single Step. This is a toggled item, meaning that you’ll stay in single step mode until you click the toolbar button or use the menu item again. Run the macro as you usually do by clicking the Run button on the toolbar. The Macro Single Step dialog box, shown in Figure 21.6, appears.

Figure 21.6 The Macro Single Step dialog box. You have three options when single stepping: • Step performs the action listed in the dialog box. If no errors occur, the next action appears in the dialog box. • Halt stops the execution of the macro and closes the dialog box. • Continue turns off the single-step mode and continues to run the remainder of the macro. Note: Turning on single-step mode opens all macros in the single-step mode. You can’t limit the effect to just one. Turn off single stepping if you want to run any macros as usual.

Action Failed Dialog Box When a macro is run and an action causes an error, an error message appears. The error message appears in a dialog box that looks just like the macro single step box, but the only option available is the Halt button. Choose Halt and return to the macro window to correct the problem.

Events Another way that you can run macros is to base the activation of a macro on an event, which is the result of some user action. An event can occur when a user clicks a button in a form, closes a report, moves between records in a form, and many other cases. Access databases are event-driven. Access objects respond to many different events. Access 2000 has eight different groups of events. • Data events occur when data is entered, deleted, or changed, or when the focus moves from one record to another. • Error and timing events are used for error-handling and synchronizing data. • Filter events occur when you apply or create a filter on a form. • Focus events occur when a form or control loses or gains focus or becomes active or inactive. • Keyboard events occur when you type on the keyboard or when you send keystrokes using the SendKeys action. • Mouse events occur when a mouse action happens. • Print events occur when a report is printed. • Window events occur when you open, resize, or close a form or report. You can trigger a macro when a user performs any of the approximately 50 events that Access recognizes. Access recognizes these events through the use of special properties in forms, reports, and controls. There are no event properties in tables or queries. For example, to run a macro that displays a report when the user clicks a button on a form (which raises the On Click event), follow these steps: 1. Create a new macro using the steps outlined earlier. Add a single action, OpenReport and set the Report Name and View arguments appropriately (remember that you can also drag the report from the Database window to add the action quickly). The View argument determines whether the report will be printed, opened in print preview mode, or opened in its Design window. Select Print Preview for this example. 2. Close the macro window, saving the new macro as Print Report. 3. Create a new blank form using the Design button on the forms tab of the Database window. Add a command button to the form (if the Command Button Wizard appears, click Cancel to dismiss it). 4. Right-click the command button and select Properties from the shortcut menu. On the Properties window, go to the Event tab. Click in the box next to On Click. 5. Drop down the list box for this property and scroll until you find Print Report. Select this entry and close the Properties window. 6. Switch to Form view and click the button. The report you specified in step 1 should display in the Print Preview window. If the Macro Single Step appears, you’ve left Single Step mode turned on. Click Continue to turn it off. Self-Executing Macros A good example of a macro that uses an event to trigger the macro execution is a self-executing macro. The most common self-executing macro is the AutoExec macro, which is automatically executed every time you open your database. To create the AutoExec macro, simply create a macro that you want to run every time you open the database. Save the macro and name it AutoExec. Every time you open the database, the AutoExec macro runs, which is useful if you want to display an opening screen to your users or open a main switchboard menu. Note: To bypass the AutoExec macro, hold down the Shift key as you select the database in the Open Database dialog box and continue holding it while the database loads.

Integrating Macros and Forms When you use a form in your database, Access recognizes certain events that occur on the form. Some events that Access recognizes are moving from one record to another or double-clicking a control. You can use macros on forms to respond to these types of events. Form events have corresponding event properties. Macros specify how each control or form responds to any event. The form or control property is linked to the macro. When creating a response to an event, you must first identify the control or form event that the macro responds to. If the macro you want to link to this event does not exist, you have to create it first. Next set the event property to the name of the macro. You can use the Macro Builder to create a macro, and it sets the event property automatically. You can use the Macro Builder for any event property. To use the Macro Builder, select the control property you want to change and click the small button with the ellipses (…) on it. Select the Macro Builder button, and you can create and save the macro without leaving the form or report you are currently working on. Access help offers more information on the Macro Builder.

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Summary This hour introduces the topic of macros. How macros work and how you can integrate them into your databases is the focus of this hour. This hour covers what macros are, as well as when and why to use them. Macros are a very broad topic, owing to the many available macro actions. Also, macros are quickly being replaced with Visual Basic for Applications code. However, this hour is a good introduction to macros and how to use them.

Workshop The Workshop is designed to help you anticipate possible questions, review what you’ve learned, and begin thinking ahead to putting your knowledge into practice. The answers to the Quiz are in Appendix A. Q&A Q A

Q A

Can a macro cancel an event? Macros that are executed from an event that is cancelable, such as the BeforeUpdate event, can use the CancelEvent action to cancel the event. In the case of BeforeUpdate, using the CancelEvent action will cause the update to be canceled. Can you do anything more advanced than macros? Yes, you can, using Microsoft’s Visual Basic for Applications. Much of what you can do with macros, and even more, can be done with code, and code has the advantage of being faster and more powerful. In addition, you can trap any errors that occur.

Quiz 1. 2. 3. 4.

What is a macro? Why should I use a macro? What are events? Why use events to trigger macros?

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Part VI Additional Topics Hour 22 Exchanging Data with Word 2000, Excel 2000, and Other Applications 23 Database Administration

Hour 22 Exchanging Data with Word 2000, Excel 2000, and Other Applications Craig Eddy You’re almost done. You’ve made it to Hour 22 in the quest to teach yourself Access 2000. You’ve learned all about using, extending, and creating an Access 2000 database. Now it’s time to learn how to use that database in some real-world situations. This hour covers the basics of using Microsoft’s Office Links. These are built-in wizards that assist you in using information contained in one Office application in a different Office application. The Office Links included with Access 2000 are Merge It with MS Word, Publish It with MS Word, and Analyze It with MS Excel. You’ll also learn about the Label Wizard for generating labels, and about exporting data from Access 2000 to other file formats, or even other database systems. Note: You must have the appropriate Office 2000 applications installed on your computer to use the Office Links.

In this hour I’ll use the Northwind database that’s included with Access 2000 as a sample database. If you want to follow along with the examples in the text, open that database now.

Using Access Data for Microsoft Word Mail Merges Perhaps the most useful tool in the Microsoft Office suite is Word 2000’s mail merge. Performing a mail merge involves creating a Word document that contains special merge fields and then combining this document with a data source. The data source is used to replace the merge fields with real data. A separate document is created for each record in the data source. The Merge It with MS Word Office Link can be used for data contained in tables or returned by a query. You cannot use this Office Link with forms and reports. If you’re using SQL Server as your back-end database, this Office Link works with Tables, Views, and Stored Procedures. To use the Merge It Office Link, follow these steps: 1. Activate the database window and select the table or query that will provide the data for the mail merge. For our example, select the Customers table. 2. On the Tools, Office Links flyout menu, select the Merge It with MS Word menu item. The Office Links menu item is on the full menu. If your Tools menu resembles Figure 22.1, click on the last entry in the menu to display the full menu. Next click on Office Links and select the Merge It with MS Word menu item.

Figure 22.1 The “compact” Tools menu, missing the Office Links menu item. Alternatively, you can simply click the Merge It with MS Word Office Link toolbar button, found on the standard Database toolbar. 3. The Microsoft Word Mail Merge Wizard appears as shown in Figure 22.2. This dialog box allows you to choose between merging with an existing document or creating a new document. For now, choose to create a new document and click OK.

Figure 22.2 The Microsoft Word Mail Merge Wizard. 4. Microsoft Word loads a new document and turns on the Mail Merge toolbar (as you can see in Figure 22.3). In this figure, I have clicked the Insert Merge Field to drop down the list of available merge fields. As you can see, this list matches the fields available in the Customers table.

Figure 22.3 Microsoft Word prepared for the Customers table mail merge. 5. Create the document as you normally would in Microsoft Word. Insert the merge fields from the Customers table where appropriate in the document. You do this by clicking the field’s name from the Insert Merge Field dropdown menu. 6. After you’ve finished creating the document, you should save it for future use. 7. To see the merged document, click the View Merged Data button (the one labeled ABC) that resides to the right of the Insert Word Field button on the Mail Merge toolbar. The data from the Customers table is merged with the document, replacing the merge fields with the appropriate data. The example document I created is shown in Figure 22.4.

Figure 22.4 The final merged document. 8. You can use the record locator buttons on the Mail Merge toolbar to display other records in the merge document. To print the merged document, use the File, Print menu. Now that you’ve created a merge document for the Customers table, you can use this file for future mail merges by choosing Link your data to an existing Microsoft Word document option on the initial Mail Merge Wizard dialog. When you do so, Access will present you with a Select Microsoft Word Document file open dialog box. Simply locate the appropriate file using this dialog, and then continue at step 5 above. You can also use the Save As/Export feature, discussed later in this hour, to save the data in a table or query into a form Word 2000 can use for mail merge. Doing so, however, does not allow you to select the document to be used for the merge, nor does it allow you to create a new document.

Publishing Access Components Using Microsoft Word The Publish It with MS Word Office Link allows you to quickly create a Word document from the datasheet view of tables, queries, and forms. It can also create a document from a report. This Office Link creates a file in the Rich-Text Format (RTF) and immediately launches Word 2000 with this document. Using this Office Link is simple. Simply select the table, query, form, or report you want to use as the source for the new document. Next use the Tools, Office Links, Publish It with MS Word menu item, or click the Office Link toolbar dropdown and select the Publish It with MS Word toolbar button. Access will choose the name for the file based on the name of the object. If the filename already exists, Access will ask you whether you want to replace the existing file. If you answer no, a File Save dialog will appear allowing you to choose a different name or folder for the file. If you answer yes, the existing file will be replaced with the new one. For tables, queries, and forms, the Publish It Office Link will produce a document that uses a table to display the data. For a report, the document will closely resemble the printed report, except that charts embedded in the report will not be ported to the Word document. For SQL Server databases, you can also use this Office Link with Views and Stored Procedures. Figure 22.5 shows the document produced when the Publish It Office Link was used on the Sales by Category query.

Figure 22.5 The results of the Publish It Office Link used with the Sales by Category query.

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Analyzing Access Data Using Microsoft Excel The final Office Link is the Analyze It with MS Excel Office Link. This Office Link allows you to transfer your tables, queries, forms, and reports (and Views and Stored Procedures for SQL Server databases) to an Excel spreadsheet. Most of the formatting from the original object is preserved in the spreadsheet. Forms are saved with their Datasheet views. If you have grouping levels in your reports, they are saved as outline levels in the spreadsheet. To use this Office Link, select the component you want to transfer to Excel. Use the Tools, Office Links, Analyze It with MS Excel menu item, or click the Office Link toolbar dropdown and select the Analyze It with MS Excel toolbar button. Like the Publish It Office Link, Access will choose the name for the file based on the name of the object. If the filename already exists, Access will ask you whether you want to replace the existing file. If you answer no, a File Save dialog will appear allowing you to choose a different name or folder for the file. If you answer yes, the existing file will be replaced with the new one. Figure 22.6 shows the Excel spreadsheet produced when the Sales by Category report was used with the Analyze It Office Link.

Figure 22.6 The results of the Analyze It Office Link used with the Sales by Category report.

Using the Label Wizard to Produce Labels As you’ve seen so far in this hour, Access 2000 is full of features that assist you in using the data entered into your databases. This section covers another very useful feature, the Label Wizard. The Label Wizard is a report generator that can create a variety of printed labels from the data in a table or query. Typically labels are created for mailing purposes. However, you can just as easily create product labels, tape labels, or any other type of label you want.

Note: The table or query to be used as the source of data must exist prior to starting the Label Wizard.

To create a new set of labels using the Label Wizard and the Northwind database, follow these steps: 1. Open the Northwind database, activate the Database window, and select the Reports item in the Objects group. 2. Click the New button to open the New Report dialog, shown in Figure 22.7.

Figure 22.7 The New Report dialog box. 3. Select Label Wizard in the list box at the right side of the dialog. 4. In the drop-down list box at the bottom of the dialog, select the table or query that contains the data to be used for the labels. In this example, select Customers. 5. Click OK to launch the Label Wizard. The first dialog of the wizard, shown in Figure 22.8, appears.

Figure 22.8 The initial dialog of the Label Wizard. 6. Select the label style you’re using or click the Customize button to create a new label style. The default styles available are the styles for the Avery brand of labels. To see which labels are available from a different manufacturer, use the Filter by manufacturer dropdown list. For this example, select 5164 from the default list of labels. Click Next when you’ve chosen the proper label style. Note: If you have created custom labels and check the box labeled Show Custom Label Sizes, the standard labels will not appear in the list of available labels. Only the custom labels will appear. Simply clear the check box if you need to use a standard-sized label.

7. The font and color dialog appears. Here you select which font to use, what size it should be, the color of the text, and a few other attributes. A sample showing how the label text will look appears at the left. Click Next when you’re ready to move on. 8. The next dialog, shown in Figure 22.9, is where you’ll do the field layout for the label. Select the field in the list of available fields and click the > button to move it to the prototype label on the right side of the dialog. In the prototype label, you can type static text as well as use the Ctrl+C, Ctrl+X, and Ctrl+V copy, cut, and paste shortcut keys. After the label is laid out properly, click Next to continue.

Figure 22.9 The label layout dialog box. 9. The next dialog is where you choose how to sort your labels. This is useful if you’re doing bulk mailings, for example, because the postal rates are lower for sorted mail. Select the field or fields you want to sort on and move them to the Sort By list by either double-clicking them or click the > button. You can add all fields by using the >> button. To remove a field, select it in the Sort By list and click