Samakalin Bhashabijnan (Contemporary Linguistics) [1 ed.] 9789843563330

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mgKvjxb fvlvweÁvb

mgKvjxb fvlvweÁvb

nvwKg Avwid Aa¨vcK I c~e©Zb †Pqvig¨vb †hvMv‡hvM •eKj¨ wefvM Ges fvlvweÁvb wefvM XvKv wek^we`¨vjq

AvšÍR©vwZK gvZ…fvlv Bbw÷wUDU (AvgvB) XvKv

mgKvjxb fvlvweÁvb nvwKg Avwid cÖKvkK AvšÍRv© wZK gvZ…fvlv Bbw÷wUDU ¯^Z:¡ †jLK cÖ_g cÖKvk •PÎ 1430 GwcÖj 2024 cÖ”Q` cwiKíbv nvwKg Avwid g~j¨ : 500 UvKv / 600 UvKv (†evW© euvavB) gy`ªY wewmGm wcÖw›Us ivwdb cøvRv, wbD gv‡K©U, XvKv-1205 †dvb : 01710880728 ISBN 978-984-35-6333-0

SAMAKALIN BHASHABIJNAN (Contemporary Linguistics – a textbook) by Hakim Arif, Published in 2024 by International Mother Language Institute (IMLI), Shaheed Captain Mansur Ali road, 1/Ka, Segun Bagicha, Dhaka, Printed at BCS Printing, Dhaka, Phone: 01710880728, Price- 500 Tk./600 Tk. (Hardcover)

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fvlv Kx? G wb‡q `xN©Kvj a‡i †hgb D”PvwiZ n‡q‡Q AmsL¨ Av‡eM I iƒcKagx© evK¨, †Zgwb †jLv n‡q‡Q e¯‘wbô Ges hyw³MÖvn¨ K_v-ci¤úiv| wKš‘ GB mewKQz‡K Qvwo‡q gvbe fvlv m¤ú‡K© c„w_ex Ry‡oB i‡q‡Q wKQz mycwiwPZ I RbwcÖq cO&w³gvjv †h¸‡jv Gi wewfbœ Abb¨ •ewk‡ó¨i cwiPqevnx| fvlvi ¯^iƒc Kx, Zv wba©vi‡Y †m¸‡jv ch©vqµ‡g GLv‡b Dc¯’vcb Kiv nj| cÖ_‡gB fvlv wel‡q me©Rb e¨³ I RbwcÖq GKwU msÁvm~Î Dc¯’vcb Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| g~jZ fvlvi GB cwiPqwU‡KB gvbyl cÖavb K‡i Zz‡j a‡i‡Q, Ges fvlvwelqK GB msÁvwU wPivq‡Zi gh©v`v jvf K‡i‡Q| †mwU n‡”QK. fvlv gvby‡li g‡bi fve cÖKv‡ki GK Abb¨ gva¨g gvby‡li gb †Zv wPšÍvi Avavi| Zvi g‡b nvRv‡iv fvebv memgq AvKzwj-weKzwj K‡i| Avi GB fvebvi g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q Ab¨‡K Rvbv‡bvi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq Z_¨wU; Pvicv‡ki RMZ‡K cÖKv‡ki eY©bvawg©Zv; wcÖqRb‡K fvjevmvi Av‡eM, ms‡e`b I Aby‡hvM; kÎæ‡K Nv‡qi Kivi †KŠkj, Zvi cÖwZ DrmvwiZ Kzrmv I N„Yv BZ¨vw`| GB me fvebvm~Î cÖKv‡ki m‡ev©Ëg gva¨g n‡”Q fvlv| fvlvi ¯^iƒc wbY©‡qi Rb¨ DcwiD³ msÁvm~‡Îi cvkvcvwk Av‡iKwU K_vI Kg ¸iæZ¡c~Y© bq| GB Acwinvh© eY©bvawg©ZvwU cÖKvk K‡i †hÑ

2 | mgKvjxb fvlvweÁvb L. fvlv GKwU wbw`©ó fvwlK †Mvwô‡Z e¨eüZ wPý-e¨e¯’v fvlvi ¯^iƒc wba©vi‡Y DwjøwLZ msÁvm~ÎwU GKwU eû aviYv mgwš^Z evK¨| Mfxi A_©-msewjZ GB evK¨wU cieZx© e¨vL¨vi AeKvk iv‡L| D`vniY¯^iƒc, GKwU fvlvi wewfbœ Dcv`vb ev cÖZxKx iƒcmg~n †h fvwlK†Mvwô‡Z cÖPwjZ, †mB fvwlK-mgv‡R G¸‡jv A_©c~Y© I wewbgq‡hvM¨ n‡jI Ab¨ GKwU fvwlK-†Mvôx‡Z APj| D`vniY †U‡b ejv hvq, ÔKvKÕ kãwU evsjvfvlx mgv‡R A_©c~Y© n‡jI Rvg©vbfvlxi Kv‡Q Zv †Kvb A_© enb K‡i bv| ZvB evsjv bv Rvbv †Kvb Rvg©vbfvlxi ÔKvKÕ kãwU ïb‡j nv-K‡i ZvwK‡q _vKv Qvov Zvi Avi wKQzB ejvi _vK‡e bv, †h‡nZz ÔKvKÕ aŸwb¸”Q ev kãwU Zvi †ev‡a †Kvb A_©‡eva •Zwi K‡i bv| Ic‡ii Abywm×všÍwU‡K GKUy Nywi‡q Gfv‡eI ejv hvq †h, M. fvlvi wPýmg~n cÖZxKx •ewkó¨‡K m~wPZ K‡i GKwU fvlvi Af¨šÍixY Dcv`vbmg~n, h_v- aŸwb, eY©, kã GgbwK evK¨I GK GKwU wPý, we‡kl K‡i Giv cÖ‡Z¨‡KB cÖZxK wPý wn‡m‡e we‡ewPZ| †Kbbv fvlvi Dcv`vb wb‡`©kK iƒc ev KvVv‡gv¸‡jvi mv‡_ Zv‡`i AšÍwbwn©Z aviYv ev e³‡e¨i †Kvb cÖZ¨ÿ wgj †bB| eis fvlvi e¨enviKvixiv BwZnv‡mi avivevwnKZvq GK ai‡bi AwjwLZ mvgvwRK Pzw³i gva¨‡g fvwlK Dcv`v‡bi mswkøó iƒ‡ci mv‡_ Gi wb‡`©kK e³‡e¨i g‡a¨Kvi ms‡hvM ¯’vcb K‡i wb‡q‡Q| D`vniY wn‡m‡e ejv hvq †h, ÔKvKÕ kãwU w`‡q ÔmPivPi †`L‡Z cvIqv Kvj i‡Oi K`vKvi cvwLÕ†K wb‡`©k Kivi e¨vcviwU GK ai‡bi HwZnvwmK ev¯ÍeZv e¨ZxZ Avi wKQz bq| GB mZ¨wU aŸwb I e‡Y©i ga¨Kvi m¤úK© Ges ev‡K¨i A_© cÖKv‡ki †ejvqI cÖ‡hvR¨| gvbe fvlvi Abb¨ •ewkó¨ GB †h, mg‡qi avivewnKZvq fvwlK Dcv`vb wewfbœ cÖZxKx iƒ‡c w¯’i I AvcvZ ¯’vqx n‡q GKwU mgwš^Z wPý-e¨e¯’v wn‡m‡e weKvk jvf K‡i‡Q| Avi mswkøó gvbe fvlv G iKg GKwU cÖZxKx wPý-e¨e¯’v iƒ‡c weKwkZ nIqvi Kvi‡YB GwU gvbem`„k Ab¨vb¨ cÖvYxi msÁvcb gva¨‡gi Zzjbvq Abb¨ I ZzjbviwnZ| †Kbbv wk¯úvÄx, Mwijv ev Iivs-IUvs‡`i msÁvcb c×wU ïayB cÖwZgv-wPý wbf©i| N. fvlv n‡”Q wbqg kvwmZ GKwU †KvW-c×wZ Ic‡ii cÖZ¨qwU m¤úªmvwiZ Ki‡j hv `vuovq Zv n‡”Q, fvlv †h Dcv`vbmg~‡ni Øviv MwVZ †m¸‡jv mywbw`©ó wbq‡gi Aaxb| GB wbq‡gi ci¤úiv †g‡bB fvlvi Dcv`vb¸‡jv ÿz`ª †_‡K e„nËi iƒc avi‡Yi ga¨ w`‡q mswkøó fvlxi ci¯ú‡ii g‡a¨ wewbgq‡hvM¨ n‡q I‡V| Avi GB cvi¯úwiK wewbgq‡hvM¨Zvi Kvi‡YB Zv H fvwlK †Mvwô‡Z A_©c~Y© nq| fvlvi e¨enviKvix hLb fvlvwU e¨envi K‡i ZLb Zviv m‡PZb ev Ae‡PZ‡b GB wbqg †g‡b P‡j| Gfv‡eB c„w_exi cÖwZwU fvlv GK GKwU †Kv‡W iƒcvšÍwiZ n‡q‡Q| cvkvcvwk, Ic‡ii e¨vL¨vm~Î †_‡K fvlvi †gŠwjK cwiPqm~PK AviI GKwU mZ¨ D‡b¥vwPZ nj| †mwU n‡”QO. fvlv wKQz Avewk¨K Dcv`v‡bi mgevwqK iƒc fvlvi KwZcq Dcv`vb Av‡Q, †h¸‡jv AwZ Avewk¨K I Acwinvh©I e‡U| †Kbbv GB Dcv`vb¸‡jv GKwU fvlvi KvVv‡gv iƒ‡c we‡ewPZ| kvixwiK KvVv‡gv e¨ZxZ †Kvb gvby‡li Aw¯ÍZ¡ †hgb Kíbv Kiv hvq bv, †Zgwb GB fvwlK Dcv`vb¸‡jv Qvov fvlvI A_©nxb| G¸‡jv g~jZ fvlvi evwn¨K iƒc‡K dzwU‡q Zz‡j| GB

fvlv Kx | 3 Dcv`vb¸‡jv fvwlK e³‡e¨i Avavi wn‡m‡e wPwýZ| †Kvb fvlvi A_© ev AšÍwb©wnZ e³e¨‡K aviY K‡i G¸‡jvI A_©en n‡q D‡V| fvlvi GB Acwinvh© Dcv`vb¸‡jv Avbyf~wgKfv‡e ev cvkvcvwk mvwR‡q Zvi msMVb •Zwi Kiv nq| Gfv‡eB GKwU fvlvi mvsMVwbK KvVv‡gv wfwËiƒc cvq| GB ai‡bi mvsMVwbK iƒc jv‡fi Rb¨ fvwlK Dcv`vb¸‡jv‡K wKQz AšÍwb©wnZ wbq‡gi Aax‡b mw¾Z n‡Z nq| fvlvi mvsMVwbK iƒcwU GZ Zvrch©gq I ¸iæZ¡c~Y© †h, msMVb wePvi K‡i †h †Kvb fvlvi Af¨šÍixY wbqg‡K †U‡b †ei Kiv hvq| fvlvi cÖavb Dcv`vb¸‡jv njÑ aŸwb, kã I evK¨| P. fvlv wKQy Af¨šÍixY k„•Ljv I wbq‡gi mgwó cÖwZwU fvlv‡ZB GK ai‡bi k„•Ljv i‡q‡Q| GB k„•Ljv ev †fZiMZ UvbB fvlvi Dcv`vbmg~n‡K AvuUmvuU K‡i †eu‡a iv‡L| Af¨šÍixY GB k„•Ljv ev wbqg cÖwZwU fvlvi Rb¨ Acwinvh© n‡jI Zv me fvlvi †ÿ‡Î GK I Awfbœ bq| GB wbq‡gi iƒc-iƒcvšÍi fvlv¸‡jvi Rb¨ Awbevh©| cÖ‡Z¨KwU fvlvi GB †h wbqgMZ ¯^vZš¿¨ I wfbœZv, Zv-B G‡`i‡K Avjv`v Avjv`v mËv I cwiPq G‡b w`‡q‡Q| fvlvi GB Af¨šÍixY wbqg I k„•Ljv‡K Avwe®‹vi Kivi Rb¨ fvlv M‡elKiv wb‡ew`Z I AšÍtcÖvY| nvRvi eQ‡iiI AwaKKvj a‡i cÖ_vMZ e¨vKiYwe`, HwZnvwmK fvlvZvwË¡K, mvsMVwbK fvlvweÁvbx, iƒcvšÍig~jK I m„wókxj e¨wKiYZvwË¡K, cÖÁvbg~jK fvlvweÁvbx mevB wfbœ wfbœ ZË¡ I c×wZ Aej¤^‡b fvlvi GB Af¨šÍixY k„•Ljv‡K Avwe®‹vi K‡i P‡j‡Qb| cÖ‡Z¨KwU fvlvi GB Af¨šÍixY wbqg I k„•Ljvi Av‡iK bvg n‡”Q e¨vKiY| Q. fvlv †gŠwLK I wjwLZ - GB `yB iƒ‡ci mgwó fvlv bvgK †h m„Rb-mËv – e„nr ev ÿz`ªB hv-B †nvK bv †Kb – cÖ‡Z¨K fvwlK mgv‡R cÖPwjZ, Zvi cÖavb I Avw` iƒcwU n‡”Q †gŠwLK iƒc| A_v©r †h iƒcwU fvlxiv A‡b¨i mv‡_ fve-wewbgq Ki‡Z wM‡q gyL w`‡q D”PviY K‡i, †mwU‡KB †gŠwLK iƒc wn‡m‡e AvL¨vwqZ Kiv nq| gvby‡li gyLwbtm„Z GB iƒcwUB n‡”Q Avw`, AK…wÎg I cÖvPxb| †Kbbv †h‡Kvb fvlv weKv‡ki cÖviw¤¢K ch©v‡q GB iƒcwUB wQj GKgvÎ fvwlK cÖKvk| mg‡qi avivevwnKZvq GB †gŠwLK iƒ‡ci cvkvcvwk Av‡iKwU iƒ‡ciI weKvk N‡U| †mwU n‡”Q Gi wjwLZ iƒc| BwZnvm ¯^vÿ¨ †`q, GB wjwLZ iƒ‡ci D™¢ve‡bi d‡j gvbyl fvlvi ga¨ w`‡q Zvi †h Av‡eM, Abyf~wZ I ms‡e`b‡K cÖKvk KiZ, Gi GKwU ¯’vqx iƒc cÖwZôvi my‡hvM •Zwi nq| D‡jøL¨, AvRI c„w_ex‡Z cÖPwjZ Zver fvlvmg~‡ni gvÎ GK-PZz_v©s‡kiB wjwLZ iƒc i‡q‡Q| R. gvbe fvlvi AvU‡cŠ‡i cÖKv‡ki cvkvcvwk •kwjMZ Dc¯’vcb i‡q‡Q gvbyl Zvi cÖwZw`‡bi cÖ‡qvR‡bi ZvwM‡`B fvlvi cÖKvk NwU‡q _v‡K| d‡j †ivRKvi cÖ‡qvR‡bi wbwi‡L fvlvi e¨enviKvixiv †h iƒ‡ci e¨envi K‡i _v‡K, Zv A‡bKUvB AvU‡cŠ‡i, N‡ivqv I mvaviY| GwU Zvi •`bw›`b D”PvwiZ kãfvÐv‡ii g‡a¨ dz‡U I‡V| G‡Zv †Mj fvlv bvgK gy`ªvi GKwU w`‡Ki K_v| cÿvšÍ‡i

4 | mgKvjxb fvlvweÁvb GLv‡b Avgiv m„Rbkxj gvby‡li K_vI we‡ePbvq Avb‡Z cvwi| m„wókxj gvby‡liv Zv‡`i g‡bvMZ Av‡eM I ms‡e`b‡K fvwlK iƒc`vb Ki‡Z wM‡q mvaviY gvby‡li wbZ¨ e¨envh© fvlv‡K Aej¤^b K‡ib bv, eis fvlvi Av‡iKwU Aj¼…Z iƒc‡KB wbgv©Y K‡ib| fvlvi G ai‡bi Avj¼vwiK gva¨g‡K m„Rb Ki‡Z wM‡q Zviv G‡K K‡i Zz‡jb Dcgv, Dr‡cÖÿv, AbycÖvm I iƒcKgq| Gfv‡eB m„wókxj †jLK‡`i m„Rb I jvj‡b µgvš^‡q fvlvi GB Aj¼…Z iƒ‡ci GKwU wbR¯^ •kwjMZ avivI •Zwi nq| AvaywbKKv‡j fvlvi GB Avj¼vwiK I •kwjMZ cÖKvk hZ bv gvby‡li †gŠwLK ev kÖæwZMZ iƒ‡c e¨eüZ nq, Zvi †P‡q A‡bK †ewk wjwLZ gva¨‡g dz‡U I‡V| S. fvlv gvby‡li g‡bvMn‡bi evZvqb gvbyl wn‡m‡e Avgiv fvlvi ga¨ w`‡q †h mZ¨‡K Dc¯’vcb Kwi, A_v©r †h Av‡eM, Abyf~wZ I fvjevmv‡K A‡b¨i Kv‡Q RvbvB, Zv Avgv‡`i g‡bi Mnxb Dcjwä‡KB iƒcvwqZ K‡i| Ab¨fv‡e ej‡Z †M‡j, gvby‡li wPšÍv-cÖwµqvi GK Awbevh© cÖKvk n‡”Q fvlv| cÖÁvbg~jK fvlvweÁvbxiv e‡jb, gvby‡li ÁvbMZ mËvq cªwZ gyn~‡Z© wewfbœ Z_¨-Dcv‡Ëi †h Avw`-KvVv‡gv w¯’iiƒc cv‡”Q, Zvi wfwË wKš‘ Pvicv‡k weivRgvb wewPÎ e¯‘, c`v_© I Ae¯’vmg~n| Gm‡ei g‡bvMZ Ae¯’vwUB gvbyl wewfbœ cÖ‡qvRb I cÖwZ‡e‡k fvwlK cÖKvk iƒ‡c Dc¯’vcb K‡i| †m we‡ePbvq ejv hvq, fvlvi ga¨ w`‡q gvbyl †h‡nZz g‡bvMZ Ae¯’v‡K iƒcvwqZ K‡i, ZvB fvlv‡K Zvi g‡bv‡PZbvi Rvbvjv wn‡m‡e mn‡RB AvL¨v †`Iqv hvq|

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fvlvi DrcwË I weKvk fvlvi D™¢‡ei weeZ©bev`x `„wó‡KvY GB Aa¨vq cvV †k‡l Avcwb wkL‡eb K. weeZ©bev`x `„wó‡KvY †_‡K fvlvi DrcwË  L. gnËg gvbweK mËv wn‡m‡e fvlvi µgweKv‡ki aviv I ch©vq  M. fvlv weKv‡ki ZË¡: kvixiZvwË¡K `„wó‡KvY

fvlv gvby‡li Abb¨ m¤ú`| GB m¤ú‡`i GK”QÎ AwaKvix nIqvi Kvi‡Y gvbyl RM‡Zi Ab¨vb¨ cÖvwYKz‡ji g‡a¨ †kÖô‡Z¡i cwiPqwU Mv‡q Rwo‡q wb‡q‡Q| mnRvZ •ewk‡ó¨ fvlvkw³ AvqË Kivi Kvi‡Y gvby‡li †h Abyaveb I cÖKvk ÿgZvi weKvkjvf K‡i‡Q, Zv GKw`‡K †hgb Zvi Kíbvkw³‡K Dm‡K †`q, †Zgwb m„RbKg©‡K K‡i gyLi I D‡b¥vwPZ| gvby‡li GB AmvaviY fvwlK-ÿgZv cÖvwYKz‡ji Avi †KDB AR©b I cÖ`k©b Ki‡Z mÿg bq| fvlv bvgK GB †h Abb¨ †evaMZ mËv, Zv wKš‘ gvbyl GKw`‡b AR©b K‡iwb| mviv c„w_ex‡Z gvbe fvlvmg~‡ni AvR‡Ki GB †h cwiYZ iƒc, Zv ivZvivwZ c~Y©Zv cvqwb| eis gvbe mf¨Zvi avivevwnK weeZ©‡bi GK Acwinvh© m½x iƒ‡cB fvlv eZ©gvb cwiYZ iƒ‡c †cŠuQv‡Z †c‡i‡Q| GB Aa¨v‡q weeZ©bev`x `„wó‡KvY †_‡K gvbe fvlvi DrcwË I µgweKv‡ki iƒc-iƒcvšÍi‡K kbv³ Kiv n‡q‡Q| G wel‡q we¯ÍvwiZ eqvb ïiæi Av‡M wb‡Pi ch©‡eÿY¸‡jvi w`‡K `„wócvZ Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| 1) evwo‡Z AevwÃZ AvMš‘K Avm‡j KzKzi †ND †ND K‡i Zv Rvbvb †`q| 2) †cvlgvbv wUqv ev gqbv, A_ev †Kvb Avwd«Kvb †ZvZv (aiv hvK Zvi bvg Ô†Uv‡UvÕ) evwoi bZzb AwZw_‡K †kLv‡bv eywj‡Z Af¨_©bv Rvbvq| 3) †Kvb eb-gvbyl ev wk¤úvwÄ (Zvi bvg ÔKvwÄÕ) cÖwkÿY MÖn‡Yi gva¨‡g K‡qKkÕ kã AvqË Ki‡Z cv‡i| 4) gvbyl cÖvqkB Kwe‡`i iwPZ KweZv Ave„wË K‡i wb‡Ri fvwlK †kÖôZ¡‡K cÖvwYKz‡j Rvbvb †`q|

6 | mgKvjxb fvlvweÁvb DwjøwLZ 1g ch©‡eÿYwU e‡j, cÖvYx wn‡m‡e KzKz‡ii mxwgZ cwim‡i n‡jI Ab¨ cÖvYxi mv‡_ msÁvc‡bi GKwU mnRvZ ÿgZv i‡q‡Q| Z‡e KzKz‡ii GB msÁvcb cÖK…wZwU LyeB cÖv_wgK ch©v‡qi| †Kbbv cÖvYx wn‡m‡e KzKzi ev mvi‡gq †ND †ND K‡i †Kvb AvMš‘‡Ki AevwÂZ Dcw¯’wZ m¤ú‡K© Zvi gvwjK‡K Rvbvb †`Iqvi cÖv_wgK msÁvcb Kg©wU Ki‡Z cvi‡jI Zv kvwãK ch©v‡q DbœwZ nqwb| 2q ch©‡eÿY ¯^vÿ¨ †`q, cÖvYx wn‡m‡e gqbv, wUqv, †e½j wdÝ A_ev AvwdªKvb †ZvZv cvwLi msÁvcb †KŠkjwU KzKz‡ii Zzjbvq DbœZ| KviY fvlv Drcv`‡bi Rb¨ †h Acwinvh© ¯^ixq cÖZ¨½ _vKv `iKvi, Zv G‡`i i‡q‡Q| d‡j wUqv, gqbv ev †ZvZvcvwL Ô†Uv‡UvÕ ¯^iMZ A‡½i Aw¯Í‡Z¡i Kvi‡Y wbw`©ó cwigvY fvwlK `ÿZv AR©b K‡i‡Q hvi Øviv Giv gvby‡li aŸwbi g‡Zv wKQz RwUj I mvejxj aŸwb D”PviY Ki‡Z cvi‡jI, hveZxq aŸwb AvqË Ki‡Z mÿg bq| Ab¨w`‡K, 3q ch©‡eÿYwU Rvbvb †`q, msÁvcb `ÿZvi cÖK…wZi w`K †_‡K ÔA¨vcÕ(ape) RvZxq ¯Íb¨cvqxiv (DjøyK, evbi, ebgvbyl BZ¨vw`) gvby‡li KvQvKvwQ| G‡`i‡K hw` mywbw`©ó cÖwkÿY †`Iqv nq, Zvn‡j Giv gvby‡li KvQvKvwQ fvwlK `ÿZv †`Lv‡Z cv‡i| wKš‘ †h‡nZz ÔA¨vcÕ‡`i gvby‡li g‡Zv †Kvb ¯^iMZ `ÿZv †bB, ZvB Zviv mvwe©K fvlv `ÿZv AR©b K‡i bv| me‡k‡l, 4_© ch©‡eÿYwU e‡j †`q, gvbylB GKgvÎ ¯Íb¨cvqx cÖvYx hviv fvlv mvg‡_¨©i P~ovšÍ `ÿZv cÖ`k©b Ki‡Z cv‡i| KviY Zv‡`i †hgb DbœZ gw¯Í®‹ Av‡Q, wVK †Zgwb i‡q‡Q cÖvwYKz‡ji g‡a¨ me‡P‡q Kvh©Ki ¯^ixq cÖZ¨½ ev D”PviY ev· hv gvbyl‡K fvlv cÖwµqvKiY, Drcv`vb Ges Abyave‡bi †ÿ‡Î Dc‡hvMx K‡i M‡o Zz‡j‡Q| Z‡e gvbe mf¨Zvi weeZ©‡bi avivq gvbyl Kx cÖwµqvq GB P~ovšÍ fvwlK `ÿZv AR©b Kij Zv GB Aa¨v‡q mwe¯Ívi eY©bv Kiv n‡q‡Q| weeZ©‡bi BwZnv‡m fvlvi cweeZ©‡bi cÖwµqv‡K wb‡Pi wZbwU `„wó‡KvY †_‡K e¨vL¨v Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| K. dvB‡jv‡Rwb ev fvlvi kvixiZvwË¡K weeZ©b cÖwµqv GB Ávb‡ÿÎwU eY©bv K‡i, fvlvi cÖwµqvKiY Ges Drcv`‡bi †ÿ‡Î gvby‡li kixiMZ Kx cwieZ©b mvwaZ n‡q‡Q hvi d‡j gvbyl eZ©gvb Ae¯’vi fvlvKvh© m¤úv`‡b cvi`wk©Zv †`wL‡q _v‡K| A_©vr gvby‡li gw¯Í®‹ †hwU fvlv cÖwµqv K‡i Ges evKcÖZ¨½mg~n hv Zvi fvlv‡K D”Pvi‡Yi †ÿ‡Î Dc‡hvMx K‡i †Zv‡j G avivwU Zvi •ReZvwË¡K weeZ©b‡K e¨vL¨v K‡i| L. A‡›Uv‡Rwb ev gvbweK AvPiY wn‡m‡e fvlvi weKvkce© GKRb gvbewkï Rb¥MÖn‡Yi ci fvlvnxb Ae¯’v †_‡K wKfv‡e cwic~Y© fvwlK‡eva Ges fvlv e¨enviKvix gvb‡e cwiYZ nq fvlv weeZ©‡bi GB kvLvwU Zvi eY©bv cÖ`vb K‡i _v‡K| M. †Møv‡mv‡Rwb ev fvlvi eskjwZKvwfwËK HwZnvwmK cwieZ©b weeZ©bkv‡¯¿i GB kvLvwU fvlvi GKwU eskjwZKv kv¯¿| GB kv¯¿wU we‡kølY K‡i †Kvb cÖwµqvq AvR‡Ki c„w_exi fvlvmg~‡ni eskwe¯Ívi N‡U‡Q| GKwU cÖZœfvlv †_‡K wKfv‡e DrcwËMZ cÖwµqvi Øviv nvRv‡iv fvlvi Rb¥ n‡q‡Q Ges Rb¥m~‡Î GKwU fvlvi mv‡_ †Kvb fvlvi m¤úK©wU me‡P‡q KvQvKvwQ ev `~ieZx© †Møv‡mv‡Rwb Zv-B eY©bv K‡i|

fvlvi DrcwË I weKvk | 7 Av‡jvP¨ Aa¨v‡q dvB‡jv‡RwbK aviv ev kvixiZvwË¡K weeZ©b cÖwµqvi GKwU mswÿß iƒc‡iLv cÖ`vb Kiv n‡q‡Q| m½ZKvi‡YB Gi wb¤œiƒc eY©bvm~wP wba©viY Kiv n‡q‡Q| 1. fvlvi DrcwË: agx©q `„wó‡KvY 2. fvlv weeZ©‡bi mgqµg 3. gvby‡li A½MZ mg„w× I fvlvi weeZ©bMZ iƒc wb‡P G‡`i ch©vqµwgK eY©bv wjwce× Kiv nj| 2.1 fvlvi DrcwË: agx©q `„wó‡KvY msÁvcb gvby‡li GK Acwinvh© e¨e¯’v| m„wói Avw`Kvj †_‡KB gvbyl cÖ‡qvR‡b AcÖ‡qvR‡b A‡b¨i mv‡_ msÁvcb Ki‡Q| G‡Z Zvi •`bw›`b Pvwn`v †hgb wg‡U‡Q, †Zgwb gvby‡li mvgvwRK •ewkówUI AÿyYœ †_‡K‡Q| d‡j cÖvPxbKvj †_‡KB cÖwZw`‡bi msÁvcbKg© Ges G m¤úwK©Z fvlv I fvlvfvebv gvby‡li ÁvbPP©vi GKwU Ab¨Zg Abyl½ iƒ‡c we‡ewPZ n‡q‡Q| GKB Kvi‡Y agx©q `„wó‡KvY †_‡KI fvlv I fvlvi DrcwË wel‡q ZË¡wPšÍv Dc¯’vwcZ n‡q‡Q| KviY cwðgv we`¨vqZ‡b GUv mn‡RB ¯^xKvi Kiv nq †h, gvbyl‡K cÖK…wZi AwbðqZv, wecbœZv Ges AmnvqZv †_‡K ag©B cÖ_g Av‡jvi c_ †`wL‡q‡Q| m½ZKvi‡YB ag© gvby‡li fve cÖKv‡ki Ab¨Zg nvwZqvi fvlvi weeZ©b I weKvk wel‡q wbR¯^ a¨vb-aviYv Av‡ivc Ki‡Z †P‡q‡Q| B‡qv‡ivc I Av‡gwiKv‡Z GKwU cÖev` cÖPwjZ Av‡Q, ÔmKj ÁvbxB G‡m‡Q Gwkqv †_‡KÕ (all wisemen come from Asia)| KviY c„w_ex‡Z cÖPwjZ AvaywbK ag©¸‡jvi DrcwË n‡q‡Q Gwkqvq| g~jZ Gwkqvi wZbwU AÂj, h_v- fviZ, ga¨cªv‡P¨i †m‡gwUK AÂj I Px‡b weKwkZ ag© Ges agx©q gZev`¸‡jv c„w_exi gvbyl‡K bvbvfv‡e c_ †`wL‡q‡Q| Gme AÂj †_‡K D™f~Z wn›`y, †eŠ×, Bmjvg, wLª÷vb, Bûw`, •Rbag© ciKv‡ji ¯^M©cÖvwßi jÿ¨mn BnKv‡j †e‡uP _vKvi wewfbœ cÖwµqv eY©bv K‡i‡Q| Z‡e Gme a‡g©i g‡a¨ Bûw` Z_v wLª÷vb ag© gvby‡li wbZ¨w`‡bi fve cÖKv‡ki Ab¨Zg evnb fvlv I Gi DrcwË wel‡q my¯úó Z_¨ I e¨vL¨v cÖ`vb K‡i‡Q| wLª÷vb a‡g©i cweÎ MÖš’ evB‡e‡j G welqK GKwU Mí i‡q‡Q hvi wk‡ivbvg n‡”Q ÔbMi Ges †mŠaÕ| 2.1.1 ev‡e‡ji †mŠa wLª÷ a‡g©i cweÎ MÖš’ evB‡e‡j c„w_exi fvlvmg~‡ni DrcwË wel‡q ewY©Z ÔbMi I †mŠaÕ KvwnbxwU fvlvweÁv‡b mvaviYfv‡e Ôev‡e‡ji †mŠaÕ (Tower of Babel) bv‡g cwiwPZ| GB cweÎ MÖ‡š’i 11:1-9 As‡k ewY©Z Av‡Q, †jvK¸‡jv c~e©‡`k †_‡K kvBbvi bvgK GK we¯ÍxY© mgZj f~wg‡Z c`vc©Y Kij Ges Zviv GLv‡b GKwU bMi I †mŠa wbgv©Y ïiæ Kij †h †mŠ‡ai P~ovwU ¯^‡M© †cŠu‡Q hv‡e| m`vcÖfz Ici †_‡K Zv †`L‡jb Ges †jvK¸‡jv hv‡Z DuPz †mŠa wbg©vY †kl Ki‡Z bv cv‡i †mR‡b¨ Zv‡`i g‡a¨ fvlvi wfbœZv G‡b w`‡jb| d‡j †mŠa wbg©vYKvix †jv‡Kiv ci¯ú‡ii fvlv eyS‡Z bv †c‡i wbg©vYKvR eÜ K‡i †`q| G Kvi‡Y †mŠa wbg©vY Avi †kl nj bv Ges †jv‡Kiv wb‡R‡`i fvlv eyS‡Z bv cvivi Kvi‡Y c„w_exi wewfbœ cÖv‡šÍ Qwo‡q coj| Gfv‡eB c„w_ex‡Z wewfbœ fvlvi Rb¥ nj (†R‡bwmm 11:1-9)|

8 | mgKvjxb fvlvweÁvb

wPÎ 2.1: wkíxi Zzwj‡Z Aw¼Z Ôev‡e‡ji †mŠaÕ (•Zj wPÎ- wcUvi †eªv‡Mj w` GjWvi 1563)

fvlvi DrcwË wel‡q Ic‡i DwjøwLZ evB‡e‡ji MíwUi †Kvb •eÁvwbK wfwË †bB Ges weeZ©‡bi †Kvb ZË¡ ev c×wZi Øviv †Kvbfv‡eB e¨vL¨v KivI hvq bv| Z‡e GwU fvlvweÁv‡bi BwZnv‡m eûj cwVZ GKwU Mí Ges cÖfvewe¯ÍvixI e‡U| KviY Gi iƒcK A_©‡K MÖnY K‡i fvlvweÁv‡bi wewfbœ cÖeYZv I •ewkó¨‡K e¨vL¨vi †Póv Kiv n‡q‡Q| GQvov GB MíwU nq‡Zv fvlvweÁvbx I weeZ©bev`x M‡elK‡`i‡K •eÁvwbK AbymwÜrmv m„wói †ÿ‡Î g~jm~Î wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i‡Q| †Kbbv Zzjbvg~jK I HwZnvwmK fvlvweÁv‡bi M‡elK Ges weeZ©bev`x fvlvweÁvbxiv cÖ‡qvRbxq hyw³ I DcvË mn‡hv‡M cÖgvY K‡i‡Qb †h, me fvlvB GKwU cÖvPxb ev cÖZœfvlv †_‡K weeZ©‡bi avivevwnKZvq Rb¥ jvf K‡i‡Q| GQvov GB M‡íi wbwnZv_© Lyu‡R cvIqv hvq †bvqvg Pgw¯‹i Ôme©Rbxb e¨vKiYÕ Gi aviYvqI| Pgw¯‹i g‡Z, wkï fvlv AR©‡bi Rb¨ †h mnRvZ AšÍwb©wnZ e¨vKiY wb‡q Rb¥MÖnY K‡i Zv g~jZ GK ai‡bi me©Rbxb e¨vKiY •e Avi wKQz bq| welqwU‡K Nywi‡q ejv hvq †h, wkï fvlv AR©‡bi Rb¨ †h AšÍwe©ó fvlvAÂj gw¯Í®‹ wb‡q Rb¥MÖnY K‡i †mwU aviY K‡i Av‡Q fvlv AR©‡bi bKkvmg~n (Harrub et al. 2003)| 2.2 fvlv weeZ©‡bi mgqµg Avw`c‡e©i gvby‡li AvR‡Ki gvbyl n‡q IVvi †ÿ‡Î weeZ©‡bi †h cwiµgv i‡q‡Q, Zvi mv‡_ fvlvi weeZ©‡bi avivwUI Mfxifv‡e m¤úwK©Z| Z‡e G msµvšÍ M‡elYvK‡g©i m~Pbv MZ kZvãxi cÖ_g w`‡K ïiæ n‡jI GK ch©v‡q fvlvi kvixiZvwË¡K weeZ©b wel‡q M‡elYvKg© m¤úv`‡b M‡el‡Kiv wbiærmvwnZ n‡q c‡ob; we‡kl K‡i 1866 mv‡j hLb c¨vwim wj½yq¨vw÷K †mvmvBwU fvlvi weeZ©b welqK M‡elYvKg©‡K wbwl× †NvlYv K‡i (Aitchsion 2000)| Zuviv Dcjwä Ki‡Z mg_© nb †h, fvlvi kvixiZvwË¡K weeZ©‡bi µgch©vqwU Dcjwäi Rb¨ Dc¯’vcb‡hvM¨ •ReZvwË¡K cÖgvY gvbe mf¨Zvi BwZnv‡m cvIqv hv‡e bv| KviY, cÖ_gZ, gvby‡li weeZ©‡bi BwZnv‡m wVK †Kvb mg‡q evPbnxb evbi RvZxq cÖvYx †_‡K gvbyl fvwlK cÖvYx‡Z

fvlvi DrcwË I weKvk | 9 iƒcvšÍwiZ n‡q‡Q, Zvi h_v_© cÖgvYvw` GLbI weÁvbxiv D×vi Ki‡Z cv‡ibwb (Harrub et al. 2003)| ZvQvov †Kvb ai‡bi avivevwnK cÖwµqvi gva¨‡g G cwieZ©b mvwaZ n‡q‡Q, Zv GLbI Rvbv m¤¢e nqwb| wØZxqZ, hw` kvixiZvwË¡K weeZ©‡bi welqwU AMÖvwaKvi †`Iqv nq, Zvn‡jI ejv hvq, gvby‡li fvlv Drcv`Kvix ¯^iZš¿x `ywU g~jZ GKai‡bi cPbkxj gvsk‡cwk †h¸wj gvby‡li g„Zz¨i ci mn‡RB jqcÖvß nq| ZvB weeZ©bev`x M‡el‡Kiv gvby‡li fvlvi weeZ©b wel‡q G †_‡K †Kvb cyivZwË¡K cÖgvY jvf Ki‡Z cv‡ib bv| Gme we‡ePbvq ZrKvjxb c¨vwim fvlvZvwË¡K †mvmvBwU fvlvi kvixiZvwË¡K weeZ©‡bi M‡elYv‡K wbwl× †NvlYv K‡i| Z‡e GB wb‡lavÁv cÖvq 99 eQi ejer _vK‡jI 1965 mv‡j i` n‡q hvq Ges fvlvweÁvbx I weeZ©bev`x M‡el‡Kiv Avevi bZzb K‡i G avivi M‡elYK‡g© wbhy³ nb| mewgwj‡q 1866 mv‡ji Av‡M Ges 1965 mv‡j c‡i weeZ©bev`x •eÁvwbK I fvlv M‡el‡Kiv fvlv‡K m¤úwK©Z K‡i gvbe mf¨Zvi weeZ©b wel‡q M‡elYvwbf©i †h djvdj jvf K‡i‡Qb Zvi mvirmvi wb‡P Zz‡j aiv nj (French 2004)| K. cÖvq 4 wgwjqb ev 40 jÿ eQi Av‡M c~e©m~ix A¨vc‡`i †_‡K c„_K n‡q AvR‡Ki gvby‡l cwiYZ n‡q‡Q| Z‡e Kv‡iv Kv‡iv g‡Z ZviI Av‡M A_©vr AvR †_‡K 6 †_‡K 7 wgwjqb eQi Av‡M Giv gvby‡l cwiYZ nq| L. weeZ©bev`xiv cÖgvY K‡i‡Qb †h, AvR‡Ki gvby‡li c~e©m~ixiv cÖvq wLª.c~. 1 jÿ eQi Av‡M Avwd«Kv †_‡K hvÎv ïiæ K‡i Ges wLª.c~. 10000 eQ‡ii g‡a¨ mviv c„w_ex‡Z Avevmx wn‡m‡e ¯’vqx nq| M. GiB avivevwnKZvq weeZ©bev`x M‡el‡Kiv Abygvb K‡i‡Qb †h, wLª.c~. 1 jÿ eQi Av‡M †_‡K ïiæ nIqv gvby‡li Awfevmb cÖwµqv hv wLª.c~. 10000 eQ‡ii g‡a¨ mviv c„w_ex‡Z wewfbœ m¤úbœ nq, GB mg‡qi g‡a¨B c„w_ex‡Z wewfbœ fvlvI Rb¥jvf K‡i‡Q (Spielvogel 2003)| N. msÁvc‡bi D‡Ï‡k gvbyl wVK KLb fvlvi cÖ_g kãwU D”PviY K‡i Zv mwVKfv‡e wbY©q Kiv m¤¢e nqwb| †Kbbv fvlvi weeZ©b hw` mwZ¨ nq, Zvn‡j ejv Am½Z bq †h, fvlv wKfv‡e AvR‡Ki Ae¯’vq DcbxZ n‡q‡Q Zv GKgvÎ Abygvb K‡iB ej‡Z nq †h‡nZz Gi †Kvb AKvU¨ cÖgvY cvIqv ixwZgZ Am¤¢e (Grimm 1984)| 2.3 gvby‡li A½MZ weeZ©b I fvlvi weKvkMZ iƒc gvbexq fvlvi weKvk mva‡b gvby‡li A½MZ weeZ©b Zvrch©c~Y© f~wgKv †i‡L‡Q| mg‡qi avivevwnKZvq †jRwenxb eb-gvby‡li (ape) A½MZ †h cwieZ©‡bi gva¨‡g AvaywbK gvby‡li AvK…wZcÖvß n‡q‡Q, Zv Zv‡`i evPb ev fvlvi †PŠKmiƒc cÖ`v‡bI Kvh©Ki †_‡K‡Q| g~jZ MZ kZK †_‡KB gvby‡li evKcªZ¨‡½i weeZ©b‡K gvb`Ð a‡i gvbe fvlvi cwieZ©b cÖwµqv we‡køl‡Yi GKwU c„_K aviv weeZ©bg~jK RxeweÁv‡b M‡o I‡V‡Q| GwU‡K dvB‡jv‡Rwb (phylogeny) ejv nq| wb‡Pi Av‡jvPbvq fvlvi weeZ©‡b GB dvB‡jv‡RwbK avivi cÖwZwbwaZ¡kxj M‡elYvi mvirmvi wjwce× Kiv n‡q‡Q|

10 | mgKvjxb fvlvweÁvb †h fvwlK Dcv`vb gvbyl‡K Ab¨ cÖvYx †_‡K c„_K K‡i‡Q †mwU n‡”Q Zvi evPb (speech)| evPb ej‡Z GLv‡b fvlvi †mB K_¨iƒc‡K eySv‡bv n‡”Q, hv gvbyl Zvi •`bw›`b fve-wewbg‡q e¨envi K‡i| GB evPbB n‡”Q fvlvi cÖK…Z ev g~jiƒc| wjevigvb (Lieberman 1998) welqwU‡K Gfv‡e e¨vL¨v K‡ib, c„w_ex‡Z †hme cÖvYx K_v ej‡Z mÿg Zv‡`i‡KB gvbyl ejv nq, Ab¨ KvD‡K bq| gvbyl wKfv‡e GB Abb¨ evPb ÿgZvi AwaKvix nj? G‡ÿ‡Î gvby‡li wKQz kvixwiK A½MZ cwieZ©b ev Gme we‡kl ai‡bi A‡½i ms‡hvRb I Zvi weewZ©Z iƒcB Zv‡K evPb •ewk‡ó¨i AwaKvix K‡i Zz‡j‡Q| GQvovI gw¯Í‡®‹i †PŠKm Kg©`ÿZv gvbyl‡K evPb ejvi †ÿ‡Î cÖwµqvKi‡Y mnvqZv K‡i _v‡K| fvlvweeZ©bweÁvbx wdP (Fitch 2010) e‡jb, gvby‡li weeZ©b cÖwµqvi aviµg‡K AbymiY K‡i ejv hvq, 6 †_‡K 7 wgwjqb eQi Av‡M wk¤úvÄx †_‡K c„_K n‡q gvby‡l cwiYZ nq| wKš‘ wk¤úvÄx bvgK D³ evbigvbyl †_‡K gvby‡li GB c„_K nIqvi cv_©K¨m~ÎwU wVK wK? WviDB‡bi (Darwin 1871) e¨vL¨v Abyhvqx wk¤úvÄx †_‡K gvbyl nIqvi †ÿ‡Î g~jZ `ywU •Re-kvixwiK cwieZ©b AbyNUK iƒ‡c KvR K‡i‡Q| G¸‡jv n‡”Q1) Avgv‡`i ¯^ih‡š¿i cwieZ©b; Ges 2) gw¯Í‡®‹i weKvk mvab Ic‡ii `ywU cwieZ©‡bi g‡a¨ gw¯Í‡®‹i weKvk mvab‡K fvlv weKv‡ki †ÿ‡Î Zvrch©c~Y© AMÖMwZ e‡j g‡b Kiv nq| gw¯Í‡®‹i GB iƒcvšÍiawg©Zvi ¯^iƒc wK? G welqwUi GKwU A_©en e¨vL¨v jv‡fi Rb¨ GBwPk‡bi (Aitchison 2000) kiY †bIqv †h‡Z cv‡i| wZwb e‡jb, weeZ©‡bi avivevwnKZvq weiƒc kvixwiK

cªwZ‡e‡k cwZZ nIqvi Kvi‡Y gvbyl hLb gvsmvkx cÖvYx‡Z cwiYZ nq, ZLb Zvi gw¯Í®‹ c~‡e©i Zzjbvq `xN©Z¡ jvf K‡i| wZwb AviI e‡jb, gvby‡li gw¯Í‡®‹i GB ai‡bi m¤úªmvi‡Yi Kvi‡Y gv KZ©„K AKvj wkï Rb¥`v‡bi gZ NUbv N‡U| d‡j wkïi •kk‡ei mgqKvjI `xN© nq †h mgq gv‡qiv wkïi Rb¨ Lvevi ivbœv K‡i Ges duv‡K dvu‡K ¸Y ¸Y K‡i Zv‡`i MvbI †kvbvq| Gfv‡e gvbe wkïi gyL I gyL-MnŸiI cwiewZ©Z nq Ges wbw`©ó ai‡bi aŸwb D”Pvi‡Yi Rb¨ Dc‡hvwMZv jvf K‡i| G ai‡bi kvixiZvwË¡K cwieZ©‡bi Kvi‡YB gvby‡li gw¯Í‡®‹ fvlv I evP‡bi weKvk mvwaZ nq| GB kvixwiK cwieZ©‡bi welqwUI wKš‘ 6 †_‡K 7 wgwjqb eQi Av‡MB N‡U hvq|

fvlvi DrcwË I weKvk | 11

wPÎ 2.2 AvaywbK gvby‡li Mjvi wb‡Pi w`‡K Aew¯’Z ¯^ihš¿

wPÎ 2.3: eb-gvbyl‡`i Mjvi DPuy‡Z Aew¯’Z ¯^ihš¿ †hwU ¯^iMZ `ÿZvi mgq wb‡P †b‡g Av‡m

G‡Zv †Mj gvby‡li gw¯Í‡®‹i m¤úªmviYMZ weeZ©b cÖwµqv| G ch©v‡q gvby‡li ¯^ih‡š¿i c„_K Ges DbœZ •ewk‡ó¨i Zvrch©‡K we‡ePbv Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| wd‡Pi (Fitch 2010) g‡Z, gvby‡li ¯^ihš¿wU Abb¨mvaviY| KviY GwU Ab¨vb¨ cÖvYx‡`i Zzjbvq Mjvi wb‡Pi w`‡K Aew¯’Z| we‡kl K‡i wk¤úvwÄ, evbi BZ¨vw` cÖvYxi ¯^ihš¿ A‡bKUv Mjvi Ic‡ii w`‡K ¯’vwcZ (†`Lyb wPÎ 2.2 I 2.3)| cÖkœ n‡”Q, aŸwb m„R‡b ¯^ih‡š¿i GB Ae¯’vbMZ ¯^vZš¿¨ ev K…wZZ¡ wK? G wel‡q †evaMZ RxeweÁvbxiv Mfxi AbymwÜrmvi gva¨‡g GB `yB ai‡bi Ae¯’v‡bi GKwU Zzjbvg~jK Av‡jvPbv K‡i‡Qb| Zvu‡`i g‡Z, evbi, wk¤úvwć`i ¯^ihš¿wU Mjvi Ic‡ii w`‡K Aew¯’Z nIqvi Kvi‡Y Gi GKw`K bvmvi‡Ü«i †fZ‡i †X‡K †M‡Q Ges ¯^fveZB dzmdzm †_‡K evZvm bvwmKv MnŸ‡i †XvKvi c‡_ GwU evav m„wó K‡i| cÿvšÍ‡i, gvby‡li ¯^ihš¿ AwaKZi wb‡Pi w`‡K _vKvi Kvi‡Y dzmdzm ZvwoZ evZvm gyL MnŸi Ges bvwmKv MnŸi w`‡q Abvqv‡m †ei n‡Z cv‡i, hv fvwlKaŸwb D”Pvi‡Yi Rb¨ LyeB Acwinvh©| D‡jøL¨, gvbe wkïi R‡b¥i Ae¨enwZ c‡i Zvi ¯^ihš¿ Mjvi wKQzUv Ic‡i _vK‡jI 3 †_‡K 4 eQ‡ii g‡a¨ fvlvi aŸwb Drcv`‡b ¯^v”Q›`¨ weav‡bi Rb¨ ¯^vfvweK cÖwµqvq wb‡P †b‡g Av‡m (Fitch 2010)| mv¤úªwZKKv‡j weeZ©b weÁvbxiv gvbe dwm‡j ¯^ih‡š¿i Ae¯’vb ch©‡eÿY K‡i gvby‡li Mjvq GB ¯^ih‡š¿i cÖK…Z Ae¯’vb †Kv_vq wQj Zv wbY©‡qi †Póv Ki‡Qb Ges Zvi mv‡_ fvlv weeZ©‡bi m¤úK© ¯’vcb Ki‡Z ZrciZv †`Lv‡”Qb| 2.3.1 fvlv m„R‡b Ab¨vb¨ cÖvYxi Zzjbvq gvby‡li Abb¨Zv gvby‡li fvlvi kvixiZvwË¡K weeZ©b-welqK M‡elYvq wb‡qvwRZ weeZ©ev`x‡`i Kv‡Q GKwU cÖkœ eo n‡q †`Lv w`‡q‡Q| ïay gvbylB wK GKgvÎ fvwlK cÖvYx? wKš‘ G msµvšÍ wewfbœ mg‡qi M‡elYvq Zviv cÖgvY †c‡q‡Qb †h, m„wó RM‡Z gvbyl QvovI AviI wKQz cÖvYx Av‡Q hviv fvlv Z_v kã Ges mxwgZ cwim‡i evK¨

12 | mgKvjxb fvlvweÁvb m„R‡b mvdj¨ †`wL‡q‡Q| d‡j G ai‡bi wRÁvmv GLb AviI †ewk cv`-cÖ`x‡ci Av‡jvq G‡m `vuwo‡q‡Q| Avgiv hw` weeZ©bg~jK RxeweÁv‡bi Øvi¯’ nB Zvn‡j mn‡RB cÖgvY nvwRi Kiv hv‡e †h, †jRnxb evbigvby‡liv †hgb fvlv Drcv`‡b gvby‡li KvQvKvwQ `ÿZv cÖ`k©b Ki‡Z mÿgZv †`wL‡q‡Q, wVK †Zgwb †ZvZvcvwL, †gŠgvwQ, wmsn, Kzgxi BZ¨vw` cÖvYxI mxwgZ AvKv‡i fvlv Z_v ¯^iMZ `ÿZvmn msÁvcb •ewkó¨ cÖ`k©b K‡i‡Q| G‡ÿ‡Î cÖ_‡gB †gŠgvwQ‡`i msÁvcb mÿgZvi wKQz cwiPq cÖ`vb Kiv hvK| †gŠgvwQiv `j †e‡a †h RwUj b„Z¨ cÖ`k©b K‡i Zv‡K gvby‡li fvwlK †hvMv‡hvM •ewk‡ó¨i mv‡_ Zzjbv Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| †Kbbv GB `jMZ bvP cÖ`k©‡bi gva¨‡g Zviv h_vµ‡g †h GK ¯’vb †_‡K Ab¨ ¯’v‡b Mgb K‡i, Zvi ga¨ w`‡q Zviv mywbw`©ó `~i‡Z¡i dzj, cvwb, bZzb †gŠPvK •Zwii Ae¯’vb m¤ú‡K© Ab¨ †gŠgvwQ‡`i Z_¨ cÖ`vb Ki‡Z cv‡i| cÖvwYRM‡Zi GB msÁvcb `ÿZv‡K RxeweÁv‡b f~wgKvMZ wb‡`©wkKZv (functional referentiality) ejv nq| GB ai‡bi f~wgKvMZ wb‡`©wkKZv cÖvwYRM‡Z †gŠgvwQ QvovI KzKzi, evbi BZ¨vw`i g‡a¨ †`Lv hvq| KviY KzKzi I evbi evN ev wmsnRvZxq wkKvix cÖvYxi AvMg‡bi AvMvg msev`‡K †ND †ND Ges wKwPi wgwP‡ii gva¨‡g mg‡MvÎxq‡`i gv‡S Qwo‡q w`‡Z cv‡i| KzKzi ev evb‡ii GB msÁvcb •ewkó¨ gvby‡li AvMvg msev` cÖ`v‡bi mv‡_ Zzjbxq| wKš‘ Zvic‡iI G¸wj mwVK A‡_© fvlv bq| cÖ_gZ, evbi ev KzKzi‡`i GB ai‡bi ms‡KZ cvVv‡bvi welqwU A‡bKUvB mnRvZ, wKš‘ AwR©Z bq| Zviv bZzb ai‡bi wec‡` we‡kl K‡i, gvbyl hLb e›`yK w`‡q G‡`i‡K gvi‡Z D`¨Z nq, †m m¤ú‡K© †Kvb ms‡KZ A‡b¨i Kv‡Q †cÖiY Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| KviY gvbyl m„ó e›`yK †h Zv‡`i Rb¨ cÖvYmsnvix A¯¿ Zv Zv‡`i eskMZ †ev‡a cÖwµqvK…Z nqwb| cvkvcvwk, KzKzi‡`i Zzjbvq DbœZ evb‡iivI Zv Ki‡Z mÿg bq| KviY wmsn, evN ev wPZv RvZxq wkKvix cÖvYxi nvZ †_‡K `‡ji mevB wbivc‡` P‡j †M‡jI Zviv A‡bKÿY a‡i Awfbœ mZK©Zv ms‡KZ D”PviY Ki‡Z _v‡K| wKš‘ bZzb ms‡K‡Zi gva¨‡g wKQz‡ZB ej‡Z cv‡i bv †h, Zviv mevB GLb wec`gy³, hv †Kej gvby‡li fvwlK msÁvc‡bi g‡a¨ wbwnZ Av‡Q| †gŠgvwQ Ab¨`‡ji mv‡_ †hvMv‡hv‡Mi D‡Ï‡k m¤úvw`Z f~wgKvMZ wb‡`©wkKZv QvovI Av‡iK ai‡bi msÁvcb •ewkó¨ cÖ`k©b K‡i _v‡K| Giv †h welqwU mvg‡b Dcw¯’Z †bB †m m¤ú‡K©I msÁvcb‡eva •Zwi Ki‡Z cv‡i| msÁvc‡bi GB •ewkó¨‡K ¯’vbPy¨wZKiY (displacement) ejv nq| GwU gvbe fvlvi Ab¨Zg msÁvcb •ewkó¨ hv †gŠgvwQ‡`i b„Z¨KK‡g©i g‡a¨I jÿYxq, Z‡e evbi‡`i g‡a¨ Zv Abycw¯’Z| wKš‘ D³ •ewkó¨ _vKv m‡Ë¡I GB msÁvcb †KŠkj‡K cwic~Y© fvwlK †hvMv‡hvM ejv hvq bv| KviY †gŠgvwQiv hvÎvi mvg‡b w`‡K ev Zv‡`i Abycw¯’wZ‡Z wVK †Kvb ai‡bi dzj, Gi iO, †fZ‡i iwÿZ gayi w¯’wZ wK BZ¨vw` wel‡q c~Y©gvÎvq m½x‡`i‡K Rvbvb w`‡Z cv‡i bv| mf¨Zvi BwZnv‡m Ggb D`vniY mPivPi †`Lv hvq †h, wKQz cï-cvwL †h‡nZz gvby‡li ¯^i‡K bKj Ki‡Z cv‡i †mRb¨ Zv‡`i AviI †ewk K‡i kã I evK¨ cÖwkÿY †`Iqv n‡q‡Q| D`vniY¯^iƒc, Bsj¨v‡Û Avwd«Kvi a~mi cÖRvwZi †ZvZvcvwL, hv‡K Ô†Uv‡UvÕ bvg †`Iqv n‡qwQj, cÖwkÿY cieZx© Lye fvjfv‡e wewfbœ kã D”PviY Ki‡Z cviZ| GQvovI †`Lv hvq, ev”Pv †ZvZviv Ggbfv‡e Mvb Mvq †hb Zviv wkï‡`i gZ fvlv †kLvi Rb¨ Aù~U eywj Ki‡Q| cvkvcvwk AviI GK ai‡bi cyiæl †ZvZvi †`Lv †g‡j hviv bvix m½x‡`i

fvlvi DrcwË I weKvk | 13 AvK…ó Kivi Rb¨ Mvb K‡i, hv bvix m½xiv Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| wKš‘ †Uv‡Uv ev ev”Pv †ZvZv‡`i G ai‡bi D”PviY‡K fvlv ejv hvq bv| KviY gvby‡li D”PvwiZ fvlv ev kã eû D‡Ïk¨ÁvcK| Ab¨w`‡K, †ZvZv‡`i Mvb GKK D‡Ïk¨ mva‡bi Rb¨ n‡q _v‡K (Nottenbohm 1980)| GQvov †ZvZvcvwL wb‡R †_‡K GKwU kãI m„wó Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| KviY bZzb kã m„R‡bi gZ DbœZ gw¯Í®‹ Zv‡`i †bB, hw`I G‡`i mij ai‡bi ¯^ihš¿ i‡q‡Q| weeZ©‡bi BwZn‡m GUv mn‡RB `„wó‡MvPi nq †h, ¯Íb¨cvqx cÖvYx‡`i c~e©myixiv Ggb wKQz mvaviY •ewkó¨ aviY KiZ hv cieZx© eska‡iivI enb K‡i P‡j‡Q| Gfv‡e c~e©m~ix‡`i wKQz mvaviY •ewkó¨ esk ci¯úivq enb Kiv‡K mgiƒcZv (homology) ejv nq| D`vniY¯^iƒc, gvbyl, evbi, KzKzi BZ¨vw` ¯Íb¨cvqx cÖvYx mgiƒcZvi •ewk󨸇Y ¯^i •Zwii Rb¨ Mjvq GKwU ¯^ihš¿‡K aviY K‡i Av‡Q| GB mgiƒcZv •ewk‡ó¨i Kvi‡Y ÔKvbwRÕ bvgK †ev‡bv‡ev cÖRvwZi GKwU cyiæl wk¤úvwćK gvby‡li fvlv †kLv‡bvi Rb¨ cÖwkÿY †`Iqv nq| 1980 mv‡j Rb¥MÖnYKvix KvbwR‡K GKwU kã D”PviYKvix Kx‡ev‡W©i gva¨‡g kã †kLv‡bv nq| d‡j `k eQi eq‡m KvbwR cÖvq 200 kã AvqË K‡i| GQvov Zvi fvlv `ÿZv Ggb ch©v‡q †cŠuQvq †h, †m wb‡Ri Pvwn`v I cÖ‡qvRb Abymv‡i msÁvcb Ki‡Z cviZ| G‡ÿ‡Î weÁvbxiv AwfgZ e¨³ K‡i‡Qb, †m fvlv †kLvi Rb¨ gvby‡li gZ †PŠKm kixi I ¯œvqyZš¿‡K aviY bv Ki‡jI Zvi Pvicv‡ki cwi‡e‡ki cÖfv‡e Zv AR©b Ki‡Z mg_© n‡qwQj (Skoyles & Sagan 2002)| G Qvov wi‡Kv (Rico) bvgK GKwU ¯‹wUk †jvgk KzKzi cÖvq 200 kã wk‡LwQj| GB 200 k‡ãi g‡a¨ wi‡Kv cªvq 37 †_‡K 40wU kã cybiæ×vi Ki‡Z cviZ Ges GKwU e¯‘ †`Lvi ci 4 mßvn g‡b ivL‡Z cviZ (Kaminski et al. 2004)| G mg¯Í fvwlK `ÿZvi Kvi‡Y G cÖvYx¸‡jv‡K ÔK_K cÖvYxÕ (talking animals) ejv n‡jI G‡`i fvlvMZ `ÿZv gvby‡li mgvb bq| KviY KvbwR ev wi‡Kv †KDB GKwU kãI bZzb K‡i m„Rb Ki‡Z cv‡i bv|

wPÎ 2.4 : KvbwR Zvi cÖwkÿ‡Ki Kv‡Q fvlv wkL‡Q

wPÎ 2.5 : ¯‹wUk †jvgk KzKzi wi‡Kv cÖvq 200wU kã wk‡LwQj

14 | mgKvjxb fvlvweÁvb GB Aa¨v‡q B‡Zvg‡a¨ D‡jøL Kiv n‡q‡Q, gvby‡li gZ evbi-gvbyl‡`i (ape) ¯^ihš¿I Zv‡`i Mjvi wbPz w`‡K Aew¯’Z| GQvov wdP (Fitch 2010) Rvbv‡”Qb, GB `yB †Mvwôi ¯Íb¨cvqx e¨ZxZ AviI wKQz cÖvYx, †hgb- wmsn, evN I †Kvqvjvi ¯^ihš¿I G‡`i Mjvi wbPz w`‡K i‡q‡Q| GQvov m¤úªwZ cÖvß G·-‡i wi‡cvU© †_‡K Rvbv hvq, wKQz eb-gvbyl wbie _vKvi mgq Zv‡`i ¯^ihš¿ DPzu‡Z _vK‡jI ¯^iMZ `ÿZv cÖ`k©‡bi Rb¨ K_v ejvi mgq Zv A‡bKUv wbPz‡Z †b‡g Av‡m| ZviciI Gme ¯Íb¨cvqx‡`i fvwlK `ÿZv gvby‡li mgvb bq| KviY weeZ©‡bi avivevwnKZvq ¯^ih‡š¿i Mjvi wb‡Pi w`‡K †b‡g Avmvi kvixiZš¿xq •ewkó¨B fvlv ejvi GKgvÎ †hvM¨ gvb`Ð bq| eis evKcÖZ¨‡½i mvnv‡h¨ kã D”Pvi‡Yi `ÿZv cÖ`k©‡bi c~‡e© fvlvi cÖwµqvKi‡Yi ¸Ymg„× me‡P‡q †PŠKm GKwU gw¯Í®‹ gvby‡li i‡q‡Q| GB †PŠKm gw¯Í®‹wU †m weeZ©‡bi avivµ‡g AvR‡Ki GB cwiYZ ch©v‡q jvf K‡i‡Q| gvby‡li GB gw¯Í®‹wU Zv‡K aviYKvix gvbe kix‡ii Abycv‡Z ïay †h c„w_exi me‡P‡q eo gw¯Í®‹ Zv-B bq, eis G‡Z kbv³K„Z wPivqZ fvwlK AÂj¸‡jv AwZ DbœZ GK cÖwµqvKi‡Yi gva¨‡g gvby‡li mg¯Í cÖvMÖmi fvwlK Kvh©‡K m¤úbœ Ki‡Z mnvqZv K‡i| Avi GB Kvi‡YB gvbyl †hgb Zv‡`i •`bw›`b fve cÖKv‡ki †ÿ‡Î m„Rba‡g©i ¯^vÿi iv‡L, †Zgwb mvwnZ¨ iPbvi gZ gnËg m„wókxj Kv‡RI Zviv cvi`wk©Zv †`Lvq hv mgMÖ m„wó RM‡Z GKgvÎ gvby‡liB Av‡Q|

cÖ_vMZ e¨vKiY †_‡K fvlvweÁvb | 15

wZ b

cÖ_vMZ e¨vKiY †_‡K fvlvweÁvb fvlvPP©vi BwZnvm cVb GB Aa¨vq †k‡l Avcwb wkL‡ebÑ  K. AvaywbK fvlvweÁv‡bi GKwU mij I cÖvÄj BwZnvm  L. fvlvweÁv‡bi BwZnv‡mi D‡jøL‡hvM¨ evuK I cÖeYZvmg~n  M. cÖ_vMZ e¨vKiY, HwZnvwmK fvlvweÁvb, mvsMVwbK fvlvweÁvb, iƒcvšÍig~jK e¨vKiY I †evaMZ fvlvweÁv‡bi cv_©K¨ I •ewkó¨

e¨vKiYPP©vi BwZnvm AvaywbK we`¨vqZwbK kv¯¿ ev ÁvbPP©vi mgvb eqmx| mf¨Zvi m~wZKvMvi wn‡m‡e L¨vZ we‡k^i wewfbœ A‡j †h K‡qKwU kv‡¯¿i cVb-cvVb I M‡elYv AvbyôvwbKfv‡e ïiæ nq, †mLv‡b fvlv ev e¨vKiYPP©vi Dcw¯’wZ jÿYxq| BwZnvm ¯^vÿ¨ †`q, AvaywbK mf¨Zvi ïiæi w`‡K Gwkqvi cÖvPxb fviZ ev Avie AÂj, BD‡iv‡ci wMÖm I †ivg Ges `~i cÖvP¨i Px‡b AwfavbPP©v, Aj¼vikv¯¿, `k©b I MwY‡Zi cÖvwZôvwbK ÁvbPP©v ïiæ n‡qwQj| †mLv‡b MwYZ e¨ZxZ cÖ_g wZbwU kv‡¯¿i Acwinvh© Ask wn‡m‡e fvlv I e¨vKiYPP©v A½xf~Z n‡q wM‡qwQj| Zvn‡j fvlvweÁvb bvgK me©vaywbK Ávb-cÖ`x‡ci mj‡Z cvKv‡bv ïiæ n‡qwQj mgKvjxb mf¨Zvi ElvjMœ †_‡KB, A_v©r wLª‡÷i R‡b¥i cÖvq 2000 eQi Av‡M| cvkvcvwk GB kv‡¯¿i eZ©gvb cwicK¡Zvi †cQ‡b e¨q n‡q‡Q eûRvwZK cÖwZfvi kÖg I gbxlv; fvlvPP©vi `xN© BwZnvm ZvB ¯^vÿ¨ †`q| fvlvPP©v Z_v fvlvweÁvb kv‡¯¿i BwZnv‡mi iƒc-iƒcvšÍ‡ii cÖK…wZ I ¯^iƒc AewnZ nIqvi Rb¨ wb‡Pi ch©‡eÿY¸‡jv we‡ePbv Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| 1) mf¨Zvi Elvj‡Mœ Gwkqvi fviZ, Pxb, Avie AÂj Ges B‡qv‡iv‡ci wMÖm I †iv‡g fvlvPP©vi mywbw`©ó cÖgvY cvIqv hvq| 2) fvlvPP©v Z_v fvlvi e¨vKiY we‡køl‡Y cÖvPxb fvi‡Zi cvwYwb ev †iv‡gi fvi‡iv cÖgyL †h ixwZc×wZ Aej¤^b K‡i‡Qb, AvaywbKKv‡ji eøygwdì ev Pgw¯‥i e¨eüZ †K․kj I ixwZ n‡”Q Zv †_‡K wfbœZi| 3) evsjv I Rvcvwb fvlv GKB fvlves‡ki AšÍfy³ © bq|

16 | mgKvjxb fvlvweÁvb 4) AvaywbKKv‡j fvlv we‡kølY c×wZ‡Z cªvK…wZK weÁvb I RxeweÁv‡bi aib I c×wZi A‡bK mswgkªY NU‡Q| Ic‡i DwjøwLZ 1g ch©‡eÿYwU cÖgvY K‡i, c„w_exi me A‡ji Rb‡Mvwô wewfbœ fvlvq K_v ej‡jI mf¨Zvi cÖ_gw`‡K fvlv we‡køl‡Yi Kvh©µg I cÖwµqvwU ïay we‡k^i K‡qKwU Av‡jvwKZ †K‡›`ª we¯Ívijvf K‡iwQj| ZvB fvlv we‡kølY ev e¨vKiYPP©v mf¨Zvi Av‡jvKcªvß gvby‡li Ávbg~jK Kg©Kv‡Ði GKwU Ask| 2q ch©‡eÿYwU Z_¨ cÖ`vb K‡i, fvlv we‡køl‡Yi ixwZ, c×wZ I cÖwµqv memgq GK I Awfbœ wQj bv, eis Kvj, cwimi Ges e¨w³i B”Qv, †hvM¨Zv I a¨vb-aviYvi Av‡jv‡K cwiewZ©Z n‡q‡Q| 3q ch©‡eÿYwU Rvbvb †`q, eZ©gvb c„w_ex‡Z e¨eüZ me¸‡jv fvlvB GKB cwievifz³ bv n‡q wfbœ wfbœ cwievi ev †Mvwô †_‡K weewZ©Z n‡q‡Q| Avi Gme cwievi ev †Mvwô wba©vi‡Yi †ÿ‡Î wKQz wKQz ¸”Qfvlvi wewfbœ Dcv`v‡bi mgagx© •ewkó¨ gvb`Ð wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i‡Q| cwi‡k‡l, 4_© ch©‡eÿYwU cÖgvY K‡i GKwesk kZ‡K fvlv we‡køl‡Yi eZ©gvb MwZc_ A‡bKUvB cªvK…wZK I RxeweÁvbgyLx| gvbeweÁvb wn‡m‡e fvlvweÁvb mgKv‡j †h weÁvbgb¯‥Zv I wb‡g©` e¯‘wbôZv AR©b K‡i‡Q Zv wKš‘ `xN© mg‡qi cwiPh©vi dmj| KviY cÖvwZôvwbK ÁvbPP©vi cÖvi¤¢Kv‡j, hv Ic‡i D‡jøL Kiv n‡q‡Q, fvlv I e¨vKiYPP©vi kv¯¿MZ bvg wKš‘ ÔfvlvweÁvbÕ wQj bv| †Kvb fvlvi AšÍa©g© we‡køl‡Yi †h cÖK…wZ, •ewkó¨ I cÖeYZv †mmgq we`¨gvb wQj Zv‡K fvlvweÁvbxiv ÔcÖ_vMZ e¨vKiYÕ bvg w`‡q‡Qb| g~jZ fvlv we‡køl‡Yi ¸YMZ w`K †_‡K †mKv‡ji ÔcÖ_vMZ e¨vKiYÕ GKv‡ji ÔfvlvweÁvbÕ †_‡K †hvRb †hvRb `~ieZx©| GQvov ÔfvlvweÁvbÕ AwfavwUI mv¤úªwZK| weMZ cÖvq †`okÕ eQi Av‡M Rvg©vwbi be¨-e¨vKiYwe‡`iv fvlv we‡kølY kv¯¿‡K ‘linguistik’ ev ÔfvlvweÁvbÕ bvgK D”Pwejvmx GB wk‡ivbvgwU cÖ`vb K‡iwQ‡jb GB cÖZ¨vkvq †h, GB kv¯¿wU fvlvi wewfbœ g~jMZ Dcv`vb we‡køl‡Y GKw`b Ab¨vb¨ †g․wjK weÁvbkv‡¯¿i g‡ZvB e¯‘wbô I •eÁvwbKZv‡K aviY Ki‡e| Z‡e GwUI mwZ¨ †h, fvlv we‡kølY wel‡q B‡qv‡iv‡ci ZrKvjxb Ôwd‡jvjwRÕ (philology) †m mg‡qB ms¯‥…wZagx© Av‡eM I QÙ-•eÁvwbKZvi †Lvjm †f` K‡i µgk weÁvbawg©Zv‡K Avwj½b Kivi Rb¨ Dc‡hvMx n‡q DVwQj| m‡ev©cwi, mg‡qi avivevwnKZvq fvlv we‡kølY kv¯¿ wn‡m‡e cÖvPxb ÔcÖ_vMZ e¨vKiYÕ µgk iƒcvšÍ‡ii cÖwµqvq wewfbœ ga¨eZx© Awfav MÖnY I eR©‡bi ga¨ w`‡q Kxfv‡e ÔfvlvweÁvbÕ n‡q D‡V‡Q Zv wb‡Pi eY©bvq Dc¯’vcb Kiv nj| GB eY©bvi cÖvmw½KZvq fvlvweÁv‡bi my`xN© BwZnvm‡K 5wU avivq fvM Kiv hvq| G¸‡jv nj 1. cÖ_vMZ e¨vKiY 2. Zzjbvg~jK I HwZnvwmK fvlvweÁvb 3. mvsMVwbK fvlvweÁvb 4. iƒcvšÍig~jK m„wókxj e¨vKiY 5. cÖÁvbg~jK fvlvweÁvb

cÖ_vMZ e¨vKiY †_‡K fvlvweÁvb | 17 3.1 cÖ_vMZ e¨vKiY: mgqKvj, •ewkó¨ I PvwiÎ fvlvweÁv‡bi BwZnv‡m cÖ_vMZ e¨vKiY me©vwaK mgq a‡i cÖPwjZ GKwU aviv| G avivi m~Pbv nq wLª‡÷i R‡b¥iI cÖvq 2000 nvRvi eQi Av‡M Ges Zv Ae¨vnZ _v‡K cÖvq AvVvi kZK ch©šÍ| mg‡qi w`K we‡ePbvq GB n‡”Q cÖ_vMZ e¨vKi‡Yi PP©v, cÖmvi I cwiwa| Z‡e cieZx©Kv‡j fvlvPP©vi Ab¨vb¨ cÖvMÖmi aviv weKvk jvf Ki‡jI cÖ_vMZ c×wZ‡Z fvlvPP©vi avivevwnKZv I cÖevnwU wKš‘ †_‡g _v‡Kwb| eis eZ©gvbKv‡jI GB cÖ_v-c×wZ‡K Aej¤^b K‡i cÖ‡Z¨K fvwlK-ms¯‥…wZ‡ZB wewfbœ fvlvi PP©v I M‡elYvKg© cwiPvwjZ n‡”Q| welqwU‡K Nywi‡q ej‡j hv `vuovq, fvlv I e¨vKiYPP©vi cÖ_vMZ avivwU GLbI cÖej Ges cÖavb| †m we‡ePbvq, mgqMZ msÁv I cwiP‡qi cvkvcvwk cÖ_vMZ e¨vKi‡Yi GKwU ¸YMZ •ewkó¨I jÿYxq| Zv n‡”Q, fvlv †kLvi D‡Ï‡k we`¨vjq cvV¨ mKj e¨vKiYB cÖ_vMZ e¨vKiY| cÖ_vMZ e¨vKi‡Yi GKwU wkÿvg~jK (didactic) Zvrch© i‡q‡Q| cÖ_vMZ c×wZ‡Z wjwLZ e¨vKi‡Yi gva¨‡gB wkï Zvi gvZ…fvlv AvbyôvwbKfv‡e Aa¨q‡bi cÖ_g cvV wb‡q _v‡K| GQvov †h‡Kvb we‡`kxiI GB cÖ_vMZ c×wZ‡Z wjwLZ e¨vKi‡Yi ØvivB wØZxq ev we‡`kx fvlv †kLvi nv‡ZLwo nq| †m we‡ePbvq cÖ_vMZ e¨vKiY n‡”Q GKwU fvlvi msMVb ev KvVv‡gv eY©bvi cÖviw¤¢K D‡`¨vM hv wkÿv_x©‡`i mswkøó fvlv †kLvi †ÿ‡ÎI Kv‡R jv‡M| GLv‡b ÔcÖviw¤¢KÕ K_vwU `yB A‡_©B cÖ‡hvR¨| cÖ_gZ, fvlvweÁv‡bi BwZnv‡m GB cÖ_vMZ c×wZ‡ZB mviv c„w_ex‡Z fvlv we‡kølY I PPv©i m~ÎcvZ nq| cvkvcvwk, cÖwZwU fvlvi †h‡Kvb wkïB Zvui fvlvwkÿvi cÖv_wgK ce©wU ïiæ K‡i GB cÖ_vMZ e¨vKi‡Yi gva¨‡gB| Z‡e †h c×wZ‡Z cÖ_vMZ e¨vKiY GKwU fvlvi wewfbœ Dcv`vb I Aeqe‡K eY©bv K‡i, Zv cÖK…Z A‡_© weÁvbm¤§Z bq| ZvQvov HwZn¨MZ Kvi‡YB GwU gvby‡li gy‡Li fvlv‡K ¸iæZ¡ bv w`‡q wjwLZ fvlvi iƒc-iƒcvšÍi eY©bvi g‡a¨B mxgve× †_‡K‡Q| †m Kvi‡Y c„w_ex‡Z wmsnfvM fvlvi †h‡nZz wjwLZ iƒc †bB, †m‡nZz G¸‡jvi e¨vKiY wjwLZ nqwb| D‡jøwLZ g~jbxwZ I cÖeYZv‡K we‡ePbvq †i‡L cÖ_vMZ e¨vKi‡Yi wb¤œwjwLZ •ewkó¨‡K kbv³ Kiv hvq| K. fvlvPP©vi g~jbxwZwU wQj AvbykvmwbK| L. ï×Zvev`x `„wó‡KvY †_‡K fvlv we‡kølY Kiv nq| M. fvlvi wjwLZ iƒcB wQj G avivi cÖavb we‡eP¨ welq| N. fvlvPP©v †ewkifvM †ÿ‡ÎB Aj¼vikv¯¿ ev `vk©wbKZvi Ask wQj| O. mswkøó A‡ji wbw`©ó GKwU mg„× fvlvi e¨vKiY KvVv‡gvi Av‡jv‡K ZLb cvk^©eZx© Ab¨vb¨ AweKwkZ fvlv¸‡jvi e¨vKiY wbg©v‡Yi cÖqvm cwijwÿZ n‡q‡Q| DcwiD³ g~jbxwZ I •ewkó¨‡K Aej¤^b Kivi d‡j fvlvPP©v I e¨vKiY we‡køl‡Yi †ÿ‡Î cÖ_vMZ e¨vKi‡Yi wKQz mxgve×ZvI jÿYxq| †m¸wj n‡”Q wb¤œiƒc: 1. †Kvb fvlv eY©bvi †ÿ‡Î Gi †g․wLK iƒc‡K m¤ú~Y© D‡cÿv Kiv n‡qwQj| 2. fvlv we‡køl‡Y GKwU fvlvi wbR¯^ Aeqe ev KvVv‡gv‡K hZ bv ¸iæZ¡ †`Iqv n‡qwQj, Zvi †P‡q mswkøó mg„× fvlvi msMV‡bi Av‡jv‡K Zv‡K we‡køl‡Yi cÖqvm †`Lv hvq| 3. fvb©vKzjvi ev cðvrc` Rb‡Mvwôi gvZ…fvlv‡K cÖvqkB ¯^xK…wZ †`Iqv nZ bv|

18 | mgKvjxb fvlvweÁvb 4. fvlv eY©bvi welqwU ZZ msMwVZ wQj bv, Ges †Kvb m¦xK…Z c×wZI G‡Z AbymiY Kiv nZ bv| 5. wjwLZ fvlv‡K ¸iæZ¡ †`Iqvi Kvi‡Y fvlvi A‡bK †g․wjK Dcv`vb, h_v- aŸwb‡K fvlv we‡køl‡Y ¸iæZ¡c~Y© we‡ePbv Kiv nZ bv| †gv‡Ui Ici, DwjøwLZ •ewkó¨ I mxgve×Zv‡K cyuwR K‡iB cÖ_vMZ e¨vKiY fvlv I e¨vKiY we‡køl‡Yi GK Acwinvh© †K․kj I cÖwµqv wn‡m‡e mf¨Zvi BwZnv‡m `xN©Kvj a‡i cªengvb †_‡K‡Q| GB Av‡jvwKZ ¯’vb¸‡jvi g‡a¨ D‡jøL‡hvM¨ n‡jv - cÖvPxb fviZ, Pxb, wMÖm, †ivg I Avie AÂj| wb‡P ch©vqµ‡g BwZnvm-L¨vZ GB ¯’vbmg~‡ni fvlvPP©vi •ewkó¨ I cÖeYZvmg~n‡K wjwce× Kiv nj| 3.1.1 cÖvPxb fviZ cÖvPxb fvi‡Z fvlvPP©v ïiæ n‡qwQj ï×Zvi `„wó‡KvY †_‡K| GB ï×Zvi `„wófw½wU Rb¥jvf K‡iwQj ag©ev`x Ave‡ni g‡a¨| D‡jøL¨, cÖvPxb fvi‡Z ag©-Abykxj‡bi Ask wn‡m‡e fvlvi ï×vïw× wbY©‡qi welqwU weKvk jvf K‡i wLª‡÷i R‡b¥i cÖvq 2000 eQi Av‡M, hv‡K fviZe‡l© e¨vKiYPP©vi wfwË wn‡m‡e MY¨ Kiv nq| Aek¨ ag©‡Kw›`ªK GB fvlvPP©vi g‡a¨ GK ai‡bi `vk©wbK AšÍ`©„wóI jywK‡q wQj|

wPÎ 3.1: gbxlx cvwYwb

wPÎ 3.2: gnwl© cZÄwj

g‡b ivLv `iKvi, wjwc weKv‡ki ci fviZe‡l© wLª÷c~e© cÖvq 1500 A‡ãi w`‡K cÖ_g kÖæwZwbf©i agx©q gš¿¸‡jv 4wU †e` wn‡m‡e wjwLZ iƒc cvq, d‡j G¸‡jv •ew`K mvwnZ¨ e‡j ¯^xK…wZ jvf K‡i| GB 4wU †e‡`i wjwLZ iƒc †h‡nZz wn›`y‡`i agx©q gš¿K_v, mvaviY gvby‡li Øviv ag©MÖš’ iƒ‡c cV‡bi Kvi‡Y G¸‡jv Kvjµ‡g Zv‡`i AvU‡c․‡i gvZ…fvlv, h_v- wewfbœ cÖvK…Ziƒc Øviv cÖfvweZ nq| GB cÖfv‡ei Kvi‡Y †e‡`i evYx¸‡jv `~lYMÖ¯Í n‡q c‡o e‡j ag©‡eËviv d‡Zvqv Rvwi K‡ib| d‡j †e‡`i wjwLZ GB agx©q evYx¸‡jv cªvK…‡Zi `~l‡Yi nvZ †_‡K gy³ Kivi Rb¨ ïiæ nq bZzb cÖ‡Póvi| GB cÖ‡Póvi gva¨‡g ZrKvjxb Av‡jvwKZ gvby‡liv †e‡`i fvlv‡K A_v©r Ck^‡ii evYx‡K AviI ms¯‥vi K‡i Gi AwaKZi ï×iƒc D™¢ve‡bi Kvh©µg ïiæ K‡i| GB ïw×KiY Kvh©µg cÖvq 1000 eQi a‡i Pjvi ci gbxlx cvwYwb wLª÷c~e© 300

cÖ_vMZ e¨vKiY †_‡K fvlvweÁvb | 19 gZvšÍ‡i 500 A‡ã wjwLZ †e‡`i ms¯‥viK…Z †h iƒc wba©viY K‡ib †mwU Ôms¯‥…ZÕ fvlv iƒ‡c M„nxZ nq| GB KvR Ki‡Z wM‡q gnvgbxlx cvwYwb 8wU Aa¨vq wewkó Aóva¨vqx bvgK GKwU MÖš’ cÖYqb K‡ib| GB gnvMÖ‡š’i wewfbœ Aa¨v‡q wZwb fvlvZvwË¡K Afxáv I e¯‘wbô eY©bvq ÔcweÎÕ ms¯‥…Z fvlvi Rb¨ m„Rb K‡ib cÖvq 4996wU e¨vKiwYK Z_v aŸwbZvwË¡K I iƒcZvwË¡K m~Î (gymv 2017)| cvwYwb D™¢vweZ fvlvZvwË¡K GB m~θ‡jv GZ †ewk fvwlK wbqg, c×wZ I cÖwµqv Øviv mg„× wQj †h, Av‡gwiKvb mvsMVwbK fvlvweÁvbx eyøgwdì G¸‡jv‡K Ôgvbegbxlvi cig DrK‡l©i wb`k©bÕ e‡j AvL¨v †`b (AvRv` 1984 : 400)| ïay ZvB bq, fvlvi Dcv`vb we‡køl‡Y cvwYwbi weÁvbwbôZv Øviv eøygwdì GZ‡ewk cÖfvweZ wQ‡jb †h, Zvui MÖš’ Language (1933)-G Gi QvqvcvZ N‡U‡Q (EMENEAU 1988)| g~jZ cvwYwb GB MÖ‡š’i fvwlK m~θ‡jvi g‡a¨ ZrKvjxb fvlvPP©v-welqK fviZxq cªÁvi mvirmvi‡K cÖwZdwjZ K‡i‡Qb| cieZx©Kv‡ji fviZxq fvlv I e¨vKiYPP©vq cvwYwb D™¢vweZ GB fvlvZvwË¡K m~θ‡jv me©vZ¥K cÖfve †d‡j hvi d‡j GLbI evsjv, wnw›`, gvivwV, Iwoqv, Amgxqv BZ¨vw` fvlvi iƒcZvwË¡K I aŸwbZvwË¡K msMVb we‡køl‡Y e¨vcKfv‡e cÖ‡qvM Kiv n‡q _v‡K| cvwYwb cÖYxZ Aóva¨vqx MÖš’wU †mKv‡j Rbmvavi‡Yi Kv‡Q cªvq A‡eva¨ wQj| †Kbbv gnv‣eqvKiY cvwYwb GB MÖ‡š’i fvwlKixwZ I G‡Z cÖhy³ fvlvZvwË¡K m~Îmg~‡n A‡bK †ewk MvwYwZK hyw³ I `vk©wbK AwfÁv‡bi mwbœ‡ek NwU‡qwQ‡jb| d‡j GB MÖ‡š’i cVb-cvVb cÖvq `ytmva¨ n‡q c‡o| †m Kvi‡Y MÖšw’ Ui mij wUKv-fvl¨ iPbvi KvR ïiæ n‡q hvq| GB cÖ‡Póvi Ask wn‡m‡e cÖvq 100 eQi ci A_v©r wLª÷c~e© 200 A‡ã whwb mdjZv jvf K‡ib wZwb n‡”Qb gnwl© cZÄwj| cZÄwj cvwYwbi Aóva¨vqx MÖ‡š’i wUKv I e¨vL¨v m‡gZ bZzb †h MÖš’ iPbv K‡ib †mwU n‡”Q gnvfvl¨| GB MÖš’wUI fviZxq fvlvPP©vi mg„× HwZ‡n¨i GKwU AvKi MÖš’ iƒ‡c Kv‡ji wePv‡i wU‡K Av‡Q| cvwYwb I cZÄwj QvovI cªvPxb fvi‡Z fZ©„nwi bvgK ¯^bvgL¨vZ GKRb e¨vKiYwe‡`i bvg †kvbv hvq whwb wLªw÷q 7g kZ‡K †eu‡P wQ‡jb e‡j Rvbv hvq| •eqvKiY fZ©„nwii g‡Z, GKwU fvwlK evK¨ ïay cÖZ¨qwefw³ mn‡hvM hy³ wKQz kã ev c` mgwó bq| evK¨‡K eyS‡Z †M‡j GwU‡K ïay KwZcq k‡ãi A_©-mgwó iƒ‡c MY¨ bv K‡i, eis mswkøó evK¨wUi cÖwZ‡ek m‡gZ Gi mvgwMÖK A_©gqZv‡KI Dcjwä Ki‡Z n‡e| 3.1.2 cÖvPxb wMÖm cÖvPxb wMÖm B‡qv‡ivcxq mf¨Zvi cxV¯’vb| AvaywbK B‡qv‡iv‡ci Kjv, `k©b I weÁvbPP©vi wfwËf~wg GB cªvPxb wMÖ‡mB wbwg©Z n‡qwQj| Avi B‡qv‡ivcxq Nivbvi fvlvPP©vi gyL¨ avivwUi †MvocËbI GLv‡bB nq| cÖvPxb wMÖ‡m fvlvi wewfbœ Dcv`v‡bi ¯^iƒc we‡kølY ev e¨vKiYPP©vi †ÿ‡Î `vk©wbK cÖÁvi e¨vcviwU A½vw½fv‡e RwoZ| Z‡e fvi‡Zi g‡Zv GLv‡bI e¨vKiYPP©vi avivwU ïiæ nq ï×Zvi aviYv †_‡K| †Kbbv cÖvPxb wMÖK fvlvi wjLbiƒ‡ci mwVKfv‡e cv‡Vi Ask wn‡m‡eB GLv‡b e¨vKiYPP©v ïiæ nq| D‡jøL¨, Bs‡iwR ‘grammar’ kãwUi D™¢e n‡q‡Q wMÖK ‘grammatiki’ †_‡K hvi kvwãK A_© nj ‘the art of writing’| A_v©r wMÖK fvlvwU Kxfv‡e my›`i K‡i †jLv hvq Zvi we‡kølYB n‡”Q ÔMÖv¤§vwZwKÕ| c‡i GB ÔMÖv¤§vwZwKÕ Awfav‡KB B‡qv‡iv‡ci wewfbœ fvlvq MÖvgvi ev e¨vKiY wn‡m‡e MÖnY Kiv nq|

20 | mgKvjxb fvlvweÁvb

wPÎ 3.4: w`IwbwmDm Îv· wPÎ 3.3: †cø‡Uv

cÖvPxb wMÖm bMi iv‡óª 500 wLª.c~.Ô†cvwjmÕ(Polis) bvgK cÖwZôvb Pvjy wQj †hLv‡b wkÿv_x©‡`i‡K fvj e³v wn‡m‡e M‡o †Zvjvi Rb¨ wMÖK fvlvi evK¨ MVb, Gi cÖK…wZ I •ewk󨸇jv fvjfv‡e wkÿv †`Iqv n‡Zv| †m we‡ePbvq †cvwjm bvgK cÖwZôvbwU‡K wMÖK fvlv †kLv Z_v e¨vKiYPP©vi cÖ_g cÖwZôvb wn‡m‡e MY¨ Kiv nq| cÖvPxb wMÖ‡m †cø‡UvB cÖ_g `vk©wbK whwb fvlvi GKwU evK¨‡K ‘onoma’ (noun ev bvg ) I ‘rhemra’ (verb ev KvR) GB `yB fv‡M fvM K‡ib| †cø‡Uvi ci eû kãvãx †cwi‡q †M‡jI c„w_exi me fvlv‡ZB

evK¨ we‡køl‡Yi GB wØLÐb c×wZ AvRI cÖPwjZ Av‡Q| ZvQvov mg‡qi GB cÖengvbZvi cvkvcvwk wewfbœ hy‡M fvlv we‡køl‡Yi c×wZMZ `„wófw½ cvëv‡jI †cø‡Uv D™¢vweZ GB wØLÐb cÖYvwj GLbI AÿyYœ i‡q‡Q| †cø‡Uvi cvkvcvwk G¨vwi÷Uj Zvui De interpretione MÖ‡š’ fvlvi wjLb (writing) I evP‡bi (speech) g‡a¨ cv_K©¨ K‡ib Ges e‡jb †h,Ôgvby‡li g‡bvMZ AwfÁZvi iƒcvqY n‡”Q evPb, Avi wjLb n‡”Q evP‡bi cÖZ¨ÿ iƒcÕ (speech is the representation of the experience of the mind, and writing is the representation of speech)| cÖvPxb wMÖ‡m †cø‡Uv I G¨vwi÷U‡ji ci `vk©wbK-`j Ô÷wqKÕ (Stoics)

k‡ãi m‡½ A‡_©i m¤úK© wel‡q gZvgZ cÖ`vb K‡ib †h, †Kvb k‡ãi A_© GKvšÍfv‡eB mnRvZ| GwcwKDivm ÷wqK`‡ji GB aviYv mg_©b Ki‡jI Zv wKQzUv ms‡kvab K‡ib GB e‡j, k‡ãi A_© mnRvZ n‡jI e¨enviRwbZ Kvi‡Y Zv cv‡ë †h‡Z cv‡i| wLª÷c~e© 300 A‡ã wMÖK AwaK…Z cÖvPxb Av‡jKRvw›`ªqvi Awaevmx gnv‣eqvKiY w`IwbwmDm _ªvKm& Zvui weL¨vZ Grammatiki Technique eB‡q evwK¨K Dcv`v‡bi †h 8wU †kÖwY wb‡`©k K‡ib, Zv-B cieZx©Kv‡j B‡qv‡iv‡ci wewfbœ fvlvq iwPZ cÖ_vMZ e¨vKi‡Y Ôc`Õ (Parts of Speech) wn‡m‡e ¯^xK…wZ jvf K‡i|

cÖ_vMZ e¨vKiY †_‡K fvlvweÁvb | 21 3.1.3 cÖvPxb †ivg fvlvi e¨vKiY ev fvwlK Dcv`vb we‡køl‡Y †ivgvb •eqvKiYiv A‡bKvs‡k wMÖK fvebv Øviv cÖfvweZ wQ‡jb| Z‡e B‡qv‡ivcxq HwZ‡n¨i e¨vKiYPP©vq ZvuivB cÖ_g c~Y©v½ e¨vKiY iPbvi K…wZZ¡ †`wL‡q‡Qb| G‡ÿ‡Î cÖ_‡gB hvui bvg D‡jøL Ki‡Z nq wZwb n‡”Qb cÖvPxb †iv‡gi gviKzm †Z‡ibwZDm fvi‡iv whwb jvwZb fvlvi wewfbœ e¨vKiY Awfavi cÖ_vMZ msÁv wbg©vYmn G‡`i djcÖm~ •ewkóvw` wba©viY K‡ib|

wPÎ 3.5: gviKzm †Z‡ibwZDm fvi‡iv

wLª÷c~e© cÖ_g kZ‡K 25 L‡Ð cÖKvwkZ fvi‡ivi MÖš’wU jvwZb fvlvi cÖ_g c~Y©v½ e¨vKiY †hwU cÖ_vMZ c×wZ‡Z fvlv we‡køl‡Yi KvjRqx MÖš’ wn‡m‡e ¯^xK…Z| GB MÖ‡š’ wZwb jvwZb fvlvi e¨vKiwYK Dcv`vb we‡køl‡Y Zvui c~e©eZx wMÖK avivi Abyiƒc `vk©wbK †avuqvkv •Zwi bv K‡i eis fvwlK Dcv`vb¸‡jvi weï× e¨vKiwYK e¨vL¨v cÖ`vb K‡i‡Qb| 3.1.4 cÖvPxb Pxb `~icªv‡P¨ Aew¯’Z Av‡jvwKZ f~LÐ cÖvPxb Px‡bi fvlv I e¨vKiYPP©v wbR¯^ •ewk‡ó¨ ficyi| we‡kl K‡i, GB A‡ji fvlvPP©vq wjwcZË¡ Ges Awfavbwe`¨v GK ¸iæZ¡c~Y© ¯’vb AwaKvi K‡i Av‡Q| Pxbv fvlvi wjLb iƒ‡c cÖavbZ wPÎwjwc (logograph) e¨envi Kiv n‡jI wjwci wewfbœ welq H mg‡qi e¨vKiYPP©vq bvbvfv‡e we‡køwlZ n‡q‡Q| d‡j Pxbv Ôwd‡jvjwRÕ wn‡m‡e L¨vZ ÔwRqvI‡RvÕi (xiaoxue) cÖavb Av‡jvP¨ welq wQj Pxbv wPÎwjwci mvsMVwbK eY©bv, Gi kãMZ I AvwfavwbK •ewkó¨ BZ¨vw`| GQvov cÖvPxb Px‡bi Abyev` I aŸwbZvwË¡K e¨vL¨v we‡køl‡Y fviZxq HwZn¨ Abym„Z †e․× gZev‡`i cÖfveI jÿYxq|

22 | mgKvjxb fvlvweÁvb

wPÎ 3.6: `vk©wbK Ryb wR

wPÎ 3.7: `vk©wbK I Kwe Bqvs wRqyO

wLª÷c~e© 480 †_‡K 221 A‡ã kvmbvaxb cÖvPxb Px‡bi Iqvwis mv¤ªv‡R¨ `k©bkv‡¯¿i GKwU cÖavb Av‡jvP¨welq wQj evM_©weÁvb (semantics)| GQvov †mmgq Px‡bi wewfbœ avivi ÁvbZvwË¡K I cwÐZ, †hgb- Kbdzwmqvmwe` (Confucianists), †gvnwe` (Mohists), ZvIwe` (Taoists), Dcfvlvwe` (dialecticians) I AvBbÁiv (legalists) Pxbv bvgweÁvb (onomastics) wel‡q we¯Í…Z e¨vL¨v-we‡kølY K‡i‡Qb| D`vniY¯^iƒc, 300 wLª÷c~e©v‡ãi Ab¨Zg Kbdzwmqvm-`vk©wbK Ryb wR (Xun Zi) Zvui wjwLZ Zheng Ming (‘On rectifying names’) bvgK Mª‡š’ †h‡Kvb bv‡gi `ywU Acwinvh© Dcv`vb, h_v- †`¨vZK I †`¨vwZ‡Zi m¤ú‡K©i ¯^iƒc Zz‡j a‡i‡Qb| Gi cieZx©Kv‡j wLª÷c~e© 221 †_‡K 220 kZ‡Ki wKb I nvb kvmbvg‡j Px‡b fvlvZË¡PP©vi Rb¨ ÔBwiqvÕ (Erya), ÔdvbwRqvbÕ (Fangyan) I Ôï †fb wR wRÕ(Shou wen jie zi) bvgK 3wU cÖavb kvLv wQj| G‡`i g‡a¨ Bwiqv n‡”Q wLª÷c~e© 3 kZ‡K weKwkZ Pxbv aªæcw` mvwn‡Z¨i eY©bv-welqK HwZn¨evnx aŸwbZvwË¡K e¨vL¨v †hwU †mB mgq wewfbœ KvjRqx MÖ‡š’i cÖ‡qvRbxq wb‡`©kbv cÖ`v‡bi Rb¨ GKwU KZ©„Z¡ev`x avivq cwiYZ n‡qwQj| Ab¨w`‡K, wLª÷c~e© 53 Aã †_‡K wLªw÷q 18 A‡ã RxweZ `vk©wbK I Kwe Bqvs wRqyO (Yang Xiong) wewfbœ Dcfvlvi kãvewji eY©bv welqK dvbwRqvb wk‡ivbv‡g GKwU MÖš’ cÖYqb K‡ib| †gvU 13wU Aa¨vqwewkó GB MÖ‡š’ ewY©Z n‡q‡Q 658wU fzw³ †hLv‡b Pxbv Dcfvlvi wµqv, we‡klY I †cvkvK, •ZRlcÎ, eb¨ I †cvlv cÖvYx, cvwL I gyiMx, †cvKvgvKo, †b․Kv hy×v¯¿ BZ¨vw` mse‡M©i bvg AšÍfy³ © | GQvov GB MÖš’wU †m mg‡q Pxbv wPÎwjwc‡Z wjwLZ bvbviKg e¯‘ I c`v‡_©i bv‡gi aŸwbMZ •ewPΨ‡KI wb‡`©k Ki‡Z mg_© n‡qwQj| me‡k‡l, 121 A‡ã mgvß ï †fb wR wR GKwU Awfavb †hwU‡K AvaywbK Pxbv Awfav‡bi c~e©eZx iƒc wn‡m‡e we‡ePbv Kiv nq| GB MÖ‡š’ 1279wU •ewPΨmn me©‡gvU 9431wU Pxbv wPÎwjwci eY©bv cvIqv hvq| 3.1.5 Avie AÂj cÖvPxb fviZ ev wMÖ‡mi g‡Zv Avie A‡jI fvlvPP©v ag©Z‡Ë¡i Ask wQj| GKwU mg„× fvlv wn‡m‡e ¯^xK…Z Aviwei cÖvPxb wb`k©b 300 A‡ã wmbvB A‡j Aew¯’Z ivg gw›`‡ii (Temple of Ramm) †`Iqv‡j

cÖ_vMZ e¨vKiY †_‡K fvlvweÁvb | 23 Aw¼Z wQj| GB mZ¨ †g‡b wb‡qI ejv hvq Aviwe •eqvKiYiv AviI A‡bK c‡i A_v©r 4_© wnRwii w`‡K GB fvlvi DrcwË wel‡q M‡elYvKg© ïiæ K‡ib| ÔAviwe fvlvi cÖ_g e¨vKiYwe` †K?Õ - G wel‡q we¯Íi gZ‡f` _vK‡jI wewfbœ fvlvZvwË¡K-HwZnvwm‡Ki (Fleisch 1994) m~Î a‡i ejv hvq, 652 A‡ãi w`‡K RxweZ Avã Avjv Be‡b Avwe BmnvK (‘Abd Allah b. Abi Ishaq’)-†KB Aviwe fvlvi cÖ_g •eqvKiY wn‡m‡e ¯^xK…wZ cÖ`vb Kiv hvq| †gv‡Ui Dci, wZwbB n‡”Qb mgMª Avie A‡ji cÖ_g Ô†g․jvbvÕ (bvMwiK gvbyl) whwb †KvivbZË¡ †_‡K Aviwe fvlvPP©vi GKUv cv_©K¨m~Î •Zwi K‡ib| gymwjg Aay¨wlZ A‡j wLªw÷q Aógv‡ã RxweZ Bmv Be‡b Dgi AvZ-ZvKvwd (Isa b. ‘Umar atTaqafi’) Aviwe fvlvi 2q cÖR‡b¥i cÖ_g e¨vKiYwe` whwb G fvlvi cÖ_g wjwLZ e¨vKiY iPbv K‡ib| Avie A‡ji 3q cÖR‡b¥i †kÖô •eqvKiY wmevIqvBwn (Sibawayhi) (760-796) wLªw÷q 793 A‡ã wKZve (kitab) wk‡ivbv‡g Aviwe fvlvi cÖK…Z e¨vKiYMÖš’ iPbv K‡ib| GB eB‡q wZwb Aviwe e¨vKi‡Yi wewfbœ ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Dcv`vb‡K MÖwš’e× K‡ib| hw`I wmevIqvBwn GB MÖ‡š’ AvbykvmwbK `„wófw½ †_‡K GKRb †`wk Avie ÔKxfv‡e K_v ej‡ebÕ †m m¤úwK©Z wewfbœ fvwlK wewfbœ Dcv`v‡bi Acwinvh© m~Îvw` wb‡`©k K‡ib, Z_vwc GwU‡K Avewi fvlvi cÖ_g eY©bvg~jK e¨vKiY wn‡m‡e ¯^xK…wZ †`Iqv nq| †Kbbv wZwb GB MÖ‡š’ ev¯Íe Rxe‡b e¨eüZ fvwlK Z_¨ I DcvË mn‡hv‡M Aviwe fvlvi wewfbœ e¨vKiwYK Dcv`vb we‡køl‡Yi cÖqvm cvb|

wPÎ 3.8: wmivR bM‡i wmevIqvBwni mgvwa‡m․a

3.2 Zzjbvg~jK I HwZnvwmK fvlvweÁvb fvlvweÁv‡bi BwZnv‡mi wØZxq avivwUi bvg n‡”Q Zzjbvg~jK I HwZnvwmK fvlvweÁvb| hw`I H mg‡hi fvlvi PP©v Ges we‡køl‡Yi ixwZ I c×wZwU AvR‡Ki w`‡bi g‡Zv Abyc¼ •eÁvwbK n‡q I‡Vwb, Zey HwZn¨MZfv‡e G avivwUi mv‡_ ÔweÁvbÕ AwfavwU cÖhy³ n‡q hvq| †Kbbv ZZw`‡b fvlvPP©vi wbisKzk †K›`ªwe›`y n‡q D‡V‡Q B‡qv‡ivc| Avi B‡qv‡ivcxq fvlvi wewfbœ Dcv`vb we‡køl‡Y HwZnvwmK `„wófw½wU Aej¤^b Ki‡jI `yB wfbœ mg‡qi fvwlK Dcv`vb Zzjbvi †ÿ‡Î Zvuiv Zv‡`i ¯^fveRvZ •ewk‡ó¨i Kvi‡Y n‡q I‡Vb A‡bKvs‡kB wbivm³, e¯‘wbô I DcvËwbf©i - hv weÁvbawg©Zvi g~j •ewkó¨‡K m~wPZ K‡i|

24 | mgKvjxb fvlvweÁvb Zzjbvg~jK I HwZnvwmK fvlvweÁv‡bi avivwU ïiæ nq Aóv`k kZ‡Ki †k‡li w`‡K| G avivi †MvovcËb K‡ib †KvjKvZv nvB‡Kv‡U©i ZrKvjxb wePviK m¨vi DBwjqvg †RvÝ (gymv 2017)| wePviK †RvÝ 1786 mv‡ji 2iv †deªæqvwi †KvjKvZvi Ôi‡qj GwkqvwUK †mvmvBwU Ae †e½jÕ-Gi D‡Øvabx Abyôv‡b cÖ`Ë fvl‡Y D‡jøL K‡ib †h, cÖvPxb ms¯‥…Z, wMÖK I jvwZb fvlvi g‡a¨ GKwU Mfxi HwZnvwmK m¤úK© i‡q‡Q hvi Øviv cÖgvY Kiv m¤¢e †h, GB 3wU fvlv Ab¨ Av‡iKwU fvwlK Drm †_‡K Rb¥jvf K‡i‡Q| fviZ I B‡qv‡iv‡ci `~ieZ©x GB 3wU fvlvi Awfbœ Drm †_‡K DrcwËjvf msµvšÍ †Rv‡Ýi GB nvB‡cvw_wmmwU mgKvjxb fvlvweÁvbx‡`i g‡a¨ `viæY Av‡jvob m„wó K‡i| d‡j Zvui GB aviYv‡K wfwË K‡i fvlvi PP©v I we‡køl‡Y ïiæ nq GK bZzb hy‡Mi| GiB Ask wn‡m‡e B‡qv‡iv‡ci B‡›`v-B‡qv‡ivcxq fvlves‡ki fvlvZvwË¡‡Kiv wb‡R‡`i fvlvi wewfbœ Dcv`vb, we‡kl K‡i - aŸwb, iƒc I evK¨MZ Dcv`v‡bi g‡a¨ wØKvjxb (diachronic) m¤úK© D‡b¥vP‡b Zrci n‡q I‡Vb| GKB mv‡_ Zvuiv, we‡kl K‡i Rvg©vb fvlves‡ki ZvwË¡‡Kiv B‡qv‡iv‡ci fvlvi m‡½ fvi‡Zi fvlvmn B‡›`v-BD‡ivcxq Ab¨vb¨ fvlvi aŸwbiƒcmn wewfbœ Dcv`v‡bi g‡a¨I ZzjbvwfwËK ixwZ-c×wZ Aej¤^b K‡i M‡elYvKg© m¤úv`b ïiæ K‡ib| g~jZ G ai‡bi M‡elYvK‡g©i ga¨ w`‡q ZrKvjxb fvlvZvwË¡‡Kiv B‡›`v-BD‡ivcxq fvlv¸‡jvi g‡a¨ eskjwZKvi m¤úK© (genealogical relation) D‡b¥vP‡b Kvh©Ki f~wgKv iv‡Lb| GiB avivewnKZvq HwZnvwmK I Zzjbvg~jK avivc‡e© weKvk jvf K‡i wMÖ‡gi m~Î, fvb©v‡ii m~Î I MÖvmgv‡bi m~Îmn D‡jøL‡hvM¨ aŸwbZvwË¡K c×wZ I ixwZi| Zzjbvg~jK I HwZnvwmK fvlvweÁv‡bi Av‡iKwU D‡jøL¨‡hvM¨ Ae`vb n‡”Q ÔZzjbvg~jK cybM©Vb c×wZÕ| GB c×wZi gva¨‡g fvlvZvwË¡‡Kiv Zzjbvg~jK cybM©Vb †K․kj cÖ‡qvM K‡i wewfbœ fvlvi nvwi‡q hvIqv Dcv`vb, †hgbÑaŸwb I k‡ãi AbywgZ cÖZœiƒc (protoform) †h¸‡jv mswkøó fvlxiv A‡bK Av‡MB nvwi‡q †d‡j‡Q, †m¸‡jv iƒc`v‡bi †Póv K‡ib| GB cÖwµqvi Ask wn‡m‡e Rvg©vb fvlvmg~‡ni ZvwË¡‡Kiv cÖvPxb jvwZ‡bi mgmvgwqK GKwU ÔcÖZœ-Rg©bÕ i~c cybM©V‡bi cÖ‡PóvI Pvjvb| cvkvcvwk G ai‡bi M‡elYvq Zvu‡`i P~ovšÍ jÿ¨ wQj, GKwU ÔcÖZœ-wek^fvlvÕi iƒc cybM©Vb Kiv| hw`I †m mg‡qi fvlvZvwË¡K‡`i G ai‡bi D”Pwfjvlx cÖ‡Póv ev¯Íeiƒc jvf K‡iwb, wKš‘ cwiYwZ‡Z Zvuiv B‡›`v-BD‡ivcxq fvlvesk e¨ZxZ AviI †ek wKQy bZzb fvlvesk, h_v- A‡÷ªv‡bwkqvb, bvBRvi-K‡½v BZ¨vw` kbv³ Ki‡Z mg_© nb| 3.2.1 Rvg©vb fvlvweÁvb Dwbk kZ‡K Zzjbvg~jK I HwZnvwmK fvlvweÁvbPP©vi †K›`ªwe›`y wQj Rvgv©bx| †Kbbv H kZ‡K Rvgv©b fvlvweÁvbxiv B‡qv‡ivcxq I fviZxq fvlvmg~‡ni Zzjbvg~jK I HwZnvwmK m¤úK© wba©viY Ki‡Z wM‡q D™¢veb K‡ib †ek wKQz •eÁvwbK ZË¡ I m~Îvw`| Zvu‡`i GB Ae`vb GKw`‡K †hgb fviZxq I B‡qv‡ivcxq fvlvmg~‡ni HwZnvwmK m¤úK© wbav©i‡Y Kvh©Ki f~wgKv †i‡L‡Q, †Zgwb fvlvkv¯¿‡K GKwU e¯‘wbô wb‡gv©n weÁvb wn‡m‡e M‡o †Zvjvi wfwË wbg©vY K‡i‡Q| djkÖæwZ‡Z Dwbk kZ‡K Rvg©vb fvlvZvwË¡K I Rvg©vb cwievifz³ fvlv M‡elK‡`i cÖvav‡b¨i Kvi‡Y G kv¯¿wU‡K ZLb †KD †KD Rvg©vb fvlvweÁvb e‡jI AwfwnZ K‡i‡Qb| wb‡P fvlvkv‡¯¿ Rvg©vb fvlvweÁvbx‡`i GiKg K‡qKwU hyMvšÍKvix Ae`vb ms‡ÿ‡c Dc¯’vcb Kiv nj|

cÖ_vMZ e¨vKiY †_‡K fvlvweÁvb | 25

wPÎ 3.9: wfj‡njg& db †nvg‡evë

wPÎ 3.10: d«vÝ ec

Dwbk kZ‡Ki cÖ_g w`‡K Rvg©vb fvlvZvwË¡K wfj‡njg& db †nvg‡evë (1767-1835) Rvg©vb fvlvi wewfbœ HwZnvwmK iƒ‡ci Zzjbvg~jK we‡kølY mn‡hv‡M iPbv K‡ib The Verity of Human Language MÖš’wU| GB MÖ‡š’i eY©bv I we‡kølY c×wZ GZ e¯‘wbô wQj †h, †nvg‡ev‡ëi DwjøwLZ MÖš’wU‡K AvaywbK eY©bvg~jK fvlvweÁv‡bi c~e©m~wi (precursor) wn‡m‡e MY¨ Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| GQvov wZwbB cÖ_g AvaywbK B‡qv‡ivcxq fvlvZvwË¡K whwb cÖZ¨q e¨³ K‡ib, gvbefvlv ïay kã ev e‡M©i wek„•Lj mgevq bq, eis wbqg-kvwmZ GKwU myk„•Lj c×wZ| d«vÝ ec (1791-1867) n‡”Qb cÖ_g Rvg©vb fvlvweÁvbx whwb wewfbœ Rvg©vb I fviZxq fvlvmg~‡ni g‡a¨ Zzjbvg~jK we‡køl‡Yi m~ÎcvZ K‡ib| Zvui iwPZ MÖš’wU Über das Conjugationssystem der Sanskritsprache (1816) eûw`b a‡i ZviB ¯^vÿi enb Ki‡Q| GQvov nvigvb MÖvmgvb I BqvKze wMÖg Zvui fvB wfj‡jg& wMÖg mn‡hv‡M B‡›`v-BD‡ivcxq fvlvmg~‡ni aŸwbZvwË¡K cwieZ©b msµvšÍ m~Îvw` h_vµ‡g ÔMÖvmgv‡bi m~ÎÕ I ÔwMÖ‡gi m~ÎÕ D™¢ve‡bi gva¨‡g mgMÖ fvlvZ‡Ë¡i BwZnv‡m KvjRqx n‡q Av‡Qb|

wPÎ 3.11: AvD¸÷ køvBLvi

wPÎ 3.12: BqvKe wMÖg

Rvg©vb fvlvZvwË¡K AvD¸÷ køvBLvi (1821-1868) Dwbk kZ‡Ki †kÖô fvlvweÁvbx wn‡m‡e ¯^xK…Z| Zzjbvg~jK I HwZnvwmK fvlvwe`¨vPP©vq køvBLvi D™¢veb K‡ib `ywU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© m~Î I †K․kj †h¸‡jv †m mg‡q c„w_exi wewfbœ fvlvi eskMZ m¤úK©-welqK †MvÎ ev cwievi wba©vi‡Yi †ÿ‡Î djcÖm~ f~wgKv †i‡L‡Q| Zvui G `ywU Ae`vb nj -

26 | mgKvjxb fvlvweÁvb K. fvlv-cwievi wba©viK e„ÿwPÎ ZË¡ (Rvg©vb fvlvq GK ejv nq ‘Stammbaumtheorie’ (family tree theory) L. †Kvb cybM©wVZ fvwlK Dcv`vb wba©vi‡Yi Rb¨ ZviKv wPý (*) cÖ`vb køvBLvi Zvui D™¢vweZ †K․kj I m~‡Îi mvnv‡h¨ cÖZ-œ B‡›`v-B‡qv‡ivcxq fvlvi wewfbœ fvwlK Dcv`vb cybM©wVZ K‡ib hv Zvui iwPZ A Compandium of the Comparative Grammar of Indo-European Languages MÖ‡š’ ¯’vb †c‡q‡Q| D‡jøL¨, køvBLvi wewfbœ fvlvi weeZ©b eY©bv I G‡`i Af¨šÍixY cÖK…wZ we‡kølY cÖwµqvq WviDBb cÖewZ©Z cÖRvwZi DrcwË ZË¡ (Origin of Species) Øviv cÖfvweZ wQ‡jb|

wPÎ 3.13: køvBLv‡ii fvlvi eskjwZKvi e„ÿwP‡Îi bgybv (1853) (Drm: Google Image)

me‡k‡l, Dwbk kZ‡Ki cÖvšÍj‡Mœ Ôbe¨‣eqvKiYÕ (Neogrammarian or (German, Junggrammatiker) bvgavix Rvg©vbxi jvBcwRM wek^we`¨vj‡qi GK`j ZiæY fvlvi cwieZ©b m¤ú‡K© ZvwË¡K aviYv cÖ`vb K‡ib| G wel‡q e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z wM‡q Zvuiv e‡jb, aŸwbi cwieZ©bm~Î e¨wZµgnxb nIqv DwPZ| be¨‣eqvKiYiv hw`I Dwbk kZ‡Ki Zzjbvg~jK I HwZnvwmK fvlvweÁv‡bi KvVv‡gvi g‡a¨ †_‡KB fvlv we‡kølY K‡i‡Qb, wKš‘ ZvuivB cÖ_g AvbyôvwbKfv‡e ÔZzjbvg~jK wd‡jvjwRÕi cwie‡Z© ÔfvlvweÁvbÕ cÖ¯vÍ e K‡ib| KviY ZZw`‡b fvlvkv¯¿ ixwZ I c×wZ cÖ‡qv‡Mi w`K †_‡K A‡bKUvB weÁvb n‡q D‡V‡Q| Avi G‡ÿ‡Î GB be¨e¨vKiYwe‡`ivB cw_K…‡Zi f~wgKv cvjb K‡ib| Zvuiv Zzjbvg~jK I HwZnvwmK fvlvweÁv‡bi fvlv we‡køl‡Yi ixwZ-cÖwµqvi Ave‡ni g‡a¨B AvaywbK fvlvweÁv‡bi Aw¯’g¾v ms¯’vcb K‡ib hvi d‡j cwiYwZ‡Z GB kv¯¿wU n‡q I‡V cÖK…ZB e¯‘wbô I wbiv‡eM weÁvb| Dwbk kZ‡Ki †k‡li w`‡K B‡qv‡iv‡c ÔHwZnvwmK I Zzjbvg~jK fvlvweÁvbÕi cÖwZkã wn‡m‡e ÔZyjbvg~jK wd‡jvjwRÕ (comparative philology) cwifvlv wn‡m‡e e¨eüZ n‡Z ïiæ K‡i| GB bvgMZ cwieZ©bwU

cÖ_vMZ e¨vKiY †_‡K fvlvweÁvb | 27 hZ bv ¸YMZ cv_K¨©‡K m~wPZ K‡i, Zv Gi †P‡q A‡bK †ewk mgqMZ cwieZ©‡bi Zvrch©‡K enb K‡i| ZvQvov GB AwfavwU KZKUv fvlvi GKv‡WwgK cvV`v‡bi mv‡_I m¤úwK©Z| cvkvcvwk, Ôwd‡jvjwRÕ cwifvlvwUi kvwãK A_© n‡”Q cÖvPxb fvlv, mvwnZ¨ I ms¯‥…wZ Aa¨qb| ZvB B‡qv‡iv‡ci wewfbœ †`‡k GB wZbwU kv‡¯¿i Awfbœ we`¨vqZwbK Awfav wn‡m‡e Ôwd‡jvjwRÕ µgk AvKlYx©q n‡q I‡V| wKš‘ be¨e¨vKiYwe‡`i g‡Z fvlv we‡kølY welqK kv¯¿wU ZZw`‡b mvwnZ¨ I ms¯‥…wZi fvev‡eM ev` w`‡q hyw³wm× I weÁvbgb¯‥ n‡q IVvi Kvi‡Y kv¯¿ wn‡m‡e Ôwd‡jvjwRÕ AwfavwU A‡bKUvB AcÖvmw½K n‡q c‡o| d‡j Gi cwie‡Z© Zvuiv Ôwj½ywqw÷KÕ(linguistik) ev ÔfvlvweÁvbÕ AwfavwU cÖ‡qvM K‡ib| Ic‡ii eY©bv †_‡K Zzjbvg~jK I HwZnvwmK fvlvweÁv‡bi †h cÖwZwbwaZ¡g~jK •ewkó¨ D×vi Kiv hvq †m¸‡jv n‡”Q1. fvlv we‡køl‡Y G avivwU KvjvbyµwgK `„wófw½‡K jvjb I †cvlY K‡i‡Q| 2. fvlvPP©v I M‡elYvi †K›`ªwe›`ywU wQj ÔB‡›`v-B‡qv‡ivcxq fvlveskÕ| 3. fviZxq I B‡qv‡ivcxq fvlvmg~‡ni wKQz ¸iæZ¡c~Y© aŸwbZvwË¡K m~Î Avwe®‥…Z I we‡køwlZ nq| 4. B‡›`v-B‡qv‡ivcxq fvlves‡ki wewfbœ fvlvi KwZcq fvwlK Dcv`v‡bi cÖZœ-Dcv`vb cybMwV©Z nq| fvlvweÁv‡bi GKwU D‡jøL‡hvM¨ aviv wn‡m‡e Zzjbvg~jK I HwZnvwmK fvlvweÁvb `xN© mgq a‡i c„w_exi wewfbœ cÖvšÍ Z_v B‡qv‡ivc Ges fvi‡Zi wewfbœ fvlvmg~‡ni iƒc I ¯^iƒc‡K A‡š^lY Ki‡jI Gi `„wófw½wU wQj GKgvwÎK| A_v©r G ai‡bi fvlv M‡elYvi g~jbxwZ wQj mg‡qi avivevwnKZvq fvlvi wewfbœ iƒ‡ci †h Ab¨Zv ev iƒcvšÍi N‡U‡Q Zvi Ges G †_‡K wewfbœ fvlvi †h eskMZ cwieZ©b I bevqb m¤úbœ n‡q‡Q Zv wPwýZ Kiv| d‡j G avivwU GKwU fvlvi m¤ú~Y© msMVb‡K D‡b¥vPb Ki‡Z e¨_© n‡q‡Q| mewgwj‡q Zzjbvg~jK I HwZnvwmK fvlvweÁv‡bi mxgve×Zv¸‡jv wb‡P Dc¯’vcb Kiv hvq| 1. Kvj‡Kw›`ªK fvlvPP©v‡K D‡cÿv Kiv n‡q‡Q| 2. fvlvi mgKvjxb KvVv‡gv ev msMVb Dc¯’vc‡bi welqwU‡K ¸iæZ¡ †`Iqv nqwb| 3. B‡›`v-B‡qv‡ivcxq fvlves‡ki fvlv Qvov Ab¨ fvlvi we‡kølY‡K mg-gh©v`v cÖ`vb Kiv nqwb| 4. fvlvi PP©v I we‡køl‡Yi `„wófw½wU wQj weeZ©b‡Kw›`ªK I Zzjbvg~jK| 3.3 mvsMVwbK fvlvweÁvb fvlvPP©vi BwZnv‡m wek kZ‡Ki cÖ_gv‡a© ïiæ nIqv mvsMVwbK fvlvweÁv‡bi gva¨‡gB AvaywbKZvi aviv m~wPZ nq| ¯§Z©e¨, cwð‡g we`¨vqZwbK ÁvbPP©vi BwZnv‡m wek kZK n‡”Q AvaywbKZvi wfwË kZK| m½Z Kvi‡YB fvlvweÁv‡bi †ÿ‡ÎI wek kZKB n‡”Q bZzb hy‡Mi ¯§viKevnx| KviY GB kZ‡Ki ïiæ‡Z fvlvweÁvbxiv GKwU fvlvi wjwLZ iƒc‡K ev` w`‡q †hgb Zvi †g․wLK iƒ‡ci Ici ¸iæZ¡v‡ivc Ki‡Z ïiæ K‡ib, †Zgwb Zv n‡q I‡V Kvj‡Kw›`ªK| A_v©r G mg‡q Zvuiv GKwU fvlvi mswkøó Dcv`v‡bi `ywU wfbœ KvjwfwËK eY©bv ev `ywU wfbœ fvlvi Awfbœ iƒ‡ci Zzjbv Dc¯’vc‡b mš‘ó wQ‡jb bv| eis Zvuiv wbw`©ó GKwU

28 | mgKvjxb fvlvweÁvb fvlvi wewfbœ Dcv`v‡bi GKKvjxb msMV‡bi AšÍwbw©nZ iƒc D‡b¥vPb Ki‡Z ZrciZv ïiæ K‡ib| cvkvcvwk, fvlvwUi Aeqe we‡køl‡Yi c×wZwU n‡q I‡V †hgb weÁvbwbf©i, †Zgwb G‡ÿ‡Î GKwU g‡bv`vk©wbK AwfÁvbI fvlv wekøl‡Yi cUf~wg wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i| d‡j fvlvweÁvb ch©vqµ‡g we`¨vqZwbK cwim‡i GKwU ¯^Zš¿ kv¯¿ wn‡m‡e weKv‡ki my‡hvM jvf K‡i|

3.14: †dw`©bu¨ `¨ †mvmy¨i- mvsMVwbK fvlvweÁv‡bi RbK

3.3.1 KvVv‡gvev`: †dw`©b¨u `¨ †mvmy¨i I fvlv msMVb myBRvij¨v‡Ûi divmxfvlx fvlvZvwË¡K †dw`©b¨u `¨ †mvmy¨i‡K (Ferdinand de Saussure) KvVv‡gvev‡`i RbK AvL¨vwqZ Kiv nq| 1913 mv‡j Zuvi g„Zz¨i ci ZvuiB `yB QvÎ KZ©„K cÖKvwkZ A Course in General Linguistics (1916) MÖš’wU KvVv‡gvev`x ZvwË¡K Ges mvsMVwbK fvlvweÁvbx‡`i Kv‡Q evB‡ej iƒ‡c m¤§vwbZ (Matthews 2001)| cÖK…Z A‡_© †mvmy¨i GB MÖš’wU m‡PZbfv‡e iPbv bv Ki‡jI GwU‡K KvVv‡gvev` I fvlvweÁv‡bi BwZnv‡m ZvuiB m„wó wn‡m‡e ¯^xK…wZ †`Iqv nq| KviY wZwb †R‡bfv wek¦we`¨vj‡q fvlvZ‡Ë¡i K¬v‡m hv cvV`vb Ki‡Zb †m¸wjB Zvui `yB wkl¨ †bvU AvKv‡i LvZvq wj‡L ivL‡Zb| Zvui g„Zz¨i ci †bvULvZvi e³e¨mg~n‡K GB `yB QvÎ †mvmy¨‡ii bv‡g A Course in General Linguistics MÖš’ wk‡ivbv‡g cÖKvk K‡ib| D‡jøL¨, †mvmy¨i‡K KvVv‡gvev‡`i RbK ejv n‡jI D³ MÖ‡š’ wZwb ÔKvVv‡gvÕ ev ÔmsMVbÕ(structure) ev ÔmvsMVwbKÕ (structural) BZ¨vw` Awfav e¨envi K‡ibwb| eis Zvi cwie‡Z© fvlvi Dcv`vb we‡køl‡Yi myweav‡_© cÖ‡qvM K‡i‡Qb wb‡¤œv³ •ØZmg~n (dichotomies)| 1. †`¨vZK I †`¨vwZZ (signifier and signified) 2. •iwLKm¤úK© I †kÖwYm¤úK© (syntagmatic and paradigmatic) 3. jvO& I cv‡ivj (language and parole) 4. KvjvbyµwgK I Kvj‡Kw›`ªK (diachronic and synchronic) DwjøwLZ •ØZmg~‡ni g‡a¨ 1gwU fvlvi k‡ãi wPýZvwË¡K •ewkó¨‡K wb‡`©k K‡i| D`vniY¯^iƒc, evsjv ÔeiBÕ kãwU GKwU wPý n‡j Gi `ywU Af¨šÍi msMVb n‡”Q - Ô†`¨vZKÕ I Ô†`¨vwZZÕ| GLv‡b †`¨vZK n‡”Q eiB djwUi evwn¨K D”PvwiZ iƒc hv e³vi D”PviY ev wjLbiƒ‡ci g‡a¨ w`‡qI cÖKvk cvq| Ab¨w`‡K, eiB‡qi †`¨vwZZwU n‡”Q GB djwU m¤ú‡K© evsjvfvlxi gvbwmK Ae¯’v ev g‡bvMZ aviYv|

cÖ_vMZ e¨vKiY †_‡K fvlvweÁvb | 29 †m¨vmy‡ii 2q •ØZwU fvlvi evwK¨K msMV‡bi iƒc‡K wb‡`©k K‡i| welqwU we‡køl‡Yi Rb¨ GKwU evsjv ev‡K¨i D`vniY GLv‡b Uvbv †h‡Z cv‡i| 1) cÖZœ fvZ Lvq| evsjv fvlvi GB evK¨wU wjL‡Z ev ej‡Z †M‡j cÖ_‡gB KZ©v ÔcÖZœÕ e¨envi Ki‡Z nq| Zvici G fvlvi e¨vKiwYK ixwZ Abyhvqx hy³ nq Kg© ÔfvZÕ Ges me‡k‡l wµqvc` ÔLvqÕ| Gfv‡e evOvwjgvÎB evK¨ •Zwii Rb¨ Zvi g‡bv-msMV‡b GKwUi ci GKwU evwK¨K Dcv`vb ewm‡q Dcv`vb¸‡jvi g‡a¨ †h GK ai‡bi `„k¨gvb •iwLK msMVb •Zwi K‡i Zv‡K •iwLK m¤úK© (syntagmatic) ejv nq| Ab¨w`‡K, †kÖwY m¤úK© (paradigmatic) wb‡`©k K‡i †h, DwjøwLZ ÔcÖZœ fvZ LvqÕ evK¨wUi wewfbœ Dcv`v‡bi †kÖwYMZ weKíms¯’vbI NUv‡bv hvq| D`vniY¯^iƒc, ÔcÖZœ fvZ LvqÕ -Gi cwie‡Z© cÖ_g c`wU cwieZ©b K‡i ejv hvq Ôwjw_ fvZ LvqÕ| GKBfv‡e ev‡K¨i Ab¨ `ywU c` cwieZ©b K‡iI wfbœ wfbœ evK¨ msMVb m„Rb Kiv m¤¢e| G‡ÿ‡Î cÖ‡Z¨K c`‡kÖwYi cwieZ©‡bi d‡j ev‡K¨i A‡_©i cwieZ©bI N‡U _v‡K| Gfv‡e ev‡K¨i cÖ‡Z¨K c‡`i †kÖwYMZ e`j NwU‡q †h bZzb msMVb •Zwi Kiv nq Zv‡K †kÖwYm¤úK© ejv nq| †mvmy¨i 3q •ØZwUi g‡a¨ ÔjvO&Õ I Ôcv‡ivjÕ GB `ywU Awfav i‡q‡Q| ÔjvO&Õ GKwU fvlvi me©Rbxb ev weg~Z© iƒcwU‡K wb‡`©k K‡i| Ab¨w`‡K, Ôcv‡ivjÕ fvlvwUi e¨w³iƒc ev Dcjwä‡hvM¨ wbw`©ó iƒc‡K m~wPZ K‡i| D`vniY¯^iƒc, Ôevsjv fvlvÕ wk‡ivbv‡g wb‡`©k Kiv nq †mwU n‡”Q G fvlvi weg~Z© ev me©Rbxb iƒc, †m †gvZv‡eK GwU n‡”Q ÔjvO&Õ| Ab¨w`‡K, Ôiex›`ªbv‡_i evsjvÕ, ÔPwjZ evsjvÕ, Ôwm‡jwU evsjvÕ BZ¨vw` mywbw`©ó iƒc n‡”Q Gi Ôcv‡ivjÕ| me‡k‡l, 4_© •ØZwU GKwU fvlviƒc we‡køl‡Yi †ÿ‡Î Gi KvjMZ w`K‡K wb‡`©k K‡i| GLv‡b ÔKvjvbyµwgKÕ ej‡Z wfbœ `yBKv‡ji Dcv`vb‡K wb‡`©k Ki‡Q| wKš‘ ÔKvj‡Kw›`ªKÕ AwfavwU m~wPZ K‡i GKwU we‡kl Kvj‡K, †hgb -Dwbk kZK, wek kZK, Avwki `kK BZ¨vw`| Avgiv Rvwb, mvsMVwbK fvlvweÁv‡bi c~e©eZx© avc Zzjbvg~jK I HwZnvwmK fvlvweÁv‡b fvlvZvwË¡‡Kiv fvlvi †Kvb wbw`©ó Dcv`v‡bi KvjvbyµwgK we‡køl‡Y ¯^v”Q›`¨‡eva Ki‡Zb| wKš‘ †mvmy¨i g‡b K‡ib, GKwU fvlvi wewfbœ Dcv`v‡bi g~j msMV‡bi ¯^iƒc AewnZ nIqvi Rb¨ ZzjbvwfwËK KvjvbyµwgK we‡kølY Lye GKUv dj`vqK bq| eis fvlvi wewfbœ Dcv`v‡bi GKwU wbw`©ó mg‡qi iƒc‡K we‡kølY Ki‡jB Gi KvVv‡gv ev msMVb‡K Rvbv hvq, hv cÖKvivšÍ‡i fvlvi cÖK…Z KvVv‡gv‡K D‡b¥vPb Ki‡Z mnvqZv K‡i| wewfbœ •ØZ wel‡q Ic‡ii Av‡jvPbv †_‡K mg¨K Dcjwä Kiv hvq, †mvmy¨i Zvui MÖ‡š’ fvlvi ÔKvVv‡gvÕ ev ÔmsMVbÕ ev ÔmvsMVwbKÕ BZ¨vw` Awfav cÖhy³ bv Ki‡jI •ØZmg~‡ni ga¨ w`‡q fvlvi †h KvVv‡gv‡Kw›`ªK Av‡jvPbvi m~ÎcvZ NUvb, Zv cÖKvivšÍ‡i Gi mvsMVwbK we‡kølY‡KB AšÍfy³ © K‡i‡Q| †m Kvi‡YB Zv‡K KvVv‡gvev‡`i cÖe³v wn‡m‡e AvL¨vwqZ Kiv nq| †mvmy¨i fvlvi D‡jøwLZ we‡køl‡Y †h •eÁvwbK wbivm³Zv AR©b K‡ib, Zv wZwb jvf K‡iwQ‡jb mgvRwÁvbx Gwgj WzK©nvBg Øviv| cvkvcwk, fvlv we‡køl‡Y †mvm¨y‡ii KvVv‡gvev` Øviv e¨vcKfv‡e cÖfvweZ Av‡gwiKvi b„Z‡Ë¡i RbK Rvgv©b es‡kv™¢~Z d«vÝ †evqvR| `xN©Kvj `wÿY Av‡gwiKvi wewfbœ fvlv I G‡`i mvs¯‥…wZK Dcv`vb msMÖn K‡i

30 | mgKvjxb fvlvweÁvb †evqvR Dcjwä K‡iwQ‡jb, cÖ‡Z¨K fvlviB, Zv †m hZB ÿz`ªB †nvK bv †Kb, GKwU wbR¯^ msMVb ev KvVv‡gv i‡q‡Q hv Ab¨ Av‡iKwU fvlvi iƒc †_‡K c„_K| ZvB Hme fvlvi msMVb‡K cvk^©eZx© †Kvb mg„× fvlvi KvVv‡gvi Av‡jv‡K wePvi ev we‡kølY Kiv DwPZ bq| D`vniY¯^iƒc, evsjv ev wnw›` fvlvi e¨vKiY †hgb ms¯‥…Z fvlvi KvVv‡gvi Av‡jv‡K cÖYqb Kiv DwPZ bq, †Zgwb AwaKZi Ômg„×Õ evsjvi msMVb mn‡hv‡M PvKgv ev gvigv fvlvi AšÍKv©Vv‡gv we‡kølY Kiv Kvg¨ bq| 3.3.2 mvsMVwbK fvlvweÁvb: GKwU ¯^Zš¿ Nivbv 3.3.2.1 cÖvM ¯‹zj: KvVv‡gvev` I ixwZev‡`i mw¤§jb †mvmy¨‡ii ci KvVv‡gvev`x fvlvPP©v I Gi djkÖæwZ‡Z D™¢~Z mvsMVwbK fvlvweÁvb GKwU ZvwË¡K Nivbvq iƒc wb‡Z ïiæ K‡i| Avi G †ÿ‡Î B‡qv‡iv‡ci GK`j DØv¯‘ fvlvweÁvbxi mw¤§wjZ cÖ‡Póv Kvh©Ki f~wgKvq AeZxY© nq| cÖ_g wek^hy‡×vËi GB m¤¢vebvgq fvlvZvwË¡Ke„›` †PK †`‡ki ivRavbx cÖv‡M wgwjZ nb| Zvu‡`i Awfbœ D‡`¨v‡M fvlvweÁv‡bi BwZnv‡m wek kZ‡Ki cÖ_gv‡a© M‡o I‡V ÔcÖvM ¯‥zjÕ bv‡g GK bZzb fvlv`k©b I fvlvPP©vi AvaywbK cÖK‡íi| GB Nivbvi fvlv we‡køl‡Yi †bZ…‡Z¡ wQ‡jb †fwjg g¨v_vwmqvm Ges Gi cÖwZfvai mf¨‡`i Ab¨Zg n‡jb iæk ivRcyÎ wb‡KvjvB Uªyey¯‥q I †ivgvb BqvKem‡bi g‡Zv fvlvweÁvbxiv| Zvuiv †mvmy¨‡ii mvsMVwbK fvwlKZË¡ I iæk ixwZev`x †K․k‡ji mgš^‡q fvlvPP©v I we‡køl‡Y AMÖeZx© n‡q †h fvwlKexÿv‡K cÖwZwôZ K‡ib, †mwU n‡”Q Ôfvlv nj Kvh©Ki ev f~wgKvkÖqx wKQy fvwlK GK‡Ki mskÖqÕ (language as a system of functionally related units)| fvlvPP©vi †ÿ‡Î Zvu‡`i cÖavb D‡Ïk¨ wQj gvbe fvlvi msMVb‡K cÖv‡qvMvw_©K `„wó‡KvY †_‡K we‡kølY Kiv| Gfv‡e cÖv‡Mi DØvš‘ fvlvZvwË¡‡Kiv fvlvPP©vi †ÿ‡Î †h D‡`¨vM I HK¨‡eva M‡o Zz‡jb, fvlvweÁv‡bi BwZnv‡m Z-B ÔcÖvM ¯‥zjÕ bv‡g cwiwPZ| wb‡P cªvM ¯‥y‡ji fvlvZvwË¡K‡`i wKQz hyMvšÍKvix D™¢ve‡bi wdwiw¯Í cÖ`vb Kiv nj| cÖvM ¯‥z‡ji `j‡bZv †fwjg †g_vwmqvm fvlvi msMVb we‡køl‡Yi †ÿ‡Î ev‡K¨i ÔZ_¨ msMVbÕ aviYvi weKvk NUvb| Ab¨w`‡K, iæk ivRcyÎ I cªvM fvlv Nivbvi Ab¨Zg mf¨ wb‡KvjvB Uªye¯‥q Ô†dvwbgÕ (phoneme) ev aŸwbg~j aviYvi D™¢emn aŸwbZ‡Ë¡i †ekwKQz wel‡q Zvrch©c~Y© f~wgKv iv‡Lb| g‡¯‥v fvlvZvwË¡K mv‡K©‡ji cÖwZôvZv †ivgvb BqvKemb wQ‡jb cÖvM`‡ji cÖfvekvjx m`m¨| wZwb D™¢veb K‡ib Ô¯^vZwš¿K wdPviÕ (distinctive features) †hwU‡K a¦wbZ‡Ë¡ GKwU fvwlK aŸwbL‡Ði Ab¨Zg Acwinvh© GKK iƒ‡c MY¨ Kiv nq| GQvov iæk ixwZev`x avivi DËim~wi wn‡m‡e BqvKemb wPýweÁvb I Kve¨Z‡Ë¡I ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Ae`vb iv‡Lb| cÖvM ¯‥z‡ji Kvh©µg 1926 †_‡K 1947 mvj ch©šÍ mPj wQj| 3.3.2.2 KvVv‡gvev` †_‡K mvsMVwbK fvlvweÁvb †mvmy¨i cieZ©x Ges cÖvM ¯‥z‡ji mvgmgwqK fvlvi PP©v I we‡køl‡Yi †ÿ‡Î wKQz ¸YMZ cwieZ©b mvwaZ nq| cÖ_gZ, Gi †K›`ªf~wgwU ZZw`‡b B‡qv‡ivc †_‡K Av‡gwiKvq ¯’vbvšÍwiZ n‡q‡Q| †Kbbv cÖ_g we‡k^vËi weaŸ¯Í B‡qv‡ivc‡K fvlvweÁvbxiv Avi m¤¢vebvgq g‡b K‡ibwb| cÖvM`‡ji m`m¨ †ivgvb BqvKem‡bi Av‡gwiKvq Awfevmb Gi cÖgvYen| Gi KviY wn‡m‡e PvKzwii AwbðqZv I M‡elYv cwiPvjbvi Rb¨ A_©-

cÖ_vMZ e¨vKiY †_‡K fvlvweÁvb | 31 m¼U‡KB `vqx Kiv hvq| wØZxqZ, †mvmy¨i I cÖvM ¯‥z‡ji fvwlK KvVv‡gvev` Av‡gwiKvq ZZw`‡b mvsMVwbK fvlvweÁv‡b iƒcvšÍwiZ n‡q‡Q| †Kbbv Av‡gwiKvi fvlvweÁvbxiv fvlvi msMVb ev KvVv‡gv we‡køl‡Yi GKwU ¯’vqx wfwËiƒc cÖwZôvi Rb¨ g‡bv‣eÁvwbK `k©‡bi AvkÖq †bb| D`vniY¯^iƒc, mvsMVwbK fveavivq wek^¯Í Av‡gwiKvb fvlvZvwË¡‡Kiv fvlvi msMVb we‡kølYK‡í g‡bvweÁvbx w¯‥bv‡ii AwfÁZvev`x ZË¡ (behaviorist theory) Øviv cÖfvweZ nb| w¯‥bv‡ii AwfÁZvev` e‡j, wkï Rb¥MÖn‡Yi mgq Zvi gw¯Í®‥ k~b¨cvZvi gZ Lvwj _v‡K| Avi GB k~b¨cvZvwU Av‡¯Í Av‡¯Í c~Y© n‡q I‡V AwfÁZvi Øviv| †m we‡ePbvq gvbyl fvlvI wk‡L _v‡K AwfÁZvi mvnv‡h¨| fvlv †kLvi †ÿ‡Î ÔDÏxcK> cÖwZwµqvÕ(stimulus > response) †K․kjwU KvR K‡i| A_v©r †Kvb wkï‡K fvlv‡evam¤úbœ n‡q IVvi Rb¨ Zvi Pvicv‡k fvwlK DÏxcbv ev cÖ‡Yv`bv _vK‡Z n‡e hv Zv‡K fvlv AvqË Ki‡Z Ges cwiYwZ‡Z fvwlK n‡q IV‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡i| Avi w¯‥bv‡ii g‡Z, wkïi G ai‡bi AwfÁZv hZ †ewk n‡e, wkï ZZB fvlx n‡q IV‡e| Av‡gwiKvi mvsMVwbK fvlvweÁvbx‡`i g‡a¨ whwb cÖ_g AwfÁZvev`‡K e¨envi K‡i Bs‡iwR fvlvi msMVb we‡køl‡Y mdjZv †`Lvb wZwb n‡jb wjIbv`© eøygwdì| wkKv‡Mv wek^we`¨vj‡qi Rvg©vb wd‡jvjwRi Aa¨vcK eøygwdì 1933 mv‡j Language kxl©K MÖ‡š’ mvsMVwbK fvlvweÁv‡bi ixwZ-c×wZ D™¢veb K‡ib| Gfv‡eB Av‡gwiKv‡Z mvsMVwbK fvlvweÁv‡bi †K›`ªf~wg ¯’vwcZ nq Ges fvlvPP©vi we`¨vqZwbK †K›`ª B‡qv‡ivc †_‡K AwfevwmZ nq| cieZ©xKv‡j eøygwd‡ìi Abymvixiv Awfbœ mvsMVwbK Kvq`vq eB cÖKvkmn cwÎKv I Rvb©v‡j cÖeÜ cÖKvk Kivi cvkvcvwk mfv-†mwgbv‡iiI Av‡qvRb Ki‡Z ïiæ K‡ib| mvsMVwbK fveaviv AbymiYKvix Gme fvlvweÁvbxi Ab¨Zg n‡jb †RwjM †nwim, Pvjm© d«vBm cÖgyL| Zvu‡`i iwPZ `ywU D‡jøL‡hvM¨ MÖš’ n‡”Q h_vµ‡g Methods in Structural Linguistics (1951) I The Structure of English: An Introduction to the Construction of English (1952) | GB `ywU MÖš’ Bs‡iwR fvlvi GKvav‡i evwn¨K KvVv‡gv I AšÍwb©wnZ msMVb we‡køl‡Y hyMvšÍKvix f~wgKvq AeZxY© nq| d‡j fvlv we‡køl‡Yi djcªm~ †K․kj wn‡m‡e mvsMVwbK fvlvweÁvb AZjvwšÍ‡Ki `yB cv‡o wecyj RbwcÖqZv AR©b K‡i| Ic‡ii Av‡jvPbv †_‡K gvbe fvlvi KvVv‡gv we‡køl‡Yi ZvwË¡K aviv I †K․kj iƒ‡c mvsMVwbK fvlvweÁv‡bi wKQz cÖwZwbwaZ¡kxj •ewkó¨ D×vi Kiv hvq| G¸wj n‡”Q K. fvlvi eY©bvg~jK `„wófw½‡K ¸iæZ¡ †`Iqv nq| L. fvlvi †g․wLK iƒcB fvlv M‡elYvi cÖavb †ÿÎ n‡q `vuovq| M. mviv c„w_ex‡Z fvlvweÁvb ¯^Zš¿ GKwU kv¯¿ wn‡m‡e weKvk jvf K‡i| N. fvlv we‡køl‡Yi bvbviKg AvšÍtkv¯¿xq cÖ‡Póv weKwkZ n‡Z ïiæ K‡i| mvsMVwbK fvlvweÁv‡bi DwjøwLZ •ewk󨸇jv fvlvkv¯¿ wn‡m‡e fvlvweÁvb‡K A‡bK †ewk •eÁvwbK e¯‘wbôZv I hš¿gqZvi Aven cÖ`vb Ki‡jI wKQz‡ZB mxgve×Zvi evB‡i bq| GB avivi mxgve×Zv¸‡jvi Ab¨Zg n‡”Q1. mvsMVwbK fvlvweÁvb wQj evovevwo iK‡gi †kÖwYKiY we`¨v|

32 | mgKvjxb fvlvweÁvb 2. fvlv †h ïay †kÖwYKiY kv¯¿ bq, eis Gi GKwU evwn¨K Aeq‡ei cvkvcvwk G‡Z GKwU AšÍwb©wnZ msMVb I A_©MZ Zvrch© i‡q‡Q, Zv GLv‡b D‡cÿv Kiv nq| 3. GwU fvlv‡K GKwU gvbwmK wµqvgqZvi dmj bv †f‡e ïay evwn¨K mvgvwRK ms‡køl‡Yi cÖwZiƒc we‡ePbv K‡i‡Q| 4. gvbyl †h fvlv m„R‡bi ÿgZvavix cªvYmËv, Zv G‡Z ¯^xK…Z nqwb| 3.4 m„wókxj (e¨vKiY) fvlvweÁvb fvlv gvby‡li gbbMZ mËvi wµqv-cÖwZwµqv| fvlv we‡køl‡Yi †ÿ‡Î GB ch©‡eÿYwU A‡bK †ewk wecøevZ¥K, AbymwÜrmvc~Y© I Awfwb‡ekx| gvwK©b fvlvweÁvbx Aveªvvg †bvqvg Pgw¯‥ 1957 mv‡j cÖKvwkZ Syntactic Structure MÖ‡š’i ga¨ w`‡q G aviv, `„wófw½ I Z‡Ë¡i m~Pbv K‡ib| fvlv we‡køl‡Yi †ÿ‡Î Pgw¯‥i GB MÖ‡š’i `vk©wbK `„wófw½, Abym„Z c×wZ Ges eY©bvi e¯‘wbôZv GZ †ewk •ewkó¨gwÐZ I AwfbZzb wQj †h, GwU aviv‡jv ÿz‡ii b¨vq mvsMVwbK fvlvweÁv‡bi mg¯Í AR©b I cÖvw߇K GKwbwg‡lB QvUvB K‡i †`q| d‡j cwð‡g Rb¥ †bq fvlvweÁv‡bi bZzb AwfÁvb, `„wófw½ I ixwZ-c×wZ - hv‡K Ôm„wókxj fvlvweÁvbÕ bv‡g AwfwnZ Kiv nq| c~e©eZ©x avivi mvsMVwbK fvlvweÁvbxiv fvlv we‡kølY ej‡Z ïay wewfbœ fvwlK Dcv`v‡bi KvVv‡gvwfwËK †kÖwYKiY Ki‡Zb| G ai‡bi †kÖwYKiY I we‡kølY GZ †ewk hvwš¿K cÖwµqvq wb®úv`b Kiv n‡Zv †h, G‡Z fvwlK cÖvYx wn‡m‡e fvlv m¤úv`‡bi †ÿ‡Î gvby‡li Acwinvh© g‡bvMZ AšÍfyw© ³‡K A¯^xKvi Kiv nq| d‡j GB ai‡bi hvwš¿K †kÖwYKiY cÖKvivšÍ‡i QÙ •eÁvwbKZvq ch©ewmZ nq (AvRv` 1984)| G mxgve×Zvi cÖwZweav‡bi Rb¨ Pgw¯‥ fvlvi g‡bvMZ cÖwµqv we‡køl‡Yi aviv‡K hy³ K‡i kv¯¿wU‡K A‡bK †ewk Zvrch©gwÐZ I Awfwb‡ekx weÁv‡b iƒcvšÍwiZ K‡ib| wZwb Zvui Z‡Ë¡ fvwlK cÖvYx wn‡m‡e gvby‡li fvlv m„R‡bi †ÿ‡Î g‡bvMZ ¯^Ztù~Z© cÖwµqvi Ici ¸iæZ¡v‡ivc K‡ib (Chomsky 1957)| Gfv‡e wZwb cÖgvY Ki‡Z †P‡q‡Qb, fvlv †Kvb ewnivMZ mvgvwRK e¯‘ bq, eis GwU gvby‡li GK Acwinvh© gvbwmK mËv| d‡j fvlv we‡køl‡Yi †ÿ‡Î Pgw¯‥ ïay evwn¨K fvwlK Dc`v‡bi †kÖwYKiY bv K‡i fvlvi Mfxi I AšÍj©xb KvVv‡gvi e¨vKiY‡K Zz‡j Avb‡Z ZrciZv †`wL‡q‡Qb| Zvui Kv‡Q, Ôfvlv n‡”Q †Kvb GKK e³vi GK ai‡bi g‡bvMZ KvVv‡gv Ges †m we‡ePbvq, fvlvZvwË¡K ZË¡ †m KvVv‡gvi ZË¡Õ (A language is a structure in the mind of individual speakers, and linguistic theory is a theory of such structure)|

Pgw¯‥ cÖewZ©Z fvlv we‡køl‡Yi GB Awfwb‡ekx I Zvrch©gwÐZ avivi †cvkvKx Awfav n‡”Q ÔiƒcvšÍig~jK I m„wókxj e¨vKiYÕ(transformational and generative grammar)| GB Awfav‡Z 3wU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© cwifvlv mshy³ n‡q‡Q- ÔiƒcvšÍig~jKÕ I Ôm„wókxjÕ I Ôe¨vKiYÕ| cÖ_‡gB Ôm„wókxjÕ kãwU we‡kølY Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| Pgw¯‥ cÖ¯vÍ weZ fvlv we‡kølY aviv Ôm„wókxjÕ| †Kbbv Zvui g‡Z, G avivwU we‡kølY K‡i Kxfv‡e gvbyl evK¨MZ Dcv`vb m„Rb K‡i Ges G¸‡jvi gva¨‡g m¤ú~Y© evK¨ •Zwi K‡i| GQvov Pgw¯‥ †h welqwUi Ici

cÖ_vMZ e¨vKiY †_‡K fvlvweÁvb | 33 me‡P‡q †ewk ¸iæZ¡ w`‡q‡Qb Zv nj, fvwlK cÖvYx wn‡m‡e gvbyl Rb¥m~‡Î cÖvß mmxg e¨KiwYK m~Î ev †K․kj cÖ‡qvM K‡i Amxg msL¨K evK¨ •Zwi Ki‡Z cv‡i| †Kbbv gvbyl m„Rbkxj| Pgw¯‥i fvlvweÁvb ev Pgw¯‥q fvlv we‡kølY cÖwµqv ÔiƒcvšÍig~jKÕ| KviY fvlv we‡køl‡Yi G aviv wewfbœ evwK¨K Dcv`v‡bi iƒcvšÍiµg, ci¤úiv I m~Î - hv gvbyl fvlv AvqËKi‡Yi mgq Ae‡PZbfv‡e wk‡L †bq Ges Zv †g‡b wewfbœ KvVv‡gvi evK¨ •Zwi K‡i - cÖwµqv eY©bv K‡i| me‡k‡l, Pgw¯‥ Zvui fvlv we‡kølY kv¯¿‡K Ôe¨vKiYÕ Awfavq AwfwnZ K‡i‡Qb| †Kbbv fvlvPP©vi GB avivwU cÖavbZ cÖ¯vÍ e Kiv n‡q‡Q evwK¨K msMV‡bi e¨vKiY we‡køl‡Yi Rb¨| D‡jøL¨, cÖ_vMZ e¨vKi‡YI evK¨ MV‡bi Acwinvh© wbqg I cÖwµqv¸‡jv e¨vL¨v-we‡kølY Kiv n‡q _v‡K| †h‡nZz cÖwµqv ev c×wZi w`K †_‡K bq, eis welqMZ w`K A_v©r fvlvi me‡P‡q eo msMVb ev‡K¨i e¨vKiYKvVv‡gv eY©bvi w`K †_‡K cÖ_vMZ e¨vKi‡Yi mv‡_ Pgw¯‥i fvlv we‡kølY ixwZi wgj i‡q‡Q, †m‡nZz GLv‡b Ôe¨vKiYÕ AwfavwU cÖhy³ n‡q‡Q| fvlv we‡køl‡Yi avivµ‡g Pgw¯‥ †h‡nZz gvby‡li g‡bvMZ mËv I Dcjwäi welqwU‡K cv`-cÖ`x‡ci Av‡jvq wb‡q Av‡mb, †m‡nZz fvlvweÁv‡bi BwZnv‡m Zuv‡K ÔcÖ_g-cÖRb¥ cÖÁvbweÁvbxÕ (first generation cognitive scientist) iƒ‡c AwfwnZ Kiv nq| KviY gvbe wkïi fvlv AvqËKi‡Yi wel‡q wZwbB cÖ_g cÖ¯vÍ e K‡ib Ôme©Rbxb e¨vKiYÕ aviYvi| Pgw¯‥i g‡Z Ôme©Rbxb e¨vKiYÕ n‡”Q, gvb‡li fvlv AvqËKi‡Yi GK mnRvZ •ewkó¨ ev †K․kj hv cÖwZwU wkï R‡b¥i mgq wb‡q Av‡m| Pg¯‥xq avivq †h‡Kvb fvlvi evwK¨K KvVv‡gvi e¨vKiY eY©bvi cÖavb †K․kjwU n‡”Q Ôe„ÿwPÎÕ| D‡jøL¨, Zzjbvg~jK I HwZnvwmK fvlvweÁv‡bI fvlvmg~‡ni eskMZ m¤úK© eY©bvi ¯^iƒcwU‡K Zz‡j aivi Rb¨ GB ai‡bi e„ÿwP‡Îi cÖ‡qvM n‡q‡Q, †hUv wQj A‡bKUvB hvwš¿K I MZvbyMwZK| wKš‘ evK¨ we‡køl‡Yi Rb¨ e¨eüZ Pg¯‥xq Ôe„ÿwPÎÕ A‡bK †ewk m„Rb •ewkó¨m¤úbœ, evwK¨K msMV‡bi cÖK…wZ Abyhvqx w`K I †gvo cwieZ©bKvix hv gvby‡li g‡bvMZ fvwlK iƒcvšÍ‡ii cÖK…wZ‡K D‡b¥vPb K‡i| d‡j Pgw¯‥q GB e„ÿwPÎ cieZx©Kv‡j evK¨ we‡kølYB bq, eis fvlvweÁv‡bi Ab¨vb¨ kvLv, h_v- aŸwbZË¡, iƒcZË¡, evM_©weÁvb, Kw¤úDUvi fvlvweÁv‡b Abym„Z n‡Z ïiæ K‡i| Pg¯‥xq m„wókxj fvlvweÁvb fvlv we‡køl‡Y mgMÖ fvlvweÁv‡bi BwZnv‡m cÖvMÖmi aviv cÖeZ©b K‡i wKQz bZzb •ewkó¨‡K m~wPZ K‡ib| G¸‡jv n‡”Q K. evK¨ we‡kølY G avivq e¨vcKfv‡e cÖvavb¨ jvf K‡i| L. fvwlK Dcv`v‡bi AšÍwb©wnZ msMVb‡K D‡b¥vP‡bi cÖ‡Póv P‡j| M. gvby‡li fvlv Z_v evK¨ m„R‡bi `ÿZvi Ici ¸iæZ¡ cÖ`vb Kiv nq| N. evK¨ we‡køl‡Yi †ÿ‡Î evwK¨K Dcv`v‡bi D”Pµg-ci¤úiv‡K kbv³ Kiv nq| P. evwK¨K Dcv`vb we‡køl‡Y wewfbœ MvwYwZK hyw³, cwifvlv I wPývw` cÖ‡qvM Kiv nq| Z‡e m„wókxj fvlvweÁvb DcwiD³ cÖwZwbwaZ¡kxj •ewk‡ó¨‡K aviY Kivi Kvi‡Y fvlvi Ab¨vb¨ Dcv`vb‡K D‡cÿv K‡i ïay evK¨ KvVv‡gv eY©bvi g‡a¨ e¨vc„Z _v‡K| d‡j G cÖvMÖmi avivq wb¤œwjwLZ mxgve×ZvI `„wó‡MvPi nq|

34 | mgKvjxb fvlvweÁvb 1. fvlv we‡køl‡Y fvlvi evwK¨K Dcv`vb e¨ZxZ Ab¨vb¨ mvsMVwbK KvVv‡gv †M․Y n‡q c‡o| 2. fvlv we‡kølY I eY©bv A‡bK †ewk weg~Z© iƒc aviY K‡i| 3. Pgw¯‥ cÖ¯vÍ weZ ev‡K¨i MfxiZj I DcwiZj RxeZvwË¡K `„wó‡KvY †_‡K cÖgvwYZ bq| 3.5 cÖÁvbg~jK fvlvweÁvb fvlv msÁvc‡bi AK…wÎg evnb e‡j fvlv‡K e³v-†kÖvZvi Kv‡Q †evaMg¨ n‡Z nq| Avi GB †evaMg¨Zvi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRb GwU‡K A_©gq n‡q IVv| †m cwi‡cÖwÿ‡Z †eva Kx, †ev‡ai fvwlK KvVv‡gvwU Kx iKg, Kxfv‡e Pvicv‡ki RMr gvby‡li cÖÁvb ev †ev‡a cÖwµqvK…Z n‡q fvwlK cÖKv‡k A_©gq n‡q I‡V, fvlvweÁv‡bi †h kvLvq Zvi GKv‡WwgK we‡kølY I eY©bv Kiv nq, Zv‡K cÖÁvbg~jK fvlvweÁvb ejv nq| cÖÁvbg~jK fvlvweÁv‡bi Av‡jvP¨m~wP n‡”QÑ †eva, fvwlK †eva, fvwlK eMx©KiY, aviYvMZ I fvwlK iƒcK, ¯’vwbK I cwimiMZ evM_©vqb BZ¨vw`|

fvlvweÁv‡bi kvLv | 35

Pv i

fvlvweÁv‡bi kvLv †g․wjK, Dc, KvwjK I cÖvwšÍK GB Aa¨vq †k‡l Avcwb wkL‡ebÑ  K. fvlvweÁv‡bi wewfbœ kvLvi cÖv‡qvwMK †kÖwYKiY  L. G kv‡¯¿i †g․wjK I DckvLv¸‡jvi cÖK…wZ I •ewkó¨  M. fvlvweÁvb kv‡¯¿i mv‡_ Gi cÖvwšÍK kvLv¸‡jvi m¤úK©

fvwlK Dcv`vb eY©bvi †ÿ‡Î fvlvweÁvb GKwU ¯^qsm¤ú~Y© kv¯¿| Z‡e Gi GKwU m‡ev©ZgyLx PvwiΨI jÿYxq| †Kbbv fvlvweÁvb †Kej GKwU fvlvi Acwinvh© Dcv`vb¸wjiB †fZiMZ msMVb‡K we‡kølY K‡i bv, eis gvby‡li •`bw›`b fvwlK Kg©cÖev‡ni mv‡_ m¤úwK©Z wewfbœ mvgvwRK welqvw`‡KI Gi e¨vL¨vwe‡køl‡Y AšÍfy³ © K‡i| GKwU cÖvMÖmi GKv‡WwgK kv¯¿ wn‡m‡e fvlvweÁv‡bi kvLv¸wji we¯Í…Z eqvb Dc¯’vc‡bi c~‡e© wb¤œwjwLZ ch©‡eÿYmg~n we‡ePbvq Avbv †h‡Z cv‡i| 1) fvwlK Dcv`vb wn‡m‡e evMaŸwb †hgb Gi ÿz`ªZg I †g․wjK Dcv`vb, †Zgwb GKwU evK¨ Gi e„nr msMVb‡K wb‡`©k K‡i| 2) fvlvi GKwU kã ev evwK¨K msMVb †hgb Gi AvwfavwbK ev mvsMVwbK A_©‡K m~wPZ K‡i, †Zgwb G‡`i e¨envwiK ev cÖ‡qvMMZ A_©I cÖ‡Z¨K fvlv‡ZB jÿYxq| 3) evsjv fvlvi g‡Zv c„w_exi A‡bK fvlv‡ZB DËg, ga¨g ev bvg-cyiæ‡li wfbœ wfbœ mvsMVwbK iƒc jÿYxq| 4) Kw¤úDUv‡i evsjvi g‡Zv gvbexq fvlv‡K †evaMg¨ K‡i †Zvjvi Rb¨ Kw¤úDUvi weÁvbx I fvlvweÁvb mw¤§wjZ cÖ‡Póv w`‡q _v‡K| Ic‡i DwjøwLZ 1g I 2q ch©‡eÿ‡Y †h e³e¨ cÖwZdwjZ n‡h‡Q, Zv fvlvweÁv‡bi 4wU †g․wjK kvLv, h_vÑ aŸwbweÁvb I aŸwbZË¡, iƒcZË¡, evK¨ZË¡ Ges A_©weÁvb I cÖ‡qvMv_©weÁv‡bi †K›`ªxq Av‡jvP¨ welq| Ab¨w`‡K, 3q ch©‡eÿ‡Yi wbwnZv_©wU fvlvweÁv‡bi Ab¨Zg mnkvLv mgvRfvlvweÁv‡b we‡køwlZ n‡q

36 | mgKvjxb fvlvweÁvb _v‡K| me‡k‡l, 4_© ch©‡eÿYwU m~wPZ K‡i, fvlvweÁv‡bi GKwU m¤¢vebvgq mnkvLv wn‡m‡e Kw¤úDUvi fvlvweÁvb `ªæZ weKvkgvb| D³ ch©‡eÿYmg~‡ni Av‡jv‡K GB Aa¨v‡qi Av‡jvP¨m~wP n‡”Q1.

fvlvweÁv‡bi g~jkvLv

2.

fvlvweÁv‡bi DckvLv

3.

fvlvweÁv‡bi KvjvbyµwgK kvLv

4.

fvlvweÁv‡bi cÖvwšÍK kvLv

wb‡Pi ch©vqµwgK Av‡jvPbvq fvlvweÁv‡bi DwjøwLZ kvLv I †kÖwYfvM m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvKcvZ Kiv n‡q‡Q| 4.1 fvlvweÁv‡bi g~jkvLv: fvwlK iƒc I e³‡e¨i mvsMVwbK Ges e¨envwiK we‡kølY fvlvi g~j Dcv`vbmg~n n‡”Q aŸwb, kã ev iƒc Ges evK¨| aŸwb †hLv‡b fvlvi b~¨bZg ev ÿz`ªZg GKK, evK¨ †mLv‡b Gi e„nËg GKK‡K iƒcvwqZ K‡i; Avi •`‡N©¨i w`‡K †_‡K iƒc ev kã GB `y‡qi gvSvgvwS‡Z Ae¯’vb †bq| aŸwb, kã ev evK¨ hv-B ejv †nvK bv †Kb, G¸‡jv fvlvi GK GKwU KvVv‡gv ev AvKvi w`‡q _v‡K| g~jZ GB fvwlK KvVv‡gvi g‡a¨ cÖ‡Z¨K fvlviB GKwU iƒc ev †Pnviv dz‡U I‡V| GKwU fvlvi wewfbœ iƒ‡ci mvsMVwbK •ewkó¨ Kx, Zv Rvbv I we‡kølY Kiv †h‡Kvb fvlv we‡køl‡Ki †g․wjK `vwqZ¡ wn‡m‡e we‡ewPZ| d‡j fvlvweÁv‡b fvlvi iƒc ev KvVv‡gv we‡kølYwfwËK 4wU g~jkvLv M‡o I‡V‡QÑ K. aŸwbweÁvb, L. aŸwbZË¡, M. iƒcZË¡ I N. evK¨ZË¡| Ic‡i †h fvwlK iƒ‡ci K_v ejv n‡jv, Gi cÖavb D‡Ïk¨ n‡”Q e³vi g‡bvfve ev e³e¨‡K †kÖvZvi Kv‡Q †c․u‡Q †`Iqv| GB g‡bvfve ev e³‡e¨i mv‡_ A‡_©i m¤úK© Mfxifv‡e Ry‡o i‡q‡Q| g‡b ivL‡Z n‡e, e³v hw` †kÖvZvi Kv‡Q wKQy A_©nxb fvwlK KvVv‡gv ev iƒc mgwó Dc¯’vcb K‡i, ZLb †kÖvZvi Kv‡Q Zv †Kvb †evaMg¨Zv m„wó K‡i bv| d‡j G¸‡jvi †Kvb ¸iæZ¡I e³vi Kv‡Q †bB| D`vniY¯^iƒc, gvivZ¥K AwUR‡g AvµvšÍ GKRb wkï mvivw`b ÔwbI‡jvwMRgÕ bv‡g †h A_©nxb aŸwbLÐ ev aŸwb mgwó D”PviY K‡i, gv-evev †m¸‡jv †_‡K †Kvb A_© D×vi Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| ZvB fvlvi A_©‡Kw›`ªK e¨vL¨v-we‡kølYI fvlvweÁvbx‡`i Ab¨Zg †g․wjK `vwqZ¡| †m we‡ePbvq fvlvi A_©‡Kw›`ªK AviI †h `ywU g~j kvLv weKwkZ n‡q‡Q †m¸‡jv n‡jv- O. A_©weÁvb I P. cÖ‡qvMv_©weÁvb| wb‡P fvlvweÁv‡bi g~jkvLv¸‡jvi msÁv I Av‡jvP¨welq ewY©Z nj| 4.1.1 aŸwbweÁvb Bs‡iwR phonetics-Gi evsjv cÖwZkã wn‡m‡e GLv‡b ÔaŸwbweÁvbÕ‡K wbe©vPb Kiv n‡q‡Q| aŸwbweÁvb nj fvlvi ÿz`ªZg GKK fvwlK-aŸwbi weÁvbm¤§Z ev kv¯¿vPviMZ we‡kølY| weÁvbm¤§Z Av‡jvPbv ej‡Z fvlvweÁvb kv‡¯¿ cÖPwjZ wbw`©ó c×wZ I cÖwµqv †g‡b †h‡Kvb fvlvi aŸwbmg~‡ni wePvi I we‡kølY‡K eySv‡bv n‡q‡Q| aŸwbweÁv‡bi Av‡jvP¨ wel‡qi g‡a¨ D‡jøL¨‡hvM¨ n‡”Q- fvwlK-aŸwbi m„Rb ev Drcv`b, m„R‡bi mv‡_ m¤úwK©Z evMhš¿mg~‡ni eY©bv, aŸwb¸‡jvi Drcv`bwfwËK •ewkó¨ I ¯^iƒc wba©viY, Zv‡`i

fvlvweÁv‡bi kvLv | 37 ¯^xK…Z iƒcvqY cÖwµqv, aŸwb¸‡jvi aŸwbg~jMZ •ewkó¨ Qvwo‡q hvIqv EaŸ©-aŸwbg~wjK ev ¯^vZwš¿K •ewk‡ó¨i PvwiΨ D‡b¥vPb, aŸwb-Zi‡½i •ewkó¨ wbiƒcY, †kÖvZv KZ©„K aŸwb Abyaveb BZ¨vw`| Z‡e DwjøwLZ welq Av‡jvPbvi †ÿ‡Î aŸwbweÁvb †Kvb wbw`©ó fvlv‡K wfwË K‡i eY©bv K‡i bv| eis G ai‡bi Av‡jvPbvi cÖK…wZ A‡bKUvB fvlv-wbi‡cÿ, me©Rbxb I e¯‘wbô| e³v I †kªvZv KZ©„K aŸwbi Drcv`b I m„Rb Ges GB `y‡qi ga¨eZx© aŸwb-Zi½ •Zwi, GB wZbwU •ewk‡ó¨i Ici wfwË K‡i aŸwbweÁvb‡K wb‡Pi wZb fv‡M fvM Kiv nq| K. D”PviY aŸwbweÁvbÑ e³v KZ…©K D”PvwiZ aŸwbi Drcv`b I msMVb eY©bv L. Zi½ aŸwbweÁvbÑ e³vi aŸwbi D”Pvi‡Yi •ewkó¨ Abyhvqx evZv‡m †h ai‡bi aŸwb-Zi½ •Zwi nq, Zvi e¨vL¨v I we‡kølY M. kÖæwZ aŸwbweÁvb- †kÖvZv KZ©„K aŸwb Abyave‡bi ch©vqµwgK eY©bv I we‡kølY 4.1.2 aŸwbZË¡ GB eB‡q ÔaŸwbZË¡Õ AwfavwU Bs‡iwR phonology-Gi cªwZkã wn‡m‡e MÖnY Kiv n‡q‡Q| aŸwbZË¡ fvwlKaŸwbi kv¯¿m¤§Z we‡kølY n‡jI GB kvLvi we‡køl‡Y fvwlK-aŸwbi me©Rbxb aŸwbMZ •ewkó¨ eY©bv e¨wZ‡i‡K we‡kl fvlv‡Kw›`ªKZv‡K ¸iæZ¡ cÖ`vb Kiv nq| welqwU‡K AviI mnR K‡i ej‡j hv `vuovq GKwU wbw`©ó fvlvi aŸwbi •ewkó¨ wba©viY welqK e¨vL¨v-we‡kølY‡K aŸwbZË¡ ejv nq| aŸwbZ‡Ë¡i Av‡jvP¨ welq n‡”Q- fvwlK-aŸwbi aŸwbLÐMZ cwiPq wba©viY, aŸwbmg~‡ni cwieZ©b cÖwµqv, wbw`©ó aŸwbcwie‡Z©‡bi m~Îvw` cÖYqb, aŸwbi AÿiMZ eY©bv BZ¨vw`| Z‡e gvwK©b gyjø‡K KLbI KLbI aŸwbweÁvb Ges aŸwbZË¡, G `ywU kvLv‡K Awfbœ Aa¨v‡q Av‡jvPbv Kivi cÖqvm cwijwÿZ nq| 4.1.3 iƒcZË¡ aŸwbi cieZx© e„nr msMVb n‡”Q iƒc ev kã| mvsMVwbK w`K †_‡K GB iƒc ev kã wKš‘ ¯^qsm¤ú~Y© bq, eis Zv M‡o D‡V‡Q KwZcq ÿz`ª ev GKK msMV‡bi mgev‡q| †m we‡ePbvq iƒcZË¡ n‡”Q fvwlK k‡ãi msMVbwfwËK we‡kølY| A_v©r fvlvi kã-msMV‡bi †fZiMZ iƒc Kx, Kxfv‡e †m msMVb •Zwi nq, †m m¤úwK©Z fvlvweÁv‡bi ixwZ I c×wZwbf©i Av‡jvPbvB n‡”Q iƒcZË¡| iƒcZ‡Ë¡i Av‡jvP¨ welq njÑ kã I kã msMVb, kã I wµqv-wefw³, kã-wbg©vY cÖYvwj, iƒc-aŸwbZË¡ BZ¨vw`| 4.1.4 evK¨ZË¡ evK¨ n‡”Q fvlvi e„nËg msMVb| GB e„nËg msMVbwU wKQz ÿz`ª Dcv`v‡bi mgev‡q MwVZ †h¸‡jv‡K evK¨Dcv`vb ejv nq| Avi evK¨ZË¡ n‡”Q GB evK¨-Dcv`vb¸‡jvi †fZiMZ ¯^iƒc we‡kølY welqK Ávb‡ÿÎ| evK¨Z‡Ë¡i Av‡jvP¨ welq n‡”Q- ev‡K¨i MfxiZj I DcwiZj msMVb, me©Rbxb e¨vKiY, c` msMVb, evwK¨K m„Rb I iƒcvšÍi cÖwµqv BZ¨vw`|

38 | mgKvjxb fvlvweÁvb 4.1.5 A_©weÁvb hw`I aŸwbi wbR¯^ †Kvb A_© †bB, wKš‘ aŸwb mn‡hv‡M MwVZ fvlvi Ab¨vb¨ e„nËi mvsMVwbK GK‡Ki A_© we`¨gvb| Z‡e Gme fvwlK msMV‡bi A_©gqZvi i‡q‡Q bvbv gvwÎKZv I †K․wYKZv| D`vniY¯^iƒcÑ kã, c`, evK¨ Gme fvwlK Dcv`v‡bi KvwjK I ¯’vwbK cwieZ©b, cwiea©b I ms‡KvPb, Zv‡`i DrcwË welqK gZev`, k‡ãi mgv_©KZv I wecixZv_©KZv BZ¨vw` welqK aviYv we¯Í…Z Av‡jvPbv I e¨vL¨vi AeKvk •Zwi K‡i| d‡j fvlvi wewfbœ Dcv`v‡bi A‡_©i eY©bv I e¨vL¨v welqK †h kv¯¿m¤§Z g~jkvLv fvlvweÁv‡b weKwkZ n‡q‡Q Zv‡K A_©weÁvb ejv nq| Z‡e fvlvweÁv‡bi GB kvLvi Abb¨Zvi m¦v‡_© g‡b ivL‡Z n‡e, A_©weÁvb wewfbœ fvwlK Dcv`v‡bi AvwfavwbK, mvsMVwbK I e¨vKiwYK A_© hv GKwU wbw`©ó mg‡qi Rb¨ w¯’iZv jvf K‡i‡Q, Zv wb‡q Av‡jvPbv K‡i| 4.1.6 cÖ‡qvMv_©weÁvb wewfbœ fvwlK Dcv`v‡bi †h A_© i‡q‡Q Zv wKšÍ w¯’i bq, eis wewPÎ msÁvcb cÖwZ‡e‡k e¨eüZ n‡q cÖwZwbqZB bZzb A_© aviY K‡i| †m we‡ePbvq fvlvweÁv‡bi †h kvLvq wewfbœ msÁvcb cÖwZ‡e‡k e¨env‡ii Kvi‡Y fvwlK Dcv`vb¸‡jvi cÖm½-wbf©i †h bZzb A_©-m¤úK© •Zwi nq, †m m¤úwK©Z Av‡jvPbv I •eÁvwbK e¨vL¨v‡K cÖ‡qvMv_©weÁvb ejv nq| cÖ‡qvMv_©weÁv‡bi Av‡jvP¨ welq n‡”Q, fvlvi A‡_©i MwZkxjZv ev cwieZ©b welqK eY©bv I we‡kølY| 4.2 fvlvweÁv‡bi DckvLv: DcfvlvZË¡ I wjLb c×wZ eZ©gv‡b DcfvlvZË¡ I wjLb c×wZ bvgK `ywU bZzb Ávb‡ÿÎ fvlvweÁv‡bi kvLv wn‡m‡e weKvk jvf K‡i‡Q| m¤úªwZ cÖKvwkZ wKQz evsjv eB‡q GB `ywU kvLv m¤ú‡K© b~¨bZg Av‡jvPbv I we‡kølY Dc¯’vcb Kiv n‡q‡Q| G `ywU kvLv‡K wb‡¤œv³ Kvi‡Y fvlvweÁv‡bi †fZiMZ iƒc‡K Rvbvi †ÿ‡Î AZ¨šÍ ¸iæZ¡c~Y© g‡b Kiv nq| cÖ_‡gB Avmv hvK, DcfvlvZ‡Ë¡i cÖm‡½| DcfvlvZË¡ n‡”Q GKwU fvlv †h wfbœ wfbœ †f․‡MvwjK GjvKvq wfbœ wfbœ iƒc aviY K‡i ZviB weÁvbwfwËK we‡kølY| Avgiv Rvwb, GKwU fvlvi wbw`©ó cÖwgZ ev gvb iƒc _vK‡jI Gi GjvKvwfwËK Avjv`v aŸwbMZ I iƒcMZ •ewkó¨, GgbwK KLbI KLbI evwK¨K •ewk‡ó¨i wfbœZvI Lyu‡R cvIqv hvq| Z‡e Dcfvlvq cÖwgZ iƒ‡ci Zyjbvq hZB Dcv`vbMZ wfbœZvi Aw¯ÍZ¡ cvIqv hvK bv †Kb ev •ewPΨgq iƒ‡ci mÜvb wgjyK bv †Kb, G¸‡jv cÖK…ZA‡_© mswkøó fvlv wm‡÷‡gi AšÍwb©wnZ •ewkó¨ ev cv‡ivj iƒc‡K aviY K‡i| †m we‡ePbvq Dcfvlv iƒ‡ci aŸwbMZ ev iƒcMZ •ewPΨ Avm‡j fvlvwUi wbR¯^ZviB cwiPqenbKvix| ZvB mswkøó fvlvi DcfvlvZvwË¡K we‡kølY g~jZ fvlvwUi †fZiMZ aŸwbZvwË¡K, iƒcZvwË¡K Ges evK¨ZvwË¡K •ewkó‡KB Zz‡j a‡i| Ab¨w`‡K, wjLb c×wZ n‡”Q mswkøó fvlvi wjwLZ iƒ‡ci fvlvZvwË¡K eY©bv I wePvi-we‡kølY| wjwLZ iƒc GKwU fvlvi cÖwgZ ev gvb iƒ‡ci kã, evK¨ I A_©MZ •ewkó¨‡K †hgb aviY K‡i, wVK †Zgwb Gi GKKvjxb iƒ‡ci aŸwbZvwË¡K Pwi·KI iƒcvwqZ K‡i| †Kbbv fvlvi †g․wLK iƒ‡ci ¯’vqx cÖKvkB n‡”Q

fvlvweÁv‡bi kvLv | 39 wjwLZ iƒc| d‡j wjwLZ iƒ‡c hy‡M hy‡M mswkøó fvlvi aŸwbiƒc I evK¨ web¨v‡mi mgvcZb (overlapping) N‡U‡Q, G K_v ej‡j AZz¨w³ nq bv| †m we‡ePbvq wjLb c×wZ we‡køl‡Yi gva¨‡gI GKwU fvlvi aŸwb, iƒc I evK¨ web¨v‡mi GKwU QvuP‡K Lyu‡R cvIqv hvq| DcwiD³ we‡køl‡Yi cwi‡cÖwÿ‡Z GB MÖ‡š’ DcfvlvZË¡ Ges wjLbixwZ‡K fvlvweÁv‡bi `ywU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© DckvLv wn‡m‡e wPwýZ Kiv n‡q‡Q| 4.3 fvlvweÁv‡bi KvjvbyµwgK kvLv: KvjwfwËK fvlvkv‡¯¿i •ewkó¨ wba©viY‡ÿÎ Avgiv B‡Zvg‡a¨ AeMZ n‡qwQ, fvlvi weÁvbm¤§Z e¨vL¨v I we‡køl‡Yi me©‡kl GKv‡WwgK AwfavwUi bvg fvlvweÁvb| wKš‘ kv¯¿ wn‡m‡e GwU GKw`‡bB e¯‘wbô I weÁvbwbf©i AbymwÜrmy Ávb‡ÿÎ wn‡m‡e weKwkZ n‡q I‡Vwb| eis fvlvwelqK GB kv‡¯¿i ÔfvlvweÁvbÕ n‡q IVvi †ÿ‡Î G‡K cvi Ki‡Z n‡q‡Q GK `xN© cwiµgv Ges eû gbxlxi fvlvbykxjb-wbf©i Aa¨emvq I GKwbôZv| GB `xN© mg‡qi cwiµgvq fvlvkv‡¯¿i PP©v I Abykxj‡bi †ÿ‡Î Gme gbxlxi wPšÍv I Av`k©MZ eû evuK †hgb jÿYxq, †Zgwb Gi KvjMZ bvbv iƒcvšÍiagx© PvwiΨ I •ewkó¨I g~Zg© vb| GiB avivevwnKZvq fvlvwelqK kv¯¿wUI hy‡M hy‡M aviY K‡i‡Q wewPÎ bvg I Awfav, †hgb- cÖ_vMZ e¨vKiY, Zzjbvg~jK I HwZnvwmK fvlvweÁvb, wd‡jvjwR, mvsMVwbK fvlvweÁvb, iƒcvšÍig~jK m„wókxj fvlvweÁvb, cÖÁvbg~jK fvlvweÁvb BZ¨vw`| g‡b ivL‡Z n‡e, Kv‡ji weeZ©‡bi `„wó‡KvY †_‡K fvlvPP©vi iƒc-iƒcvšÍi‡K A‡š^lY Kiv wKš‘ fvlvweÁv‡biB c~eeZ©x aviv, •ewkó¨ I cÖeYZv‡K kbv³ Kiv (c~eeZx© Aa¨v‡q G wel‡q we¯ÍvwiZ Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡q‡Q)| 4.4 fvlvweÁv‡bi cÖvwšÍK kvLv: mvgvwRK cÖm½ I †ÿÎwbf©i fvlvZvwË¡K kvLvmg~n fvlvweÁvb ïay fvlvi wewfbœ †g․wjK Dcv`v‡bi KvVv‡gvMZ e¨vL¨v I we‡køl‡Yi g‡a¨B Zvi GKv‡WwgK mxgv‡iLv Uv‡bwb| eis GwU Zvi kv¯¿MZ cwiwa‡K m¤úªmvwiZ K‡i‡Q eû`~ie¨vcx, †h‡nZz GB kv¯¿wU wbR¯^ ZË¡ I c×wZ Aej¤^b K‡i wewfbœ mvgvwRK cÖm½ I †ÿÎwbf©i fvwlK Av‡jvPbv‡KI Zvi GKv‡WwgK cwimxgvi AvIZvfz³ K‡i‡Q| †Kbbv fvlv n‡”Q gvby‡li wbZ¨w`‡bi msÁvc‡bi Abb¨ gva¨g| d‡j fvlv mn‡hv‡M e¨w³ †hgb wb‡Ri AvZ¥cÖKv‡ki KvRwU K‡i _v‡K, †Zgwb Zvi Pvicv‡ki bvbvwea mvgvwRK cÖm½ I †ÿ·K we‡køl‡Yi Rb¨I †m fvlv‡K Aej¤^b K‡i| d‡j gvby‡li e¨w³‡Z¡i cÖKvkmn RM‡Zi cÖvq mKj e¯‘, c`v_© I Abyl‡½i mv‡_B fvlvi GKwU AwjwLZ mL¨ I mwÜ ¯’vwcZ n‡q hvq| Avi Gme Kvi‡YB fvlvweÁv‡b eZ©gv‡b wewfbœ †g․wjK kvLvi cvkvcvwk weKvk jvf K‡i‡Q †ek wKQz cÖvšÍxq mnkvLv| Gme cÖvšÍxq mnkvLvi cÖavb cÖeYZvwU n‡”Q, Gme Ávb‡ÿ‡Îi fvlv we‡køl‡Yi `„wó‡KvYwU A‡bKUvB AvšÍtkv¯¿xq Ges wgkª •ewkó¨m¤úbœ| wb‡P fvlvweÁv‡bi Gme cÖvšÍxq mnkvLvi msÁv I Av‡jvP¨ welq¸‡jv Zz‡j aiv n‡jv| 4.4.1 mgvRfvlvweÁvb Rxeb-hvc‡bi Af¨vm I Abykxj‡bi w`K †_‡K gvbyl wbtm‡›`‡n mvgvwRK cÖvYx| †Kbbv Zv‡K †MvÎe× n‡q emevm Ki‡Z nq Ges GKB †Mv‡Îi Ab¨vb¨‡`i mv‡_ mvgvwRK m¤úK© iÿv Ki‡Z wM‡q msÁvcbI

40 | mgKvjxb fvlvweÁvb Ki‡Z nq| Avi G ai‡bi fvwlK msÁvcb Kivi †ÿ‡Î †`Lv hvq, wewfbœ mvgvwRK Abyl½, cÖm½ I KvVv‡gv Zvi fvwlK cÖKvk‡K cÖfvweZ K‡i| d‡j e¨w³i fvwlK cÖKv‡ki KvVv‡gvwUI wfbœ iKg nq| G ai‡bi mvgvwRK KvVv‡gvwbf©i fvwlK msMV‡bi cwieZ©b welqK we‡kølY‡KB mgvRfvlvweÁvb ejv nq| †m we‡ePbvq mgvRfvlvweÁv‡bi Av‡jvP¨m~wP n‡”QÑ fvlv I ÁvwZm¤úK©, fvlv I mvgvwRK KvVv‡gv, fvlv I ag©, fvlv I ivóª, GKfvwlKZv-wØfvwlKZv-eûfvwlKZv BZ¨vw`| 4.4.2 g‡bvfvlvweÁvb gvby‡li wbZ¨w`‡bi msÁvcb gva¨g wn‡m‡e fvlv GK ai‡bi AvPiYI e‡U| GB fvwlK AvPi‡Yi GKwU †evaMZ Aw¯ÍZI ¡ Av‡Q hv gvbyl‡K `xN©w`‡bi Af¨vm I Abykxj‡bi Øviv AvqË Ki‡Z nq| Avevi GB AvPiYwU AvqËKi‡Yi ZË¡ I †K․kjI Av‡Q| mewgwj‡q fvlvweÁv‡bi †h cÖvšÍxq kvLvq gvbyl Z_v gvbewkïi fvwlK AvPiY AvqËKi‡Yi †K․kj, Gi †evaMZ cÖwµqvKiY I we‡kølY eY©bv Kiv nq Zv‡K g‡bvfvlvweÁvb ejv nq| g‡bvfvlvweÁv‡bi ewY©Ze¨ welq n‡jvÑ wkïi fvlv AR©b I AvqËKiY, fvlvi Drcv`b I Dcjwä, fvlvi cÖwµqvKiY, cVb I cVb Kv‡h© e¨eüZ `„wócv‡Zi aib BZ¨vw`| 4.4.3 mœvqyfvlvweÁvb fvlv GKwU mœvqy-kvixie„Ëxq Abyl½| A_©vr fvlvi m„R‡b gvby‡li kvixwiK cÖ‡Póv jÿYxq| we‡kl K‡i, fvlvi cªwµqvKiY I Drcv`‡b mœvqyZ‡š¿i we‡kl we‡kl A‡ji AskMÖnY Acwinvh©| cwð‡gi wewfbœ wek^we`¨vj‡qi D”P-ch©v‡qi M‡elYvq GB welqwU bvbvfv‡e cÖgvwYZ| ZvB mœvqyZš¿, we‡kl K‡i gw¯Í‡®‥ gvbe fvlvi Abyaveb I Drcv`b cÖwµqv I Kg©KvÐ Kxfv‡e m¤úbœ nq, †m welqK •eÁvwbK we‡kølY‡K mœvqyfvlvweÁvb ejv nq| GB msÁvi Av‡jv‡K mœvqyfvlvweÁv‡bi cwVZe¨ wel‡qi g‡a¨ D‡jøL‡hvM¨ n‡”Q, gw¯Í‡®‥i fvwlK cÖZ¨‡½i wPwýZKiY, fvlvi Drcv`b I Abyaveb cÖwµqv we‡kølY, fvlv m„RbKv‡h© RwoZ wbw`©ó mœvqy‡Kv‡li m‡¼Z cÖwµqv eY©bv BZ¨vw`| 4.4.4 wPwKrmv fvlvweÁvb gvbe fvlv GKwU mœvqy-kvixie„Ëxq Dcv`vb nIqvi Kvi‡Y my¯’ gvbyl I wkïi fvwlK cÖwµqv †hgb ¯^vfvweKfv‡eB N‡U _v‡K, †Zgwb kvixwiK I mœvqyMZ w`K †_‡K Amy¯‡’ `i †ÿ‡Î Gi e¨wZµgI N‡U _v‡K| cvkvcvwk, †h‡Kvb my¯’ e¨w³iI `yN©UbvRwbZ ev Ab¨ Kvi‡Y fvwlK •eKj¨ †`Lv w`‡Z cv‡i| †m we‡ePbvq fvlvweÁv‡bi †h cÖvwšÍK kvLvq wkï I eq¯‥ e¨w³i bvbv ai‡bi fvwlK •eK‡j¨i eY©bvmn Zvi wbimbK‡í wewfbœgvÎvi †_ivwc cÖ`vb welqK wb‡`©kbvmn eY©bv I we‡kølY _v‡K, Zv‡K wPwKrmv fvlvweÁvb ejv nq| ZvB †h․w³K Kvi‡YB wPwKrmv fvlvweÁvb g‡bvfvlvweÁvb I mœvqyweÁv‡bi cwVZe¨ welq‡K Gi m¤¢ve¨ Av‡jvP¨ welq wn‡m‡e MÖnY K‡i _v‡K| 4.4.5 wkÿv fvlvweÁvb gvby‡li •`bw›`b Rxe‡bi fvecÖKv‡ki gva¨g wn‡m‡e fvlvi †hgb ¸iæZ¡ i‡q‡Q, †Zgwb wkÿvi evnb wn‡m‡eI fvlvi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv Ab¯^xKvh©| ZvB cvVµ‡g fvlvwkÿvi Acwinvh© AšÍfyw© ³ i‡q‡Q| Avi GB

fvlvweÁv‡bi kvLv | 41 fvlvwkÿv Kvh©µg‡K AviI mdj I cªv‡qvwMK K‡i †Zvjvi Avek¨KZvI jÿYxq| †m we‡ePbvq fvlvweÁv‡bi †h cÖvšÍxq kvLvq fvlv‣eÁvwbK `„wó‡KvY †_‡K fvlvwkÿvi Kvh©µg‡K cÖv‡qvwMK I MwZkxj Kivi j‡ÿ fvlvZvwË¡K ixwZ I c×wZ we‡kølY I e¨vL¨v Kiv nq, †mwU wkÿv fvlvweÁvb| †m wn‡m‡e wkÿv fvlvweÁv‡bi cwVZe¨ welq n‡”QÑ cÖ_g I wØZxq fvlv AR©b I AvqËKi‡Yi ZË¡ I c×wZ, fvlv wkÿvq ga¨eZx© fvwlK m~‡Îi n¯Í‡ÿc, Av`k© fvwlK †kÖwYKÿ, fvlv-cvV¨µg cÖYqb, fvwlK Afxÿv I g~j¨vqb BZ¨vw`| 4.4.6 Kw¤úDUvi fvlvweÁvb Kw¤úDUvi GKwU †P․Km hš¿ wn‡m‡e cwiwPZ n‡jI G‡Z gvbexq fvlvi AšÍfwz© ³KiY mnRmva¨ bq| G‡ÿ‡Î mdjZv jv‡fi Rb¨ eûw`b a‡i wewfbœ M‡elYv cÖwZôvb I we`¨vqZ‡b Kw¤úDUvi weÁvbx‡`i bvbv cÖ‡Póv cwijwÿZ n‡jI m¤úªwZ fvlvweÁvbx‡`i cÖ‡Póvi AšÍfyw© ³ ¸iæZ¡c~Y© we‡ewPZ n‡q‡Q| †m wn‡m‡e fvlvweÁv‡bi †h cÖvšÍxq kvLvq gvbe fvlv‡K Kw¤úDUvi Z_v hš¿‡eva¨ Kivi •eÁvwbK e¨vL¨v we‡kølY Kiv nq, Zv‡K Kw¤úDUvi fvlvweÁvb ejv nq| Kw¯úDUvi fvlvweÁv‡bi Av‡jvP¨ welq n‡”QÑ hš¿ I fvlvi mgvcZb, Kw¤úDUvi †cÖvMÖvwgs, K…wÎg eyw×gËv, hvwš¿K Abyev` BZ¨vw`| †h‡nZz Kw¤úDUv‡i gvbexq fvlvi cÖwµqvKiY cwiYwZ‡Z GKwU cÖhyw³MZ Kg©KvÐ, ZvB eZ©gv‡b Kw¤úDUvi fvlvweÁvb‡K Ôfvlv cÖhyw³Õ bv‡g AwfwnZ Kiv nq|

42 | mgKvjxb fvlvweÁvb

D”PviY aŸwbweÁvb | 43

cvu P

D”PviY aŸwbweÁvb fvwlK aŸwbi Drcv`b cÖwµqv GB Aa¨vq †k‡l Avcwb wkL‡eb  K. fvwlK aŸwbi Drcv`b cÖwµqvi ¯^iƒc I cÖK…wZ  L. aŸwb cÖwµqvi mv‡_ RwoZ evK-cÖZ¨½ kbv³KiY  M. D”PvwiZ aŸwbmg~‡ni wjLb-cÖZxKxKiY  M. fvwlK aŸwbi eM©wfwËK †kÖwYKiY

fvlvi cÖ_g evwn¨K cÖKvkwU jÿYxq nq aŸwb m„R‡bi gva¨‡g| GB aŸwb m„R‡b f~wgKv iv‡L e³v| hw`I e³v Zvi wewfbœ cÖZ¨‡½i gva¨‡g Gme aŸwb Drcv`b K‡i, Gi cwiKíbvwU ïiæ nq gw¯Í‡®‥i wbw`©ó fvwlK A‡j| Avi GB cwiKíbvi me©‡kl avcwU n‡”Q evKcÖZ¨‡½i AskMÖn‡Yi gva¨‡g aŸwb •Zwi nIqv| †mB `„wó‡KvY †_‡K ejv hvq, e³v KZ©„K aŸwb m„Rb GK `xN© cÖwµqviB dmj| D”PviY aŸwbweÁvb gvbe-aŸwbi m„Rb cÖwµqv‡K e¯‘wbô `„wó‡KvY †_‡K e¨vL¨v I eY©bv K‡i| aŸwbweÁv‡bi GB kvLvi we¯Í…Z eY©bvi c~‡e© wb‡Pi ch©‡eÿY¸‡jv we‡ePbv Kiv hvK| 1) gvbyl Zvi gyL I bv‡Ki wewfbœ cÖZ¨‡½i mvnv‡h¨ k^vm-cÖkv^ mmn wewfbœ kvixie„Ëxq KvR Ki‡jI G¸‡jv‡K aŸwb D”Pvi‡Yi Kv‡RI e¨envi K‡i| 2) fvlx Zvi gyL w`‡q D”PvwiZ aŸwbmg~‡ni Avjv`v Avjv`v bvg cÖ`vb Ki‡jI G¸‡jv kã ga¨w¯’Z cÖengvb aŸwb-†m&ªvZ Qvov Avi wKQzB bq| 3) evMhš¿ KZ©„K D”PvwiZ aŸwbmg~‡ni cÖZxKx iƒc mywbw`©ó| 4) fvlxgvÎB `yB †VvuU GK mv‡_ ¯úk© K‡i Iô¨ aŸwb D”PviY K‡i| 5) fvlxiv ÔAÕ aŸwb m„R‡bi Zzjbvq ÔUÕ aŸwb Drcv`‡bi mgq †ewk evMh‡š¿i †ewk cÖ‡Póv w`‡q _v‡K|

44 | mgKvjxb fvlvweÁvb Ic‡ii 1g ch©‡eÿY e¨³ K‡i, gvby‡li †hme A½ wewfbœ Avewk¨K kvixie„Ëxq KvR K‡i, GivB Avevi fvwlKaŸwb m„R‡bi g‡Zv ¸iæZ¡c~Y© KvRwU †¯^”QvkÖ‡gi wfwˇZ m¤úbœ K‡i| 2q ch©‡eÿY †_‡K Avgiv AeMZ nB, k‡ãi ga¨w¯’Z D”PviYmg~n‡K Avjv`v Avjv`v L‡Ð wef³ K‡i wbw`©ó bvg cÖ`vb Kiv GK ai‡bi gb¯ÍvwË¡K wefvRb Qvov Avi wKQB bq| 3q ch©‡eÿYwU Rvbvb †`q, evMhš¿ KZ©„K D”PvwiZ aŸwbmg~n‡K wKQz cÖZxKx wPý w`‡q ¯’vqxiƒc †`Iqv nq| Avi GB cÖZxKxKi‡Yi e¨e¯’vwU G‡KK G‡KK fvlvq G‡KK iKg| g~jZ wbw`©ó fvlvi HwZn¨ Abymv‡iB GKwU fvlvi aŸwbiƒ‡ci GB cÖZxKxKi‡Yi GB e¨e¯’vwU M‡o D‡V‡Q| 4_© ch©‡eÿYwU GB ¯^vÿ¨ cÖ`vb K‡i †h, evKcÖZ¨½mg~n wfbœ wfbœ aŸwb Drcv`‡b f~wgKv iv‡L| me‡k‡l, 5g ch©‡eÿYwU e‡j, ¯^iaŸwbi Zzjbvq e¨ÄbaŸwb m„R‡b e³v A‡bK †ewk kÖg I cÖ‡Póv w`‡q _v‡K| Ic‡i DwjøwLZ ch©‡eÿYmg~‡ni Av‡jv‡K ejv hvq, aŸwbweÁvb nj fvlvi ÿz`ªZg GKK fvwlK-aŸwbi weÁvbm¤§Z ev kv¯¿vPviMZ we‡kølY| †m we‡ePbvq aŸwbweÁv‡bi Av‡jvP¨m~wP n‡”Q wb¤œiƒc| 1. evMaŸwbi iƒcvqY: cÖv_wgK K_b 2. evK-cÖZ¨½ 3. aŸwbi iKg‡di I we‡kølY 4. Aa©¯^iaŸwb I wد^iaŸwbi we‡kølY wb‡P ch©vqµ‡g G¸‡jvi e¨vL¨v I we‡kølY Kiv nj| 5.1 evMaŸwbi iƒcvqY gvby‡li evMhš¿ KZ©„K D”PvwiZ aŸwbmg~‡ni we‡kølY I iƒcvq‡Yi cÖ‡PóvwU `xN©w`‡bi| gy‡Li fvlv‡K ¯’vqxiƒc cª`v‡bi wPšÍv †_‡KB GB iƒcvq‡Yi cwiKíbvwU gv_vq Av‡m, hv‡Z c~em©ix‡`i wPšÍv I fvebv m¤ú‡K© DËim~ixiv AewnZ n‡Z cv‡i| g~jZ GB ai‡bi iƒcvq‡Yi ga¨ w`‡qB wjLb iƒ‡ci hvÎv ïiæ nq, hvi mj‡ZwU R¦vwj‡q w`‡qwQ‡jb my‡gixqiv| c‡i mf¨Zvi wewfbœ c‡e© gvbeRvwZ Zv‡`i HwZn¨wfwËK wfbœ wfbœ AvKvi I •ewk‡ó¨i AbyKi‡Y fvlvi D”PvwiZ aŸwbmg~‡ni wjLb iƒcvqY K‡i _v‡K| wKš‘ c„w_exi meΩB cÖ_vMZ GB wjLb iƒcvq‡Yi cÖavb mgm¨v wQj †h, wjwLZ iƒ‡ci cÖZxKx wPý w`‡q fvlx‡`i mwVK D”PviYwU aiv hv‡”Q bv| nq‡Zv †`Lv †Mj †h, K. †Kvb fvlvq GKwU wbw`©ó aŸwb ev D”PviYL‡Ði Rb¨ G‡Ki AwaK eY© Pvjy n‡q‡Q, A_ev L. Ab¨ Av‡iKwU fvlvq GKwU mywbw`©ó wjLb iƒc ev eY©‡K wfbœ wfbœ iƒ‡c D”PviY Kiv hvq| d‡j cÖ‡Z¨K fvlv‡ZB aŸwbi mv‡_ e‡Y©i GK ai‡bi AcÖwZmgZv eZ©gvb| GB Amyweav `~iKi‡Yi Rb¨ cieZx©Kv‡j D”PviYwfwËK eYx©Ki‡Yi cÖ‡Póv ïiæ nq, hvi cÖgvY cvIqv hvq Dwbk kZK †_‡KB (we¯ÍvwiZ †`Lyb, GB MÖ‡š’i beg Aa¨vq)| A_v©r fvlvi e¨enviKvixiv †hfv‡e wbw`©ó GKwU aŸwb D”PviY K‡i, wVK Zv‡K AweKj cÖZxeYx©KiY Kiv nq|

D”PviY aŸwbweÁvb | 45 5.2 evK-cÖZ¨½: gvbe aŸwbi D”PviKmg~n gvbe aŸwb m„R‡bi wbw`©ó cÖwµqv I cwiµgv i‡q‡Q| GK `xN© cÖwµqv I cwiµgv †g‡b aŸwb Drcv`b‡K GKwU †kK‡ji mv‡_ Zzjbv K‡i G‡K evPb-†kKj (speech chain) ejv nq| Z‡e GB evPb-†kK‡ji g‡a¨ gvby‡li gw¯Í®‥‡Kw›`ªK aŸwb Drcv`b cÖwµqv AšÍf³ y© _vK‡jI eZ©gvb Av‡jvPbvq Zv cÖvmw½K bq| GB Aa¨v‡q gw¯Í®‥ cieZx© gyLgÐj I Gi msjMœ gvbe cÖZ¨‡½i aŸwb Drcv`b cÖwµqv‡KB cÖvavb¨ †`Iqv n‡q‡Q| GB evPb-†kK‡ji g‡a¨ hy³ _v‡K †ek wKQz gvbe cÖZ¨½ hv‡`i‡K evK-cÖZ¨½ ejv nq| GB gvbe cÖZ¨½¸‡jv Kvh©Kifv‡e Ask wb‡q wewfbœfv‡e aŸwb Drcv`b cÖwµqv‡K wbqš¿Y K‡i Ges gvbe aŸwb D”Pvi‡Y cÖZ¨ÿ f~wgKv iv‡L| gvby‡li aŸwb Drcv`b cÖwµqvi wZbwU ¯Íi i‡q‡Q (†`Lyb wPÎ 5.1)| h_v1. k^vmiÜ«-wb¤œeZx© e¨e¯’v (subglottal system)

2. k^vmiÜ« (glottis) Ges 3. k^vmiÜ«-EaŸ©eZx© e¨e¯’v (supraglottal system) GB ¯Íi wefvRb †_‡K eySv hv‡”Q, gvbeaŸwb m„R‡b †K›`ªxq f~wgKvq AeZxY© nq k^vmiÜ«| d‡j G‡K wfwË K‡iB wZbwU ¯Íi wba©viY Kiv n‡q‡Q| wb‡P GB wZbwU ¯Í‡ii we¯Í…Z eY©bv Dc¯’vcb Kiv nj| D‡jøL¨, k¦vmiÜ« n‡”Q aŸwb D”PviYKvjxb ¯^ih‡š¿i (larynx) GKwU we‡kl Ae¯’v| d‡j 5.1 bs wP‡Î ¯^ihš¿‡K GKK a‡i Gi wb‡Pi I Ic‡ii A½¸‡jv‡K h_vµ‡g k¦vmiÜ«-wbgœeZ©x Ae¯’v Ges k¦vmiÜ-EaŸ©eZ©x Ae¯’v we‡ePbv Kiv n‡q‡Q| 5.2.1 k^vmiÜ«-wb¤œeZx© e¨e¯’v aŸwb Drcv`‡b evPb-†kK‡ji †h mskÖqwU k^vmi‡Ü«i wb‡P Ae¯’vb K‡i Zv‡K k^vmiÜ«-wb¤œeZx© e¨e¯’v ejv nq| GB ¯Í‡i †h MnŸiwU we`¨gvb i‡q‡Q Zv‡K k^vmiÜ«-wb¤œeZx© MnŸi e‡j| GB MnŸ‡i AšÍfy©³ Av‡Q dzmdzm, ga¨”Q`v Ges k^vmbvjx|

wPÎ 5.1 GKwU m¤ú~Y© aŸwb Drcv`b e¨e¯’v

46 | mgKvjxb fvlvweÁvb k^vmiÜ«-wb¤œeZx© MnŸ‡ii g‡a¨ cÖavb A½wUi bvg dzmdzm| dzmdzm †ejyb-m`„k ¯ú‡Äi _wj †hwU Gi wb‡P Aew¯’Z ga¨”Q`vi Pv‡c msKzwPZ ev cÖmvwiZ nq| D‡jøL¨, dzmdzm †_‡KB k^m‡bi KvRwU wbqwš¿Z nq| †Kbbv gvbyl Zvi wbtk^vm I cÖk^v‡mi KvRwU dzmdz‡mi gva¨‡gB m¤úbœ K‡i _v‡K| ga¨”Q`v‡K k^m‡bi cÖv_wgK †ckx ejv nq| KviY ga¨”Q`vwU hLb wb‡P †b‡g hvq ZLb evB‡i †_‡K evZvm dzmdz‡m cÖ‡ek K‡i| cÿvšÍ‡i, ga¨”Q`vwU hLb Ic‡i I‡V ZLb dzmdz‡mi evZvm evB‡i †ewi‡q hvq| †ewi‡q hvIqvi mgq evZvm cÖ_‡gB k^vmbvjx w`‡q ¯^ih‡š¿ cÖ‡ek K‡i| G cÖm‡½ e‡j †bIqv fvj, evsjv I Bs‡iwRmn c„w_exi AwaKvsk fvlv‡ZB dzmdzmZvwoZ evqy wbtmvi‡Yi (pulmonic) gva¨‡gB aŸwb Drcbœ n‡q _v‡K| Z‡e evqy MÖn‡Yi (non-pulmonic) gva¨‡gI Avwd«Kvi AíwKQz fvlvq aŸwb Drcv`vb cÖwµqvwU N‡U _v‡K| 5.2.2 k^vmiÜ« I ¯^iZš¿x k^vmiÜ« ej‡Z ¯^ih‡š¿i g‡a¨ Aew¯’Z ¯^iZš¿xq wbw`©ó duvK‡K eySv‡bv nq| GB k^vmiÜ« aŸwb Drcv`‡b Kvh©Ki f~wgKv cvjb K‡i| †Kbbv ¯^iZš¿xi †Lvjv I iæ× Ae¯’vRwbZ K¤úb wfbœ wfbœ aŸwb Drcv`‡bi Rb¨ `vwqZ¡cÖvß| k^vmiÜ«-wb¤œeZx© MnŸi †_‡K dzmdzmZvwoZ evZvm k^vmbvjx w`‡q ¯^ih‡š¿i gvSLv‡b Aew¯’Z ¯^iZš¿x‡Z G‡m †c․uQvq| Gici GB evZvm bvbvfv‡e iƒcvšÍwiZ nq ¯^iZš¿xi AvK…wZRwbZ cwieZ©‡bi Øviv| •ReZvwš¿K `„wó‡KvY †_‡K †`L‡j ¯^iZš¿x k^vmbvjxi Ic‡i GKwU cÖwZ‡ivaK wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i hv‡Z k^vmbvjx‡Z AevwÂZ wKQz XzK‡Z bv cv‡i| wKš‘ aŸwb Drcv`‡bi †ÿ‡Î ¯^iZš¿x bvgK G `ywU big gvsm‡cwk k^vmbvjxi gva¨‡g dzmdzm †_‡K AvMZ evZv‡mi MwZ wbqš¿Y K‡i wfbœ wfbœ •ewkó¨avix aŸwb m„R‡bi `vwqZ¡ cvjb K‡i| D`vniY¯^iƒc, K. ¯^iZš¿x hLb wKQzÿ‡Yi Rb¨ cy‡ivcywi eÜ _v‡K ZLb ¯úk© ev ¯ú„ó aŸwb Drcvw`Z nq| g~jZ `yB †VvuU ev bvwmKv MnŸ‡ii c_ eÜ n‡q hvIqvi Kvi‡Y evZv‡mi cÖevn iæ× n‡q †M‡j Zvi cÖfve ¯^iZš¿x‡Z c‡o Ges wKQzÿ‡Yi eÜ n‡q hvq| L. k^vmwµqvi mgq hLb evZvm k^vmbvjxi ga¨ w`‡q ¯^ihš¿ AwZµg K‡i ZLb ¯^iZš¿x Db¥y³ _v‡K| G Ae¯’vq A‡Nvl aŸwb Drcbœ nq| M. Avevi ¯^iZš¿x `ywU GK‡Î †j‡M hvIqvi Kvi‡Y dzmdzm †_‡K AvMZ evZv‡mi Nl©‡Y K¤úb •Zwi nq| GB cÖwµqvq †h aŸwb •Zwi nq Zv‡K †Nvl aŸwb e‡j| ¯^iZš¿xi gva¨‡g D”PvwiZ DwjøwLZ ÔLÕ Ges ÔMÕ ai‡bi aŸwb m„Rb AZ¨šÍ ¸iæZ¡c~Y©| ¯^iZš¿xi G ai‡bi mvwe©K aŸwb Drcv`b e¨e¯’v‡K ¯^iY (phonation) ejv nq| 5.2.3

k^vmiÜ«-EaŸ©eZx© e¨e¯’v

k^vmi‡Ü«i Ic‡i Aew¯’Z gyL ev bvK eivei aŸwb Drcv`‡bi †h e¨e¯’v i‡q‡Q Zv‡K k^vmiÜ«-EaŸ©eZx© e¨e¯’v ejv nq| G e¨e¯’vq wewfbœ ai‡bi aŸwb m„R‡bi Rb¨ †h MnŸi we`¨gvb †mwU k^vmiÜ«-EaŸ©eZx© MnŸi bv‡g cwiwPZ| GB k^vmiÜ«-EaŸ©eZx© MnŸi‡K A‡bK mgq ¯^ic_ (vocal tract) ejv n‡q _v‡K|

D”PviY aŸwbweÁvb | 47 G chv©‡q ¯^ihš¿ †_‡K AvMZ evZvm k^vmiÜ«-EaŸ©eZx© MnŸi ev ¯^ic‡_ Aew¯’Z wewfbœ ai‡bi D”Pvi‡Ki wbqš¿Y I AbyiYb Øviv bvbvfv‡e iƒcvšÍwiZ nq| ¯^ic‡_ wb‡Pi 4 ai‡bi AbyiYK Av‡Q (†`Lyb wPÎ 5.2)| 1. Mjwejxq: Mjwej w`‡q evZvm wbM©g‡bi mgq Mjwe‡ji we‡kl Ae¯’v| 2. †gŠwLK: gy‡Li Af¨šÍ‡i Aew¯’Z D”Pvi‡Ki Øviv †g․wLK AbyiY‡Ki AvK…wZ Ges iƒc cwiewZ©Z nq| 3. Jô¨: †VvuU `„p Ae¯’vq _vKvi mgq G aŸwb Drcbœ nq| ZLb †VvuU AbyiY‡Ki KvR K‡i _v‡K| 4. bvwmK¨: bwmK¨ aŸwbi †ÿ‡Î G ai‡bi AbyiY‡Ki we‡kl f~wgKv i‡q‡Q|

wPÎ 5.2 ¯^ic‡_i 4wU cÖavb AbyiYK

DwjøwLZ PviwU AbyiY‡Ki cwieZ©b Ges iƒcvšÍ‡ii ØvivB wewfbœ ai‡bi aŸwb D”PvwiZ n‡q _v‡K Ges GB iƒcvšÍi I f~wgKv Abymv‡iB aŸwbmg~‡ni cwiPq wba©vwiZ nq| G‡`i we¯Í…Z eY©bv wb‡P Dc¯’vcb Kiv nj| 5.2.3.1 Mjwejxq MnŸi Mjwejxq MnŸ‡ii we¯Í…wZ n‡”Q ¯^ih‡š¿i Ici †_‡K ïiæ K‡i wRnŸvi g~j Ges big Zvjyi †cQb w`K AvjwRf ch©šÍ| G‡ÿ‡Î big Zvjyi cÖvšÍ ev AvjwR‡fi Ae¯’vb Øviv aŸwb Drcv`‡bi ¸iæZ¡c~Y© iƒcvšÍiwU mvwaZ nq| AvjwR‡fi wfbœagx© Ae¯’v‡bi Kvi‡YB wb‡Pi `yB ai‡bi aŸwb Drcbœ nq| K. bvwmK¨ aŸwb: mvaviY evqycÖev‡ni mgq AvjwRf wb‡P †b‡g †M‡j bvwmKv MnŸ‡ii c_ Db¥y³ nq Ges bvwmK¨ aŸwb D”PvwiZ nq| L. †gŠwLK aŸwb: cÿvšÍ‡i, AvjwRf Ic‡i I‡V hvIqvi Kvi‡Y gyL MnŸ‡ii c_ Ly‡j hvq Ges gyL MnŸ‡i evZvm cÖ‡e‡ki my‡hvM •Zwi Ges G‡Z K‡i †g․wLK aŸwb Drcbœ nq (†`Lyb wPÎ 5.3)|

48 | mgKvjxb fvlvweÁvb

wPÎ 5.3 †g․wLK aŸwbi ¯^ic_

5.2.3.2 gyL MnŸi gyL MnŸi n‡”Q aŸwb Drcv`b †K․k‡ji me‡P‡q e¨¯Í cÖZ¨½| KviY gyL MnŸ‡i i‡q‡Q †ek wKQz D”PviK †h¸‡jv GB MnŸ‡ii AvK…wZ‡K bvbvfv‡e cwiewZ©Z K‡i| cÖ_gZ G‡`i‡K `yBfv‡M fvM Kiv hvq, h_vK. mwµq D”PviK: GB cÖZ¨½¸‡jv aŸwb D”Pvi‡Yi mgq bovPovq mÿg, †hgb- AvjwRf, big Zvjy, wRnŸv, wb‡Pi `vuZ Ges †VvuU| L. c‡ivÿ D”PviK: aŸwb D”Pvi‡Yi mgq GB cÖZ¨½¸‡jv bovPov K‡i bv, †hgb- k³ Zvjy, g~a©v, Ic‡ii Zvjy | GQvovI gyL MnŸ‡i Db¥y³ Ges e× D”PviK bv‡g `yB ai‡bi D”PviK i‡q‡Q| M. Db¥y³ D”PviK: D”Pvi‡Yi mgq gyL MnŸ‡ii D”PviK¸‡jv m‡i wM‡q c_ Db¥y³ n‡q hvq Ges evZvm webv evavq †ei n‡q hvq| me ¯^iaŸwb Db¥y³ D”PviK Øviv D”PvwiZ nq| N. e× D”PviK: e× D”Pvi‡Ki Øviv evZvm wbM©g‡bi mgq wKQz wbqš¿Y •Zwi nq A_ev evqy cÖevn cy‡ivcywi eÜ n‡q hvq| G‡ÿ‡Î cÖavbZ `ywU cÖZ¨½ GKmv‡_ mshy³ nq| e¨ÄbaŸwb¸‡jv e× D”Pvi‡Ki Øviv •Zwi nq|

D”PviY aŸwbweÁvb | 49

wPÎ 5.4 gyL MnŸ‡ii DaŸ© I wb¤œ D”PviK

gyL MnŸ‡i AviI `yB ai‡bi D”Pvi‡Ki Aw¯ÍZ¡ jÿYxq| h_vO. EaŸ© D”PviK: †h D”PviK¸‡jv gy‡Li DPuy cÖv‡šÍ Aew¯’Z Zv‡`i‡K EaŸ© D”PviK e‡j| h_vIc‡ii †VvuU, Ic‡ii `vuZ, g~a©v, k³ Zvjy, big Zvjy, AvjwRf, Mjwejxq cÖvšÍ| P. wb¤œ D”PviK: †h D”PviK¸‡jv gy‡Li wb‡Pi cÖv‡šÍ Aew¯’Z Zv‡`i‡K wb¤œ D”PviK e‡j| h_vwb‡Pi †VvuU, wb‡Pi `vuZ, wRnŸv| (†`Lyb wPÎ 5.4) DwjøwLZ Av‡jvPbvi Ici wfwË K‡i gyL MnŸ‡ii †hme cÖZ¨½ mwµq Ges c‡ivÿ D”PviKiƒ‡c aŸwb D”Pvi‡Y f~wgKv cvjb K‡i †m¸wj wb‡P eY©bv Kiv nj| K. †VvuU I `vuZ †VvuU I `vuZ gyL MnŸ‡ii evB‡ii w`‡Ki †kl cÖv‡šÍ Aew¯’Z| Jô¨ aŸwb D”Pvi‡Yi †ÿ‡Î †Vvu‡Ui mwµq f~wgKv i‡q‡Q| Ab¨w`‡K, `šÍ¨ aŸwb D”Pvi‡Y `vu‡Zi e¨envi nq| Z‡e wKQz aŸwb D”Pvi‡Yi †ÿ‡Î †VvuU Ges `vZ DfqB mshy³ _v‡K †h¸‡jv‡K `‡šÍ․ô¨ aŸwb ejv nq|

wPÎ 5.5 evK-cÖZ¨‡½i D”PviKmg~n

50 | mgKvjxb fvlvweÁvb L. g~a©v Ic‡ii cvwUi `vu‡Zi wVK †cQ‡bB g~a©v Aew¯’Z| g~a©v n‡”Q GK ai‡bi wùZ I P~ovm`„k gvsm‡cwk †hwU Ic‡ii cvwUi `vuZ I k³ Zvjyi gvSLv‡b Ae¯’vb K‡i| GwU g~a©b¨ aŸwb ev `šÍg~jxq-g~a©b¨ D”Pvi‡Y cÖZ¨ÿ f~wgKv iv‡L| g~a©b¨ aŸwb QvovI GB D”PviKwUi mvnv‡h¨ cðvr-g~a©b¨ (post-alveolar) aŸwb Ges cÖwZ‡ewóZ (retroflex) aŸwb D”PviY Kiv nq| cðvr-g~a©b¨ ev Zvje¨ aŸwb D”Pvi‡Yi †ÿ‡Î wR‡fi WMvwU g~a©vi †cQ‡bi cÖvšÍ‡K ¯úk© K‡i| Avevi cªwZ‡ewóZ aŸwb D”Pvi‡Yi mgq wR‡fi WMvwU KyÐwj cvwK‡q g~a©vi †cQ‡b ¯úk© K‡i| M. k³ Zvjy g~a©vi c‡iB k³ nvohy³ GKwU cÖZ¨½ i‡q‡Q hv‡K k³ Zvjy ejv nq| me ai‡bi Zvje¨ aŸwbi D”PviY n‡q _v‡K GB k³ Zvjyi mvnv‡h¨| k³ Zvjyi wcQ‡bi big Ask‡K big Zvjy e‡j| big Zvjyi AMÖfvM‡K AvjwRf ejv nq| M. wRnŸv wRnŸv n‡”Q gyL MnŸ‡ii me‡P‡q mwµq D”PviK| KviY GB D”PviKwU eû ai‡bi aŸwbi D”PviY cÖwµqvi mv‡_ RwoZ| D`vniY¯^iƒc- `šÍ¨, `šÍg~jxq-g~a©b¨, cðvr-g~a©b¨, cÖwZ‡ewóZ, Zvje¨, KÉg~jxq BZ¨vw` D”Pvi‡Y wRnŸv mwµq f~wgKvq AeZxY© nq| wRnŸv †h‡nZz GKwU `xN© cÖZ¨½, Gi wfbœ wfbœ bvg i‡q‡Q| G¸‡jv njÑ WMv (tip), djK (blade), m¤§yL (front), †cQb (back) Ges g~j (root) (†`Lyb wPÎ 5.6)| wRnŸvi cÖ‡Z¨KwU AskB wfbœ wfbœ aŸwbi D”Pvi‡Y †Rviv‡jv f~wgKv †i‡L _v‡K| D`vniY¯^iƒc, wRnŸvi mvg‡bi ev `vu‡Zi w`‡Ki †klcÖvšÍ‡K WMv (tip) e‡j| GB WMvi mvnv‡h¨ D”PvwiZ aŸwb‡K wRnŸvcÖvšÍxq (apical) aŸwb e‡j| Avevi wRnŸv cÖvšÍ Ges `vuZ I g~a©vi mv‡_ †j‡M hLb †Kvb aŸwb D”PvwiZ nq ZLb †m aŸwb‡K ejv nq h_vµ‡g wRnŸvcÖvšÍxq-`šÍ¨ (apico-dental) Ges wRnŸvcÖvšÍxq-g~a©b¨ (apico-alveolar) aŸwb|

wPÎ 5.6 mwµq D”PviK wRnŸvi wewfbœ Ask

wRnŸvi WMvi cieZx© Ask‡K djK (blade) ejv nq| aŸwb D”Pvi‡Yi mgq GB AskwU mvaviYZ cðvrg~a©vi mv‡_ wgwjZ nq Ges GB cÖwµqvq D”PvwiZ aŸwb‡K wRnŸvdjKxq (laminal) aŸwb e‡j| wRnŸvi

D”PviY aŸwbweÁvb | 51 m¤§yL AskwU Avm‡j Gi mvg‡bi Ask bq, eis wRnŸvi ga¨eZx© As‡ki mvg‡bi w`K| wRnŸvi GB AskwU k³ Zvjyi mv‡_ wg‡j Zvje¨ (palatal) aŸwb •Zwi K‡i| wRnŸvi gv‡Si As‡ki †kl cÖvšÍ‡K cðvr w`K ejv nq| GwU big Zvjyi mv‡_ wgwjZ nq| G cÖwµqvq D”PvwiZ aŸwb‡K wRnŸvg~jxq-Kɨ (dorso-velar) aŸwb e‡j| 5.2.3.3 bvwmKv MnŸi bvwmK¨ MnŸi n‡”Q aŸwb D”Pvi‡Yi me©‡kl AbyiYK hvi Øviv dzmdzmZvwoZ evZvm bvbvfv‡e iƒcvšÍwiZ n‡q bvwmK¨ aŸwb D”PvwiZ nq| c~‡e©B D‡jøL Kiv n‡q‡Q, Mjwe‡ji †kl cÖvšÍ AvjwRf wb‡P †b‡g †M‡j bvwmKv MnŸ‡ii c_ D‡b¥vwPZ nq| G‡ÿ‡Î `ywU we‡kl ai‡bi aŸwb D”PvwiZ nq| h_vÑ K. bvwmK¨ aŸwb AvjwRf wb‡P †b‡g †M‡j gyL MnŸ‡ii c_ m¤ú~Y© c_ eÜ n‡q hvq| d‡j evZvm cy‡ivcywi bvK w`‡q †ei n‡q hvq| GB cÖwµqv AbymiY K‡i †h aŸwb D”PvwiZ nq Zv‡K bvwmK¨ aŸwb e‡j| L. AvbybvwmK aŸwb wbtk^vm cÖwµqvi mgq AvjwRf wKQzUv wb‡P †b‡g hvIqvi ci evZvm gyL I bvK w`‡q GKmv‡_ †ei n‡q hvq| GB cÖwµqvi gva¨‡g D”PvwiZ aŸwb‡K AvbybvwmK aŸwb ejv nq (†`Lyb wPZ 5.7)|

wPÎ 5.7 AvbybvwmK aŸwbi D”PviY cÖwµqv

5.2.4 aŸwb: cÖv_wgK K_b K. D”PviYLÐ I aŸwb Avgiv hLb †Kvb A‡Pbv fvlv cÖ_g kÖeY Kwi ZLb H fvlvi D”PvwiZ evPbiƒc‡K Avjv`v Avjv`v D”PviY L‡Ð wef³ Ki‡Z cvwi bv| Ggb wK cÖwZw`b nvRv‡iv K‡É hLb Avgv‡`i gvZ…fvlv ïwb ZLbI Gi cÖwZwU

52 | mgKvjxb fvlvweÁvb D”PviYLЇK kbv³ Kivi Rb¨ Avjv`vfv‡e ¸iæZ¡ †`B bv| wKš‘ gvZ…fvlvi kã ev ev‡K¨i AšÍwb©wnZ A_©‡K wVKB ey‡S wb‡Z mg_© nB| KviY fvwlK kã n‡”Q wKQz cÖengvb D”PviYL‡Ði mgwó| kã bvgK GB cÖengvb D”PviYL‡Ði mgwó‡K cwigvc‡hvM¨ Avjv`v D”PviYL‡Ð wef³ Kiv mvaviY fvlv e¨enviKvix‡`i Rb¨ KwVb KvR n‡jI G welqK fvwlK-Ávb Zv‡`i i‡q‡Q| GQvov GKwU fvlvi †h wjwLZ iƒc i‡q‡Q, †m¸‡jv n‡”Q GK GKwU D”PviYL‡Ði eY©iƒc hv fvlxiv Zv‡`i c~e©eZx© Ávb Øviv kbv³ Ki‡Z mÿg| myZivs, k‡ãi wef³ D”PviYLÐ n‡”Q GK GKwU aŸwbL‡Ði Abyfe‡hvM¨ GKK| fvlxiv g~jZ Zv‡`i AwfÁZvRvZ Ávb Øviv fvlvq cÖPwjZ D”PviYLЇK aŸwb wn‡m‡e Avjv`v Ki‡Z cv‡ib| we‡kl K‡i, fvlxiv hLbB †Kvb ÎæwUhy³ kã ïb‡Z cvb, ZLbB G‡Z †h aŸwbMZ fzj i‡q‡Q Zv mn‡ZB kbv³ Ki‡Z cv‡ib| D`vniY¯^iƒc, †Kvb evOvwj hLb ï‡b, Zvi †hvMv‡hvMm½x K_v ej‡Z wM‡q fzjµ‡g ÔAvjv`vÕ k‡ãi cwie‡Z© ÔAvjv`Õ e‡j‡Q, ZLb wZwb eyS‡Z mg_© nb †h J †hvMv‡hvMm½x †k‡li ÔAvÕ aŸwbwU ev` w`‡q kãwU D”PviY K‡i‡Q| G †_‡K eySv hvq, ÔAvÕ D”PviYLÐwU n‡”Q GKwU aŸwb hv evsjv fvlvi Ab¨ D”PviYLÐ †_‡K c„_K Ges Avjv`vfv‡e eY© mn‡hv‡M iƒcvqY Kiv hvq| †m we‡ePbvq, aŸwbg~j (phoneme) n‡”Q GKwU fvlvq cÖPwjZ D”PviYL‡Ði GKK hv wewfbœ evK&-cÖZ¨‡½i mnvqZvq Drcbœ nq| fvlvq e¨eüZ aŸwbmg~n A_©nxb A_v©r ¯^Zš¿ Ae¯’vq GKwU aŸwb †Kvb A_© cÖKvk K‡i bv| †m Kvi‡Y cÖPwjZ msÁv wn‡m‡e ejv nq, aŸwb n‡”Q fvlvi b~¨bZg A_©nxb GKK †hwU `ywU k‡ãi g‡a¨ A‡_©i cv_©K¨ m„wó Ki‡Z cv‡i| K. aŸwbZvwË¡K eY©gvjv †g․wLK fvlvi wjLb iƒc`v‡bi Rb¨ †h cÖ_vMZ evbvbc×wZ i‡q‡Q †mwU fvwlK k‡ãi aŸwbZvwË¡K msMVb‡K mwVKfv‡e iƒc`vb Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| D`vniY¯^iƒc, evsjv Cnv Ges Bnv G `ywU k‡ãi cÖ_‡g GKB ai‡bi ¯^iaŸwb D”PvwiZ n‡jI †jLvq Cnvi †ÿ‡Î Ges Bnv‡Z e¨eüZ n‡q‡Q| GB Amyweav `~i Kivi Rb¨ aŸwbweÁvbxiv D™¢veb K‡i‡Qb aŸwbZvwË¡K eY©gvjv †hLv‡b GKwU cÖZxK memgq GKwU GKK aŸwb‡K iƒcvwqZ K‡i (G welqK we¯ÍvwiZ Av‡jvPbv †`Lyb beg Aa¨vq)| D`vniY¯^iƒc, DwjøwLZ `ywU k‡ãi cÖ_g ¯^iwU iƒcvq‡Yi Rb¨ mvaviY aŸwb cÖZxK n‡”Q /i/| 5.3 aŸwbi iKg‡di I we‡kølY †KŠkj fvlvq cÖPwjZ aŸwbmg~n wewfbœ aŸwbZvwË¡K •ewkó¨‡K cÖKvk K‡i| †m wn‡m‡e aŸwb‡K wewfbœ †kÖwY‡Z wef³ Kiv hvq| G‡`i g‡a¨ cÖavb `ywU †kÖwYfvM n‡”Q1. ¯^iaŸwb I 2. e¨ÄbaŸwb GQvovI i‡q‡Q wcw”Qj ev kÖæwZaŸwb bvgK Av‡iKwU †kÖwY †hwU ¯^i Ges e¨Äb- GB Dfq aŸwbi •ewkó¨‡K aviY K‡i| wb‡P evsjv fvlvq e¨eüZ DwjøwLZ aŸwbmg~n eY©bv Dc¯’vcb Kiv nj|

D”PviY aŸwbweÁvb | 53 5.3.1 ¯^iaŸwb ¯^iaŸwb n‡”Q Ggb GK †kÖwYi aŸwb hv D”Pvi‡Yi mgq dzmdzmZvwoZ evZvm ¯^iZš¿xi K¤úb m„wói gva¨‡g evK-cªZ¨‡½i †Kvb Zvrch©c~Y evav QvovB †ewi‡q Av‡m| KviY GwU D”Pvi‡Yi mgq ¯^ic_ A‡bKUvB Db¥y³ _v‡K| DwjøwLZ aŸwbMZ •ewk‡ó¨i Kvi‡Y ¯^iaŸwb‡K myjwjZ ¯^i (sonorants) ejv nq| GQvovI G¸‡jv‡K AvÿwiK (syllabic) aŸwbI ejv nq, †h‡nZz ¯^iaŸwb Qvov mvaviYZ †Kvb Aÿi m„wó nq bv| ¯^iaŸwb D”Pvi‡Yi †ÿ‡Î mwµq D”PviK wn‡m‡e gyL MnŸ‡ii wRnŸv I †Vvu‡Ui cªZ¨ÿ f~wgKv i‡q‡Q| GQvov D”Pvi‡Yi mgq ¯^ic‡_i ms‡KvP‡bi gvÎv Abyhvqx ¯^iaŸwb KLbI Uvb Uvb Avevi KLbI wkw_jI n‡Z cv‡i| Avevi AvjwR‡fi Ae¯’v Abyhvqx ¯^iaŸwb †g․wLK ev bvwmK¨ GB `yB ai‡biB n‡q _v‡K| GB •ewk󨸇jv‡K gyL¨ we‡ePbv a‡i evsjv ¯^iaŸwbi we‡køl‡Yi 4wU gvcKvwV wba©viY Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i- K. wRnŸvi Ae¯’v, L. †Vvu‡Ui AvK…wZ, M. AvjwR‡fi Ae¯’vb, N. gyL MnŸ‡ii Db¥yw³|

wPÎ 5.8 /i/ ¯^iaŸwb D”Pvi‡Yi mgq wRnŸvi DuPz Ges m¤§yL Ae¯’vb

K. wRnŸvi Ae¯’v wRnŸvi Ae¯’v Abyhvqx ¯^iaŸwb `yB iKg| h_v1. m¤§yL I cðvr ¯^iaŸwb: wKQz ¯^iaŸwb D”Pvi‡Yi mgq wRnŸv mvg‡bi w`‡K †Vvu‡Ui KvQvKvwQ Av‡m, D`vniY¯^iƒc- B /i/, G /e/, G¨v /æ/ BZ¨vw` n‡”Q m¤§yL ¯^iaŸwb| wecixZµ‡g, wKQz ¯^i D”Pvi‡Yi †ÿ‡Î wRnŸv †cQ‡b avweZ nq, †hgb- A /ɔ/, I /o/, D /u/ n‡”Q cðvr ¯^iaŸwb|

wPÎ 5.9 /u/ ¯^iaŸwb D”Pvi‡Yi mgq wRnŸvi DuPz Ges cðvr Ae¯’vb

wPÎ 5.10 /a/ ¯^iaŸwb D”Pvi‡Yi mgq wRnŸvi wb¤œAe¯’vb

54 | mgKvjxb fvlvweÁvb 2. DuPy I wbPz ¯^iaŸwb: wKQz ¯^i D”Pvi‡Yi mgq wRnŸv mvg‡b G‡m A‡cÿvK…Z DPuy‡Z Ae¯’vb K‡i| Ab¨w`‡K, wKQz ¯^i D”Pvi‡Yi †ÿ‡Î wRnŸv †Pvqv‡ji Ici e‡m hvIqvi Kvi‡Y wb‡P †b‡g Av‡b| Z‡e wRnŸvi GB mvg‡b ev †cQ‡b Avmvi †ÿ‡Î D”P, D”P-ga¨, wb¤œ-ga¨, wb¤œ GiKg gvÎv‡f` i‡q‡Q| evsjv ¯^iaŸwbi †ÿ‡Î GB gvÎv‡f‡`i D`viY wb‡P cÖ`vb Kiv nj| mviwY 5.1 ¯^iaŸwb D”Pvi‡Yi †ÿ‡Î wRnŸvi D”PZvi gvÎv‡f` D”PZvi gvÎv‡f`

¯^i

1.

D”P

B /i/, D /u/

2.

D”P-ga¨

G /e/, I /o/

3.

wb¤œ-ga¨

A¨v /æ/, A /ɔ/

4.

wb¤œ

Av /a/

L. †Vvu‡Ui AvK„wZ †Vvu‡Ui AvK…wZ Abyhvqx ¯^i `yB iK‡gi nq| h_v1. †MvjvK…wZ ¯^i wKQz ¯^ia^wb D”Pvi‡Yi mgq †VuvU †Mvj AvKvi aviY K‡i| G¸‡jv‡K †MvjvK…wZ ¯^i e‡j, †hgbA /ɔ/, I /o/, D /u/| 2. A‡MvjvK…wZ ¯^i wKQz ¯^iaŸwb D”Pvi‡Yi †ÿ‡Î †Vvu‡Ui AvK…wZi †Kvb cwieZ©b nq bv| †VvuU ¯^vfvweKfv‡e `yB Kv‡bi w`‡K cÖmvwiZ _v‡K| G¸‡jv‡K A‡MvjvK…wZ ¯^i e‡j, h_v- B /i/, G /e/, A¨v /æ/| M. AvjwR‡fi Ae¯’vb GB Aa¨v‡qi c~eeZ©x As‡k evK&-cÖZ¨‡½i Av‡jvPbv cÖm‡½ Rvbv †M‡Q, Mjwe‡ji cÖvšÍeZx© AvjwRf Ic‡i I‡V †M‡j gyL-MnŸ‡ii c_ Db¥y³ n‡q hvq Ges bvwmKv MnŸ‡ii c_ eÜ n‡q hvq| dzmdzmZvwoZ evZv‡mi gva‡g GB cÖwµqv‡ZB †g․wLK aŸwb D”PvwiZ nq| Ab¨w`‡K, mvaviY wbtk^vm cÖwµqvi mgq AvjwRf wKQzUv wb‡P †b‡g hvIqvi ci evZvm gyL I bvK w`‡q GKmv‡_ †ei n‡q hvq| AvjwR‡fi GB f~wgKv¸‡Y AvbybvwmK aŸwb D”PvwiZ nq| evsjv ¯^iaŸwb †hgb †g․wLK aŸwb wn‡m‡e D”PvwiZ nq, wVK †Zgwbfv‡e Giv AvbybvwmK aŸwb wn‡m‡eI D”PviY‣ewkó¨ †`wL‡q _v‡K| N. gyL MnŸ‡ii Db¥yw³ evsjv fvlvi wKQz ¯^i D”Pvi‡Yi mgq gyL MnŸi AwaKZi Db¥y³ ev wee„Z nq| Ab¨w`‡K, wKQz ¯^i D”PviYKv‡j gyL-MnŸi msKywPZ ev mse„Z _v‡K| Z‡e GB wee„Z ev mse„Z Ae¯’vi gvÎv‡f` i‡q‡Q| D`vniY¯^iƒc, mse„Z D”Pvi‡Yi `ywU Ae¯’v jÿYxq, †hgb-

D”PviY aŸwbweÁvb | 55 1. mse„Z ¯^i- B /i/ Ges D /u/ 2. Aa©mse„Z ¯^i- G /e/ Ges I /o/ cvkvcvwk wee„Z D”Pvi‡YiI `ywU gvÎv Av‡Q, h_v1. wee„Z ¯^i- Av /a/ 2. Aa©wee„Z ¯^i- A¨v /æ/ Ges A /ɔ/ Ic‡ii Av‡jvPbvi cwi‡cÖwÿ‡Z wfbœ wfbœ aŸwbMZ •ewkó¨ cÖ`k©bKvix evsjv ¯^iaŸwb‡K wb‡Pi wP‡Î D‡jøL Kiv nj|

wPÎ 5.11 evsjv ¯^iaŸwbi ZvwjKv

Ic‡i 5.11 bs wP‡Î evsjv ¯^iaŸwbi †h ZvwjKv Dc¯’vcb Kiv nj †m¸‡jv evsjv fvlvq cÖPwjZ wewfbœ k‡ã e¨eüZ n‡q _v‡K| GB aŸwbmg~n mywbw`©ófv‡e †Kvb †Kvb k‡ã e¨enZ nq Zvi GKwU ZvwjKv wb‡Pi mviwY‡Z Dc¯’vcb Kiv nj| mviwY 5.2 evsjv ¯^iaŸwb I k‡ã G‡`i e¨envi ¯^iaŸwb

k‡ã e¨envi

1. 2. 3.

B /i/ G /e/ G¨v /æ/

BwZ, Bwb, C`, Bnv, Bwjk, BZi GKwU, GB, GwZg, GlYv GK, GKK, e¨³, Z¨³, GKvbœ

m¤§yL, A‡MvjvK…wZ, D”P I mse„Z ¯^i m¤§yL, A‡MvjvK…wZ, D”Pga¨ I Aa©mse„Z ¯^i m¤§yL, A‡MvjvK…wZ, wb¤œga¨ I Aa©wee„Z ¯^i

4.

Av /a/

Avg, Av`v, Avb›`, Av›`vR

ga¨, wb¤œ I wee„Z ¯^i

5. 6.

A /ɔ/ I /o/ D /u/

AR, A_B, Ab_©, AwbcyY AwZ, Acy, IRb, Iqv`v, Iô¨ DU, D`vi, Db¥~j, Elv, Dò

cðvr, †MvjvK„wZ, wb¤œga¨ I Aa©wee„Z ¯^i cðvr, †MvjvK…wZ, D”Pga¨ I Aa©mse„Z ¯^i cðvr, †MvjvK…wZ, D”P I mse„Z ¯^i

7.

aŸwbMZ cwiPq

56 | mgKvjxb fvlvweÁvb 5.3.2 Aa©¯^i ¯^iaŸwb QvovI fvlvq Av‡iK ai‡bi aŸwb e¨eüZ nq †h¸‡jv‡K Aa©¯^i ejv nq| Aa©¯^i ejvi KviY n‡”Q GB aŸwb¸‡jv D”Pvi‡Yi w`K †_‡K ¯^iaŸwbi gZ n‡jI e¨env‡ii w`K †_‡K A‡bKUvB e¨ÄbaŸwbi gZ| KviY Aÿi msMV‡bi †ÿ‡Î G¸‡jv ¯^iaŸwbi Abyiƒc| wKš‘ Giv †K›`ª (nucleus) n‡Z cv‡i bv| d‡j ¯^i I e¨Ä‡bi gvSvgvwS Aew¯’Z GB aŸwb¸‡jv‡K Aa©¯i^ ejv nq| evsjv fvlvq 4wU Aa©¯^‡ii Aw¯ÍZ¡ i‡q‡Q| G¸‡jv njmviwY 5.3 evsjv Aa©¯^‡ii msL¨v Ges k‡ã G‡`i cÖ‡qvM

Aa©¯^i cÖavbZ wد^iaŸwbi wØZxq ¯^i wn‡m‡e e¨eüZ n‡q _v‡K| G‡ÿ‡Î wد^iaŸwbi cÖ_g ¯^iwU c~Y©iƒ‡c D”PvwiZ n‡jI Gi wØZxq m`m¨ A_v©r Aa©¯^iwUi D”PviY nq Lye `ªæZ| Aa©¯^‡ii GB `ªæZ D”Pvi‡Yi welqwU cy‡ivUvB Avgv‡`i kÖæwZMZ Dcjwä| ïay ZvB bq, †Kvb †Kvb fvlvq †`Lv hvq, Aa©¯^‡ii Ae¨ewnZ c‡i Av‡iKwU ¯^i _vK‡Z cv‡i, †hgb- Bs‡iwR yeskãwU| GB k‡ã y GKwU Aa©¯^i Ges Gi cv‡ki e GKwU c~Y©¯i^ | GB k‡ãi `ywU ¯^‡ii D”PviY cÖwµqvq †`Lv hvq †h, Aa©¯^‡ii D”Pvi‡Yi mgq wRfwU cv‡ki ¯^‡ii w`‡K wcQ‡j P‡j hvq ev Aa©¯^i †_‡K wcQ‡j †ewi‡q Av‡m| GB •ewk‡ó¨i Kvi‡Y Aa©¯^i‡K wcw”Qj (glide) aŸwb ejv nq| Avevi Aa©¯^i e¨Ä‡bi gZ e¨envi †ewkó¨ cÖ`k©b K‡i e‡j G‡K KLbI KLbI Aa©e¨ÄbI ejv nq| Aa©¯‡^ ii mv‡_ c~Y©¯‡^ ii •ewkó¨MZ †h cv_©K¨ Av‡jvPbv Kiv nj Zvi mvirmvi wb‡Pi mviwY‡Z wjwce× nj| mviwY 5.4 Aa©¯^i Ges c~Y©¯‡^ ii g‡a¨Kvi cv_©K¨ c~Y©¯^i

Aa©¯^i

1.

Aÿ‡ii †K›`ª iƒ‡c e¨eüZ nq|

1. Aÿ‡ii †K›`ª iƒ‡c e¨eüZ nq bv|

2.

k‡ã Gi D”PviY ¯^vfvweK|

2. k‡ã Gi D”PviY `ªæZZi|

3.

k‡ã Giv c~Y©iƒ‡c D”PvwiZ nq|

3. k‡ã Giv c~Y©iƒ‡c D”PvwiZ nq bv|

4.

k‡ã c~Y©¯^i ¯^vaxbfv‡e e¨eüZ n‡Z cv‡i|

4. k‡ã GKwU c~Y¯^i Qvov A_©¯^i e¨eüZ nq bv|

D”PviY aŸwbweÁvb | 57 Aa©¯^‡ii Av‡jvPbvq wد^‡ii cÖm½wU Awbevh©fv‡eB P‡j G‡m‡Q| wb‡P wد^iaŸwb wel‡q mswÿß eY©bv cÖ`vb Kiv n‡q‡Q| K. wد^iaŸwb c~e©eZx Av‡jvPbvq ¯^iaŸwb ev c~Y©¯‡^ ii †h Av‡jvPbv Dc¯’vcb Kiv n‡q‡Q Zv‡Z †`Lv hvq, D”PviY cÖwµqvq c~Y©¯i^ ¸‡jvi g‡a¨ †Kvb ai‡bi Zvrch©c~Y© cwieZ©b jÿ Kiv hvq bv| A_v©r G ai‡bi ¯^‡ii D”PviYwU †kl bv nIqv ch©šÍ GKB cÖwµqv Pj‡Z _v‡K| GB •ewk‡ó¨i Kvi‡Y c~Y©¯i^ ‡K GKK ¯^i (monophthong) ejv nq| wKš‘ evsjvmn wewfbœ fvlv‡Z AviI wKQz •ØZ¯^‡ii Aw¯ÍZ¡ jÿYxq †hLv‡b GKB Aÿ‡i ¯^‡ii D”Pvi‡Yi cÖwµqvwU Awfbœ bv †_‡K cwiewZ©Z nq| A_v©r GB ¯^i¸‡jv D”Pvi‡Yi mgq evMh‡š¿i Mgbfw½i Awbevh© cwieZ©b nq e‡j G ai‡bi ‣ØZ¯^i‡K wد^iaŸwb (dipthong) e‡j| D`vniY¯^iƒc- evsjv ÔhvIÕ k‡ã cvkvcvwk †h `ywU ¯^i Av‡Q †m¸‡jv nj, ÔAv+IÕ| jÿYxq †h, GB `ywU ¯^‡ii g‡a¨ cÖ_g ÔAvÕ ¯^iwUi ïiæi mgq wRnŸvi †h Ae¯’vb m~wPZ nq, c‡ii ÔIÕ ¯^iwU D”Pvi‡Yi †ÿ‡Î wRnŸvi Mgbfw½i cwieZ©b N‡U| A_v©r wfbœ Ae¯’v‡b wM‡q wRnŸvi MwZc_ †kl nq| GR‡b¨B GKB Aÿ‡i ÔAv+IÕ Gi D”PviY wد^iaŸwb wn‡m‡e cwiMwYZ n‡q‡Q| †gv‡Ui Ici wد^iaŸwbi D”PviY msMVbwU n‡”Q Ô¯^i + Aa©¯i^ Õ Abyµ‡gi| fÆvPvh©¨ (2016) evsjvq †gvU 26wU wد^iaŸwb kbv³ K‡i‡Qb| G¸‡jv nj-

K‡i|

58 | mgKvjxb fvlvweÁvb 5.3.3 e¨ÄbaŸwb e¨ÄbaŸwb D”Pvi‡Yi †ÿ‡Î ¯^ic‡_i bvbviKg wbqš¿Y jÿYxq| A_v©r G ai‡bi aŸwb D”Pvi‡Yi mgq ¯^ic‡_i wewfbœ cÖZ¨‡½i ms‡KvPb, cÖmviY ev cÖfv‡ei Kvi‡Y evavcÖvß n‡q D”PvwiZ nq| ¯^ic_ ej‡Z gyL MnŸi Ges bvwmKv MnŸi G `ywU‡KB wb‡`©k Kiv n‡h‡Q| †m we‡Pbvq †hme aŸwb D”PviYKv‡j dzmdzmZvwoZ evZvm ¯^ic‡_i wewfbœ cÖZ¨½, we‡kl K‡i AvjwRf, Zvjy, wRnŸv, g~a©v, `vuZ, †VvuU BZ¨vw`i Øviv we‡klfv‡e evav †c‡q _v‡K Zv‡`i‡K e¨ÄbaŸwb e‡j| myZivs, evav cÖvß n‡q D”PvwiZ nIqv e¨ÄbaŸwbi GK Acwinvh© •ewkó¨| ¯^iaŸwbi mv‡_ e¨ÄbaŸwbi GwUB cÖavb cv_©K¨| ¯^iaŸwb D”PviYKv‡j dzmdzmZvwoZ evZvm †hgb gyL MnŸi ev bvK w`‡q A‡bKUvB wbwe©‡Nœ †ei n‡q Av‡m, †m‡ÿ‡Î e¨ÄbaŸwb D”Pvi‡Yi mgq wbM©gbKvix evZvm ¯^ic‡_i †Kvb bv †Kvb cÖZ¨½ Øviv evavcªvß n‡eB| e¨ÄbaŸwb D”Pvi‡Y †h‡nZz wewfbœ evKcÖZ¨½ Øviv evavi m¤§yLxb nq, †m‡nZz G¸‡jv‡K gvb`Ð wn‡m‡e e¨envi K‡i e¨ÄbaŸwb‡K we‡kølY Kiv hvq| G cÖwµqvi gva¨‡g e¨ÄbaŸwbmg~n‡K wePviwe‡kølY KivB †hv․w³K Ges ixwZwm×| Gfv‡eB mviv c„w_ex‡Z me fvlvi e¨ÄbaŸwbi e¨vL¨v I we‡kølY Kiv n‡q _v‡K| GB ch©v‡q e¨ÄbaŸwb we‡køl‡Yi Rb¨ wb‡Pi 3wU gvcKvwV‡K cÖvgvY¨ aiv n‡q‡Q| K. D”PviY¯’vb L. D”PviYixwZ M. k^vmi‡Üªi Ae¯’v DwjøwLZ 3wU gvcKvwV Abymi‡Y evsjv e¨ÄbaŸwbi we‡kølY cÖwµqv wb‡P Dc¯’vcb Kiv nj| K. D”PviY¯’vb D”PviY¯’vb e¨ÄbaŸwb wePv‡ii Acwinvh© gvcKvwV| GwU Gme aŸwb wePv‡ii cÖavb gvcKvwVI e‡U| KviY gvby‡li Kv‡Q e¨ÄbaŸwbi †h mvaviY cwiwPwZ Zv D”PviY¯’vbwfwËK gvb`Ð ØvivB wba©vwiZ nq| D”PviY¯’vb ej‡Z ¯^ic‡_i †mB ¯’vb‡KB eySv‡bv nq †hLv‡b `ywU D”PviK GKmv‡_ wgwjZ nIqv ev KvQvKvwQ Avmvi Kvi‡Y dzmdzmZvwoZ evZvm wbqwš¿Z ev iƒcvšÍwiZ n‡q wbw`©ó e¨ÄbaŸwb D”PvwiZ nq| G‡ÿ‡Î †h D”PviK¸‡jv g~j f~wgKv cvjb K‡i †m¸‡jv n‡”Q- †VvuU, `vuZ, g~a©v, Zvjy Ges wRnŸv BZ¨vw`| evsjv fvlvi e¨ÄbaŸwbi w`‡K `„wó w`‡j D”PviY¯’vb Abyhvqx wb‡Pi †gvU 7 ai‡bi †kÖwYfvM jÿYxq| 1. Iô¨ e¨Äb †hme e¨Äb D”PviYKv‡j dzmdzm †_‡K AvMZ evZvm `yB †Vvu‡Ui ¯ú‡k© D”PvwiZ nq Zv‡`i‡K Iô¨e¨Äb e‡j| Iô¨e¨Äb‡K wØIô¨ Ges `šÍ¨-Iô¨ GB `yB fv‡M wef³ Kiv nq| A_©vr `yB †Vvu‡Ui ¯ú‡k© wØIô¨ e¨Äb Ges †Vvu‡Ui mv‡_ `vu‡Zi mv‡_ ¯ú‡k© `šÍ¨-Iô¨ e¨Äb m„ó nq| †m A‡_© evsjv fvlvq c-eMx©q e¨Äb¸‡jv wØIô¨e¨Äb, hw`I †Kvb †Kvb fvlvweÁvbx g‡b K‡ib †h, d& /ph/ aŸwb †Kvb †Kvb aŸwbZvwË¡K cÖwZ‡e‡k /f/ iƒ‡c D”PvwiZ n‡q _v‡K, A_©vr Gi D”PviY¯’vb n‡”Q `Ш-Iô| Avm‡j ZLb GwU d& /ph/ aŸwbi mn-aŸwb‡Z cwiYZ nq|

D”PviY aŸwbweÁvb | 59

wPÎ 5.12 evsjv Iô¨ e¨Ä‡bi D”PviY¯’vb

1. `šÍ¨ e¨Äb

wPÎ 5.13 evsjv `šÍ¨g~jxq aŸwbi D”PviY¯’vb

2. `šÍ¨g~jxq e¨Äb †hme e¨Äb D”PviYKv‡j dzmdzmZvwoZ evZvm wR‡fi WMv I Ic‡ii cvwUi `vu‡Zi †Mvovq ¯ú‡k©i Kvi‡Y evav †c‡q _v‡K Zv‡`i‡K `šÍ¨g~jxq (alveolar) e¨Äb e‡j| evsjv fvlvq `šÍ¨g~jxq e¨Ä‡bi D`vniY n‡”Q- b& /n/, i& /r/, m& /s/, Ges j& /l/| Bmjvg I Ab¨vb¨ (2014) Ges fÆvPvh©¨ (2016) G gZ‡K mg_©b K‡ib| Z‡e fÆvPvh©¨ k& / / e¨Äb‡KI GB †kÖwYfz³ K‡i‡Qb| wKš‘ nvB (2013) Gi g‡Z, k& / / GKwU cðvr `šÍg~jxq aŸwb| 3. `šÍg~jxq g~a©b¨ e¨Äb wR‡fi WMv D‡ë wM‡q `vu‡Zi †Mvovi wVK Ic‡i Aew¯’Z DuPy Ask ev g~a©v‡K (alveolar ridge) ¯úk© Kivi Kvi‡Y dzmdzm †_‡K AvMZ evZvm evav †c‡q †hme e¨Äb D”PvwiZ nq Zv‡`i‡K `šÍg~jxq g~a©b¨ e¨Äb e‡j| evsjv fvlvq e¨eüZ `šÍ¨g~jxq g~a©b¨ e¨Ä‡bi D`vniY n‡”Q- U& /t/, V& /th/, W& /d/, X& /dʱ/| Ô`šÍg~jxq g~a©b¨ e¨ÄbÕ AwfavwU nvB (2013) †_‡K †bIqv n‡q‡Q| nvB (2013)-Gi G ai‡bi aŸwbMZ

60 | mgKvjxb fvlvweÁvb we‡kølY mg_©b‡hvM¨| wKš‘ nK (2014), fÆvPvh©¨ (2016) cÖgyL Gme e¨Äb‡K ïay `šÍ¨g~jxq e¨Äb wn‡m‡e AvL¨vwqZ K‡i‡Qb| Z‡e Bmjvg I Ab¨v‡b¨i (2014) g‡Z, Gme aŸwb D”Pvi‡Yi mgq wR‡fi WMv D‡ë hvq e‡j G¸‡jv‡K cÖwZ‡ewóZ (retroflex) aŸwbI ejv hvq| Ab¨w`‡K, †gvi‡k` (2012) Ges Bmjvg I Ab¨vb¨ (2014) Ic‡ii 4wU e¨Äb‡K ïay g~a©b¨ e¨Äb iƒ‡c AwfwnZ K‡i‡Qb| 4. Zvje¨ e¨Äb wR‡fi m¤§yL (front) fvM DuPz n‡q g~a©v cieZx© k³ Zvjyi ¯úk©RwbZ evavi Kvi‡Y †hme e¨Äb D”PvwiZ nq Zv‡`i‡K Zvje¨ e¨Äb e‡j| evsjv fvlvq e¨eüZ Zvje¨e¨Ä‡bi D`vniY n‡”Q- P& /c/, Q& /ch/, R& / /, S / /, k& / / BZ¨vw`| G RvZxq e¨Äb‡K fÆvPvh©¨ (2016) cðvr-`šÍ¨g~jxq (post-alveolar) Ges nK (2014) Zvje¨-`šÍ¨g~jxq (palato-alveolar) wn‡m‡e AvL¨vwqZ K‡i‡Qb|

wPÎ 5.14 evsjv Zvje¨ e¨Ä‡bi D”PviY¯’vb

5. wRnŸvg~jxq e¨Äb dzmdzm †_‡K AvMZ evZvm wR‡fi †cQ‡bi Ask (back) I big Zvjyi ¯úk©RwbZ RvqMvq evav †c‡q †hme e¨Äb D”PvwiZ n‡q _v‡K Zv‡`i‡K wRnŸvg~jxq e¨Äb e‡j| evsjv fvlvq D”PvwiZ wRnŸvg~jxq e¨Ä‡bi D`vniY n‡”Q- K& /k/, L& /kh/, M& /g/, N& /gʱ/ Ges O& / /| evsjv fvlvq cÖPwjZ A‡_© G¸‡jv‡K Kɨ e¨ÄbI e‡j|

wPÎ 5.15 evsjv wRnŸvg~jxq e¨Ä‡bi D”PviY¯’vb

D”PviY aŸwbweÁvb | 61 6.

Kɨbvjxq e¨Äb

¯^ih‡š¿ Aew¯’Z k^vmi‡Üªi c_ msKx©Y n‡q †h e¨Äb D”PvwiZ nq Zv‡K Kɨbvjxq e¨Äb e‡j| evsjv fvlvq e¨eüZ Kɨbvjxq e¨Äb n‡”Q n& /h/| L. D”PviYixwZ e¨ÄbaŸwbi D”PviY¯’vb wba©vi‡Yi mgq †VvuU, wRf, †Kvgj Zvjy, k^vmiÜ« BZ¨vw` †h Ae¯’v •Zwi K‡i, D”PviYixwZi †ejvq Zviv wVK Ab¨ cÖwµqv m„wó K‡i hv‡Z aŸwb¸‡jvi Avjv`v cwiwPwZ cÖKvk cvq| Gfv‡e ¯^ic‡_i evKcªZ¨½ Øviv wfbœ cÖwµqvq e¨ÄbaŸwbi GB we‡køl‡Yi aib‡K D”PviYixwZ ejv nq| D”PviYixwZ Abyhvqx evsjv e¨Ä‡bi wb¤œiƒc cwiwPwZ `uvovq| 1. ¯úk©e¨Äb ¯úk©e¨Äb D”Pvi‡Yi mgq ¯^iZš¿x LvwbKÿ‡Yi Rb¨ m¤ú~Y© iæ× n‡q hvq| KviY G‡ÿ‡Î ¯^ic‡_i †h †Kvb `ywU evK-cÖZ¨½, h_v- `yB †VvuU ev AvjwRf I wRnŸvg~j BZ¨vw` GKmv‡_ ¯úk© Kivi Rb¨ evqycÖev‡ni aviv eÜ n‡q c‡o (†`Lyb wPÎ 5.12)| G Ae¯’vq †h ai‡bi e¨Äb D”PvwiZ n‡q _v‡K Zv‡`i‡K ¯úk©e¨Äb e‡j| D”PviY¯’vb Abyhvqx Drcvw`Z aŸwbmg~‡ni g‡a¨ Iô¨, `šÍ¨, g~a©b¨, Zvje¨ I KÚ¨ BZ¨vw`i †`Lv †g‡j GB e‡M©| evsjv fvlvq ¯úk©e¨Ä‡bi msL¨v wb‡q gZ‡f` i‡q‡Q| AwaKvsk fvlvweÁvbx evsjv ¯úk©e¨Ä‡bi msL¨v wn‡m‡e 20wU K_v D‡jøL K‡i‡Qb| wKš‘ fÆvPv‡h©¨i (2016) g‡Z, G msL¨v 15wU| wZwb g‡b K‡ib P& / c/, Q& /ch/, R& / /, S / / GB 4wU Zvje¨e¨Äb D”PviYixwZi w`K †_‡K N„óe¨Äb| Avi Iô¨, A‡Nvl I gnvcÖvY d& /ph/ e¨ÄbwU Zvui g‡Z Nl©YRvZ aŸwb| Ab¨w`‡K, Bmjvg I Ab¨vb¨ (2014) ¯úk©e¨Äb wn‡m‡e 16wU wba©viY K‡i‡Qb| A_v©r ZvuivI g‡b K‡ib †h, Zvje¨ e¨Äb¸‡jv D”PviYixwZi w`K †_‡K GK ai‡bi N„óe¨Äb| GB gZ MÖnY‡hvM¨| †m wn‡m‡e evsjv ¯úk© e¨Ä‡bi msL¨v 16wU| G¸‡jv njwRnŸvg~jxq ¯úk©e¨Äb:

K& /k/, L& /kh/, M& /g/, N& /gʱ/,

`šÍ¨g~jxq g~a©b¨ ¯úk©e¨Äb:

U& /t/, V& /th/, W& /d/, X& /dʱ/

`šÍ¨ ¯úk©e¨Äb:

Z& /t/, _& /t/, `& /d/, a& /dʱ/,

Iô¨ ¯úk©e¨Äb:

c& /p/, d& /ph/, e& /b/, f& /bʱ/

D‡jøL¨, ¯úk©e¨Äb‡K evsjv fvlvq ¯ú„óe¨ÄbI ejv nq| 2. D®§e¨Äb D®§e¨Äb D”Pvi‡Yi mgq ¯^ic‡_ evZv‡mi GKUv cÖengvbZv _v‡K| wKš‘ G‡ÿ‡Î `ywU D”Pvi‡Ki ¯úk© bv n‡jI KvQvKvwQ P‡j Avmvi Kvi‡Y evZv‡mi wbM©gb c_ Lye msKxY© n‡q c‡o| GB msKzwPZ ¯^ic‡_ evZvm

62 | mgKvjxb fvlvweÁvb †ei n‡q hvIqvi mgq GK ai‡bi Dcjwä‡hvM¨ Nl©‡Yi m„wó nq e‡j G ai‡bi e¨Äb‡K Nl©YRvZ D®§e¨Äb ejv nq| evsjv fvlvq D®§e¨Äb aŸwb¸‡jv nj- k& / /, m& /s/ Ges n& /h/| GB aŸwb¸‡jv‡K evsjvq Nl©YRvZ ev wkm aŸwbI ejv nq|

wPÎ 5.16 evsjv Nl©YRvZ m& /s/ aŸwbi D”PviY

wPÎ 5.17 evsjv Nl©YRvZ k& / / aŸwbi D”PviY

3. N„óe¨Äb N„óe¨Äb D”Pvi‡Yi †ÿ‡Î dzmdzm †_‡K AvMZ evZvm cÖ_g LvwbKÿ‡Yi Rb¨ iæ× n‡q c‡o Ges Zvic‡i ax‡i ax‡i ¯^ic_ w`‡q †ei n‡q Av‡m| †m we‡ePbvq N„óe¨Ä‡bi D”Pvi‡Yi †ÿ‡Î `ywU •ewkó¨ †Pv‡L c‡o| A_©vr N„óe¨Äb ïiæi w`‡Ki ixwZwU n‡”Q ¯úk©e¨Ä‡bi Ges †k‡liwU n‡”Q Nl©YRvZ| evsjv fvlvq N„óe¨Ä‡bi D`vniY n‡”Q- P& /c/, Q& /ch/, R& / /, S / /| 4. bvwmK¨ e¨Äb bvwmK¨ aŸwb D”Pvi‡Yi mgq AvjwRf wb‡P †b‡g hvq Ges bvwmKv MnŸi evqy PjvP‡ji Rb¨ Db¥y³ n‡q c‡o| d‡j dzmdzm †_‡K AvMZ evZvm bvwmKv MnŸi w`‡q †ei n‡q Av‡m| G cÖwµqvq †h e¨Äb D”PvwiZ nq Zv‡`i‡K bvwmK¨ e¨Äb e‡j| evsjv fvlvq 3wU bvwmK¨ aŸwb D”PvwiZ nq| G¸‡jv nj- O& / /, b& /n/ Ges g& /m/|

wPÎ 5.18 evsjv g& /m/ bvwmK¨ e¨Ä‡bi D”PviY

D”PviY aŸwbweÁvb | 63 5. cvwk^©K e¨Äb †h e¨ÄbaŸwb D”Pvi‡Yi mgq wRnŸvi WMv †Q`K `‡šÍi g~j‡K ¯úk© Kivi Kvi‡Y wR‡fi †Lvjv `yB cvk w`‡q dzmdzmZvwoZ evZvm †ewi‡q hvq Zv‡K cvwk^©K e¨Äb e‡j| evsjv fvlvq e¨eüZ cvwk^©K aŸwbwU n‡”Qj& /l/| 6. Kw¤úZ e¨Äb †h e¨Äb D”Pvi‡Yi mgq mwµq D”PviK wn‡m‡e wRf c‡ivÿ D”PviK `šÍ¨g~j‡K evi evi AvNvZ K‡i Zv‡K Kw¤úZ ev K¤úbRvZ e¨ÄbaŸwb e‡j| evsjv fvlvq e¨eüZ Kw¤úZ e¨Ä‡bi D`vniY n‡”Q- i& /r/| 7. ZvwoZ e¨Äb †h e¨ÄbaŸwb D”Pvi‡Yi mgq wRf K¤úbRvZ aŸwbi Zzjbvq AviI mswÿß mg‡qi Rb¨ Kvu‡c Zv‡K ZvwoZ ev ZvobRvZ e¨Äb ejv nq| evsjvq ZvobRvZ e¨Ä‡bi Aw¯ÍZ¡ wb‡q A‡b‡KB cÖkœ K‡i‡Qb (fÆvPvh©©¨ 2016)| Zvu‡`i g‡Z, evOvwj ¯^Ztù~Z©fv‡e ZvwoZ aŸwb D”PviY K‡i bv| wKš‘ G‡ÿ‡Î Abyaveb‡hvM¨ e³e¨ n‡”Q, ¯^Ztù~Z©fv‡e bv †nvK wkwÿZ evOvwj gvÎB m‡PZbfv‡e ZvwoZ ev ZvobRvZ e¨Äb D”PviY Ki‡Z mg_©, we‡kl K‡i KweZv Ave„wZi mgq| ZvB ZvobRvZ aŸwb evOvwji e¨ÄbaŸwb cÖwµqvKi‡Yi GKwU ev¯ÍeZv| evsjv fvlvq e¨eüZ ZvobRvZ aŸwb n‡”QZvwoZ e¨ÄbaŸwb

k‡ã cÖ‡qvM

1. o& / /

AícÖvY

eo, Zvobv

2. X& / ʱ/

gnvcÖvY

Mvp `„p

8. gnvcÖvY I AícÖvY e¨Äb K. AícÖvY wKQz e¨ÄbaŸwb D”Pvi‡Yi mgq dzmdzm †_‡K AvMZ evZvm AwaKZi Kg Pvc †`q| G cÖwµqvq D”PvwiZ aŸwb‡K AícÖvY e¨Äb ejv nq| evsjv AícÖvY e¨Ä‡bi D`vniY n‡”Q- K& /k/, M& /g/, P& /c/, R& / /, U& /t/, W& /d/ BZ¨vw`| L. gnvcÖvY wKQz e¨ÄbaŸwb D”Pvi‡Yi †ÿ‡Î dzmdzmZvwoZ evZv‡mi mej Pvc cwijwÿZ nq| GB cÖwµqvq †h e¨Äb D”PvwiZ nq _v‡K gnvcÖvY e¨ÄbaŸwb e‡j| evsjvq e¨eüZ gnvcÖvY e¨Ä‡bi D`vniY n‡”Q- L& /kh/, N& /gʱ/, Q& /ch/, S& / ʱ/, V& /th/, X& /dʱ/ BZ¨vw`|

64 | mgKvjxb fvlvweÁvb M. k^vmi‡Ü«i Ae¯’v Avgiv Rvwb, ¯^iZš¿xi g‡a¨Kvi dvuKwU k^vmiÜ« bv‡g cwiwPZ| e¨ÄbaŸwb D”Pvi‡Yi mgq k^vmi‡Ü«i iƒcvšÍi jÿYxq| A_v©r e¨ÄbaŸwb D”Pvi‡Yi †ÿ‡Î ¯^iZš¿xq dvu‡Ki `ywU we‡kl Ae¯’v cwijwÿZ nq| GB `ywU Ae¯’vi Ici wfwË K‡i e¨ÄbaŸwb‡K `ywU fv‡M fvM Kiv nq| G¸‡jv njK. A‡Nvl aŸwb ¯^ih‡š¿i g‡a¨Kvi ¯^iZš¿x `ywU KLbI KLbI Avjv`v Ae¯’vq _v‡K| G Ae¯’vq †h e¨Äb •Zwi nq Zv‡K A‡Nvl e¨ÄbaŸwb e‡j| A‡Nvl e¨Äb m„wói mgq †h‡nZz ¯^iZš¿x `ywU Avjv`v _v‡K †mRb¨ ¯^iZš¿x †_‡K †Kvb K¤úb m„wó nq bv| evsjv fvlvq D”PvwiZ A‡Nvl e¨Ä‡bi D`vniY n‡”Q- K& /k/, L& /kh/, P& /c/, Q& /ch/, U& /t/, V& /th/ BZ¨vw`| L. †Nvl aŸwb cÿvšÍ‡i, e¨ÄbaŸwb D”Pvi‡Yi mgq KLbI ¯^iZš¿x `ywU mshy³ nq wKš‘ G‡Kev‡i eÜ n‡q hvq bv| G Ae¯’vq dzmdzm †_‡K AvMZ evZvm ¯^iZš¿xi gvSLv‡b w`‡q AwZµ‡gi mgq GK ai‡bi K¤úb •Zwi nq| GB cÖwµqvq †h e¨ÄbaŸwb D”PvwiZ nq Zv‡K †Nvl e¨ÄbaŸwb e‡j| evsjv fvlvq e¨eüZ †Nvl aŸwbi D`vniY n‡”Q- M& /g/, N& /gʱ/, R& //, S& / /, W& /d/, X& /dʱ/, `& /d/, a&/d ʱ/, e& /b/, g& /m/ BZ¨vw`| †Kvb e¨Äb †Nvl bv A‡Nvl Zv eySvi mnR †K․kj i‡q‡Q| e¨ÄbaŸwb D”Pvi‡Yi mgq Mjvi evB‡ii w`‡Ki DuPz Ask, †hwU ¯^ihš¿ bv‡g cwiwPZ, `yB AvOzj w`‡q †P‡c aiæb| G‡ÿ‡Î aŸwb D”PviYKv‡j ¯^iZš¿xi K¤úb Ae¯’v hw` eySv hvq, Zvn‡j D”PvwiZ aŸwbwU †Nvle¨Äb| wKš‘ G‡ÿ‡Î †Kvb e¨wZµg cwijwÿZ n‡j †mwU A‡Nvl aŸwb wn‡m‡e ¯^xK…Z n‡e| DcwiD³ we‡køl‡Yi gva¨‡g evsjv e¨ÄbaŸwbi †h aŸwbZvwË¡K •ewkó¨mg~n D`&NvwUZ nj Zv wb‡Pi mviwY‡Z Zz‡j aiv n‡q‡Q| mviwY 5.4 evsjv e¨ÄbaŸwbi ZvwjKv*

* D³ ZvwjKvq evsjv e¨Ä‡bi aŸwbZvwË¡K eY©gvjv (IPA) Dc¯’vc‡b evsjv‡`k Kw¤úDUvi KvDwÝj Ges evsjv‡`k miKv‡ii Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM gš¿Yvjq KZ©„K ¯^xK…Z iƒc‡K AbymiY Kiv n‡q‡Q|

D”PviY aŸwbweÁvb | 65 5.3.4 aŸwbi Ab¨vb¨ †kÖwYfvM wewfbœ evK-cªZ¨‡½i mvnv‡h¨ D”PvwiZ aŸwbi †h †kÖwYfvM Ic‡i †`Lv‡bv nj, Zvi evB‡i AviI wKQz †kÖwYKiY i‡q‡Q hv eZ©gv‡b aŸwbweÁv‡b e¨vcKfv‡e e¨eüZ n‡q _v‡K| Zv wb‡P D‡jøL Kiv nj| 1. Zij aŸwb (liquid sounds) c„w_exi wewfbœ fvlvq cÖPwjZ e¨ÄbaŸwbi g‡a¨ j& /l/ Ges i& /r/ Gi e¨vcK •ewPΨ jÿ Kiv hvq| G `ywU aŸwb wewfbœ fvlvq †h wewPÎ iƒc aviY K‡i Zv‡`i‡K GK‡Î Zij aŸwb ejv nq| GB aŸwbi D”Pvi‡Yi mgq ¯^ic‡_ wKQzUv evav •Zwi n‡jI GB cÖwZeÜKZv GZ †ewk bq †h Nl©‡Yi m„wó nq| c„w_exi wewfbœ fvlvq, we‡kl K‡i Rvcvbx Ges K¨v›Ubxq fvlvq G `ywU aŸwbi g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ Kiv nq bv| KviY k‡ãi Awfbœ aŸwbMZ cÖwZ‡e‡k GB `ywU aŸwb GKwU Av‡iKwUi D”PviYiƒc aviY K‡i| d‡j, g‡b Kiv nq, Gme fvlvq G `ywU aŸwb mg¯’vb †_‡K D”PvwiZ nq| GB Kvi‡Y cwic~iK eȇb Giv GKwU Av‡iKwUi mnaŸwbg~j wn‡m‡e e¨eüZ nq| GKBfv‡e Bs‡iwR fvlvq /r/ Gi D”Pvi‡Yi eû •ewPΨ cwijwÿZ nq| gvb evsjvq G `ywU aŸwbi D‡jøwLZ aŸwbMZ cwiw¯’wZ jÿYxq bv n‡jI Dcfvlv iƒ‡c Zv mn‡RB cÖZ¨ÿ Kiv hvq| D`vniY¯^iƒc, e„nËi gqgbwms‡ni wKQz AÂj Ges wK‡kviMÄ †Rjvi Awaevmxiv ÔivwR → jvwRÕ ev Ô†ivRv → †jvRvÕ D”PviY K‡i _v‡K| 2. AwewNœZ aŸwb (continuent sounds) G ai‡bi aŸwb D”Pvi‡Yi mgq dzmdzm †_‡K AvMZ evZvm wbwe©‡Nœ †ei n‡q hvq| mKj ¯^iaŸwb, myjwjZ aŸwb, wcw”Qj aŸwb, bvwmK¨ aŸwb AwewNœZ aŸwbi D`vniY| 3. wewNœZ aŸwb (noncontinuent sounds) wKQz e¨ÄbaŸwb i‡q‡Q †h¸‡jv D”Pvi‡Yi mgq evZvm ¯^ic‡_ †h †Kvb `ywU D”Pvi‡Ki Øviv evavcÖvß n‡q _v‡K| D`vniY¯^iƒc- ¯úk© e¨Äb, Nl©YRvZ e¨Äb Ges N„óe¨Äb| 4. myjwjZ aŸwb (sonorant sounds) G ai‡bi aŸwb D”Pvi‡Yi mgq dzmdzmZvwoZ evZvm gyL MnŸi ev bvwmK¨ MnŸ‡i AbyiYb RvwM‡q †Zv‡j| D`vniY¯^iƒc- mKj ¯^iaŸwb, bvwmK¨ aŸwb, Zij Ges wcw”Qj aŸwb| 5. AmyjwjZ aŸwb (obstruents sounds) G ai‡bi aŸwb D”PviYKv‡j evqycÖevn ¯^ic‡_ AvswkK ev m¤ú~Y© evav †c‡q _v‡K| †hgb- e¨ÄbaŸwbmg~n

66 | mgKvjxb fvlvweÁvb 6. e¨Äbg~jK aŸwb (consonantal sounds)

Zi½ aŸwbweÁvb | 67

Qq

Zi½ aŸwbweÁvb aŸwbi evqy-Zi½RvZ we‡kølY GB Aa¨vq †k‡l Avcwb wkL‡ebÑ  K. gvbe aŸwbi evqy-Zi½RvZ iƒ‡ci msÁv, •ewkó¨ I cÖK…wZ  L. Zi½ aŸwbweÁv‡bi eûj e¨eüZ cwifvlv I Awfavmg~‡ni e¨vL¨v  M. Zi½ aŸwbweÁv‡bi ZË¡ I c×wZi Av‡jv‡K fvwlK aŸwbi †fZiMZ iƒc

e³v KZ©„K fvwlK-aŸwb Drcv`‡bi ci Zv †kÖvZvi Kv‡Q Abyaveb‡hvM¨ nIqvi c~e©kZ© wn‡m‡e GwU‡K GKwU ga¨eZx© cÖwµqv m¤úbœ Ki‡Z nq| GB ga¨eZx© cÖwµqvwU nj, e³vi gyL I †kÖvZvi Kvb-GB `yB cÖZ¨‡½i gv‡S weivRgvb evqy‡Z wewfbœ iƒc I ai‡bi aŸwb-Zi½ •Zwi K‡i Zv‡K †kÖvZvi kÖeYh‡š¿i Rb¨ Dc‡hvMx K‡i cÖ¯Z ‘ Kiv| Avi GB evqy-Zi½RvZ aŸwbi MfxiZi iƒcwUi we`¨vqZwbK e¨vL¨v we‡køl‡Yi Rb¨ fvlvweÁv‡bi †h kvLvwU wb‡ew`Z Zv‡K Zi½ aŸwbweÁvb ejv nq| Zi½ aŸwbweÁv‡bi we¯ÍvwiZ Av‡jvPbvi c~‡e© wb‡Pi ch©‡eÿY¸‡jv we‡ePbv Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| 1) wMUv‡ii Zv‡i †UvKv w`‡j A_ev Nwoi †`vj‡Ki wbw`©ó MwZ‡Z GK RvqMv †_‡K Ab¨ RvqMvq ¯’vbvšÍ‡ii d‡j GK ai‡bi myi ev kã •Zwi nq| 2) cyiæ‡li Mjvi ¯^‡ii Zzjbvq wkï I bvixi Mjvi ¯^i A‡bK †ewk Zxÿè I m~² n‡q _v‡K| 3) e¨ÄbaŸwbi Zzjbvq ¯^i I bvwmK¨aŸwb¸‡jvi my‡ijv •ewkó¨ A‡bK †ewk| Ic‡i DwjøwLZ 1g ch©‡eÿY †_‡K eyS‡Z cviv hvq, wMUv‡ii Zv‡i †UvKv †`Iqv ev Nwoi †`vj‡Ki wbw`©ó MwZ‡Z MgbvMg‡bi Kvi‡Y evZv‡mi ÿz`ª KYv¸‡jvi wePy¨wZ N‡U| d‡j aŸwb •Zwii Dchy³ cÖwZ‡ek m„wó nq Ges ¯^i ev aŸwb m„wó‡Z mnvqZvKvix Dcv`vb¸‡jvi †f․Z •ewk‡ói Kvi‡Y Avgv‡`i Kv‡b Zv mvaviY kã ev myi wn‡m‡e Abyf~Z nq| 2q ch©‡eÿY †_‡K eySv hvq, wkï ev bvixi Mjv †_‡K Drcbœ ¯^‡ii we¯Ívi Ges K¤úv¼ cyiæ‡li D”PvwiZ ¯^‡ii Zzjbvq c„_K| me‡k‡l, 3q †ewkó¨ †_‡K Dcjwä Kiv hvq, gyL wee‡i ¯^i Ges bvwmK¨ aŸwb¸‡jvi Drcv`b cÖwµqv e¨ÄbaŸwbi m„Rb cÖwµqv †_‡K wfbœZi hv G¸‡jv‡K AwaK my‡ijv •ewkó¨ `vb K‡i _v‡K|

68 | mgKvjxb fvlvweÁvb DwjøwLZ ch©‡eÿY¸‡jvB Zi½ aŸwbweÁv‡bi cÖavb Av‡jvP¨‡ÿÎ wn‡m‡e cwiwPZ| GB ch©‡eÿ‡Yi Av‡jv‡K ejv hvq, Zi½ aŸwbweÁvb n‡”Q aŸwbweÁv‡bi GKwU kvLv hv gvbeaŸwbi †f․Z •ewkó¨mg~n Av‡jvPbv K‡i Ges †h •ewk󨸇jv gvbeKY© Øviv ïay Dcjwä‡hvM¨B bq eis cieZx© we‡køl‡Yi †ÿ‡ÎI cÖvmw½K| D³ msÁv‡_©i Av‡jv‡K GB Aa¨v‡q Zi½ aŸwbweÁv‡bi †h welq¸‡jv eY©bv Kiv n‡q‡Q †m¸‡jv nj1. D”PviY aŸwbweÁv‡bi we‡kølYMZ mxgve×Zv 2. Zi½ aŸwbi ¯^iƒc 3. Zi½ aŸwbweÁv‡bi cwifvlv I Awfav 4. Zi½ aŸwbweÁv‡b Av‡jv‡K wbY©q gvbe aŸwbi †fZiMZ •ewkó¨ 6.1 fvwlK aŸwbi wPivqZ ˆewkó¨ I Gi we‡kølYMZ mxgve×Zv me fvlviB b„‡Mvôx I ms¯‥…wZ wbi‡cÿ GKwU mnRvZ •ewkó¨ i‡q‡Q| †mwU n‡”Q Gi wÿcÖZv I `ªæZMvwgZv| e³v KZ©„K m„ó nIqvi ciB GwU `ªæZMwZ I wÿcªZvq evZv‡m Zi½ •Zwi mn‡hv‡M †kÖvZvi Kv‡bi w`‡K GwM‡q hvq Ges GK mgq Zv nvwi‡qI hvq| GB `ªæZMwZi aŸwbi •ewkó¨ wbY©q I Gi e¨vL¨v we‡køl‡Yi R‡b¨ D”PviY aŸwbweÁvbxiv G¸‡jv‡K wfbœ wfbœ wP‡ý iƒc w`‡q _v‡Kb| wKš‘ Zv‡`i iƒcvwqZ GB aŸwbMZ wP‡ýi eo mxgve×Zv n‡”Q, aŸwbweÁvbxiv †h cÖZxKx wP‡ý G‡`i‡K AwfwnZ K‡i‡Qb, G¸‡jv wK cÖK…Z A‡_© †mB D”PviY‡KB wb‡`©k K‡i? e³vi ¯’vb I KvjMZ †h D”PviY •ewPΨ †`Lv hvq, GB wPý¸‡jv wK Zv‡K ûeû aviY Ki‡Z cv‡i? G `ywUi mij DËi n‡”Q, ÔbvÕ| Zvn‡j gvbe m„ó wewfbœ aŸwb we‡køl‡Yi †ÿ‡Î D”PviYg~jK aŸwbweÁv‡bi GB mxgve×Zv DËi‡Yi Dcvq Kx? G‡ÿ‡Î AvaywbK weÁv‡bi cÖhyw³MZ D™¢veb bZzb Av‡jvi c_ †`wL‡q‡Q| we‡kl K‡i, cÖhyw³MZ myweav‡K AvkÖq K‡i hw` wewfbœ fvwlK aŸwbi Zi½MZ Pvwi·K D‡b¥vPb Kiv hvq, Zvn‡j gvbe aŸwbi we‡kølY AviI e¯‘wbô nq| aŸwbi GB ai‡bi AvaywbK we‡køl‡Y wb‡qvwRZ i‡q‡Q Zi½ aŸwbweÁvb| 6.2 aŸwb-Zi½ Kx aŸwb-Zi½ n‡”Q e³v KZ©„K aŸwbLÐ D”Pvi‡Yi Kvi‡Y Pvicv‡ki evZv‡m †h GK ai‡bi AwfNvZ •Zwi nq ZviB GKwU we‡klvwqZ iƒc| wKš‘ GB we‡klvwqZ iƒ‡ci cÖK…wZwU Kx? aŸwb D”Pvi‡Yi mgq dzmdzm †_‡K AvMZ I ¯^iZš¿ KZ©„K †Rvi`viK…Z evZv‡mi Pvc gyLwbtm„Z n‡q GK ai‡bi K¤úb m„wó K‡i Ges GB K¤ú‡bi Øviv Pvicv‡k evZv‡m Aw¯ÍZ¡kxj gwjKyj ev ÿz`ª KYv¸‡jvi g‡a¨ GK ai‡bi D‡ËRbv •Zwi nq| evZv‡mi KYvmg~‡ni GB D‡ËRbvi `ywU iƒc cwijwÿZ- ms‡KvPb (compression) I cÖmviY (rarefaction)| †m we‡ePbvq aŸwb-Zi½ n‡”Q evZv‡mi KYv¸‡jvi ms‡KvwPZ I cÖmvwiZ Ae¯’vi wgwjZ iƒc (†`Lyb wPÎ 6.3 I 6.6)| Pvicv‡ki evZv‡m weivRgvb gwjKzj ev ÿz`ª KYv¸‡jv ¯^vfvweK Ae¯’vq ci¯ú‡ii g‡a¨ mg-`~i‡Z¡ Ae¯’vb K‡i, †hwU D‡ËRbv m„wói Kvi‡Y Avi eRvq _v‡K bv| wKš‘ ciÿ‡YB Avevi GB D‡ËwRZ KYv¸‡jv Zv‡`i

Zi½ aŸwbweÁvb | 69 mvg¨ Ae¯’vq wd‡i Avm‡Z †Póv K‡i| GB welqwU‡K g¨vK‡gwbm I mn‡hvMx‡`i (1991) ewY©Z GKwU iƒc‡Ki mvnv‡h¨ GLv‡b Dc¯’vcb Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| Zvu‡`i g‡Z, gvby‡l Vvmv GKwU PjšÍ wjd‡U IVvbvgv †_‡K m„ó Pv‡ci Kvi‡Y ci¯ú‡ii Mv‡q †j‡M †M‡jI ciÿ‡YB Zviv †hgb wb‡R‡`i g‡a¨ mg-`~iZ¡ iRvq ivL‡Z †Póv K‡ib, wVK †Zgwb K¤úbm„ó D‡ËRbvi Kvi‡Y evqyKYv¸‡jvi NbZ¡ †i‡o †M‡jI Zviv ciÿ‡YB wbR¯^ Ae¯’v‡b wd‡i Avm‡Z †Póv K‡i| 6.2.1 evqyKYvi ms‡KvPb evZv‡m †Kvb aŸwb-Zi½ m„wó n‡Z †M‡j cÖ_‡gB †mLv‡b evqyKYvi GK msKywPZ Ae¯’v (compression) •Zwi n‡Z nq| evqyKYvi GB ms‡KvPb n‡”Q evZv‡mi GK ai‡bi †f․Z cwieZ©b †hLv‡b gwjKzj ev evqyKYv¸‡jv ¯^vfvweK Ae¯’vi †P‡q AviI AwaK Kv‡Q P‡j Av‡m| d‡j KYv¸‡jvi cvi¯úwiK `~iZ¡ K‡g hvIqvq evZv‡m G‡`i NbZ¡ †e‡o hvq (†`Lyb wPÎ 6.1 I 6.2)| Z‡e evqyKYvi ag© n‡”Q, PvcRwbZ Kvi‡Y msKzwPZ n‡jI Giv ciÿ‡YB Avevi ¯^vfvweK Ae¯’vq wd‡i Avm‡Z †Póv K‡i|

wPÎ 6.1 aŸwb-Zi‡½i Kvi‡Y Pvicv‡ki evqyKYvi msKzwPZ I cÖmvwiZ Ae¯’v

6.2.2 evqyKYvi cÖmviY †Kvb aŸwb-Zi‡½i ms‡KvwPZ evqyKYvi wecixZ Ae¯’vi bvg n‡”Q cÖmviY| gyL wbtm„Z aŸwbL‡Ði Pv‡c evqyKYvi msKzwPZ Ae¯’v •Zwi nIqvi Kvi‡Y ciÿ‡YB Giv hLb mg-`~i‡Z¡ wd‡i Avm‡Z †Póv K‡i, ZLb G¸wj ¯^vfvweK Ae¯’vi †P‡q †ewk `yi‡Z¡ P‡j hvq Ges evZv‡m Gi NbZ¡ A‡bK K‡g hvq| aŸwb-Zi‡½i GB Ae¯’vwUi bvg n‡”Q evqyKYvi cÖmviY (rarefaction) (†`Lyb wPÎ 6.1 I 6.2)| †h‡nZz evqyKYvi ag©B n‡”Q ci¯ú‡ii g‡a¨ mg-`~iZ¡ eRvq †i‡L Ae¯’vb Kiv, †m‡nZz KYvi cÖmviYMZ Ae¯’vI †ewkÿY eZ©gvb _v‡K bv| d‡j Giv Avevi ¯^vfvweK Ae¯’vq wd‡i Av‡m Ges ciÿ‡YB bZzb K‡i msKzwPZ nIqvq •Zwi nq| evZv‡mi evqyKYv¸‡jvi aŸwb-Zi½RwbZ GB msKzwPZ I cÖmvwiZ Ae¯’v ïay fvwlK aŸwbi Kvi‡YB •Zwi nq bv, eis †h‡Kvb e¯‘ ev c`v_©, †hgb- wMUv‡ii Zvi, myiKÈK, iev‡ii UzKiv BZ¨vw` Øviv m„ó aŸwb-Zi‡½I GKBfv‡e evqyKYv msKzwPZ I cÖmvwiZ nq|

70 | mgKvjxb fvlvweÁvb

wPÎ 6.2 GKwU myi KȇKi Kvi‡Y m„ó Pvicv‡ki evqyKYvi msKzwPZ I cÖmvwiZ Ae¯’v

Av‡MB ejv n‡q‡Q, aŸwb-Zi½ n‡”Q evZv‡mi KYv¸‡jvi ms‡KvwPZ I cÖmvwiZ Ae¯’vi wgwjZ iƒc| evZv‡mi GB ms‡KvwPZ I cÖmvwiZ Ae¯’vi d‡j m„ó aŸwb Zi‡½i †h iƒc `vuovq Zv wb‡Pi wP‡Î ch©‡eÿY Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i|

wPÎ 6.3 aŸwb Zi‡½i mij iƒc

6.3 bs wP‡Î GKwU aŸwb Zi‡½i †h mij iƒc Dc¯’vcb Kiv n‡q‡Q Zv‡Z gvSLv‡bi †iLvwU †hb GKwU w¯’i wdZv| Ab¨w`‡K, eµ‡iLvwU n‡”Q D³ mij‡iLvi aŸwb Zi½ †hLv‡b w¯’i wdZvwUi GK cÖvšÍ a‡i †`vjv‡bvi d‡j G‡Z msKzwPZ Ges cªmvwiZ Ae¯’vi m„wó n‡q‡Q| aŸwb Zi‡½i G ai‡bi mij iƒc wg‡jB •Zwi nq c~Y©v½ aŸwb Zi½ (†`Lyb wPÎ 6.4)|

wPÎ 6.4 cÖK…Z aŸwb Zi½

Zi½ aŸwbweÁvb | 71 6.2.3 Zi‡½i cÖKvi‡f` †f․Z iƒ‡ci cÖK…wZ I Zi½e„‡Ëi cybive„wËg~jK Ae¯’v we‡ePbv K‡i Zi‡½i bvbviKg †kÖwYfvM Kiv n‡q _v‡K| G‡ÿ‡Î cÖ_‡gB `y ai‡bi †kªwYfvM wb‡q Av‡jvPbv Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| G¸wj nj- K. mvBb Zi½ I L. RwUj Zi½| K. mvBb Zi½ wKQz Zi½ †`L‡Z mij| we‡klZ †Kvb Zi‡½i Zi½e„‡Ëi g‡a¨ wbw`©ó mgqvšÍ‡i GK ai‡bi cybive„wËg~jK QvuP †`Lv hvq| G ai‡bi Zi½‡K mvBb Zi½ e‡j| D`vniY¯^iƒc, †`Iqvj Nwoi †cÛzjv‡gi GKwU wbw`©ó MwZ‡Z †`vjvi d‡j m„ó Zi½ ev evuwki k‡ã m„ó evqycÖev‡ni Zi½ n‡”Q mvBb Zi½| G ai‡bi Zi½‡K mij Zi½I ejv nq, †h‡nZy Giv GKB MwZ‡Z cybive„Ë nq| G‡K mvB‡bvm‡qW (sinusoid) Zi½I ejv nq| Ic‡i mvBb Zi‡½i iƒc †`Lv‡bv nj(†`Lyb wPÎ 6.3)| aŸwb Zi‡½i w`K †_‡K we‡ePbv Ki‡j ¯^ih‡š¿i Af¨šÍi ¯^iZš¿x †_‡K Drcbœ †g․wjK K¤úv½hy³ (f0) Zi½‡K mij Zi½ ejv nq| D`vniY¯^iƒc, 100 nvR© (Hz)-Gi K¤úv¼ gv‡b n‡”Q aŸwb Zi‡½ cÖwZ †m‡K‡Û 100 m¤ú~Y© Zi½e„Ë AvewZ©Z n‡q‡Q| KviY G‡ÿ‡Î 100 evi ¯^iZš¿x Db¥y³ n‡q‡Q| L. RwUj Zi½ GKB mg‡q AveZ©bkxj wKQz mij ev mvBb Zi‡½i mgwó n‡”Q RwUj Zi½| we‡kl K‡i wfbœ wfbœ K¤úv¼hy³ wKQz Zi½ hviv cybive„Ë nq e‡j Zv‡`i mw¤§wjZ iƒc‡K RwUj Zi½ e‡j| D`vniY¯^iƒc, gvby‡li Drcvw`Z aŸwb Zi½ n‡”Q RwUj Zi½ †h¸wj `yB ev Z‡ZvwaK mvBb Zi‡½i mgwó|

wPÎ 6.5 RwUj aŸwb Zi½

GQvovI Zi½e„‡Ëi wbqwgZ ev AwbqwgZ AveZ©‡bi `„wó‡KvY †_‡K Zi½‡K Avevi `yB fv‡M wef³ Kiv hvq| G¸‡jv nj- M. wbqwgZ Zi½ Ges N. AwbqwgZ Zi½|

72 | mgKvjxb fvlvweÁvb M. wbqwgZ Zi½ ev¯Íe RM‡Z wKQz Zi‡½i Aw¯ÍZ¡ i‡q‡Q †hLv‡b wbqwgZ weiwZ‡Z wbw`©ó mgqmxgvq Zi½e„˸‡jv AvewZ©Z nq| G¸‡jv‡K wbqwgZ Zi½ ejv nq| Dc‡i D‡jøwLZ mvBb Ges RwUj Zi½ DfqB wbqwgZ Zi½| gvby‡li D”PvwiZ mKj ¯^iaŸwb, bvwmK¨ aŸwb Ges †Nvl aŸwb n‡”Q wbqwgZ aŸwb Zi‡½i D`vniY| †h‡nZz DwjøwLZ aŸwb Zi½¸‡jvi wbqwgZ I cybive„wËg~jK Zi½e„Ë i‡q‡Q, †m‡nZy Gme aŸwbi Zi½‡K Ôdzwiqvi we‡kølYÕ (Fourier analysis) Gi gva¨‡g mij Zi½ Dcv`v‡b wef³ Kiv hvq| N. AwbqwgZ Zi½ Ab¨w`‡K, †h Zi‡½i Zi½e„˸‡jv wbqwgZ weiwZ‡Z AvewZ©Z nq bv eis G‡jvcv_vwofv‡e AvewZ©Z nIqvi Kvi‡Y †g․wjK K¤úv¼ cwigvc Kiv hvq bv, Zv‡K AwbqwgZ Zi½ ejv nq| †m Kvi‡Y Zi½MZ we‡køl‡Y G¸‡jv A‡bKUvB AwbqwgZ •ewkó¨ cÖ`k©b K‡i| D`vniY¯^iƒc, A‡Nvl aŸwb, we‡kl K‡i- A‡Nvl wkm aŸwb¸‡jv GK GKwU AwbqwgZ Zi½|

wPÎ 6.6 AwbqwgZ aŸwb Zi½

6.3 Zi½ aŸwbweÁv‡bi ¸iæZ¡c~Y© cwifvlv I Awfav aŸwbweÁv‡bi kvLv wn‡m‡e Zi½ aŸwbweÁvb AwaKZi mv¤úªwZK mg‡q weKwkZ GKwU Ávb‡ÿÎ| aŸwbweÁv‡bi GB mnkvLvi ZË¡ I c×wZi GKwU eo AskB weÁvb Z_v c`v_©weÁvb †_‡K msKwjZ n‡q‡Q| d‡j GB kvLvi ZË¡-c×wZi m‡½ mswkøó ¸iæZ¡c~Y© cwifvlv I Awfavmg~n †h‡nZz aŸwb Zi½‡K †K›`ª K‡iB weKwkZ n‡q‡Q, G¸‡jvi mij e¨vL¨v GLv‡b Dc¯’vcb Kiv nj| 6.3.1 Zi½‣`N©¨ (wave length) Zi½‣`N©¨ n‡”Q †Kvb GKwU Zi‡½i †h‡Kvb `ywU wµqvkxj mgwe›`yi g‡a¨Kvi Avbyf~wgK `~iZ¡| GB Avbyf~wgK `~iZ¡ gvcvi †ÿ‡Î †h †K․kj¸‡jv AbymiY Kiv nq Zvi g‡a¨ D‡jøL‡hvM¨ n‡”Q- GKwU

Zi½ aŸwbweÁvb | 73 Zi½‣`‡N¨©i Avi‡¤¢i mxgv †_‡K Av‡iKwU Zi½‣`‡N¨©i ïiæi cÖvšÍ ch©šÍ cwigvc Kiv| D`vniY¯^iƒc, Zi½wU hw` 0 `kv †_‡K ïiæ nq Z‡e GwU Avevi 0 `kvq wd‡i Avmvi mgq ch©šÍ •`N¨©‡K Zi½‣`N¨© ejv nq| wb‡Pi wPÎwU †`Lv †h‡Z cv‡i|

L.

K. wPÎ 6.7 GKwU c~Y© Zi½‣`N©¨

Z‡e G‡ÿ‡Î GKwU aŸwb Zi‡½i msKzwPZ Ae¯’vi ïiæ †_‡K cÖmvwiZ Ae¯’vi †kl we›`y‡KI GKwU m¤ú~Y© aŸwb Zi½ wn‡m‡e we‡ePbv Kiv nq| D`vniY¯^iƒc, wPÎ 6.7 K.†Z GKwU c~Y© Zi½ •`‡N¨©i †h kbv³ wPý †`Iqv n‡q‡Q Zv‡Z †`Lv hv‡”Q, GwU 90 wWwMÖ †_‡K ïiæ n‡q Avevi 90 wWwMÖ‡Z wM‡q †kl n‡q‡Q| Ab¨w`‡K, wPÎ 6.5L. †Z c~Y© Zi½‣`N¨©wU ïiæ n‡q‡Q 180 wWwMÖ †_‡K Ges †klI n‡q‡Q 180 wWwMÖ‡Z G‡mB|

wPÎ 6.8 GKwU c~Y© Zi½‣`N©¨

6.3.2 Zi½e„Ë (wave cycle) Zi½e„Ë n‡”Q aŸwb Zi‡½i GKwU c~Y© GKK| GwU g~jZ evqy gva¨‡g aŸwb Zi½ •Zwi Rb¨ †h AwfNvZ m„wó nq, †m AwfNv‡Zi GKwU m¤ú~Y© we¯Ívi| GB we¯Ív‡ii ïiæ I †kl n‡”Q h_vµ‡g GKwU Zi½‣`‡N¨©i Avi¤¢ Ges mgvcbx cÖvšÍ| †m `„wó‡KvY †_‡K GKwU m¤ú~Y© Zi½‣`N©¨‡K GKwU c~Y© Zi½e„Ë wn‡m‡e aiv n‡q _v‡K| wb‡Pi wP‡Î †h aŸwb Zi½ †`Lv‡bv n‡q‡Q Zv‡Z Zi½e„‡Ëi mxgv wb‡`©k Kiv n‡q‡Q|

74 | mgKvjxb fvlvweÁvb

wPÎ 6.9 GKwU c~Y© Zi½‣`N©¨

6.3.3 ch©vq (period) GKwU c~Y© Zi½e„Ë AvewZ©Z n‡Z hZ mgq jv‡M Zv‡K ch©vq ejv nq| D`vniY¯^iƒc, hw` †Kvb aŸwb Zi‡½i 10wU Zi½e„Ë 1 †m‡K‡Û AvewZ©Z nq, Zvn‡j Gi ch©vq n‡”Q wb¤œiƒc1/10 †m‡KÛ, A_v©r .1 †m‡KÛ| 6.3.4 K¤úv¼ (frequency) K¤úv¼ †Kvb Zi½iƒ‡ci AveZ©‡bi mgqmxgv‡K wb‡`©k K‡i| GK †m‡K‡Û †Kvb Zi‡½i hZ¸‡jv Zi½e„‡Ëi AveZ©b m¤úbœ nq Zv‡K K¤úv¼ e‡j| †m wn‡m‡e †Kvb Zi‡½i GK †m‡K‡Û hZ †ewk Zi½e„Ë AvewZ©Z nq, Zvi K¤úv¼ ZZ †ewk nq| GB wn‡me‡K †K›`ªwe›`y a‡i D”P K¤úv¼ ev wb¤œ K¤úv¼ wbY©q Kiv nq (†`Lyb wPÎ 6.10)|

wPÎ 6.10 aŸwbi D”P I wb¤œ K¤úv¼

K¤úv¼ cwigv‡ci GKK n‡”Q nvR© (Hz) †hwU cÖwZ †m‡K‡Û m¤úvw`Z Zi½e„‡Ëi mgvb| D`vniY¯^iƒc, hw` 10wU Zi½e„Ë GK †m‡K‡Û AvewZ©Z nq, Zvn‡j Gi K¤úv¼ n‡”Q 10 cps (cycle per second) ev 10 nvR©| ZvB GwU Gfv‡eI ejv hvq †h, 1cps = 1 Hz, ev 100 cps = 100 Hz|

Zi½ aŸwbweÁvb | 75 Zi‡½i K¤úv‡¼i mv‡_ chv©‡qi GKwU m¤úK© i‡q‡Q| GB m¤úK© wb‡Pi m~‡Îi mvnv‡h¨ cÖKvk Kiv hvq| f = 1/t GLv‡b, f = K¤úv¼ (Hz) Ges t = ch©vq (†m‡KÛ)| D‡jøwLZ m~‡Î hw` Avgiv Ic‡i cÖvß ch©v‡qi gvb emvB Zvn‡j K¤úv¼ n‡”Qf = 1/.1 ev 10 Hz Ic‡ii m~Î †_‡K eySv hv‡”Q, Zi‡½i K¤úv¼ cwigvc‡hvM¨| wKš‘ K¤úv‡¼i Dcjwä‡hvM¨ AwfavwU n‡”Q wcP (pitch) †hwU kÖæwU aŸwbweÁv‡b †ewk e¨eüZ nq| Z‡e GUv g‡b ivL‡Z n‡e, K¤úv¼ hw` †ewk nq, Zvn‡j wcPI †ewk n‡e| gvby‡li Kvb KZ©„K kbv³K…Z wcP ev K¤úv‡¼i mxgv 20-20,000 nvR© n‡jI gvbyl KZ©„K m„ó aŸwbi K¤úv‡¼i mxgv n‡”Q 100-6000 nvR©| 6.3.5 we¯Ívi (amplitude) †Kvb Zi‡½i w¯’Z Ae¯’v †_‡K Gi mev©waK wePz¨wZ‡K Zi‡½i we¯Ívi e‡j| we¯Ív‡ii `ywU iKg‡di i‡q‡Q, K.abvZ¥K we¯Ívi, I L. FYvZ¥K we¯Ívi| K. abvZ¥K we¯Ívi w¯’Z Ae¯’v †_‡K mev©waK abvZ¥K ev Ic‡ii w`‡Ki wePz¨wZ‡K abvZ¥K we¯Ívi e‡j(†`Lyb wPÎ 6.9K)| L. FYvZ¥K we¯Ívi cÿvšÍ‡i Zi‡½i w¯’Z Ae¯’v †_‡K mev©vwaK FYvZ¥K ev wb‡Pi w`‡Ki wePz¨wZi mgwó‡K Gi we¯Ívi ejv nq(†`Lyb wPÎ 6.9L)|

K.

L.

wPÎ 6.11 Zi‡½i we¯Ívi Ges Gi •`N¨©

76 | mgKvjxb fvlvweÁvb aŸwb Zi‡½i we¯Ívi cwigv‡ci †ÿ‡Î mvaviYZ abvZ¥K we¯Ívi Ges FYvZ¥K we¯Ívi Gi †hvMdj‡K we‡ePbvq Avbv nq (†`Lyb wPÎ 6.11L.)| aŸwb Zi‡½i we¯Ív‡ii GKK n‡”Q †Wwmej (dB)| 6.3.6 `kv (phase) `kv n‡”Q cybive„wËg~jK Zi‡½i AšÍfy³ © GKwU Zi½e„‡Ëi g‡a¨Kvi †h‡Kvb GKwU we›`yi Ae¯’vb †hLvb †_‡K Zi½wU ïiæ nq| aŸwb Zi‡½i †ÿ‡Î `kv aviYvwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y©| KviY aŸwb Zi‡½ mvaviYZ GKvwaK Zi‡½i ms‡hvM N‡U _v‡K| G‡ÿ‡Î `ywU wfbœ `kvhy³ aŸwb Zi½ hw` GKwÎZ nq Zvn‡j K¤úv¼ Awfbœ nIqv m‡Ë¡I G‡`i djvdj wfbœ n‡q _v‡K|

wPÎ 6.12 Zi½iƒ‡ci wewfbœ `kvi Ae¯’vb (Drm: The Physics of Sound)

Ic‡ii wP‡Î aŸwb Zi‡½i wewfbœ `kv ev Zi½e„‡Ëi Ae¯’vb we›`y‡K wb‡`©k Kiv n‡q‡Q| D`vniY¯^iƒc, 1. Zi‡½i `kv 0 wWwMÖ n‡Z ïiæ n‡j GwUi Mgbc‡_i w`K 0 †_‡K 90 wWwMÖi w`‡K _v‡K| 2. Zi‡½i `kv 90 wWwMÖ†_‡K ïiæ n‡j Gi Mgb c‡_i w`K wb‡Pi w`‡K A_v©r 180 wWwMÖi w`‡K _v‡K| 3. Zi‡½i `kv 180 wWwMÖ †_‡K ïiæ n‡j Gi Mgb c‡_i w`K wb‡Pi w`‡K A_v©r 270 wWwMÖi w`‡K _v‡K| 4. Zi‡½i `kv 270 wWwMÖ †_‡K ïiæ n‡j Gi Mgb c‡_i w`K Ic‡ii w`‡K A_v©r 360 wWwMÖi w`‡K _v‡K| 6.3.7 nvi‡gvwbK(harmonic) †Kvb aŸwb Zi‡½ GKB ch©vqe„‡Ëi wewfbœ Zi‡½i mswgkÖY n‡j G‡Z wewfbœ K¤úv¼ hy³ Lv‡K| G ai‡bi RwUj aŸwb Zi‡½i K¤úv‡¼i mw¤§jb‡K nvi‡gvwbK ejv nq| A_v©r wewfbœ mvBb Zi‡½i GKÎxKiY NU‡j G‡Z wewfbœ K¤úv¼, h_v- f, 2f, 3f, 4f BZ¨vw`i mgv‡ek N‡U hv‡K nvi‡gvwbK wn‡m‡e MY¨ Kiv nq| G‡ÿ‡Î f n‡”Q †g․wjK K¤úv¼ (f0) Ges Ab¨vb¨ K¤úv¼ †g․wjK K¤úv‡¼i ¸wYZK| D`vniY¯^iƒc, D³ RwUj Zi‡½i †g․wjK K¤úv¼ hw` 100 Hz nq, Zvn‡j evwK K¤úv¼¸wj n‡”Q 200 Hz, 300 Hz, 400

Zi½ aŸwbweÁvb | 77 Hz BZ¨vw`| GB we‡ePbvq nvi‡gvwbK‡K K¤úv‡¼i mgwó wn‡m‡e MY¨ Kiv hvq| Gfv‡e †Kvb aŸwb Zi‡½

hLb nvi‡gvwbK •Zwi nq, ZLb GwU AbyiYbRvZ e‡j g‡b Kiv nq|

wPÎ 6.13 aŸwb Zi‡½i nvi‡gvwbK iƒc

6.3.8 †¯úK‡UvMÖvd (spectograph) †Kvb Zi‡½i kw³‡K we‡kølY I cwigvc Kivi hš¿‡K․kj‡K †¯úK‡UvMªvd ejv nq| g~jZ 1950 Gi `kK †_‡K Zi½ aŸwbweÁv‡b †¯úK‡UvMÖv‡di e¨envi ïiæ nq hvi mvnv‡h¨ evP‡bi aŸwbMZ Dcv`vb‡K wewkøó Kivi ci we‡kølY Kiv nq| Avi †¯úK‡UvMÖv‡di mvnv‡h¨ Zi½‡K we‡kølY Kivi ci Zv †¯úK‡UvMÖv‡g iƒcvšÍwiZ nq| 6.3.9 †¯úK‡UvMÖvg (spectogram) †¯úK‡UvMÖv‡di mvnv‡h¨ aŸwb Zi½ we‡køl‡Yi ci Zvi †h iƒc `„k¨gvb nq, Zv‡K †¯úK‡UvMÖvg e‡j| GwU g~jZ aŸwb Zi‡½i GK ai‡bi wPÎMZ iƒc †hLv‡b Gi mgq ev ch©vq, K¤úv¼ Ges ZxÿèZv `„k¨gvb nq| aŸwb Zi‡½i gva¨‡g †Kvb gvbe aŸwbi wewfbœ †f․Z •ewkó¨ †hgb cwigvc Kiv hvq, †¯úU‡UvMÖv‡gI aŸwbi Abyiƒc •ewkó¨mg~n cwigvc‡hvM¨| GKwU †¯úK‡UvMÖvg wP‡Îi X A‡ÿ A_v©r Avbyf~wgK A‡ÿ †hLv‡b mgq‡K wb‡`©k Kiv nq, †mLv‡b Y A‡ÿ Gi K¤úv¼ Ges Kvj `v‡Mi ejq _v‡K hv Zi‡½i ZxeªZv‡K m~wPZ K‡i| GB Kvj `v‡Mi ejq w`‡q Zi‡½i we¯Ívi‡K eySv‡bv n‡q _v‡K| aŸwb hZ †ewk D”P¯^‡ii n‡e GB `v‡Mi ejq¸‡jv ZZ‡ewk Kvj †`Lv‡e (†`Lyb wPÎ 6.14)|

wPÎ 6.14 †¯úK‡UvMÖvg

78 | mgKvjxb fvlvweÁvb aŸwb Zi‡½i wewfbœ †f․Z Ae¯’v eySvi Rb¨ `yB ai‡bi †¯úK‡UvMÖvg e¨eüZ nq, K. msKxY©-ejq †¯úK‡UvMÖvg Ges L. cÖk¯Í-ejq †¯úK‡UvMÖvg| msKxY©-ejq †¯úK‡UvMÖv‡g wcP Ges nvi‡gvwbK¸‡jv mn‡RB `„k¨gvb nq| Ab¨vw`‡K, cÖk¯Í-ejq †¯úK‡UvMÖv‡g Zi½ ch©vq Ges di‡g›U¸‡jv fvjfv‡e dz‡U I‡V| GQvov msKxY©-ejq †¯úK‡UvMÖv‡g †hLv‡b Avbyf~wgK jvBb _v‡K, cÖk¯Í-ejq †¯úK‡UvMÖv‡g †mLv‡b Djø¤^ †iLv eZ©gvb _v‡K|

wPÎ 6.15: cÖk¯Í-ejq Ges msKxY©-ejq †¯úK‡UvMÖvg

6.3.9 di‡g›U(formant) †¯úK‡UvMÖv‡g Kvj i‡Oi †h Avbyf~wgK ejq¸‡jv †`Lv hvq †m¸‡jv‡K di‡g›U e‡j| GB di‡g›U¸‡jv g~jZ aŸwb-Zi½kw³i mgwš^Z iƒc hv Gi we‡kl PvwiΨ‣ewkó¨‡K wb‡`©k K‡i, we‡kl K‡i- G¸‡jv RwUj Zi‡½i nvi‡gvwbK Z_v wbw`©ó K¤úv¼ I D”PgvÎvi we¯Ívi‡K m~wPZ K‡i| †h‡nZz †¯úK‡UvMÖv‡gi di‡g›U¸‡jv nvi‡gvwbK‡K wb‡`©k K‡i, †m‡nZz G‡Z A‡bK¸‡jv K¤úv¼ mshy³ _v‡K| G K¤úv¼¸‡jv‡K f1, f2, f3 BZ¨vw` bvg †`Iqv n‡q _v‡K †h¸‡jv cÖ‡Z¨KwUB aŸwb Zi‡½i †g․wjK K¤úv‡¼i (f0) D”P ch©v‡qi (†`Lyb wPÎ 6.14) iƒc| GLv‡b f1 w`‡q ¯^iaŸwbi D”PZv •ewkó¨‡K eySvq; A_v©r D”PvwiZ ¯^iaŸwb wK ÔD”PÕ ev Ôwb¤œÕ Zv wb‡`©k K‡i| Ab¨w`‡K, f2 ej‡Z D”PvwiZ ¯^iaŸwbwU Ôm¤§yLÕ ev ÔcðvrÕ †m Ae¯’vb‡K m~wPZ K‡i| me©‡k‡l, f3 GK ai‡bi ¸YMZ cv_©K¨‡K eySvq †hwU wb‡`©k K‡i wKfv‡e Ges †Kvb gvÎvq ¯^iZš¿x¸‡jv Kw¤úZ nq, we‡kl K‡i G¸‡jv †_‡K KZUzKz `„pZvq evZvm †ei n‡q hvq| GwU KLbI KLbI m¤§yL ebvg cðvr ¯^iaŸwbi ms‡KvP‡bi mvovcÖ`vb‡KI m~wPZ K‡i|

wPÎ 6.16: di‡g‡›Ui K¤úv¼

Zi½ aŸwbweÁvb | 79 GB nvi‡gvwbK c¨vUvb© me aŸwb-Zi‡½i †ÿ‡Î GKB _v‡K Ges nvi‡gvwb‡Ki K¤úv¼¸‡jv me aŸwb Zi‡½i †ÿ‡ÎB wbqwgZ ixwZ‡Z `„k¨gvb nq| Z‡e nvi‡gvwb‡Ki c¨vUvb© ev QvuP Awfbœ _vK‡jI A_v©r f1, f2, f3 ixwZ‡Z web¨¯Í n‡jI nvi‡gvwbK mswkøó K¤úv¼¸‡jv wfbœ wfbœ nq hv g~jZ aŸwb D”PviYKvixi †g․wjK K¤úv‡¼i gv‡bi Ici wbf©i K‡i| D`vniY¯^iƒc, †`Lv †Mj †Kvb aŸwb Zi‡½i f1, f2, Ges f3 h_vµ‡g 3 nvi‡gvwbK, 5 nvi‡gvwbK Ges 7 nvi‡gvwbK| G‡ÿ‡Î hw` D³ aŸwb Zi‡½i †g․wjK K¤úv¼ 100 nvR© nq, Zvn‡j f1, f2, Ges f3 h_vµ‡g (3 x f0) 3x 100 = 300 nvR©, (5 x f0) 5x 100 = 500 nvR© Ges (7 x f0) 7x 100 = 700 nvR©| 6.4 Zi½ aŸwbweÁv‡bi Av‡jv‡K gvbe aŸwbi we‡kølY msÁvc‡bi cÖ‡qvR‡b gvbyl †h aŸwbmg~n m„wó K‡i Zvi m„Rb cÖwµqv‡K Zi½ aŸwbweÁv‡bi Av‡jv‡K we‡køl‡Yi †h․w³KZv i‡q‡Q| gvbe aŸwbi D”PviY cÖwµqvi m‡½ Avgiv A‡bK †ewk cwiwPZ| Z‡e G aŸwb¸‡jvi D”PviY cÖwµqvi mv‡_B mv‡_B G¸‡jvi m„R‡bi Zi½ aŸwbMZ ch©vq ïiæ n‡q hvq| welqwU‡K AviI ¯úó K‡i ej‡j hv `vuovq, gvbe aŸwbi ¯^iY Ges D”PviY cÖwµqv hyMcr P‡j| D‡jøL¨, aŸwbi Zi½weÁvbMZ we‡køl‡Yi †ÿ‡Î ¯^iZš¿x Ges Mjwe‡ji AbyiYb •ewkó¨ gyL¨ f~wgKv cvjb K‡i| G ch©v‡q gvbe aŸwbi Zi½weÁvbMZ we‡køl‡Yi cÖv_wgK †K․kj¸‡jvi eY©bv cÖ`vb nj| gvby‡li wewfbœ aŸwb D”Pvi‡Yi †hgb mywbw`©ó cÖwµqv eZ©gvb, wVK †Zgwbfv‡e G¸‡jv m„R‡bi †ÿ‡Î Avgv‡`i wKQz avivevwnK ch©vqI Aej¤^b Ki‡Z nq| GB avivevwnK ch©vq¸‡jvi n‡”QK. k^mb (respiration) L. ¯^iY (phonation) M. AbyiYb (resonance) N. D”PviY (articulation) k^mb n‡”Q gvbe aŸwb m„R‡bi cÖv_wgK cÖwµqv| k^mb ej‡Z dzmdzm †_‡K evZv‡mi wbM©gb Ges AvMgb Dfq‡KB wb‡`©k K‡i| Z‡e gvby‡li aŸwb m„R‡bi Rb¨ g~jZ dzmdzm †_‡K evZv‡mi wbM©gb‡KB eySv‡bv n‡q _v‡K| KviY AwaKvsk gvbe fvlv‡ZB dzmdzm †_‡K evZvm wbM©g‡bi mgqB aŸwbmg~n m„wó nq, hw`I Avwd«Kv gnv‡`‡ki wKQz fvlvq evB‡i †_‡K evZvm dzmdz‡m AvMg‡bi mgq •Zwi nq| k^mb‡K aŸwb m„wói †ÿ‡Î kw³i Drm †K›`ª wn‡m‡e we‡ePbv Kiv nq| KviY aŸwb m„R‡bi †ÿ‡Î ¯^iZš¿x‡K cÖwµqvKi‡Y mnvqZv Kivi Rb¨ evZvm‡K dzmdzm †_‡K Avm‡Z nq| aŸwb m„R‡bi †ÿ‡Î k^m‡bi cieZx© avcB n‡”Q ¯^iY| Zi½ aŸwbweÁv‡bi `„wó‡KvY †_‡K †`L‡j ¯§iY aŸwb m„R‡bi ¸iæZ¡c~Y© avc wn‡m‡e we‡ewPZ| ¯^iY ej‡Z eySv‡bv n‡”Q, dzmdzm †_‡K AvMZ evZvm ¯^ih‡š¿ AvMg‡bi ci wK cÖwµqvq ¯^iZš¿xi mvnv‡h¨ cwiewZ©Z I iƒcvšÍwiZ n‡q K¤úv¼ •Zwi K‡i Ges cieZx© av‡ci cÖwµqv¸‡jv‡K GwU wKfv‡e cÖfvweZ K‡i Zv eY©bv I we‡kølY| ¯^iY cÖwµqvi mv‡_ A½vw½fv‡e Rwo‡q Av‡Q aŸwb Drcv`‡bi cieZx© avc¸‡jv, we‡kl K‡i AbyiYb avcwU|

80 | mgKvjxb fvlvweÁvb AbyiYb n‡”Q aŸwb m„R‡bi Kvh©Ki GKwU avc †hwU g~jZ ¯^i‡Yi c‡i Mjwe‡j msNwUZ nq| ¯^iY †_‡K †h †g․wjK K¤úv¼ •Zwi nq †mwU Mjwejxq MnŸ‡i †c․uQvi ci Gi AbyiYb •ewk‡ó¨i Kvi‡Y AviI †ewk Kw¤úZ nq Ges m¤úwK©Z A‡bK K¤úv¼ •Zwi K‡i| G msµvšÍ eY©bv I we‡kølYB n‡”Q AbyiYb| aŸwb Drcv`‡bi me©‡kl avc D”PviY| D”PviY n‡”Q †mB cÖwµqv †hLv‡b Mjwej †_‡K AvMZ evZvm gyL MnŸi ev bvwmKv MnŸ‡i †c․uQvi ci Zv †Kvb †Kvb cÖZ¨‡½i gva¨‡g Kxfv‡e D”PvwiZ nq Zvi eY©bv| gvbe aŸwbi GB D”PviY †K․kjwU B‡Zvg‡a¨B c~e©eZx© Aa¨v‡q eY©bv Kiv n‡q‡Q (†`Lyb Aa¨vq cuvP)| 6.4.1 aŸwbi ¯^iY cÖwµqv gvbe aŸwbi ¯^iY cÖwµqvi †K›`ªwe›`y n‡”Q Mjwe‡j Aew¯’Z ¯^ihš¿ Ges Gi AšÍM©Z `ywU †QvU •kw®§K wSwjø hv‡`i‡K ¯^iZš¿x ejv nq| ¯^iZš¿xi GB K¤úb ev w¯’ive¯’v, A_ev K¤úb Ges w¯’ive¯’v wgwjZfv‡e aŸwb m„R‡b †K›`ªxq f~wgKv iv‡L| G‡ÿ‡Î dzmdzm †_‡K wbM©Z evZv‡mi Pv‡ci cÖvmw½KZv Aek¨B i‡q‡Q| Avi GB Pvc wbtm‡›`‡n k^mb cÖwµqvq dzmdzm †_‡K wbM©Z evZvm †_‡KB Drcbœ nq| GB PvcwU k^vmbvjx cvi n‡q ¯^iZš¿x‡Z Avmvi ci Kw¤úZ nq| gvbe aŸwbi †g․wjK K¤úv¼ •Zwi nq ¯^ih‡š¿ Aew¯’Z ¯^iZš¿xi gva¨‡g| GK †m‡K‡Û ¯^iZš¿x `ywU hZevi GK mv‡_ wgwjZ Ges Avevi Db¥y³ nq Zv‡K †g․wjK K¤úv¼ (f0) e‡j| Z‡e D”P ev wb¤œ K¤úv¼ wba©vi‡Yi †ÿ‡Î ¯^iZš¿xi •`N©¨ I fi ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv iv‡L| D`vniY¯^iƒc, ¯^iZš¿xi •`N©¨ I fi hZ †ewk n‡e, ZZB wb¤œ †g․wjK K¤úv¼ •Zwi n‡e| cÿvšÍ‡i, †Kvb ¯^iZš¿xi •`N©¨ I fi hw` Kg nq, †m‡ÿ‡Î D”P †g․wjK K¤úv¼ m„wó nq| †m wn‡m‡e †h‡nZz cyiæ‡li ¯^iZš¿xi •`N©¨ I fi gwnjv ev wkï‡`i Zzjbvq †ewk, †m‡nZz cyiæl aŸwb Drcv`‡b gwnjv I wkï‡`i Zzjbvq wb¤œ †g․wjK K¤úv¼ •Zwi K‡i| Z‡e aŸwbi †g․wjK K¤úv¼ wba©vi‡Y KLbI KLbI ¯^iZš¿xi •`‡N©¨i †P‡q Gi fi Ges cÖmviY Kvh©Ki f~wgKv †i‡L _v‡K| D`vniY¯^iƒc, ¯^iZš¿xi •`N©¨ e„w× †c‡j wb¤œ †g․wjK K¤úv¼ nIqvi K_v _vK‡jI †h‡nZz G‡ÿ‡Î Zš¿xi ¸iæfvi K‡g wM‡q AwaK cÖmviY N‡U, †mR‡b¨ Zv eis e„w× cvq| we‡kl K‡i, Mv‡bi wkíx‡`i †kLv‡bv n‡q _v‡K hv‡Z Zvuiv ¯^‡ii mxgv `yB A±v‡fi g‡a¨ iv‡L †hLv‡b cÖwZwU A±vf wظY K¤úv¼wewkó nq| d‡j ¸iæM¤¢xi my‡ii K¤úv¼ 80 nv‡R©i g‡a¨ _vK‡jI bvixi K‡Úi m‡ev©”P MxwZgq aŸwbi †ÿ‡Î Zv 1000 nv‡R©iI †ewk n‡q _v‡K| K. ¯^iZš¿x I Gi Ae¯’vMZ iƒc ¯^ih‡š¿ Aew¯’Z ¯^iZš¿x `ywUi w¯’i _vKv ev aŸwb m„wói †ÿ‡Î wfbœ wfbœ Ae¯’v cwijwÿZ nq| w¯’i Ae¯’vq ¯^iZš¿x `ywU ci¯ú‡ii KvQ †_‡K Avjv`v n‡q GKwU wf-AvK…wZi (v-shapeed) m‡e©v”P k^vmviÜ« dvuK •Zwi K‡i (†`Lyb wPÎ 6.17)|

Zi½ aŸwbweÁvb | 81

wPÎ 6.17 : w¯’i ¯^iZš¿x I Gi wf-AvK…wZi k^vmviÜ« dvuK

Avevi aŸwb m„wói mgq GwU wZbwU we‡kl Ae¯’v aviY K‡i| cª_gZ, wewfbœ ai‡bi A‡Nvl ¯ú„ó aŸwb •Zwii †ÿ‡Î GwU c„_K n‡q hvq| wØZxqZ, †Nvl aŸwb, h_v- ¯^i I wد^i m„wói mgq Giv GKmv‡_ hy³ nq| me©‡k‡l, †Nvl e¨Äb •Zwi mgq G `ywU Zš¿x AwaKZi KvQvKvwQ P‡j Av‡m| L. aŸwbMZ •ewkó¨ I ¯^iZš¿xi K¤úb ¯^ihš¿ ev aŸwb-ev‡·i †fZ‡i Aew¯’Z ¯^iZš¿x `ywU w¯’wZ¯’vcK •ewkó¨avix| d‡j dzmdzm †_‡K k¦vmbvjxi gva¨‡g AvMZ evZv‡mi Øviv Giv Kw¤úZ nq| Z‡e ¯^iZ‡š¿i cªwZwU Zi½e„‡Ëi GB K¤úb msNwUZ nq MøwU‡mi wb‡Pi evZv‡mi Pvc Øviv †hwU g~jZ evb©vIwj cÖfv‡ei (Bernoulli effect) gva¨‡g ¯^iZš¿x `ywU‡K c„_K K‡i _v‡K| Z‡e K¤ú‡bi gva¨‡g ¯^iZš¿xi †h MwZgqZv •Zwi nq Zvi cÖK…wZ wbf©i K‡i gvbe aŸwbi •ewk‡ó¨i Ici| D`vniY¯^iƒc, ¯^iaŸwb Drcv`‡bi mgq ¯^iZš¿x wbqwgZ MwZ‡Z AvewZ©Z nq| GB wbqwgZ cybiveZ©‡bi gva¨‡g ¯^iZš¿x `ywU Db¥y³ I eÜ nq| Gfv‡e ¯^iaŸwb Drcv`‡bi †ÿ‡Î ¯^iZš¿x `ywU RwUj mvBb Zi½ •Zwi K‡i †hLv‡b GKwU †g․wjK K¤úv¼ (fo) _vKvi cvkvcvwk AviI A‡bK K¤úv½ _v‡K †h¸‡jv †g․wjK K¤úv‡¼i ¸wYZK| GKBfv‡e ¯^iaŸwb I †Nvl aŸwb¸‡jv ¯^iZš¿x‡Z nvi‡gvwbK K¤úv¼ m„wó K‡i| Ab¨w`‡K, A‡Nvl ¯ú„ó aŸwb m„wói †ÿ‡Î dzmdzmZvwoZ evZvm Db¥y³ MøwUm ev k^vmiÜ« w`‡q †ei n‡q hvq hv‡Z ¯^ih‡š¿i Ici AwbqwgZ Zi½ •Zwii Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq kw³ mÂq Ki‡Z cv‡i| M. Drm I QvuKwb ZË¡ Ges gvbe aŸwbi iƒcvšÍi •ewkó¨ gvbe aŸwb •Zwi Ges Gi Zi½ •ewkó¨ wba©vi‡Yi †ÿ‡Î ¸iæZ¡c~Y© n‡”Q Drm I QvuKwb ZË¡| GLv‡b Drm ej‡Z k^vmiÜ« ev MøwUm‡K wb‡`©k Kiv n‡q‡Q †hLvb †_‡K aŸwb •Zwii cÖwµqv ïiæ nq| Ab¨w`‡K, QvuKwb n‡”Q c~Y©eq¯‥ gvby‡li 17 †mwg `xN© GKwU ¯^ic_| GB ¯^ic‡_i wewfbœ gvÎvi AbyiYb-K¤úv¼ •ewkó¨ i‡q‡Q| we‡klZ, G Kvi‡YB ¯^iZš¿x †_‡K m„ó aŸwb ¯^ic_ w`‡q Mg‡bi mgq mywbw`©ó AbyiYb K¤úv¼ •Zwi nq Ges QvuKwbi f~wgKv cvjb K‡i|

82 | mgKvjxb fvlvweÁvb

wPÎ 6.18 : Drm I QuvKwb

G‡ÿ‡Î cÖ_‡gB ¯^ic‡_i cÖK…wZ I G‡Z m„ó AbyiYb K¤úv‡¼i ¯^iƒc A‡š^lY Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| 17 Bw •`N©¨wewkó ¯^ic‡_i m¤ú~Y© MnŸi‡K AbyiwYZ MnŸi ejv nq| KviY GB MnŸ‡ii AšÍfy³ © cÖZ¨½mg~‡ni AbyiYb-•ewkó¨ ØvivB aŸwbi AbyiYb cÖwµqvwU m¤úbœ nq| GB AbiwYZ MnŸ‡ii mxgv n‡”Q ¯^ih‡š¿i Dci¯’ k^vmiÜ« †_‡K †VvuU ch©šÍ mgMÖ evZvm-wbM©gb c_| G‡Z AšÍfy³ © cÖZ¨½¸‡jv n‡”Q- Mjwejxq MnŸi, gyL MnŸi Ges Hw”QKfv‡e bvwmKv MnŸi| mgMÖ ¯^ic‡_ AbyiwYZ K¤úv¼ •Zwii †cQ‡b wKQz cÖfveK KvR K‡i, †hgb- ¯^ic‡_i wewfbœ A‡½i •`N¨© I AvKvi| Avevi ¯^ic‡_i wewfbœ cªZ¨‡½i •`N©¨ I AvKvi wba©vi‡Yi †ÿ‡Î wRnŸv, big Zvjy, †VvuU I †Pvqv‡ji MwZ I Ae¯’vb f~wgKv iv‡L| D`vniY¯^iƒc, aŸwb D”Pvi‡Yi mgq wRnŸv‡K Ic‡i †Zvjv n‡j Mjwe‡ji AbyiwYZ MnŸi m¤úªmvwiZ nq| Avevi wRnŸv mvg‡bi w`‡K Avm‡j gyL MnŸ‡ii dvuK msKxY© n‡q hvq| cÿvšÍ‡i, D”Pvi‡Yi Kvi‡Y wRnŸv wb‡P bvgv‡bv n‡j Mjwe‡ji AbyiwYZ MnŸi mswÿß nq Ges wRnŸv‡K wcQ‡bi w`‡K ¸wU‡q wb‡j gyL MnŸ‡ii c_ m¤úªmvwiZ nq| D”Pvi‡Yi †ÿ‡Î †VvuU evB‡ii w`‡K cÖmvwiZ Ki‡j mgMÖ ¯^ic_mn gyL MnŸ‡ii c_ `xN© nq| GKBfv‡e ¯^ihš¿‡K wbPz Ki‡j Mjwejxq MnŸi Ges mgMÖ ¯^ic_ m¤úªmvwiZ nq| wewfbœ D”PviY cÖZ¨‡½i Øviv GB ai‡bi cwieZ©‡bi d‡j ¯^ic‡_i †h AvK…wZ `vuovq Zv‡Z ¯^ic‡_i AbyiY‡bi cÖK…wZi cwieZ©b nq Ges D”PvwiZ aŸwbi wfbœ wfbœ K¤úv¼ •Zwi nq| D`vniY¯^iƒc, ¯^ic_ hZ eo n‡e, ZZB wb¤œ K¤úv¼ •Zwi nq| cÿvšÍ‡i, ¯^ic_ ev AbyiwYZ K¤úv¼ †QvU n‡j aŸwb D”Pvi‡Yi mgq D”PgvÎvi K¤úv¼ •Zwi nq| GKwU K_v ¯§iY‡hvM¨, ¯^ic‡_ Aew¯’Z Mjwejxq MnŸiwU n‡”Q ¯^iaŸwb I e¨ÄbaŸwb Drcv`‡bi PjK| wRnŸv, big Zvjy, †VvuU Ges †Pvqv‡ji MwZ I Ae¯’v‡bi Øviv GB AbyiwYZ Mjwejxq MnŸ‡ii AvK…wZi ZviZg¨ •Zwi nIqvi gva¨‡gB bvbv ai‡bi ¯^iaŸwb I e¨ÄbaŸwbi m„wó nq| Ic‡ii Av‡jvPbv †_‡K †`Lv hv‡”Q, gvby‡li gyLw¯’Z Mjwejxq AbyiYb MnŸiwU aŸwb Drcv`‡b cÖK…Z A‡_©B GKwU QvuKwbi KvR K‡i _v‡K| †gv‡Ui Ici, Gfv‡eB gvbe aŸwbi Drcv`b‡K Drm Ges QvuKwbi mgwš^Z iƒc wn‡m‡e MY¨ Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i hv Zi½ aŸwbweÁv‡b Drm I QvuKwb ZË¡ (source and filter theory) iƒ‡c we‡ewPZ|

Zi½ aŸwbweÁvb | 83 6.4.2 ¯^iaŸwbi Zi½MZ cÖK…wZ ¯^iaŸwbi Zi½ cÖK…wZ we‡køl‡Y Drm I QvuKwbi ZË¡MZ e¨vL¨v ¸iæZ¡c~Y©| G‡ÿ‡Î ¯^iZ‡š¿i ms‡KvPb I cÖmvi‡Yi gva¨‡g cÖ_‡g †g․wjK K¤úv¼hy³ aŸwb Zi‡½i AbyiwYZ BbcyU •Zwi nq| GKB mv‡_ G‡Z AmsL¨ m¤úwK©Z K¤úv¼ m„wó nq †h¸‡jv‡K nvi‡gvwbK ejv nq| GB nvi‡gvwbK K¤úv¼¸‡jv Mjwejxq MnŸ‡i AvMg‡bi ci Gi AbyiYb •ewk‡ó¨i Øviv wbqwš¿Z nq| Mjwejxq MnŸ‡ii wbqš¿‡Y wKQz nvi‡gvwbK wbt‡kl n‡q hvq Ges Avevi wKQz ewa©Z nq| G‡ÿ‡Î wRnŸv, †VvuU, †Pvqvj I ¯^ic‡_i wewfbœ cÖZ¨‡½i Rsk‡bi (cross-sectional area) Ae¯’vbMZ f~wgKv jÿYxq| Gfv‡e ewa©Z nvi‡gvwbK¸‡jv AviI cÖ‡qvRbxq D”PviY cÖwµqv mgvcb †k‡l ¯^iaŸwbi Drcv`b m¤ú~Y© K‡i| GB ewa©Z nvi‡gvwbK K¤úv½¸‡jvB †¯ú‡±vMÖv‡g msnZ kw³i wPý¯^iƒc Kvj ej‡q `„k¨gvb nq †h¸‡jv‡K di‡g›U bvg †`Iqv n‡q _v‡K| g‡b ivL‡Z n‡e, ¯^iaŸwb m„wói cÖwµqvq Dr‡m †h ai‡bi nvi‡gvwbK K¤úv¼ •Zwi nq Zv ¯^ic‡_i †kl cÖZ¨½ A_v©r †Vvu‡U †c․uQvi ciI GKB _v‡K; ïay G¸‡jvi we¯Ív‡ii iKg‡di N‡U| Avgiv B‡Zvg‡a¨ †R‡bwQ, ¯^iaŸwb D”Pvi‡Yi mgq wRnŸv, †VvuU, †Pvqvj I ¯^ic‡_i wewfbœ cÖZ¨‡½i Rsk‡bi (cross-sectional area) wbqš¿Y ev G¸‡jvi cwiewa©Z I msKzwPZ Ae¯’vi Øviv ¯^ic‡_i cÖK…wZ I MwZgqZvi cwieZ©b nq| †m Kvi‡YB wfbœ wfbœ K¤úv¼hy³ ¯^iaŸwb m„wó nq| wb‡P GB welhwU e¨vL¨v Kiv nj| GLv‡b /i/ ¯^iaŸwbi Zi½MZ cÖwµqv we‡kølY Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| /i/ GKwU D”P ¯^iawb| GwU D”Pvi‡Yi mgq wRnŸv Ic‡i I‡V g~a©vi KvQvKvwQ P‡j Av‡m ev gy‡Li mvg‡b avweZ nq| wKš‘ G‡ÿ‡Î wRnŸv †Mvj n‡q †ei n‡q hvIqvi †Kvb KviY msNwUZ nq bv| d‡j gyL MnŸi msKxY© nIqvi Kvi‡Y ¯^ic‡_i •`N¨© †QvU n‡q hvq| G Kvi‡Y aŸwb D”Pvi‡Yi mgq D”P K¤úv¼ •Zwi nq| Bs‡iwR ¯^iaŸwb /i/-Gi D”P ¯^iaŸwbi cÖ_g dig¨v›U ev f1 n‡”Q 270 nvR©| GwU †h‡Kvb wb¤œ ¯^iaŸwbi ¯^iaŸwbi Zzjbvq Kg| Gi KviY wn‡m‡e ejv hvq †h, f1 aŸwbi D”PZv wb‡`©kK GKwU gvcKvwV †hwU g~jZ mswkøó ¯^iaŸwb D”PZv Ges g~a©vi g‡a¨Kvi dvuK I †mB mv‡_ Zvi MwZ‡K wb‡`©k K‡i| Zzjbvg~jKfv‡e /i/ aŸwb D”Pvi‡Yi mgq g~a©vi mv‡_ Gi †h duvK, Zv †h †Kvb wb¤œ ¯^iaŸwbi dvu‡Ki †P‡q Kg e‡j Gi f1 Kg n‡q _v‡K| G‡ÿ‡Î d¨vwism ev Mjwejxq MnŸ‡ii eo nIqv‡KI Gi f1 Kg nIqvi mv‡_ m¤úwK©Z Kiv hvq| cvkvcvwk GB aŸwbwU D”Pvi‡Yi mgq †h msKxY© ¯^ic_ •Zwi nq †mwU D”P K¤úv‡¼ Kw¤úZ nq e‡j Gi f2 Ges f3 D”P K¤úv‡¼i n‡q _v‡K| cðvr ¯^iaŸwb /a/, D”P ¯^iaŸwb /i/ Gi Zzjbvq wb¤œ K¤úv‡¼i ¯^iaŸwb| KviY GB ¯^iaŸwbwU D”Pvi‡Yi mgq ¯^ic‡_i •`N©©¨ †e‡o hvq, †h‡nZz GB aŸwbwU D”PviYKv‡j wRnŸv wcQ‡bi w`‡K ¸wU‡q hvq| d‡j wRnŸvi g‡a¨Kvi dvuK AwaKZi †e‡o hvq| GQvov G‡Z Mjwejxq MnŸi msKxY© n‡q hvIqvi Kvi‡Y Dr‡m AwaKZi D”P K¤úv¼ •Zwi nq e‡j Gi f1 †ewk n‡q _v‡K| Ab¨w`‡K, ¯^ic‡_i •`N¨© †e‡o hvIqvi Kvi‡Y ¯^ic_ m¤úªmvwiZ nq e‡j Dr‡m wb¤œ K¤úv‡¼i nvi‡gvwbK •Zwi nq Ges Gi f2 Ges f3 Zzjbvg~jKfv‡e Kg n‡q _v‡K|

84 | mgKvjxb fvlvweÁvb /u/ GKwU †MvjvKvi ¯^iaŸwb †hwU wRnŸvi †cQb w`K †_‡K D”PvwiZ nq| †MvjvKvi ¯^iaŸwb nIqvi Kvi‡Y GwU D”Pvi‡Yi mgq †VvuU †Mvj n‡q evB‡ii w`‡K AwaKZi m¤úªmvwiZ nq| d‡j ¯^ic‡_i •`N¨© †e‡o hvq| G‡Z wZbwU di‡g‡›UB wb¤œ K¤úv¼ •Zwi nq| Ic‡i DwjøwLZ D”PviY cÖwµqv AbymiY K‡i Ab¨vb¨ ¯^iaŸwbiI Zi½aŸwbMZ •ewkó¨ we‡køl‡Yi cvkvcvwk G‡`i wfbœ wfbœ K¤úv‡¼i dig¨v›U¸‡jv wbiƒcY Kiv m¤¢e| wb‡P Av‡gwiKvb Bs‡iwRi ¯^iaŸwb¸‡jvi dig¨v›U iƒ‡ci wPÎ cÖ`vb Kiv nj| K.

L.

M.

Zi½ aŸwbweÁvb | 85 N.

wPÎ 6.17 [K, L, M, N] Av‡gwiKvb Bs‡iwR ¯^iaŸwbi di‡g›U iƒc

m¤úªwZ PµeZx© (2012) cÖwgZ evsjv ¯^iaŸwb¸‡jvi Zi½wPÎ •Zwic~e©K G‡`i cÖ_g `ywU di‡g‡›Ui cwigvc wba©viY K‡i †h mviwY •Zwi K‡i‡Qb Zv wb‡P D‡jøL Kiv nj| mviwY 6.1 evsjv ¯^iaŸwbmg~‡ni cÖ_g I wØZxq di‡g‡›Ui Zzjbvg~jK wPÎ (Drm: PµeZx© 1012: 39)

D³ mviwY‡Z PµeZx© (2012) evsjv ¯^iaŸwbmg~‡ni cÖ_g I wØZxq di‡g‡›Ui †h K¤úvsK wba©viY K‡i‡Qb ZviB Av‡jv‡K wb‡Pi MÖvdwPÎ cÖYqb Kiv n‡q‡Q|

wPÎ 6.20 evsjv ¯^iaŸwbi cÖ_g I wØZxq di‡g‡›Ui wPÎMZ iƒc

86 | mgKvjxb fvlvweÁvb 6.4.3 e¨ÄbaŸwbi Zi½ cÖK…wZ AbyiYb‡K hw` aŸwb-Zi½ m„wói cÖavb AbyNUK wn‡m‡e we‡Pbv Kiv nq, Zvn‡j e¨ÄbaŸwb‡K `yB fv‡M fvM Kiv hvq, h_v- 1. AbyiwYZ e¨Äb Ges 2. A-AbyiwYZ e¨Äb| 6.4.3.1 AbyiwYZ e¨Äb bvwmK¨, wcw”Qj ev kÖæwZ Ges Zij e¨ÄbaŸwb‡K AbyiwYZ e¨Äb ejv nq| KviY ¯^iaŸwbi †h ai‡bi D”PviY I AbyiYb cÖK…wZ i‡q‡Q DwjøwLZ aŸwbi †ejvqI ZvB N‡U _v‡K| KviY ¯^iaŸwbi gZ G¸‡jviI Drm n‡”Q ¯^iZš¿x Ges ¯^ic‡_ Mg‡bi ci G¸‡jvi bvbviKg QvuKwb-cÖwµqv m¤úbœ nq| cÖ_‡gB Avmv hvK, bvwmK¨ aŸwb cÖm‡½| bvwmK¨ aŸwb •Zwii †ÿ‡Î k^vmiÜ« ev MøwU‡m K¤úv¼ m„wói ci †h nvi‡gvwbK •Zwi nq †m¸‡jv Mjwejxq MnŸimn bvwmK¨ MnŸi‡KI AbyiwYZ K‡i| we‡kl K‡i, bvwmK¨ aŸwb D”Pvi‡Yi gva¨‡g bvwmK¨ MnŸi QvovI ¯^ic‡_ `xN© AbyiYb •Zwi nq Ges GK ai‡bi wb¤œ K¤úv¼ m„ó nq| GQvov f¨v‡jvd¨vwis‡mi gyL Db¥yw³i gva¨‡gI ¯^ic‡_i e„w× N‡U _v‡K †hwU g~jZ wb¤œ K¤úv¼ •Zwi‡Z mnvqZv K‡i| G mg¯Í Kvi‡Y bvwmK¨ aŸwbiI dig¨v›Uiƒc `„k¨gvb n‡q _v‡K|

wPÎ 6.21 bvwmK¨ aŸwbi †¯ú‡±vMÖvg (Drm: Google Image)

wcw”Qj aŸwb Ges Zij aŸwb e¨ÄbaŸwbi †kÖwYfz³ n‡jI Zi½‣ewk‡ó¨i w`K †_‡K ¯^iaŸwbi PvwiΨ‡K cÖKvk K‡i| D`vniY¯^iƒc, A-AbyiwYZ e¨Ä‡bi Zzjbvq G¸‡jvi D”Pvi‡Y ¯^iZš¿x¸‡jv A‡cÿvK…Z Db¥y³ _v‡K| d‡j †¯ú‡±vMÖv‡g G‡`i dig¨v›Uiƒc †`Lv hvq| ïay ZvB bq, Drm †_‡K evZv‡mi Pvc ¯^ic‡_ Mg‡bi ci ¯^ic‡_i wbqš¿‡Yi Øviv wewfbœ K¤úv‡¼i nvi‡gvwbK •Zwi nq| G Kvi‡Y G‡`i dig¨v›U msMVb `„k¨gvb nq| 6.4.3.2 A-AbyiwYZ e¨Äb A-AbyiwYZ e¨Ä‡bi cÖ_g D`vniY n‡”Q ¯úk©e¨Äb ev ¯ú„óe¨Äb| G ai‡bi e¨Ä‡bi D‡jøL‡hvM¨ •ewkó¨ n‡”Q, dzmdzm †_‡K AvMZ evZv‡mi cÖevn A‡bKUvB wbqwš¿Z _v‡K| GB e¨Äb¸‡jv AwbqwgZ Zi½ m„wó K‡i| GQvov †¯ú‡±vMÖv‡g G‡`i †Kvb dig¨v›U msMVb _v‡K bv| we‡kl K‡i, G ai‡bi aŸwb D”Pvi‡Yi mgq dzmdzmZvwoZ evZv‡mi cÖevnwU cÖ_‡g iæ× n‡q hvq| KviY G‡ÿ‡Î ¯^ic‡_i `yB RvqMv‡ZB m¤ú~Y© e× Ae¯’v •Zwi nq| GKwU nj f¨v‡jvd¨vwis‡mi Mne‡i bvwmKv c_ iæ× nIqv Ges Ab¨wU n‡”Q wRnŸv ev

Zi½ aŸwbweÁvb | 87 †VvuU mn‡hv‡M gyLMnŸi iæ× Kiv| wKš‘ ciÿ‡YB GB Ae‡iva Ly‡j hvIqvi Kvi‡Y evZv‡mi GKUv S‡ovbv` (burst) •Zwi K‡i evKcÖZ¨½ AwZµg K‡i hvq| Gfv‡e ¯úk©e¨Äb •Zwii mgq MøwU‡mi Ic‡i AwbqwgZ aŸwb Zi½ •Zwi n‡q _v‡K| Avi GB evZv‡mi S‡ovbv‡`i iƒcwU †¯ú‡±vMªv‡g `„k¨gvb nq| d‡j G‡`i †Kvb dig¨v›U iƒc †`Lv hvq bv| K.

L.

wPÎ 6.22 ¯ú„ó aŸwbi S‡ov iƒ‡ci †¯ú‡±vMÖvg (Drm: Google Image)

A-AbyiwYZ e¨Ä‡bi wØZxq D`vniY n‡”Q D®§ ev Nl©YRvZ e¨Äb| G ai‡bi e¨Äb •Zwii †ÿ‡Î ¯^ic‡_i `ywU D”PviK cÖZ¨½ m¤ú~Y© iæ× bv n‡q KvQvKvwQ P‡j Av‡m| d‡j msKxY© c_ w`‡q evZvm wbM©gbKv‡j wbqwgZ GK ai‡bi S‡ovbv` (burst) Aven •Zwi nq| D®§ ev Nl©YRvZ aŸwb †h‡nZz cÖevnagx©, †h‡nZz ¯úk©aŸwbi Zzjbvq GwU `xN© mgq a‡i nq| d‡j †¯ú‡±vMÖv‡g Nl©YRvZ aŸwbi S‡ov AvenwUi GKwU `xN© ej‡q dz‡U I‡V| ZxeªZvi w`K †_‡K D®§ aŸwb GK ai‡bi `ye©j aŸwb| KviY G‡Z msKzwPZ ¯’v‡bi c~‡e© Dcjwä‡hvM¨ AbyiwYZ MnŸi _v‡K bv| wKš‘ Zvic‡iI †¯ú‡±vMÖv‡g cÖk¯Í K¤úv¼ ejq †`Lv hvq(†`Lyb wPÎ 6.23)|

88 | mgKvjxb fvlvweÁvb

wPÎ 6.23 Nl©YRvZ A‡Nvl aŸwbi †¯ú‡±vMÖvg (Drm: Google Image)

Z‡e we‡kl ai‡bi e¨ÄbaŸwb m„wó‡Z wbqwgZ AwbqwgZ- GB `yB ai‡bi aŸwb Zi‡½i mw¤§jb N‡U| D`vniY¯^iƒc, ¯^iZš¿xRvZ wbqwgZ aŸwbcÖevn I cÖevnagx© S‡ov evZv‡mi mw¤§j‡b Nl©YRvZ †NvlaŸwb m„ó nq| Avevi ¯úk© †Nvl aŸwb •Zwi‡Z ¯^iZš¿xRvZ wbqwgZ aŸwbcÖevn Ges ÿY¯’vqx AwbqwgZ aŸwb Zi‡½i mgš^q N‡U|

wPÎ 6.24 Nl©YRvZ †Nvl aŸwbi †¯ú‡±vMÖvg (Drm: Google Image)

me‡k‡l, ¯^i I e¨Ä‡bi Zi½ •ewkó¨ we‡køl‡Y GKwU •ewkó¨ ¯úó †h, †¯ú‡±vMÖv‡g GB `yB ai‡bi aŸwbi bvbv `„k¨gvb •ewkó¨ iƒcvwqZ n‡q _v‡K| †h‡nZz D³ •ewk󨸇jv ¯^i I e¨Äb aŸwbi c~Y©v½ Zi½wPÎ cV‡bi †ÿ‡Î Acwinvh©, †m‡nZz G¸‡jv m¤ú‡K© wkÿv_x©‡`i cwic~Y© aviYv _vKv DwPZ| †m we‡ePbvq wb‡Pi mviwY‡Z e¨ÄbaŸwbmg~‡ni aŸwbZi½ •ewkó¨ D‡jøL Kiv nj (Ladefoged 2001, cited in Davenport & Hannahs 2005:70)|

Zi½ aŸwbweÁvb | 89 mviwY 6.2 e¨Äb aŸwbi aŸwb-Zi½MZ •ewkó¨ D”PviY¯’vb ev D”PviYixwZ

cÖavb cÖavb aŸwb-Zi½MZ •ewkó¨

†Nvl

→ ¯^iZš¿xi K¤ú‡bi ¯§viK wn‡m‡e wewfbœ ai‡bi †mvRv, j¤^v I wPKb `vMhy³ Djø¤^ †iLv †`Lv hvq|

`‡šÍvô¨ `šÍ¨g~jxq KÚ¨ cÖwZ‡ewóZ/g~a©b¨

→ wØZxq Ges Z…Zxq dig¨v‡›Ui Ae¯’vb Zzjbvg~jKfv‡e wb‡P _v‡K| → wØZxq dig¨v‡›Ui Ae¯’vb 1700-1800 nv‡R©i g‡a¨ _v‡K| → mvaviYZ wØZxq dig¨v›U DuPz Ae¯’v‡b _v‡K| → Z…Zxq I PZy_© dig¨v‡›Ui Ae¯’vb A‡cÿvK…Z wb‡P _v‡K|

¯úk© ev ¯ú„ó

→ A‡Nvl ¯úk©e¨Äb aŸwbi D”Pvi‡Yi mgq nVvr NUv S‡ovbv_ ev D”Pbv‡`i Kvi‡Y aŸwb Zi½MZ Qvu‡Pi †ÿ‡Î avivevwnKZv _v‡K bv| Ab¨w`‡K, †Nvl ¯úk© e¨Ä‡bi †ejvq ïiæi w`‡K cwi®‥vi dig¨v›U KvVv‡gv †`Lv hvq|

D®§

→ G‡jvcv_vwofv‡e we‡kl K‡i D”P-K¤úv¼ GjvKvq D”Pbv‡`i QvuP †`Lv hvq| Z‡e GUv mvaviYZ D”PviY¯’v‡bi cÖK…wZi Ici wbf©i K‡i|

bvwmK¨

→ dig¨v›U KvVv‡gv ¯^iaŸwbi gZB; Z‡e Gi dig¨v›U KvVv‡gv mvaviYZ 250, 2500 Ges 3250 nv‡R©i Gi g‡a¨ †`Lv hvq|

cvwk^©K

→ dig¨v›U KvVv‡gv ¯^iaŸwbi gZB; Z‡e Gi dig¨v›U KvVv‡gv mvaviYZ 250, 1200 Ges 2400 nv‡R©i Av‡kcv‡k †`Lv hvq|

90 | mgKvjxb fvlvweÁvb

kÖæwZ aŸwbweÁvb | 91

mv Z

kÖæwZ aŸwbweÁvb aŸwbi kÖeY Dcjwäi ZË¡vbymÜvb GB Aa¨vq †k‡l Avcwb wkL‡eb  K. †kÖvZv KZ©„K aŸwb Dcjwäi e¯‘wbô we‡kølY  L. kÖæwZ aŸwbweÁv‡bi eûj e¨eüZ cwifvlv I Awfavmg~‡ni e¨vL¨v  M. kÖæwZ aŸwbweÁv‡bi ZË¡ I c×wZ Abymi‡Y kÖæZ aŸwbi †fZiMZ •ewkó¨

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kÖæwZ aŸwbweÁvb | 93 aŸwbweÁv‡bi Av‡jvP¨ wel‡qi mv‡_ GK ai‡bi m¤úK© I m½wZ we`¨gvb _vKvq A‡bK aŸwbweÁvbx kÖæwZ aŸwbweÁvb‡K Zi½ aŸwbweÁv‡bi kvLv g‡b K‡ib| G‡ÿ‡Î wcj&P (Pilch 1978: 149) e‡jb ‘auditory phonetics appears to be a special branch of acoustic phonetics’| wKš‘ aŸwbweÁvbx wcj&P mËi

`k‡Ki †klw`‡K hLb GB gšÍe¨ K‡ib, ZLb kÖæwZ aŸwbweÁvb Zi½ aŸwbweÁv‡bi cÖfve-ejq gy³ n‡q Avjv`v weÁvb wn‡m‡e cwiwPwZ jvf Kivi gZ mvg_©¨ ARb K‡iwb| wKš‘ mg‡qi avivevwnKZvq B‡Zvg‡a¨ gvbe KY© I gw¯Í‡®‥i kÖeY msµvšÍ wewfbœ cÖZ¨‡½i KvVv‡gv Dcjwä I `ÿZv AR©b wel‡q cÖvmw½K AvaywbK Ávb Ges cÖhyw³ weKvk jvf K‡i‡Q| d‡j eZ©gv‡b kÖæwZ aŸwbweÁvb aŸwbweÁv‡bi GKwU ¯^Zš¿ kvLv wn‡m‡e cwiwPZ n‡q I‡V‡Q| GKB mv‡_ Zi½ aŸwbweÁv‡bi Av‡jvP¨ welq I •ewk‡ó¨i mv‡_ GwU GK ai‡bi cv_©K¨ •Zwi K‡i‡Q, hv wb‡P D‡jøL Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| mviwY 7.1 Zi½ aŸwbweÁvb Ges kÖæwZ aŸwbweÁv‡bi g‡a¨Kvi cv_©K¨ Zi½ aŸwbweÁvb

kÖæwZ aŸwbweÁvb

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94 | mgKvjxb fvlvweÁvb

wPÎ 7.1: aŸwbweÁv‡bi kvLvmg~‡ni g‡a¨Kvi m¤úK©

7.2 kÖwZ ev kÖeY wK Ges †Kb kÖæwZ aŸwbweÁv‡bi g~j Av‡jvP¨ wel‡q cÖ‡e‡ki c~‡e© kÖæwZ wel‡q GKwU cÖv_wgK aviYv cÖ`vb Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| Bs‡iwR audition k‡ãi evsjv cwifvlv wn‡m‡e GLv‡b ÔkÖæwZÕ kãwU wbe©vPb Kiv n‡h‡Q| Z‡e G‡K evsjvq ÔkÖeYÕI ejv n‡q _v‡K| kÖæwZ ev kÖeY n‡”Q kÖæwZ aŸwbweÁv‡bi †K›`ªxq welq| KviY kÖæwZ‡K †K›`ª K‡iB kÖæwZ aŸwbweÁvb AvewZ©Z n‡q‡Q| kÖæwZ ev kÖeY n‡”Q kÖæZaŸwbi Dcjwä welqK cÖZ¨q hv gvby‡li kÖeY h‡š¿i gva¨‡g cÖwµqvK…Z Ges Zvi A_©‡eva jv‡fi Rb¨ †K›`ªxq ¯œvqyZ‡š¿i wbw`©ó kÖeY A‡j Mgb K‡i| GB cÖwµqvKiY ch©v‡q kÖe‡Yi bvbv iƒc cwijwÿZ nq| D`vniY¯^iƒc, e³v m„ó aŸwb †kÖvZvi Kv‡b Zi½ ms‡KZ iƒ‡c cÖ‡ek K‡i| Avevi GwU ga¨ Kv‡b cÖ‡e‡ki ci cÖwµqvK…Z n‡q GK ai‡bi hvwš¿K kw³‡Z cwiYZ nq Ges me©‡k‡l AšÍ¨K‡Y© we‡klfv‡e cÖwµqvRvZ n‡q ¯œvqy ms‡K‡Z iƒcvšÍwiZ nq| fvlvi A_© cÖKv‡ki Rb¨ kÖeY GK Acwinvh© `ÿZv| KviY GB kÖeY Dcjwäi weKvk mvab bv n‡j wkïi fvlvi weKvk N‡U bv, ev wejw¤^Z nq| GQvov bZzb K‡i fvlv †kLvi Rb¨ kÖeY GKwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© †K․kj †hwU gvby‡li fvwlK cvi`wk©Zv e„wׇZ mnvqZv K‡i| 7.3 gvbe KY©: kÖeY cÖwµqvi Abb¨ cÖZ½ gvby‡li kÖæZ aŸwb cÖwµqvKi‡Yi GK Abb¨ cÖZ¨½ n‡”Q gvbe KY©| kÖæwZ aŸwbweÁv‡b GwU‡K cÖvšÍxq kÖeY mskÖq (peripheral auditory system) ejv nq| KviY kÖæZ aŸwb‡K gw¯Í‡®‥i Af¨šÍ‡i †cÖi‡Yi †ÿ‡Î †K›`ªxq ¯œvqZ‡š¿i evB‡i Ae¯’vb K‡iI ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv cvjb K‡i| Z‡e kÖæZ aŸwb wKfv‡e Kv‡bi †fZi w`‡q cÖwµqvKi‡Yi gva¨‡g gvbe gw¯Í‡®‥ †kÖvZvi Kv‡Q A_©Mg¨ nq, Zv we‡køl‡Yi c~‡e© Kv‡bi MVbKvVv‡gvwU eY©bv Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| ms‡e`b A½ wn‡m‡e Kvb gvby‡li kÖeY ms‡e`b‡K bvbv wbcyYZvi gva¨‡g cÖwµqvKiY K‡i| Avi GB cÖwµqvwU m¤úbœ Kivi Rb¨ Kv‡bi KvVv‡gvwU‡K •ewkó¨c~Y© n‡Z nq hv wb‡P ms‡ÿ‡c Zz‡j aiv nj| G cÖm‡½ ¯§iYxq, gvbe K‡Y©i MVb-KvVv‡gvi eY©bv‡K RxeweÁv‡bi kixi-¯œvqZ‡š¿i cÖv_wgK cvV wn‡m‡e MY¨ Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i|

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wPÎ 7.2 gvbe K‡Y©i MVb KvVv‡gv

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96 | mgKvjxb fvlvweÁvb

wPÎ 7.3 gvbe K‡Y© Aew¯’Z kÖeYvw¯’i g‡Wj

wPÎ 7.4 kÖeYvw¯’ gvbe‡`‡ni me‡P‡q †QvU nvo

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wPÎ 7.5 AšÍ¨K‡Y© Aew¯’Z Aa©‡MvjvK…wZ cwiLv

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wPÎ 7.6 AšÍ¨K‡Y©i cÖavb cÖZ¨½ KKwjqv (Drm: Google Image)

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kÖæwZ aŸwbweÁvb | 101 pharynx) wM‡q †kl n‡q‡Q| ga¨KY© g~jZ GB KvRwU K‡i _v‡K GB BD‡÷wkqvb bj w`‡q| GwU Kivi

KviY n‡”Q ga¨KY© Ges KY©wQ‡`ªi evB‡ii evZv‡mi Pvc hw` mgvb bv nq Zvn‡j KY©cUnwU AbyiwYZ n‡e bv| D`vniY¯^iƒc, ga¨K‡Y© evZv‡mi AwaKZi †ewk Pvc _vK‡j KY©cUn‡K `~‡i †V‡j †`q| d‡j GwU AKvh©Ki nq Ges evB‡ii evZvm‡K †fZ‡i †XvKvi †ÿ‡Î msKzwPZ Ae¯’v •Zwi K‡i| M. AšÍ¨K‡Y©i kÖeY MÖvn‡Ki cÖwµqvKiY(processing of hearing receptor of inner ear) ga¨K‡Y©i kÖeYvw¯’i me‡P‡q ÿz`ª nvo †iKve †_‡K k‡ãi hvwš¿K ms‡K‡Zi Pvc wW¤^vK…wZi Rvbvjvq AvMg‡bi ci GwU KKwjqvi Zij Øviv Av‡›`vwjZ nq| d‡j KKwjqvi †g‡S wn‡m‡e cwiwPZ †ewmjvi wSwjø‡ZI GK ai‡bi K¤úb Ae¯’v •Zwi nq| c~‡e©B D‡jøL Kiv n‡q‡Q, D”P K¤úv‡½i aŸwb mvaviYZ †ewmjvi wSwjøi wfwË cÖv‡šÍ Av‡›`vwjZ nq Ges wb¤œ K¤úv¼ wewkó aŸwb¸‡jv Gi Ic‡ii cÖv‡šÍ K¤ú‡bi m„wó K‡i| D`vniY¯^iƒc, ivdv‡qj I Ab¨vb¨ (Raphael et al. 2011) AewnZ Ki‡Qb, Bs‡iwR see [si] kãwU cÖwµqvKi‡Yi †ÿ‡Î †`Lv hvq, /s/ †h‡nZz GKwU D”P K¤úv‡½i aŸwb †m‡nZz GwU †ewmjvi wSwjøi wfwË As‡k cÖwµqvK…Z Ges Av‡›`vwjZ nq| Ab¨w`‡K, /i/ aŸwbwU‡Z `ywU c„_K K¤úbawg©Zv eZ©gvb _vKvi Kvi‡Y GKevi wb¤œ AbyiY‡bi Rb¨ †ewmjvi wSwjøi DuPz cÖv‡šÍ Kw¤úZ nIqvi ci Avevi Gi wb¤œ K¤úv¼ •ewk‡ó¨i Kvi‡Y wfwË As‡k K¤úb-wePy¨wZ •Zwi n‡e| k‡ãi wbw`©ó aŸwbi KKwjqvq Aew¯’Z †ewmjvi wSwjøi ¯’vbwfwËK K¤úb •ewkó¨ cwigvc K‡i G¸‡jvi Dcv`vbMZ K¤úv½ wbY©q Kivi c×wZ‡K dywiqvi we‡kølY (Fourier analysis) ejv nq|

wPÎ 7.7 : KKwjqv I Gi †fZiKvi msMV‡bi AvovAvwo Qwe (Drm: Google Image)

fvwlK Dcv`v‡bi †ewmjvi wSwjøwfwËK AbyiY‡bi ci kÖeY Dcjwäi Avmj cÖwµqvKiY ïiæ nq GB wSwjøwUi wVK Ic‡i Aew¯’Z †KviwU msMV‡b| †KviwU msMVbwU fvwlK Dcv`v‡bi ms‡KZ‡K MÖnY K‡i Avevi kÖeY ¯œvqyi¾y w`‡q gw¯Í‡®‥ †cÖi‡Y g~j f~wgKvq AeZxY© nq e‡j G‡K kÖeY MÖvnK (auditory receptor) wn‡m‡e AvL¨vwqZ Kiv nq| †KviwU msMV‡bi KvVv‡gv ch©v‡jvPbvq †`Lv hvq, G‡Z ms‡e`bkxj †Kk¸‡”Qi mvwi eZ©gvb| GB †Kk¸‡”Qi Ic‡i †Rwj m`„k Av‡iKwU wSwjø i‡q‡Q| Gi bvg †UK‡Uvwiqvj wSwjø| GB †UK‡Uvwiqvj wSwjø Ges †ewmjvi wSwjø KKwjqvi b‡ji mv‡_ wewfbœ Ae¯’v‡b mshy³| d‡j Giv ¯^vaxbfv‡e Av‡›`vwjZ n‡Z cv‡i|

102 | mgKvjxb fvlvweÁvb ga¨KY© †_‡K kÖe‡Yi hvwš¿K ms‡KZ Øviv †ewmjvi wSwjøi K¤úb Ae¯’v •Zwi n‡j †h MwZ m„wó nq Gi Øviv Avevi †KviwU msMV‡bi †Kk‡Kvl¸”Q DÏxß nq| Avevi †Kk‡Kvl¸‡”Qi Ic‡i Aew¯’Z †UK‡Uvwiqvj wSwjøwU †Kk¸‡”Q GK ai‡bi SvuKzwb kw³ m„wó K‡i| Gfv‡e ga¨KY© †_‡K AvMZ aŸwbi hvwš¿K kw³ •e`y¨wZK-ivmvqwbK kw³‡Z iƒcvšÍwiZ nq Ges kÖeY ¯œvqyi¾y c‡_i w`‡K avweZ nq| N. kÖeY ¯œvqyi¾yi cÖwµqvKiY (processing of auditory nerve) 8 bs K‡ivwU ¯œvqi¾y, hv‡K kÖeY ¯œvqi¾yI ejv nq, g~jZ 30 nvRvi ¯œvqyRv‡ji mgwó| GB ¯œvqyRvj¸‡jv †KviwU msMV‡b Aew¯’Z †Kk‡Kvl¸‡jvi m‡½ hy³| †Kk‡Kvl¸‡jv g~jZ 30 nvRvi ¯œvqyRvj‡K D‡ËwRZ K‡i| KKwjqv †_‡K AvMZ 8bs ¯œvqi¾yi cªavb Ask QvovI Gi Av‡iKwU Ask Aa©‡MvjvvKvi cwiLv †_‡K †ei n‡q GKm‡½ hy³ n‡q‡Q (†`Lyb wPÎ 7.8)| 8bs ¯œvqyi¾ywUi Kvh©µg g~jZ KKwjqv †_‡K gw¯Í‡®‥i cvk^x©q L‡Ði g‡a¨B mxgve×| we¯Í…Z K‡i ej‡Z †M‡j, gw¯Í‡®‥i Af¨šÍixY kÖeY c_ Øviv cvk^x©q L‡Ði Aw¯’‡Z hy³ n‡q †K›`ªxq ¯œvqZ‡š¿i gw¯Í®‥i¾y‡Z cÖ‡ek K‡i‡Q| Zvici GLvb †_‡K 8bs ¯œvqyi¾yi ¯œvqRvj¸‡jv kã Zi‡½i Drm we‡ePbvq wecixZw`‡Ki cvk^x©q L‡Ði w`‡K ms‡KZ †cÖiY K‡i| GQvov GB gw¯Í®‥i¾y‡ZB 8bs ¯œvqyi¾y mywbw`©ó kÖeY Dcv`vb¸‡jv cÖwµqvKi‡Yi Rb¨ we‡klvwqZ f~wgKv MÖnY K‡i| G ai‡bi we‡klvqb cÖavbZ mywbw`©ó fvwlK aŸwb cÖwµqvKi‡Yi Rb¨ DcKvix|

wPÎ 7.8 : 8 bs K‡ivwU ¯œvqyi¾yi kvLvmg~n (Drm: Google Image)

gw¯Í®‥i¾y †_‡K 8bs ¯œvqyi¾y •e`y¨wZK-ivmvqwbK ms‡KZ mn‡hv‡M ga¨ gw¯Í‡®‥ Mgbc~e©K cvk^x©q L‡Ð cwiågY K‡i| Gfv‡e GwU hLb cvk^x©q L‡Ði kÖeY A‡j †c․u‡Q, ZLb G‡Z m„ó DÏxcbvwU †ewmjvi wSwjø‡Z msNwUZ ¯’vwbK-K¤úv¼‡K myiÿv K‡i| GQvov †ewmjvi wSwjøi DuPz As‡k m¤úvw`Z wb¤œ K¤úv¼hy³ aŸwbi AbyiYb gw¯Í‡®‥i cÖv_wgK kÖeY A‡ji cvk^x©q LÐmn Gi K‡U©· †Kv‡li ¯Íimg~n‡K D‡ËwRZ K‡i| Ab¨w`‡K, †ewmjvi wSwjøi wfwË As‡k m¤úvw`Z D”P K¤úv¼hy³ aŸwbi AbyiYb gw¯Í‡®‥i cvk^x©q wdkvifz³ †Kv‡li Kjv‡g Kw¤úZ nq (†`Lyb wPÎ 7.9)| gw¯Í‡®‥i cÖv_wgK kÖeY A‡j kã Zi‡½i G ai‡bi ¯’vwbK iƒcvqY Dfq cvk^x©q L‡ÐB iwÿZ nq| Avi Gfv‡eB e³v m„ó fvwlK aŸwbi cÖwµqvKiY m¤úbœ nq|

kÖæwZ aŸwbweÁvb | 103

wPÎ 7.9 KKwjqv I cÖv_wgK kÖeY A‡ji g‡a¨Kvi ¯’vwbK-K¤úv‡¼i m¤úK© (Drm: Google Image))

7.6 gw¯Í‡®‹ kÖeY ms‡KZ cÖwµqvKiY I Zvi A_© D×vi e³v wK e‡j‡Q cwic~Y©fv‡e Zvi A_© D×v‡ii Rb¨ gw¯Í‡®‥ kÖæZ aŸwb-ms‡K‡Zi cÖvMÖmi cÖwµqv m¤ú‡K© aviYv wb‡Z nq| welqwU‡K AviI ¯úó K‡i e¨vL¨v Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| aiv hvK, †Kvb †kÖvZv Zvi Dw`ó e³vi KvQ †_‡K Bs‡iwR see [si] kãwU ïbj| GB kãwU †kvbvi ci †kÖvZv Ic‡ii cÖwµqv Aej¤^bc~e©K GB k‡ãi wbw`©ó kÖeY ms‡KZ › hvwš¿K ms‡KZ › •e`y¨wZK-ivmvqwbK ms‡KZ iƒcvq‡Yi ci¤úiv m¤úbœ K‡i gw¯Í‡®‥i cÖv_wgK kÖeY A‡j (primary auditory cortex) wb‡q Avmj| wKš‘ GB ch©v‡qI †kÖvZv D³ k‡ãi A_© cwic~Y©fv‡e Dcjwä Ki‡Z mÿg n‡e bv, hw` †m GB ¯œvqy ms‡KZ‡K gw¯Í‡®‥i wbw`©ó A_© D×vi‡K‡›`ª †cÖiY bv K‡i| gw¯Í‡®‥i A_© D×v‡i‡K‡›`ªi †cvkvwK bvg n‡”Q †fiwbK AÂj (Wernicke’s area)| GB †fiwbK AÂjwU evg gw¯Í‡®‥i cvk^x©q L‡Ði DuPz cÖv‡šÍ Aew¯’Z| GQvovI GB †fiwbK A‡ji

Pvicv‡k jv‡Mvqv Abyaveb I ¯§„wZ fvÐvi i‡q‡Q †hLv‡b Avgv‡`i Rvbv me kã iwÿZ _v‡K| d‡j wbtm‡›`‡n †h see [si] kãwU kÖeY Kiv n‡q‡Q †mwU Ges Gi mv‡_ mswkøó fvwlK aŸwbmg~n †kªvZvi GB †fiwbK A‡ji cvk^©¯’ ¯§„wZfvÐv‡i iwÿZ Av‡Q| ZvB kÖæZ see [si] kãwUi A_© Abyave‡bi Rb¨ Zv‡K GLb GB k‡ãi mswkøó `ywU aŸwbi ¯œvq ms‡KZ‡K †fiwbK A‡j †cÖiY Ki‡Z n‡e| †fiwbK A‡j GB kã `ywUi wbw`©ó ¯œvqyaŸwb-ms‡KZ †c․uQvi ci cÖ„KZ A_© D×v‡ii Rb¨ cieZx© cÖwµqv ïiæ nq| GB cÖwµqvi Ask wn‡m‡e †fiwbK A‡ji ¯œvqy‡Kvl¸‡jv cvk^©eZx© GjvKvi ¯œvqy‡Kv‡l mswkøó ms‡KZ cvwV‡q G‡`i‡K DÏxß K‡i| Avi GB DÏxcb mwµqZvi gva¨‡gB ¯§„wZfvÐvi †_‡K mywbw`©ó aŸwbmg~n wbe©vPbc~e©K see [si] kãwUi aviYv‡K cybiæ×vi K‡i Ges †kªvZvi Kv‡Q Gi A_©‡eva m¤úbœ nq|

104 | mgKvjxb fvlvweÁvb

wPÎ 7.10: kÖæZ k‡ãi A_© D×vi I D”PviY cÖwµqv (Drm: Google Image))

G‡Zv †Mj †kÖvZv KZ©„K wbw`©ó k‡ãi A_© D×viKiY cÖwµqv| GLb †kÖvZv‡K hw` e³vi f~wgKvq AeZxY© n‡Z nq, A_v©r Zv‡K hw` D‡jøwLZ see [si] kãwU‡K cybivq D”PviY Ki‡Z nq Zvn‡j GB k‡ãi wbw`©ó ¯œvqaŸwb-ms‡KZ¸‡jv‡K gw¯Í‡®‥i mswkøó A‡j †cÖiY Ki‡Z n‡e| GB aŸwb-ms‡KZ¸‡jv‡K †fiwbK AÂj †_‡K GKwU ¯œvqy Zš‘Rv‡ji gva¨‡g †eªvKv GjvKvq cvVv‡Z nq| †eªvKv A‡j ¯œvqyaŸwb ms‡KZ¸‡jv †c․uQvi ci †eªvKv GjvKvi ¯œvqy‡Kvl¸wj G¸‡jv‡K Avevi cvk^©eZx© †cwkmÂvjK GjvKvq †cÖiY K‡i| GLv‡b Giv wKQz wbw`©ó mœvqy‡Kvl‡K DÏxß K‡i †h¸‡jv cieZx©‡Z mswkøó evKcÖZ¨½‡K wb‡`©k cÖ`vb K‡i hv‡Z aŸwb¸‡jv D”PvwiZ nq| Gfv‡eB GKRb †kÖvZv wb‡RB Avevi e³vi f~wgKvq AeZxY© nq|

aŸwbZË¡ | 105

Av U

aŸwbZË¡ wbw`ó fvlvi aŸwbZvwË¡K cÖwµqv we‡kølY GB Aa¨vq †k‡l Avcwb wkL‡ebÑ  K. fvlv-wbw`©ó aŸwbi aŸwbMZ ¯^vZš¿¨ we‡kølY  L. wbw`©ó fvlvq wewfbœ aŸwbi †h cwieZ©b I iƒcvšÍi mvwaZ nq Zvi eY©bv  M. mvsMVwbK I iƒcvšÍig~jK `„wó‡KvY †_‡K we‡kl fvlvi aŸwbMZ •ewkó¨

evKcÖZ¨‡½i DrcwËi w`K †_‡K †`L‡j c„w_exi gvbexq fvlvq e¨eüZ aŸwbmg~‡ni mvaviY ¯’vbMZ I ixwZMZ cwiPq i‡q‡Q hv c~eeZ©x wZbwU Aa¨v‡q Av‡jwPZ n‡q‡Q| Z‡e wbw`©ó GKwU fvlvi `„wó‡KvY †_‡K wePvi Ki‡j D”PvwiZ aŸwbmg~‡ni GB mvaviY ¯’vbMZ ev ixwZMZ cwiP‡qi evB‡iI G‡`i wKQz wbR¯^ D”PviY •ewkó¨ we`¨gvb| GB D”PviY •ewk󨸇jv GK fvlv †_‡K Av‡iK fvlvq c„_K hv g~jZ GKwU aŸwbi wba©vwiZ GK‡Ki Ici Av‡ivwcZ cÖwZ‡ekMZ cÖfv‡ei Øviv we‡kølY Kiv hvq| GQvov Gme aŸwb‡K †hgb AviI ÿz`ªZg GK‡K fvM K‡i G‡`i cwiPq cÖ`vb Kiv hvq, wVK †Zgwb Gme aŸwb-GKK mn‡hv‡M MwVZ nq wKQz kãvsk hvi g‡a¨ mswkøó fvlvi wbR¯^ D”PviY •ewkó¨I we`¨gvb _v‡K| eZ©gvb Av‡jvPbvq fvlv-mv‡cÿ D”PviY •ewk‡ó¨i we¯ÍvwiZ we‡køl‡Yi c~‡e© aŸwbZ‡Ë¡i AvIZvfz³ wb¤œwjwLZ ch©‡eÿYmg~n we‡ePbv Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| 1) evsjv ÔKgjÕ kãwU wbw`©ó wKQz aŸwb mgš^‡q MwVZ n‡q‡Q hviv wb‡R‡`i g‡a¨ •ecixZ¨ Ae¯’v •Zwi K‡i‡Q| 2) evsjv ÔAvjZvÕ kã Ges ÔDëvÕ k‡ãi ÔjÕ aŸwbwU wVK Awfbœ D”PviY¯’vb †_‡K D”PvwiZ nq bv| 3) evsjv ÔAvR‡KÕ kãwUi ÔKÕ aŸwbwU c~e©evsjv I cwðgevsjvi wkwÿZ Rb‡Mvwô Awfbœ cÖwµqvq D”PviY K‡i bv| 4) evsjv ÔgvgvÕ kãwU‡K hZ †U‡b D”PviY Kiv nq, ÔgvgÕ kãwU‡K †miƒc `xN© ¯^‡i Uvbv nq bv| 5) evsjv ÔcjjÕ kãwU‡K ÿz`ªZg aŸwb GK‡K fvM bv K‡iI D”Pvi‡Yi GKwU wbw`©ó •ewk‡ó¨i wfwˇZ AviI ÿz`ª `yB As‡k wef³ Kiv hvq|

106 | mgKvjxb fvlvweÁvb DwjøwLZ 1g ch©‡eÿY †_‡K eySv hvq, cÖwZwU fvlvq wbw`©ó msL¨K aŸwb GKK i‡q‡Q †h¸‡jv H fvlvi mg¯Í kã m„wó‡Z e¨eüZ nq| ïay ZvB bq, GB aŸwb¸‡jv ci¯ú‡ii mv‡_ GK ai‡bi •ecixZ¨ •Zwi K‡i hvi d‡j k‡ã e¨enviRwbZ Kvi‡Y Giv c„_K c„_K A_©‡eva m„wó K‡i| 2q ch©‡eÿY †_‡K Ae‡jvKb Kiv hvq, D”PviY¯’v‡bi gvb`‡Ð `ywU k‡ãi ÔjÕ Awfbœ n‡jI GB `ywU k‡ã e¨env‡ii d‡j G‡`i cÖwZ‡ekMZ aŸwbi Øviv cÖfvweZ nIqvi Kvi‡Y GB aŸwbwU wKQzUv wfbœfv‡e D”PvwiZ nIqvi m¤¢vebv •Zwi K‡i‡Q| 3q ch©‡eÿ‡Yi gva¨‡g Avgiv Rvb‡Z cvwi, gvbyl Zvi wbR¯^ D”PviY-¯^fv‡ei Abyf~Z cÖfv‡e kãw¯’Z GKwU aŸwb‡K wfbœ wfbœ cÖwµqvq D”Pvi‡Y Af¨¯Í nq| 4_© ch©‡eÿY †_‡K eySv hvq, fvlvq e¨eüZ aŸwbmg~‡ni †P‡qI AviI wKQz ÿz`ªZi wdPvi Av‡Q hvi Rb¨ cÖwZwU aŸwbi Avjv`v Avjv`v myi •ewkó¨‡K m~wPZ K‡i| me‡k‡l, 5g ch©‡eÿY †_‡K Avgiv eyS‡Z cvwi, cÖwZwU fvlv‡ZB aŸwb GKK Ges kã GK‡Ki gvSLv‡b Av‡iK ai‡bi fvwlK GKK i‡q‡Q †h¸‡jv‡K ÔAÿiÕ bv‡g AwfwnZ Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| DwjøwLZ welq¸‡jv fvlvweÁv‡bi ÔaŸwbZË¡Õ (phonology) bvgK kvLvq Av‡jvwPZ nq| Z‡e Gme wel‡qi we¯ÍvwiZ eY©bvq cÖ‡e‡ki c~‡e© aŸwbZ‡Ë¡i GKwU mnR‡eva¨ msÁv cÖ`vb Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| aŸwbZË¡ n‡”Q fvlv-mv‡cÿ wewfbœ aŸwbi D”PviY •ewk‡ó¨i we‡kl cÖeYZv I iKg‡d‡ii weÁvbm¤§Z we‡kølY| aŸwbZË¡ c„w_exi fvlvmg~‡ni mvaviY •ewk‡ó¨i wewfbœ w`K Av‡jvPbv bv K‡i eis wbw`©ó fvlvi aŸwbwfwËK ¯^Zš¿ •ewkó¨ I cÖeYZvmg~‡ni e¯‘wbô e¨vL¨v cÖ`vb K‡i _v‡K| Gi mv‡_ m½wZ †i‡L aŸwbZ‡Ë¡ †h welq¸‡jv Av‡jvwPZ n‡q _v‡K †m¸‡jv n‡”Q 1. 2. 3. 4.

aŸwbg~j mn-aŸwbg~j Aÿi wdPvi

wb‡P ch©vqµ‡g aŸwbZ‡Ë¡i GB Av‡jvP¨welq¸‡jvi eY©bv cÖ`vb Kiv nj| 8.1 aŸwbLÐ I aŸwbg~j fvlvq e¨eüZ kãmg~n n‡”Q wKQz aŸwbL‡Ði mgvnvi ev mw¤§jb| GK ev GKvwaK aŸwbLÐ wg‡j GKwU kã •Zwi nq| D`vniY mn‡hv‡M welqwU e¨vL¨v Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| evsjv fvlvq cÖPwjZ ÔAgiÕ kãwU‡Z wZbwU /A/, /g&/ Ges /i&/ GB wZbwU aŸwb LÐ i‡q‡Q hviv GKwÎZ n‡q evsjv kã ÔAgiÕ •Zwi K‡i‡Q Ges GB kãwU evOvwjgv‡Îi Kv‡QB †evaMg¨| Z‡e GB aŸwbLÐ hZ bv ev¯Íe Zvi †P‡q A‡bK †ewk gvbwmK Ae¯’vm~PK| †Kbbv Avgiv hLb ÔAgiÕ kãwU D”PviY Kwi ZLb GB wZbwU aŸwbLÐ Avjv`vfv‡e D”PvwiZ bv n‡q eis wgwjZfv‡e Ggb GKwU aŸwbcÖevn m„wó K‡i †hLv‡b G‡`i c„_K Aw¯ÍZ¡ kbv³ Kiv KwVb n‡q c‡o| wKš‘ fvlv we‡køl‡Yi myweav‡_© fvlvweÁvbxiv GB k‡ã wZbwU c„_K aŸwbLÐ i‡h‡Q e‡j aviYv K‡i wb‡q‡Qb| †Kbbv DwjøwLZ aŸwbLи‡jv Ab¨ aŸwbL‡Ði mv‡_ wg‡j hLb c„_K kã •Zwi K‡i, ZLb G‡`i ¯^Zš¿ Aw¯Í‡Z¡i welqwU Dcjwä Kiv hvq| D`vni¯^iƒc, evsjv ÔAwLjÕ k‡ãI †hgb /A/ aewbLÐwU i‡q‡Q, †Zgwb ÔgiYÕ k‡ãI /g&/ aŸwbL‡Ði Aw¯ÍZ¡ jÿYxq| Avevi ÔiZœÕ k‡ã /i/ aŸwbwUi Aw¯ÍZ¡ Av‡Q| Gfv‡eB

aŸwbZË¡ | 107 fvlvweÁvbxiv fvlvi wewfbœ k‡ã Dcjwä‡hvM¨ D”PvwiZ aŸwbLЇK Avjv`vfv‡e mg_© nb| GB `„wó‡KvY †_‡K we‡ePbv K‡i ejv hvq, aŸwbLÐ n‡”Q GKwU fvlvi A_©nxb I Dcjwä‡hvM¨ ÿz`ªZg gvbwmK GKK †h¸‡jv fvlvi AwaKZi eo msMVb •Zwi‡Z mnvqZv K‡i| aŸwbLЇK fvlvweÁv‡bi †cvkvKx Awfav ÔaŸwbg~jÕ(phoneme) bv‡g AvL¨vwqZ Kiv nq| KviY GB aŸwbLи‡jvB n‡”Q D”PvwiZ aŸwbmg~‡ni GK GKwU c„_K LÐ hviv H fvlvi ÿy`ªZg GKK mËvi cwiPqevnx| fvlvweÁvbxiv fvlvq e¨eüZ aŸwbg~j¸‡jv‡K kbv³ K‡i‡Qb †h¸‡jv mswkøó fvlvwUi hveZxq kã m„wó‡Z f~wgKv iv‡L| G‡ÿ‡Î GKwU K_v ¯§iY ivL‡Z n‡e, aŸwbg~j¸‡jv GKwU Av‡iKwUi mv‡_ GK ai‡bi •ecixZ¨ (contrast) aviYv •Zwi K‡i‡Q hvi Kvi‡Y Giv cÖ‡Z¨‡KB ¯^Zš¿ cwiPqavix| D`vniY¯^iƒc, /P&/ I /R&/ aŸwbg~j `ywU h_vµ‡g ÔPvjÕ I ÔRvjÕ kã `ywU‡Z •ecixZ¨ Ae¯’v m„wó K‡i‡Q, †h‡nZz GB `ywU aŸwbg~‡ji Kvi‡YB `ywU k‡ã wfbœ wfbœ A_© •Zwi K‡i‡Q Ges GB Kvi‡YB Giv GKB fvlvi c„_K aŸwbg~j wn‡m‡e cwiwPZ n‡q D‡V‡Q| G‡Z †`Lv hv‡”Q, `ywU aŸwbg~‡ji g‡a¨ •ecixZ¨‡eva •Zwi nq ZLbB, hLb mswkøó aŸwbi e¨env‡ii Kvi‡Y k‡ã bZzb A_© •Zwi nq| GKBfv‡e Ic‡ii ÔAgiÕ kãwU‡Z D‡jøwLZ wZbwU Avjv`v aŸwbg~j| A_©vr /A/ aŸwbwU /g&/ aŸwb bq, A_ev /i&/ aŸwbI bq| cÖkœ n‡”Q, fvlvq e¨eüZ aŸwbg~j Kxfv‡e kbv³ Kiv nq? G‡ÿ‡Î aŸwbZ‡Ë¡ eûj cwiwPZ b~¨bZg kã‡Rvo (minimal peer) c×wZ‡K Aej¤^b Kiv hvq| 8.1.1 b~¨bZg kã‡Rvo GKwU fvlvq e¨eüZ wewfbœ aŸwbg~j wbY©‡qi Rb¨ me‡P‡q wbf©i‡hvM¨ c×wZ n‡”Q b~¨bZg kã‡Rvo| GB b~¨bZg kã‡Rvo g~jZ GK †Rvov wbe©vwPZ kã †hLv‡b `ywU wfbœ aŸwbg~j _vK‡e, Avi evwK aŸwb¸‡jv n‡e Awfbœ| Ic‡i D×…Z ÔPvjÕ I ÔRvjÕ kã `ywU b~¨bZg kã‡Rvo| KviY G `ywU k‡ã /P&/ I /R&/ aŸwb `ywU Avjv`v n‡jI evwK aŸwb¸‡jv Awfbœ| wb‡Pi mviwY‡Z G‡`i wewkøwó iƒc †`Lv‡bv nj| mviwY 8.1 Pvj I Rvj k‡ãi aŸwbMZ wefvRb wbe©vwPZ kã

wfbœ aŸwb

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Ic‡ii wefvR‡b †`Lv hv‡”Q, wbe©vwPZ kã `ywU‡Z /P/ I /R/ aŸwb `ywU aŸwb wfbœ Ges G‡`i mvaviY aŸwb¸”Q n‡”Q, Av+j&| GB `ywU c„_K aŸwbi Kvi‡YB `ywU kã wfbœ wfbœ A_© aviY K‡i‡Q| Ab¨w`‡K, DwjøwLZ `ywU c„_K aŸwbi Rb¨ †h‡nZz GB k㸇jvi g‡a¨ A_© cv_©K¨ •Zwi n‡h‡Q, †m‡nZz Giv `ywU wfbœ aŸwbg~j| g~jZ GB b~¨bZg kã‡Rvo cÖwµqvi gva‡gB fvlvq e¨eüZ aŸwbg~j¸‡jv kbv³ Kiv nq| wb‡Pi mviwY‡Z evsjv fvlvq w¯’iK…Z wewfbœ e¨ÄbaŸwbg~‡ji b~¨bZg kã‡Rv‡oi GKwU ZvwjKv Dc¯’vcb Kiv nj|

108 | mgKvjxb fvlvweÁvb mviwY 8.2 evsjv e¨ÄbaŸwbmg~‡ni cÖwZwbwaZ¡Kvix b~¨bZg kã‡Rv‡oi ZvwjKv

b~¨bZg kã‡Rvo c×wZ‡Z wb‡Pi wZb iK‡g fvlvi ¯^Zš¿ aŸwb wbY©q Kiv n‡q _v‡K|

aŸwbZË¡ | 109 K. Av`¨ •ecixZ¨ G‡ÿ‡Î `ywU k‡ãi Av`¨ Ae¯’v‡b cÖhy³ `ywU aŸwbi g‡a¨ •ecixZ¨ Zzjbv K‡i G‡`i g‡a¨Kvi ¯^vZš¿¨‡K wba©viY Kiv nq| Ic‡i DwjøwLZ D`vniY¸‡jv meB b~¨bZg kã‡Rv‡oi Av`¨ •ecixZ¨hy³ aŸwbg~‡ji D`vniY| fvlvi `ywU ¯^Zš¿ aŸwb wba©vi‡Yi †ÿ‡Î G ai‡bi b~¨bZg kã‡Rvo c×wZB me‡P‡q wbf©i‡hvM¨ c×wZ|

8.2 mn-aŸwbg~j mn-aŸwbg~j n‡”Q GKwU aŸwbi e¨vLv‡hvM¨ aŸwbZvwË¡K cªwZ‡ekMZ D”PviY •ewPΨ| A_©vr †Kvb wbw`©ó aŸwb hw` mswkøó k‡ã e¨enviRwbZ Kvi‡Y cÖwZ‡ekMZ Ab¨ GKwU aŸwbi cÖfv‡e wKQzUv wewPÎ ev cwiewZ©Z iƒ‡c D”PvwiZ nq Ges Zv mywbw`©ó wbqg mn‡hv‡M e¨vL¨v ev we‡kølY Kiv hvq, ZLb Zv‡K H aŸwbg~‡ji mnaŸwbg~j ejv nq| G‡ÿ‡Î GKwU wbw`©ó aŸwbg~‡ji mn-aŸwbg~j nIqvi Rb¨ mswkøó mn-aŸwbg~j¸‡jv‡K me‡P‡q †ewk aŸwbZvwË¡K mgZv m„wó Ki‡Z n‡e| cÖvZ¨wnK Rxe‡b Avgiv †h aŸwbmg~n D”PviY K‡i kã Ges evwK¨K msMVb •Zwi Kwi Zvi bvbviKg •ewPΨ cwijwÿZ nq, hv mPivPi Avgv‡`i bR‡i Av‡m bv| aŸwbi GB •ewPΨc~Y© D”Pvi‡Yi eo GKwU KviY n‡”Q kvixwiK Aemv` I D‡ËRbv Ges evK-cÖZ¨‡½i ÿwZ I ÎæwU, h_v- Kvwk, Mjvi cª`vnRwbZ ¯^i cwieZ©b BZ¨vw`| wKš‘ gvby‡li kvixwiK Aemv`, K¬vwšÍ, D‡ËRbv ev evK-cÖZ¨‡½i ÎæwURwbZ D”PviY mvaviY aŸwbZ‡Ë¡i Av‡jvP¨ welq bq| G Ae¯’v QvovI D”PvwiZ aŸwbmg~‡ni AviI wKQz •ewPΨ i‡q‡Q †h¸‡jv

110 | mgKvjxb fvlvweÁvb wbqwgZ Ges wbqg-ixwZ mn‡hv‡M e¨vL¨v‡hvM¨| GB ai‡bi aŸwbMZ cwieZ©b mvwaZ nq g~jZ kãw¯’Z cvkvcvwk Aew¯’Z Ab¨vb¨ aŸwb ev aŸwbmg~‡ni cÖwZ‡ekMZ cÖfv‡e| g~jZ cÖwZ‡e‡ki cÖfveMZ wbqgZvwš¿K aŸwbcwieZ©‡bi d‡j GKwU wbw`©ó aŸwbg~‡ji †h D”PviY Zdvr †`Lv †`q, Zv aŸwbZ‡Ë¡i Av‡jvP¨fz³| GQvovI k‡ã e¨eüZ aŸwbi Av‡iK ai‡bi wbqgZvwš¿K D”PviY •ewPΨ N‡U _v‡K mswkøó e³vi wbR¯^ Xs I ¯^fveRwbZ Kvi‡Y| †Kvb aŸwbg~‡ji GB `yB ai‡bi D”Pvi‡Yi •ewP‡Î¨i Kvi‡YB mn-aewbg~‡ji DrcwË N‡U| wb‡P GB `yB ai‡bi wbqgMZ aŸwb cwie‡Z©‡bi we¯ÍvwiZ eY©bv cÖ`vb Kiv nj| 8.2.1 cwic~iK e›Ub hLb GKwU aŸwbg~j k‡ã e¨enviRwbZ Kvi‡Y Zvi cv‡ki ev cÖwZ‡e‡ki mswkøó aŸwb Øviv cÖfvweZ n‡q wfbœ iƒ‡c D”PvwiZ nq, ZLb `ywU‡K GKwU Av‡iKwUi cwic~iK e›Ub ejv nq| Avi cwiewZ©Z aŸwbØq GKwU aŸwbg~‡ji mn-aŸwbg~j wn‡m‡e cwiwPZ nq| wb‡Pi mviwY‡Z cÖhy³ aŸwbmg~n we‡køl‡Yi gva¨‡g cwic~iK e›Ub Ae¯’vwU eY©bv Kiv nj| mviwY 8.3 evsjvq e¨eüZ †Nvl Ges A‡Nvl /b&/

mviwY 8.3 K-Kjvgfz³ k‡ã D”PvwiZ ÔbÕ/n/ n‡”Q †Nvl `šÍ¨g~jxq aŸwb| Ab¨w`‡K, cÖwZ‡ekMZ Kvi‡Y Kjvg L-‡Z AšÍfy³ © kãw¯’Z /b&/ aŸwbwU A‡Nvl Zvje¨ aŸwbZ iƒ‡c cwiwPZ n‡q‡Q| Avgiv Rvwb D”PviY ixwZ Abymv‡i /b&/ GKwU †Nvl aŸwb| †Kbbv GB /b&/ aŸwb D”Pvi‡Yi mgq ¯^ihš¿ Kw¤úZ nq| wKš‘ LKjvgfz³ k‡ã e¨eüZ /b&/ aŸwbwU A‡Nvl aŸwb‡Z iƒcvšÍwiZ n‡q‡Q| GB cwieZ©bwU A‡bKUvB wbqgZvwš¿K| KviY Avgiv GB Kjv‡gi /b&/ Gi aŸwbZvwË¡K cÖwZ‡ekwU wePvi Ki‡j †`Le †h, Aÿ‡ii m~Pbv (onset) Ae¯’v‡b A‡Nvl aŸwb /K&/, /P&/ Ges /c&/ A‡Nvl aŸwbi cÖfv‡e †mB Aÿ‡ii AšÍ¨ (coda) Ae¯’v‡bi /b&/ aŸwbI A‡Nvl n‡q c‡o‡Q| †h‡nZz D³ aŸwbZvwË¡K cÖwZ‡e‡k A‡Nvl Qvov †Kvb †Nvl /b&/ aŸwb cvIqv hvq bv, †m‡nZz `ywU wfbœ aŸwbZvwË¡K cÖwZ‡e‡ki GB `yB /b&/ aŸwb‡K ci¯ú‡ii cwic~iK e›Ub ejv nq| Gfv‡eB Giv /b&/ aŸwbg~‡ji mn-aŸwbg~‡j cwiYZ n‡q‡Q| Ic‡i ewY©Z evsjv /b&/ aŸwbi †NvlZv I A‡NvlZv welqK cwic~iK e›Ub •ewkó¨ QvovI GB fvlvq e¨eüZ Zvje¨ D®§/cðvr-`šÍ¨g~jxq D®§ Ôk&Õ // I `šÍ¨g~jxq D®§ Ôm&Õ/s/-G `ywUi D”PviY L‡Ði cwic~iK e›Ub •ewkó¨‡K e¨vL¨v Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| Avgv‡`i we‡ePbvq Zvje¨ ev cðvr-`šÍ¨g~jxq D®§ D”PviY LÐwU //

aŸwbZË¡ | 111 evsjv fvlvi g~j aŸwb; Avi `šÍ¨g~jxq D®§ /s/ iƒcwU GB aŸwbg~‡ji mn-aŸwbg~wjK iƒc| welqwU D`vniY mn‡hv‡M e¨vL¨v Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| Zvje¨ D®§ aŸwbwU hLb GKwU kãw¯’Z Aÿ‡ii m~Pbv (onset) cÖwZ‡e‡k mshy³ e¨Ä‡bi (consonant cluster) Ask iƒ‡c, A_ev Aÿ‡ii AšÍ¨ Ae¯’v‡b GKK e¨Äb iƒ‡c D”PvwiZ nq, ZLb GwU †Kej `šÍ¨g~jxq D®§ aŸwb‡Z iƒcvšÍwiZ nq| h_vÑ

DwjøwLZ `ywU aŸwbZvwË¡K cÖwZ‡ek Qvov Ab¨ mKj Ae¯’v‡b evsjv fvlvq cÖPwjZ k‡ã GwU g~jaŸwb // D”PvwiZ nq| †mB we‡ePbvq Zvje¨ D®§ Ôk&Õ // I `šÍ¨g~jxq D®§ Ôm&Õ /s/ evsjv k‡ã cwic~iK e›Ub Ae¯’v m„wó K‡i‡Q, hviv g~jZ Zvje¨ D®§ aŸwbi `ywU mn-aŸwb| Z‡e evsjv fvlvq †ek wKQz we‡`kx kã i‡q‡Q †h¸‡jv‡Z `šÍ¨g~jxq D®§ Ôm&Õ /s/ aŸwbi D”PviY cvIqv hvq| D`vniY¯^iƒc, Bs‡iwR †_‡K AvMZ ÔevmÕ (bus), ÔcøvmÕ (plus), ÔgvmÕ (mass) BZ¨vw` Ges Aviwe †_‡K dviwmi gva¨‡g AvMZ ÔwmivRÕ, ÔRwmgÕ, ÔmvwKeÕ BZ¨vw` k‡ãi g~j D”Pvi‡Y ¯úó wkm A‡Nvl Ôm&Õ/s/ D”PviY Kiv nq| d‡j evsjvq A‡Nvl `šÍ¨g~jxq D®§ ev wkm /s/ aŸwbi D”Pvi‡Yi AvIZv †e‡o‡Q Ges †m Kvi‡Y Bmjvg I Ab¨vb¨ (2014) A‡Nvl `šÍ¨g~jxq D®§ Ôm&Õ /s/ †K ¯^Zš¿ aŸwbg~j wn‡m‡e ¯^xK…wZ w`‡q‡Qb| jÿYxq, evsjv fvlvq Bs‡iwR †_‡K AvMZ k‡ãi D”Pvi‡Y A‡Nvl `šÍ¨g~jxq D®§ ev wkm /s/ D”Pvi‡Yi ¯^vZš¿¨ eRvq _vK‡jI dviwm †_‡K kã¸wj‡Z `yB iK‡gi D”PviYB †kvbv hvq| Z‡e Gme k‡ã D³ aŸwbi D”PviY cÖeYZv eZ©gv‡b A‡bKUvB Zvje¨ D®§ Ôk&Õ// D”Pvi‡Yi g‡Zv| ïay ZvB bq, D”PviY Abyhvqx evbvb †jLvi cÖeYZvi Kvi‡Y ÔmvwKeÕ kãwU evsjv‡`‡k GLb ÔkvwKeÕ iƒ‡cI †jLv n‡”Q| †h‡nZz evsjv fvlvq Ab¨ fvlv †_‡K AvMZ kãmg~‡n Zvje¨ wkm Ôk&Õ// D”Pvi‡Yi cvkvcvwk GB we‡`wk k㸇jvi D”PviY `¯Í¨g~jxq D®§ Ôm&Õ /s/ D”PviYwUI eRvq i‡q‡Q, †mB we‡ePbvq `šÍ¨g~jxq D®§ /s/ Ges Zvje¨ D®§ // ‡K `ywU Avjv`v aŸwbg~j wn‡m‡e evsjv aŸwbg~j ZvwjKvq gh©v`v †`Iqv Am½Z bq|

112 | mgKvjxb fvlvweÁvb GLb cÖkœ n‡”Q, evsjvq cÖPwjZ Aviwe-dvimxRvZ k‡ãi A‡Nvl `šÍ¨g~jxq D®§ /m&/ aŸwbwUi D”PviY cÖeYZv evsjv g~j D”PviK aŸwbLÐ Zvje¨ D®§ aŸwbi w`‡K avweZ n‡jI Bs‡iwR k㸇jv‡Z e¨eüZ `šÍ¨g~jxq D®§ /s/ aŸwbwUi g~j D”PviY evOvwji gy‡L †Kb i‡q †M‡Q? Gi Dˇi m¤¢eZ `ywU e¨vL¨v cÖ`vb Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| cÖ_gZ, Bs‡iwR k㸇jv evsjv fvlvq dviwmi Zzjbvq A‡bK c‡i G‡m‡Q| d‡j GB k㸇jvi /s/ aŸwbwU GLb evOvwji D”Pvi‡Y GLbI /k&/ g‡Zv D”PvwiZ n‡”Q bv| nq‡Zv A`~i fwel¨‡Z eûj e¨env‡ii Øviv /m&/ aŸwbi D”PviY /k&/ †Z iƒc wb‡Z cv‡i| wØZxqZ, evOvwj Bs‡iwR fvlvi k㸇jv D”PviY Kivi mgq hZ m‡PZbfv‡e g‡b †i‡L D”PviY K‡i, dviwm †_‡K AvMZ k㸇jv †miƒc m‡PZbZvq D”PviY K‡i bv| g~jZ `xN©w`‡bi e¨env‡ii Kvi‡Y G¸‡jv evsjv fvlvi kãvewji mv‡_ Ggbfv‡e wg‡k †M‡Q †h, evOvwj gvÎB A‡bKUv Am‡PZbfv‡e G¸‡jv‡K evsjv fvlvi wbR¯^ kã g‡b K‡i Ges D”Pvi‡Yi mgq wbR¯^ aŸwbZvwË¡K •ewkó¨ Av‡ivc K‡i g~j aŸwb // Gi gZ D”PviY K‡i| cwic~iK weZiY Ae¯’vwU fvlvi GKB aŸwbi mn-aŸwbg~jK cwiw¯’wZ‡K e¨vL¨v Kivi cvkvcvwk KLbI KLbI `ywU wfbœ aŸwbi cwic~iK Ae¯’vb‡KI eY©bv K‡i| D`vniY¯^iƒc, evsjv wjLbixwZ‡Z Bmjvg agx©q k‡ã ÔhÕ/z/ e‡m| wKš‘ Ab¨ cÖwZ‡e‡k D”PviY kZ© †g‡b ÔRÕ // e¨eüZ nq| G‡ÿ‡Î ÔhÕ Ges ÔRÕ `ywU c„_K aŸwbg~j n‡jI Giv gvb evsjvq ci¯ú‡ii cwic~iK e›Ub Ae¯’v m„wó K‡i‡Q| 8.2.2 gy³ weKí fvlvi mn-aŸwbg~j wbY©‡q gy³ weK‡íi aviYvwUI ¸iæZ¡c~Y©| †Kvb aŸwbg~j hLb GKwU wbw`©ó kvwãK cÖwZ‡e‡k e¨eüZ nq, ZLb aŸwbZvwË¡K cÖwZ‡e‡ki cÖfve QvovI wba©vwiZ D”Pvi‡Yi †P‡q GwU wfbœfv‡e D”PvwiZ n‡Z cv‡i ïay mswkøó D”Pvi‡Ki wbR¯^ Xs I ixwZMZ •ewk‡ó¨i Kvi‡Y| Gfv‡e k‡ã wbw`©ó aŸwbZvwË¡K cÖfve e¨ZxZ ïay D”Pvi‡Ki wbR¯^ D”PviY •ewk‡ó¨i Kvi‡Y mswkøó aŸwbg~‡ji wfbœagx© †h D”PviY †`Lv †`q Zv‡K gy³ weKí ejv nq| D`vniY¯^iƒc, `vk¸‡ßi (Dasgupta 2003) g‡Z, evsjv Jô¨ gnvcªvY Ôd&Õ/ph/ aŸwbwU KviI KviI D”Pvi‡Y we‡kl K‡i ÔdvumÕ, ÔdvuwmÕ BZ¨vw` k‡ã KLbI KLbI `‡šÍŠô¨ N„ó aŸwb‡Z /f/ cwiYZ nq| †m hyw³‡Z `‡šÍŠô¨ N„ó /f/ aŸwbwU Jô¨ gnvcªvY /d/ aŸwbwUi gy³ weKí •e wKQz bq| GQvov `vk¸ß g‡b K‡ib, ZvobRvZ `šÍ¨g~jxq Ôo&Õ// aŸwbwU evsjv aŸwbZ‡Ë¡i ZvwjKvq GKwU g~jaŸwb ev aŸwbg~j wn‡m‡e we‡ewPZ n‡e bv| KviY evOvwj, we‡kl K‡i c~e©e‡½i evOvwji gy‡L GB aŸwbwU ¯^Ztù~Z©fv‡e D”PvwiZ nq bv| ZvB `vk¸‡ßi mv‡_ Zvj wgwj‡q fÆvPvh©¨ (2016) e‡jb, evsjv K¤úbRvZ `šÍ¨g~jxq /r(i)/aŸwbwU KviI KviI K‡É †ewk AvbyôvwbK D”PviY ev we‡kl X‡O D”Pvi‡Yi Kvi‡Y KLbI ZvobRvZ `šÍ¨g~jxq /o&/ aŸwb iƒ‡c D”PvwiZ nq| †mB hyw³‡Z ZvobRvZ `šÍ¨g~jxq /o&/ aŸwb‡K K¤úbRvZ `šÍ¨g~jxq /i&/ Gi gy³ weKí ejv hvq| gy³ •ewP‡Î¨i gva¨‡g †hgb fvlvi GKwU g~jaŸwbi wewfbœ mn-aŸwbg~j‡K eY©bv Kiv hvq, wVK †Zgwbfv‡e we‡kl we‡kl aŸwbMZ (phonemic) Ae¯’v‡KI we‡kølY Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| D`vniY¯^iƒc, evsjv ÔAvR‡KÕ kãwU cwðgevsjvi †Kvb †Kvb cÖwgZ D”Pvi‡Y †Kvb iKg aŸwbZvwË¡K cÖwZ‡e‡ki cÖfve QvovB ÔAvR‡MÕ iƒ‡c D”PvwiZ nq| jÿYxq, evsjv fvlvq /K&/ Ges /M&/ `ywU aŸwb †h‡nZz aŸwbMZ (phonemic) cwiPh©vi

aŸwbZË¡ | 113 Kvi‡Y mswkøó `ywU k‡ã •ecixZ¨ Ae¯’v m„wói Øviv A_©MZ wfbœZv •Zwi K‡i, †m‡nZz Ic‡i DwjøwLZ ÔAvR‡KÕ Ges ÔAvR‡MÕ D”Pvi‡Y `ywU gy³ weKí Ae¯’v •Zwi Ki‡jI Giv GKB aŸwbi mn-aŸwbg~j bv n‡q eis `ywU Avjv`v aŸwb wn‡m‡eB Zv‡`i Aw¯ÍZ¡ wUwK‡q †i‡L‡Q| GKwU fvlvi aŸwbg~j wba©vi‡Yi welqwU n‡”Q aŸwbMZ (phonemic)| Ic‡ii eY©bv †_‡K eySv hv‡”Q, ¯^Zš¿ aŸwbg~j wn‡m‡e cwiwPZ nIqvi Rb¨ D”PvwiZ GKwU aŸwb‡K Ab¨ GKwU aŸwbi mv‡_ •ecixZ¨ Ae¯’v m„wó Ki‡Z nq| we‡kl K‡i, mviwY 8.1 G ewY©Z n‡q‡Q †h,ÔPvjÕ I ÔRvjÕ k‡ã h_vµ‡g /P&/ Ges /R&/ GB wfbœ `ywU aŸwb e¨env‡ii Kvi‡Y G‡`i g‡a¨ A_©MZ wfbœZv •Zwii gva¨‡g •ecixZ¨ Ae¯’v (contrast) Rb¥ wb‡q‡Q| ZvB Giv `ywU wfbœ aŸwb| †h‡nZz Giv ci¯úi `ywU c„_K aŸwbg~j ZvB D‡jøwLZ cwiw¯’wZ‡K aŸwbMZ cwiPh©v ejv nq| Ab¨w`‡K, mn-aŸwbg~j n‡”Q wbw`©ó kvwãK cÖwZ‡e‡k m„ó aŸwbZvwË¡K mgZvi (phonetic similarity) cªwZdj| †Kbbv, cwic~iK weZiY ev gy³ •ewPΨ- GB `yB cÖwµqvi †h gva¨‡gB mn-aŸwbg~j m„ó †nvK bv †Kb, Giv wbw`©ó kvwãK cÖwZ‡e‡k me‡P‡q †ewk aŸwbZvwË¡K mgZv Ae¯’v •Zwi K‡i‡Q| Ic‡ii 8.3 bs mviwY‡Z cÖhy³ D`vniYmg~n †_‡K eySv hvq, †h‡nZz †Nvl Ges A‡Nvl /b&/ aŸwbwU Ic‡i DwjøwLZ wewfbœ k‡ã Ab¨vb¨ aŸwbi mv‡c‡ÿ AwaK †ewk aŸwbMZfv‡e Awfbœ, †m‡nZz Zviv kã¸wj‡Z me‡P‡q †ewk aŸwbZvwË¡K mvg¨ Ae¯’v m„wó K‡i‡Q| aŸwbg~j I mn-aŸwbg~j wba©viY wel‡q Ic‡ii Av‡jvPbv †_‡K cÖZxqgvb nq, aŸwbg~j n‡”Q GKwU fvlvi ÿz`ª D”PviY LÐ hvi †Kvb ev¯Íe Ae¯’v mswkøó fvlv‡Z Lyu‡R cvIqv hvq bv| ZvB GwU n‡”Q GKwU weg©~Z iƒc| Zzjbvq Gi mn-aŸwbg~j¸‡jv n‡”Q ev¯Íe D`vniY †h¸‡jv kvwãK cÖwZ‡e‡k KLbI ci¯ú‡ii cwic~iK weZi‡Yi gva¨‡g A_ev KLbI gy³ weKí iƒ‡c ev¯ÍeMÖvn¨ nq| 8.3 Aÿi evsjv fvlvq ÔAÿiÕ k‡ãi `ywU A_© i‡h‡Q| mvaviY gvbyl Aÿi ej‡Z aŸwb ev eY©‡K eywS‡q _v‡K| D`vniY¯^iƒc, evsjv ÔmvÿiZvÕ k‡ã ÔAÿiÕ kãwUi cÖ‡qvM n‡q‡Q fvlvi eY©Ávb wn‡m‡e| wKš‘ fvlv wel‡q hviv wkÿKZv ev M‡elYv K‡i _v‡Kb Zviv ÔAÿiÕ kã‡K cvwifvwlK kã wn‡m‡e MÖnY K‡i _v‡Kb| Zv‡`i Kv‡Q ÔAÿiÕ n‡”Q Bs‡iwR syllable k‡ãi cwifvlv| GB MÖ‡š’I Aÿi‡K D³ cvwifvwlK kã wn‡m‡e MÖnY Kiv n‡q‡Q| mvsMVwbK w`K †_‡K Aÿi aŸwbg~‡ji †P‡q eo| Z‡e GwUI Aÿ‡ii GKwU Av‡cwÿK cwiPq| KviY †Kvb Aÿi hLb ïay Ô†K›`ªÕ (nucleus) w`‡q MwVZ nq (†hgb evsjv ÔIÕ AÿiwU †hwU ÔGesÕ Gi mgv_©K), ZLb GwUI aŸwbg~‡ji AvK…wZ aviY K‡i| Z‡e Aÿ‡ii mv‡_ aŸwbg~‡ji GKwU eo cv_©K¨ nj, Aÿ‡ii A_© _vK‡Z cv‡i; wKš‘ aŸwb g~‡ji †Kvb A_© †bB| GB chv©‡q Avgiv Aÿ‡ii GKwU cÖvgvY¨ msÁv wba©viY

114 | mgKvjxb fvlvweÁvb Ki‡Z cvwi| Aÿi n‡”Q GKwU aŸwbZvwË¡K msMVb hvi b~¨bZg GKwU Ô†K›`ªÕ _v‡K †hwU‡K n‡Z nq ¯^iaŸwb Ges G‡Z Ab¨vb¨ wKQy msMVb, h_v- Ôm~PbvÕ Ges ÔAwšÍKvÕ BZ¨vw`I _vK‡Z cv‡i| wb‡P GKwU evsjv Aÿi we‡kølY K‡i Aÿ‡ii msMVb¸‡jv kbv³ Ki‡Z cvwi| D`vniY¯^iƒc, evsjv ÔbLÕ kãwU GKwU GKvÿi kã; GB k‡ã ïay GKwU AÿiB Av‡Q| Gi msMVbwU n‡”Q 1) kã: bL Aÿi: GKwU Aÿi msMVb: b& + A + L& Aÿi msMV‡bi cwiwPwZ: 1. b& - m~Pbv; 1. A - †K›`ª; Ges 3. L& - AwšÍKv Ic‡i ÔbLÕ kãwUi Aÿ‡ii we‡kølY †`Lv‡bv nj| †m wn‡m‡e GKwU Aÿ‡ii wZbwU msMVb _v‡K, G¸‡jv nj- m~Pbv, †K›`ª I AwšÍKv| wb‡P G¸‡jvi mswÿß eY©bv †`Iqv nj| K. m~Pbv m~Pbv (onset) n‡”Q GKwU Aÿ‡ii ïiæi e¨Äb hv w`‡q Aÿi ïiæ nq| Ic‡ii D`vni‡Y ÔbLÕ Aÿ‡ii m~Pbv n‡”Q /b&/| Z‡e m~Pbv‡Z †hgb GKwU e¨Äb _v‡K, †Zgwb G‡Z GKvwaK e¨ÄbI _vK‡Z cv‡i| D`vniY¯^iƒc, ÔcÖvYÕ kãwU‡Z GKwU Aÿi Av‡Q †hLv‡b Gi m~Pbv‡Z i‡q‡Q `ywU e¨Äb, h_v- /c&i&/| evsjv fvlvq e¨eüZ Aÿ‡ii m~Pbvq wZbwU ch©šÍ e¨Äb _vK‡Z cv‡i| m~Pbv GKwU Aÿ‡ii Acwinvh© Ask bq eis Hw”QK msMVb| KviY m~Pbv QvovI Aÿi •Zwi n‡Z cv‡i| L. †K›`ª †K›`ª (nucleus) n‡”Q GKwU Aÿ‡i Aew¯’Z ¯^iaŸwbwU| Ic‡ii ÔbLÕ Aÿ‡ii †K›`ª n‡”Q /A/ ¯^iwU †hwU g~jZ m~Pbv ÔbÕ Gi g‡a¨ ms¸ß i‡q‡Q| Zvn‡j GKwU Aÿi •Zwii Acwinvh© msMVb n‡”Q G‡Z e¨eüZ ¯^iaŸwbwU| GwU Aÿ‡ii g~j msMVb; †Kbbv ¯^iaŸwb Qvov †Kvb Aÿi •Zwi nq bv| M. AwšÍKv AwšÍKv (coda) n‡”Q GKwU Aÿ‡ii †k‡li e¨Äb hvi Ae¯’vb wba©vwiZ Aÿ‡ii †K‡›`ªi †k‡l| Ic‡ii ÔbLÕ Aÿ‡ii AwšÍKv n‡”Q /L&/| m~Pbvi gZ AwšÍKv msMV‡bI GK ev GKvwaK e¨Äb _vK‡Z cv‡i| D`vniY¯^iƒc, evsjv ÔMÄÕ kãwU GKvÿiwewkó kã †hLv‡b Gi AwšÍKv msMV‡b `ywU e¨Äb, h_v- /b&R&/ i‡q‡Q| m~Pbvi gZ AwšÍKv msMVbwUI Rb¨ Aÿ‡ii Acwinvh© bq| ZvB AwšÍKv QvovI Aÿi •Zwi n‡Z cv‡i|

aŸwbZË¡ | 115 DcwiD³ Av‡jvPbvi gva¨‡g Avgiv Aÿ‡ii wKQz •ewkó¨ wba©viY Ki‡Z cvwi| G¸‡jv nj1. Aÿi GKwU fvwlK msMVb †hwU Gi †P‡q eo fvwlK msMVb kã •Zwi‡Z f~wgKv iv‡L| 2. Aÿi‡K wewkøó Ki‡j AviI wKQz ÿz`ªZi msMVb •Zwi nq| 3. Aÿ‡ii A_© _vK‡ZI cv‡i, Avevi bvI _vK‡Z cv‡i| D`vniY¯^iƒc, ÔIÕ GKwU Aÿi hvi A_© i‡q‡Q| Ab¨w`‡K, evsjv ÔcÖvwšÍKÕ k‡ãi GKwU Aÿi n‡”Q ÔwZKÕ hvi †Kvb A_© †bB| 4. mvsMVwbK w`K †_‡K Aÿi mvaviYZ aŸwbg~‡ji †P‡q eo Ges iƒcg~‡ji †P‡q ÿz`ª nq| D`vniY¯^iƒc,ÔcÖvYÕ GKwU Aÿi †hwU GB Aÿ‡ii †h‡Kvb aŸwbg~j h_v- /c&/, /i&/, /Av/ A_ev /b&/ Gi †P‡q eo| G Abywm×všÍ memgq mwVK bq| KviY evsjv ÔIÕ AÿiwU Ab¨ †h †Kvb aŸwbg~‡ji g‡ZvB| Ab¨w`‡K, ÔKl©YÕ GKwU iƒcg~j hv‡Z `ywU Aÿi h_v- ÔKi&Õ Ges ÔlYÕ i‡q‡Q| GLv‡b GB ÔKl©YÕ iƒcg~jwU Zvi AšÍf©y³ `ywU Aÿ‡ii †P‡q mvsMVwbK w`K †_‡K eo| 8.3.1 Aÿ‡ii m~Pbvwewa Ges aŸwb‡KŠkjZË¡ 8.3.1.1 aŸwb‡KŠkjZË¡ cÖ‡Z¨K fvlxB gvZ…fvlvi wbR¯^ aŸwbMZ mskÖq ev c×wZ‡K Zvi †e‡o IVvi avivevwnKZvq ¯^Ztù~Z©fv‡e AR©b K‡i †bq| Zvi GB AwR©Z aŸwbZvwË¡K c×wZi Øviv †m Zvi fvlvi cÖvq me aŸwb †KŠkj D”Pvi‡Y mÿgZv †`Lvq| Gfv‡e fvlx GKmgq gvZ…fvlvi wfbœ aŸwb‡KŠkj D”Pvi‡Yi †ÿ‡Î G ai‡bi mÁv-ÿgZv AR©b K‡i| fvlx Zvi GB mÁvi gva¨‡g we‡`kx fvlv †_‡K AvMZ k‡ãi e¨wZµgx aŸwb †KŠkj m¤ú‡K© †hgb AewnZ nq, †Zgwb we‡`kx k‡ãi e¨wZµgx ev AmvaviY aŸwb †KŠkj‡K D”PviY Kivi myweav‡_© wbR¯^ aŸwb c×wZi mv‡_ wgwj‡q D”PviY Kivi †Póv K‡i| A_v©r we‡`kx fvlv †_‡K AvMZ k‡ãi Aby”PviY‡hvM¨ aŸwb †KŠkj‡K wbR¯^ aŸwb mskÖ‡qi Øviv D”PviY‡hvM¨ aŸwb †KŠk‡j cwiYZ K‡i| we‡`kx k‡ãi aŸwbmg~n‡K wbR¯^ aŸwb mskªq ev c×wZi mvnv‡h¨ D”PviY Kivi †KŠkj‡K aŸwb Drcv`b †KŠkj e‡j| Avi GwelqK ZvwË¡K Av‡jvPbv‡K aŸwb‡KŠkjZË¡ e‡j| welqwU‡K wKQzUv Nywi‡q ej‡j G iKg `vuovq, aŸwb‡KŠkjZË¡ n‡”Q aŸwbZ‡Ë¡i GKwU kvLv †hwU †Kvb GKwU wbw`©ó fvlvi D”PviY‡hvM¨ aŸwb mgwói cÖvK…wZK I mnRvZ cÖwZeÜKZv wel‡q we‡kølY K‡i (Denham & Libeck 2013: 123)| D`vniY¯^iƒc, Avw`evmx fvlv †_‡K evsjvq AvMZ GKwU kã n‡”Q ÔýxjvÕ| GB k‡ãi cÖ_g Aÿ‡ii `ywU e¨Äb¸”Q n‡”Q Ôn&+b&Õ †hwU Aÿ‡ii m~Pbv‡Z D”PvwiZ nq| wKš‘ evsjv fvlvi aŸwbZvwË¡K mskªq Abymv‡i Aÿ‡ii m~Pbv‡Z D‡jøwLZ e¨Äb¸”Q D”PviY‡hvM¨ bq| d‡j evOvwj cvVKgvÎB G kãwU‡K wbR¯^ aŸwb †KŠk‡ji mv‡_ m½wZc~Y© K‡i m~Pbvi Ôn&+b&Õ aŸwb¸‡”Qi /n&/ aŸwb ev` w`‡q ÔwbjvÕ D”PviY K‡i| wewfbœ B‡qv‡ivcxq fvlv †_‡K evsjv fvlvq AvMZ k‡ãi Aÿimg~‡ni wbw`©ó aŸwb¸‡”Qi †ÿ‡ÎI G K_v cÖ‡hvR¨|

116 | mgKvjxb fvlvweÁvb 8.3.1.2 Aÿ‡ii m~Pbvwewa I aŸwb‡KŠkj GLb cÖkœ n‡”Q, we‡`kx fvlv †_‡K AvMZ k‡ãi Aÿ‡ii †Kvb aŸwb¸”Q fvlx‡`i wbKU mvaviYZ D”PviY‡hvM¨ nq bv? Ic‡ii D`vniY †_‡K mn‡RB `„ó nq, mvaviYZ kãw¯’Z GKwU Aÿ‡ii m~Pbvi e¨Äb¸”Q †hwU wb‡Ri fvlvi aŸwb mskÖ‡qi Øviv mgw_©Z bq, Zv mn‡RB D”PviY‡hvM¨ bq| GB ch©‡eÿY †_‡K mn‡RB aviYv Kiv hvq, cÖ‡Z¨K fvlv‡ZB Aÿ‡ii m~Pbvi wKQz •ewkó¨c~Y© m~Pbvwewa i‡q‡Q| Avi G m~Pbvwewai Kvi‡YB GKwU fvlvq Aÿ‡ii m~Pbvq †h e¨Äb¸”Q `„ó nq, Ab¨ fvlvq Zv nqZ †`Lv hvq bv| D`vniY¯^iƒc, Bs‡iwR fvlvq /spl/aŸwb¸”Q Aÿ‡ii m~Pbvwewa‡Z mgw_©Z n‡jI /pls/ aŸwb¸”Q wKQz‡ZB D”PviY‡hvM¨ bq| GLb Rvbv hvK, evsjv fvlvq k‡ãi Aÿ‡ii m~Pbvq †Kvb ai‡bi e¨Äb¸”Q _v‡K| A_v©r evsjv fvlvi Aÿ‡ii m~Pbvwewa Kx hv evsjvfvlx gvÎB gvZ…fvlv AR©‡bi avivevwnKZvq ¯^Ztù~Z©fv‡e `ÿ n‡q I‡V, Ges cwiYwZ‡Z Aÿ‡ii m~Pbvwewai e¨Äb¸”Q‡K Abvqv‡m D”PviY Ki‡Z mg_© nq? G wel‡q GKwU aviYv AR©‡bi Rb¨ wb‡Pi mviwYfz³ kã¸wj ch©‡eÿY Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| mviwY 8.4 evsjv Aÿ‡ii m~Pbvwewai e¨Äb¸”Q

g~jZ evsjv kãfz³ Aÿ‡ii m~Pbvwewai m‡ev©”P e¨Äb¸‡”Qi mxgv n‡”Q wØ-e¨Äb(cc) †_‡K Îx-e¨Äb (ccc)| evsjv Aÿ‡ii m~Pbvq `yB e¨Ä‡bi ¸”Q †hgb i‡q‡Q, †Zgwb wZb e¨Ä‡bi ¸”Q mnRjf¨ bv n‡jI `yj©ÿ¨ bq| KviY `yB e¨Ä‡bi ¸‡”Qi Zzjbvq wZb e¨Ä‡bi ¸”Q wbZvšÍB Kg| evsjv Aÿ‡ii m~Pbvi e¨Äb¸‡”Qi GB mxgv‡K wb‡Pi m~‡Î cÖKvk Kiv hvq| 2) σ [ s {p/t/k/b/g/m {l/r/p/th/k

Avgiv mviwY 8.4 †_‡K RvZ 2bs m~Î hw` ch©‡eÿY Kwi Zvn‡j †`L‡Z cvB †h, Aÿ‡ii m~Pbvq wZb e¨Ä‡bi ¸”Q _vK‡j †mwU Aek¨B /m&/w`‡q ïiæ nq| GB ¸‡”Qi wØZxq e¨ÄbwU megmq A‡Nvl/†Nvl ¯ú„ó

aŸwbZË¡ | 117 aŸwb| G‡ÿ‡Î Z…Zxq e¨ÄbwU †ewki fvM †ÿ‡Î Zij aŸwb; Z‡e KLbI KLbI GwU A‡Nvl ¯ú„ó e¨ÄbI n‡Z cv‡i| 8.3.1.3 AvKw¯§K k~b¨Zv I wbqghy³ k~b¨Zv cÖwZwU gvbe fvlv‡ZB GKwU Aÿ‡ii m~Pbvq mywbw`©ó e¨Äb¸”Q _v‡K, hv H fvlvi wbR¯^ aŸwb mskÖq wn‡m‡e we‡ewPZ nq| GB ai‡bi wKQy aŸwb-mskÖq ev e¨Äb¸”Q cÖvq cÖ‡Z¨KwU fvlvi Rb¨ mvaviY n‡jI AviI wKQz aŸwb¸”Q i‡q‡Q hv GKwU fvlvi Abb¨ •ewkó¨ wn‡m‡e L¨vZ nq| Z‡e mswkøó fvlvi Abb¨ e¨Äb¸”Q Zvi fvlxi Rb¨ ¯^vfvweK n‡jI Ab¨ fvlxi †ÿ‡Î Zv ¯^vfvweK D”PviY‡eva wn‡m‡e we‡ewPZ bvI n‡Z cv‡i| GB aviYvi Ici wfwË K‡i aŸwb‡KŠkjZ‡Ë¡ `ywU bZzb cwifvlv m„ó n‡q‡Q| G¸‡jv njK. AvKw¯§K k~b¨Zv GKwU fvlvq we`¨gvb aŸwb mskÖ‡qi mv‡_ wgj †i‡L wKQz m¤¢ve¨ e¨Äb¸”Q •Zwi Kiv hvq hv H fvlvq eZ©gvb †bB| D`vniY¯^iƒc, Ic‡ii 8.4 Gi mviwY‡Z DwjøwLZ D`vni‡Yi mv‡_ m½wZ †i‡L evsjvq bZzb e¨Äb¸”Q mgwš^Z kã •Zwi Kiv hvq, †hgb5) m&`vb, føvK, Nøg, wMøb BZ¨vw` D`vniY¸wj‡Z k‡ãi Aÿ‡ii m~Pbvq †h bZzb e¨Äb¸”Q •Zwi Kiv n‡q‡Q, Zv evsjv fvlvq bZzb Ges Abycw¯’Z, Z‡e G¸‡jv wbtm‡›`‡n D”PviY‡hvM¨| KviY GB k㸇jvi aŸwbMZ cÖwµqv evOvwji aŸwbZvwË¡K mskªq Øviv mgw_©Z| G ai‡bi D”PviY‡hvM¨ e¨Äb¸”Q hv GKwU fvlvi Aÿ‡ii m~Pbvq Abycw¯’Z Zv‡K AvKw¯§K k~b¨Zv (accidental gap) e‡j| Aÿ‡ii m~Pbvwewai mswkøó G ai‡bi e¨Äb¸‡”Qi k~b¨Zv cÖ‡Z¨K fvlvi †ÿ‡ÎB ¯^vfvweK GKwU •ewkó¨| Avi G ai‡bi AvKw¯§K k~b¨Zv i‡q‡Q e‡jB fvlvq †hgb wKQz bZzb we‡`kx k‡ãi D”PviY Kiv mnR nq, †Zgwbfv‡e D”PviY‡hvM¨ bZzb kã •Zwi Kiv m¤¢eci nq| L. •bqwgK ev wbqgMZ k~b¨Zv •bqwgK k~b¨Zv (systematic gap) n‡”Q Aÿ‡ii m~Pbvq Aew¯’Z e¨Äb¸‡”Qi †m ai‡bi k~b¨Zv hv GKwU fvlvi aŸwb-mskÖq Øviv mgw_©Z bq| A_v©r GKwU fvlvi Aÿ‡ii m~Pbvi e¨Äb‡K cÖPwjZ wbq‡gi Øviv •Zwi Kiv hvq bv| we‡kl K‡i, fvlvi AšÍwbwn©Z aŸwbMZ wbqgB e‡j w`‡”Q †h, G ai‡bi e¨Äb¸‡”Qi mgevq m¤¢e bq| D`vniY¯^iƒc, Avw`evmx fvlv †_‡K AvMZ ÔýxjvÕ kãwUi cÖ_g Aÿi ÔýxÕ-i m~Pbvi e¨Äb¸”Q Ôn&b&Õ evsjv fvlvi AšÍwb©wnZ aŸwb k„•Ljv Øviv mgw_©Z bq| mviwY 8.4-Gi k‡ãi Aÿ‡ii m~PbvqI G ai‡bi e¨Äb¸‡”Qi D‡jøL †bB| ZvB evsjv fvlvi •bqwgK k~b¨Zv n‡”Q Ôn&b&Õ| G R‡b¨B evOvwjiv GB kãwU‡K ÔwbjvÕ D”PviY K‡i| W‡eªvfj&w¯‹ I KvZv¤^v (dobrovolsky & Katamba 1996) Rvbv‡”Qb, Bs‡iwR fvlvq /bz/, /pt/, /fp/ BZ¨vw` e¨Äb¸”Q n‡”Q GB fvlvi •bqwgK k~b¨Zv| KviY Bs‡iwR fvlvi AšÍwb©wnZ aŸwbmskÖ‡q Aÿ‡ii

118 | mgKvjxb fvlvweÁvb ïiæ‡Z G ai‡bi e¨Äb¸‡”Qi Aw¯ÍZ¡ †bB| d‡j Bs‡iwR fvlxiv k‡ãi Aÿ‡ii ïiæ‡Z G ai‡bi e¨Äb¸‡”Qi D”PviY Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| evsjv fvlvi `„wó‡KvY †_‡K †`L‡j D³ e¨Äb¸”Q¸‡jv evsjvfvlx‡`i Rb¨I •bqwgK k~b¨Zv wn‡m‡e we‡ewPZ| Avi c„w_exi AwaKvsk gvby‡li Rb¨ †h e¨Äb¸”QwU •bqwgK k~b¨Zv wn‡m‡e we‡ewPZ †mwU n‡”Q /lp/| 8.4 ¯^vZwš¿K wdPvi aŸwb‡K A_©nxb b~¨bZg GKK ejv n‡jI cÖK…Z wePv‡i aŸwb ev aŸwbg~j n‡”Q AviI wKQz AwZ ÿy`ª fvwlK GK‡Ki mgwó| fvlvq e¨eüZ aŸwbg~‡ji †P‡qI ÿz`ªZi Gme GKK‡K ¯^vZwš¿K wdPvi (distinctive feature) e‡j| GB ¯^vZwš¿K wdPvi¸‡jv g~jZ aŸwb‡K wewfbœ `„wó‡KvY †_‡K kbv³ Kivi †ÿ‡Î f‚wgKv iv‡L| Giv aŸwbi bvbviKg •ewkó¨‡K wb‡`©k K‡i| †m we‡ePbvq aŸwbi wewfbœ •ewkó¨ wba©viK m~PK‡K GK GKwU wdPvi ejv nq| aŸwbg~‡ji GB •ewkó¨ ev wdPvi W‡eªvfj&w¯‹ I KvZv¤^v (dobrovolsky & Katamba 1996) Aej¤^‡b wb‡P bvbvfv‡e wba©vwiZ n‡q‡Q| K. wdPvi n‡”Q ¯^vaxb I mgwš^Z jÿY Avgiv Rvwb, fvlvi cÖwZwU aŸwb D”Pvi‡Yi †ÿ‡Î dzmdzmZvwoZ evZvm‡K wKQz avivevwnK I mgwš^Z Kvh©aviv m¤úbœ Ki‡Z nq| Gme Kvh©aviv‡K mgwš^Z D”PviYg~jK Kvh©aviv ejv †h‡Z cv‡i| D`vniY¯^iƒc, G¸‡jvi g‡a¨ D‡jøL‡hvM¨ n‡”Q, dzmdzm AvMZ evZvm‡K ¯^ih‡š¿i ga¨ w`‡q cvi nIqvi mgq ¯^iZš¿ Kw¤úZ nIqv ev bv nIqv, wewfbœfv‡e wRnŸvi bovPov Kiv, †Vuv‡Ui †Mvj nIqv ev bv nIqv BZ¨vw`| Gme mgwš^Z D”PviYg~jK Kvh©µ‡gi wfwˇZ [†NvlZv], [D”PZv], [†MvjvK…wZ] BZ¨vw` wdPvi •Zwi Kiv hvq| Gfv‡e m„ó cÖ‡Z¨KwU wdPvi ev wdPvimgwó aŸwbmg~‡ni wewfbœ jÿY‡K iƒcvwqZ K‡i| Ic‡ii D”PviYg~jK Kvh©µg‡K aŸwbi ¯^vaxb •ewkó¨I ejv hvq, †h‡nZz Avjv`vfv‡e GB Kvh©µg mswkøóaŸwbi ¯^Zš¿ cwiPq‡K m~wPZ K‡i| L. wdPvi I cªvK…wZK †kÖwY wKQz wKQz wdPvi aŸwbmg~‡ni mvaviY •ewkó¨‡KI m~wPZ K‡i| GwU wb‡`©k K‡i, wKQz ¯^Zš¿m~PK •ewk‡ó¨i Rb¨ GK `j aŸwb Ab¨ `j aŸwb †_‡K Avjv`v| D`vniY¯^iƒc, evsjv /K&/, /P&/, /U&/, /Z&/, /c&/ aŸwb¸‡jv /M&/, /R&/, /W&/, /`&/, /e&/ aŸwb¸‡jv †_‡K Avjv`v †NvlZv •ewk‡ó¨i Kvi‡Y| G‡ÿ‡Î cÖ_g¸”Q aŸwb¸‡jv D”Pvi‡Yi mgq ¯^iZš¿ `ywU Kvu‡c bv, wKš‘ wØZxq¸‡”Qi aŸwbmg~n D”Pvi‡Yi †ÿ‡Î Zv Kw¤úZ nq| ZvB cÖ_g ¸‡”Qi aŸwbmg~n †h cÖvK…wZK †kÖwY‡K wb‡`©k K‡i, wØZxq¸‡”Qi aŸwbmg~n Ab¨ cÖvK„wZK †kÖwY‡K Zz‡j a‡i| DwjøwLZ •ewk‡ó¨i wfwˇZ GB `yB ¸‡”Qi aŸwbmg~n‡K `ywU ¯^Zš¿ wdPv‡i wef³ Kiv hvq Gfv‡e; cÖ_g †kÖwYi aŸwbmg~‡ni ¯^vZwš¿K wdPvi n‡”Q [-†NvlZv] Ges wØZxq †kÖwYi ¯^vZwš¿K wdPvi nj [+†NvlZv]| Ic‡ii ch©v‡jvPbvi wfwˇZ ejv †h‡Z cv‡i †h, wdPvi aŸwbmg~‡ni cªvK…wZK †kÖwY‡K iƒcvwqZ K‡i|

aŸwbZË¡ | 119 M. wdPvi I mn-aŸwbg~jK •ewPΨ ¯^vZwš¿K wdPv‡ii Av‡iKwU D‡jøL‡hvM¨ jÿY n‡”Q GwU wewfbœ aŸwbg~‡ji mn-aŸwbg~jK •ewkó¨‡KI m~wPZ K‡i| Avgiv Rvwb, mn-aŸwbg~j wKš‘ bZzb ev Avjv`v aŸwbg~jMZ mËv bq, eis GKB aŸwbg~‡ji cÖwZ‡ekMZ ev gy³ •ewPΨ| Awfbœ aŸwbi GB mn-aŸwbg~wjK •ewPΨ‡KI aŸwbZ‡Ë¡ ¯^vZwš¿K wdPvi wn‡m‡e wPwýZ Kivi ixwZ `xN©w`b a‡i P‡j Avm‡Q| D`vniY¯^iƒc, evsjv fvlvq k‡ãi †k‡li /_&/ Ges /a&/ gnvcÖvYZv †jvc †c‡q hvq| D`vniY¯^iƒc, Ôbv_&>bvZ&Õ| †m Abymv‡i D³ cÖwZ‡e‡k ÔgnvcÖvYZvÕi cwieZ©b‡K ¯^vZwš¿K wdPv‡i [+gnvcÖvYZv] >[-gnvcÖvYZv]Õ iƒ‡c †jLv hvq| N. wdPvi I aŸwbi bZzb †kÖwYMZ •ewkó¨ fvlvq e¨eüZ aŸwbi wewfbœ ai‡bi wdPvi wba©vi‡Yi †ÿ‡Î Ic‡ii eY©bvq g~jZ aŸwb wePv‡ii cÖ_vMZ gvb`Ð, h_v- ¯’vbwelqK wePvi, ixwZwelqK wdPvi Ges ¯^ihš¿xq wdPvi BZ¨vw`‡KB gyL¨ we‡ePbv Kiv n‡q‡Q| G¸‡jv QvovI aŸwbi wdPvi wbav©i‡Y AviI wKQz bZzb •ewkó¨‡K we‡ePbv Kiv nq| G¸‡jvI c‡ivÿfv‡e aŸwb wePv‡ii ¯’vb, ixwZ Ges †NvlZv‡KB iƒcvwqZ K‡i| D`vniY¯^iƒc, wKQz aŸwb D”Pvi‡Yi mgq Avgiv Avgv‡`i wRnŸvi WMv ev mvg‡bi Ask‡K D‡ËvwjZ Kwi| D`vniY¯^iƒc, /Z&/, /_&/, /`&/, /a&/, /m&/ aŸwb¸‡jv D”Pvi‡Yi mgq Avgv‡`i wRnŸvi WMv ev †eøW D‡ËwjZ K‡i Av‡iKwU c‡ivÿ D”PviK‡K ¯úk© Ki‡Z nq| †h‡nZz Gme aŸwb D”Pvi‡Yi †ÿ‡Î GKwU mvaviY •ewkó¨ n‡”Q wRnŸvi mvg‡bi As‡ki D‡Ëvjb, ZvB GB •ewkó¨‡K GKwU ¯^Zš¿ wdPvi wn‡m‡e wPwýZ K‡i Gi bvg †`Iqv n‡q‡Q [+wkLixq] wdPvi| Gfv‡e wdPvi aŸwbZ‡Ë¡i HwZn¨MZ •ewkó‡K iƒcvwqZ Kivi cvkvcvwk wewfbœ bZzb •ewkó¨‡KI G‡Z AšÍf³ y© K‡i| 8.4.1 wdPvi wjLb †KŠkj ¯^vZwš¿K wdPvi wjL‡bi GKwU mywbw`©ó †KŠkj i‡q‡Q hv mviv c„w_ex‡Z Awfbœfv‡e AbymiY Kiv nq| †mB †KŠkjwU n‡”Q- †Kvb aŸwbi wdPvi †jLvi †ÿ‡Î †h •ewkó¨wU H aŸwb‡Z eZ©gvb i‡q‡Q †mwU Z…Zxq eÜbxi †fZ‡i GKwU Ô+Õ wPý mn‡hv‡M wjL‡Z n‡e, Avi H •ewkó¨wU Abycw¯’Z n‡j eÜbxi †fZ‡i GKwU Ô-Õ wPý w`‡q wdPviwUi bvg cÖ`vb Ki‡Z n‡e| †m we‡ePbvq aŸwbi ¯^vZwš¿K wdPvi †KŠkjwU g~jZ GKwU hyM¥ (binary) wjLbixwZi D`vniY †hLv‡b wdPv‡ii Dcw¯’wZ Ges Abycw¯’wZ‡K h_vµ‡g Ô†hvMÕ (+) Ges Ôwe‡qvMÕ (-) wPý mn‡hv‡M iƒcvqb Kiv nq| D`vniY¯^iƒc, /e&/ GKwU †Nvl aŸwb| ZvB GB aŸwbi wdPvi †jL‡Z n‡e [+†Nvl] iƒ‡c| wecixZµ‡g, evsjv /c&/ aŸwbwU †h‡nZz GKwU A‡Nvl aŸwb, †m‡nZz Gi wdPvi †jLb †KŠkj n‡”Q [-†Nvl]| wdPvi wjL‡bi GB †KŠkjwU cÖ_g cÖ¯vÍ e K‡ib ¯^vZwš¿K wdPv‡ii cÖeZ©K BqvKemb I Ab¨vb¨ (Jakobson et al. 1952)| Gfv‡e wewfbœ wdPvi wb‡`©kmn GKwU aŸwb‡K hLb AvbyôvwbKfv‡e web¨vm ev mw¾Z Kiv nq ZLb Zv‡K wdPvi †gwUª· (matrix) ejv nq| D`vniY¯^iƒc,

120 | mgKvjxb fvlvweÁvb mviwY 8.5 evsjv ¯^aŸwbi wdPvi †gwUª·

8.4.2 ¯^vZwš¿K wdPvi †kÖwY fvlvq e¨eüZ aŸwbmg~‡ni wdPv‡ii †kÖwY wba©vi‡Yi welqwU Ôhyw³ QvovÕ ev AvcwZK bq, eis GKwU wbw`©ó hyw³c~Y© cÖwµqv AbymiY K‡iB GB †kÖwY wbav©i‡Yi KvRwU Kiv nq| G‡ÿ‡Î fvlvweÁvbxiv cÖavbZ aŸwbmg~‡ni cÖvK…wZK †kÖwY¸‡”Qi bxwZgvjvi c_ a‡iB KvRwU m¤úbœ K‡ib| cvkvcvwk †h †Kvb †hŠw³K I cÖ‡hvR¨ bZzb cÖvK…wZK †kÖwYi •ewkó¨I G‡Z hy³ n‡Z cv‡i| aŸwbZ‡Ë¡i BwZnv‡m fvlvweÁvbxiv cÖ_g Bs‡iwR fvlvi aŸwbi wdPv‡ii †kÖwY wba©vi‡Yi †ÿ‡Î G ai‡bi GKwU †hŠw³K bxwZgvjv AbymiY K‡i‡Qb| wb‡P †Mv‡Rb‡nv‡fb Ges BqvKem& (Gussenhoven & Jakobs 2011) Abymi‡Y evsjvfvlvi wdPvi †kÖwYi GKwU ZvwjKv cÖ¯vÍ e Kiv nj| G‡ÿ‡Î Zvu‡`i Abym„Z PviwU wdPvi †kÖwY njÑ K. cÖavb wdPvi †kÖwY: GwU †kÖwYwU‡K Avevi wZbwU fv‡M fvM Kiv n‡q‡Q| †hgb1. [e¨ÄbMZ]- GB ai‡bi wdPviavix aŸwb¸‡jv gyL wee‡ii ms‡KvP‡bi gva¨‡g m„ó nq| mKj myjwjZ •ewkó¨m¤úbœ aŸwb GB †kÖwYi AvIZvi evB‡i _v‡K| D`vniY¯^iƒc, /c&/, /e&/, /m&/, /k&/, /V&/, /U&/, /W&/, /g&/ BZ¨vw` aŸwb [+e¨ÄbMZ] iƒ‡c iƒcvwqZ nq| 2. [AvÿwiK]- mKj ¯^i, Zij Ges bvwmK¨ aŸwb¸‡jv GB wdPv‡ii AšÍfy³ © | KviY Giv Aÿi MV‡b †K›`ªxq f~wgKv cvjb K‡i| D`vniY¯^iƒc, /Av/, /B/, /G&/, /j&/, /b&/ BZ¨vw` aŸwb [+AvÿwiK] wn‡m‡e wjwLZ nq| 3. [myjwjZ]- GB wdPv‡ii AvIZvq e¨ÄbMZ aŸwb e¨wZ‡i‡K myi‡hvM¨ mKj ¯^i, wcw”Qj, Zij Ges bvwmK¨ aŸwb¸‡jv AšÍfy³ © n‡q _v‡K| D`vniY¯^iƒc, /G/, /B/, /I/, /j&/, /g&/ BZ¨vw` aŸwb [+myjwjZ] iƒ‡c iƒcvwqZ nq|

aŸwbZË¡ | 121 L. ¯^ihš¿xq wdPvi †kÖwY: GB †kÖwYi cieZ©x wefvRb n‡”Q4. [†Nvl]- mKj †Nvl aŸwb GB wdPvi •ewk‡ó¨i AšÍM©Z; myZivs Giv n‡”Q [+†Nvl]| Ab¨w`‡K, mKj A‡Nvl aŸwb¸‡jv [-†Nvl]| 5. [k^vmiÜ« m¤úªmviY]Ñ GB wdPviavix aŸwb¸‡jv D”Pvi‡Yi mgq `ywU ¯^iZ‡š¿i gvSLv‡b dvuK •Zwi nq| mKj gnvcÖvY aŸwb n‡”Q GB wdPv‡ii AvIZvfz³ [+k^vm] 6. [k^vmiÜ« ms‡KvPb]Ñ `yB ¯^iZ‡š¿i ms‡KvP‡bi †hme aŸwb D”PvwiZ nq †m aŸwb¸‡jv GB wdPvifz³ n‡q _v‡K| GB wdPv‡i AšÍfy³ © Bs‡iwR fvlvi GKgvÎ aŸwb n‡”Q [?] hv‡K Avgiv [-k^vm] iƒ‡c wjL‡Z cvwi| M. D”PviY¯’vb wdPvi †kÖwY: Gi cÖvMÖmi wefvRb n‡”Q7. [Iô¨]- †h aŸwb¸‡jv GK †VvuU ev `yB †Vvu‡Ui ¯ú‡k© D”PvwiZ nq †m¸‡jv GB wdPvifz³ Ges †jLv nq [+Iô¨] iƒ‡c| 8. [†MvjvK…wZ]Ñ mKj ¯^iaŸwb Ges Iô¨-wRnŸvg~jxq wcw”Qj aŸwb (rounded labiovelar glide) (†hgb, Bs‡iwR /w/) GB wdPv‡ii g‡a¨ AšÍf©y³ nq Ges [+ †MvjvK…wZ] iƒ‡c †jLv n‡q _v‡K| 9. [wkLixq]Ñ †h mKj aŸwb wRnŸvi WMv A_ev wRnŸvi mvg‡bi Ask D‡ËvwjZ n‡q D”PvwiZ nq †m¸‡jv GB wdPv‡ii g‡a¨ †kÖwYfz³ n‡q _v‡K| D`vniY¯^iƒc, aŸwb¸‡jv /U&/, /W&/, /m&/, /b&/, /i&/, /j&/ [+wkLixq] iƒ‡c wjwLZ nq| 10. [ewn¯’]- †h aŸwb¸‡jv gyLwee‡ii mvg‡bi Ask, h_v- Zvje¨-g~a©b¨ A‡j D”PvwiZ nq, †m aŸwb¸wj GB wdPvi‡K aviY K‡i| GB wdPv‡ii AšÍfy³ © aŸwb¸wj n‡”Q /c&/. /e&/, /U&/, /W&/, /m&/, /_&/ Ges /a&/ †h¸‡jv [+ewn¯’] iƒ‡c wjwLZ n‡q _v‡K| N. D”PviYixwZ wdPvi †kÖwY: GB †kÖwYi AwZwi³ wefvRb n‡”Q11. [Aweivg]- †Kvb ai‡bi evav ev cÖwZeÜKZv QvovB G wdPviavix aŸwb¸‡jv D”PvwiZ nq| D`vniY¯^iƒc, mKj ¯^i, wcw”Qj Ges Zij aŸwbmg~n GB wdPvifz³ nq Ges [+Aweivg] iƒ‡c †jLv nq| 12. [bvwmK¨]- †h mKj aŸwb AvjwRnŸv wbPz n‡q bvmvc_ Db¥y³ nIqvi gva¨‡g bvK w`‡q D”PvwiZ nq †m¸‡jv‡K GB wdPvifz³ Kiv nq Ges [+bvwmK¨] iƒc wjwLZ nq| 13. [cvk©x^ q]-/j/ Ges GB aŸwbi D”PviY •ewPΨhy³ mKj aŸwb GB wdPv‡ii AšÍfy³ © nq Ges [+cvk^x©q] iƒ‡c †jLv n‡q _v‡K

122 | mgKvjxb fvlvweÁvb

AvšÍR©vwZK aŸwbZvwË¡K eY©gvjv | 123

bq

AvšÍR©vwZK aŸwbZvwË¡K eY©gvjv gvbe aŸwbi mve©RwbK cÖwZeYx©KiY †KŠkj GB Aa¨vq †k‡l Avcwb wkL‡ebÑ  K. gvbe fvlvi aŸwb cÖwZeYx©Ki‡Yi AvšÍR©vwZK cÖ‡Póv I BwZnvm  L. fvwlK aŸwbi mve©RwbK cªwZeYx©Ki‡Yi m~Îvw`i we¯‘„Z eY©bv  M. AvšÍR©vwZK aŸwbZvwË¡K eY©gvjvi mvn‡h¨ evsjv aŸwb cÖwZeYx©Ki‡Yi †KŠkj c×wZ

gvZ…fvlv cÖ_g ch©v‡q wjwLZ wQj bv| gy‡Li fvwlK ixwZ‡ZB fvlxiv cÖvZ¨wnK msÁvcb m¤úbœ KiZ| wKš‘ mg‡qi avivevwnKZvq gvbyl Zv‡`i fvwlK cÖKvk‡K ¯’vqxiƒc †`Iqvi cÖ‡qvRb Abyfe K‡i Ges wjwc D™¢veb K‡i| wjwc D™¢ve‡bi †ÿ‡Î my‡gixqiv cÖ_g K…wZ‡Z¡i AwaKvix n‡jI wewfbœ mg‡q wfbœ wfbœ fvlvi wjwci weKv‡ki cÖwµqvwU GK iKg wQj bv| Z‡e G wel‡q GKwU mvaviY cªeYZv wQj †h, AwaKvsk‡ÿ‡ÎB cvk^©eZx© DbœZ I gnvRbx fvlvi wjwc‡K mg‡MvÎxq †`kxq fvlvi wjwc e‡j Pvwc‡q †`Iqv n‡q‡Q| d‡j †`kxq fvlvi wbR¯^ aŸwbcÖwµqvi mv‡_ Av‡ivwcZ wjwce¨e¯’vi mvg¨ I mv`„k¨ KgB iwÿZ nZ| wKš‘ fvlxiv Zv‡`i fvlvi wjwc I aŸwbi GB AcÖwZmgZv‡K mnRvZ •ewk󨸇Y AvZ¥¯’ K‡i wb‡jI hLbB wb‡R‡`i fvlv‡K we‡`kxi wbKU cwiwPZ Kiv‡Z †P‡q‡Q, ZLbB Zviv wb‡Ri fvlvi wjwc I aŸwbi Amvg¨ wel‡q m‡PZb n‡q‡Q Ges aŸwb Abyhvqx eY© D™¢ve‡bi AvKv•ÿv †cvlY K‡i‡Q| gvby‡li GB AšÍwb©wnZ B”Qvi mdj ev¯Íevqb n‡”Q AvšÍRvwZ©K aŸwbZvwË¡K eY©gvjv| GB wel‡q we¯Í…Z Av‡jvPbvi c~‡e© wb‡Pi ch©‡eÿY¸‡jv we‡ePbv Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| 1) Bs‡iwRi wkÿK Qv·`i know kãwUi evbvb †kLv‡Z wM‡q e‡jb †h kãwUi evbv‡bi mv‡_ D”Pvi‡Yi wgj †bB| 2) evOvwj e¨emvqx Zuvi c‡Y¨i evsjv bvg ÔcªvYÕ†K ‘pran’ iƒ‡c AvšÍRv© wZK †Pnviv w`‡q‡Q hv‡Z Zvi c‡Y¨i evsjv bvgwU wek^e¨vcx cwiwPwZ cvq| 3) evsjfvlxiv AeMZ Av‡Qb †h, evsjv ÔmeÕ, ÔkeÕ, Ges ÔlvuoÕ GB kã wZbwU c„_KeY© w`‡q wjwLZ n‡jI G‡`i k// Gi D”PviY Awfbœ| 4) Bs‡iwR so Ges bus k‡ã s Gi †h D”PviY, easy Ges busy k‡ã s Gi D”PviY Zv †_‡K wfbœ|

124 | mgKvjxb fvlvweÁvb Ic‡ii 1g ch©‡eÿY †_‡K Rvbv hvq, Bs‡iwR fvlvq Ggb A‡bK kã Av‡Q †h ¸‡jvi evbv‡b e¨eüZ wjwci mv‡_ D”PvwiZ aŸwbi †Kvb mvhyR¨ ev mgZv †bB| GwU ïay Bs‡iwR bq, evsjv, Rvgv©b, divwm, †¯úbxq me fvlv‡ZB eZ©gvb| 2q ch©‡eÿY †_‡K eySv hv‡”Q, c„w_ex‡Z †hme fvlv A-†ivgK wjwc w`‡q †jLv nq, †mme fvlvq bvgvw¼Z cY¨wU‡K AvšÍR©vwZK Kivi Rb¨ †ivgvwbKiY Kiv n‡q _v‡K| G welqwU‡K †ivgvbxq wjc¨šÍi ejv nq| Z‡e D”Pvi‡Yi w`‡K AwaKZi bRi w`‡j aŸwbi cªwZeYx©KiYI Pj‡Z cv‡i| 3q ch©‡eÿYwU ¯^vÿ¨ †`q, evsjvmn cÖvq cÖwZwU AvaywbK fvlv‡ZB Ggb A‡bK eY© Av‡Q hv‡`i kãMZ D”PviY Awfbœ| me‡k‡l, 4_© ch©‡eÿY †_‡K AeMZ nIqv hvq, Bs‡iwRmn cªvq me AvaywbK fvlv‡ZB GKB e‡Y©i wfbœ wfbœ D”PviY nq| D‡jøwLZ ch©‡eÿYB fvlvweÁv‡bi AvšÍRv© wZK aŸwbZvwË¡K eY©gvjv Aa¨v‡q Av‡jvwPZ nq| AvšÍRv© wZK aŸwb eY©gvjv (ms‡ÿ‡c Bs‡iwR‡Z IPA (AvBwcG) Ges evsjvq Avae) n‡”Q GKwU fvlvi kãmg~‡ni aŸwbMZ cÖwZeYx©KiY e¨e¯’v| A_©vr G ixwZ‡Z GKwU AvšÍRvwZ©Kfv‡e ¯^xK…Z eY©e¨e¯’vi gva¨‡g fvlvi k‡ãi cÖwZwU D”PvwiZ aŸwbi eY©vqb Kiv nq, wKš‘ wjwc‡K bq| GwU GKwU AvšÍR©vwZK eYx©KiY mskÖq hvi gva¨‡g c„w_exi me fvlvi aŸwb I e‡Y©i g‡a¨ †h AcÖwZmgZv i‡q‡Q Zvi mgvav‡bi †Póv Kiv n‡q _v‡K| AvšÍR©vwZK aŸwb eY©gvjvi iƒc-iƒcvšÍi m¤ú‡K© aviYv jv‡fi Rb¨ Gi wb‡¤œv³ Av‡jvP¨ welq‡K AšÍfy³ © Kiv n‡q‡Q| 1. 2. 3. 4.

AvšÍRv© wZK aŸwbZvwË¡K eY©gvjvi BwZnvm I bxwZgvjv AvšÍRv© wZK aŸwbZvwË¡K eY©gvjv I Av‡gwiKvb aŸwb eYx©KiY c×wZ aŸwb cÖwZeYx©Ki‡Yi iiKg‡di wjwc-cÖwZeYx©KiY I aŸwb-cÖwZeYx©KiY

9.1 AvšÍRv© wZK aŸwbZvwË¡K eY©gvjvi BwZnvm I cÖwZeY©xKi‡Yi g~jbxwZ AvšÍRv© wZK aŸwbZvwË¡K eY©gvjvi BwZnvm A‡š^l‡Yi Rb¨ Avgv‡`i‡K GKUz c¨vwi‡m Ny‡i Avm‡Z nq| 1886 mv‡j divwm fvlvZvwË¡K cj cvwmi †bZ…‡Z¡ c¨vwi‡m we‡`kx‡`i fvlv wkÿv`vbKvix GK`j divwm I weªwUk wkÿK (gymv 2017) GKwÎZ nb GB †f‡e †h, Zviv fvlvwkÿvq aŸwbweÁv‡bi cÖ‡qvM Ki‡eb hv‡Z K‡i †gŠwLK fvlv wkÿv`vb AviI djcÖm~ nq| GB D‡Ï‡k Zuviv †h †dvivg ev msMVbwU m„wó K‡ib †mwUB 1897 mv‡ji ci †_‡K AvšÍR©vwZK aŸwbZvwË¡K G‡mvwm‡qkb (International Phonetic Association) bv‡g cwiwPZ nq| cÖwZôvi ci †_‡KB GB AvšÍRv© wZK aŸwbZvwË¡K G‡mvwm‡qkb cªv‡qvwMK aŸwbweÁv‡bi e¨env‡ii Rb¨ wKQz aŸwbZvwË¡K cÖZxK ev e‡Y©i GKwU ZvwjKv cÖ¯vÍ e K‡ib †hwU GLb AvšÍRv© wZK aŸwbZvwË¡K eY©gvjv (Avae) bv‡g cwiwPZ| Bs‡iwR‡Z ms‡ÿ‡c G‡K AvBwcG (IPA) ejv nq| AvšÍRv© wZK aŸwbZvwË¡K G‡mvwm‡qkb GLbI Kvh©Ki GB A‡_© †h, wbw`©ó mgq ci ci GB msMVbwU aŸwb eY©gvjvi bZzb bZzb ms¯‹iY cÖKvk K‡i, we‡kl K‡i hw` aŸwbweÁv‡bi ZË¡MZ wel‡q †Kvb ai‡bi cwieZ©b mvwaZ nq ev bZzb aŸwbMZ e¨vL¨v ev we‡kølY ïiæ nq| D‡jøL¨, cÖwZôvi ci 1890 mvj †_‡K 1940 mvj ch©šÍ AvBwcG ZvwjKvi wbqwgZ e¨vcK ms¯‹vi mvab nq| Gici †_‡K ZvwjKvfz³ aŸwbi e¨vcK ms¯‹vi Kg©wU †_‡g hvIqvi Kvi‡Y G‡Z GK ai‡bi w¯’wZ G‡m‡Q|

AvšÍR©vwZK aŸwbZvwË¡K eY©gvjv | 125 9.1.1 cÖwZeY©vq‡bi bxwZgvjv AvšÍRv© wZK aŸwbZvwË¡K G‡mvwm‡qkb aŸwbMZ eY©gvjv cÖeZ©‡bi †ÿ‡Î wKQz bxwZgvjv cÖ¯vÍ e K‡i hv‡Z fvlvi kãw¯’Z aŸwb Ges Avae (IPA) e‡Y©i g‡a¨ 1:1 m½wZ iwÿZ nq Ges k‡ã D”PvwiZ aŸwbwU msnZfv‡e cÖwZeYx©KiY Kiv m¤¢e nq| GB bxwZgvjv mg‡qi avivevwnKZvq cwiewZ©Z n‡q eZ©gv‡b †h iƒc aviY K‡i‡Q Zv wb‡P Dc¯’vcb Kiv nj| 1. GKwU ¯^Zš¿ aŸwbi Rb¨ AvBwcG GKwUgvÎ cÖZxK ev eY© wbav©iY K‡i‡Q| Avi GB eY©¸wj g~jZ jvwZb eY©gvjv †_‡K wbe©vPb Kiv n‡q‡Q| Z‡e †Kvb †Kvb †ÿ‡Î wMÖK eY©I GwU‡Z MÖnY Kiv n‡q‡Q| 2. GKwU aŸwb wb‡`©‡ki Rb¨ GB eY©gvjvq †Kvb hy³ eY© †bB| wecixZµ‡g, G‡Z GKwU eY© KLbB GKvwaK aŸwb‡K wb‡`©k K‡i bv| D`vniY¯^iƒc, Bs‡iwR‡Z †hgb th ev ng GKwU aŸwb‡K wb‡`©k K‡i, ev x eY©wU `ywU aŸwb, h_v- /k/ Ges /s/ †K m~wPZ K‡i; A_ev evsjv ÔGÕ eY©wU †hgb `ywU aŸwb‡K wb‡`©k K‡i, AvBwcG †Z G iKg †Kvb •ØZ •ewkó¨ eZ©gvb †bB| 3. GB eY©gvjvq †Kvb cÖwZ‡ek-wbf©iaŸwb-gvb †bB, †hwU wewfbœ BD‡ivcxq fvlvq Ô`„pÕ aŸwb Ges Ô†KvgjÕ aŸwb BZ¨vw` bv‡g cwiwPZ Av‡Q| 4. Avae ev AvBwcG c„w_exi me gvbexq fvlvi D”Pvi‡Yi Rb¨ GKwU K‡i ¯^Zš¿ eY© wbw`©ó K‡i w`‡q‡Q| GQvov GwU gvbexq fvlvmg~‡ni mKj ¯^vZš¿¨m~PK aŸwbi wfbœ wfbœ cÖwZeYx©KiY bxwZgvjv •Zwi K‡i‡Q| we‡kl K‡i, †Kvb GKwU fvlvq hw` `ywU aŸwb cvi¯úwiK ¯^vZš¿¨‡K wb‡`©k K‡i, Z‡e †m ¯^vZš¿¨ Kxfv‡e ¯úó n‡e †m wel‡qI AvBwcG‡Z wb‡`©kbv †`Iqv Av‡Q| 5. Dc‡hvwMZvi w`K †_‡K wePvi Ki‡j AvBwcG‡Z wbav©wiZ cÖ‡Z¨KwU eY© n‡”Q •ewk^K| mswkøó eY©m~PK aŸwbwU c„w_exi hZwU fvlv‡ZB e¨eüZ †nvK bv †Kb, †mwU AvBwcG we‡ePbv K‡iwb| eis G‡ÿ‡Î Zuv‡`i we‡eP¨ welq n‡”Q, gvbyl KZ©„K Gi D”PviY mswkøó Kvh©aviv, ev aŸwbwU †Kvb ¯’vb ev ixwZ Abyhvqx D”PvwiZ n‡”Q| 6. Kvh©KvwiZvi `„wó‡KvY †_‡K AvBwcGÕi cÖ‡Z¨KwU eY© me e¨enviKvix‡`i wbKU mgvb g~j¨ enb K‡i| A_v©r c„w_exi me fvlxB mgvb ¸iæZ¡ w`‡q Zv‡`i RvZxq ev †`kxq fvlvmg~n‡K cÖwZeYx©KiY Ki‡Z cvi‡e| 7. Av‡gwiKvb cÖwZeYx©KiY (GwUI Av‡iK ai‡bi AvšÍRv© wZKfv‡e ¯^xK…Z cÖwZeY©vqb e¨e¯’v, wb‡P we¯Í…Z eY©bv †`Lyb) c×wZi mv‡_ AvBwcGÕi wKQz cv_©K¨ i‡q‡Q| D`vniY¯^iƒc, Av‡gwiKvb cÖwZeYx©KiY c×wZ †hLv‡b †ivgvbe‡Y©i mv‡_ AwZwi³ mnvqK wPý ev AbywPý w`‡q Zvi eY©mg~n wbav©iY K‡i‡Q, †mLv‡b AvBwcG wbw`©ó aŸwbi D”PviY m~PKeY© wba©vi‡Yi †ÿ‡Î G ai‡bi mnvqK wPý ev` w`‡q cÖ‡qvR‡b bZzb cÖZxK ev wPý cÖeZ©b K‡i‡Q| D`vniY¯^iƒc, ÔkÕ aŸwbwU iƒcvq‡Yi Rb¨ AvBwcG‡Z †hLv‡b bZzb // aŸwbwU cÖ¯vÍ e Kiv n‡q‡Q, Av‡gwiKvb c×wZ‡Z †mLv‡b Zv

126 | mgKvjxb fvlvweÁvb iƒcvq‡Yi Rb¨ †ivgvb s mv‡_ Av‡iKwU AbywPý †hvM K‡i †mwU‡K š iƒc †`Iqv n‡q‡Q| †m wn‡m‡e Av‡gwiKvb cÖZxeYx©KiY c×wZi Zzjbvq AvBwcG‡Z AbywP‡ýi msL¨v A‡bK Kg| 8. AvBwcG †ivgvb eY©gvjv †_‡K AwaKvsk eY© MÖnY K‡i‡Q e‡j AvK…wZ Ges A_©cÖKv‡ki w`K †_‡K †ivgvb e‡Y©i mv‡_ Gi mv`„k¨ i‡q‡Q| D`vniY¯^iƒc, AvBwcG bvwmK¨ eY© Ges †ivgvb bvwmK¨ eY© †`L‡Z GKB Ges A_©MZ Zvrch©I Awfbœ| KviY `ywUB bvwmK¨ aŸwb‡K wb‡`©k K‡i| Z‡e AvKv‡ii w`K †_‡K †`L‡j †ivgvb e‡Y©i Zzjbvq AvBwcGÕi bvwmK¨ aŸwbm~PK eY©wU BUvwjK ai‡bi Ges Wvb w`‡K wKQzUv wb¤œgyLx| 9. †ivgvb eY©gvjv †_‡K Pqb Kiv n‡jI AvBwcG eY©gvjv AvK…wZ ms‡e`bc~Y©| A_v©r AvBwcG eY©gvjv memgq †QvU nv‡Zi e‡Y©i (small letter) AvK…wZ‡Z wjL‡Z nq| Bs‡iwRi gZB G‡Z KLbB eo nv‡Zi e‡Y©i AvK…wZ e¨envi Kiv hv‡e bv| 10. AvBwcG cÖwZeY©xKi‡Yi mgq mvaviYZ `yB ai‡bi eÜbx, h_v- [¯‹qvieÜbx] Ges /†køl/ e¨envi Kiv nq| G‡ÿ‡Î ¯‹qvi eÜbxwU m~² ev we¯Í…Z ev aŸwbZvwË¡K cÖwZeYx©Ki‡Y (narrow transcription) cÖhy³ nq| Ab¨w`‡K, †køl eÜbx w`‡q g~jZ mnR ev mswÿß ev aŸwbMZ cÖwZeYx©Ki‡Y (broad transcription) e¨envi Kiv nq| 9.2 cÖwZeY©xKiY: AvBwcG I Av‡gwiKvb c×wZ AvšÍRv© wZK aŸwb eY©gvjv (Avae/IPA) GKwU B‡qv‡ivc‡Kw›`ªK cÖwZeYx©KiY c×wZ| GB Aa¨v‡qi ïiæ‡Z ejv n‡q‡Q †h, 1886 mv‡j c¨vwi‡m cj cvwmi †bZ…‡Z¡ m„ó msMVbwU 1897 mvj †_‡K AvšÍRv© wZK aŸwbZvwË¡K G‡mvwm‡qkb bv‡g cwiwPZ nq Ges wek^e¨vcx GB msMV‡bi cÖ¯vÍ weZ aŸwbwfwËK eY©¸wj we‡k^i wewfbœ fvlvi cÖwZeY©xKi‡Y wbf©i‡hvM¨ I Av¯’vfvRb n‡q I‡V| eZ©gv‡bI AvBwcG-i cÖwZ fvlvweÁvbx I M‡elK‡`i Av¯’v AUzU i‡q‡Q| AvBwcG g~jZ B‡qv‡ivc, Gwkqv, Avwd«Kvmn Av‡gwiKv‡Z cÖwZeY©xKiYwPýiƒ‡c e¨vcKfv‡e e¨enZ nq| wb‡P AvšÍRv© wZKfv‡e e¨eüZ I mgv`„Z AvBwcG cÖZx‡Ki GKwU ZvwjKv cÖ`vb Kiv nj| g~jZ Bs‡iwR fvlvq eY©mg~n‡K cÖvgvY¨ a‡i AvBwcG GLv‡b cÖZxKmg~n Dc¯’vwcZ n‡q‡Q| mviwY 9.1: Bs‡iwR fvlvq e¨eüZ AvBwcG cÖZx‡Ki ZvwjKv AvBwcG cÖZxK

D`vniY

p

pub

b

bar

t

tap

d

door

AvšÍR©vwZK aŸwbZvwË¡K eY©gvjv | 127 k

crown

g

gone

f

form, phone

v

verb

θ

thin, path

ð

then, though

s

suck, see

z

zoom

ʃ

ship, shirt

ʒ

measure

h

hut

tʃ

charm

dʒ

germ

m

moon, mouth

n

nob, nike

ŋ

wrong

l

pool, bull

r

read, write

w

win

j

you, youth

Z‡e AZjvwšÍ‡Ki Aci cv‡i A_v©r Av‡gwiKv gnv‡`‡k AvBwcG QvovI Av‡iKwU cÖwZeYx©KiY c×wZ Pvjy i‡q‡Q| G‡K Av‡gwiKvb cÖwZeYx©KiY c×wZ ejv nq| Aek¨ Av‡gwiKvb cÖwZeY©xKiY c×wZ‡K Ab¨ GKwU bv‡gI WvKv nq| †mwU n‡”QÑ wUGm cÖZxK (TS Symbol)| GLv‡b ÔwUÕ (T) ej‡Z Trager †K wb‡`©k Kiv n‡”Q Ges ÔGmÕ (S) eY©wU w`‡q Smith †K eySv‡bv n‡”Q| Av‡gwiKvb fvlvZvwË¡K †UªMvi Ges

128 | mgKvjxb fvlvweÁvb w¯§_ mw¤§wjZfv‡e GB cÖwZeY©xKiY cÖZxK cÖ¯vÍ e K‡i‡Qb| Z‡e cÖwZeYx©KiY c×wZ wn‡m‡e Giv ¯^Zš¿fv‡e cwiwPZ n‡jI G `ywU c×wZi AwaKvsk cÖZxKB GKB iKg, hw`I wKQz wKQz e‡Y©i †ÿ‡Î wfbœZv †`Lv hvq| G `ywU cÖwZeY©xKiY c×wZ‡Z e¨eüZ wP‡ýi GKwU Zzjbvg~jK ZvwjKv wb‡P cÖ`vb Kiv nj| G ZvwjKvq `yB c×wZ‡Z e¨eüZ ïay •ecixZ¨m~PK cÖZxK¸‡jv D‡jøwLZ n‡q‡Q| mviwY 9.2 AvBwcG cÖZxK Ges wUGm cÖZx‡Ki Zzjbv wUGm cÖZxK

AvBwcG cÖZxK

D`vniY

ց

g

gone

š

ʃ

ship, chikago

ž

ʒ

measure

č

tʃ

catch, match

ǰ

dʒ

journey, join

y

j

you

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9.4 wjwc-cÖwZeYx©KiY I aŸwb-cÖwZeYx©KiY: GKwU Zzjbv wjwc-cÖwZeYx©KiY Ges aŸwb-cÖwZeYx©KiY g~jZ fvwlK cv‡Vi `yB ai‡bi iƒcvšÍiKg©| GB `ywU †ÿ‡ÎB †Kvb fvwlK cvV‡K GK fvlv †_‡K Ab¨ fvlvq cwieZ©b Kiv n‡q _v‡K| G `ywU fvwlK iƒcvšÍiKg©B AwZ cÖ‡qvRbxq fvwlK Kvh©µg| mg‡qi avivevwnKZvq gvbyl wewfbœ ai‡bi cvV ev fvwlKKg©‡K wb‡Ri fvlvq ¯’vqxiƒc w`‡jI †mwU hw` e„nËi Rb‡Mvwôi fvlv bv nq †m‡ÿ‡Î Zvi AvšÍRv© wZKxKiY †mfv‡e m¤úbœ n‡q I‡V bv| d‡j e¨w³ Zvi fvwlK cvV‡K RbwcÖq Kiv Ges AviI e„nËi Rb‡Mvwôi Kv‡Q †cŠu‡Q †`Iqvi Rb¨ †`kxq fvlv †_‡K AwaKZi DbœZ fvlvq eYx©KiY Ki‡Z †P‡q‡Q| G‡ÿ‡Î cÖ_g ch©v‡q g~jZ wjwc cÖwZeYx©Ki‡Yi gva¨‡gB fvwlK iƒcvšÍi Kiv n‡q‡Q| wKš‘ kv¯¿ wn‡m‡e fvlvweÁv‡bi DbœwZ jv‡fi ci aŸwbwfwËK eY©gvjv hLb cÖewZ©Z nq, ZLb wjwc cªwZeYx©Ki‡Yi cwie‡Z© aŸwb-cÖwZeYx©KiYB n‡q I‡V

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aŸwb-cÖwZeYx©KiY

1. GwU cv‡Vi GK ai‡bi †ivgvwbKiY (AšÍZ 1. cvVfz³ k‡ãi aŸwbMZ iƒcvqY evsjv fvlvi †ÿ‡Î) 2. G‡Z k‡ãi aŸwbwfwËK iƒcvšÍi N‡U 2. G‡Z e‡Y©i D”PviYwfwËK iƒcvšÍi N‡U 3. fvwlK cv‡Vi cwieZ©‡bi HwZn¨MZ ixwZ

3. fvwlK cv‡Vi cwieZ©‡bi fvlvZvwË¡K ixwZ

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* evsjv‡`k Kjv‡g Dc¯’vwcZ wPý¸‡jv‡Z †hLv‡b `ywU weKí †`Lv‡bv n‡q‡Q †mLv‡b Wvbw`‡K Aew¯’Z wØZxq weKíwU m~² †ivgvwbKiY‡K wb‡`©k Ki‡Q| m~² †ivgvwbKiY ej‡Z †ivgvb ni‡di mv‡_ AbywPý †hvM K‡i mswkøó kãwUi cÖwZeY© KiY‡K AviI wbLyuZfv‡e Dc¯’vcb Kiv| Avevi evgw`‡Ki cÖ_g weKíwU‡K mij †ivgvwbKiY wn‡m‡e wb‡`©k Kiv n‡q‡Q| AvRKvj †dmeyKmn AšÍ©Rv‡ji wewfbœ cvZvq evsjv‡`‡ki Ziæ‡Yiv G ai‡bi mij †ivgvwbKiY K‡i _v‡K| Ab¨w`‡K, cwðgevsjvq cÖPwjZ †ivgvwbKi‡Y m~² I mij †ivgvwbKi‡Yi wgkÖY N‡U‡Q|

136 | mgKvjxb fvlvweÁvb M. evsjv aŸwb-cÖwZeYx©KiY evsjv aŸwb-cÖwZeYx©Ki‡Yi PP©v A‡cÿvK…Z bZzb Ges kv¯¿wfwËK| cÖavbZ fvlv Ges fvlvweÁvb wel‡q G ai‡bi cÖwZeYx©KiY Kiv n‡q _v‡K| HwZn¨ Abymv‡i Gme wel‡q evsjv AÂj A_©vr evsjv‡`k Ges cwðgevsjvq AvšÍRv© wZK aŸwb eY©gvjv e¨eüZ nq| wb‡P evsjv fvlvi aŸwbmg~‡ni Rb¨ e¨eüZ AvšÍR©vwZK aŸwb eY©gvjvi GKwU ZvwjKv wb‡P cÖ`vb Kiv nj|

mviwY 9.6 evsjv fvlvq e¨eüZ AvBwcG-Gi MVbMZ cwiPq (Avjx, 2012 Abymi‡Y)

†ivgvwbKiY I AvBwcG Abykxjb wjwc-cÖwZeYx©KiY Ges aŸwb-cÖwZeYx©KiY wel‡q `ÿZv AR©‡bi Rb¨ wbqwgZ Abykxjb Kiv `iKvi| ZvB wb‡P GKwU evsjv cv‡Vi †ivgvwbKiY I AvBwcG‡Z iƒcvšÍi Kiv nj hv‡Z wkÿv_x©iv GB bgybv cv‡Vi wjwc-cÖwZeYx©KiY Ges aŸwb-cÖwZeYx©KiY Abykxj‡b we‡kl w`K-wb‡`©kbv jvf Ki‡Z cv‡i|

AvšÍR©vwZK aŸwbZvwË¡K eY©gvjv | 137 1. evsjv cvV evsjv Avgv‡`i gvZ…fvlv| GB fvlvwU evsjv‡`‡ki msweavb KZ©„K ¯^xK…Z ivóªfvlvI e‡U| wKš‘ evsjv fvlv wel‡q Avgv‡`i Av‡eM †ewk _vK‡jI kÖ×v‡eva A‡bK Kg| KviY G‡`‡k 21†k †deªæqvwi Avm‡j Lvwj cv‡q knx`‡`i ¯§i‡Y dzj w`‡q Avm‡jI GB fvlv †`‡ki me©‡ÿ‡Î Pvjy †nvK G iKg cÖ‡Póv †Kvb gnj †_‡K Avi jÿYxq bq| Avgiv PvB GB Ae¯’vi Aemvb †nvK| 2.

†ivgvwbKiY (evsjv‡`k) K. mij iƒc bangla amader matribhasha. ei bhashati bangladesher sangbidhan kartrik swikrita rashtrabhashao bate. kintu bangla bhasha bishaye amader abeg beshi thakleo shraddhabadh anek kam. karan edeshe 21she phebruyri asle khali paye shahidder smarane phul diye asleo ei bhasha desher sarbaksetre chalu hak e rakam pracheshata kona mahal theke ar laksaniy nay. amra chai ei abasthar abasan hok.

L. m~² iƒc

3. †ivgvwbKiY (cwðgevsjv)

4. AvBwcG

138 | mgKvjxb fvlvweÁvb

iƒcZË¡ | 139

`k

iƒcZË¡ fvlvi kã wbgv©Y †K․kj GB Aa¨vq †k‡l Avcwb wkL‡ebÑ  K. gvbe fvlvi k‡ãi wbgv©Y cÖwµqv  L. fvwlK k‡ãi msMVb we‡køl‡Y gy³ I e× kvwãK Dcv`vb¸‡jvi f~wgKv  M. iƒcZ‡Ë¡i ZË¡ I c×wZi Av‡jv‡K evsjv k‡ãi msMVb eY©bv

fve cÖKv‡ki Rb¨ Avgiv cÖ‡Z¨Kw`b AmsL¨v kã e¨envi K‡i _vwK| GB kã e¨env‡ii cÖavbZ `ywU cÖwµqv i‡q‡Q| Gi g‡a¨ GKwU n‡”Q, evK¨w¯’Z k㸇jvi mv‡_ wefw³ hy³ K‡i ev‡K¨i Ask wn‡m‡e e¨envi Kiv| Avi Ab¨ cÖwµqvwU n‡”Q, Avgv‡`i Pvicv‡k weivRgvb wewfbœ e¯‘, c`v_© ev mËvi cwiPqm~PK bvg ejv †h¸‡jv g~jZ GK GKwU ¯^vaxb kã| D”PvwiZ GB k㸇jv‡K AvcvZ `„‡ó g‡b nq, Giv m¤ú~Y© AwefvR¨ fvwlK GKK hvi Avi †Kvb wefvwRZ ÿy`ª iƒc †bB| Avm‡jB wK ZvB? Avgv‡`i gMRAwfav‡bi (mental lexicon) `yB ai‡bi cÖK…wZ jÿYxq| cÖ_gwU n‡”Q e¨envh© mgy`q k‡ãi mgwó, Avi Ab¨wU n‡”Q wKQz e¨vKiwYK wbqg †h¸‡jv cÖ‡qvRb Abymv‡i mswkøó k‡ãi mv‡_ hy³ n‡q bZzb e„nËi kã Dcv`vb •Zwi K‡i| Avi fvlvi kã wbg©v‡Yi GB †K․kj Aa¨qb iƒcZ‡Ë¡i Av‡jvP¨ welq| Z‡e iƒcZ‡Ë¡i cÖavb Av‡jvP¨ wel‡q cÖ‡e‡ki c~‡e© wb¤œwjwLZ ch©‡eÿY¸‡jv we‡ePbv Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| 1) evOvwj gvÎB eyS‡Z cv‡i, gq~i¸‡jv kãwU‡K gq~i I ¸‡jv GB `ywU c„_K kã Dcv`v‡b fvM Kiv hvq| 2) DwjøwLZ gq~i kãwU ev‡K¨ ¯^vaxbfv‡e e¨eüZ n‡jI, ¸‡jv kãwU Zv cv‡i bv| 3) evsjv fvlvq e¨eüZ b`x‡Z k‡ã b`x kãwU A_©en n‡jI, †Z A_©nxb| Z‡e †Z kãLÐwUi A_© bv _vK‡jI GwU GKwU ev‡K¨i `ywU k‡ãi g‡a¨ m¤úK© m„wói gva¨‡g A_©‡evam¤úbœ nq (†hgbb`x‡Z gvQ Av‡Q)| 4) mymgq k‡ãi my Ges KzKzi¸‡jv k‡ãi ¸‡jv Dcv`vb `ywU c„_K kã aviYv‡K m~wPZ K‡i|

140 | mgKvjxb fvlvweÁvb 5) KzKzi¸‡jv GKwU kã e‡j we‡ewPZ n‡jI Lv¸‡jv †K GKwU evsjv kã wn‡m‡e †Kvb evOvwjB ¯^xK…wZ cÖ`vb K‡i bv| Ic‡ii 1g ch©‡eÿY †_‡K eySv hvq, Avgv‡`i gMR-Awfav‡b †h kã-mgy`q i‡q‡Q, †m¸‡jvi A‡bK iƒcB `ywU Avjv`v Avjv`v iƒcg~‡ji Øviv m„ó n‡q‡Q| 2q ch©‡eÿY †_‡K wbwðZ nIqv hvq †h, fvwlK cwiP‡q Giv `ywU m¤ú~Y© iƒcg~j e‡j ¯^xK…Z n‡jI ev‡K¨ e¨env‡ii †ÿ‡Î G¸‡jv Awfbœ •ewk‡ó¨i AwaKvix nq| †Kbbv iƒcg~jMZ cwiP‡q G‡`i g‡a¨ wfbœZv jÿYxq| 3q ch©‡eÿYwU †_‡K Avgiv aviYv Ki‡Z cvwi, A_© cÖKv‡ki w`K †_‡KI `ywU iƒcg~‡ji `yB iK‡gi A_© †`¨vZbv i‡q‡Q| ev‡K¨ ¯^vaxbfv‡e e¨eüZ iƒcg~jwU †hLv‡b m¤ú~Y© A_© cÖKvkK, civaxb iƒcwU †mLv‡b `ywU ¯^vaxb iƒcg~‡ji g‡a¨ †mZzeÜ iPbvi gva¨‡g A_©gqZv‡K m~wPZ K‡i| 4_© ch©‡eÿY †_‡K cÖZxqgvb nq, wKQz civaxb iƒcg~j †hLv‡b GKwU k‡ãi A_©‡K m¤úªmvwiZ K‡i, †mLv‡b Ab¨ ai‡bi civaxb iƒcg~‡ji Aw¯ÍZ¡ i‡q‡Q †hwU GKwU k‡ãi e¨vKiYMZ cwiPq cwieZ©‡bi cvkvcvwk Gi A_©MZ cwieZ©b mvab K‡i| A_©vr GKwU fvlvq e¨eüZ civaxb iƒcg~‡jiI wefvRb i‡q‡Q| me‡k‡l, 5g ch©‡eÿY †_‡K eySv hv‡”Q, civaxb iƒcg~j¸‡jv †h †Kvb ¯^vaxb iƒcg~‡ji mv‡_ hy³ n‡qB bZzb kã •Zwi K‡i bv| Ab¨fv‡e ej‡Z †M‡j, civaxb iƒcg~‡ji Rb¨ kã-wbw`©ó Ae¯’vb ev cwimi i‡q‡Q| Ic‡i DwjøwLZ ch©‡eÿY¸‡jv‡K iƒcZ‡Ë¡i mvw©e©K eY©bvi GKwU mswÿßmvi iƒ‡c MY¨ Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| GB Dcjwä‡K gyL¨ wPšÍvm~Î a‡i ejv hvq, fvlvweÁv‡bi †h kvLv fvwlK k‡ãi mvwe©K wbgv©Y †K․k‡ji weÁvbm¤§Z we‡kølY cÖ`vb K‡i Zv‡K iƒcZË¡ e‡j| msÁvwU‡K Nywi‡q Ab¨fv‡eI ejv hvq, fvlvweÁv‡bi †h kvLv gvby‡li gMR-Awfav‡b iwÿZ kã-mgy`q wKfv‡e wewfbœ e¨vKiwYK wbqg ev wewa‡K AbymiY K‡i bZzb kã m„R‡bi AšÍwbwn©Z cÖwµqvwU‡K e¨vLv K‡i Zv‡K iƒcZË¡ ejv nq| DcwiD³ msÁvi mv‡_ m½wZ †i‡L wb‡Pi Awfav¸‡jv‡K iƒcZ‡Ë¡i cÖavb Av‡jvP¨ welq iƒ‡c wbe©vPb Kiv nj| 1. AvwfavwbK kã I kã-iƒc 2. iƒcg~j 3. mniƒcg~j I iƒc 4. g~j I wfwË 5. iƒcg~‡ji †kÖwYfvM 6. jMœK I jMœKvqb iƒcZ‡Ë¡i D‡jøwLZ Awfav¸‡jvi ch©vqµwgK eY©bv GLv‡b Dc¯’vcb Kiv nj| 10.1 †jw·g ev AvwfavwbK kã I kãiƒc GKwU fvlv-†Mvwôi fvlv e¨enviKvixiv Rxe‡bi wewPÎ cÖ‡qvR‡b fve cÖKv‡ki Rb¨ wfbœ wfbœ kã bvbv e¨vKiwYK cwiP‡q e¨envi K‡i _v‡K| fvlx KZ©„K e¨eüZ GB kã msL¨v AmsL¨ hvi me¸‡jvB fvlvwUi

iƒcZË¡ | 141 Awfav‡b wjwce× _v‡K bv| †Kbbv fvlx e¨eüZ k㸇jvi GK ai‡bi e¨vKiwYK iƒcgqZv _v‡K| A_©vr k㸇jv‡K ev‡K¨ e¨envi Dc‡hvMx n‡q IVvi Rb¨ bvbv ai‡bi e¨vKiwYK iƒc ev jMœK‡K aviY Ki‡Z nq| GB ai‡bi e¨vKiwYK iƒc we‡kl¨ k‡ãi †ÿ‡Î †hgb mshy³ _v‡K, †Zgwb fvlvwUi wµqvc‡`I cÖhy³ nq| GwU gvby‡li gy‡Li fvlvi k‡ãi †ÿ‡Î †hgb cÖ‡hvR¨, †jLvi k‡ãi †ÿ‡ÎI Zv-B| wKš‘ Awfavbfz³ nIqvi †ÿ‡Î D³ k㸇jv‡K mvaviYZ e¨vKiwYK ms‡hvR‡Ki †Lvjm †Q‡o GKwU jMœKwenxb gy³ iƒc aviY Ki‡Z nq| Avi k‡ãi G ai‡bi gy³iƒc‡K ejv nq AvwfavwbK kã ev †jw´g (lexeme)| Avevi †Kvb msÁvcb cÖwZ‡e‡k GB †jw·g‡K ev‡K¨ e¨envi Dc‡hvMx n‡q IVvi Rb¨ wewfbœ ai‡bi e¨vKiwYK jMœK‡K aviY Ki‡Z nq, A_ev Ab¨ Av‡iKwU †jw·‡gi mv‡_ hy³ n‡Z nq| ZLbB kãwU ev‡K¨ e¨envi Dc‡hvMx n‡q I‡V Ges GwU‡K kã-iƒc (word-form) ejv nq| fÆvPvh©¨ (2019) †jw´g Ges kã-iƒ‡ci cv_©K¨ Ki‡Z wM‡q e‡j‡Qb †h, †jw´g n‡”Q k‡ãi gMRMZ ev gvbwmK mËv †hwU g~jZ wewfbœ kãiƒ‡c g~Zi© ƒc jvf K‡i| Zvn‡j †`Lv hv‡”Q †h, GKwU AvwfavwbK kã ev †jw·g †hwU gvby‡li gMR-Awfav‡b _v‡K Zvi A‡bK¸‡jv kã-iƒc n‡Z cv‡i| †m we‡ePbvq kã-iƒc‡K Avgiv †jw´‡gi A½xf~Z GK GKwU g~Zi© ƒc wn‡m‡e ai‡Z cvwi| welqwU wb‡P D`vniY mn‡hv‡M e¨vL¨v Kiv n‡q‡Q| †jw·g we‡kl¨ ev wµqvc` `yB ai‡biB n‡Z cv‡i| D`vniY¯^iƒc, ÔAvgÕ kãwU‡K MÖnY Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| ÔAvgÕ GKwU †jw·g ev AvwfavwbK kã| KviY ÔAvgÕ kãwU hLb Awfav‡b e¨eüZ nq, ZLb †Kvb iKg jMœK QvovB GKwU wb‡f©Rvj fzw³ iƒ‡c e¨eüZ nq| Avevi GB ÔAvgÕ kãwU wewfbœ e¨vKiwYK iƒc ev jMœK‡K aviY K‡i n‡q I‡V cÖK…Z kã-iƒc| wb‡P AvwfavwbK ÔAvgÕ k‡ãi wewfbœ kãiƒ‡ci GKwU ZvwjKv cÖ`vb Kiv nj| *

mviwY 10.1 AvwfavwbK ÔAvgÕ kãiƒ‡ci c¨vivWvBg (Am¤ú~Y©) KviK iƒc

GKePb

eûePb

KZ©viƒc

Avg

Avg¸wj/¸‡jv

Kg©iƒc

AvgwU

Avg¸wj/¸‡jv

m¤^Üiƒc

Av‡gi

Avg¸wji/Avg¸‡jvi

AwaKiYiƒc

Av‡g

Avg¸‡jv‡Z

Av‡MB ejv n‡q‡Q, bvgk‡ãi cvkvcvwk wµqviƒ‡ciI AvwfavwbK kã Ges G †_‡K RvZ kãiƒ‡ci Aw¯ÍZ¡ jÿYxq| †m we‡ePbvq evsjv †jw·g ÔLvIqvÕ wµqvi wewfbœ kãiƒ‡ci GKwU c¨vivWvBg wb‡P cÖ`vb Kiv nj|

142 | mgKvjxb fvlvweÁvb mviwY 10.2 evsjv †jw·g ÔLvIqvÕ (Lv-avZz †_‡K RvZ; Lv GKwU ¯^ivšÍ wµqvg~j) wµqvi kãiƒ‡ci * c¨vivWvBg (Am¤ú~Y©) Avwg

ZzB

Zzwg

†m

Avcwb/wZwb

mvav-eZ©gvb

LvB

Lvm

LvI

Lvq

Lvb

NU-eZ©gvb

Lvw”Q

Lvw”Qm

Lv”Q

Lv‡”Q

Lv‡”Qb

cyiv-eZ©gvb

†L‡qwQ

†L‡qwQm

†L‡qQ

†L‡q‡Q

†L‡q‡Qb

Aby-eZ©gvb

-

-

LvI

LvK

Lvb

mvav-AZxZ

†L‡qwQjvg

†L‡qwQwj

†L‡qwQ‡j

†L‡qwQj

†L‡qwQ‡jb

NU-AZxZ

Lvw”Qjvg

Lvw”Qwj

Lvw”Q‡j

Lvw”Qj

Lvw”Q‡jb

wbZ¨-AZxZ

†LZvg

†LwZm

†L‡Z

†LZ

†L‡Zb

mvav-fwel¨r

Lve

Lvwe

Lv‡e

Lv‡e

Lv‡eb

Aby-fwel¨r

-

Lvm

LvI

LvK

Lvb

*Ic‡i DwjøwLZ `ywU mviwYi wk‡ivbv‡gB Ôc¨vivWvBgÕ bvgK bZzb GKwU Awfav e¨eüZ n‡q‡Q| c¨viWvBg n‡”Q GKwU †jw·g ev AvwfavwbK k‡ãi AšÍf©y³ kãiƒ‡ci mgwó| †m we‡ePbvq mviwY 10.1 G e¨eüZ me kãiƒc †hgb ÔAvgÕ †jw·‡gi c¨vivWvBgfz³, †Zgwb mviwY 10.2 †Z evsjv wµqvc` ÔLvIqvÕ †jw·‡gi c¨vivWvBgfz³ kãiƒc‡K eySv‡bv n‡q‡Q|

DwjøwLZ †jw·g I kãiƒ‡ci †h mswÿß eb©bv cÖ`vb Kiv nj, Zv‡Z GB `ywU iƒcZvwË¡K cwifvlvi g‡a¨ wKQz cv_©K¨I m~wPZ n‡q‡Q| AvaywbK iƒcZ‡Ë¡i GwU GKwU cÖavb we‡ePbvI e‡U| wb‡P nvmc¨vjg¨v_ I wmgm& (Haspelmath & Sims 2010) wb‡`©wkZ †jw·g Ges kãiƒ‡ci wKQz •ewkó¨ Dc¯’vcb Kiv nj hvi ga¨ w`‡q G `ywU Awfavi cv_©K¨I mn‡RB wba©viY Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| Zvu‡`i g‡Z, †jw·g ev AvwfavwbK kã n‡”Q, kã‡Kv‡li GKwU AvwfavwbK iƒc hv †_‡K wfbœ wfbœ kãiƒc Rb¥ jvf K‡i| Ab¨w`‡K, kãiƒc n‡”Q GKwU wbw`©ó †jw·‡gi Aaxb e¨vKiYMZ kã-cÖKvk hv H †jw·‡gi g~Z©iƒc‡K wb‡`©k K‡i| GKwU †jw·gfz³ kãiƒcmg~n mvaviYZ GKwU aviYvi Ici wfwË K‡i M‡o I‡V, hw`I Zviv evwK¨K cÖwZ‡ek ev cyiælMZ Ae¯’v‡bi Kvi‡Y wewfbœ e¨vKiYMZ cÖKvk‡K aviY K‡i| g‡b ivL‡Z n‡e, GKwU †jw·‡gi wewfbœ kãiƒc M‡o I‡V g~jZ e¨enviRwbZ cÖ‡qvRb Abymv‡i, h_v- evwK¨K cÖwZ‡ek, wµqv-bvgc‡`i m½wZ iÿv BZ¨vw` cÖ‡qvRb †gUv‡bvi ZvwM‡`| GKwU †jw·‡gi AšÍM©Z GKvwaK kãiƒc †hgb Av‡Q, †Zgwb ci¯úi m¤úK©hy³ wewfbœ †jw·g wg‡jI GKwU wbw`©ó †kÖwY •Zwi nq| Giƒc ci¯úi m¤úK©hy³ wKQz †jw·‡gi mgwó‡K †jw·g¸”Q ev k㸔Q ejv nq (Haspelmath & Sims 2010)| Ic‡ii Av‡jvPbvq Avgiv iƒcZ‡Ë¡i `ywU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Awfavi cwiPq †cjvg| G¸‡jv nj GKwU †jw·‡gi AšÍfy³ © e¨vKiwYK Dcv`vbhy³ KZK¸‡jv kãiƒc; Avi ci¯úi m¤úK©hy³ KZ¸‡jv †jw·g wg‡j m„ó k㸔Q| wb‡P evsjv fvlvq cÖPwjZ kã m¤¢vi †_‡K wbe©vwPZ wKQz †jw·g ev kãiƒc Ges †jw·g¸”Q ev k㸇”Qi ZvwjKv cÖ`vb Kiv nj|

iƒcZË¡ | 143 K. †jw·g ev kãiƒc 1. cvwL- cvwL‡K, cvwLi, cvwL‡Z, cvwL¸wj, cvwL‡`i, cvwLw`‡Mi, cvwLiv BZ¨vw` 2. LvIqv- LvB, LvBe, †L‡qwQ, †L‡qwQjvg, Lv‡e, Lv‡eb, Lvwe, Lvw”Qm BZ¨vw` L. †jw·g¸”Q ev k㸔Q 1. cvwL, cvwLwekvi`, cvwLmyjf, cvwLïgvwi, cvwLc~Y©, cvwLïb¨, cïcvwL BZ¨vw` 2.

hyw³, hyw³we`, †h․w³K, hyw³c~Y©, A‡h․w³K, A‡h․w³KZv, hyw³nxb, hyw³wm× BZ¨vw`

3. †jLv, †jLK, †jLvwekvi`, •jwLK, A‡jLK, AwjwLZ, †jLvhy³ BZ¨vw` Av‡MB ejv n‡q‡Q, †jw·g¸”Q n‡”Q wKQz ci¯úi A_©m¤úK©hy³ †jw·‡gi mgwó| Ab¨w`‡K, †jw·g¸‡”Qi AšÍfy³ © mswkøó †jw·g †_‡K •Zwi nq e¨vKiwYK ms‡hvRKhy³ wKQz kãiƒc| †m gZ Abymv‡i D‡jøwLZ †jw·g¸‡”Qi cÖwZwU †jw·‡gi Avevi GKvwaK kãiƒc •Zwi nIqvi m¤¢vebv i‡q‡Q| Ic‡i D×…Z L-Gi †jw·g¸‡”Qi cÖ‡Z¨KwU †jw·g w`‡q †h‡nZz GKvwaK kãiƒc •Zwi Kiv hvq, †m‡nZz G‡Z AšÍfy©³ K‡qKwU †jw·‡gi kãiƒc •Zwii m¤¢ve¨Zv GLv‡b hvPvB K‡i †`Lv †h‡Z cv‡i| G‡ÿ‡Î †jw·g¸‡”Qi 1 b¤^‡i AšÍfy³ © †jw·g¸‡jvi cÖ_g `ywU‡K wbe©vPb Kiv nj| GB ZvwjKvi cÖ_g †jw·g ÔcvwLÕi wewfbœ kãiƒc B‡Zvg‡a¨ K-Gi kãiƒ‡c cÖ`vb Kiv n‡q‡Q| GLb L.1 Gi cieZx© m`m¨ ÔcvwLwekvi`Õ w`‡q •ZwiwKQz kãiƒc n‡”Q, cvwLwekvi`‡K, cvwLwekvi‡`i, cvwLwekvi‡`iv, cvwLwekvi`e„›` BZ¨vw`| Avevi Gi cieZx© †jw·g ÔcvwLmyjfÕ w`‡q m„ó kãiƒ‡ci Ab¨Zg n‡”Q cvwLmyjfZv, cvwLmyjfZvi, cvwLmyjfZv‡K BZ¨vw`| Gfv‡e GKwU †jw·gMy‡”Qi cÖ‡Z¨K †jw·g w`‡qB AmsL¨ kãiƒc Zvi fvlx ev e¨enviKvixiv cÖ‡qvRb Abymv‡i m„wó K‡i †bb| GB Av‡jvPbvi m~Î a‡i iƒcZ‡Ë¡i cieZx© AvjvP¨welqmg~n eY©bvi myweav‡_© wb‡P GKwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© wel‡qi AeZviYv Kiv nj| GKwU †jw·‡gi wewfbœ kãiƒc ev GKwU †jw·g¸‡”Qi wewfbœ †jw·‡gi g‡a¨ AvZ¥xqZv M‡o I‡V wKQz m¤ú‡K©i wfwˇZ| GB m¤ú‡K©i ¯^iƒc wba©viY KivB iƒcZ‡Ë¡i cÖavb Av‡jvP¨welq| welqwU‡K Nywi‡q Ab¨fv‡e ejv hvq, GKwU †jw·‡gi AšÍfy³ © kãiƒ‡ci g‡a¨ †h iƒcMZ m¤úK© we`¨gvb, †jw·g¸‡”Qi AšÍfy³ © †jw·g¸‡jvi g‡a¨Kvi m¤ú‡K©i m~ÎwU wfbœ| we‡kl K‡i, iƒcZvwË¡‡Kiv kãiƒ‡ci wewfbœ k‡ãi g‡a¨Kvi m¤ú‡K©i bvg w`‡q‡Qb m¤úªmvwiZ m¤úK© (inflectional relations), Ges †jw·g¸‡jvi g‡a¨ †h iƒcMZ m¤úK© i‡q‡Q †mwU n‡”Q mvwaZ m¤úK© (derivational relations)| cÖwZwbqZ bZzb kã •Zwii †ÿ‡Î DcwiD³ `ywU iƒcMZ m¤úK© Avgv‡`i gMR-Awfav‡bI we`¨gvb| wewfbœ msÁvcb cÖwZ‡e‡k bZzb fvebvi cÖKvk ¯^iƒc †hme bZzb k‡ãi cÖ‡qvRb nq †m¸‡jv m„Rb Ki‡Z wM‡q Avgv‡`i gMRI D‡jøwLZ `ywU iƒcZvwË¡K bxwZgvjv AbymiY K‡i| D`vniY¯^iƒc, GKwU evK¨ •Zwi Kivi mgq evK¨fz³ wewfbœ c‡`i g‡a¨Kvi KviK, ePb Ges c`MZ m½wZ •Zwi Ki‡Z wM‡q gM‡Ri wewfbœ kvãaviYvi mv‡_ m¤úwK©Z e¨vKiwYK wbqg w`‡q GK ai‡bi m¤úªmvwiZ m¤úK© m„wó nq| cvkvcvwk bZzb A_©‡evaK †jw·g ev †jw·g¸”Q •Zwii Rb¨ Avgv‡`i gM‡R iwÿZ †evaMZ kw³ G‡ÿ‡Î mvwaZ m¤ú‡K©i †K․kjI cÖ‡qvM K‡i| Gfv‡eB Avgv‡`i gMR-Awfav‡b cÖwZwbqZ iƒcZvwË¡K wµqv-cÖwZwµqvi Pµ

144 | mgKvjxb fvlvweÁvb AvewZ©Z n‡Z _v‡K| †mB m‡½ nvmc¨vjg¨v_ I wmgm (Haspelmath & Sims 2010) AewnZ Ki‡Qb, kãiƒc ev k㸇”Qi Øviv m„ó bv n‡qI fvlvq Av‡iK ai‡bi iƒcZvwË¡K m¤úK© ev cÖwµqv jÿYxq, †mwU n‡”Q †h․wMKxKiY ev mgvm (compounding)| G ai‡bi iƒcMZ m¤ú‡K©i Øviv cÖavbZ RwUj ev †h․wMK kã •Zwi nq †h¸‡jvI wewfbœ m¤úK©hy³ k㸇”Q AšÍfy³ © nq| D`vniY¯^iƒc, ÔWvKwcqbÕ kãwU GKwU †h․wMK kã n‡jI GwU GKB mv‡_ RwUj G Kvi‡Y †h, GwU ÔWvKÕ †jw·‡g †hgb AšÍf©y³ n‡Z cv‡i, †Zgwb ÔwcqbÕ †jw·‡gI AšÍM©Z nIqvi m¤¢vebv •Zwi K‡i| mewgwj‡q, nvmc¨vjg¨v_ I wmgm (Haspelmath & Sims 2010) fvwlK iƒcZvwË¡K m¤ú‡K©i †h GKwU e„ÿwPÎ •Zwi K‡i‡Qb Zv GKwU fvlvi iƒcZ‡Ë¡i mvirmvi‡K iƒcvwqZ K‡i| Zvu‡`i cÖ¯wÍ eZ GB e„ÿwPÎwU GLv‡b Dc¯’vcb Kiv nj|

wPÎ 10.1 wewfbœ iƒcg~‡ji AvšÍm¤úK©

10.2 iƒcg~j iƒcZ‡Ë¡i †Kw›`ªq Av‡jvP¨ welq n‡”Q iƒcg~j| iƒcg~j aviYv‡K †K›`ª K‡iB iƒcZ‡Ë¡i Ab¨vb¨ welqvw`i Av‡jvPbv †K›`ªxf~Z n‡q‡Q| ZvB cÖ_‡gB iƒcg~‡ji GKwU hyZmB msÁv cÖ`vb Kiv `iKvi| fvlvq e¨eüZ A_©c~Y© b~¨bZg GKK‡K iƒcg~j ejv nq| iƒcg~j kbv‡³i Rb¨ `ywU evsjv kã Kweiv Ges mgybœZ †K we‡kølY Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| cÖ_‡gB Kweiv k‡ã †h `ywU iƒcg~j Av‡Q Zv n‡”Q, {Kwe} + {iv}| GKB fv‡e mgybœZ k‡ãi `ywU iƒcg~j KvVv‡gv n‡”Q, {mg} + {DbœZ}| cÖ_g k‡ã `ywU Avjv`v iƒcg~j Av‡Q; KviY Kwe Ges iv `ywUiB A_© i‡q‡Q; Kwe k‡ãi A_© nj Ôwhwb KweZv †j‡LbÕ, Avi iv iƒcg~‡ji AvcvZ †Kvb A_© bv _vK‡jI †h‡nZz GwU Kwe kãwUi eûevPKZv wb‡`©k K‡i, †m‡nZz iv iƒcg~jwUI A_©gqZv jvf K‡i‡Q| GB iv Avevi mywbw`©ó wbqg †g‡b Ab¨ A‡bK evsjv k‡ãi mv‡_ hy³ nq| D`vniY¯^iƒc, abxiv, ZiæYxiv, Mix‡eiv BZ¨vw`| †m wn‡m‡e ejv hvq, iƒcg~j n‡”Q kã GKK †h¸‡jv mywbw`©ó wbqg †g‡b wewfbœ k‡ãi mv‡_ hy³ nq (Aronoff 1976)| G cÖm‡½ iƒcg~‡ji mv‡_ aŸwbg~‡ji GKwU cv_©K¨ •Zwi K‡i †bIqv †h‡Z cv‡i| c~e©eZx© GKwU Aa¨v‡q Av‡jvwPZ aŸwbg~‡ji msÁvwUI iƒcg~‡ji cÖvq Abyiƒc| Z‡e aŸwbg~‡ji mv‡_ iƒcg~‡ji cv_©K¨ nj, aŸwbg~j Ges iƒcg~j Df‡qB fvlvi b~¨bZg GKK n‡jI aŸwbg~‡ji †hLv‡b †Kvb A_© †bB, iƒcg~j †mLv‡b A_©c~Y©|

iƒcZË¡ | 145 fvlv gv‡ÎiB iƒcg~j i‡q‡Q| ZvB fvlvi M‡elK Ges fvlv wel‡q Drmvnx‡`i iƒcg~‡ji cÖK…wZ I •ewkó¨ wel‡q mg¨K cwiwPZ nIqv `iKvi| G‡ÿ‡Î cvK©vi I wi‡j (Parker & Riley 1994: 92-93) iƒcg~j wel‡q cvuPwU ‣ewkó¨ wb‡`©k K‡i‡Qb hv GKwU fvlvi iƒcg~j kbv³ Kivi †ÿ‡Î mnvqK f~wgKv Ki‡Z cv‡i| GB cvuPwU •ewkó¨ GLv‡b D‡jøL Kiv nj| cÖ_gZ, iƒcg~j Aÿi †_‡K c„_K| GB cv_©K¨ `ywU iƒcg~j I Aÿ‡ii mvsMVwbK w`K †_‡K mn‡RB `„ó nq| D`vniY¯^iƒc, evsjv Avgov kãwU‡Z `ywU Aÿi _vK‡jI G‡Z iƒcg~j Av‡Q GKwU| Avevi Bs‡iwR vegetable k‡ã PviwU Aÿi _vK‡jI iƒcg~j i‡q‡Q GKwU| wØZxqZ, fvlvi wewfbœ evbvbiƒc‡i mv‡_ iƒcg~jL‡Ði evbv‡bi mv`„k¨ _vK‡jI G‡`i g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ i‡q‡Q| D`vniY¯^iƒc, evsjv b„cwZ, f~cwZ, cïcwZ k‡ãi Awfbœ iƒcg~jwU n‡”Q cwZ| GB wZbwU k‡ãB cwZ k‡ãi mvaviY A_© n‡”Q gvwjK ev cÖfz| Ab¨w`‡K, evsjv cÖRvcwZ k‡ãi cwZ kãLÐwU †Kvb iƒcg~j bq, hw`I c~e©eZ©x wZbwU k‡ãi iƒcg~j cwZi mv‡_ Gi evbvbMZ mv`„k¨ i‡q‡Q| g~jZ cÖRvcwZ k‡ãi cwZ kãLÐwU Avjv`vfv‡e †Kvb A_© cÖKvk K‡i bv e‡j GwU iƒcg~j wn‡m‡e ¯^xK„wZ cvqwb| Z…ZxqZ, iƒcg~j fvlvi wewfbœ A_©MZ wdPvi †_‡K Avjv`v| Avgiv Rvwb †h, GKwU k‡ãi A_©‣ewkó¨ wKQz A_©MZ wdPvi‡K m~wPZ K‡i| D`vniY¯^iƒcÑ bvqK, cy‡ivwnZ, gv¯Ívb, m¤ªvU BZ¨vw` k‡ãi mvaviY A_©MZ wdPvi n‡”Q [+cyiæl]| wKš‘ Giv cÖ‡Z¨‡KB Avjv`v Avjv`v iƒcg~j| Z‡e k‡ãi A_©MZ wdPvi Ges iƒcg~‡ji cv_©K¨wU cwimiMZ Ae¯’vb †_‡K wePvi Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| k‡ãi A_©MZ wdPvi †hLv‡b Djø¤^ fv‡e we¯‘„Z nq, †mLv‡b iƒcg~j mgxK…Z nq Avbyf~wgK fv‡e| wb‡Pi D`vniY †_‡K Zv ¯úó n‡q D‡V‡Q| 1) [-bvix] [+cyiæl] [+gvbe] . ---------------------{bvqK} + {Giv} = bvq‡Kiv Ic‡ii 1bs D`vni‡Y Dj¤^fv‡e cÖwZ¯’vwcZ fvwlK iƒc¸‡jv †hLv‡b wewfbœ A_©MZ wdPvi‡K wb‡`©k K‡i, †mLv‡b Avbyf~wgKfv‡e ¯’vwcZ fvwlK GKK¸‡jv bvq‡Kiv k‡ãi `ywU iƒcg~j‡K m~wPZ Ki‡Q| PZy_©Z, k‡ãi iƒcg~jMZ •ewkó¨ cÖKv‡ki Rb¨ wewfbœ fvlvq wKQy wewae× msMVbiƒc _vK‡jI Zv-B P~ovšÍ I wbqwgZ bq| D`vniY¯^iƒc, evsjvfvlvq eûePbm~PK wbqwgZ iƒcg~j msMVb n‡”Q iv/Giv, ¸wj/¸jv/¸‡jv BZ¨vw`, †hgb- bvq‡Kiv, bvwqKviv, cixiv, Kweiv, gwš¿iv; A_ev cvwL¸wj, Avg¸wj, RyZv¸‡jv cÖf„wZ| Gme k‡ã eûePb wb‡`©kK iƒcg~j msMVb n‡”Q {iv} Ges {¸‡jv} hv mn‡RB Zv‡`i cÖavb iƒcg~j msMVb †_‡K c„_K Kiv hvq| wKš‘ GLb Avgiv wb‡Pi evK¨wU ch©‡eÿY Ki‡Z cvwi|

146 | mgKvjxb fvlvweÁvb 2) †P․ayix evwo‡Z MZiv‡Z WvKvZ c‡o‡Q| GB ev‡K¨ ÔWvKvZÕ kãwU eûePb hw`I Ic‡ii k㸇jvi g‡Zv G‡Z eûePb wb‡`©kK †Kvb Avjv`v iƒc msMVb †bB| ZvB evsjv iƒcZ‡Ë¡ GKePb I eûePb iƒcg~j msMVb wb‡`©‡ki Rb¨ Avgiv h_vµ‡g {GK} Ges {eû} wPý‡K cÖ¯vÍ e Ki‡Z cvwi| †m we‡ePbvq DcwiD³ ev‡K¨i WvKvZ k‡ãi eûevPKZv wb‡`©k Ki‡Z cvwi Gfv‡e, {WvKvZ} + {eû}| cÿvšÍ‡i, †m GKRb WvKvZ - ev‡K¨i WvKvZ k‡ãi iƒcg~j ePb wb‡`©kK iƒcg~j msMVb‡K cÖKvk Kiv, {WvKvZ} + {GK} iƒ‡c| cÂgZ, Avgiv Rvwb, iƒcg~j we‡køl‡Yi cÖavb D‡Ïk¨ n‡”Q, fvlvq e¨eüZ wewfbœ k‡ãi †fZiMZ e¨vKi‡Yi wbqg D˜NvUb Kiv hvi mvnv‡h¨ fvlxiv Zvu‡`i fvlvi kãmg~‡ni msMVb eY©bvmn bZzb kã •Zwi Ki‡Z cv‡ib| wKš‘ KLbI KLbI †Kvb k‡ãi iƒcg~jMZ we‡kølY Ki‡Z wM‡q hLb e¨enviKvixiv kãwUi ey¨rcwË msMVb I eZ©gvb e¨enviKvixi DcjwäcÖm~Z msMV‡bi g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ jÿ K‡ib ZLb fvlvwÁvbxiv kãwUi iƒcg~jMZ we‡kølY Ki‡Z wM‡q RwUjZvq AvewZ©Z n‡q c‡ob| G‡ÿ‡Î †`Lv hvq, HwZnvwmK weeZ©‡bi Kvi‡Y D‡jøwLZ kãwUi iƒcg~jMZ msMV‡bi iƒc I mxgv †h ïay cwiewZ©Z n‡q‡Q, Zv-B bq, eis kãwUi A_©MZ iƒcvšÍiI mvwaZ n‡q‡Q| 10.3 mniƒcg~j I iƒc mniƒcg~j I iƒc GKwU iƒcg~‡ji `ywU we‡kl Ae¯’v| †m wn‡m‡e G‡`i g‡a¨ ¯^vZš¿¨I i‡q‡Q| wb‡Pi Av‡jvPbvq Zv e¨vL¨v Kiv nj| 10.3.1 (eûePbevPK) mniƒcg~j fvwlK e¨env‡i iƒcg~j memgq GKB iƒ‡c _v‡K bv| A_©vr GKwU iƒcg~j †Kvb mywbw`©ó fvwlK cÖwZ‡e‡k wfbœ wfbœ iƒ‡c g~Z© nq| GKwU iƒcg~‡ji fvwlK cÖwZ‡ekMZ wfbœZv‡K mn-iƒcg~j ejv nq| wb‡Pi D`vniY¸‡jv †`Lv †h‡Z cv‡i| 3) K. abxiv L. Kweiv 4) K. Mix‡eiv L. wfÿy‡Kiv Ic‡ii D`vni‡Y †`Lv hv‡”Q, evsjv fvlvq DbœZ cÖvYx Z_v gvby‡li eûePb iƒcg~j {eû} Gi `ywU iƒc †`Lv hv‡”Q - {iv} Ges {Giv}| GLb cÖkœ n‡”Q, Ic‡ii gy³iƒc¸wj hv‡Z GB eûPbevPK iƒcg~j¸‡jv hy³ n‡q‡Q Zv‡Z Ggb †Kvb cÖwZ‡ek wK Av‡Q hvi Kvi‡Y eûePbevPK iƒcg~‡ji `ywU wfbœ iƒc `vuwo‡q‡Q? D`vniY¸‡jv Mfxifv‡e ch©‡eÿY Ki‡j †`Lv hvq †h, 3) Gi k㸇jv‡Z ÔivÕ hy³ nIqvi KviY GB

iƒcZË¡ | 147 kã‡jv n‡”Q ¯^ivšÍ kã; A_v©r k㸇jvi †k‡l GKwU ¯^i /B/ D”PvwiZ n‡”Q| d‡j G ai‡bi k‡ãi eûePb Kivi Rb¨ ïay iƒcg~j ÔivÕ †hvM Ki‡jB nq| Ab¨w`‡K, 4) Gi k㸇jv e¨ÄbvšÍ; A_v©r GB k㸇jvi †k‡l †Kvb ¯^i bv _vKvq G¸‡jvi D”PviY †_‡g hvq| †m Kvi‡Y G k‡ãi †k‡l eûePb iƒcg~j ÔivÕ †hvM Kivi †ÿ‡Î Gi Av‡M GKwU ¯^i ÔGÕi AvMgb N‡U| †m Kvi‡Y ÔivÕ iƒcg~jwU D‡jøwLZ cÖwZ‡e‡k ÔGivÕ‡Z iƒcvšÍwiZ n‡”Q| †m we‡ePbvq ÔivÕ Ges ÔGivÕ n‡”Q evsjv DbœZ cªvYxevPK k‡ã e¨eüZ eûePb iƒ‡ci mn-iƒcg~j| Avi D³ `ywU wfbœ cÖwZ‡e‡k wfbœ wfbœ iƒc e¨eüZ nIqvi Kvi‡Y Giv ci¯ú‡ii cwic~iK e›Ub| evsjv fvlvq e¨eüZ me mn-iƒcg~jB cwic~iK e›Ub bv n‡q KLbI KLbI gy³ •ewPΨI nq| wb‡Pi D`vniY¸‡jv ch©‡eÿY Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| 5) K. cvwL¸‡jv / MvQ¸wj L. cvwL¸wj / MvQ¸‡jv Ic‡i 5) Gi D`vni‡Y †`Lv hv‡”Q, AcÖvwYm~PK e¨ÄbvšÍ ev ¯^ivšÍ Dfq ai‡bi k‡ãi †k‡lB eûePb wb‡`©kK Ô¸wjÕ ev Ô¸‡jvÕ †h †Kvb GKwU iƒc em‡Z cv‡i| †h‡nZz G `ywU iƒ‡ci †h †Kvb GKwUi emvi †ÿ‡Î gy³iƒc¸‡jvi †Kvb cªwZ‡ekMZ kZ©B KvR Ki‡Q bv, †m‡nZz G‡`i‡K wfbœ wfbœ iƒc‡K G‡K Ac‡ii gy³ •ewPΨ ejv †h‡Z cv‡i| 10.3.2 (¯’vbMZ) mniƒcgy~j Av‡jvPbvi myweav‡_© evsjv ¯’vbevPK iƒcg~j‡K {¯’vb-iƒcg~j} iƒ‡c w¯’i Kiv nj| wb‡Pi D`vni‡Y G msµvšÍ wKQz evsjv kã ch©‡eÿY Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| 6) K. b`x‡Z gvQ Av‡Q| L. w`Nx‡Z cÖPzi kvcjv dz‡U‡Q| L. Rvg©vbx‡Z cÖPzi fvix wkí-KviLvbv Av‡Q| 7) K. Lv‡j cÖPzi KPzwicvbv| L. cyKz‡i Rvj †djv wb‡la| M.G n«‡` gvQ †bB| N. GLv‡b gqjv †djv wb‡la| 8) K. AvMvgxKvj Lyjbvq hve| L. Avwg GLb †Kv_vq hve? M. G RvqMvq wK‡mi gvivgvwi Pj‡Q? Ic‡ii D`vniY¸‡jv‡Z †`Lv hvq, evsjv ¯’vbevPK iƒcg~‡ji wZbwU •ewPΨ i‡q‡Q, G¸‡jv nj- Ô†ZÕ, ÔGÕ Ges ÔqÕ| g~jZ GB iƒcg~jMZ •ewPΨ wZbwU wfbœ wfbœ kãMZ cÖwZ‡e‡k wZb iKg iƒc aviY K‡i| 6) Gi D`vniY †_‡K ¯úó nq †h, gy³iƒc wb‡`©kK ¯’vbevPK kãwU hw` B-¯^ivšÍ nq A_v©r k‡ãi †k‡l hw` ÔBÕ

148 | mgKvjxb fvlvweÁvb D”PvwiZ nq, Z‡e ¯’vbevPK iƒcg~‡ji iƒcwU n‡”Q Ô†ZÕ| 7) Gi D`vniY¸‡jv wb‡`©k K‡i, ¯’vbevPK kãwU hw` e¨ÄbvšÍ nq, Zvn‡j Gi †k‡l †h iƒcg~j wPýwU e‡m †mwU n‡”Q ÔGÕ| Ab¨w`‡K, 8) Gi evK¨¸‡jv‡Z e¨eüZ ¯’vbevPK iƒcg~j wb‡`©kK kãwU hw` Av-¯^ivšÍ nq, Zvn‡j †h ¯’vbevPK iƒcg~jwU hy³ nq †mwU n‡”Q ÔqÕ| Gfv‡e Ic‡ii D`vniY¸wj †_‡K eySv hvq, wfbœ wfbœ wZbwU kvwãK cÖwZ‡e‡k evsjv ¯’vbevPK iƒcg~‡ji wZbwU •ewPΨ †`Lv hvq e‡j G¸‡jv‡K mniƒcg~j ejv †h‡Z cv‡i| nvmc¨vjg¨v_ I wmgm (Haspelmath & Sims 2010) `yB ai‡bi mniƒcg~j kbv³ K‡i‡Qb| †hgbK. mgaŸwbg~jK mniƒcg~j GKwU iƒcg~‡ji AšÍfy³ © †h mniƒcg~j¸‡jv D”PviYMZ w`K †_‡K A‡bKUvB KvQvKvwQ G¸‡jv‡K mgaŸwbg~jK ev aŸwbmvg¨MZ mniƒcg~j ejv nq| Ic‡ii 4) bs Ges 5) D`vni‡Y D‡jøwLZ {iv}, {Giv}, {¸wj/¸‡jv} G¸‡jv evsjv fvlvq e¨eüZ aŸwbmvg¨MZ mniƒcg~j (phonological allomrph)| L. Amg-aŸwbg~jK mniƒcg~j Aciw`‡K, GKwU iƒcg~‡ji †h mniƒcg~j¸wj D”PviYMZ w`K †_‡K mgZv iÿv K‡i bv Zv‡`i‡K AaŸwbmvg¨MZ mniƒcg~j (suppletive allomorph) ejv nq| D`vniY¯^iƒc, evsjv ÔhvIqvÕ wµqvi AZxZ iƒc n‡”Q ÔwM‡qÕ| Giv A_©MZ w`K †_‡K Awfbœ, GKwU wbw`©ó wµqviƒc‡K wb‡`©k Ki‡Q| wKš‘ G‡`i g‡a¨ †Kvb aŸwbMZ ev D”PviYMZ mgZv †bB| GQvov evsjv fvlvq e¨eüZ we‡klY ÔfvjÕ Gi GKwU AwZkvwqZ iƒc n‡”Q ÔDËgÕ| A_©MZ w`K †_‡K GK n‡jI D”PviYMZ mvg¨ †bB| G `ywU iƒcg~‡ji AšÍfy³ © PviwU mniƒcg~j n‡”Q AaŸwbmvg¨MZ mniƒcg~j| evsjv fvlvi mv‡_ m½wZc~Y© Bs‡iwR‡Z cÖPwjZ G ai‡bi mniƒcg~‡ji D`vniY n‡”Q- go > went Ges good > better BZ¨vw`| 10.3.3 iƒc iƒcg~‡ji Av‡iKwU Ae¯’v n‡”Q iƒc| wKQz aŸwbmgwó hv‡K ÿy`Zg LÐ fvM Kiv hvq bv Ges hvi kvãe¨vKiwYK f~wgKv i‡q‡Q Zv‡K iƒc ejv nq| G Qvov mniƒcg~‡ji mv‡_ m¤ú‡K©i wfwˇZ ejv hvq, †h mniƒcg~j GK¸”Q Abb¨ e¨vKiwYK I kvã •ewk‡ó¨i AwaKvix Zv‡K iƒc ejv nq| Ab¨w`‡K, GKB •ewkó¨avix wKQz mniƒcg~j‡K iƒcg~j ejv nq| iƒc, mniƒcg~j Ges iƒcg~‡ji ¯^vZš¿¨ eySvi Rb¨ wb‡Pi mviwY‡Z †PvL eyjv‡bv †h‡Z cv‡i| mviwY 10.3 evsjv iƒc, mniƒcg~j Ges iƒcg~‡ji D`vniY iƒc mniƒcg~j iƒcg~j

iv, Giv, ¸wj, ¸‡jv iv

Giv

¸wj / ¸‡jv

{[gvbyl+¯^ivšÍ]+iv}

{[gvbyl+e¨ÄbvšÍ]+Giv}

{BZi cÖvYx+¸wj/¸‡jv}

{+eûePb}

iƒcZË¡ | 149 Ic‡ii D`vniY †_‡K eySv hv‡”Q, ÔivÕ, ÔGivÕ, Ô¸wj/¸‡jvÕ BZ¨vw` kvã Dcv`vb wKQz aŸwb mgwó hv‡`i kvã-e¨vKiwYK •ewkó¨ eZ©gvb i‡q‡Q| KviY Giv evsjv fvlvi e¨vKiwYK Dcv`vb †h¸‡jv Ab¨ GKwU gy³iƒcg~‡ji mv‡_ hy&³ n‡Z cv‡i| ZvB Giv evsjv fvlvi eûePbevPK iƒc wn‡m‡e MY¨ n‡Z cv‡i| Avi G‡`i cÖ‡Z¨KwUi Avjv`v Avjv`v cwiPq n‡”Q, Giv wewfbœ kZ©hy³ kvã-cÖwZ‡e‡k mshy³ nq| †mRb¨ Giv cÖ‡Z¨‡K GK GKwU mniƒcg~j| me‡k‡l, Giv `jMZfv‡e evsjv eûePbevPK GKK iƒcg~j| 10.4 iƒcg~‡ji †kÖwYfvM: g~j, wfwË, KvÐ Ges jMœK iƒcg~j¸‡jv hLb fvwlK msÁvc‡bi D‡Ï‡k e¨eüZ nq, ZLb G‡`i f~wgKvMZ cwiPqI wfbœ wfbœ nq| A_v©r GK ai‡bi iƒcg~‡ji i‡q‡Q hviv bZzb kã •Zwi‡Z gyL¨ f~wgKv cvjb K‡i| Aciw`‡K AviI wKQy iƒcg~j i‡q‡Q G‡ÿ‡Î †M․Y f~wgKvq AeZx©Y nq| †mB we‡ePbvq iƒcg~j‡K `yB fv‡M fvM Kiv hvq| †hgb10.4.1 gy³ iƒcg~j †h iƒcg~j Ab¨ †Kvb k‡ãi mv‡_ hy³ bv n‡q ¯^vaxbfv‡e ev‡K¨ e¨eüZ nq Ges bZzb kã •Zwi‡Z gyL¨ f~wgKv cvjb K‡i _v‡K gy³ iƒcg~j e‡j| cÖwZwU fvlvq ¯^vaxbfv‡e e¨eüZ kãB GK GKwU gy³ iƒcg~j, h_v- we‡kl¨, we‡klY, me©bvg, wµqv BZ¨vw` gy³ iƒcg~‡ji D`vniY| GQvov GKwU fvlvq e¨eüZ wKQz e¨vKiYMZ Dcv`vbI gy³ iƒcg~j wn‡m‡e e¨eüZ nq| D`vniY wn‡m‡e D‡jøL Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i evsjv fvlvq e¨eüZ wewfbœ AbymM©, †hgb- n‡Z, †_‡K, Øviv, w`qv, †cQ‡b, mvg‡b cÖf…wZ Ges Bs‡iwR‡Z cÖPwjZ preposition, h_v- in, at, inside, over; Ges articles, h_v- a, an, the BZ¨vw`| Z‡e gy³ iƒcg~‡ji wKQz f~wgKvMZ Ges Ae¯’vbMZ cwiPq i‡q‡Q| D`vniY¯^iƒc, gy³ iƒcg~j KLbI g~j (root), KLbI wfwË (base) Avevi KLbI KvÐ (stem) wn‡m‡eI e¨eüZ nq| GKwU gy³ iƒcg~‡ji GB wZbwU f~wgKv cÖavbZ GB iƒcg~‡ji mv‡_ mshy³ wewfbœ cÖZ¨‡qi hy³ nIqv mv‡c‡ÿ wbwY©Z nq| K. g~j g~j Ggb GKwU iƒcg~j hv‡K Avi ÿz`ªZg As‡k fvM Kiv hvq bv Ges hvi mv‡_ Avi †Kvb jMœKI hy³ bq| D‡jøL¨, jMœK ej‡Z GLv‡b GKmv‡_ wefw³ I cÖZ¨q‡K eySv‡bv n‡q‡Q| D`vniY¯^iƒc, ÔAvgÕ Ges ÔcÖ‡qvMÕ kã `ywU evsjv fvlvi g~j kã| KviY G `ywU k‡ãi mv‡_ †Kvb jMœK †hvM Kiv nqwb| mvaviYZ RwUj ev †h․wMK kã •Zwii mgq g~‡ji mv‡_ jMœK hy³ Kiv nq| ZvB †h‡Kvb RwUj ev †h․wMK kã †_‡K jMœK‡K Avjv`v Ki‡j hv _v‡K Zv-B n‡”Q g~j| D`vniY¯^iƒc, Avg¸wj kã‡K Avgiv ÔAvgÕ Ges Ô¸wjÕ GB `yB As‡k fvM Ki‡Z cvwi| Gÿ‡Î ÔAvgÕ n‡”Q g~j Ges Ô¸wjÕ n‡”Q e¨vKiwYK Dcv`vb ev jMœK| †h‡nZz ÔAvgÕ GLv‡b g~j, †m‡nZz msÁv Abymv‡i GwU‡K Avi †Kvb ÿz`ªZg As‡k wef³ Kiv hvq bv| †mB m‡½ cª‡qvMmva¨ kã‡KI Avgiv ÔcÖ‡qvMÕ I Ômva¨Õ GB `yB fv‡M fvM Ki‡Z cvwi| G‡ÿ‡Î ÔcÖ‡qvMÕ n‡”Q g~j Ges GwU Avi ÿz`ªZg As‡k wef³ bq| wKš‘ cÖK…Z wePv‡i Ôcª‡qvMÕ k‡ãi †ÿ‡Î GKwU cÖkœ †_‡KB hvq| ÔcÖ‡qvMÕ kãwU‡K wK Avm‡jB Avi ÿy`ªZg As‡k fvOv hvq bv? Dˇi ejv hvq, Aek¨B| DrcwË

150 | mgKvjxb fvlvweÁvb wePv‡i ms¯‥…Z †_‡K AvMZ ÔcÖ‡qvMÕ kãwU‡K fvOv hvq Gfv‡e: {cÖ} +{√hyR& + A}| GLv‡b {cÖ} n‡”Q DcmM©; √hyR n‡”Q avZz Ges {A} n‡”Q cÖZ¨q| k‡ãi G ai‡bi we‡kølY‡K ejv nq ey¨rcwËMZ we‡kølY hv cvwYbxq Nivbvi Ab¨Zg Av‡jvP¨welq| †h‡nZz †Kvb GKwU k‡ãi ey¨rcwË wePvi Avi iƒcZvwË¡K we‡kølY GK bq (fÆvPvh©¨ 2016), Avgiv G‡ÿ‡Î ÔcÖ‡qvMÕ kãwU‡K iƒcZvwË¡K wePv‡i AvcvZ A‡_© we‡kølY‡hvM¨ bq e‡j G‡K g~j wn‡m‡e a‡i wb‡Z cvwi| L. wfwË wfwË n‡”Q Ggb GKwU gy³ iƒcg~jMZ Ae¯’v hvi mv‡_ †Kvb e¨vKiwYK iƒc ev jMœK hy³ nq| G msÁv Abymv‡i wfwË iƒcg~jwU‡K kbv³ Kivi †ÿ‡Î Avgiv Ic‡i DwjøwLZ ÔAvg¸wjÕ‡K wb‡Z cvwi| GB k‡ã ÔAvgÕ Gi mv‡_ †h‡nZz Ô¸wjÕ jMœK hy³ n‡q‡Q, †m‡nZz G‡ÿ‡Î ÔAvgÕ‡K Avgiv wfwË ej‡Z cvwi| GB we‡ePbvq g~j Ges wfwË GKB n‡q c‡o‡Q| iƒcZvwË¡‡KivI e‡jb †h, wfwˇK g~jI ejv †h‡Z cv‡i (O’Grady & Guzman 1996)| Z‡e wfwˇK Av‡iKwU `„wó‡KvY †_‡KI e¨vL¨v Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| KLbI KLbI jMœKhy³ GKwU g~j‡KI wfwË ejv nq, hLb GwU Av‡iKwU †h․wMK k‡ãi Ask nq| D`vniY¯^iƒc, cÖ‡qvM‡hvM¨Zv k‡ãi ÔcÖ‡qvM‡hvM¨Õ GKwU wfwË kã| KviY GLv‡b wfwË kã ÔcÖ‡qvM‡hvM¨Õi mv‡_ ÔZvÕ †hvM K‡i cÖ‡qvM‡hvM¨Zv m„ó n‡q‡Q| wKš‘ ÔcÖ‡qvM‡hvM¨Õ †Kvb g~j kã bq, KviY G‡Z GKwU cÖZ¨q Ô†hvM¨Õ mshy³ n‡q‡Q| ZvB GLv‡b GwU ïay wfwË kã wn‡m‡e cwiwPZ n‡q‡Q| GB D`vniY †_‡K wfwË k‡ãi msÁv cª`vb Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i Gfv‡e, g~j k‡ãi mv‡_ hLb †Kvb cÖZ¨q hy³ nq ZLb Zv‡K wfwË kã ejv nq| Z‡e GB cÖZ¨qwU m¤úªmvwiZ ev mvwaZ †h‡Kvb cÖKv‡iiB n‡Z cv‡i| evsjv ÔcÖ‡qv‡MiÕ kãwUI GKwU wfwË kã, †h‡nZz G‡Z ÔcÖ‡qvMÕ Gi mv‡_ ÔGiÕ bvgK m¤úªmvwiZ cÖZ¨q G‡Z †hvM Kiv n‡h‡Q| M. KvÐ wfwË kã‡K KLbI KvÐ ejv nq, we‡kl K‡i hLb G‡Z †Kvb mvwaZ cÖZ¨q bq, wKš‘ m¤úªmvwiZ cÖZ¨q hy³ nq| D`vniY¯^iƒc, evsjv ÔKweivÕ GKwU KvÐ kã| KviY G‡Z ÔKweÕ we‡k‡l¨i mv‡_ ÔivÕ m¤úªmvwiZ cÖZ¨q hy³ n‡q ÔKweivÕ kã m„ó n‡q‡Q| 10.4.2 e× iƒcg~j Avgiv Rvwb, iƒcg~j wb‡R kã wn‡m‡e e¨eüZ n‡jI A‡bK mgq GKvwaK iƒcg~j wg‡j bZzb kã MwVZ nq| D`vniY¯^iƒc, evsjv fvlvq cÖPwjZ cÖ‡qvMmva¨ kã‡K GLv‡b we‡kølY Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| kãwU‡K wef³ Ki‡j {cÖ‡qvM} Ges {mva¨} G `ywU iƒcg~j cvIqv hvq| GLv‡b Ômva¨Õ GKwU e× iƒcg~j; KviY GwU evsjv fvlvq ¯^vaxbfv‡e e¨eüZ nq bv eis ¯^vaxb kã ÔcÖ‡qvMÕ mv‡_ hy³ n‡q GKwU bZzb kã Ôcª‡qvMmva¨Õ •Zwi K‡i‡Q| Avevi G‡ÿ‡Î Avg¸wj kã‡K we‡kølY Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| GwU‡K {Avg} Ges {¸wj} GB `ywU iƒcg~‡j fvM Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| G‡Z Ô¸wjÕ iƒcg~jwU ¯^vaxbfv‡e e¨eüZ bv n‡q Av‡iKwU ¯^vaxb kã ÔAvgÕ Gi mv‡_ mshy³ n‡q ÔAvgÕ k‡ãi A_©MZ m¤úªmviY NwU‡q‡Q| †mB we‡ePbvq ejv †h‡Z

iƒcZË¡ | 151 cv‡i †h, e× iƒcg~j n‡”Q iƒcg~‡ji †mB iƒc †hwU fvlvq ¯^vaxbfv‡e e¨eüZ nq bv, eis †Kvb gy³ iƒcg~‡ji mv‡_ hy³ n‡q _v‡K| Ic‡i DwjøwLZ ÔAvg¸wjÕ k‡ãi Ô¸wjÕ Ges Ôcª‡qvMmva¨Õ k‡ãi Ômva¨Õ `ywUB e× iƒcg~‡ji D`vniY| KviY Giv †KDB ev‡K¨ ev Dw³‡Z ¯^vaxbfv‡e e¨eüZ nq bv| Ic‡ii D`vniY †_‡K Av‡iKwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© ch©‡eÿY Avgv‡`i bR‡i Av‡m| †mwU n‡”Q, e× iƒcg~j Ab¨ GKwU gy³ iƒcg~‡ji mv‡_ hy³ n‡q ïay †h bZzb kã MVb K‡i Zv-B bq, eis ¯^vaxb kã ev gy³ iƒcg~‡ji A‡_©i m¤úªmviYI NUvq| †m wn‡m‡e e× iƒcg~‡ji `ywU f~wgKvMZ iƒc i‡q‡Q| G¸‡jv n‡”Q 1. k‡ãi A‡_©i m¤úªmviY Ges 2. bZzb A_© •Zwi ev k‡ãi c`MZ cwiPq cÖ`vb Kiv e× iƒcg~‡ji DwjøwLZ f~wgKv QvovI Gi c„_K Ae¯’vbMZ mËvI i‡q‡Q| D`vniY¯^iƒc, e× iƒcg~j¸‡jv †hgb GKwU gy³ iƒcg~‡ji Avw` Ae¯’v‡b e‡m, †Zgwb GwU Avevi k‡ãi †k‡lI e‡m _v‡K| evsjv fvlvi cwi‡cÖwÿ‡Z ejv hvq, †h e× iƒcg~j¸‡jv k‡ãi Avw`‡Z e‡m G¸‡jv‡K cÖ_vMZfv‡e DcmM© e‡j| Ab¨w`‡K, evsjvq †h e× iƒcg~j¸wj k‡ãi †k‡l e¨eüZ nq †m¸‡jv‡K wefw³ ev cÖZ¨q e‡j| Bs‡iwR‡ZI Abyiƒc c~e©-e× iƒcg~j Ges AšÍ¨-e× iƒcg~‡ji Aw¯ÍZ¡ i‡q‡Q (†`Lyb mviwY 10.6)| Z‡e evsjv, Bs‡iwR cÖf…wZ fvlvq e× iƒcg~‡ji GB `ywU Ae¯’vb _vK‡jI Aviwe, ZvMv‡jvM cÖf„wZ fvlvq e× iƒcg~j gy³ iƒcg~‡ji gv‡SI mshy³ nq hv‡K ga¨-e× iƒcg~j ejv nq| D`vniY¯^iƒc, ZvMv‡jvM fvlvq Bs‡iwR †_‡K wµqv wn‡m‡e graduate kãwU MÖnY Kiv n‡q‡Q| GB wµqviƒcwU‡K DËg cyiæ‡li cyivNwUZ iƒ‡c cwiYZ Kivi Rb¨ Gi gvSLv‡bga¨-e×iƒcg~j hy³ Kiv nq| D`vniY¯^iƒc, mviwY 10.4 ZvMv‡jvM fvlvq wµqvc‡` e¨eüZ ga¨-e×iƒcg~j wµqvg~j

ga¨-e× iƒcg~jMZ iƒc

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152 | mgKvjxb fvlvweÁvb Gi mv‡_ m½wZ †i‡L Avgiv G‡K evsjvq ÔjMœKÕ e‡j AwfwnZ Ki‡Z cvwi| KviY e× iƒcg~j †Kvb bv †Kvb fv‡e gy³ iƒcg~‡ji msj‡Mœ Ae¯’vb K‡i| 10.5 jMœK we‡kølY iƒcZvwË¡K •ewk‡ó¨ jMœK (affix) n‡”Q e× iƒcg~j Ges cÖ_vMZ e¨vKiwYK cwiP‡q Giv e¨vKiwYK Dcv`vb hviv Ab¨ gy³ iƒcg~‡ji mv‡_ hy³ n‡q bZzb kã MVb K‡i ev mshy³ gy³ iƒcg~jwUi A_©MZ m¤úªmviY NwU‡q _v‡K| gy³ iƒcg~‡ji mv‡_ jMœ‡Ki GB hy³ nIqvi cÖwµqv‡K ejv nq jMœKvqb ev jMœK we‡kølY| wb‡P jMœKvq‡bi we¯ÍvwiZ eY©bv cÖ`vb Kiv nj| iƒcZ‡Ë¡ jMœK we‡kølY Lye ¸iæZ¡c~Y©| KviY jMœKvqb ev jMœK we‡kølY g~jZ kã MV‡bi GKwU we‡kl cÖwµqv‡KB eY©bv K‡i| Avgiv Av‡MB e‡jwQ, jMœK ev e× iƒcg~jmg~n k‡ãi †h Ae¯’v‡bB emyK bv †Kb G‡`i mvaviY f~wgKv n‡”Q- Ab¨ GKwU gy³ iƒcg~‡ji m‡½ cÖwZ‡ek Abyhvqx hy³ n‡q Giv, 1) bZzb kã MVb K‡i; bZzev 2) †h iƒcg~‡ji mv‡_ hy³ n‡q‡Q Zvi A_©MZ m¤úªmviY NUvq| jMœ‡Ki GB `ywU c„_K f~wgKv Abymv‡i G‡`i‡K `yB fv‡M fvM Kiv nq| G¸‡jv njÑ 1. m¤úªmvwiZ jMœK 2. mvwaZ jMœK 10.5.1 m¤úmvwiZ jMœK GB Aa¨v‡qi 10.1 Dc-Aa¨v‡q Av‡jvwPZ n‡q‡Q †h, m¤úªmvwiZ jMœ‡Ki mvnv‡h¨ fvlvi GKwU †jw·‡gi AšÍfy³ © wewfbœ kãiƒc •Zwi nq| wVK Kx cÖwµqv Aej¤^‡b m¤úªmvwiZ jMœ‡Ki mvnv‡h¨ †jw·gfz³ kãiƒcmg~n m„ó nq Zv GLv‡b eY©bv Kiv n‡”Q| G‡ÿ‡Î cÖ_‡gB m¤úªmvwiZ jMœ‡Ki GKwU hyZmB msÁv cÖ`vb Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| m¤úªmvwiZ jMœK n‡”Q †mB e× iƒcg~j hv Ab¨ gy³ iƒcg~‡ji mv‡_ hy³ n‡q mshy³ iƒcg~‡ji A‡_©i m¤úªmviY NwU‡q _v‡K| Z‡e m¤úªmvwiZ A_©‡evam¤úbœ kãwUi c` cwiP‡qi cwieZ©b N‡U bv ev bZzb A_©I •Zwi nq bv| c„w_exi wewfbœ fvlvq m¤úªmvwiZ jMœK mvaviYZ DwÏó gy³ iƒcg~‡ji AšÍ¨ Ae¯’v‡b e‡m| †m we‡ePbvq G ai‡bi m¤úªmvwiZ jMœK‡K AšÍ¨ m¤úªmvwiZ jMœK ejv nq| Bs‡iwR I evsjvi †ÿ‡ÎI AšÍ¨ m¤úªmvwiZ jMœK GKwU ¯^vfvweK iƒcZvwË¡K cÖwµqv| cvK©vi I wi‡j (Parker & Riley 1994) Bs‡iwR fvlvi †gvU 8 ai‡bi AšÍ¨-m¤úªmvwiZ jMœK‡K kbv³ K‡i‡Qb| G¸‡jv njmviwY 10.6 Bs‡iwR fvlvq e¨eüZ 8 ai‡bi AšÍ¨-m¤úªmvwiZ jMœK {PLU} = plural (boys), {POSS} = possessive (boy’s), {COM} = comparative (older),

iƒcZË¡ | 153 {SUP} = superlative (oldest), {PRES} present (walks), {PAST} = past (walked), {PAST PART} = past partcipile (driven)Ges {PRES PART} = present partciplie (driving)|

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* we‡kl¨ ej‡Z Ôme©bvgÕ‡KI eySv‡bv n‡q‡Q|

D‡jøwLZ m¤úªmvwiZ jMœK¸‡jvi cÖ‡qvM wel‡q wb‡P GKwU mswÿß eY©bv cÖ`vb Kiv nj| cÖ_‡gB Avmv hvK, evsjv {eû}= KZ©viƒc cÖm‡½| GLv‡b ÔeûÕ ms‡KZwU eûePb‡K wb‡`©k Ki‡Q| evsjv fvlvq KZ©„c‡`i GK eP‡b †Kvb jMœK e¨eüZ nq bv e‡j GB iƒcg~j wb‡`©kK wP‡ý ïay {eû} K_vwU

154 | mgKvjxb fvlvweÁvb †jLv n‡q‡Q| G‡ÿ‡Î ÔeûePbÕ Gi D`vniY wn‡m‡e Kweiv, Mix‡eiv, UvKv¸wj/UvKv¸‡jv BZ¨vw` D‡jøL Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| evsjv m¤^Üc‡`i iƒcg~j wn‡m‡e {m¤^Ü} wb‡`©k Kiv n‡q‡Q| G‡ÿ‡Î m¤^Ü c‡`i GKePb Ges eûePb `yB †ÿ‡ÎB G ai‡bi jMœK e¨eüZ nq| D`vniY¯^iƒc, GKeP‡b - Avgvi, †Zvgvi, Zvi, Zvnvi, Kwi‡gi, iwngvi BZ¨vw`; eûeP‡b - Avgv‡`i/Avgvw`‡Mi, †Zvgvi / †Zvgvw`‡Mi, Kwig‡`i, iwngv‡`i BZ¨vw`| evsjv ev‡K¨ ev Dw³‡Z e¨eüZ Kg©c‡`i GKePb I eûePb GB `yB iƒ‡ciB Kg©c`m~PK AšÍ¨ m¤úªmvwiZ jMœK mshy³ nq hv Ic‡ii mviwY‡Z {Kg©} iƒ‡c †`Lv‡bv n‡q‡Q| D`vniY wn‡m‡e D‡jøL Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i, GKeP‡b - Avgv‡K, †Zvgv‡K, jvwK‡K; eûeP‡b - Avgv‡`i / Avgv‡`i‡K, gwnjv‡`i‡K BZ¨vw`| evsjv fvlvq ev‡K¨ ev Dw³‡Z ¯’vb, Kvj ev welqm~PK cÖPzi c` e¨eüZ n‡q _v‡K †h¸‡jv‡K GKwU Awfavq AwaKiY wn‡m‡e wb‡`©k Kiv nq| GKePb I eûePb Dfq c‡`B AwaKiY wb‡`©kK {Awa}jMœK e¨eüZ nq| D`vniY¯^iƒc, GKeP‡bÑ w`Nx‡Z, mvM‡i, Bs‡iwR‡Z, †Kivjvq; eûeP‡b - cyKzi¸wj‡Z BZ¨vw`| evsjv fvlvq ïay we‡klY c‡` e¨eüZ nq Zzjbvg~jK AšÍ¨ m¤úªmvwiZ jMœK hv Ic‡ii mviwY‡Z {Zyjbv} iƒ‡c wb‡`©k Kiv n‡q‡Q| Z‡e Zzjbv wb‡`©kK ÔZiÕ jMœKwU `ywU c‡`i Zzjbv eySv‡Z e¨eüZ nq, ÔZgÕ jMœwU Ab¨¸‡jvi Zzjbvq me‡P‡q fvjwU‡K wb‡`©k Ki‡Z hy³ Kiv nq| D`vniY wn‡m‡e Ôe„nËiÕ, Ôe„nËgÕ BZ¨vw`| D‡jøL¨, KLbI KLbI Ôme‡P‡qÕ eySv‡Z ÔZiÕ jMœKwUI e¨envi Kiv nq, †hgb- †Zvgvi weiæ‡× Awf‡hvM ¸iæZi (¸iæZg bq)| evsjv ev‡K¨ ev Dw³‡Z wb‡`©k‡Ki cÖPjb i‡q‡Q| Z‡e GB wb‡`k©K¸‡jv, hv Ic‡ii mviwY‡Z {wb‡`©} iƒ‡c m~wPZ Kiv n‡q‡Q, mvaviYZ we‡kl¨ c‡`i mv‡_ e¨eüZ n‡q _v‡K| D`vniY¯^iƒc, GKeP‡bÑ eBwU/Uv, †gvevBjwU/Uv, gvjvLvwb, `yLvbv; Ges eûeP‡bÑeB¸wj /eB¸‡jv BZ¨vw`| L. evsjvq cÖPwjZ wewfbœ wµqvg~‡j mshy³ AšÍ¨-m¤úªmvwiZ jMœK evsjv fvlvq wewfbœ wµqvg~j‡K ev‡K¨ e¨env‡ii mgq KZ©vi mv‡_ †hgb m½wZ iÿv Ki‡Z nq, †Zgwb wµqvi Kvj I Kvj msNU‡bi iƒc‡K (Avm‡c±m) wewfbœ e× iƒcg~‡j cÖ`k©b Ki‡Z nq| d‡j evsjv wµqvg~‡ji AšÍ¨-m¤úªmvwiZ jMœK¸‡jvi †Pnviv A‡bKUvB e¨vL¨v mv‡cÿ| evsjvq `yB ai‡bi wµqvg~j e¨eüZ nq hv‡`i mv‡_ wewfbœ AšÍ¨-m¤úªmvwiZ wµqvg~j hy³ nq| GB `yB ai‡bi wµqvg~j nj1. ¯^ivšÍ wµqvg~j Lv, Mv, Pv, †` (w`), †b (wb), cv, hv, ï, ïKv, Nygv, `vuov, agKv, cov, jvdv, n BZ¨vw` 2. e¨ÄbvšÍ wµqvg~j Avm&, Ki, KvuU&, Kvu`&, wKb&, LyR, Lyj&, wMj&, Pyl&, Qvo&, Rvb&, †Vj&, WvK&, Zzj&, _vK&, †`L&, ai&&, co&, em&, evua&, eyS&, wfR&, wgj, wgk&, ivL&, wjL&, ïb&, nvm& BZ¨vw`

iƒcZË¡ | 155 bZzb wµqvc` MV‡bi Rb¨ DwjøwLZ wµqvg~‡j †hme AšÍ¨-m¤úªmvwiZ jMœK e¨eüZ nq G¸‡jvi mvsMVwbK iƒc †Kvb †Kvb †ÿ‡Î wfbœ Zv wb‡P D‡jøL Kiv nj| mviwY 10.8 evsjv ¯^ivšÍ wµqviƒcg~j {Lv} Gi m‡½ e¨eüZ AšÍ¨-m¤úªmvwiZ jMœ‡Ki c¨vivWvBg AšÍ¨ m¤úªmvwiZ m½wZ jMœK

wµqviƒc

D`vniY

{mvav-eZ©}

mvaviY eZ©gvb

B, m, I, q, b

{NU-eZ©}

NUgvb eZ©gvb

w”Q, w”Qm, ”Q, †”Q, †”Qb

{cyiv-eZ©}

cyivNwUZ eZ©gvb

GwQ, GwQm, GQ, G‡Q, G‡Qb

{Aby-eZ©}

AbyÁv eZ©gvb

I, K, b

{mvav-AZx}

mvaviY AZxZ

GwQjvg, GwQwj, GwQ‡j, GwQj, GwQ‡jb

{NU-AZx}

NUgvb AZxZ

w”Qjvg, w”Qwj, w”Q‡j, w”Qj, w”Q‡jb

{wbZ¨-AZx}

wbZ¨e„Ë AZxZ

GZvg, GwZm, G‡Z, GZ, G‡Zb

{mvav-fwe}

mvaviY fwel¨r

e, we, †e, †eb

{Aby-fwe}

AbyÁv fwel¨r

m, I, K, b

*GLv‡b ïay wµqviƒ‡ci AšÍ¨ jMœ‡Ki PwjZ iƒc cª`vb Kiv n‡q‡Q|

Ic‡ii 10.8 bs mviwY‡Z evsjv ¯^ivšÍ ÔLvÕ wµqviƒcg~‡ji m‡½ e¨eüZ †hme AšÍ¨-m¤úªmvwiZ jMœ‡Ki D`vniY cÖ`vb Kiv nj, Zv `yÕGKwU e¨wZµg Qvov Ab¨vb¨ ¯^ivšÍ wµqviƒcg~‡ji m‡½I mgvbfv‡e mshy³ n‡q _v‡K| mviwY 10.9 evsjv e¨ÄbvšÍ wµqviƒcg~j {Ki&} Gi m‡½ e¨eüZ AšÍ¨-m¤úªmvwiZ jMœ‡Ki c¨vivWvBg AšÍ¨ m¤úªmvwiZ m½wZ jMœK

wµqviƒc

D`vniY

{mvav-eZ©}

mvaviY eZ©gvb

B, Bm, A, G, Gb

{NU-eZ©}

NUgvb eZ©gvb

wQ, wQm, Q, †Q, †Qb

{cyiv-eZ©}

cyivNwUZ eZ©gvb

GwQ, GwQm, GQ, G‡Q, G‡Qb

{Aby-eZ©}

AbyÁv eZ©gvb

A, DK, Db

{mvav-AZx}

mvaviY AZxZ

GwQjvg, GwQwj, GwQ‡j, GwQj, GwQ‡jb

156 | mgKvjxb fvlvweÁvb {NU-AZx}

NUgvb AZxZ

wQjvg, wQwj, wQ‡j, wQj, wQ‡jb

{wbZ¨-AZx}

wbZ¨e„Ë AZxZ

Zvg, wZm, †Z, Z, †Zb

{mvav-fwe}

mvaviY fwel¨r

e, we, †e, †eb

{Aby-fwe}

AbyÁv fwel¨r

Bm, I, DK, †eb

*GLv‡b ïay wµqviƒ‡ci AšÍ¨ jMœ‡Ki PwjZ iƒc cª`vb Kiv n‡q‡Q|

Ic‡ii 10.9 bs mviwY‡Z evsjv e¨ÄbvvšÍ ÔKi&Õ wµqviƒcg~‡ji m‡½ e¨eüZ †hme AšÍ¨-m¤úªmvwiZ jMœ‡Ki D`vniY cÖ`vb Kiv nj, Zv wKQz e¨wZµg Qvov Ab¨vb¨ e¨ÄbvvšÍ wµqviƒcg~‡ji m‡½I mgvbfv‡e mshy³ n‡q _v‡K| Ic‡ii 10.8 Ges 10.9 mviwY‡Z ÔLvÕ Ges ÔKi&Õ G `ywU evsjv wµqvg~‡ji mv‡_ hy³ nIqvi Rb¨ †hme AšÍ¨ m¤úªmvwiZ jMœ‡Ki iƒc ZvwjKve× Kiv n‡q‡Q Zv‡Z m½wZ, Kvj Ges Avm‡c±‡mi iƒcI AšÍfy³ © hw`I GB wZbwU iƒc Avjv`v K‡i wewkøó Kiv m¤¢e nqwb| cÖK…Z wePv‡i DwjøwLZ jMœK¸wj‡Z DcwiD³ wZbwU e¨vKiwYK Awfavi wewkøó iƒc Kx n‡e, ev †Kvb g‡Wj AbymiY K‡i G‡`i wef³ Kiv hv‡e Zv wb‡q bZzb K‡i M‡elYv Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| Z‡e Ic‡ii mviwY `ywU Mfxifv‡e jÿ Ki‡j †`Lv hv‡e, G‡Z ÔLvÕ I ÔKi&Õ `ywU wµqviƒ‡ci jMœK¸‡jvi †h iƒc wb‡`©k Kiv n‡q‡Q, Zv‡Z wKQz wKQz cwieZ©b jÿYxq| we‡kl K‡i, NUgvb eZ©gvb, NUgvb AZxZ, wbZ¨e„Ë AZxZ, AbyÁv eZ©gvb Ges AbyÁv fwel¨‡Zi cwiPq wb‡`©kK jMœK¸‡jv‡Z ÔLvÕ wµqvg~‡ji †h iƒc, G‡ÿ‡Î ÔKi&Õ wµqvg~‡ji Dcv`v‡b wfbœ iƒc cwijwÿZ n‡q‡Q| Zv ch©‡eÿY K‡i G wel‡q †h mvaviY wm×v‡šÍ Avmv hvq, Zv wb¤œiƒc| K. NUgvb eZ©gvb e¨ÄbvšÍ wµqvg~‡ji jMœ‡Ki Zzjbvq ¯^ivšÍ wµqvg~‡ji jMœ‡K GKwU AwZwi³ /P&/ aŸwbg~j hy³ n‡q‡Q, D`vniY¯^iƒc - w”Q, w”Qm, ”Q, †”Q, †”Qb| L. NUgvb AZxZ e¨ÄbvšÍ wµqvg~‡ji jMœ‡Ki Zzjbvq ¯^ivšÍ wµqvg~‡ji jMœ‡K GKwU AwZwi³ /P&/ aŸwbg~j hy³ n‡q‡Q, D`vniY¯^iƒc - w”Qjvg, w”Qwjm, w”Q‡j, w”Qj, w”Q‡jb| M. wbZ¨e„Ë AZxZ e¨ÄbvšÍ wµqvg~‡ji jMœ‡Ki Zzjbvq ¯^ivšÍ wµqvg~‡ji jMœ‡K GKwU AwZwi³ /G/ aŸwbg~j hy³ n‡q‡Q, D`vniY¯^iƒc - GZvg, GwZm, G‡Z, GZ, G‡Zb| N. AbyÁv eZ©gvb ¯^ivšÍ wµqvg~‡ji jMœ‡Ki Zzjbvq e¨ÄbvšÍ wµqvg~‡ji jMœ‡K GKwU AwZwi³ /D/ aŸwbg~j hy³ n‡q‡Q, D`vniY¯^iƒc - DK, Db|

iƒcZË¡ | 157 10.5.2 mvwaZ jMœK mvwaZ jMœK n‡”Q G ai‡bi e× iƒcg~j hv gy³ iƒcg~‡ji mv‡_ hy³ n‡q bZzb A_©‡evaK kã m„wó K‡i A_ev †h gy³ iƒcg~‡ji mv‡_ GwU hy³ nq Zvi c`MZ cwieZ©b mvab K‡i| Bs‡iwRi Zzjbvq evsjv fvlvq mvwaZ jMœ‡Ki cwigvY AmsL¨| GB mvwaZ jMœK¸‡jv gy³ iƒcg~‡ji Avw` Ges AšÍ¨ GB `yB Ae¯’v‡bB e‡m| †gvU K_v, mvwaZ jMœK¸‡jv bZzb kã MV‡bi Rb¨ GK Acwinvh© e¨vKiwYK Dcv`vb| evsjv mvwaZ jMœ‡Ki wb¤œwjwLZ •ewkó¨ kbv³ Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| 1. mvwaZ jMœK fvlvq bZzb kã MVb K‡i| †hgb- ÔmyLÕ k‡ãi Avw`‡Z {A} mvwaZ jMœK e‡m ÔAmyLÕ kã •Zwi nIqvi ci GB ÔmyLÕ k‡ãi †bwZevPK A_© •Zwi nq| 2. bZyb kã MV‡bi Rb¨ mvwaZ jMœK‡K mvaviYZ wfwËi mv‡_ †hvM Kiv nq| D`vniY¯^iƒc, evsjv ÔAvo¤^iÕ wfwËi mv‡_ {c~Y©} mvwaZ jMœK hy³ n‡q ÔAvo¤^ic~Y©Õ kã m„ó n‡q‡Q| 3. mvwaZ jMœK k‡ãi Avw` I AšÍ¨ GB `yB Ae¯’v‡bB e‡m| Ic‡i 1 I 2 b¤^‡i DwjøwLZ D`vniY †_‡K Zv ¯úó n‡q I‡V‡Q| †m wn‡m‡e fvlvq Avw`-mvwaZ jMœK Ges AšÍ¨-mvwaZ jMœK GB `yB‡qiB Aw¯ÍZ¡ i‡q‡Q| 4. mvwaZ jMœK †h gy³ iƒcg~j ev k‡ãi mv‡_ mshy³ nq Zvi bZzb c`MZ cwiPq‡K m~wPZ K‡i| Bs‡iwR fvlvq G ai‡bi D`vniY cÖPzi †hLv‡b mvwaZ jMœK k‡ã mv‡_ hy³ n‡q we‡kl¨ c` wµqvc‡` A_ev we‡kl‡Y iƒcvšÍwiZ nq| D`vniY¯^iƒc, AšÍ¨ mvwaZ jMœK {ful} we‡kl¨ ev wµqvi c‡`i mv‡_ †hvM K‡i we‡klY c` •Zwi Kiv nq, †hgb-helpful, careful, resourceful BZ¨vw`| Bs‡iwRi Abyiƒc evsjv‡Z AmsL¨ Avw` I AšÍ¨ mvwaZ jMœK i‡q‡Q hviv k‡ãi G ai‡bi c`MZ iƒcvšÍi mvab K‡i _v‡K| wb‡P G ai‡bi wKQz cÖ‡qv‡Mi D‡jøL Kiv nj| K. {Av‡bv}AšÍ¨-mvwaZ jMœKwU wewfbœ we‡k‡l¨i mv‡_ hy³ n‡q wµqvc` MwVZ nq, †hgbRvbv‡bv, †kvbv‡bv, cvbv‡bv, dvumv‡bv BZ¨vw`| L. {c~Y©}AšÍ¨-mvwaZ jMœKwU wewfbœ we‡k‡l¨i mv‡_ hy³ n‡q we‡klY c` m„wó Kiv nq| D`vniY¯^iƒcÑgh©v`vc~Y©, AvšÍwiKZvc~Y©, mvnwmKZvc~Y©, ü`¨Zvc~Y© BZ¨vw`| M. {welqK} AšÍ¨-mvwaZ jMœKwU wewfbœ we‡k‡l¨i mv‡_ mshy³ n‡q we‡klY c` MwVZ nq, †hgb- ¯^v¯’¨weqlK, A_©welqK, ag©welqK, µxovwelqK BZ¨vw`| N. {AšÍ} AšÍ¨-mvwaZ jMœKwU wewfbœ wµqvg~‡ji mv‡_ hy³ n‡q we‡klY c` •Zwi Kiv nq| D`vniY¯^iƒc- PjšÍ, DošÍ, WzešÍ, cošÍ, evošÍ BZ¨vw`| O. {Ab} AšÍ¨-mvwaZ jMœKwU wewfbœ wµqvg~‡ji mv‡_ mshy³ n‡q we‡kl¨ c` •Zwi nq, †hgbbvPb, nvmb, giY, Pjb BZ¨vw`| mvwaZ jMœK GKwU AwZ m„wókxj e¨vKiwYK Dcv`vb †hwU cÖwZwU fvlviB bZzb kã m„wó‡Z Kvh©Ki f~wgKvq AeZxY© nq| G‡ÿ‡Î jMœKwU KLbI k‡ãi Avw` Ae¯’v‡b, KLbI AšÍ¨ Ae¯’v‡b, Avevi KLbI DwÏó kã

158 | mgKvjxb fvlvweÁvb I wfbœ Av‡iKwU AšÍ¨ mvwaZ jMœ‡Ki gv‡S e‡m bZzb bZzb kã •Zwi K‡i| D`vniY¯^iƒc, wb‡P Bs‡iwR kã ‘develop’ Ges evsjv kã ÔDbœqbÕ mn‡hv‡M jMœ‡Ki m„wókxj kã •Zwii cÖwµqvwU e¨vL¨v Kiv nj| mviwY 10.10 ‘develop’ I wewfbœ jMœK mn‡hv‡M •Zwi bZzb kã µwgK bs

g~j / wfwË

jMœK

bZzb kã

1

develop

2

develop

ment

development

3

development

al

developmental

4

developmental

under

underdevelopmental

mviwY 10.11 ÔDbœqbÕ Ges wewfbœ jMœK mn‡hv‡M •Zwi bZzb kã µwgK bs

g~j / wfbœ

jMœK

bZzb kã

1

Dbœqb

2

Dbœqb

kxj

Dbœqbkxj

3

Dbœqbkxj

Zv

DbœqbkxjZv

4

Dbœqb

Ab

Abybœqb

10.6 †hŠwMKxKiY bZyb kã MV‡bi GKwU MÖnY‡hvM¨ iƒcg~jMZ cÖwµqv n‡”Q †h․wMKxKiY| Bs‡iwR, Rvg©vb, ms¯‥…Z, evsjv BZ¨vw` fvlvq GwU mwµq GKwU iƒcZvwË¡K cÖwµqv| evsjv fvlvq GB iƒcZvwË¡K c×wZ‡K ÔmgvmÕ ev mgvmxKiYI ejv nq| KviY †h․wMKxKiY cÖwµqvq `ywU gy³iƒcg~j wg‡j GKwU bZzb kã •Zwi Kiv nq hv evsjv e¨vKi‡Y mgv‡mI N‡U _v‡K| D`vniY¯^iƒc, 9) †h․wMKxKi‡Yi GKwU ZvwjKv c~e©c` + cic` = bZzb m„ó c`

A_©

K. cÖavb + wkÿK = cÖavbwkÿK L. wek^ + we`¨vjq = wek^we`¨vjq M. †Q‡j + eÜz = †Q‡jeÜz N. jvj + Rvgv = jvjRvgv

ÔGKRb wkÿK whwb we`¨vj‡q wbe©vnx c‡` AwawôZÕ ÔD”Pwkÿvi Rb¨ cÖwZwôZ wkÿvcÖwZôvbÕ ÔGKRb †cÖwgK ev eÜz †h †Q‡jÕ Ôjvj i‡Oi RvgvÕ

O. grand + mother = grandmother

‘a mother who is old’

P. green + house = greenhouse

‘a house made for special purpose’

iƒcZË¡ | 159 D`vniY¸wj‡Z †`Lv hvq, cÖwZwU †ÿ‡Î `ywU c` wg‡j bZzb A_©wewkó GKwU †h․Mc` •Zwi n‡q‡Q| G‡ÿ‡Î Av‡Mi c`wU‡K c~e©c` Ges †k‡li c`wU‡K cic` ejv nq| †h․wMKxKi‡Yi †ÿ‡Î AwaKvsk mgq cic‡`i A_©B cÖavb n‡q _v‡K| d‡j †h․wMKxKiY cÖwµqvq cic`‡K wki ejv ejv nq| Z‡e Gi e¨wZµgI jÿ Kiv hvq| KLbI KLbI AskMÖnYKvix c~e©c` ev cic` †KvbwU‡K bv eywS‡q Ab¨ GKwU c‡`i A_© cÖ`vb n‡q _v‡K| †mB we‡ePbvq iƒcZvwË¡K `„wó‡KvY †_‡K †h․wMKxKiY‡K `yB fv‡M fvM Kiv nq| h_v1. cic`-cÖavb †h․wMKxKiY 2. eûeªxwn †h․wMKxKiY 10.6.1 cic`-cÖavb †hŠwMKxKiY (endocentric compound) †h †h․wMKxKiY cÖwµqvq bZzb m„ó c`wU‡Z cic‡`i cªvavb¨ iwÿZ nq, Zv‡K cic`-cÖavb †h․wMKxKiY ejv n‡q _v‡K| D`vniY¯^iƒc, 9) bs D`vni‡Y D‡jøwLZ cÖwZwU †h․wMKxKiYB cic`-cÖavb †h․wMKxKiY| 10.6.2 eûeªxwn †hŠwMKxKiY (exocentric compound) Ggb wKQz †h․wMKxKiY Av‡Q †hLv‡b †h `ywU c` mn‡hv‡M †h․wMKxKiY n‡q _v‡K Zv‡`i †KvbwU‡K bv eywS‡q Z…Zxq Av‡iKwU aviYv‡K eywS‡q _v‡K| G ai‡bi †h․wMKxKiY‡K eûeªxwn †h․wMKxKiY ejv nq| D`vniY¯^iƒcÑ 10) eûeªxwn †h․wMKxKi‡Yi D`vniY c~e©c` + cic` = bZzb m„ó c`

A_©

K. `k + Avbb = `kvbb

Ôwn›`y cyiv‡Y D‡jøwLZ `k gv_vi iveYÕ

L. gnvb + AvZ¥v = gnvZ¥v

Ôgnr ü`‡qi AwaKvix e¨w³Õ

M. nZ + kÖx = nZkÖx

Ô†h e¨w³ †m․›`h© nvwi‡q‡QÕ

N. green + bottle = greenbottle

‘a fly of a genus lucilia’

O. suger + daddy = sugerdaddy

‘a woman’s lover who is old’

†h․wMKxKiY wel‡q GKwU K_v g‡b ivLv `iKvi, kã MV‡bi †ÿ‡Î GB iƒcg~j †K․kjwU A‡bKUvB evK¨ZvwË¡K fvebvi mv‡_ hy³| KviY cvwYwbmn cieZx©Kv‡ji A‡bK fvlvZvwË¡KB e‡j †M‡Qb, A‡bK‡ÿ‡ÎB evK¨ZvwË¡K c¨vivWvB‡g evK¨ZvwË¡K wbqg †g‡b k‡ãi †hv․wMKxKiY n‡q _v‡K (D×…Z, Bhattacharja 2017)| D`vniY¯^iƒcÑ cÖvYNvZx, nZ¨vKvix, Rxebbvkx BZ¨vw` evsjv k‡ã cÖvY, nZ¨v, Rxeb GB we‡kl¨¸‡jv GKwU K‡i wµqvg~j‡K AšÍfy³ © Kivi Rb¨ AeKvk •Zwi K‡i|

160 | mgKvjxb fvlvweÁvb

evK¨ZË¡ | 161

G Mv i

evK¨ZË¡ fvlvi evwK¨K Dcv`v‡bi mvsMVwbK eY©bv GB Aa¨vq †k‡l Avcwb wkL‡ebÑ  K. evK¨Z‡Ë¡i cUf~wg we‡kølY  L. fvlvi e„nËg GKK ev‡K¨i wewfbœ Dcv`v‡bi MVbMZ iƒc  M. iƒcvšÍig~jK evK¨Z‡Ë¡i ZË¡ I c×wZi Av‡jv‡K evsjv ev‡K¨i msMVb

evK¨Z‡Ë¡i cy‡ivav e¨w³Z¡ †bvqvg Pgw¯‥ e‡j‡Qb, m„wóRM‡Z gvbylB GKgvÎ evwK¨K cÖvYx| KviY gvby‡liB evK¨ •Zwi Kiv I ejvi ÿgZv i‡q‡Q| evK¨ •Zwi Ki‡Z wM‡q Zv‡K wKQz †K․kj Aej¤^b Ki‡Z nq| GB †K․kj¸‡jvi g‡a¨ Ab¨Zg n‡”Q evK¨w¯’Z c`¸‡jv‡K cÖ_‡g ÿz`ª wKQy e‡M© wef³ Kiv| cvkvcvwk ev‡K¨i eM©w¯’Z c`¸‡jvi g‡a¨ m½wZ iÿvi Rb¨ G¸‡jv‡Z wKQy evK¨-Dcv`vb †hvM Ki‡Z nq| kã ev c` mn‡hv‡M evK¨ •Zwii Rb¨ fvlxiv †h †K․kj¸‡jv AbymiY K‡i Zv-B evK¨Z‡Ë¡i Av‡jvP¨welq| G wel‡q we¯ÍvwiZ Av‡jvPbvi c~‡e© wb‡Pi ch©‡eÿY¸‡jv we‡ePbv Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| 1) evsjv fvlvq Ômy›`i eBÕ ejv n‡jI Ômy›`ix eBÕ wKQz‡ZB cÖ‡hvR¨ bq, ev †KD Gfv‡e e‡j bv| 2) evsjv fvlvq ÔAvwg fvZ LvBÕ MÖnY‡hvM¨ n‡jI Ôwgg fvZ LvBÕ ai‡bi msMVb wKQz‡ZB MÖnY‡hvM¨ e‡j we‡ewPZ nq bv| 3) Bs‡iwR fvlvq cÖPwjZ ‘Yesterday John ate a burger evK¨wU‡K Nywi‡q Gfv‡eI ejv hvq †h, ‘Yesterday a burger was eaten by John’| 4) evsjv fvlvq ÔKvgiæj MZKvj GKwU NUbv NwU‡q‡QÕ evK¨wUi msMVb‡K cwieZ©b K‡i ÔMZKvj GKwU NUbv NwU‡q‡Q KvgiæjÕ- Gfv‡eI ejv hvq| Ic‡ii 1g ch©‡eÿY †_‡K eySv hvq, evsjvmn c„w_exi wewfbœ fvlvq ev‡K¨i c` msMV‡b †h †Kvb `ywU c` GKmv‡_ hy³ nq bv; eis `ywU c` wg‡j GKwU msMVb •Zwi nIqvi †ÿ‡Î wKQz wbqg ev eva¨evaKZv Av‡Q| 2q ch©‡eÿY †_‡K Dcjwä Kiv hvq, evsjvmn c„w_exi A‡bK fvlv‡ZB evK¨w¯’Z KZ©vi GKwU m½wZ iÿv

162 | mgKvjxb fvlvweÁvb Ki‡Z nq Ges GB m½wZi ¯§viK wn‡m‡e wµqvi †k‡l me cÖZ¨qB bq, eis we‡kl ai‡bi cÖZ¨q †hvM Ki‡Z nq| 3q ch©‡eÿY †_‡K Avgiv GB wm×v‡šÍ Avm‡Z cvwi †h, Bs‡iwRmn wewfbœ fvlvi ev‡K¨i c`mg~n GK RvqMv †_‡K Av‡iK RvqMvq ¯’vb cwieZ©b K‡iI evwK¨K KvVv‡gv •Zwi K‡i hv †_‡K Gi e¨enviKvixiv A_© D×vi Ki‡Z cv‡i| me‡k‡l, 4_© ch©‡eÿY †_‡K Avgiv eySv‡Z cvwi, evsjv fvlvi ev‡K¨ e¨eüZ c`¸‡jv Bs‡iwR fvlvi c‡`i gZ GZ AvuUmvuU evab †g‡b P‡j bv, eis ev‡K¨ G‡`i Ae¯’vb A‡bKUvB wX‡jXvjv| GKwU fvlvi evK¨ ev evK¨ msMVb •Zwii †ÿ‡Î Ic‡ii †h ch©‡eÿY¸‡jv Av‡jvwPZ nj, †m¸‡jv meB evK¨Z‡Ë¡i Av‡jvP¨welq| †m wn‡m‡e ejv hvq, ev‡K¨i msMVb Ges Gi †fZiKvi wbqg ev wewai weÁvbm¤§Z we‡kølY‡K evK¨ZË¡ ejv nq| welqwU‡K AviI mnR K‡i ej‡j hv `vuovq Zv n‡”Q, evK¨ZË¡ fvlvweÁv‡bi GKwU †K›`ªxq kvLv †hwU ev‡K¨i AšÍM©Z c` msMVb ev c`¸‡”Qi KvVv‡gvi weÁvbwfwËK we‡kølY K‡i _v‡K| evK¨Z‡Ë¡i msÁv I Ic‡i D‡jøwLZ ch©‡eÿYmg~n †_‡K eySv hv‡”Q, evK¨Z‡Ë¡ fvlvi evK¨ MVb Ges G msµvšÍ hveZxq wewa I wbq‡gi wbweo ch©v‡jvPbv I we‡kølY n‡q _v‡K| †m wn‡m‡e evK¨ZË¡ GKvšÍB evK¨ eY©bv msµvšÍ GKwU fvlvZvwË¡K kvLv| GiB avivevwnZvq GB Aa¨v‡q wb‡Pi welq¸‡jvi ch©vqµwgK e¨vL¨v I we‡kølY Kiv n‡”Q| 1. cUf~wg 2. evwK¨K eM© I msMVb 3. c~iK weKí 4. Awfevmb I iƒcvšÍi 11.1 cUf~wg evK¨ n‡”Q fvlvi me‡P‡q eo msMVb| GwU fvwlK KvVv‡g¸‡jvi g‡a¨ D‡jøL‡hvM¨fv‡e `„k¨gvb GKKI e‡U| †m Kvi‡Y evK¨ I Gi wewfbœ Dcv`v‡bi ¯^iƒc Avwe®‥vi Kiv e¨vKiYwe` Z_v fvlvweÁvbx‡`i cÖavb AvMÖ‡ni †ÿÎ wn‡m‡e memgq AMÖMY¨ †_‡K‡Q| BwZnv‡mi `„wó‡KvY †_‡K †`L‡j BD‡ivc Z_v wMª‡m evK¨ wel‡q cÖ_g Avby&ôvwbK Av‡jvPbvi m~ÎcvZ K‡ib `vk©wbK †cø‡Uv whwb evK¨‡K `yÕfv‡M fvM K‡ib, h_v- K. A‡bvgv (onoma) Ges L. wigv (rima/rhema)| wMÖK fvlvq ÔA‡bvgvÕi kvwãK A_© bvg eySv‡jI †cø‡Uv GLv‡b ÔA‡bvgvÕ ej‡Z g~jZ we‡kl¨ c`‡KB wb‡`©k Ki‡Qb| ZvB †cø‡Uvi `„wó‡Z evwK¨K KvVv‡gvi cÖavb wefvRb n‡”Q- we‡kl¨ Ges wµqv| cvkvcvwk evK¨ wb‡`©k Ki‡Z wZwb Ô†jv‡MvmÕ (logos) AwfavwU cÖ‡hvM K‡i‡Qb| GB aviv‡K AbymiY K‡i evK¨ we‡kølY mviv c„w_ex‡Z AvRI Kvh©Ki i‡q‡Q| cieZ©x‡Z †ivgvb e¨vKiYwe` Gwjqvm, wcÖmwKqvb, fv‡iv cÖgyL ev‡K¨i Af¨šÍi msMVb wel‡q we¯Í…Z Av‡jvPbv K‡i‡Qb| cÖvPxb fvi‡Z evK¨ wel‡q Av‡jvPbvi m~ÎcvZ K‡ib mßg kZ‡Ki •eqvKiY fZ©„nwi| AvRv‡`i (1984) eivZ w`‡q ejv hvq, evK¨ eY©bvq wZwb wQ‡jb ÔA‣ØZev`xÕ A_v©r AwefvR¨Zv n‡”Q Zvui evK¨wPšÍvi g~jm~Î|

evK¨ZË¡ | 163 wZwb e‡j‡Qb †h, evK¨ ALÐbxq Ges AwefvR¨| KviY m¤ú~Y©fv‡eB ev‡K¨i A_© cvV‡Ki †Pv‡L c‡o| Ic‡i DwjøwLZ avivi evK¨ Av‡jvPbv‡K cÖ_vMZ evK¨ZË¡ ejv nq| we‡ki `k‡Ki cÖ_gv‡a© B‡qv‡iv‡c †mvmy¨i KZ©„K mvsMVwbK fvlvweÁv‡bi hvÎv ïiæi ci gvwK©b gyjøy‡K ZviB avivevwnKZvq mvsMVwbK evK¨Z‡Ë¡i hvÎv ïiæ nq| GB avivi evK¨Z‡Ë¡i cÖavb cÖvY cyiæl wQ‡jb n¨vwim (Harris 1951) Ges wd«R (Fries 1952)| evK¨ eY©bvq Zviv A_©‡K ¸iæZ¡nxb †f‡e ïay evwK¨K msMV‡bi ¯^iƒc we‡køl‡Y Zrci †_‡K‡Qb| evwK¨K msMV‡bi †kÖwYweb¨vm Ki‡Z wM‡q Zvuiv Ggb GK hvwš¿KZvq wbcwZZ nb †h, Zv‡`i evK¨ Av‡jvPbv‡K cwiYwZ‡Z †kÖwYKiYwe`¨v Qvov Avi wKQz fvev hvq bv| evK¨ we‡køl‡Yi †ÿ‡Î Av‡gwiKvb fvlvZvwË¡‡Kiv †m mgq g~jZ w¯‥bv‡ii AwfÁZvev` Øviv cÖfvweZ wQ‡jb| wek kZ‡K evK¨ we‡køl‡Yi †ÿ‡Î cÖavb cyiæl gvwK©b fvlvweÁvbx †bvqvg Pgw¯‥| 1957 mv‡j cÖKvwkZ Syntactic Structures MÖš’ cÖKv‡ki gva¨‡g evK¨Z‡Ë¡ wZwb GK bZzb avivi cÖeZ©b K‡ib| evK¨ we‡køl‡Y wZwb AwfÁZvev‡`i wecix‡Z `vk©wbK †ÿÎ wn‡m‡e •PZb¨ev`‡K cÖwZwôZ K‡ib| GB •PZb¨ev‡`i cÖfv‡e evK¨ m„Rb Ges e¨env‡i wZwb gw¯Í‡®‥i Acwimxg ÿgZvi Ici MyiæZ¡ Av‡ivc K‡ib| G‡ÿ‡Î AwfÁZvev`x‡`i aviYv‡K LÐb K‡i Pgw¯‥ e‡jb, cÖwZwU gvbe wkïB fvlvi evK¨ m„R‡bi GK mnRvZ ÿgZv wb‡q Rb¥MÖnY K‡i| GB mnRvZ ÿgZv‡K Pgw¯‥ bvg w`‡q‡Qb me©Rbxb e¨vKiY (universal grammar)| KviY c„w_exi cÖwZwU fvlvi wkïB G ai‡bi †K․kj ev e¨vKiY wb‡q Rb¥MÖnY K‡i Ges eo nq| GB eo nIqvi Ask wn‡m‡e wkïwU Zvi cÖwZ‡ek †_‡K mswkøó fvlvwUi DcvË MÖnY K‡i GKUv wbw`©ó eq‡mi g‡a¨B Zv AvqË K‡i| Pgw¯‥ wkïi fvlv AR©b Ges e¨envi wel‡q `ywU Awfav cÖ¯vÍ e K‡ib fvlv‡eva (language competence) Ges fvlvcÖ‡qvM (language performance)| Pgw¯‥i g‡Z, fvlv‡eva n‡”Q gvZ…fvlv wel‡q wkïi fvwlK Ávb hv wkïwU Zvi mnRvZ me©Rbxb e¨vKiY Ges cvwicvwk^©K DcvË mn‡hv‡M AvqË K‡i| Avi GB fvlv‡ev‡ai mvnv‡h¨B wkïwU wewfbœ fvwlK cÖwZ‡e‡k AmsL¨ MÖnY‡hvM¨ evK¨ m„Rb K‡i| GB ÿgZv‡K Pgw¯‥ fvlvcÖ‡qvM bv‡g AwfwnZ K‡ib| fvlvi evK¨ we‡køl‡Y Pgw¯‥ cÖewZ©Z e¨vKiwYK Nivbv‡K iƒcvšÍig~jK m„wókxj e¨vKiY ejv nq| GwU GKwU m„wókxj ev m„Rbkxj e¨vKiY| KviY GB e¨vKiY eY©bv K‡i, gvbyl Zvi mxwgZ msL¨K e¨vKiwYK m~Î ev c‡`i mvnv‡h¨ Amxg msL¨K evK¨ m„Rb K‡i| gvby‡li m„ó Gme ev‡K¨i g‡a¨ †hgb Zvi cwiwPZ evK¨ i‡q‡Q, †Zgwb i‡q‡Q G‡Kev‡iB bZzb ai‡bi evK¨ hv nq‡Zv †m Av‡M KLbI •Zwi K‡iwb| GwU GKB mv‡_ iƒcvšÍig~jKI| GB e¨vKi‡Y iƒcvšÍg~jK ej‡Z wKQz m~·K wb‡`©k K‡i †h¸‡jv evwK¨K msMVb‡K MfxiZj †_‡K DcwiZ‡j cwieZ©b Ki‡Z mnvqZv K‡i _v‡K| GB Aa¨v‡q g~jZ Pgw¯‥i iƒcvšÍig~jK m„wókxj e¨vKi‡Yi Av‡jv‡K evK¨ we‡køl‡Yi cÖavb cÖavb ZË¡ I †K․kj¸‡jv we‡kølY Kiv n‡h‡Q|

164 | mgKvjxb fvlvweÁvb 11.2 evwK¨K eM© I msMVb c„w_exi mKj gvbexq fvlvq e¨eüZ ev‡K¨i cÖavb •ewkó¨ n‡”Q, cÖwZwU evK¨B wKQz evwK¨K Dcv`vb mn‡hv‡M •Zwi nq| evK¨ •Zwii Av‡M GB Dcv`vb¸‡jv Avevi wKQz AvcvZ e„nËi GK‡K AšÍf©y³ nq| ev‡K¨ e¨eüZ GB GKK¸‡jvi AvbyôvwbK bvg n‡”Q evwK¨K eM© (syntactic category)| GB evwK¨K e‡M©i g‡a¨ †hgb we‡kl¨ ev wµqvc` i‡q‡Q, †Zgwb wKQz f~wgKvMZ evwK¨K Dcv`vbI AšÍf©y³| A_v©r GKwU evK¨ m„Rb Ki‡Z †M‡j †hgb wKQz we‡kl¨ ev wµqvc‡`i `iKvi nq, †Zgwbfv‡e ev‡K¨ GB we‡kl¨ I wµqvc‡`i g‡a¨ m¤úK© wbav©i‡Yi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRb c‡o wKQz e¨vKiwYK Dcv`v‡bi †h¸‡jv‡K cÖ_vMZ e¨vKi‡Y wefw³ ev cÖZ¨q bvg †`Iqv n‡q‡Q| evK¨Z‡Ë¡i Awfavq G meB evwK¨K e‡M©i AšÍfy³ © | †m we‡ePbvq evwK¨K eM©‡K `yÕfv‡M fvM Kiv hvq: K) kvwãK eM© I L) e¨vKiwYK eM© 11.2.1 kvwãK eM© kvwãK eM© n‡”Q GKwU ev‡K¨ e¨eüZ †mme Dcv`vb †h¸‡jv ev‡K¨ kã †kÖwYi aviYv‡K m~wPZ K‡i| cvkvcvwk GB kvwãK eM©¸‡jv f~wgKvMZ e‡M©i wecixZ aviYv‡K cÖKvk K‡i| kvwãK eM© w`‡q †hgb †Kvb bvg‡K eySvq (h_v- gvbyl, dzj, cvwL, gvQ BZ¨vw`), †Zgwb Kv‡Ri aviYv‡KI m~wPZ K‡i (†hgb- LvB, hvw”Q, Ki‡Q BZ¨vw`)| kvwãK eM© Avevi KLbI KLbI D‡jøwLZ we‡kl¨ Ges wµqvc`‡K we‡klvwqZI K‡i †h¸‡jv‡K h_vµ‡g we‡klY (†hgb- fvj gvbyl, my›`i dzj BZ¨vw`) Ges wµqv-we‡klY (†hgb- Av‡¯Í LvB, mk‡ã hvw”Q BZ¨vw`) ejv nq| kvwãK eM© ev‡K¨ cÖavbZ eM© MVb K‡i Ges mswkøó e‡M©i wk‡ii (head) f~wgKv wb‡q _v‡K| wb‡P wewfbœ fvlvq e¨eüZ kvwãK e‡M©i wKQz D`vniY cÖ`vb Kiv nj| mviwY 11.1 wewfbœ fvlvq e¨eüZ kvwãK eM© kvwãK eM©

D`vniY

we‡kl¨ eM© (we. eM©)

kvnb~i, dzj, cvwL, ZvIwid, wU‡q, boy, bird, Frau, Brot

wµqv eM© (wµ. eM©)

LvB, Nygvq, nv‡m, Nywi, walk, run, Schlafan, Essen

we‡klY eM©(weY. eM©)

fvj, g›`, we`Ny‡U, nvfv‡Z, nice, dark, clever, umwerfend

wµqv we‡klY eM©(wµ.weY. eM©)

†Rv‡i, Av‡¯Í, PzcPvc, mZK©fv‡e, slowly, roughly, leicht

11.2.2 e¨vKiwYK eM© e¨vKiwYK eM© n‡”Q ev‡K¨ e¨eüZ †mB eM© †h¸‡jv mvaviYZ evK¨ MV‡bi cÖ‡qv‡R‡b kvwãK e‡M©i mv‡_ hy³ nq Ges kvwãK eM©¸‡jvi g‡a¨Kvi m¤ú‡K©i gvÎv‡K m~wPZ K‡i| D`vniY¯^iƒc, wewfbœ fvlvq e¨eüZ cÖavb cÖavb e¨vKiwYK eM© n‡”Q- AbymM©, wb‡`©kK, wefw³ ev cÖZ¨q, wµqv wefw³ eM© BZ¨vw`| wb‡P K‡qKwU fvlvq e¨eüZ wewfbœ ai‡bi e¨vKiwYK e‡M©i D`vniY D‡jøL Kiv nj|

evK¨ZË¡ | 165 mviwY 11.2 wewfbœ fvlvq e¨eüZ wewfbœ e¨vKiwYK eM© e¨vKiwYK eM©

D`vniY

AbymM© (Aby. eM©)

cv‡k, Ic‡i, wb‡P, at, on, in, over, im, auf, beim

wb‡`©kK (wb‡`. eM©)

(GK)Uv, (evwZ)wU, the, this, der, die, das

wefw³/cªZ¨q(myc. eM©)

N‡ii, b`x‡Z, ïµev‡i, s, es

Auxiliary

am, is, are, be, est, sind, bin,

Degree words

more, too, very, auch, mehr, sehr

Conjunction

and, but, or, aber, oder, und,

evsjv fvlvi ev‡K¨ e¨eüZ e‡M©i msL¨v KZ? KZwU evwK¨K Dcv`vb eM© MVb K‡i _v‡K? G cÖm‡½ fÆvPvh© (1998) e‡jb, evsjv ev‡K¨ e¨eüZ c`¸‡jv †gvU 7 ai‡bi eM© i‡q‡Q| G¸‡jv nj1. bvgeM© - ev‡K¨i bvgc` ev we‡kl¨‡K AšÍ©y³ K‡i| 2. wµeM© - ev‡K¨i wµqvc`‡K eySvq| 3. weYeM© - ev‡K¨ e¨eüZ we‡klY c`‡K wb‡`©k K‡i| 4. AbyeM© - ev‡K¨ e¨eüZ AbymM©‡K AšÍfy³ © K‡i| 5. myceM© - ev‡K¨ e¨eüZ wefw³ ev cÖZ¨q‡K eySvq| 6. wµweYeM© - ev‡K¨ e¨eüZ wµqv we‡klY c`‡K wb‡`©k K‡i| 7. wZOeM© - ev‡K¨ e¨eüZ wµqvc‡`i wefw³‡K wb‡`©k K‡i| DwjøwLZ eM©¸‡jvi g‡a¨ †gvU 5 ai‡bi c` ev‡K¨ wki (head) wn‡m‡e e¨eüZ n‡Z cv‡i| †m gZ MÖnY‡hvM¨ e‡j GB Aa¨v‡qi cieZx© ch©v‡q †m Av‡jv‡KB evsjv evK¨ we‡køl‡Y eM© wefvRb Kiv n‡q‡Q| G cÖm‡½ cÖ_‡gB GLv‡b GKwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© cÖm‡½i AeZviYv Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| GKwU ev‡K¨ †Kvb †Kvb Dcv`vb eM© MVb K‡i? Gi mij DËi n‡”Q, †h evwK¨K Dcv`vb¸‡jv ev‡K¨ wki wn‡m‡e e¨eüZ nq †m¸wjB eM© MVb K‡i| wb‡P D`vniY mn‡hv‡M Zv we‡kølY Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| 1) KvVweovwjwU †cqviv Lv‡”Q| GB ev‡K¨ `ywU eM© Av‡Q| G¸‡jv njK. KvVweovwjwU Ges L. †cqviv Lv‡”Q|

166 | mgKvjxb fvlvweÁvb evK¨ZvwË¡K m~‡Îi mvnv‡h¨ D³ `ywU e‡M©i msMVb we‡kølY Ki‡j †`Lv hv‡e, DwjøwLZ 1K Ges 1L e‡M©i wki n‡”Q h_vµ‡g ÔKvVweovwjÕ Ges ÔLv‡”QÕ| myZivs G `ywU e‡M©i wk‡ivbvg n‡”Q h_vµ‡g we‡kl¨ eM© ev bvgeM© Ges wµeM©| evsjv fvlvq cÖPwjZ ev‡K¨ Ab¨vb¨ e‡M©i D`vniY n‡”QM. weYeM©- my›`i evjK, my›`ix evwjKv BZ¨vw` N. AbyeM©- N‡ii wfZi, AvKv‡ki wb‡P BZ¨vw` O. myc eM©- b`x‡Z, evmvq BZ¨vw` D‡jøL¨, evsjv ev‡K¨ e¨eüZ we‡klY Ges wµqv we‡klY G `ywU‡K weYe‡M©i AšÍfy³ © Kiv n‡q‡Q| 11.2.3 eM© msMVb G ch©v‡q ev‡K¨ e¨eüZ e‡M©i msMVb we‡kølY Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| GLv‡b eM© msMVb ej‡Z eySv‡bv n‡”Q, GKwU evwK¨K e‡M© wK wK Dcv`vb _v‡K Zvi mgwó‡K| evwK¨K e‡M©i wkiwU Gi mn‡hvMx Dcv`vb‡K †Kvb cÖwµqvq hy³ K‡i‡Q Zv RvbvUvB n‡”Q e‡M©i msMVb welqK eY©bv| GKwU ev‡K¨i eM© ïay ci¯úi GK‡Î msMÖw_Z wKQz Dcv`v‡bi mgwó bq| Zv eM© msMV‡bi AvK„wZ †_‡K Dcjwä Kiv hvq| eis GKwU Dcv`vb †Kvb evwK¨K Dcv`v‡b hy³ nIqvi †ÿ‡Î e‡M©i wk‡ii mv‡_ GK ai‡bi ci¤úiv †g‡b P‡j| GB ci¤úiv †g‡bB GKwU eM© Avevi ev‡K¨i Av‡iKwU e‡M©i mv‡_ hy³ n‡q mgMÖ evK¨wU •Zwi nq| 11.2.3.1 wki G wel‡q cÖ_‡gB mswkøó e‡M©i wk‡ii KvVv‡gvi ¯^iƒc A‡š^lY Kiv hvK| cÖwZwU evwK¨K e‡M©B GKwU KvVv‡gv _v‡K hv‡Z e‡M©i wkiwU `ywU ¯Í‡i web¨¯Í nq| wb‡Pi wP‡Î evsjv fvlvi ev‡K¨i 5wU e‡M©i †g․wjK KvVv‡gv Zz‡j aiv nj|

wPÎ 11.1 evwK¨K e‡M©i †g․wjK msMVb

Ic‡ii wP‡Î †`Lv hv‡”Q, GKwU e‡M©i eM©¯Íi D”PZi Ae¯’v‡b _v‡K Ges GB KvVv‡gvwUi wb‡Pi ¯Í‡i _v‡K D³ wki wb‡`©kK kãiƒcwU| D`vniY¯^iƒc, bvge‡M©i KvVv‡gvi wb¤œ¯‡Í i bvg kãwU, wµe‡M©i †ÿ‡Î wµqvevPK kãwU Ae¯’vb K‡i (†`Lyb wPÎ 11.2)|

evK¨ZË¡ | 167 bvgeM©

wµeM©

|

|

bvg

wµqv

|

|

KvVweovwj/wU

†cqviv Lv‡”Q wPÎ 11.2 evsjv bvgeM© Ges wµqve‡M©i msMVb

GwUB nj bvgeM© Ges wµe‡M©i Af¨šÍi KvVv‡gv| wKš‘ evwK¨K msMV‡b cÖvqB †`Lv hvq †h, evwK¨K eM© ïay GKwU eM©wki w`‡qB MwVZ bq; eis Gi mv‡_ hy³ _v‡K AviI wKQz evwK¨K Dcv`vb, †hgb2) K. KvVweovwjwU [bvgeM©KvVweovwjwU], L. †cqviv Lv‡”Q [wµeM© †cqviv Lv‡”Q] M. my›`i evjK [weYeM©my›`i evjK] N. N‡ii †fZi [AbyeM© N‡ii †fZi] O. b`x‡Z [myceM© b`x‡Z] Ic‡ii cÖ‡Z¨KwU e‡M© wki QvovI Av‡iKwU evwK¨K Dcv`vb hy³ †hLv‡b mshy³ Dcv`v‡bi cÖ‡Z¨KwUiB mywbw`©ó evwK¨K Ges A_©MZ f~wgKv i‡q‡Q| evwK¨K e‡M©i G ai‡bi KvVv‡gv‡Z wk‡ii mv‡_ hy³ Dcv`vbwU‡K, †hgb- wU, †cqviv, my›`i, †fZi Ges †Z, G¸‡jv‡K wba©viK, c~iK, cÖmviK BZ¨vw` bv‡g AwfwnZ Kiv nq| wb‡P G‡`i mswÿß eY©bv cÖ`vb Kiv n‡”Q| 11.2.3.2 wba©viK †Kvb evwK¨K e‡M© wki, c~iK Ges cÖmviK e¨ZxZ Av‡iK ai‡bi ¸iæZ¡c~Y© evwK¨K Dcv`vb hy³ nq, Zv‡K wbavi©K ejv nq| wba©viK n‡”Q evwK¨K e‡M©i †mB Dcv`vb †hwU cybive„wËg~jK bq Ges e‡M©i msMV‡b GKevi gvÎ e¨eüZ nq| wba©viK, wki, c~iK ev cÖmviK BZ¨vw` wg‡j GKwU evwK¨K eM© MwVZ n‡jI c~iK ev cÖmvi‡Ki mv‡_ Gi cv_©K¨ n‡”Q †h, wba©viK e‡M©i wk‡ii D”P¯Í‡ii (NP) Kb¨v Ges wk‡ii ga¨eZx© ¯Í‡ii (N′) fwMœ| wKš‘ c~iK ev cÖmviK¸‡jv wk‡ii wb¤œ¯iÍ (N˚), †hLv‡b e‡M©i kãiƒc cÖhy³ nq, Gi fwMœ| wb‡Pi wP‡Î GKwU Bs‡iwR bvge‡M©i wba©vi‡Ki e„ÿwPÎ Dc¯’vcb Kiv nj|

168 | mgKvjxb fvlvweÁvb NP spec the

N′ N˚

boy wPÎ 11.3 Bs‡iwR bvge‡M©i wba©vi‡Ki e„ÿwPÎ

g~jZ GB wba©viKwU GKwU e‡M©i wk‡ii msnZ A_© cÖ`v‡bi Rb¨ e¨eüZ n‡q _v‡K| D`vniY¯^iƒc, D`vni‡Y (11.2K) ÔKvVweovwjÕi mv‡_ ÔwUÕ wba©viKwU bvgc` wn‡m‡e ev‡K¨ KvVeovwj‡KB wb‡`©k Kiv n‡”Q| Avevi evK¨MZ w`K †_‡K wba©viK GKwU e‡M©i cÖvšÍmxgv wb‡`©k K‡i| d‡j GB wba©viK¸‡jv eM© msMV‡bi Zzjbvg~jK DPyu ¯Í‡i e‡m| wb‡Pi wP‡Î evsjv ev‡K¨ e¨eüZ wbav©i‡Ki KvVv‡gv iƒcvwqZ Kiv nj| NP N′

spec

wU N˚

KvVweovwj wPÎ 11.4 evsjv bvge‡M©i wba©vi‡Ki e„ÿwPÎ

Ic‡ii e¨vL¨v †_‡K ¯úó n‡q I‡V †h, wba©viK¸‡jv g~jZ wewfbœ evwK¨K e‡M©i A_©MZ c~Y©Zv cÖ`vb K‡i| GQvov cÖwZwU e‡M© GB wba©viK¸‡jvi Ae¯’vbI mywbw`©ó| wb‡Pi mviwY‡Z evsjv fvlvq e¨eüZ wewfbœ e‡M©i Acwinvh© wba©vi‡Ki ZvwjKv cÖ`vb Kiv nj| mviwY 11.3 evsjv evwK¨K e‡M© e¨eüZ wewfbœ wba©vi‡Ki ZvwjKv (Am¤ú~Y©) wba©viK

f~wgKv

D`vniY

wb‡`©kK

bvgc‡`i wba©viK

wU, Uv, Lvbv, Lvwb, ¸‡jv, ¸wj BZ¨vw`

Zzjbvm~PK Dcv`vb

wµqvi wba©viK

A‡bK, KLbI, cÖvqB, Lye BZ¨vw`

evK¨ZË¡ | 169 11.2.3.3 cÖmviK evwK¨K e‡M© wki Ges wba©viK QvovI Av‡iK ai‡bi evwK¨K Dcv`vb Av‡Q hv‡K cÖmviK ejv nq| cÖmviK¸wj e‡M©i wk‡ii Zzjbvq Acwinvh© bv n‡jI ¸iæZ¡cY~ © G Kvi‡Y †h, Giv e‡M© bvgc` ev wµqvc`‡K cÖmvwiZ K‡i| †m we‡ePbvq we‡klY ev wµqv-we‡klY‡K cÖmviK ejv hvq| bvge‡M©i KvVv‡gv‡Z cÖmviK wk‡ii ga¨eZx© ¯Í‡ii (N′) mv‡_ hy³ nq| †h‡nZz web¨vmMZ w`K †_‡K Giv e‡M©i wk‡ii ga¨eZx© ¯Í‡ii (N′) m‡½ mshy³ nq, †mRb¨ G‡`i‡K mshyw³I ejv nq| wb‡Pi evsjv eM©wUi e„ÿwPÎ jÿ Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i|

wPÎ 11.5 evsjv bvge‡M©i cÖmvi‡Ki e„ÿwPÎ

bvgeM© ev wµe‡M©i we‡klY Ges wµqv we‡klY¸‡jv‡K †h‡nZz cÖmviK bv‡g AwfwnZ Kiv nq, †m‡nZz Giv e‡M©i Rb¨ Acwinvh© evwK¨K Dcv`vb bq| KviY ev‡K¨ we‡klY Qvov †hgb we‡kl¨ eM© •Zwi n‡Z cv‡i, †Zgwbfv‡e wµqv we‡klY QvovI wµqveM© m„ó n‡q _v‡K| 11.2.3.3 c~iK c~iK cÖmvi‡Ki gZB ¸iæZ¡c~Y© evwK¨K Dcv`vb, Z‡e e‡M©i Rb¨ GwUI Acwinvh© bq| wKš‘ cÖmvi‡Ki mv‡_ c~i‡Ki cv_©K¨ GB †h, c~iK cÖmvi‡Ki †P‡q Zvrch©c~Y©| KviY eMx©q msMV‡b c~iK bvge‡M© hy³ n‡q wkiwU‡K bvgc‡` cwiYZ K‡i| †m we‡ePbvq c~iK wk‡ii mg¯Í‡i hy³ nq| c~iK Ges cÖmvi‡Ki cv_©K¨ n‡”Q GB †h, c~iK wk‡ii mg¯Í‡i Ae¯’vb K‡i (wPÎ 11.6) Ges cÖmviK x -Gi mg¯Í‡i (wPÎ 11.5) Ae¯’vb K‡i|

170 | mgKvjxb fvlvweÁvb

wPÎ 11.6 evsjv bvge‡M©i c~i‡Ki e„ÿwPÎ

Ic‡ii 11.5 G wPwÎZ Ôevsjvi wkÿKÕ Gi ÔevsjviÕ c`wU cÖmviK n‡jI 11.6 bs wP‡Î DwjøwLZ Ôevsjvi wkÿKÕ Gi ÔevsjviÕ c`wU c~iK| KviY 11.5 bs wP‡Îi ÔevsjviÕ c`wU w`‡q evsjv A‡ji evOvwj wkÿK‡K eySv‡bv n‡”Q hv e„ÿwP‡Î cÖwZdwjZ n‡q‡Q| Ab¨w`‡K, 11.6 bs wP‡Îi ÔevsjviÕ c`wU w`‡q evsjv fvlv cvV`vbKvix wkÿK‡K wb‡`©k Kiv n‡”Q hv Gi e„ÿwP‡Î dz‡U I‡V‡Q| G‡ÿ‡Î fÆvPv‡h©¨i (1998) eiv‡Z ejv hvq †h, evsjv fvlvi wkÿK nIqvi Rb¨ evOvwj nIqv AZ¨vek¨K bq, †Kbbv AevOvwjivI evsjv wel‡qi wkÿK n‡Z cv‡ib| †m Rb¨B 11.6 bs wP‡Î ÔevsjviÕ c`wU mivmwi ÔwkÿKÕ‡K weKwkZ K‡i‡Q, †h‡nZz GB wP‡Î ÔevsjviÕ c`wU wk‡ii wb¤œ¯‡Í i (N˚) hy³ n‡q‡Q| D‡jøL¨, evwK¨K msMV‡b c~iK KLbI wb‡RB eM© •Zwi Ki‡Z cv‡i| c~e©eZx© 11.6 wP‡Î iƒcvwqZ ÔevsjviÕ c`wU wb‡RB myceM© •Zwi K‡i‡Q| 11.2.3.4 eM© msMV‡bi m~Î eM© msMV‡bi m~Î n‡”Q GKwU ev‡K¨i †mB iƒcvqY †K․kj hvi gva¨‡g e‡M©i g‡a¨Kvi wki, wba©viK Ges c~iK ev cÖmvi‡Ki Ae¯’vb w¯’iK…Z nq| GKwU e‡M©i wewfbœ evwK¨K Dcv`v‡bi Kvg¨ Ae¯’vb wbav©i‡Yi Rb¨B eM© msMV‡bi m~‡Îi aviYvwU cÖ_g evK¨ZvwË¡K‡`i wPšÍvq Av‡m| eM© msMV‡bi m~Î Pg¯‥xq iƒcvšÍig~jK m„wókxj e¨vKi‡Y e¨vcKfv‡e e¨eüZ n‡jI G ai‡bi m~Î cÖYq‡bi KvR g~jZ gvwK©b gyjøy‡K weKwkZ mvsMVwbK e¨vKiYwe`‡`i nvZ w`‡q ïiæ nq| eM© msMVb m~θ‡jv GK ai‡bi MvwYwZK hyw³ †g‡b P‡j e‡j GB m~‡Îi †K․kj †g‡b evK¨w¯’Z eM© Ges c`¸‡jv avivevwnKfv‡e iƒcvqY Kiv m¤¢e nq| m‡ev©cwi, eM© msMVb m~Î GKwU e‡M©i msMV‡bi cÖK…wZ‡K m~wPZ K‡i| A_©vr GKwU evwK¨K e‡M© †Kvb ai‡bi c` _v‡K Ges †Kvb c‡`i ci †Kvb c`wU H e‡M© hy³ nq ZviB aviYv I ci¤úiv eM© msV‡bi m~Î †_‡K Rvb‡Z cviv hvq| wb‡P evK¨ iƒcvq‡Yi Rb¨ K‡qKwU Acwinvh© eM© msMV‡bi eY©bv cÖ`vb Kiv nj|

evK¨ZË¡ | 171 3) K. NP→(Det) N ; evsjvq wjL‡j GwU nq- bvgeM© → bvg (wb‡`©) L. VP →(NP) V; evsjvq wjL‡j GwU nq- wµeM© → (bvgeM©) wµ M. AP → A + NP; evsjvq wjL‡j GwU nq- weYeM© →weY+ bvgeM© N. PP → NP + P; evsjvq wjL‡j GwU nq- AbyeM© → bvgeM©+ Aby

Avgiv hw` 3) K. bs m~ÎwU we‡kølY Kwi, Zvn‡j †`Le †h, bvge‡M© (NP) `ywU evwK¨K Dcv`vb Av‡Q, GKwU bvgc` I wb‡`©kK| Z‡e G `ywU Dcv`v‡bi g‡a¨ bvgc`wU Avek¨K n‡jI wb‡`©kKwU Avek¨K bq hv cÖ_g eÜbx w`‡q eySv‡bv n‡q‡Q| D`vniY¯^iƒc, 4) K. cÖZœ †KK Lv‡”Q| L. †NvovwU Nygv‡”Q| 4) K. bs evK¨wUi bvgeM© n‡”Q ÔcÖZœÕ| GB ev‡K¨i bvge‡M© †Kvb wb‡`©kK †bB| Ab¨w`‡K, 4) L. bs ev‡K¨i bvgeM© Ô†NvovwUÕ†Z wb‡`©kK ÔwUÕ i‡q‡Q| ZvB ejv hvq, †Kvb bvge‡M©i bvgc` Avek¨K n‡jI wb‡`©kK Avek¨K bq hv Ic‡ii 3)K. bs m~‡Î cÖwZdwjZ n‡q D‡V‡Q| D³ m~‡Îi mvnv‡h¨ wb‡Pi 2wU e„ÿwPÎ iƒcvqY Kiv nj|

wPÎ 11.7 evsjv bvge‡M©i e„ÿwPÎ

3) L. bs m~‡Î †`Lv hv‡”Q, bvge‡M©i gZ wµe‡M©i (VP) `ywU c` Av‡Q| G‡`i g‡a¨ GKwU n‡”Q wµqvc` †hwU Avewk¨K Ges Ab¨wU bvgc` †hwU wµe‡M© _vK‡ZI cv‡i, Avevi bv-I _vK‡Z cv‡i| d‡j 3) L. bs m~‡Î GwU‡K cÖ_g eÜbx‡Z hy³ Kiv n‡q‡Q| D`vniY¯^iƒc, Ic‡i DwjøwLZ 4) K. Ges 4) L. bs ev‡K¨i `ywU wµqveM© h_vµ‡g Ô†KK Lv‡”QÕ Ges ÔNygv‡”QÕ| G `ywU wµqve‡M©i g‡a¨ cÖ_gwUi GKwU bvgeM© _vK‡jI wØZxqwUi Zv †bB| wb‡P G `ywU wµe‡M©i e„ÿwPÎ A¼b Kiv nj|

172 | mgKvjxb fvlvweÁvb

wPÎ 11.8 evsjv wµe‡M©i e„ÿwPÎ

3) M. bs m~ÎwU evsjv weYe‡M©i GKwU m~Î| G‡Z GKwU we‡klY c` Ges GKwU bvgeM© i‡q‡Q| G‡ÿ‡Î `ywU c`B Avewk¨K| d‡j G‡Z †Kvb cÖ_g eÜbxi e¨envi nqwb| D`vniY¯^iƒc, Ôjvj RvgvÕ GKwU evsjv weYeM©| wb‡P (11.9K) GB weYeM©wUi e„ÿwPÎ A¼b Kiv nj|

11.9 evsjv weYeM© (K.) Ges AbyeM© (L.)Gi e„ÿwPÎ

me©‡kl, 3) N. bs m~ÎwU GKwU evsjv Abye‡M©i m~Î| G‡Z †`Lv hv‡”Q, GKwU bvgeM© Ges AbymM© i‡q‡Q| evsjv fvlvq Abye‡M© GB `ywUi Dcw¯’wZ Avewk¨K| d‡j GB m~‡Îi m¤úªmviYc‡e© †Kvb c‡`i Rb¨ cÖ_g eÜbx cÖhy³ nqwb| D`vniY¯^iƒc, ÔcyKzi cv‡oÕ GKwU evsjv AbyeM©| 11.9L bs wP‡Î GB evsjv Abye‡M©i GKwU e„ÿwPÎ •Zwi Kiv n‡q‡Q| Gfv‡e wewfbœ evwK¨K eM© wg‡j GKwU m¤ú~Y© evK¨ •Zwi nq| †m we‡ePbvq evK¨ n‡”Q wewfbœ eM© mn‡hv‡M MwVZ fvlvi me‡P‡q eo GKK| Z‡e ev‡K¨i b~¨bZg •`N¨© n‡”Q GKwU bvgeM© Ges GKwU wµe‡M©i mw¤§wjZ iƒc| GB ÿz`ªZg evwK¨K •`N¨©‡K g‡b †i‡L wb‡P ev‡K¨i GKwU m~Î cÖ`vb Kiv nj| 5) S→ NP – VP; evsjvq wjL‡j hv `vuovq Zv nj, ev→ bvgeM© - wµeM©

evK¨ZË¡ | 173 Ic‡ii 5 bs m~Î AbymiY K‡i GKwU evsjv evK¨ m„Rb Ki‡j hv `vuovq Zv n‡”Q6) ZvIwid †dmeyK Ki‡Q| DwjøwLZ evK¨wUi (6bs) m~‡Îi c~Y©Zv wb¤œiƒ‡c cÖ`vb Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| 7) S→ NP – VP NP→ N VP→ NP – V NP→ N N→ ZvIwid, †dmeyK V→ Ki‡Q

7 bs m~Î Aej¤^‡b wb‡Pi e„ÿwPÎwU A¼b Kiv nj|

11.10 ÔZvIwid †dmeyK Ki‡QÕ ev‡K¨i e„ÿwPÎ

11.2.3.5 e„ÿwPÎ Ges x′ -evi KvVv‡gv ev‡K¨i e„ÿwPÎ n‡”Q †h‡Kvb e‡M©i wPÎMZ iƒcvqY| GKwU e‡M©i m~‡Î Gi wewfbœ c‡`i †h Ae¯’vb wba©vwiZ nq Zvi ûeû wPÎY e„ÿwP‡Î Kiv n‡q _v‡K| d‡j evwK¨K Dcv`vb¸‡jvi wPÎiƒc cÖ`v‡bi Rb¨ eûw`b a‡iB evK¨Z‡Ë¡ e„ÿwP‡Îi cÖPjb i‡q‡Q| Pgw¯‥q iƒcvšÍig~jK m„wókxj e¨vKi‡YI GB HwZn¨ mvd‡j¨i mv‡_ AbymiY Kiv nq| Z‡e m¤úªwZ GB m„wókxj e¨vKi‡Y cÖ_vMZ e„ÿwP‡Îi ¸YMZ I wPÎvqbMZ †K․k‡ji cwieZ©b NwU‡q eZ©gv‡b bZzb I AviI Kvh©Ki GK ai‡bi e„ÿwP‡Îi cÖPjb ïiæ n‡q‡Q| G‡K x′-evi KvVv‡gvi e„ÿwPÎ ejv nq| x′-evi Ggb GK ai‡bi KvVv‡gv‡K wb‡`©k K‡i hvi mvn‡h¨ GKwU mywbw`©ó

174 | mgKvjxb fvlvweÁvb eû¯Íi wewkó †¯‥gvi gva¨‡g GKwU ev‡K¨i eM©, LÐevK¨ BZ¨vw`‡K cÖ`k©b Kiv m¤¢e (Bhattacharja 2019)| G ai‡bi e„ÿwP·K x′-evi KvVv‡gv ejv KviY n‡”Q, Gi ga¨eZx© ¯Í‡i GKwU x′-evi _v‡K

†hLvb †_‡K e‡M©i wki Ges c~iK hy³ nq| Avi x′-evi Gi Dcwi¯Í‡i i‡q‡Q x′′(XP) ¯Íi †hLv‡b GKwU wba©viK hy³ nq| wbPz¯Í‡i _v‡K x˚ ev e‡M©i wkiwU| †m we‡ePbvq x′-evi KvVv‡gvi ci¤úivwU n‡”Q- x˚x′-x′′| g~jZ Giv e„ÿwP‡Îi GK GKwU MÖwš’ †hLvb †_‡K Aaxb Ab¨ mKj MÖwš’¸‡jv Rb¥jvf K‡i| D`vniY¯^iƒc, †h‡nZz x′′†_‡K Rb¥jvf K‡i‡Q x′Ges GKwU wbav©iK, †m‡nZz x′′ MÖwš’wU x′Ges wba©viK‡K †Wvwg‡bU ev cÖvavb¨ we¯Ívi K‡i| GKBfv‡e x˚ Ges GKwU c~iK x′ †_‡K Rb¥jvf Kivi Kvi‡Y

GwU x˚Ges c~iK‡K †Wvwg‡bU K‡i| Gfv‡e x′-evi KvVv‡gvi mKj MÖwš’B Zvi Aaxb mKj MÖwš’‡K †Wvwg‡bU K‡i| D³ ci¤úiv †g‡b x′-evi KvVv‡gvi MÖwš’¸‡jv‡K wb¤œwjwLZfv‡e m~Îve× Kiv hvq| 8) K. X′′ (XP)→(wba©viK) X′ L. X′→(c~iK) X˚ x′-evi KvVv‡gvi Ic‡ii m~Î Abymi‡Y wb‡P Gi GKwU e„ÿwPÎ-QvuP •Zwi Kiv nj|

wPÎ 11.11 x′-evi KvVv‡gvi e„ÿwPÎ-QvuP

D‡jøL¨, Ic‡ii GB x′-evi KvVv‡gvi e„ÿwP‡Îi QvuP Aej¤^‡b GB Aa¨v‡qi me eM© Ges ev‡K¨i e„ÿwPÎ •Zwi Kiv n‡q‡Q| m¤úªwZ x′-evi KvVv‡gvi AviI ms‡kvwaZ iƒc cÖKvk Kiv n‡q‡Q †hLv‡b wZOeM© (Inflectional Phrase ev IP) ev‡K¨i cÖavb MÖwš’ wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i| GB ms‡kvwaZ e„ÿwP‡Î wZOeM© wef³ K‡i cvIqv hvq bvgeM© Ges wZOe‡M©i ga¨eZx© ¯Íi (I′)| Avevi GB ga¨eZx© ¯Í‡ii cieZx© iƒc n‡”Q wZOe‡M©i wki (I˚) Ges wµeM© †hwU c~iK wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i| GB wµe‡M©i wki n‡”Q mswkøó wµqvg~j Ges GKwU c~iK †hwU g~jZ wµqvg~‡ji wba©vwiZ GKwU wµqvwefw³| wb‡P x′-evi KvVv‡gvi ms‡kvwaZ iƒc Aej¤^‡b GKwU Bs‡iwR ev‡K¨i e„ÿwPÎ •Zwi Kiv nj|

evK¨ZË¡ | 175 9) K. Tawrif has strongly believed the magic. L. XvKvi Rvnvb Qv‡`i Ici g‡bg‡b eB co‡Q|

11.12 x′-evi KvVv‡gvi ms‡kvwaZ KvVv‡gvi Av‡jv‡K 9.K Bs‡iwR ev‡K¨i e„ÿwPÎ

11.13 x′-evi KvVv‡gvi ms‡kvwaZ KvVv‡gvi Av‡jv‡K 9.L evsjv ev‡K¨i e„ÿwPÎ

11.2.3.6 wm-KgvÛ x′-evi KvVv‡gv Ges G †_‡K m„ó e„ÿwP‡Îi gva¨‡g †h †`Lv‡bv nj †h, GB KvVv‡gvi AšÍM©Z GKwU MÖwš’ cvk^©eZx© MÖwš’‡K †Wvwg‡bU ev wbqš¿Y K‡i| GB wbqš¿‡Yi welqwU‡K ZvwË¡Kfv‡e we‡køl‡Yi Rb¨ iƒcvšÍig~jK m„wókxj evK¨Z‡Ë¡ weKwkZ n‡q‡Q wm-KgvÛ (c-command) Gi aviYv| c-command Gi c~Y©iƒc n‡”Q constituent command| g~jZ wm-KgvÛ n‡”Q †Kvb evwK¨K e„ÿwP‡Îi e¨vKiwYK MÖwš’¸‡jvi g‡a¨Kvi m¤ú‡K©i gvÎv| wm-Kgv‡Ûi msÁv wn‡m‡e ejv hvq †h, ev‡K¨i ÔcÕ Dcv`vb ÔeÕ Dcv`vb‡K wm-KgvÛ Ki‡e hw` ÔcÕ Gi gvZv ÔeÕ †K wbqš¿Y K‡i| G‡ÿ‡Î wb‡¤œv³ kZ©mg~n cÖ‡hvR¨ n‡Z nq| e„ÿwP‡Îi GKwU MÖwš’, h_v- ÔcÕ wm-KgvÛ K‡i ÔeÕ †K, hw` Ges hw`Ñ 1. ÔeÕ MÖwš’wU ÔcÕ Gi fwMœ nq, A_ev 2. ÔcÕ-i fwMœ ÔeÕ Gi AšÍf©y³ nq|

176 | mgKvjxb fvlvweÁvb GB welqwU‡K wb‡Pi D`vni‡Yi mvnv‡h¨ AviI mn‡R e¨vLv Kiv hvq| G‡ÿ‡Î wb‡Pi wPÎwU ch©‡eÿY Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i|

wPÎ 11.14 wm-Kgv‡Ûi e„ÿwP‡Îi QvuP

Ic‡ii 11.14 bs wP‡Î †`Lv hv‡”Q †h, GKwU evwK¨K e‡M©i cÖavb MÖwš’ n‡”Q ÔKÕ| myZivs 

ÔKÕ n‡”Q ÔLÕ Ges ÔMÕ Gi gvZv



ÔLÕ Ges ÔMÕ n‡”Q ÔKÕ Gi mšÍvb ev Kb¨v



ÔLÕ Ges ÔMÕ ci¯ú‡ii †evb



ÔKÕ n‡”Q ÔNÕ, ÔOÕ, ÔPÕ Ges ÔQÕ Gi bvbx

DwjøwLZ kZ©vax‡b, ÔKÕ Zvi wb‡Pi †Kvb MÖwš’‡KB wm-KgvÛ K‡i bv †h‡nZz †m Ab¨ mKj MÖwš’‡K wbqš¿Y K‡i| GLv‡b ÔLÕ Ges ÔMÕ ci¤úi‡K wm-KgvÛ K‡i KviY Zviv ci¯úi fvB-†evb| GB ÔLÕ Avevi ÔPÕ Ges ÔQÕ †K wm-KgvÛ K‡i, KviY G `ywU MÖwš’ fwMœ ÔMÕ Gi AšÍfy³ © | GKBfv‡e ÔMÕ h_vµ‡g ÔNÕ Ges ÔOÕ †K wm-KgvÛ K‡i †h‡nZz Giv ÔMÕ Gi fwMœ ÔLÕ Gi AšÍf©y³| Avevi ÔNÕ Ges ÔOÕ ci¯úi‡K wm-KgvÛ K‡i †h‡nZz Giv `yRb fwMœ| GKB hyw³‡Z ÔPÕ Ges ÔQÕ ci¯úi‡K wm-KgvÛ K‡i| GB n‡”Q Zvwbqv ivBnv‡U©i Avwe®‥…Z wm-Kgv‡Ûi g~jK_v| GB wm-Kgv‡Ûi cÖwZdjb N‡U‡Q 11.12 Ges 11.13 bs wP‡Î x′-evi-Gi ms‡kvwaZ KvVv‡gvi Av‡jv‡K iƒcvwqZ Bs‡iwR Ges evsjv ev‡K¨i wewfbœ e‡M©i wk‡ii Aaxb Dcv`vbmg~‡n| 11.3 c~iK weKí I Dcc`vqb Avgiv GB Aa¨v‡qi c~eeZx© Av‡jvPbv †_‡K †R‡bwQ, evwK¨K e‡M©i mswkøó wk‡ii mv‡_ mvaviYZ †Kvb c~iK hy³ n‡q _v‡K| GB c~iK¸‡jv A_© cÖKv‡ki †ÿ‡Î Zvi wki‡K GK ai‡bi c~Y©Zv w`‡q _v‡K| Z‡e g‡b ivLv `iKvi, e³vi gMR Awfav‡b ev‡K¨i wbw`©ó Dcv`v‡bi mv‡_ Gi mswkøó c~iKwU hy³ _v‡K| e‡M©i wk‡ii mv‡_ Gi c~i‡Ki hy³Zvi welqwU‡K Dcc`xq •ewkó¨ (subcategorization) bv‡g AwfwnZ Kiv nq| G welqwU GKwU D`vniY mn‡hv‡M e¨vL¨v Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i|

evK¨ZË¡ | 177 10)

†`wL eM©: wµeM© (VP) aŸwbMZ iƒc: /dekhi/ c~iK: bvgeM© (NP)

Dcc`vqb aviYvi gva¨‡g eySv hvq, evsjv Ô†`wLÕ wµqvwU ev‡K¨ GKwU bvgeM©‡K Aek¨B AšÍf©y³ K‡i †hwU Gi c~iK wn‡m‡e KvR Ki‡e| wb‡Pi `ywU ev‡K¨i gva¨‡g G welqwU we‡kølY Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| 11)

K. Avwg Zv‡K wPwb| L. Avwg wPwb|

evsjv fvlvi †Kvb msÁvcb cÖwZ‡e‡k hLb †KD e‡j, ÔAvwg †`wLÕ, ZLb ¯^fveZB †kÖvZv e³v‡K cÖkœ K‡i, ÔwK †`‡Lb?Õ ev ÔKv‡K †`‡Lb?Õ BZ¨vw`| G‡ÿ‡Î wµqvi GKwU mnvqK c~iK Aek¨¤¢vex n‡q c‡o| †mRb¨ hw` ejv nq, ÔAvwg Zv‡K †`wLÕ, Zvn‡j Avi †Kvb cÖkœ _v‡K bv| ev‡K¨i c~iK Dcv`v‡bi Aw¯ÍZ¡ Avgv‡`i AewnZ K‡i, ev‡K¨i wewfbœ wk‡ii mv‡_ †h․w³Kfv‡e mnvqK †Kvb evwK¨K Dcv`vbwU Gi mnhvÎx n‡e| 11.3.1 wµqvi c~iKweKí me fvlv‡ZB wbw`©ó msL¨K wµqvc` Av‡Q †h¸‡jvi †h․w³K msMVb (argument structure) e‡j †`q, GB wµqvc`¸‡jvi KZ¸‡jv c~iK Gi mv‡_ hy³ n‡e| GB wµqvc`¸‡jv †`‡LB fvlx gvÎB ey‡S hvq, GB wµqvc`wU KZ¸‡jv bvgc`‡K AšÍfy³ © K‡i| evsjv fvlvqI Gi e¨wZµg †bB| wb‡Pi mviwY‡Z evsjv fvlvq e¨eüZ wµqvc`mg~‡ni Kvg¨ c~i‡Ki GKwU ZvwjKv cÖ`vb Kiv nj| mviwY 11.4 evsjv fvlvq wµe‡M© e¨eüZ wµqvc`mg~‡ni c~iK c~iK weKí

wba©vwiZ wki

D`vniY

∅

Nygv‡bv, nvmv, Kvu`v

†jvKwU --------

NP

LvIqv, †`Lv, gviv, Rvbv

kkx [bvgeM© fvZ] †L‡q‡Q|

NP NP

†`Iqv, †bIqv

Avwg [bvgeM© Kwig‡K KjgwU] w`‡qwQ|

AP

nIqv

wZwb [weYeM©Lye ivMvwš^Z] n‡jb|

NP PP

†Kbv, ivuav

Avwg [AbyeM©ZvIwi‡di Rb¨] [bvgeM©Kjg] wKbjvg| Avwg [AbyeM©ZvIwid‡K]GKUv Kjg wK‡b w`jvg|

PP PP

K_v

†m [AbyeM©Kwi‡gi mv‡_] Zvi [AbyeM©PvKzwi wb‡q] K_v e‡j‡Q|

178 | mgKvjxb fvlvweÁvb Ic‡ii mviwYi (11.4) GKwU evK¨ w`‡q x′-evi KvVv‡gvi e„ÿwPÎ •Zwi Kiv nj|

wPÎ 11.15 evsjv ev‡K¨i wµe‡M©i c~i‡Ki e„ÿwPÎ

11.3.2 bvgc‡`i c~iK weKí ev‡K¨ wµqvc‡`i gZ bvgc`I eM© MVb K‡i| d‡j bvge‡M© m¦vfvweKfv‡eB wewfbœ ai‡bi c~iK hy³ nq| GB c~iK¸wj A_©MZ w`K †_‡K bvge‡M©i bvgc`wU‡K mywbw`©ó K‡i Zz‡j| wb‡P evsjv ev‡K¨i bvge‡M© e¨eüZ wewfbœ ai‡bi c~i‡Ki GKwU ZvwjKv cÖ`vb Kiv nj| mviwY 11.5 evsjv fvlvq bvge‡M© e¨eüZ c~i‡Ki ZvwjKv c~iK weKí

wba©vwiZ wki

D`vniY

∅

fvZ, Mvwo, Kjg

MvwowU †f‡O †M‡Q

PP

Avgvi, †Zvgvi, Kwi‡gi

[AbyeM© Avgvi Rb¨] Zzwg G‡mQ|

PP PP

fvlY, eY©bv

wkÿK [AbyeM©ag© wel‡q] [AbyeM©Qv·`i D‡Ï‡k] fvlY w`‡jb|

AP

Rvgv, evsjv, dj

[weYeM© jvj] RvgvwU wQu‡o †M‡Q|

evK¨ZË¡ | 179 mviwY 11.5 Gi †kl evK¨wUi e„ÿwPÎ wb‡P cÖ`vb Kiv nj

wPÎ 11.16 evsjv ev‡K¨i bvge‡M©i c~i‡Ki e„ÿwPÎ

11.4 Awfevmb Ges iƒcvšÍi GB Aa¨v‡qi c~e©eZx© Av‡jvPbvq †`Lv †M‡Q, eM© msMVb m~Î ev‡K¨i wewfbœ eM© ev Dcv`v‡bi h_vh_ Ae¯’vb eY©bvi cvkvcvwk e‡M©i GKwU Dcv`‡bi mv‡_ Ab¨ Dcv`v‡bi m¤ú‡K©i gvÎvwUI e¨vL¨v K‡i| cvkvcvwk GB evwK¨K m~Îmg~n wewfbœ e‡M©i wk‡ii mnvqK wn‡m‡e †h c~iKmg~n I G‡`i weKíiƒc Av‡Q †m¸‡jv‡KI e¨vL¨v K‡i Ges e„ÿwP‡Î G‡`i GK ai‡bi wPÎiƒc `vb K‡i| d‡j e„ÿwP‡Î bvbv ai‡bi •ewPΨ jÿ Kiv hvq| wKš‘ Zvic‡iI evK¨ msMV‡bi Ggb wKQz Ae¯’v i‡q‡Q †h¸‡jv wVK D‡jøwLZ eM© msMVb m~Î Øviv mwVKfv‡e we‡kølY Kiv m¤¢e nq bv| GB D‡Ïk¨ mva‡bi Rb¨ iƒcvšÍig~jK m„wókxj e¨vKi‡Y M‡o D‡V‡Q Awfevmb Ges iƒcvšÍ‡ii aviYv| iƒcvšÍig~jK m„wókxj e¨vKi‡Y Awfevmb Ges iƒcvšÍi `ywU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Av‡jvP¨welq| c„w_exi me fvlvi gvbylB Zv‡`i •`bw›`b msÁvcb‡K myweavRbK Ki‡Z wM‡q evwK¨K e‡M©i GKwU wki A_ev m¤ú~Y© eM©‡K GK Ae¯’vb †_‡K Ab¨ Ae¯’v‡b wb‡q hvq| Gfv‡e fvlx KZ©„K ev‡K¨i wki ev eM© ¯’vbvšÍ‡i wb‡q hvIqv‡K m„wókxj e¨vKiwYK cwifvlvq Awfevmb (movement) ejv nq| †Kvb evwK¨K Dcv`v‡bi Awfevm‡bi d‡j ev‡K¨i †h iƒc `vuovq Zvi e„ÿwPÎ hw` •Zwi Kiv nq Zvn‡j †`Lv hv‡e †h, GKwU eM© ev Zvi wki mvaviYZ e„ÿwP‡Îi evg w`‡K †Kvb GKwU Ae¯’v‡bi w`‡K Awfevmb K‡i _v‡K| evwK¨K Dcv`v‡bi G ai‡bi Awfevmb fvlx‡`i ¯^vfvweK evwK¨K cÖKvk wn‡m‡e we‡ewPZ| †Kbbv g~jZ D‡Ïk¨c~Y© †hvMv‡hvM m¤úbœ Kivi Rb¨B Zvuiv eM©MZ Awfevm‡bi KvRwU K‡i _v‡K| Avi G ai‡bi Awfevm‡bi d‡j ev‡K¨i †Kvb e‡M© †h cwieZ©b mvwaZ nq Zv‡K iƒcvšÍi (transformation) ejv nq| wb‡Pi Av‡jvPbvq G `ywU evK¨ZvwË¡K Awfavi eY©bv cÖ`vb Kiv nj|

180 | mgKvjxb fvlvweÁvb 11.4.1 n¨vu-bv cÖ‡kœi •ecixZ¨ †Kvb fvlvi evwK¨K c‡`i Awfevmb Ges iƒcvšÍ‡ii cÖ_g I mij D`vniY n‡”Q Ôn¨vu-bvÕ cÖkm œ ~PK ev‡K¨i •ecixZ¨ Ae¯’v hv g~jZ G welqK Aw¯Ím~PK ev‡K¨i c‡`i Ae¯’vbMZ Awfevmb I iƒcvšÍi| wb‡Pi `ywU D`vniY jÿ Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| 12) a. You will go. b. Will you go?

13) K. Zzwg hv‡e| L. hv‡e Zzwg? Ic‡i 12 bs G DwjøwLZ `ywU Bs‡iwR ev‡K¨i g‡a¨ cÖ_gwU Aw¯Ím~PK evK¨| Ab¨w`‡K, cieZ©x evK¨wU GKwU Ôn¨vu-bvÕ Dˇii cÖkm œ ~PK evK¨| `ywU ev‡K¨i evwK¨K msMVb jÿ Ki‡j †`Lv hvq †h, Aw¯Ím~PK ev‡K¨i mnvqK wµqvwU (will) cÖkm œ ~PK ev‡K¨ ¯’vb cwieZ©b K‡i evg w`‡K m‡i G‡m‡Q| Gfv‡e evK¨wUi c‡`i Awfevm‡bi d‡j GK ai‡bi iƒcvšÍi N‡U| wKš‘ 13 bs evsjv evK¨wUi `ywUi c`MZ Awfevm‡bi cÖK…wZ GKUz wfbœ| KviY evsjv Aw¯Ím~PK ev‡K¨i c` msMVb Ôn¨vu-bvÕ Dˇii cÖkm œ ~PK ev‡K¨ g~j wµqvwUi Ae¯’vbMZ Awfevmb N‡U‡Q| d‡j GLv‡b ev‡K¨i c`MZ Awfevmb Bs‡iwRi Zzjbvq wfbœ, hw`I GB wfbœZvI GK ai‡bi evwK¨K iƒcvšÍi| mewgwj‡q Bs‡iwR I evsjv fvlvi Ôn¨vu-bvÕ Dˇii cÖkœm~PK ev‡K¨ c`MZ •ecix‡Z¨i iƒcwU n‡”Q wb¤œiƒc| 14) K. Bs‡iwR evK¨: ev‡K¨i wµqv mnvqK (IP) bvge‡M©i evg w`‡K Awfevmb K‡i‡Q| L. evsjv evK¨: ev‡K¨i wµeM© bvge‡M©i ev‡g G‡m ¯’vbMZ Awfevmb K‡i‡Q| 11.4.2 AMfxi Zj (shallow structure/deep structure) Ges DcwiZj (surface structure) iƒcvšÍig~jK m„wókxj e¨vKiY `vwe K‡i, evwK¨K msMV‡bi `yÕai‡bi ¯Íi i‡q‡Q, 1) AMfxi Zj I 2) DcwiZj| ev‡K¨i GB `ywU ¯Í‡ii g‡a¨ AMfxi ¯Íi‡K evMvw_©K Ges mvsMVwbK GB Dfq `„wó‡KvY †_‡K e¨vL¨v Kiv hvq| AMfxi Zj n‡”Q †mB ¯Íi †hLv‡b GKwU ev‡K¨i A_©MZ Dcjwä _v‡K| GQvov mvsMVwbK w`K †_‡K †`L‡j ev‡K¨i x′-evi KvVv‡gv Ges mn-eM©vq‡bi •ewkó¨ mn‡hv‡M †h ¯Íi MwVZ nq Zv‡K AMfxi ¯Íi ejv nq| GB AMfxi Zj‡K iƒcvšÍig~jK m„wókxj e¨vKi‡Yi cÖ_g w`‡K MfxiZj (deep

evK¨ZË¡ | 181 structure) ejv nZ| wKš‘ GB AwfavwU cÖ‡qv‡Mi Amyweav n‡”Q †h, A_©MZ Ges mvsMVwbK GB `yB w`K

†_‡KB ev‡K¨i Mfxi ¯Í‡ii ¸YMZ gvÎv wba©viY Kiv KwVb| D`vniY wn‡m‡e Ic‡i DwjøwLZ 9K. Bs‡iwR evK¨‡K AMfxi Z‡ji evK¨ wn‡m‡e MY¨ Kiv hvq| KviY ev‡K¨i GB msMVbwU g~jZ x′-evi KvVv‡gv I Dcc`vq‡bi msMVb †g‡bB •Zwi n‡q‡Q| Ab¨w`‡K, ev‡K¨i †Kvb e‡M©i wki ev cy‡iv eM©wUi Awfevm‡bi d‡j Gi iƒcvšÍic~e©K †h ¯Íi •Zwi nq Zv‡K DcwiZj ejv nq| GB ¯Í‡i evK¨ f~wg¯Í‡i DcbxZ nq Ges cV‡bi Rb¨ Dc‡hvwMZv jvf K‡i| DcwiZj‡K mvsMVwbK w`K †_‡K P~ovšÍ mvsMVwbK ¯Íi ejv nq KviY GB ¯ÍiwU †h․w³K Awfevmb Ges iƒcvšÍ‡ii wbqg †g‡bB f~wg¯Í‡i DbœxZ n‡q‡Q| D`vniY wn‡m‡e, Ic‡i D‡jøwLZ 12L evK¨wU‡K DcwiZj KvVv‡gvi evK¨ ejv nq| KviY Bs‡iwR cÖk‡œ evaK ev‡K¨i GB ¯ÍiwU Gi c~eeZ©x© Aw¯Ím~PK ev‡K¨i AwfevwmZ Ges iƒcvšÍiK…Z ¯Íi †hLv‡b Gi mnvqK wµqvwU ¯’vb cwieZ©b K‡i evg w`‡K Awfevmb K‡i‡Q| GB Awfevm‡bi cÖwµqvwU wb‡P †`Lv‡bv nj| 15) Will you ---(t) go?

Ic‡ii 15 bs m~‡Î †`‡Lv hv‡”Q, Aw¯Ím~PK evK¨wUi Ôn¨vu-bvÕ Dˇii cÖkm œ ~PK ev‡K¨ cwiYZ nIqvi Rb¨ Gi mnvqK wµqv Zvi x′-evi KvVv‡gvi Ae¯’vb †_‡K me© ev‡g Awfevmb K‡i‡Q| d‡j G ai‡bi Ôn¨vu-bvÕ Dˇii cÖkm œ ~PK evK¨ •Zwi n‡q‡Q| G ai‡bi Awfevm‡bi Kvi‡Y mnvqK wµqvwU evg w`‡K Awfevmb Ki‡jI GKwU ev¯‘ wPý (t) †i‡L †M‡Q| 11.4.3 ÔKÕ cÖkœ Awfevmb ev‡K¨ Awfevmb Ges iƒcvšÍ‡ii aviYvwU‡K cwic~Y© fv‡e eySvi †ÿ‡Î ÔKÕ cÖkœ (Wh-question) Awfevmb AZ¨šÍ ¸iæZ¡c~Y©| G‡ÿ‡Î wb‡Pi evK¨ `ywU jÿ Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| 16) K. †Kvb wRwbmwU wZwb wK‡b‡Qb? L. †Kvb Avm‡b wZwb e‡m‡Qb? Ic‡i DwjøwLZ 16.K I L Gi f~wg¯Í‡ii `ywU evK¨ †h AMfxi ¯Íi †_‡K iƒcvšÍwiZ n‡q m„ó n‡q‡Q Zv‡`i mv‡_ wK m¤úwK©Z, bvwK wfbœ ai‡bi, Zv e¨vL¨v Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| G D‡Ï‡k 16.K ev‡K¨i AMfxi iƒ‡ci e„ÿwPÎ wb‡P •Zwi Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i|

182 | mgKvjxb fvlvweÁvb K.

wPÎ 11.17 Ô†Kvb wRwbmwU wZwb wK‡b‡Qb?Õ ev‡Ki AMfxi ¯Í‡ii e„ÿwPÎ

Ic‡i D‡jøwLZ 11.17 e„ÿwPÎwU g~jZ 16.K ev‡K¨i AMfxi ¯Í‡ii wPÎiƒc| cvkvcvwk GB e„ÿwP‡Î G welqwUI cwi®‥vi n‡q‡Q †h, 16.K ev‡K¨i AwfevwmZ eM© Ô†Kvb wRwbmwUÕ g~jZ c~eeZ©x AMfxi ¯Í‡ii ev‡K¨i wµeM© c~iK •e Avi wKQz bq| A‡_©i w`K †_‡K †`L‡j Ô†Kvb wRwbmwUÕ cÖavbZ mswkøó e‡M©i bvgeM©‡K AšÍfy³ © K‡i hv gyL¨Z e‡M©i AbyeM©‡K m~wPZ K‡i| GQvovI GwU‡K GB Aa¨v‡qi c~e©eZx© As‡k ewY©Z mn-eM©vqb Awfavi gva¨‡gI we‡kølY Kiv hvq| G cÖm‡½ wb‡Pi `ywU evK¨iƒc‡K cvV Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| 17) K. wZwb wK‡b‡Qb| L. wZwb e‡m‡Qb| mvsMVwbK w`K †_‡K 17) K. Ges L. bs evK¨ `ywU m¤ú~Y© n‡jI, A_©MZ `„wó‡KvY †_‡K bZzb cÖ‡kœi D‡`ªK K‡i| we‡klZ, 17K. evK¨ †_‡K †h cÖkœ Rb¥ †bq, Zv n‡”Q, ÔwZwb wK wK‡b‡Qb?| GKBfv‡e 17L. †_‡K †h cÖkwœ U DÌvcb Kiv hvq, Zv nj, ÔwZwb †Kv_vq e‡m‡Qb?| GB `ywU cÖ‡kœi DËi wn‡m‡e †h․w³Kfv‡e †h `ywU evK¨ m„ó nq Zv 16K. I L. bs ev‡K¨i Mfxi ¯Íi Ges G `ywU f~wg¯Í‡ii AMfxi Z‡ji ev‡K¨i e„ÿwPÎ 11.17 Ges 11.18bs e„ÿwP‡Î cÖwZdwjZ n‡q‡Q| G †_‡K GKwU welq ¯úó

evK¨ZË¡ | 183 n‡q‡Q, evsjv fvlvq ÔKÕ cÖkR œ vZxq evK¨ •Zwi nq g~jZ mswkøó AMfxi ¯Í‡ii ev‡K¨i wewfbœ eM© ev eM©wk‡ii AwfevmbRwbZ iƒcvšÍ‡ii gva¨‡g| GKB AwfevmbRwbZ iƒcvšÍi N‡U‡Q D‡jøwLZ 16.K Ges L cÖk‡œ evaK evK¨ •Zwii †ÿ‡ÎI| wb‡Pi D`vni‡Y G welqwU ¯úó n‡q D‡V‡Q| 18) K. †Kvb wRwbmwU wZwb(t) wK‡b‡Qb? L. †Kvb Avm‡b wZwb (t) e‡m‡Qb?

Ic‡i D‡jøwLZ 18) K. Ges L. D`vni‡Y †`Lv hv‡”Q †h, AMfxi evwK¨K ¯Íi †_‡K Dcwi Z‡ji ÔKÕ I ÔLÕ cÖkœ evK¨ •Zwi †ÿ‡Î evK¨ `ywUi wµe‡M©i c~iK Ges Abye‡M©i c~iK Awfemvb K‡i ev‡K¨i me© ev‡g m‡i †M‡Q| Z‡e evg w`‡K AwfevwmZ n‡jI Giv cÖ‡Z¨K‡KB c~‡e©i eMx©q Ae¯’v‡b GKwU ev¯ÍwPý (t) †i‡L †M‡Q| mij K_vq, GwUB n‡”Q evsjvmn c„w_exi wewfbœ fvlvq ÔKÕ cÖkœ evK¨ m„R‡bi iƒcvšÍig~jK m„wókxj e¨vKiYMZ we‡kølY|

184 | mgKvjxb fvlvweÁvb

A_©weÁvb | 185

ev i

A_©weÁvb fvlvi AwfavbMZ I mvsMVwbK A_© eY©bv GB Aa¨vq †k‡l Avcwb wkL‡ebÑ  K. A_©weÁv‡bi iƒc, cÖK…wZ I PvwiΨ  L. A_©weÁv‡bi `„wó‡KvY †_‡K fvlvi AwfavbMZ I mvsMVwbK A_© e¨vL¨v  N. A_©weÁv‡bi †kÖwYfvM  M. A_©weÁv‡bi ZË¡ I c×wZi Av‡jv‡K evsjv fvlvi kvwãK Dcv`v‡bi eY©bv

gvby‡li fvwlK msÁvc‡bi †K›`ªwe›`y‡Z _v‡K A_©| †Kbbv A_©‡eva Qvov †Kvb fvwlK msMV‡biB cÖv‡qvwMK g~j¨ †bB| gvbyl •`bw›`b msÁvc‡b †hme fvwlK Dcv`vb e¨envi K‡i †m m‡ei A_©gqZvi i‡q‡Q bvbv iKg‡di I •ewPΨ| wb‡P evOvwji e¨envh© wewfbœ fvwlK msMV‡bi A_©gqZvi iKg‡d‡ii wKQz ch©‡eÿY D‡jøL Kiv nj| 1) Bs‡iwR ev evsjv k‡ãi A_© Rvbvi Rb¨ evOvwj gvÎB Awfavb Ly‡j †`‡L †bq| 2) ÔmyLÕ, ÔAvb›`Õ, ÔZvRvÕ BZ¨vw` evsjv k‡ãi †hgb mgkã Av‡Q, †Zgwb G¸‡jvi cÖ‡Z¨KwUiB wecixZv_©K k‡ãi Aw¯ÍZ¡ jÿYxq| 3) evOvwj gvÎB ÔMiæÕ k‡ãi wb‡`©kK wn‡m‡e Zv‡`i M„ncvwjZ wcÖq Pvi‡c‡q cïwU‡K †`wL‡q †`q| 4) gv‡Qi D`vniY w`‡Z ej‡j AwaKvsk evOvwj ÔBwjkÕ-Gi bvg e‡j| 5) ÔBwjkÕ kãwU MwVZ nIqvi †cQ‡b KwZcq A_©‡evaK Dcv`v‡bi mw¤§wjZ f‚wgKv i‡q‡Q| DwjøwLZ ch©‡eÿY¸‡jv we‡kølY Ki‡j evsjvfvlvq cÖPwjZ k‡ãi •ewPΨgq A_©gqZvi ¯^iƒc D×vi Kiv hvq| 1g ch©‡eÿY e‡j †`q, Awfav‡b GKwU k‡ãi cÖPwjZ A_© msMÖw_Z _v‡K| k‡ãi GB A_©‡K ÔAvwfavwbK A_©Õ ev ÔAvÿwiK A_©Õ e‡j| 2q ch©‡eÿY ¯^vÿ¨ †`q, GKwU fvwlK kã ïay GKK A_© bq, ci¯úi m¤^Ühy³ A‡bK¸‡jv A_©gqZv‡K aviY K‡i| 3q ch©‡eÿY †_‡K eyS‡Z cviv hvq, cÖ‡Z¨KwU e¯‘evPK ev cÖvwYevPK k‡ãiB GKwU K‡i wb‡`©kK i‡q‡Q †h¸‡jv kãwUi A_©‡eva •Zwi‡Z mnvqZv K‡i|

186 | mgKvjxb fvlvweÁvb 4_© ch©‡eÿ‡Yi D`vniYwU GB aviYv cªwZdwjZ K‡i †h, evsjv fvlvq mgagx© •ewkó¨hy³ wewfbœ ai‡bi k‡ãi †h eMx©KiY n‡q _v‡K, †m‡ÿ‡Î eM©f³ z k‡ãi GKwU †K›`ªxq iƒc ev ÔAvw`cÖwZgvÕ _v‡K hv H eM©fz³ kãmg~‡ni A_© w¯’i Ki‡Z mnvqZv K‡i| me‡k‡l, 5g ch©‡eÿY GB aviYv iƒcvwqZ K‡i, GKwU k‡ãi A_©‡eva g~jZ aviYvMZ wewfbœ Dcv`v‡bi mw¤§wjZ iƒc| GB ch©‡eÿY¸‡jvi e¨vL¨v I we‡kølYB A_©weÁv‡bi Av‡jvP¨welq| 12.1 A_©weÁvb Kx Ic‡ii Av‡jvPbvq fvlvq e¨eüZ wewfbœ fvwlK Dcv`vb Z_v k‡ãi A_©gqZvi †h iƒc-iƒcvšÍi D‡jøL Kiv nj, ZviB weÁvbm¤§Z we‡kølY n‡”Q A_©weÁvb| A_v©r fvlvi k‡ãi A_© wePvi Ges fvwlK Dcv`v‡bi A_©‡eva •Zwii mvgwMÖK cÖwµqvi c×wZMZ we‡kølY n‡”Q A_©weÁvb| Bs‡iwR ‘semantics’-Gi evsjv cwifvlv wn‡m‡e GB MÖ‡š’ ÔA_©weÁvbÕ e¨eüZ n‡”Q| Z‡e evsjv e¨vKiY ev fvlvweÁv‡bi eB‡q G‡K ÔevM_©weÁvbÕ bv‡gI AvL¨vwqZ Kiv nq| 12.1.1 A_©weÁv‡bi •ewkó¨ I Av‡jvP¨welq †h‡nZz A_© ev A_©‡eva e¨ZxZ †Kvb fvwlK Dcv`vbB gvby‡li Kv‡Q cÖv‡qvwMKZvÑ m¤úbœ nq bv, ZvB A_©weÁvb n‡”Q fvlvweÁv‡bi GKwU †K›`ªxq kvLv| AvRv` (1999) A_©weÁvb‡K fvlvweÁv‡bi me‡P‡q ¸iæZ¡c~Y© kvLv e‡j AwfwnZ K‡i‡Qb| Z‡e fvlvweÁv‡bi GB †K›`ªxq kvLvwU fvwlK Dcv`v‡bi A_© we‡køl‡Yi †ÿ‡Î wKQy wbR¯^ •ewkó¨‡K aviY K‡i Av‡Q hv wb‡P Dc¯’vcb Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| K. A_©weÁvb fvlvi AvwfavwbK A_© we‡kølY K‡i| L. GKwU fvlvi KvVv‡gvwfwËK A_© Ges A_©‡evaI GB kv‡¯¿i AvIZvfz³| M. fvwlK Dcv`v‡bi A_©-welqK GB kv‡¯¿i Av‡jvPbv I we‡kølY A‡bKUvB `vk©wbK AwfÁvb I gbxlvcÖm~Z| d‡j Gi A‡bK ZË¡ I cwifvlv `k©bkv¯¿ †_‡K D™¢‚Z n‡q‡Q| N. fvlvweÁv‡bi GB kv‡¯¿i we‡kølY †KŠkj I Av‡jvP¨welq‡K hZ bv e¯‘wbô cÖwµqvq cwigvc Kiv hvq, Zvi †P‡q Zv A‡bK †ewk gvbe AwfÁvb I mÁvcÖm~Z| A_©weÁv‡bi DcwiD³ •ewk‡ó¨i cwi‡cÖwÿ‡Z G Aa¨v‡qi Av‡jvP¨m~wP n‡”Q wb¤œiƒc| 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

k‡ãi A_©‡eva Av_©‡ÿÎ A_©weÁv‡bi †kÖwYwefvM kvã m¤úK© g‡bvcÖwZgv wb‡`©kK iƒcK k‡ãi Av_© Dcv`vb

A_©weÁvb | 187 12.2 k‡ãi A_©‡eva fvlvi k‡ãi mvnv‡h¨ gvbyl Zvi †hvMv‡hvM m½xi Kv‡Q Ôg‡bi fve e¨³ Kivi †h cÖwµqvwU m¤úbœ K‡iÕ, Zv A_©gqZviB Av‡iK bvg| msÁvc‡bi D‡Ï‡k fvlx hLb evK¨ ev kã e¨envi K‡i, ZLb †m g~jZ Zvi Av‡eM, Abyf~wZ I PvIqv-cvIqvi fvewU cÖKv‡ki gva¨‡g †hvMv‡hvM m½xi mv‡_ GK ai‡bi gvbwmK †evSvcov •Zwi K‡i| Avi GB †evSvcovi gva¨‡gB Zv‡`i g‡a¨ †hvMv‡hvM m¤úbœ nq| Zvn‡j kã mn‡hv‡M `yRb †hvMv‡hvM m½xi g‡a¨Kvi GB †evSvcovi fve ev †KŠkjwUB n‡”Q A_©| †m we‡ePbvq kã Ab¨Zg fvwlK GKK hv A_©‡K aviY K‡i| KviY GKwU kã n‡”Q fvlvi Aeqeavix Dcv`vb hv A_©‡K AšÍfy³ © K‡i Av‡Q| cÖkœ n‡”Q, K. kã hv aviY K‡i Av‡Q †mB A_© Avm‡j Kx? L. Kx cÖwµqvq GKwU kã A_©‡evam¤úbœ nq? GB cÖkœ `ywUi DËi LyeB mijxKiY K‡i ejv †h‡Z cv‡i, fvlvi aŸwb ev eY©mgwó †h ¸Y ev Ae¯’vi Øviv kã iƒ‡c gvby‡li Kv‡Q cÖv‡qvwMKZvm¤úbœ nq, †mB ¸YMZ Ae¯’vwUB n‡”Q A_©| GB welqwU‡K ZvwË¡Kfv‡e Dc¯’vc‡bi Rb¨ AvaywbK fvlvweÁv‡bi RbK †dw`©b `¨ †mvmy¨‡ii kiYvcbœ nIqv †h‡Z cv‡i| †mvmy¨‡ii (Saussure 1916) g‡Z, fvlvi cÖwZwU kãB n‡”Q GKwU wPý| k‡ãi wPý iƒ‡c cwiMwYZ nIqvi KviY cÖ‡Z¨KwU k‡ãi GKwU †`¨vZK I GKwU †`¨vwZZ Av‡Q| kã cÖKvkK aŸwb ev eY© mgwó n‡”Q Gi †`¨vZK, Ges GB m¤úwK©Z gvby‡li g‡b iwÿZ aviYvwUB n‡”Q Gi †`¨vwZZ| kã-†`¨vZ‡Ki GB †`¨vwZZ •Zwi nIqvi Rb¨ mswkøó kã-wb‡`©kK e¯‘, fve ev `ª‡e¨i mv‡_ Avgv‡`i c~e©eZx© AwfÁZv _vK‡Z nq, hvi gva¨‡g DwÏó e¯‘ ev fvewU m¤ú‡K© g~ZK © iY, Abyaveb I aviYvqY cÖwµqv †k‡l Avgv‡`i Ávbvqb nq| A_v©r †h DwÏó e¯‘ ev fvewU Avgiv Av‡M †`‡LwQ, Avgv‡`i 5wU Abyaveb-Bw›`ª‡qi †h‡Kvb GKwUi gva¨‡g Zv Abyaveb K‡iwQ Ges G m¤ú‡K© Avgv‡`i wKQz Z_¨ AwR©Z n‡q‡Q| djkÖæwZ‡Z, Gfv‡e GwU m¤ú‡K© GKwU aviYv •Zwi n‡q‡Q| Avi GB aviYv •Zwi nIqvi gva¨‡gB DwÏó e¯‘ ev fve m¤ú‡K© A_©‡eva m„wó n‡q‡Q| Avgv‡`i Pvicv‡ki wewfbœ e¯‘, `ªe¨ ev fve m¤ú‡K© GB Awfbœ cÖwµqv‡ZB A_©‡eva •Zwi nq| †Kbbv GKwU k‡ãi †`¨vZK I †`¨vwZ‡Zi mgš^‡qi gva¨‡g kã-wb‡`©kK e¯Íy ev fve m¤^‡Ü Avgv‡`i g‡b †h wPývqb m¤úbœ nq, Zv-B n‡”Q Gi A_©| ZvB ejv hvq, A_©KiY n‡”Q GK ai‡bi wPývqb cÖwµqv †hLv‡b fvlv e¨enviKvixi g‡b DwÏó e¯‘ ev fv‡ei †`¨vZK I †`¨vwZ‡Zi mw¤§jb N‡U| k‡ãi A_©‡eva welqK †mvmy¨‡ii †`¨vZK-†`¨vwZ‡Zi GB m¤úK©‡K AMW¨vb I wiPvW© (Ogden & Richards 1927) Îqx m¤ú‡K© DbœxZ K‡i‡Qb| †Kvb k‡ãi A_©‡eva •Zwii †ÿ‡Î Zvuiv †h Îqx m¤úK© wba©viY K‡i‡Qb, †m Îqx m¤ú‡K©i aviYvmg~n n‡”Q,

188 | mgKvjxb fvlvweÁvb 1. cÖZxK (symbol) ev iƒc (form) 2. fve (thought) ev aviYv (concept), I 3. wb‡`©kK ev wb‡`©wkZ e¯‘(referent) AMW¨vb I wiPv‡W©i GB Îqx m¤ú‡K©i †ÿ‡Î cÖZxK (symbol) ev iƒc (form) GKwU k‡ãi eY© ev aŸwbiƒc, fve (thought) ev aviYv (concept) n‡”Q Gi A_© Ges wb‡`©kK (referent) n‡”Q A_© wb‡`©wkZ e¯‘wU| Avi GB wZbwU aviYvi mgev‡qB GKwU e¯‘ ev c`v_© A_©‡evam¤úbœ nq| GB wZbwU aviYvi m¤úK©‡K wb‡Pi wÎfz‡Ri mvnv‡h¨ cÖKvk Kiv hvq|

wPÎ 12.1: AMW¨vb I wiPvW©-Gi A‡_©i Îqx m¤úK© (Drm: Ogden & Richards 1927)

12.3 Av_©‡ÿÎ (semantic domain) Av_©‡ÿÎ n‡”Q A_©weÁv‡bi Ggb GKwU †ÿÎ †hLv‡b GKB NUbvcÖevn ev Abyl½m~‡Î Ave× wKQz kã hviv m¤úK©hy³ A‡_©i GKwU Aven ev cwigÐj •Zwi K‡i‡Q| GB k㸇jv g~jZ GKwU NUbvi cvi¤úh© iÿv ev GKB Abyl½fz³ nIqvi Kvi‡Y A‡_©i wg_w¯Œqvi Øviv GKwU Av_©‡ÿÎ •Zwi K‡i‡Q| D`vniY¯^iƒc, Ô1jv •ekvLÕ‡K hw` GKwU Av_©‡ÿÎ aiv nq, Zvn‡j Gi A_© m¤úK©hy³ k㸇jv n‡”Q Ôcvš’v-BwjkÕ, Ô†kvfvhvÎvÕ, ÔnvjLvZvÕ, Ôel©eiYÕ BZ¨vw`| GKBfv‡e evsjv‡`‡ki Ôeb¨vÕ Av_©‡ÿ‡Îi m¤úK©hy³ k㸇jv nj, ÔcøvebÕ, Ô†ivMevjvBÕ, ÔwbPz GjvKvÕ, ÔdmjnvwbÕ cÖf…wZ| Ic‡ii D`vniY †_‡K eySv hv‡”Q, Av_©‡ÿÎ •Zwii †ÿ‡Î g~jm~Î n‡”Q kãMZ m¤úK©| Avi GB m¤úK©¸‡jv •Zwi nq g~jZ GKB NUbvcÖevn ev Abyl½ †_‡K k㸇jvi Rb¥jv‡fi Kvi‡Y, A_ev Awfbœ cÖwZ‡e‡k `xN©w`b a‡i k㸇jvi mnve¯’vb Kivi Kvi‡Y| Avi GB `ywU Kvi‡Y Av_©‡ÿ‡Îi k㸇jvi g‡a¨ GK ai‡bi c¨vivWvBgMZ iƒc •Zwi nq| A_©vr evwK¨K ev c`MZ msMV‡b Giv †hgb GKB Ae¯’v‡b em‡Z cv‡i, †Zgwb Awfbœ A_©m¤ú‡K©I cÖhy³ nq| †m we‡ePbvq GB Aa¨v‡qi wb‡P Av‡jvwPZ mv`„k¨v_©Zv, wfbœv_©Zv, AšÍfy³ © Zv, eû-A_©Zv BZ¨vw`‡K Av_©‡ÿÎ wn‡m‡e wPwýZ n‡Z cv‡i|

A_©weÁvb | 189 12.4 A_©weÁv‡bi †kÖwYfvM fvlvi cÖwZwU k‡ãi †hgb A_© Av‡Q, †Zgwb Gi e„nËg GKK evK¨I wbw`©ó A_© cÖKvk K‡i _v‡K| GB A_©gqZvi Kvi‡YB gvbyl Zvi †hvMv‡hvM m½xi Kv‡Q wb‡Ri fve I Abyf~wZ cÖKv‡ki Rb¨ kã I ev‡K¨i AvkÖq wb‡q _v‡K| ZvB ïay kãv_© bq, eis ev‡K¨i A_©I A_©weÁvb we‡kølY K‡i _v‡K| †m we‡ePbvq A_©weÁv‡bi `ywU †kÖwY jÿYxq| K. kvã A_©weÁvb (lexical semantics) L. †hŠM A_©weÁvb (compositional semantics) 12.4.1 kvã A_©weÁvb Bs‡iwR ‘lexical semantics’ Gi evsjv cwifvlv Ôkvã A_©weÁvbÕ AvRv` (1999) †_‡K †bIqv n‡q‡Q| mij A‡_© kvã A_©weÁvb fvlvi GKK k‡ãi A_© msµvšÍ hveZxq welq e¨vL¨v I eY©bv K‡i _v‡K| †m we‡ePbvq kvã A_©weÁvbB n‡”Q cÖK…Z A_©weÁvb| †Kbbv hvÎv ïiæi ci †_‡KB GKK k‡ãi A_© I Gi we‡kølYB A_©weÁv‡bi Av‡jvP¨welq wn‡m‡e cÖvavb¨ †c‡q‡Q| ZvB fvlvweÁvb Z_v A_©weÁv‡bi AvaywbK eBmg~‡n †hme welq Av‡jvwPZ n‡q _v‡K Zv g~jZ kvã A_©weÁv‡bi AvIZvfz³| wb‡P kvã A_©weÁv‡bi AšÍfy³ © welqmg~‡ni eY©bv cÖ`vb Kiv nj| 12.5. kvã m¤úK© kvã A_©weÁv‡bi AZ¨šÍ ¸iæZ¡c~Y© we‡eP¨welq n‡”Q wewfbœ k‡ãi m¤ú‡K©i gvÎvwU wbY©q Kiv| ¸iæZ¡c~Y© GB Kvi‡Y †h, GB kv‡¯¿i hvÎv ïiæi ci †_‡KB wewfbœ k‡ãi g‡a¨Kvi m¤úK© we‡kølYK‡í M‡o D‡V‡Q Gi ZË¡ I we‡ePbvmg~n| wewfbœ k‡ãi g‡a¨Kvi GB m¤úK©wU wb‡Pi `ywU cÖwµqvi gva¨‡g wbY©q Kiv hvq| K. mnve¯’vbMZ m¤úK© mnve¯’vbMZ m¤úK© wb‡`©k K‡i †Kvb evK¨ ev c`µ‡g GKwU wbw`©ó k‡ãi Ae¯’vb †Kv_vq n‡e| G‡ÿ‡Î cÖvqkB `ywU wbw`©ó kã mywbw`©ó m¤úK© †g‡b †Kvb evK¨ ev c`µ‡g cvkvcvwk Ae¯’vb K‡i| k‡ãi G ai‡bi cvkvcvwk Ae¯’vb‡K mnve¯’vb (collocation) m¤úK© e‡j| D`vniY¯^iƒc, evsjv fvlvq ÔWvKÕ I ÔwcqbÕ kã `ywU GKB mv‡_ e‡m ÔWvK-wcqbÕ mnve¯’vb •Zwi K‡i‡Q| evOvwji wbZ¨w`‡bi fvwlK cÖKv‡k G `ywUi mnve¯’vb hZ ¯^Ztù~Z©, ÔWvK-WvKvZÕ ZZB †egvbvb| GKB fv‡e Ô†gvMjvB ciUvÕi mnve¯’vb hZ ¯^vfvweK, Ô†gvMjvB fvZÕ Zv‡`i fvwlK-†ev‡a †gv‡UB mgw_©Z bq| A_©weÁv‡bi ZvwË¡K e¨vL¨v Abymv‡i `ywU mywbw`©ó k‡ãi mnve¯’vb •Zwi ev cvkvcvwk Ae¯’v‡bi †ÿ‡ÎI A_© Kvh©Ki f~wgKv cvjb K‡i| D`vniY¯^iƒc, Ic‡ii cÖ_g D`vni‡Y DwjøwLZ kã `ywU Awfbœ A_©‡ÿ‡Î Ae¯’vb K‡i| A_v©r G kã `ywUi Ae¯’vb‡K cÖv‡qvwMK `„wó‡KvY †_‡K ejv hvq ÔWvKÕ Avbv-†bIqvi KvRwU HwZn¨MZfv‡e ÔwcqbÕB m¤úbœ K‡i, wKš‘ ÔWvKvZÕ bq| wØZxq D`vni‡YI GB e¨vL¨v cÖ‡hvR¨| ZvB GB

190 | mgKvjxb fvlvweÁvb hyw³ mg_©b K‡i wecixZµ‡g ejv hvq †h, gvby‡li cÖvZ¨wnK fvwlK Abykxj‡b k‡ãi A_©‡eva A‡bK‡ÿ‡Î mnve¯’vb †_‡KI Rb¥jvf K‡i| L. A_©MZ m¤úK© cÖwZwU kãB A_©c~Y©| G K_vi GKwU Zvrch© n‡”Q, fvlvq e¨eüZ cÖwZwU k‡ãi gva¨‡g Gi e¨enviKvixiv kãwUi mv‡_ wPývqb m¤úbœ K‡i hvi d‡j †mwU e¨enviKvixi Kv‡Q A_©‡evam¤úbœ nq| ZvB mswkøó fvlxiv GwUi mywbw`©ó A_© Ly‡uR wb‡Z mÿg nq| Z‡e k‡ãi GB wPývq‡bi gvÎv‡f` ev iKg‡diI jÿYxq| e¨enviKvixiv KLbI GKwU k‡ãi mv‡_ mg-A_© wewkó Ab¨ k‡ãi m¤úK© •Zwi, Avevi wecixZ wPývqb wewkó Ab¨ Av‡iKwU kãwUi m‡½ wfbœZi A_©-ms‡hvM m„wó K‡i| Gfv‡eB fvlvq e¨eüZ wewfbœ k‡ãi wb¤œwjwLZ wewea A_©-ms‡hvM •Zwi nq| 1. mv`„k¨v_©Zv (synonymy) 2. wfbœv_©Zv (antonymy) 3. AšÍfy³ © Zv (hyponymy) 4. eû A_©Zv (polysemy) 5. mgeY©Zv I mgaŸwbKZv (homograpy and homophony) wb‡P GB Awfav¸wji mswÿß eY©bv cÖ`vb Kiv nj| 1. mv`„k¨v_©Zv (synonymy) mv`„k¨v_©Zv ej‡Z GKwU k‡ãi mv‡_ Av‡iKwU k‡ãi mg-A_©Zv ev Awfbœ-A_©Zv eySv‡bv nq| G‡ÿ‡Î `ywU k‡ãi †`¨vZK ev evwn¨K iƒc `ywU wfbœ n‡jI G‡`i †`¨vwZZ Awfbœ| Avi aviYv ev †`¨vwZ‡Zi AwfbœZvi Kvi‡Y G‡`i g‡a¨ mg-A‡_©i GKwU m¤úK© •Zwi nq| d‡j mgv_©K k‡ã eY©MZ wfbœ iƒc _vK‡jI Giv GKB A_© enb K‡i| D`vniY¯^iƒc, evsjv fvlvq ÔfvZÕ I ÔAbœÕ-G `ywUi GKB A_©, G `y‡UvB evOvwji cÖavb Lv`¨‡K wb‡`©k K‡i| GKBfv‡e Ôb`xÕ, Ôm~h©Õ, ÔAvKvkÕ, Ôce©ZÕ, ÔP›`ªÕ, ÔAv¸bÕ, ÔmvMiÕ cÖf…wZ k‡ãi GKvwaK mgv_©K kã i‡q‡Q| Avi mg-A_© ev Awfbœ A_©wewkó kãmg~n‡K mv`„k¨v_©K ev mgv_©K kã (synonym) e‡j| 2. wfbœv_©Zv (antonymy) wfbœv_©Zv mv`„k¨v‡_©i wVK wecixZ aviYv‡K cÖKvk K‡i| G‡ÿ‡Î `ywU kã A_ev `ywU wfbœ †`¨vZK ev eY©iƒ‡ci wecixZ fvewewkó `ywU †`¨vwZZ ev aviYv _v‡K| Avi GB A_©MZ wecixZ fv‡ei •ewkó¨‡K aviY Kivi Kvi‡Y Giv GK Ac‡ii g‡a¨ †Rvov ev ¸”Q Ae¯’v‡K wb‡`©k Ki‡Q| D`vniY¯^iƒc, ÔfvjÕ I Ôg›`Õ GB `ywU wfbœ †`¨vZK `ywU bZzb †`¨vwZZ‡K wb‡`©k Ki‡jI Kvh©-KviY •ewk‡ó¨i Kvi‡Y Giv †Rvov-wb‡`©kK A_v©r ÔïfKiÕ I ÔAïfKiÕ G `ywU bZzb A_P m¤úwK©Z aviYv‡K iƒcvwqZ Ki‡Q| GiKg AviI A‡bK

A_©weÁvb | 191 wecixZv_©K k‡ãi D`vniY evsjv fvlvq jÿYxq| wecixZ A_© wewkó kã‡K wecixZv_©K kã (antonym) e‡j| 3. AšÍfy³ © Zv (hyponymy) AšÍfy³ © Zv Av_© m¤úK©wU GKwU k‡ãi A‡_©i Øviv Av‡iKwU k‡ãi A‡_©i mshyw³‡K †evSvq| G‡Z GKwU k‡ãi A_© ev aviYv AwaevPK Av‡iKwU k‡ãi g‡a¨ ms¸ß _v‡K| Ab¨fv‡e ej‡Z †M‡j, GKwU †`¨vZK ev eY©iƒc ïay †h GKwU wbw`©ó †`v¨wZZ‡KB m~wPZ K‡i, Zv-B bq, eis G m¤úwK©Z AviI A‡bK¸‡jv A‡avevPK †`¨vwZZ‡KI A½xf~Z K‡i| D`vniY¯^iƒc, ÔgvQÕ aviYvi AšÍfy©³ n‡”QÑ Bwjk, iæB, KvZjv, cyuwU BZ¨vw`| Avevi mvim, †`v‡qj, NyNy, KvK BZ¨vw` n‡”Q ÔcvwLÕ aviYvi AšÍfy³ © | GKBfv‡e ÔgvQÕ aviYvi g‡a¨ †hgb mKj gvQ A½xf~Z _v‡K, †Zgwb ÔcvwLÕ-Gi g‡a¨ ms¸ß _v‡K mKj cvwLmg~n| Z‡e G‡ÿ‡Î ÔgvQÕ I ÔcvwLÕ- G `ywU AwaaviYv wb‡`©kK| Ab¨w`‡K, Zv‡`i AšÍfy³ © m`m¨iv n‡”Q A‡avaviYvm~PK| evsjvq AšÍf³ y© A_©wewkó k㸇jv wb‡`©k Kivi Rb¨ †Kvb wbw`©ó I cÖPwjZ Awfav bv _vK‡jI, AvRv` (1999) Abymi‡Y G‡`i‡K AšÍfy³ © kã (hyponym) ejv †h‡Z cv‡i| 4. eû-A_©Zv (polysemy) eû-A_©Zv AwfavwU Av_© m¤úK© wbg©v‡Yi †ÿ‡Î A‡bK¸‡jv †`¨vwZZ‡K m~wPZ K‡i| A_©vr G‡ZI GKwU †`¨vZK w`‡q A‡bK¸‡jv †`¨vwZZ‡K wb‡`©k Kiv hvq| Z‡e G‡ÿ‡Î GKwU †`¨vZK wewfbœ Av_©-cwigЇj e¨eüZ n‡q bZzb bZzb †`¨vwZZ‡K cÖKvk Ki‡Z cv‡i| evsjv fvlvq Kzj, nvZ ev gv_v k㸇jv wewfbœ evwK¨K cÖwZ‡e‡k e¨enZ n‡q bZzb bZzb A‡_© wb‡`©wkZ nq| D`vniY¯^iƒc, 1. Mv‡Q Kzj a‡i‡Q, 2. mrKz‡j cvÎ `vb Ki - G `ywU ev‡K¨ Kzj kãwU h_vµ‡g dj I esk eySv‡”Q| AšÍfy³ © Zv Av_© m¤ú‡K©i mv‡_ eû-A_©Zvi cv_©K¨ n‡”Q| AšÍf©y³Zv †hLv‡b m¤úwK©Z A_P A‡avaviYvm~PKkã‡K AšÍfy³ © K‡i, eû-A_©Zv †m‡ÿ‡Î wfbœ wfbœ Av_©‡ÿ‡Î bZzb bZzb mg gh©v`vm¤úbœ †`¨vwZ‡Z m~wPZ K‡i| 5. mgeY©Zv I mgaŸwbKZv (homograpy and homophony) mgeY©Zv Av_© m¤úK©wU wb‡`©k K‡i, fvlvi `ywU k‡ãi †`¨vZK ev eY©iƒc Awfbœ n‡jI G‡`i D”PviY wfbœ| A_©vr G‡`i evbvb GK n‡jI k‡ãi D”PviY A‡bKUvB Avjv`v| D`vniY¯^iƒc, †gjv (Avos, D”PviY [g¨vjv]), †gjv (†gjv‡gkv, D”PviY [†gjv]); nZ (wbnZ, D”PviY [nZ]), nZ (n‡Z cviZ, D”PviY [†nv‡Zv]) BZ¨vw`| Ab¨w`‡K, mgaŸwbZv n‡”Q Ggb GKwU Av_© m¤úK© †hLv‡b `ywU k‡ãi evbvb wfbœ wKš‘ D”PviY Awfbœ| A_v©r `ywU c„_K †`¨vZK _vK‡jI G‡`i D”PviY GKB iKg| D`vniY¯^iƒc, evsjv kã me (mKj), ke (g„Z‡`n); mvj (el©), kvj(Kvco we‡kl); w`b (w`em), `xb (`wi`ª); gb (AšÍtKiY), gY (wnmve) BZ¨vw`|

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194 | mgKvjxb fvlvweÁvb k‡ãi Av_© Dcv`vb we‡køl‡Yi †ÿ‡Î Ic‡i †h cÖwµqv Aej¤^b Kiv n‡q‡Q A_©weÁv‡b Zvi bvg n‡”Q Av_©we‡hvM (lexical decomposition)| k‡ãi A_©MZ aviYvi KvVv‡gvMZ g~Z©iƒc cÖ`vb-welqK GB Av_©we‡hv‡Mi myweav I mxgve×Zv `yB-B B‡Q| cÖ_gZ, myweavi K_v ejv †h‡Z cv‡i| Gi cÖ_g myweav nj, Av_©-we‡hv‡Mi gva¨‡g `ywU kvã-Dcv`v‡bi AvZ¥xqZv ev `~iZ¡ wel‡q cwigvc Kiv mnR nq| D`vniY¯^iƒc, Ic‡ii mviwY †_‡K eySv hvq, ÔwgwóÕ Av_©-Dcv`v‡bi mv‡c‡ÿ ÔAvgÕ I ÔKjvÕ KvQvKvwQ n‡jI ÔKvgivOvÕi mv‡_ G‡`i m¤úK©wU `~iMZ| Ab¨w`‡K, ÔUKÕ Av_©-Dcv`v‡bi cwi‡cÖwÿ‡Z ÔKvgivOvÕ I ÔAvbvimÕ-Gi m¤úK©wU Kv‡Qi n‡jI ÔAvgÕ I ÔKjvÕi m‡½ wbK‡Ui bq| ZvB ejv Am½Z bq †h, Av_©-we‡hvM †KŠkj wewfbœ k‡ãi g‡a¨Kvi A_©-aviYv wel‡q m¤ú‡K©i GK ai‡bi gvÎv wb‡`©k K‡i| GB †KŠk‡ji Av‡iKwU myweav GB †h, GwU Aej¤^b K‡i mxwgZ msL¨K Av_©-Dcv`v‡bi Øviv Amxg msL¨K k‡ãi A_©MZ aviYv mvsMVwbK iƒc Avwe®‹vi Kiv m¤¢e| Av_©-we‡hv‡Mi mxgve×Zv wel‡q cÖ_‡gB ejv hvq, e¯‘MZ ev g~Z© we‡k‡l¨i Av_©-Dcv`vb hZ mn‡RB Lyu‡R cvIqv hvq, weg~Z© fv‡ei †ÿ‡Î Zv A‡bKUvB `yj©f| d‡j Av_©-we‡hvM †KŠk‡ji gva¨‡g Gme k‡ãi Av_©aviYvi mvsMVwbK iƒc †LvuRv A‡bKUvB KwVb| GQvov k‡ãi e¨vKiYMZ cwiP‡qi w`K †_‡K ejv hvq, g~Z© we‡k‡l¨i Av_©-Dcv`vb hZ mnRjf¨, Ab¨ c‡`i †ÿ‡Î wVK ZZUv †g‡j bv| 12.10 A_©MZ ب_©KZv fvwlK k‡ãi Av‡iKwU •ewkó¨ n‡”Q, A‡bK mgq GKwU kã GKvwaK Av_©-aviYv‡K m~wPZ K‡i| d‡j KLbI KLbI k‡ãi cÖK…Z A_©wU D×vi Ki‡Z mgm¨vq co‡Z nq| k‡ãi G ai‡bi ب_©KZv `yB iK‡gi| D`vniY¯^iƒc, 12. 10.1 kãMZ ب_©KZv ev‡K¨ e¨eüZ bv nIqvi Kvi‡Y †Kvb k‡ãi wjwcMZ mv`„‡k¨i d‡j hw` A_© D×v‡i mgm¨v †cvnv‡Z nq, ZLb Zv‡K kãMZ ب_©KZv e‡j| D`vniY¯^iƒc, evsjv fvlvq e¨eüZ ÔcovÕ kãwU GLv‡b D‡jøL Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| GwU hw` ev‡K¨ cÖ‡qvM Kiv bv nq, Zvn‡j GwU w`‡q wK ÔAa¨qb KivÕ bvwK ÔIci †_‡K cwZZ nIqvÕ eySvq, Zv ¯úó nq bv| Z‡e kãMZ ب_©KZv wbim‡bi Dcvq n‡”Q, kãwU‡K ev‡K¨ e¨envi Kiv| ev‡K¨ e¨env‡ii d‡j Zvi cwi‡ekMZ cÖfv‡e ev Ae¨ewnZ evwK¨i Dcv`v‡bi cÖfv‡e Gi A_©‡eva ¯úóZv jvf K‡i| wb‡Pi `ywU D`vni‡Y D‡jøwLZ ÔcovÕ kãwUi A_©MZ ب_Zvi wbimb N‡U‡Q| 1) K. covi †Uwe‡j cÖZœi gb e‡m bv| L. Mv‡Qi gM Wvj †_‡K `yišÍ kvg nVvr c‡o †Mj| Gfv‡e evsjvfvlx gv‡ÎB D‡jøwLZ `ywU ev‡K¨ e¨eüZ ÔcovÕ wµqvi A_© eyS‡Z cv‡i|

A_©weÁvb | 195 12. 10.2 evwK¨K ب_©KZv A‡bK mgq GKwU kã ev‡K¨ e¨eüZ n‡jI Zvi A_©MZ ب_©KZv `~i nq bv| k‡ãi G ai‡bi ب_©KZv‡K evwK¨K ب_©Zv ejv nq| D`vniY¯^iƒc, 2) Rwni memgq evsjv‡`kx mywZ mvU© cQ›` K‡i| Ic‡ii ev‡K¨ Ôevsjv‡`kx mywZ mvU©Õ c`wUi A_© ب_©‡evaK| GwU ev‡K¨ e¨eüZ n‡jI Gi cÖwZ‡ekMZ Dcv`vb w`‡q eySvi Dcvq †bB GwU wK Ôevsjv‡`‡ki mywZ Kvco w`‡q •Zwi mvU©Õ, bvwK Ôevsjv‡`‡k •ZwiK„Z mywZ Kvc‡oi mvU©Õ| d‡j GwU GK A‡_© D³ `ywU A_©‡eva‡KB aviY K‡i| ev‡K¨ e¨eüZ G ai‡bi c‡`i A‡_©i ب_©KZv wbimb Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i Gi c`¸‡jvi wb‡¤œv³ Ae¨ewnZ Dcv`vb we‡køl‡Yi Øviv| K. evsjv‡`kx [mywZ mvU©] L. [evsjv‡`kx mywZ] mvU© Ic‡ii K. c‡`i eÜwbhy³ Ae¨ewnZ web¨vm †_‡K eySv hvq †h, GwU GKwU evsjv‡`‡k •Zwi mywZ mvU© hvi Kvco Ab¨ †`k †_‡KI Avbv n‡Z cv‡i| Ab¨w`‡K, L. c‡`i eÜwbmn web¨vm †_‡K GwU aviYv Ki‡Z Amyweav nq bv †h, GwU evsjv‡`‡ki mywZ Kvco w`‡q •Zwi GKwU mvU©| m‡e©vcwi, GKK kã I ev‡K¨ e¨eüZ c`MZ k‡ãi ب_©KZv welqK Av‡jvPbv †_‡K eySv hvq †h, G‡`i A_©‡eva ¯úó Kivi Kvh©Ki Dcvq n‡”Q, ev‡K¨ e¨env‡ii gva¨‡g mswkøó kãwUi cÖwZ‡ekMZ Ae¨ewnZ Dcv`‡bi m¤ú‡K©i gvÎvwU ai‡Z cviv| Avi G Kvi‡YB dwjZ fvlvweÁvbxiv wØZxq fvlv †kLvi †ÿ‡Î bZzb k‡ãi A_© Rvbvi Rb¨ Awfav‡bi Øvi¯’ bv n‡q, Zvi cÖwZ‡ekMZ Dcv`v‡bi m¤ú‡K©i ¯^iƒc †Pbvi gva¨‡g Zv Dcjwä Ki‡Z civgk© w`‡q _v‡Kb| 12.11 †hŠM A_©weÁvb fvlvweÁv‡b kvã A_©weÁvb‡K A_© Av‡jvPbvvi g~j kvLv wn‡m‡e we‡ePbv Kiv n‡jI B`vwbs †hŠM A_©weÁvb e‡j Av‡iKwU aviv G‡Z cÖhy³ n‡q‡Q| GwU g~jZ `k©bkv‡¯¿i fvlvi A_© welqK e¨vL¨v I we‡køl‡Yi GKwU mg„× aviv| A_© msµvšÍ Av‡jvPbv e‡j m¤úªwZ †KD †KD GwU‡K A_©weÁv‡bi A½xf~Z Kivi cÖqvm cvb| †hŠM A_©weÁvb k‡ãi GKK A_© bq, eis evK¨w¯’Z A_© wb‡q e¨vL¨v we‡kølY K‡i| A_v©r GKK fvwlK Dcv`vb wn‡m‡e kã I Zvi A_© fvlv e¨enviKvixi g‡bv‡PZbvq †h †`¨vZbvq w¯’Z _v‡K, GwU hLb ev‡K¨i Ask n‡q I‡V ZLb Zvi bZzb A_© e¨Äbv N‡U| Avi GB bZzb A_© e¨Äbv wb‡qB †hŠM A_©weÁvb weÁvbm¤§Z Av‡jvPbv K‡i| G cÖm‡½ wb‡Pi D`vniY¸‡jv jÿYxq|

196 | mgKvjxb fvlvweÁvb kãMZ A_©

evwK¨K A_©

Ni = gvby‡li emevm¯’j

ÔwZwb Mv‡Qi N‡i _v‡Kb|Õ - GB ev‡K¨ ÔNiÕ k‡ãi A_©wU cvV‡Ki Kv‡Q bZzb e¨Äbv jvf K‡i|

KzKzi = Pvicvqx †jvghy³ gvskvkx

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I `vuZwewkó †cvlvcÖvYx

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cÖ‡qvMv_©weÁvb | 197

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A_© fvlvi GK Aw¯
i GjvKv| k‡ãi A_© Aw¯
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i bv †_‡K wZwb G wmׇšÍ DcbxZ nb †h, me ai‡bi evK¨B cÖZ¨ÿ ev c‡ivÿfv‡e wµqvawg©Zv wb‡`©k K‡i| evKK…wZ wel‡q Zvui GB gxgvsmv‡K ejv nq P~ovšÍ evKK…wZ ZË¡| m‡ev©cwi, P~ovšÍ evK…K…wZ wel‡q Aw÷‡bi wPšÍvi mvirmvi wb¤œiƒc| K. wee„wZcÖKvkx I Kvh©m¤úv`x me ai‡bi Dw³i g‡a¨B c‡ivÿ ev cªZ¨ÿ K„wZ •ewkó¨ i‡q‡Q| L. Dw³wbwnZ GB K…wZ •ewk‡ó¨i Kvi‡YB e³v ev †kÖvZvi g‡a¨ GK ai‡bi msÁvcb DÏxcbv †R‡M I‡V| M. †Kvb msÁvcb DÏxcbv ZLbB ev¯Íeiƒc jvf K‡i, hLb †kÖvZvi Kv‡Q Dw³wU A_©gq nq Ges †m Abyhvqx †kÖvZv cÖwZwµqv K‡i| evKK…wZ ZË¡ wel‡q Ic‡ii wb‡`©kbv †_‡K eySv hvq, P~ovšÍ evKK…wZ Z‡Ë¡i g~j D‡Ïk¨ n‡”Q, †Kvb msÁvcbK‡g© AskMÖnYKvix e³v I †kÖvZvi msÁvc‡bi PvwiΨ‡K we‡kølY Kiv| Z‡e †h †Kvb msÁvc‡bi AšÍwb©wnZ ¯^iƒcwU D‡b¥vP‡bi ¯^v‡_© evKK…wZ Z‡Ë¡i wba©vwiZ mnK…wZi eb©bv cÖ`vb Riæwi| Aw÷b Zvui evKK…wZ Z‡Ë¡i P~ovšÍ we‡køl‡Y wZbwU mnK…wZi cÖ¯vÍ e K‡ib| GB wZbwU mnK…wZ n‡”Q- 1. cÖKvk K…wZ, 2. wb‡e`b K…wZ, 3. cÖwZwµqv K…wZ| D‡jøL¨, GB wZbwU mnK…wZ GKwU evKK…wZi Af¨šÍixY K…wZ| GLv‡b ÔAf¨šÍixYÕ kãwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y©| †Kbbv GB wZbwU mnK…wZ GKwU Dw³ ev ev‡K¨i Abym½xK„wZ| GB wZbwU K…wZi mywgZ mgevq GKwU Dw³i wµqvawg©Zv‡K m¤ú~Y© K‡i †Zv‡j| GB 3wU mnK…wZ we‡køl‡Yi ¯^v‡_© wb‡Pi evK¨wU we‡ePbv Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| 4) Avi 10wgwb‡Ui g‡a¨B Abyôvb ïiæ n‡”Q|

cÖ‡qvMv_©weÁvb | 203 Ic‡ii Dw³wU hw` GKwU evKK…wZ nq, Zvn‡j Gi wZbwU mnK…wZ _vK‡Z n‡e| GB wZbwU mnK…wZi mw¤§j‡bi gva¨‡gB GKwU evKK…wZ m¤úbœ nq| wb‡P GB wZbwU mnK…wZ eY©bv Kiv nj| K. cÖKvk K…wZ (locutionary act) Ic‡ii 4)-Gi Dw³ ev evK¨wUi †h fvwlK cÖKvk †mwUB n‡”Q cÖKvk K…wZ| cÖKvk K…wZ evKK…wZi cÖ_g mnK…wZ| G wel‡q Aw÷b e‡jb, †Kvb msÁvcbK‡g© e³v Zvi g‡bi fvewU cÖKv‡ki Rb¨ †h fvwlK msMVb D”PviY K‡ib †mwUB nj cÖKvk K…wZ| †Kvb evKK…wZi cÖKvk K…wZ •Zwi nq D”PvwiZ kãmg~n ci ci e‡m GKwU evwK¨K-KvVv‡gv m„wói gva¨‡g, †hgbwU •Zwi n‡q‡Q Ic‡i DwjøwLZ Dw³‡Z| Z‡e KLbI KLbI msÁvcb m¤¢vebv enbKvix †Kvb kãI cÖKvk K…wZ wn‡m‡e we‡ewPZ n‡Z cv‡i| Avi †Kvb msÁvcbKg© hw` AevPwbK n‡q _v‡K, Zvn‡j msÁvc‡bi D‡Ï‡k e¨eüZ AevPwbK gva¨g, we‡kl K‡i mswkøó A½fw½wU cÖKvk K…wZ iƒ‡c MY¨ nq| cÖKvk K…wZ mvaviYZ msÁvcb cÖwZ‡ek-wbf©i n‡q _v‡K| A_v©r e³v msÁvcbc‡e©i Askiƒ‡c cÖKvk K…wZ D”PviY ev cÖKvk K‡i _v‡Kb| D`vniY¯^iƒc, Ic‡ii Dw³wU ejv n‡q‡Q †Kvb Abyôvb ïiæi c~e©eZx© ms‡KZ wn‡m‡e| Abyôv‡bi mÂvjK †kªvZv‡`i D‡Ï‡k GKwU fvwlK msMVb D”Pvi‡Yi gva¨‡g †NvlYv Ki‡Qb †h, Aí wKQzÿY ci A_v©r 10wgwb‡Ui g‡a¨ GKwU Abyôvb n‡e| Z‡e †Kvb †Kvb cÖKvk K…wZ cÖwZ‡ek wbi‡cÿI n‡Z cv‡i| we‡kl K‡i, e³v hLb †Kvb msÁvc‡bi D‡Ïk¨ Qvov ev PjwZ c‡_ Avbg‡b Dw³ K‡i _v‡Kb| L. wb‡e`b K…wZ (illocutionary act) evKK…wZ ci¤úivi wØZxq mnK…wZwU n‡”Q wb‡e`b K…wZ| GwU n‡”Q †Kvb msÁvcbK‡g© wbiZ e³vi †Mvcb B”Qv ev AwfcÖvq hvi Øviv msÁvcbwU ev¯ÍevwqZ nq| msÁvcb Kivi Rb¨ e³vi GKwU †Mvcb AwfcÖvq _v‡K| †h AwfcÖv‡qi evwn¨K cÖKvk wn‡m‡e fvwlK msMVb •Zwi n‡q _v‡K, †m AwfcÖvq‡K ejv nq wb‡e`b K…wZ| Kg‡ewk msÁvcb Ki‡Z †M‡j e³vi GKwU wbw`©ó AwfcÖvq ev B”Qv _vK‡ZB nq| GB AwfcÖvqwUB msÁvcb‡K PvwjZ K‡i| Avi GB AwfcÖvqwU Rvbv‡bvi Rb¨B e³v mvaviYZ cÖKvk K…wZ K‡i _v‡K| †m we‡ePbvq wb‡e`b K„wZwUB n‡”Q evKK…wZi †Kw›`ªq mnK…wZ| †Kbbv msÁvcbK‡g©i Rb¨ e³vi †Kvb AwfcÖvq bv _vK‡j wZwb cÖKvk K…wZ Ki‡eb bv Ges †m‡ÿ‡Î msÁvcb m¤úbœ n‡e bv| m‡e©vcwi, wb‡e`b K…wZ ev †Kvb msÁvc‡bi †Mvcb AwfcÖv‡qi ewntcÖKvk iƒ‡c e³v hLb †kÖvZvi Kv‡Q cÖKvk K…wZi AviwR cÖKvk K‡i _v‡Kb, †kÖvZv ZLbB Zvi cÖwZwµqv K‡ib| nvDs (Haung 2007) msÁvcb K…wZi •ewkó¨ wn‡m‡e e‡j‡Qb, †Kvb msÁvc‡b †kÖvZv e³vi Dw³ wbtm„Z AviwR ev wb‡e`b K…wZ eyS‡Z e¨_© n‡j msÁvcb e¨_©Zvq ch©ewmZ nq| cvkvcvwk wb‡e`b K…wZ †h‡nZz cÖKvk K…wZi gva¨‡gB g~Z© n‡q _v‡K, †mRb¨ wb‡e`b K…wZ mswkøó fvwlK mgv‡Ri mvgvwRK ixwZ-bxwZ Ges fvwlK msMV‡bi wbq‡gi Aaxb|

204 | mgKvjxb fvlvweÁvb Ic‡ii D`vniY 4)-Gi Av‡jv‡K ejv hvq, D³ fvwlK msMVb D”Pvi‡Yi gva¨‡g Abyôvb mÂvjK Abyôv‡bi ïiæ m¤ú‡K© GKwU wee„wZ cÖKvk K‡i‡Qb| nq‡Zv Abyôv‡b AvMZ †kÖvZv‡`i g‡a¨ Abyôvb ïiæi mgq wb‡q ¸Äb ïiæ n‡q‡Q, †h‡nZz AbyôvbwU wVK mg‡q ïiæ n‡”Q bv| ZvB mÂvjK g‡b Ki‡jb, Abyôvb ïiæ wel‡q wZwb †kÖvZv`‡i‡K GKwU wee„wZ cÖ`v‡bi AwfcÖvq cÖKvk Ki‡eb hv‡Z †kÖvZviv G wel‡q Zv‡`i AvMÖ‡ni wbe„wZ NUv‡Z cv‡i| Zvn‡j GB cÖKvk K…wZi AwfcÖvq ev wb‡e`bwU n‡”Q Abyôvb ïiæ wel‡q wee„wZ cÖ`vb Kiv| M. cÖwZwµqv K…wZ (perlocutionary act) cÖwZwµqv n‡”Q evKK…wZ Z‡Ë¡i †kl avc| †Kvb msÁvcbK‡g© e³vi wb‡e`‡bi ewntcÖKvk wn‡m‡e e³v hLb GKwU cÖKvk K…wZ K‡i, ZLb ZviB Ask wn‡m‡e †kÖvZv GK ai‡bi cÖwZwµqv K‡i _v‡Kb| †kÖvZvi GB cÖwZwµqv‡KB ejv nq cÖwZwµqv K…wZ| †m we‡Pbvq cÖwZwµqv K…wZ‡K evKK…wZ Z‡Ë¡i me©‡kl mnK…wZ ejv n‡q _v‡K| Ic‡ii msÁvi Av‡jv‡K ejv hvq, evKK…wZ Z‡Ë¡i cÖ_g `ywU mnK…wZ cÖKvk K…wZ Ges wb‡e`b K…wZ e³vwbf©i n‡jI cÖwZwµqv K…wZ †kÖvZv-wbf©i| e³vi DwÏó wb‡e`b ï‡b †kªvZv cÖwZwµqv †`Lv‡j †mwUB cÖwZwµqv K…wZ nq| g~jZ cÖwZwµqv K…wZi Kvi‡YB GKwU msÁvcbK‡g© e³v-†kÖvZvi mw¤§jb m¤¢e nq| Ic‡i D×…Z D`vniY 4)-Gi cwi‡cÖwÿ‡Z ejv hvq, e³vi GB Dw³ †kvbvi ci †kÖvZv‡`i g‡a¨ †KD †Nviv‡div ev` w`‡q Abyôvb¯
‡j G‡m Abyôvb Dc‡fv‡Mi Rb¨ cÖ¯‧wZ wb‡e| Avevi G‡`i g‡a¨ wm‡U Avmxb †kÖvZviv AwZw_‡`i Rb¨ Aaxi AvMÖ‡n A‡cÿv Ki‡Z ïiæ Ki‡e| Av‡qvRK‡`i `„wófw½ †_‡K †`L‡j Zviv Abyôvb ïiæi †kl cÖ¯w‧ Z wn‡m‡e LuywUbvwU †`‡L wb‡e| g~jZ e³vi DcwiD³ Dw³ kÖe‡Yi ci †kÖvZv‡`i cÿ †_‡K GB †h wewfbœ ai‡bi cÖwZwµqv, G¸‡jv meB cÖwZwµqv K…wZi D`vniY| 13.1.5 mvj©-Gi evKK…wZ ZË¡ Aw÷‡bi fvewkl¨ Rb mvj© evKK…wZ Z‡Ë¡i c~Y©Zv mva‡b eªZx nb| mvj© Aw÷‡bi Ôfvewkl¨Õ GRb¨ †h, wZwb Aw÷b cÖewZ©Z evKK…wZ ZË¡‡K Aw÷‡bi wb‡`©wkZ c×wZ Abymv‡iB GwM‡q wb‡q hvIqvi cÖqvm †c‡q‡Qb| Ab¨w`‡K, mvj© Aw÷‡bi GKRb †NviZi mgv‡jvPKI e‡U, wZwb Aw÷‡bi evKK…wZ Z‡Ë¡i mxgve×Zv kbv³Ki‡Yi cvkvcvwk wb‡e`b K„wZi bZzb †kÖwYKiY K‡i‡Qb| mv‡j©i evKK…wZ ZË¡ A‡bKUvB gvbe g‡bi †evaMZ †PZbvi cÖwZdjK| mvj© (Searle 1969) e‡jb, gvbyl hLb Dw³ D”PviY K‡i ZLb †m ïay wKQz aŸwbmgwó, kã I evK¨‡KB iƒcvwqZ K‡i bv, m‡PZbfv‡e g‡bi AwfcÖvq mgwš^Z wb‡e`b K…wZ‡K cÖKvk K‡i| †m we‡ePbvq, Zvui g‡Z, gvbyl Zvi g‡bi †Mvcb AwfcÖvq A‡b¨i Kv‡Q wb‡e`b bv Ki‡j †m fvlv ej‡Z mg_© nZ bv| A_©r evKK…wZ ZË¡ bv _vK‡j fvlvi weKvk NUZ bv| Aw÷‡bi gZ mvj©I GKwU evKK…wZi wZbwU AbyµwgZ mnK…wZ K_v e‡j‡Qb| GB wZbwU mnK…wZ nj- 1. cÖ¯vÍ e K…wZ, 2. wb‡e`b K…wZ I 3. cÖwZwµqv K…wZ|

cÖ‡qvMv_©weÁvb | 205 GB wefvRb †_‡K †`Lv hv‡”Q, mvj© Zvui fve¸iæ Aw÷‡bi ÔcÖKvk K…wZÕ Awfavi cwie‡Z© ÔcÖ¯vÍ e K…wZÕ cwifvlvwU e¨envi K‡i‡Qb| GQvov Zvui cÖ¯vÍ weZ evwK 2wU mnK…wZi Awfav Aw÷‡bi Abyiƒc| mvj©K…Z GB 3wU mnK…wZi PvwiΨ I •ewkó¨ Aw÷‡bi Zzjbvq ¸YMZ w`K †_‡K wKQzUv wfbœZi nIqvi Kvi‡Y wb‡P Zv ms‡ÿ‡c ewY©Z nj| 1. cÖ¯vÍ e K…wZ (propositonal act) mvj© evKK…wZi fvwlK msMVb‡K cÖ¯vÍ e K…wZ bv‡g AwfwnZ K‡i‡Qb| A_v©r e³v Zvi g‡bi GKvšÍ †Mvcb AwfcÖvq ev B”Qv‡K †h fvwlK msMV‡bi gva¨‡g cÖKvk K‡ib Zv-B n‡”Q cÖ¯vÍ e K…wZ| mvj© cÖ¯vÍ e K…wZi •ewkó¨ wel‡q AviI e‡jb, cÖ¯vÍ e K…wZ wb‡e`b K…wZi GK ai‡bi weg~Z© iƒc, †h‡nZz wb‡e`b K…wZ Qvov cÖ¯vÍ e K…wZ ev¯Íe iƒc jvf K‡i bv| ZvB wb‡e`b K…wZ Qvov cÖ¯vÍ e K…wZ Aw¯ÍZ¡evb n‡Z cv‡i bv| 2. wb‡e`b K…wZ (illocutionary act) mv‡j©i wb‡e`b K…wZi aviYv Aw÷‡bi Abyiƒc n‡jI GwU, Zvui g‡Z, evKK…wZ Z‡Ë¡i †Kw›`ªq wbqvgK| mvj© e‡jb, gvbyl msÁvcb Ki‡Z wM‡q †h evwK¨K msMVb D”PviY K‡i Zvi ga¨ w`‡q g~jZ Zvuiv Zv‡`i †Mvcb AwfcÖvq ev wb‡e`b‡K ev¯ÍevwqZ K‡ib| Dw³i ga¨ w`‡q e³v †kªvZvi Kv‡Q nq †Kvb wKQz wee„Z K‡ib, ev Av‡`k/cÖkœ BZ¨vw` K‡ib, A_ev cÖwZÁv K‡ib, ev †Kvb wKQz †NvlYv K‡ib| †m we‡ePbvq mvj© wb‡e`b K…wZ‡K wb‡Pi 5 fv‡M fvM K‡i‡Qb| h_vK. eY©bvg~jK (representatives) eY©bvg~jK n‡”Q †m ai‡bi wb‡e`b K…wZ hvi gva¨‡g e³v †kÖvZvi Kv‡Q †Kvb welq, e¯‧ ev fve wel‡q wee„wZ ev eY©bv cÖ`vb K‡ib| †m A‡_© Aw÷b cÖ¯vÍ weZ wee„wZ cÖKvkx Dw³mg~n GB K„wZi AšÍfy³ © | Z‡e mvj© wee„wZ K…wZi g‡a¨ Aw¯ÍevPK (assertive) Dw³¸‡jv‡KI AšÍf³ z© K‡i‡Qb| mv‡j©i g‡Z, wee„wZ wb‡e`‡bi ga¨ w`‡q e³v †kÖvZvi Kv‡Q †Kvb wel‡qi mZ¨Zv m¤ú‡K© Z_¨ cÖKvk K‡ib| GwU m¤ú~Y© A‡_©B e³vi `„wó‡KvY †_‡K wb‡ew`Z K…wZgqZv| D`vniY¯^iƒc5) K. Avcbvi †`Iqv gvjvwU LyeB AvKl©Yxq| L. RM‡Z me wKQzB Pjgvb| M. Rxeb‡K my›`ifv‡e Dc‡fvM Ki‡Z nq| L. Av‡`kg~jK (directives) Av‡`kg~jK wb‡e`b K…wZ‡Z e³v †kÖvZv‡K †Kvb cieZx© †Kvb wµqvq DØy× Ki‡Z cÖqvm Pvjvb| d‡j GB K…wZi Øviv †kÖvZv e³v KZ©„K PvwjZ n‡q _v‡Kb| †Kbbv G‡ÿ‡Î †kÖvZv‡K wZwb Av‡`k, wb‡`©k, wb‡la, Aby‡iva, cÖkœ BZ¨vw` Ki‡Z cv‡ib hvi gva¨‡g †kÖvZv cÖKvivšÍ‡i fwel¨‡Z Kg©wU Ki‡Z eva¨| D`vniY¯^iƒc,

206 | mgKvjxb fvlvweÁvb 6) K. GB gyn~‡Z© Avgvi mvg‡b †_‡K `~i n‡q hvI| L. KLbI wg_¨v K_v ej‡e bv| M. `qv K‡i Avcwb Lv‡eb wK? M. cÖwZkÖæwZg~jK (commissives) cÖwZkÖæwZg~jK wb‡e`b K…wZ‡Z e³v †kÖvZvi wbKU †Kvb fwel¨r KvR Ki‡Z cÖwZkÖæwZe× nb| Av‡`kg~jK wb‡e`‡bi mv‡_ Gi cv_©K¨ nj, Av‡`kg~jK wb‡e`‡b e³v‡K bZzb KvR Kivi Rb¨ †kªvZvi gvbwmK Ae¯
vi cwieZ©b NUvb; Ab¨w`‡K, cÖwZkÖæwZg~jK wb‡e`b K…wZ‡Z e³v wb‡RB †Kvb bZzb K…wZi Rb¨ gvbwmKfv‡e cwieZ©‡bi Aby‡cÖiYv jvf K‡ib| G ai‡bi wb‡e`b K…wZi D`vniY nj7) K. AvMvgxKvj †_‡K Avwg Avi wg_¨v K_v eje bv| L. †`Lv n‡e, AvMvgxKvj AvmwQ| M. Avwg †Zvgvi Rb¨ Rxeb †`e| N. cÖKvkg~jK (expressives) †h ai‡bi wb‡e`b K…wZ‡Z e³v †kÖvZvi Kv‡Q Zvi wewfbœ gvbwmK Ae¯
vi cÖKvk NUvb Zv‡K cÖKvkg~jK K…wZ ejv nq| gvbwmK Ae¯
v ej‡Z e³v †kÖvZv‡K fvj Kv‡Ri Rb¨ Ôab¨ev`Õ cÖ`vb K‡ib, `ytLRbK NUbvi Rb¨ Ô`ytwLZÕ e‡jb, †Kvb KwZ‡Z¡i Rb¨ ÔAwfb›`bÕ Ávcb K‡ib, †Kvb NUbv ev KvD‡K AcQ›` n‡j wei³ nb, ev fvj Kv‡Ri Rb¨ cÖksmv K‡ib BZ¨vw`| cÖKvkg~jK wb‡e`b K…wZi D`vniY nj8) K. GB mdjZvi Rb¨ Avcbv‡K Awfb›`b Rvbvw”Q| L. Avgvi †Q‡ji Kg©Kv‡Ð Avwg hvicibvB `ytwLZ| M. wQ! wQ! Zzwg GB N„Y¨ KvR Ki‡Z cvi‡j! O. †NvlYvg~jK (declaratives) mv‡j©i g‡Z, e³v KZ©„K †h wb‡e`b K…wZ D”Pvi‡Yi d‡j ZvrÿwYKfv‡e GKwU msÁvcb cÖwZ‡e‡ki Pjgvb Ae¯
vi GK ai‡bi cwieZ©b mvwaZ nq Zv‡K †NvlYvg~jK wb‡e`b K…wZ ejv nq| gh©v`vc~Y© mvgvwRK Ae¯
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208 | mgKvjxb fvlvweÁvb 10) Avwg Av‡`k KiwQ, Zzwg GLb Mig evwji g‡a¨ MovMwo Ki| Ic‡ii GB ev‡K¨i `ywU Ask, h_v- ÔAvwg Av‡`k KiwQÕ Ges ÔZzwg GLb Mig evwji g‡a¨ Movowo KiÕ| GLv‡b cÖ_g Ask ÔAvwg Av‡`k KiwQÕ-wU n‡”Q wb‡e`b †Rvi| mvj© Bs‡iwR‡Z G‡K cÖKvk K‡ib f w`‡q| Avi ÔZzwg GLb Mig evwji g‡a¨ Movowo KiÕ Dw³i GB AskwU nj wee„Z e³e¨ mvj© hv‡K wb‡`©k K‡ib Bs‡iwR p w`‡q| Ic‡ii Dw³‡Z cÖhy³ GB `ywU As‡ki iƒcvq‡Yi Rb¨ mvj© cÖ¯vÍ weZ wb‡Rvwbm~ (IFID) m~ÎwU cÖ‡qvM K‡i hv cvIqv hvq Zv n‡”Q, 

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210 | mgKvjxb fvlvweÁvb 2. ¸Ywewa (maxim of quality) GB wewawU eY©bv K‡i †Kvb msjv‡c cÖkK œ Z©vi cª‡kœi Dˇi cÖK…Z Z_¨wU cÖ`vb Ki‡Z n‡e Ges Zv h‡_ó Z_¨-cÖgvY Øviv hvPvBK…Z n‡e| D`vniY¯^iƒc, †Kvb †kÖwYK‡ÿ wkÿK Qv·K cÖkœ Kij12) wkÿK: fvi‡Zi ivRavbx †Kv_vq? wkÿv_x©: †KvjKvZv (KviY †m Rv‡b bv fvi‡Zi ivRavbx †Kv_vq)| wkÿK: bv, fvi‡Zi ivRavbx gv`ªvR! GB Dˇi wkÿK msjv‡ci ¸Ywewa •ewkó¨ iÿv Ki‡Z cv‡ibwb| KviY GB Dˇii gva¨‡g wZwb GK ai‡bi Zvw”Qj¨ K‡i‡Qb| KviY wZwb msjv‡ci ¸Ywewa‡K f½ K‡i‡Qb| GB Dˇii gva¨‡g wkÿv_x©‡K cÖK…Z Z_¨wU cÖ`vb K‡ibwb| KviY wZwb Rv‡bb †h cÖK…Z A‡_© gv`ªvR bq, eis w`jøx fvi‡Zi ivRavbx| 3. m¤úK©wewa (maxim of relation) †Kvb msjv‡ci GB wewawU eY©bv K‡i msjvc Pvwj‡q hvIqvi mgq DËiwU mswkøó cÖ‡kœi mv‡_ Aek¨B m¤úwK©Z n‡Z n‡e| aiv hvK, wg. ingZ QzwUi w`b mKv‡j evmvq e‡m cwÎKvi covi Rb¨ A‡cÿv Ki‡Qb| QzwUi w`b Zvui evmvq mvaviYZ 9Uvq cwÎKv Av‡m| ZvB 9Uv evRvi wKQzÿY Av‡M wZwb ¯¿x‡K wRÁvmv Ki‡jb, 13) ingZ mv‡ne : 9Uv †e‡R‡Q? ¯¿x: cwÎKv GLb Av‡mwb| GB msjv‡c `Lv hvq, ¯¿xi Dˇi GKai‡bi wbwnZv_© Av‡Q| KviY wZwb G‡ÿ‡Î ¯^vgxi cÖ‡kœi mivmwi DËi bv w`‡q ïay e‡j‡Qb †h, ÔcwÎKv GLb Av‡mwbÕ| ¯^vgxi mv‡_ `xN©w`b a‡i emev‡mi Kvi‡Y AwfÁZvq †`‡L‡Qb, ¯^vgx QzwUi w`‡b 9Uvi mgq cwÎKv co‡Z e‡mb| d‡j ¯^vgxi cÖkœ ï‡b ¯¿x Abygvb Ki‡Qb, mg‡qi K_v wRÁvmv K‡i Avm‡j ¯^vgx cwÎKv Avmvi Lei wb‡Z Pv‡”Qb| G‡ÿ‡Î ¯¿xi Dˇi GK ai‡bi AeÁvI i‡q‡Q| KviY wZwb †h DËi cÖ`vb K‡i‡Qb Zv mivmwi m¤úwK©Z nqwb| KviY ingZ mv‡ne nq‡Zv cÖK…Z A‡_©B KUv †e‡R‡Q Zv Rvb‡Z †P‡q‡Qb Ges ¯¿xi Dˇi †mUv wQj bv| ZvB GB msjv‡c m¤úK©wewawU iwÿZ nqwb| 4. cwiwgwZwewa (maxim of manner) GwU MÖvB‡mi msjvcwewai PZz_© wbqg| GB wbqg e‡j †h, †Kvb msjv‡ci †ÿ‡Î DËi`vZvi DËiwU Aek¨B m¤ú~Y© †evaMg¨ n‡Z n‡e| G‡Z cwiwgwZ‡evaI _vK‡Z n‡e| cÿvšÍ‡i, msjv‡ci Dˇi †Kvb ai‡bi AvoóZv, `y‡e©va¨Zv ev D”PviYMZ A¯úóZv _vKv Pj‡e bv| Zvn‡j cÖK…Z msÁvc‡b evav •Zwi n‡e| aiv hvK, †njvj mv‡ne ¯¿x‡K wb‡q mvßvwnK evRvi Ki‡Z hv‡eb| wZwb ¯¿x‡K ej‡jb-

cÖ‡qvMv_©weÁvb | 211 14) †njvj mv‡ne: Pj, GB mßv‡ni evRviwU K‡i wb‡q Avwm? ¯¿x: wVK Av‡Q| wKš‧ Aek¨B wg-jv-ev-Rv-‡i bv! G‡Z cÖ‡kœi Dˇi Zvw”Qj¨f‡i ¯¿x †hfv‡e mycvi gv‡K©U wgjv evRv‡ii bvg †f‡O †f‡O D”PviY K‡i‡Qb Zv DËi cÖ`v‡bi mwVK c×wZ bq| ¯^vgxi cÖ‡kœi Rev‡e ¯¿x †h DËi cÖ`vb K‡i‡Qb Zv‡Z GK ai‡bi wbwnZv_© i‡q‡Q| GB †Mvcb A_©¸‡jvi g‡a¨ nq‡Zv i‡q‡Q, ¯¿x AZxZ AwfRÁZvq †`‡L‡Qb †h, wgjv evRv‡i UvUKv gvQ-mewR cvIqv hvq bv; ev G‡Z †µZv‡K fvj mvwf©mI †`Iqv nq bv; Ges AviI wKQz| ZvB GB msjv‡c cwiwgwZ m¤ú‡K©i Afve i‡q‡Q| 13.4 web¤ªZv ÔwebgªZvÕ cwifvlvwU Bs‡iwR politeness Gi evsjviƒc wn‡m‡e GLv‡b e¨eüZ n‡q‡Q| Bs‡iwR politeness AwfavwU m„ó n‡q‡Q ‘polite’ iƒc †_‡K| nviæwb Ges †cvi`vbv (Harooni & Pourdana 2017) AewnZ Ki‡Qb GB ‘polite’ iƒcwU Bs‡iwR fvlvq MZ 15kZK †_‡K e¨eüZ n‡q Avm‡Q †hwU g~jZ jvwZb politus †_‡K weewZ©Z n‡q‡Q hvi A_© n‡”Q ‘smoothed’ and ‘accomplished’| GB we‡ePbvq web¤ªZv n‡”Q fvwlK AvPi‡Yi Ggb GKwU †K․kj hvi gva¨‡g `yB Rb msÁvcb m½x wbwe©‡Nœ †hvMv‡hvM m¤úbœ K‡i _v‡K| evsjv fvlvq politeness Gi cwifvlv fvlv wn‡m‡e ÔwkóZvÕ Pvjy _vK‡jI GB MÖ‡š
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212 | mgKvjxb fvlvweÁvb me©Rbxb aviYv cÖ`vb K‡ib| wZwb g~jZ 1944 mv‡j cÖKvwkZ Pxbv M‡elK û-Gi (Hu 1944) Pxbv ms¯‥…wZ cÖfvweZ Awfe¨w³ welqK fvebv †_‡K AbycÖvwYZ nb| †Mvdg¨v‡bi aviYvcÖm~Z ÔAwfe¨w³Õ n‡”Q GKwU wbw`©ó ms¯‥…wZ‡Z cÖwZw`b †h msÁvcb msNwUZ nq Zv m¤úbœ Kivi GKwU MwZgq †K›`ªwe›`y| mgv‡Ri cÖwZwU gvbylB Zvi GKwU cwi”Qbœ Awfe¨w³ wb‡q msÁvcb ms¯‥…wZ‡Z Ae¯
vb Ki‡Z Pvb| G‡ÿ‡Î e¨w³ GKwU mgv‡Ri wbqgwm× ¯^-Av‡ivwcZ †h fveg~wZ© M‡o Zz‡j Zv-B Awfe¨w³| †Mvdg¨vb G wel‡q e‡jb, ÔFace is an image of self-delineated in terms of approved social attributesÕ(Goffman 1955: 213)| Zvn‡j e¨w³i Awfe¨w³ mvaviYZ e¨w³i kvixwiK cÖwZwµqvi cÖKvk bq, eis GKwU mgvRm¤§Z fveg~wZ© †hwU †m fve-wewbgq Ki‡Z wM‡q wb‡Ri m¤ú‡K© msÁvcb m½xi Kv‡Q Zz‡j a‡i| 13.4.2 eªvDb I †jwfbm‡bi webgªZv ZË¡ K. Awfe¨w³ eªvDb I †jwfbmb †Mvdg¨v‡bi Awfe¨w³ aviYvi Ici wfwË K‡i 1987 mv‡j cÖKvwkZ Politeness: Some universals in language usage MÖ‡š
 Zuv‡`i AwZ mycwiwPZ webgªZv ZË¡ cÖ¯vÍ e K‡ib †hwU cÖ‡qvMv_©weÁv‡b mve©RwbK webgªZv ZË¡ bv‡g cwiwPZ| GB mve©RwbK web¤ªZv Z‡Ë¡i wZbwU †g․wjK aviv i‡q‡Q- Awfe¨w³, Awfe¨w³ fxwZKvix ZË¡ Ges web¤ªZv K․kj| G‡ÿ‡Î cÖ_‡gB Avmv hvK Awfe¨w³ m¤ú‡K© Zvuiv wK cÖ¯vÍ e †ck K‡i‡Qb| eªvDb I †jwfbmb †Mvdg¨v‡bi mvgvwRK aviYvcÖm~Z Awfe¨w³‡K e¨w³i mvgvwRK wg_w¯…qvi mv‡_ m¤úwK©Z K‡ib Ges e‡jb, Awfe¨w³ n‡”Q †Kvb e¨w³i me©Rb¯^xK…Z wbR¯^ fveg~wZ© hv mgvR AšÍM©Z cÖwZwU e¨w³ Zvi GKvšÍ wb‡Ri e‡j `vwe K‡i (the public self-image that every member [of a society] wants to claim for himself (Brown & Levinson 1987:61)) | GB msÁvi Av‡jv‡K ejv hvq, webg&ªZv n‡”Q mgv‡R emevmKvix †Kvb gvby‡li e¨w³ •ewkó¨ hv Zvi wbR¯^ fveg~wZ©‡K mgv‡Ri mevi Kv‡Q Zz‡j ai‡Z mnvqZv K‡i| GB Awfe¨w³ e¨w³ Zvi mvgvwRK msÁvc‡bi mgq dzwU‡q Zzj‡Z Pvq| eªvDb I †jwfbm‡bi g‡Z, mgv‡R emevmKvix e¨w³‡`i g‡a¨ mvgvwRK AvPiY cÖKvk Kivi †ÿ‡Î cÖavbZ `yB ai‡bi Awfe¨w³ cwijwÿZ nq- K. BwZevPK Awfe¨w³ (positive face) Ges L. †bwZevPK Awfe¨w³ (negative face)| BwZevPK Awfe¨w³ n‡”Q e¨w³i GK ai‡bi B”Qv hv mgv‡Ri A‡b¨i Øviv ïay †h cÖkswmZ n‡e ïay Zv-B bq, eis Zvi PvIqv¸‡jv cÖZ¨vwkZI n‡e| Ab¨w`‡K, †bwZevPK Awfe¨w³ n‡”Q †Kvb e¨w³i Ggb GK ai‡bi cÖZ¨vkv hv mgv‡Ri Ab¨ KviI Øviv evavMÖ¯Í n‡e bv Ges †Kvb wKQz Kivi †ÿ‡Î Zv cªZ¨vkvi ¯^vaxbZv I Av‡ivc‡Yi evavnxb ¯^KxqZvI e‡U| GB `yB ai‡bi Awfe¨w³B GKwU mgv‡R emevmKvix gvby‡li g‡a¨ `„k¨gvb n‡q _v‡K †h¸‡jv Zv‡`i msÁvcbK‡g© Kvh©Ki f~wgKv iv‡L| L. Awfe¨w³ fxwZKvix Kg© (AfxK) cÖwZwU fvwlK mgv‡RB †ek wKQz evKK…wZ ev fvwlK cÖKvkMZ msÁvcb K…wZ i‡q‡Q Av‡Q †h¸‡jv BwZevPK Ges †bwZevPK `yB ai‡bi Awfe¨w³‡KB cÖfvweZ K‡i| Ab¨fv‡e ej‡Z †M‡j, wewfbœ ai‡bi evKK…wZ

cÖ‡qvMv_©weÁvb | 213 Ic‡ii `ywU ev †h †Kvb GKwU Awfe¨w³ m¤úv`‡bi †ÿ‡Î evav¯^iƒc nq ev GK ai‡bi fxwZ m„wó K‡i _v‡K hv‡K eªvDb Ges †jwfbm‡bi cwifvlvq Awfe¨w³ fxwZKvix Kg© ev ms‡ÿ‡c AfxK (face threatening act, FTA) ejv nq| D`vniY¯^iƒc, e³vi Av‡`k, civgk© cÖ`vb, Dc‡`k, Aby‡iva wb‡`©k, cÖwZkÖæwZ BZ¨vw` †kªvZvi ¯^vaxb I ¯^Ztù~Z© Awfe¨w³ cÖKv‡ki †ÿ‡Î evuavi KviY n‡q `vuovq hv mvgvwRK msÁvc‡bi †ÿ‡ÎI cÖwZdwjZ nq| M. webgªZv †KŠkj: BwZevPK web¤ªZv Ges †bwZevPK web¤ªZv G ai‡bi fxwZ •ZwiKvix Ae¯
vi DËi‡Yi Rb¨ ev G msµvšÍ mvgvwRK msÁvcb‡K AviI bgbxq Kivi myweav‡_© eªvDb I †jwfbmb webgªZv †K․kj cÖ¯vÍ e K‡ib| GB †K․k‡j Zvuiv `yB ai‡bi web¤ªZvi K_v D‡jøL K‡i‡Qb hv e³v †kÖvZvi wbKU cÖ`k©b K‡i _v‡K| G¸‡jv nj- BwZevPK web¤ªZv (positive politeness) Ges †bwZevPK web¤ªZv (negative politeness)| I. BwZevPK web¤ªZv BwZevPK web¤ªZv †kÖvZvi BwZevPK Awfe¨w³i Ici Ggbfv‡e cÖhy³ nq †h, e³v †h‡Kvb fv‡e c~e©vbygvb K‡i †kÖvZvi cÖZ¨vkv‡K ¸iæZ¡v‡ivc K‡ib| G ai‡bi webªgZv ZLbB m¤¢e hLb e³v-†kÖvZv GKB `jfz³ ev e³v-†kÖvZvi g‡a¨ eÜzZvi m¤úK© M‡o I‡V, h_v- eÜz, mnKg©x ev M„nKgx© hv‡`i e¨w³ •ewkó¨ m¤ú‡K© e³v AewnZ n‡q _v‡Kb| mvaviYZ †kÖvZv‡K cÖksmv Kiv, AvšÍwiKZv †`Lv‡bv, †m․nv`©¨ ev AbvbyôvwbKZv †`Lv‡bvi †ejvq G ai‡bi webgªZv cÖ`wk©Z nq| BwZevPK web¤ªZv PwiZv_© Kivi Rb¨ mvgvwRK msÁvcb cÖwZ‡e‡k wKQz †K․kj Acwinvh© n‡h c‡o| eªvDb I †jwfbmb G iKg 15 ai‡bi †K․kj wba©viY K‡ib (Brown and Levinson 1987: 103-129)| G¸‡jv nj1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11.

†kÖvZv‡K †Lqvj Kiv, g‡bv‡hvM †`Iqv (Zvui AvMÖn, cÖ‡qvRb, PvIqv Ges m¤úwË) evwo‡q †Zvjv (†kÖvZvi †K․Z~nj, Aby‡gv`b Ges mnvbyf~wZ) †kÖvZvi †K․Z~nj‡K ZxeªZi Kiv `jfz³ cwiPq‡K m~wPZ Kiv g‣ZK¨ A‡š^lY gZv‣bK¨ Gov‡bv Awfbœ wfwˇK Abygvb/DÌvcb/†NvlYv Kiv Zvgvkv †kÖvZvi cÖZ¨vkv wel‡q e³vi hZœkxj nIqvi wel‡q c~e©vbygvb Kiv cÖ¯vÍ e †`Iqv, cÖwZkÖæwZ †`Iqv Avkvev`x nIqv

214 | mgKvjxb fvlvweÁvb 12. 13. 14. 15.

Kvh©µ‡g e³v-†kÖvZv‡K AšÍfy³ © Kiv hyw³ cÖ`vb Kiv ev hyw³ cÖZ¨vkv Kiv cvi¯úwiKZv wel‡q Abygvb Kiv ev †NvlYv Kiv †kÖvZv‡K Dcnvi cÖ`vb (`ªe¨, mnvbyf~wZ, †evSvcov, mn‡hvwMZv)

II. †bwZevPK web¤ªZv Ab¨w`‡K, †bwZevPK web¤ªZv n‡”Q Ggb GK ai‡bi web¤ªZv hv †kÖvZvi †bwZevPK Awfe¨w³i Ici cÖhy³ nq Ges †kÖvZv‡K wbwðZ Kiv nq †h, e³v Zvi †bwZevPK Awfe¨w³‡K ¯^xK…wZ †`q Ges Zvi Kv‡Ri ¯^vaxbZvq †Kvb ai‡bi n¯Í‡ÿc K‡i bv| mvaviYZ G ai‡bi web¤ªZv AvbyôvwbKfv‡e n‡q _v‡K Ges ÿgv PvIqv, wØgZ †cvlY Kiv ev AvZ¥iÿvi †K․kj wn‡m‡e †bwZevPK web¤ªZv †`Lv‡bv n‡q _v‡K (Wise 2009)| BwZevPK web¤ªZvi gZ †bwZevPK web¤ªZv PwiZv_©Zv Kivi Rb¨I eªvDb I †jwfbmb 10wU †K․kj kbv³ K‡i‡Qb (Brown and Levinson 1987: 130-210)| G¸‡jv nj1. ¯^vfvweKfv‡e c‡ivÿ nIqv 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

cÖk,œ iÿvKeP wbivk nIqv n¯Í‡ÿc Kwg‡q Avbv ÿgv PvIqv wfbœagx© nIqv m¤§vb †`Iqv e³v-†kÖvZv‡K wbi‡cÿ Kiv: ÔAvwgÕ Ges ÔZzwgÕi e¨envi‡K Gwo‡q hvIqv AwKwÂrKi nIqv e³v wn‡m‡e K…ZÁ nIqv †kÖvZv‡K AK…ZÁ bv Kiv/fvev

N. fvwlK web¤ªZv fvwlK web¤ªZv n‡”Q e³v-†kÖvZvi g‡a¨Kvi m„ó Awfe¨w³ fxwZKvix Ae¯
v wbimbK‡í cÖ‡qvMK…Z fvwlK cÖKvk| †nv‡gR (Holmes 2006) G welqwU‡K ZvwË¡K `„wó‡KvY †_‡K Dc¯
vcb K‡ib Gfv‡e, fvwlK web¤ªZv n‡”Q GKwU wbw`©ó msÁvcb cÖwZ‡e‡k e¨eüZ wbw`©ó fvwlK cQ›`µg hvi gva¨‡g msÁvcb m½xi we‡ePbv‡eva‡K ¸iæZ¡ cÖ`vb Kiv nq| g~jZ fvwlK web¤ªZvi ga¨ w`‡qB eªvDb Ges †jwfbmb cÖ¯vÍ weZ web¤ªZvi †K․kj¸‡jvi cÖv‡qvwMK iƒc cÖ`vb Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| wb‡P evsjv fvlvq e¨eüZ wKQz fvwlK web¤ªZvi D`vniY cÖ`vb Kiv nj hv‡Z BwZevPK Ges †bwZevPK GB Dfqwea web¤ªZvi iƒcwU dz‡U D‡V‡Q|

cÖ‡qvMv_©weÁvb | 215 15) K. (msÁvcb cÖwZ‡ek: gv I †Q‡j †nu‡U AvZ¥x‡qi evwo‡Z hv‡”Q| cw_g‡a¨ Zv‡`i K‡_vcK_b) gv: evev, Zzwg A‡bKÿY a‡i nvuUQ| †Zvgvi wbðq ÿzav †j‡M‡Q! Zzwg wK wKQz Lv‡e? L. (msÁvcb cÖwZ‡ek: evev †g‡q‡K covïbvq Drmvn †`Iqvi Rb¨ ej‡Q) evev: gvgwY, Zywg hw` cixÿvq cÖ_g nI, Zvn‡j †Zvgv‡K GKUv U¨ve wK‡b †`e| 16) K. (msÁvcb cÖwZ‡ek: GKwU Abyôv‡b wePviK ZiæY MíKv‡ii Mí g~j¨vqb Ki‡Qb) wePviK: iex›`ªbv‡_i msÁv Abymv‡i GUv Mí n‡q D‡Vwb| L. (cw_K iv¯Ívq GKRb AcwiwP‡Zi mv‡_ K_v ej‡Qb) cw_K: †Pbv †Pbv jvM‡Q, †Kv_vq †hb †`‡LwQ| wK bvg? †Kv_vq _vKv nq?

15bs D`vni‡Yi `ywU ev‡K¨ †hLv‡b evOvwj BwZevPK web¤ªZv‡K cÖKvk Ki‡Q, †mLv‡b 16bs D`vni‡Yi 2wU ev‡K¨ Zv‡`i †bwZevPK web¤ªZvi iƒcwU dz‡U D‡V‡Q| cÖ_gZ, 15K. ev‡K¨ gv ågYiZ †Q‡ji ÿzav‡K Zvi bR‡i G‡b †Q‡ji cÖ‡qvR‡bi cÖwZ g‡bv‡hvM AvKl©‡Yi †Póv K‡i‡Q hvi ga¨ w`‡q eªvDb I †jwfbm‡bi BwZevPK web¤ªZv †K․k‡ji 1bs •ewkó¨‡K iƒcvwqZ Kiv n‡q‡Q| Ab¨w`‡K, 15L. ev‡K¨ Zvu‡`i D‡jøwLZ 10 bs •ewk‡ó¨i cÖwZdjb N‡U‡Q| KviY GB ev‡K¨ evev Zvi †g‡q‡K kZ© mv‡c‡ÿ U¨ve wK‡b †`Iqvi cÖwZkÖæwZ w`‡”Qb| Avevi 16K. ev‡K¨ †`Lv hv‡”Q, wePviK ZiæY MíKv‡ii M‡íi mgv‡jvPbv Ki‡jI Ôiex›`ªbv‡_i msÁv Abymv‡iÕ evK¨vs‡ki ga¨ w`‡q GK ai‡bi iÿvKe‡Ri AvkÖ‡qi wb‡q‡Qb| KviY wZwb Mí wel‡q wb‡Ri gZ‡K D³ evK¨vs‡ki Avov‡j jywK‡q w`‡q wb‡R‡K iÿv Ki‡Z †P‡q‡Qb| G‡Z K‡i GB D`vni‡Y eªvDb I †jwfbm‡bi †bwZevPK webgªZv †K․k‡ji 2bs •ewk‡ó¨i cÖKvk N‡U‡Q| me‡k‡l, 16L. bs evK¨wU Zvu‡`i cÖ¯vÍ weZ †bwZevPK web¤ªZv †K․k‡ji 8bs •ewkó¨‡K aviY K‡i‡Q| KviY GB ev‡K¨i e³v cw_K AcwiwPZ GKR‡bi cwiwPwZ‡K wbi‡cÿ Kivi Rb¨ ÔAvwgÕ, ÔZzwgÕ ev ÔAvcwbÕ e¨envi‡K ev` w`‡q‡Qb| Gi gva¨‡g cw_K g~jZ †kÖvZvi e¨w³ cwiPq‡K m¤§vb Rvwb‡q‡Qb hv evsjv fvlvi e¨vKiYMZ wbqg I ixwZ Øviv m½Z Ges wm×I e‡U| O. AfxK wbqš¿‡Y mvgvwRK-mvs¯‹…wZK PjK eªvDb I †jwfbmb (1987) †hgb Awfe¨w³ fxwZKvix Kg© (AfxK) cÖ`vb K‡i‡Qb hv Avgv‡`i mvgvwRK msÁvcb m¤úv`‡bi †ÿ‡Î evav¯^iƒc n‡q `vuovq, †Zgwb wewfbœ AfxK-Gi Av‡cwÿK fvi wbiƒc‡Y wKQz mvgvwRK-mvs¯‥…wZK PjK‡K wb‡`©k K‡i‡Qb| G¸‡jv n‡”Q, msÁvc‡b AskMÖnYKvix‡`i g‡a¨Kvi (mvgvwRK) `~iZ¡ (D), (†kÖvZvi) ÿgZv (P) Ges (n¯Í‡ÿ‡ci) ch©vq aviv (R)| GB wZbwU Dcv`vb AfxK-Gi Av‡cwÿK ¸iæZ¡ wel‡q Kvh©Ki f~wgKv iv‡L| ïay ZvB bq, web¤ªZvi mywbw`©ó †K․kj hv e³vi DwÏó e³e¨ Dc¯
vc‡bi Rb¨ Avewk¨K, Gi g~j¨vq‡bI GwU Zvrch©c~Y©| wb‡Pi D`vniY †_‡K G welqK aviYvwU ¯úó n‡q‡Q|

216 | mgKvjxb fvlvweÁvb 17) (msÁvcb cÖwZ‡ek: †QvU †evb eo †ev‡bi Kv‡Q kvwo PvB‡Q [GLv‡b Ô+Õ wPýwU GKwU †QvU weiwZ eySv‡”Q]) †QvU †evb: eyey + Dg& + wK K‡i ewj + †Zvi Rvg`vwb kvwoUv Avgv‡K w`we? Avwg evÜexi we‡q‡Z coe| eo †evb: [åƒ KzwÂZ Kij] †QvU †evb: cÖwZkÖæwZ w`w”Q, wQo‡e bv, †Kvb gqjv n‡e bv| eo †evb: Dg&, ZvB! †QvU †evb: ïay GKw`‡bi Rb¨, †` bv, †` bv! 17 bs D`vni‡Y †`Lv hv‡”Q, GKB cwiev‡ii `yB †evb, eq‡mi w`K †_‡K `yR‡bi g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ we`¨gvb, msjv‡c Ask wb‡”Q| GB msjv‡c †QvU †evb eo †ev‡bi Kv‡Q we‡kl ce© Dcj‡ÿ cwiav‡bi Rb¨ GKwU kvwo avi Ki‡Z PvB‡Q| †h‡nZz Zviv `yR‡bB GKB cwiev‡ii m`m¨ Ges m¤ú‡K©i w`K †_‡K `yB †evb, Zv‡`i g‡a¨ mvgvwRK `~iZ¡ Lye Kg| GQvov Zviv `yB †evb nIqvi Kvi‡Y GKR‡bi Zzjbvq Ab¨Rb Lye ÿgZvevb bq hw`I eq‡mi e¨eav‡bi Kvi‡Y eo †evb wKQzUv †ewk ÿgZv †fvM K‡i| cwi‡k‡l, GKB Kvi‡Y GKR‡bi cÖwZ Ab¨R‡bi n¯Í‡ÿ‡ci AvenUvI Kg| Gme we‡ePbvq msjv‡c †QvU †evb eoR‡bi cÖwZ web¤ªZvq weMwjZ nIqvi fvem~PK fvwlK msMVb e¨envi K‡iwb, hw`I `yR‡bi msjv‡c BwZevPK Ges †bwZevPK GB `yB ai‡bi web¤ªZvi cÖKvk N‡U‡Q| D`vniY¯^iƒc, msjv‡ci ÔeyeyÕ kãwU D”Pvi‡Yi ga¨ w`‡q †QvU †evb BwZevPK web¤ªZv‡K m~wPZ K‡i‡Q| †Kbbv GB m‡¤^vabwU eªvDb I †jwebm‡bi BwZevPK †K․k‡ji 4 bs •ewkó¨‡K A_v©r GKB `jfz³Zv‡K wbwðZ K‡i‡Q| Avevi BZ¯ÍZvm~PK ÔDgÕ, ÔwK K‡i ewjÕ BZ¨vw` fve cªKv‡ki gva¨‡g †m †bwZevPK web¤ªZvi AvkÖq wb‡q‡Q| KviY †QvU †evb GB ai‡bi Dw³i gva¨‡g eo †ev‡bi wbR¯^Zvq †Kvb iƒc n¯Í‡ÿc Ki‡Z Pvqwb| †QvU †ev‡bi cieZx© `ywU Dw³‡Z ÔcÖwZkÖæwZÕ Ôïay GKw`‡bi Rb¨Õ Dw³ `ywU D”PviY K‡i BwZevPK web¤ªZv‡K m~wPZ K‡i‡Q| me‡k‡l, eo †evb `yBeviB ÔDg&Õ e‡j Ges åƒ KzÂb K‡i †bwZevPK web¤ªZvi AvkÖq wb‡q‡Q| 13.4.3 wj‡Pi fvwlK web¤ªZv g‡Wj wjP 1983 mv‡j GKwU fvwlK web¤ªZv g‡Wj Dc¯
vcb K‡ib| GB g‡W‡j wZwb cj MÖvB‡mi mn‡hvwMZvg~jK bxwZi (cooperative principle) Av‡jv‡K wKQz web¤ªZv bxwZ (webx) (politeness principle) cÖ¯vÍ e K‡ib| wj‡Pi GB fvwlK web¤ªZv bxwZ (webx)-i g~j D‡Ïk¨ n‡”Q, msjvc wewbg‡qi mgq eÜz‡Z¡i m¤úK© •Zwi K‡i mvgvwRK fvimvg¨‡K wbqš¿Y Kiv hv‡Z Avgiv GUv aviYv Ki‡Z mg_© nB †h, Avgv‡`i msÁvcb m½x mn‡hvwMZvi g‡bvfve wb‡q msjv‡c GwM‡q G‡m‡Qb ( Wise 2009)| GB webx‡Z wjP (Leech 1983) mv‡j©i evKK…wZi †kÖwYfvM D‡jøLc~e©K G¸‡jv‡K wewfbœ ai‡bi wb‡e`bK…wZi mv‡_ m¤úwK©Z K‡ib| wb‡P Zvui GB web¤ªZv bxwZi wewa¸‡jv Dc¯
vcb Kiv nj|

cÖ‡qvMv_©weÁvb | 217

webgªZv bxwZ (webx)

e¨vL¨v

1. †K․kj bxwZ (n¯Í‡ÿc ev wb‡`©kg~jK I A‡b¨i Rb¨ SzuwK Kgv‡bv; A‡b¨i Rb¨ myweav cÖwZkÖæwZi †ÿ‡Î) evov‡bv 2. gnZ¡ bxwZ (n¯Í‡ÿc ev wb‡`©kg~jK I wb‡Ri Rb¨ myweav Kgv‡bv; wb‡Ri Rb¨ SzuwK cÖwZkÖæwZi †ÿ‡Î) evov‡bv 3. Aby‡gv`b bxwZ (cÖKvkg~jK I wee„wZi A‡b¨i wb›`v Kgv‡bv; A‡b¨i cÖksmv evov‡bv †ÿ‡Î) 4. f`ªZv bxwZ (cÖKvkg~jK I wee„wZi †ÿ‡Î) wb‡Ri cÖksmv Kgv‡bv; wb‡Ri wb›`v evov‡bv 5. m½wZ bxwZ (wee„wZi †ÿ‡Î)

wb‡Ri Ges A‡b¨i g‡a¨ Awgj¸‡jv Kgv‡bv; wb‡Ri Ges A‡b¨i g‡a¨ wgj evov‡bv

6. mg‡e`bv bxwZ (wee„wZi †ÿ‡Î)

wb‡Ri Ges A‡b¨i g‡a¨ wb`©qZv Kgv‡bv; wb‡Ri Ges A‡b¨i g‡a¨ mg‡e`bv evov‡bv

Ic‡ii mviwY‡Z DwjøwLZ wj‡Pi webx bxwZ¸‡jv me fvwlK ms¯‥…wZ‡ZB mgvbfv‡e AbymiY ev gvb¨ Kiv nq bv| D`vniY¯^iƒc, wj‡Pi g‡Z, Pxb ev Rvcv‡b f`ªZv bxwZ‡K †hfv‡e gvb¨ Kiv nq, Bsj¨v‡Û †mfv‡e Zv AbymiY Kiv nq bv| eis Bs‡iwR fvwlK-ms¯‥…wZ‡Z web¤ª bxwZ A‡bK †ewk AbymiY‡hvM¨ †hwU g~jZ wb‡`©kg~jK Ges cÖwZkÖæwZg~jK evK…wZ‡Z mshy³ nq| Ic‡ii wPÎ †_‡K eySv hvq, e³v aviYv K‡ib, †m A_ev †kÖvZvi m¤¢ve¨ SzuwK ev myweavi mv‡c‡ÿ GwU wba©wiZ n‡q _v‡K| †m we‡ePbvq hLb †Kvb msÁvcbK‡g© G ai‡bi evKK…wZ m¤úbœ nq ZLb e³v I †kÖvZvi m¤ú‡K©i g‡a¨ wK ai‡bi SuywK ev myweavcÖvwß N‡U wjP (Leech 1983: 107) Zvi GKwU †¯‥j cÖ¯vÍ e K‡ib hv wb‡P D‡jøL Kiv nj|

1| Avjy¸‡jv wQ‡j †dj| 2| e‡mv| 3| QzwU Dc‡fvM Ki| 4| Av‡iKUv m¨vÛDBP bvI|

†kÖvZvi SzuwK ↑ │ │ ↓ †kÖvZvi myweav

Kg web¤ª ↑ │ │ ↓ AwaK webq

Ic‡ii mviwY †_‡K eySv hv‡”Q †h, wb‡`©kg~jK evKK…wZhy³ evK¨ ejvi mgq †kÖvZvi SzuwK hZ †ewk, ev‡K¨ e³vi webqxfve ZZ Kg| Ab¨w`‡K, G‡ÿ‡Î †kÖvZvi myweav hZ †ewk _v‡K, e³vi webqxfveI ZZ †ewk|

218 | mgKvjxb fvlvweÁvb

cÖÁvbg~jK fvlvweÁvb | 219

†P․ Ï

cÖÁvbg~jK fvlvweÁvb fvlv I †ev‡ai cvi¯úwiK m¤úK© we‡kølY GB Aa¨vq †k‡l Avcwb wkL‡ebÑ  K. cÖÁvbg~jK fvlvweÁv‡bi PvwiΨ I •ewkó¨  L. gvby‡li †evaMZ KvVv‡gv‡Z mwÂZ e¯‧ I fv‡ei fvwlK cÖKv‡ki ¯^iƒc  M. cÖÁvbg~jK fvlvweÁv‡bi ZË¡ I c×wZi Av‡jv‡K evsjv fvlvi Dcv`vb we‡kølY

Avgv‡`i Pvicv‡k †h RMr i‡q‡Q Zvi mv‡_ fvlvi m¤úK© wK? G¸‡jv wK gvby‡li fvlv‡eva I fvlvcª‡qv‡M †Kvb f~wgKv iv‡L? wKfv‡e Pvicv‡ki e¯‧ Ges NUbvcÖevn Avgv‡`i gw¯Í®‥MZ fvwlK cÖwµqvi m‡½ hy³ nq? GB cÖk¸ œ ‡jvi DËi A‡š^l‡Y fvlvweÁv‡b mv¤úªwZK mg‡q weKvk jvf K‡i‡Q GKwU cÖvMÖmi mn-kvLv hv‡K cÖÁvbg~jK fvlvweÁvb bv‡g AwfwnZ Kiv hvq| GB kv‡¯¿i we¯Í…Z e¨vL¨v I we‡køl‡Yi c~‡e© wb‡Pi ch©‡eÿY¸‡jv we‡ePbv Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i|

1) †h e¯‧ ev NUbvcÖev‡ni mv‡_ Avgv‡`i Bw›`ªqRvZ †Kvb AwfÁZv •Zwi nqwb, †m e¯‧ ev NUbvcÖevn m¤úwK©Z †Kvb Z_¨ Ges fvwlK Dcv`vb Avgv‡`i gw¯Í‡®‥i ¯§„wZ‡Kv‡l †bB|

2) †h †Kvb mycvi gv‡K©‡U †M‡j †`Lv hvq, µq‡hvM¨ cÖ‡Z¨KwU AvB‡Ug Avjv`v Avjv`v Zv‡K mvwR‡q ivLv n‡q‡Q|

3) gvbyl Zvi •`bw›`b Rxe‡bi fvwlK cÖ‡qv‡M GKwU e¯‧ ev fve‡K Av‡iKwU e¯‧ ev fv‡ei mv‡_ Zzjbv K‡i Dc¯
vcbv K‡i|

4) Avgv‡`i Pvicv‡k ¯
vb I mgqwelqK †hme Abyl½ I NUbvcÖevn i‡q‡Q †m¸‡jvI Avgv‡`i fvwlK cÖKv‡k Zvrch©c~Y f~wgKv cvjb K‡i _v‡K| Ic‡i DwjøwLZ 1g ch©‡eÿY †_‡K Dcjwä Kiv hvq, gvby‡li fvlv‡eva I Zvi mwVK cÖ‡qv‡Mi †ÿ‡Î Pvicv‡ki Rxeb Ges RMr wel‡q AveZ©bg~jK AwfÁZv ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv †i‡L _v‡K| AwfÁZv Qvov †hgb fvlxi †ev‡ai weKvk nq bv, †Zgwb Zvi fvwlK cÖKvkI N‡U bv| 2q ch©‡eÿY †_‡K cÖv‡qvwMK

220 | mgKvjxb fvlvweÁvb aviYv jvf Kiv hvq †h, gvbyl •`bw›`b Rxe‡b wewfbœ Dcv`vb I e¯‧mg~n‡K K¨v‡UMwi ev eM©vKv‡i mvwR‡q ivL‡Z cQ›` K‡i| evwn¨K GB K¨v‡UMwiwfwËK m¾v g~jZ e¯‧ ev c`v_© wel‡q Zvi gbb ev †ev‡ai †h K¨v‡UMwiMZ iƒcvqY ZviB cÖwZdjb| Avi GB ai‡bi †evaMZ iƒcvqYwU Zvi fvwlK cÖKv‡k mn‡hvwMZv K‡i _v‡K| 3q ch©‡eÿYwU eyS‡Z mnvqZv K‡i GKwU e¯‧ ev Dcv`vb‡K Ab¨ Av‡iKwU AvcvZ mv`„k¨c~Y© e¯‧i mv‡_ Zzjbv K‡i cÖKvk Kiv gvby‡li mnRvZ fvwlK cÖKv‡ki Ask| GB Zzjbv n‡”Q GK ai‡bi iƒcKMZ cÖKvk| me‡k‡l, 4_© ch©‡eÿY Avgv‡`i‡K ¯^vÿ¨ †`q, Pvicv‡k weivRgvb e¯‧ ev c`v‡_©i gZ Avgv‡`i NUgvb mgq Ges ¯
vbwelqK †evaMZ iƒcvqYI jÿYxq| Avi G ai‡bi iƒcvq‡Yi evwn¨K cÖKvk gvbyl Zvi fvlvq Anin cÖ‡qvM K‡i _v‡K hv Zvi evwK¨K‡eva‡K m½wZ¸Y cÖ`vb K‡i| Ic‡ii Av‡jvPbv †_‡K GKwU welq ¯úó n‡q D‡V‡Q, fvlvi mv‡_ gvby‡li †eva ev cÖÁvb-ÿgZvi ¸iæZ¡c~Y© m¤úK© we`¨gvb| Avi G `ywU Abyl‡½i g‡a¨Kvi m¤ú‡K©i •eÁvwbK we‡kølY‡KB cÖÁvbg~jK fvlvweÁvb ejv nq| GB msÁvwU‡K Av‡iKUz we¯Í…Z K‡i ej‡j `vuovq, cÖÁvbg~jK fvlvweÁvb n‡”Q fvlvweÁv‡bi GKwU cÖvMÖmi aviv †hwU we‡kølY K‡i gvbyl Pvicv‡ki e¯‧, c`v_© Ges NUbvcÖevn‡K wKfv‡e Zvi †ev‡a aviY Kivi cvkvcvwk †m¸‡jvi fvwlK cÖKvk NUvq| GB msÁvwU‡K AviI mnR Ki‡j hv `vuovq Zv n‡”Q, gvbyl Zvi cwicv‡k^©i RMr-msmvi‡K A_©en K‡i †Zvjvi Rb¨ fvlv I †ev‡ai g‡a¨ †h wg_w¯…qv •Zwi K‡i Zvi weÁvbm¤§Z eY©bvB n‡”Q cÖÁvbg~jK fvlvweÁvb| wM‡iqvU©m& Ges KzB‡Kbm& G‡ÿ‡Î e‡jb, “Cognitive linguistics is the study of language in its cognitive functions” (Geeraerts & Cuyckens 2007: 5)| ZvB cÖÁvbg~jK fvlvweÁvb gvby‡li †evaMZ f~wgKvi `„wó‡KvY †_‡K fvlv‡K we‡kølY K‡i _v‡K| Ic‡ii msÁv¸‡jv †_‡K Avgiv eyS‡Z cvwi †h ÔcÖÁvbg~jK fvlvweÁvbÕ Bs‡iwR cognitive linguistics-Gi evsjv iƒc| GwU‡K evsjv fvlvq †evaMZ fvlvweÁvbI ejv n‡q _v‡K (Avwid 2012L)| cÖÁvbg~jK fvlvweÁv‡bi cÖavb Av‡jvP¨ welq n‡”QÑ 1. cÖÁvb: msÁv I •ewkó¨ 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

cÖÁvbg~jK fvlvweÁv‡bi mswÿß BwZnvm cÖÁvbg~jK fvlvweÁvb I m„wókxj fvlvweÁvb mseM© iƒcK I iƒcKvfvm m¤§yLb I cðv`b mv`„k¨gqZv

wb‡Pi Av‡jvPbvi avivevwnKZvq G¸‡jvi mswÿß eY©bv cÖ`vb Kiv n‡q‡Q| 14.1 cÖÁvb : msÁv I ˆewkó¨ GB MÖ‡š
 evsjv ÔcÖÁvbÕ kãwU Bs‡iwR cognition Gi cÖwZkã wn‡m‡e e¨eüZ n‡q‡Q| Bs‡iwR cognition AwfavwU j¨vwZb cognōscere †_‡K D™¢~Z n‡q‡Q| GB cognōscere (to know) k‡ãi AvwfavwbK A_© n‡”Q ÔRvbvÕ| †m we‡ePbvq Bs‡iwR cognition kãwU hv wb‡`©k K‡i Zv n‡”Q, Ô†Kvb Ávb AR©‡bi cÖwµqv

cÖÁvbg~jK fvlvweÁvb | 221 ev gvbwmK wµqv Ges wPšÍvi gva¨‡g †Kvb wKQz Dcjwä KivÕ| ZviB mv‡_ m½wZ †i‡L evsjv Ô†evaÕ kãwU‡KI DwjøwLZ A‡_© MÖnY Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| †Kbbv evsjv fvlvq ÔcÖÁvbÕ Gi cÖwZkã wn‡m‡e eûw`b a‡i Ô†evaÕ kãwU Pvjy n‡q‡Q| GQvov g‡bvweÁvb Nivbvi AwaKvsk M‡elK I wkÿK-wkÿv_x©iv G‡K ÔAewnwZÕ e‡jI m‡¤^vab K‡i _v‡Kb| Avgv‡`i Pvicv‡k †h `„k¨gvb RMr i‡q‡Q †m RM‡Zi hveZxq wKQz Rvbvi †h cÖwµqv ev gvbwmK wµqv Zv‡KB cÖÁvb ejv †h‡Z cv‡i| Z‡e †Kvb welq m¤ú‡K© Avgv‡`i cÖÁvb ÿgZv ev †eva Rb¥v‡bvi †ÿ‡Î GKwU avivevwnK cÖwµqv i‡q‡Q| †evM`vwkbv GB cÖwµqvi GKwU ch©vqµwgK QK •Zwi K‡i‡Qb hv GLv‡b D‡jøL Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i (Bogdashina, 2005 (D×…Z, mvjgv 2016; Arif & Jahan 2019))| Stimulus→Sensation→perception (interpretation)→conception (knowledge of meaning)

†eva ev cÖÁvb ÿgZv AR©‡bi DwjøwLZ m~ÎwU‡K GKwU D`vniY mn‡hv‡M e¨vL¨v Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| aiv hvK, evsjvfvlx GKRb wkï cÖ_‡g ÔKjgÕ †`‡L AvMÖnvwš^Z nj| wKš‧ ÔKjgÕwU †m cÖ_g †`‡L‡Q e‡j GwU m¤ú‡K© Zvi †Kvb c~e© AwfÁZv †bB| ZvB AvMÖ‡ni e‡k †m nvZ w`‡q ¯úk© K‡i †`Lj| eyS‡Z cvij †h GwU GKwU k³ wRwbm| †m GUv †b‡o-†P‡o †`Lj| GB NUbv‡K Ic‡ii m~‡Îi mv‡_ †gjv‡j ejv †h‡Z cv‡i, KjgwU n‡”Q wkïwUi Kv‡Q GKwU DÏxcK (stimulus)| KjgwU‡K wkïwUi cÖ_‡g †`Lv Ges c‡i ¯úk© Kiv‡K kvixwiK g~ZK © iY (embodiment) ejv †h‡Z cv‡i| Avi GB kvixwiK g~Z©Ki‡Yi gva¨‡gB Avgv‡`i GKwU e¯‧ ev c`v_© wel‡q GK ai‡bi ms‡e`b (sensation) •Zwi nq| wkïwU KjgwU AvMÖn wb‡q bvovPvov Ki‡Q †`‡L Zvi evev Zv‡K ejj †h, GwU‡K ÔKjgÕ e‡j Ges mv‡_ mv‡_ wZwb KvM‡R KjgwU w`‡q wKQz wj‡L †`wL‡q w`‡jb, GwU w`‡q †jLvi KvR Kiv nq| KjgwU m¤ú‡K© evevi †`Iqv GB cÖv_wgK Ávb Ges Kvh©kxjZvi gva¨‡g wkïwU †h AwaKZi †ewk AwfÁZv mÂq Kij Zv‡K Abyaveb (perception) ejv n‡q Zv‡K| GB Abyaveb Ae¯
v-cieZx© wkïwU hLb KjwU w`‡q wb‡R wjL‡Z ïiæ Kij Ges Kjg m¤ú‡K© Zvi mvwe©K aviY AwR©Z nj †hwU Zvi gw¯Í‡®‥ mwÂZ n‡q Av‡Q Zv‡K †eva (cognition) e‡j| G ch©v‡q wkïwU Kjg e¯‧wU wel‡q A_©‡evam¤úbœ nj| g‡b ivL‡Z n‡e, Pvicv‡ki †Kvb e¯‧, wbe©¯‧ ev NUbvcÖevn m¤ú‡K© cÖK…Z A_©‡evam¤úbœ n‡Z n‡j GKw`‡bi AwfÁZvB h‡_ó bq, eis ch©vqµwgK ev AveZ©bg~jK AwfÁZv mÂq bv Ki‡j †m welqwU mgqvšÍ‡i fz‡j hvIqvi m¤¢vebv _v‡K| GB cªÁvbg~jK cÖwµqvi gva¨‡gB gvbe wkï Pvicv‡ki e¯‧, aviYv ev NUbv m¤ú‡K© †eva AR©b K‡i| Zvn‡j cwicv‡k^©i †Kvb welq m¤ú‡K© †eva AR©‡bi Rb¨ Avgv‡`i‡K GKwU cÖwµqvi ga¨ w`‡q AwZµg Ki‡Z nq| Avi GB †eva ev cÖÁvb AR©‡bi gva¨‡gB Avgv‡`i fvlv AR©b I weKvk c‡e©i m~Pbv N‡U| †m wn‡m‡e fvlv‡K gvby‡li e„nËi cÖÁvbe¨e¯
vi Ask g‡b Kiv nq| gvby‡li fvlv AR©b I Zvi weKvkce©‡K †ev‡ai mv‡_ m¤úwK©Z K‡i we‡kølY Ki‡j Gi †fZiMZ ¯^iƒc A‡š^lY mnRZi nq| †Kbbv1. †eva n‡”Q gvby‡li wPšÍb I fvlv m„R‡bi GK Abb¨ cš
v| 2. †evaMZ Ae¯
vi µgaviv †_‡K Avgiv AewnZ nB, gvbyl •`bw›`b Rxe‡b cÖwZw`b Zvi Pvicv‡ki e¯‧, wbe©¯‧ Ges NUbvcÖevn wel‡q AveZ©bg~jK kvixwiK g~ZK © i‡Yi †h cÖwµqv NUv‡”Q, g~jZ Gi gva¨‡gB Zvi fvlv I wPšÍvi wfwËf~wg wba©vwiZ n‡”Q|

222 | mgKvjxb fvlvweÁvb 3. †eva cy‡ivcywifv‡e AwZw›`ªq, cÖZxKx ev hvwš¿K cÖwµqv bq, eis gvby‡li fvlvMZ Áv‡bi †h msMVb i‡q‡Q Zvi QvcwU †Kvb bv †Kvb AwfÁZvRvZ kvixwiK g~ZK © iY cÖwµqvi ØvivB m¤úbœ nq| 14.2 cÖÁvbg~jK fvlvweÁv‡bi mswÿß BwZnvm fvlvweÁv‡bi Ab¨vb¨ aviv ev kvLvi Zzjbvq cÖÁvbg~jK fvlvweÁvb m¤úªwZ weKwkZ GKwU aviv| g~jZ wek kZ‡Ki mˇii `k‡K cÖÁvbg~jK fvlvweÁv‡bi hvÎv ïiæ nq| Z‡e †biwjL I K¬v‡K©i (Nerlich & Clarke 2007) g‡Z, 1975 mv‡j RR© †jBKd hLb fvlvweÁvb PP©vi bZzb aviv wn‡m‡e cognitive linguistics bvgwU cÖ¯vÍ e K‡ib g~jZ ZLb †_‡KB GB kv¯¿wUi hvÎv ïiæ n‡q‡Q (D‡jøwLZ, Avwid 2012L)| D‡jøL¨, †jBKd GB kv‡¯¿i eZ©gvb bvgwU cÖ¯vÍ e Ki‡jI cÖÁvbg~jK fvlvweÁv‡bi †Kvb GKK cÖe³v †bB| KviY fvlvweÁv‡bi wewfbœ g~jkvLv I mnkvLvi hyMvšÍKvix wKQz aviYv I ZË¡ GB kv‡¯¿i D™¢‡e Kvh©Ki f~wgKv †i‡L‡Q (Nerlich & Clarke 2007)| G¸‡jvi g‡a¨ D‡jøL‡hvM¨ n‡”Q, ...mvBgb wW‡Ki Ôf~wgKvkÖqx e¨vKiYÕ (functional grammar); n¨v‡j‡Wi ÔcÖYvwje× f~wgKvkÖqx e¨vKiYÕ (systemmatic functional grammar); wMe‡bi Ôfvlvi f~wgKvkÖqx-bgybv‡kÖwYMZ ZË¡Õ (functional typological theories of language); MÖvB‡mi ÔcÖ‡qvMv_©weÁvb (pragmatics); ÷¨v¤ú, †WªRjvi I WbMv‡bi ÔcÖvK…wZK iƒcZË¡ I cÖvK…wZK aŸwbZË¡ (natural morphology and natural phonology); Ges DBwjqvg WvBfv‡ii †bZ…Z¡vaxb ÔKjw¤^qvi fvlvweÁvb NivbvÕ(Columbia School of Linguistics)| (Avwid 2012L: 344) fvlvweÁv‡bi DwjøwLZ ZË¡ Ges avivi mv‡_ wek kZ‡Ki cÖavb cÖavb fvlvZvwË¡K Av‡›`vjb I aviv, †hgbÑ BD‡ivcxq evM_©weÁv‡bi mvsMVwbK ixwZ, DËi Av‡gwiKvi m„wókxj evK¨ZË¡ BZ¨vw` kvLvi fvlv I Zvi wewfbœ Dcv`vb we‡kl K‡i A‡_©i iKg‡di we‡køl‡Y µgvMZ e¨_©ZvI cÖÁvbg~jK fvlvweÁv‡bi D™¢‡ei †cQ‡b wµqvkxj †_‡K‡Q| Z‡e wmbnvi (Sinha 2007) g‡Z, cÖÁvbg~jK fvlvweÁv‡bi D™¢‡ei †cQ‡b ïay fvlvweÁv‡bi wewfbœ ZË¡ Ges avivB AbyNU‡Ki f~wgKv cvjb K‡iwb, eis G‡ÿ‡Î GKwU AvšÍtkv¯¿xq cÖ‡PóvB AwaK Kvh©Ki †_‡K‡Q| GB AvšÍtkv¯¿xq cÖ‡Póvq hy³ kv¯¿¸‡jvi g‡a¨ cÖavb n‡”Q- g‡bvweÁvb, RxeweÁvb, fvlvweÁvb, `k©b, b„weÁvb, mgvRweÁvb BZ¨vw`| Gme kv‡¯¿i bvbv ZË¡ I c×wZ‡K aviY K‡i cÖÁvbg~jK fvlvweÁvb GKwU ¯^vaxb kv¯¿ iƒ‡c weKvk jvf K‡i| 14.3 m„wókxj e¨vKiY Ges cÖÁvbg~jK fvlvewÁvb: mv`„k¨ I ¯^vZš¿¨ D™¢e I weKv‡ki `„wó‡KvY †_‡K †`L‡j m„wókxj e¨vKiY cÖÁvbg~jK fvlvweÁv‡bi c~e©Mvgx| KviY cÖÁvbg~jK fvlvweÁv‡bi c~‡e©B m„wókxj e¨vKi‡Yi hvÎv ïiæ n‡q‡Q| g~jZ 1957 mv‡j Pgw¯‥i Syntactic Structure MÖ‡š
i cÖKvkbvi gva¨‡gB m„wókxj e¨vKi‡Yi wfwË ¯
vwcZ nq| Zvici Pgw¯‥i GB m„wókxj

cÖÁvbg~jK fvlvweÁvb | 223 e¨vKiY fvlvweÁv‡bi BwZnv‡m fvlvi Dcv`vb, we‡kl K‡i evK¨ we‡køl‡Y AMÖYx f~wgKv cvjb Ki‡Z ïiæ K‡i hv GLb ch©šÍ wµqvkxj| Ab¨w`‡K, cÖÁvbg~jK fvlvweÁv‡bi hvÎv ïiæ nq wek kZ‡Ki †klcv‡`| Z‡e †h‡nZz G `ywU kvLv fvlvweÁv‡bi AvcvZ †kl cÖvMÖmi aviv wn‡m‡e we‡ewPZ, G‡`i g‡a¨ wKQz mv`„k¨ Ges ¯^vZš¿¨ i‡q‡Q| fvlvweÁv‡bi BwZnv‡m m„wókxj e¨vKiYB cÖ_g fvlvi mv‡_ gvby‡li g‡bi m¤úK© •Zwi K‡i evwK¨K Dcv`vb we‡køl‡Y Zrci nq| G cÖm‡½ m„wókxj fvlvZvwË¡K Pgw¯‥ e‡jb, cÖ‡Z¨K gvbe wkïB fvlv ejvi mnRvZ ÿgZv wb‡q Rb¥MÖnY K‡i| †mB `„wó‡KvY †_‡K m„wókxj e¨vKiY I cÖÁvbg~jK fvlvweÁvb GKwU mvaviY †evaMZ c¨vivWvB‡gi Ask| KviY GwUI gvby‡li fvlv I Gi Dcv`vb‡K we‡kølY K‡i Zvi †ev‡ai mv‡_ m¤úwK©Z K‡i| Z‡e GB GKB `„wó‡KvY †_‡K GB `ywUi kv‡¯¿i g‡a¨ cv_©K¨I jÿYxq| Pgw¯‥ g‡b K‡ib, gvby‡li †h fvwlK †eva Zv Zvi e„nËi †evae¨e¯
vi Ask bq, eis GwU ¯^vaxb Ges ¯^qsm¤ú~Y©| fvlvi mv‡_ gvby‡li †eva ev g‡bi G ai‡bi m¤úK© cÖ_g •Zwi K‡ib e‡j Pgw¯‥‡K cÖ_g cÖRb¥ †evaweÁvbx (first generation cognitive scientist) ejv nq| Ab¨w`‡K, cÖÁvbg~jK fvlvweÁvbxiv `vwe K‡ib †h, gvby‡li fvwlK †eva g~jZ Zvi e„nËi †evae¨e¯
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Z m`m¨‡`i Ggb wKQz •ewkó¨ _v‡K hv H e‡M©i Avw`-cÖwZgvi iƒcwU wbg©vY K‡i| Avi Avw`-cÖwZgvm~PK eMx©q m`m¨wU n‡”Q H e‡M©i DËg m`m¨ (goodness of example)| GB •ewk‡ó¨i e¨Z¨q NUv gv‡b m`m¨ wn‡m‡e †K›`ª †_‡K `~‡i P‡j hvIqv| G‡ÿ‡Î hZ †ewk e¨Z¨q N‡U, †m m`m¨ †K›`ª †_‡K ZZ `~‡i ev cÖv‡šÍ Ae¯
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Ic‡ii mviwY 14.1 †_‡K eySv hv‡”Q, GKwU gv‡Qi DËg m`m¨ (goodness of example) nIqvi Rb¨ hZ¸‡jv cÖwZwbwaZ¡kxj •ewkó¨ _vKv `iKvi Bwjk gv‡Qi Zv meB Av‡Q| d‡j Gme •ewkó¨‡K aviY K‡i Bwjk evOvwji †ev‡a gv‡Qi Avw`-cÖwZgv wn‡m‡e ¯
vb K‡i wb‡q‡Q| G Kvi‡YB Bwjk evOvwji cÖÁvb¯Í‡i ÔgvQÕ mse‡M©i †K‡›`ª Ae¯
vb Ki‡Q| GB cÖwZwbwaZ¡kxj •ewkó¨ avi‡Yi †ÿ‡Î Ic‡ii ZvwjKvfz³ †h m`‡m¨i †ÿ‡Î hZ †ewk e¨Z¨q N‡U‡Q, †mwU ZZ †ewk gvQ mse‡M©i †K›`ª †_‡K `~‡i Ae¯
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228 | mgKvjxb fvlvweÁvb wn‡m‡e ÔnvOiÕ Ges ÔevZvkxÕ gvQ `ywU gvQe‡M©i cÖv‡šÍ Aew¯
Z| G‡ÿ‡Î m‡ev©”P cÖv‡šÍ Av‡Q ÔnvOiÕ| ZvB evOvwji mvaviY we‡ePbv‡ev‡a ÔnvOiÕ gvQ wn‡m‡e MY¨ bq| D‡jøL¨, †h‡nZz ÔnvOiÕ gvQ mse‡M©i me‡P‡q Kg cÖwZwbwaZ¡kxj •ewkó¨‡K aviY K‡i‡Q, †m‡nZz GwU gvQ mse‡M©i AbyËg m`m¨ (bad examples)| Ic‡ii ZvwjKv †`Lv hv‡”Q me‡P‡q †ewk Ges b~¨bZg cÖwZwbwaZ¡kxj •ewkó¨‡K aviYKvix m`m¨ h_vµ‡g GKwU e‡M©i ÔDËg m`m¨Õ Ges ÔAbyËg m`m¨Õ iƒ‡c cwiwPZ nq| cÖkœ n‡”Q, DËg m`m¨‡`i Zzjbvq AbyËg m`m¨iv me‡P‡q Kg ev b~¨bZg cÖwZwbwaZ¡kxj •ewkó¨‡K aviY K‡iI †Kb GKwU m`m¨ H e‡M©i cÖvšÍeZx© m`m¨ iƒ‡c we‡ewPZ nq? Gi †fZiMZ ms‡hvMm~ÎwU wK? GB e¨vcviwU e¨vL¨vi Rb¨ im I gviwfm (Rosch & Mervics 1975) wfU‡Mb÷vB‡bi Ô¸”Q mv`„k¨Õ (family resemblance) aviYv‡K mwbœ‡ewkZ K‡i‡Qb| Zvu‡`i g‡Z, g~jZ Ô¸”Q mv`„k¨Õ _vKvi Kvi‡YB GKwU e‡M©i m`m¨iv eM©fy³ nIqvi Rb¨ GK ai‡bi AvšÍtk„•Ljv •Zwi K‡i, hw`I G‡`i g‡a¨ KviI cwiwPwZ nq DËg m`m¨ iƒ‡c, Avevi †KD AbyËg m`‡m¨i ZKgv †c‡q _v‡K| im I gviwf‡bi g‡Z, wfU‡Mb÷vBb cÖ¯vÍ weZ Ô¸”Q mv`„k¨Õn‡”Q... a set of items of the form AB, BC, CD, DE. That is, has at least one, and probably several, element in common with one or more other tiems, but not, or few, elements are common to all items. (Rosch & Mervics 1975: 575)

Ic‡ii msÁvwUi Av‡jv‡K ejv hvq, Ô¸”Q mv`„k¨ n‡”Q GKwU e‡M©i wewfbœ m`‡m¨i g‡a¨Kvi wKQz AwaµwgZ (overlapping) •ewkó¨ hviv GKwU e‡M©i me m`m¨‡`i †ÿ‡Î mvaviY (common) bv n‡qI AšÍZ KvQvKvwQ `ywU m`‡m¨i g‡a¨ Awfbœ iƒ‡c Ae¯
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cÖÁvbg~jK fvlvweÁvb | 229 Ic‡ii mviwY‡Z †`Lv hv‡”Q, ÔAÕ e‡M©i †gvU QqRb m`m¨, h_v- ÔKLÕ, ÔLMÕ, ÔMNÕ, ÔNOÕ, ÔOPÕ Ges ÔPQÕ| G‡`i g‡a¨ †Kvb mvaviY •ewkó¨ †bB| wKš‧ AwaµwgZ mvaviY •ewkó¨ i‡q‡Q| A_v©r `ywU KvQvKvwQ m`‡m¨i g‡a¨ †hwU mvaviY •ewkó¨, †mwU Avevi `~ieZx© m`‡m¨i g‡a¨ Abycw¯
Z| D`vniY¯^iƒc, m`m¨ ÔKLÕ Ges ÔLMÕ Gi g‡a¨ mvaviY •ewkó¨ n‡”Q ÔLÕ| Ab¨w`‡K, GB ÔLÕ wKš‧ Aci `ywU m`m¨, h_v- ÔMNÕ Ges ÔNOÕ Gi mvaviY •ewkó¨ bq| G‡`i mvaviY •ewkó¨ n‡”Q ÔNÕ| me‡k‡l, ÔOPÕ Ges ÔPQÕ Gi mvaviY •ewkó¨ n‡”Q ÔPÕ †mwU c~eeZ©x m`m¨‡`i mvaviY •ewkó¨ bq| Zvn‡j GB QqwU m`‡m¨i g‡a¨ †Kvb mvaviY •ewkó¨ bv _vK‡jI AwaµwgK mvaviY •ewk‡ó¨i Kvi‡Y Giv GKwU AvšÍtk„•Lj •Zwi K‡i‡Q Ges GKB eM© ÔAÕ Gi AšÍf©y³ n‡q‡Q| g~jZ GwUB n‡”Q †Kvb e‡M©i ¸”Q mv`„‡k¨i g~jK_v| G ch©v‡q ¸”Q mv`„‡k¨i aviYv‡K Avwid (2012L) Aej¤^‡b Avgv‡`i ev¯Íe Rxe‡bi Pvicv‡k weivRgvb †h †Kvb GKwU e‡M©i g‡a¨ cÖ‡qvM K‡i Zvi e¨vL¨v cÖ`vb Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| wZwb e‡jb...evOvwji Kv‡Q d‡ji Avw`-cÖwZgv n‡”Q ÔAvgÕ †hwU evOvwji mPivPi ÔdjÕ aviYvi cÖvq me cÖwZwbwaZ¡kxj •ewkó¨ h_v- Ôimv‡jvÕ, mywgóÕ, ÔbigÕ(cvKvi ci), ÔAvuwVhy³Õ BZ¨vw`| Av‡gi ciB Zvu‡`i Kv‡Q wcÖq dj n‡jv ÔKvuVvjÕ I ÔwjPzÕ| †`Lv hv‡”Q †h †k‡lv³ `ywU m`m¨ d‡ji DcwiD³ cªwZwbwaZ¡kxj •ewkó¨mg~n‡K aviY K‡i Av‡gi mg‡MvÎxq n‡q‡Q| Avevi evOvwji ÔdjÕ †PZbvi gvSvgvwS‡Z Ae¯
vbKvix ÔKjvÕ I ÔAvbvimÕ GKwU Awfbœ •ewkó¨‡K aviY K‡i Av‡Q, †mwU n‡”Q Giv ÔexwPnxbÕ hv Av‡Mi wZbwU d‡ji mPivPi •ewkó¨ bq, Avbvim imv‡jv Ges Kjv I Avbvim Df‡qB mywgóI e‡U| Ab¨w`‡K, evOvwji ÔdjÕ e‡M©i cÖv‡šÍ Ae¯
vbKvix `yB m`m¨ ÔPvjZvÕ I ÔAvgjwKÕ mg‡MvÎxq †h‡nZz G‡`i Dc‡ii w`KUv cvKvi c‡iI k³ _v‡K, hw`I PvjZv KLbI KLbI UK •ewk‡ó¨i Øviv gvSvgvwS m`m¨ (UK) Avbvi‡mi m‡½ mg‡MvÎxqZv iÿv K‡i | GKB fv‡e Aci wZb cÖvšÍxq m`m¨ ÔKvgivOvÕ, Ô†ZuZzjÕ I Ô†WIqvÕ Awfbœ †MvÎxq, †Kbbv cÖ‡Z¨‡KB UK, Ges GB •ewk󨸇Y Giv c~e©eZx© m`m¨‡`i m‡½ AvZ¥xqZv iÿv K‡i| Zvn‡j †`Lv hv‡”Q †h evOvwji ÔdjÕ eM©wUi b~¨bZg `ywU m`m¨ Awfbœ •ewkó¨‡K aviY cvkvcvwk `~ieZx© `yB m`m¨ GwU aviY bv Ki‡jI `yB Ae¨ewnZ `~ieZx© m`m¨ ci¯ú‡ii m‡½ wKQz (AaµwgZ) •ewk‡ó¨i Kvi‡Y wg_w¯…qvm¤úbœ-hv ¸”Q mv`„k¨ aviYvi m‡½ m½wZc~Y©| (Avwid 2012L: 359-360) mseM©vq‡bi AvaywbK Avw`-cÖwZgv Z‡Ë¡ ¸”Q mv`„k¨ AZ¨šÍ ¸iæZ¡c~Y©| KviY Gi gva¨‡g Avgiv GKB eM©fz³ DËg m`m¨, ga¨eZ©x m`m¨ Ges AbyËg m`m¨ †Kvb cÖwµqvq GKwU AvšÍtk„•Ljv •Zwii K‡i‡Q Zvi ¯^iƒc AewnZ nB| GQvovI AvaywbK gvbyl Zv‡`i fvlv‡ev‡ai cÖKvk wn‡m‡e wewfbœ mse‡M©i mxgv-cwimxgv wKfv‡e wba©viY K‡i †mwU ¸”Q mv`„‡k¨i e¨vL¨v we‡kølY †_‡K iƒcvwqZ nq|

230 | mgKvjxb fvlvweÁvb 14.5 iƒcK I iƒcKvfvm mse‡M©i gZ iƒcK I iƒcKvfvmI gvby‡li fvlv‡ev‡ai Ask| ïay ZvB bq, Avgv‡`i Pvicv‡k weivRgvb e¯‧, c`v_© ev fvebvi fvwlK iƒcvqY Ki‡Z wM‡q Avgiv †hgb wewfbœ ai‡bi mseM©vqb K‡i _vwK, †Zgwbfv‡e cwicv‡k^© Aw¯ÍZ¡kxj `ywU Abyl‡½i g‡a¨Kvi Zzjbv‡K iƒcK I iƒcKvfv‡mi gva¨‡gI Gi cÖKvkiƒc w`‡q _vwK| wb‡Pi Av‡jvPbvq cÖÁvbg~jK fvlvweÁv‡bi Ab¨Zg Av‡jvP¨welq wn‡m‡e iƒcK I iƒcKvfv‡mi mswÿß eY©bv cÖ`vb Kiv nj| iƒcK ev iƒcKvfv‡m †h‡nZz `ywU Awa‡ÿ‡Îi g‡a¨ Zzjbv ev mv`„k¨ •Zwi Kivi cÖqvm P‡j, †mRb¨ cÖ_‡gB evMw_©K Awa‡ÿÎ m¤ú‡K© cÖv_wgK Av‡jvPbv Zz‡j aiv nj| 14.5.1 evMw_©K Awa‡ÿÎ (semantic domain) gvby‡li A_©‡eva •Zwii †ÿ‡Î Awa‡ÿÎ LyeB cÖvmw½K| cÖÁvbg~jK fvlvweÁv‡b Awa‡ÿ‡Îi mywbw`ó Ges my¯úó AvIZv I mxgv e¨vL¨v Kiv n‡q‡Q| j¨v½vKvi (Langacker 1998) G wel‡q e‡jb, Awa‡ÿÎ n‡”Q aviYvq‡Yi GKwU cwimi hv‡Z †Kvb evMw_©K GKK •ewkó¨gwÐZ n‡q I‡V| A_v©r GwU gvby‡li Ggb GKwU †evaMZ cwimi hv GKwU e¯‧ ev fv‡ei g‡bvMZ mxgv wb‡`©k K‡i, Gi evB‡i Ab¨ Av‡iKwU e¯‧ ev fv‡ei A_©MZ aviYv m~wPZ nq| D`vniY¯^iƒc, ÔiOabyÕ †`L‡j ev Gi K_v g‡b n‡j gvby‡li †ev‡a †h aviYvMZ A_©mxgv wbw`©ó nq, Ôjvj iOÕ wel‡q Zvi wfbœ GK †evaMZ Zvrch© •Zwi nq| d‡j ÔiOabyÕ Ges Ôjvj iOÕ Gi `ywU wfbœ evMw_©K Awa‡ÿÎ i‡q‡Q hv Avgv‡`i cÖÁvb¯Í‡i ¯úó mxgv‡iLv Øviv wbw`©ó Kiv Av‡Q| KviY ÔiOabyÕ †`L‡j Avgv‡`i †ev‡a Gi mswkøó †h evMw_©K Awa‡ÿÎwUB mwµq nq, wKš‧ Ôjvj iOÕ †`L‡j Zv nq bv| cÖÁvb~jK fvlvweÁv‡b `yB ai‡bi Awa‡ÿ‡Îi K_v ejv nqK. g~Z© †ÿÎ: GwU †evaMZ iƒcvq‡Yi cÖv_wgK †ÿÎ wn‡m‡e we‡ewPZ| g~jZ Avgv‡`i Pvicv‡ki †Kvb g~Z© e¯‧i evMw_©K Awa‡ÿ‡Îi mv‡_ GwU mswkøó| iƒcK wbg©v‡Yi †ÿ‡Î GwU‡K Drm Awa‡ÿÎI ejv nq| L. weg~Z© †ÿÎ: GwU Awa‡ÿ‡Îi weg~Zi© ƒc hv Avgv‡`i fvwlK cwigЇji wewfbœ weg~Z© fv‡ei cwiPvqK| iƒcK wbg©v‡Yi †ÿ‡Î GwU jÿ¨ Awa‡ÿÎ bv‡gI cwiwPZ n‡q _v‡K| 14.5.2 iƒcK Avgv‡`i Pvicv‡k weivRgvb `ywU e¯‧ ev fv‡ei g‡a¨ Zzjbv ev cÖwZZzjbv Kiv A_ev mv`„k¨ wbg©vY Ges GB `yB Zzjbxq iƒc‡K cwiYwZ‡Z fvwlK iƒc`vb Kiv gvby‡li •`bw›`b fvwlK cÖKv‡ki Ask| KviY GB ai‡bi mv`„k¨gq fvwlK cÖKv‡ki gva¨‡g e¨w³ Zvi fvwlK ÿgZvi AvIZv‡K e„w× Kivi cvkvcvwk weg~Z© fve‡K GKwU g~Z© iƒc cÖ`v‡bi cÖqvm †c‡q _v‡K| Avi G ai‡bi Zzjbxq cÖKvk‡K iƒcK wn‡m‡e wPwýZ Kiv hvq|

cÖÁvbg~jK fvlvweÁvb | 231 14.5.2.1 iƒcK wK? mvaviYfv‡e iƒcK ej‡Z `ywU e¯‧ ev fv‡ei g‡a¨ Zzjbv eySv‡bv n‡q _v‡K| cÖ_vMZ e¨vKi‡Y ewY©Z Dcgv, Dr‡cÖÿv ev Bs‡iwR allegory me¸‡jvB e„nËi A‡_© iƒcK| †Kbbv Gi cÖwZwU‡ZB `ywU e¯‧ ev fve‡K Zzjbvi gva¨‡g fvwlK iƒc †`Iqv nq| cÖÁvbg~jK fvlvweÁvb cÖ_vMZ e¨vKi‡Yi DcwiD³ iƒcK Av‡jvPbv‡K Aš‧fy³ © Kivi cvkvcvwk Gi AvIZv I cwiwa‡K gvby‡li cÖÁvb¯Í‡ii mv‡_ m¤úwK©Z K‡i we‡kølY K‡i _v‡K| 14.5.2.2 cÖ_vMZ fvebvq iƒcK my`xN©Kvj a‡iB iƒcK‡K GK ai‡bi Avj¼vwiK cÖKvk wn‡m‡e we‡ePbv Kiv nZ| we‡kl K‡i, Gwi÷U‡ji mgq G aviYv cÖwZwôZ nq †h, mvaviY gvbyl iƒcK •Zwi K‡i Zv‡`i •`bw›`b fve cÖKvk K‡ib bv| eis iƒcK mvwnZ¨ cÖKv‡ki GKai‡bi Aj¼vi gvÎ| Kwe ev mvwnwZ¨KMY Zvu‡`i iwPZ mvwnZ¨K‡g© fvlvi †m․Kh© e„w×i Rb¨ Avj¼vwiK cÖKvk wn‡m‡e iƒcK •Zwi Ki‡Zb| G‡ÿ‡Î evsjv fvlvi cÖavb AvaywbK Kwe Rxebvb›` `v‡ki weL¨vZ Dw³ ÔDcgvB Kwe‡Z¡ÕB Gi ¯^vÿ¨ †g‡j| wKš‧ 1980 mv‡j †jBKd Ges Rbmb iwPZ Metaphor We Live By eBwU iƒcK wel‡q GB aviYv Avg~j cv‡ë †`q Ges gvby‡li •`bw›`b fvlv cÖKv‡ki mv‡_ iƒcK‡K Mfxifv‡e m¤úwK©Z K‡i| Zvu‡`i g‡Z, cÖ‡Z¨K fvlxB cÖwZw`‡bi fvwlK cÖKvk wn‡m‡e ¯^Ztù~Z©fv‡e AmsL¨ iƒcK •Zwii gva¨‡g Zvi fvwlK cÖKvk‡K mg„× K‡i _v‡K| 14.5.2.3 cÖÁvbg~jK fvlvweÁvb I iƒcK cÖÁvbg~jK fvlvweÁv‡bi ZvwË¡K‡`i msM„nxZ DcvË Ges G m¤úwK©Z we‡kølY cÖgvY K‡i †h, iƒcK ïay gvby‡li mvwnwZ¨K ev Avj¼vwiK cÖKvkiƒcB bq, eis cÖ‡Z¨K fvlxB Zvi •`bw›`b fve cÖKv‡k iƒc‡Ki AvkÖq wb‡q _v‡K| A_v©r mvwnwZ¨K‡`i gZ mvaviY gvbylI fvlv cÖKv‡k cÖwZw`b AmsL¨ iƒcK m„Rb K‡i _v‡K| KviY iƒcK fvebvwU ïay gvby‡li fvwlK cÖKvkB bq, eis GwU Zvi †evaMZ mvg_¨©I e‡U| gvbyl •`bw›`b AwfÁZvi ga¨ w`‡q †h †eva ev cÖÁvb¯Íi •Zwi K‡i, †mLv‡bB fvwlK cÖKv‡ki ZvwM‡` iƒcK †K․kj wbwg©Z nq| †mB `„wó‡KvY †_‡K ejv hvq, e¨w³ fvlvi cÖKvk wn‡m‡e †h iƒcK •Zwi K‡i, Zv Zvi †ev‡ai iƒc‡KiB cÖKvkiƒc| †m we‡ePbvq gvby‡li aviYvi g‡a¨B iƒcK _v‡K, hv‡K aviYvMZ iƒcK (conceptual metaphor) ejv nq| Avi aviYvMZ iƒc‡Ki fvwlK cÖKvkB n‡”Q fvwlK iƒcK (linguistic metaphor)| wb‡Pi D`vniY mn‡hv‡M welqwU e¨vL¨v Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| 1) K. fvwlK iƒcK: †KD Avgv‡i Pvq bv w`‡Z GKUz mgq FY| L. aviYvMZ iƒcK: +mgq n‡”Q UvKv (Time is Money)+| Ic‡i DwjøwLZ Ô†KD Avgv‡i Pvq bv w`‡Z GKUz mgq FYÕ- GKwU D‡jøL‡hvM¨ fvwlK iƒcK| KviY whwb GB fvwlK iƒcKwU •Zwi K‡i‡Qb Zvui †ev‡ai g‡a¨ Av‡MB m„ó n‡q‡Q- +mgq n‡”Q UvKv+ aviYvMZ

232 | mgKvjxb fvlvweÁvb iƒcKwU| GwU wZwb Zvi †ev‡a ev cÖÁvb¯Í‡i mwÂZ K‡i‡Qb cybiveZ©bg~jK AwfÁZvi gva¨‡g| KviY mvgvwRK AwfÁZvq wZwb †`‡L‡Qb †h, Pvicv‡ki mevB mgq‡K UvKvi gZB g~j¨evb g‡b K‡i e¨envi Ki‡Z Pvq| D‡jøL¨, GKwU wbw`©ó fvwlK ms¯‥…wZ‡Z fvlxiv mswkøó wel‡q Awfbœ AwfÁZv AR©b K‡i e‡j fvlx‡`i aviYvMZ iƒcK mvaviYZ GKwU _v‡K| Z‡e cÖ‡Z¨K fvlxiB fvlvMZ cÖKvk wfbœ wfbœ nIqvi Kvi‡Y Gi fvwlK iƒcKI Avjv`v Avjv`v n‡q _v‡K| †m Kvi‡YB GKwU aviYvMZ iƒc‡Ki AmsL¨ fvwlK iƒcK •Zwi n‡q _v‡K| aviYvMZ ev fvwlK iƒcK hvB †nvK bv †Kb, GwU •Zwi Ki‡Z `ywU c„_K evMw_©K Awa‡ÿ‡Îi cÖ‡qvRb nq| A_v©r iƒcK m„R‡b `ywU wfbœ wfbœ evMw_©K Awa‡ÿ‡Îi g‡a¨ Zzjbv Kiv n‡q _v‡K| Ic‡ii D`vniY mn‡hv‡M welqwU e¨vL¨v Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| Ic‡i D×…Z 1) iƒcKwUi Drm ev g~Z© Awa‡ÿÎ n‡”Q ÔUvKvÕ; Avi Gi jÿ¨ ev weg~Z© Awa‡ÿÎ nj ÔmgqÕ| DwjøwLZ ev‡K¨ ÔmgqÕ †h‡nZz GKwU weg~Z© aviYv, ZvB mg‡qi ¸iæZ¡‡K eySv‡bvi Rb¨ ev cvVK hv‡Z mn‡RB †ev‡a aviYvqY Ki‡Z cv‡i, †mRb¨ GwU‡K GKwU g~Z© e¯‧ ÔUvKvÕi mv‡_ Zzjbv Ki‡Z wM‡q iƒcK •Zwi Kiv n‡q‡Q| G †_‡K eySv hvq †h, fvlx weg~Z© fve ev AvcvZ weg~Z© e¯‧ hv‡Z mn‡RB eyS‡Z cv‡i ev Dcjwä Ki‡Z mg_© nq, †mRb¨ †m G‡K mv`„k¨c~Y© ev mg‣ewkó¨ cÖKvkK Av‡iKwU g~Z© e¯‧i mv‡_ Zzjbv K‡i| Gfv‡eB gvbyl cÖwZwbqZ Zvi fvwlK iƒcvq‡Yi GK Avw`g †K․kj iƒ‡c iƒcK m„Rb K‡i _v‡K| gvbyl wKfv‡e aviYvMZ iƒcK •Zwi K‡i? G cÖm‡½ cÖÁvbg~jK fvlvweÁvb we‡kølYvZ¥K e¨vL¨v cÖ`vb K‡i‡Q| Zv GLv‡b ms‡ÿ‡c eY©bv Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| gvby‡li fvwlK iƒc‡Ki c~e©eZx© Ae¯
v n‡”Q aviYvMZ iƒcK| fvwlK iƒcK m„wói Av‡MB Avgv‡`i aviYvMZ iƒcK •Zwi nq; ev ejv hvq, fvwlK iƒc‡Ki c~e©kZ n‡”Q aviYvMZ iƒcK| Avgv‡`i †eva¯Í‡i aviYvMZ iƒcK •Zwii cÖwµqv gvjg&‡Kqvi (Malmkjaer 2004; DׄZ Avwid 2012L: 361) Aej¤^‡b e¨vL¨v Kiv hvq| wZwb e‡jb, cÖÁvb ev †eva-cÖwµqvi gva¨‡g Avgv‡`i †h cÖZ¨ÿY-mskªq (perceptual system) •Zwi nq †m¸wj n‡”Q c~e©-aviYg~jK, Ges †ewki fvM †ÿ‡ÎB Giv ¯
vwbK cÖwZgv-QK (spatial image schema) †h¸wj wewfbœ ms‡e`bg~jK mÂvjb I `„k¨gvb QK h_v- MwZ (motion), aviKZv (containment), DcwiZj (surface), ms¯úk© (contact), mnvqZv (support), Aeiæ×Zv (blockage), Djø¤^b (verticality) BZ¨vw`‡K AšÍfy³ © K‡i| gvbyl hLb fvlv •Zwi K‡i, GB ¯
vwbK cÖwZgv-QK¸wj g~Z© RMr‡K eMx©KiY Ges iƒcK jÿ‡Yi (metaphoric leap) gva¨‡g weg~Z© RMr‡K iƒcvq‡Yi wfwË wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i| Zvn‡j †`Lv hv‡”Q †h DcwiD³ cÖwµqvq gvby‡li GKwU iƒcK gbb •Zwi nq| Avi GB iƒcK gbb (metaphorical mind) ¯
vwbK cÖwZgvQK¸‡jvi gva¨‡g gvby‡li cÖZ¨ÿ‡Yi ¯Í‡i Zvi cwicv‡k¦©i A‡cÿvK…Z Kg g~Z© Ges weg~Z© mËv¸‡jv †hgb-Av‡eM (emotion), mgq (time), NUbv msMVb (event structure), `yN©Ubv (casuality) BZ¨vw`‡K Hme cÖwZgv-Q‡Ki ¸Y I a‡g©i Av‡jv‡K g~Z© Kivi cÖqvm Pvjvq, †h cÖwµqvwU aviYvMZ iƒcK bv‡g cwiwPZ| (Avwid 2012L: 361)

cÖÁvbg~jK fvlvweÁvb | 233 mviwY 14.3 mv¤úªwZK evsjv fvlvq e¨eüZ wKQz D‡jøL‡hvM¨ iƒcK (aviYvMZ I fvwlK) fvwlK iƒcK

aviYvMZ iƒcK

Drm‡ÿÎ (g~Z©)→jÿ‡ÿÎ (weg~Z©)

Drm

1. bee‡l© A¼zwiZ †nvK bZzb †PZbv| 2. 5 gv‡mB †kl n‡q †Mj myiwćZi Bwbsm| 3. gyw³‡hv×v AviI Dc‡i DVj †kL Rvgvj‡K nvwi‡q| 4. wWwmwm wbe©vP‡b UvKv Do‡Q| 5. wjq‡bi †evwjs‡q K‡cvKvZ DBwÛR|

1. +†PZbv n‡”Q e„ÿ+

1. e„ÿ > †PZbv

2. + gwš¿Z n‡”Q wµ‡KU †Ljv+ 3. +mvdj¨ n‡”Q D”PZv+

2. wµ‡KU †Ljv > gwš¿Z

4. +UvKv n‡”Q cvwL+

4. cvwL >UvKv

5. +†Ljv n‡”Q hy×+

5. hy× > †Ljv

1. •`wbK B‡ËdvK (16/04/12) 2. •`wbK bqvw`MšÍ (17/04/12) 3. •`wbK B‡ËdvK (04/04/12 4. •`wbK BbwKjve (16/04/12) 5. •`wbK bqw`MšÍ (19/04/12)

3. D”PZv >mvdj¨

14.5.3 iƒcKvfvm i~c‡Ki gZ iƒcKvfvmI Avgv‡`i GK ai‡bi gvbwmK iƒcvqY (mental mapping) †hLv‡b Avgiv Avgv‡`i Pvicv‡k Aew¯
Z `ywU fve ev c`v‡_©i aviYvqb I Zvi fvwlK cÖKvk Ki‡Z wM‡q iƒcKvfvm K‡i _vwK| G‡ÿ‡Î iƒcKvfv‡mI `ywU e¯‧ ev fv‡ei g‡a¨ GK ai‡bi Zzjbv P‡j| †m we‡ePbvq iƒcKvfvmI e„nËi A‡_© iƒcK| Z‡e Zzjbxq `ywU e¯‧i g‡a¨ †h mvaviY ag©wU Av‡ivwcZ nq †mwU n‡”Q Ômvgxc¨Õ, Bs‡iwR‡Z GwU‡K ejv nq contiguity| GQvov Zzjbxq `ywU Abyl½‡K GKwU Awfbœ †evaMZ g‡W‡ji AšÍfy³ © n‡Z nq| GLv‡b †evaMZ g‡Wj ej‡Z evMw_©K Awa‡ÿ·K wb‡`©k Kiv n‡”Q| †m we‡ePbvq iƒcKvfv‡mi mv‡_ iƒc‡Ki GK ai‡bi cv_K©¨ •Zwi n‡q‡Q hv wb‡Pi mviwY‡Z D‡jøL Kiv nj| mviwY 14.4 iƒcK I iƒcKvfv‡mi Zyjbv Zzjbvi aib wgj

Mowgj

iƒcK

iƒcKvfvm

aviYvqY

e¯‧mËvi g‡bvMZ iƒcvqY cÖwµqv

e¯‧mËvi g‡bvMZ iƒcvqY cÖwµqv

Zyjbvi ¯^iƒc

mv`„k¨

mvgxc¨

evMw_©K Awa‡ÿÎ

`ywU wfbœ e¯‧MZ mËv

Awa‡ÿ‡Îi GKwU Awfbœ Awa‡ÿ‡Îi `ywU g‡bvMZ mËv

234 | mgKvjxb fvlvweÁvb iƒcKvfv‡mi aviYwU AviI cwi®‥vi Kivi Rb¨ hyZmB msÁv cÖ`vb Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| iƒcKvfvm n‡”Q ÔGKwU †e․waK cÖwµqv †hwU GKwU Awfbœ †evaMZ g‡W‡ji g‡a¨ msNwUZ nq Ges H Awfbœ g‡Wj¯
 GKwU g‡bvMZ mËv Av‡iKwU g‡bvMZ mËv m¤ú‡K© aviYvq‡bi gvbwmK cÖ‡ekvwaKvi †`qÕ (Avwid 2012L: 365)| Ic‡i DwjøwLZ msÁv †_‡K eySv hvq iƒcKvfvm n‡”Q GK ai‡bi g‡bvMZ cªwµqv †hLv‡b Avgiv GKwU e¯‧MZ mËv‡K Av‡iKwU e¯‧MZ mËvi mvnv‡h¨ Dcjwä Ki‡Z mg_© nB| G‡ÿ‡Î `ywU e¯‧MZ mËvi g‡a¨ GKwU n‡”Q Drm‡ÿÎ Ges Ab¨wU Gi jÿ¨‡ÿÎ; Z‡e G‡`i †evaMZ g‡Wj ev Av_© Awa‡ÿÎ Awfbœ _v‡K| wb‡Pi D`vniYmn‡hv‡M G welqwU e¨vL¨v Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| 2) e½feb G wel‡q GKwU wee„wZ w`‡q‡Q| Ic‡ii evK¨wU‡Z iƒcKvfv‡mi cÖ‡qvM i‡q‡Q| GB ev‡K¨ Ôe½febÕ ej‡Z e½fe‡bi †Kvb cÖwZwbwa‡K eySv‡bv n‡q‡Q whwb ivóªcwZi cÿ †_‡K wee„wZwU w`‡q‡Qb| evsjv‡`‡ki evOvwjgvÎB GwU mn‡R eyS‡Z cv‡ib, KviY wZwb e½fe‡bi cÖwZ‡ek m¤ú‡K© mvs¯‥…wZK I ivR‣bwZK Ávbm¤úbœ| DwjøwLZ ev‡K¨i Awfbœ evMw_©K Awa‡ÿÎ ev †evaMZ g‡WjwU n‡”Q evsjv‡`‡ki ivóªcwZi miKvix evmfeb Ôe½febÕ| Avi Gi `ywU e¯¿MZ ev aviYvMZ mËv nj - 1) e½feb Ges 2) cÖwZwbwa| 2 bs ev‡K¨ DwjøwLZ Ôe½febÕ kãwU‡K Drm‡ÿÎ iƒ‡c we‡ePbv Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| Ab¨w`‡K, Gi jÿ¨‡ÿÎ n‡”Q e½fe‡bi †Kvb cªwZwbwa| †Kbbv ev‡K¨ DwjøwLZ Ôe½febÕ kãwU g~jZ Gi jÿ¨‡ÿÎ †Kvb bv †Kvb cÖwZwbwa‡KB eySv‡”Q| Gme we‡Pbvq D‡jøwLZ 2 bs evK¨wU‡K GKwU iƒcKvfvm evK¨ wn‡m‡e MY¨ Kiv hvq| iƒcKvfv‡m Zzjbvg~jK Ômvgxc¨Õ •ewkó¨ w`‡q g~jZ GKwU Awfbœ †ÿ‡Îi `ywU Abyl‡½i g‡a¨ m¤ú‡K©i Bw½Z‡K wb‡`©k Kiv nq| Z‡e evwK¨K cÖKv‡k AwaKvsk mgqB `ywU Abyl‡½i GKwU Abycw¯
Z _v‡K| wKš‧ †h‡nZz Avgv‡`i †eva ev cÖÁvb¯Í‡i G `ywU Abyl½ cÖejfv‡e wg_w¯…qv •Zwi K‡i hvi dj¯^iƒc Avgiv G ai‡bi evwK¨K KvVv‡gv m„Rb Kwi, †mRb¨ G‡`i m¤úK©m~·K ÔAs‡k mgMÖÕ(whole in part) ev Ômg‡MÖ AskÕ(part in whole) †K․kj Øviv A_©en Kiv hvq| Ic‡ii 2 bs †i․cKvfvwlK ev‡K¨ Ômg‡MÖ AskÕ aviYv dz‡U I‡V‡Q| KviY GB ev‡K¨i Ôe½febÕ kãwU g~jZ mswkøó evMw_©K Awa‡ÿ‡Îi mgMÖ aviYv hv Zvi AwaKZi ÿy`ª mËv ÔcÖwZwbwaÕ‡K wb‡©`k Ki‡Q| Ab¨w`‡K, wb‡Pi evK¨wU jÿ Kiv hvK| 3) wefv‡M wKQz bZzb gyL G‡m‡Q| 3bs evK¨wU GKwU iƒcKvfvm evK¨ †hLv‡b Drm‡ÿÎ ÔbZzb gyLÕ w`‡q jÿ¨‡ÿÎ Ôwkÿv_x©Õ‡K wb‡`©k Kiv n‡”Q| GB iƒcKvfv‡m ÔAs‡k mgMÖÕ aviYv cÖwZdwjZ n‡q‡Q| KviY GKwU wefv‡Mi wkÿv_x© †hLv‡b mgMÖ gvbemËv‡K wb‡`©k K‡i, †mLv‡b ÔbZzb gyLÕ AwfavwU Gi GKwU AvswkK mËv‡K wPwÎZ Kiv n‡q‡Q| D‡jøL¨, msMVb I •ewk‡ó¨i w`K †_‡K iƒcKvfvm A‡bKUvB evsjv Avj¼vwiK Awfav ÔjÿYvÕi mg‡MvÎxq hv‡K Bs‡iwR‡Z synecdoche ejv nq|

cÖÁvbg~jK fvlvweÁvb | 235 14.6 m¤§yLb I cðv`b Ôm¤§yLbÕ I Ôcðv`bÕ Awfav `ywU Avgv‡`i †ev‡a ¯
vb ev cwim‡ii aviYv‡K m¤úwK©Z K‡i| G `ywU Awfav g~jZ Bs‡iwR figure I ground Gi evsjv iƒcvšÍi| Avgv‡`i Pvicv‡k GKB cwim‡i weivRgvb `ywU e¯‧‡K hLb †`wL, ZLb Avgiv GKwUi mv‡c‡ÿ Av‡iKwU‡K ch©‡eÿY I wePvi Kwi| Avi GB mv‡cwÿK ch©‡eÿ‡Y GKwU e¯‧ Ab¨wUi Zzjbvq cÖavb n‡q I‡V| Z‡e GKB cwim‡i Aew¯
Z `ywUi g‡a¨ GKwUi Zzjbvq Ab¨wU wewkó n‡q IVvi †ÿ‡Î m¤§yLZv ev mvg‡b _vKv †hgb f~wgKv iv‡L †Zgwb wZbwU Dcjÿ G‡ÿ‡Î cUf~wg wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i| G wZbwU Dcjÿ n‡”Q, 1) MwZgqZv, 2) iO ev J¾¡j¨ Ges 3) †K›`ªwe›`yZv Awfbœ cwim‡i Aw¯ÍZ¡kxj `ywU e¯‧i g‡a¨ GKwU MwZgq n‡j, ev Gi iO ev D¾¡jZv †ewk n‡j, A_ev `ywU e¯‧i g‡a¨ GKwU e³vi DwÏó n‡j †mwU Ab¨wUi Zzjbvq wewkó ev ¸iæZ¡c~Y© n‡q I‡V| G‡ÿ‡Î mvg‡b Aew¯
Z Zvrchc~Y© e¯‧wU‡K ejv nq Ôm¤§yLbÕ Ges †cQ‡b _vKv †M․Y e¯‧wU‡K AvL¨vwqZ Kiv nq Ôcðv`bÕ iƒ‡c| GB Dcjwä‡K †K›`ª K‡i cÖÁvbg~jK fvlvweÁv‡b M‡o I‡V‡Q bZzb GK mn-kv¯¿ hv‡K ¯’vwbK evMv_©weÁvb bv‡g AwfwnZ Kiv hvq| Ic‡ii Av‡jvPbv †_‡K cÖZxqgvb nq †h, ¯
vb ev cwimi gvby‡li †evaMZ Dcjwä m„wó‡Z f~wgKv iv‡L| KviY cwicv‡k^©i e¯‧ ev AvB‡Ug †hgb gvby‡li †eva •Zwi‡Z mwµq _v‡K, †Zgwb G‡ÿ‡Î ¯
vb ev cwimiI †M․Y bq| eis cyUm I wWi‡fb (Pütz & Dirven 1987: xi) e‡jb, Ô¯
vb ev cwimi n‡”Q aviYvq‡bi †K›`ªwe›`yÕ| KviY ¯
vb ev cwim‡ii g‡a¨B RM‡Zi mKj e¯‧ ev c`v‡_©i w¯
wZ| Avi ¯
vb e¨wZ‡i‡K e¯‧MZ †Kvb wKQzi Aw¯ÍZ¡ m¤¢e bq| d‡j cwimi mv‡c‡ÿ `ywU e¯‧i g‡a¨Kvi Ae¯
vb wePv‡i GB †h Ôm¤§yLbÕ ev Ôcðv`bÕ Gi aviYv M‡o I‡V‡Q, Zv‡K fvwlK ev evwK¨K iƒc`v‡bi Rb¨ cÖwZwU fvlvq m„ó n‡q‡Q AmsL¨ ¯
vb welqK kãvewj| G¸‡jv g~jZ Avgv‡`i ¯
vbwelqK aviYvq‡Yi fvwlKiƒc| c~‡e© DwjøwLZ Ôm¤§yLbÕ Ges Ôcðv`bÕ Gi aviYv‡K G ch©v‡q evsjv D`vniY mn‡hv‡M e¨vL¨v Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| †hgb4) K. †R¨vwZ m¨vi †ev‡W©i mvg‡b `vuwo‡q K¬vm wb‡”Qb| L. kvgxg ¯‥z‡ji gv‡Vi Ici evjy †dj‡Q| 4K. ev‡K¨ Ô†R¨vwZ m¨viÕ m¤§yLb Ges Ô†evW©Õ cðv`b| GwU Avgv‡`i ev¯Íe AwfÁZvRvZ †evaMZ aviYvq‡Yi dj| KviY wkÿv_x©‡`i `„wó‡KvY †_‡K Ô†R¨vwZ m¨viÕ †ev‡W©i mvg‡b Av‡Qb †hLv‡b `vuwo‡q wZwb K¬vm wb‡”Qb| GLv‡b Ô`vuov‡bvÕ gv‡b w¯
i bq, gv‡S gv‡S ÔcvqPvwi ev nvuUvÕ A‡_©I cÖhy³| Ab¨w`‡K, Ô†evW©ÕwU m¨v‡ii †cQ‡b Aew¯
Z e‡j GwU‡K Ôcðv`bÕ ejv hvq| mviv c„w_ex‡Z ¯‥zjMvgx wkÿv_x©iv G

236 | mgKvjxb fvlvweÁvb wel‡q AwfÁZvm¤úbœ †h, wkÿK †hLv‡b `vuovb Zvi †cQ‡b GKwU †evW© _v‡K †jLvi Rb¨| GKBfv‡e 4 Gi L. ev‡K¨ ÔkvgxgÕ Ôm¤§yLbÕ Ges ÔgvVÕ n‡”Q Ôcðv`bÕ| GB ev‡K¨ ÔkvgxgÕ †h‡nZz MwZgq ev wµqvkxj, Ges KvR Ki‡Q †mRb¨ GwU mn‡RB `k©‡Ki `„wó AvK…ó K‡i| Ab¨w`‡K, ÔgvVÕwU ¯
wei ev APj e‡j `k©‡Ki `„wó‡KvY †_‡K wewkó ev Zvrch©c~Y© bq| †mRb¨ Ôgv‡VÕi Zzjbvq MwZgq ÔkvgxgÕ wewkó ev Ôm¤§yLbÕ wn‡m‡e we‡ewPZ| `ywU e¯‧i g‡a¨ GKwU e¯‧i G ai‡bi cÖvavb¨‡K ¯
vwbK evMv_©weÁv‡b Abyf~Z gyL¨Zv (perceptual prominence) ejv nq| ¯
vwbK `„wó‡KvY †_‡K GB Ôm¤§yLbÕ Ges Ôcðv`bÕ Avgv‡`i fvwlK‡eva •Zwii cvkvcvwk evwK¨K KvVv‡gv wbg©v‡Y Zvrch©c~Y© f~wgKv iv‡L| cÖ_gZ, fvlvq cÖKvk Ki‡Z †M‡j GB Ôm¤§yLbÕ Ges Ôcðv`bÕ Gi g‡a¨ GKUv m¤úK© m~Î •Zwi Ki‡Z nq| GB m¤úK© m~‡Îi ¯§viK wn‡m‡e †hme e¨vKiwYK Dcv`vb wbwg©Z n‡q‡Q †m¸‡jv‡K evsjvq ejv nq AbymM©, Ges Bs‡iwR‡Z cªmM© (preposition)| Ic‡ii 4 bs-Gi `ywU evsjv ev‡K¨i w`‡K ZvKv‡j †`Lv hvq †h, cÖ_g I wØZxq ev‡K¨ AbymM©mg~n n‡”Q h_vµ‡g Ômvg‡bÕ Ges ÔIciÕ †h¸‡jv evK¨`ywUi Ôm¤§yLbÕ I Ôcðv`bÕ‡K hy³ K‡i‡Q| Zvn‡j evsjv ev Bs‡iwR‡Z †hgb G ai‡bi AbymM© ev cÖmM© •Zwi‡Z Ôm¤§yLbÕ Ges Õcðv`bÕ Gi f~wgKv i‡q‡Q, †Zgwb c„w_exi Ab¨vb¨ me fvlvi †ÿ‡ÎI cÖ‡hvR¨| wØZxqZ, `ywU e¯‧i f~wgKvMZ Ôm¤§yLbÕ ev Ôcðv`bÕ evK¨-msMVb •Zwii †ÿ‡Î KZ©v ev K‡g©i f~wgKv cvjb K‡i| A_©vr †h e¯‧wU AwfÁZvRvZ n‡q Ôm¤§yLbÕ nq †mwU ev‡K¨i KZ©v f~wgKv †bq, cvkvcvwk Ôcðv`bÕwU ev‡K¨ cÖavbZ Kg©c‡`i `vwqZ¡ cvjb K‡i| Ic‡ii 4L. ev‡K¨i Ôm¤§yLbÕ Ges Ôcðv`bÕ‡K wfbœ `„wó‡KvY †_‡KI †`Lvi AeKvk i‡q‡Q hv cÖÁvbg~jK fvlvweÁv‡bi cVb I we‡kølYm¤§Z| GB ev‡K¨i Ôm¤§yLbÕ ev kvgxg mwµq †h Kv‡R gMœ Zv MwZgq| Ab¨w`‡K, Ôcðv`bÕ ev gvVwU w¯
i ev APj| ZvB GB Ôm¤§yLbÕ‡K ÔMgbKÕ(trajector) ejv hvq| KviY cÖwZwU MwZgq m¤§yLb n‡”Q GK GKwU MgbK| cÿvšÍ‡i, Gi Ôcðv`bÕwU w¯
i e‡j G‡K ÔLywUÕ(landmark) bv‡g AwfwnZ Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| cvkvcvwk, Ôm¤§yLbÕ kvgxg †h‡nZz evjy †djvi KvR Ki‡Q †m‡nZz Zvi Kv‡Ri MwZgq GKwU c_ i‡q‡Q †hwU‡K ÔMwZc_Õ(path) ejv hvq| †mB we‡ePbvq evsjv DcmM© ÔIciÕ c`wU DwjøwLZ ev‡K¨ Ôm¤§yLbÕ Ges Ôcðv`bÕ Gi g‡a¨ m¤úK©m~Î •Zwi Ki‡Z wM‡q GKwU cwic~Y© cÖÁvbm¾v m„Rb K‡i‡Q hv evOvwj gvÎB Dcjwä Ki‡Z mg_© nb| †m Av‡jv‡K wb‡P GB AbymM©wUi cÖÁvbm¾vi wZbwU cÖÁvb-Dcv`vb D‡jøL Kiv nj| 5) K. GKwU MgbK †hwU m¤§yLbI e‡U L. GKwU MwZc_ Ges M. GKwU LywU †hwU cðv`bI e‡U wewfbœ fvlvq e¨eüZ cÖmM© ev AbymM©B ¯
vwbK evMv_©weÁv‡bi Av‡jvP¨welq| cÖÁvbg~jK fvlvweÁvbxiv e‡jb, fvlvq e¨eüZ Gme cÖmM© ev AbymM© g~jZ GK GKwU cÖwZgv-QK (image schema)| G‡ÿ‡Î cÖwZgv-Q‡Ki GKwU cÖvgvY¨ msÁv cÖ`vb Kiv `iKvi welqwU‡K fvjfv‡e Dcjwä Kivi Rb¨| G wel‡q D‡O‡ii Ges w¯§W (Ungerer & Schmid 1996) e‡jb, cÖwZgv-QK n‡”Q Pvicv‡ki e¯‧, fve ev RMr-

cÖÁvbg~jK fvlvweÁvb | 237 Rxeb wel‡q Avgv‡`i †ev‡a cÖwZ¯
vwcZ GK ai‡bi cÖvZ¨wnK AwfÁZvRvZ QvuP hv Avw`-cÖwZgvi †P‡qI Kg g~Z© Aeqe mn‡hv‡M we`¨gvb _v‡K| cÖwZgvÑQK¸‡jv wewfbœ AvKv‡ii GK ai‡bi AveQvqv AvK…wZ hv RMr I Rxeb wel‡q Avgv‡`i †ev‡a cÖv_wgK wfwË w`‡q _v‡K| evsjv I Bs‡iwR fvlvq eûj cÖPwjZ AbymM© ev cÖmM© nj ÔIciÕ(over/up), ÔwbPÕ(down), Ô†fZiÕ(inside), ÔevwniÕ(out), ÔnB‡Z/†_‡KÕ (from) BZ¨vw`| G‡`i cÖ‡Z¨KwU GK GKwU cÖwZgv-QK (Avwid 2012L)| cÖÁvbg~jK fvlvweÁv‡bi `„wó‡KvY †_‡K ejv hvq, Avgv‡`i †ev‡a cÖwZgv-QKiƒcx Gme AbymM© ev cÖm‡M©i ev‡K¨ e¨enviRwbZ A_©‡f` i‡q‡Q| welqwU‡K mnR K‡i ej‡j- cÖ_gZ, G¸‡jv evsjv ev Bs‡iwR ev‡K¨ †hgb AvwfawbK A‡_© e¨eüZ nq, †hgbwU e¨eüZ n‡q‡Q Ic‡ii 4 Gi `ywU ev‡K¨| wØZxqZ, e³vi e¨envi `ÿZvi Kvi‡Y ev‡K¨ GB AbymM© ev cÖmM©¸wj KLbI iƒcK A‡_©I cÖhy³ nq| D`vniY¯^iƒc, wb‡Pi `ywU evK¨ jÿ Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i (Avwid 2012L: 371)| 6) K. Zvi Ici cwiev‡ii cÖPÐ Pvc i‡q‡Q| L. †jvKwU Ae‡k‡l Rxeb †_‡K cjvqb Kij| Ic‡ii 6K. ev‡K¨i ÔIciÕ Gi A_© wVK AvwfavwbK bq; eis GwU ev‡K¨ A‡bKUvB m¤úªmvwiZ ev iƒcK A‡_© e¨eüZ n‡q‡Q| KviY AvcvZ`„wó‡Z GB ev‡K¨i ÔIciÕ AbymM© ÔZviÕ Ges ÔcwieviÕi g‡a¨ ¯
vwbK m¤úK©m~Î •Zwi Ki‡jI, Mfxi A‡_© GwU ÔcwieviÕ Gi GKwU Pvc †h ÔZviÕ Ici cv_‡ii gZ †P‡c e‡m‡Q †mwUB Bw½Z Ki‡Q| Ab¨w`‡K, 6L. ev‡K¨ cÖhy³ Ô†_‡KÕ AbymM©wUI kvwãK A_© AwZµg K‡i iƒcK A_© aviY K‡i‡Q| KviY ev‡K¨ GB AbymM©wU ÔRxeb †_‡K cjvqbÕ ej‡Z †jvKwUi g„Zy¨‡K wb‡`©k Ki‡Q| 14.7 mv`„k¨gqZv mv`„k¨gqZv, cÖPwjZ A‡_©, †h †Kvb `ywU Abyl‡½i mgawg©Zv ev GKiƒwcZv‡K wb‡`©k K‡i| †m we‡ePbvq cªÁvbg~jK fvlvweÁv‡b mv`„k¨gqZv GB aviYvwU m~wPZ K‡i †h, gvby‡li †evaMZ wPšÍvi mv‡_ Zvi e¨³ fvwlK msMV‡bi wgj jÿYxq| A_v©r GKRb gvbyl Zvi †ev‡a †h fvwlK KvVv‡gv‡K aviY K‡i †mwUB Avevi Zvi e¨³ fvwlK KvVv‡gv‡Z cÖwZdwjZ nq| cÖÁvbg~jK fvlvweÁv‡b Av‡jvP¨welq wn‡m‡e AšÍfy³ © nIqvi Av‡M mv`„k¨gqZv‡K fvlvPP©vq ¸iæZ¡ cÖ`vb Kiv nZ bv| Z‡e fvwlK Dcv`v‡bi cÖKvkfw½i †ÿ‡Î GKgvÎ aŸb¨vZ¥K k‡ãi mv‡_B Zv m¤úwK©Z wQj| KviY G ai‡bi k‡ãi D”Pvi‡Yi mv‡_ A_©gqZvi GK ai‡bi mgiƒcZv Av‡ivc Kiv nZ| wKš‧ AvaywbK fvlvweÁv‡bi RbK †dw`©b¨ `¨ †mvmy¨i hLb fvlvi k‡ãi mv‡_ Zvi A‡_©i GKwU AvcwZK ev Avwe©wÎK (arbitrary) m¤ú‡K©i ZË¡‡K cÖwZwôZ K‡ib, ZLb †_‡KB mv`„k¨gqZvi wecix‡Z mviv c„w_ex‡Z AvcwZKZvi aviYvwU †Rviv‡jv nq| Avevi Av‡gwiKvb wPýweÁvb Nivbvi RbK Pvjm© m¨vÛvm© cvm© wP‡ýi †kÖwYwefvM wn‡m‡e hLb cÖZxK Ges m~PK wP‡ýi cvkvcvwk mv`„k¨ ev cÖwZgv (icon) wP‡ýi cÖ¯Íve K‡ib, ZLb †_‡K wPý Z_v fvlv we‡køl‡Y mv`„k¨gqZv Avevi ¸iæZ¡c~Y© n‡q I‡V| cieZx©Kv‡j cv‡m©i

238 | mgKvjxb fvlvweÁvb mv`„k¨gqZvi GB aviYv‡K †evaMZ fvlvweÁvbxiv MÖnY K‡ib Ges ZviB Av‡jv‡K gvby‡li g‡bvMZ mv`„‡k¨i mv‡_ Gi fvwlK msMVb‡K m¤úwK©Z K‡i we‡kølY Ki‡Z ïiæ K‡ib| cvm© Abymi‡Y cÖÁvbg~jK fvlvZvwË¡‡Kiv wewfbœ DcvË mn‡hv‡M GB aviYv cÖwZwôZ K‡ib †h, fvlx Zvi †eva ev cÖÁvb¯Í‡i †h ai‡bi fvwlK AwfÁZv mÂq K‡ib Zv D”PvwiZ fvwlK KvVv‡gvi mv‡_ GK ai‡bi mv`„k¨ ev mgiƒcZv iÿv K‡i| cÖÁvbg~jK fvlvweÁv‡bi GB welqwU‡KB mv`„k¨gqZv iƒ‡c MY¨ Kiv nq| Zvu‡`i g‡Z GB mv`„k¨qZvi welqwU‡K wZb fv‡e we‡kølY Kiv hvq| h_v1) ci¤úiv mv`„k¨ (iconic sequence) 2) •bKU¨ mv`„k¨ (iconic proximity) 3) cwigvYMZ mv`„k¨ (iconic quantiry) 14.7.1 ci¤úiv mv`„k¨ `ywU NUbv msNU‡bi †ÿ‡Î AvbyµwgKfv‡e GKwU NUbvi ci Av‡iKwU NUbv N‡U| ev¯Íe Rxeb †_‡K G AwfÁZv AR©‡bi gva¨‡g gvby‡li †h †evaMZ aviYv mwÂZ nq, Zv‡ZI G ai‡bi ci¤úiv eRvq _v‡K| cwiYwZ‡Z fvlx D³ ci¤úiv †g‡bB Zvi cªKvkiƒc †`q| g~jZ NUbvi ci¤úiv Dc¯
vc‡b gvby‡li †evaMZ Ges ev¯ÍweK cÖKv‡ki GB mgiƒcZv‡K ci¤úiv mv`„k¨ e‡j| wb‡Pi D`vni‡Y Zv dz‡U I‡V‡Q| 7) K. kwdK wUwKU †K‡U wm‡bgv n‡j cÖ‡ek Kij| * L. kwdK wm‡bgv n‡j cÖ‡ek Kij Ges wUwKU KvUj| Ic‡ii `ywU D`vni‡Yi g‡a¨ 7K. Gi evK¨wU 7L. Gi Zzjbvq MÖnY‡hvM¨| KviY ev¯ÍeRxe‡b †h Abyµ‡g †Kvb NUbv N‡U, 7K. †Z †m Abyµg ev ci¤úiv †g‡bB cÖKvk Kiv n‡q‡Q| cÿvšÍ‡i, 7L. †Z cÖKvwkZ ev‡K¨ †m Abyµ‡gi e¨Z¨q N‡U‡Q| KviY gvbyl n‡j wm‡bgv †`L‡Z hvIqvi mgq Av‡M wUwKU Kv‡U Ges c‡i wm‡bgv n‡j cÖ‡ek K‡i| d‡j c‡ii evK¨wU gvby‡li AwfÁZvRvZ fvlv‡eva Øviv mgw_©Z nqwb| ZvB GB ai‡bi evwK¨K msMVb‡K MÖnY‡hvM¨ g‡b Kiv hvq bv| 14.7.2 •bKU¨ mv`„k¨ •bKU¨ mv`„‡k¨i mv‡_ fvlvwZwi³ Ave‡ni †hvMm~Î i‡q‡Q| D‡½‡ii I w¯§‡Wi (Ungere & Schmid 1996) mv‡_ m¤úwK©Z K‡i ejv hvq, †Kvb fvwlK msMVb wbg©v‡Yi †ÿ‡Î hLb ev‡K¨i `ywU Dcv`v‡bi •bKU¨ wb‡`©‡ki †ÿ‡Î †Kvb fvlvwZwi³ Aven cÖfve‡Ki f~wgKv cvjb K‡i ZLb Zv‡K •bKU¨ mv`„k¨ ejv nq| wb‡Pi D`vni‡Y Zv e¨vL¨v Kiv nj| 8) K. GwU GKwU weL¨vZ ivRkvnxi †ikwg myZvi kvU©| L. GwU GKwU weL¨vZ kvU© ivRkvnxi †ikwg myZvi| M. GwU GKwU weL¨vZ †ikwg myZvi ivRkvnxi kvU©|

cÖÁvbg~jK fvlvweÁvb | 239 evsjv fvlvq Bs‡iwRi gZ AvUumvUu kã-Abyµg bv gvb‡jI Ic‡ii 3wU D`vni‡Yi g‡a¨ 8K. †Z wbwg©Z evK¨ AwaKZi MÖnY‡hvM¨| KviY GB ev‡K¨i cÖavb Z_¨ n‡”Q †ikg myZvi •Zwi kv‡Ui eY©bv| Avgiv ev¯Íe AwfÁZv †_‡K †`wL †h, kvU© myZv †_‡K •Zwi nq| G ai‡bi AwfÁZv ØvivB Avgv‡`i †evaMZ fvebv mwÂZ nq| d‡j Zvi ewntcÖKv‡kI GB •bK‡U¨i cÖwZdjb N‡U| A_v©r ev‡K¨i msMV‡b myZv I kvU© cvkvcvwk _vK‡e| Zvici Rjevqy I AvenvIqvMZ Kvi‡Y evsjv‡`‡ki ivRkvnx‡Z †ik‡gi Pvl fvj nq Ges Zv Avg‡`i †ev‡a ¯
vqxfv‡e AwfÁZv mwÂZ nq| ZvB ev‡K¨i KvVv‡gv‡Z †ikwgi c~‡e© we‡klY wn‡m‡e ÔivRkvnxÕi D‡jøL _vK‡e| Avi ÔweL¨vZÕ kãwU c`eÜ ÔivRkvnxi †ikwg myZvi kvU©Õ†K we‡klvwqZ Ki‡Q| d‡j ÔweL¨vZÕ we‡klYwU D‡jøwLZ c`e‡Üi Av‡MB em‡e| Gfv‡e †`Lv hvq †h, ev‡K¨i msMV‡b c`e‡Üi •bKU¨ wbgv©‡Y fvlvZvwË¡K Ávb hZ bv Kv‡R jv‡M, Zvi‡P‡q †ewk cÖhy³ nq fvlvwZwi³ Aven welqK Ávb| 14.7.3 cwigvYMZ mv`„k¨ ev‡K¨i KvVv‡gvMZ •`N¨© Avgv‡`i †ev‡a mwÂZ Z_¨MZ •`‡N¨©i Øviv wbqwš¿Z nq| †Kvb ev‡K¨ Avgiv hw` †Kvb e¨w³ ev e¯‧ m¤ú‡K© Avgv‡`i †ev‡a iwÿZ AwaK Z_¨ hy³ Ki‡Z PvB Zvn‡j Gi •`N¨© `xN© nq| g~jZ evwK¨K Dcv`v‡bi cwigvY wbf©i K‡i Avgiv G‡Z KZUzKz †evaMZ †evSv (cognitive load) Pvcv‡Z PvB| D`vniY¯^iƒc, 9) K. †Rgm MZKvj XvKv wek^we`¨vj‡q KbmvU© K‡i‡Q| L. RbwcÖq iKwkíx bMi evDj †Rgm MZKvj weRq w`em 2019 Dcj‡ÿ XvKv wek^we`¨vj‡qi gynwmb nj gv‡V KbmvU© K‡i‡Q| 9bs D`vni‡Y †`Lv †M‡Q, K. ev‡K¨ Avgv‡`i †evaMZ †evSv Kg e‡j Gi •`N©¨I Kg n‡q‡Q| G‡ÿ‡Î ev‡K¨i cÖ_‡g KZ©v wn‡m‡e Ô†RgmÕ Ges Gi cieZx© As‡k Zvui KbmvU© welqK Z_¨ cÖ`vb Kiv n‡q‡Q| wKš‧ L. Gi ev‡K¨ e³v Zvi †evaMZ †evSvi Ask wn‡m‡e wkíx †Rg‡mi cwiPqm~PK A‡bK¸‡jv we‡klY c` e¨env‡ii gva¨‡g †Rg‡mi ¸iæZ¡‡K GB ev‡K¨ Zz‡j aiv n‡q‡Q| cvkvcvwk cvVK‡K Zvui KbmvU© welqK AwaKZi Z_¨ cª`v‡bi Rb¨ ¯
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240 | mgKvjxb fvlvweÁvb

mgvRfvlvweÁvb | 241

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mgvRfvlvweÁvb fvwlK msMVb I mvgvwRK msMV‡bi wg_w¯…qv Aa¨qb GB Aa¨v‡q Avcwb wkL‡eb  K. fvwlK msMVb I wewfbœ mvgvwRK msMV‡bi g‡a¨Kvi m¤úK©  L. mgvRfvlvweÁv‡bi `„wó‡KvY †_‡K wewfbœ †ckvRxex †kÖwYi fvlv we‡kølY  M. mgvRfvlvweÁv‡bi ZË¡ I c×wZi Av‡jv‡K evsjv fvlvi wewfbœ Dcv`v‡bi eY©bv

gvbyl GKB mv‡_ mvgvwRK I fvwlK cÖvYx| †m Kvi‡Y fvwlK cÖvYx wn‡m‡e gvbyl‡K mvgvwRKZv †g‡b Pj‡Z nq| Avi GB mvgvwRKZvi GKwU eo AskB †m m¤úv`b K‡i fvlvi mvnv‡h¨| d‡j fvlvi mv‡_ mgv‡R weivRgvb wewfbœ mvgvwRK msMV‡bi g‡a¨ M‡o I‡V‡Q GK ai‡bi mL¨ Ges wg_w¯…qv| GB `yB‡qi wg_w¯…qv wb‡q fvlvweÁv‡b weKvk jvf K‡i‡Q GKwU we‡klvwqZ kvLv hvi bvg mgvRfvlvweÁvb| mgvRfvlvweÁv‡bi welqe¯‧ Av‡jvPbvi c~‡e© wb‡Pi ch©‡eÿY¸‡jv we‡ePbv Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| 1) GKwU fvwlK mgv‡R emevmKvix gvbyl GKB mv‡_ Zvi wbZ¨w`‡b e¨eüZ Dcfvlvq †hgb fve cÖKvk K‡i, †Zgwbfv‡e Gi gvb¨iƒcwUI Zvi Kv‡Q †evaMg¨| 2) e¨emvwqK ev †ckvMZ cÖ‡qvR‡b GKRb Kw¤úDUvi cÖ‡K․kjx †h we‡kl ms‡KZ iƒc e¨envi K‡i, RyZv e¨emvq wb‡qvwRZ Kgx© Gi †P‡q wfbœ ai‡bi fvwlK ms‡KZ cÖ‡qvM K‡i| 3) evsjvfvlx mgv‡R emevmKvix GKRb gymwjg †h ai‡bi ÁvwZevPK Ges ag©evPK kã e¨envi K‡i GKRb wn›`y ag©vej¤^ex †m Zzjbvq wfbœ ai‡bi kãvw` w`‡q msRvcbKg© K‡i _v‡K| 4) evsjv‡`k bvgK iv‡óª GKfvwlKZv †hgb gyL¨ fvwlK Ae¯
v, fviZ ev cvcyqv wbDwMwbi gZ †`‡k eûfvwlKZv GK Awbevh© ev¯ÍeZv| Ic‡i D×…Z 1g ch©‡eÿYwU wb‡`©k K‡i, ivwóªq gvbwP‡Î e¨eüZ GKwU fvlvi g‡a¨B Dcfvlv, gvb¨fvlv BZ¨vw` fvwlK µgci¤úiv jÿYxq| 2q ch©‡eÿY †_‡K eySv hvq, mgv‡R emevmKvix wewfbœ gvby‡li g‡a¨ e¨emv I †ckvwfwËK fvwlK •ewP‡Î¨i Aw¯ÍZ¡ i‡q‡Q| 3q ch©‡eÿY †_‡K Dcjwä Kiv hvq, †ckvwfwËK fvwlK ev¯ÍeZvi gZB ag©wfwËK fvwlK iƒcvšÍiI mgv‡Ri GK ai‡bi Awbevh© ev¯ÍeZv| Z‡e G ai‡bi

242 | mgKvjxb fvlvweÁvb fvwlK iƒcvšÍi I •ewPΨ hZ bv evwK¨K KvVv‡gv‡Z †`Lv hvq, Zvi †P‡q A‡bK †ewk kã Ges cwifvlvq iƒcvwqZ nq| me‡k‡l 4_© ch©‡eÿY Avgv‡`i wbwðZ K‡i †h, GB c„w_exi mvgvwRK KvVv‡gv cÖK…wZMZfv‡eB eûfvwlK| Z‡e AvR‡Ki we‡k^ ivóªxq wefvR‡b †Kvb ivóª GKfvwlK n‡jI A‡bK †`‡kB eûfvwlKZvi Aw¯ÍZ¡ i‡q‡Q| DwjøwLZ ch©‡eÿY¸‡jvB fvlvweÁv‡bi we‡kl kvLv mgvRfvlvweÁv‡bi Av‡jvP¨ welq| †m we‡ePbvq mgvRfvlvweÁvb n‡”Q fvlvweÁv‡bi Ggb GKwU `~ieZx© kvLv †hwU gvby‡li e¨eüZ fvwlK msMVb Ges wewfbœ mgvRÑ msMV‡bi cvi¯úwiK cÖfve Ges wg_w¯…qv‡K weÁvbm¤§Zfv‡e we‡kølY K‡i| GB Aa¨v‡q mgvRfvlvweÁv‡bi Av‡jvP¨welq wn‡m‡e wb‡Pi Awfavmg~n avivevwnKfv‡e Av‡jvPbv I we‡kølY Kiv n‡q‡Q| 1. mgvRfvlvweÁvb I fvlvi mgvRweÁvb 2. fvlv I fvwlK‡Mvwô 3. fvlv I †RÛvi 15.1 mgvRfvlvweÁvb I fvlvi mgvRweÁvb fvlv I mgvR ci¯úi m¤úwK©Z| cÖwZwbqZ GK‡Î mnve¯
v‡bi Kvi‡Y fvlv I mgvR GK Aci‡K cÖfvweZ K‡i hv‡”Q| Avi GB cÖfv‡ei `ywU gvÎv I `„wófw½ jÿYxq| GKwU n‡”Q, mgv‡Ri wewfbœ KvVv‡gv ev msMVb fvwlK KvVv‡gvi Ici wbqš¿Y cÖwZôvi gva¨‡g fvlvi KvVv‡gvi iƒcvšÍi mvab Ki‡Q| Av‡iKwU `„wófw½ n‡”Q, fvlviI GKwU cÖfve ejq Av‡Q| d‡j fvwlK Avwac‡Z¨i Kvi‡Y mgv‡R emevmKvix gvby‡li `„wófw½MZ cv_K©¨ m~wPZ nq Ges †m Abyhvqx fvwlK AvPi‡Yi cwieZ©b I cwiea©b NwU‡q bZzb fvwlK AvPi‡Y Af¨¯Í n‡q I‡V| †mB `ywU `„wófw½ I aviYv‡K wfwË K‡i mgvR I fvlvi mv‡_ m¤úwK©Z `ywU mn-kv¯¿ weKwkZ n‡q‡Q- 1) mgvRfvlvweÁvb (sociolinguistics), Ges 2) fvlvi mgvRweÁvb (sociology of language)| K. mgvRfvlvweÁvb mgvRfvlvweÁvb n‡”Q fvlv I mgv‡Ri wg_w¯…qvwfwËK Ab¨Zg we‡kølY-kv¯¿| Gi msÁv wn‡m‡e ejv hvq, fvlvweÁv‡bi †h mnkv¯¿ mgvR I fvlvi m¤úK© wbY©‡qi cvkvcvwk fvwlK KvVv‡gvi Ic‡i mvgvwRK msMV‡bi cÖfve wel‡q weÁvbwfwËK eY©bv I we‡kølY K‡i Zv‡K mgvRfvlvweÁvb e‡j| GB kvLv e¨vL¨v K‡i wKfv‡e wewfbœ mvgvwRK KvVv‡gv¸‡jv fvwlK KvVv‡gvi Ici wbqš¿Y cÖwZôv K‡i fvwlK msMVb‡K cwieZ©b I cÖfvweZ Ki‡Q| †m we‡ePbvq †Kvjgvm (Coulmas 1997) mgvRfvlvweÁvb‡K e¨wóK mgvRfvlvweÁvb (micro-sociolinguistics) e‡j AwfwnZ K‡i‡Qb| mgvRfvlvweÁvb wel‡q †Kvjgv‡mi GB Awfav‡K wb‡¤œv³ hyw³i Av‡jv‡K e¨vL¨v Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i|

mgvRfvlvweÁvb | 243 mvgvwRK KvVv‡gvi Zzjbvq fvlv I Gi msMVbmg~n wbtm‡›`‡n ÿz`ª Ges Gi AvIZv mxwgZ| †m we‡ePbvq GKwU eo msMVb wn‡m‡e mgvR I Gi wewPÎ msMVbmg~n hLb AwaKZi ÿz`ª msMVb‡K cÖfvweZ Kivi welq¸‡jv •eÁvwbKfv‡e e¨vL¨v K‡i _v‡K ZLb G‡K e¨wóK mgvRfvlvweÁvb Awfav cÖ`vb hyw³hy³ n‡q‡Q| †m we‡ePbvq mgvRfvlvweÁv‡bi Av‡jvP¨welq wn‡m‡e wba©vwiZ n‡q‡Q- wewfbœ fvwlK •ewPΨ, †ckv I fvlv, ag© I fvlv, wj½ I fvlv, mvgvwRK †kÖwY I fvlv BZ¨vw`| L. fvlvi mgvRweÁvb mgvRfvlvweÁv‡bi gZ fvlvi mgvRweÁvbI fvlv I mgv‡Ri m¤úK©‡K wb‡`©k K‡i| Z‡e G `ywUi g‡a¨ mywbw`©ó cv_©K¨I e‡q‡Q| G wel‡q we¯Í…Z Av‡jvPbvi c~‡e© fvlvi mgvRweÁv‡bi GKwU hyZmB msÁv cÖ`vb Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| †h ÁvbkvLvq fvlv I mgv‡Ri g‡a¨Kvi m¤úK© wbav©i‡Yi cvkvcvwk fvlvi `„wó‡KvY †_‡K mvgvwRK welqvw` eY©bv I we‡kølY Kiv nq Zv‡K fvlvi mgvRweÁvb ejv nq| nvWmb (Hudson 1996) Gi msÁv w`‡Z wM‡q e‡jb, ...the sociology of language is „the study of society in relation to language‟ (cited in Wardhaugh 2010: 12)| nvWm‡bi GB msÁv wb‡`©k K‡i, fvlvi mgvRweÁvb memgq fvlvi AvwacZ¨, fvlvi cÖvavb¨, A_ev fvlvi cwieZ©b BZ¨vw`i `„wófw½ †_‡K wewfbœ ai‡bi mvgvwRK cybwe©b¨vm ev cwieZ©bkxjZv‡K we‡kølY K‡i| †Kvjgvm (Coulmas 1997) fvlvi mgvRweÁvb‡K mvgwóK mgvRfvlvweÁvb (macro-sociolinguistics) wn‡m‡e AwfwnZ K‡i‡Qb| KviY fvlvi Zzjbvq mgvR GKwU e„nr msMVb| wKš‧ AwaKZi ÿz`ª msMVb nIqv m‡Ë¡I fvlv GKwU cÖfvekvjx I cÖvYevb msMVb wn‡m‡e KLbI KLbI wb¯Íi½ mvgvwRK KvVv‡gv‡Z cwieZ©‡bi †Qvuqv wb‡q Av‡m| Avi GB cwieZ©‡bi d‡j mvgwóKfv‡e mgv‡Ri KvVv‡gv‡Z bZyb MwZawg©Zv •Zwi nq e‡j fvlvi mgvRweÁvb‡K mvgwóK mgvRfvlvweÁvb ejv nq| Avgiv ej‡Z Pvw”Q, fvlvi `„wó‡KvY †_‡K hLb mvgvwRK Abyl‡½i cwieZ©b mvwaZ nq ZLb Gi AvIZvwU nq e„nr hv mvgwóKfv‡e mgv‡Ri Ici cÖfve ejq •Zwi K‡i| fvlvi mgvRweÁv‡bi cÖavb Av‡jvP¨welq n‡”Q fvlv miY, fvlv msiÿY, fvlvbxwZ I fvlv cwiKíbv BZ¨vw`| wb‡P mgvRfvlvweÁvb Ges fvlvi mgvRweÁv‡bi cÖavb cÖavb Av‡jvP¨welq¸‡jv ch©vqµ‡g eY©bv Kiv nj| 15.2 fvlv I fvwlK‡Mvwô mgv‡R emevmKvix gvbyl wbR¯^ AvPvi-AvPiY, ms¯‥vi, fvlv I ag©PP©v, mvs¯‥…wZK Dcv`v‡bi •bKU¨ BZ¨vw`i wfwˇZ we‡kl we‡kl mgvRKvVv‡gv M‡o Zz‡j| Gme mvgvwRK Abyl‡½i PP©vi cwi‡cÖwÿ‡Z wbw`©ó GKwU mvgvwRK cÖwZ‡e‡k emevmKvix gvby‡liv GKB mgv‡Ri AšÍfy³ © e‡j we‡ewPZ nq| Gfv‡eB Zviv GKwU mgvR‡Mvwô m„wó K‡i| D`vniY¯^iƒc - agx©q mgvR‡Mvwô, †ckvMZ mgvR‡Mvwô, b„ mgvR‡Mvwô, wkwÿZ mgvR‡Mvwô BZ¨vw`i K_v mn‡RB ejv hvq| mgvR‡Mvwôi GB aviYvwU‡K fvlvi `„wó‡KvY †_‡KI we‡ePbv Kiv hvq| KviY fvlvi wfwˇZI mgvR‡Mvwô wbwg©Z nq| wbw`©ó GKwU fvwlK ms¯‥…wZ‡Z emevmKvix gvbyl‡K GKwU fvwlK‡Mvwô wn‡m‡e wPwýZ Kivi

244 | mgKvjxb fvlvweÁvb ixwZ mgv‡R eûw`b a‡i cÖPwjZ| D`vniY¯^iƒc- evOvwj fvwlK‡Mvwô, Bs‡iR fvwlKMvwô, Rvgv©b fvwlK‡Mvwô BZ¨vw`| Z‡e GKwU fvwlK ms¯‥…wZ‡Z emevm Ki‡jI wbw`©ó fvlvPP©vi †ÿ‡Î wewea •ewPΨ mn‡RB jÿYxq| A_v©r fvwlKPP©v I fvwlK gvb¨Zv, fvwlK ixwZ, fvwlK gh©v`v BZ¨vw`i gvb`‡Ð GKwU fvlvi wb¤œwjwLZ •ewPΨ cwijwÿZ nq| K. AvbykvmwbK iƒc I eY©bvg~jK iƒc L. Dcfvlv, gvbfvlv L. mvgvwRK eywj, e¨w³ eywj M. wcwRb I †µqj N. wØfvlvixwZ, wØfvwlKZv, eûfvwlKZv BZ¨vw` 15.2.1 fvlvi AvbykvmwbK iƒc I eY©bvg~jK iƒc (prescriptive form and descriptive form) fvlvi AvbykvmwbK I eY©bvg~jK iƒc cÖavbZ mswkøófvlx‡`i GKwU AbyavebMZ iƒc| Aek¨ fvlvi dwjZ‡ÿÎ PP©vi Øviv G `ywU iƒ‡ci ev¯Íe Ae¯
vi cªwZdjb jÿ¨‡hvM¨ n‡q I‡V| G `ywU fvwlK iƒ‡ci mswÿß eY©bv wb‡P cÖ`vb Kiv nj| K. AvbykvmwbK iƒc I AvbykvmwbKZv GKwU fvlvi e¨enviKvixiv g‡b K‡ib, •`bw›`b Rxe‡b e¨env‡ii †ÿ‡Î fvlvwUi †hgb GKwU weï× iƒc i‡q‡Q, †Zgwb GwUi GKwU AcwikÖæZ iƒ‡ci Aw¯ÍZ¡I jÿYxq †hwU mvaviY gvbyl AbvbyôvwbK msÁvc‡b cÖ‡qvM K‡i _v‡K| cÿvšÍ‡i, Gi weï× iƒcwU‡K mgv‡Ri AwfRvZ AgvZ¨eM©, m¤£všÍ I D”Pc`¯
 bvMwiK‡`i fve cÖKv‡ki cÖZxK iƒ‡c we‡ePbv Kiv nq| GB aviYvi ekeZx© n‡q iv‡óªi wbqš¿Ke„›` g‡b K‡ib, weky× iƒc mKj AvbyôvwbK †ÿ‡Î PP©v I cÖ‡qvM Kiv DwPZ| GB aviYv †_‡KB fvlvi weï× iƒcwU †kLv, cÖ‡qvM I e¨env‡ii Rb¨ ivóª KZ©„K GK ai‡bi d‡Zvqv ev Abykvmb Rvwi Kiv nq| Gfv‡e fvlvi weï× iƒcwUi PP©v msµvšÍ AvbykvmwbK Av‡`k †_‡KB fvlvi GKwU AvbykvmwbK ev cvjbxq iƒ‡ci Rb¥ nq| Ab¨w`‡K, msÁvc‡bi Rb¨ AvbykvmwbK iƒ‡ci wecix‡Z fvlvi AcwikxwjZ iƒcwU e¨envi Kiv AbywPZ e‡j g‡b Kiv nq| cÖkœ n‡”Q, fvlvq GB AvbykvmwbK iƒ‡ci cÖK…Z Aw¯ÍZ¡ †Kv_vq? G cÖm‡½ †gw¯¿ I Ab¨vb¨ e‡jb, Prescriptivism is best exemplified by the traditional approach to the teaching of grammar in English schools (Mesthrie et al. 2009)| A_©vr cÖ_vMZ e¨vKiY hv Bs‡iwR we`¨vj‡q fvlv †kLv‡bvi Rb¨ cvV`vb Kiv‡bv nq Zv‡ZB AvbykvmwbKZv †`L‡Z cvIqv hvq| †m `„wó‡KvY †_‡K ejv hvq, mKj ¯‥zjcvV¨ cÖ_vMZ e¨vKiYB AvbykvmwbK e¨vKiY| GB AvbykvmwbK e¨vKiwYK iƒ‡ci PP©v I e¨envi msµvšÍ `„wófw½‡K AvbykvmwbKZv ejv nq| evsjv, Bs‡iwR, wnw›`, Rvgv©bmn c„w_exi me †jL¨ fvlv‡ZB GB ai‡bi AvbykvmwbK iƒ‡ci Aw¯ÍZ¡ jÿYxq, †h‡nZz Gme fvlvq wkï Ges we‡`kx‡`i †kLv‡bvi Rb¨ cÖwZwbqZB cÖ_vMZ e¨vKiY †jLv nq| †gw¯¿ Ges Ab¨vb¨iv (Mesthrie et al. 2009) AvbykvmwbKZv‡K ÔfvwlK Av`eÕ (linguistic etiquette) wn‡m‡e

mgvRfvlvweÁvb | 245 AvL¨vwqZ K‡i‡Qb| A_v©r Av`ec~Y© e¨envi †hgb gvby‡li kvjxbZv‡K m~wPZ K‡i, †Zgwb ÔfvwlK Av`eÕ PP©vi ga¨ w`‡q e¨enviKvixiv mgv‡Ri gvbm¤§Z fvlvcªKvk‡K wbwðZ K‡i| fvlvi AvbykvmwbKZvi mg_©K I ZvwË¡‡Kiv AvbykvmwbK iƒ‡ci •ewkó¨ I PP©vi c‡ÿ †hme hyw³ cÖ`vb K‡i‡Qb Zv wb‡P D‡jøL Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i (Mesthrie et al. 2009: 13-15)| 1. GKwU msMVb Av‡iKwU msMV‡bi Zzjbvq AwaKZi †hŠw³K AvbykvmwbK ZvwË¡‡Kiv wek^vm K‡ib, fvlvi †ÿ‡Î A‡¼i m~Î †g‡b Pjv DwPZ| D`vniY¯^iƒc, MwY‡Z GB aviYvwU ¯^Ztwm× †h, `ywU †bwZevPKZv GKwU BwZevPKZv‡K m~wPZ K‡i| fvlvi †ÿ‡ÎI GB aviYvwU mgvbfv‡e cÖ‡qvM Kiv nq| wb‡Pi evK¨ mn‡hv‡M GwU‡K e¨vL¨v Kiv hvq| 1) Avwg GB Abyôv‡b bv wM‡q _vK‡Z cvie bv| D³ ev‡K¨ `ywU †bwZevPK evK¨ Dcv`vb e¨eüZ nIqvq A_©MZ w`K †_‡K evK¨wU BwZevPKZv‡K wb‡`©k Ki‡Q| myZivs GB evK¨wU‡K wb‡Pi BwZevPK msMV‡bi mvnv‡h¨ cÖKvk Kiv hvq Ges GwUB e¨envi Kiv DwPZ| 2) Avwg GB Abyôv‡b hve| 2. wPivqZ iƒ‡ci cÖwZ AvMÖn AvbykvmwbK ZvwË¡‡Kiv GKwU Rxeš‧ fvlvi e¨vKiwYK weï×Zv wbY©‡qi Rb¨ mswkøó mg„× wPivqZ fvlvi KvVv‡gvi Ici wbf©ikxj n‡q _v‡Kb| Zviv wPivqZ fvwlK KvVv‡gv mn‡hv‡M RxešÍ fvlvi e¨vKiwYK msMVb‡K wbiƒcY K‡ib| D`vniY¯^iƒc, ga¨hy‡M BD‡iv‡c jvwZb fvlvi KvVv‡gvi Av‡jv‡K `xN©w`b a‡i Bs‡iwR fvlv‡K †hgb we‡kølY Kiv n‡q‡Q, †Zgwbfv‡e fviZe‡l©I `xN©Kvje¨vcx ms¯‥…‡Zi KvVv‡gvi Av‡jv‡K evsjv, wnw›` BZ¨vw` fvlvi e¨vKiY wbgv©‡Yi cÖ‡Póv Pvjy wQj| 3. cª_vMZ cyi‡bv evwK¨K KvVv‡gv‡K AMÖvwaKvi cÖ`vb AvbykvmwbK e¨vKiYwe‡`iv †h †Kvb ai‡bi bZyb e¨vKiwYK D™¢veb‡K ¯^vMZ Rvbv‡Z KzÉv‡eva K‡ib| eis Zvi cwie‡Z© cÖPwjZ ev cyi‡bv evwK¨K KvVv‡gv‡ZB w¯
i _v‡Kb| GgbwK A‡bK mgq GKwU k‡ãi bZzb ev cwiewZ©Z A_©‡K ¯^vMZ bv Rvwb‡q Gi cyi‡bv A‡_©B GwU‡K e¨envi Ki‡Z Pvb| 4. we‡`kx Drm †_‡K AvMZ k‡ãi e¨envi‡K wbqš¿YKiY AvbykvmwbK ZvwË¡K ev cÖ_vMZ e¨vKiYwe‡`iv Zv‡`i fvlvq †h †Kvb Drm fvlv †_‡K bZzb k‡ãi AvMgb‡K ¯^vMZ Rvbvb bv| eis Zuviv Gi cwie‡Z© mswkøó mg„× wPivqZ fvlvi kãmg~n Øviv Zuv‡`i fvlvi

246 | mgKvjxb fvlvweÁvb kvwãK cÖKvk‡K mym¤úbœ Ki‡Z Zrci n‡q _v‡Kb| D`vniY¯^iƒc, evsjv cÖ_vMZ e¨vKiYwe‡`iv GLbI cwifvlv •Zwii †ÿ‡Î we‡`kx k‡ãi cwie‡Z© ms¯‥…Z DrmRvZ kã‡KB AMÖvwaKvi w`‡q _v‡Kb| L. eY©bvg~jK iƒc AvbykvmwbK avivi cwie‡Z© eY©bvg~jK iƒc n‡”Q GKwU fvlvi cÖK…Z eY©bv hv fvlvwUi †fZiMZ •ewk‡ó¨i mÜvb †`q| G cÖm‡½ GKwU K_v g‡b ivL‡Z n‡e, fvlvi AvbykvmwbK iƒ‡ci PP©vi gva¨‡g Gi cÖK…Z Af¨šÍixY KvVv‡gvi mvÿvr jvf Kiv hvq bv| KviY GwU g~jZ GKB DrmRvZ GKwU wPivqZ mg„× fvlvi KvVv‡gvi Av‡jv‡K Zv‡K we‡kølY Ki‡Z †Póv K‡i| d‡j fvlvwUi cÖK…Z †fZiMZ iƒ‡ci cwiPq kbv‡³i Rb¨ eY©bvg~jK we‡kølYB n‡”Q h_v_© cš
v| eY©bvg~jK we‡kølY fvlvwUi Af¨šÍixY KvVv‡gv D‡b¥vP‡bi Rb¨ Gi wjwLZ iƒc‡K bq, eis gvby‡li •`bw›`b Rxe‡b e¨eüZ †g․wLK iƒc‡KB DcRxe¨ K‡i| Av‡MB ejv n‡q‡Q, fvlvi AvbykvmwbK iƒc g~jZ wjwLZ iƒc Ges mswkøó cÖ_vMZ e¨vKiY‡K Aej¤^b K‡i _v‡K| wKš‧ eY©bvg~jK iƒc †h‡nZz fvlvi wbR¯^ UvB‡cvjwR‡K D‡b¥vP‡b ZrciZv †`Lvq, †mR‡b¨ fvlv we‡køl‡Y GwU D”PZi avc Z_v fvlvweÁvb‡K cÖavb AšÍM©Z welqiƒ‡c MY¨ n‡q K‡i| ZvB eY©bvg~jK iƒc‡K mvaviYZ ¯‥zjcvV¨ e¨vKi‡Y AšÍ©fy³ Kiv nq bv| 15.2.2 Dcfvlv I gvbfvlv GKwU fvlvi Dcfvlv I gvbfvlv h_vµ‡g AÂjwfwËK Ges EaŸ©Zb KZ…©cÿ ev cÖavb cÖavb †jLK KZ…©K Av‡ivwcZ I w¯
iK…Z iƒc| A_v©r mswkøó fvlvwUi AvÂwjK iƒc‡K ZLbB Dcfvlv ejv nq, hLb AvÂwjK `~iZ¡ I wefvR‡bi Kvi‡Y G‡Z bZzb kãiƒc Ges aŸwbMZ (wKQz wKQz †ÿ‡Î evK¨MZ ¯^vZš¿¨I) •ewPΨ cwijwÿZ nq| †m we‡ePbvq Dcfvlv n‡”Q fvlvi ¯
vwbK iƒc| GB ai‡bi ¯
vwbK wfbœZv ev •ewPΨ c„w_exi Rxeš‧ me fvlviB GK Awbevh© ev¯ÍeZv| Ab¨w`‡K, gvbfvlv mvaviYZ fvlvwUi ivR‣bwZK, mvgvwRK, mvwnwZ¨K Ges mvs¯‥…wZK AMÖvwaKvicÖvß Dcfvlv| hLb kvmK‡Mvwôi ivR‣bwZK wm×v‡šÍ GB AMÖvwaKvicÖvß JcfvwlK iƒcwU mgMÖ iv‡óªi mevi Rb¨ cvjbxq gva¨g wn‡m‡e ¯^xK…wZ jvf K‡i, ZLb †mwU gvbfvlv iƒ‡c cwiwPZ nq| Z‡e †h iv‡óª gvbfvlv wba©vi‡Yi †ÿ‡Î ivR‣bwZK wm×všÍ Kvh©Ki nq bv, †mLv‡b cÖavb cÖavb †jLK‡`i mvwnwZ¨K iƒcwUB gvbfvlv iƒ‡c cwiwPwZ cvq| G‡ÿ‡Î ivRavbx‡Kw›`ªK iƒcwUB cÖavbZ mvwnwZ¨K iƒc wn‡m‡e L¨vwZ jvf K‡i| K. Dcfvlv K.1 ¯’vwbK Dcfvlv Dcfvlv k‡ãi Bs‡iwR cwifvlv n‡”Q dialect †mwU wMÖK 'dialektos' Awfav †_‡K D™¢~Z n‡q‡Q| GB 'dialektos' Gi kvwãK A_© n‡”Q Ôfvlvi GKwU •ewPΨ hv Zvi e¨enviKvixi wKQz fvwlK I mvs¯‥…wZK •ewkó¨‡K cÖwZdwjZ K‡iÕ| ZvB mvaviYfv‡e Dcfvlv ej‡Z †Kvb fvlvi ¯
vwbK •ewPΨ‡KB wb‡`©k Kiv nq| GKwU fvlvi AÂjwfwËK †h fvwlK iƒcvšÍi †`Lv hvq, ZvB n‡”Q H fvlvwUi JcfvwlK iƒc| GLv‡b fvwlK iƒcvšÍi ej‡Z cÖavbZ fvlvi gvbiƒ‡ci mv‡_ Gi kãMZ, A_©MZ, aŸwb ev D”PviYMZ Ges KLbI

mgvRfvlvweÁvb | 247 KLbI evwK¨K •ewkó¨MZ •ewPΨ‡KB eySv‡bv nq| Dcfvlvi ZvwË¡K Av‡jvPbvq GKwU fvwlK †f․‡MvwjK gvbwP‡Îi cwi‡cÖwÿ‡Z fvlvi gvbiƒcwU‡K †K›`ª we‡ePbv K‡i JcfvwlK iƒc wb‡`©kKvix AÂj‡K cÖvšÍxq we‡ePbv Kiv nq| Avi †K›`ª †_‡K cÖvwšÍKZvi `~iZ¡wU wba©vwiZ nq gvbiƒc †_‡K JcfvwlK iƒc¸‡jvi `y‡ev©a¨Zvi Av‡cwÿKZv‡K gvb`Ð a‡i| D`vniY¯^iƒc, evsjv fvlvi w`‡K `„wócvZ Ki‡j †`Lv hvq †h, †KvjKvZvi cvk^©eZx© K…òbMi, b`xqv, kvwšÍcyi A‡j cÖPwjZ fvwlK iƒcwU‡K †K›`ª we‡ePbv K‡i cy‡iv evsjv fvlvi AÂjwfwËK •ewPΨmg„× ea©gvbx, PÆMÖvgx, wm‡jwU, iscyix, †bvqvLvjx BZ¨vw` Dcfvlv cÖPwjZ i‡q‡Q| evsjv Dcfvlvi DwjøwLZ iƒc¸wj meB ¯
vwbK Dcfvlvi D`vniY (we¯ÍvwiZ †`Lyb Aa¨vq wek)| K.2 mvgvwRK Dcfvlv Dcfvlvi DwjøwLZ ¯
vwbK iƒc QvovI Av‡iK ai‡bi •ewPΨ jÿYxq| †mwU n‡”Q mvgvwRK Dcfvlv| Z‡e mvgvwRK Dcfvlv wn‡m‡e ¯^xK…wZ jv‡fi Rb¨ G‡ÿ‡Î wKQz mvgvwRK PjK i‡q‡Q †h¸‡jvi wfwˇZ Gme mvgvwRK Dcfvlvi cwiwPwZ wbav©wiZ nq| GB PjK¸‡jvi g‡a¨ D‡jøL‡hvM¨ n‡”Q - Avw_©K Ae¯
v, wj½, †ckv, ag©, eY©, b„‡Mvwô, Awfevmb BZ¨vw`| cÖ_‡gB Avmv hvK GKwU mgv‡R emevmKvix Rb‡Mvwôi Av_©-mvgvwRK Ae¯
vi cÖm‡½, †hwU gvby‡li fvlv cÖ‡qvM‡K wbqš¿Y K‡i _v‡K| mvgRfvlvweÁvbx‡`i wKQz M‡elYvq GwU cÖwZdwjZ n‡q‡Q †h, mgv‡Ri D”PweË †kÖwYi cÖwZwbwa mvaviYZ gvbfvlvq fve wewbgq K‡i| GB †h D”PweËiv fve wewbg‡q fvlvi gvbiƒc‡K e¨envi K‡i, G‡K GKwU mvgwRK Dcfvlv iƒ‡c MY¨ Kiv hvq| cÿvšÍ‡i wb¤œweË gvbyl fvlvi cÖwgZ iƒc bq, eis wbw`©ó GKwU ¯
vbxq iƒ‡c msÁvc‡b Af¨¯Í n‡q _v‡K| Avevi KLbI KLbI Zviv ¯
vbxq Ges Dcfvlvi wgkÖ‡Y •Zwi bZyb iƒ‡c K_v e‡j _v‡Kb| GwUI wb¤œwe‡Ëi cÖwZwbwaZ¡g~jK GKwU mvgvwRK fvwlK iƒc| G ai‡bi fvwlK wefvRb mvaviYZ kn‡i ¯
vqx Rb‡Mvwô‡`i g‡a¨ hZ cÖKU, MÖv‡gi emevmKvix‡`i g‡a¨ ZZUv cÖej bq| D`vniY¯^iƒc, XvKv gnvbM‡i D”PweËiv ïay evsjv cÖwgZ iƒ‡cB wb‡R‡`i •`bw›`b msÁvcbB K‡ib bv, eis Zv‡`i cieZx© cÖRb¥ hv‡Z cÖwgZ iƒ‡c `ÿZv AR©b Ki‡Z cv‡i †mRb¨ bvbiKg ZrciZv †`wL‡q _v‡Kb| cÿvšÍ‡i, G kn‡ii wb¤œweË Rb‡Mvwô Z_v ew¯Íevmx evsjv cÖwgZ iƒ‡c ZZUv Af¨¯Í bq| eis †`‡ki wewfbœ AÂj †_‡K AvMZ ew¯Íevmxiv `yÕwZbwU Dcfvlvi wgkÖ‡Y MwVZ bZzb fvwlK iƒ‡c •`bw›`b msÁvcb K‡i _v‡K| A‡bK mgq bM‡i emevmKvix wewfbœ ag©vej¤^x †jv‡KivI msÁvc‡bi Rb¨ wbR¯^ mvgvwRK Dcfvlv ev f¨vivBwU •Zwi K‡i †bq| D`vniY¯^iƒc, IqvW©nvd (gnv‡`kxq D”Pvi‡Y ÔevW©nvdÕ) (Wardhaugh 2010) Avgv‡`i AewnZ Ki‡Qb, GKmgq evM`v‡`i gymwjg, Bûw` I wLª÷vb Rb‡Mvwô Aviwe fvlvq msÁvcb Ki‡jI Zv‡`i g‡a¨ ag©‡Kw›`ªK fvlvPP©vi •ewPΨ wQj| gymjgv‡biv †h fvwlK iƒcwU e¨envi Ki‡Zv Zv DwjøwLZ 3wU agx©q‡Mvwôi mvaviY fvlviƒc (lingua franca) wQj| Ab¨w`‡K, wLª÷vb Ges Bûw` Rb‡Mvwô Zv‡`i wbR¯^ †Mv‡Î e¨env‡ii Rb¨ c„_K Aviwe e¨envi Ki‡Zv| G‡Z †`Lv hvq, gymjgvb‡`i e¨env‡ii Rb¨ GKwU Aviwe iƒc _vK‡jI msL¨jNy wLª÷vb‡`i Rb¨ `ywU •ewPΨ wQj - GKwU n‡”Q mvaviY iƒc Ges Ab¨wU wbR¯^ †Mv‡Î e¨env‡ii Rb¨ iƒc|

248 | mgKvjxb fvlvweÁvb Avevi b„‡Mvwôi g‡a¨I GB ai‡bi mvgvwRK fvwlK f¨vivBwU jÿYxq| D`vniY wn‡m‡e gvwK©b hy³iv‡óª emevmKvix Avwd«Kvb Rb‡Mvwô †h Bs‡iwR fvwlK iƒc e¨envi K‡i _v‡K Zv kã e¨envi I evK¨ MV‡b GZB •ewPΨc~Y© †h, GB •ewPΨwU mv`v‡`i e¨eüZ Bs‡iwR †_‡K ¯^vZš¿¨gwÐZ| G Kvi‡Y Av‡gwiKv‡Z American African English (AAE) e‡j Avjv`v GKwU fvwlK •ewPΨ M‡o D‡V‡Q hv‡K GKwU wb‡f©Rvj mvgvwRK Dcfvlv wn‡m‡e MY¨ Kiv hvq| Awfevmb fvlvi mvgvwRK •ewPΨ m„wói †ÿ‡Î GKwU Ab¨Zg m¤¢ebvgq Abyl½ (Wardhaugh 2010)| KviY mg„× I wbivc` Rxeb-hvc‡bi Avkvq c„w_exi wewfbœ cÖvšÍ †_‡K DbœZ †`‡k we‡kl K‡i, BD‡ivc I Av‡gwiKv‡Z Mg‡bi ci AwfevwmZ Rb‡Mvwô †m †`‡ki fvlvq `ÿZv cªKv‡k e¨_©Zvi Kvi‡Y wb‡Riv GKwU fvwlK •ewPΨ M‡o Zz‡j hv g~j‡¯ªv‡Zi fvwlK iƒ‡ci Zzjbvq A‡bKUvB c„_K| Gfv‡eB Zv‡`i Øviv GKwU mvgvwRK fvlviƒc weKvk jvf K‡i| AAE Gi GKwU cÖK…ó D`vniY| bvix I cyiæ‡li fvlv I fve-wewbg‡q †Kv‡Wi g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ jÿYxq| KviY gwnjviv cyiæl‡`i Zzjbvq A‡bK †ewk ¸wQ‡q K_v ej‡Z ¯^v”Q›`¨‡eva K‡i| g~jZ Zvuiv †m․›`h©‡PZbvi cªwZ A‡bK m‡PZb e‡jB gy‡Li eywji g‡a¨I †mUv cÖwZdwjZ Kivi †Póv K‡ib| Ab¨w`‡K, cyiæ‡liv ¯^fveMZ Kvi‡YB gwnjv‡`i Zzjbvq Kg †m․›`h© m‡PZb e‡j cÖwgZ fvlvi e¨env‡i ZZUv m‡Pó I `ÿ bq| myZivs gwnjv‡`i e¨eüZ ¸wQ‡q K_v ejvi ixwZ‡KI GKwU mvgvwRK fvwlK •ewPΨ iƒ‡c MY¨ Kiv hvq| L. gvbfvlv Avgv‡`i g‡b ivL‡Z n‡e, fvlvi AvbykvmwbK PP©vi cÖwZwµqv wn‡m‡eB gvbfvlvi aviYvwU †Rviv‡jv n‡q‡Q| cwiYwZ‡Z cÖvq cÖwZwU mg„× RxešÍ fvlv‡ZB gvbfvlvi aviYv I PP©vwU †ek mwµq| GKwU fvlvi gvbiƒc wba©vi‡Yi Rb¨ †h cÖwµqv Aej¤^b Kiv nq Zv‡K gvb¨vqb ev cÖwgZKiY (standardisation) ejv nq| fvlvi gvb¨vq‡bi `ywU gvÎv jÿYxq| GKwU n‡”Q GKfvlx †`‡k A‡bK¸‡jv Dcfvlv _vK‡j mvaviYZ ivRavbx‡Kw›`ªK DcfvlvwU gvbfvlv ev gvbiƒc wn‡m‡e weKvk jvf K‡i| GB gvbfvmv M‡o IVvi e¨vcviwU hZ bv Av‡ivwcZ ev kvmK‡Mvwô KZ©„K AvbyôvwbKfv‡e †NvwlZ, Zvi †P‡q A‡bK †ewk ¯^Ztù~Z© Ges ¯^vfvweK| KviY G‡ÿ‡Î HwZnvwmK, ivR‣bwZK Ges mvwnwZ¨K PP©vi HwZn¨wU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv cvjb K‡i| IqvW©nvd (Wardhaugh 2010) g‡Z, GB ai‡bi fvwlK gvb¨vqb mswkøó fvlx‡`i HwZn¨ I Aw¯Í‡Z¡i ¯§viK wn‡m‡e we‡ewPZ| D`vniY¯^iƒc, Bsj¨v‡Ûi ivRavbx jÛ‡bi Dcfvlv, d«v‡Ý c¨vwi‡mi Dcfvlv, ivwkqv‡Z g‡¯‥vi Dcfvlv Ges evsjv A‡j Dfq evsjvi cyi‡bv ivRavbx †KvjKvZv I Zvi cvk^eZx© Dcfvlvi gvbiƒc wn‡m‡e ¯^xK…wZ jv‡fi welqwU‡K we‡ePbvq Avbv hvq| DwjøwLZ fvwlK A‡j GKvwaK ¯
vwbK Dcfvlviƒc eZ©gvb _vK‡jI †h‡nZz ivRavbxi gvby‡livB ivRbxwZ, A_©bxwZ wbqš¿‡Yi cvkvcvwk mvwnZ¨PP©vq cÖavb f~wgKv cvjb K‡i‡Q, †m‡nZz GB A‡ji DcfvlvwUB gvbfvlv iƒ‡c M‡o I‡V‡Q| wgjiq (Milroy 2001) G cÖm‡½ e‡jb, GB PP©vi avivwU esk ci¯úivq

mgvRfvlvweÁvb | 249 mswkøó fvlvwUi mgMÖ Rb‡Mvwô bq, eis AMÖmi A‡ji wbw`©ó Rb‡Mvwô Zv‡`i AK…wÎg fvjevmvq GB iƒcwU‡K evi evi PP©vi gva¨‡g Gi GKwU cÖKvk‡hvM¨ cwikxwjZ iƒc M‡o Zz‡j‡Q mg‡qi avivevwnKZvq| d‡j ivRavbx ev AMÖmi A‡ji GB iƒcwU‡K gvbiƒc wn‡m‡e cwiwPZ Kiv‡bvi Rb¨ miKvixfv‡e †Kvb AvbyôvwbK †NvlYv ev miKvix cwicÎ Rvwii cÖ‡qvRb nqwb| gvbfvlv wba©vi‡Yi wØZxq iƒcwU A‡bKUvB Av‡ivwcZ Ges kvmK`j KZ©„K msL¨vMwió Rb‡Mvwôi Ici AvbyôvwbKfv‡e Pvwc‡q †`Iqv nq| G‡ÿ‡Î gvbfvlvwU mswkøó fvlvi †Kvb ¯
vwbK JcfvwlK iƒc bq, eis weivRgvb eûfvwlK cwiw¯
wZ‡Z m¤ú~Y© Avjv`v GKwU fvlv‡K gvbfvlv wn‡m‡e ¯^xK…wZ cÖ`vb Kiv nq| Z‡e G ai‡bi gvbfvlv w¯
iKi‡Yi cvkvcvwk Gi cÖwgZKi‡Yi Rb¨ GK `xN© cÖwµqviKi‡Yi cÖ‡qvRb c‡o| D`vniY¯^iƒc cÖ_gZ, G‡ÿ‡Î ivóª KZ©„K fvlvbxwZ I fvlvi cwiKíbv Ki‡Z nq| wØZxqZ, bxwZ I cwiKíbvi Ask wn‡m‡e w¯
iK…Z gvbfvlvwU‡K mvsMVwbK w`K †_‡K DbœZ I fve cÖKv‡ki Dc‡hvMx K‡i M‡o Zyj‡Z nq| Z…ZxqZ, w¯
iK…Z gvbfvlvwUi msMVb ev KvVv‡gvMZ Dbœq‡bi Ask wn‡m‡e cÖ‡qvRb‡ev‡a wjLbiƒc I evbvbwewa, e¨vKiY, Awfavb GgbwK mvwnZ¨ iPbv Kivi cÖ‡qvRb c‡o| PZy_©Z, gvbfvlvwU hv‡Z iv‡óªi me©Kv‡R me©Î e¨eüZ nq †mRb¨ cÖ‡qvRb‡ev‡a e¨vcK cÖPviYv Pvwj‡q †h‡Z nq| cÂgZ, Gme cÖqv‡mi myôz ev¯Íevq‡bi ¯^v‡_© ivóªKZ©„K wba©vwiZ A_© eiv‡Ïi cÖ‡qvRb nq| fvlvi cÖwgZKiY ev gvb¨vq‡bi BwZnv‡m GB c`‡ÿc¸‡jv mwVKfv‡e †g‡b B‡›`v‡bwkqv I gvj‡qwkqvq h_vµ‡g evnvmv B‡›`v‡bwkqv Ges evnvmv gvj‡qwkqv w¯
i„KZ I cÖPjb Kiv n‡q‡Q| B‡›`v‡bkxq Ges gvj‡qkxq miKvi `ywU cÖwgZvqbK…Z fvwlK iƒc wba©viY K‡i‡Q gvjq fvlv †_‡K| G‡ÿ‡Î BD‡ivcxq ÿz`ª ivóª jy‡´gev‡M©i cÖm½ GLv‡b DÌvcb Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| GB ivóªwU Rvgv©b fvlv †_‡K RvZ GKwU Dcfvlv‡K jy‡´gevwM©k bvg w`‡q Gi gvb¨vqb K‡i‡Q| G QvovI eûfvlx fviZ iv‡óª 1947 mv‡j ¯^vaxbZv jv‡fi Ae¨enwZ c‡i AmsL¨ ¯
vbxq fvlvi ga¨ †_‡K wnw›`‡K w¯
iK…Z gvb fvlv wn‡m‡e ¯^xK…wZ cÖ`vb K‡i| Z‡e HwZn¨MZfv‡e c~e© †_‡KB wnw›` cÖPjb wQj e‡j Gi Rb¨ bZzb K‡i e¨vKiY ev wjLb iƒc m„wó Ki‡Z nqwb, hw`I fviZ miKvi mgqvšÍ‡i wnw›`i kãiƒc evov‡bvi Rb¨ wewfbœ wel‡qi cwifvlv wbg©vY K‡i‡Q| cvkvcvwk mgMÖ fviZe‡l© wnw›` cÖPj‡bi Rb¨ e¨vcKfv‡e cÖPviYv Pvjv‡bv n‡q‡Q Ges iv‡R¨ iv‡R¨ L¨vwZgvb fvlvweÁvbx‡`i w`‡q wnw›` fvlvi cÖPjb msµvšÍ KwgwUI MVb Kiv n‡q‡Q| 15.2.3 mvgvwRK eywj I e¨w³ eywj GKwU fvlvq weivRgvb ¯
vwbK Ges mvgvwRK •ewP‡Î¨i gZ wKQz mgvRMZ Ges e¨w³K •ewPΨI jÿYxq| GB ai‡bi mgvRMZ I e¨w³K •ewPΨ cÖ‡Z¨K RxešÍ fvlvi GK Acwinvh© ev¯ÍeZv| mgvRMZ I e¨w³K fvwlK •ewP‡Î¨i mgvRfvlv‣eÁwbK Awfav n‡”Q h_vµ‡g mvgvwRK eywj (sociolect) Ges e¨w³ eywj (idiolect)|

250 | mgKvjxb fvlvweÁvb K. mvgvwRK eywj fvlvi †h mvgvwRK iƒc ev •ewPΨwU †Kvb wbw`©ó mvgvwRK m¤úª`vq ev `‡ji fvwlK wewbg‡qi mv‡_ m¤úwK©Z Zv‡K mvgvwRK eywj ejv nq| D`vniY¯^iƒc, mgv‡R emevmKvix DVwZ eqmx wK‡kvi hyev‡`i e¨eüZ mvgvwRK eywj eq¯‥‡`i mvgvwRK eywji Zzjbvq c„_K Ges •ewkó¨c~Y©| †Kbbv DVwZ eqmx‡`i e¨eüZ fvlvq wbZ¨ cwieZ©bkxj Ges AkøxjZvc~Y© k‡ãi e¨envi eq¯‥‡`i Zzjbvq †ewk _v‡K| Ab¨w`‡K, eq¯‥‡`i e¨eüZ fvlvq gvbfvlvi AcwieZ©bxq, w¯
iK…Z Ges †cvkvwK k‡ãi msL¨v Zzjvbg~jKfv‡e †ewk| Avevi A‡bK mgq mvgvwRK Dcfvlv‡KI mvgvwRK eywj wn‡m‡e AvL¨vwqZ Kiv nq| L. e¨w³ eywj fvlvi †h •ewPΨ ev iƒcwU mgv‡R emevmiZ e¨w³i fvlvPP©vi mv‡_ m¤úwK©Z Zv‡K e¨w³ eywj ejv nq| e¨w³ fvwlK AvPi‡Yi gva¨‡g Zvi wbR¯^Zv‡K iƒcvwqZ K‡i †Zvjvi mÿgZv cÖ`k©b K‡i| g~jZ GB e¨w³ eywj PP©vi ga¨ w`‡q e¨w³ mgv‡Ri Askx`vi n‡qI Zvi ¯^vZš¿¨ I wbR¯^Zv‡K cÖKvk K‡i _v‡K| GB wbR¯^Zv †hgb Zvi D”Pvi‡Yi ga¨ w`‡q cÖKvk cvq, †Zgwb kã e¨envi, evK¨ MVb Ges Aj¼…Z cÖKvk BZ¨vw`‡Z dz‡U I‡V| D`vniY¯^iƒc, e¨w³ eywj PP©vKvix wewfbœ e¨w³mËvi Aw¯ÍZ¡ †hgb cÖ‡Z¨K fvwlK †Mvwô‡Z †`Lv hvq, †Zgwb e¨w³MZ †jLbiƒ‡ci ØvivI GK GKRb e¨w³ eywj PP©vKvix wn‡m‡e †jvKwcÖqZv AR©b K‡i| A‡b‡Ki g‡Z, GB e¨w³ eywji cwieZ©b N‡U hLb e¨w³ eywj PP©vKvix e¨w³ Ab¨ Av‡iKRb e¨w³ eywj PP©vKvixi ms¯ú‡k© Av‡mb| G‡ÿ‡Î cÖavbZ AwaK cÖfvekvjx e¨w³ eywji Øviv Kg cÖfvekvjx e¨w³ eywjwU Zvi wbR¯^Zv nvwi‡q cÖfvweZ nq| Z‡e KLbI KLbI e¨w³ eywj esk ci¤úivq PvjyI _vKvI A¯^vfvweK bq| 15.2.4 †µqjweÁvb : wcwRb I †µqj gvbe fvlv wVK KLb wKfv‡e Pvjy n‡q‡Q Zvi †Kvb cÖvgvwYK wfwË Lyu‡R cvIqv KwVb| mwVK Z_¨-cÖgvY bv _vKvq msnZ •eÁvwbK e¨vL¨vi Afv‡e fvlvZvwË¡‡Kiv Abygvb K‡ib gvbe fvlvmg~n m„wói †Kvb h_v_© mb ZvwiL bv _vK‡jI G¸wj g~jZ weeZ©b cÖwµqvi gva¨‡g µgvMZ cwieZ©‡bi ga¨ w`‡q AvR‡Ki Ae¯
v‡b †c․u‡Q‡Q| wKš‧ Gi e¨wZµgI i‡q‡Q| wKQz fvwlK KvVv‡gv ev fvlvi cÖv_wgK Ae¯
vi DrcwË N‡U‡Q gvby‡li m‡PZb cÖqv‡mi Øviv hvi mwVK Z_¨ I cÖgvYvw` i‡q‡Q| A_©vr gvbyl Zvi •`bw›`b cÖ‡qvR‡bi wbwi‡L wKQz fvwlK iƒ‡ci Rb¥ w`‡q‡Q †h¸wj mg‡qi avivevwnKZvq cieZx© cÖR‡b¥i gvZ…fvlv wn‡m‡e PwP©Z n‡q‡Q| G iKg fvwlK cÖqv‡mi D`vniY n‡”Q h_vµ‡g wcwRb Ges †µqj| wcwRb I †µqj welqK Av‡jvPbv GK bZzb fvlvZvwË¡K ev¯ÍeZv| nvBgm (Hymes 1971) AewnZ Ki‡Qb, 1930 Gi `k‡Ki AvM ch©šÍ fvlvweÁvbxiv wcwRb Ges †µqj m¤ú‡K© †Kvb AvMÖn †cvlY Ki‡Zb bv| †Kbbv ZLb Zvuiv G ai‡bi fvlv cwiw¯
wZ‡K ÔcÖvwšÍK fvlvÕ wn‡m‡e we‡ePbv Ki‡Zb| wKš‧ Gici †_‡KB wcwRb Ges †µqj mgvRfvlvweÁvbx‡`i Kv‡Q GK bZzb AvMÖ‡ni †ÿÎ wn‡m‡e cwiwPZ n‡q I‡V| Z‡e wcwRb Ges †µqjPP©v‡K Avjv`vfv‡e †µqjweÁvb (creolistics) bv‡g AwfwnZ Kiv nq| wb‡P †µqjweÁv‡bi Av‡jv‡K wcwRb I †µq‡ji mswÿß eY©bv cÖ`vb Kiv nj|

mgvRfvlvweÁvb | 251 K. wcwRb gvbe BwZnv‡mi bvbv c‡e© cÖwZK~j Ae¯
vq Av_©-mvgvwRK I mvs¯‥…wZK cÖ‡qvR‡b wewfbœ fvwlK HwZn¨ †_‡K AvMZ GK`j gvbyl ¯^í msL¨K kã mn‡hv‡M Zv‡`i •`bw›`b e¨emvwqK msÁvcb m¤úbœ KiZ| Zv‡`i GB ¯^í kãwfwËK mswÿß msÁvcbKg©B GK ch©v‡q fvwlK cwiPq‡K aviY K‡i n‡q I‡V GKwU mij fvlv| GB mij fvlviB AvbyôvwbK cwiPq n‡”Q wcwRb| wcwR‡bi msÁv wn‡m‡e †gw¯¿ I Ab¨vb¨ e‡jb (Mesthrie et al. 2009: 272) e‡jb “The term „pidgin‟ thus denotes a simple form of language showing signs of language mixing, which no one speaks as their first language”| G wel‡q gyjnvDm‡j‡ii cÖwZwbwaZ¡g~jK msÁvwUI GLv‡b D‡jøL Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| wZwb e‡jbPidgins are examples of partially targeted or non-targeted second-language learning, developing from simpler to more complex systems as communicative requirements become more demanding. Pidgin languages by definition have no native speakers, they are social rather than individual solutions, and hence are characterized by norms of acceptability. (Muhlhausler 1986: 5)

DwjøwLZ `ywU msÁvi Av‡jv‡K wcwR‡bi †g․wjK •ewkóvw` wbY©q Kiv hvq| †m¸‡jv n‡”Q1. 2. 3. 4.

wcwRb wgkÖfvlvi kãwbf©i GKwU mij fvlviƒc| e¨enviKvixiv GB fvlviƒc‡K gvZ…fvlv ev cÖ_g fvlv wn‡m‡e e¨envi K‡ib bv| GwU KLbI D‡Ïk¨wfwËK, Avevi KLbI D‡Ïk¨nxb wØZxq fvlvPP©v| g~jZ e¨emvwqK msÁvc‡bi cª‡qvRbxqZvi wbwi‡LB wcwRb µgk mij †_‡K RwUj iƒc aviY K‡i| 5. wcwRb hZ bv mvgvwRK Pvwn`vwbf©i, Zvi †P‡q A‡bK †ewk e¨w³i cÖ‡qvRb wgUv‡bvi ZvwM‡`B e¨eüZ nq| †`Lv hv‡”Q †h, e¨env‡ii ¸iæ‡Z¡i Ici wfwË K‡i wcwRb µgk mij †_‡K RwUj iƒc aviY K‡i| G wel‡q †gw¯¿ Ges Ab¨vb¨ (Mesthrie et al. 2009: 272) wcwRb fvlvi GB RwUjZvi GKwU µgaviv wba©viY K‡i‡Qb| GB µgavivwU nj, i. cÖvK-wcwRb G ai‡bi wcwR‡bi KvVv‡gv GLbI w¯
i nqwb| d‡j mxwgZ kã Ges mswkøó †`nfw½‡K wbf©i K‡iB GB fvlviƒcwU Kvh©Ki _v‡K| GB iƒcwU‡K KLbI RvM©bI ejv n‡q _v‡K| ii. c~Y© wcwRb GB ch©v‡q wcwR‡bi GKwU fvwlK msMVb weKvk jvf K‡i Ges kã msL¨vI e„w× †c‡q _v‡K| Z‡e G¸‡jvi e¨envi ZLbI mxwgZ †ÿÎ, h_v- evRvi, Kg©¯‡
 j e¨eüZ nq| iii. weKwkZ wcwRb GB ch©v‡q wcwR‡bi KvVv‡gv I kã‡Kvl A‡bK †ewk mg„× nq| d‡j GwU ZLb wewfbœ cÖwZ‡ek,

252 | mgKvjxb fvlvweÁvb †hgb- AvšÍte¨w³K msÁvcb, ¯
vbxq Kvh©‡ÿÎ, e³…Zv ev ivR‣bwZK D‡Ï‡k wjwLZ wb‡`©wkKvq e¨eüZ n‡q _v‡K| iv. †µqj iƒc G‡ÿ‡Î mg„× wcwRb iƒcwU GKwU cÖR‡b¥i gvZ…fvlv wn‡m‡e e¨eüZ n‡Z ïiæ K‡i| K.1 wcwRb weKv‡ki HwZnvwmK cUf~wg fvlv wn‡m‡e wcwR‡bi weKv‡ki †ÿ‡Î GKwU HwZnvwmK cUf~wg i‡q‡Q| Gi mv‡_ hy³ i‡q‡Q GK ÔbZzb wek^ `vme¨e¯
vÕ hv g~jZ B‡qv‡ivcxq‡`i Øviv Aóv`k kZ‡Ki †klw`‡K ïiæ n‡qwQj K¨v‡iexq, gvwK©b hy³iv‡óªi `wÿYvÂj Ges `wÿY Av‡gwiKv‡Z (Mesthrie et al. 2009)| B‡qv‡ivcxqiv D³ A‡j Pv, ZvgvK, AvL BZ¨vw` †ÿ‡Î e„ÿvq‡bi Rb¨ AvwdªKv, Gwkqv cÖf…wZ AÂj †_‡K `vm‡`i GLv‡b wb‡q AvmZ| e„ÿvqb msµvšÍ GB `vme¨e¯
v Pvjyi †ÿ‡Î Zvuiv GKwU wÎgyLxe¨e¯
v Pvjy K‡i wQj| A_v©r GB e¨e¯
vi Aax‡b B‡qv‡iv‡ci wewfbœ e›`i, h_v- wjfvi‡cvj, wjmeb, weª÷j, Avg÷viWvg †_‡K g`, Av‡Mœqv¯¿, myZvRvZ e¯‧ I wewfbœ g‡bvnvix `ªe¨ †evSvB RvnvR wb‡q Avwd«Kvi DcK~‡j †bvOi KiZ| G¸‡jvi wewbg‡q †mLvb †_‡K Avwd«Kvb `vm µq K‡i Zv‡`i‡K Av‡gwiKvi DwjøwLZ A‡j wb‡q wM‡q e„ÿvq‡bi Kv‡R wb‡qvwRZ KiZ| Gfv‡e GB bZzb wek^-`vme¨e¯
vq Zviv GKwU AgvbweK gwbe Ges `vmcÖ_vi k„•Lj M‡o Zz‡jwQj †hLv‡b gvwjK-kÖwgK Ges kÖwgK-kÖwgK fvwlK I †hvMv‡hv‡Mi AvšÍtk„•Ljv weivRgvb wQj| D‡jøL¨, GB AvšÍtk„•Ljvq gvwjK-kÖwgK Ges kÖwgK-kÖwg‡Ki g‡a¨ h_vµ‡g Djø¤^ I Avbyf~wgK fvwlKmvgvwRK cwiw¯
wZ •Zwi n‡qwQj| we‡kl K‡i, gvwjK-kÖwg‡Ki g‡a¨ m¤úK©wU †h‡nZz †kvlK I †kvwl‡Zi m¤úK© wQj Ges `yB cÿB `ywU wfbœ fvlv e¨envi KiZ, †mR‡b¨ Zv‡`i g‡a¨ cvi¯úwiK ev Avbf~wgK msÁvcb LyeB Kg nZ| Ab¨w`‡K, kÖwgK Ges kÖwg‡K •`bw›`b fve-wewbg‡qi welqwU wQj GKwU Acwinvh© NUbv| wKš‧ AwaKvsk †ÿ‡ÎB †h‡nZz Giv wfbœ wfbœ fvwlK I b„‡Mvwô †_‡K AvMgb K‡iwQj, †mR‡b¨ Zv‡`i g‡a¨ GKwU AvšÍtmsÁvcb e¨e¯
v •Zwii D‡Ï‡kB wcwRb fvlvi weKvk jvf K‡iwQj| K¨vwiexq AÂj Qvov Ab¨ GjvKv‡ZI wcwRb m„wói †ÿ‡Î cÖvq Awfbœ bxwZgvjv KvR K‡i‡Q| K.2 wcwRb fvlvi msMVb K.2.1 kã‡Kvl wcwRb fvlvi kã‡Kvl ¯^fveZB mxwgZ| d‡j msÁvc‡bi Rb¨ wcwRbfvlxiv GB mxwgZ kã‡Kvl‡K m‡ev©”P D‡Ï‡k e¨envi K‡i‡Q hv‡Z Zv‡`i •`bw›`b cÖ‡qvRb m¤úbœ nq| †h‡nZz wcwRbfvlxiv mxwgZ kã‡K wecyj Av_©‡ÿ‡Î cÖ‡qvM K‡i _v‡K, †mRb¨ Zv‡`i e¨eüZ kãmg~‡n bvbv A_©ZvwË¡K •ewPΨ cwijwÿZ nq (Holm 1988; Todd 1990)| wb‡P G iKg K‡qKwU A_©ZvwË¡K •ewP‡Î¨i iƒc Dc¯
vwcZ nj|

mgvRfvlvweÁvb | 253 i. eû A_©qZv (polysemy) - GKwU wcwRb kã A‡bK mgq eû A‡_© e¨eüZ nq| ii. eû c`hy³Zv (multifunctionality) - GKwU GKK wcwRb kã A‡bK mgq GKvwaK c` wn‡m‡e ev‡K¨ e¨eüZ nq| iii. AwZ‡iK e¨envi (circumlocution) - Ab¨ fvlvi GKK A_©wewkó kã wcwR‡b e¨env‡ii mgq Ab¨ k‡ãi mv‡_ mn Ae¯
vbMZ •ewkó¨ aviY K‡i| iv. mgvme×Zv (compounding) - wcwRb fvlvq A‡bK kã mgvme× n‡q eû A‡_© e¨eüZ nq| K.3 e¨vKiwYK msMVb AwaKvsk wcwRb fvlv mij e¨vKiY msMV‡bi AwaKvix| cvkvcvwk kã MVbKvix A‡bK wefw³ I cÖZ¨‡qi NvUwZI G‡Z jÿYxq| A‡bK mgq ev‡K¨i wµqvc`‡K wbw`©ó evwK¨K cÖwZ‡ek †_‡K kbv³ Ki‡Z nq| †Kbbv G‡Z Kvjm~PK mywbw`©ó c` †bB| K.4 D‡jøL‡hvM¨ wcwRb fvlv c„w_exi wewfbœ cÖv‡šÍ weKwkZ wcwRb fvlvi mv‡_ ¯§iYxq n‡q Av‡Q wKQz msKUc~Y© fvwlK-mvs¯‥…wZK cÖwZ‡ek| cvkvcvwk Gme weiæ× cªwZ‡ek wcwRb fvlvmg~‡ni bvgKi‡Yi mv‡_I hy³ n‡q †M‡Q| D`vniY¯^iƒc, wØZxq wek^hy‡×i c‡i Rvcvb, †Kvwiqv, wf‡qZbvg Ges _vBj¨v‡Û Bs‡iwR fvlv‡K mijxKiY K‡i Ôe¨v¤^y wcwRbÕ bv‡g GKwU cÖvšÍxq wcwRb fvlvi Rb¥ nq| Jcwb‡ewkK †`‡k we‡kl K‡i, cÖkvšÍ gnvmvMixq Øxccy‡Ä gvbyl Kv‡Ri mÜv‡b wewfbœ AÂj †_‡K Kg©gyLi GjvKvq Ro n‡Z ïiæ K‡i| Gfv‡e cvcyqv wbDwMwb‡Z Rb¥jvf K‡i ÔUK wcwRbÕ bvgK GKwU wcwRb fvlv| Rvg©vbx‡Z wewfbœ †`‡ki Awfevmx kÖwg‡Kiv wkív‡j KvR Kivi gva¨‡g M‡o Zz‡j Rvg©vb fvlvwbf©i GKwU wcwRb hvi bvg ÔMv÷AvievBUviW‡qkÕ(Gastarbeiterdeutsch) - ÔAwfevmx kÖwg‡Ki Rvg©vbÕ| GQvovI AwZ m¤úªwZ, DËi-c~e© fvi‡Zi cve©Z¨ A‡j AiæYvPj Ges bvMvj¨v‡Ûi Awaevmx‡`i g‡a¨ evRv‡ii fvlv wn‡m‡e ÔbvMv wcwRbÕ bv‡g GK wcwRb fvlv cÖPwjZ n‡q‡Q| L. †µqj †µqj n‡”Q wcwR‡bi A‡cÿvK…Z w¯
i I c~Y©iƒc| c~Y©iƒc ej‡Z GLv‡b GwU‡K gvZ…fvlvi wn‡m‡e e¨env‡ii cwicK¡Zv‡K wb‡`©k Kiv n‡”Q | KviY wcwRb hLb KviI gvZ…fvlv wn‡m‡e e¨eüZ n‡Z ïiæ K‡i ZLbB Zv‡K †µqj ejv nq| wcwRb fvlviƒ‡ci †h ai‡bi mvsMVwbK c~Y©Zv I cwieZ©‡bi Øviv GwU †µq‡j iƒcvšÍwiZ Zv wb‡P Dc¯
vwcZ nj| i. Gi kã‡Kvl Zvrch©c~Y©fv‡e m¤úªmvwiZ nq| ii. Gi aŸwbZvwË¡K m~Î A‡bK †ewk RwUj Ges e¨vL¨‡hvM¨ n‡q I‡V| iii. evK¨ •Zwii Rb¨ Gi e¨vKiwYK iƒc¸‡jv mvsMVwbK iƒc wb‡Z ïiæ K‡i| we‡kl K‡i, Kvjm~PK iƒc¸‡jv ¯úóZi nq|

254 | mgKvjxb fvlvweÁvb 15.2.5 wØfvlvixwZ, wØfvwlKZv I eûfvwlKZv †h †Kvb †`‡ki fvwlK cwiw¯
wZ‡K Dcjwä Kivi Rb¨ wØfvwlKZv Ges eûfvwlKZv `ywU mycwiwPZ Awfav n‡jI wØfvlvixwZ Rbmvavi‡Yi wbKU Kg †evaMg¨| wKš‧ wØfvlvixwZI GK ai‡bi Awbevh© fvwlK ev¯ÍeZv Ges mgvRfvlvweÁv‡bi Ab¨Zg Av‡jvP¨welq wn‡m‡e we‡ewPZ| wb‡Pi Av‡jvPbvq GB wZbwU Awfavi mvaviY cwiPq we‡kl K‡i, msÁv, •ewkó¨, cv_©K¨ Ges cvi¯úwiK m¤úK© Dcv¯
vwcZ nj| K. wØfvlvixwZ wØfvlvixwZ AwfavwU Bs‡iwR diglossia-i evsjv cwifvlv wn‡m‡e cÖPwjZ| Pvj©m dvi¸mb 1959 mv‡j cÖ_g GB AwfavwU Pvjy K‡ib (Ferguson 1959)| wZwb wØfvlvixwZ ej‡Z GKwU fvlvi `ywU c„_K ixwZ‡K wb‡`©k K‡i‡Qb, †h `ywU ixwZ GKwU fvwlK mgv‡R cvkvcvwk Ae¯
vb K‡i Ges wfbœ D‡Ïk¨ mva‡bi Rb¨ e¨eüZ nq| dvi¸mb G m¤ú‡K© wb‡RB e‡j‡Qb, The term 'diglossia' is introduced here, modeled on the French diglossie, which has been applied to this situation, since there seems to be no word in regular use for this in English; other languages of Europe generally use the word for 'bilingualism' in this special sense as well. (Ferguson 1959: 325-326)

dvi¸mb Zvui cÖe‡Ü fvlvi †h `yB iƒ‡ci we‡kl •ewkó¨mg~n kbv³KiY Ki‡Z †P‡qwQ‡jb, Zv cÖKv‡ki Rb¨ Bs‡iwR‡Z GiKg hyZmB †Kvb cwifvlvi mÜvb bv †c‡q divwm diglossie kã †_‡K D™¢~Z diglossia cwifvlvwU wbe©vwPZ K‡ib| wZwb wØfvlvixwZ eySv‡Z GKwU fvlvi Ggb `ywU iƒ‡ci mÜvb Ki‡Z †P‡qwQ‡jb, †hLv‡b fvlvwUi GKwU mg„× wPivqZ iƒc wkÿv, mvwnZ¨, AvbyôvwbK e³…Zv BZ¨vw` e¨eüZ nq, Ges Gi Ab¨ iƒcwU w`‡q fvlxiv Zv‡`i •`bw›`b Rxe‡bi fve-wewbgq K‡i _v‡K| DwjøwLZ `ywU iƒ‡ci g‡a¨, dvi¸m‡bi fvlvq, cÖ_gwU n‡”Q H („high‟) ev D”PixwZ•ewPΨ Ges wØZxqwU n‡”Q L („low‟) ev wb¤œixwZ•ewPΨ| †m `„wó‡KvY †_‡K Aviwe Ges wMÖK fvlv `ywU wØfvlvixwZi DrK…ó D`vniY| dvi¸m‡bi Av‡jvPbvi m~Î a‡i cieZx©Kv‡j A‡bK mgvRfvlvweÁvbx wØfvlvixwZi AviI wKQz cÖwZwbwaZ¡kxj •ewkó¨ wbiƒcY K‡i‡Qb (Mesthrie et al. 2009; Holmes 2013)| Zv GLv‡b D‡jøL Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| i. wØfvlvixwZi `ywU ixwZ fvlvZvwË¡Kfv‡e m¤úwK©Z| A_©vr Giv GKB fvlvi `ywU iƒc| ii. GB `ywU iƒ‡ci g‡a¨ cÖavb cv_©K¨ n‡”Q D”PviYMZ| iii. `ywU iƒ‡ci e¨vKiYMZ iƒ‡ci g‡a¨I KLbI KLbI cv_©K¨ jÿYxq| we‡kl K‡i, D”PixwZi iƒcZË¡ wb¤œixwZi iƒcZ‡Ë¡i Zzjbvq RwUj n‡q _v‡K| iv. Z‡e `ywU kã‡Kv‡l Lye †ewk •ecixZ¨ †`Lv hvq bv| v. e¨enviMZ w`K †_‡K D”PixwZi fvwlK Dcv`vb •`bw›`b Rxe‡b Lye †ewk cÖ‡qvM nq bv| vi. `ywU •ewP‡Î¨i e¨envi mywbw`©ó, hw`I Giv G‡K Ac‡ii cwic~iK|

mgvRfvlvweÁvb | 255 dvi¸m‡bi GB •ewk‡ó¨i m~Î a‡i †gw¯¿ I Ab¨vb¨ (Mesthrie et al. 2009) wØfvlvixwZi `ywU iƒ‡ci e¨envi I G‡`i ¯^vZš¿¨ wel‡q GKwU QK •Zwi K‡i‡Qb hv wb‡P cÖ`vb Kiv nj| mviwY 15.1 wØfvlvixwZfz³ `ywU •ewP‡Î¨i e¨envi wb‡`©wkKv (Drm: Mesthrie et al. 2009:39) D”PixwZ 1. agx©q wn‡Zvc‡`k

wb¤œixwZ

√

2. PvKi, †nv‡Uj Kg©Pvix, wcqb, kÖwgK‡`i cÖwZ wb‡`©k

√

3. e¨w³MZ cÎ wjLb

√

4. msm‡` e³e¨ cÖ`vb I ivRbxwZ‡Ki fvlY

√

5. wek^we`¨vj‡q e³„Zv`vb

√ √

6. cwiev‡ii m`m¨, eÜz Ges mnKgx©‡`i mv‡_ K‡_vcK_b 7. msev` m¤úªPvi

√

8. KweZv iPbv

√

9. msev`c‡Îi m¤úv`Kxq, Mí, Qwei wk‡ivbvg

√

10. †jvKmvwnZ¨ iPbv

√

dvi¸mb (Ferguson 1959) g~jZ Aviwe Ges wMÖK fvlvq cÖPwjZ `ywU ixwZ •ewPΨ cwijwÿZ K‡i wØfvlvixwZi cÖ¯vÍ e K‡ib| wZwb ch©‡eÿY K‡ib, DwjøwLZ `ywU fvlvq cÖPwjZ `ywU ixwZ e¨enviMZ w`K †_‡K †ek •ewkó¨c~Y© Ges welq I mvgvwRK Ae¯
v‡bi w`K †_‡K G `ywU iƒ‡ci e¨envi mywbw`©óI e‡U| we‡kl K‡i, wMÖKfvlxiv Zv‡`i fvlvi D”PZi •ewPΨ KvZv‡i‡fvmv w`‡q agx©q I D”P¯Í‡ii fvwlK Kvh©vw` K‡i _v‡K| Ab¨w`‡K, wb¤œixwZi fvwlK •ewPΨ w`‡gvwZwK mn‡hv‡M Zviv Zvu‡`i •`bw›`b Rxe‡bi fvewewbgq K‡i _v‡K| wMÖKfvlxiv Zv‡`i fvlvi `ywU iƒ‡ci mywbw`©ó e¨envi m¤ú‡K© GZ †ewk m‡PZb †h, Gi †Kvb iKg e¨Z¨q Zviv gvb‡Z Af¨¯Í bq| D`vniY¯^iƒc, 1903 mv‡j hLb bZzb evB‡ej w`‡gvwZwK ixwZ‡Z Abyev` Kiv nq, ZLb wMÖ‡m Gi cÖwZev‡` `v½v ïiæ n‡q hvq| Ab¨w`‡K, Aviwe fvlvi wPivqZ iƒc mn‡hv‡M †hLv‡b agx©q MÖš
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256 | mgKvjxb fvlvweÁvb K.1 m¤úªmvwiZ wØfvlvixwZ Kv‡ji avivµ‡g dvi¸mb cÖ¯ÍvweZ wØfvlvixwZ A‡bKUvB cwiewZ©Z n‡q‡Q| 1967 mv‡j wdkg¨vb (Fishman 1967) dvi¸m‡bi GKfvlvi `ywU iƒcwfwËK aviYv‡K cwieZ©b K‡i G‡K `ywU fvlvi g‡a¨ m¤úªmvwiZ K‡ib hv‡K mgvRfvlvweÁv‡b Ôwdmg¨v‡bi m¤úªmviYÕ bv‡g AwfwnZ Kiv nq| wdkg¨vb g‡b K‡ib, GKwU †`‡k `ywU m¤ú~Y© Avjv`v fvlv hLb `ywU wfbœ mvgvwRK cÖ‡qvRb †gUv‡bvi Rb¨ e¨eüZ nq, ZLb G‡KI wØfvlvixwZ wn‡m‡e MY¨ Kiv hvq| D`vniY¯^iƒc, wdkg¨vb ch©‡eÿY K‡i‡Qb †h, c¨viv¸‡q‡Z ¯ú¨vwbk fvlv †hLv‡b D”PixwZi •ewPΨ (H) wn‡m‡e e¨eüZ nq, †mLv‡b ¯
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mgvRfvlvweÁvb | 257 mviwY 15.2: wØfvlvixwZi mv‡_ wØfvwlKZvi m¤úK©m~Î (Drm:Fishman 2003 (as cited in Holmes 2013:30)

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mgvRfvlvweÁvb | 259 BZ¨vw` †`‡k DwjøwLZ cwiw¯
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264 | mgKvjxb fvlvweÁvb 4) XvKv kn‡ii AmsL¨ wej‡evW© Ges †cv÷v‡i wm‡bgvmn wewfbœ wel‡qi †h weÁvcb-wjLb †`Iqv nq Zv wbiÿi wi·vIqvjv mwj‡gi Kv‡Q †Kvb A_© enb K‡i bv| 5) iwng mv‡ne hLb cÖmbœ g‡b _v‡Kb, ZLb Awd‡mi Kg©Pvix‡`i mv‡_ Zv‡`i bvg wb‡q kã †K․Zz‡K †g‡Z I‡Vb| Ic‡ii 1g ch©‡eÿY †_‡K eySv hvq, cÖwZwU wkïB †Kvb iKg AvbyôvwbK cÖ‡Póv e¨wZ‡i‡K gvZ…fvlv wk‡L †bq| cÿvšÍ‡i, 2q ch©‡eÿY Avgv‡`i Z_¨ cÖ`vb K‡i †h, we‡`kx ev wØZxq fvlv AvqËKi‡Yi Rb¨ wkï‡K AvbyôvwbKfv‡e wk‡L wb‡Z nq Ges `xN©w`‡bi Kmir †k‡l Zv cÖwµqvKi‡Y mg_© n‡q I‡V| 3q ch©‡eÿY †_‡K Avgiv eyS‡Z cvwi, cÖwZwU e¨w³B •`bw›`b Rxe‡b msÁvc‡bi Ask wn‡m‡e kÖeY, wjLb, cVb BZ¨vw` fvwlK Kvh©µ‡g Ask wb‡q we‡kl we‡kl †K․k‡j fvwlK cÖwµqvKiY K‡i| 4_© ch©‡eÿY Avgv‡`i g‡a¨ GB cÖZxwZ RvwM‡q †Zv‡j †h, mvÿi Ges wbiÿi e¨w³i fvwlK cÖwµqvKiY m¤ú~Y© wfbœ| me‡k‡l, 5g ch©‡eÿY ¯^vÿ¨ †`q, gvbyl Ges e¯‘i bv‡gi †K․ZzKc~Y© gvbwmK cÖwµqvKiYI m¤¢eci nq| ch©‡eÿY¸‡jvB g‡bvfvlvweÁv‡bi cÖavb cwVZe¨ welq| Gi Av‡jv‡K ejv hvq, fvlvweÁv‡bi †h mnkvLvq gvbefvlv‡K GKwU ch©‡eÿYg~jK AvPiY I g‡bvMZ welq wn‡m‡e MY¨ K‡i Zvi wewPÎgvwÎK cÖwµqvKiY wel‡q weÁvbwfwËK e¨vL¨v I we‡kølY K‡i _v‡K Zv‡K g‡bvfvlvweÁvb e‡j| Ic‡ii ch©‡eÿY Ges msÁv‡_©i wbwi‡L wb¤œwjwLZ welq¸‡jv‡KB g‡bvfvlvweÁv‡b AšÍf©y³ Kiv n‡q‡Q| 1. g‡bvfvlvweÁv‡bi D‡b¥l I weKvk 2. fvlv cÖwµqvKi‡Yi iƒc-iƒcvšÍi 3. wkïi fvlv AR©b I wkÿY 4. fvlvcÖwµqvKiY Ges fvlvweÁvb GB welq¸‡jv ch©vqµ‡g wb‡P eY©bv I e¨vL¨v Kiv nj| 16.1 g‡bvfvlvweÁv‡bi D‡b¥l I weKvk g‡bvfvlvweÁvb‡K A‡b‡KB fvlvi g‡bvweÁvb wn‡m‡e AvL¨v w`‡q _v‡Kb (Scovel 2004)| †m wn‡m‡e ¯^fveZB cÖkœ Rv‡M, g‡bvfvlvweÁvb †Kvb kv¯¿wUi AwaKZi wbKUeZx©, g‡bvweÁv‡bi bv fvlvweÁv‡bi? G cÖ‡kœi †mvRvmywR Dˇi bv wM‡q ejv hvq, g‡bvfvlvweÁvb GKwU AvšÍtkv¯¿xq cÖ‡Póv †hLv‡b fvlv‡K GKwU gvbwmK mËv wn‡m‡e MÖnY Kiv nq| †m Kvi‡Y fvlvweÁvbx Ges g‡bvweÁvbx Df‡qB g‡bvfvlvweÁvb PP©vq ¸iæZ¡c~Y© fwgKv iv‡Lb (Aitchison 2008)| ZvB g‡bvfvlvweÁvb‡K fvlvweÁvb I g‡bvweÁv‡bi ZË¡ I c×wZi mgev‡q MwVZ GK AvšÍtkv¯¿xq k„•Ljv e‡j MY¨ Kiv hvq| Z‡e GKv‡WwgK PP©vi w`K †_‡K †`L‡j g‡bvfvlvweÁvb fvlvweÁv‡biB GKwU cÖvMÖmi kvLv| KviY fvlvweÁvb wefv‡MB g~jZ Gi cVbcvVb n‡q _v‡K|

g‡bvfvlvweÁvb | 265 fvlvweÁv‡bi mnkvLv wn‡m‡e g‡bvfvlvweÁvb AwaKZi mv¤úªwZK weKwkZ GKwU kv¯¿| MÖvbnvg I Ab¨vb¨ (Granham et al. 2006) Rvbv‡”Qb, 1950-i `k‡K Av‡gwiKv‡Z GB kv¯¿wUi Rb¥ nq| Z‡e g‡bvfvlvweÁvb PP©vi AMÖ`~Z wn‡m‡e Rvgv©b g‡bvweÁvbx †fv›U‡K MY¨ Kiv nq whwb 1879 mv‡j Rvgv©bxi jvBcwRM kn‡i Zvui cÖwZwôZ j¨ve‡iUwi‡Z g‡bvfvlvweÁv‡bi wewfbœ wel‡q cixÿvg~jK c×wZ Aej¤^b K‡i M‡elYvKg© m¤úv`b K‡ib (Avwid 2012K)| g‡bvweÁv‡bi c×wZ I a¨vb-aviYvwbf©i GB †K․kj¸‡jvB cieZx©Kv‡j g‡bvfvlvweÁvb e¨vcKfv‡e MÖnY Kiv n‡q‡Q| Z‡e GKwU ¯^qsm¤ú~Y© kv¯¿ n‡q IVvi Rb¨ G kv¯¿‡K AvZ¥¯’ Ki‡Z n‡q‡Q hyM-hyMvšÍ‡ii A‡bK aviYv, D™¢veb I e„w×e„wËK cÖ‡Póv‡K| G wel‡q Avwid (2012K: 322) e‡jbMÖvbnvg I mn‡hvMxiv...g‡bvfvlvweÁv‡bi D™¢‡ei †cQ‡b Av‡jvwKZ cÖvPxb wMÖ‡mi †cø‡Uvbxq (Platonist) ÔaviYvÕ (idea) m¤úwK©Z gvbwmK I weg~Z© fvebv I Gi wecix‡Z Gwi÷U‡ji G m¤úwK©Z Ø›ØgqZv‡K †hgb Dc¯’vb K‡i‡Qb, †Zgwb †i‡bmvum-DËi fvlv I `vk©wbK weZ©K h_v gnv‡`kxq `vk©wbK we‡kl K‡i †`KvZ©, w¯ú‡bvUmv, jvBewbrm I Kv‡›Ui hyw³ev` ev g‡bvev` (rationalism) Ges weªwUk `vk©wbKe„›` h_v †eKb, jK, wnDg I evK©‡ji AwfÁZvev`‡K m¤úwK©Z K‡i‡Qb| Zvu‡`i g‡Z Dwbk kZ‡Ki wKQz ¸iæZ¡c~Y© ¯œvqy-‣eÁvwbK Avwe®‥vi we‡kl K‡i gw¯Í‡®‥i wbw`©ó ¯’v‡b ÿZRwbZ Kvi‡Y m„ó G‡dwRqv kbv³KiY wel‡q ci †eªvKv (1861) I †fiwb‡Ki (1874) Avwe®‥vi I eY©bv G‡ÿ‡Î AwZ Zvrch©c~Y© f~wgKvq AeZx©Y| 16.2 fvlv cÖwµqvKi‡Yi iƒc-iƒcvšÍi fvwlK I mvgvwRK cÖvYx wn‡m‡e fvlv cÖwµqvKiY gvby‡li •`bw›`b Kg©cÖev‡ni GK ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Ask| fvwlK cÖwµqvKiY ej‡Z gvby‡li GKwU cÖÁvbg~jK ev †evaMZ Kg©cÖwµqv‡K eySv‡bv n‡q _v‡K| G ai‡bi cÖwµqvKi‡Yi †ÿ‡Î gvbyl Zvi gw¯Í‡®‥i mÿgZv ev mvg_¨©‡K Kv‡R jvwM‡q _v‡K| A_v©r gw¯Í‡®‥i mnRvZ ÿgZv‡K e¨envi K‡i gvbyl Zvi Av‡eM, Abyf~wZ, cÖ‡qvRb I msMwZ‡K A‡b¨i Kv‡Q †c․u‡Q †`Iqvi Rb¨ hLb kã I ev‡K¨i gva¨‡g msÁvcb m¤úbœ K‡i _v‡K ZLb Zv‡K fvwlK cÖwµqvKiY e‡j| fvwlK cÖwµqvKi‡Yi Ic‡ii msÁv †_‡K eySv hv‡”Q, gvby‡li fvlvMZ cÖwµqvKi‡Yi †ÿ‡Î Zvi gvbwmK kãvewj Acwinvh© †hvMm~Î wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i| ZvB g‡bvfvlvweÁvbx‡`i cÖavb AvMÖ‡ni †ÿÎ n‡”Q, gvbyl wKfv‡e gvbwmK kãvewj‡K msMwVZ K‡i _v‡K Zvi ¯^iƒc Rvbv| KviY GB kãvewjB n‡”Q A‡b¨i mv‡_ msÁvcb I ms‡hvM ¯’vc‡bi Ab¨Zg gva¨g| gvby‡li †h gvbwmK kãvewj ev gMR Awfavb i‡q‡Q Zvi ¯^iƒc I cÖK…wZ A‡bKUvB Qvcv‡bv Awfav‡bi gZ| KviY Dfq ai‡bi Awfav‡bB mwÂZ i‡q‡Q msÁvcbwbf©i AhyZ kã| Z‡e Qvcv‡bv Awfav‡bi mv‡_ gvby‡li gMR Awfav‡bi cv_©K¨I Kg bq| Qvcv‡bv Awfav‡bi Zzjbvq gvbwmK kãvewj ev gMR Awfavb A‡bK †ewk ¯^Ztù~Z©, bgbxq Ges Avgv‡`i AwR©Z mnR Ges bZzb kã Øviv c~Y©| gMR Awfavb AwZ `ªæZZvq A_v©r 1 †m‡K‡Ûi 3 fv‡Mi GK fv‡MiI Kg mg‡q DwÏó kãwU‡K kbv³ I cÖwµqvKiY Ki‡Z

266 | mgKvjxb fvlvweÁvb cv‡i (Libben 1996)| GQvov GKRb eq¯‥ e¨w³ cÖwZ wgwb‡U cÖvq 250wU kã cvV Ki‡Z cv‡i †h kã¸wj Zvi gvbwmK Awfav‡b iwÿZ Av‡Q| gMR Awfav‡bi kãmg~‡ni cÖwµqvKi‡Yi cvkvcvwk evwK¨K cÖwµqvKiYI ¸iæZ¡c~Y©| Avgiv Rvwb, g‡bi fve cÖKv‡k e¨eüZ evK¨ wKQz k‡ãi mgwó| †m Kvi‡Y GB `yB fvwlK msMV‡bi cÖwµqvKi‡Yi ¯^iƒc I cÖK…wZ GK bq| G‡ÿ‡Î evwK¨K cÖwµqvKi‡Y `„wó mPjZv wbqvg‡Ki f~wgKvq AeZxY© nq| gvby‡li fvwlK cÖwµqvKiY welqK gvbwmK kãvewj, evwK¨ cÖwµqvKiY Ges `„wó mPjZvi GKwU mswÿß eY©bv wb‡P Dc¯’vcb Kiv nj| 16.2.1 cixÿYg~jK †KŠkj: gvbwmK kãvewj, evK¨ cÖwµqvKiY I `„wó mPjZv g‡bvfvlvweÁvbx‡`i `xN©w`‡bi GKwU wRÁvm¨ n‡”Q, gMR Awfav‡b mwÂZ k‡ãi cÖK…wZ Ges ¯^iƒc wK? GB Awfav‡b kã wK cÖwµqvq mwÂZ _v‡K? gMR Awfav‡b mwÂZ k㸇jv wK c×wZ Aej¤^b K‡i e¨w³ Zvi •`bw›`b msÁvc‡bi KvRwU K‡i _v‡K? GB cÖk¸ œ ‡jvi DËi cÖ`vb Lye mnRmva¨ bq| ZvB gvbwmK kãvewji ¯^iƒc A‡š^l‡Yi Rb¨ g‡bvfvlvweÁvbxiv wKQz cixÿvg~jK †K․kj AbymiY K‡ib hv‡Z K‡i D‡jøwLZ cÖ‡kœi m‡šÍvlRbK DËi jvf Kiv hvq| g‡bvfvlvweÁvbx‡`i Abm„Z G msµvšÍ `ywU cÖavb †K․kj n‡”Q- K. kvwãK gxgvsmv Afxÿv Ges L. cÖvBwgs| wb‡P wj‡eb Abymi‡Y (Libben 1996) G `ywU cixÿY‡K․k‡ji mswÿß eY©bv cÖ`vb Kiv nj| K. kvwãK gxgvsmv Afxÿv (lexical decision task) kvwãK gxgvsmv Afxÿv m¤úv`‡bi †ÿ‡Î AskMÖnYKvix‡K GKwU Kw¤úDUv‡ii mvg‡b em‡Z nq| Zvici Kw¤úDUv‡i GKwU kã Avwef©~Z nIqvi mv‡_ mv‡_ Zv‡K Ôn¨vuÕ ev ÔbvÕ †evZv‡g nvZ †i‡L ZvrÿwYK wm×všÍ wb‡Z nq GwU fvlvq e¨eüZ kã wKbv| gMR Awfav‡bi kãvewji cÖK…wZ I ¯^iƒc wbY©‡qi †ÿ‡Î hZ¸‡jv cixÿvg~jK †K․kj i‡q‡Q Zv‡`i g‡a¨ kvwãK gxgvsmv Afxÿv n‡”Q mij I mn‡RB m¤úv`b‡hvM¨| KviY GB cixÿ‡Y GKRb AskMÖnYKvix 15 wgwb‡U cªvq 100wU cÖ`k©b‡hvM¨ DÏxc‡Ki kãgqZv cixÿv Ki‡Z cv‡i| GB Afxÿv m¤úv`‡b `ywU wbf©ikxj PjK i‡q‡Q| G¸‡jv nj1. mgqgZ mvovcÖ`vb (response latency): mgqgZ mvovcÖ`vb n‡”Q AskMÖnYKvix‡`i Rb¨ †h mgqwU wbw`©ó Kiv n‡q‡Q †m mg‡qi g‡a¨ DËi cÖ`vb Kiv| G‡ÿ‡Î mvovcÖ`v‡bi MwZi cÖwZ `„wó †`Iqv n‡q _v‡K| Ges 2. mwVK mvovcÖ`vb (response accuracy): mwVK mvovcÖ`vb n‡”Q `„k¨gvb DÏxcKwU mwVK bv fzj †m wel‡q DËi †`Iqv| kvwãK gxgvsmv Afxÿvq `„k¨gvb DÏxcKwU hw` fvlxi e¨eüZ kã nq †m‡ÿ‡Î Ôn¨vuÕ †evZv‡g Pvc †`Iqv, A_ev GwU QÙkã (pseudo-word) n‡j †m‡ÿ‡Î ÔbvÕ ejvi Rb¨ AskMÖnYKvixi gvbwmK kãvewj‡Z AšÍfwz© ³ _vK‡Z n‡e| G‡ÿ‡Î Zvi gvbwmK kãvewj‡K mwµq _vK‡Z n‡e| AZx‡Z G wel‡q †hme

g‡bvfvlvweÁvb | 267 M‡elYvKg© m¤úvw`Z n‡q‡Q †mLv‡b AskMÖnYKvixi gMR Awfavb mwµq _vKvmv‡c‡ÿ wewfbœ ai‡bi cÖfve KvR K‡i‡Q| D`vniY¯^ic, cÖ_‡gB †c․btcywbK cÖfv‡ei (frequency effect) K_v ejv hvq| AwfÁZvq †`Lv †M‡Q †h kãwU •`bw›`b Rxe‡b †ewk †ewk e¨eüZ nq, †mwU †`Lvi ci AskMÖnYKvix 500 wgwj‡m‡K‡Ûi g‡a¨ Ôn¨vuÕ †evZv‡g Pvc w`‡Z †c‡i‡Q| Ab¨w`‡K, msÁvcbK‡g© Kg e¨eüZ kã †`Lvi ci Ôn¨vuÕ †evZv‡g Pvc w`‡Z Zviv AwaKZi †ewk mgq wb‡q‡Q| G‡Z cÖgvwYZ nq, mvovcÖ`v‡bi mgq †ewk †bIqv gv‡b n‡”Q, gvbwmK Awfav‡b kãvewji cÖwµqvKi‡Y RwUjZv •Zwi nIqv| gvbwmK k‡ãi cÖwµqvKi‡Y MwZ Ges mwVKZvI GKwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© welq| we‡kl K‡i, G msµvšÍ AZx‡Zi M‡elYv †_‡K GwUI cÖgvwYZ n‡q‡Q †h, D”PviY‡hvM¨ QÙk‡ã mvovcÖ`v‡bi mgq Aby”PviY‡hvM¨ QÙk‡ãi mvov cÖ`v‡bi †P‡q †ewk| D`vniY¯^iƒc, GKRb AskMÖnYKvix Bs‡iwR fvlvi D”PviY‡hvM¨ QÙk‡ã mvov cÖ`v‡bi †ÿ‡Î Aby”PviY‡hvM¨ QÙk‡ãi Zzjbvq AwaKZi †ewk mgq wb‡q‡Q| G‡Z eySv hv‡”Q, AskMÖnYKvixi gMR Awfav‡bi kã cÖwµqvKi‡Y aŸwbZvwË¡K †K․kjwewa Kvh©Ki _v‡K| we‡klZ, †h QÙk㸇jvi aŸwb c×wZ cÖK…Z k‡ãi aŸwb c×wZi Abyiƒc †m¸‡jvi †ÿ‡Î AskMÖnYKvix mwVK wm×všÍ wb‡Z †ewk mgq wb‡q‡Q| A_©vr QÙk‡ãi mv`„k¨agx© aŸwbe¨e¯’v‡K Zviv Avmj k‡ãi aŸwbe¨e¯’v e‡j fzj K‡i‡Q| L. cÖvBwgs (priming) gvbwmK kãvewji cÖwµqvKi‡Yi cÖK…wZ cixÿ‡Y cÖvBwgs †K․kjI ¸iæZ¡c~Y©| GB †K․kjwU‡K kvwãK gxgvsmv Afxÿvi GK ai‡bi m¤úªmviY e‡j g‡b Kiv nq| Z‡e kvwãK gxgvsmv Afxÿvi mv‡_ cÖvBwgs‡qi cv_©K¨I jÿYxq| kvwãK gxgvsmv Afxÿvq †`Lv †M‡Q DÏxc‡Ki aib cixÿ‡Y mvaviYZ AskMÖnYKvixi DËi cÖ`v‡bi MwZ I mwVKZvi cÖwZ ¸iæZ¡ cÖ`vb Kiv nq| wKš‘ cÖvBwgs †K․k‡j jÿ¨e¯‘wUi kbv³Ki‡Y cÖfveK wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i Av‡iKwU DÏxcK hv‡K cÖvBg (prime) ejv nq| G‡ÿ‡Î jÿ¨-kãwU wba©vi‡Y cÖvBgwU †Kvb ai‡bi cÖfve †dj‡Q wKbv, Zv wba©viY Kiv nq| GB cÖvBg †K․k‡ji GKwU D‡Ïk¨ n‡”Q, Avgv‡`i gMR Awfav‡b kã wKfv‡e mwÂZ nq Zv hvPvB Kiv| G wel‡q AZx‡Z †hme M‡elYvKg© m¤úvw`Z n‡q‡Q Zv †_‡K eySv hvq, A_©MZfv‡e m¤úwK©Z kã cÖvBg Kiv n‡j jÿ¨-kãwUi kvwãKZv cixÿ‡Y ZvovZvwo wm×všÍ †bIqv hvq, ev G‡ÿ‡Î mvov cÖ`v‡b Kg mgq jv‡M| D`vniY¯^iƒc, Ô¯^vgx-¯¿xÕ kã‡Rv‡oi †ÿ‡Î cÖvBg cÖfve Ô¯^vgx-cÖwZ‡ewkÕ kã‡Rv‡oi Zzjbvq AwaKZvi `ªæZ| cÖvBg wn‡m‡e Kw¤úDUv‡ii c`v©q Ô¯^vgxÕ †`Lv‡bv n‡j Gi jÿ¨wU Ô¯¿xÕ nIqvi †ÿ‡Î hZ ZvovZvwo wm×všÍ MÖnY Kiv hvq, †m‡ÿ‡Î jÿ¨wU ÔcÖwZ‡ewkÕ nIqvq AskMÖnYKvix AwaKZi †ewk mgq wb‡e| we‡kl K‡i, AskMÖnYKvix hLb cÖvBg wn‡m‡e Ô¯^vgxÕ kãwU‡K †`‡Lb, ZLb mv‡_ mv‡_B Zvi gvbwmK Awfav‡b A_©MZfv‡e me‡P‡q †ewk m¤úwK©Z Ô¯¿xÕ k‡ãi B‡gR cÖwµqvKi‡Yi Rb¨ •Zwi nq hvq| wKš‘ G‡ÿ‡Î wKQz‡ZB ÔcÖwZ‡ewkÕ kãwUi B‡gR Zvi gvbwmK Awfav‡b cÖwµqvKi‡Y Rb¨ Dc‡hvMx n‡e bv| GB †h Ô¯¿xÕ kãwUi cÖwµqvKi‡Y gvbwmKfv‡e m¤úwK©Z Ô¯^vgxÕ kãwU cÖfvweZ K‡i‡Q Zv‡K cÖvBwgs cÖfve (priming effect) ejv nq| G‡Z eySv hvq, Avgv‡`i gMR Awfav‡b kãmg~n ÔKg©RvjÕ (network) bxwZ AbymiY K‡i mwÂZ nq| A_v©r A_©MZ w`‡K m¤úwK©Z k㸇jv cvkvcvwk Ae¯’vb K‡i m¤ú‡K©i GKwU Rvj •Zwi K‡i|

268 | mgKvjxb fvlvweÁvb eZ©gv‡b g‡bvfvlvweÁv‡b gMR Awfav‡bi k‡ãi mwÂZ nIqvi aib m¤ú‡K© AewnZ nIqvi Rb¨ cÖvBwgs †K․kj bvbvfv‡e cª‡qvM Kiv nq| G‡ÿ‡Î M‡el‡Kiv A_©ZvwË¡K cÖvBwgs QvovI Ab¨ ai‡bi cÖvBwgs cixÿY m¤úv`b K‡ib| D`vniY¯^iƒc- evbvbc×wZi mv`„k¨, aŸwbMZ mv`„k¨ BZ¨vw`i †ÿ‡ÎI cÖvBwgs †K․kj AbymiY Kiv nq| G‡ÿ‡Î Abym„Z Av‡iKwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© cÖvBwgs cixÿY n‡”Q- iƒcZvwË¡K Dcv`v‡bi e¨envi| we‡klZ, jÿ¨-k‡ãi g~j kãwU AskMÖnYKvix‡K cÖvBg Kiv nq hv‡Z K‡i †m Gi mvnv‡h¨ MwVZ Ab¨ †Kvb iƒcZvwË¡Kfv‡e m¤úwK©Z kã‡K ZvovZvwo kbv³Ki‡Y `ÿZv †`Lv‡Z cv‡i| D`vniY¯^iƒc, ÔRxebgyLxÕ kã cÖvBwgs Kiv n‡j †h kãwU Avgv‡`i gMR Awfav‡b mwµq nq Zv wbtm‡›`‡n ÔRxebÕ| M. evK¨ cÖwµqvKiY kvwãK gxgvsmv ev cÖvBwgs Gi gva¨‡g fvlv e¨enviKvixi gMR Awfavbfz³ k‡ãi cÖwµqvKi‡Yi g~jbxwZ m¤ú‡K© aviYvjv‡f mg_© n‡jI evwK¨K cÖwµqvKi‡Yi ¯^iƒc Rvbv m¤¢e bq| KviY gvby‡li †eva ev cÖÁvb¯Í‡i †h evwK¨K cÖwµqvKiY nq Zv gvbwmK kãvewj †_‡K c„_K| evwK¨K cÖwµqvKiY g~jZ GK ai‡bi Kw¤úD‡Ukb| GB ai‡bi Kw¤úD‡Ukb cÖwµqv gvbwmK kãvewji iƒc-iƒcvšÍi †_‡K wfbœ| KviY evK¨ Dcjwäi †ÿ‡Î (e³v Ges †kÖvZv Df‡qi †ÿ‡Î cÖ‡hvR¨) ev‡K¨i msMV‡bi mv‡_ G‡Z cÖhy³ k‡ãi A‡_©i GK ai‡bi we‡kølYwfwËK m¤úK© •Zwi Ki‡Z nq| evK¨ DcjwäKi‡Y G ai‡bi we‡kølYwfwËK m¤úK©‡K g‡bvfvlvweÁvbxiv cvwR©s (parsing) bvg w`‡q‡Qb| evK¨ cÖwµqvKiY wel‡q hZ g‡bvfvlv‣eÁvwbK M‡elYvKg© msMwVZ n‡q‡Q †m‡ÿ‡Î M‡el‡Kiv cvwR©s‡qi g~jbxwZ, avc, MwZ Ges ixwZ I kZ©vw`, hv‡Z cvwR©s‡K AviI ÿy`ªZi iƒ‡c wPwýZ Kiv hvq, BZ¨vw` wel‡q †Rvi w`‡q‡Qb| G ch©v‡q evK¨ cÖwµqvKi‡Y e¨eüZ Ggwb GK ai‡bi cvwR©s e¨vL¨v Kiv n‡q‡Q hv‡K Ômgq-wfwËK cVb cixÿYÕ(timed-reading experiment) bv‡g AwfwnZ Kiv hvq (Libben 1996)| ev‡K¨i Ômgq-wfwËK cVb cixÿYÕ e‡j †h, ev‡K¨i •`N©¨ hZ †ewk n‡e Gi cÖwµqvKiYI ZZ RwUj n‡e| G ai‡bi GKwU mywbw`©ó Ômgq-wfwËK cVb cixÿYÕ-Gi bvg n‡”Q Ôevi-Pv‡ci bgybvÕ (bar pressing paradigm) Afxÿv| G ai‡bi Afxÿvq AskMÖnYKvix‡K GKwU Kw¤úDUv‡ii mvg‡b em‡Z †`Iqv nq Ges Zv‡K wbw`©ó mg‡qi g‡a¨ mswkøó ev‡K¨i GKwU kã‡K co‡Z nq| cixÿY ïiæi cÖ_‡gB AskMÖnYKvix Kw¤úDUvi c`v©i gvSLv‡b ev‡K¨i cÖ_g kãwU †`‡L| GwU †`Lvi ci wZwb hLb ev‡i Pvc †`b ZLb †mwU A`„k¨ n‡q hvq Ges ev‡K¨i wØZxq kãwU GKB¯’v‡b `„k¨gvb nq| Gfv‡eB Zv Pj‡Z _v‡K hZÿY bv cy‡iv ev‡K¨i kãmg~‡ni cVb †kl nq| GB Afxÿvq ch©‡eÿY‡hvM¨ wbf©ikxj PjK n‡”Q, AsknMÖnYKvix ev‡K¨i wbw`©ó kã †`Lvi wVK KZÿY ci Kx‡ev‡W©i ev‡i Pvc w`‡q _v‡Kb| wjweb (Libben 1996) G ai‡bi GKwU cixÿ‡Yi K_v D‡jøL K‡i‡Qb †hLv‡b AskMÖnYKvix‡K The Chinese, who used to produce kite, used them in order to carry ropes across the rivers kxl©K ev‡K¨i kãmg~n‡K D‡jøwLZ cÖwµqv †g‡b cvV Ki‡Z n‡qwQj| GB cixÿ‡Yi djvd‡j †`Lv hvq †h, AskMÖnYKvix ev‡K¨i we‡kl¨ Ges wµqvi †ÿ‡Î Gi e¨vKiwYK Dcv`vb¸‡jvi Zzjbvq Kx‡ev‡W©i evi Pvcvi †ÿ‡Î †ewk mgq wb‡q wQj| GB djvd‡j †h welqwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© †mwU n‡”Q, DwjøwLZ RwUj ev‡K¨i AšÍfy³ © LÐev‡K¨i †kl c`wU‡Z AskMÖnYKvix KZUv weiwZ wb‡q‡Q †mUv †`Lv| G‡ÿ‡Î ev‡K¨i cÖwZwU LÐ ïiæi c~e©eZ©x As‡ki Z‡_¨i mv‡_ L‡Ði cÖ_g c‡`i Z‡_¨i mgš^q mva‡bi Rb¨ AskMÖnYKvix AwaK mgq

g‡bvfvlvweÁvb | 269 wb‡qwQj| GB Afxÿvi djvd‡j †`Lv hvq †h, DwjøwLZ ev‡K¨i †ÿ‡Î AskMÖnYKvix rivers k‡ãi cV‡bi mgq Kx‡ev‡W©i evi Pvcvi †ÿ‡Î me‡P‡q †ewk mgq wb‡qwQj, Ges Zvic‡i wØZxq m‡ev©”P mgq wb‡q‡Q kite k‡ã †hwU D³ ev‡K¨i `ywU L‡Ði g‡a¨ ms‡hvMKvix cÖ_g c`| N. `„wó mPjZv (eye movement) evK¨cvV msµvšÍ cÖwµqvKi‡Yi mgq cvVK GK ai‡bi SvuKywbhy³ `„wó mPjZv (jerky eye movement) •Zwi K‡i hv‡K `„wó-SvuKywb ev mv‡KBWm& (saccades) ejv nq| A_v©r evK¨ cvVKv‡j cvVK `ªæZ GK c` †_‡K Ab¨c‡` `„wó mwi‡q †bq| `„wó mPjZvi GB `„wó-SvuKzwb •ZwiKv‡j wKQz Dcjwä‡hvM¨ NUbvcÖevn m„wó nq| D`vniY¯^iƒc, †PvL hLb weiwZ‡Z _v‡K ZLb GwU GKmv‡_ `yB †_‡K wZbwU k‡ãi Ic‡i `„wó eywj‡q †bq hv 200 †_‡K 300 wgwj †m‡K‡Û N‡U hvq (Libben 1996)| hLb G ai‡bi NUbv N‡U ZLb Avgv‡`i gw¯Í‡®‥i fvwlK cÖwµqvKiY w¯’i K‡i †bq ev‡K¨i †Kvb c‡` `„wó SvuKzwbwU w`‡Z n‡e| Z‡e cieZx© evwK¨K c‡` SvuKzwb †`Iqvi †ÿ‡Î Avgv‡`i `„wó mvaviYZ A‡Üi f~wgKv wb‡q _v‡K| evK¨ cv‡Vi †ÿ‡Î G ai‡bi `„wó mPjZvi welqwU myPviæiƒ‡c cwigvc Kiv n‡q _v‡K mymw¾Z AvaywbK j¨v‡e †hLv‡b wbw`©ó hvwš¿K cÖwµqv Abymi‡Yi gva¨‡g AskMÖnYKvix‡K GKwU Kw¤úDUv‡ii mvg‡b emv‡bv nq| G‡Z Av‡jv‡Ki wb¤œ-ZxeªZvhy³ Ae‡jvwnZ weg (low-intensity infra-red beam of light) Zvi †Pv‡L cª‡ÿcY Kiv nq Ges GKwU wfwWI K¨v‡givi mv‡_ hy³ Kiv nq| Zvici wfwWI K¨v‡giv †_‡K Qwe Kw¤úDUv‡i cÖ‡ek Kiv‡bv nq †hwU Aek¨ Kw¤úDUvi c`©vq †U·‡Ui cÖ`k©b‡K wbqš¿Y K‡i _v‡K| G ai‡bi hvwš¿K †K․kjhy³ cVb †_‡K cwigvc Kiv hvq †h, AskMÖnYKvix cv‡Vi †ÿ‡Î Zvi K…Z wbe×KiYmgq (fixation-time) †ewk w`‡q _v‡K Kg e¨eüZ k‡ãi †ÿ‡Î| ïay ZvB bq, †U·U cv‡Vi mgq wbe×KiY-we›`ywU (fixation point) cvVK ev‡K¨i e¨vKiwYK Dcv`v‡bi Zzjbvq †ewk †Kw›`ªf~Z K‡i _v‡K we‡kl¨, wµqv- G ai‡bi kvwãKe‡M©| G ai‡bi cv‡V AviI †h welqwU cwigvc‡hvM¨ n‡q I‡V †mwU n‡”Q, cvVK RwUj msMV‡bi ev‡K¨ wbe×KiY mgq †ewk wb‡q _v‡K Ges cv‡Vi mgq †ewk †ewk †cQ‡bi k‡ã `„wó-SvuKzwb w`‡q _v‡K hv‡K cðvreZx© `„wó-SvuKzwb (regressive saccades) ejv nq| G ai‡bi cðvreZ©x `„wó-SvuKzwb (regressive saccades) cvVK ZLbB cÖ`vb K‡i hLb ev‡K¨i A_© Abyaveb cÖwµqvwU RwUj n‡q I‡V| A_©vr cwVZ ev‡K¨i m¤ú~Y© A_©wU Abyave‡bi Rb¨ †m evievi `„wó‡K †cQ‡bi c‡` wbe× K‡i| G‡ÿ‡Î M‡elYv djvd‡j †`Lv †M‡Q †h, mvaviY evK¨ cV‡b e³v †hLv‡b M‡o 10-15% kZvsk cðvreZ©x `„wó-SvuKzwb †`q, RwUj evK¨ cV‡b †mLv‡b Zv AviI †ewk n‡q _v‡K| GQvov `ye©j cvV‡Kiv evK¨ cV‡bi mgq cvi`kx© cvV‡Ki Zzjbvq Av‡M wc‡Q †ewk `„wó-SvuKzwb w`‡q _v‡K hv‡Z K‡i evK¨wU Zvi KvQ Abyaveb‡hvM¨ n‡q I‡V| 16.2.2 fvwlK cÖwµqvKi‡Yi iKg‡di Avgiv †h‡nZz AvaywbK mvÿi mgv‡R emevm Kwi, †m‡nZz Avgv‡`i Pvicv‡k wewPÎ fvwlK Ae¯’v weivRgvb| Gme fvwlK Ae¯’vi g‡a¨ D‡jøL‡hvM¨ n‡”Q- Awjw¤úqvW, AvÇvevwR, †cv÷vi, evRvi, wej‡evW©, †iwWI-wUwf P¨v‡bj, UK‡kv, †kÖwYKÿ, msev`cÎ, mvBb‡evW© BZ¨vw`| cÖwZwbqZB Avgv‡`i‡K Gme fvwlK cÖwZ‡e‡k wewfbœ fvwlK Dcv`vb‡K cÖwµqvKiY Ki‡Z nq, †h‡nZz Avgv‡`i‡K Gme †ÿ‡Î

270 | mgKvjxb fvlvweÁvb D‡Ïk¨wfwËK msÁvc‡bi KvRwU m¤úbœ Kivi cÖ‡qvRb c‡o| Gme fvwlK cÖwµqvKi‡Yi g‡a¨ †hgb i‡q‡Q kÖeY, cVb Ges kÖæwZwjL‡bi gZ Dcv`vb, †Zgwb wewfbœ Am½Z I ÎæwUhy³ Kvh©µgI jÿYxq| †m we‡ePbvq gvby‡li •`bw›`b fvlv cÖwµqvKi‡Yi iƒc-iƒcvšÍ¸‡jv wb¤œiƒc| 1. m½Z I ¯^vfvweK fvwlK cÖwZwµqv 2. evPb öjb g‡bvfvlv‣eÁvwbK `„wó‡KvY †_‡K Dfq cÖKvi fvwlK cÖwµqvKi‡Yi ¯^iƒc wb‡P we‡kølY Kiv nj| 1. m½Z I ¯^vfvweK fvwlK cÖwµvqvKiY m½Z I ¯^vfvweK fvwlK cÖwµqvKiY ej‡Z eySv‡bv n‡q _v‡K †mB fvwlK cÖwµqvKiY, hv mgv‡Ri my¯’ I fvwlKfv‡e mÿg gvby‡liv m¤úv`b K‡i _v‡K| ¯^vfvweK gvby‡li GB ai‡bi fvwlK cÖwµqvKiY‡K `ywU `„wó‡KvY †_‡K †`Lvi AeKvk i‡q‡Q- AÿiÁvbm¤úbœ gvby‡li fvlv cÖwµqvKiY Ges AÿiÁvbnxb gvby‡li fvlv cÖwµqvKiY| G cÖm‡½ e‡j †bIqv fvj, AÿiÁvb AvaywbK mf¨ gvby‡li GKwU cÖÁvbg~jK Kvh©µg| wKš‘ Gi c~‡e© hLb wjwci weKvk mvwaZ nqwb ZLbKvi gvby‡li fvwlK cÖwµqvKiY AvR‡Ki gvby‡li AvR‡Ki cÖwµqvKi‡Yi Zzjbvq AwaKZi mnR mnR wQj| KviY Zv‡`i fvwlK cÖwµqvKiY m¤úbœ nZ ïay K_v ejv ev A‡b¨i K_v ïbvi gva¨‡gB| wKš‘ hLb eB covi Rb¨ wjwci Avwe®‥vi nq ZLb gvby‡li •`bw›`b fvwlK cÖwµqvKiY Av‡Mi Zzjbvq A‡bK †ewk RwUj n‡q c‡o| KviY eZ©gv‡b fvwlK cÖwµqvKi‡Yi D`vniY wn‡m‡e ïay K_v ejv I †kvbvi KvRwU Ki‡jB nq bv| eis AvaywbK wkwÿZ gvbyl‡K GLb `„k¨gvb fvwlK cÖwµqvKiYI Ki‡Z nq| D`vniY¯^iƒc- Zv‡K GLb †cv÷vi, wej‡evW©, mvBb‡evW©, msev`cÎ cv‡Vi cÖwµqvKiY †hgb Ki‡Z nq, †Zgwb wUwf P¨v‡bj †`‡L GKB mv‡_ kÖeY, cVb Ges †kvbvi cÖwµqvwUI m¤úbœ Ki‡Z nq| Aek¨ Av‡MKvi gvbyl‡`i‡K `„k¨gvb Qwei cÖwµqvKiYI Ki‡Z n‡q‡Q| G †_‡K GKwU welq cwi®‥vi †h, G mg‡qi AvaywbK gvby‡li fvwlK cÖwµqvKi‡Yi aibwU A‡bK †ewk RwUj Ges hyMcr eû-gva¨gm¤úbœ| Zv‡K gvbyl‡K GLb GKB mv‡_ eû gva¨g I †evaMZ P¨v‡b‡ji fvwlK cªwµqvKiY Ki‡Z nq| gvby‡li fvwlK cÖwµqvKi‡Yi cÖK…wZ I ¯^iƒc we‡kølY M‡elK‡`i Ab¨Zg AvMÖ‡ni welq| wek^we`¨vjq ch©v‡q we`¨vqZwbK M‡el‡Kiv, we‡kl K‡i cÖÁvbZvwË¡K d¨vKvwëi wewfbœ welq, h_v- fvlvweÁvb Ges g‡bvweÁv‡bi cwÐZ Aa¨vcK I M‡el‡Kiv `xN©w`b a‡i wb‡R‡`i‡K G ai‡bi M‡elYvq e¨vc„Z †i‡L‡Qb| Zvu‡`i `xN©w`‡bi AbymwÜrmvi dj¯^iƒc gvby‡li fvwlK cÖwµqvKi‡Yi cÖK…wZ mÜv‡b D™¢vweZ n‡q‡Q wKQz ZvwË¡K †K․kj I g‡Wj| D`vniY¯^iƒc, eY©bvg~jK fvlvweÁv‡bi RbK †mvmy¨i (Saussure 1916) †_‡K ïiæ K‡i AvaywbKKv‡ji g‡bvweÁvbx gvk©vj I wbDK¤^ (Marshall & Newcombe 1973) ch©šÍ gw¯Í‡®‥i cVb cÖwµqvi ¯^iƒc we‡kølYmn wewfbœ g‡bv‣eÁvwbK g‡W‡ji K_v D‡jøL Kiv hvq| Z‡e Zvu‡`i D™¢vweZ ZË¡ I g‡Wj fvlv cÖwµqvKi‡Yi me¸‡jv aviv Ges P¨v‡bj‡K Awfbœ GKwU ZvwË¡K e¨vL¨vi A½xf~Z Kivi †ÿ‡Î mgÿZv †`Lv‡Z cv‡iwb| wKš‘ G‡ÿ‡Î †h g‡bv‣eÁvwbK g‡WjwU GKvav‡i gvby‡li †g․wjK fvlvMZ cÖwµqvKiYmn Zvi cVb `ÿZv‡KI †h․w³Kfv‡e e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z mÿgZv †`wL‡q‡Q, †mwU n‡”Q †cUvimb

g‡bvfvlvweÁvb | 271 Ges †kDBj (Patterson & Shewell 1987) cÖ¯vÍ weZ Ô†evaMZ g‡WjÕ (DׄZ, Coltheart et. al. 2001)| gvby‡li wewfbœ ai‡bi fvwlK cÖwµqvKi‡Yi †g․j cÖK…wZ‡K e¨vL¨v Kivi Rb¨ wb‡P GB g‡WjwU Dc¯’vcb Kiv nj| †cUvimb I †kDBj (1987) cÖ¯vÍ weZ fvwlK cÖwµqvKiY g‡WjwU GKwU †P․Km g‡Wj| KviY GB g‡WjwU gvby‡li m¤¢ve¨ me iK‡gi fvwlK cÖwµqvKiY‡K e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z mÿg| GB g‡WjwU‡K ÔcÖÁvbg~jK g‡WjÕ ejv nq| KviY GB g‡W‡ji †K‡›`ª i‡q‡Q GKwU Ô†evaMZ mskÖqÕ| GLv‡b Õ†evaMZ mskªqÕ ej‡Z gvby‡li gMR Awfavb‡K wb‡`©k Kiv n‡”Q| GB g‡Wj Abymv‡i ejv hvq, gMR AwfavbB n‡”Q gvby‡li me ai‡bi fvwlK cÖwµqvKi‡Yi †K›`ªwe›`y| GwU †`‡L eySv hvq, G‡Z Z‡_¨i Mgbc_ n‡”Q wb¤œgyLx| A_v©r Z_¨ me©`v Ic‡ii gwWDj ev e· †_‡K wb‡Pi gwWD‡j Mgb K‡i (Arif 2010)| GQvov GB g‡W‡ji msMVb †_‡K GI cwigvc Kiv hvq, fvwlKK‡g© m¤úvw`Z Z_¨ hLb Ici †_‡K wb‡Pi gwWD‡j hvq ZLb AwaKvsk Z_¨ †evaMZ mskÖq w`‡q Mgb K‡i| gvSLv‡b Aew¯’Z Ô†evaMZ mskªqÕmn GB g‡WjwU A‡bKUv Bs‡iwR ‘X’ e‡Y©i gZ †`L‡Z e‡j G‡K G·-AvK„wZi g‡WjI ejv n‡q _v‡K|

wPÎ 16.1 †cUvimb I †kDB‡ii fvwlK cÖwµqvKiY g‡Wj (1987) (Drm: Coltheart et. al. 2001)

272 | mgKvjxb fvlvweÁvb †cUvimb I †kDBj (1987) Gi GB g‡WjwU eY©bv K‡i, gvbyl hLb †Kvb kã ev evPb ï‡b (GB g‡Wj Abymv‡i ‘speech’ hv g‡W‡ji Ic‡i evgw`‡K i‡q‡Q), †hwU B‡Zvg‡a¨ Zvi Ô†evaMZ mskÖqÕ ev gMR Awfav‡b msiwÿZ Av‡Q, †mwU ZLb cÖÁvbg~jK miwY (speech →acoustic analysis→auditory input lexicon→cognitive system) e¨envi K‡i cÖwµqvK…Z nq| Zvici †kÖvZv hw` GB kãwU †kvbvi ci Avevi ej‡Z Pvq Zvn‡j Gi cÖÁvbg~jK miwYwU †evaMZ mskÖq †_‡K ïiæ n‡q g‡W‡ji wb‡Pi w`‡Ki evgcv‡k Aew¯’Z ‘speech’ wM‡q †kl nq| G‡ÿ‡Î Gi MwZc_ n‡”Q, cognitive system→phonological output lexicon →response buffer →speech | G †_‡K eySv hvq gvbyl Zvi mKj Rvbv ev A_©c~Y© kã GB miwYi gva¨‡gB cÖwµqvKiY K‡i| fvlv e¨enviKvix‡K KLbI KLbI Rvbv k‡ãi cvkvcvwk bZzb ev A‡Pbv A_ev QÙkã‡KI cÖwµqvKiY Kivi cÖ‡qvRb nq| G‡ÿ‡Î †m †Kvb miwY‡K e¨envi K‡i? G cÖm‡½ †cUvimb I †kDBj g‡Wj, †h‡nZz GB k㸇jv e¨enviKvixi Kv‡Q bZzb ev A_© ARvbv kã A_ev A-kã, †m‡nZz †m c~‡e© DwjøwLZ miwY e¨envi bv K‡i c‡ivÿ (indirect) GKwU miwY Øviv cVb KvR mgvß K‡i| GB c‡ivÿ miwYi MwZc_ n‡”Q, speech →acoustic analysis→acoustic-to-phonological conversion→response buffer →speech (†`Lyb GB g‡W‡ji evgw`‡Ki Ask)| GwU‡K Ôc‡ivÿÕ miwY ejv nq; KviY GwU g‡W‡ji gvSLv‡b Aew¯’Z †evaMZ mskÖq‡K cvk KvwU‡q P‡j hvq| GLb Avmv hvK fvlv e¨enviKvixiv wKfv‡e wewfbœ AwbqwgZ kã, h_v- cÙv, MÖx®§, ¯§iY, island BZ¨vw` cÖwµqvKiY K‡i _v‡K| GB g‡Wj e‡j, G ai‡bi AwbqwgZ kã cÖwµqvKiY Ki‡Z wM‡q †kÖvZv †h miwYwU e¨envi K‡i †mwU n‡”Q, speech →acoustic analysis→phonological output lexicon→response buffer →speech|

Ic‡i ewY©Z kÖeYK…Z k‡ãi cvkvcvwk gvbyl wKfv‡e gyw`ªZ kã cÖwµqvKiY K‡i Zvi e¨vL¨vI G g‡Wj †_‡K cvIqv hvq| G‡ÿ‡Î g‡WjwUi Wvbw`‡Ki mswkøó Ôgy`ªYÕ (print→) AskwU e¨eüZ nq| evgw`‡Ki gZ GB g‡W‡ji Wvbw`‡KI `ywU miwY i‡q‡Q i‡q‡Q †h¸‡jv e¨envi K‡i cvVK gyw`ªZ Rvbv kã Ges bZzb ev QÙkã DfqB cÖwµqvKiY K‡i _v‡K| ïay ZvB bq, †cUvimb Ges †kDBj g‡Wj gvby‡li me ai‡bi fvwlK cÖwµqvKi‡Yi m¤¢ve¨ e¨vL¨vi cvkvcvwk wewfbœ nvB‡cv‡_wUK¨vj miwYi MwZc‡_i bKkv wba©viY K‡i w`‡q‡Q| m‡e©vcwi, GB †cUvimb I †kDBj g‡Wj (1987) fvlv cÖwµqvKi‡Yi Ggb GKwU g‡Wj hv gvby‡li gw¯Í‡®‥i fvlv cÖwµqvKiY wel‡q wbDib m‡¼‡Zi Mgbc‡_i GKwU Abywm×všÍg~jK ev nvB‡cv‡_wUK¨vj eY©bv cÖ`vb K‡i | fvlv cÖwµqvKi‡Y gvby‡li gw¯Í®‥ cÖK…Zc‡ÿ wK K‡i _v‡K Zvi ¯^iƒc m¤ú‡K© GKUv aviYv GB g‡Wj †_‡K jvf Kiv hvq| 2. evPb övjb (slip of tongue) my¯’ I ¯^vfvweK gvbyl Ic‡i ewY©Z wewfbœ ai‡bi fvwlK cÖwµqvKiY QvovI A‡bK mgq wKQz ÎæwUc~Y© ev Am½Z cÖwµqvKiY K‡i _v‡K| G‡`i g‡a¨ D‡jøL‡hvM¨ GKwU cÖwµqvKiY nj evPb övjb| gvbyl Zvi •`bw›`b fvwlK msÁvc‡b KLbI KLbI fvlv ej‡Z wM‡q B”QvK…Z ev Awb”QvK…Zfv‡e fzj K‡i _v‡K| G

g‡bvfvlvweÁvb | 273 ai‡bi Am½Z fvwlK cªwµqvKi‡Yi GKwU n‡”Q evPb övjb| gvbyl bvbviK‡gi evPb övjb K‡i _v‡K| G‡`i g‡a¨ D‡jøL‡hvM¨ GKwU n‡”Q ¯úybvwiRg (spoonarisms)| Bsj¨v‡Ûi A·‡dv‡W©i wbD K‡j‡Ri Iqv‡W©b (1903-1924) †ifv‡iÛ wg. DBwjqvg ¯úybv‡ii bvgvbymv‡i Ô¯úybvwiRgÕ AwfavwU Pvjy n‡q‡Q| wg. ¯úybvi nvm¨im m„wó Kivi Rb¨ memgq mnKgx©‡`i mv‡_ evPb fzj K‡i K_v ej‡Zb| GB evPb fz‡ji g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q, evK¨w¯’Z `ywU k‡ãi cÖ_g eY©‡K ci¯ú‡ii g‡a¨ ¯’vb e`j K‡i †`Iqv| D`vniY¯^iƒc1) K. hv ejvi K_v wQj:You have missed all my history lectures. L. wZwb ej‡Zb: You have hissed all my mystry lectures. 2) K. hv ejvi K_v wQj: Noble sons of toil. L. wZwb ej‡Zb: Noble tons of soil. D‡jøL¨, wg. ¯úybvi hLb G ai‡bi ¯úybvwiRg Ki‡Zb ZLb wZwb Zv m¤úv`b Kivi †ÿ‡Î c~e©-cwiKíbv K‡i wb‡Zb hv Zvui fvwlK cÖwµqvKi‡YiB Ask| G †_‡K eySv hv‡”Q fvlv e¨enviKvixiv m‡PZb fvwlK cÖwµqvKi‡Yi gva¨‡g Am½Z I D‡Ïk¨g~jK fvlvKg© m¤úv`b K‡i _v‡K| †h‡nZz ¯úybvwiRg m‡PZb fvlv cÖwµqvKi‡Yi Ask, †m‡nZz c„w_exi me fvlv‡ZB G cÖwµqv AbymiY K‡i wewfbœ iK‡gi fvwlK cÖwµqvKiY Kiv hvq| GiB avivevwnKZvq evsjv fvlvq ¯úybvwiRg K‡i wfbœagx© kã m„Rb Kiv hvq| wb‡P G iKg wKQz ¯úybvwiR‡gi D`vniY cÖ`vb Kiv nj| 3) K. hv eZ©gv‡b Av‡Q: bwP‡KZv (cÖL¨vZ Kɨwkíx) L. Kiv n‡q‡Q: KwP †bZv 4) K. hv eZ©gv‡b Av‡Q: GK Kvc Pv L. Kiv n‡q‡Q: GK Pvc Lv 5) K. hv ejv DwPZ wQj: History Mam L. Kiv n‡q‡Q: Mystery Ham

274 | mgKvjxb fvlvweÁvb ¯úybvwiRg QvovI AviI GK ai‡bi evPb övjb mPivPi N‡U _v‡K, †mwU n‡”Q ÔwgkªY Ges wgjv‡bvÕ (mixing and matching)| G ai‡bi övj‡bi gva¨‡g e³v g~jZ evK¨ ev evK¨vs‡ki c‡`i ¯’vbPz¨wZ NUvq hv‡Z Gi A‡_©i m¤ú~Y© cvj‡U hvq| fvlvweÁvbx d«gwKb (1993) G ai‡bi övj‡bi D`vniY cÖ`vb K‡i‡Qb| D`vniY¯^iƒc, 6) K. hv D‡Ïk¨ wQj: ‘rules of word formation’ L. Kiv n‡q‡Q: ‘words of rule formation’ me‡k‡l, evPb övjb gvby‡li fvwlK cÖwµqvKi‡Yi wKQz g~jbxwZ wel‡q c~e©vfvm w`‡q _v‡K| D`vniY¯^iƒc- cÖ_gZ, gyL w`‡q evPb ïiæ Kivi c~‡e©B Avgv‡`i‡K evwK¨K cwiKíbv Ki‡Z nq| GQvov GwU G mZ¨I Rvbvb †`q †h, fvwlK cÖwµqvKi‡Y kã bq, eis iƒcg~jB ev‡K¨i g~j wfwË| evPb övjb †K․kjwU Av‡iKwU Z_¨ cÖ`vb K‡i, GwU e³vi GK ai‡bi ¯^Ztù~Z© cÖwµqvKiY hv‡Z Zvi †Kvb wbqš¿Y _v‡K bv, we‡kl K‡i e³v hLb Am‡PZbfv‡e ¯úybvwiRg K‡i _v‡K| 16.3 fvlv AR©b I wkÿY eq¯‥‡`i fvlv cÖwµqvKi‡Yi cvkvcvwk gvbe wkï wKfv‡e gvZ…fvlv AR©bmn wØZxq ev we‡`kx fvlv wk‡L _v‡K ZvI g‡bvfvlvweÁv‡bi Ab¨Zg Av‡jvP¨welq| G wel‡q g‡bvfvlvweÁvbx GBwPm‡bi (Aitchison 2008) e³e¨ ¸iæ‡Z¡i m‡½ we‡ePbv Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| wZwb g‡bvfvlvweÁv‡bi wZbwU cÖavb‡ÿ‡Îi Ab¨Zg †ÿÎ wn‡m‡e Ôwkïi fvlv AR©b Ges G msµvšÍ mgm¨vw`Õ‡K AšÍf³ y© K‡i‡Qb| GQvov ¯‥z‡ej (Scovel 2004) g‡bvfvlvweÁv‡bi M‡elYv‡ÿ‡Îi mv‡_ m¤úwK©Z †h 4wU M‡elYv-cÖ‡kœi DÌvcb K‡i‡Qb Zvi g‡a¨ cÖ_gwUB wkïi fvlv I evPb AR©‡bi mv‡_ m¤úK©hy³| Ic‡ii Av‡jvPbv †_‡K GKwU wel‡q wm×v‡šÍ Avmv hvq, gvbe wkïi fvlv I evPb `ÿZv AR©b g‡bvfvlvweÁv‡bi G mnkv‡¯¿i ¸iæZ¡c~Y© ewY©Z welq wn‡m‡e cwiMwYZ| wkïi fvlv AR©b wel‡q †hwU cÖ_‡gB Av‡jvKcvZ Kiv nq †mwU n‡”Q, wkïi gvZ…fvlv AR©‡bi cÖK…wZ I ¯^iƒc wK? G wel‡q g‡bvfvlvweÁvb `ywU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Z‡Ë¡i AeZviYv K‡ib| G `ywU AwZ cwiwPZ ZË¡ nj1. AwfÁZvev` (empericism) gvby‡li †Kvb `ÿZv ev †K․kj AR©‡bi †ÿ‡Î AwfÁZvev`x `vk©wb‡Kiv AwfÁZv‡KB ¸iæZ¡ cÖ`vb K‡i _v‡Kb| AwfÁZvev` e‡j †h, gvbe wkï Rb¥MÖn‡Yi mgq †Kvb `ÿZv ev Ávb wb‡q Rb¥MÖnY K‡i bv| we‡klZ, welqwU fvlvi `„wó‡KvY †_‡K †`L‡j gvbewkï R‡b¥i mgq †Kvb fvwlK Ávb wb‡q Rb¥MÖnY K‡i bv| wkï Zvn‡j wKfv‡e fvlv †k‡L? G cÖ‡kœi Dˇi AwfÁZvev`xiv e‡jb, Rb¥MÖn‡Yi ci wkï fvlvwkÿvi Kvh©µgwU AwfÁZvi ga¨ w`‡q AR©b K‡i| fvlvwkÿvi GB AwfÁZvwU mvivRxeb a‡i P‡j †hLv‡b Zviv Pvicv‡ki mvs¯‥…wZK cwigЇji mv‡_ m¤úwK©Z K‡i fvwlK Dcv`vbmg~n AvqË K‡i| G‡ÿ‡Î AwfÁZvev` Øviv cÖfvweZ g‡bvweÁvbx w¯‥bvi (Skinner 1957) GKwU †K․k‡ji K_v e‡j‡Qb, †mwU n‡”Q-

g‡bvfvlvweÁvb | 275 7) Ôw÷gyjvm → †imcÝÕ (S →R) A_v©r AwfÁZvev`xiv e‡jb, wkïiv mvaviYZ †Kvb fvwlK Dcv`vb †`Lv ev †kvbvi (w÷gyjvm) gva¨‡gB fvlv wk‡L (†imcÝ) _v‡K| AwfÁZvev`xiv fvlv wkL‡bi e¨vcviwU‡K mvs¯‥…wZKfv‡e wba©vwiZ (culturally determined) welq e‡j g‡b K‡i _v‡Kb| Zvu‡`i g‡Z, fvlv wkL‡bi GK ch©v‡q hLb gvbyl wjLb †K․kjwU wk‡L ZLb Zvi wKQz AvbyôvwbK cÖwkÿ‡Yi `iKvi nq †hwU g~jZ mvs¯‥…wZK wbqg-bxwZ Øviv wbqwš¿Z| G Kvi‡Y gvZ…fvlv AR©b Kiv ev nvuU‡Z †kLvi gZ ¯^Ztù~Z©Zvq Avgiv wjLb †K․kj wkL‡Z cvwi bv| ZvB wjLb GKwU wkÿYxq welq| 2. •PZb¨ev` (mentalism) AwfÁZvev‡`i wecixZ aviYv n‡”Q •PZb¨ev`| •PZb¨ev` gvby‡li Ávb I `ÿZv AR©‡bi mv‡_ g‡bvMZ Ae¯’v‡K ¸iæ‡Z¡i mv‡_ we‡ePbv K‡i _v‡K| G gZev‡`i mg_©bKvix `vk©wb‡Kiv e‡jb gvbe wkï Rb¥MÖn‡Yi mgqB mKj Ávb wb‡q Av‡m hv Zv‡K cieZx©‡Z eo n‡Z mnvqZv K‡i| fvlvi cÖm‡½ ej‡Z †M‡j, gvbe wkï fvlv AR©‡bi GK mnRvZ †K․kj wb‡q Rb¥MÖnY K‡i hv _v‡K cÖKvivšÍ‡i gvZ…fvlv AR©‡bi c‡ÿ mnvqK| •PZb¨ev`x‡`i cÖavb cÖwZf~ n‡”Qb †bvqvg Pgw¯‥| gvbe wkïi fvlv AR©‡bi ÿgZv wel‡q Ab¨vb¨ •PZb¨vev`x‡`i mv‡_ Zvj wgwj‡q wZwb e‡jb, gvby‡li fvwlK AvPiY •ReZvwË¡Kfv‡e wba©vwiZ (biologically determined)| A_v©r cÖwZwU gvbe wkï RxbMZfv‡e wba©vwiZ GK ai‡bi Ôfvlvwkÿvi †K․kjÕ (language acquisition device, LAD) wb‡q Rb¥vq (Chomsky 1965)| c‡i Aek¨ Pgw¯‥ wb‡R G Abywm×všÍ‡K AviI m¤úªmvwiZ K‡i Ôme©Rbxb e¨vKiYÕ (universal grammar) aviYvq w¯’Zax nb| Zvui Ôme©Rbxb e¨vKiYÕ e‡j †h, cÖ‡Z¨K wkïB fvlv AR©‡bi mnRvZ ÿgZv wb‡q Rb¥MÖnY K‡i hv cÖwZwU fvlvi wkï‡`i †ÿ‡Î mgvbfv‡e jÿ¨‡hvM¨| Pgw¯‥ AviI e‡jb, gvby‡li Ab¨vb¨ kvixwiK `ÿZv †hgb RxeZvwË¡Kfv‡e wba©vwiZ •ewkó¨ Øviv AwR©Z n‡q _v‡K, fvlvi †ÿ‡Î wVK †ZgbwU N‡U| D`vniY¯^iƒc, gvby‡li nvuUvi ÿgZv •ReZvwË¡K •ewkó¨ Øviv wbqwš¿Z e‡j Rb¥MÖn‡Yi ci Zv‡K nvuUvi `ÿZv AR©‡bi Rb¨ Kmir Ki‡Z nq bv; GKUv wbw`©ó eqm c‡i †m Ggwb‡ZB nvuU‡Z wk‡L| wVK †Zgwbfv‡e wKQz mnRvZ ÿgZv ev •ReZvwË¡K •ewkó¨ wb‡q Rb¥MÖn‡Yi Kvi‡Y †m GKUv wbw`©ó mgq c‡i Ggwb‡ZB gvZ…fvlv AR©b K‡i| G‡ÿ‡Î me fvlvi wkïB Awfbœ cÖwµqvq Zvi gvZ…fvlvi wewfbœ Dcv`vbmg~n AvqË K‡i| D`vniY¯^iƒc, c„w_exi me fvlvi wkïB gvZ…fvlv AR©‡bi †ÿ‡Î D”PviYLÐ, ¯^vZš¿¨m~PK wdPvi, aŸwbZvwË¡K wbqg BZ¨vw` Awfbœ e¨vKiYMZ •ewkó¨ AR©b K‡i _v‡K| fvlv AR©‡bi †ÿ‡Î AwfÁZvev` Ges •PZb¨ev` ci¯úiwe‡ivax ZË¡ hv A‡bK mgq wkïi fvlv AR©b Ges wkL‡bi †ÿ‡Î wecixZ aviYv cÖ`vb K‡i _v‡K| d‡j mv¤úªwZKKv‡ji fvlvweÁvbxiv wkïi fvlv AR©b wel‡q GB `yB Z‡Ë¡i cÖavb cÖavb wel‡qi wKQzUv ms‡kvab mv‡c‡ÿ G `ywU Z‡Ë¡i mgš^q welqK aviYv‡K

276 | mgKvjxb fvlvweÁvb cÖwZwôZ K‡i‡Qb| Zvu‡`i g‡Z, fvlv AR©‡bi †ÿ‡Î gvbe wkïi Rb¥Kvjxb mnRvZ ÿgZvi †hgb ¸iæZ¡ i‡q‡Q, †Zgwb GB mnRvZ ÿgZv‡K cwic~Y© K‡i fvlv AR©b I wkL‡b cwi‡ek Z_v cvwicvwk^©K mvs¯‥…wZK Ave‡ni ¸iæZ¡ Aek¨m¤¢vex| Aaybv weKwkZ cÖÁvbg~jK fvlvweÁvbxiv wkïi fvlv AR©‡b G mw¤§wjZ aviYvi cwi‡cvlYKvix hv Zviv m‡iRwgb M‡elYv-Z_¨ mn‡hv‡M cÖwZôv Kivi †cÖiYv †c‡q‡Qb| 16.4 fvlv cÖwµqvKiY I fvlvweÁvb g‡bvfvlvweÁvb ZvwË¡K fvlvweÁv‡bi ZË¡-c×wZi Av‡jv‡KI A‡bK mgq fvlvcÖwµqvKi‡Yi welqwU‡K e¨vL¨v K‡i _v‡K| we‡klZ, fvlvweÁv‡bi wewfbœ †K›`ªxq kvLvi †g․wjK msMVb, h_v- aŸwb, iƒc, evK¨ BZ¨vw`i `„wó‡KvY †_‡K fvwlK cÖwµqvKiY KZUzKz Kvh©Ki Zv m¤úªwZ g‡bvfvlvweÁv‡bi m¤¢ve¨ AvMÖ‡ni welq n‡q `vuwo‡q‡Q | wb‡Pi Av‡jvPbvq Zv ms‡ÿ‡c Dc¯’vcb Kiv nj| 16.4.1 aŸwb‰eÁvwbK cÖwµqvKiY †Kvb fvlvq cÖPwjZ †h D”PviYLÐmg~n i‡q‡Q †m¸‡jv‡K evK-cÖZ¨‡½i AvKvi, •ewkó¨ Ges ¯^ic‡_ evZv‡mi Mgbfw½i cÖK…wZ Abymv‡i wewfbœ †kªwY‡Z fvM Kiv nq| GQvovI •`N©¨MZ Abyµg Abymv‡i gvbeaŸwb‡K wdPvi, aŸwbg~j, Aÿi BZ¨vw` GK‡K web¨¯Í Kiv nq| Avevi aŸwbi mn-aŸwbg~jMZ DcjwäMZ iƒc †Zv i‡q‡QB| gvbyl KZ©„K D”PvwiZ aŸwbmg~‡ni G ai‡bi cwiwPwZ I •ewkó¨ wba©viY hZ mn‡R Kiv hvq, fvwlK cÖwµqvKi‡Yi †ÿ‡Î G‡`i ¯^iƒc wba©viY Kiv ZZB KwVb, hw`I Am¤¢e bq| †Kbbv gvbe fvlvi evPb Drcv`b Ges Abyave‡b hy³ i‡q‡Q GK RwUj cÖwµqv| Zv wb‡P e¨vL¨v Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| aiv hvK, GKRb †kÖvZv wb‡Pi evsjv evK¨wU ïbj| 8) Zzwg GLb Avm| GB evK¨ †kvbvi †ÿ‡Î GKwU mgqMZ cwigv‡ci e¨vcvi jÿYxq| †Kbbv me¸‡jv aŸwb GKB mv‡_ bv ï‡b †kÖvZv cici ïb‡e| G‡ÿ‡Î cÖ_‡gB †m /Z/ D”PviYLÐwU ï‡b _v‡K| ZviciB †kvbv hv‡e /D/| GB ÔZzÕ D”PviYLÐ kÖe‡Yi ciB †kÖvZv Abygvb Ki‡Z cvi‡e †h e³v Zv‡K wb‡`©k Ki‡Q| †Kbbv ev‡K¨i cÖwZ‡ekB mnvqZv Ki‡e †h, GB ev‡K¨ ÔZzÕ w`‡q e¨w³‡K wb‡`©k Kiv n‡”Q| GQvov ÔZzÕ w`‡q evsjvq †hme kã •Zwi nq, †m¸‡jvi g‡a¨ e¨w³‡K wb‡`©k K‡i ejv Ab¨Zg kã| Zvici †kÖvZv /g&/ Ges /B/ aŸwb ï‡b eyS‡Z cvi‡e †h, e³v GLv‡b ÔZzwgÕ kãwU D”PviY Ki‡Q| Gici †kÖvZv hLb GB ev‡K¨i ÔGLbÕ k‡ãi cÖ_g D”PviYLÐ ïb‡e ZLb †m Zvi evsjv fvlvi mnRvZ •ewk󨸇Y eyS‡Z cvi‡e †h, GB D”PviYLÐwU GKwU bZzb k‡ãi cÖ_g D”PviLÐ| KviY evsjvfvlx gvÎB Rv‡bb †h, ÔZzwgÕ kãwU hLb ev‡K¨i KZ©viƒ‡c e¨eüZ nq Ges †mB ÔZzwgÕ w`‡q hLb GKRb‡K wb‡`©k Ki‡Q, Gic‡i mvaviYZ bZzb kã ïiæ nq| ÔGÕ kªe‡Yi ci hLbB †kªvZv /L&/ D”PviYLÐwU ïb‡e, ZLb †m /G/ aŸwbi ci /L&/ kÖeYc~e©K eyS‡Z cvi‡e †h, G `ywU aŸwb w`‡q e³v ÔGLbÕ kãwU‡K D”PviY Ki‡Q| KviY evsjvfvlx †kÖvZv Zvi c~e©

g‡bvfvlvweÁvb | 277 AwfÁZv Ges msÁvcb cÖwZ‡ek mn‡hv‡M GB ÔGLbÕ kãwU‡K Abygvb K‡i wb‡Z cvi‡e| G‡ÿ‡Î cieZx© /b&/ D”PviYLÐwU †kvbvi ciB Zv NU‡e| ÔGLbÕ kãwU †kvbvi ci †kÖvZv hLb /Av/ D”PviYLÐwU ïb‡e, ZLb †m Zvi ¯^fveRvZ fvlv `ÿZv¸‡Y eyS‡Z cvi‡e †h, GwU w`‡q e³v GKwU bZzb kã wµqvc`‡K wb‡`©k Ki‡Z Pv‡”Q| KviY Zvi AZxZ fvlv AwfÁZv e‡j †`q †h, evsjv ev‡K¨ wµqvc` mevi †k‡l e‡m| Avi D”PviYLÐ /m/ ï‡b †m ZÿYvr a‡i †dj‡e †h, GB wµqvc`wU n‡”Q ÔAvmÕ| KviY GB ev‡K¨i cÖ_g c` ÔZzwgÕ KZ©vwUB ms‡KZ wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i †h ev‡K¨i wµqvc`wU wØZxq cyiæ‡li eZ©gvb iƒc‡K eySv‡”Q| †Kbbv evsjv fvlvq KZ©vi mv‡_ wµqvc‡`i GK ai‡bi m½wZ iÿv Kiv nq| GQvov c~e©eZx© ÔGLbÕ kãwU Zv‡K GB ms‡KZ cÖ`vb Ki‡e †h, evK¨w¯’Z wµqvc`wU n‡Z hv‡”Q eZ©gvbKv‡ji wµqviƒc| Zvn‡j †`Lv hv‡”Q, †Kvb fvlvi aŸwb ev D”PviYLÐ cÖwµqvKiY Ki‡Z †M‡j e³v ev †kÖvZv‡K mswkøó fvlvwUi ïay aŸwbMZ ÁvbB h‡_ó bq, eis Gi e¨vKiwYK Ávb, evK¨ ejvi †ÿ‡Î msÁvcbMZ cÖwZ‡ek, e³v/†kÖvZvi wbwnZ AwfcÖvq I Z_¨ BZ¨vw` wel‡qI `ÿ n‡Z nq| Ic‡ii D`vniY †_‡K eySv hvq, †kÖvZv hLb †Kvb evK¨ kÖeY K‡i ZLb †m cÖ_‡gB Gi AšÍfy³ © k‡ãi aŸwbmg~n I Gi k‡ãi cÖvšÍmxgv we‡kølY Ki‡Z Zrci nq Ges G¸‡jv‡K Zvi gvbwmK Awfav‡bi mv‡_ †gjv‡Z ïiæ K‡i| G ai‡bi Av‡ivnx we‡kølY ev ÿz`ª †_‡K eo Dcv`v‡bi w`‡K †c․uQvi c×wZ‡K ejv nq ÔAby-AMÖ cÖwµqvKiYÕ (bottom-up processing)| Avevi KLbI KLbI ev‡K¨i ÿz`ªZg Ask aŸwbwfwËK cÖwµqvKiY bv K‡i, eis evK¨w¯’Z Z_¨m~Î Ges Gi cÖm½‡K ms‡KZ wn‡m‡e we‡ePbv K‡i Avgiv KLbI KLbI ¯^Ztù~Z©fv‡e Abygvbwbf©i evK¨ Dcv`vb‡K wbe©vPb K‡i _vwK| G ai‡bi wecixZgyLx fvlv cÖwµqvKiY‡K Avgiv ÔEaŸ©-Aat cÖwµqvKiYÕ (top-down processing) ewj| Z‡e fvlxiv mvaviYZ fvwlK cÖwµqvKi‡Y GB `yB ai‡bi cÖwµqvKiY‡KB hyMcr AbymiY K‡i _v‡K| g‡bvfvlvweÁv‡b aŸwbg~jMZ cÖwµqvKi‡Yi Av‡iKwU g‡Wj cÖPwjZ i‡q‡Q| GB g‡WjwU‡K e‡j Ô†KvnU© g‡WjÕ (cohort model)| GB g‡Wj e‡j, kã Abyave‡bi †ÿ‡Î †kÖvZv kÖæZ-k‡ãi cÖ_g †_‡K †kl chšÍ© we‡kølY K‡i _v‡K| D`vniY¯^iƒc, †Kvb †kÖvZv hLb ÔZigyRÕ kãwU ï‡b ZLb Zvi cÖwµqvKi‡Yi Ask wn‡m‡e /Z/ aŸwbg~j w`‡q ïiæ nIqv mKj kã‡KB †m AšÍf©y³ K‡i| Zvici /i&/ aŸwbwU kbv³Ki‡Yi ci †m ÔZiÕ D”PviYL‡Ði me kã‡K (†KvnU©) cÖwµqvKiY K‡i _v‡K| GB cÖwµqvwU Pj‡ZB _v‡K hZÿY ch©šÍ bv †m Zvi cÖwµqvKi‡Y †kl aŸwbU‡K AšÍfy³ © K‡i| GB †KvnU© g‡Wj e‡j cÖwµqvKi‡Yi †ÿ‡Î †Kvb k‡ãi ïiæi Ask hZ ¸iæZ¡c~Y©, †k‡li AskwU ZZ bq| GQvov G g‡Wj †_‡K AviI eySv hvq †h, kÖæZ k‡ãi Ôïiæ-†klÕ ai‡bi we‡køl‡Y †Kvb Aÿi ev aŸwbg~j¸”Q bq, eis GKwU GKK aŸwbg~jB we‡køl‡Yi Rb¨ c~e©Mvgx nq| 16.4.2 iƒcMZ cÖwµqvKiY g‡bvfvlvweÁv‡b iƒcMZ cÖwµqvKi‡Yi cÖavb D‡Ïk¨ n‡”Q, Avgv‡`i fvwlK cÖwµqvKi‡Y iƒcg~j wK ai‡bi f~wgKv cvjb K‡i Zv ch©‡eÿY Kiv Ges Zv Avgv‡`i gMR Awfav‡b AšÍfy³ © kã Dcv`v‡bi mv‡_ wKfv‡e m¤úwK©Z Zv hvPvB Kiv|

278 | mgKvjxb fvlvweÁvb GB D‡Ïk¨ mva‡bi Rb¨ K‡qKwU evsjv kã wbe©vPb Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| G¸‡jv nj9) K. hyeK‡Q‡j L. Amy›`i M. †b‡PwQj DwjøwLZ 3wU k‡ãi g‡a¨ K, ÔhyeK‡Q‡jÕ kãwU •Zwi n‡q‡Q `ywU gy³ iƒcg~j ÔhyeKÕ Ges Ô†Q‡jÕ Øviv| L, Gi ÔAmy›`iÕ k‡ãi cÖ_g Ask ÔAÕ n‡”Q GKwU mvwaZ e×iƒcg~j Ges Ômy›`iÕ n‡”Q GKwU gy³ iƒcg~j| me‡k‡l, M Gi Ô†b‡PwQjÕ wµqvc‡`i cÖ_g Ask ÔbvP&Õ GKwU gy³ wµqviƒcg~j Ges ÔGwQjÕ GKwU m¤úªmvwiZ e× iƒcg~j| GLb Avgv‡`i hvPvB Ki‡Z n‡e k‡ãi iƒcg~jMy‡jv fvlv cÖwµqvKi‡Yi †ÿ‡Î wK ai‡bi f~wgKv cvjb K‡i| iƒcg~‡ji fvwlK cÖwµqvKiY m¤ú‡K© ejv hvq, GKwU kã hw` GKvwaK iƒcg~j mn‡hv‡M MwVZ nq, Zvn‡j fvwlK cÖwµqvKiY, we‡kl K‡i kã kbv³Ki‡Y cÖ_‡gB ¯^vaxb iƒcg~j wn‡m‡e ¯^qswµqfv‡e cÖwµqvK…Z nq| G ai‡bi cÖwµqvKi‡Yi cÖgvY cvIqv hvq GB Aa¨v‡qi c~we© D‡jøwLZ cÖvBwgs cixÿ‡Y| D`vniY¯^iƒc, ÔAmy›`iÕ kãwU hw` cÖvBg Kiv nq, Zvn‡j Gi `ywU iƒcg~‡ji Rb¨B GwU cªvBg wn‡m‡e Kvh©Ki _vK‡e| †mB mv‡_ Awbevh© I ¯^qswµqfv‡e Ômy›`iÕ iƒcg~jwUB gvbwmK Awfavb †_‡K mwµq n‡q IV‡e| d‡j kvwãK gxgvsmv Afxÿvq mvovcÖ`vb mgq Kg jvM‡e| cvkvcvwk, †h․wMK k‡ãi A_©ZvwË¡K cÖvBwgs †_‡KI iƒcg~‡ji cÖwµqvKiY wel‡q GKUv aviYv jvf Kiv hvq| D`vniY¯^iƒc, hw` ÔhyeK‡Q‡jÕ cÖvBwgs Kiv nq Zvn‡j wbtm‡›`‡n GB cÖvBwgs cÖfv‡ei Kvi‡Y ÔhyeKÕ kãwU gvbwmK Awfav‡b mwµqZv jvf Ki‡e| Gi d‡j ÔhyeKÕ kãwU kbv³KiY ZvovZvwo NU‡e, wKš‘ Ô†Q‡jÕ kãwU bq| KviY GB †h․wMK k‡ã ÔhyeKÕ Gi A_©B cÖvavb¨jvf K‡i‡Q| 16.4.3 evK¨ZvwË¡K cÖwµqvKiY GKwU evK¨ wKQz k‡ãi mgwó n‡jI KvVv‡gvMZ w`K †_‡K evwK¨K msMVb n‡”Q Abb¨| KviY gvbyl cÖwZw`b †h evK¨ •Zwi K‡i Zv wKQz e¨vKiwYK wbqg Øviv wm× n‡jI cÖ‡Z¨KwU evK¨B Abb¨ msMV‡bi AwaKvix| msÁvc‡bi cÖ‡qvR‡b gvbyl cÖwZgyn~‡Z© hZ evK¨ •Zwi K‡i Zvi cÖwZwUB Abb¨ msMVb‡K aviY K‡i| GLb cÖkœ n‡”Q, gvby‡li fvwlK cÖwµqvKi‡Y GB evwK¨K msMVb wKfv‡e •Zwi nq? Gi Dˇi ejv hvq, gvby‡li evK¨ •Zwi Ges Gi A_© Dcjwäi †ÿ‡Î evwK¨K wbqg - hv ev‡K¨i msMVb eY©bvi mgq ewY©Z nq - cÖhy³ n‡q _v‡K| e³vi hLb †Kvb evK¨‡eva •Zwi nq, ZLb cÖ_‡gB Zv AMfxiZ‡j _v‡K Ges c‡i G‡Z AmsL¨ e¨vKiwYK wbqg cÖhy³ n‡q Zv iƒcvšÍwiZ n‡q DcwiZ‡j P‡j Av‡m| Zvn‡j †`Lv hv‡”Q, evwK¨K msMV‡bi iƒcvšÍi n‡”Q e¨vKiwYK wbqg Øviv Zv cwiewZ©Z nIqv|

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280 | mgKvjxb fvlvweÁvb

wPwKrmv fvlvweÁvb | 281

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 gvbe mšÍvb Rb¥MÖn‡Yi ci kvixwiKfv‡e †e‡o IVvi cÖvK…wZK wbq‡gB Zvi hveZxq fvwlK `ÿZv¸‡jv AvqË K‡i| wkïi ¯^vfvweK fvlv‡eva wb‡q µgk eo n‡q DVvi GB M‡íi Aci wc‡V i‡q‡Q wKQz Ab¨iKg K_vgvjv| c„w_ex‡Z Ggb A‡bK wkï Av‡Q hviv ¯^vfvweK fvlv‡eva wb‡q eo nIqvi cwie‡Z© jvjb K‡i bvbvwea evPb I fvlvMZ Amvg_©¨ Ges •eKj¨| GQvov †`‡k †`‡k Ggb eq¯‥ gvby‡li msL¨vI Kg bq, hviv Zv‡`i ¯^vfvweK fvlv weKv‡ki cieZx© ch©v‡q wewfbœ `yN©Ubv, kvixwiK A½nvwb ev †÷ªv‡Ki Kvi‡Y fvlvi m„Rb I Abyaveb ÿgZv‡K nvwi‡q †d‡j‡Qb| Ic‡ii GB `yB †kªwYi evPb I fvlv-mgm¨vMÖ¯Í gvby‡li fvwlK Amvg‡_¨©i cÖK…wZ I ¯^iƒc we‡køl‡Yi Rb¨ fvlvweÁv‡bi cÖvšÍxq kvLv wn‡m‡e weKvk jvf K‡i‡Q wPwKrmv fvlvweÁvb| GB mnkvLvi Av‡jvP¨welq m¤ú‡K© we¯Í…Z eY©bv cÖ`v‡bi c~‡e© wb‡Pi ch©‡eÿY¸‡jv we‡ePbv Kiv hvK| 1) gvbe gw¯Í‡®‥i wbw`©ó wKQz AÂj ev GjvKv i‡q‡Q †h¸‡jv Zvi fvlvi m„Rb I Abyave‡bi Rb¨ cÖZ¨ÿfv‡e `vwqZ¡cÖvß| 2) gvby‡li gv_vi wbw`©ó As‡k AvNvZ, `yN©Ubv ev Amy‡Li Kvi‡Y ÿZ •Zwi n‡j Zvi K_vejvi ÿgZv Zvrch©c~Y©fv‡e n«vm cvq| 3) gw¯Í‡®‥i AviI wKQz AÂj i‡q‡Q †hLv‡b ÿZ m„wó n‡j A‡b¨i fvlv eyS‡Z ev Dcjwä Ki‡Z †kÖvZv Amg_©Zv †`Lvq|

282 | mgKvjxb fvlvweÁvb 4) wKQz gvbe mšÍvb i‡q‡Q hviv mœvqy-kvixiMZ Ac~Y©v½Zvi Kvi‡Y ¯^vfvweK fvlv‡ev‡ai AwaKvix n‡Z cv‡i bv| 5) msL¨vq Kg n‡jI Ggb wKQz wkïi †`Lv †g‡j hviv ¯^vfvweK mœvqy-kvixwiK `ÿZv wb‡q Rb¥MÖnY Ki‡jI Zv‡`i fvlvi weKvk mwVK mg‡q N‡U bv| Dc‡i ewY©Z cvuPwU ch©‡eÿY †_‡K gvby‡li fvlv mgm¨vi iƒc-iƒcvšÍi m¤ú‡K© Aí-we¯Íi aviYv jvf Kiv hvq| 1g ch©‡eÿYwU fvlv m„Rb I Abyave‡bi mv‡_ gvby‡li gw¯Í‡®‥i GKwU Mfxi m¤ú‡K©i Bw½Zen| 2q I 3q ch©‡eÿY ¯^vÿ¨ †`q, fvlvi m„Rb I Abyave‡bi Rb¨ gvbe gw¯Í‡®‥i wKQz wbw`©ó GjvKv we‡klfv‡e `vwqZ¡cÖvß| 4_© ch©‡eÿYwU weKvkg~jK fvlvmgm¨v wb‡q Rb¥MÖnYKvix gvbe wkïi Aw¯Í‡Z¡i K_v Rvbvb †`q| me‡k‡l, 5g ch©‡eÿYwU Z_¨ cÖ`vb K‡i, wkïi fvlv wej‡¤^i NUbvwU cÖ‡Z¨K mgv‡RB N‡U _v‡K, Ges GB wej‡¤^i KviY memgq mwVKfv‡e e¨vL¨v Kiv hvq bv| Ic‡ii GB cvuPwU ch©‡eÿ‡Yi weÁvbm¤§Z e¨vL¨v I we‡kølY wb‡qB M‡o wPwKrmv fvlvweÁv‡bi we¯Í…Z RMZ| d‡j GB kv‡¯¿i ZvwË¡K KvVv‡gvwU †hgb eqvb‡hvM¨, †Zgwb Gi D‡Ïk¨, cÖK…wZ I PvwiΨ Ges Dc‡hvwMZvi cÖkwœ UI mgvbfv‡e †K․Z~n‡jvÏxcK| GB ch©‡eÿY¸‡jvi wfwˇZ wPwKrmv fvlvweÁv‡bi Av‡jvP¨welq¸‡jv wb‡P eY©bv Kiv nj| 17.1 wPwKrmv fvlvweÁv‡bi msÁv, PvwiΨ •ewkó¨ wPwKrmv fvlvweÁvb fvlvweÁv‡bi GKwU cÖvšÍxq mnkvLv Z_v dwjZ †ÿÎ| †Kbbv ZvwË¡K fvlvweÁv‡bi wewfbœ ZË¡ I c×wZ cª‡qv‡Mi gva¨‡g GB kvLvq gvby‡li hveZxq fvlv mgm¨vi ¯^iƒc A‡š^l‡Yi cvkvcvwk Gi cÖwZKvi AbymÜvb Kiv nq| Z‡e cÖK…Z wePv‡i GB Ávb‡ÿÎwU fvlvweÁv‡bi GKwU weï× mnkvLv bq, eis GwU GKwU AvšÍtkv¯¿xq cÖ‡Póv| KviY gvby‡li wewfbœ fvlv-cÖwZeÜKZvi ¯^iƒc D‡b¥vPb I Gi cªwZweav‡bi Rb¨ G‡Z fvlvweÁv‡bi Ab¨vb¨ mnkvLv, h_v- g‡bvfvlvweÁvb, mœvqyfvlvweÁvb Ges fvlvweÁvb ewnf~©Z g‡bvweÁvb I wPwKrmv weÁv‡bi wewfbœ ZË¡-c×wZi wg_w¯…qv N‡U‡Q| 17.1.1 wPwKrmv fvlvweÁvb KLb I Kxfv‡e Gj Bs‡iwR Ôclinical linguistics’ AwfavwUi evsjv iƒc wn‡m‡e eZ©gvb cÖe‡Ü ÔwPwKrmv fvlvweÁvbÕ cwifvlvwU MÖnY Kiv n‡q‡Q| eZ©gv‡b XvKv wek^we`¨vj‡qi fvlvweÁvb wefvMmn Ab¨vb¨ GKv‡WwgK †ÿ‡Î GwU ÔwPwKrmv fvlvweÁvbÕ bv‡gB GwU cwiwPZ n‡q D‡V‡Q| ZvB bZzb we`¨vqZwbK kv‡¯¿i cwefvlvMZ weKí Gov‡bvi Rb¨ GB cÖe‡ÜI GB Awfbœ bvgwU‡KB †i‡L †`Iqv n‡q‡Q| Bsj¨v‡Ûi fvlvZvwË¡K †WwfW wµ÷vj (Crystal 1981) hLb clinical linguistics bv‡g GKwU MÖš
 cÖKvk K‡ib, ZLb †_‡KB AwfavwU Pvjy nq e‡j ej I Ab¨vb¨ (Ball et al., 2008) AewnZ Ki‡Qb| Z‡e 1981 mv‡ji Av‡M †_‡KB wPwKrmv fvlvweÁv‡bi wewfbœ AaxZ welq wb‡q M‡elYvKg© ïiæ nq, †h¸‡jv g~jZ GB kv‡¯¿i wfwËf~wg wbgv©v‡Y mnvqK f~wgKvq AeZxY© nq| D`vniY¯^iƒc, gy‡ji I ej (Müller and

wPwKrmv fvlvweÁvb | 283 Ball, 2013) Rvbv‡”Qb, 1970 `k‡K Pvjy nIqv Ô†hvMv‡hvM •eKj¨Õ Aa¨qb †hwU †m mgq cÖavbZ gvby‡li

fvlv mgm¨vi fvlv‣eÁvwbK we‡kl K‡i, aŸwbZvwË¡K Ac~Y©Zv I mxgve×Zv‡K ¸iæZ¡ w`Z, †mwUB n‡”Q wPwKrmv fvlvweÁv‡bi c~e©m~ix| GQvov GKB `k‡K wµ÷vj I mnKgx©‡`i Øviv fvlv mgm¨vq AvµvšÍ‡`i evK¨MZ, A_©MZ, iƒcMZ, aŸwbMZ I †cÖv‡mvwWK fvlv DcvË we‡køl‡Yi Rb¨ fvlvZvwË¡K wewfbœ cÖwµqv I †K․kj D™¢veb msµvšÍ M‡elYvKg©B g~jZ wPwKrmv fvlvweÁv‡bi wfwË iƒ‡c KvR K‡i‡Q (Müller and Ball, 2013; Crystal, 1982)| 17.1.2 wPwKrmv fvlvweÁv‡bi AviI wKQz Awfav wPwKrmv fvlvweÁv‡bi aviYvwU e¨³ Ki‡Z wM‡q GB kv‡¯¿i cÖ_g cÖ¯vÍ eK wµ÷vj Gi cwifvlv wn‡m‡e Ôclinical’ kãwU e¨env‡i A‡bKUvB wØavwš^Z wQ‡jb| †Kbbv †m mgq hw`I kv¯¿wUi •eÁvwbK exÿY m¤ú~Y© n‡q D‡Vwb ev Avjv`v kv¯¿ n‡q IVvi gZ ÁvbMZ kw³ †mwU AR©b K‡iwb, ZLbI GB welqK aviYvwU cÖPwjZ wQj| d‡j Zv wb‡`©k Kivi Rb¨ ZLb AviI `ywU cwifvlv, †hgb- ‘remedial’ (cªwZKviK) I ‘pathological’ (†ivMZvwË¡K) e¨eüZ nZ| wKš‧ †kl ch©šÍ wµ÷vj GB ÁvbkvLvi bvg wM‡q †Kb clinical (wPwKrmv) kãwU‡ZB w¯
Z n‡jb, †m m¤ú‡K© wZwb wb‡RB AwfgZ cÖ`vb K‡ib| wPwKrmv fvlvweÁv‡bi cÖ_g cÖwZ‡ekMZ Av‡qvRbwU †h ïay †gwWK¨vj-†Kw›`ªK wQj Zv-B bq, eis fvlv‣eK‡j¨ AvµvšÍ‡`i cÖwZ‡lab (intervention) cÖwµqvwUI ïiæ n‡q‡Q evPb-†ivMZvwË¡K Ave‡nB| wµ÷vj AviI Rvbv‡”Qb, g~jZ wPwKrmv weÁv‡bi cÖwZ‡ek ev Ave‡nB GB kv‡¯¿i †MvovcËb n‡qwQj hw`I wPwKrmv weÁvbxiv Gi cwic~Y© kv¯¿MZ wfwË cÖ`v‡bi Rb¨ Ges cÖv‡qvwMK †ÿ·K AwaKZi djcªm~ K‡i Zzj‡Z G‡Z fvlvweÁv‡bi ZË¡-c×wZ mwbœ‡ewkZ K‡ib| ZvQvov fvlv mgm¨vMÖ¯Í †ivMx‡`i cÖwZweavb I mvgwMÖK ZË¡veav‡bi KvRwUI m¤úbœ nq wK¬wbK-cwi‡e‡k| ZvB wµ÷v‡ji hyw³‡Z GB Ávbkv‡¯¿i PvwiΨ wb‡`©‡ki Rb¨ clinical (ÔwPwKrmvÕ) AwfavwUB AwaKZi hyZmB| †h‡nZz GB kv‡¯¿i P~ovšÍ jÿ¨ n‡”Q fvlvweÁv‡bi ZË¡-c×wZ cÖ‡qv‡Mi Øviv AvµvšÍ‡`i fvlv mgm¨vi cÖwZKvi wb‡`©k Kiv, ZvB ivRv (Raja 2010) G‡K ÔcÖwZKviK fvlvweÁvbÕ (remedial linguistics) e‡jI AwfwnZ Ki‡Z Pvb| cvkvcvwk, gvby‡li wewfbœ fvlvmgm¨v‡K †ivM-evjvB wn‡m‡e wPwýZ K‡i GB kv¯¿wU‡K Avevi A‡b‡KB Ô†ivMZvwË¡K fvlvweÁvbÕ (pathological linguistics) AwfavI cÖ`vb K‡i _v‡Kb| G‡ÿ‡Î me©‡kl cwifvlvwUi me‡P‡q eo Amyweav n‡”Q GB †h, GB bvgKiYwU kv¯¿wU m¤ú‡K© GK ai‡bi †bwZevPK DcjwäB •Zwi K‡i| †Kbbv GwU ZLb Av‡jvP¨ welq iƒ‡c cwiYwZ‡Z hZ bv gvby‡li cÖPwjZ fvwlK `ÿZv‡K AšÍf³ z© K‡i, Zvi‡P‡q AwaK ¸iæZ¡ †`q gvby‡li †ivMMÖ¯Í fvlv Dcv‡Ëi eY©bvawg©Zv‡K| d‡j Avwid (Arif 2014) g‡b K‡ib, gvby‡li fvlv mgm¨vi cÖwZweav‡bi cÖ‡PóvwU ZLb A‡bK †M․Y n‡q c‡o, †h‡nZz GwU †_ivwc cÖ`v‡bi gva¨‡g AvµvšÍ e¨w³i mvaviY fvlv `ÿZv‡K cybivq wdwi‡q Avbvi cwie‡Z© ïay wewfbœ ai‡bi fvlv mgm¨vi AšÍwb©wnZ ¯^iƒc D‡b¥vP‡bB Zrci nIqvi welqwU‡KB cÖavb K‡i †Zv‡j|

284 | mgKvjxb fvlvweÁvb 17.1.3 wPwKrmv fvlvweÁvb I †hvMv‡hvM •eKj¨ ÔwPwKrmv fvlvweÁvbÕ ev clinical linguistics AwfavwU cÖavbZ B‡qv‡ivcxq Nivbvi| we`¨vqZwbK kv¯¿ wn‡m‡e Awfbœ D‡Ïk¨ I •ewkó¨‡K aviY Kivi cvkvcvwk wPwKrmv I cybe©vmbK‡í cÖvq GKB ai‡bi Kg©cš
v MÖnY Kiv n‡jI gvwK©b gyjøy‡Ki wek^we`¨vj¸‡jv‡Z GwU Ô†hvMv‡hvM •eKj¨Õ kv¯¿ iƒ‡c e¨vcK cwiwPwZ †c‡q‡Q| Z‡e eZ©gv‡b B‡qv‡iv‡ci wewfbœ wek^we`¨vj‡q GwUB ÔwPwKrmv fvlvweÁvbÕ bv‡g cwVZ n‡”Q| ïiæ I PP©vi e¨vcKZvi w`K †_‡K B‡qv‡iv‡ci ÔwPwKrmv fvlvweÁvbÕ Av‡gwiKvi Ô†hvMv‡hvM •eK‡j¨Õi Zzjbvq AwaKZi bZzb| †Kbbv Av‡gwiKv‡Z GB kv¯¿wU MZ kZ‡Ki mËi `kK †_‡K ïiæ n‡jI B‡qv‡iv‡c wPwKrmv fvlvweÁvb eZ©gvb kZvãxi cÖvi¤¢ †_‡K PwP©Z n‡”Q, hw`I GB Ávbkv‡¯¿i eyw×e„wËK †MvovcËb n‡q‡Q MZ kZ‡Ki mˇii `kK †_‡KB| ¸YMZ w`K †_‡K G `ywU Ávbkv‡¯¿i g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ jÿYxq| D`vniY¯^iƒc, wPwKrmv fvlvweÁv‡b cÖavbZ gvby‡li †hvMv‡hvM gva¨g wn‡m‡e ïay fvlv mgm¨vi Dci ¸iæZ¡v‡ivc iÿv nq| d‡j wPwKrmv fvlvweÁv‡bi Av‡jvP¨ welq wn‡m‡e g~jZ fvlv I Gi wewfbœ Avek¨K †ivMMÖ¯Í-Dcv`v‡bi AšÍwb©wnZ we‡kølY Kiv nq| Ab¨w`‡K, †hvMv‡hvM-‣eKj¨ Aa¨q‡b gvby‡li msÁvcb gva¨g iƒ‡c fvlvMZ Dcv`v‡bi cvV`v‡bi cvkvcvwk AviI Ab¨vb¨ †hvMv‡hvM gva¨g, h_v- AevPwbKZv, m‡¼Z fvlv, weKí msÁvcb †K․kj BZ¨vw`‡KI cVbcvV‡bi welq iƒ‡c AšÍfy³ © K‡i| 17.1.4 wPwKrmv fvlvweÁv‡bi msÁv_© fvlvweÁv‡bi mn‡hvMx kvLv iƒ‡c weKv‡ki †ÿ‡Î wPwKrmv fvlvweÁvb‡K wKQz cwiwgZ I mywbw`©ó PvwiΨ•ewkó¨ wba©viY K‡i wb‡Z n‡q‡Q| Avi Gme mywbw`©ó PvwiΨ-•ewkó¨ D‡b¥vP‡bi Rb¨ cª‡qvRb wPwKrmv fvlvweÁv‡bi msnZ msÁv cÖ`vb Kiv| G‡ÿ‡Î GB Ávbkv‡¯¿i cÖe³v wµ÷v‡ji kiYvcbœ nIqv †h‡Z cv‡i| 1984 mv‡j cÖ`Ë wPwKrmv fvlvweÁv‡bi msÁv wn‡m‡e wZwb e‡jb1. fvlv •eKj¨ wbwðZKiY I †mev cÖ`v‡bi myweav‡_© fvwlK-†ivMxi wPwKrmvMZ Ae¯
v Aa¨qb I

we‡køl‡Y hLb fvlvweÁv‡bi ZË¡, c×wZ I djvdj‡K cÖ‡qvM Kiv nq ZLb Zv‡K wPwKrmv fvlvweÁvb ejv nq| (Crystal 1984) GQvov 2001 mv‡j wPwKrmv fvlvweÁv‡bi Ab¨ Av‡iKwU msÁvq wZwb e‡jb2. fvlv •eKj¨ Aa¨qbK‡í fvlvweÁv‡bi mKj fvlv‣eÁvwbK m~‡Îi cª‡qvM Kiv‡K wPwKrmv fvlvweÁvb ejv hvq| (Crystal 2001) wµ÷v‡ji cvkvcvwk Mvigvb (Garman 1996) wPwKrmv fvlvweÁv‡bi †h msÁv cÖ`vb K‡ib, †mwUI ¸iæZ¡c~Y©| wZwb e‡jb, wPwKrmv fvlvweÁvb Ggb GKwU approach ev kv¯¿ †hLv‡b fvlvi •eKj¨ eY©bv‡K GKwU cÖc wn‡m‡e MY¨ Kiv nq, †h •eKj¨-eY©bv fvlvi wewfbœ mvsMVwbK Dcv`vb, h_v- aŸwb, i~c, kã, evK¨, A_© BZ¨vw`i wfwˇZ cÖYxZ nq| (D×…Z, Avwid 2013)

wPwKrmv fvlvweÁvb | 285 Ic‡ii wZbwU msÁv †_‡K wPwKrmv fvlvweÁv‡bi wKQz cÖwZwbwaZ¡g~jK •ewkó¨ D×vi Kiv hvq| †m¸‡jv nj1. wPwKrmv fvlvweÁvb fvlvweÁv‡bi GKwU dwjZ kvLv| 2. GB kv‡¯¿i AšÍfy³ © wewfbœ welq we‡køl‡Yi Rb¨ ZË¡xq fvlvweÁv‡bi ZË¡, c×wZ I djvdj‡K cÖ‡qvM Kiv nq| 3. GB kv¯¿wU bvbviKg fvlv mgm¨vq AvµvšÍ †ivMxi †ivMMÖ¯Í fvlv DcvˇK cÖavb ewY©Ze¨ welq iƒ‡c MY¨ K‡i _v‡K| 4. g~jZ †ivMxi wewfbœ fvlv mgm¨vi ¯^iƒc eY©bvi Rb¨B G‡Z fvlvweÁv‡bi ZË¡-c×wZi cÖ‡qvM n‡q _v‡K| 5. GB kv¯¿ fvlv-•eKj¨MÖ¯Í †ivMxi fvlv Dcv`vb‡K fvlvweÁv‡bi wewfbœ †g․wjK Dcv`vb, we‡kl K‡i aŸwb, eY©, kã, evK¨ I A_©MZ BZ¨vw` msMV‡bi wfwˇZ †kÖwYKiYKiY-c~e©K we‡kølY K‡i _v‡K| 17.1.5 wPwKrmv fvlvweÁv‡bi mv‡_ g‡bvfvlvweÁvb I mœvqyfvlvweÁv‡bi m¤úK© I •ecixZ¨ cwVZ welq we‡køl‡Yi w`K †_‡K wPwKrmv fvlvweÁvb, g‡bvfvlvweÁvb I mœvqyfvlvweÁvb GB wZbwU ci¯úi m¤úwK©Z mnkv‡¯¿i g‡a¨ †ek wgj i‡q‡Q| †Kbbv HwZn¨MZfv‡e Aaybv weKwkZ wPwKrmv fvlvweÁvb Zvi c~eeZx© g‡bvfvlvweÁvb I mœvqyfvlvweÁvb †_‡K G‡ÿ‡Î AKvZ‡i FY wb‡q‡Q| g~jZ wPwKrmv fvlvweÁvb DwjøwLZ `ywU mnkv¯¿ †_‡K cÖK…Zc‡ÿ Kx FY MÖnY K‡i‡Q Zv †ei Kivi †Póv Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| g‡bvfvlvweÁvb bvgwUB Bw½Z K‡i †h, GB Ávb‡ÿÎwU gvby‡li fvlv‡K GK ai‡bi g‡bvMZ AvPiY wn‡m‡e MY¨ K‡i (Garman 1996)| Avi fvlvmn Gme gvbexq AvPiY e¨vL¨v Kivi Rb¨ g‡bvfvlvweÁvb wewfbœ †K․kj, h_v- reaction time, error rate, eye movement BZ¨vw`‡K Aej¤^b K‡i G‡K e¨vL¨v Kivi cÖqvm cvq (Avwid I BgwZqvR 2014)| cÖK…Zc‡ÿ, GB kv¯¿wU gvby‡li fvlv AvqËKi‡Yi †K․kjmn fvlvmsµvšÍ gvby‡li Bw›`ªqMÖvn¨ Dcjwä I gw¯Í‡®‥i fvwlK cÖwµqvKi‡Yi ZvwË¡K Av‡jvPbv eY©bv I e¨vL¨v K‡i _v‡K| Ab¨w`‡K, ÔmœvqyfvlvweÁvbÕ gvby‡li gw¯Í®‥ Z_v mœvqyZ‡š¿i mv‡_ fvlvi m¤ú‡K© ¯^iƒc we‡kølY K‡i| welqwU‡K AviI cwi®‥vi K‡i ej‡j hv `vuovq Zv n‡”Q, gvby‡li fvlv m„Rb I Dcjwä‡Z gw¯Í‡®‥i f~wgKv Kx, gw¯Í‡®‥i mswkøó ¯
v‡b ÿZ •Zwi n‡j fvlv Drc`vb I A_© D×v‡i †h mgm¨v m„wó nq Zvi ¯^iƒcwU Kx BZ¨vw` GB kv¯¿ e¨vL¨v K‡i _v‡K| GQvov Mvigv‡bi (Garman 1996) g‡Z, mœvqyfvlvweÁvb gvby‡li wewfbœ g‡bvfvlv‣eÁvwbK cÖwµqvi mœvqyZš¿xq Aw¯ÍZ¡‡KI we‡kølY K‡i| cÿvšÍ‡i, wPwKrmv fvlvweÁvb cwVZ welq wn‡m‡e Ic‡i DwjøwLZ g‡bvfvlvweÁvb I mœvqyfvlvweÁv‡bi mKj Av‡jvP¨m~wP‡K MÖnY K‡i _v‡K| cvkvcvwk kv¯¿ wn‡m‡e GwU Zvi wb‡Ri ¯^vZš¿¨‡K wb‡`©‡ki Rb¨ wewfbœ fvlv mgm¨vq AvµvšÍ gvby‡li fvlv mgm¨vi ¯^iƒc e¨vL¨vmn G¸‡jvi wbivg‡qi Rb¨ AšÍfy³ © K‡i

286 | mgKvjxb fvlvweÁvb cÖ‡qvRb-wfwËK wPwKrmv gwWDj ev †_ivwc| GKB mv‡_ GB kv¯¿wU fvlv mgm¨vq AvµvšÍ †ivMxi mvgvwRK cybe©vm‡bi ZË¡-c×wZ I cÖ‡qvRbxqZv‡KI wb‡`©k K‡i| 17.1.6 wPwKrmv fvlvweÁv‡bi D‡Ïk¨ wKQz mywbw`©ó D‡Ïk¨‡K †K›`ª K‡iB wPwKrmv fvlvweÁv‡bi ZvwË¡K I ÁvbMZ KvVv‡gv ¯
vqxiƒc n‡q‡Q| G kv‡¯¿i `ywU cÖavb D‡Ïk¨ GLv‡b Dc¯
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wPwKrmv fvlvweÁvb | 287 AwfwnZ Kiv nq| evsjvfvlv A‡j eZ©gv‡b †h‡nZz GB †ckvwU †ek m¤¢vebvgq n‡q D‡V‡Q, †m‡nZz GB bZzb †ckvavix‡`i‡K Ôfvlv-wPwKrmKÕ bv‡g AwfwnZ Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| G‡Z K‡i `yB Bs‡iwR-fvlv A‡j G wb‡q †h •ecixZ¨ eZ©gvb ZviI wbimb n‡e e‡j aviYv Kiv hvq| 17.2 wPwKrmv fvlvweÁv‡bi AvIZv I welqe¯‘ mœvqyweÁvbx‡`i g‡Z bvbv •RweK I kvixwiK Kvi‡Y gw¯Í‡®‥i Af¨šÍ‡ii KwZcq fvlv •ReZ‡š¿ i³ msenb †e‡o hvIqvmn Ab¨vb¨ wewea Dcv‡q Gi Af¨¯Íi¯
 wbDib †Kv‡l we‡kl DÏxcbv (stimulation) Øviv †h fvwlK wµqvi (language activation) m„wó nq Ges ZviB cÖwZwµqv I wbqš¿Y Øviv ZvwoZ n‡q evMh‡š¿i mvnv‡h¨ †h aŸwb ev aŸwb¸”Q Drcvw`Z nq, Zv-B n‡”Q fvlv| ZvB fvlv Zuv‡`i Kv‡Q Ab¨vb¨ kvixwiK wµqv-cÖwZwµqvi g‡Zv cwigvc I we‡kølY‡hvM¨| Ab¨w`‡K, gw¯Í‡®‥i Hme fvlv •ReZ‡š¿ A½nvwb ev ¶Z (lesion) •Zwi n‡q gw¯Í‡®‥i GB A‡ji wbDib †Kvlmg~‡ni DÏxcbv evavMÖ¯Í nIqvi Kvi‡Y m„ó nq gvby‡li bvbv ai‡bi fvlv •eKj¨ I weKvi| d‡j gvbe gw¯Í‡®‥i Hme mywbw`©ó fvlv ev e¨vKiwYK •ReZ‡š¿i AbyµwgK we‡kølY Ges G‡Z D™¢~Z wewPÎgvwÎK fvlv-•eKj¨ I weKv‡ii KviYZË¡ (etiology) wbY©qmn Gm‡ei cÖwZKvig~jK e¨e¯
v cÖ`vbB wPwKrmv fvlvweÁv‡bi welqe¯‧ I AvIZv wn‡m‡e mywPwýZ hv wb‡gœv³ µ‡g fv‡e web¨¯Í Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| 1. gvbe gw¯Í‡®‥i fvlv •ReZš¿ kbv³KiY I we‡kølY 2. G¨v‡dwRqvZË¡-Gi KviY AbymÜvb I cÖwZKvi e¨e¯
v cÖ`vb 3. fvlv •eKj¨ I weKviRwbZ cVb I wjLb mgm¨v we‡kølY I mgvavb| 4. ea©bg~jK fvlv •eKj¨ (developmental language disorders) eY©bv I cÖwZKvi weavb| wPwKrmv fvlvweÁv‡bi Ab¨Zg wePvh© welq I AvMÖ‡ni †¶Î n‡”Q gvbe gw¯Í‡®‥ wbwnZ fvlv •ReZš¿ kbv³KiY| g~jZ Gi AMÖMwZi Ic‡iB kv¯¿ wn‡m‡e wPwKmv fvlvweÁv‡bi wfwË I cÖwZôvjvf eûjvs‡k wbf©ikxj| G‡¶‡Î wPwKrmv fvlvweÁvbxiv mœvqyweÁvbx‡`i we‡køwlZ I Abym„Z Ávb‡KB Aej¤^b K‡i‡Qb| mœvqyweÁvbxiv MZ cÖvq `yB kZK a‡i gvbe gw¯Í‡®‥i in‡m¨i ¯^iƒc mÜvb I Gi Kvh©cwiwai cÖK…wZ wb‡q e¨vcK AbymÜvb Pvwj‡q‡Qb| G‡ÿ‡Î Zv‡`i Abym„Z †K․kj I c×wZ GK bq, eis •ewPΨgq I wfbœagx©| we‡kl K‡i Dwbk kZ‡Ki cÖ_g c‡e© GB cÖkœ wb‡q Zuviv Zrci n‡qwQ‡jb †h, gvbe gw¯Í‡®‥i mgMÖ AÂj A_ev mywbw`©ó we‡kl AÂj gvby‡li wewfbœ gvbwmK I Ávbg~jK Kg©KvÐ wbqš¿Y K‡i wKbv (Parker & Riley 1994)| GB weZK©‡K †K›`ª ZLb mœvqyweÁv‡b weKvkjvf K‡iwQj `ywU c„_K Nivbvi †hLv‡b mœvqyZvwË¡‡Kiv `yB As‡k wewf³ n‡q wM‡qwQ‡jb| G `ywU Nivbv nj- K. mgMÖZvev`x `„wófw½ (holistic view) L. LÐZvev`x `„wófw½ (localizationist view)| mgMÖZvev`x‡`i g‡Z, gvbe gw¯Í‡®‥i wbw`©ó †Kvb GjvKv bq, eis mgMÖ gw¯Í®‥wUB mw¤§wjZfv‡e fvlvmn bvbv iKg cÖÁvbg~jK Kg© m¤úv`b K‡i _v‡K| Ab¨w`‡K, LÐZvev`x mœvqyweÁbxiv g‡b K‡ib, gw¯Í‡®‥i mgMª Ask bq, wKš‧ we‡kl wKQz AÂj fvlv Drcv`b I cÖwµqvKi‡Yi mv‡_ m¤úwK©Z|

288 | mgKvjxb fvlvweÁvb 17.3 †Kw›`ªq ¯œvqy-mskªq gvbe‡`‡ni cy‡iv mœvqyZvwš¿K cÖwµqvi g‡a¨ GKgvÎ Ô†K›`ªxq mœvqy mskªqÕwUB (central nervous system) mevi Kv‡Q gvbe gw¯Í®‥ ev gMR bv‡g cwiwPZ| cÖvq 100 wewjqb wbDib †Kv‡li mgš^‡q MwVZ 1200 †_‡K 1500 MÖvg IR‡bi GB gvbe gw¯Í‡®‥i we‡kl A‡j wbwnZ Av‡Q †ek wKQz fvlv •ReZš¿| gvbe gw¯Í‡®‥i Ic‡ii As‡k Aew¯
Z K‡U©· (cortex) mgwš^Z †m‡ieªvgwU (cerebrum) evg †Mvjva© (left hemisphere) I Wvb †Mvjva© (right hemisphere)ÑGB `yB cÖavb As‡k wef³ (†`Lyb wPÎ 17.1)|

wPÎ 17.1 evg I Wvb gw¯Í®‥ †hwU AvovAvwo ev `ªvwNgv dvUj (longitudinal fissure) w`‡q wef³

cÖvq GK-PZz_©vsk Bw cyiyZ¡ wewkó K‡U©· bv‡g cwiwPZ †m‡ieªv‡gi ewntc„ôwU (outer surface) gw¯Í‡®‥i me‡P‡q eo AÂj iƒ‡c cwiwPZ (†`Lyb wPÎ 17.3 I 17.4)| †Kbbv gw¯Í‡®‥i cy‡iv cÖvq 100 wewjqb wbDib †Kv‡li g‡a¨ 90 wewjqb wbDib †KvlB GB A‡j Aew¯
Z Ges GwU gw¯Í‡®‥i Ab¨Zg cÖwµqvKiY AÂj wn‡m‡e we‡ewPZ (Parker & Riley, 1994)| †m‡ieªv‡gi evg I Wvb gw¯Í‡®‥i cÖ‡Z¨KwUi Avevi Pvi LÐ i‡q‡Q, h_v1. m¤§yL LÐ (frontal lobe), 2. ga¨ LÐ (parietal lobe), 3. cðvr LÐ (occipital lobe) Ges 4. cvk¦©xq LÐ (temporal lobe) gvby‡li gw¯Í‡®‥i D‡jøL‡hvM¨ fvlv •ReZš¿¸wj evg gw¯Í‡®‥i m¤§yL LÐ I cvk¦©xq L‡Ði wbKUeZ©x A‡j Aew¯
Z| Z‡e gvbe gw¯Í‡®‥i cÖavb fvlv-•ReLÐ †hwU evg gw¯Í‡®‥i m¤§yL L‡Ði Z…Zxq KzÐjxK…Z RvqMvq Aew¯
Z, †mwU kbv³ Kivi †¶‡Î 1861 cÖ_g K…wZZ¡ †`Lvb divmx mœvqyweÁvbx cj †eªvKv (Paul Broca)|

wPwKrmv fvlvweÁvb | 289

wPÎ 17.2 mœvqyweÁv‡bi `yB Ab¨Zg cÖwZf~- cj †evªKv I Kvj© †fiwbK

mœvqyweÁv‡bi BwZnv‡m cj †eªvKvB cÖ_g mvd‡j¨i m‡½ gw¯Í‡®‥i hveZxq mœvqyweK I Ávbg~jK Kg©KvÐ m¤úbœ Kivi †¶‡Î ÔLÐZvev`xÕ (localizationist) Z‡Ë¡i AeZviYv K‡ib| Zuvi g‡Z gw¯Í‡®‥i mgMÖ AÂj bq, eis mywbw`©ó we‡kl •ReZš¿B we‡kl ai‡bi Kvh© m¤úv`‡b RwoZ| cj †eªvKv c‡i 1874 mv‡j Kvj© †fiwbK (Karl Wernicke) bvgK GK Rvg©vb mœvqyweÁvbx evg gw¯Í‡®‥i cvk¦©xq L‡Ði cÖ_g KzÐwjK…Z ¯
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Z Ômyc&ivgviwRbvj RvBivmÕ (supra-marginal gyrus) Ges ÔGw½Djvi RvBivmÕ (angular gyrus) kã I cV‡bi g~j †K›`ª iƒ‡c cwiwPZ| mewgwj‡q gvby‡li evg gw¯Í‡®‥i m¤§yL LÐ I cvk^x©q LЇK wef³Kvix wmjwfqvb dvU‡ji Av‡kcv‡ki wewfbœ GjvKv hv mcvk^© wmjwfqvb (peri-sylvian) bv‡g cwiwPwZ, †mwU gvby‡li fvlvi m„Rb, Abyaveb, cVb, wjLb msµvšÍ cÖwµqvKi‡Yi KvRwU K‡i _v‡K (†`Lyb wPÎ-17.4 I 17.6)|

wPÎ 17.3 gvbe gw¯Í‡®‥i cÖK…Z K‡U©·

wPÎ 17.4 gvbe gw¯Í‡®‥i K‡U©‡·i mcvk^© wmjwfqvb

290 | mgKvjxb fvlvweÁvb GjvKv (wb‡`©wkZ iwOb GjvKv)

17.3.1 fvlv I evg gw¯Í®‹ gvbe gw¯Í‡®‥ fvlvi •ReZš¿mg~n kbv³Ki‡Yi DcwiD³ Av‡jvPbvq GKwU welq j¶Yxq †h, me¸‡jv fvlv-•ReZ‡š¿i Ae¯
vb wba©viY Kiv n‡q‡Q evg gw¯Í‡®‥| Z‡e G‡¶‡Î GKwU kZ© KvR K‡i, †m gvbylwU‡K n‡Z n‡e Wvb nvwZ| ievU© I †cbwd‡ëi e¨vL¨v Abyhvqx c„w_exi 98% kZvsk gvbyl Wvb nvwZ nIqvi Kvi‡Y Zv‡`i fvlv AÂj evg gw¯Í‡®‥ Aew¯
Z, A_©vr Zuv‡`i †¶‡Î Ôevg-gw¯Í®‥ cÖvavb¨Õ (left dominant) j¶Yxq (Penfield & Robert 1959)| Avi evwK 2 kZvsk gvbyl hviv evg nvwZ Zuv‡`i †KD †KD ÔWvb gw¯Í®‥ cÖavbÕ (right dominant), Avevi †KD †KD ÔDfq gw¯Í®‥ cÖavbÕ (bilateral dominance)| D‡jøL¨, gvbe‡`‡n gw¯Í‡®‥i wewfbœ As‡k Kvh© m¤úv`‡bi †¶‡Î Av‡iKwU mZ¨ cÖwZwôZ n‡q‡Q, evg I Wvb gw¯Í®‥ ÔwecixZ-cvk^x©q Kvh©ixwZÕ (contra lateral approach) AbymiY K‡i| A_©vr evg gw¯Í®‥ kix‡ii Wvb As‡ki Ici KZ…©Z¡ K‡i, Avi Wvb gw¯Í®‥ kix‡ii evg Askmg~n wbqš‧Yª K‡i _v‡K, fvlvi †¶‡ÎI ZvB|

wPÎ 17. 6 gw¯Í‡®‥i wPivqZ fvlv AÂj- †eªvKv I †fiwbK GjvKv (Drm: Avwid 2012M)

wPÎ 17.7 mcvk^© wmjwfqvb GjvKv-gw¯Í‡®‥i we¯Í…Z fvwlK AÂj

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Z cÖavb `ywU Ôfvlv AÂjÕ ev Ôfvlv-‣ReZ‡š¿Õ †Kvb ai‡bi A½nvwb ev AvNvZRwbZ Kvi‡Y ¶Z •Zwi n‡j fvlv m„Rb I/ev gg© D×v‡i †h Am½wZ †`Lv hvq, Zv‡K †evSv‡bv nq| Avi GB G‡dwRqv bvgK evPbnxbZvi ¯^iƒc, cÖK…wZ, KviY, Gi Rb¨ cÖ`Ë †_ivwc I G‡dwRqv AvµvšÍ e¨w³i cybe©vm‡bi Rb¨ wPwKrmv fvlvweÁv‡b †h we¯Í…Z e¨vL¨v I we‡kølY Kiv nq Zv‡K ÔG‡dwRqvZË¡Õ ejv nq| g~jZ mœvqyweÁv‡bi `yB Ab¨Zg cÖwZf~ cj †eªvKv I Kvj© †fiwbK mswkøó †ivMxi fvlvMZ Am½wZi ¯^iƒc wba©viY Ki‡Z wM‡q †h cÖavb fvlv AÂjmg~n kbv³ K‡ib Zvi g‡a¨B wbwnZ Av‡Q AvaywbK G‡dwRqvZ‡Ë¡i Rb¥K_v| 17. 4.1 G‡dwRqvi †Mvovi K_v wcÖÝ I evw¯Í‡qwÝ KZ…©K cÖKvwkZ Zuv‡`i GK M‡elYvg~jK cÖe‡Ü G‡dwRqvi GK ARvbv BwZnvm D‡b¥vwPZ K‡i‡Qb (Prins and Bastiaanse 2006)| M‡elK wjevig¨v‡bi (Lieberman 1998)-Gi eivZ w`‡q Zuviv Rvbv‡”Qb, AvR †_‡K 125000 eQi c~‡e© emevmKvix wKQz cÖv‣MwZnvwmK gvbyl hviv D”P mgy`ªc„‡ô `Ðvqgvb Lvov cvnv‡oi cZ‡b A_ev A‡b¨i †Quvov cv_i Øviv gv_vq AvNvZ cÖvß n‡q Zv‡`i gw¯Í‡®‥ †h AvNvZ-cÖvwß (traumatic head injuries) N‡UwQj Zvi Kvi‡Y wbðqB Giv G‡dwRqv †ivMx‡Z cwiYZ nq| ZvQvov cÖvPxb G‡dwRqvZ‡Ë¡i cÖvgvY¨ `wjj wn‡m‡e D³ cÖe‡Üi M‡elKØq 1862 mv‡j wgk‡ii jy·i (Luxor) kni †_‡K D×viK…Z ÔGWDBb w¯§‡_i kj¨wPwKrmvi c¨vwcivmÕ (Surgical Papyrus of Edwin Smith) bvgK GKwU wjLbcÎ Dc¯
vcb K‡ib (†`Lyb wPÎ 17.8)| Ônvqv‡iwUK wjwcÕ†Z

(hieratic script) wjwLZ GB c‡Î Lªx÷c~e© 1700 kZvãxi wgk‡ii 48Rb kvixwiKfv‡e AvNvZcÖvß †ivMxi eY©bv cvIqv hvq huv‡`i g‡a¨ 27 R‡bi gv_vi Lywj‡Z RL‡gi Kvi‡Y ‘head trauma’ n‡qwQj| GB c‡Î ZrKvjxb wgkixq wPwKrm‡Kiv GI D‡jøL K‡iwQ‡jb †h, Gme †ivMx‡`i gv_vq AvNv‡Zi Kvi‡Y ÔevPbnxbZvÕ (speechlessness) •Zwi n‡qwQj (Prins & Bastiaanse 2006)| D³ cÖe‡Ü cÖKvwkZ Z_¨vw` Avgv‡`i‡K Rvbvq, G‡dwRqv gvbe mf¨Zvi †Kvb bZzb fvlv-‣eKj¨ bq, eis mf¨Zvi D‡b¥‡li mv‡_ mv‡_B GwU A½xf~Z wQj|

292 | mgKvjxb fvlvweÁvb

wPÎ 17. 8 G‡dwRqv †iv‡Mi cÖ_g cÖvgvY¨ bw_ ÔGWDBb w¯§‡_i kj¨wPwKrmvi c¨vwcivmÕ (Surgical Papyrus of Edwin Smith) (Drm: Google Image)

18.4.2 G‡dwRqvi KviY 18.4.2.1 G‡dwRqv I AwR©Z fvlv-•eKj¨ G‡dwRqv GK ai‡bi AwR©Z fvlv-•eKj¨| AwR©Z fvlv-•eKj¨ ej‡Z †mB ai‡bi •eKj¨‡KB wb‡`©k Kiv n‡”Q, hvi Øviv gvbyl Zvi Rb¥-cieZx© fvlvi †kLvi †h †Kvb ch©v‡q AvµvšÍ n‡Z cv‡i| my¯
 e¨w³i hw` †Kvb Kvi‡Y gw¯Í‡®‥i fvlv-A‡j AvNvZ cÖvß nIqvi Øviv ÿZ •Zwi nq, ZLbB G ai‡bi fvlv mgm¨v †`Lv w`‡Z cv‡i| G‡dwRqv †h‡nZz GK ai‡bi AwR©Z fvlv-‣eKj¨, †m‡nZz Gi KviY g~jZ gw¯Í‡®‥i `ywU wPivqZ Ôfvlv A‡jÕ ¶Z •Zwi nIqvi g‡a¨B wbwnZ| cÖavbZ wZb Kvi‡Y GB ai‡bi ¶Z •Zwi nq (Avwid I mvjvg 2022), h_vK. †÷ªvK: cÖ_g I ¸iæZ¡c~Y© KviY n‡”Q †÷ªvK (stroke) hvi d‡j gw¯Í‡®‥i wbw`©ó A‡j i³ I Aw·‡Rb mieivn eÜ nIqvi Øviv H A‡j GK ai‡bi ¶wZKi (damage) Ae¯
v •Zwi nq|

wPwKrmv fvlvweÁvb | 293 wPwKrmv fvlvweÁvbx‡`i g‡Z wmsnfvM gvby‡li 80 kZvsk G‡dwRqv nq g~jZ †÷ªv‡Ki gva¨‡g| †÷ªvK GK ai‡bi bvjxevnx †ivM (vascular disease) wPwKrmvweÁv‡bi cwifvlvq hv‡K CVA (cerebral vascular accident) ejv nq| L. wUDgvi: gw¯Í‡®‥ G‡dwRqv-¶Z •Zwii wØZxq KviY n‡”Q wUDgvi (tumor)| d‡j gw¯Í‡®‥i Af¨šÍi †_‡K mswkøó As‡k GK ai‡bi Pvc •Zwi nq| G Kvi‡Y gv_vi Lywj I wUDgvi mswkøó ¯
v‡b GK ai‡bi †P‡c aiv (squeezing) Ae¯
vi gva¨‡g ¶wZKi Ae¯
vi m„wó nq| M. Uªgv: G‡dwRqv ¶Z •Zwii Z…Zxq KviYwUi bvg Uªgv (trauma) hv‡Z †Kvb evwn¨K KviY, h_ve›`y‡Ki ¸wj, moK `yN©Ubv, nVvr AvNvZ A_ev Acv‡ik‡bi d‡j m„ó ¶Z Øviv gw¯Í‡®‥i wbw`©ó As‡k ¶wZKi Ae¯
v •Zwi nq| cvK©vi I ivBwj (Parker and Riley 1994) Avgv‡`i Rvbv‡”Qb, wPwKrmv fvlvweÁvbx‡`i Kv‡Q G‡dwRqvi KviY wn‡m‡e wUDgvi ev Uªgvi Zzjbvq †÷ªvK AwaK †ewk `vqx| †Kbbv †÷ªv‡Ki d‡j gw¯Í‡®‥ †h AvNvZ (lesion) ev ¶Z (damage) •Zwi nq Zv A‡bK †ewk ¯úó Ges Zv gw¯Í‡®‥i mywbw`©ó A‡j (localized part of the brain) n‡q _v‡K| Ab¨w`‡K, wUDgvi ev Uªgvi Øviv m„„ó ¶Z A‡bK e¨vcK (global) Ges we¯Í…Z AÂj‡K cÖfvweZ K‡i| 17.4.3 G‡dwRqvi aib gw¯Í‡®‥i fvlvi AÂj‡f` Ges m„ó ¶‡Zi cÖK…wZ Abyhvqx G‡dwRqvi wfbœ wfbœ iƒc cwijw¶Z nq Ges G‡`i‡K •ewPΨc~Y© bv‡g f~wlZ Kiv nq| D`vniY¯^iƒc, K. †eªvKv G‡dwRqv evg gw¯Í‡®‥i m¤§yL L‡Ð Aew¯
Z †eªvKv A‡j ev fvlv m„Rb A‡j ÿZ •Zwii Kvi‡Y †h G‡dwRqv nq Zv‡K Ô†eªvKv G‡dwRqvÕ e‡j| Avevi GB G‡dwRqv †eªvKv A‡ji cvk¦©eZ©x Ges gw¯Í‡®‥i m¤§yL L‡Ði (frontal lobe) †cQb w`‡K Aew¯
Z ÔcÖv_wgK †cwk mÂvjK K‡U©·Õ†K (primary motor cortex) cÖfvweZ K‡i e‡j, G‡K Ô†cwk mÂvjK G‡dwRqvÕ (motor aphasia) e‡j| GKB mv‡_ †eªvKv AÂj †h‡nZz gvby‡li fvlv m„Rb I cÖKv‡ki †Kw›`ªq AÂj iƒ‡c ¯^xK…Z, ZvB †eªvKv G‡dwRqv gvby‡li fvlv m„Rb I cÖKvk‡K e¨vnZ K‡i e‡j G‡K fve-cÖKvk G‡dwRqvI (expressive aphasia) e‡j| K. 1 †eªvKv G‡dwRqv kbv³KiY LÐZvev`x Nivbvi mœvqyweÁvbx cj †eªvKv 1861 mv‡j `yRb †ivMxi ke‡`n cix¶vi (autospy report) gva¨‡g cÖ_g G ai‡bi G‡dwRqv kbv³ K‡iwQ‡jb| Zv‡`i Kv‡iviB fvlv m„R‡bi ¶gZv wQj bv| Z‡e G‡`i g‡a¨ GKRb †Kej divmx fvlvi ‘tan’ A¶iwU D”PviY Ki‡Z cvi‡Zv e‡j nvmcvZvj Kg©xiv Gu‡K tan bv‡g WvK‡Zv (Pinker 1994)|

294 | mgKvjxb fvlvweÁvb K. 2 †eªvKv G‡dwRK cÖ`wk©Z fvwlK mxgve×Zvi AwfjÿY †eªvKv G‡dwRqvq AvµvšÍ †ivMx‡`i fve cÖKvk ¶gZv †h‡nZz mxwgZ ev evavMÖ¯Í A_ev bó n‡q hvq, †mRb¨ G‡K Ôwe-mvejxj G‡dwRqvÕI (non-fluent aphasia) e‡j| we-mvejxj G‡dwRqvq AvµvšÍ †ivMxiv bvbviKg aŸwbMZ I evwn¨K Am½wZ I j¶Y (symptom) cÖ`k©b K‡i _v‡K| Zv‡`i cÖ`wk©Z aŸwbMZ Am½wZ n‡”Q ÔwWm‡cÖv‡mvwWÕ (dysprosody) Ges ÔaŸwbMZ c¨viv‡dwRqvÕ (phonemic paraphasias)| GQvov evwK¨K Am½wZ¸‡jvi g‡a¨ cÖavb n‡”Q Ô†UwjMÖvdxq evPbÕ (telegraphic speech) Ôe¨vKiY •eKj¨Õ (agrammatism) BZ¨vw` (Libben 2001)| L. †fiwbK G‡dwRqv evg gw¯Í‡®‥i cvk¦©xq L‡Ði (temporal lobe) wmjwfqvb wdkv‡ii wVK wb‡P Aew¯
Z †fiwbK A‡j ¶Z •Zwii Kvi‡Y †h G‡dwRqv nq Zv‡K Ô†fiwbK G‡dwRqvÕ e‡j| gw¯Í‡®‥i †fiwbK AÂjwU †h‡nZz wewfbœ fvwlK Dcv`v‡bi gg©-D×vi AÂj iƒ‡c cwiwPZ, †m‡nZz G A‡j G‡dwRqvRwbZ Kvi‡Y †ivMxi fvlvi A_© D×v‡i mgm¨v •Zwi nq e‡j G‡K A_©Mg¨ G‡dwRqvI (receptive aphasia) ejv nq| Kvj© †fiwbK 1874 mv‡j †h †ivMx‡K cix¶v-wbix¶vi gva¨‡g G ai‡bi G‡dwRqv kbv³ K‡iwQ‡jb, †m †ivMx fvlvi A_© D×v‡i mgm¨vq co‡jI AbM©j K_v e‡j †h‡Z cvi‡Zb| ZvB G ai‡bi G‡dwRqv‡K mvejxj G‡dwRqvI (fluent aphasia) ejv nq| 17.5 cVb-‣eKj¨ cVb-•eKj¨ AwR©Z fvlv-•eK‡j¨i Av‡iKwU aib| GwU G‡dwRqvi cieZx© avc| KviY Zxeª G‡dwRqvq AvµvšÍ e¨w³ †Kvb bv †Kvb mgq cVb-‣eK‡j¨ AvµvšÍ n‡q _v‡Kb| G‡dwRK †ivMx‡`i gvÎv I ZxeªZv †f‡` wjLb I cVb mgm¨v †`Lv w`‡Z cv‡i| G‡¶‡Î cVb I wjLbKvh© mgvc‡bi †¶‡Î Zviv †h ai‡bi •eKj¨ cÖ`k©b K‡i _v‡K, G¸‡jv‡K h_vµ‡g ÔcVb-‣eKj¨Õ (dyslexia) I ÔwjLb •eKj¨Õ (dysgraphia) ejv nq| wPwKrmv fvlvweÁvbx‡`i g‡Z G `ywU mgm¨v ev •eKj¨I mœvqyZš¿xq Ges eûjvs‡k G‡dwRqvRvZ (Price & Mechelli 2005)| A_©vr wewfbœ ai‡bi G‡dwRqvi MfxiZi (severe) ch©v‡q G‡m †ivMx‡`i G ai‡bi •eKj¨ †`Lv w`‡Z cv‡i| ZvB G ai‡bi •eKj¨‡K AwR©Z (acquired) •eKj¨ ejv nq| Z‡e ÔcVb •eKj¨Õ I ÔwjLb •eKj¨Õ A‡bK †¶‡Î ea©bg~jK (developmental) n‡Z cv‡i| A_©vr wkïivI G ai‡bi •eK‡j¨ AvµvšÍ n‡Z cv‡i| mf¨Zvi µgweKv‡ki BwZnv‡m cVb I wjLb, gvby‡li G `ywU fvlv `¶Zv, A‡c¶vK…Z bZzb Ges GR‡b¨ Zuv‡`i‡K wjwc Avwe®‥vi ch©šÍ A‡c¶v Ki‡Z n‡qwQj (Harley 2001)| ZvB G‡dwRqvi Zzjbvq cVb I wjLb •eKj¨ A‡bKUv Ae©vPxb •eKj¨ iƒ‡c cwiwPZ| cVb I wjLb `¶Zvq †h‡nZz wjwci AšÍfwy© ³ Avek¨K n‡q c‡o, ZvB G `ywU `¶Zv AwaKZi RwUj Ges Zv m¤úbœ Ki‡Z wM‡q gvbyl‡K h_vµ‡g ÔwjLb-GKK‡K aŸwb-GK‡K iƒcvšÍiÕ (transforming orthographic (letter and letter sequence)

wPwKrmv fvlvweÁvb | 295 information into phonological (speech sound) information) I Gi wecixZgyLx wµqv m¤úv`b Ki‡Z nq, hv AwaKvsk †¶‡Î Kómva¨ I kªgmv‡c¶ (Fiez et al 1999)| d‡j gvbyl mn‡RB wewfbœ

ai‡bi cVb I wjLb •eK‡j¨ AvµvšÍ n‡Z cv‡i| gvby‡li cVb I wjLb •eKj¨RwbZ hveZxq Am½wZ kbv³KiY I we‡køl‡Yi Rb¨ wPwKrmv fvlvweÁvbxiv cÖÁvbg~jK g‡bvweÁv‡b (cognitive psychology) Abym„Z wewfbœ ai‡bi ÔcÖÁvbg~jK g‡WjÕ (cognitive model) Gi Avkªq wb‡q _v‡Kb| 1988 mv‡j g‡bvweÁvbx ÔEllisÕ Ges ÔYoungÕ D™¢vweZ ‘X-AvK…wZÕ (X-shape) Ggb GKwU g‡Wj †hwU wPwKrmv fvlvweÁv‡b DcwiD³ D‡Ïk¨ mva‡b me‡P‡q †ewk e¨eüZ nq (Edmundson & Mclntosh 1995)| GB g‡W‡ji cÖe³v‡`i g‡Z gvbyl cVb I wjLb Kvh© m¤úv`b Ki‡Z wM‡q wewfbœ ai‡bi ÔcÖÁvbg~jK miwYÕi (cognitive route) kiY †bq| D`vniY¯^iƒc, cVb Kv‡h© cwiwPwZ I A_©‡evaK kã cv‡Vi mgq gvbyl ÔA_© miwYÕ (semantic route) e¨envi K‡i Ges ÔmgMÖ-kã cVb cÖwµqvÕ (whole-word method) AbymiY K‡i| Ab¨w`‡K, †Kvb A-kã (non-word) ev ÔQÙ kãÕ (pseudoword) cv‡Vi mgq mevB †K›`ªxq ev A_© miwY ev` w`‡q ÔweKí-miwYÕ (bypass route) e¨env‡ii cvkvcvwk Ôwjwc GKK †_‡K aŸwb-GKK iƒcvšÍi cÖwµqvÕi (grapheme to phoneme correspondence) Avkªq †bq| Z‡e cVbKv‡j G `ywU miwY‡Z Kv‡iv †Kvb Am½wZ ev ÎywU _vK‡j Zuv‡`i cVb cÖwµqvqI wewfbœ ai‡bi •eKj¨ cwijw¶Z nq †h¸‡jv‡K Ôewni½ cVb •eKj¨Õ (surface dyslexia), ÔA_©ZvwË¡K cVb •eKj¨Õ (semantic dyslexia), ÔaŸwbZvwË¡K cVb •eKj¨Õ (phonological dyslexia) BZ¨vw` ejv nq| wPwKrmv fvlvweÁvbx‡`i g‡Z gvby‡li wjLb cÖwµqvq Abym„Z •eKj¨¸wj‡KI DcwiD³ Awfav †`qv †h‡Z cv‡i (GB ai‡bi Av‡iKwU g‡Wj m¤ú‡K© we¯ÍvwiZ Rvbvi Rb¨ †`Lyb Aa¨vq 16)| wPwKrmv fvlvweÁvbxiv B‡Zvg‡a¨ GB cÖÁvbg~jK miwY¸‡jvi mœvqy •ReZvwË¡K Aw¯Í‡Z¡i cÖgvY †c‡q‡Qb (Price & Mechelli 2005)| Ab¨ K_vq ej‡Z †M‡j, gw¯Í‡®‥i wewfbœ fvlv-A‡ji ¶ZRwbZ Kvi‡YB g~jZ cÖÁvbg~jK miwYRvZ G ai‡bi cVb I wjLb •eKj¨ †`Lv †`q| d‡j wPwKrmv fvlvweÁvbxiv G ai‡bi •eK‡j¨i KviY I cÖK…wZ AbymÜvbc~e©K •eK‡j¨ AvµvšÍ †ivMx‡`i Rb¨ we‡kl ai‡bi fvlv‡_ivwci e¨e¯
v K‡ib hv‡Z Zviv •eKj¨¸‡jv KvwU‡q DV‡Z cv‡ib| ea©bg~jK fvlv •eKj¨ (developmental language disorder) wPwKrmv fvlvweÁv‡bi GKwU `ªyZ weKvkgvb †¶Î| ea©bg~jK fvlv •eKj¨ ej‡Z gvbe wkïi fvlv weKv‡k Am½wZRwbZ ÎywU I •eKj¨‡K eySvq †h¸‡jv wkïi kvixwiK I gvbwmK weKv‡ki cvkvcvwk †e‡o I‡V| wPwKrmv fvlvweÁvbx‡`i g‡Z wkïi AwaKvsk fvlv‣eKj¨B mœvqyZš¿xq, Avevi †Kvb †Kvb †¶‡Î Zv †R‡bwUKI e‡U| 17.6 AwURg wkï‡`i mœvqy-ea©bg~jK fvlv •eK‡j¨i AwZ ¸iyZ¡c~Y© •eKj¨wUi bvg AwURg (autism)| AwUR‡g AvµvšÍ wkï‡`i fvlv weKvk gvivZ¥Kfv‡e wewNœZ nq Ges †Kvb †Kvb mgq AwUw÷K wkïi fvlv •eKj¨ GZ ZxeªZi ch©v‡q P‡j hvq †h, Zviv †Kvb K_v ej‡Z cv‡i bv| AvwfavwbK A‡_© ÔAwURgÕ gv‡b n‡”Q Ôme©`v

296 | mgKvjxb fvlvweÁvb wbR¯^ RM‡Z Wy‡e _vKvÕ (Schreibman 2005; Avwid I Ab¨vb¨ 2022)| Rvg©vbfvlx myBm g‡bvwPwKrmK BDwRb weøDjvi cÖ_g cvMj •ewkó¨avix GK`j wkï‡K wb‡`©k Ki‡Z wM‡q GB ÔAwURgÕ cwifvlvwU e¨envi K‡iwQ‡jb (bvmixb 2016; Rvnvb 2022)| d‡j AwUw÷K wkïiv memgq wb‡Ri RM‡Z Wy‡e _v‡K e‡j mgv‡Ri Ab¨‡`i m‡½ Zv‡`i †gjv‡gkv nq bv, GgbwK Zuv‡`i wcZvgvZvi m‡½ Ô`„wó wewbgqÕ (eye contact) ch©šÍ nq bv| ZvB †h‡nZz AwUw÷K wkï‡`i ÔmvgvwRK †gjv‡gkvÕ (socialization) nq bv, †mRb¨ Zv‡`i fvlviI weKvk mvab nq bv| AwURg‡K `yB fv‡M fvM Kiv hvq| G¸‡jv njK. wb¤œ-`ÿ AwURg wb¤œ-`ÿ AwUR‡g AvµvšÍ we‡kl wkïiv P‚ovšÍ iK‡gi AvPiYMZ, fvlvMZ I mvgvwRK fvlvMZ NvUwZ cÖ`k©b K‡i _v‡K| G ai‡bi AwUw÷K wkï‡`i AvBwKD ev eyרv¼ 70 Gi wb‡P n‡q _v‡K| †m Kvi‡Y Zviv •`bw›`b Kvh©µg Ges A‡b¨i mv‡_ msÁvcb Ki‡Z wM‡q e¨vcK AmdjZv ev e¨_©Zv †`wL‡q _v‡K| G ai‡bi AwURg‡K wPivqZ AwURgI ejv n‡q _v‡K| †h‡nZz wjI Kjvi cÖ_g GB ai‡bi AwURg‡K kbv³ K‡iwQ‡jb, †mRb¨ G‡K A‡bK mgq Kbvi AwURg ejv nq| L. D”P-`ÿ AwURg D”P-`ÿ AwURg‡K ¯^ígvÎvi AwURg ejv nq| G ai‡bi AwUw÷K wkïiv AvPiYMZ, fvlvMZ Ges mvgvwRK msÁvcbMZ `ÿZvi w`K †_‡K wPivqZ ev wb¤œ-`ÿ AwUw÷K wkï‡`i Zzjbvq †ek ¯^vfvweK Ges 70 Gi AwaK eyרv‡¼i AwaKvix| †m Kvi‡Y Zv‡`i •`bw›`b fvlvcÖKvk Ges KvRKg© A‡bKUvB ¯^vfvweK e„w×cÖvß wkï‡`i A‡bKUvB KvQvKvwQ| Aw÷ªq wPwKrmK nvÝ GmcviRvi GB ai‡bi AwUR‡g AvµvšÍ wkï‡`i cÖ_g kbv³ K‡iwQ‡jb e‡j G ai‡bi AwURg‡K GmcviRvi wmb‡Wªvg I ejv nq| 17.6.1 AwUw÷K wkï‡`i fvlvMZ mgm¨v I NvUwZi ¯^iƒc AwUw÷K wkïiv wewfbœ AvPiYMZ NvUwZ †`Lv‡bvi cvkvcvwk gvivZ¥K iK‡gi fvlvMZ e¨_©ZvI cÖ`©kb K‡i| d‡j Zviv N‡ivqv Ges mvgvwRK GB Dfq ai‡bi msÁvcb cÖwµqvq bvbvgvÎvi A`ÿZv I Am¤ú~Y©Zvi P‚ovšÍ ewntcÖKvk NUvq| Zv‡`i cÖ`wk©Z fvlv I msÁvcb NvUwZi g‡a¨ D‡jøL‡hvM¨ n‡”Q1. B‡Kvjvwjqv B‡Kvjvwjqvi kvwãK A_© n‡”Q, cybive„wË Kiv| A_v©r AwUw÷K wkï‡`i‡K hLbB †Kvb cÖkœ Kiv nq, ZLbB Zviv cÖkK œ Z©vi cÖ‡kœi cybive„wË K‡i _v‡K| D`vniY¯^iƒc, †KD hLb AwUw÷K wkï‡K wRÁvmv K‡i, Ô†Zvgvi bvg wK?Õ| ZLb wkïwU cÖ‡kœi DËi bv w`‡q Gi cybive„wË K‡i e‡j I‡V, Ô†Zvgvi bvg wK?Õ|

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dwjZ fvlvweÁvb I wkÿv fvlvweÁvb | 299

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wU| GB MÖ‡š
 wd«R applied linguistics cwifvlvwU e¨envi bv Ki‡jI Bs‡iwR fvlv wkL‡bi †ÿ‡Î Zvui Abym„Z c×wZ I †K․kj LyeB †cÖiYv`vqx wQj| Zvici 1948 mv‡j D³ wek^we`¨vjq †_‡KB cÖKvwkZ nq weL¨vZ Rvb©vj Language Learning: A Journal of Applied Linguistics| GB M‡elYv cwÎKvwUB cÖ_g Gi bv‡gi mv‡_ Applied Linguistics AwfavwU e¨envi Ki‡Z ïiæ K‡i| D³ cwÎKvi GB cÖwZôv-mvjwU‡K dwjZ fvlvweÁv‡bi Rb¥ ZvwiL wn‡m‡e MY¨ Kiv n‡j Gi eqm GLb 70 eQi Qvwo‡q †M‡Q| K¨vU‡dvU© G wel‡q e‡jb, Gici †_‡K †MvUv cÂvk Ges lv‡Ui `kK Ry‡o wewfbœ MÖš
, cwÎKv ev fvlvwelqK M‡elYv cÖwZôv‡bi bv‡gi mv‡_ Applied Linguistics AwfavwU Ry‡o †`Iqvi †ÿ‡Î we‡ùviY cwijwÿZ nq| †gvU K_v, mviv we‡k^ fvlvweÁv‡bi mv‡_ mswkøó †ÿ‡Î dwjZ fvlvweÁvb ev Applied Linguistics bvgwU RbwcÖq Kivi †ÿ‡Î GB cwÎKvwUi Ae`vb Ab¯^xKvh©| Gi wVK 10 eQi ci 1958 mv‡j we`¨vqZwbK Kvh©µg cwiPvjbvi Rb¨ weª‡U‡bi GwWb‡eviv wek^we`¨vj‡q The School of Applied Linguistics bv‡g GKwU cÖwZôvb Rb¥jvf K‡i (HULT 2008; Strevens, 1980)| Aek¨ weª‡U‡b Applied Linguistics cwifvlvwU cÖ_g e¨env‡ii †ÿ‡Î K…wZZ¡wU n‡”Q jÛb wek^we`¨vj‡qi Aa¨vcK dv‡_©i| K¨vU‡dvW© (Catford 1998: 473) Avgv‡`i AewnZ Ki‡Qb, Language Learning cwÎKvi 4_© msL¨vq GK wPwV‡Z dv_© wj‡Lb, ÒcÖ_g msL¨vi Rb¨ ab¨ev`| cy‡iv Rvb©vjwUB dwjZ fvlvweÁv‡bi| dwjZ fvlvweÁvb Ggb GKwU Awfav hv Avgv‡`i wKQz Kv‡Ri eY©bvi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRb Ges Avwg GwU e¨envi Kie|Ó Aa¨vcK dv_© Zvui K_v †i‡LwQ‡jb| †Kbbv 1957 mv‡j jÛb wd‡jvjwRK¨vj †mvmvBwUi mfvq “Applications of General Linguistics,” wk‡ivbv‡g cÖ`Ë mfvcwZi e³…Zvq wZwb 10 evi Applied Linguistics AwfavwU e¨envi K‡iwQ‡jb| 1959 mv‡j IqvwksU‡b Pvj©m dvi¸m‡bi †bZ…‡Z¡ Center for Applied Linguistics bv‡g GKwU †emiKvix cÖwZôv‡bi Rb¥ nq| GB cÖwZôv‡bi jÿ¨ wQj wØZxq fvlv wkL‡bi †ÿ‡Î GKwU eûfvwlK mnvqZv †K›`ª wn‡m‡e KvR Kiv| Zvici 1964 mv‡j d«v‡Ýi b¨vw݇Z AbywôZ GK K‡jvwKqv‡g AvšÍRv© wZK dwjZ fvlvweÁvb ms¯
v (The Association Internationale de Linguistique Appliquée (AILA)) MwVZ nq| GB K‡jvwKqv‡g GKB mv‡_ wØZxq fvlv wkL‡b g‡bvweÁvb, mgvRfvlvweÁvb Ges •ecixZ¨m~PK fvlvweÁv‡bi (contrastive linguistics) ZË¡-c×wZ cÖ‡qv‡Mi mycvwik Kiv nq| cieZx©‡Z 1967 mv‡j fvlv e¨envi, fvlv AR©b, fvlv wkLb Ges GB kv‡¯¿ GKwU Avš‧tkv¯¿xq mn‡hvwMZvi †ÿÎ •Zwii D‡Ïk¨ wb‡q MwVZ nq weªwUk dwjZ fvlvweÁvb ms¯
v (The British Association for Applied Linguistics (BAAL)) (Hult 2008)| nvë (Hult 2008) Avgv‡`i AewnZ Ki‡Qb, 1970 `k‡K

dwjZ fvlvweÁvb I wkÿv fvlvweÁvb | 303 Av‡gwiKvb dwjZ fvlvweÁvb cÖwZôvi ¯^cœexR †ivwcZ nq| GB j‡ÿ¨ 1973 mv‡j Av‡gwiKvb fvlvweÁvb ms¯
vi (Linguistic Society of America (LSA)) GKwU DckvLv wn‡m‡e dwjZ fvlvweÁvb cÖwZôvi wm×všÍ M„nxZ nq| wKš‧ GB wm×všÍ‡K AwaKvsk m`m¨B BwZevPK A‡_© MÖnY K‡ibwb| d‡j Aa¨vcK evb©vW ¯úyjw¯‥i †bZ…‡Z¡ Ab¨fvlx‡`i Bs‡iwR wkÿv`v‡b wb‡qvwRZ wkÿK‡`i wb‡q †U‡mvj (Teachers of English to Speakers of Other Languages (TESOL)) MwVZ nq| GB †U‡mv‡ji 1977 mv‡j AbywôZ Kb‡fbkb Abyhvqx GKB mv‡j Av‡gwiKvb dwjZ fvlvweÁvb ms¯
v (The American Association for Applied Linguistics (AAAL)) MwVZ nq| Ic‡i ewY©Z dwjZ fvlvweÁv‡bi mswÿß BwZnvm †_‡K †`Lv hv‡”Q, fvlvweÁv‡bi GB cÖv‡qvwMK kvLvwUi D™¢e I weKv‡ki mv‡_ Bs‡iwR Z_v wØZxq fvlv wkL‡bi welqwU‡K Gi †K›`ªwe›`y wn‡m‡e aiv n‡qwQj| we‡kl K‡i, wØZxq wn‡m‡e Bs‡iwR wkLb I †kLv‡bvi †ÿ‡Î fvlvweÁv‡bi ZË¡, m~Î I c×wZi mdj cÖ‡qv‡Mi gva¨‡g G‡K wKfv‡e AviI djcÖm~ I Kvh©Ki Kiv hvq Zv-B wQj Gi g~j jÿ¨ I D‡Ïk¨| 18K.2 dwjZ fvlvweÁvb I ZvwË¡K fvlvweÁvb: m¤ú‡K©i ¯^iƒc dwjZ fvlvweÁv‡bi mv‡_ ZvwË¡K fvlweÁv‡bi m¤ú‡K©i ¯^iƒc we‡køl‡Yi c~‡e© GKwU cÖ‡kœi †h․w³K AeZviYv GLv‡b Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| ZvwË¡K fvlvweÁv‡bi Aw¯ÍZ¡ _vKvi ciI †Kb dwjZ fvlvweÁv‡bi D™¢e I weKvk N‡U‡Q? GB cª‡kœi DËi †LuvRvi c~‡e© Av‡iKwU wel‡q ¸iæZ¡ cª`vb Kiv qvq| Avkv Kiv hv‡”Q, G‡Z K‡i D‡jøwLZ cÖ‡kœi cvIqv hv‡e| ZvwË¡K fvlvweÁvb †h‡nZz wewfbœ fvwlK Dcv`v‡bi e¨vL¨v cÖ`v‡bi D‡Ï‡k ZË¡ cÖ`vb K‡i _v‡K, G‡ÿ‡Î cÖ_‡gB Avmv hvK, 1. ZË¡ ej‡Z wK eySvq? 2. ZvwË¡K fvlvweÁvb wK ai‡bi ZË¡ I m~·K Aej¤^b K‡i _v‡K? `ywU cÖ‡kœi DËi cÖ`v‡bi †ÿ‡Î GWMv‡ii kiY †bIqv hvq| G‡ÿ‡Î cÖ_‡gB Avmv hvK ÔZË¡Õ aviYv cÖm‡½| GWMvi (Adger 2002: 10) e‡jb, Ôa theory is a statement of general principles or laws which can be used to explain some phenomenaÕ| A_v©r ZË¡ n‡”Q mvaviY wbqg ev mswnZvi fvl¨ hv †Kvb NUbvcÖevn ev Bw›`ªqMÖvn¨ welq e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z e¨eüZ nq| GB msÁv‡K we‡ePbvq †i‡L fvlv welqK ZË¡ m¤ú‡K© ejv hvq †h, G¸‡jv fvlvi wewfbœ Dcv`v‡bi e¨vL¨v we‡køl‡Y cÖ‡qvM Kiv nq| Z‡Ë¡i GB msÁv‡K AšÍf³ z© K‡i GWMvi ZvwË¡K fvlvweÁv‡bi †h msÁv cÖ`vb K‡ib, ZvI GLv‡b D‡jøL Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i, ÔTheoretical linguistics… attempts to build theories of linguistic structure which posit various abstract concepts and determine the relations that holds between themÕ(Adger 2002:11)| GWMv‡ii GB msÁvwU fvlvweÁv‡bi ZvwË¡KZv wel‡q Av‡iKwU cÖm‡½i AeZviYv K‡i‡Q, †mwU n‡”Q- fvlvZvwË¡K Dcv`v‡bi ZË¡mg~n wewfbœ weg~Z© welq‡KI e¨vL¨v‡hvM¨ e‡j a‡i †bq hv Gme Dcv`v‡bi g‡a¨Kvi m¤úK©‡K wba©viY K‡i| ZvwË¡K fvlvweÁv‡bi GB msÁvq GKwU welq ¯úó n‡q‡Q †h, GB kv‡¯¿i ZË¡ ev m~Îmg~n wewfbœ fvwlK Dcv`v‡bi AšÍwb©wnZ •ewkó¨ e¨vL¨v cÖm‡½ A‡bK AšÍe©xÿYg~jK

304 | mgKvjxb fvlvweÁvb (introspective) ch©‡eÿY ev weg~ZZ © vi AvkÖq wb‡q _v‡K hv A‡bK mgq ev¯Íe ev Bw›`ªqMÖvn¨ n‡q I‡V

bv| we‡kl K‡i, ZvwË¡K fvlvweÁv‡bi Pg¯‥xq avivi †ÿ‡Î GB DcjwäwU A‡bK †ewk ¯úó| KviY Pg¯‥xq aviv fvlv‡K GKwU weg~Z© Ges Av`k©vwqZ iƒc wn‡m‡e g‡b K‡i †hLv‡b fvlvi e¨envi I wg_w¯…qvi welqwU‡K Gwo‡q hvIqv nq (Berns & Matsuda 2010)| G cÖm‡½ †je‡fi (Labov 1988:181) GKwU Dw³ cÖwYavb‡hvM¨, ÔWhen we contrast linguistic theory with linguistic practice, we usually conjure up a theory that builds models out of introspective judgements, extracting principles that are remote from observation and experimentÕ| †`Lv hv‡”Q, Rxeš‧ fvlvi

Dcv`v‡bi wfZiMZ m¤úK©m~·K D‡b¥vPb Ki‡Z wM‡q ZvwË¡K fvlvweÁvbxiv †h mÁvg~jK ev AšÍe©xÿY‡hvM¨ e¨vL¨v I we‡kølY K‡i _v‡Kb Zv ev¯Íe Rxe‡bi fvwlK Abykxj‡bi mgq A‡bK‡ÿ‡Î Abycw¯
Z _v‡K| GLv‡b ZvwË¡K fvlvweÁvb ej‡Z g~jZ evK¨ZË¡, A_©weÁvb, aŸwbZË¡ I iƒcZË¡‡KB eySv‡bv n‡q‡Q (Sridhar 1993)| d‡j ev¯ÍeZvi mv‡_ AvcvZ m¤úK©nxb ZvwË¡K fvlvweÁv‡b covïbv †kl Kivi ci MÖvRy‡qU‡`i PvKzwi †RvMvo Kiv A‡bKUvB KwVb n‡q c‡o| G cwiw¯
wZ ïay evsjvfvlx A‡jB bq, cwð‡gi DbœZ †`k¸wji †ÿ‡ÎI cÖ‡hvR¨| G welqwU‡K Nywi‡q ivmwKb Gfv‡e e¨³ K‡i‡Qb, cwðg †`‡ki wek^we`¨vj‡q AwZ ZË¡wbf©i fvlvweÁvb wefvM †_‡K cvk Kiv Qv·`i PvKzwi cvIqv †ek `y®‥i| wZwb e‡jb- The best linguistics programs are having trouble placing even their best graduates in academic positions in linguistics. Problem: the nature of these graduates‟ training, which was exclusively „pure linguistics,‟ makes them virtually unemployable in any alternative professional capacity (Raskin 1986:xiii)|

PvKzwii evRv‡ii mv‡_ ZvwË¡K fvlvweÁv‡bi GB AvcvZ m¤úK©nxbZv fvlvweÁvbx‡`i mwZ¨Kvi A‡_© fvwe‡q Zz‡jwQj| ZvB G Ae¯
vi cwiÎv‡Yi Rb¨ Zviv Gi mv‡_ evRvi-mswkøóZvi m¤úK© wbgv©‡Y Zrci n‡q D‡Vb| G‡ÿ‡Î dwjZ fvlvweÁvb Zv‡`i‡K bZzb Avkvi Av‡jv †`Lvq| kÖxa‡ii (Sridhar 1993) g‡Z, bZzb cÖR‡b¥i fvlvweÁvbx‡`i Kv‡Q dwjZ fvlvweÁvb AwfavwU `viæYfv‡e M„nxZ nq GB Avkvq †h, Zviv ev¯Íe Rxeb we‡kl K‡i wØZxq fvlv wkLb Kvh©µg †_‡K cÖvß Z_¨ ZvwË¡K fvlvweÁv‡bi M‡elYvq e¨vcKfv‡e e¨envi Ki‡Z cvi‡e hv cÖKvivšÍ‡i Zv‡`i GB kv¯¿wU‡K evRvigyLx n‡Z mnvqZv Ki‡e| GB HwZn¨ AvaywbK dwjZ fvlvweÁv‡bi hvÎv ïiæi ci †_‡KB eRvq †_‡K‡Q| DwjøwLZ Ae¯
v ch©v‡jvPbv K‡i ZvwË¡K fvlvweÁv‡bi mv‡_ dwjZ fvlvweÁv‡bi mv‡_ GKwU m¤úK©m~Î wbg©vY Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| dwjZ fvlvweÁvb ¯^fveZB fvlv I Gi Dcv`vbmg~n we‡køl‡Y ZvwË¡K fvlvweÁvbx‡`i mÁv I AšÍex©ÿYg~jK Z‡Ë¡i †avuqvkv †_‡K cwiÎvY Kivmn gvby‡li Kg©‡ÿ‡Îi fvlvwfwËK †ckvmg~‡ni mv‡_ GKwU †mZzeÜ iPbv K‡i _v‡K| ZvB dwjZ fvlvweÁvb cÖK…Z A‡_© fvlvwbf©i ev¯ÍweK Kg©‡ÿÎ Ges ZvwË¡K fvlvweÁv‡bi gv‡S ga¨¯
vKvixi f~wgKvq AeZx©Y n‡q _v‡K (Buckingham and Eskey 1980)|

dwjZ fvlvweÁvb I wkÿv fvlvweÁvb | 305 Z‡e ZvwË¡K fvlvweÁv‡bi mv‡_ Gi †hvMm~ÎZvi cÖK…wZ Abymv‡i evb© Ges gvZmy`v (Berns & Matsuda 2010) dwjZ fvlvweÁv‡bi wZbwU iƒc kbv³ K‡ib| Gi cÖ_g iƒcwU n‡”Q, dwjZ fvlvweÁvb ZvwË¡K fvlvweÁv‡bi GKwU A½xf~Z kvLv| G‡ÿ‡Î ZvwË¡K fvlvweÁvb Gi cÖK…Z AwffveK| KviY GwU dwjZ fvlvweÁv‡bi KZ©„Z¡ev`x Drm, †h‡nZz mKj ai‡bi ZvwË¡K mnvqZv GLvb †_‡KB MÖnYKiv n‡q _v‡K| †m we‡ePbvq GKgvÎ fvlvweÁvbxivB dwjZ fvlvweÁv‡bi PP©v I M‡elYvq AskMÖn‡Yi †hvM¨Zvavix| dwjZ fvlvweÁv‡bi wØZxq iƒcwU n‡”Q Gi ¯^vqËkvwmZ iƒc| G aviYv †cvlYKvix ZvwË¡‡Kiv g‡b K‡ib, dwjZ fvlvweÁvb ZvwË¡K fvlvweÁvb ev Ab¨ ÁvbkvLvi cÖfve e¨ZxZ GKwU Avav-¯^vqËkvwmZ kvLv| ïay fvlvweÁvbxB bb, mvwnZ¨, mgvR ev ms¯‥…wZ M‡el‡KivI dwjZ fvlvweÁvb PP©v Ki‡Z cv‡ib| Gi me©‡kl iƒcwU n‡”Q, dwjZ fvlvweÁv‡bi AvšÍtm¤úK©MZ iƒc| GB iƒ‡ci cwi‡cvlYKvixiv e‡jb, †h‡nZz dwjZ fvlvweÁvb mgv‡Ri fvlvwfwËK mgm¨vi iƒc-iƒcvšÍi wb‡q KvR K‡i, †m‡nZz ïay fvlvZvwË¡K ÁvbB G‡ÿ‡Î h‡_ó bq| mgvR-ms¯‥…wZi MfxiZi we‡køl‡Yi †ÿ‡Î fvlvweÁvbx‡`i GB Ach©vßZv †gvP‡b dwjZ fvlvweÁvbxiv Gi mv‡_ mswkøó Ab¨ †h †Kvb we`¨vqZwbK kv‡¯¿ cvi`wk©Zv‡K Kv‡R jvMv‡Z cv‡ib| 18K.3 dwjZ fvlweÁv‡bi welqe¯‘ dwjZ fvlvweÁvb wel‡q Ic‡ii we‡kølY, we‡kl K‡i Gi D™¢e I weKvk m¤úwK©Z mswÿß Av‡jvPbv †_‡K GKwU welq ¯úó n‡q‡Q, fvlvwkLb, we‡kl K‡i wØZxq fvlv wkLb I †kLv‡bv Ges Gi mv‡_ m¤úwK©Z hveZxq ZË¡, c×wZ, †K․kj mgm¨v I Dcjwämg~nB GB kv‡¯¿i Ab¨Zg Av‡jvP¨ welq| wKš‧ GKwU welq fz‡j †M‡j Pj‡e bv †h, fvlv n‡”Q GKwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© mvgvwRK ev¯ÍeZv| fvlv wkLb I †kLv‡bv QvovI mgv‡Ri AviI A‡bK e¨e¯
v, wbqvgK, Kg© I †ckvi mv‡_ fvlv cÖZ¨ÿfv‡e m¤úwK©Z| D`vniY¯^iƒc, whwb Awfavb iPbv K‡ib wZwb wKš‧ fvlvi kã eY©bvi mv‡_ m¤úK© †i‡L GK ai‡bi fvlvZvwË¡K Kv‡RB wb‡R‡K mshy³ K‡ib| GQvov Abyev`, †`vfvwlKZv, cÖhyw³wfwËK fvwlKKg©, mvsevw`KZv, gvby‡li fvlvwelqK •eKj¨ wba©viY Ges wbeviYI GB cÖ‡Póvi evB‡i bq| ZvB m½Z Kvi‡YB dwjZ fvlvweÁvb Gme †ÿ‡ÎI Zvrch©c~Y© f~wgKv ivL‡Z cv‡i| †m Kvi‡Y GB kv‡¯¿i weKvk jv‡fi ci †_‡K mgq hZ GwM‡q‡Q, ZZB gvbyl dwjZ fvlvweÁv‡bi cwVZ welq wn‡m‡e mgv‡R wµqvkxj AmsL¨ fvlvwelqK †ÿ·K AšÍfy³ © Kivi cÖqvm †`wL‡q‡Q| †m Kvi‡Y mvg‡qi avivevwnKZvq dwjZ fvlvweÁv‡bi cwVZ welqe¯‧i cwie„w× N‡U‡Q| dwjZ fvlvweÁv‡bi welqe¯‧ cÖK…Z A‡_© wK n‡e †m m¤ú‡K© kÖxai (Sridhar 1993) Av‡jvKcvZ K‡ib| mg‡qi avivevwnZKZvq dwjZ fvlvweÁvbfz³ wel‡qi we¯Í…wZi Kvi‡Y wZwb G‡K `ywU †kÖwY‡Z wef³ K‡ib| G¸‡jv nj1. mxgve× dwjZ fvlvweÁvb (narrow view) mxgve× dwjZ fvlvweÁvb bvgwUB Bw½Z K‡i, Gi cwVZ welqe¯‧i cwiwa msnZ I mswÿß| GB kv‡¯¿i DrcwËi mv‡_ m¤úwK©Z welqmg~n we‡kl K‡i wØZxq fvlv I cª_g fvlv wkLb-†kLv‡bvB Gi Ab¨Zg welq wn‡m‡e we‡ewPZ| c~e©eZ©x Av‡jvPbv †_‡K Rvbv †M‡Q, gvwK©b gyjøy‡K Pwjø‡ki `k‡K g~jZ fvlv wkÿ‡Yi

306 | mgKvjxb fvlvweÁvb †ÿ‡Î fvlv‣eÁvwbK c×wZi cÖ‡qvM fvebv †_‡KB GB cÖv‡qvwMK kvLvi Rb¥ I e„w× N‡U‡Q| Z‡e kªxai fvlv wkÿ‡Y ZvwË¡K fvlvweÁv‡bi ZË¡ I c×wZi cÖ‡qvM‡K A‡bKUv e¨½ K‡i †jvK †`Lv‡bv (showpiece) e‡jI AwfwnZ K‡i‡Qb| 2. mycwimi dwjZ fvlvweÁvb (broad view) mycwimi dwjZ fvlvweÁvb fvlvweÁv‡bi cwVZ welqe¯‧i cwie„w×i aviYv‡K m~wPZ K‡i| †h‡nZz mgq cwiµgvq bZzb bZzb welq G‡Z AšÍfy³ © n‡Z ïiæ K‡i, †m‡nZz Gi K‡jei Ges cwimiI evo‡Z ïiæ K‡i| Z‡e GB AšÍfyw© ³i wekvjZvi welqwU‡K gv_vq †i‡L kÖxai mycwimi fvlvweÁvb‡K cybivq `ywU fv‡M web¨¯Í K‡ib, h_v- m¤úªmvwiZ iƒc I AwZ e¨envwiK iƒc| kÖxai G `ywU iƒ‡ci cwVZe¨ welq wb‡¤œv³ iƒ‡c wba©viY K‡ib| K. m¤úªmvwiZ fvlvweÁvb (extended linguistics): ¯
vb, mgq, mgvR, ms¯‥…wZ Ges wewfbœ †eva ev cÖÁvbMZ Ae¯
vi mv‡_ mswkøó fvwlK we‡kølY, h_v- mgvRfvlvweÁvb, fvlvi mgvRweÁvb, msÁvcb RvwZZË¡, g‡bvfvlvweÁvb, cÖ‡qvMv_©weÁvb, Dw³gvjv we‡kølY, wØfvwlKZv, HwZnvwmK fvlvweÁvb, DcfvlvZË¡ BZ¨vw` m¤úªmvwiZ fvlvweÁv‡b ewY©Z I we‡køwlZ nq| L. AwZ dwjZ fvlvweÁvb (very applied linguistics): dwjZ fvlvweÁv‡bi GB `‡j †mB wel‡qi Av‡jvPbvB ¯
vb cvq †h¸‡jv ev¯ÍeRxe‡bi †ckv ev wkí-KviLvbvq fvwlK mgm¨v mgvav‡b f~wgKv iv‡L| D`vniY¯^iƒcÑ Abyev`, fvwlK •kwjweÁvb, welqwfwËK fvlv cÖ‡qvM, AwfavbZË¡, evPb †ivMZË¡, Kw¤úDUvi fvlvweÁvb, cVb M‡elYv BZ¨vw` Gi gyL¨ Av‡jvP¨welq| 18L. wkÿv fvlvweÁvb wkÿv fvlvweÁvb AwfavwU GB MÖ‡š
 Bs‡iwR educational linguistics Gi evsjviƒc wn‡m‡e e¨eüZ n‡q‡Q| Z‡e A‡b‡Ki g‡Z, †h‡nZz GLv‡b Bs‡iwR kãwU „educational‟ kãwU i‡q‡Q, GwU ÔwkÿvÕ bv n‡q Ôwkÿvg~jKÕ nIqv DwPZ| wKš‧ GB ai‡bi evsjv cwifvlv •Zwi Ki‡Z wM‡q evsjv‡`‡ki wkÿv‡ÿ‡Î cÖPwjZ cwifvlv-HwZ‡n¨i Avkªq †bIqv n‡q‡Q| †`Lv hvq, evsjv‡`‡ki wek^we`¨vjqmg~‡n political science Gi evsjv cwifvlv wn‡m‡e ÔivóªweÁvbÕ cÖPwjZ, wKš‧ Ôivóªg~jK weÁvbÕ bq, hw`I Gi Bs‡iwR iƒc n‡”Q political| ZvB GB HwZ‡n¨i mv‡_ wgwj‡q A_©weÁv‡bi mv`„k¨ •ewkó¨‡K AbymiY K‡i educational linguistics Gi evsjv Abyev` wn‡m‡e Ôwkÿv fvlvweÁvbÕ Kiv n‡q‡Q| wkÿv fvlvweÁvb fvlvweÁv‡bi GKwU bexbZg mnkvLv| KviY MZ kZ‡Ki mˇii `k‡K wkÿv fvlvweÁv‡bi aviYvwU cÖ¯Íve K‡ib evbv©W© ¯úyjw¯‥ (Spolsky 2008)| mb Zvwi‡Li wn‡m‡e ej‡j ¯úyjw¯‥ 1978 mv‡j cÖKvwkZ GKwU g‡bvMÖv‡d cÖ_g educational linguistics cwifvlvwU cÖ¯vÍ e K‡ib| G‡ÿ‡Î GKwU cÖkœ ¯^fveZB DÌvwcZ n‡Z cv‡i| GB Aa¨v‡qi c~e©eZx© As‡k we¯Í…Zfv‡e e¨vL¨v Kiv n‡q‡Q †h, Pwjø‡ki `k‡K gvwK©b gyjøy‡K dwjZ fvlvweÁvb bvgK GKwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© cÖv‡qvwMK kvLvi D™¢e N‡U‡Q g~jZ wØZxq fvlv Bs‡iwRi wkLb-†kLv‡bv cÖwµqvq fvlvweÁv‡bi ZË¡ Ges c×wZ cÖ‡qvM‡K †K›`ª K‡i| G

dwjZ fvlvweÁvb I wkÿv fvlvweÁvb | 307 ai‡bi HwZn¨ eZ©gvb _vKv m‡Ë¡I Ôwkÿv fvlvweÁvbÕ bvgK fvlvweÁv‡bi Av‡iKwU mgag©x cÖv‡qvwMK kvLvi weKv‡ki cÖ‡qvRbxqZv †`Lv w`j †Kb ? G cÖm‡½ ¯úyjw¯‥ wb‡RB e‡j‡Qb, wZwb dwjZ fvlvweÁv‡bi msÁv I cwiwa wel‡q wb‡RB Amš‧ó wQ‡jb| Zuvi g‡Z, dwjZ fvlvweÁvb bvgwU LyeB åvšÍ Ges Ø›Øg~jK| ¯úyjw¯‥ AviI e‡jb, dwjZ fvlvweÁvb bvgwU wb‡`©k K‡i GwU †Kvb ev¯Íe fvlv mgm¨vi wbimbK‡í fvlvweÁv‡bi cÖ‡qvM aviYv‡K wb‡`©k K‡i (Spolsky 2008)| Z‡e wØZxq fvlv wkLb-†kLv‡bv wel‡q mvwe©K we‡køl‡Y dwjZ fvlvweÁv‡bi cÖvmw½KZv Ges †h․w³KZv wb‡q ¯úyjw¯‥i ÔA¯^w¯ÍÕ I ÔAm‡šÍvlÕ wel‡q nvë †ek wKQz KviY kbv³ K‡i‡Qb (Hult 2008:15)| cÖ_gZ, ZvwË¡K fvlvweÁv‡bi cÖv‡qvwMK kvLv wn‡m‡e dwjZ fvlvweÁvb Kg©‡ÿ‡Î fvwlK Dcv`vb we‡kølY wel‡q A‡bK wKQzB AšÍfy³ © K‡i †hLv‡b Ôfvlv I wkÿvÕ GKwU †ÿÎ gvÎ| wØZxqZ, †m Kvi‡Y cÖK…Z A‡_© e„nËi cÖv‡qvwMK †ÿÎ wn‡m‡e dwjZ fvlvweÁvb Ôwkÿv I fvlvÕ wel‡q Zvi `vwqZ¡‡K A‡bKUvB Avovj K‡i iv‡L| me‡k‡l, dwjZ fvlvweÁvb‡K msKxY© A‡_© hw` ïay fvlv wkÿv welqK cÖv‡qvwMK kv¯¿ wn‡m‡e we‡ePbv Kiv nq, Zvn‡j GwU fvlvwelqK Ab¨vb¨ cÖv‡qvwMK‡ÿ‡Îi cÖwZ Agh©v`v K‡i| Gme †h․w³K KviY we‡ePbv K‡i ¯úyjw¯‥ fvlvwkÿv Z_v wØZxq fvlv wkLb I †kLv‡bv wel‡q GKvšÍ wb‡ew`Z GKwU Avjv`v fvlv‣eÁvwbK mnkvLvi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv Dcjwä K‡i Ôwkÿv fvlvweÁvbÕ cÖ¯vÍ e K‡ib| 18L.1 msÁv I ˆewkó¨ Ôwkÿv fvlvweÁvbÕ bvgwU wb‡`©k K‡i, fvlvweÁv‡bi GB mnkvLvwU gyL¨Z Ôfvlv I wkÿvÕ m¤úwK©Z e¨vL¨v I we‡køl‡Y wb‡ew`Z GKwU cÖv‡qvwMK‡ÿÎ| A_v©r wkÿv fvlvweÁv‡b Kg©‡ÿÎ wn‡m‡e wkÿvq fvlv I fvlvmswkøó welq¸‡jv ZvwË¡K fvlweÁv‡bi ZË¡ I c×wZ mn‡hv‡M eY©bv Kiv nq| G cÖm‡½ ¯úyjw¯‥ (Spolsky 1978) Ges nb©evM©vi (Hornberger 2001) Abymi‡Y nvë wkÿv fvlvweÁv‡bi †h msÁvwU cÖ`vb K‡i‡Qb Zv D‡jøL Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| Educational linguistics is an area of study that integrates the research tools of linguistics and other related disciplines of the social sciences in order to investigate holistically the broad range of issues related to language and education. (Hult 2008: 10)

GB msÁv Abymv‡i ejv hvq, wkÿv fvlvweÁvb n‡”Q Ggb GKwU ÁvbkvLv †hwU fvlvweÁvb Ges Ab¨vb¨ m¤úwK©Z kv‡¯¿i †K․kj‡K AšÍf©y³ K‡i hv fvlv Ges wkÿvwelqK wewfbœ mgm¨v Ges Bmy¨¸‡jv‡K mvgwMÖKfv‡e cixÿv I eY©bv K‡i _v‡K| wkÿv fvlvweÁv‡bi DwjøwLZ msÁv Ges ¯úyjw¯‥ (Spolsky 1978), nvë (Hult 2008) I mgmvgwqK m¤úwK©Z mvwnZ¨ Abymi‡Y GB cÖv‡qvwMK kv‡¯¿i wKQz cÖwZwbwaZ¡kxj •ewkó¨ wb‡P ewY©Z nj| 1. wkÿv fvlvweÁvb †h‡nZz dwjZ fvlvweÁvb †_‡KB D™¢e I weKvk jvf K‡i‡Q, †m‡nZz Gi cÖ¯vÍ eK ¯úyjw¯‥ (1978) GB bZzb cÖv‡qvwMK kv¯¿‡K dwjZ fvlvweÁv‡bi GKwU DckvLv wn‡m‡e MY¨ K‡i‡Qb, †hgbÑ wkÿv g‡bvweÁvb g‡bvweÁv‡bi GKwU kvLv| KviY wZwb g‡b K‡ib, cªK…wZMZ w`K †_‡K GB `ywUB m½wZc~Y© Ges GKB •ewkó¨hy³ ÁvbkvLv|

308 | mgKvjxb fvlvweÁvb 2. fvlv I wkÿv Ges Gi cvi¯úwiKZv AbymÜvbB GB kv‡¯¿i cÖavb Av‡jvP¨welq| 3. wkÿvkv‡¯¿ fvlvwelqK Av‡jvPbv‡K DÏxß K‡i Ggb mnkv¯¿, †hgb- mgvRfvlvweÁvb, g‡bvfvlvweÁvb, b„-fvlvweÁvb (Spolsky 1978, 1985) Ges ¯œvqyfvlvweÁvb, wPwKrmv fvlvweÁvb, cÖ‡qvMv_©weÁvb Ges Dw³gvjv we‡køl‡Yi (Spolsky 2003) welq¸‡jvI wkÿv fvlvweÁv‡bi AvIZvfy³ n‡q _v‡K (D×…Z, Hult 2008)| 4. Z‡e fvlvweÁvb Z_v ZvwË¡K fvlvweÁvb GB kv‡¯¿i cÖavb wbqvgK wn‡m‡e MY¨ nq| KviY wkÿvkv‡¯¿ fvlv AMÖYx f~wgKv cvjb K‡i _v‡K| ZvB wkÿv fvlvweÁvbxiv ZvwË¡K fvlvweÁvb wel‡q eywbqvw` cÖwkÿY MÖnY Ki‡eb| 5. GKRb wkÿv fvlvweÁvbx wKfv‡e KvR Ki‡eb †m wel‡q ¯úyjw¯‥ (Spolsky 1978) e‡jb, wZwb cÖ_g‡B fvlv msµvšÍ GKwU mgm¨v kbv³ Kivi ci Gi mgva‡bi Rb¨ fvlvweÁvbmn Ab¨vb¨ mn‡hvMx kv‡¯¿i mnvqZv MÖnY Ki‡eb| 18L.2 wkÿv fvlvweÁv‡bi cwimi wkÿv fvlvweÁvb GKwU AvšÍtkv¯¿xq we`¨vqZwbK cÖ‡Póv| GB cÖv‡qvwMK kv‡¯¿i cwimi ev AvIZv ïay fvlv ev wkÿvkv‡¯¿i mv‡_B m¤úwK©Z bq, eis AviI mn‡hvMx kv‡¯¿i welqI Gi AvIZvfz³ n‡q _v‡K| myZivs Gi cwVZe¨ wel‡qi g‡a¨ fvlvweÁvb Ges wewfbœ mn‡hvMx fvlvwelqK weÁv‡bi welqmg~‡ni mswgkÖY N‡U| G wel‡q ¯úyjw¯‥ (Spolsky 1978:2) e‡jb, ÔThe scope of educational linguistics “is the intersection of linguistics and related language sciences with formal and informal education”Õ|

d‡j ¯úyjw¯‥ wb‡Pi welq¸‡jv‡K †h․w³Kfv‡e wkÿv fvlvweÁv‡bi cwimifz³ K‡i‡Qb| K. cÖ_g I wØZxq fvlv wkÿv`vb L. cVb, evbvb, wjLb, kÖeY Ges K_b wkLv‡bv GQvov †Kvi‡mvb (Corson, 1997) Encyclopedia of Language and Education- MÖ‡š
 wkÿv fvlvweÁv‡bi cwimi wn‡m‡e †h we¯Í…Z wel‡qi AeZviYv K‡i‡Qb Zv GLv‡b D‡jøL Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| M. wkÿvq fvwlK Ges mvs¯‥…wZK cÖm½ I Abyl½ N. mvÿiZv Dbœqb O. fvlv AR©b P. fvlv Afxÿv Avgiv Rvwb, wkÿv‡ÿÎ Ggb GKwU PP©v‡K›`ª †hLv‡b GKRb wkÿv_x© Zvi gvbm MVb Ges Rxeb MV‡bi wmsnfvMB m¤úbœ K‡i _v‡K| d‡j wkÿv‡ÿ‡Î Zviv †h fvwlK AvPiY AvqË K‡i _v‡K Zv mgMÖ Rxe‡bi Rb¨ cv‡_q n‡q _v‡K| †m Kvi‡Y †`‡ki ms¯‥…wZ, HwZn¨ I wkÿve¨e¯
vi mv‡_ mvgÄm¨c~Y© GKwU wkÿv

dwjZ fvlvweÁvb I wkÿv fvlvweÁvb | 309 fvlv cwiKíbv cªYqb Kiv `iKvi †hwU GKB mv‡_ GKwU †`‡ki RvZxq fvlv cwiKíbvi Askiƒ‡c cwiMwYZ nq| G‡ÿ‡Î wkÿv fvlvweÁvb Zvrch©c~Y© f~wgKv iv‡L| †m Kvi‡Y wkÿv fvlvcwiKíbvI GB kv‡¯¿ AvIZvfz³ Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| mewgwj‡q GKv‡Wwg‡Z fvlvwkÿv Kvh©µg‡K mdj K‡i †Zvjvi Rb¨ wkÿvZ‡Ë¡ AšÍfy³ © welq¸‡jv QvovI ZvwË¡K fvlvweÁv‡bi cvkvcvwk wkÿvKvh©µ‡gi mv‡_ m¤úwK©Z fvlvweÁv‡bi †ek wKQz cÖvwšÍK kvLv, †hgbg‡bvfvlvweÁvb, mgvRfvlvweÁvb, ¯œvqy fvlvweÁvb, wPwKrmv fvlvweÁvb, cÖ‡qvMv_©weÁvb, Dw³gvjv we‡kølY BZ¨vw` Aek¨B wkÿv fvlvweÁv‡bi AvIZvfz³ nIqv DwPZ| wkÿv fvlvweÁv‡bi HwZnvwmK weeZ©‡bi mv‡_ DwjøwLZ welqmg~‡ni mswkøóZv I cÖfve i‡q‡Q| wb‡Pi mswÿß Av‡jvPbvq Zv wjwce× Kiv n‡q‡Q| 18L.3 fvlvwkÿv Kvh©µg: weeZ©‡bi avivµ‡g fvlvwkÿvi BwZnvm c„w_exi Ab¨vb¨ ÁvbkvLvi gZB cyi‡bv| cÖvPxbKv‡j c„w_exi †hme Av‡jvwKZ A‡j e¨w³MZ ev mvgwóK D‡`¨v‡M ÁvbPP©vi cª‡Póv ïiæ nq †mLv‡b fvlvwkÿvi welqwUI †Pv‡L c‡o| D`vniY¯^iƒc, K¨vU‡dv‡W©i (Catford, 1998) g‡Z, wLª‡÷i R‡b¥i mn¯ª eQi c~‡e© wMÖm, e¨vwejb I fvi‡Z ZrKvjxb fvlvZvwË¡‡Kiv †hgb fvlv M‡elYvq wb‡ew`Z wQ‡jb, wVK †Zgwb wkÿv Ges cvV •Zwi‡Z Gi ev¯ÍweK cÖ‡qvMI K‡iwQ‡jb| GQvov nvIqvU (Howatt, 1999) Avgv‡`i AewnZ Ki‡Qb, wMÖ‡m cø¨v‡Uv Ges Gwi÷Uj wkÿvµg cÖYq‡bi †ÿ‡Î `k©b Ges Aj¼vikv‡¯¿i e¨env‡ii cvkvcvwk e¨vKiY‡K Gi wfwËf~wg wn‡m‡e wba©viY K‡iwQ‡jb| Z‡e fvlvweÁvbm¤§Z fvlvwkÿvi Av‡qvRbwU ïiæ nq wek kZ‡Ki cÖ_g fv‡MB| wb‡P Zv Dc¯
vcb Kiv n‡”Q| 18L.3.1 fvlvwkÿ‡Y Ôe¨vKiY-Abyev` c×wZÕ Ges ÔcÖZ¨ÿ c×wZÕ wek kZ‡Ki cÖ_gw`‡K wØZxq fvlv wkL‡bi cÖavb c×wZwU wQj Ôe¨vKiY-Abyev` c×wZÕ (grammartranslation method), hw`I GwU AvVvi kZ‡K ïiæ nq Ges Dwbk kZ‡K Kvj© †cv‡qU&‡mi Øviv m¤ú~Y©iƒ‡c msKwjZ nq (Schmitt & Celce-Murcia 2020)| wKš‧ GB e¨vKiY-Abyev` c×wZi wKQz mxgve×Zv wQj hv w¯§U Ges †m‡jm-gywm©qv (Schmitt & Celce-Murcia 2020) kbv³ K‡i‡Qb| cÖ_gZ, GB c×wZ wkÿYxq fvlvwU‡K we‡kølY Kivi ÿgZv AR©bmn wkÿv_x©‡K ev¯Íe Rxe‡b Gi e¨envi wel‡q `ÿ K‡i Zzj‡Z mÿg bq| GQvov G c×wZ jÿ¨fvlvi cVb Ges wjLb `ÿZv e„w× Ki‡jI Lye KgB msÁvcb `ÿZv e„w× Ki‡Z cv‡i| G mg¯Í Kvi‡Y wek kZ‡Ki cÖ_g fv‡MB ÔcÖZ¨ÿ c×wZÕ (direct method) bv‡g e¨envi-wfwËK GKwU bZzb c×wZ ïiæ n‡jv| G c×wZ‡Z wØZxq fvlvi e¨vKiY †kLv‡bvi Zzjbvq kÖeY I K_b `ÿZv AR©‡bi w`‡K MyiæZ¡ cÖ`vb Kiv nq| wKš‧ ch©vqµ‡g GB c×wZiI wKQz mxgve×Zv ¯úó n‡q DVj| D`vniY¯^iƒc, cÖZ¨ÿ c×wZ‡Z wØZxq fvlv wkÿv`v‡bi Rb¨ wkÿK‡K h‡_ó evPwbK `ÿZvi AwaKvix n‡Z nq hv A‡bK mgqB m¤¢eci n‡q I‡V bv|

310 | mgKvjxb fvlvweÁvb 18L.3.2 mvsMVwbK fvlvweÁvb I ÔAwWIwj½yqvj c×wZÕ wØZxq fvlv wkÿ‡Yi DwjøwLZ c×wZi mxgve×Zv Av‡gwiKv‡Z wØZxq wek^hy‡×i cÖvK¡v‡j cÖKU n‡q DVj hLb Av‡gwiKvb •mb¨evwnbx eyS‡Z cvij †h, hy×Mvgx •mb¨‡`i wØZxq fvlvq K‡_vcK_b mvejxjZv •Zwi Kivi gZ †hvM¨ wkÿK †bB| cÖK…Z A‡_© Zv‡`i cÖ‡qvRb wQj Ggb wkÿ‡Ki hviv `ªæZZg mg‡q •mwbK‡`i‡K wØZxq fvlvq ejvi †ÿ‡Î mvejxj Ki‡Z Zzj‡Z cv‡i| GB mgm¨v mgvav‡bi Rb¨ Av‡gwiKvb mvsMVwbK fvlvweÁvbxiv ZLb c~e©eZ©x cÖZ¨ÿ c×wZi kÖeY Ges K_b `ÿZv‡K Kv‡R jvwM‡q fvlvwkÿvi Rb¨ bZzb c×wZ D™¢ve‡b Zrci n‡q D‡Vb| G‡ÿ‡Î Zvuiv g‡bvweÁv‡bi AwfÁZvev`‡K wfwË a‡i w¯
i Ki‡jb, fvlv wkÿY n‡”Q GK ai‡bi Af¨vm‡K cwi‡cvlY Kivi gZ| Zuviv fvlvwkÿY Kvh©µg, †hgb- D”Pvi‡Yi cÖwZ Mfxi g‡bv‡hvM, wbweo †g․wLK Abykxjb, ev‡K¨i QvuP jÿ K‡i †m¸wj gyL¯
 Kivi cÖwZ g‡bv‡hvMx nIqv BZ¨vw`‡Z wKQz ejea©b (reinforce) Kg©m~wPI Pvjy Ki‡jb| we‡kl K‡i, Zvuiv w¯
i Ki‡jb, wkÿv_©xiv jÿ¨fvlvi evK¨ we‡kølY Kivi †P‡q wbweo Abykxj‡bi gva¨‡g wkL‡e| GB c×wZ‡Z wkÿv_x©‡`i mdjZv wQj A‡bKUvB bvUKxq| ZvB GB fvlvwkÿY wØZxq wek^hy‡×i c‡iI Ae¨vnZ †_‡K‡Q| GB c×wZi we`¨vqZwbK cwiPq n‡”Q ÔAwWIwj½yqvj c×wZÕ (audio-lingual method) hw`I w¯§U Ges †m‡jm-gyiwmqv GB c×wZ‡K Ô†mbvevwnbx c×wZÕ (army method) bvg w`‡q‡Qb| KviY GB fvlvwkÿY c×wZ g~jZ hy×Mvgx •mwbK‡`i †ÿ‡Î cª_g cÖ‡qvM Kiv n‡qwQj| 18L.3.3 me©Rbxb e¨vKiY I g‡bvfvlvweÁv‡bi cÖ‡qvM AwfÁZvev‡`i †h cvUvZ‡bi Ici wfwË K‡i mvsMVwbK fvlvweÁvb weKvk jvf K‡iwQj, 1959 mv‡j Pgw¯‥ Zvi wb`viæY mgv‡jvPbv K‡ib| d‡j mvsMVwbK fvlvweÁvbwfwËK AwWIwj½yqvj c×wZI GB mgv‡jvPbvi jÿ¨ n‡q `vuovq| KviY Pgw¯‥i g‡Z, gvby‡li fvlv ïay AwfÁZvjv‡fi gva¨‡g weKwkZ nq bv; eis fvlv wKQz cÖÁvbbxwZ, we‡kl K‡i wKQz mnRvZ weg~Z© •ewkó¨ Øviv wbqwš¿Z nq| GB mnRvZ weg~Z© •ewk󨸇jv‡KB Ôme©Rbxb e¨vKiYÕ ejv hvq| GB me©Rbxb e¨vKiY‡eva AR©‡bi Kvi‡Y fvlvi wKQz †fZiMZ wbqg (principles) cÖK…wZMZfv‡eB wkï aviY K‡i, Ges GB †fZiMZ wbq‡gi wKQz wba©viK •ewkó¨ (parameters) m¤ú‡K©I †m ÁvZ nq| D`vniY¯^iƒc, †m‡jm-gyiwmqvi g‡Z, Pgw¯‥i ZË¡vbymv‡i wkïiv Rb¥‡_‡KB GB aviYv wb‡q Av‡m †h, fvlvgv‡ÎiB me©bvg i‡q‡Q; GwU n‡”Q Zvi fvlv m¤ú‡K© mnRvZ †fZiMZ wbqg| GLb wkïwU †h fvwlK cwi‡e‡k Rb¥MÖnY K‡i †mB fvwlK Ave‡n jvwjZ cvwjZ n‡q Pvicvk †_‡K D³ fvlvi DcvË AvZ¥¯
 K‡i wKQzw`‡bi g‡a¨B eyS‡Z cv‡i, ev‡K¨i KZ©v-Ae¯
v‡b me©bvg wePy¨wZ N‡U wKbv, hv‡K wba©viK •ewkó¨ ejv hvq| aiv hvK, evOvwj `¤úwZi N‡i GKwU wkï Rb¥MÖnY K‡i‡Q| GB wkïwU evsjvfvlx Ave‡n eo n‡q Pvicvk †_‡K DcvË MÖnY K‡i eyS‡Z cv‡i †h, evsjv ev‡K¨i KZ©v Ae¯
v‡b me©bv‡gi wePz¨Z NU‡j ev bv e¨envi Ki‡jI ev‡K¨i A_© D×v‡i mgm¨v N‡U bv| myZivs evsjv fvlvi G ai‡bi wba©viK •ewkó¨ evOvwj wkï‡K Af¨vm K‡i †kLv‡bvi cÖ‡qvRb †bB; eis

dwjZ fvlvweÁvb I wkÿv fvlvweÁvb | 311 †m evsjv fvwlK cwi‡e‡k †_‡K mg‡qi avivevwnKZvq AR©b K‡i †bq| Pgw¯‥i G ai‡bi cÖgvYwbô hyw³i Kv‡Q mvsMVwbK fvlvweÁvb Ges Abym„Z AwWIwj½yqvj c×wZ `viæYfv‡e civwRZ nj| d‡j fvlvwkÿvq ZLb †_‡KB Pgw¯‥i iƒcvšÍg~jK m„wókxj e¨vKiY Øviv DÏxß nIqvi cvkvcvwk G‡ÿ‡Î fvlvwkÿ‡Yi g‡bvMZ w`K, we‡kl K‡i g‡bvfvlvweÁvb BZ¨vw` hy³ n‡Z _vKj| 18L.3.4 fvlvwkÿvq mgvRfvlvweÁvb, cÖ‡qvMv_©weÁvb Ges Dw³gvjv we‡køl‡Yi cÖ‡qvM wek kZ‡Ki lv‡Ui `k‡K fvlvwkÿvq mgvR, mvgvwRKZvi ixwZbxwZ I •ewkó¨ BZ¨vw` Abyl½ cÖfve †dj‡Z ïiæ K‡i| we‡kl K‡i †jef (Labov 1970) M‡elYv Ki‡Z ïiæ K‡ib wkïi cÖ_g fvlv AR©‡b wewfbœ mvgvwRK cÖfveKmg~n wKfv‡e cÖfvweZ K‡i| cvkvcvwk U¨vib (Tarone 1979) wØZxq fvlvwkÿvi †ÿ‡Î wewfbœ mvgvwRK Abyl‡½i cÖfve wel‡qI M‡elYvKg© m¤úv`b K‡ib| d‡j mˇii `k‡K fvlvwkÿvq mgvRfvlvweÁvb cÖvmw½Kfv‡e hy³ nq| GiB avivevwnKZvq G mgq cÖ_g I wØZxq fvlv wkÿY wbw`©ó cÖwZ‡ek wK f~wgKv iv‡L Ges msÁvcbKg©‡K wKfv‡e I †Kvb cÖwµqvq wbqwš¿Z K‡i BZ¨vw` welq ¸iæZ¡c~Y© n‡q I‡V| d‡j GKB mg‡q fvlvwkÿ‡Y mgvRfvlvweÁv‡bi ZË¡vw` hy³ nIqvi cvkvcvwk cÖ‡qvMv_©weÁvb Zrch©c~Y© ¯
vb `Lj K‡i| †mB mv‡_ Dw³gvjv we‡kølYI fvlvwkÿY cÖwµqvi mv‡_ hy³ nIqvi cÖqvm cvq| 18L.3.5 fvlvwkÿvq msÁvcb‡eva, c×wZMZ-f~wgKvkÖqx e¨vKiY Ges BbcyU Abywm×všÍ mˇii `k‡K fvlvwkÿvq mgvRfvlvweÁv‡bi mv‡_ AviI wKQz mvgvwRK Abyl½wfwËK fvlv‡ev‡ai aviYv hy³ nq| †mwU n‡”Q †Wj nvBg&‡mi ÔmsÁvcb‡evaÕ (communicative competence)| †Wj nvBg&m G cÖm‡½ e‡jb, gvby‡li msÁvcb‡eva ïay KwZcq e¨vKiYMZfv‡e MÖnY‡hvM¨ ev‡K¨i mgwó bq, eis †Kv_vq Kvi m‡½ wKfv‡e fvlv e¨envi Ki‡Z nq Zv Rvbv| GB msÁvcb‡eva aviYv cÖwZôvi d‡j fvlvwkÿvi †K›`ªwe›`y wn‡m‡e fvwlK Dcv`v‡bi ÔmwVKZvÕi cwie‡Z© GKwU wbw`©ó cÖwZ‡e‡k wKfv‡e Dc‡hvMx evK¨ ej‡Z nq †m aviYvwU cÖwZwôZ nq| cvkvcvwk 1972 mv‡j †Wj nvBg&m Pgw¯‥i aviYvi weKí wn‡m‡e c×wZMZ-f~wgKvkÖqx fvlvweÁv‡bi (systematic functional linguistics) cÖ¯vÍ e K‡ib| Gi mviK_v n‡”Q, fvlv ïay gvby‡li g‡bvMZ wKQz wbq‡gi †hvMdj bq, eis mgv‡Ri Rb¨ gvbvbmB KwZcq DcvqI e‡U| d‡j nvBg&‡mi DcwiD³ `ywU e¨vKiwYK Awfav fvlv‡K e¨vKiYMZ wbq‡gi mgwói evB‡iI G‡K GKwU mvgvwRK k„•Ljv wn‡m‡e cÖwZwôZ K‡i Ges Gi msÁvcbawg©Zv‡K ¸iæZ¡ cÖ`vb K‡i| GB Kvi‡YB DwjøwLZ `ywU fvwlK ZË¡ I c×wZ wkÿvweÁv‡b AšÍfy³ © nq| me‡k‡l, Avwki `k‡K µvkvb (Krashen 1982) fvlvwkÿvq BbcyU ev DcvË mwbœ‡ek‡bi cÖwZ mevi `„wó wbe× Kivb †hwU ÔBbcyU Abywm×všÍÕ (input hypothesis) bv‡g cwiwPZ| wZwb GB Abywm×všÍ ev

312 | mgKvjxb fvlvweÁvb nvB‡cvw_wm‡mi AšÍfy³ © ÔgwbUi Z‡Ë¡Õ(monitor theory) e‡jb, wkï cÖ_g fvlvi gZ wØZxq fvlv †kLvi †ÿ‡Î GK ai‡bi DcjwׇhvM¨ Bbcy‡Ui gva¨‡g †Kvb m‡PZb I K‡Vvi Abykxjb e¨wZ‡i‡KB ¯^Ztù~Z©fv‡e AvqË K‡i (Arif & Jahan 2017; Schmitt & Celce-Murcia 2020)| µvkv‡bi GB Abywm×všÍwU A‡bK •ecøweK; †Kbbv GwU wØZxq fvlv †kLvi †ÿ‡Î c~eeZ©x gZ I wek^vm‡K m¤ú~Y© cv‡ë †`q| †m Kvi‡Y µvkv‡bi wØZxq fvlv AvqË Kivi GB ZË¡fvebv wkÿv fvlvweÁv‡b †h․w³Kfv‡e AšÍfy³ © nq| Ic‡ii mswÿß Av‡jvPbv †_‡K GwU cÖgvwYZ n‡q‡Q †h, fvlvwkÿv‡K cÖvmw½Kfv‡e djcÖm~ Ges AwaKZi Kvh©Ki Kivi j‡ÿ wewfbœ mgq ZvwË¡K fvlvweÁv‡bi ZË¡, m~Îvw` I c×wZ hy³ nIqvi cvkvcvwk Gi mnkvLv¸‡jvI G‡Z Kvh©Ki f~wgKv †i‡L‡Q| Gfv‡eB fvlweÁvb Ges Gi mn‡hvMx kv¯¿mg~‡ni ZË¡c×wZ‡K AvZ¥¯
 K‡i mg‡qi cÖ‡qvR‡b wkÿv fvlvweÁvb bvgK Av‡iKwU cÖv‡qvwMK kvLvi Rb¥ nq|

•kwjweÁvb | 313

D wb k

•kwjweÁvb mvwn‡Z¨ fvlvweÁv‡bi ZË¡ A‡š^lY GB Aa¨vq †k‡l Avcwb wkL‡eb  K. •kwjweÁv‡bi msÁv I •ewkó¨  L. mvwn‡Z¨ •kwjweÁv‡bi cÖ‡qvM‡K․kj  M. •kwjweÁv‡bi iKg‡di

fvwlK ÿgZvi mv‡_ hLb m„wó‡cÖiYvi ms‡hvM N‡U, ZLbB gvbyl mvwnZ¨ ev m„wóag©x iPbvi Rb¥ w`‡q _v‡K| m„wóawg©Zv Zvi fvwlK K…wZi DrKl©gq cÖKvkI e‡U| ejv hvq, mvwnZ¨ ev †h‡Kvb m„wóagx© iPbvq gvby‡li fvwlK K…wZi P~ovšÍ cÖKvk N‡U _v‡K| Z‡e mvwnZ¨wbf©i iPbvmg~‡ni DrK‡l©i iƒc-iƒcvšÍi †hgb mvwn‡Z¨i e³‡e¨i gva¨‡g iƒcvwqZ nq, †Zgwb Zvi Avw½‡Ki wewfbœ Dcv`vb cwigv‡ci gva¨‡gI Zv kbv³ Kiv hvq| G‡ÿ‡Î e¨vKi‡Yi †g․j Dcv`vb ev fvlvweÁv‡bi ZË¡vw`i cÖ‡qvM GK •be¨©w³K †K․kj wn‡m‡e we‡ewPZ nq| fvlvweÁv‡b m„Rbagx© mvwnZ¨K…wZi G ai‡bi fvwlK Avw½Kwbf©i e¯‧wbô we‡kølY‡K •kwjweÁvb ejv n‡q _v‡K| •kwjweÁv‡bi msÁv, cÖK…wZ ev •ewkó¨ wbiƒc‡Yi c~‡e© wb‡Pi ch©‡eÿY¸‡jv we‡ePbv Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| 1) mvwnZ¨‡ÿ‡Î cÖvqkB Ôwe`¨vmvMix M`¨Õ, Ôiex›`ª M`¨Õ ev ÔbRiæ‡ji fvlvÕ BZ¨vw` wbR¯^ •ewkó¨m~PK Awfav D”PvwiZ I kÖæZ n‡q _v‡K| 2) c¨vixPvu` wgÎ iwPZ Avjv‡ji N‡ii `yjvj-Gi fvlvixwZ gvB‡Kj gaym~`b `‡Ëi †gNbv`ea Kve¨Gi fvlvixwZi Zzjbvq wfbœ I •ewPΨgq| 3) wkwkiKygvi `vk (1992: 1) e‡j‡Qb, Òew¼‡gi M‡`¨ mgMV‡bi Avš^wqK Dcv`vb evievi †PvL c‡oÓ| 4) bRiæ‡ji KweZvq ÔKzgvwiÕi AvbycÖvmMZ wgj wn‡m‡e ÔPzgvwiÕ kãe‡Üi cÖ‡qvM Kiv n‡q‡Q| Ic‡ii 1g ch©‡eÿY ¯^vÿ¨ †`q, mvwn‡Z¨i kw³gvb †jL‡Kiv Zvu‡`i iPbvq fvlvMZ `ÿZv¸‡Y wbR¯^ •ewkó¨m~PK ixwZ M‡o Zz‡jb hv g~jZ Zvu‡`i mvwn‡Z¨i Avw½KMZ `ÿZvi cªwZdjb| 2q ch©‡eÿY †_‡K

314 | mgKvjxb fvlvweÁvb cÖZxqgvb nq †h, †jL‡Ki iPbvixwZ, we‡kl K‡i fvlvixwZ mgq ev wel‡qi Kvi‡Y cwiewZ©Z nq hv Acwinvh©I e‡U| 3q ch©‡eÿY †_‡K eySv hvq, †jL‡Kiv Zvu‡`i fvlvixwZ‡Z ¯^vZš¿¨ Avbvi j‡ÿ wKQz wewkó fvwlK K„wZ‡K AbymiY K‡ib hv GKvšÍ A‡_©B Zvui wbR¯^ I ¯^Kxq •ewk‡ó¨i cwiPvqK| me‡k‡l, 4_© ch©‡eÿY †_‡K G welqwU ¯úó n‡q I‡V †h, A‡bK‡ÿ‡ÎB KweZvq Q›` ev AšÍ¨wg‡ji myweav‡_© Kweiv cÖPwjZ kvwãK-KvVv‡gvi wech©vm ev wePz¨wZ NwU‡q _v‡Kb| GwU Kwe‡`i wbwg©Z KweZv-kix‡ii GKwU AwZ Kvh©Ki †K․kj| DcwiD³ ch©‡eÿYmg~‡ni welq‡K †K›`ª K‡iB M‡o D‡V‡Q •kwjweÁv‡bi w`MšÍwek^| fvlvweÁv‡bi cÖv‡qvwMK kvLv wn‡m‡e •kwjweÁv‡bi PP©v AwaKZi bZzb n‡jI mvwnZ¨ mgv‡jvPbvi GK Awbevh© †K․kj wn‡m‡e GwU †ek cyi‡bv, HwZn¨evnx Ges Av‡e`bg~jK| GB Aa¨v‡qi avivevwnKZvq wb‡Pi Awfav¸‡jv‡K eY©bv I e¨vL¨v Kiv n‡q‡Q| G‡Z fvlvweÁv‡bi GB cÖv‡qvwMK kvLvi mvwnwZ¨K HwZn¨ Ges fvlv‣eÁvwbK Z_¨ I ZË¡wbôv- GB Dfq `„wó‡KvY‡KB mwbœ‡ewkZ Kiv n‡q‡Q| 1. •kwjweÁv‡bi msÁv I •ewkó¨ 2. •kwjweÁv‡bi †g․j Awfavmg~n 3. mvwn‡Z¨i ixwZ we‡køl‡Yi †K․kj 4. •kwjweÁv‡bi cÖKvi‡f` 19.1 •kwjweÁv‡bi msÁv I •ewkó¨ GB Aa¨v‡q Bs‡iwR stylistics Gi evsjviƒc wn‡m‡e Ô‣kwjweÁvbÕ cwifvlvwU e¨envi Kiv n‡q‡Q| Z‡e evsjv fvlvq G‡ÿ‡Î A‡b‡KB Ô•kwjweÁvbÕ Gi cwie‡Z© ÔixwZweÁvbÕ kãwUI e¨envi K‡i _v‡Kb| Awfav `ywU †_‡KB eySv hv‡”Q †h, mvwnZ¨ ev m„Rbagx© iPbvK‡g©i ixwZ ev Avw½KMZ we‡kølYB Gi cÖavb we‡ePbv| Gi mv‡_ Zvj wgwj‡q Ic‡i DwjøwLZ ch©‡eÿYmg~‡ni Av‡jv‡K ejv hvq, mvwnZ¨ ev †Kvb m„Rbagx© iPbvi Avw½K ev ixwZMZ we‡køl‡Y e¨vKiwYK Kjv‡K․kj ev fvlvweÁv‡bi ZË¡-c×wZi cÖ‡qv‡Mi e¯‧wbô we‡kølY‡K •kwjweÁvb ejv nq| G wel‡q AvaywbK •kwjweÁvbxiv Gi †h msÁv cÖ`vb K‡i‡Qb Zvi `y/GKwU GLv‡b GLv‡b D‡jøL Kiv nj| Zzjvb (Toolan 1998: x) •kwjweÁv‡bi msÁv wn‡m‡e e‡j‡Qb, Ômvwn‡Z¨ fvlvi Aa¨qb‡K •kwjweÁvb ejv nqÕ (Stylistics is the study of the language in literature.)| G‡ÿ‡Î DB‡Wvm‡bi msÁvwU †ek ¸iæZ¡c~Y©| wZwb e‡jb, Ô•kwjweÁvb n‡”Q fvlvweÁv‡bi `„wó‡KvY †_‡K mvwn‡Z¨i Dw³gvjv we‡kølYÕ (“…the study of literary discourse from a linguistics orientation…” Widdowson 1975: 3)| GB 2wU msÁvi Av‡jv‡K •kwjweÁv‡bi wKQz cÖwZwbwaZ¡kxj •ewkó¨‡K wba©viY Kiv hvq| G¸‡jv nj1. •kwjweÁvb fvlvweÁv‡bi GKwU cÖv‡qvwMK kvLv| 2. mvwn‡Z¨i fvlvixwZ we‡køl‡Y •kwjweÁv‡b wewfbœ fvwlK †K․kj Ges fvlvweÁv‡bi ZË¡-c×wZi cÖ‡qvM Kiv nq|

•kwjweÁvb | 315 3. GwU mvwnZ¨K‡g©i wewfbœ fvwlK •ewkó¨, h_v- kãMZ, e¨vKiYMZ ev aŸwbMZ Dcv`v‡bi •kwjMZ •ewkó¨‡K kbv³ I we‡kølY K‡i _v‡K| 4. mvwn‡Z¨i fvwlKixwZ we‡køl‡Y •kwjweÁv‡bi GKwU mvwnwZ¨K HwZn¨ cwijwÿZ nq| 5.

•kwjweÁvb mvwn‡Z¨i †h‡Kvb msiƒc (genre) ev iƒ‡ci fvlv I ixwZMZ w`K‡K D‡b¥vPb I wbixÿv K‡i _v‡K|

19.2 •kwjweÁv‡bi †gŠj Awfavmg~n •kwjweÁvb fvlvweÁv‡bi GKwU cÖv‡qvwMK †ÿÎ n‡jI mg‡qi avivevwnKZvq GwU wb‡RB GKwU ¯^Zš¿ ZvwË¡K wfwË cÖwZôv K‡i‡Q| Avi GB ZvwË¡K wfwËi †K‡›`ª i‡q‡Q wKQz †g․j Awfav hv GB kv¯¿wUi †fZiMZ iƒc‡K D‡b¥vPb Ki‡Z mnvqZv K‡i| wb‡P •kwjweÁv‡bi GB †g․j Awfav¸‡jvi mswÿß iƒc Dc¯
vcb Kiv nj| 19.2.1 •kwj Bs‡iwR style A‡_© evsjvq mPivPi ÔixwZÕ kãwUi cÖ‡qvM n‡q _v‡K| wKš‧ mvwnZ¨Z‡Ë¡i HwZ‡n¨i mv‡_ wgwj‡q †`L‡j ÔixwZÕi mv‡_ Bs‡iwR form Gi †ewk mvhyR¨ jÿYxq| D`vniY¯^iƒc, iæk‡`‡k weKwkZ formalism †K evsjvq ÔixwZev`Õ ejv n‡q _v‡K| †m Kvi‡Y GB MÖ‡š
 style-Gi evsjviƒc wn‡m‡e ÔixwZÕi cwie‡Z© Ô•kwjÕ cwifvlvwU wbe©Pb Kiv n‡q‡Q (wmK`vi 1996; Avmv`y¾vgvb 2014)| •kwjweÁv‡bi GKK n‡”Q Ô•kwjÕ| ZvB cÖ_‡gB •kwji cwiPqm~PK msÁv I •ewkó¨ wel‡q GLv‡b Av‡jvKcvZ Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| †Kvb iPbvKg© ev mvwn‡Z¨i •kwj wK, G wel‡q •kwjweÁv‡b we¯Í…Z cwim‡i †jLv‡jwLi mvÿvr †g‡j| G cÖm‡½ cÖ_‡gB MvRvjvi (Ghazala 2011) •kwj welqK aviYvwU D‡jøL Kiv nj| Zvui g‡Z, †hwU fvlv‡K wbg©vY K‡i †mwUB n‡”Q •kwj („style is what makes language‟ (Ghazala 2011: 36))| GLv‡b fvlv ej‡Z wbtm‡›`‡n †jLKK…Z iPbvK‡g©i fvlv‡KB wb‡`©k Kiv n‡”Q| Z‡e m„RbkxjKg© iƒcvq‡Yi Rb¨ cÖ_‡gB †jLK‡K wPšÍvkxjZvi Avkªq MÖnY Ki‡Z nq| MvRvjv †mB `„wó‡KvY †_‡K •kwj‡K †jL‡Ki wPšÍvkw³i evwn¨K AveiY ev †cvkvK wn‡m‡e we‡ePbv Ki‡Z Pvb| wZwb e‡jb, „Style has been seen as the dress of thaught‟ (Ghazala 2011: 36)| •kwji msÁv wn‡m‡e Avgiv Gÿ‡Y ey‡duvÕi kiY wb‡Z cvwi| ey‡duvÕi GB msÁvwU mvivwe‡k^ •kwji aviYv‡K me‡P‡q †ewk cwiwPZ Ki‡Z mnvqZv K‡i‡Q| wZwb e‡jb, iPbvKvi wb‡RB n‡”Q •kwj Ôstyle is the man himself‟ (D×…Z, miKvi 1992: 62)| ey‡duv GB msÁvi gva¨‡g †jL‡Ki e¨w³‣ewk‡ó¨i mv‡_ •kwj‡K Awfbœ Kíbv K‡i‡Qb| A_v©r fvlv wel‡q †jL‡Ki †h ms¯‥vi, mnRvZ ÿgZv, wbR¯^ •ewkó¨, Zvui Abym„Z †K․kj Gm‡ei g‡a¨B •kwj wbwnZ _v‡K| GB welqwU‡K iƒcKvwkÖZ K‡i Gfv‡eI ejv hvq †h, •kwj n‡”Q †Kvb †jL‡Ki AvOz‡ji Qv‡ci gZB †hwU Abb¨, Zzjbvnxb I Awfbe (miKvi 1992)|

316 | mgKvjxb fvlvweÁvb GB Av‡jvPbvi m~Î a‡i ejv hvq, †jLK Zvi iPbvi wbR¯^Zv wba©vi‡Yi Rb¨ fvlv‡K wbe©vPb K‡ib| Avi iPbvixwZ‡Z GB fvwlK wbe©vPbB n‡”Q •kwj| †jL‡Ki fvlv wbe©vP‡bi GB iƒcwU wKfv‡e cwiù~U n‡q I‡V? G‡ÿ‡Î ejv hvq, GB fvwlK wbe©vP‡bi iƒcwU Zvui Abym„Z fvlvi evK¨MVb, kãMZ cÖKvk, aŸwb‣ewkó¨, cÖv‡qvMvw_©K ¯^vZš¿¨, A_©wbgv©Y Gm‡ei g‡a¨ dz‡U I‡V| GRb¨B †jLK KZ©„K fvwlK wbe©vPb‡KI •kwj ejv †h‡Z cv‡i| G‡`i g‡a¨ cÖ_g wZbwU †Kvb iPbvK‡g©i mvsMVwbK w`K‡K m~wPZ K‡i †hLv‡b †k‡li `ywU fvlv e¨env‡ii e³e¨ I cÖwZ‡ek, we‡kl K‡i- m¤¢ve¨ cvVK, welq, msiƒc, P¨v‡bj, AvbyôvwbKZvi aib BZ¨vw`‡K wb‡`©k K‡i (Ghazala 2011)| cÖkœ n‡”Q, iPbvK‡g© †jLK Abym„Z fvwlK •kwji ¯^iƒcwU wKfv‡e kbv³ Kiv m¤¢e? G‡ÿ‡Î †ek wKQz †K․kj Av‡Q hv ch©‡eÿ‡Yi gva¨‡g •kwji wbw`©ó iƒc I gvÎv‡K wPwýZ Kiv hvq| cÖ_gZ, †jLK KZ©„K ¯^vZš¿¨agx© cÖ‡qv‡Mi K_v D‡jøL Kiv hvq| `vk (1996) †`wL‡q‡Qb, ew¼gP‡›`ªi M‡`¨ GKB ai‡bi evwK¨K MV‡bi Dcv`vb evievi †Pv‡L c‡o, †hUv‡K wZwb mgvšÍijZv (parallelism) bvg w`‡q‡Qb| D`vniY¯^iƒc, wb‡P e¨eüZ ew¼‡gi M`¨ ch©‡eÿY Kiv hvK| 1) Dw`cix nvm¨gqx| †hvacyix AcÖmbœv| wbg©jKygvix inm¨gqx| †ReDwbœmv MÖx®§Kv‡j Db¥~wjZv jZvi gZ wQbœwewQbœ, cwiï®‥,kxY©, g„ZKí| GB M`¨ixwZ wel‡q `v‡ki (1996) e¨vL¨vi m~Î a‡i ejv hvq, hw`I †kl ev‡K¨ we‡kl‡Yi cÖvPzh© i‡q‡Q, wKš‧ me¸‡jv ev‡K¨i †g․wjK Aš^q MVb n‡”Q - a a a a| GB Avš^wqK MV‡bi Øviv ew¼g Zvui M‡`¨ GK ai‡bi mgvšÍijZv m„wó K‡i‡Qb hv Zvui wbR¯^ M`¨‣kwj e‡j a‡i †bIqv hvq| wePz¨wZi cÖm½ GLv‡b DÌvcb Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| wePz¨wZ nj fvlvi cÖPwjZ Av`k© ev gvb †_‡K m‡i hvIqv ev Avjv`v nIqv| fvwlK ixwZ‡Z Gfv‡e Avjv`v nIqvi gva¨‡g GK ai‡bi we‡kl •kwj •Zwi nq hv‡Z mswkøó †jLK‡K H we‡kl ixwZi gva¨‡g kbv³ Kiv m¤¢e nq| D`vniY¯^iƒc, KvRx bRiæj Bmjvg mv`„k¨ ixwZ AbymiY K‡i Zvui KweZvq A‡bK bZzb kã •Zwi K‡i‡Qb| Zvui e¨eüZ G iKg kãe‡Üi D`vniY nj, whimsically→ÔAv›`vwRK¨vwjÕ, †Mvei →ÔbieiÕ, Kzgvix →ÔPzgvwiÕ BZ¨vw`| bRiæj m„ó GB k㸇jv‡K wePy¨wZi D`vniY wn‡m‡e MY¨ Kiv hvq| KviY G¸‡jv evsjv e¨vKi‡Yi cÖPwjZ wbqg †g‡b †hgb •Zwi nqwb, †Zgwb Awfav‡b G¸‡jvi †Kvb A_©I †bB| G ai‡bi kãMZ wePy¨wZ QvovI A‡bK †jLK evK¨MZ wePz¨wZI NwU‡q _v‡Kb hvi Øviv Zvuiv Zvu‡`i wbR¯^ •kwji weKvk NUvb| cÖkœ n‡”Q, †jLK KZ©„K m„ó GB iƒc¸wj hw` wePz¨wZ nq, Zvn‡j M‡`¨i Av`k© ev gvb iƒc †KvbwU? ev M`¨ixwZi †Kvb Av`k© †_‡K wZwb wePz¨Z n‡”Qb ev m‡i hv‡”Qb| GB cÖ‡kœi DËi cÖ`v‡bi Rb¨ `vk (1992) †mvmy¨‡ii fvlv wefvRb‡K †g‡b wb‡q‡Qb| Zvui g‡Z, Av`k© ev gvb iƒc n‡”Q †h‡Kvb M‡`¨i weg~Z© iƒc ev †mvmy¨‡ii fvlvq La langue Ges †jLK KZ©„K m„ó wePz¨Z ev m‡i hvIqv iƒcwU n‡”Q fvlvi ÔcÖKU iƒcÕ ev †mvmy¨i hv‡K e‡j‡Qb La parole|

•kwjweÁvb | 317 Ic‡ii Av‡jvPbvq fvlvi mv‡_ •kwji GKUv cv_©K¨ Lyu‡R cvIqv †Mj| UªvDMU Ges cÖvU (Traugott & Pratt 1981, D×…Z Ghazala 2011: 37) Abymi‡Y ejv hvq fvlv n‡”Q Gi e¨enviKvix‡`i wbKU mnRjf¨ fvwlK KvVv‡gvi mvgwMÖK iƒc; Ab¨w`‡K, •kwj n‡”Q GKwU wbw`©ó cÖwZ‡e‡ki Rb¨ †jLK KZ©„K wbe©vwPZ fvwlK •ewkó¨mg~n| fvlv ev mgMÖ fvwlK KvVv‡gvwU †hLv‡b weg~Z,© •kwj †mLv‡b e¨envh© g~Z© iƒc| 19.2.2 •kwjMZ Dcv`vb •kwjMZ Dcv`vb ej‡Z Ggb me †K․kj wb‡`©wkZ nq †h¸‡jvi cÖ‡qv‡Mi Øviv †Kvb iPbvK‡g©i •kwjMZ •ewkó¨‡K kbv³ Kiv hvq| †Kvb cv‡Vi •kwjMZ Zvrch©‡K eySvi Rb¨ GB •kwjMZ Dcv`vb †jLK, cvVK ev •kwj we‡kølK mevB Aej¤^b K‡i _v‡Kb| wjP Ges kU© (Leech & Short 1981) GB Dcv`vb¸‡jv‡K †Kvb †U·U ev iPbvK‡g© e¨eüZ fvwlK mseM© I •kwjMZ mseM© - GB `yB †kÖwY‡Z wef³ K‡i‡Qb| G‡ÿ‡Î fvwlK mseM© n‡”Q wewfbœ e¨vKiwYK Dcv`vb, †hgb- we‡kl¨, wµqvc`, cÖkm œ ~PK evK¨ I i‡Oi bvg BZ¨vw`| Ab¨w`‡K, •kwjMZ mse‡M©i D`vniY n‡”Q AbycÖvm, mylg evK¨, e¨w³KiY BZ¨vw`| Zvuiv g‡b K‡ib, fvwlK mse‡M©i mv‡c‡ÿ •kwjMZ mseM©¸‡jv e¨vL¨v Kiv m¤¢e n‡jI G¸‡jv‡K msÁvwqZ Kiv KwVb| Z‡e G¸‡jv iPbvK‡g©i •kwjMZ •ewkó¨ wbiƒc‡Y Zvrchc~Y© f~wgKv iv‡L| D`vniY¯^iƒc, wb‡P iex›`ªbv‡_i AbycÖvmhy³ GKwU KweZvi Pi‡Yi K_v D‡jøL Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| 2) Pj Pcjvi PwKZ Pg‡K KwiQ PiY wePiY - iex›`ªbv_ DwjøwLZ Pi‡Y GK ZiæYxi Mgbfw½‡K eY©bv Ki‡Z wM‡q Kwe cÖwZwU k‡ãi ïiæ‡Z P-aŸwbi Ggb AbycÖvmMZ †`¨vZbv •Zwi K‡i‡Qb †h, wbtm‡›`‡n GwU •kwjMZ wewkóZvq DËxY© n‡q‡Q| widv‡Z‡i (Riffaterre 1959) †Kvb iPbvK‡g©i •kwjMZ Dcv`vb‡K Z_¨mZ¨ (facts) e‡j AwfwnZ K‡i‡Qb| wZwb Z_¨mZ¨‡K `yB fv‡M fvM K‡i‡Qb - fvwlK Z_¨mZ¨ Ges •kwjMZ Z_¨mZ¨| •kwjMZ Z_¨mZ¨¸‡jv †Kvb iPbvi A‡bKUvB ¯^Zš¿ I AwbwðZ Dcv`vb| G¸‡jv‡K we‡kølK ev mgv‡jvP‡Kiv †Kvb iPbvi •kwjMZ •ewkó¨ wba©vi‡Yi c~‡e©B we‡kl gvY`‡Ði Av‡jv‡K w¯
i K‡i †bb| Z‡e G‡`i mywbw`©ó •ewkó¨ eZ©gvb hvi d‡j fvwlK Z_¨mZ¨ †_‡K G¸‡jv‡K c„_K Kiv hvq| widv‡Z‡i GB AwbwðZ •kwjMZ Z_¨mZ¨‡K Avevi •kwjMZ †K․kjI wn‡m‡e AwfwnZ K‡i‡Qb| BqvKemb Aek¨ iPbvi fvwlK Dcv`vb¸‡jv‡KB •kwjMZ Dcv`v‡bi gh©v`v w`‡q‡Qb| Z‡e G¸‡jv‡K Aek¨B •`bw›`b Rxe‡bi e¨eüZ fvwlK Dcv`v‡bi Zzjbvq c„_K n‡Z n‡e| †mB `„wó‡KvY †_‡K ejv hvq, iPbvK‡g© e¨eüZ ÔwPwýZÕ I wewkó fvwlK Dcv`vbB •kwjMZ Dcv`vb iƒ‡c we‡ewPZ nIqvi †hvM¨Zv iv‡L| Z‡e fvwlK Dcv`v‡bi GB wPwýZKiY Ges wewkóZv wba©vi‡Y iPbvi cvVK ev •kwjZvwË¡‡KivB f~wgKv †i‡L _v‡K| D`vniY¯^iƒc, eZ©gvb •kwjZvwË¡K mvwn‡Z¨ †hme •kwjMZ Dcv`vb iPbvK‡g©i •kwjMZ PvwiΨ wba©vi‡Y e¨vcKfv‡e e¨eüZ nq, †m¸‡jvi g‡a¨ Ab¨Zg n‡”Q- wePz¨wZ, cÖgyLb, cÖcv`b, `¦¨_©KZv, mvij¨, RwUjZv, we‡kl¨KiY I wµqvKiY, cÖZ¨ÿKiY I c‡ivÿKiY, mKg©KZv I AKg©KZv, kvwãK m¤úK©, kvwãK cybive„wË, Avj¼vwiK fvlv BZ¨vw`|

318 | mgKvjxb fvlvweÁvb 19.2.3 •kwjMZ we‡kølY •kwjMZ we‡kølY •kwjweÁv‡bi cÖavb Kg©aviv wn‡m‡e we‡ewPZ| MvRvjv (Ghazala 2011) AewnZ Ki‡Qb wKQzw`b AvM ch©šÍ †Kvb iPbvi •kwj we‡køl‡Yi cÖwµqvwU wQj A‡bKvUB A‣eÁvwbK, fvev‡eMc~Y©, AmvgÄm¨c~Y© Ges wek„•Lj| Z‡e Gi g‡a¨I A‡b‡KB h_vh_ cÖYvwj-c×wZ I cÖwµqv AbymiY K‡i mvwnZ¨ Ges iPbvK‡g©i •kwjwe‡kølY K‡i _v‡Kb| G‡ÿ‡Î cÖwµqv ej‡Z eySv‡bv n‡”Q, •kwjweÁvbx M‡elYvK‡g© mswkøó mevi Kg©aviv‡K †iKW© Ki‡eb hv‡Z G¸‡jv cieZx©‡Z co‡Z I e¨vL¨v-we‡kølY Ki‡Z myweav nq| GB Kv‡Ri Rb¨ mevi Av‡M †hwU cÖ‡qvRb †mwU n‡”Q, †Kvb •kwjweÁvbxi •kwjMZ mÁv (stylistic intuision)| KvU©v‡ii (Carter 1982) g‡Z, GB •kwjMZ mÁv Ggb wKQz wbqvgK‡K AšÍfy³ © K‡i hvi gva¨‡g †Kvb cvVK ev •kwjweÁvbx iPbvi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvMK…Z ‣kwjMZ Dcv`vb m¤ú‡K© aviYv K‡i wb‡Z cv‡ib Ges wK cÖwµqvq G¸‡jv cÖ‡qvM Ki‡eb ZvI w¯
i Ki‡Z cvi‡eb| •kwjweÁvbxi G ai‡bi mÁv wewbg©v‡Y Zvi e¨w³MZ, mvgvwRK, mvs¯‥…wZK I fvev`k©MZ Ávb ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv iv‡L| Zvici •kwjweÁvbx GB ai‡bi mÁvi cÖwZwµqv¯^iƒc †Kvb iPbvi g‡a¨ ms¸ß weg~Z© aviYvi mvn‡h¨ Gi wbwnZ e³e¨ m¤ú‡K© civgk© w`‡q _v‡Kb| wjP I kU© (Leech & Short 1981) G m¤ú‡K© e‡jb, •kwjMZ we‡køl‡Yi cÖavb D‡Ïk¨ n‡”Q, iPbvq †jL‡Ki fvlvMZ Dcv`vb wbe©vP‡bi †cQ‡b wK ai‡bi •kwíK bxwZ KvR K‡i‡Q Zv kbv³ Kiv| Z‡e wZwb G ai‡bi we‡køl‡Yi Rb¨ †Kvb aiv-evuav wbqg †eu‡a w`‡eb bv, eis GKwU cÖv‡qvwMK g‡Wj Ges •kwjMZ mse‡M©i m¤¢ve¨ ZvwjKv wba©viY Ki‡eb hv‡Z iPbvK‡g©i GKwU we‡kølY cÖwµqv m¤¢e nq| GB mse‡M©i g‡a¨ AšÍfy³ © n‡”Q - kvwãK mseM©, e¨vKiYMZ mseM©, Aj¼vi, cÖwZ‡ek Ges A_© I e¨vKiwYK mshy³Zv| DwjøwLZ •kwjMZ mseM© wel‡q P~ovšÍ we‡køl‡Yi †ÿ‡Î wb‡Pi cÖk¸ œ ‡jv AMÖvwaKvi †c‡q _v‡K (Ghazala 2011)| we‡kl K‡i, kvwãK mseM© we‡køl‡Yi †ÿ‡Î G¸‡jv ¸iæZ¡c~Y©| 1. iPbvq Abym„Z kãvewj wK mij bvwK RwUj, cÖwgZ ev JcfvwlK, eY©bvg~jK bvwK weeZ©bg~jK, mvaviY bvwK mywbw`©ó? 2. G‡Z †jLK wK ai‡bi ms‡e`bg~jK ev kãMZ Abyl½ e¨envi K‡i‡Qb? 3. GB iPbvK‡g© wK evMaviv ev evwM¦wa e¨eüZ n‡q‡Q? †Kb? e¨vKiYMZ mseM© we‡køl‡Y AšÍf©y³ n‡q _v‡K c` msMVb I cÖKvi, h_v- bvgeM©, wµqveM© BZ¨vw`| Z‡e GiB mv‡_ m½wZc~Y© evK¨MZ RwUjZv Ges cÖKvi‡f`I mgvb ¸iæZ¡ jvf K‡i| G cÖm‡½ KzÐz (1992) e‡jb, •kwjZ‡Ë¡ GLb evK¨ we‡køl‡Y Pg¯‥xq evK¨ZË¡‡K h‡_ó ¸iæZ¡ †`Iqv n‡q‡Q| iPbvK‡g©i Avj¼vwiK •ewkó¨ we‡køl‡Y cÖgyLbMZ Dcv`vb, aŸwbMZ, evwK¨K I e¨vKiYMZ w¯‥gv, jÿYv BZ¨vw` AšÍfy³ © n‡q _v‡K| cÖwZ‡ek we‡køl‡Y m¤úwK©Z wRÁvm¨¸‡jv nj, K. †jLK wK cvVK‡K mivmwi m‡¤^vab K‡i‡Qb bvwK Pwi‡Îi wPšÍvKvVv‡gv ev kãe‡Üi gva¨‡g? L. †jLK Zvi Pwi‡Îi g‡a¨ wK ai‡bi `„wófw½i cÖwZdjb NwU‡q‡Qb?

•kwjweÁvb | 319 M. A_© I e¨vKiYZ mshy³Zv wel‡q •kwjweÁvbx †hme welq D‡b¥vPb K‡ib, Zv n‡”Q- iPbvK‡g©i evK¨¸‡jvi g‡a¨ •ecixZ¨g~jK ev †h․w³K †Kvb ai‡bi m¤úK© we`¨gvb? G‡`i †Kvb A_©MZ m¤úK© i‡q‡Q? eY©bvi g‡a¨ †Kvb ai‡bi me©bvgMZ m~Î, weKí iƒc ev cybive„wËi •ewkó¨ wbwnZ Av‡Q? BZ¨vw`| GB eY©bvi mv‡_ Zvj wgwj‡q KzÐ (1992:46) evsjv fvlvq iwPZ mvwnZ¨K‡g©i Avw½KMZ A_©vr kixi, evK¨ I kãwe‡kølY c×wZi †h 3wU †iLvwPÎ cÖ¯vÍ e K‡i‡Qb, Zv GLv‡b D‡jøL Kiv nj| K. †iLvwPÎ 1: fvlvkixi iƒcvqY

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19.3 •kwjweÁv‡bi cÖKvi‡f` mvwnZ¨Z‡Ë¡i HwZ‡n¨i Ask wn‡m‡e ixwZev` `xN©w`b a‡i PwP©Z n‡jI fvlvwÁv‡bi GKwU cÖv‡qvwMK †ÿÎ •kwjweÁvb GKwU bexb I kvLvwe¯Ívix ÁvbKvÐ| mg‡qi avivevwnKZvq A‡bK mn‡hvMx ÁvbkvLvi mv‡_ mgwš^Z K‡i •kwjweÁvb‡K we‡kølY Kivi cÖqvm †`Lv hvq| †m Kvi‡Y B‡Zvg‡a¨ •kwjweÁv‡bi A‡bK¸‡jv kvLvI •ewk^Kfv‡e ¯^xK…wZ jvf K‡i‡Q| Mv¾vjv (Ghazala 2011:14-30) Abymi‡Y wb‡P •kwjweÁv‡bi K‡qKwU kvLvi mswÿß eqvb †`Iqv nj| K. fvlvZvwË¡K •kwjweÁvb •kwjweÁv‡bi m¤úªwZ weKwkZ kvLv¸‡jvi g‡a¨ me‡P‡q cÖfvekvjx n‡”Q fvlvZvwË¡K •kwjweÁvb| GwU‡K A‡bK mgq KvVv‡gvev`x •kwjweÁvb, evK¨ZvwË¡K •kwjweÁvb ev ixwZev`x •kwjweÁvbI ejv nq| KviY

320 | mgKvjxb fvlvweÁvb •kwjZvwË¡K Av‡jvPbvq G‡Z hy³ n‡q‡Q iƒcvšÍig~jK e¨vKiY, iæk ixwZev`, Av‡gwiKvb be¨mgv‡jvPbvZË¡ BZ¨vw`| fvlvZvwË¡K •kwjweÁvb g~jZ •kwjweÁv‡bi Ggb GKwU `„wófw½ †hLv‡b †Kvb †U·U ev mvwnZ¨K‡g©i ixwZ ev •kwj‡Kw›`ªK M‡elYvwbf©i c×wZ I g‡WjwfwËK fvlvZvwË¡K eY©bv Dc¯
vcb Kiv nq| Mv¾vjvi g‡Z, fvlvZvwË¡K •kwjweÁv‡bi cÖavb D‡Ïk¨ n‡”Q, fvlv‣eÁvwbK ZË¡ we‡køl‡Yi gva¨‡g †h‡Kvb mvwnZ¨K‡g©i Avw½K ev ixwZi eY©bv cÖ`vb Kiv| AvaywbK •kwjweÁvbxiv GB kvLv‡K e„nËi •kwjweÁv‡bi g~jiƒc wn‡m‡e MY¨ K‡ib| KviY G‡Z mvwnZ¨Kg© ev m„Rbkxj iPbvi †hgb Avw½KMZ •ewkó‡K D‡b¥vPb Kiv nq, †Zgwb •kwjweÁvbm¤§Z fvlvZvwË¡K Z‡Ë¡iI Dbœqb NUv‡bv nq| L. mvwnwZ¨K •kwjweÁvb fvlvZvwË¡K `„wó‡KvY †_‡K mvwnwZ¨K •kwjweÁvb n‡”Q †Kvb mvwnZ¨K‡g©i ixwZ ev •kwj wba©viY welqK Av‡jvPbv| hw`I wewfbœ fvwlK mvsMVwbK Dcv`vb G‡ÿ‡Î cÖ‡qvM Kiv nq, Gi cÖavb D‡Ïk¨ n‡”Q †Kvb mvwnwZ¨K cv‡Vi e¨L¨v cÖavb Kiv| •kwjweÁv‡bi GB kvLvi P~ovšÍ jÿ¨ †U·‡Ui fvlvwe‡kølY bq, eis Gi mvwnZ¨ixwZi •ewkó¨‡K D‡b¥vPb Kiv| GUvB fvlvZvwË¡K •kwjweÁv‡bi mv‡_ mvwnwZ¨K •kwjweÁv‡bi cv_©K¨| mvwnwZ¨K •kwjweÁvbxiv †Kvb cv‡Vi ixwZ we‡kølY Ki‡Z wM‡q Zvuiv wb‡R‡`i mÁv, AwfÁZv, mvwnZ¨ cV‡bi `xN©w`‡bi HwZn¨, RMr-msmvi wel‡q jä Ávb, we‡kl K‡i wewfbœ mvgvwRK, mvs¯‥…wZK Ges Av`k©ev`x a¨vb-aviYvi Ici wbf©i K‡i _v‡Kb| KviY Zvuiv wek^vm K‡ib, cÖwZwU mvwnZ¨Kg©B n‡”Q ¯
vb, mgq I †Kvb †Mvwôi mvs¯‥…wZK HwZn¨ Ges †evaMZ aviYv dmj| M. wkÿvZvwË¡K •kwjweÁvb wkÿvZvwË¡K •kwjweÁvb Ggb GKwU Kg©aviv †hLv‡b fvlv I mvwnZ¨ wkÿ‡Yi †ÿ‡Î †kªwYKÿ‡K GK ai‡bi nvwZqvi wn‡m‡e e¨eüZ nq| g~jZ †kÖwYK‡ÿ fvlv ev mvwnZ¨ †kLv‡bvi Rb¨ GB •kwjavivi cÖ‡qvM Kiv nq e‡j G‡K †kÖwYKÿ •kwjweÁvbI ejv nq (Rodger 1982)| †mB `„wó‡KvY †_‡K ejv hvq, •kwjweÁvbI †Kvb fvlv wkÿY ev mvwnZ¨cv‡Vi †ÿ‡Î GKwU wbf©i‡hvM¨ c×wZ wn‡m‡e we‡ewPZ n‡Z cv‡i („much valued method in language teaching and in language learning…‟ (Simpson 2004:2))| †mB we‡ePbvq •kwjweÁvbI GK ai‡bi wkÿY‡K․kj hv mvwnZ¨‡eva Ges fvlv`ÿZv

weKv‡ki †ÿ‡Î Zvrch©c~Y f~wgKvq AeZxY© n‡Z cv‡i| N. (wWm‡Kvm©) Dw³gvjv •kwjweÁvb GLv‡b ÔDw³gvjvÕ AwfavwU Bs‡iwR discourse Gi evsjviƒc wn‡m‡e e¨eüZ n‡q‡Q| ZvB Dw³gvjv •kwjweÁvb AwfavwU wWm‡Kvm© wel‡qi mv‡_ m¤ú„³| Dw³gvjv •kwjweÁvb wel‡q Av‡jvPbv ïiæi c~‡e© wWm‡Kvm© ev Dw³gvjv wel‡q cÖv_wgK aviYv I mvwn‡Z¨i mv‡_ Dw³gvjvi m¤úK© wba©vi‡Yi cÖ‡qvRb i‡q‡Q|

•kwjweÁvb | 321 wµ÷vj Dw³gvjvi †h fvlvZvwË¡K msÁv cÖ`vb K‡i‡Qb Zv GLv‡b D‡jøL Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| Zvui g‡Z, fvlvZvwË¡K `„wó‡KvY †_‡K, ev‡K¨i †P‡qI eo †h‡Kvb avivevwnK fvwlK we¯Í…wZ‡K Dw³gvjv ejv nq (“…a continuous stretch of (especially spoken) language larger than a sentence” (Ctystal 1980: 11))| Aek¨ KvU©vi I b¨vk (Carter & Nash 1990) GB msÁvi ¸YMZ cwie„w× NwU‡q e‡j‡Qb, fvwlK Kg©Kv‡Ð e¨eüZ †h‡Kvb fvwlK eY©bvB wWm‡Kvm© ev Dw³gvjv| Avevi wjP I kU© (Leech and Short 1981) Dw³gvjv‡K GKwU fvwlK msÁvcb wn‡m‡e we‡ePbv K‡i G‡K e³v-†kÖvZvi AvšÍte¨w³K

msÁvc‡bi mv‡_ m¤úwK©Z K‡i‡Qb| Zvn‡j Dw³gvjv n‡”Q GK ai‡bi fvwlK eY©bvi we¯Í…wZ †hLv‡b e³v ev †jLK Zvi Av`k©, `„wófw½, aviYv‡K †kÖvZvi Kv‡Q †c․uQv‡Z †Póv K‡ib| d‡j †Kvb wWm‡Kvm© e¨vL¨vi Rb¨ †h ÔDw³gvjv we‡kølYÕ (discourse analysis) weKvk jvf K‡i‡Q Zv GKwU AvšÍtkv¯¿xq Abykxjb †hLv‡b mgvRfvlvweÁvb, g‡bvfvlvweÁvb, `vk©wbK fvlvZË¡, BwZnvm, ivRbxwZZË¡ BZ¨vw`iI cÖ‡qvM n‡q _v‡K| GB `„wó‡KvY †_‡K mvwnZ¨K‡g©i Dw³gvjvMZ •ewkó¨ we‡kølY Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| †h‡Kvb mvwnZ¨Kg© we‡kl K‡i, Dcb¨vm GKwU fvwlK †U·U iƒ‡c cwiwPZ n‡jI GLv‡b ïay GKwU Dw³gvjvB _v‡K bv, eis wewfbœ Dw³gvjvi GKwU RwUj imvqb e‡j a‡i †bIqv nq| ZvB mvwnZ¨Kg©‡K wewfbœ msMÖw_Z wWm‡Kv‡m©i GK †db‡gbb wn‡m‡e wPšÍv Kiv hvq| d‡j mvwnZ¨K‡g©i wWm‡Kvm©MZ we‡kølY Avek¨K n‡q c‡o hvi ga¨ w`‡q †Kvb fvwlK †U·‡Ui `vk©wbK, Av`k©MZ, mvgvwRK, HwZnvwmK, g‡bvMZ iƒ‡ci •ewkó¨‡K we‡kølY Kiv hvq| GB Kvi‡Y m¤úªwZ Dw³gvjv •kwjweÁvb e‡j GK ai‡bi •kwjweÁv‡bi D™¢e I weKvk N‡U‡Q| 1988 mv‡j Dw³gvjv •kwjweÁvb aviYvwU cÖ¯vÍ e K‡ib KvU©vi I wm¤úmb (Carter & Simpson 1988)| Zvu‡`i g‡Z, Dw³gvjv •kwjweÁvb weï× mvwn‡Z¨i •kwji aviYvi evB‡i wM‡q m¤úwK©Z AvšÍtkv‡¯¿i wWm‡Kv‡m©iI ixwZMZ •ewkó¨ ev •kwj‡K eY©bv I e¨vL¨v K‡ib| we‡kl K‡i, mvwnZ¨ ev †h‡Kvb eY©bvq wbwnZ wewfbœ ai‡bi mvgvwRK-ivR‣bwZK Av`k© Ges aviYv hv †U·wUi A_© wewbgv©‡Y f~wgKvi iv‡L Zvi iƒc I ixwZ we‡kølY KivB Dw³gvjv •kwjweÁv‡bi cÖavb D‡Ïk¨| †mB `„wó‡KvY †_‡K Dw³gvjv •kwjweÁv‡b †Kvb †U·‡Ui ivRbxwZ, k‡ãi Avj¼vwiK cÖ‡qvM, eY©bvi A_©MZ ب_©KZv I †K․ZzK, fvlvwfwËK mvwnZ¨‡eva I cª‡qvM, cvV‡Ki mv‡_ †U·‡Ui g‡bvMZ I msÁvcbMZ ms‡hvM BZ¨vw` welq AšÍfy³ © n‡q _v‡K| O. bvixev`x •kwjweÁvb bvixev`x •kwjweÁvb AvaywbK •kwjweÁv‡bi Av‡iKwU iƒc †hwU weKvk jvf K‡i‡Q Av‡gwiKvb bvixev`x ZË¡, divmx bvixev`x mgv‡jvPbv-mvwnZ¨ Ges BD‡ivcxq bvixev`x Av‡›`vj‡bi cÖfv‡e| GB cUf~wg QvovI eª¨vW‡dvW© (Bradford 1997) g‡b K‡ib, Avgv‡`i cÖPwjZ mvgvwRK-mvs¯‥…wZK Ges cyiæl-cÖavb eZ©gvb •kwjZvwË¡K AwfcÖvq mgMÖ •kwj‣eÁvwbK we‡kølY I e¨vL¨v‡K wbqš¿Y K‡i| ZvB bvixev`x •kwjweÁv‡bi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv i‡q‡Q| GB •kwjweÁvb wbixÿY K‡i cÖK…Z A‡_© wWm‡Kvm© n‡”Q ZvB hv mvgvwRK I cÖvwZôvwbK ms¯‥vi I fvev`k© we‡kl K‡i mvgvwRK wbqg Ges cyiæl I bvixi gvbwmK I AvPiYMZ •ewkó¨ iƒcvwqZ K‡i| •kwjweÁv‡b Gi cÖwZdjb NUv‡bv DwPZ| myZivs bvixev`x •kwjweÁv‡b Dw³gvjv ev wWm‡Kv‡m©i fvwlK e¨env‡ii †mB •ewPΨ dz‡U I‡V|

322 | mgKvjxb fvlvweÁvb bvixev`x •kwjweÁvb‡K ivRbxwZ •kwjweÁvbI (political stylistics) ejv nq| KviY bvixev`x •kwjweÁvb †U·‡Ui ivRbxwZKiY †hwU wWm‡Kv‡m©i fvlvi wbg©jwPËZv‡K (innocence) KzjwlZ K‡i hv cÖvq 3000 eQi a‡i cyiæ‡li c‡ÿ e¨env‡ii Rb¨ •Zwi K‡i‡Q Ges Zv‡K kbv³ K‡i‡Q| we‡kl K‡i, wKQz fvwlK •ewkó¨, †hgb- wbqgvaxb e¨vKiwYK eM©, iƒcK, c~e©vYygvb, †køl, kvwãK PvwiΨ BZ¨vw`i Øviv fvlvq GB ivRbxwZKiY Kiv n‡q‡Q| B‡Zvg‡a¨ bvixev`x •kwjweÁv‡b D‡jøL¨‡hvM¨ M‡elYvKg© m¤úvw`Z n‡q‡Q| D`vniY¯^iƒc, evU©b (Burton 1982) mvwnZ¨-†U·‡Ui ÿgZvi m¤úK© D‡b¥vP‡bi Rb¨ GKwU ÔmKg©Zvi g‡WjÕ (a model of transitivity) D™¢veb K‡ib| wZwb GB g‡W‡ji gva¨‡g wmjwfqv cøv‡Zi The Bell Jar Dcb¨v‡mi GKwU fvwlK eY©bvi mKg©Zvi QvuP‡K kbv³ K‡ib Ges cÖgvY K‡ib †h, GB Dcb¨v‡mi cÖavb PwiÎ bvix Zvi ÿgZvi ¯^iƒcwU wKfv‡e •Zwi Kiv n‡q‡Q Zv wba©viY Kiv hvq †jLK KZ©„K e¨eüZ wK ai‡bi e¨vKiwYK I wµqviƒc wbe©vPb K‡i‡Qb Zv ch©‡eÿ‡Yi gva¨‡g| eª¨vW‡dvW© (Bradford 1997) fvwR©wbqv Dj‡di A Room of One’s Own Dcb¨v‡m wKfv‡e bvix‡K iƒcvwqZ K‡i‡Q Zv we‡kølY K‡i‡Qb| G‡Z †`Lv hvq, eY©bvfw½‡Z bvix memgq c‡ivÿ †hLv‡b cyiæl wbqš¿Yev`x| mviv wgjm-Gi Feminist Stylistics (Mills 1995) MÖš
wUI G‡ÿ‡Î Zvrch©c~Y©| wZwb e‡jb, mvwnZ¨K‡g©i fvlvq bvixi iƒcvqY me©‡ÿ‡Î GK ai‡bi fvev`k© Øviv cÖfvweZ †hwU g~jZ mvs¯‥…wZK cyiælZvwš¿KZv‡K wPwÎZ K‡i‡Q| m‡ev©cwi, •kwjweÁv‡bi weeZ©‡b bvixev`x •kwj‣eÁvwbK `„wó‡KvY ¸iæZ¡c~Y©| KviY GB avivwU kbv³ K‡i‡Q, mvwnZ¨K‡g© cyiæl memgq iƒcvwqZ n‡q‡Q wµqvkxj I BwZevPK iƒ‡c †hLv‡b bvix n‡”Q †bwZevPK I c‡ivÿ| GQvov bvixev`x •kwjweÁvb fvlvi ivRbxwZ‡K kbv³ K‡i‡Q †hfv‡e mvwn‡Z¨i fvwlK ev •kwjZvwË¡K msMVb‡K wbg©vY Kiv n‡q‡Q bvixi Ici ciæ‡li KZ©„Z¡ev` Ges cÖvav‡b¨i `„wó‡KvY †_‡K Ges cyiæ‡li Zzjbvq bvix ¯^fveZB †M․Y, wbw®…q, eva¨ Ges AbyMZ Giƒc wPšÍvfvebvi wbwi‡L| P. AvL¨vbg~jK •kwjweÁvb PP©v Ges bvgKi‡Yi w`K †_‡K AvL¨vbg~jK •kwjweÁvb AwaKZi cÖvPxb n‡jI we‡køl‡Yi †ÿ‡Î g‡Wj D™¢ve‡b GwU A‡bKUvB mv¤úªwZK| •kwjweÁv‡bi GB kvLvwUi D™¢‡ei †ÿ‡Î wZbRb fvlvZvwË¡‡Ki mw¤§wjZ cÖqvm jÿYxq| Giv n‡”Qb- DBwjqvg †jef, dvDjvi Ges evLwZb| GB avivi •kwjweÁv‡bi gva¨‡g †Kvb eY©bvg~jK mvwnZ¨Kg©, we‡kl K‡i Dcb¨vm ev M‡íi e¨vL¨v, we‡kølY Ges eY©bvi †ÿ‡Î AwaKZi m¤úªmvi‡Yi AeKvk i‡q‡Q| AviI ¯úó K‡i ej‡j, AvL¨vbg~jK •kwjweÁvb †Kvb AvL¨vbg~jK Dw³gvjvi we‡kølY K‡i _v‡K †hLv‡b ci¯úi m¤úwK©Z avivevwnK NUbvgvjvi fvlvi QvuP cixÿv Kivi †ÿ‡Î mswkøó Dcv`vb¸‡jv cybe©¨³ Kivi cÖqvm cvIqv hvq| AvL¨vbg~jK •kwjweÁv‡b †Kvb AvL¨v‡bi eY©bvi †ÿ‡Î `ywU cÖavb fvwlK Dcv`vb, h_v- KvVv‡gvMZ I A_©MZ DcjwäKi‡Yi g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ Kiv nq| GQvovI `ywU AvL¨vb-Awfav, †hgb- Kvwnbx Ges Dw³gvjv ev wWm‡Kv‡m©i ¯^iƒc G‡Z wbY©q Kiv nq| GLv‡b Kvwnbx ev cøU ej‡Z †Kvb AvL¨v‡bi weg~Z© Míaviv ev avivevwnK Abyµg‡K wb‡`©k Kiv n‡q‡Q| Ab¨w`‡K, AvL¨vbg~jK Dw³gvjv n‡”Q †Kvb eY©bvi Ggb GKwU ixwZ ev A_©gqZv hvi gva¨‡g Kvwnbx‡K eY©bv Kiv nq| AvL¨vbg~jK •kwjweÁv‡b GB ai‡bi AvL¨vbg~jK

•kwjweÁvb | 323 Dw³gvjvi ixwZ ev •kwj we‡køl‡Y 3 ai‡bi †K․kj AbymiY Kiv nq| G¸‡jv nj- c~e©NUbv cÖ¯v
 cb (flashback), c~e©-cÖ‡ÿcY (prevision) I cybive„wË (repetition)| G Kvi‡Y GB ai‡bi •kwjMZ eY©bvq M‡íi we‡køl‡Y NUbvi AbyµgMZ wePz¨wZ N‡U _v‡K| Ab¨fv‡e ej‡Z †M‡j, G ai‡bi •kwj we‡køl‡Y DcjwäK…Z cv‡Vi Dc¯
vcb †hgb Kiv nq, †Zgwb Mí-K_K KZ©„K e¨eüZ †Kvb mywbw`©ó cÖwZ‡e‡ki cÖZ¨ÿ fvwlK Dcv`v‡biI eY©bv cÖ`vb Kiv nq| AvL¨vbg~jK ‣kwjweÁv‡bi eY©bvixwZ‡K e¯‧wbô Kivi j‡ÿ wm¤úmb (Simpson 2004) 6wU •kwj‡ÿÎ wb‡`©k K‡i‡Qb, h_vÑ †U·UMZ gva¨g (textual medium), mgvRfvlvZvwË¡K †KvW (sociolinguistic code), PwiÎvqY-1 (Kvh© I NUbvcÖevn) (Characterization-1: action and events), PwiÎvqY-2 (`„wó‡KvY) (characterization-2: point of view), †U·UMZ KvVv‡gv (textual structure) Ges AvšÍt‡U·U (intertextuality)| GQvovI AvL¨vbZ‡Ë¡ DwjøwLZ Dcv`vb¸‡jv G‡ÿ‡Î Kvh©Ki f~wgKv ivL‡Z cv‡i| Q. cÖÁvbg~jK •kwjweÁvb gvbexq fvlv‡K g‡bi mv‡_ m¤úwK©Z K‡i we‡køl‡Yi cÖ‡Póv AvbyôvwbKfv‡e Pgw¯‥i gva¨‡g ïiæ n‡jI †evaMZ fvlvweÁv‡bi weKv‡ki Øviv G avivi c~Y©Zv N‡U| Avi cÖÁvbg~jK ev †evaMZ fvlvweÁv‡biB GKwU •kwjMZ cÖ‡Póv nj †evaMZ •kwjweÁvb| †Kbbv GB kvLvq †evaMZ fvlvweÁv‡bi wewfbœ ZË¡MZ aviYv hy³ n‡q‡Q| Z‡e cÖÁvbg~jK fvlvweÁv‡bi gZB cÖÁvbg~jK ev †evaMZ •kwjweÁvb nj mgKvjxb •kwjweÁv‡bi me‡P‡q cÖfvekvjx kvLv| †evaMZ •kwjweÁvb e‡j, fvwlK cÖwZ‡ek hv wewfbœ mvgvwRK I mvs¯‥…wZK cÖfvemg~n‡K aviY K‡i, Zv †evaMZ ev g‡bvMZ A_ev cÖÁvbg~jK †h bv‡gB AwfwnZ Kiv †nvK bv †Kb| †mB we‡ePbvq †evaMZ •kwjweÁvb cÖwZ‡ekwbf©i GKwU †evaMZ GKK hv wewfbœ ai‡bi †U·U, cÖwZôvb, mvgvwRK f~wgKv Ges KvVv‡gvMZ Ávb‡K aviY K‡ib| GiB cwi‡cÖwÿ‡Z ejv hvq, Avgv‡`i gw¯Í®‥ cwicv‡k^©i Øviv iƒc jvf K‡i| Z‡e †evaMZ •kwjweÁvb †h‡nZz •kwjweÁv‡biB GKwU kvLv, †m‡nZz GwU Zvi †K›`ªwe›`y †U·U we‡kølY g‡Wj †_‡K aviYvMZ (contextual) g‡W‡j w`K cwieZ©b Ki‡jI •kwjweÁv‡bi Ab¨vb¨ we‡kølY †K․kj‡K ev` †`qwb| Z‡e G‡Z Abym„Z cÖavb we‡kølY g‡Wj n‡”Q gb Ges cVb-cwµqvi g‡a¨ GKwU ms‡hvM cÖwZôv Kiv| †m Kvi‡Y †evaMZ •kwjweÁvb fvlv‣kwji cÖv‡qvMvw_©K wel‡qi mv‡_ gvbwmK, mvgvwRK, HwZnvwmK cwi‡cÖwÿZ‡K mgwš^Z Ki‡Z cÖ‡Póv Pvjvq| GwU AviI e‡j †h, †Kvb fvwlK A_© gvby‡li wPšÍv †_‡K wehy³ †Kvb welq bq, eis GwU gvby‡li g‡bi Øviv wewbwg©Z n‡q _v‡K| eZ©gv‡b †evaMZ •kwjweÁv‡b Abym„Z g‡W‡ji g‡a¨ Ab¨Zg n‡”Q QvuPZË¡ (schema theory)| GQvov wm¤úmb (Simpson 2004) AviI `ywU †evaMZ g‡Wj kbv³ K‡i‡Qb - †U·U wek^ (text world) Ges AvL¨vb-Dcjwäi KvVv‡gv (frame of narrative comprehension)| cÖ_g g‡WjwU GKwU AvL¨v‡bi ¯Íimg~n‡K ms‡hvMKvix aviYvMZ cwimi (conceptual space) wel‡q cª‡Póv Pvjvq| aviYvMZ cwimi Avevi 3 iK‡gi, h_v-

324 | mgKvjxb fvlvweÁvb K. wWm‡Kvm© wek^ (discourse world) - GwU n‡”Q iPbvK‡g©i †jLK Ges cvVK Øviv cwie¨vß GK ai‡bi Ae¨ewnZ D”P aviYvMZ cwimi| L. †U·U wek^ (text world)- GwU GK ai‡bi m¤ú~Y© wewbg©vY hvi Rb¨ `iKvi nq Kíbv Ges DcjwäMZ ¯§„wZ| M. Dc-wek^ (sub-world)- GUv ZLbB N‡U hLb †U·‡Ui Af¨šÍ‡i GKUv Ab¨ aviYvMZ cwimi m„wói Rb¨ iPbvK‡g©i †Kvb PwiÎ †Kvb c~e©NUbv cÖ¯v
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v‡bi g‡a¨Kvi GKwU DcvL¨vbMZ ms‡hvM‡K

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DcfvlvZË¡ | 327

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328 | mgKvjxb fvlvweÁvb Ic‡ii 1g ch©‡eÿY †_‡K eySv hvq, evsjv fvlvi cÖwgZiƒc Avm‡j b`xqv Ges †KvjKvZv wbKUeZx© K…òbMi I kvwšÍcy‡iiB JcfvwlK iƒc hv Kv‡ji weeZ©‡b mK‡ji fve-cÖKv‡ki gva¨g n‡q D‡V‡Q| evsjv‡`‡ki Kzwóqv †Rjv GiB GKwU Ask gvÎ| 2q ch©‡eÿY †_‡K aviYv Kiv hvq, †bvqvLvjxi ¯’vwbK iƒ‡c †hwU ÔnvwbÕ, Zvi GKwU †Kw›`ªq fvwlK iƒc Av‡Q †hwU ev‡K¨i kãMZ cÖwZ‡ek †_‡K eySv hvq| 3q ch©‡eÿY †_‡K aviYv Kiv Am½Z bq †h, evsjv‡`‡ki ivRavbx XvKvq eZ©gv‡b cÖwgZ iƒ‡ci cvkvcvwk wewfbœ Dcfvlvi wgkÖ‡Y M‡o IVv GKwU †µqj iƒc Rb¥ wb‡q‡Q| me‡k‡l, 4_© ch©‡eÿY †_‡K Dcjwä Kiv hvq, ivR‣bwZK wefvRb wbw`©ó GKwU A‡ji GKwU fvwlK wm‡÷‡g cÖfve iv‡L Ges kãMZ cwieZ©‡b wfbœZi JcfvwlK PvwiΨ •Zwi K‡i| DwjøwLZ me ch©‡eÿYB DcfvlvZ‡Ë¡ Av‡jvwPZ n‡q _v‡K| ZvB DcfvlvZË¡ n‡”Q fvlvweÁv‡bi GKwU cÖvwšÍK kvLv hv GKwU fvlvi Dcfvlvmg~‡ni •ewkó¨, G‡`i wewfbœ Dcv`vb, h_v- aŸwb, iƒc I ev‡K¨i †fZiMZ mv`„k¨, mvRyh¨ Ges cwieZ©‡bi iƒcwU ¯’vwbK, KvwjK, e¨w³K I mvgvwRK BZ¨vw` `„wó‡KvY †_‡K eY©bv I e¨vL¨v K‡i _v‡K| fvlvewÁv‡bi GB cÖvwšÍK kvLvi kv¯¿MZ Zvrch© Dcjwäi myweav‡_© GB Aa¨v‡q DcfvlvZ‡Ë¡i wb‡Pi Av‡jvP¨welqmg~n eY©bv Kiv n‡q‡Q| 1. Dcfvlv: msÁv I •ewkó¨ 2. Dcfvlvi †f․‡MvwjK I mvgvwRK mËv 3. DcfvlvZ‡Ë¡i D™¢e I weKvk 4. DcfvlvZ‡Ë¡i iƒc‡f` 5. evsjv Dcfvlv PP©vi avivevwnKZv 20.1 Dcfvlv : msÁv I •ewkó¨ cÖPwjZ A‡_© Dcfvlv ej‡Z GKwU fvlvi AÂjwfwËK ev ¯’vbMZ iƒc‣ewPΨ‡KB eySv‡bv n‡q _v‡K| c„w_exi wewfbœ A‡j e¨eüZ cÖwZwU gvbe fvlviB G‡KK A‡j G‡KK ai‡bi aŸwbMZ ev kãMZ iƒc cwijwÿZ nq| GB wfbœ wfbœ iƒcwewkó aŸwbMZ ev kãMZ cÖKvkfw½‡KB Dcfvlv ejv nq| wKš‘ fvlvi GB ¯’vwbK iƒcwU‡K evsjv fvlvq hLb ÔDcfvlvÕ Awfav †`Iqv nq, ZLb A‡b‡KB Dcfvlv m¤ú‡K© †bwZevPK aviYv †cvlY K‡ib| Zvu‡`i GB †bwZevPKZvi m~Î a‡iB Dcfvlv m¤ú‡K© wb‡Pi cÖkœ DÌvcb Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| K. Dcfvlv wK GKwU fvlvi Awkó, BZi ev Eb i‡ci cwiPq enb K‡i? Dˇi ejv hvq, AZx‡Z Dcfvlv‡K fvlvi wkó ev gvb iƒ‡ci weK…Z cÖKvk e‡j g‡b Kiv n‡Zv| G wel‡q knx`yjøvn (1998 [1965]) e‡jb, Dcfvlv m¤ú‡K© AvaywbK bvMwiK Rb-gvb‡m GB aviYv cªPwjZ Av‡Q e‡jB kû‡i wkwÿZ mgvR Dcfvlv‡K eR©b K‡i bvMwiK gvb ev cÖwgZ fvlvq Af¨¯Í n‡q I‡V| GgbwK GLbI bvMwiK Rxe‡b Dcvfvlvi e¨envi‡K wbiærmvwnZ Kiv nq| wKš‘ eZ©gv‡b mvaviY gvby‡li Kv‡Q bv †nvK, AšÍZ fvlvweÁvbx‡`i wbKU GwU ¯úó n‡q D‡V‡Q †h, AvR‡K fvlvi †h iƒcwU cÖwgZ ev gvb iƒc

DcfvlvZË¡ | 329 wn‡m‡e cÖwZwôZ n‡q‡Q, †mwU Avm‡j ivR‣bwZK, mvgvwRK, A_©‣bwZK myweavcÖvß †kÖwY KZ©„K e¨eüZ JcfvwlK iƒc e¨ZxZ Avi wKQz bq (Avwid 2011; Bmjvg 1998; gwbiæ¾vgvb 1994)| D`vniY¯^iƒc, mgMÖ evsjvfvlvx A‡j †h fvwlK iƒcwU AvR cÖwgZ iƒc wn‡m‡e ¯^xK…Z n‡q‡Q, Zv †KvjKvZvi wbKUeZx© b`xqvi K…òbM‡i cÖPwjZ DcfvlviB GKwU iƒc (knx`yjøvn 1965; Halder 1986; †gvi‡k` 2007)| Z‡e nvB (1994) g‡b K‡ib, †KvjKvZvi wbKUeZx© kvwšÍcy‡ii AvÂwjK iƒcwUI G‡Z hy³ n‡q‡Q| G wel‡q †P¤^vm© I UªvWwMj (Chambers & Trudgill 1998) e‡jb, ÔDcfvlv n‡”Q GKwU wbw`©ó fvlvi DcwefvM †hwU fvlvZvwË¡K `„wó‡KvY †_‡K H fvlvi Ab¨ †Kv‡bv iƒc ev wefv‡Mi Zzjbvq Eb ev BZi bqÕ (D×…Z, Avwid 2011: 48)| ZvB eZ©gv‡b Dcfvlv m¤ú‡K© c~eeZ©x mg‡qi †bwZevPK aviYvi A‡bKUv Aemvb N‡U‡Q| 20.1.1 Dcfvlv Ges fvlvi †K›`ª I cÖvšÍ Ic‡i cÖ`Ë eY©bv †_‡K GKwU welq ¯úó n‡q‡Q, fvlvi cÖwgZ iƒc g~jZ mswkøó fvlviB ivR‣bwZK, mvgvwRK I A_©‣bwZK myweav‡fvMx Rb‡Mvwôi e¨eüZ GKwU JcfvwlK iƒc| Z‡e hLbB †Kvb Dcfvlv e¨enviRwbZ myweavi Kvi‡Y mgMÖ fvwlK-A‡j cÖwgZ iƒc wn‡m‡e cªwZwôZ nq, ZLbB †mwU H fvlvwUi mgMÖ fvlv wm‡÷‡g †K›`ª iƒ‡c cwiwPZ n‡q I‡V| Avi H fvlvwUi Ab¨iƒc¸‡jv cÖvwšÍK iƒ‡c ch©ewmZ nq| Z‡e †K‡›`ªi m‡½ wewfbœ cÖvwšÍK iƒ‡ci m¤ú‡K©i gvÎvwU wbiƒwcZ nq †K‡›`ªi m‡½ mswkøó cÖvwšÍK iƒcwUi my‡eva¨Zv ev `y‡e©vZ¨Zvi cÖK…wZi Ici wfwË K‡i| G‡ÿ‡Î fvlvi †K›`ª ev cÖvwšÍK iƒ‡ci ¯’vbMZ `~iZ¡ A‡bK mgq gyL¨ we‡eP¨ bq| D`vniY¯^iƒc, evsjv fvlvi `„wó‡KvY †_‡K †`L‡j, b`xqv, K…òbMi I kvwšÍcy‡ii iƒcwU †hLv‡b evsjv fvlvi †K›`ª wn‡m‡e we‡ewPZ, †mLv‡b PÆMvgx, wm‡jwU, iscyix ev ea©gvbx iƒcwU evsjvi me©-cÖvwšÍK iƒc wn‡m‡e MY¨| KviY †K‡›`ªi iƒ‡ci Zzjbvq DwjøwLZ cÖvwšÍK iƒc¸‡jv †K‡›`ªi e¨enviKvix‡`i Kv‡Q A‡bKUvB `y‡e©va¨| welqwU‡K Ab¨fv‡e ejv hvq, GB cÖvwšÍK iƒc¸‡jv evsjvi cÖwgZ iƒ‡ci Zzjbvq †ek `y‡e©va¨| 20.1.2 fvlv I Dcfvlvi cv_©K¨ I •ewkó¨ DcwiD³ eY©bv †_‡K †Kvb fvlvi m‡½ Gi mswkøó Dcfvlvi GKwU ¯úó cv_©K¨ †hgb wbiƒcY Kiv hvq, †Zgwb Dcfvlvi cÖK…wZ I •ewkó¨I kbv³ Kiv hvq| wb‡P Zv AviI wek` iƒ‡c D‡jøL Kiv nj| hw`I fvlvi mv‡_ Dcfvlvi cv_©K¨ memgq ¯úó bq (Bmjvg 1998), Zey †P¤^vm© I UªvWwMj (Chambers & Trudgill 1998) G wel‡q †h e¨vL¨v cÖ`vb K‡i‡Qb Zv GLv‡b Zz‡j aiv †h‡Z cv‡i| Zvuiv e‡jb, Dcfvlv n‡”Q GKwU fvlvi AÂjwfwËK iƒc‡f` hv memgq H fvlvi Ab¨ Dcfvlx KZ©„K cwic~Y©fv‡e †evaMg¨ bq| Ab¨w`‡K, fvlv n‡”Q cvi¯úwiK †eva¨Mg¨Zv-m¤úbœ (mutual intelligibility) wKQz Dcfvlvi mgwó hv H fvlvi mK‡jB †gvUvgywU ü`qv½g Ki‡Z cv‡i| wKš‘ GB cv_©K¨wUI Lye †Rviv‡jv bq| KviY ZvuivB Avevi D`vniY wn‡m‡e e‡j‡Qb, bI‡ivRxq, myBwWk I †Wwbk eZ©gv‡b wZbwU Avjv`v fvlv n‡jI mswkøó fvlxiv wZbwUB eyS‡Z cv‡i| Zvn‡j wK ejv hvq, GB wZbwU GKwU fvlvi Dcfvlv? GKBfv‡e Rvg©vb fvlvi wKQz Dcfvlv Av‡Q hv GB fvlviB Ab¨ Dcfvlx KZ©„K †evaMg¨ bq, †hgbwU

330 | mgKvjxb fvlvweÁvb N‡U‡Q evsjv fvlvi †ÿ‡ÎI| D`vniY¯^iƒc, PÆMªvgx ev wm‡jwU Dcfvlv evsjv fvlvi Ab¨ A‡bK Dcfvlx eyS‡Z cv‡i bv| G‡ÿ‡Î wK ejv hvq, Giv cÖ‡Z¨‡KB Avjv`v Avjv`v fvlv? ZvB fvlv I Dcfvlvi cv_©K¨ wba©vi‡Yi Rb¨ A‡bK †ÿ‡ÎB HwZnvwmK KviY, †f․‡MvwjK wew”QbœZv Ges ivR‣bwZK wm×v‡šÍi cÖ‡qvRb nq †hgbwU N‡U‡Q DËi BD‡iv‡ci D‡jøwLZ wZbwU fvlvi †ÿ‡ÎI| GQvov fvlv I Dcfvlvi Av‡iKwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© cv_©K¨ n‡”Q, fvlvi wjwc _v‡K| KviY mswkøó †Mvwô ev ivóª Zvu‡`i wb‡R‡`i fvlvi AeqeMZ Dbœq‡bi Ask wn‡m‡e fvlvi Rb¨ wjwci cÖPjb K‡i _v‡K| Ab¨w`‡K, Dcfvlvi †ÿ‡Î wjwc Abycw¯’Z| Z‡e GB cv_©K¨I A‡bK mgq Kvh©Ki _v‡K bv| KviY wm‡jwU evsjv fvlvi Dcfvlv n‡jI GKmgq wm‡jwU bvMwi e‡j Gi GKwU wbR¯^ wjwc •Zwi n‡qwQj, hw`I GwU GLb Avi cÖPwjZ bq| Z‡e Dcfvlvi aviYvwU Kv‡ji weeZ©‡bi w`K †_‡K we‡ePbvI K‡i hvq| GKwU wbw`©ó fvlves‡ki mKj c„_K fvlvB H fvlves‡ki Dcfvlv †h¸‡jv mg‡qi avivevwnKZvq wewfbœ iƒcMZ cwieZ©‡bi gva¨‡g ¯^Zš¿ fvlvq cwiYZ n‡q‡Q| Avevi †mvmy¨i cÖ¯vÍ weZ ÔjvOÕ Ges Ôcv‡ivjÕ - †Kvb fvlv wm‡÷‡gi GB •ØZZvi gva¨‡gI fvlv I Dcfvlvi Zzjbv Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| G‡ÿ‡Î ÔjvOÕ n‡”Q ÔfvlvÕ hv g~jZ GKwU fvlv wm‡÷‡gi weg~Z© mvgwóK iƒc| Ab¨vw`‡K, Ôcv‡ivjÕ n‡”Q H fvlviB Dcfvlv hv e¨w³fvlvi ¯^Zš¿ iƒc I Zvi mvg~wnK cÖKvk| 20.2 Dcfvlvi †fŠ‡MvwjK I mvgvwRK mËv GKwU fvwlK wm‡÷‡gi †f․‡MvwjK I mvgvwRK ¯Íi web¨v‡mi wbwi‡L H fvlvwUi wewfbœ Dcfvlvi †f․‡MvwjK I mvgvwRK mËvi ¯^iƒc wK n‡e Zv DcfvlvZ‡Ë¡i Ab¨Zg we‡eP¨ welq| G‡ÿ‡Î †P¤^vm© I UªvWwMj (Chambers & Trudgill 1998) wZbwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© aviYv AeZviYv K‡i‡Qb| G¸‡jv nj20.2.1 †fŠ‡MvwjK Dcfvlv-avivevwnKZv (geographical dialect continua) GB aviYvwU g~jZ fvlvi wewfbœ Dcfvlvi †f․‡MvwjK `~i‡Z¡i m¤úK©gvÎv‡K m~wPZ K‡i| A_v©r GKwU fvlvi wewfbœ Dcfvlvmg~n †K‡›`ª Aew¯’Z cÖwgZ iƒcwUi mv‡_ `~i‡Z¡i e¨vwß wn‡m‡e cvi¯úwiK †evaMg¨Zvi GKwU k„•Lj •Zwi K‡i| Ab¨fv‡e ej‡Z †M‡j †K›`ª †_‡K DcfvlvwU hZ `~‡i Aew¯’Z †mwU ZZ Kg †evaMg¨ n‡e Ges GKBmv‡_ Zv wecixZ •ewkó¨avixI e‡U (vice versa)| D`vniY¯^iƒc, aiv hvK GKwU fvlvi `ywU Dcfvlv ÔgÕ Ges ÔjÕ| GLb ÔgÕ DcfvlvwU hw` ÔjÕ Gi Zzjbvq †K‡›`ªi cÖwgZ iƒ‡ci KvQvKvwQ Aew¯’Z nq, Zvn‡j ÔgÕ DcfvlvwU ÔjÕ Gi Zzjbvq †K‡›`ªi gvby‡li Kv‡Q AwaK †evaMg¨ n‡e| GKB hyw³‡Z ÔjÕ DcfvlvwU †K‡›`ªi gvby‡li Kv‡Q AvcvZ `y‡e©va¨ n‡q DV‡e| D`vniY¯^iƒc, evsjvi †K›`ªxq cÖwgZ iƒ‡ci mv‡_ ivRkvnx Ges PÆMªvgx Dcfvlvi Zzjbv Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| †h‡nZz ivRkvnxi Dcfvlvi Zzjbvq PÆMÖv‡gi Dcfvlv `~‡i Aew¯’Z, GwU †K‡›`ªi gvby‡li Kv‡Q ivRkvnxi Dcfvlvi Zzjbvq †ewk `y‡eva©¨|

DcfvlvZË¡ | 331 20.2.2 ¯^qsiƒcZv I wbf©ikxj wfbœiƒcZv (autonomy and dependent heteronomy) ¯^qsiƒcZv Ges wbf©ikxj wfbœiƒcZv- G `ywU AwfavI GKwU fvlv wm‡÷‡gi Dcfvlvmg~‡ni g‡a¨Kvi GK ai‡bi m¤úK©MZ k„•Ljv‡K wb‡`©k K‡i| †P¤^vm© UªvWwM‡ji g‡Z, ¯^qsiƒcZv n‡”Q †Kvb fvlvi †K›`ªxq ev cÖwgZ iƒ‡ci GKwU •ewkó¨ hv Gi Awbevh© AvZ¥wbf©ikxj Ae¯’v‡K m~wPZ K‡i| Ab¨w`‡K, wbf©ikxj wfbœZv ej‡Z eySv‡bv n‡”Q, GKwU fvlv wm‡÷‡gi Dcfvlv-avivevwnKZvi k„•Ljfz³ wewfbœ iƒ‡ci •ewkó¨mg~n hv †K‡›`ªi ev cÖwgZiƒ‡ci cÖwZ H Dcfvlvmg~‡ni (varieties) GK ai‡bi wbf©iZv‡K eywS‡q _v‡K| welqwU‡K mnR K‡i ej‡j, wbf©ikxj Dcfvlv¸‡jv Zv‡`i cwifvlv wbg©vY, wjwc m„Rb BZ¨vw` AeqeMZ kÖxe„w×i Rb¨ †K›`ªxq iƒc ev cÖwgZ iƒcwUi IciB wbf©ikxj nq| †mB `„wó‡KvY †_‡K Dcfvlvmg~n GKwU fvlv wm‡÷‡gi †K›`ªxq iƒ‡ci wbf©ikxj wfbœiƒc e¨ZxZ wKQzB& bq| D`vniYmn‡hv‡M GLv‡b G `ywU welq e¨vL¨v Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| †P¤^vm© I UªvWwMj (Chambers & Trudgill 1998) e‡jb, Rvg©vb fvlvi cwðg kvLvi wKQz Dcfvlv ivR‣bwZK wefvR‡bi Øviv nj¨v‡Ûi AšÍfy³ © nIqvi Kvi‡Y eZ©gv‡b †K›`ªxq WvP fvlv‡K †K›`ª K‡iB G¸‡jvi kÖxe„w× NU‡Q| Ab¨w`‡K, Rvg©vbx‡Z Aew¯’Z Rvg©v‡bi Ab¨ Dcfvlvmg~‡ni hveZxq Dbœqb Kg©KvÐ wKš‘ †K›`ªxq Rvgv©b‡K †K›`ª K‡iB m¤úvw`Z n‡”Q| Dcfvlvmg~‡ni GB ¯^qsiƒcZv Ges wbf©ikxj wfbœiƒcZv‡K evsjv fvlv cwiw¯’wZ‡ZI mn‡RB cÖ‡qvM Kiv hvq| 1947 mv‡j fviZ wefv‡Mi d‡j evsjv cª‡`‡ki wØLÐbRwbZ Kvi‡Y evsjv fvlvi Dcfvlvmg~n `ywU ivóªfz³ nq| d‡j evsjv A‡jI Rvgv©‡bi gZ GK ai‡bi •ØZ ¯^qsiƒcZvi (dual autonomy) cwiw¯’wZ •Zwi n‡h‡Q| e½f‡½i Kvi‡Y cwðgevsjvi evsjv Dcfvlv¸‡jv †KvjKvZv‡Kw›`ªK g~jiƒc‡K †K›`ª K‡i cwiewa©Z n‡”Q| Ab¨w`‡K, ¯^vaxb evsjv‡`‡ki ivóªxq mxgvfz³ evsjv Dcfvlvmg~n iƒcMZ Dbœqb‡Kw›`ªK GKwU weKvkgvb cÖavb iƒ‡ci Ici A‡bKvs‡kB wbf©ikxj| D`vniY¯^iƒc, KjKvZvi cÖkvmb KZ©„K ÔcorporationÕ , Ôforeign ministerÕ BZ¨vw` k‡ãi evsjv wn‡m‡e h_vµ‡g ÔwbMgÕ I Ôwe‡`kgš¿xÕ wbtm‡›`‡n KjKvZv‡Kw›`ªK Ab¨vb¨ evsjv Dcfvlv‡ZI e¨eüZ n‡”Q| Ab¨w`‡K G‡`i XvKv KZ©„K PqbK…Z iƒc †hgb ÔK‡c©v‡ikbÕ Ôciivóªgš¿xÕI XvKv †Kw›`ªK evsjv Dcfvlvmg~‡n mv`‡i M„nxZ n‡q‡Q| (Avwid 2011: 50) evsjv fvlvi GB mv¤úªwZK wØ-†Kw›`ªK ¯^qsiƒcZvi cwiw¯’wZ‡K wb‡Pi wP‡Î cÖwZdwjZ Kiv hvq|

wPÎ 20.1 evsjv fvlvi wØ-†Kw›`ªKZvi QK (Drm: Avwid 2011)

332 | mgKvjxb fvlvweÁvb 20.2.3 mvgvwRK Dcfvlv-avivevwnKZv eZ©gv‡b wewfbœ fvlvi Dcfvlvmg~‡n D‡jøwLZ AÂjMZ cwiewZ©Z web¨v‡mi cvkvcvwk mvgvwRK ¯Íiweb¨vmRwbZ avivevwnKZvI wµqvkxj| A_©vr wewfbœ Av_©-mvgvwRK KvVv‡gv I ¯Íi web¨v‡mi Kvi‡Y GKwU fvlv wm‡÷‡g bZzb K‡i Avbyf~wgK ¯Íiweb¨v‡mi m~Pbv N‡U| d‡j G‡Z fvlvi g‡a¨ mvgvwRK cwieZ©bRwbZ avivevwnKZvI jÿ‡hvM¨ nq| evsjv‡`‡ki ivRavbx XvKv‡Kw›`ªK evsjv fvlvi eZ©gvb cwiw¯’wZi Av‡jv‡K †P¤^vm© I UªvWwM‡ji GB Abywm×všÍ‡K cÖgvY Kiv hvq| 1947 mv‡j e½f‡½i Ae¨ewnZ c‡i c~e©evsjvi ivRavbx XvKvq ZLb D”PweË I ga¨weËiv †KvjKvZv‡Kw›`ªK cÖwgZ iƒc e¨envi KiZ Ges wb¤œweËiv wewfbœ Dcfvlv wgwkÖZ XvKvi GKwU ¯’vbxq iƒ‡c K_v ejZ| wKš‘ cÖvq 70 eQi c‡i XvKv kn‡ii fvlviƒc we‡kølY Ki‡j †`Lv hvq, G‡Z eZ©gv‡b GB `yB iƒ‡ci cvkvcvwk †KvjKvZv‡Kw›`ªK cÖwgZ iƒc Ges ¯’vbxq iƒ‡ci wgkÖ‡Y ZiæY m¤úª`vq e¨eüZ GKwU bZzb †µqj iƒ‡ci weKvk jvf K‡i‡Q| XvKvi GB eZ©gvb fvwlK cwiw¯’wZ‡K †P¤^vm© I †µqj Abymi‡Y wb‡Pi wP‡Î cÖKvk Kiv hvq|

wPÎ 20.2: XvKvi mv¤úªwZK fvwlK cwiw¯’wZ (Drm: Avwid 2011)

20.3 DcfvlvZ‡Ë¡i D™¢e I weKvk DcfvlvZ‡Ë¡i D™¢‡ei †cQ‡b fvlv Rwic I gvV-M‡elYvi cÖm½wU RwoZ| g~jZ Dwbk kZ‡Ki †klw`‡K B‡qv‡iv‡c Dcfvlv‡Kw›`ªK G ai‡bi AvbyôvwbK M‡elYvi m~ÎcvZ N‡U hvi ga¨ w`‡q DcfvlvZ‡Ë¡i hvÎv ïiæ nq| G‡ÿ‡Î AMÖMY¨ f~wgKv cvjb K‡ib Rvg©vb fvlv-M‡elK wMqM© †fbKvi (1852-1911)| Rvg©vb Dcfvlv msMÖn I we‡køl‡Yi †ÿ‡Î GB cw_K…r f~wgKvi Rb¨ Zvu‡K DcfvlvZ‡Ë¡i RbK Dcvwa‡ZI f~wlZ Kiv nq| g~jZ Zvui nvZ w`‡qB DcfvlvZ‡Ë¡i c~e©eZx© avc Dcfvlv-f~‡Mv‡ji hvÎv ïiæ nq| G Dcj‡ÿ wZwb Rvg©vb Dcfvlvmg~‡ni gvbwPÎ •Zwii Rb¨ 1876 mv‡j cÖ_g fvlv Rwic I gvV-M‡elYvi KvR ïiæ K‡ib| GB D‡Ï‡k †fbKvi cÖ_g w`‡K `wÿY Rvg©vwbi ¯‥zj wkÿK‡`i Kv‡Q cÖwgZ Rvg©vb fvlvq wjwLZ wKQz ev‡K¨i ZvwjKvmn GKwU wPwV cvVvb| GB wPwV‡Z †fbKvi wkÿK‡`i‡K Aby‡iva K‡ib Zvuiv †hb GB evK¨¸‡jv ¯’vbxq Dcfvlvq wj‡L †diZ cvVvb| G‡ÿ‡Î †h mij evK¨ w`‡q †fbKv‡ii cÖkgœ vjvwU ïiæ n‡qwQj †mwU n‡”Q- Im winter fliegen die torcknen Blatter durch die Luft herum [kxZKv‡j Mv‡Qi ï®‥ cvZ¸‡jv evZv‡m Do‡Z ïiæ Kij| ]| †fbKvi c‡i Zvui Kv‡Ri †ÿÎ mgMÖ Rvg©vwb‡Z m¤úªmvwiZ K‡ib| Rvg©vwbi 50,000 ¯‥zj wkÿ‡Ki Kv‡Q G ai‡bi cÎ †cªi‡Yi gva¨‡g 45,000 DËicÎ †diZ cvb| Rvg©vwbi Dcfvlv wel‡q GZ DcvË nv‡Z †c‡q wZwb A‡bKUvB n‡Zv`¨g n‡q c‡ob| ZvB Gme DcvË we‡kølY K‡i Rvg©vb Dcfvlvi mvwe©K iƒc D`NvU‡bi cwie‡Z© GB M‡elYvi gva¨‡g †fbKvi wKQz k‡ãi GjvKvwfwËK •ewPΨ AbymÜv‡b e¨vc„Z nb|

DcfvlvZË¡ | 333 Z‡e †m mgq Dcfvlvi gvbwPÎ •Zwii gZ cÖhyw³MZ myweav mnRjf¨ nqwb| wKš‘ GZme mxgve×Zvi c‡iI †fbKvi cÖvß Dcfvlvi DcvË wel‡q Mfxi we‡kølY mn‡hv‡M nv‡Z wj‡L `yB †mU Rvg©vb Dcfvlv gvbwPÎ •Zwi K‡ib hvi cÖ‡Z¨KwU DËi I ga¨ Rvgv©vwbi Dcfvlvmg~‡ni GKwU wdPvi‡K iƒcvwqZ K‡i‡Q| G¸‡jv c‡i Sprachatlas des Deutschen Reichs wk‡ivbv‡g cÖKvwkZ nq hvi GKwU K‡i Kwc evwj©b I gvieyM© kn‡i 1881 mvj †_‡K GLbI msiwÿZ Av‡Q| D‡jøL¨, †fbKvi cÖ¯Z ‘ K…Z GB Dcfvlv gvbwPÎB mviv c„w_ex‡Z cÖ_g cÖKvwkZ fvwlK gvbwPÎ| cieZx©Kv‡j 1898 mv‡j †fbKvi‡K AbymiY K‡i †Wbgv‡K© gvwiqvm wµ‡÷b‡m‡bi †bZ…‡Z¡ †Wwbk fvlvmg~‡ni gvbwPÎ wbg©v‡Yi Rb¨ GKwU cÖKí ïiæ nq Ges cÖvq 15 eQi ci 1912 mv‡j Zv m¤úbœ nq| G cÖm‡½ RR© Aveªvnvg wMÖqvim‡bi K_v D‡jøL Kiv hvq whwb 1898 mv‡j †fbKvi Abym„Z fvlv Rwi‡ci c×wZ Aej¤^b K‡i fviZxq fvlvmg~‡ni Rwic ïiæ K‡ib| Gi djvdj wMÖqvimb K…Z weL¨vZ Linguistic Survey of India †Z wjwce× Av‡Q (Avwid 2003)| †fbKvi I wMÖqvim‡bi mgmvgwqK myBm cwiPvjK Ryj wM‡jui K_vI G cÖm‡½ ¯§iYxq whwb 1896 mv‡j divwm Dcfvlvmg~n Rwi‡ci KvR ïiæ K‡ib| wM‡ji GB Kv‡Ri we‡klZ¡ GB †h, wZwb fvlv RwicKv‡h© GWgÛ GWg›U bvgK GKRb mnKvix wb‡qvM K‡ib whwb Zvui kÖeYkw³i ZxÿœZv ¸‡Yi Rb¨ divwm Dcfvlvmg~‡ni aŸwbg~‡ji mwVK e¨env‡i (phonetic notation) `ÿZv cÖ`k©b K‡iwQ‡jb| GB M‡elYvK‡g©i djvdj 1902 †_‡K 1910 Kvjc‡e© 13 L‡Ð MÖš’vKv‡i cÖKvwkZ nq| Ic‡i DwjøwLZ Dcfvlv Rwi‡ci AšÍiv‡j Zyjbvg~jK I HwZnvwmK fvlvweÁv‡bi GKwU D‡jøL‡hvM¨ ZvwË¡K we‡ePbvi hy³m~Î i‡q‡Q| †mwU n‡”Q fvlvi aŸwb cwieZ©b msµvšÍ be¨ e¨vKiYwe`‡`i M‡elYv djvdj †hwU e‡j †`q †h, fvlvi aŸwbcwieZ©b e¨wZµgnxb| A_v©r fvlvi Ômg¯Í aŸwbcwieZ©b, hvwš¿K cÖwµqvq, m~Îvbymv‡i msNwUZ nq, hvi †Kvb e¨wZµg †bBÕ (AvRv` 1998: 43)| GB be¨ e¨vKiYwe‡`iv Dcfvlv f~‡MvjPP©vi m~Pbv j‡Mœ Zvu‡`i hyMvšÍKvix ZË¡ cÖKvk K‡ib hv cÖKvivšÍ‡i Dcfvlv f~‡Mvjwe`‡`i cÖfvweZ K‡i| †m Kvi‡Y ZvuivI D‡`¨vMx nb Dcfvlvi AšÍwb©wnZ KvVv‡gv‡Z be¨ e¨vKiYwe`‡`i aŸwbZvwË¡K m~‡Îi h_v_©Zv A‡š^l‡Y| g~jZ be¨ e¨vKiYwe`‡`i ZË¡wbf©i GB ai‡bi Dcfvlv M‡elYvB ÔDcfvlv-f~‡MvjÕ bv‡g cwiwPZ| Dcfvlv-f~‡Mvjwe‡`iv Zvu‡`i M‡elYvKg© m¤úv`bKv‡j Dcfvlvi aŸwb I iƒcg~‡j †h cv_©K¨mg~n i‡q‡Q †m¸‡jvi wbqgZvwš¿K I cÖYvwje× we‡køl‡Yi Rb¨ GKwU mywbw`©ó c×wZ D™¢veb Ki‡Z D‡`¨vMx n‡qwQ‡jb| †P¤^vm© I UªvWwMj (Chambers & Trudgill 1998) e‡j‡Qb, Dcfvlv-f~‡Mvj M‡elYv‡ÿ‡Îi DcwiD³ cÖYvwjwfwËK M‡elYvKg© mvaviYfv‡e DcfvlvZË¡ bv‡g cwiwPZ| c‡i Aek¨ DcfvlvZ‡Ë¡i AvIZv I cwimi bvbvfv‡e e„w× †c‡q‡Q| 20.4 DcfvlvZË¡ PP©vi iKg‡di mg‡qi avivevwnKZvq DcfvlvZË¡ bvbv ZvwË¡K `„wó‡KvY †_‡K PwP©Z I cwVZ n‡q‡Q| fvlvweÁv‡bi cÖavb kvLvi gZ DcfvlvZ‡Ë¡I weKwkZ n‡q‡Q PP©v, cVb I M‡elYv m¤úwK©Z wewfbœ ai‡bi iKg‡di Ges †kÖwYKiY| G¸‡jv nj-

334 | mgKvjxb fvlvweÁvb 1. wd‡jvjwRK¨vj DcfvlvZË¡ 2. mvsMVwbK Dcfvlv ZË¡ 3. m„wókxj DcfvlvZË¡ 20.4.1 wd‡jvjwRK¨vj fvlvweÁvb Av‡MB D‡jøL Kiv n‡q‡Q, Dwbk kZ‡Ki wØZxqv‡a© Dcfvlv-f~‡Mvj PP©vq be¨e¨vKiYwe`‡`i M„nxZ ZË¡ cÖ‡qv‡Mi ga¨ w`‡q fvlvweÁv‡bi wd‡jvjwRK¨vj avivi mw¤§jb N‡U| myZivs GB ZvwË¡K `„wó‡KvY †_‡K DcfvlvZË¡ PP©v‡K wd‡jvjwRK¨vj DcfvlvZË¡ ejv nq| DcfvlvZ‡Ë¡i GB c‡e© be¨ e¨vKiYwe`‡`i gZ DcfvlvZvwË¡‡KivI GB aviYvq wek¦vmx wQ‡jb †h, GKwU fvlvi gZ DcfvlvqI aŸwb cwieZ©b cÖwµqv wbqwgZ Ges e¨wZµgnxb| cvkvcvwk Zvuiv GwUI cÖwZôv Ki‡Z †P‡qwQ‡jb †h, †Kvb GKwU wbw`©ó Dcfvlvq †h ai‡bi aŸwb cwieZ©b N‡U, H fvlvi Ab¨ Dcfvlv¸‡jv‡ZI GKB ai‡bi aŸwb cwieZ©b msNwUZ nq| wKš‘ wd‡jvjwR¨vj DcfvlvZvwË¡K‡`i GB aviYv me©Î mwZ¨ e‡j cÖgvwYZ nqwb| D`vniY¯^iƒc, Rvg©vb fvlves‡k D™¢~Z fvlvmg~‡n Awfbœ aŸwbZvwË¡K cwieZ©b jÿYxq bq| †Kbbv AvaywbK Rvg©vb fvlvq k‡ãi Avw`‡Z /U/ aŸwb /rm/ aŸwb‡Z cwiewZ©Z n‡jI Gi Ab¨ m`m¨, †hgbÑ Bs‡iwR‡Z Zv N‡Uwb| ZvQvov †fbKv‡ii Rvg©vb Dcfvlv Rwi‡ci djvdjI G ZË¡‡K cªwZwôZ K‡iwb| d‡j G cwiw¯’wZ‡Z Dcfvlvi aŸwb cwieZ©‡bi AšÍwbwn©Z m~Î D‡b¥vP‡bi Rb¨ DcfvlvZ‡Ë¡i M‡elYvq bZzb fvlvwPšÍvi ms‡hvM NwU‡q †h kvLvi weKvk NUv‡bv nq Zv‡K mvsMVwbK DcfvlvZË¡ ejv †h‡Z cv‡i| 20.4.2 mvsMVwbK DcfvlvZË¡ mvsMVwbK DcfvlvZË¡ Dcfvlv M‡elYvq mvsMVwbK fvlvweÁv‡bi ZË¡ I c×wZi cÖ‡qvM‡K m~wPZ K‡i| g~jZ Dcfvlv we‡køl‡Y wd‡jvjwRK¨vj DcfvlvZ‡Ë¡i Zvrch©c~Y© e¨_©Zvi Kvi‡YB G‡Z mvsMVwbK fvlvweÁv‡bi ZË¡ I c×wZ cª‡qv‡Mi m¤¢vebv •Zwi nq| G‡ÿ‡Î mvsMVwbK fvlvweÁv‡bi gZ mvsMVwbK DcfvlvZË¡I Dcfvlvi Dcv`vbmg~n‡K GKwU mskÖ‡qi Awbevh© Ask wn‡m‡e we‡ePbv K‡i| mvsMVwbK DcfvlvZ‡Ë¡i RbK n‡”Qb BDwi‡qj fvBbivBL (1926-1967) whwb 1954 mv‡j Word Rvb©v‡j Is a structural dialectology possible? wk‡ivbv‡g GKwU cÖeÜ cÖKvk K‡ib| GB cÖe‡Ü cÖ_‡gB wZwb wd‡jvjwRK¨vj Z_v cÖ_vMZ DcfvlvZ‡Ë¡i mxgve×Zv wb‡`©k K‡i e‡jb, GB kv¯¿wU GKwU fvlvi `ywU Dcfvlvi aŸwbi •ewkó¨ D‡b¥vP‡b G‡`i iƒcMZ Pvwi‡Î¨i AšÍwb©wnZ msMVb‡K D‡cÿv K‡i| GQvov cÖ_vMZ DcfvlvZË¡ `ywU wfbœ JcfvwlK f¨vivBwUi fvwlK Dcv`v‡bi Zzjbvi †ÿ‡Î H wm‡÷‡gi AšÍfy³ © •ewkó¨mg~‡ni mnRvZ m¤ú‡K©i Ici h‡_ó ¸iæZ¡v‡ivc K‡i bv| DwjøwLZ mxgve×Zv wbimbK‡í mvsMVwbK DcfvlvZË¡ Gi wKQz •ewkó¨ I PvwiΨ Zy‡j a‡ib| G¸‡jvi g‡a¨ D‡jøL‡hvM¨ n‡”Q, mvsMVwbK DcfvlvZ‡Ë¡i cÖavb DcRxe¨ n‡e AvswkK wgjhy³ wewfbœ Dcfvlvi GKvwaK iƒ‡ci •ecixZ¨hy³ mvsMVwbK Zvrch©mg~n we‡kølY Kiv| GQvov GwU `ywU Dcfvlvi mgKvjxb ev GKKvjxb aŸwbiƒcmn Ab¨vb¨ msMV‡bi cwieZ©b cÖwµqv‡KI AšÍfy³ © Ki‡e|

DcfvlvZË¡ | 335 mvsMVwbK DcfvlvZË¡ Dcfvlvi wewfbœ iƒ‡ci KvVv‡gv we‡kølY I eY©bvq wKQz cÖYvwj-c×wZ AbymiY K‡i| D`vniY¯^iƒc, 1. mvsMVwbK DcfvlvZË¡ Dcfvlvi wewfbœ iƒc msMÖ‡n gvV c×wZ AbymiY K‡i| 2. DcfvlvZvwË¡‡Kiv Dcfvlvg~‡ni Dcv`vb, we‡kl K‡i aŸwbMZ we‡kølY I M‡elYvq ïay LÐZvev`x aŸwb cÖwZeYx©Ki‡Y wbf©ikxj bv n‡q Gi †fZiMZ msMVb KvVv‡gvi Ici ¸iæZ¡v‡ivc K‡ib| 3. Guiv †Kvb Dcfvlvi KwíZ mgaŸwb †iLv (isophone) A¼‡bi †ÿ‡Î aŸwb¸‡jvi ci¯úi mv`„k¨ wePvi bv K‡i H iƒ‡ci AšÍM©Z aŸwb msMV‡bi Ici †Rvi w`‡q _v‡K| GKBmv‡_ Gi mgMwЇiLv ev mgiƒc‡iLv wbg©v‡Yi †ÿ‡ÎI Awfbœ bxwZ AbymiY Kiv nq| mvsMVwbK DcfvlvZ‡Ë¡ `ywU Dcfvlvi `ywU f¨vivBwUi AvswkK mv`„k¨RvZ Dcv`v‡bi AvcvZ cv_©‡K¨i msMVb we‡køl‡Y †h QKe× Kvh©aviv ev m~Î Dc¯’vcb Kiv nq Zv‡K wØixwZmskÖq (diasystem) e‡j| GwU g~jZ GKwU D”P¯Íixq mvsMVwbK c×wZ ev †K․kj †hwU ïay wewfbœ Dcfvlvi wewfbœ f¨vivBwU‡KB GKÎ K‡i bv eis G¸‡jvi g‡a¨Kvi AvšÍtm¤ú‡K©i ¯^iƒcI D‡b¥vwPZ K‡i| mvsMVwbK DcfvlvZvwË¡‡Kiv †Kvb fvlvi GKvwaK Dcfvlv f¨vivBwUi †h‡Kvb Dcv`v‡bi wØixwZmskÖq •Zwii cvkvcvwk Gi cÖwgZ iƒ‡ci aŸwbg~j ZvwjKvi wewfbœ ai‡bi wØaŸwbg~jI (diphoneme) •Zwi K‡ib| W¨vwb‡qj †RvÝ cÖ¯vÍ weZ wØaŸwbg~j n‡”Q †Kvb fvlvi aŸwbi cÖwgZ iƒ‡ci DcfvlvMZ •ewPΨ| D`vniY¯^iƒc, evsjv cÖwgZ /G/ aŸwbwU kvwãK cÖwZ‡ek Abyhvqx /G/ Ges /G¨v/ GB `yB iƒ‡cB D”PvwiZ nq| D`vniY¯^iƒc, GwU gqgbwmsn, XvKv, Kzwgjøvq cÖPwjZ Dcfvlvq wewfbœ k‡ãi cÖwZ‡e‡k g~jZ /G¨v/ iƒ‡cB D”PvwiZ nq| GB ev¯ÍeZv‡K g‡b †i‡L A‡š^lY Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i, evsjv fvlvi Ab¨ †Kvb Dcfvlvq GB aŸwbi AviI †Kvb wØaŸwbg~jMZ •ewPΨ Av‡Q wKbv| G ai‡bi ch©‡eÿYhy³ we‡kølY‡K †K›`ª K‡i mvsMVwbK DcfvlvZ‡Ë¡ †h bZzb DckvLv M‡o D‡V‡Q Zv‡K wØaŸwbZË¡ (diaphonology) ejv nq| 20.4.3 m„wókxj DcfvlvZË¡ DcfvlvZvwË¡K M‡elYvq aŸwbZvwË¡K we‡køl‡Y mvsMVwbK DcvfvlvZ‡Ë¡i wKQz mxgve×Zv cwijwÿZ nIqvi Kvi‡Y m„wókxj fvlvZ‡Ë¡i D™¢e N‡U †hwU g~jZ m„wókxj aŸwbZ‡Ë¡i ZË¡-cÖYvwj m¤ú‡K© aviYv cÖ`vb K‡i| G‡ÿ‡Î cÖ_‡gB mvsMVwbK DcfvlvZ‡Ë¡i mxgve×Zv ¯^iƒc Zz‡j aiv †h‡Z cv‡i| †Kvb fvlvi aŸwbZvwË¡K •ewPΨ mvaviYZ wZb †ÿ‡Î cwijwÿZ nq- 1. aŸwbg~j ZvwjKvq (phoneme inventory), 2. k‡ãi wewfbœ Ae¯’v‡b aŸwbi e›U‡b (phoneme distribution) I 3. k‡ã aŸwbi AvcZ‡b (phoneme incidence)| cÖ_gZ, GKwU fvlvi wbw`©ó aŸwbg~j †Kvb Dcfvlvq bvI cvIqv †h‡Z cv‡i, A_ev Ab¨ Dcfvlvq AwZwi³ aŸwbg~j `„wó‡MvPiI n‡Z cv‡i| Dcfvlvq aŸwbg~‡ji EbZv ev AwZwi³Zvi welqwU mn‡RB mvsMVwbK DcvfvlvZ‡Ë¡i wØixwZmskÖ‡qi gva¨‡g e¨vL¨v Kiv hvq| wKš‘ Avgiv Rvwb, fvlvi aŸwbg~j ZvwjKvi wewfbœ aŸwb k‡ã e¨env‡ii mgq aŸwbZvwË¡K cÖwZ‡ek †g‡b P‡j| G Kvi‡Y wewfbœ k‡ã GKB aŸwbi wfbœ D”PviY n‡q _v‡K| D`vniY¯^iƒc, /i&/ aŸwbwU Bs‡iwR fvlvq wewfbœ A‡j wfbœ wfbœ iK‡g D”PvwiZ nq| k‡ã /i&/ aŸwbi gZ e¨ÄbaŸwbi GB RwUj aŸwbZvwË¡K cwieZ©‡bi e¨vcviwU

336 | mgKvjxb fvlvweÁvb mvsMVwbK DcfvlvZ‡Ë¡i wØixwZmskª‡qi gva¨‡g e¨vL¨v Kiv mnR bq| Avevi KLbI KLbI †Kvb Dcfvlvi wKQz aŸwbi Aw¯ÍZ¡ H fvlvi aŸwbg~j ZvwjKvi Øviv e¨vL¨v‡hvM¨ n‡jI G¸‡jvi Ae¯’vb I cwieZ©b cÖwµqv GZ AvKw¯§K I Abb¨mvaiY †h, Gi cwieZ©‡bi cÖK…wZ ev mvsMVwbK we‡køl‡Yi ¯^iƒc wØixwZmskª‡qi gva¨‡g m¤¢eci nq bv| G mg¯Í Kvi‡Y fvlvZ_v Dcfvlvi aŸwbi AšÍwb©wnZ cwieZ©b we‡køl‡Yi ZvwM‡` m„wókxj DcfvlvZ‡Ë¡i hvÎv ïiæ nq| GB m„wókxj DcfvlvZ‡Ë¡i cÖavb `ywU bxwZgvjv i‡q‡Q| G¸‡jv njK. fvlv ev Dcfvlvi aŸwbi GKwU AšÍwb©wnZ gvbwmK iƒc i‡q‡Q hv‡Z fvlvi kvwãK cÖKiY¸‡jv ms¸ß _v‡K| Ges L. aŸwbi wewfbœ aŸwbZvwË¡K wbqg-c×wZ Gi AšÍwb©wnZ iƒc‡K f~wg¯Í‡i wb‡q Av‡m hv cÖKvivšÍ‡i fvlx‡K †mme aŸwb D”Pvi‡Y mnvqZv K‡i| DwjøwLZ bxwZgvjvi Ici wfwË K‡i cÖwZwôZ m„wókxj DcfvlvZË¡ G aviYv e¨³ K‡i †h, †Kvb fvlvi wewfbœ Dcfvlv f¨vivBwUi GKwU AšÍwb©wnZ msMVb i‡q‡Q| GwU fvlvwUi mg¯Í Dcfvlvi ewnt¯Í‡ii 1) aŸwbZvwË¡K wbqg, 2) wewfbœ cÖwZ‡ek, Ges 3) wewfbœ mvgwRK µgaviv hvi mvnv‡h¨ aŸwbZvwË¡K wbqg¸‡jv cÖfvweZ nq †m¸‡jv‡K e¨vL¨v I eY©bv K‡i _v‡K| wb‡P evsjv fvlv †_‡K GKwU aŸwbZvwË¡K D`vniY mn‡hv‡M m„wókxj DcfvlvZ‡Ë¡i GB welqwU e¨vL¨v Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| cÖwgZ evsjvi kvwãK K¨vUvMwi ÔNiÕ wK‡kviM‡Äi Dcfvlvq ewnt¯Í‡ii cÖwZ‡ekMZ k‡Z©i cÖfv‡e Gi Af¨šÍ‡i GK ai‡bi aŸwbMZ cwieZ©‡bi ga¨ w`‡q ÔMiÕ G cwiYZ nq (Avwid 2011)| G m¤ú‡K© †gvi‡k` (Morshed 1985) e‡jb, cÖwgZ evsjvq cvc c¨vUv‡b©i Rv¼Pvinxb GKvÿwiK k‡ãi ga¨eZx© ¯^i, hvi Avw` I AšÍ¨ Ae¯’v‡b e¨ÄbaŸwb _v‡K, `xN© nq| cÖwgZ evsjvi G ai‡bi kã Avevi ¯^ícÖvYxKi‡Yi gva¨‡g wK‡kviMÄ Dcfvlvi cÖwZwbwaZ¡Kvix kvwãK Dcv`v‡b cwiYZ nq hv m„wókxj DcfvlvZ‡Ë¡ wb‡Pi web¨v‡m mn‡RB cÖKvk Kiv hvq|

wPÎ 20.3 m„wókxj ixwZwfwËK evsjv Dcfvlvi aŸwb cwieZ©b (Drm: Avwid 2011)

20.5 evsjv Dcfvlv PP©vi avivevwnKZv evsjv fvlvq Dcfvlv PP©v I M‡elYvi eqm cÖvq 275 eQi| eq‡mi `„wó‡KvY †_‡K †`L‡j GwU evsjv fvlv welqK M‡elYviI mgmvgwqK| Bmjvg e‡jb, gv‡bvGj `¨ Avmmy¤úmvI 1743 mv‡j †fvKveyjvwiI Gg

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338 | mgKvjxb fvlvweÁvb PÆMÖvgx evsjvi wewfbœ Dcv`v‡bi eY©bvg~jK iƒc Dc¯’vcb Kiv| †mB Abymv‡i, wZwb GB MÖ‡š’ PÆMÖvgx evsjvi 4wU •ewkó¨c~Y© ixwZi K_v D‡jøL K‡i‡Qb| G¸‡jv nj- 1. D”PviY •ewkó¨, 2. kãv_©-‣ewkó¨, 3. kãveqe-ms‡ÿc-c×wZ I 4. kã-†hvRb ixwZ| †jL‡Ki eY©bv Abyhvqx PÆMÖvgx evsjv n‡”Q evsjv fvlvi ÔmU©-gvD_&Õ| KviY PÆMÖvgevmxi GB D”PviY `ªæZZvi Kvi‡YB GB Dcfvlvi kã-Aeqe Avcbv †_‡KB m¼zwPZ n‡q hvq| GB MÖ‡š’ wZwb PÆMÖvgx evsjv‡K mvay M`¨ ev cÖwgZ iƒ‡ci mv‡_ Zzjbv K‡i †evaMg¨Zvi `„wó‡KvY †_‡K evsjv fvlvi `~ieZx© m`m¨ wn‡m‡e MY¨ Kivi cÖqvm †c‡q‡Qb| gyn¤§` Gbvgyj n‡Ki cÖfv‡e wkecÖmbœ jvwnox wm‡jwU fvlvZ‡Ë¡i f~wgKv (1368) iPbv K‡ib hv MÖ‡š’i f~wgKvs‡kI cÖwZdwjZ n‡q‡Q| wZwb G‡Z Gbvgyj n‡Ki cÖfv‡e wm‡jwU evsjvi aŸwb cwieZ©b, e‡Y©v”PviY, c` eY©bv, avZz I wefw³ we‡kølY BZ¨vw` eY©bv K‡i‡Qb| cvkvcvwk GB MÖ‡š’ †jLK wm‡jwU bvMwi wjwci weeZ©b cÖwµqv‡KI wjwce× K‡i‡Qb| evsjv Dcfvlv PP©vi BwZnv‡m gyn¤§` knx`yjøvn m¤úvw`Z c~e© cvwK¯Ívbx AvÂwjK fvlvi Awfavb (1965) bvbv Kvi‡Y ¸iæZ¡c~Y©| Aek¨ GB AwfavbwUB evsjv‡`k ¯^vaxb nIqvi ci evsjv‡`‡ki AvÂwjK Awfavb bv‡g cwiwPZ nq| 1958 mv‡j XvKvi evsjv GKv‡Wwg KZ©„K Pvjy nIqv JcfvwlK kã msMÖ‡ni GB cÖK‡í †fbKvi I wMÖqvimb Abym„Z c×wZ Aej¤^‡b c~e© cvwK¯Ív‡bi wewfbœ A‡ji wkÿK‡`i‡K wPwV cÖ`vb K‡i wewfbœ K¨vUvMwii AvÂwjK kã cvVv‡bvi Aby‡iva Kiv nq| Gfv‡e wewfbœ AÂj †_‡K †gvU 1,66,246wU kã msM„nxZ nq| wKš‘ GB kã¸wj‡Z bvbviKg Am½wZ aiv c‡o| cÖ_gZ, k‡ãi A_© I evbv‡b wgj wQj bv| Avevi G¸‡jvi g‡a¨ A‡bK k‡ãi h_vh_ D”PviYI †jLv wQj bv| d‡j m¤úv`K gyn¤§` knx`yjøvn msMÖvnK I wewfbœ †Rjvi Awaevmxi g‡a¨ Av‡jvPbv-ch©v‡jvPbv K‡i P~ovšÍfv‡e 75,000wU kãfzw³ cÖKv‡ki Rb¨ wba©viY K‡ib| GB Awfavb cÖKv‡ki ci Dfq evsjv‡Z e¨vcK RbwcÖqZv AR©b K‡i| we‡kl K‡i, mybxwZKzgvi, †Mvcvj nvj`vi cÖgyL fvlvZvwË¡KI Gi f~qmx cÖksmv K‡ib| knx`yjøvn m¤úvw`Z c~e© cvwK¯Ív‡bi AvÂwjK fvlvi Awfavb Gi e¨vcK RbwcÖqZvi ci KwjKvZv wek^we`¨vjq 1977 mv‡j myKzgvi †mb‡K Dc‡`óv Ges AwmZKzgvi e‡›`¨vcva¨vq‡K m¤úv`K K‡i cwðg evsjvi evsjv Dcfvlvmg~‡ni kãwfwËK ÔAvÂwjK evsjv fvlvi AwfavbÕ cÖKí MÖnY K‡i| GB cÖK‡í kã msMÖ‡ni Rb¨ 15Rb M‡elK wb‡qvM Kiv nq hviv gvV-c×wZ Aej¤^‡b wewfbœ GjvKv m‡iRwgb cwi`k©b K‡i kã msMÖn K‡i| G‡ÿ‡Î Zvuiv Dcfvlx‡`i KvQ †_‡K kã †iKW© K‡ib Ges c‡i †iKW©K…Z kã kÖeYc~e©K cÖ‡Z¨K k‡ãi IPA wba©viY K‡ib| Gfv‡e AvaywbK fvlv‣eÁvwbK c×wZ Aej¤^b K‡i cÖvq wZb jÿ kã msMÖn Kiv nq hvi cÖ_g LÐ 1991 mv‡j cÖKvwkZ nq| Aveyj Kvjvg gbRyi †gvi‡k` Zvui A study of standard Bengali and Noakhali Dialect (1985) MÖ‡š’ Pgw¯‥ I nvwj (Chomsky & Halle 1968) cÖewZ©Z c×wZ Abymi‡Y cÖwgZ evsjv Ges †bvqvLvwj Dcfvlvi aŸwbZvwË¡K, iƒcMZ Ges evK¨ZvwË¡K eY©bv cÖ`vb K‡ib| GB MÖ‡š’ †gvi‡k` GB `yB fvlvixwZi •ecixZ¨ we‡kølY (contrastive analysis) c×wZi Av‡jv‡K GB wZbwU fvwlK Dcv`v‡bi AšÍwb©wnZ e¨vL¨v I m~Îvw` wbg©vY K‡ib| G w`K †_‡K we‡ePbv Ki‡j evsjv Dcvfvlvi e¨vL¨v I we‡køl‡Y m„wókxj e¨vKiY c×wZi cÖ‡qv‡Mi cÖ_g cª‡Póv GwU|

DcfvlvZË¡ | 339 evsjv fvlvq DcfvlvwelqK ZvwË¡K MÖ‡š’i Afve wQj eiveiB| gwbiæ¾vgv‡bi Dcfvlv PP©vi f~wgKv (1994) †m Afve A‡bKUvB c~iY K‡i w`‡q‡Q| GB Mªš’wU g~jZ Zvui wcGBPwW M‡elYv Dcj‡ÿ msM„nxZ Dcv‡Ëi wfwˇZ iwPZ DcfvlvwelqK ZvwË¡K we‡kølY| GB MÖ‡š’ †jLK evsjv DcfvlvPP©vi we¯Í…Z eY©bv cÖ`v‡bi cvkvcvwk DcfvlvZ‡Ë¡i AvaywbK ZvwË¡K aviYv, †hgb- fvlv Abe‡”Q`, `ywU fvlvi cÖvwšÍK cwiw¯’wZ BZ¨vw` Ges evsjv Dcfvlvmg~‡ni cÖavb cÖeYZvmg~n, h_v- AwcwbwnwZi we¯Í…Z eY©bv Dc¯’vc‡b gywÝqvbv †`wL‡q‡Qb| me©‡kl, XvKv¯’ GwkqvwUK †mvmvBwU KZ©„K 2004 mv‡j M„nxZ Ôevsjv‡`‡ki ms¯‥…wZ mgxÿvÕ kxl©K GKwU cÖK‡íi Aax‡b ¯^vaxb evsjv‡`‡ki 16wU cÖv³b †Rjvi wewfbœ Dcfvlvi DcvË gvV-M‡elYv c×wZ‡Z msMÖn Kiv nq| Gme Dcv‡Ëi eY©bv I we‡kølYc~e©K Aveyj Kvjvg gbRyi †gvi‡k‡`i m¤úv`bvq evsjv‡`‡ki mvs¯‹…wZK mgxÿvgvjv-6 wk‡ivbv‡g Ôfvlv I mvwnZ¨Õ L‡Ð 2007 mv‡j cÖKvwkZ nq| GB MÖ‡š’ evsjv‡`‡ki wewfbœ Dcfvlvi DcvË we‡køl‡Y eY©bvg~jK cwifvlv, h_v- aŸwbg~j, iƒcg~j, evK¨ msMVb BZ¨vw` e¨envi Kiv n‡jI Gi we‡kølY c×wZ A‡bKUvB cÖ_vMZ e¨vKi‡Yi| Avevi DcfvlvZ‡Ë¡i `„wó‡KvY †_‡K †`L‡j `ywU Dcvfvlvi cÖvšÍeZx© A‡j ci¯ú‡ii cÖfv‡e †h RwUj aŸwbMZ Ges iƒcMZ cwieZ©‡bi Øviv wewfbœ mgaŸwb‡iLv, mgiƒc‡iLv ev mgkã‡iLv M‡o D‡V‡Q Zvi †Kvb we‡kølY G‡Z †bB| Z‡e G‡Z evsjv‡`‡ki wewfbœ Dcfvlvi †h wekvj DcvË wjwce× n‡q‡Q †m¸‡jv evsjv Dcvfvlvi weÁvbwfwËK we‡køl‡Yi Rb¨ wbf©i‡hvM¨ Drm wn‡m‡e e¨eüZ n‡Z cv‡i|

340 | mgKvjxb fvlvweÁvb

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 K. wjLb c×wZi msÁv I •ewkó¨  L. wjwci aib I cÖKvi‡f`  M. wjLb c×wZi D™¢e I weKvk  N. wjLb I cV‡bi cvi¯úwiK m¤úK©  O. evsjv wjLbixwZi ch©v‡jvPbv

gvbyl †h fvwlK iƒ‡ci mvnv‡h¨ Zv‡`i •`bw›`b fve cÖKvk K‡i Zvi cÖavb iƒcwU n‡”Q †g․wLK iƒc| fvlvi †g․wLK iƒc‡K cÖavb iƒc ejvi KviY n‡”Q, gvby‡li fve cÖKv‡ki Rb¨ GB iƒcwUB cÖ_g weKvk jvf K‡i hvi Ici wfwË K‡iB cieZx©‡Z wewfbœ wjwci D™¢e N‡U‡Q| wjwLZ iƒc Av‡Q Ggb me fvlvi †ÿ‡ÎB GwU cÖ‡hvR¨| Z‡e eZ©gv‡b mviv we‡k^ cÖPwjZ mvZ nvRv‡ii AwaK fvlvi g‡a¨ ïay GK-PZz_©vs‡ki wjwLZ iƒc we`¨gvb| c„w_exi wewfbœ cÖv‡šÍB fvlvi †g․wLK iƒ‡ci ¯’vwq‡Z¡i Rb¨B g~jZ wjLbiƒc ev wjwci Rb¥ n‡q‡Q| wKš‘ wjwchy³ me fvlvi wjLbiƒc GKB KvVv‡gv Ges •ewkó¨avix bq| Kv‡ji weeZ©‡b wewfbœ fvlv wfbœ wfbœ wjwc-•ewkó¨ I KvVv‡gv‡K AvZ¥¯’ K‡i wb‡q‡Q| fvlvi GB wjLbiƒc m„wói †ÿ‡Î gvby‡li †evaMZ `ÿZv †hgb KvR K‡i‡Q, †Zgwb mvs¯‥…wZK wfbœZvI G‡Z Zrci †_‡K‡Q| Z‡e wewfbœ wjLbiƒ‡c hZB mvs¯‥…wZK Ges ÁvbMZ cv_©K¨B _vK bv †Kb, mg„× fvlvmg~‡ni †g․wLK iƒc‡K ¯’vqx iƒc †`Iqvi Rb¨ †h wjLbiƒc e¨envi Kiv nq Zv‡K †K›`ª K‡iB M‡o D‡V‡Q wjLb c×wZ (writing system)| fvlvi GB wjLb c×wZ wel‡q we¯ÍvwiZ Av‡jvPbvi c~‡e© wb‡Pi ch©‡eÿY¸‡jv we‡ePbv Kiv hvK|

342 | mgKvjxb fvlvweÁvb 1) evsjv‡`‡k cÖPwjZ fvlvmg~‡ni g‡a¨ evsjvi wjLbiƒc ev wjwc _vK‡jI eg fvlxiv Zv‡`i D”PvwiZ K_b ev †g․wLK ixwZ‡K ¯’vqx iƒc †`Iqvi Rb¨ †Kvb wjLvi †K․kj wk‡Lwb| 2) evOvwjiv Zv‡`i fvlv‡K †hfv‡e wj‡L _v‡K, Bs‡iRiv G‡ÿ‡Î wfbœ iƒc I c×wZ AbymiY K‡i _v‡K| 3) ZzwK© fvlv †jLvi Rb¨ GK mgq †m‡gwUK wjwc‡K e¨envi Ki‡jI eZ©gv‡b G Kv‡R Zviv †ivgvb wjwc‡K Aej¤^b K‡i| 4) †h e¨w³ wjL‡Z I co‡Z Rv‡b bv, Zvi Kv‡Q wb‡Ri fvlvi wjLbiƒc wKQz A_©nxb `„k¨gvb wPý Qvov Avi wKQzB bq| Ic‡ii 1g ch©‡eÿY †_‡K eySv hvq, c„w_exi me fvlviB †g․wLK iƒc‡K ¯’vqx Kivi Rb¨ wjLbiƒ‡ci weKvk N‡Uwb| wjLbiƒc Ges wjwc g~jZ GKwU fvwlK‡Mvwôi DbœZ mvs¯‥…wZK I eyw×e„wËK PP©vi •ewkó¨‡KB cÖwZdwjZ K‡i| A_v©r †h fvwlK‡Mvwô DbœZ mvs¯‥…wZK, mvwnwZ¨K Ges eyw×e„wËK PP©v‡K aviY K‡i‡Q ZvivB Zv‡`i fvlvi Rb¨ wjwci weKvk NwU‡q‡Q| 2q ch©‡eÿY †_‡K Dcjwä Kiv hvq, c„w_ex‡Z e¨eüZ me fvlvi wjLbiƒc I KvVv‡gv GK I Awfbœ bq| eis G‡ÿ‡Î mswkøó A‡ji DbœZ fvlvwUi wjLb c×wZi KvVv‡gv I •ewkó¨B GKwU fvlvi wjwc wba©vi‡Y cÖfveK wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i‡Q| 3q ch©‡eÿY †_‡K G aviYv jvf Kiv hvq †h, mg‡qi cÖ‡qvR‡b ivR‣bwZK, cÖv‡qvwMK Ges A_©‣bwZK Pvc I ev¯ÍeZvi wbwi‡L GKwU fvlv Zvi wjLb iƒc‡K cwieZ©b K‡i wfbœ Av‡iKwU wjLbiƒc‡K wbe©vPb Ki‡Z cv‡i| G †_‡K Av‡iKwU mZ¨ D‡b¥vwPZ nq, fvlv I Zvi wjLbiƒc GK bq, eis `ywU wfbœ ÁvbMZ Dcv`vb hv A‡bKUv hyw³ QvovB ci¯ú‡ii cÖwZiƒc n‡q `vuwo‡q‡Q| A_v©r evsjv fvlvi ¯’vqx iƒc`v‡bi Rb¨ evsjv wjwc †Kb e¨eüZ n‡”Q Zvi †Kvb †h․w³K KviY †bB| G‡ÿ‡Î Ab¨ wjwci e¨envi n‡jI AevK nIqvi wKQzB _vKZ bv| 4_© ch©‡eÿY †_‡K Rvbv hvq, wjLbiƒc gvby‡li GKwU cÖvMÖmi †evaMZ •ewkó¨ hv Zvi gw¯Í®‥‡K A‡bK †ewk Kvh©Ki I †P․Km Ki‡Z mnvqZv K‡i‡Q| Ab¨w`‡K, AÿiÁvbnxb e¨w³i fvwlK cÖwµqv A‡bK †ewk mij I mnR hvi d‡j †m wjLbiƒc‡K Zvi AaxZ ÁvbMZ iƒc w`‡q e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z mg_© bq| D³ ch©‡eÿY¸‡jvB cÖavbZ wjLb c×wZi Av‡jvP¨welq wn‡m‡e ¯^xK…Z| G¸‡jvi mv‡_ m½wZ †i‡L GB Aa¨v‡q wb‡Pi welq¸‡jvi we¯ÍvwiZ Av‡jvKcvZ Kiv n‡q‡Q| 1. wjLb I wjLb c×wZ: aviYv I •ewkó¨ 2. fvlv I wjwc: cvi¯úwiK m¤úK© 3. wjwci aib I cÖKvi‡f` 4. wjwci D™¢e I weKvk 5. cVb I wjL‡bi m¤úK© 6. evsjv evbvbZ‡Ë¡i •ewkó¨

wjLb c×wZ | 343 21.1 wjLb I wjLb c×wZ: aviYv I ˆewkó¨ GB Aa¨v‡q Bs‡iwR writing Gi evsjv cwifvlv wn‡m‡e ÔwjLbÕ AwfavwU MÖnY Kiv n‡q‡Q| †m wn‡m‡e writing system -Gi evsjviƒc wn‡m‡e ÔwjLb c×wZÕ cwifvlvwU G‡Z e¨eüZ n‡q‡Q| wjLb c×wZi msÁv I •ewkó¨ Av‡jvPbvi c~‡e© ÔwjLbÕ-Gi GKwU hyZmB msÁv wba©viY Kiv Riæwi| wjLb n‡”Q GKwU fvlvi †g․wLK iƒ‡ci wPÎMZ cÖKvk| G cÖm‡½ wj (Li 2020: 6) e‡jb, Ôwritingis defined as graphic representation of language in a specific and systematic manner’| GB D×…wZ‡Z wj wjL‡bi msÁv wba©viY Ki‡Z wM‡q wjLb‡K AbymiY‡hvM¨ GKwU ixwZi AšÍfy³ © Kivi cÖqvm †c‡q‡Qb hv A‡bKUvB wjLb c×wZi Av‡jvPbvfz³ nq| †Kbbv wjLb c×wZ n‡”Q GKwU wbw`©ó fvlvi wPÎMZ cÖKvk c×wZ ev e¨e¯’v hv mswkøó fvlvi ¯’vqx iƒc`v‡bi †ÿ‡Î cÖ`Ë cÖZxKmg~‡ni wbqg I †K․kj‡K wba©viY K‡i †`q| GKwU wPýe¨e¯’v wn‡m‡e wjLb c×wZ‡K fvlvi mg‡MvÎxq fvev nq| KviY fvlvi Abyiƒc wjLb c×wZi GKwU †fZiMZ wbqg i‡q‡Q hv fvlvwUi wjwc‡K Kvh©Ki Kiv msµvšÍ ixwZ I †K․k‡ji kv¯¿MZ e¨vL¨v I we‡kølY K‡i _v‡K| cÖK…Z c‡ÿ wjLb n‡”Q GKwU aviYv hvi cÖZxKMZ iƒc n‡”Q wjwc Ges †mB wjwc‡K msÁvcb gva¨g wn‡m‡e cwiYZ Kivi Rb¨ †h AšÍw©bwnZ wbqg I †K․kj‡K Aej¤^b Kiv nq Zv‡K wjLb c×wZ ejv nq| †mB `„wó‡KvY †_‡K wePvi Ki‡j KLbI KLbI wjLb, wjLb c×wZ, wjwc BZ¨vw`‡K Awfbœ g‡b Kiv nq| Ic‡i DwjøwLZ msÁvi Av‡jv‡K wjLb c×wZi wb‡Pi •ewk󨸇jv wjwce× Kiv hvq| K. wjLb c×wZ GKwU fvlvi †g․wLKixwZi ¯’vqxiƒc cÖ`vbKvix wKQz cÖZx‡Ki mgwói~‡ci AšÍM©Z wbqg I †K․kjwelqK Aa¨qb| L. wjLb c×wZ‡Z cÖPwjZ wbqg I †K․kj¸‡jv Gi fvlxiv AvbykvmwbK ixwZ iƒ‡c †g‡b P‡j| L. †Kvb fvlvi wjLb c×wZ weKv‡ki †ÿ‡Î mswkøó fvlxi mvs¯‥…wZK, eyw×e„wËK, mvwnwZ¨K Ges A_©‣bwZK AMÖmiZv PvwjKvkw³ wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i‡Q| M. wjLb c×wZi D™¢‡ei Øviv gvby‡li ÁvbMZmËv AviI †ewk †P․Km I cvi`wk©Zv jvf K‡i‡Q| 21.1.1 wjLb c×wZi Dcv`vb cÖ‡Z¨K fvlvi wjLb c×wZi †ek wKQz Acwinvh© Dcv`vb _v‡K hv‡`i mw¤§wjZ cÖqv‡m GwU Kvh©Ki n‡q I‡V| GB Dcv`vb¸‡jv n‡”Q1. wjwc wjwc n‡”Q GKwU wjLb c×wZ‡Z e¨eüZ GK¸”Q cÖZxK ev †g․wjK wPý hv fvlvwUi wjLbK‡g© e¨eüZ nq| wjwci cÖ‡Z¨KwU cÖZxK‡K Avjv`vfv‡e wPý ejv nq| D`vniY¯^iƒc, evsjv wjLbixwZ‡Z e¨eüZ ÔAÕ †_‡K ÔnÕ ch©šÍ wPýmg~n‡K GK‡Î wjwc ejv †h‡Z cv‡i|

344 | mgKvjxb fvlvweÁvb 2. evbvbZË¡ evbvbZË¡ GKwU wjLb c×wZi HwZn¨MZ wKQz m~‡Îi mgwó hv AbymiY K‡i fvlxiv wjwc‡K kvwãK ev evwK¨Kfv‡e mgwš^Z •iwLK AvKvi w`‡q _v‡K Ges fvlxi Kv‡Q Zv A_©c~Y| D`vniY¯^iƒcÑ Aviwe, evsjv, Bs‡iwR, Rvg©vb BZ¨vw` fvlvi wjwc w`‡q hLb kãiƒc ev evwK¨K KvVv‡gv •Zwi Kiv nq ZLb GB wPý¸‡jv e¨env‡ii †ÿ‡Î wKQz wbqg ev Abykvmb gvb‡Z nq| Bs‡iwR fvlvi cwi‡cÖwÿ‡Z GwU Avbf~wgKfv‡e evg †_‡K Wvb w`‡K wb‡`©kbv AbymiY K‡i wjL‡Z nq, †hLv‡b Aviwe wjL‡Z nq Wvb †_‡K evg w`K Abymi‡Y| Avevi Dfq fvlv‡ZB ev‡K¨ wbw`©ó dvuK w`‡q `ywU k‡ãi ¯^vZš¿¨ wba©vwiZ nq| Bs‡iwR fvlvq †Kvb evK¨ wjL‡Z wM‡q cÖ_g k‡ãi cÖ_g eY©wU memgq eo nv‡Zi n‡q _v‡K, BZ¨vw`| 3. hwZwPý GKwU wjLb c×wZi AšÍM©Z evK¨‡K A_©c~Y© K‡i †Zvjvi Rb¨ Gi gv‡S ev †k‡l †hme cÖZxKmg~n e‡m Zv‡K hwZwPý e‡j| GB hwZwPý¸‡jv A-aŸwbg~wjK wPý nIqvi Kvi‡Y Giv wjwci AšÍfy³ © bq| wKš‘ G¸‡jv wjLbixwZi Acwinvh© Ask †h‡nZz Giv wjLbiƒ‡ci A_©‡eva •Zwii †ÿ‡Î ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv iv‡L| 4. msL¨vwPý msL¨vwPý wjLb c×wZi ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Dcv`vb| †Kbbv msL¨vwPý w`‡q msL¨vi aviYv cÖKvk K‡i _v‡K| wjwci cÖK…wZ I •ewk‡ó¨i w`K †_‡K GB msL¨wPý¸‡jv j‡MvMÖvg| KviY GKwU msL¨wPý GKwU c~Y© iƒcg~j‡K wb‡`©k K‡i| D`vniY¯^iƒc, Ô1Õ msL¨vwPý w`‡q evsjv ÔGKÕ A_©‡K wb‡`©k K‡i _v‡K| 5. GKwU †gŠwLK fvwlK iƒc wjLb c×wZ GKwU cÖZxKx †hvMv‡hvM e¨e¯’v| Z‡e GB c×wZi D™¢‡ei †cQ‡b memgq fvlvi †g․wLK ixwZ cÖfveK wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i‡Q| †h‡nZz fvlxi Kv‡Q fvlvi †g․wLKixwZi ¯’vqxiƒc cª`v‡bi ZvwM` Abyf~Z n‡q‡Q, †m‡nZz DbœZ I mg„× fvwlK ms¯‥…wZ‡Z wjLb c×wZi D™¢e I weKvk N‡U‡Q| wKš‘ Ab¨vb¨ cÖZxKx msÁvcb e¨e¯’v, h_v- A¼b, wPÎwkí, gvbwPÎ BZ¨vw`i D™¢‡ei †cQ‡b fvlvi †g․wLKixwZ c~e©kZ© iƒ‡c KvR K‡iwb| 21.2 fvlv I wjwc: cvi¯úwiK m¤úK© cÖ_‡gB e‡j †bIqv fvj, ÔfvlvÕ ej‡Z GLv‡b GKwU wbw`©ó fvlve¨e¯’vi †g․wLK iƒc‡K wb‡`©k Kiv n‡”Q †hwU g~jZ mswkøó fvwlK‡Mvwôi fv‡ei Av`vb-cÖ`v‡b GKwU wPýc×wZ wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i| KviY fvlvweÁv‡bi AvaywbK `„wófw½‡Z ÔfvlvÕ ej‡Z fvlvi †g․wLK cÖKvkfw½‡KB eySv‡bv n‡q _v‡K| †g․wLK iƒc wb‡RB GKwU wPýc×wZ KviY Gi mvnv‡h¨ g‡bi fve cÖKv‡ki Rb¨ †hgb wKQz k‡ãi cÖ‡qvRb nq, †Zgwb GB kãmg~n w`‡q evK¨ •Zwii Rb¨ wbw`©ó e¨vKiwYK wbqgbxwZI gvb‡Z nq| GB e¨vKiwYK wbqgKvbyb Ges kãmg~n wkï Zvi R‡b¥i ci cwicvk^© †_‡KB AvqË K‡i †bq| Ab¨w`‡K, wjwc (script)

wjLb c×wZ | 345 n‡”Q H fvlvi wjLb c×wZ‡Z e¨eüZ wKQz cÖZxKwP‡ýi mgwó hv fvlvwU‡K GKwU ¯’vqx iƒc w`‡Z Kvh©Ki f~wgKv cvjb K‡i| 21.2.1 fvlv gyL¨ Ges wjwc †MŠY Ic‡ii msÁv Abymv‡i fvlv ev †g․wLK ic‡K †hLv‡b GKwU fvlve¨e¯’vi gyL¨ Dcv`vb wn‡m‡e we‡ePbv Kiv nq, †mLv‡b wjwc‡K Gi †M․Y iƒc wn‡m‡e ¯^xK…wZ †`Iqv nq| GB wel‡q hyw³ Dc¯’vcb Ki‡Z wM‡q wj (Li 2020: 9) †h PviwU •ewk‡ó¨i K_v e‡j‡Qb Zv GLv‡b Dc¯’vcb Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| K. †g․wLK iƒc †hLv‡b cÖK…wZMZ fv‡e weKwkZ n‡q‡Q, wjwLZiƒc †mLv‡b A‡bKUvB gvby‡li GK ai‡bi mvs¯‥…wZK D™¢veb| fvlvi †g․wLK iƒc Rb¥MZ †Kbbv GwU gvbemËvi GKwU Acwinvh© kZ©| Ab¨w`‡K, wjwc n‡”Q gvby‡li mf¨Zvi weKv‡ki mv‡_ mv‡_ •Zwi nIqv GKwU mvs¯‥…wZK Dcv`vb| gvbemf¨Zvi cyivZvwË¡K wb`k‡©bi wfwˇZ ejv hvq, gvby‡li wjwc Avwe®‥v‡ii eqm gvÎ 5000 eQi n‡jI †g․wLK iƒ‡ci D™¢e N‡U‡Q 2,00000 †_‡K 60,000 eQi Av‡M (Berwick & Chomsky 2016)| L. gvZ…fvlv wn‡m‡e e¨eüZ c„w_exi me fvlvi †g․wLK iƒc _vK‡jI, cÖ‡Z¨KwUiB wjwc ev wjLbiƒc †bB| welqwU‡K Ab¨fv‡e ej‡Z †M‡j me fvlvi wjLbiƒc GLbI M‡o I‡Vwb| M. †g․wLK iƒ‡ci Abb¨Zv GB †h, R‡b¥i ci ¯^vfvweKfv‡e †e‡o IVvi gva¨‡gB cÖwZwU ¯^vfvweK gvbewkï gvZ…fvlvi †g․wLK iƒ‡c `ÿ n‡q I‡V| wKš‘ wjwc ev wjLbiƒ‡c `ÿZv jv‡fi Rb¨ Zv‡K AvbyôvwbK wkÿvMÖn‡Yi gva¨‡g AR©b K‡i wb‡Z nq| N.

c„w_exi cªwZwU gvZ…fvlv‡KB †Kvb bv †Kvb wjwc w`‡q ¯’vqx iƒc cÖ`vb Kiv hvq| Ab¨w`‡K, wjwc ev wjLbiƒc‡K K…wÎgfv‡e m„wó Kivi ciB Zv‡K fvlvi wjc¨šÍ‡ii Kv‡Ri Dc‡hvMx K‡i †Zvjv hvq|

21.2.2 fvlv I wjwc: KvKZvjxq m¤úK© gvby‡li fvwlK BwZnv‡mi w`‡K `„wó w`‡j eySv hvq, fvlv weKv‡ki cÖv_wgK hy‡M †g․wLK iƒcB GKwU fvwlK‡Mvwôi •`bw›`b fve cÖKv‡ki Rb¨ h‡_ó wQj| wKš‘ GB †g․wLK iƒc‡K ¯’vwqZ¡ cÖ`v‡bi Rb¨ hLb gvbyl wKQz cÖZxKx wPý cÖeZ©b Kij, ZLb †_‡K wjwc ev GB cÖZxK wPý¸‡jvI fvlvPP©v I weKv‡ki avivq A½xf~Z nq| †mB `„wó‡KvY †_‡K ejv hvq, wjwc GKwU Rxeš‘ fvlvi Rb¨ Acwinvh© †Kvb Dcv`vb bq| wjwci mv‡_ fvlvi ms‡hvM ev GKwU wbw`©ó wjwc w`‡q fvlv‡K wjwce× Kivi welqwU wbZvšÍB KvKZvjxq (Dobrovolsky & O’Grady 1996)| D`vniY¯^iƒc, evsjv fvlv wjwLZ n‡q _v‡K evsjv wjwc w`‡q, ev Bs‡iwR fvlv †ivgvb wjwc w`‡q| wKš‘ HwZnvwmK I ivR‣bwZK ev¯ÍeZv wfbœ n‡j GB fvlv¸‡jv Ab¨ wjwc w`‡qI †jLvi HwZn¨ M‡o DV‡Z cviZ| GKBfv‡e ejv hvq, eZ©gv‡b evsjv wjwc w`‡q Amwgqv, gwbcyix, Mv‡iv, KKeiK BZ¨vw` fvlv †jLv nIqvi welqwUI †f․‡MvwjK, ivR‣bwZK I HwZnvwmK ev¯ÍeZvi dmj| GB fvlv¸‡jv hw` GB A‡j D™¢~Z bv n‡q fvi‡Zi Ab¨ A‡j ev B‡qv‡iv‡ci †Kvb GjvKvq weKwkZ

346 | mgKvjxb fvlvweÁvb nZ Zvn‡j nq‡Zv Ab¨ wjwc w`‡q †jLvi HwZn¨ •Zwi n‡Z cviZ| GB ¯’vwbK •bKU¨-m¤ú‡K©i cvkvcvwk fvlv I wjwci m¤ú‡K©i †ÿ‡Î cÖhyw³MZ KviYwU‡KI mwbœ‡ewkZ Kiv hvq| D`vniY¯^iƒc, cÖhyw³MZ myweavw` cÖvwßi K_v we‡ePbv K‡i KKeiK, Mv‡iv BZ¨vw` fvlvq evsjv wjwci cwie‡Z© eZ©gv‡b †ivgvb wjwci e¨env‡ii cÖ‡PóvI ïiæ n‡q‡Q| GB eY©bvi cwi‡cÖwÿ‡Z ejv hvq, GKwU fvlve¨e¯’vi †g․wLK iƒ‡ci mv‡_ mswkøó wjwci ms‡hv‡Mi welqwU wbZvšÍB KvKZvjxq ev AvcwZK| Z‡e `xN©w`b a‡i e¨env‡ii Kvi‡Y mvaviY gvbyl fvlv I wjwci g‡a¨ GKwU AwefvR¨ m¤úK© Avwe®‥v‡ii †Póv K‡i Ges wjwc‡K H fvlvi wbR¯^ m¤ú` we‡ePbv Ki‡Z _v‡K| †m Kvi‡YB cvwK¯Ívb Avg‡j cvwK¯Ívbx kvmK‡Mvwôi evsjv fvlvi cÖwZ weiƒc g‡bvfv‡ei wPÎMZ cÖKvk‡K iƒc w`‡Z wM‡q wkíx KvRx Aveyj Kv‡kg evsjv wjwc‡KB evsjv fvlvi mv‡_ Awfbœ iƒ‡c ¯’vcb K‡i‡Qb hv wb‡Pi wP‡Î dz‡U D‡V‡Q|

wPÎ 21.1 cvwK¯Ívbx kvmK‡Mvwô KZ©©„K evsjvi cÖwZ weiƒc g‡bvfv‡ei wPÎMZ cÖKvk, wkíx-KvRx Aveyj Kv‡kg (Drm: The Daily Star 20/02/2016)

Ic‡ii wP‡Î †`Lv hv‡”Q, cvwK¯Ívbx kvmK‡Mvwô evsjv eB‡qi wjwc‡K Zvwo‡q w`‡”Qb hv cÖKvivšÍ‡i evsjv fvlv‡KB wbg~©j Kivi cÖZxKx cÖqvm iƒ‡c wPwÎZ n‡q‡Q| wjwci weKvk‡K †Kvb fvwlK‡Mvwôi mvs¯‥…wZK, eyw×e„wËK I mvwnwZ¨K avivi cÖvMÖmiZv wn‡m‡e wPwýZ Kiv nq| KviY gvbemf¨Zvi BwZnvm †_‡K GB mZ¨wU cÖwZwôZ n‡q‡Q †h, †hme fvwlK‡Mvwô Ávb, eyw×e„wË Ges mvs¯‥…wZK PP©v I Abykxj‡b wb‡R‡`i‡K wb‡qvwRZ Kivi cvkvcvwk Ab¨ mg„× fvwlK‡Mvwôi ms¯ú‡k© Avmvi my‡hvM jvf K‡i‡Q ZvivB wjwc Avwe®‥vi Ki‡Z †c‡i‡Q A_ev mswkøó wjwc‡K MÖnY K‡i Zv‡`i wjLbixwZi weKvk NwU‡q‡Q| wjwcPP©v I Gi weKv‡ki Kvi‡Y gvby‡li ÁvbMZmËv AviI †ewk cwicK¡ I †P․Km iƒc aviY K‡i‡Q| KviY fvlvi m„Rb †h‡nZz GKwU ¯œvqZš¿xq Kg©Kv‡Ði Ask, †m‡nZz wjwc Avwe®‥v‡ii Øviv Zviv fvlvi †h evbvbixwZi weKvk NwU‡q‡Q Zvi cVb-cvV‡bi Rb¨ gw¯Í‡®‥i fvwlK cÖwµqv n‡q‡Q A‡bK †ewk m¤úªmvwiZ

wjLb c×wZ | 347 I Mfxi| d‡j GKB fvlvi PP©vKvix‡`i g‡a¨ †jLvcov Rvbv gvby‡li fvwlK cÖwµqv AÿiÁvbnxb gvby‡li fvwlK cÖwµqvi Zzjbvq A‡bK †ewk cvi`kx© I †P․Km iƒc aviY K‡i‡Q| 22.2.3 fvlvweÁvb I wjwcweÁvb weÁvbm¤§Z we‡kølY kv¯¿ wn‡m‡e fvlvweÁv‡bi MwZ-cÖwK…wZ wba©vwiZ nq wek kZ‡Ki cÖ_gw`‡K| wKš‘ wjwci weÁvbm¤§Z we‡køl‡Yi cÖ‡PóvwU ïiæ nq AviI A‡bK c‡i Ges G‡K fvlvweÁv‡bi mvsMVwbK KvVv‡gvi Av‡jv‡K e¨vL¨v Kivi †Zvo‡Rvo Pj‡Z _v‡K fvlvweÁvbx‡`i g‡a¨| d‡j fvlvweÁv‡bi A‡bK ZË¡ I c×wZ mivmwi †hgb G‡Z hy³ nq, †Zgwb GB bZzb kv‡¯¿i bvgKiYI Kiv nq fvlvweÁv‡bi wewfbœ †K›`ªxq I cÖvšÍxq kvLvi Av`‡j| wjwcweÁvb AwfavwU wb‡RB GKwU cÖK…ó D`vniY| m‡e©vcwi, fvlvweÁvb †_‡K FYMÖnY GZ wecyjfv‡e Kiv n‡q‡Q †h, wjwcweÁvb‡K eZ©gv‡b fvlvweÁv‡bi Ab¨Zg kvLv wn‡m‡e MY¨ Kiv n‡q _v‡K| GKwU fvlvi †g․wLK iƒ‡ci b~¨bZg GKK aŸwbg~‡ji cÖwZeYx©K…Z wjwLZ iƒcwU n‡”Q wjwcg~j hv wjwc A_ev wjLb c×wZ‡Z bvbv AvK…wZ I wPýiƒ‡c e¨eüZ n‡q _v‡K| ZvB fvlvweÁv‡bi Ab¨Zg †K›`ªxq kvLv aŸwbweÁv‡bi mv`„k¨ Abymv‡i wjwci weÁvbm¤§Z we‡kølY iƒ‡c B‡Zvg‡a¨ M‡o D‡V‡Q bZzb kv¯¿ wjwcweÁvb (graphetics)| GB kvLvq fvlvq e¨eüZ wjwci weÁvbwbf©i Abyc¼ e¨vL¨ I eY©bv Kiv n‡q _v‡K| †mB wn‡m‡e ejv hvq, wjwcweÁvb n‡”Q fvlvweÁv‡bi GKwU kvLv †hLv‡b wjwcg~jmn fvlvi wjwci wewfbœ g~Z© •ewk‡ó¨i weÁvbm¤§Z we‡kølY Kiv nq| Z‡e wjwcweÁv‡b mvaviYZ fvlv-wbi‡cÿ mKj wjLb c×wZ‡Z e¨eüZ wjwcmg~‡ni e¨vL¨v I we‡kølYB Kiv n‡q _v‡K| Ab¨w`‡K, hLb ïay GKwU wbw`©ó fvlvq e¨eüZ wjwci wjwcg~jMZ •ewkó¨ I Gi AvK…wZMZ iƒcvšÍ‡ii cªeYZv¸‡jv eY©bv Kiv nq ZLb Zv‡K wjwcg~jZË¡ (graphemics) ejv nq| e¨vL¨v I we‡køl‡Yi `„wó‡KvY †_‡K GwU A‡bKUv aŸwb we‡kølYwelqK kv‡¯¿i AšÍ©MZ aŸwbZ‡Ë¡i (phonology) mv‡_ m½wZc~Y©| Z‡e †Kvjgv‡mi g‡Z (Coulmas 1999) fvlvweÁv‡b KLbI KLbI aŸwbZ‡Ë¡i bv‡gi mv`„k¨c~Y© K‡i wjwcg~jZË¡‡K ïay wjwcZË¡I (graphology) ejv n‡q _v‡K| 22.2.3.1 wjwcg~j Ges mnwjwcg~j K. wjwcg~j wjwcweÁv‡bi †K›`ªxq Av‡jvP¨welq wjwcg~j| wjwcg~j n‡”Q wjwci b~¨bZg GKK| wjwcg~j aŸwbweÁv‡bi aŸwbg~‡ji mv‡_ mv`„k¨c~Y©| †m wn‡m‡e ejv hvq, wjwcg~j n‡”Q wjLb c×wZ‡Z e¨eüZ wjwcMZ mse‡M©i GKwU aviYvMZ GKK| D`vni¯^iƒc, evsjv wjwc‡Z e¨eüZ Ges n‡”Q `ywU c„_K wjwcg~j †h‡nZz Giv wb‡Pi `ywU wjwLZ evsjv k‡ã A_©MZ •ewPΨ •Zwi K‡i‡Q| 1) K. L.

348 | mgKvjxb fvlvweÁvb L. mnwjwcg~j aŸwbweÁv‡b e¨eüZ mnaŸwb~‡ji mv‡_ wjwcweÁv‡bi mnwjwcg~j mv`„k¨c~Y©| mnwjwcg~j n‡”Q cÖwZ‡ek Øviv wba©vwiZ †Kvb wbw`©ó wjwcg~‡ji ev¯Íe AvK…wZMZ Ae¯’v ev iƒc| D`vniY¯^iƒc, evsjv wjwcg~j Gi wb¤œwjwLZ AvK…wZMZ mnwjwcg~j cvIqv qvq (GLv‡b ïay gy`ªYiƒc †`Lv‡bv n‡q‡Q)| 2) K. {K} (myZš^xGg‡R) L. {K} (AvwoqvjLvb Gg‡R) M. {K} (eywoM½v myiwkÖGg‡R) BZ¨vw` D‡jøL¨, wjwcg~j wjL‡Z wM‡q evOvwjiv †h n¯ÍvÿiMZ •ewPΨ †`wL‡q _v‡K, †m¸‡jvI GB wjwcg~‡ji mnwjwcg~j wn‡m‡e cwiMwYZ| cvkvcvwk evsjv wjLb c×wZ‡Z ¯^ieY© Ges e¨ÄbeY©fz³ wjwcg~j¸‡jv h_vµ‡g ÔKviÕ Ges ÔdjvÕ iƒ‡cI e¨eüZ n‡q AvK…wZMZ cwieZ©b NwU‡q _v‡K| †m we‡ePbvq ÔKviÕ I ÔdjvÕ bvgavix GB AbywPý¸‡jv‡KI mswkøó wjwcg~‡ji mnwjwcg~j wn‡m‡e MY¨ Kiv nq| 21.3 wjwci aib I cÖKvi‡f` HwZnvwmK ev¯ÍeZvq †`Lv †M‡Q, fvlvi †g․wLK iƒ‡ci wPÎMZ iƒc cÖKv‡ki Rb¨ e¨eüZ wjwcmg~‡ni g‡a¨ AvK…wZ I cÖK…wZMZ cv_©K¨ i‡q‡Q| A_v©r wjwLZ iƒc cÖ`k©bKvix fvlvmg~n †Kvb Awfbœ wjwc bq, eis wfbœ wfbœ wjwc e¨envi Ki‡Q| wjwcmg~‡ni GB wfbœZvi KviY wK? G cv_©K¨ wK ïay evwn¨K ev AvK…wZMZ? bvwK G‡ÿ‡Î †Kvb ¸YMZ ev †fZiMZ wfbœZvI jÿYxq? G wel‡q wj (Li 2020) AewnZ K‡ib, wjwci wfbœZvi cÖavb KviY wbf©i K‡i e¨eüZ wjwci wjwcg~jmg~n mswkøó fvlvi †g․wLK iƒcwUi †Kvb mvsMVwbK GKK, h_v- aŸwb, Aÿi, iƒcg~j- Gi m‡½ m½wZc~Y© nq| g~jZ GB m½wZi Ici wfwË K‡iB wjwcmg~n‡K cÖavbZ wb‡Pi `ywU †kÖwY‡Z Kiv nq (Li 2020 Ges Dobrovolsky & O’Grady 1996)| 1. iƒcMZ wjwc (morphographic script) 2. aŸwbMZ wjwc (phonographic script) 21.3.1 iƒcMZ wjwc iƒcMZ wjwc n‡”Q †mB ai‡bi wjwc hv‡Z e¨eüZ wjwci cÖZxK ev wjwcg~jmg~n fvlvi A_©ÁvcK b~¨bZg msMVb iƒcg~j‡K wb‡`©k K‡i| Z‡e GB ai‡bi wjwc‡Z KLbI KLbI wjwcg~jwU cy‡iv GKwU kã‡KI cÖwZwbwaZ¡ K‡i e‡j G‡K kãMZ wjwcI (logographic script) ejv nq| A_v©r G wjwc‡Z e¨eüZ wjwcg~j evP‡bi †ÿ‡Î fvlvi aŸwb Ges A_© `y‡Uv‡KB AšÍfy³ © K‡i| †g‡mvc‡Ugxq wjwc, cÖvPxb wgkixq nvqv‡ivwMøwdK wjwc Ges Pxbv wjwc iƒcwjwcMZ wjwci cÖK…ó D`vniY| Z‡e wjÕi (Li 2020) g‡Z, Pxbv wjwc‡K kãMZ wjwci †P‡q iƒcMZ wjwc wn‡m‡e AvL¨vwqZ KivB DwPZ| †Kbbv Zvui g‡Z, Pxbv wjwci GKUv eo AskB k‡ãi iƒcg~j‡K wb‡`©k K‡i|

wjLb c×wZ | 349 iƒcMZ wjwc n‡”Q c„w_exi cÖvPxbZg wjwci D`vniY| G ai‡bi wjwci mv‡_ cÖZxKMZ Dr‡mi welqwU m¤úwK©Z| A_v©r DrcwËi w`K †_‡K wePvi Ki‡j GB wjwcfz³ wjwcg~j †Kvb wbw`©ó e¯‘ ev aviYv‡K m~wPZ KiZ| Z‡e AvaywbKKv‡j c„w_exi me wjwc‡ZB wKQz iƒcMZ ev kãMZ wjwcg~‡ji Aw¯ÍZ¡ we`¨gvb| D`vniY¯^iƒc- %, &, £, $ BZ¨vw` wjwcg~j me wjwc‡ZB e¨eüZ nq †h¸‡jv g~jZ kãMZ ev iƒcMZ •ewkó¨‡K m~wPZ K‡i| 21.3.2 aŸwbMZ wjwc aŸwbMZ wjwc‡Z wjwcg~j¸‡jv mvaviYZ fvlvi †g․wLK iƒ‡ci GKwU D”PviYLÐ ev Aÿi‡K wb‡`©k K‡i| †mB wn‡m‡e aŸwbMZ wjwc‡K Avevi wb‡Pi Pvi †kÖwY‡Z fvM Kiv nq (Li 2020)| K. aŸwbK wjwc (phonemic script) aŸwbK wjwc‡Z GKwU wjwcg~j fvlvi GKwU aŸwb‡K cÖwZwbwaZ¡ K‡i| †ivgvb wjwc n‡”Q aŸwbK wjwci DrK…ó D`vniY| eZ©gv‡b BD‡iv‡ci fvlv¸‡jv QvovI Gwkqvi wewfbœ A-B‡›`v-BD‡ivcxq fvlv, h_vB‡›`v‡bkxq, wf‡qZbvgxq, ZzwK©, Avwd«Kvbm&, nvIqvBb fvlvmg~n GB †ivgvb wjwc‡Z wjwLZ n‡”Q| GQvovI wKQz c~e©-Gkxq fvlv, †hgb- Pxbv, Rvcvbx, †Kvixq fvlvmg~‡n m¤úªwZ weKí wjwc wn‡m‡e †ivgvb wjwci e¨envi ïiæ n‡q‡Q| mewgwj‡q G ai‡bi wjwc‡Z wjwLZ fvlvi msL¨v eZ©gv‡b 130wU| GB wjwc‡Z fvlvi †g․wLK iƒc †jLvi mgq fvlvi wewfbœ A-aŸwbMZ Ges aŸwb-EaŸ©MZ wdPvimg~n, h_v- gnvcÖvYZv, ¯^ibvwmK¨, †SvuK BZ¨vw` ev` †`Iqv nq| aŸwbK wjwc‡K KLbI KLbI eY©MZ (alphabetic) wjwcI ejv n‡q _v‡K| L. e¨ÄwbK wjwc (consonantal script) †h aŸwbMZ wjwc‡Z fvlvi ¯^i‡K ev` w`‡q ïay e¨Äb‡K iƒcvwqZ Kiv nq Zv‡K e¨ÄwbK wjwc ejv nq| Avewi, wneªæ BZ¨vw` fvlvi wjwc n‡”Q e¨ÄwbK wjwc| †Kbbv GB fvlvmg~‡n wjwcg~j mvaviYZ e¨Äb‡KB m~wPZ K‡i| †h‡nZz GB e¨Äb¸‡jvB mswkøó cÖ‡qvRbxq ¯^i‡K iƒcvwqZ Ki‡Z mnvqZv K‡i, †m‡nZz AwfÁ cvVKgvÎB †Kv_vq ¯^‡ii Dcw¯’wZ i‡q‡Q Zv eyS‡Z cv‡i| M. AvÿwiK wjwc (syllabic script) †Kvb †Kvb fvlvq e¨eüZ wjwci wjwcg~jwU Gi †g․wjK iƒ‡ci GKwU wbw`©ó Aÿi GKK‡K iƒcvwqZ K‡i e‡j G ai‡bi wjwc‡K AvÿwiK wjwc ejv nq| †hme fvlvi AvÿwiK msMVbwU A‡bKUvB mij ai‡bi A_v©r CV ev CVC Qvu‡Pi †mme fvlvi Rb¨ AvÿwiK wjwc †ek Dc‡hvMx| D`vniY¯^iƒc, Pxb †`‡ki C (Yi) fvlvq AvÿwiK wjwc e¨envi Kiv nq †Kbbv G fvlvi Aÿi msMVb DwjøwLZ •ewkó¨‡K aviY K‡i Av‡Q| GQvovI eZ©gv‡b AvgnvwiKmn Bw_Iwcqvi wewfbœ fvlvq AvÿwiK wjwc e¨envi Kiv nq|

350 | mgKvjxb fvlvweÁvb N. †gvivBK wjwc(moraic script) AvÿwiK wjwci Av‡iKwU iƒcvšÍi n‡”Q †gvivBK wjwc| Rvcvbx fvlvq e¨eüZ wnivMvbv I KvZvKvbv wjLb c×wZ‡Z e¨eüZ Kvbv wjwc‡K †gvivBK wjwc ejv nq| GB Kvbv wjwci wjwcg~j¸‡jv aŸwbg~j Aÿ‡ii GKwU ga¨eZx© aŸwbZvwË¡K msMVb †gviv‡K iƒcvwqZ K‡i| mvsMVwbK w`K †_‡K GB †gviv wb‡Pi mvsMVwbK iƒc‡K aviY K‡i (Li 2020: 13)| 3) K) GKK ¯^i: (V), e.g., a L) e¨Äb + ¯^i: (CV), e.g., ka M) Aÿ‡ii A‡šÍ bvwmK¨ e¨Äb: (CV)N, e.g., (ka)n N) hy³ e¨Äb: (C(C)), e.g., t(t) 21.3.3 evsjv wjwc evsjv fvlvi †g․wLK iƒ‡ci wPÎMZ iƒc`v‡bi Rb¨ †h wjwc e¨eüZ nq Zv‡K evsjv wjwc ejv nq| G wjwci Avw` iƒc n‡”Q eªvþx wjwc †hwU wL‡÷ªi R‡b¥i 500 eQi c~‡e© weKwkZ nq| cÖ`wk©Z •ewk‡ó¨i w`K †_‡K wePvi Ki‡j evsjv wjwc‡K eY©vÿwiK wjwc (alpha-syllabic script) ejv nq| KviY evsjv wjwc‡Z AvÿwiK Ges aŸwbK ev eY©MZ wjwci wgkªY N‡U‡Q| D³ •ewk‡ó¨i Rb¨ eªvBU (Bright 1996) evsjv wjwc‡K AveywM`v (abugida) •ewkó¨avix wjwc e‡j‡Qb| AveywM`v ej‡Z eySv‡bv n‡”Q, GB wjwc‡Z e¨Äb wjwcg~j Zvi c~Y©iƒc wb‡q Ae¯’vb K‡i Ges cÖwZwU ¯^i wjwcg~j mnwjwcg~j wn‡m‡e AbywP‡ýi AvK…wZ‡Z e¨Ä‡bi m‡½ hy³ nq| G‡ÿ‡Î †Kvb AbywPý bv _vK‡j a‡i wb‡Z nq †h G‡Z GKwU wbwnZ A-¯^i i‡q‡Q| D`vniY¯^iƒc, 4) Z, Zv, wZ, Zx, Zz, Z~, Z…, †Z, †Zv, †Z․ GB ai‡bi e¨Äb I ¯^‡ii wgkÖ‡Y †h AvÿwiK iƒc •Zwi nq Zv‡K GB wjwci cÖZxK eøK ejv nq| Aÿi ch©v‡q GB cÖZxK eøK¸‡jv mswkøó aŸwb‡K m~wPZ K‡i| 21.4 wjwci D™¢e I weKvk gvbe mf¨Zvi AMÖMg‡bi mv‡_ wjwci D™¢‡ei m¤úK© i‡q‡Q| GB Aa¨v‡qi cÖ_‡gB D‡jøL Kiv n‡q‡Q, †hme fvlvi e¨enviKvix mf¨Zvi Avw`c‡e© mvs¯‥…wZK, eyw×e„wËK, ivR‣bwZK Ges A_©‣bwZK mg„wׇZ GwM‡q wQj ZvivB wjwci Avwe®‥vi Ki‡Z mÿg n‡qwQj| Z‡e fvlvi wPÎMZ iƒc `vbKvix wjwci D™¢‡ei cÖ_g cª‡PóvwU wKš‘ fvlvZvwË¡K bq, eis e¨emvwqK KviY-mswkøó MYbv I wnmveiÿY msµvšÍ| wjwci D™¢‡ei `xN© mgqmxgv‡K cÖavbZ `yB fv‡M wef³ Kiv hvq (Dobrovolsky & O’Grady 1996)| G¸‡jv n‡jv-

wjLb c×wZ | 351 1. wjwcc~e©-hyM wjwcc~e©-hyM ej‡Z eySv‡bv n‡”Q gvbemf¨Zvi †mB mgqKvj‡K hLb wjwc ej‡Z eZ©gv‡b hv eySvq wVK Zv bq, eis wjwci c~e©m~ix wn‡m‡e wKQz mvs¯‥…wZK Dcv`vbhy³ †Uv‡K‡bi e¨envi n‡Z _v‡K| k¥vÛ-†e‡mivU (Schmandt-Besserat 2014) GB mgqKv‡ji mxgv wb‡`©k K‡ib 8000-3200 wLª÷c~e ch©šÍ| GB mg‡q Kv`v wbwg©Z mvs¯‥…wZK Dcv`vbhy³ †Uv‡Kb¸‡jv Gwkqvi ga¨cÖvP¨, `~icÖvP¨ Ges Px‡b e¨emvq wewbg‡qi D‡Ï‡k¨ †Kvb `ªe¨ MYbvi Kv‡R e¨envi K‡i wnmve msiÿY Kiv nZ (†`Lyb wPÎ 21.2)|

wPÎ 21.2 8000-3500 wLªóc~‡e© Biv‡bi †mvmvq e¨emvwqK MYbvi Kv‡R e¨eüZ wewfbœ ai‡bi †Uv‡Kb I †jdvdv (Drm: Schmandt-Besserat 2014)

fvlvZvwË¡K `„wó‡KvY †_‡K †`L‡j GB †Uv‡Kb mivmwi wjL‡bi mv‡_ m¤úwK©Z †Kvb †K․kj bq, eis G¸‡jv‡K GK ai‡bi msÁvcb †KvW ejv hvq| †Kbbv Giv GK ai‡bi wPý †h¸‡jv A_©c~Y© Z_¨ Av`vbcÖ`v‡b e¨eüZ nZ| e¨emvwqK D‡Ï‡k¨ e¨eüZ GB †Uv‡Kb¸‡jv wLª÷c~e© PZz_© mn¯ªvã ch©šÍ Pvjy wQj| Zvici e¨emvwqK MYbvi Kv‡R e¨eüZ GB †Uv‡Kb¸‡jv Ab¨ iƒc aviY K‡i| KviY †jvKRb ZLb †_‡K MYbvi Rb¨ wewfbœ ai‡bi †Uv‡Kb e¨env‡ii cwie‡Z© bvbviKg big gvwUi dj‡Ki Ici †Uv‡K‡bi QvcwPý •Zwi Ki‡Z ïiæ K‡i (†`Lyb wPÎ 21.3)| GB QvcwPθ‡jv wQj GK ai‡bi fvewjwc (ideogram) †h¸‡jv †Kvb wP‡ýi aviYv‡K iƒcvwqZ K‡i|

352 | mgKvjxb fvlvweÁvb

wPÎ 21.3 3200 wLª÷c~‡e© Biv‡bi Godin Tepe-†Z e¨eüZ †Uv‡K‡bi QvcK…Z djK (Drm: SchmandtBesserat 2014)

K. eK

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2. wjwci D™¢ece© wjwci D™¢ec‡e©i mgqKvj ïiæ nq 3100 wLª÷c~e©v‡ã hLb D‡jøwLZ †Uv‡Kb c×wZ¸‡jv wjL‡b iƒcvšÍwiZ n‡Z ïiæ K‡i| we‡kl K‡i, GB mgq wPÎwjwci (pictogram) e¨envi ïiæ nq| GB wPÎwjwc¸‡jv wQj ZxÿèvMÖ kjvKvhy³ GK ai‡bi †Uv‡KbwPý †h¸‡jv m¤úªmvwiZ msL¨vi aviYv‡K m~wPZ Ki‡Z _v‡K| cieZx©‡Z GB wPÎwjwc¸‡jv AviI ¯úó AvKv‡i cÖPwjZ †Kvb e¯‘i cÖwZiƒc ev AvK…wZ‡K cÖwZdwjZ Ki‡Z ïiæ K‡i (†`Lyb wPÎ 21.4)| G cÖm‡½ e‡j †bIqv fvj, gvbemf¨Zvi m~Pbvc‡e© Avw`gvb‡eiv Aemi

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wPÎ 21.5: evsjv‡`‡k wPÎwjwc wn‡m‡e e¨eüZ UªvwdK wPý (Drm: Hossain et al. 2010)

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354 | mgKvjxb fvlvweÁvb 21.5 wjLb I cV‡bi m¤úK© wjwci D™¢ve‡bi mv‡_ mv‡_ gvby‡li eyw×e„wËK RM‡Z †hgb hyMvšÍKvix cwieZ©b mvwaZ nq, †Zgwb Zv‡`i ¯œvqyMZ cÖwµqvqI GK ai‡bi iƒcvšÍi N‡U| KviY wjwci D™¢‡ei fvlvi ¯’vqxiƒc `v‡bi d‡j/gva¨‡g| Zvi A_© D×v‡ii Rb¨ cVbKg© ïiæ nq| G cVbKg© m¤úv`‡bi myweav‡_© gvby‡li ¯œvqyRM‡Z bZzb GK ai‡bi cÖwµqvKiY ïiæ nq| Gfv‡e gvby‡li gw¯Í®‥ bZzbfv‡e Kvh©KvwiZv jv‡fi cvkvcvwk AwaKZi †P․Kmiƒc aviY K‡i| †m Kvi‡Y cVb‡K cÖvMÖmi †evaMZ Kvh©µg wn‡m‡e MY¨ Kiv nq| Z‡e cVb †h‡nZz Avewk¨Kfv‡e wjwc ev wjLb c×wZ‡K AšÍfy³ © K‡i, †m Kvi‡Y cVb Kvh©µg ïiæ Kivi Rb¨ gvbemf¨Zv‡K AvaywbK wjwc Avwe®‥v‡ii mgq ch©šÍ A‡cÿv Ki‡Z n‡qwQj (Arif 2014)| AvaywbK mf¨Zv mvÿi mgvRe¨e¯’vi GK mgwóiƒc| GB mvÿi mgv‡R cÖwZw`bB AmsL¨ gvbyl‡K cVb cÖwµqvq Ask wb‡Z nq| KviY wjwcmg„× cÖwZwU fvwlK mgv‡R wecyj cwigvY eB †hgb cÖKvwkZ nq, †Zgwb cwÎKv, mvgwqKx, Rvb©vj †Zv i‡q‡QB| GQvov me †`‡ki bM‡i, e›`‡i Ges MÖv‡g-M‡Ä cÖ`k©‡bi Rb¨ AMwYZ †cv÷vi, wej †evW©, mvBb‡ev‡W©i QovQwoI jÿYxq| Gme eB, cwÎKv, mvgwqKx, †cv÷vi, wej‡evW© BZ¨vw`‡Z gyw`ªZ ev wjwLZ _v‡K cÖ‡qvRbxq I ¸iæZ¡c~Y© me Z_¨ I evZv©| gyw`ªZ I wjwLZ Gme evZ©v I Z‡_¨i A_© D×v‡ii Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRb Kvg¨ cvVKg©wU m¤úv`b Kiv †hwU GK ai‡bi g‡bvfvlv‣eÁvwbK cÖwµqvI e‡U (Arif 2014)| Avi G cÖwµqv m¤úv`‡bi Rb¨ i‡q‡Q AMwYZ mvÿi-fvlx hviv †P․Km gw¯Í®‥ Øviv Z_¨ cÖwµqvKi‡Yi AwaKvix| Zvn‡j †`Lv hv‡”Q, AvaywbK mgvRe¨e¯’v gyL¨Z GKwU cVbmgvRe¨e¯’v| GB cVb-mgvRe¨e¯’vq cVbKg©wU Acwinvh© Ges Aek¨m¤¢vex| mvÿi gvby‡liv gw¯Í‡®‥ wKfv‡e cÖwµqvKiY K‡i ev Zv‡`i cVb-cÖwµqv‡K wKfv‡e m¤úbœ K‡i G wel‡q g‡bvweÁvb Z_v †evaMZ g‡bvweÁv‡b we¯Íi M‡elYv m¤úbœ n‡q‡Q| Gme M‡elYvK‡g©i djvdj wn‡m‡e D™¢vweZ n‡q‡Q †ekwKQz fvwlK cÖwµqvKiY g‡Wj| GB eB‡qi g‡bvfvlvweÁv‡b G iKgB GKwU g‡W‡ji cÖwµqvKi‡Y g~jbxwZ we‡k^lY Kiv n‡q‡Q (†`Lyb Aa¨vq †lv‡jv)| wKš‘ wjwcwbf©i fvlvq cVb-`ÿ fvlx †hgb i‡q‡Q, †Zgwb mvÿinxb gvby‡li msL¨vI Kg bq| GQvovI AMwYZ fvlv i‡q‡Q †h¸‡jvi GLbI †Kvb wjwc weKwkZ nqwb| Gme fvlvi gvby‡liv Aÿinxb wn‡m‡e cwiwPZ| GB `„wó‡KvY †_‡K †`L‡j c„w_ex‡Z mvÿinxb gvby‡li msL¨vI Kg bq| cÖkœ n‡”Q, K. Gme mvÿinxb gvby‡li gw¯Í‡®‥ fvlv cÖwµqvKi‡Yi iƒc †Kgb? welqwU‡K AviI ¯úó K‡i ej‡j, L. Gme AÿiÁvbnxb gvbyl Zv‡`i fvlv ev Ab¨ fvlvi wjwc wKfv‡e cÖwµqvKiY K‡i, ev Av‡`․ wK K‡i? G `ywU cÖ‡kœi Dˇi ejv hvq, mvÿi-fvlxi Zzjbvq AÿiÁvbnxb gvby‡li fvwlK cÖwµqv A‡bKUvB wfbœZi| KviY Zv‡`i gw¯Í®‥ mvÿi gvbyl‡`i Zzjbvq h‡_ó †P․Km bq, †h‡nZz Zviv cÖZxK wn‡m‡e

wjLb c×wZ | 355 we‡ewPZ wjwci A_©c~Y© cÖwµqvKiY Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| A_ev Ab¨fv‡e ej‡Z †M‡j, †h‡nZz fvlvq e¨eüZ wjwc¸‡jv Zviv AvqË Ki‡Z mÿg nqwb, †m‡nZz G¸‡jv‡K A_©nxb Qwe wn‡m‡e Ggbfv‡e cÖwµqvKiY K‡i hv‡Z G¸‡jv gw¯Í‡®‥i AbywgZ †evaMZ †K‡›`ª iwÿZ ¯§„wZevnx Z‡_¨i m‡½ m½wZc~Y© nq bv| 21.6 evsjv evbvbZ‡Ë¡i ˆewkó¨ 21.6.1 evbvbZË¡ : msÁv I cÖKvi‡f` evbvbZË¡ †h †Kvb wjLb c×wZi Rb¨ ¸iæZ¡c~Y© GKwU Kg©aviv| †Kbbv evbvbZ‡Ë¡i AšÍfy³ © wbqg-c×wZB GKwU fvlvq e¨eüZ wjwci wjLbaviv‡K wba©viY K‡i †`q| G wel‡q Avwid (Arif 2014:64) e‡jb, ‘…orthography, ... indicates a set of prescribed rules to determine the nature of the application of the script in the writing system’| GKB mv‡_ evbvbZ‡Ë¡i Abym„Z †K․kj mswkøó

fvlvi aŸwb I wjwci g‡a¨Kvi m¤ú‡K©i m~ÎwU wb‡`©k K‡i †`q| GB bxwZ‡K cÖvgvY¨ a‡i KvUm& I d«÷ (Katz & Frost 1992) wewfbœ fvlvq e¨eüZ evbvbZË¡‡K cÖavbZ `yB fv‡M fvM K‡i‡Qb| G¸‡jv nj- 1) ¯^”Q evbvbZË¡ (shallow orthography) I 2) Mfxi ev A¯^”Q evbvbZË¡ (deep orthography)| ¯^”Q evbvbZË¡ AbymiYKvix fvlvmg~‡n AwaKvsk †ÿ‡ÎB D”PvwiZ aŸwbg~j Ges wjwLZ wjwcg~‡ji g‡a¨ 1 : 1 AbyiƒcZv m¤úK© we`¨gvb| G‡ÿ‡Î wjwLZ wjwcg~j wb‡`©kK D”PvwiZ aŸwbwU memgq Awfbœ n‡q _v‡K| A_ev welqwU‡K Nywi‡q ej‡j, D”PvwiZ aŸwbg~jwUi Rb¨ GKwU wjwcg~j _vK‡e| mv‡e©v-†µv‡qwkqvb, BZvjxq, Rg©b, †¯úbxq, wdwbkxq BZ¨vw` fvlvq e¨eüZ evbvbZË¡ ev evbvb c×wZ n‡”Q ¯^”Q evbvbZË¡| Gme fvlvq k‡ãi evbvb A‡bKUvB mnR hv wkï‡`i Rb¨ Avqvmmva¨| Ab¨w`‡K, Mfxi ev A¯^”Q evbvbZ‡Ë¡ wjwcg~j I aŸwbg~‡ji AbyiƒcZv m¤ú‡K©i †ÿ‡Î e¨Z¨q N‡U _v‡K| A_v©r A‡bK mgq GKwU wjwcg~‡ji GKvwaK D”PviY _vK‡Z cv‡i A_ev wecixZµ‡g GKvwaK aŸwbg~‡ji Rb¨ ïay GKwU wjwcg~jB e¨eüZ n‡Z cv‡i| †m Kvi‡Y Mfxi evbvbZË¡ AbymiYKvix fvlvq k‡ãi evbvb A‡bKUvB RwUj nq Ges wkï‡`i Rb¨ Zv AvqË Kiv cwikªgmva¨ nq| nv‡½ixq, _vB, divwm, †Kvixq, Bs‡iwR BZ¨vw` fvlvi evbvbc×wZ A¯^”Q evbvbZ‡Ë¡i D`vniY| 21.6.2 aŸwbg~j I wjwcg~‡ji m¤úK©: evsjv evbvbZ‡Ë¡i MfxiZv •ewkó¨ evbvbZ‡Ë¡i DwjøwLZ †kÖwYfv‡Mi `„wó‡KvY †_‡K †`L‡j, evsjv evbvb c×wZ A¯^”Q ev Mfxi evbvbZ‡Ë¡i AšÍ©fz³| †Kbbv GB fvlvq e¨eüZ evbvb c×wZ‡Z aŸwbg~j I wjwcg~‡ji m¤úK©wU AwaKvsk‡ÿ‡ÎB 1 : 1 AbyiƒcZv bxwZ Øviv mgw_©Z bq, hw`I Gi e¨wZµgI †`Lv hvq| GQvov evsjv hy³e‡Y© e¨eüZ wjwcmg~‡ni †ÿ‡Î G ai‡bi aŸwbg~j I wjwcg~‡ji D”PviYMZ AmgZvI me©Rbwew`Z| B‡Zvg‡a¨ evsjv evbvbZ‡Ë¡i GB A¯^”QZv ev MfxiZv •ewkó¨ wbY©q wel‡q †ek wKQz M‡elYvKg© m¤úvw`Z n‡q‡Q| G‡`i g‡a¨ Avwid (Arif 2014:68-71) GB evbvbixwZ‡Z e¨eüZ ¯^i I e¨Äb wjwcmg~n mswkøó aŸwbg~‡ji mv‡_ †h AmgiƒcZv •ewkó¨ cÖ`k©b K‡i ZviB GKwU mvirmvi Zz‡j a‡i‡Qb| Zv wb‡P ms‡ÿ‡c wjwce× Kiv nj|

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358 | mgKvjxb fvlvweÁvb M. hy³vÿi (consonant-consonant ligature/consonant-consoanant cluster) evsjv evbvbZ‡Ë¡ hy³vÿ‡ii e¨envi GKwU AwZ mvaviY •ewkó¨ wn‡m‡e ¯^xK…Z| GB hy³vÿ‡ii wb‡Pi `ywU aŸwbMZ iƒc jÿYxq| K. hy³vÿ‡ii `ywU wjwcg~jB `ywU aŸwbg~j wn‡m‡e GKwU Aÿ‡i D”PvwiZ nq| G‡ÿ‡Î hy³vÿiwU mvaviYZ k‡ãi ïiæ‡Z e‡m| †hgb- cÖvY, eªZ, ågY BZ¨vw`| G¸‡jv‡K aŸwbZvwË¡K hy³eY© (phonological consonant cluster) ejv nq | Z‡e G‡ÿ‡Î KLbI KLbI ïay cÖ_g wjwcg~jwUi D”PviY nq, †hgb- Ávb, †ÿÎ BZ¨vw`| L. hy³vÿ‡ii `ywU wjwcg~j cvkvcvwk Aew¯’Z `ywU wfbœ Aÿ‡i `ywU ¯^Zš¿ aŸwbg~j wn‡m‡e D”PvwiZ nq| G‡ÿ‡Î mswkøó hy³vÿiwU k‡ãi gv‡S ev †k‡l e‡m| D`vniY¯^iƒc, Aÿi, Avkªg, my›`i, cÿ, eÿ, mn¨ BZ¨vw`| `ywU e¨Äbwjwcg~j hy³ n‡q D‡jøwLZ hy³vÿi¸‡jv •Zwi nIqvi †ÿ‡Î wKQz AvK…wZMZ cwieZ©b mvab K‡i| GB AvK…wZMZ cwieZ©‡bi `„wó‡KvY †_‡K evsjv hy³vÿi ev hy³e¨Äb‡K PviwU fv‡M fvM Kiv hvq (Arif 2014)| G¸‡jv nj1. KwVbZg hy³e¨Äb: GB †kÖwYfz³ hy³e¨ÄbwU †h `ywU e¨Äb hy³ n‡q •Zwi nq †m `ywU e¨Ä‡bi D”PviY cwieZ©‡bi cvkvcvwk m¤ú~Y© bZzb AvK…wZI •Zwi nq| †hgb- R& + T = Á, BZ¨vw` GB D`vni‡Y †`Lv hv‡”Q †h, hy³e¨Ä‡b Ges e¨Äb wjwcg~j `ywUi AvK…wZ m¤ú~Y© †jvc †c‡q‡Q Ges G `ywUi D”PviY †jvc †c‡q bZzbfv‡e /M/ ev hy³-/M&/ iƒ‡c D”PvwiZ nq| 2. KwVb hy³e¨Äb: G‡ÿ‡Î hy³e¨ÄbwU †h `ywU e¨Äb hy³ n‡q •Zwi nq, †m `ywU e¨Ä‡bi AvK…wZ cwieZ©b Ki‡jI GKwUi D”PviY AÿzYœ _v‡K Ges Ab¨wU‡KI †m Zvi gZ K‡i †bq| †m Kvi‡Y AÿzYœ D”PviYwewkó e¨ÄbwU‡K †g․wjK e¨Äb ejv nq| †hgb- K& + l = ÿ, BZ¨vw` GB D`vni‡Y Ges ci¯úi ¯’vb cwieZ©b K‡i Ges cwiYwZ‡Z Zvi aŸwbZvwË¡K cwiPq nvwi‡q †d‡j| 3. g„`y KwVb hy³e¨Äb: G‡ÿ‡Î `ywU e¨Ä‡bi D”PviY AÿzYœ _vK‡jI GKwUi AvK…wZ cwiewZ©Z nq| D`vniY¯^iƒc, i& + K = K©, BZ¨vw` GB D`vni‡Y Ges Gi D”PviY AÿzYœ _vK‡jI wjwcg~jwU wfbœ AvK…wZ aviY K‡i|

wjLb c×wZ | 359 4. mnR hy³e¨Äb: G‡ÿ‡Î hy³e¨Ä‡bi AvK…wZ Ges D”PviY `ywUB AÿzYœ _v‡K| D`vniY¯^iƒc, N& + b = Nœ, BZ¨vw` GB D`vni‡Y †`Lv hv‡”Q, Ges Dfq wjwcg~‡ji D”PviY Ges AvK…wZ AÿzYœ i‡q‡Q| K. RwUj Aÿi msMVb evsjv fvlvq e¨eüZ Zrmg k‡ãi Aÿi msMVb KLbI KLbI RwUj AvKvi aviY K‡i| we‡kl K‡i Gme k‡ãi Aÿ‡ii Ôm~PbvÕ Ges ÔAwšÍKvÕq ÔKviÕ I ÔdjvÕi mgš^‡q m„ó wewfbœ ai‡bi msMVb cvIqv hvq †h¸‡jv D”PviY Kiv evOvwji ¯^fvweK aŸwbZvwË¡K `ÿZvq m¤¢e n‡q I‡V bv| D`vniY¯^iƒc, 5)

¯¿x GK Aÿiwewkó GB Ô¯¿xÕ k‡ãi m~Pbvq wZb e¨Ä‡bi †h RwUj msMVbwU i‡q‡Q, †mwU n‡”Q Ôm&+Z&+i&Ó| GB msMVbwU‡K wjwcMZ Ges aŸwbMZ Dfq w`K †_‡K RwUj ejv n‡”Q| KviY wZbwU e¨Äb wjwcg~‡ji g‡a¨ †k‡li wjwcg~j Ôi&Õ wU i-djv ( ª) wn‡m‡e mswÿß iƒc aviY K‡i GKB Djø¤^ †iLvq Ôm&Õ Ges ÔZ&Õ Gi wb‡P ÔGÕ iƒ‡c Ae¯’vb Ki‡Q| GKB mv‡_ ÔCÕ ¯^iÑwjwcg~jwU mniƒcg~j ÔKviÕ wn‡m‡e Ô x Õ AvK…wZ wb‡q G‡`i Wvbcv‡k hy³ n‡q GKwU RwUj iƒc aviY K‡i‡Q| D”Pvi‡Yi `„wó‡KvY †_‡K †`L‡j wZb e¨Ä‡bi GB RwUj msMVbwU evOvwji ¯^vfvweK aŸwbZvwË¡K mvg‡_¨© D”PviY Kiv n‡q I‡V bv, hw` bv m‡PZbfv‡e Abykxjb K‡i D”PviY Kiv nq| evsjv evbvbZ‡Ë¡i ¯^i I e¨Äb wjwcg~‡ji A¯^”Q ev Mfxi •ewk‡ó¨i Kvi‡Y evOvwj wkï‡K k‡ãi evbvb wkL‡Z wM‡q A‡bK mgq †LB nvwi‡q †dj‡Z nq| KviY Zviv aŸwbi D”PviY I wjwci mg-m¤ú‡K©i wfwˇZ evbvb AvqË Ki‡Z wM‡q A‡bKvs‡kB e¨_© n‡q _v‡K| d‡j ¯^”Q evbvbZË¡ AbymiYKvix fvlvi wkï‡`i Zzjbvq evOvwj wkïiv AwaK cwikÖg ev Avqvm K‡i evsjv evbvb AvqË K‡i| we‡kl K‡i, evsjv hy³e‡Y©i evbvb wkL‡Z wM‡q Zviv mswkøó hy³eY©wU‡K GKwU wfbœ wfbœ wjwcg~‡ji mgwó bq eis GKwU Awfbœ wPý wn‡m‡e AvqË K‡i _v‡K| KviY k‡ãi hy³eY©wU D”PviY Ki‡Z wM‡q Zviv cªvqkB Amyweavi m¤§yLxb nq, †h‡nZz hy³e‡Y© AšÍf©y³ eY© `ywUi D”PviY m¤ú~Y© wfbœ nq ev GKwU †jvc †c‡q hvq|

360 | mgKvjxb fvlvweÁvb

GB MÖ‡š’ e¨eüZ cwifvlv | 361

GB MÖ‡š’ e¨eüZ cwifvlv 1. evsjv †_‡K Bs‡iwR AMfxi Zj- deep structure AaŸwbmvg¨MZ mniƒcg~j-

suppletive

allomorph AbywPý- diacritic marks

Abyaveb- perception AbyiYb- resonance Abyf~Z gyL¨Zv- perceptual prominence A‡›Uv‡Rwb - ontogeny AšÍfy³ © Zv- hyponymy AwšÍKv- coda AwaKviwelqK- excercitives AwewNœZ aŸwb- continuant sounds AwfÁZvev`- empiricism Awfevmb- movement Awfevmx kÖwg‡Ki Rvg©vb- Gastarbeiterdeutsch AwfÁZvev`x ZË¡- behaviorist theory A_©weÁvb- semantics

Aa©‡MvjvK…wZi cwiLv- semicircular cannals AmyjwjZ aŸwb- obstruents sounds AvÿwiK- syllabic AvÿwiK aŸwb- syllabic sounds A¨vc/†jRwenxb eb-gvbyl- ape AvPviwelqK- behabities AvbykvmwbK - priscriptive Av‡`kg~jK- directives A¨v‡dwRqvZË¡- aphasiology AvKw¯§K k~b¨Zv- accidental gap Av_©‡ÿÎ/evMw_©K Awa‡ÿÎ- semantic domain

Avwe©wÎK- arbitrary D”PviY- articulation D”PviY aŸwbweÁvb- articulatory phonetics DÏxcK/cÖ‡Yv`bv- stimulus Dcfvlvwe`- dialecticians Dcwi Zj- surface structure Dcv`vb- constituent GKK ¯^i- monophthong Iô¨ e¨Äb-labial consonant KKwjqv- cochlea KÚ¨bvjxq- glottal K_K cÖvYx- talking animals K_bwelqK- expositives Kbdzwmqvmwe`- Confucianists K¤úv¼- frequency Kw¤úDUvi fvlvweÁvbcomputational linguistics

K‡ivbvj aŸwb- coronal sounds Kg©Rvj- network †K›`ª- nucleus Kvj‡Kw›`ªK- synchronic KvjvbyµwgK/wØKvjxb- diachronic Kvh©m¤úv`x Dw³- performative utterance Kvh©m¤úv`x wµqv performative verb †KvUi KvVv‡gv- vestibule organs †KvUi mskÖq- vestibule system †KvUi wSwjø- vestibular membrane †KvW- code †KviwU msMVb- organ of corti

362 | mgKvjxb fvlvweÁvb wµqv- rhemra †µqjweÁvb- creolistics ¶Z- damage LÐZvev`x `„wófw½- localizationist view LywU- landmark MgbK- trajector ¸”Q mv`„k¨- family resemblance ¸Ywewa- maxim of quality Mø‡mv‡Rwb - glossogeny †NvlYvg~jK- declaratives wPÎwjwc- logograph •PZb¨ev`- mentalism QÙkã- pseudo-word QvuKwb ZË¡- filter theory RbbZ¡ - sex wRnevdjKxq- laminal wRnŸvg~jxq-Kɨ- dorso-velar wRnŸvcÖvšÍxq - apical wRnŸvcÖvšÍxq-`šÍ¨- apico-dental wRnŸvcÖvšÍxq-g~a©b¨- apico-alveolar S‡ovbv` - burst noise †UwjMÖvdxq evPb- telegraphic speech WMv- tip Zi½‣`N©¨- wavelength Zij aŸwb- liquid sounds Zi½ aŸwbweÁvb- acoustic phonetics Zi½aŸwbi cÖwZeZx© wµqv- acoustic reflex Zi½e„Ë- wave cycle ZvIwe`-Taoists Zvje¨- palatal wZOeM©- inflectional phrase

Zzjbvg~jK

I

HwZnvwmK

fvlvweÁvb-

comparative and historical linguistics Zyjbvg~jK wd‡jvjwR- comparative philology

`kv- phase `šÍ¨- dental `šÍ¨g~jxq- alveolar `šÍg~jxq g~a©b¨- alveolar-retroflex `„wó mPjZv- eye movement †`¨vwZZ- signified †`¨vZK- signifier wØKvjxb - diachronic wØfvlvixwZ- diglossia wد^iaŸwb- dipthong aviYvMZ iƒcK- conceptual metaphor aŸwbKwjwc- phonemic script

aŸwbMZ- phonemic aŸwbZË¡- phonology aŸwbZvwË¡K mgZv- phonetic similarity aŸwbweÁvb- phonetics aŸwbmvg¨MZ mniƒcg~jphonological allomrph

be¨‣eqvKiY-

Junggrammatiker

(Neogrammarian) bvg- onoma

bvgweÁvb- onomastics bvwmK¨-Mjwej- naso-pharynx wb‡e`b K…wZ- illocutionary act wb‡e`b †Rvi- illocutionary force wb‡`©kK- referent wbwnZv_©- implicature •bqwgK k~b¨Zv- systematic gap be¨e¨vKiYwe` - neogrammmarian

GB MÖ‡š’ e¨eüZ cwifvlv | 363 b~¨bZg kã‡Rvo- minimal peer c`- Parts of Speech ch©vq- period cðvr-g~a©b¨- post-alveolar cðv`b- ground cvjbg~jK- prescriptive wcP- pitch wcw”Qj- glide cwiwgwZwewa- maxim of manner cwigvYwewa- maxim of quantity c~e©m~wi- precursor †c․btcywbKZv cÖfve- frequency effect cÖKvk K…wZ- locutionary act cÖKvkg~jK- expressive cÖÁvbg~jK fvlvweÁvb- cognitive linguistics cÖwZwµqv K…wZ- perlocutionary act cªwZKviK- remedial cÖwZdj- consequence cÖwZ‡ewóZ- retroflex cÖwZgv-QK- image schema cÖwZkÖæwZg~jK/ `vqwelqK- commissives cÖ_g-cÖRb¥ cÖÁvbweÁvbx- first generation cognitive scientist cÖ_vMZ e¨vKiY- traditional grammar

cÖwZeYx©KiY - transcription cÖwZwjwcKiY - transliteration cÖwZ‡lab- intervention cÖZœiƒc - prototype cªmM©- preposition cÖmviY- rarefaction cÖ¯vÍ e- proposition cÖvBwgs- priming

cÖv_wgK kÖeY AÂj- primary auditory cortex cÖvšÍxq kÖeY mskÖq- peripheral auditory system

†g․wjK K¤úv¼- fundamental frequencydi‡g›U- formant dvB‡jv‡Rwb - phylogeny wd‡jvjwR - philology djK- blade dzwiqvi we‡kølY- Fourier analysis dzmdzmZvwoZ- pulmonic eskjwZKv-m¤úK©- genealogical relation eY©bvg~jK- representatives eY©vÿwiK wjwc-alpha-syllabic script

eû A_©Zv- polysemy ewnivsk- auricle evKcÖZ¨½- vocal organs evwK¨K Dcv`vb- syntactic constituent evwK¨K ¯^qsm¤ú~Y©Zv- syntactic autonomy evwK¨K eM©- syntactic category evKK…wZ- speech act evPb- speech evPb-†kKj- speech chain evPb övjb- slip of tongue evPbnxbZv- speechlessness evbvbZË¡- orthography

ev‡e‡ji †m․a- Tower of Babel evb©vIwj cÖfve- Bernoulli effect wePviwelqK- verdictives web¤ªZv - politeness wewNœZ aŸwb- noncontinuent sounds wee„wZ K…wZ- propositonal act wee„wZagx© Dw³- constative utterance

364 | mgKvjxb fvlvweÁvb weiƒc fvwlK-cÖwZ‡ek- vulnerable linguisticecology we¯Ívi- amplitude

e„ÿwPÎ ZË¡- Stammbaumtheorie (family tree theory)

†ewmjvi wSwjø- basilar membrane •ewkó¨- attribute †eva/ cÖÁvb- cognition †evaMZ †evSv- cognitive load e¨ÄwbK wjwc-consonantal script

e¨Äbg~jK aŸwb- consonantal sounds e¨w³eywj- idiolect e¨vKiY •eKj¨- agrammatism weøm&wm¤^wj·- Blissymbolics

fvlv‡eva- language competence fvlvcÖ‡qvM- language performancefvlvi eskjwZKvwfwËK HwZnvwmK cwieZ©bglossogeny

fvwlK Av`e- linguistic etiquette wfwË- base wfbœv_©Zv- antonymy f~wgKvMZ wb‡`©wkKZvfunctional referentiality

†fiwbK AÂj- Wernicke’s area gMR-Awfavb- mental lexicon g‡bvcÖwZgv- prototype gvbweK AvPiY wn‡m‡e fvlvi weKvk- ontogeny gvbwmK iƒcvqY- mental mapping gvb¨vqb- standardization g~ZK © iY- embodiment g~a©v- alveolar ridge g~j- root †gvivBK wjwc-moraic script

†gvnwe`- Mohists †g․wLK- spoken hy³vÿi-consonant-consonant ligature

hyw³ev`- rationalism †h․wMKxKiY/mgvme×Zv- compounding †h․M A_©weÁvb- compositional semantics ivg gw›`i- Temple of Ramm iƒcK- metaphor iƒcvšÍi- transformation iƒcvšÍig~jK m„wókxj e¨vKiYtransformational generative grammar •iwLKm¤úK©- syntagmatic

†ivgvwbKiY- romanization wjwLZ- written wjwcZË¡- graphology wjwcg~jZË¡- graphimics kãMZwjwc- logographic script kã-iƒc- word-form kãwjwc- logograph kvã A_©weÁvb- lexical semantics wkÿv fvlvweÁvb- educational linguistics wkÿvg~jK- didactic wki- head •kwj - style •kwjMZ - stylistic kÖeY MÖvnK- auditory receptor kÖeYvw¯’- auditory osscicles kÖeYvw¯’ ms‡iva mgZv- impedance matching of ossicles

†kÖwY m¤úK©- paradigmatic k^mb- respiration k^vmiÜ«- glottis

GB MÖ‡š’ e¨eüZ cwifvlv | 365 k^vmiÜ«-EaŸ©eZx© e¨e¯’v- supraglottal system k^vmiÜ«-wb¤œeZx© e¨e¯’v- subglottal system ms‡KvPb- compression msMVb- structure mseM©gÐj- category-sphere ms‡e`b- sensation msjvcwewa- conversational maxims mZ¨-kZ©- truth conditions mgMÖZvev`x `„wófw½- holistic view mgaŸwbKZv- homophony mgeY©Zv- homograpy mgiƒcZv- homology mgvcZb - overlapping m¤úK©wewa- maxim of relation m¤úªmvwiZ m¤úK©- inflectional relations m¤§yLb- figure m¤§yLeZ©x aŸwb- anterior sounds me©Rbxb e¨vKiY- universal grammar mnR cÖwZeYx©KiY- broad transcription mn-eM©vqb- subcategorization mnve¯’vb- collocation mvsMVwbK fvlvweÁvb- structural linguistics mv`„k¨v_©Zv - synonymy mvwaZ m¤úK©- derivational relations mvgvwRKeywj- sociolect mvgxc¨- contiguity wm-KgvÛ- constituent command myLgqZvi kZ©- felicity condition m~² cÖwZeYx©KiY- narrow transcription m~Pbv- onset myjwjZ aŸwb- sonorant

¯’vbPz¨wZKiY- displacement ¯^iY- phonation ¯^iZš¿x -vocal cord ¯^i-e¨Äb hy³Zv- vocal-consonant ligature ¯^vZwš¿K wdPvi- distinctive features †¯úK‡UvMÖvg- spectogram †¯úK‡UvMÖvd- spectograph ¯^ic_- vocal tract nvi‡gvwbK- harmonic wnmRvZ aŸwb- sibilant sounds 2. Bs‡iwR †_‡K evsjv agrammatism- e¨vKiY •eKj¨ ape- A¨vc/†jRwenxb eb-gvbyl aphasiology- G‡dwRqvZË¡ accidental gap- AvKw¯§K k~b¨Zv acoustic phonetics- Zi½ aŸwbweÁvb acoustic reflex- Zi½aŸwbi cÖwZeZx© wµqv alveolar- `šÍ¨g~jxq alveolar-retroflex-`šÍg~jxq g~a©b¨ alveolar ridge- g~a©v amplitude- we¯Ívi anterior sounds- m¤§yLeZ©x aŸwb antonymy- wfbœv_©Zv apico-alveolar- wRnŸvcÖvšÍxq-g~a©b¨ apico-dental- wRnŸvcÖvšÍxq-`šÍ¨ arbitrary- Avwe©wÎK articulation -D”PviY articulatory phonetics- D”PviY aŸwbweÁvb attribute- •ewkó¨ auditory osscicles- kÖeYvw¯’ auditory receptor- kÖeY MÖvnK

366 | mgKvjxb fvlvweÁvb auricle- ewnivsk

conversational maxims- msjvcwewa

base- wfwË

coronal sound- K‡ivbvj aŸwb

behabities- AvPviwelqK

creolistics- †µqjweÁvb

basilar membrane- †ewmjvi wSwjø

damage- ¶Z

behaviorist theory- AwfÁZvev`x ZË¡

declaratives- †NvlYvg~jK

Bernoulli effect- evb©vIwj cÖfve

deep structure- AMfxi Zj

blade- djK

derivational relation- mvwaZ m¤úK©

broad transcription- mnR cÖwZeYx©KiY

diacretic mark- AbywPý

category-sphere- mseM©gÐj

diachronic- KvjvbyµwgK/wØKvjxb

cochlea- KKwjqv

dialectician- Dcfvlvwe`

coda- AwšÍKv

didactic- wkÿvg~jK

code- †KvW

diglossia- wØfvlvixwZ

cognition- cÖÁvb/†eva

diphthong- wد^iaŸwb

cognitive linguistics- cÖÁvbg~jK fvlvweÁvb

directives- Av‡`kg~jK

cognitive load- †evaMZ †evSv

displacement- we¯’vbxKiY/¯’vbPz¨wZKiY

collocation- mnve¯’vb

distinctive features- ¯^vZwš¿K wdPvi

comparative and historical linguistics-

dorso-velar - wRnŸvg~jxq-Kɨ

Zzjbvg~jK I HwZnvwmK fvlvweÁvb comparative philology- Zyjbvg~jK wd‡jvjwR commissives- cÖwZkÖæwZg~jK/`vqwelqK compounding- †h․wMKxKiY/mgvme×Zv compositional semantics- †h․M A_©weÁvb compression- ms‡KvPb conceptual metaphor- aviYvMZ iƒcK Confucianists- Kbdzwmqvmwe` consonantal sound- e¨Äbg~jK aŸwb consequence –cÖwZdj constative utterance- wee„wZagx© Dw³ constituent- Dcv`vb constituent command- wm-KgvÛ contiguity- mvgxc¨ continuent sound- AwewNœZ aŸwb

embodiment- g~ZK © iY empiricism- AwfÁZvev` excercitives- AwaKviwelqK expositives- K_bwelqK expressives- cÖKvkg~jK K…wZ eye movement-`„wó mPjZv family resemblance- ¸”Q mv`„k¨ felicity condition- myLgqZvi kZ© figure- m¤§yLb first generation cognitive scientist- cÖ_g-

cÖRb¥ cÖÁvbweÁvbx formant- di‡g›U frequency- K¤úv¼ frequency effect- †c․btcywbKZv cÖfve fundamental frequency- †g․wjK K¤úv¼

GB MÖ‡š’ e¨eüZ cwifvlv | 367 functional

referentiality-

f~wgKvMZ

language competence- fvlv‡eva

wb‡`©wkKZv

language performance- fvlvcÖ‡qvM

Fourier analysis- dzwiqvi we‡kølY

lexical semantics- kvã A_©weÁvb

Gastarbeiterdeutsch- Awfevmx kÖwg‡Ki Rvg©vb

linguistic etiquette- fvwlK Av`e

genealogical relation- eskjwZKv-m¤úK©

liquid sound- Zij aŸwb

glide- wcw”Qj

localizationist view- LÐZvev`x `„wófw½

glossogeny-

fvlvi

eskjwZKvwfwËK

HwZnvwmK cwieZ©b

illocutionary force- wb‡e`b †Rvi

glottal- KÚ¨bvjxq

logograph- wPÎwjwc

glottis- k^vmiܫ

marked- wPwýZ

ground- cðv`b

maxim of manner- cwiwgwZwewa

harmonic- nvi‡gvwbK

maxim of quality- ¸Ywewa

head- wki holistic view- mgMÖZvev`x `„wófw½ homograpy- mgeY©Zv

maxim of quantity- cwigvYwewa maxim of relation- m¤úK©wewa mental lexicon- gMR-Awfavb

homology- mgiƒcZv

mentalism- •PZb¨ev`

homophony- mgaŸwbKZv

mental mapping- gvbwmK iƒcvqY

hyponymy- AšÍfy©³Zv

metaphor- iƒcK

idiolect- e¨w³ eywj illocutionary act- wb‡e`b K…wZ image schema- cÖwZgv-QK impedance matching of ossicles- kÖeYvw¯’

ms‡iva mgZv

minimal peer- b~¨bZg kã‡Rvo Mohists- †gvnwe` movement- Awfevmb monophthong- GKK ¯^i naso-pharynx- bvwmK¨-Mjwe‡j

implicature- wbwnZv_© inflectional phrase- wZOeM© inflectional relation- m¤úªmvwiZ m¤úK© intervention- cÖwZ‡lab Junggrammatiker

locutionary act- cÖKvk K…wZ

(Neogrammarian)-

noncontinuent sound- wewNœZ aŸwb non-pulmonic- evqy MÖnY narrow transcription- m~² cÖwZeYx©Ki‡Y network- Kg©Rvj

be¨‣eqvKiY

nucleus- †K›`ª

labial-Iô¨

obstruents sound- AmyjwjZ aŸwb

laminal- wRnevdjKxq

onoma- bvg

landmark- LywU

onomastics- bvgweÁvb onset- m~Pbv

368 | mgKvjxb fvlvweÁvb ontogeny- gvbweK AvPiY wn‡m‡e fvlvi weKvk

prototype- g‡bvcÖwZgv

organ of corti- †KviwU msMVb

pseudo-word- QÙkã

palatal- Zvje¨

pulmonic- dzmdzmZvwoZ

paradigmatic- †kÖwY m¤úK©

rarefaction- cÖmviY

perceptual prominence- Abyf~Z gyL¨Zv

rationalism- hyw³ev`

performative utterance- Kvh©m¤úv`x Dw³

referent- wb‡`©kK

performative verb- Kvh©m¤úv`x wµqv

remedial- cªwZKviK

Parts of Speech- c`

representatives- eY©bvg~jK

perception- Abyaveb

resonance- AbyiYb

peripheral auditory system- cÖvšÍxq kÖeY

respiration- k^mb

mskÖq

retroflex- cÖwZ‡ewóZ

period- ch©vq

rhemra- wµqv

perlocutionary act- cÖwZwµqv K…wZ

romanization- †ivgvwbKiY

phase- `kv

root- g~j

Philology- wd‡jvjwR

sex – RbbZ¡

phonation- ¯^iY

semantic

phonemic- aŸwbMZ

Awa‡ÿÎ

phonetic similarity- aŸwbZvwË¡K mgZv

semantics- A_©weÁvb

phonetics- aŸwbweÁvb

semicircular cannal- Aa©‡MvjvK…wZi cwiLv

phonological

allomrph-

aŸwbmvg¨MZ

domain-

Av_©‡ÿÎ / evMw_©K

sensation- ms‡e`b

mniƒcg~j

sibilant sound- wnmRvZ aŸwb

phonology- aŸwbZË¡

signified- †`¨vwZZ

pitch- wcP

signifier- †`¨vZK

polysemy- eû A_©Zv

slip of tongue- evPb övjb

post-alveolar- cðvr-g~a©b¨

sociolect- mvgvwRK eywj

precursor- c~e©m~wi

sonorant sounds- myjwjZ aŸwb

preposition- cªmM©

sonorants- myjwjZ ¯^i

prescriptive- cvjbg~jK

speech act- evKK…wZ

primary auditory cortex- cÖv_wgK kÖeY AÂj

spectogram- †¯úK‡UvMÖvg

priming- cÖvBwgs

spectograph- †¯úK‡UvMÖvd

proposition- cÖ¯vÍ e

speech- evPb

propositional act- wee„wZ K…wZ

speech chain- evPb-†kKj

GB MÖ‡š’ e¨eüZ cwifvlv | 369 speechlessness- evPbnxbZv

transformation- iƒcvšÍi

spoken- †g․wLK

transformational

stimulus- DÏxcK/cÖ‡Yv`bv

iƒcvšÍig~jK m„wókxj e¨vKiY truth conditions- mZ¨-kZ© unmarked-AwPwýZ universal grammar- me©Rbxb e¨vKiY Wernicke’s area- †fiwbK AÂj verdictives- wePviwelqK vestibular membrane- †KvUi wSwjø vestibule organs- †KvUi KvVv‡gv vestibule system- †KvUi mskÖq vocal cord - ¯^iZš¿x vocal tract- ¯^ic_ vulnerable linguistic-ecology- weiƒc fvwlKcÖwZ‡ek wave cycle- Zi½e„Ë wave length- Zi½‣`N©¨ word-form- kã-iƒc written- wjwLZ

Stammbaumtheorie (family tree theory)-

e„ÿwPÎ ZË¡ standardisation- gvb¨vqb stem- KvÐ structure- msMVb structural linguistics- mvsMVwbK fvlvweÁvb style - •kwj stylistic- •kwjMZ subcategorization- mn-eM©vqb subglottal system- k^vmiÜ«-wb¤œeZx© e¨e¯’v suppletive allomorph- aŸwbmvg¨MZ mniƒcg~j supraglottal system- k^vmiÜ«-EaŸ©eZx© e¨e¯’v surface structure- Dcwi Zj synchronic- Kvj‡Kw›`ªK synonymy- mv`„k¨v_©Zv syntactic autonomy- evwK¨K ¯^qsm¤ú~Y©Zv syntactic category- evwK¨K eM© syntagmatic- •iwLK m¤úK© syllabic- AvÿwiK syllabic sounds- AvÿwiK aŸwb systematic gap- •bqwgK k~b¨Zv talking animal- K_K cÖvYx Taoists- ZvIwe` telegraphic speech- †UwjMÖvdxq evPb Temple of Ramm- ivg gw›`i tip- WMv Tower of Babel- ev‡e‡ji †m․a traditional grammar- cÖ_vMZ e¨vKiY trajector- MgbK

generative

grammar-

370 | mgKvjxb fvlvweÁvb

MÖšc ’ wÄ AvRv`, ûgvqyb (1999)| A_©weÁvb| XvKv: AvMvgx cÖKvkbx ―, ― (1998)| Zzjbvg~jK I HwZnvwmK fvlvweÁvb| XvKv: AvMvgx cÖKvkbx ―, ― (1994)| evK¨ZË¡| XvKv: evsjv GKv‡Wgx Avwid, nvwKg (2013)| wPwKrmv fvlvweÁvb I evsjv fvlv| cÖvP¨we`¨ cwÎKv, Z…Zxq msL¨v, 61-80 ―, ― (2012K)| g‡bvfvlvweÁvb I evsjv fvlv| (m¤úv. iwdKzj Bmjvg I cweÎ miKvi) evsjv GKv‡Wgx cªwgZ evsjv fvlvi e¨vKiY, wØZxq LÐ, 321-340| XvKv: evsjv GKv‡Wgx ―, ― (2012L)| †evaMZ fvlvweÁvb| (m¤úv. iwdKzj Bmjvg I cweÎ miKvi) evsjv GKv‡Wgx cªwgZ evsjv fvlvi e¨vKiY, wØZxq LÐ, 341-375| XvKv: evsjv GKv‡Wgx ―, ― (2012M)| gw¯Í®‹ : fvlv I ev•gqZvi cªvY‡fvgiv| DjyLvMov mvwnZ¨-ms¯‹…wZwelqK •ÎgvwmK, msL¨v: 15, 158-166 ―, ― (2011)| DcfvlvZË¡ I evsjv Dcfvlv PP©vi m¤¢vebv| mvwnZ¨ cwÎKv, el©: 48, msL¨v: 3, 4774 ―, ― (2003)| RR© Aveªvnvg wMªqvimb| [m¤úv. wmivRyj Bmjvg] evsjv wcwWqv, 244-245| XvKv: evsjv‡`k GwkqvwUK †mvmvBwU Avwid, nvwKg, Avmv`y¾vgvb, †gvt, Avjg, dvwZgv, Bqvmwgb, dviRvbv, Bqvmwgb, dvnwgbv I †mvgv, mvC`v Avjx (2022)| AwUw÷K wkïi fvlv I †hvMv‡hvM †_ivwc| XvKv : A‡š^lv cÖKvkb Avwid, nvwKg I mvjvg, mvw`qv (2022)| AwR©Z fvlv •eKj¨, G‡KwRqv I †÷ªvK| nvwKg Avwid (m¤úv.), evsjv‡`‡k †hvMv‡hvM •eKj¨ Aa¨qb : GK `k‡Ki cwiµgv, 125-142| XvKv : XvKv wek¦we`¨vjq Avjx, RxbvZ BgwZqvR (2012)| AvšÍRv© wZK wjwc‡Z evsjv aŸwbi eYx©KiY| (m¤úv. iwdKzj Bmjvg I cweÎ miKvi) evsjv GKv‡Wgx cªwgZ evsjv fvlvi e¨vKiY, wØZxq LÐ, 256-261| XvKv: evsjv GKv‡Wgx Avmv`y¾vgvb, gynv¤§` (2014)| AvaywbK •kjxweÁvb I mvwnZ¨wePvi| XvKv: gvIjv eªv`vm© Bmjvg, iwdKzj (1998)| fvlvZvwË¡K cÖeÜvejx| XvKv: evsjv GKv‡Wgx Bmjvg, iwdKzj, miKvi, cweÎ I nK, gvneyeyj (2014)| evsjv GKv‡Wwg cÖwgZ evsjv e¨vKiY| XvKv: evsjv GKv‡Wwg KzÐz, cÖYqKzgvi, (1992)| ixwZ †_‡K ixwZweÁvb| (m¤úv. W. AiæYKzgvi emy) evOjv M`¨ wRÁvmv, 2154| KjKvZv: mgZU cÖKvkb Lvb, Mvwje Avnmvb (2001) weÁvb, c×wZ I cÖMwZ| XvKv: RvZxq MÖš’ cÖKvkb Lvqiæbœvnvi, L›`Kvi (2011)| Aw÷‡bi evKK…wZ ZË¡ I evsjv fvlvi msÁvcb cÖK…wZ| Kjv Abyl` cwÎKv, LÐ 5, msL¨v: 7, 77-88

MÖš’cwÄ | 371 PµeZx©, ivwRe (2012)| evsjv ¯^i e¨ÄbaŸwbi Zi½wPÎ I aŸwbwPÎ| (m¤úv. iwdKzj Bmjvg I cweÎ miKvi) evsjv GKv‡Wgx cÖwgZ evsjv e¨vKiY, cÖ_g LÐ, 31-59| XvKv: evsjv GKv‡Wgx Rvnvb, ZvIwn`v (2022)| AwURg, fvlv I Ab¨vb¨| nvwKg Avwid [m¤úv.] evsjv‡`‡k †hvMv‡hvM •eKj¨ Aa¨qb: GK `k‡Ki cwiµgv, 71-102| †hvMv‡hvM •eKj¨ wefvM: XvKv wek^we`¨vjq| `vk, wkwkiKzgvi, (1996)| KweZvi wgj I Awgj| KjKvZv: †`ÕR cvewjwks ―, ― (1992)| ixwZ †_‡K ixwZweÁvb| (m¤úv. W. AiæYKzgvi emy) evOjv M`¨ wRÁvmv, 1-20| KjKvZv: mgZU cÖKvkb bvmixb, mvjgv (2016)| evsjvfvlx AwUw÷K wkï‡`i fvlv-cÖKv‡ki ¯^iƒc we‡kølY| AcÖKvwkZ wcGBPwW w_wmm| XvKv wek^we`¨vjq b~iæ¾vgvb, †gvt (2006) ciLbxwZ I weÁvb. mgvR wbixÿY, bs-99, 29-82 fÆvPvh©¨, wkwki (2016)| evsjv e¨vKi‡Yi iƒc‡iLv| XvKv: cÖ_gv cÖKvkb ―, ― (1998)| mÄbbx e¨vKiY| XvKv: Pviæ gwbiæ¾vgvb (1994)| Dcfvlv PP©vi f~wgKv| XvKv: evsjv GKv‡Wgx gymv, gbmyi (2017)| cvwYwb, Pgw¯‹ I Zvici| XvKv: ga¨gv †gvi‡k`, Aveyj Kvjvg gbRyi (2012)| AvaywbK fvlvweÁvb| XvKv: gvIjv eªv`vm© ―, ― (m¤úv.) (2007)| fvlv I mvwnZ¨: evsjv‡`‡ki mvs¯‹…wZK mgxÿvgvjv-6| XvKv: GwkqvwUK †mvmvBwU ingvb, •mq` kvnwiqvi (2013)| evsjv c‡ivÿ K_bK…wZ we‡kølY| mvwnZ¨ cwÎKv, el©: 50, msL¨v 2-3, 59-68 jvwnox, wkecÖmbœ (1368)| wm‡jwU fvlvZ‡Ë¡i f~wgKv| XvKv: evsjv GKv‡Wgx knx`yjøvn, gyn¤§` (1965)| c~e© cvwK¯Ívbx AvÂwjK fvlvi Awfavb| XvKv: evsjv GKv‡Wgx miKvi, cweÎ, (1992)| evsjv M`¨: ixwZMZ Abyaveb| (m¤úv. W. AiæYKzgvi emy) evOjv M`¨ wRÁvmv, 55-102| KjKvZv: mgZU cÖKvkb miKvi, ¯^‡ivwPl (2012)| evsjv e‡Y©i †ivgvb cÖwZeYx©KiY| (m¤úv. iwdKzj Bmjvg I cweÎ miKvi) evsjv GKv‡Wgx cªwgZ evsjv fvlvi e¨vKiY, wØZxq LÐ, 227-255| XvKv: evsjv GKv‡Wgx wmK`vi, †mŠif (1996)| ÷vBwjmwUKm evsjv fvlv I mvwnZ¨| XvKv: gvIjv eªv`vm© nK, gyn¤§`, Gbvgyj (1991[1935])| PÆMÖvgx evsjvi inm¨-†f`| [m¤úv. gbmyi gymv] gyn¤§` Gbvgyj nK iPbvejx (cÖ_g LÐ), 479-605| XvKv: evsjv GKv‡Wgx nK, gnv¤§` `vbxDj (2014)| fvlvweÁv‡bi K_v| XvKv: gvIjv eªv`vm© nvB, gn¤§y` Ave`yj (2013)| aŸwbweÁvb I evsjv aŸwbZË¡| XvKv: gwjøK eªv`vm© ―, ― (1994)| Avgv‡`i evsjv D”PviY| [m¤úv. ûgvqyb AvRv`] gyn¤§` Ave`yj nvB iPbvejx Z…Zxq LÐ, 54-62| XvKv evsjv GKv‡Wgx

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