Russian for Beginners 0064632873, 9780064632874

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А BARNES

& NOBLE

LANGUAGE

Russian

FOR BEGINNERS

A SIMPLIFIED INTRODUCTION TO GRAMMAR, WITH BASIC 4,000-WORD VOCABULARY, CONVERSATION, CLASSICAL AND SOVIET READINGS

CHARLES

DUFF/DMITRI

MAKAROFF

BOOK

RUSSIAN

FOR

BEGINNERS

ABOUT

THE

AUTHORS

СнавгЕз Durr (1894-1966) had wide experience in the practical use of Russian. After serving with the French Army as an interpreter, he was employed for many years as Press Officer by the British Foreign Office. Thereafter, he devoted his time to teaching, writing, and translating. He served as lecturer at

the Institute of Education, London University, and as Professor

of Occidental Languages at Nanyang University. Mr. Duff pioneered in developing and applying modern methods of teaching foreign languages, using them in classroom work and as a basis for his popular volumes of self-instruction. His many books include How to Learn a Language; and the Barnes and Noble Everyday Handbooks Spanish for Beginners, Italian for Beginners, and German for Beginners (with Paul Stamford). Dmitri МАКАВОЕЕ is not only an experienced teacher of Russian, his native language, but also the distinguished translator into English of Mayakovski’s famous play The Bed Bug and of Chekhoy’s early play Platonov. Both plays were produced in London. He has served as instructor at the Joint Services School for Linguists. His collaboration with the late Mr. Duff produced a happy result: the completion of a thorough book that is realistic in the practical sense, one that teaches first things first and is closely related to everyday life.

EVERYDAY

HANDBOOKS

Reebok Ag N FOR BEGINNERS by CHARLES and DMITRI

-

BARNES

A DIVISION New

MAKAROFF

—

Ш York,

OF

&

HARPER

Hagerstown,

NOBLE & ROW, San

DUFF

BOOKS PUBLISHERS

Francisco,

London

©

Copyright

by Charles Duff and Dmitri Makaroff, 1962 All rights reserved

L. C. Catalogue Card Number: 62-20859 SBN 389 00287 9

tae

This American edition published by special arrangement with Charles Duff, Dmitri Makaroff, and English Universities © Press, Ltd.

PRINTED

IN

THE

UNITED

88 89 90

STATES

20191811

OF

AMERICA

INTRODUCING

THE

COURSE

Tuis is a comprehensive course in Russian, which provides necessary grammar, carefully chosen vocabulary, and common idioms, with sufficient practice material and reading matter to enable the adult of average intelligence to assimilate the essential elements of the language. In one important respect Russtan for Beginners differs from the other books in this series. It allows for a fact that is too often overlooked in textbooks: that the first stage of learning Russian is generally found by absolute beginners to be more difficult than the first stage of learning, say, Spanish, French, or German. Unlike our delightfully simple English, Russian is a highly “inflected” language. In it meanings are changed by changing the forms of words rather than by adding, as we do, other words. ‘This involves from the outset a different way of thinking from ours. Russian has much more of elementary and of more difficult grammar than we have in English, which tends to play havoc with the enthusiasm of many beginners. Then there is the “strange” alphabet, not to dwell on certain difficulties of pronunciation! АП this can be rather forbidding, but if the early stage be taken gently—never hurriedly or impatiently —and if the Russian be presented in a simplified form, in small quantities, any normal person can learn it.

In the first stage it

demands from us all a certain amount of what many regard as drudgery. But, when this first stage is passed, enlightenment increases, and with this comes a fascination for the language. Therefore one must have a textbook which goes as far as possible in the simplified presentation of that first stage. And this is what we have attempted to do in Part I of this book. In Part I we have it strongly in mind that no details of explanation can be too elementary for the beginner: especially for the beУ

RUSSIAN

vi

FOR

BEGINNERS

ginner whose English grammar may be weak or totally forgotten. Here he will learn English grammar as he goes along. We do not apologize for what some others may regard as over‘simplification, or for the repetition of words already met, or for re-stating in some places what has already been given of grammar, the idea of this being that it is the basis of some further expansion of grammar now to be given. Such features are deliberate in the interests of many beginners, and calculated to save time. When

Part I has been mastered, the learner’s horizon will

begin to expand considerably with Part II. He will still have to work at his Russian grammar, but the work becomes more interesting. He will find himself dealing with Russian that has been written for Russians. The texts for Reading—graded in diffculty—include: (т) extracts (usually self-contained for interest) from Russian folk and classical literature; and (2) extracts from Soviet writers and popular modern publications. This is all “guided” reading with full notes and a literal (not “literary”) translation, sufficient to introduce the beginner to both classical and Soviet Russian prose. We have endeavored to make the Soviet reading matter as light as possible, so that, after it has been worked through carefully, the task of reading contemporary Soviet writing will be easier and require only help from a dictionary. Study is aided by the provision of tables and of diagrams of knotty points of grammar. Material for reference is relegated to Appendixes. In preparing the book we have taken into account—with gratitude for an excellent piece of work—The Russian Word Count * by Josselson. But we have not followed it slavishly. This Count is based on written Russian (from early nineteenth century to 1953) and, within this field, can be a most useful guide to the frequency of words and forms. But no adequate study of the frequencies of the contemporary spoken language has yet become available, nor, so far as we know, scientifically

attempted, nor on a scale to provide required results.

“Its sub-title is: Frequency Analyses of Grammatical Standard Literary Russian.

So we

Categories of

INTRODUCING

THE

COURSE

Vii

must therefore rely on empirical methods for most of the vocabulary required for “active” use in speech. Our total vocabulary consists of 5000 words, which (excepting such “active” certainties as numeral words) are contained in the Vocabulary on pages 322-368. As examples of very common “active” words which do not come into the literary Word Count made by Josselson one may cite ащи (= cabbage soup) and 6opuy (=a widely consumed soup made with beet). These words must be used daily by innumerable people in the Soviet Union, but there is zo statistical guide to their frequency! Such words are given in this book as “active” vocabulary to be memorized. When this book is used for private Lessons or class-work, the teacher will determine the apportionment of tasks. A very few items of grammar and a vocabulary of at first a dozen Russian words, increasing to 20-30 or even more, is sufficient for a Les-

son lasting one hour. The self-taught will make their own pace, and our advice to them is to “hasten slowly” and make sure of knowing each Lesson before passing on to the next. For both, constant review is necessary. It may be of interest to note that, although the workings of the normal human memory are not yet fully understood, one can be fairly sure of at least two important factors in: (1) Motivation—that is keenness or otherwise to learn; and (2) Concentration of attention while learning. Motivation is of primary importance. The learner must be keen to learn if he is to learn well and quickly. And he must concentrate while learning. Study that is spaced out at regular intervals and uninterrupted by distractions always gives the best results. Morning study is said to be better than study which comes after a day’s work; and review best left for the evening. These are matters for individual choice. Final hints: (1) never let a day pass during the first six months without doing a daily stint at Russian; (2) always regard accuracy as of more importance than speed in learning; (3) if you feel that you are getting bogged down or confused or frustrated, stop attempting new Lessons, and go back again over what has been done. Grateful acknowledgements are due to our publishers for

RUSSIAN

Vill

BEGINNERS

FOR

their help and encouragement in the preparation of this book,

and to the skilful and patient printers who have dealt with its Grateful acknowledgements are many technical problems. also due to the Soviet magazines and other publications

quoted; to the artists and writers whose work is included here;

and to Mr Horne Shepheard for the pages of Russian handwriting.

Extracts from contemporary Russian writers whose work is

used here come from Огонёк; Культура и жизнь; Наука и жизнь; Советский Союз; Весёлые картинки; Крокодил; Неделя; Женский календарь 1960;

Календарь для школьника—ап4

July

1959

to December

same sources. We have also РУССКИЙ

used

ЯЗЫК

Our

1960.

the

all are from the period cartoons

following

(Учебное

are from

Russian

пособие

the

textbooks:

для нерусских

педагогических училищ): часть первая— Лексика, Фонетика и Морфология (Москва, 1951). Справочник по глагольному управлению в русском языке (Москва, Учпедгиз 1957.) Also useful has been I. М. Pulkina’s A Short Russian Reference Grammar (Moscow,

1960); and Die Russischen Verben by E. Daum and W. Schenk

(Leipzig, 1954).

Finally, we are grateful to Maria Pupko, Consulting Editor,

and Dr. Samuel Smith, Editor-in-Chief, of Barnes and Noble,

Inc. for numerous suggestions and emendations adapting the original text to the needs of the American reader. CHARLES DUFF DMITRI MAKAROFF

TABLE

OF

CONTENTS

INTRODUCING THE COURSE : TABLE OF CONTENTS A | WHY LEARN RUSSIAN? . ABBREVIATIONS USED IN THIS BOOK

A о у р

°

, :

.

+ A 2

4

‘

о

У

2 Е 5 5

Е : :

% ь :

: ix ху pat RV

PART I: First Principles Before beginning the Lessons Russian alphabet: the letters and their primary ‘sounds

; }

j

: :

5 ;

Approximate equivalents : Difficult sounds . : : Memorizing the letters . A Russian vowels; and ы, & ; Stress . Hard and soft consonants ь Palatalization : $ A Hard л $ Voiced and unvoiced consonants Stressed and unstressed vowels Practice with sounds. : Basic rules of spelling . 4 Old orthography . . : Russian handwriting. : Punctuation . о Capitals and small letters c

Italic alphabet 5 How to study the Lessons in Part т

#

ь : ; ь

: Е : :

: ‘ : : ‘ . Е : ь ы é

‘ ь A : Е , : : ; : :

: :

: :

р :

5

Е

:

ь у : , . : ‘ : : ;

3 ; $ ; : F : ;

$ F : : : ; A Е 3 5 A

: ;

; . : i

р 3

.

6-8 8 ь 8 . Q-II ат Ailes &)

ime X3 . 14-16

5: мб о {5 . 17-20 as ТЯ je. OR о Е en ee

Lessons Page I. Nouns — animate and inanimate — Gender — omission of articles — is and are — to ask a question — stressed Ried — How to practise — Practice : 23 2.

Inflexion — the Russian cases described— declension of nouns —indeclinable nouns . ‘ 4

3. The nominative case of nouns Orthography 4. Accusative case accusative of

case — genitive case — formation of genitive — examples of genitive case — The Rules of A . — subject and direct object — formation of nouns — accusative of masculine/neuter and

._. feminine nouns 5. Russian names of persons — their pronunciation

: ‘

:

2

6. Personal pronouns — conjugation of verbs — the simplicity of Russian verbs — Verbs of first conjugation: present tense conjugated — the accumulative negative in Russian — omis4 5 : : р sion of personal pronouns.

ix

28

32

435 38

RUSSIAN

xX

BEGINNERS

FOR

Page Lessons — interroga7. Conjugation I verbs: to wish, desire — Particles tive particle — punctuation — accusative as direct object — genitive after negation — object of the verb играть, to play 8. Personal pronouns: declension — Prepositions — to have in ‘

50

: 5 у ings of the Russian past tense I Masculine nouns in -ь and -й: declension — ИС verbs contd. — to write; to go, come (on foot) — Summary of . $ : present tense endings — memorizing verbs Prepositions +gen and асс — Nouns т-я, -ия and -ь — Neuter nouns in -e, -ие, -ье — Summary of nominative endings : : . . of nouns —hardandsoftendings

54

Russian —

Interrogatives

;

-

‘

Е

‘

9. Prepositions + gen — Personal pronouns: declension — Possessive pronouns: declension — Past tense of verbs — Meanто.

тг.

12: Conjugation

II (‘и”) verbs — to speak,

to dine, to hold;

to

write — object of cmoTpéTs, to look — to thank + ртр : 13. Adjectives: attributive and predicative — Interrogative ргоnoun какой — possessive pronouns, use of — любить fo love, like é é . $ 14. The dative case — dative of personal pronouns — НО on dat sing of nouns — dat of possessive prons — dat after certain verbs — to listen and to hear — construction with как. 4 15. быть to be conjugated — быть as auxiliary verb — aspects of verbs: imperfective and perfective — compound future of tpf verbs — past tense of быть to be — verbs in -авать тб.

note — 2nd conj verbs ш-сить

:

3

‘

Корабль шёл мёдленно. = The ship sailed slowly (from) . . .

But for motor-cars 6здить-6хать are also commonly used: Автомобйль éxan мёдленно по гброду. = The car moved slowly about the city.

THE

II. LESS

FUNDAMENTALS

ОЕ

THE

LIST FOR REFERENCE IMPERFECTIVE VERBS OF MOVEMENT

COMMON

THEIR INDETERMINATE AND DETERMINATE FORMS

List on page 174) or roaming. (10) chasing

(9) wandering (transitive) or trundling.

crawling. pulling.

(14)

planting

брбдим, -ите, -ят

or

seating

бредём, -ёте, -yT

бродил, -a, -о ; брёл, -4, -6;

-и роди! бродите! (Г) (11) катать to roll (transitive) катаю, -ешь, -ет катаем, -eTe, -ют катдл, -a,-0; -и катай! катайте! (13) иблзать (Г) то сгеер, crawl -ет

CONJUGATED

IN

(continues and completes

(transitive).

Indeterminate (10) гонять (Г) to chase гоняю, -ешь, -ет

гоняем, -ете, -ют

гонял,-а,-о;

-и гоняй! гоняйте! (12) лазить (II) to climb, clamber лажу, качу, катишь, лазишь, -ит -ит лазим, -ите, кАтим, -ите, -ят -ят лаАзил,-а,-о; катил,-а;-о; -и -и лазь!лазьте! катй! катйте!

-H бреди! бредите! катйть (II)

ползти (Г)

ползу, -ё&щь, -ёт

179

or driving. (11) rolling (12) climbing or clambering. (13) creeping or

Indeterminate Determinate (9) Gpomars (II) брести (Г) to wander, roam бреду, -én1b, брожу, -ёт брбдишь,-ит

пблзаю, -епть,

LANGUAGE

пблзаем, -eTe, ползём, -ETe, -yT ют пблзал, -а, -о; полз, ползлё, -6 3 -H -и ползй! пиблзай! ползите! пблзайте!

(15)

dragging

or

Determinate гнать (II)

гоню, гонишь, -ит

гбним, -ите, -ят

гнал, -&, -о ; -и гони! гоните!

лезть (1) лёзу, -ешь, -ет лёзем, -ете, -ут лез, л6зла, -0 ; -и лезь! лёзьте!

(14) сажать (Г) *садить (II) to plant; to make someone sit сажаю, -ешь, сажу, садишь, -ет

сажаем, -eTe, -ют сажёл, -а, -о; -и сажай! сажайте!

-ит

садим, -ите, -ят садил, -а, -о; -и сади! садите!

RUSSIAN

180

FOR

BEGINNERS

(15) таскать (I) to drag, pull: (16) таскаю, -ешь, -ет таскаем, -ете, -ют таскал, -a, -о ; -H таскай! таскайте!

тащить (II) тащу, тащишь, -HT тащим, -ите, -ат таццил, -a, -о ; -и Tana! тащите!

Frequency of verbs of movement: The first sixteen verbs given оп page 175 are of frequent occurrence in both speech and the written language. Of first importance They must all be mastered for active vocabulary. The second list of sixteen verbs given are ходйть/идти and éxarb. above may be regarded as for ‘‘passive’’ vocabulary and as verbs which, You should be able to recognize these, with prefixes make other verbs. The determinate forms of all the simple and know their basic meaning. verbs occur more frequently than their indeterminate forms. *садиться has several meanings, the commonest being to sit down It also means to mount a horse, to (intr), and should be memorized. shrink (of material), to settle (of dust); and fo set or sink (of the sun).

летать to fly about aimlessly.

(See page 174) (Illustration by Frederick Carter) (6) летёть

READING

to fly with definite aim(s).

BEJIKA И ВОЛК

ЧТЕНИЕ

The Squirrel and the Wolf Бёлка прыгала с вётки на вбтку и упала прямо на А squirrel was jumping from branch to branch and fell сбнного вблка. Волк вскочил и хотёл её съесть. straight onto а sleepy wolf. The wolf jumped up and was Bénka стала просить: ‚Пусти Mena!” Волк сказал: about to (11: wanted to) eat her up. The squirrel began to

THE

››Хорошб,

FUNDAMENTALS

я

пущу

beg: “ег me go!”’

тебя,

ОЕ

THE

T6NBKO

LANGUAGE

ты

скажй

181

мне,

The wolf said: “АП right, РИ let you

отчегб вы, бёлки, так вбселы. Мне всегда скучно, а go, only you tell me why you squirrels (are) so gay. I’m

на вас смбтришь, вы там вверху всё игрёете и always bored, but one looks at you (and) you’re up there прыгаете.” Волк пустил, a 6énka ушла на дёрево и

always playing and jumping about. The wolf let her go, and оттуда сказала: ,,Te6é оттогб скучно, что ты зол. the squirrel went away into the tree and from there said: Tedé злость сёрдце жжёт. A MBI вёселы оттогб, что “(The reason) why you’re bored is that you’re angry. MBI дббры и никому зла не дёлаем.” Malice burns your heart. But we are gay because we’re good

(kind) and we do no evil to anybody.”’ JI. H. Толстбй Азбука

(1872 г.)

Oénka=squirrel. прыгать (I)=tojump. волк=\оШ. вётка (gen -и, gen pl BéTOK)=branch. падать (Г/упасть (I упаду, -ёть. ра упал) =ю fall. прямо = 31га1о1. сбиный = ееру. вскакивать (Г/вскочить ([])=tojumpup. стать (I стёну, -еють pf)=to begin, set about. просить (II ipf прошу, просишь)/попросить =to ask, to beg. пускать (Г пустить (II пущу, пустишть) = let go. отчегб =\мру. вбсел, от: { to approach B3(BC)>C Example

pins

move away, leave + сходить[сойтй всходить/взойтй { hoof go/come down to go up

of Prefixation

with

y-: Take

the series of imperfective

indeterminate and determinate verbs on page 174 and, by adding the

prefix y- to each, sixteen new verbs are created. the meaning of y=away. `

They all have in them

Note: When a prefix is used, 6здить is replaced by -езжать (I) Note also that идтй becomes which form is used only in prefixation.

RUSSIAN

230

FOR

BEGINNERS

In general the forms of -itrh in prefixation: уйду, уйдёшь ; уйдут. both indet and det verbs take prefixes without change of form or conjugaThe pattern of the parent verb is followed. tion. new pf verb det ipf new ipf indet ipf (т) ходить (11) уходить (II) идтй (ПГ) уйтй (I)=to go away уёхать =то drive away 6хать уезжать (Г) (2) ездить (-езжать) унести =1о carry away by нести уносйть (3) носить hand увезти ={о take away by везти увозйть (4) возить vehicle увести = {о lead away вести уводить (5) водить yneTéTb=to fly away летёть улетать (6) летать ={о run away убежать бежать убегать (7) б6гать уплыть=1о swim ог float плыть уплывать* (8) плавать away *The det ipf+suffix -ва- is used instead of плавать to form the new ipf.

FREQUENTLY USED VERBS OF MOTION indet ipf det ар} indet ipf det ipf ходить (II) идти (Г) ёздить (II) éxars (Г to goorcome togoorcome _ to go or come by vehicle on foot

+ prefix, form

ipf pf =once входить войти to go in, enter выходить

выйти?

to go out, leave

ipf pf =once въезжать! въёхать to drive in выезжать

выехать?

to go out by vehicle

доходить дойти to go or come up to, reach заходить? зайти to drop in, call on находить найти

доезжать добёхать to reach by vehicle

отходить

отъезжать отъёхать to drive away from приезжать приёхать

to come upon, find

отойти

to go away, move from

приходить

прийти or придти to arrive, come

заезжать заёхать to call at on the way

to arrive

THE

FUNDAMENTALS

проходить“ пройти to pass by, through сходить? сойти to go or come down from’, off уходить уйтй to go off, away

ОЕ

THE

LANGUAGE

231

проезжать проёхать to pass by in a vehicle — mee уезжать

уёхать

to leave by vehicle

For пойти and поёхать see pages 219-20.

Notes: A verb of motion (пойти) followed by 3a+ instr=to go to, to fetch. Thus: I shall go to fetch (some) tobacco=a пойду за табакбм. 1 -езжать With a prefix, and hard signs before e. ? Prefix вы- is unstressed in 1pf and stressed in pf verbs. 3 заходить is also used for to go down, set of the sun.

4 проходить is also used to cover a distance. 5 сходить-сойти + с must be usedjwhen speaking of getting off ships, and may be used for getting off a vehicle.

But note: ° выходит-выйти + из + gen is generally used for getting out 0 or off automobiles, buses and vehicles in general. Adverbial expressions with these verbs: Be correct to use adverbial expressions indicating action with determinate гр. Such verbs express But such expressions are constantly used to ing. indeterminate ipfs as, for example:

каждое Yrpo=every morning. =often. каждый

вёчер =еуегу evening.

= always.

warned that it is inrepeated or habitual only a single happenstrengthen or clarify

каждый

день =еуегу day.

часто

каждый

год =еуегу year.

всегда

Sash

Предприимчивость.

Рисунок

Э.

Змойро.

oe

51»

RUSSIAN

232

VERBS OF POSITION:

BEGINNERS

FOR

With verbs of sitting, standing or lying it is

important in Russian to make a distinction between the actual position (state of rest) where there is no actual movement, and the movement

Important verbs are marked *.

performed to assume that position.

(1) The verbs describing the actual position where there is no movement are: to sit, to be sitting *сидёть (II), сижу, сидишь to lie, to be lying *лежАть (11), лежу, лежишь

to stand, to be standing

*стоять (II), стою, стойшь

The

perfectives

of these verbs

are посидёть,

полежать,

посто-

The function of these is simply to limit the time during which the ять. = о sit for a while; and so forth. particular position is held, посидёть (2) The verbs describing the movement performed to assume the position are: Imperfective *садйться (II) сажусь, садишься Ттр: садись! садитесь!

Perfective *сесть (Г) сяду, сядешь Past: сел, -а, -о 3 -и

to sit down

сядь! сядьте!

*ложиться (ПП) ложусь, ложишься

*лечь (I) лягу, ляжешь ; лягут Past: лёг, легла, -6 ;-й Imp: ложись! ложитесь! ляг! лягте!

*вставать (Г)

встаю, встаёпть

*встать (Г)

to Пе down

встану, встанешь Past: встал, -a, -о;-и Imp: вставай! вставайте! встань! встаньте!

to stand up

The perfective стать is also used in the sense to go and stand: Он стал у двёри= .Не went and stood by the door. | Verbs **to put’: In Russian one makes a distinction between putting in a lying position and placing in a standing position:

*класть (I)

кладу, кладёпть Рая: клал, -а, -о;-и

*положить положу,

(IT)

полбжишь

to put

in a lying

роз!оп

Imp: клади! кладите!

*ставить (II)

ставлю, ставишь Imp: ставь! ставьте!

*поставить (11)

to place in a standing position

Russian usage of these verbs can at times appear strange: Она ставила тарёлки на стол = . She was putting the plates down on the table.

THE

FUNDAMENTALS

ОЕ

THE

LANGUAGE

233

Compounds of “putting” verbs : When prefixation occurs класть! положить become -кладывать|-ложить, ставить/поставить become -ставлять-ставить.

складывать/сложийть to put together, to pack *составлять|состАвить to compose укладывать/*уложить to put, pack away раскладывать/разложить to lay out переставлять/(переставить to move (objects) подкладывать/подложийть to lay under, to line (clothes) подставлять/подставить to substitute IMPERFECTIVE AND PERFECTIVE IMPERATIVES: The imperative of an imperfective verb implies ‘‘continue to do this, go on doing it or continue to repeat this action’’. A perfective imperative implies ‘‘do this action once’’. That is the basic distinction. In practice,

however,

it will be found

that other distinctions sometimes

arise. For instance садитесь! ложитесь! вставайте! are considered to be rather more polite than the perfective imperatives сядьте! лягте! BcTaHbTe!—which can sound a little peremptory. But in the majority of cases the basic distinction given above should be observed.

Note carefully: With a negative the imperfective imperative must be used: Напишите ему сегбдня! Write to him to-day. but He пишите

ему сегбдня!

Don’t write to him to-day.

There is one common exception to this rule: the perfective imperative

of забыть fo forget (compound of быть ‘Чо be’’) is very often used with a negative: Не забудьте! = Don’t forget.

OTHER FORMS OF THE IMPERATIVE: An infinitive can often be used as an imperative. This can either have the force of a particularly strong and He сметь курить! peremptory command as in Молчать! = Silence! = Don’t you dare smoke! or it can have a quasi-official character as when giving directions or instructions of a more or less technical nature, Sometimes the 2nd person (usually singular) of the pres is found used as a rather condescending imperative: Пойдёть навёрх и принесёпть мне очки. те my spectacles.

Go upstairs and bring

Note: The past tense is used as an imperative in these expressions: Пошёл! = Off you go! тли!

Toézarat | =Let’s go!

Ве off!

Off we go!

234

RUSSIAN

РАЗГОВОР:

FOR

FINDING

pavement, sidewalk тротуёр militiaman милиционёр street Улица lane переулок avenue проспёкт highway шоссё small shop лавка store магазин department store универмаг book store книжный магазин chemist’s auréka food shop, delicaгастронбм tessen watchmaker часовщик tailor портной consulate кбнсульство embassy посбльство theatre Treatp circus цирк guide book путеводитель (m) delegation делегация excursion экскурсия building здание private house особняк

Скажите

мне,

BEGINNERS

пожалуйста,

THE

памятник жилой дом

WAY monument apartment house

высбтное здАние building

multi-storied

дворёц palace парк park парк бтдыха и культуры park of rest and culture

зоопарк 200 botanical ботанический сад garden соббр cathedral пёрковь (f) church монастырь (71) monastery музёй museum

картинная галерёя gallery выставка exhibition вход entrance гид

picture

guide

направо to the right налёво to the left прямо straight ahead

как

пройти

отсюда

на Нёв-

ский проспёкт. Please tell me how to get from here to the Nevski Prospect.

Далеко ли отсюда?

Если хотите пройти

Is it far from here ?

пешкбм,

TO пять

минут ходьбы.

you want to go on foot, it’s five minute’s walk.

Идите

всё прямо,

If

a у трётьего перекрёстка сверните Ha-

лёво. Go straight on and at the third crossing, turn to the left.

Сядьте лучше на автобус. Остановка тут же за углом. It'd be better if you took а bus. The stop is right here,

just round the corner. Где здесь ближайшее метро?

ground (station) here ?

Where is the nearest under-

THE

FUNDAMENTALS

OF

THE

LANGUAGE

235

Мне сейчас надо на Казанский вокзал, а оттуда мне надо будет к трём часам попасть на Площадь Маяковского.

I have to go to the Kazan Station now and from there I shall have to get to Mayakovsky Square by three o’clock. Можете указать мне, пожалуйста, где здесь автобусная остановка? Please can you show me where is the nearest bus stop here ? Долго ли придётся ждать до слёдующего пбезда? Will we (one) have to wait long for the next train ? Можете мне посовётовать хорбший путеводитель Москвы на английском языкё? Can you recommend ше а good guide book of Moscow in English ?

АКУЛА Матрбсы

спустили

лодку,

2

бросились

в неё и, сгибая

вёсла, понеслись что было силы к мальчикам. Но онй были ещё далеко от них, когда акула ужё была не дальше двадцати шагов.

Мальчики сначала не слыхали Tord, что им кричали, и

не видали акулы; но потом один из них оглянулся, и мы все услыхали пронзительный визг, и мальчики поплыли

в разные стороны. Он соВизг Этот как будто разбудил артиллерийста. Он повернул рвался с мёста и побежал к пушкам. хобот, прилёг к пушке, прицёлился и взял фитйль. Мы

все, сколько

нас ний было

на кораблё,

замерли

от

что

на

страха и ждали, что будет. Раздался выстрел, и мы увидали, что артиллерист упал Что сдёлалось с подле пушки и закрыл лицб руками. акулой

и с мальчиками,

мы

не

видали,

потому

минуту дым застлал нам глаза. Но когда дым разошёлся над водбю, со всех сторбн послышался сначала тихий рбпот, потом рбпот Этот стал сильнёе, и наконёц со всех сторбн раздался грбмкий, радостный крик.

RUSSIAN FOR BEGINNERS

236

Старый артиллерйст открыл лицб, поднялся и посмотрёл на море. По волнам колыхёлось жёлтое брюхо мёртвой акулы. В

нёсколько

минут

лбдка

привезла их на корабль.

подплыла

к

мальчикам

и

(1828-1910)

Л. Н. ТОЛСТОЙ

сгибать =то брбситься={о throw oneself. lower. = спустйть (по)веслб, pl вёсла =оаг($). сгибая (о adv)=bending. bend. = Кип ег. дальше й = 15а. дальни rush off. = нестйсь (р/) оглянуться (pf)=to = Ша which, what. тогб, что mar=step. пронзительный =piercing. hear. = усльшшать (р/) look back. = ЧШегразный поплыть (pf)=to start swimming. Bu3r=shriek. как будто =аз if, as ent. сторона =з14е (pl -ы) here directions.

though.

разбудйть

(pf)=to

awaken.

сорваться

(c)=to

tear опе-

пушка= moGexAr» (II pf)=to start running. self away (from). хббот (macéra)=trail of повернуть (pf)=to turn. gun, cannon. прилёчь (pf)=to lie, lean (past прилёг, прилегла, gun-carriage. =то take (hold of). брать/взять (mupH)nénuTBca=toaim. -о;-й). фитиль (m)=wick, tinder. скблько нас Hu было (idiom)=to the last man. замирать|замерёть=={1о stand stock still. cTpax= fright. что будет = 11 what will be. раздаваться/раздаться={о resound, boom. выстрел =зрог. падать/(у)лпаст=ь drop, fall. пбдле = пех! to. — закрывать/закрыть=1о close. рукаА=апа ог hand. сдёлаться c=to happen to. потому что = Бесалзе. на+ acc=for (of time). дым=зтоке. застилать/застлать=1{о cover (here to cloud). разойтись (I pf)=to disperse. Ра разошёлся.

над

водбю

=оуег

the water.

со всех

сторбн=оп

all sides.

(по)-

слышаться ={1о be heard. pémor=murmur. сильный =3(018, сотр сильнбе=топрег. наконёц=аЕ last. радостный = оу. открыть (pf)=to open, uncover. я getup. поднятьс=о волна= wave.

mo+dat=about.

колыхаться={о

rock, swing.

жёлтый=

yellow. Gproxo=belly. мёртвый = dead. B+acc=in (time). нёскол= ько зеуега|, afew. méqka=boat. привозйть/привезти= to bring. Past привёз, -везла, -6 ; -везли. TRANSLATION

The sailors lowered a (their) oars, rushed off as were still far from them than twenty steps (paces= At first the boys did not and (they) did not see the

THE

SHARK

2

boat, threw themselves into it and, bending fast as they could towards the boys. But they when the shark was already not further away yards). hear what (the men) were calling out to them, shark; but then one of them looked back, and

we all heard a piercing scream, different directions.

and the boys started swimming

in

THE

FUNDAMENTALS

ОЕ

THE

LANGUAGE

This scream was as though it awoke the artilleryman. self from his place and started running towards the gun.

tail of the gun-carriage, match (tinder).

237

He tore himHe turned the

leaned on the gun, aimed and held the slow-

We all, to the last man, on the ship, stopped breathing from fright and

awaited what would happen. A shot boomed and we saw that the artilleryman (gunner) had dropped beside the gun and covered his face with his hands. What had happened to the shark and the boys we did not see, because for a minute the smoke clouded (covered) our eyes. But when the smoke dispersed above the water, on all sides could be heard at first a quiet murmuring, then this murmur became stronger, and finally from all sides arose (resounded) a loud, joyful shout. The old artilleryman uncovered his face, got up and looked at the sea. Rocking about on the waves was the yellow belly of the dead shark. In a few minutes the boat rowed up to the boys and brought them to the ship.

LESSON No. 38 I. DEGREES

YPOK № ТРИДЦАТЬ ВОСЕМЬ OF COMPARISON

OF ADJECTIVES :

AND ADVERBS: Adjectives and adverbs are said to have three ‘‘degrees of comparison’’: (т) The positive, which is the adjective or adverb not making any comparison, as when we say “А tall man’’; tall is positive degree. (2) The comparative which expresses comparison between two things or persons, as when we say ‘‘Jack is taller than Jill’’; taller is

(3) The superlative, comparative degree of the adj “‘tall’’. which expresses comparison between more than two things or persons, as in ‘‘Jill is the best pupil in her class’’; best is the ‘These principles superlative degree of the adj “‘good’’. apply to the grammar of English, Russian and of most languages.

PREDICATIVE

USE

OF

THE

COMPARATIVE

DEGREE: In the sentences ‘‘Jack is taller than Jill’’, ‘“His house is bigger than yours’’, taller and bigger are predicative

comparatives, that is, they are predicates or objects of the VETO о Бе. Russian adjectives have a special short form for the prediIt is not inflected: the same form serves cative comparative. The predicative comparative for all genders and numbers.

RUSSIAN FOR BEGINNERS

238

is formed by adding -ее (or -ей) to the stem of the adjective, thus: positive красйв-ый, comparative predicative—kpaсив-ее. красный : краснёе. добрый : добрёе. сильный :

сильнбе.

слаббе.

слабый:

трудный:

стрый: быстрёе. скбрый: скорёе. прямбй : прямёе. умный : умнёе.

труднёе.

ибвый:

бы-

новёе.

There are, however, а number of adjectives with ‘‘irregu-

lar’? predicative comparatives in which the stem is modified according to the principles of mutation (see pages 165-7). Here is a useful list which should be studied carefully: Positive near rich

близкий богатый big большбй |158 высбкий deep глуббкий thick (of fluids) густой remote далёкий cheap дешёвый dear дорогой жаркий = hot

short корбткий крёпкий §$ strong маленький, малый young молодой soft мягкий =low низкий плохой bad пбздний = late simple простой ранний early rare рёдкий сладкий sweet старый old cyxéH dry твёрдый = hard тихий quiet

толстый fat, stout тонкий § thin Узкий narrow хорбитий good частый frequent

ширбкий

wide

small

Comparative (predicative) nearer ближе richer богаче

ббльше,

бблее

higher выше deeper глубже thicker гуще

bigger

further away дальше cheaper дешеёвле dearer дорбже hotter жарче shorter корбче stronger крёпче smaller мёньше, MéHee younger молбже softer. мягче lower ниже хуже worse (from худбй later пбзже simpler проще

раныше

earlier

rarer рёже слаще sweeter старше older суше drier твёрже harder тише quieter толще fatter тбньше thinner Уже narrower лучше better чаще more frequent

шире

wider

=Ъаа, thin)

THE

FUNDAMENTALS

ОЕ

THE

LANGUAGE

239

TRANSLATION OF “ТНАМ” AFTER A COMPARATIVE: A comparative predicative can be followed either by the genitive (‘‘than’’ not being translated), ог by чем followed by the nominative or the case in the first part of the comparison. Thus the sentence ‘‘My house is bigger than yours’’ can read either: Мой дом ббльше вашего. Мой дом ббльше, чем ваш.

ог:

The genitive after the comparative cannot be used if the first element of the comparison is in any other case than the nominative. Thus: В моём дбме ббльше картйн, чем в вашем. There are more pictures in my house than in yours. Similarly чем must be used if the comparison is being made between verbs or adverbial phrases: Лучше раббтать, чем играть. It is better to work than to play. чем must be used if the object of the comparison is егб, её, их. Ваш автомобиль старше, чем егб. Your саг is older than his. In Note

these constructions чем can always be replaced by нёжели. that in comparisons these forms must always be preceded by a

comma. Prefix по- with predicative comparatives: This is equivalent to adding the English ‘‘somewhat’’ or ‘‘rather’’ to the comparative: постарше = somewhat older, помёньше = rather less, a little less.

Adverbial

use

of predicative

comparatives: The

predicative

comparative can always be used as an adverb: Она раббтает быстрёбе, чем BEI. Он понимает по-русски лучше, better than Г.

She works quicker than you. Не understands Russian чем я.

Note also the exclamations:

= Оше! ! Sh-sh! Тише! Use of чем... тем...: дбльше я The longer I Чем позже вы the worse for Чем

= Quickly! СкореёЙ! (скорбе!)

живу, тем бблыше жизнь live, the more life interests me. придёте, тем хуже для Bac. you.

меня

интересует.

The later you come,

как MO2KHO + predicative comparative=as... as possible: как можно cKopée =as quickly as possible Kak можно лучше=аз well as possible “Из?” in comparisons: as...as...: This is expressed either by так (me)... Kak... when the short (predicative) form of the adjective is used or by Traxéii... Kak... when followed by the long (attributive) form:

RUSSIAN

240

FOR

BEGINNERS

She is as beautiful as her sister. Она так же красйва, как cecrp4. I’ve Я никогдаА не читал такбй интерёсной книги, как вашей. never read а book as interesting as yours.

COMPARATIVE THE OF USE ATTRIBUTIVE DEGREE: Examples of attributive comparatives in English The are: the poorer son, the bigger house, the elder daughter. majority of Russian adjectives form the attributive compara-

tive by using бблее (=more) together with the positive degree of the adjective: бблее бедный лавочник =the poorer shopkeeper бблее богатый

= Ше richer house дом

бблее здорбвый мальчик =the healthier boy мёнее

instead of бблее is used in a similar construction to

express less: MéHee

богатый

сын =the

мёнее здорбвая дочь =the

less rich son

less healthy daughter

A few adjectives have a special long form for the attributive

comparative in -ший (declined like хорбший): Positive большой big высбкий- high маленький, малый молодой young низкий low старый old хорбший good плохой bad

small

Attributive comparative ббльший bigger высший higher мёньший зтаег, less младший уоцпрег низший lower, inferior старший older, elder лучший better худший worse

Examples of the use of attributive comparatives: Вчера a вйдел бблее Gorath дом. Yesterday I saw a richer house. Онй выбрали бблее здорбвого мАльчика. They chose a healthier Боу. У младшего брата нет дёнег. The younger brother has по money. Мы хотим жить в бблышем дбме. We want to live in a bigger house. Some adjectives, notably those in -ский and those with stems longer than three syllables, do not have a special predicative comparative form.

Such adjectives express the predicative comparative by means of the short form with 6é6nee: Их дёти бблее образбванны, нёжели наши. Their children are more (better) educated than ours.

THE

FUNDAMENTALS

ОЕ

THE

LANGUAGE

241

THE SUPERLATIVE DEGREE: All adjectives without exception can form the superlative degree by using the pronominal adjective самый (most) before the positive attributive adjective.

So,

самый нбвый стол =the newest table самая нбвая книга = Фе newest book

самое нбвое перб =the newest реп самые нбвые стулья = фе newest chairs самый agrees with the adjective that follows in gender, number and case. This simple way of forming the superlative should be used until the learner has become fairly familiar with Russian. Superlatives with всегб and всех: The gen sing and gen pl of весь placed after a predicative comparative forms the equivalent of a superlative лучше всегб = без! of all (everything) лучше всех = best of all (everybody) старше всех =the oldest of all

Чаще всегб я говорю по-английски. = Most of all (most frequently) I speak English.

Other forms of the superlative: Although the superlative with самый is much the commonest form in use, you should eventually become familiar with the following: (a) The attributive comparatives given above (б6бльший, высший, мёньший, младший, низпий, старший, лучший, худший) can also be used as superlatives, either by themselves ог together with самый:

Это (c4maa) лучшая кнйга в библиотеке. = This is the best book in the library. (5) Note the use of the superlative prefix наи- (also пре-, pa3-). These forms tend to be rather archaic, but the two forms наилучший = = worst are still commonly found. best, наихудитий (©) Attributive superlatives are also formed with suffixes: -é#mmi ог,

after one of the four ‘“‘hissing’’ declined like хороший: Positive near близкий rich богатый высбкий

МЫ

consonants,

-айший.

These

Superlative nearest, very near ближайптий исВезь, very rich богатёйший высочайший

highest, supreme

are

RUSSIAN

242

dear дорогой short корбткий

kind добрый =6low низкий маленький, малый late пбздний

трудный

small

hard, difficult

FOR

BEGINNERS

дражайший kKpaTadiiummi_=

«dearest, very dear shortest, very short

труднёйший

hardest, very hard

добрёйший = kindest, very kind lowest, very low нижаАйптий smallest, least малёйший latest позднёйший

You should note further examples of this type of superlative as they occur in your reading.

II. VERBS IN -HYTB: All verbs with an infinitive in -нуть belong to the first conjugation and are conjugated: -ну, -нешь, -нет, -нем, -нете, -нут. These verbs present some difficulty in the formation of the past tense since some of them drop the suffix -ну- for the past tense (мёрзнуть го freeze, past: мёрз, -ла, -ло ; -ли) and

others keep it (толкнуть го push, past: толкнул, -а, -о ;-и). In fact, verbs in -нуть can be divided into two categories: (1) Perfectives in -HyTb denoting a more or less instantaneous or momentary action (so-called ‘‘semelfactive’’ verbs): These verbs always keep the suffix -ну- in the past tense: Imperfective Perfective мелкать (Г) мелкнуть (мелкаю, -ешь) *махать (Г) махнуть (машу, машешь)

to flash

Past of perfective мелкнул, -а, -0, -B

to wave

махнул, -а, -о;-и

Note that this last verb takes the object waved in the instrumental: махать|махнуть рукбй, платкфм = 10 wave one’s hand, handkerchief.

*кричать

(II)

*крикнуть

(кричу, кричйшь)

tOcry Out

крикнул, -а, -о;-и

*толкать (Г) *толкнуть to push толкнул, -a, -O0 5-H (толкаю, -ешь) *двигать (Г) *двинуть 10 move — двинул, -a, -о;-и (двйгаю, -епть ог двйжу, движешь) &хать (Г) ахнуть to exclaim ахнул, -a, -о ; -и (Ахаю, -епть) “‘ah’’, to gasp совать (Г) *сунуть to thrust сунул, -а, -0 3 -H

(сую, суёшь)

М.В. сунуть руку в карман

to put one’s hand into one’s pocket.

THE

FUNDAMENTALS

чихать (Г) чихнуть (чихаю, -ешь) *вздыхать (Г) *вздохнуть {вздыхаю, -ешь)

ОЕ

THE

LANGUAGE

243

to sneeze

чихнул, -а, -о;-и

to sigh

вздохнул, -а, -0 3 -H

(2) Verbs in -нуть denoting a process (so-called ‘‘inchoative”’ verbs): In these verbs the imperfective is usually in -нуть and the perfective is a compound formed by prefixation. The imperfective denotes the process taking place; the perfective, the process carried through to its completion. These verbs usually drop the suffix -ну- in the past tense of both imperfective and perfective: Imperfective Perfective вянуть завянуть сбхнуть — засбхнуть мбкнуть промокнуть гибнуть дбхнуть

Past to fade (3a) BAN, -а, -о;-и to dry (intr) — (за)сох, -ла, -ло ; -ли to grow wet, (промок, -ла, -ло ; -ли to soak (intr) to perish (погиб, -ла, -ло ; -ли 10 41е (оГап!(по)дох, -ла, -ло ; -ли mals, derogative if used

*погибнуть подбхнуть

крёпнуть мёрзнуть зябнуть

окрёпнуть замёрзнуть прозябвуть

глбхнуть KHCHYTb стынуть *пахнуть

оглбхнуть CKHCHYTb остынуть запахнуть to begin to smell of

of humans) togrowstrong 10 йее?е (intr) toshiverwith cold to growdeaf

to turn sour to cool (1927) tosmellof(+ ins)

(о)креп, -ла, -ло ; -ли (за)мёрз, -ла, -ло ; -ли (про)зяб, -ла, -ло ; -ли (o)rmox, -ла, -ло ; -ли (C)KHC, -ла, -ло ; -ли (остыл, -а, -о;-и (запах, -ла, -ло ; -ли

Note also the following verbs which have -нуть only in the perfective,

but drop -ну- in the past tense as the perfective denotes the culmination of a process:

Imperfective *привыкать

Perfective *привыкнуть 3

отвыкать

хисчезать

отвыкнуть *исчёзнуть

to become,

grow

accustomed

to become, grow

unaccustomed to disappear

Past of perfective привык,

-ли

-ла, -ло 3

отвык, -ли

-ла,

-ло;

исчёз,

-ла,

-ло;

-ли

RUSSIAN FOR BEGINNERS

244

There are, however, two ‘‘process’’ verbs which keep -ну- in the past: to pull, drag, past: (потянул, -а, -0; -и *тянуть/“потянуть to drown (intr), past: (mo)roHya, -а, -0; -и *тонуть/потонуть

РАЗГОВОР : Passports, Visas and Permits паспорт

продлить

passport

visa вйза pass, permit пропуск временный пропуск ary permit

tempor-

visa) получать (I ipf), nonyaars pf) to get, obtain (small) card карточка

Где (как) мне получить паспорт? Когда у вас выходной closed).

to extend

(a (II

photoфотографический graph(ic), passport photograph department section отдёл

permission разрешёние stay, residence пребывание questionnaire (form) анкёта

port ?

(II pf)

день?

Where do I get my passWhen’s your day off? (=

Какие у Bac приёмные часы (часы.занятий)? What are your (working) hours ? Где можно получить анкбту? Where do I get a form ? Сколько (фотографических) карточек нужно вам? How many photos do you require ? Сколько стоит регистрация? How much does registration cost ? Где мне подписаться? Where must I sign?

Где иностранный отдёл?

Where’s the foreign department ?

Где можно получить выездную визу? Where can one get an exit visa ? ; Как (можно) продлить визу? How can one extend a visa ? Приготовьте ваши паспорта! Get ready your passports. Вот мой паспорт (прбпуск). Here’s my passport (permit). Предъявите ваши прбпуски! Show your permits (passes). Чтобы фотографировать, вы должны иметь разрешёние. You must have permission to take photographs. Я хотел бы продлить визу Ha мёсяц. ГА like to extend my visa for a month. Как мне попасть отсюда в... (Ha...)? How do I get from Бета Юя

THE

FUNDAMENTALS

ОЕ

THE

245

LANGUAGE

Это Ha какой улице? On what street is it ? Автобус (такси) ждёт вас у подъёзда. The bus (taxi) is waiting for you at the entrance. Можно ёхать? Поёхали? Пошли? Can one go? Ready to go ?

Note: Although entrance to museums, exhibitions, art galleries etc. is often free, it may still be necessary to obtain а

пропуск.

Для

If you do not get it you may be refused entrance,

безопасности

—

перехода.

уходе

Скажи,

за

где

лежит

младенцами?

эта

книга

об

Useful verbal adverbs:

(while) reading читая saying, speaking говоря remembering помня а bath, having купаясь bathing living живя dancing танцуя dressing одеваясь hearing слыша carrying, bearing неся standing стбя running (around) бегая

видя seeing *прочитав, прочитавши having read *поговорив(ши) having said, told

*cesp,

сбвши

down вспомнивши membered,

увидев

of услышав

* See next page.

having having

recalled

sat re-

having caught sight having heard

RUSSIAN FOR BEGINNERS

246 замёрзши frozen

having

Note these forms:

got

будучи (from быть) while being (in current use) идучи (from идти) while going (poetical and folk

одёвшись (oneself)

having dressed

читаючи (poer and folk) while reading

form only)

*The forms in -в are literary, those in -вши may be heard in speech. Used as idioms are: мблча (adv) silently. благодаря (prep) thanks to (+dat). хотя (conj) although. смотря (Ha) looking (at). смотря (mo) according to (+ dat). wéxota unwillingly. немнбго погодя (from погодить) after a little time. VERBAL ADVERBS: Russian has a form of the verb which is by nature adverbial in function and is therefore called the ‘‘verbal adverb’’. It indicates the state or condition, the time, or the cause of the action of the subject, and can be formed from both imperfective and perfective verbs. It can be present or past, and reflexive as well as non-reflexive.

The verbal adverb, being adverbial in function, is not inflected (that is, there is only one form for the present, and

one form for the past, but neither takes on inflexions for gender or number). The verbal adverb form is seldom heard in everyday speech, but it is often used in the written language. Apart from the examples of fairly frequent use given at the head of this Lesson, which should be memorized, it should be recognizable and its general implications understood. Imperfective verbal adverbs: These are formed from the third person plural present tense of imperfective verbs by dropping the final inflexion -ют, -yT, -ят, -aT and adding the following suffixes: (т) -я when following vowels, or consonants except hissing ж, 4, ш,

my, which demand the rule of spelling. (2) -a after ж, 4, пт, m1.

Thus: (1) читая. (2) сльипа. (3) Reflexives: The particle -сь is added купаться (Г) to bathe: купа-я-сь = who

after я ог а. Thus: (15, are) bathing.

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FUNDAMENTALS

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247

(4) Suffixes -ючи and -yan: These are found, but only in folk tales or poetry, except будучи (while being from быть), which is still in general use. Note: Many monosyllabic imperfective verbs do not form verbal adverbs, пог do verbs ending in -оть, пог писать, спать nor ipfs in -ну- and some others. Note that бить, вить, пить, шить, ждать, бежать, рёзать do not form verbal adverbs. Imperfectives with infinitive in -авать: These drop final ть and add - to form ipf v advs: дава(ть), давая ; also all compounds of давать (продавать, продавая, etc.). Use and translation; The action of the imperfective verbal adverb is stmultaneous with that of the verb in the principal clause: Example: Купаясь сегодня Утром я слышал, как сосбдка рояле. While I was taking а bath this morning, woman next door playing on the grand piano.

IMPORTANT: Remember that a verbal subject of the principal clause.

adverb

can only

играет I heard

на the

refer to the

не + verbal adverb: This не may be translated as without: He говоря ни слбва он вышел из кбмнаты. Without saying a word, he went out of the room.

Past verbal adverbs

Formation: (т) By dropping the -л of the past tense and adding either suffix -B ог -вши: прочита(л), прочитавши. поговорй(л), поговорйвши. (2) When the past tense has no л, by adding я to the stem: принестй to bring. принеся (or принбсши) having brought. Note: Both forms are met, also принёсши.

(3) When the present stem ends in -д or -т which are dropped in the past tense, the -д- or -T- are restored and the suffix -ши added: having gone. идти : past пяёл. vadv=mépmm

провести : провёл. v а4о=пров6дши

having spent time.

Reflexives: Add -сь to the verbal adverb (not -ся). Use and translation: The past verbal adverb expresses an action which

has happened before that expressed by the verb in the principal clause, irrespective of the tense of this last verb.

Example: Прочитав кнйгу,

она вернулась

she returned home.

домбй.

у Having read the book,

RUSSIAN FOR

248

SUMMARY

BEGINNERS

OF VERBAL

Imperfective verbal advs (present)

ADVERBS Past verbal advs

Suffixes: -в, -вши, -ши Formed: (1) by dropping -л of past tense and adding

Suffixes: -я, -а Formed from third pers pl pres of ipf verbs by dropping -ют, -ут, -ят, -ат and adding suffix

suffix -в ог -вши.

(2) In a few verbs with no -1 in past tense by adding -я ог -a to stem. (3) Some pfs restore stem of pres tense and add suffix -ши. Reflexives: take -сь after -вши, -ши. Action of pf о adv precedes that of main verb.

Some common 7pfs do not make v advs, nor do ipfs in -ну-. Reflexives : take -cb after -я, -а. Action simultaneous with that of main verb. Verbal adverb is indeclinable.

Verbal adverb able.

PASTOBOP:

POST,

пбчта, почтовая контбра or почтбвое отделёние post office

Tenerpad

telegram office

посылка parcel марка (gen р! марок) stamp междунарбдное письмб letter for abroad заказнбе письмб registered letter денежный перевод postal order до вострёбования **poste restante”’ открытка post card авиапбчта air mail авиапочтой by air mail

отправитель (m)

sender

is indeclin-

TELEPHONE

для передачи c/o телеграмма telegram телеграфный адрес telegraphic address бланк form (по)звонить по телефбну to ring up трубка telephone receiver содержимое

contents

адресовать or направлять

to

delivery

of

address адрес address адресАт addressee доставка delivery разнбска пйсем letters

прбсьба переслать ward to

please for-

THE

FUNDAMENTALS

франкирбванный prepaid конвёрт envelope расписка в получёнии receipt наклбить to stick on пбдпись (f) signature повёстка notification телеграфировать to telegram, wire

Проведите

меня,

ОЕ

THE

LANGUAGE

249

телефбн telephone телефбн-автомат public telephone телефонйст(ка) telephone operator телефонная кнйга telephone directory

пожалуйста,

на

почту

(телеграф)!

Please take me to the post (telegram) office. Марки продаются в окнё Л№.... Stamps are sold at Position No. . . Сколько стбит марка для простого (заказного, междуHow much is а stamp for ordinнарбдного) письма? ary (registered, foreign) mail ? Для этого письма вам надо купить марку Ha один рубль и For this letter you will have to двадцать пять копбек. buy a stamp for one rouble and 25 copecks. I Мне нужно послать простую (срочную) телеграмму. have to send ап ordinary (express) telegram. At В каком окнё можно получить бланки для телеграмм? which position can I get telegram forms ? ‘There’s a telephone call for you. Вас просят к телефбну. My Givemearing. Позвонйте мне по телефбну №.... number is... Hello! Говорит... те к телефону... Попроси Алло! Ask... то come to the telephone. This is... speaking. I Я хочу заказать (телефонный) разговор с Лбндоном. want to book а long-distance call to London. Come to the trunkЯвитесь на MeperoBOpHbIii пунктв... call office at... Lift the receiver and Снимайте трубку и набирайте номер! dial the number. — You have cut us off. Вы нас разъединили. Replace the It’s engaged. Повёсьте трубку! Занято. receiver.

250

RUSSIAN

Чрезвычайно

Приключёния

FOR

Странные

в Космосе

в назад лет Нёсколько мульстудии московской фильмов типликацибнных — герой забавный родился вездесущий, энергичный фотоЕго корреспондёнт Мурзилка. и путешёствия удивительные приключёния показаны во Немногих весёлых фильмах. давно он отправился в новый Значительно превышая вояж. вторую космическую скбрость, неугомбнный корреспондент помчался в своей ракёте к Марсу, но вдруг...вдруг на Semné случилось чрезвычайное со-

бытие: раздался плач! Это казалось невероятным: ведь дело происходило в ХХ] вёке, когда на планёте все позабыли о том, что такое слёзы. Mypзилка нембдленно повернул ракетоплан: трёбовалось выяснить, в чём дело...

Так начинается новый мультипликацибнный фильм «Мурзилка на спутнике». Для безграничных простбров Вселённой оказались тёсными рамки обычного экрана; поЭтому новый фильм рассчитан на широкий экран и будет первым в СССР мультиплика-

ционным фильмом такбго рбда.

BEGINNERS

Extraordinary Adventures in the Cosmos

Several years ago in the Moscow animated film studios an amusing hero was born—the ubiquitous, energetic news-photographe1 Murzilka. His astonishing journeyings and adventures have been shown in many jolly films. Recently he set out on a new trip. Considerably surpassing the second

cosmic speed, the indefatigable newsman was dashing his rocket towards Mars, but suddenly... suddenly on (from) the Earth sounded a most unusual event: weeping was

heard! This seemed incredible. Why, all this was taking place in the 2151 century, when on the planet all was forgotten about such things as

tears. Murzilka immediately turned back his rocket-plane: he had to clear up what the matter was... | So begins the new animated film: Murzilka on a Sputnik. For the boundless space(s) of the Universe, the usual screen proved (too) narrow; therefore the new film is to be for wide screen and

will be the first USSR film of such a kind.

animated

Советский

119, 1960

Союз

No.

Нёсколько лет = 5еуега] years. назад = аск, ago. студия = studio, мультипликацибнный фильм =апипае4 film (=cartoon). poдиться =1о be born. забавный = amusing, entertaining. вездесущий = ubiquitous. энергичный = епегоейс. фотокорреспондёнт = press correspondent who sends photos. удивительный = amazing.

THE

FUNDAMENTALS

ОЕ

THE

LANGUAGE

251

путеглёствие = journey(ing). приключёние = adventure. покёзаны =зро\п. отправиться pf=to set out. вояж =уоуаре, trip. значительный = сопз1Чегае. превышать ={о exceed, surpass. превышая =5$1гразз112. космический = с03111с. скбрость (f)=speed. неугомбнный = Чге!езз. (по)мчаться =то dart, dash. ракёта = rocket (also tennis racket). Марс = Магз. sapyr=suddenly. Земля =Ше Earth. случиться pf=to happen. событие =event. чрезвычайный = extraordinary. раздаваться/раздаться = to resound, echo. mumau=weeping. казаться -=1о seem. невероятный =incredible. происходить/произойти = о take place. век= сепtury, era. umanéra=planet. — позабывать/позабыть = © forget about. о том, что = Ше thing that. слеза =щеаг. повернуть р/= to turn. ракетоплан=госке-р]апе. трёбоваться=о need to. выяснять/выяснить ={о elucidate, clear up. 8B чём дело = \Вае (was) the matter. спутник =зае]ие; also travelling companion. (без)лгранйчный = (ип)боипае4. mpocrép=space. scenénnan= the Universe. OkKa3saTbca=to prove to be. тёсный = паггоу/, cramped. рамка=Наште, limit. oGrrgHbii=usual, ordinary. экран =зстееп. рассчитанный =аггапоеЯ for. mmupdéKuit=wide. pox=kind; also family, kin, stock, origin.

Note: From the point of view of vocabulary, this is an interesting piece of Soviet journalism. It contains many modern words in everyday use.

LESSON

No. 39

кому

Асс:

— когб

Prp:

о ком

Ins:

№ ТРИДЦАТЬ

ДЁВЯТЬ

Interrogatives and relatives. what? that, which ato who? who кто чегб когб

Nom: Gen:

Ра:

УРОК

KeM

чему

что

чем

о чём

Negative pronouns ничтб nobody Nom: никтб Gen:

никогб

ничегб

Асс: Ins:

никогб викём

ничтб ничём

Dat; Prp

никому

ни (0) кбм

nothing

ничему

ни (0) чём

RUSSIAN

252

BEGINNERS

FOR

Declined like котбрый, -ая, -ое; -bIe=who, which. нбвый, see page 93. какбй, какая, какбе; KakHe=what, which (kind of). Declined like русский.

Declined like такбй, -Aa, -бе; -йе=зись (kind of) a. русский, see pages 99, 129. or ....as. Taxdt...KaK6éH...=Such...asAS..

relative pronoun is one RELATIVE PRONOUNS:A which takes the place of a noun previously stated, and joins

two parts of a sentence.

Thus:

I know the man who lives

= A знаю челов6ка, котбрый тут живёт. here

who isa

The other relarelative pronoun, translated by котбрый. tive pronouns used in Russian are кто and что, also какой. Котбрый and какбй are also used as interrogatives. You have already met these common words, which present no

great difficulties if one constantly bears in mind the functions of declension and the fact that a Russian relative pronoun goes

in the case demanded by tts particular function in the sentence in which и 1s required. котбрый = who, which, that is nearly always used when the antecedent is a noun, and then takes the gender of that noun: Девбчка, о котброй я говорю= The little girl of whom I speak. Письмб, о котбром я говорю= The letter of which I’m talking. кто is used for animates and что for inanimates, when the antecedent is a pronoun, expressed or implied. Thus:

(Тот),

кто

не

раббтает,

не

ест.=(Не

who,

whoever)

doesn’t work, doesn’t eat. Все, кто её знал, её любили = All who knew her loved her.

Я не пбнял, о чём вы говорили. =[ didn’t understand what you said. Note that the demonstrative pronoun ror is commonly used as an antecedent of both кто, что and котбрый and

then means he who, the person who, whoever: TOT, котбрый.

тот, кто...

THE

FUNDAMENTALS

ОЕ

THE

LANGUAGE

253

что as relative/interrogative and as conjunction: When что = that is used as a conjunction and as a relative pronoun (it has both functions) a distinction can be made by stress. Take these sentences: (т) He told me that he speaks Russian= On мне сказёл, что он говорит по-русски. (что)

(2) He told те what (=that which) йе wanted=On сказал, что он xOTEéN. (чтб) In (2) the чтб is stressed. (In neither instance

мне

is it

omitted.) Rule of punctuation: A comma always precedes a relative pronoun in Russian, as exemplified in the above sentences. Compounds of aro: Some common compounds are made with prepositions + что in its oblique cases:

отчегб ?=from what (cause)=why? = because...

почему ?=on

what

uTo=because...

(ground)=why?

зачём = го what (object)=why? чтб =in order that

Answer: оттогб, что Answer:

потому,

Answer: 3aTémM, чтббы or

Place of preposition: Note that with the negative pronouns никтб nobody, no one and ничтб nothing, a preposition is placed between the particle ни and the pronominal part. Thus:

ни о ком.

HHO чём.

HH y когб.

HH с

кем.

The only distinction between interrogatives and relatives is that the former demand the sign of interrogation ( ?).

The phrase ‘EACH OTHER’’: This is expressed idiomatically in Russian Бу друг друга. Thus: Они боятся друг друга= They fear each other. Онй ненавидят друг друга. = Тйеу (persons) hate each other. Онй говорйли друг с другом. = They were speaking to each other.

RUSSIAN

254

FOR BEGINNERS

INTERROGATIVE PRONOUN чей? чья? чьё? WHOSE? OF WHICH ?: The interrogative pronoun чей? чья? чьё? whose? of which? always

agrees with the noun it qualifies.

(see page 202).

masc чей Nom: чьегб Gen: чьему Dat: Acc: Nom or Gen чьим Ins: Prp:

о чьём

Its declension is similar to третий

fem чья чьей чьей чью чьей (чьёю)

о чьей

neut чьё чьегб чьему чьё чьим

о чьём

Plural (all genders) чьи чьих чьим Nom ог Gen

чьйми

о чьих

Examples: Чья 5$та книга? Чьи Эти часы?

Whose book is this ? Whose watch is this ? By whose house did you stop ? У чьегб дбма остановйлись вы? In (by) whose саг did you Ha чьём автомобйле приёхали вы? come ? Formerly чей was also frequently used as a relative pronoun, thus: The AmeriАмерик&нец, чью картину вы хотёли купить... can, whose picture you wanted to buy... But in modern Russia it is much more usual to use the appropriate genitive form of котбрый ; котброго, котброй or котбрых, so that the example given above would read: Amepukauen, картину котброго вы XOTéNH купить... POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES IN -ИЙ: These adjectives refer to qualities or attributes pertaining to a certain species (usually of animals) and are declined like третий (see page 202). Example: птичий= bird’s: Plural тазс fem neut (all genders) Nom: птичий птичья птичье птичьи Gen: птичьего птичьей птичьего птичьих Dat: птичьему птичьей птичьему птичьим Acc: Nom or Gen птичью птичье Nom or Gen Ins: птичьим птичьей (-ею) птичьим птичьими Prp: о птичьем о птйчьей о птичьем о птичьих Similar adjectives are вблчий = мо’; (волк =wolf), лйсий =fox’s (mac4=fox), рыбий =85|’з, собачий = 02’3, кошачий = саг’, медвёжий = bear’s (медвёдь = bear: мёд = Вопеу, вбдать = © know). Божий = God’s, человёчий = man’s, human.

RUSSIAN NAMES OF PERSONS: from Lesson 5, Part I, page 38.

This is continued

THE

FUNDAMENTALS

ОЕ

THE

LANGUAGE

255

Russians have only one first name (имя) and this is used in addressing only those with whom one is on fairly intimate

terms, but even then the plural pronoun вы must be used unless the relationship is very intimate. Among themselves Russians use diminutive forms, but of these the foreigner

should be wary (for Diminutives see pages 266-7).

The normal

and formal way of addressing a Russian is to use the first name and patronymic. By accepting this as a general rule, the foreigner can hardly go wrong. The alternative is to use гражданин ог гражданка with the surname, which is also

safe. Then there is the word товарищ (p/ -mn) which foreigners tend to regard as a political word, which it is—and much more.

ТОВАРИЩ,

(p/) -ЩИ: USE OF: You should remem-

ber that, in addition to meaning comrade in the party political

sense, it is an old word with many connotations in literature

and still used in everyday life. and translates

It is always a friendly word,

colleague, fellow-, as in school-fellow, fellow-workcompanion, man, fellow-sufferer, fellow-victim. friend, asin mate, аз in schoolmate, shipmate, classschool-friend. mate.

Men and women The same form is used for masc and fem. of the same profession or occupation use it in addressing one A fuller appreciation of the scope of this word is another.

gained from others in the same word-family: товарищеский (adj) means comradely, also friendly as in товарищеское состязание = friendly competition, or -ая serpéua=friendly meeting. match. товёрищество = (т) comradeship, also fellowship ; (2) association, also company, as in: Ha maxax=joint stock company. Russian

doctors

address

abroad as товарищи,

their

medical

colleagues

from

and there is no reason why foreign

doctors and others should not address their Russian counter-

parts in the same way.

RUSSIAN FOR BEGINNERS

256

DECLENSION OF NAMES: Masculine first names (имя) are declined like The stress is normally on the masculine nouns with the same endings. Feminine first names are declined like feminine nouns with the stem. same endings, but in these the stress is always fixed as in the nominative. First, you must know these declensions:

Nom:

Gen: Dat: Асс: Ins: Prp:

Nom: Gen: Dat: Асс: Ins: Prp:

sing товарищ товарища товарищу товарища товарищем отоварище о

sing гражданйн гражданина гражданину гражданина гражданйном о гражданине о

pl товарищи товарищей товарищам товарищей товарищами товарищах

pl граждане граждан гражданам граждан гражданами гражданах о

trregular pl господа* госпбд господам господ госнодами господах

*The singular господин is declined regularly, as is the fem госпожё (gen =H, pl -n). All masculine names—whether first names, patronymics or surnames —in both singular and plural, have the same forms for genitive as accusative. (But some masc surnames of famous men now used as names of places follow the rule for inanimates and then the ace is the same as the nom): Téppxuit (= former Нижний Hésropon). Patronymics have a masculine and a feminine form, deriving from the father’s first name:

(1)

Masculine endings of patronymics: -ович Feminine endings of patronymics: -овна

(2)

-евич -евна

(т) are added to first names ending with a hard consonant. added to first names ending with a soft consonant or -и.

(2) are

Surnames have a masc and fem form:

Mm

Masculine forms:-oB Feminine forms: -ова

(2)

-ев -ева

(3)

-ин -ина

Other surnames are like regular attributive adjectives: Толстбй, Толстйя: Достоёвский, Достоёвская: Гбрький, -ая. See page 67-69.

THE

FUNDAMENTALS

ОЕ

OF PERSONS:

MODEL

NAMES

THE

LANGUAGE

DECLENSIONS

Males -ович -ов Иван Иванович Петрбв Ивана Ивановича Петрбва Ивану Ивановичу Петрбву Ивана Ивановича Петрбва Иваном Ивановичем Петрбвым об Иване Ивановиче Петрбве

Nom: Gen: Dat: Асс: Ins:

Prp:

-евич -ев — Пётр Николаевич Андрёев Петра Николаевича Андрбева Петру Николаевичу Андрёеву Петра Николаевича Андрвева Петрбм Николаевичем Anppéennim о Петрё Николаевиче Андрёеве

Nom: Сеп: Dat: Асс:

Ins:

Prp:

Nom: Gen: Dat: — Ч сс: Ins: Prp: о

Nom Gen Dat Асс Ins: Prp: Nom: Сеп: Dat:

Асс:

Ins: Prp:

-ин (m)

Бухарин Бухарина Бухарину Бухарина Бухариным Бухарине

-ина (/)

Бухарина Бухариной Бухариной Бухарину Бухариной о Бухариной

Females -овна -ова Нана Ивановна Петрбва Нины Ивановны Петрбвой Hane Ивановне Петрбвой Нину Ивановну Петрбву Ниной Ивановной Петрбвой о Нине Ивановне Петрбвой

-евна -ева Ольга Николаевна Андрёева *Ольги Николаевны Андрёевой Ольге Николаевне Андрёевой

Ольгу Николаевну Андрёеву

Ольгой Huxondesnoit Андрёевой об Ольге Николаевне Андрёевой

257

258

RUSSIAN

BEGINNERS

FOR

Like attributive adjectives Toncréi Достобвский Toncréro Достоёвского Толстбму — Достоёвскому

Nom: Gen: Dat:

—Достоёввского Достоёвским о Достоёвском

Асс: Ins: Prp

Toncréro Толстым о Толстбм

*Note that the Rules of Orthography apply to names of persons as to other

words.

РАЗГОВОР:

STATIONERY, NEWSPAPERS, BOOKS : SHOPPING

писчебумажный магазин stationer’s книжный магазин bookstore газёта newspaper журнал magazine еженедёльник weekly ежемёсячный журнал monthly magazine newspaper газётный KHOéCcK stand journalist журналист корреспондёнт correspondent редактор editor издательство publishing house иллюстрированный журнал pictorial magazine печатать (Г) to print печать (f) print (type), the Press статья article (in newspaper) экземпляр (a) copy TOM volume писётель (m) writer драматург playwright роман

novel

беллетристика

fiction

универмаг department store racrpouém food store булочная baker’s кондитерская confectioner’s, pastrycook’s парфюмёрный

магазин

shop

for cosmetics and toilet requisites

переплёт

облбжка

фельетби

binding

paper jacket

satire (in newspaper)

юмористическое произведёние humorous work письменные принадлёжности writing materials почтбвая, писчая бумага writing paper блокнбт writing pad чернйла (neut pl) ink

промокательная бумага blotting paper конвёрт envelope автоматическая ручка tain pen

записная

книжка

note

foun-

book

словарь (7) dictionary русско-английский RussianEnglish

Англо-русский

English-

Russian букинйст second hand bookseller план гброда plan (map) of city путеводитель (71) guidebook

галантерёйный магазин fancy goods store, haberdasher’s магазин 66yBH_ shoe shop магазин готбвых вецей ready made clothes shop комиссибнный магазин second hand shop

THE

FUNDAMENTALS

ОЕ

THE

LANGUAGE

259

Мне

надо идтй за покупками. I must go and do some shopping. Мы найдём все эти вёщи в универмаге. We shall find all these things in the department store. Что вам показать? Пожалуйста, выбирайте. What can I show you? Please take your pick. Можете мне взвёсить 500 грамм грёчневой крупы? Отрёжьте мне также неболышбй кусбк лйверной колбасы. Can you give (weigh) for me 500 grammes of buckwheat ? And cut те а small piece of liver sausage. Сколько

стоит

эта

вещь?

Я

Bac

плбхо

понимаю;

на-

пишите мне цёну, пожалуйста. How muchisthis? I don’t understand you very well; write down the price for me please.

Получите сдачу. (Сколько сдачи мне слёдует? Here’s your change. How much change should I get ? Я хотел бы примёрить этот одноббртный (двуббртный) костюм. I should like to try оп this single-breasted (double-breasted) suit. Хорошо ли сидит на мне это пальто? Is this coat a good fit ? Идёт ли мне фасбн Этого платья? Does the style of this dress suit те? Какой pasmép ббуви вы HécHTe? What size shoe do you take ? Can I give Можно отдать вам мои туфли на починку? А

you my shoes то be repaired ?

теперь пойдём в парфюмёрный магазин покупать And now let’s зубную пасту, зубную щётку и лёзвия. go to the perfumer’s and buy tooth paste, a tooth brush and razor blades.

РАЗГОВОР:

TOBACCO,

лавка табачных издёлий tobacconist’s tobacco Ta6aK

папирбса

cigarette

(Russian

type with holder attached)

CIGARETTES,

SMOKING

matches спички lighter зажигалка wick фитиль (m)

кремнй (рр)

бензин

fuel

flints

FOR

RUSSIAN

260

cigarette (without сигарёта holder) pipe трубка cigarette holder мундштук

BEGINNERS

tobacco pouch кисбт packet пачка cigarette case портсигар курить (П)/закурйть to smoke

Вы курите? Do you smoke? ~Would you care for a smoke ? Нехотите ли закурить? Let me Разрешите предложить вам папиросу (сигарёту). offer you a cigarette. Is this mild or strong Это лёгкий или крёпкий табак? tobacco ? Мне нужно будет сегодня купить немного табаку для

I shall have to buy a little pipe tobacco to-day. трубки. Дайте мне поЭто бчень ароматный табак, кажется.

нюхать его. This is highly scented tobacco, I think. Let me smell it. What. Что вы предпочитаете, папиросы или сигарёты? do you prefer, cigarettes with or without a holder?

Give mea box of Дайте мне KopéOxy спичек, пожалуйста. matches please. A я нахожу, что курить — врёдно. Now, I consider that smoking is harmful. Здесь курить разрешается? Is smoking permitted here ? Her, курить здесь воспрещается. No, smoking 1$ forbidden here. Проходите в курительную; там можете курить сколько вам угодно. Go through to the smoking room; there you can smoke as much as you like.

АНГЛИЙСКИЕ Мои

ЗАМЁТКИ

пёрвые английские

впе-

чатлёния связаны с ощущёнием

NOTES

ОМ ENGLAND

My first impressions of England

тревбги. SA проснулся в нбмере гостиницы oT вбя сирён и

are linked with a sensation of alarm. I woke up in my hotel

беспрестанных сигналов автоЕ 5 мобилей. Выглянув в окно, ’

ГОО

было

through it: everything was (as it

ничего

ватой.

wailing

ot

всё~

sirens and the incessant hooting of cars. Having looked out of the window, I could see nothing

Так вот что такое зна-

were) choked up with a weightless,

за ; ним

забито

менитый

because: of rhe

не

увидел: Е

невесбмой

лбндонский

сёрой

туман!

grey

cotton

wool.

So

this

was

THE

Утренние

FUNDAMENTALS

газеты

вишли

с

мрачными заголбвками: «Туман-убийца», «Туман парализовал

жизнь

катастрофах

Лондона»,

разбито

«В

100 авто-

это Действительно, мобилей». — настоящее бёдствие. Днём ничего не видно в нёскольких

На перекрёстках, в шагах. цёнтре города, зажигаются и специальных огнй гаснут Автомобили и автомаякбв. бусы идут бщупью, пригородHe хбдят ные поезда стоят. парбмы и пароходы через ЛаСамолёты остаются на манш. Связь со всем MHаэродрбмах. В такйе ром прекращается. дни начинаешь чувствовать, что И сразу Англия — это бстров. же поднимаются цёны на проКаждый день тумана дукты. принбсит cTpaHé миллибнные убытки.

ОЕ

THE

LANGUAGE

261

what the famous London fog was like! The morning papers came

out with gloomy headlines: “Killer fog’’, ‘Ков paralyses London

life’’, ‘‘100 cars smashed

in accidents’’. And in fact this is a real calamity. During the day nothing can be seen at a distance of more than a few paces. At crossings in the centre of the city the lights of special beacons (keep on) lighting up and going out. Cars and buses grope along, the suburban trains are at a standstill. Ferries and steamers do not cross

the English Channel.

Aeroplanes

are grounded at their aerodromes.

Communication with the whole world ceases. On such days you (really) begin to feel that England is an island. And immediately prices of foodstuffs day of fog brings

rise. Each the country

losses of millions (of pounds).

С. М. Навашин. Наука и жизнь, No. 8, 1960

впечатлёние = impression. связан(ный) = past participle passive of связывать (1)/cBa3aTb (I свяжу, свяжешь) = тревбга=а!атт. просыto bind, link. отцущеёние = sensation. нбмер =гоот (in hotel). паться (Г)/проснуться (Г) = wake up. сирёна =siren. беспрестанный = incessant. вой = wailing. curHan=signal, warning. выглядывать (Г/выглянуть (р=ю забивать (Г/забить (I забью, -ёшь)=то stuff up. look out. BaTa=cotton wool. невесомый = weightless. сёрый = grey. утренний = morning (adj). туман = fog. знаменитый = famous. заголбвок (gen -бвка)=Беза1ще, headline. мрачный = gloomy. катапарализовать (Г) =то paralyse. убийца (m)=murderer. разбит(ый) past participle passive о} разбистрбфа = catastrophe. настоявать (Г/разбить (I разобью, разобьъёть) =1о smash. бедствие = са!атИу. шаг = ер, расе. перекрёсток ий =геа|. зажигать(ся) (I)/ центр = centre. (gen -cTrKa)=crossroads. гаснуть (Г)/позажёчь(ся) (I like жечь) =1о (be) light(ed) up. замётка = note.

262

RUSSIAN

FOR

BEGINNERS

специальный = special. be extinguished. (past rac, гасла) = éuryubw (adv) =groping(ly). маяк = beacon, lighthouse. приЛаманш = English nap6m = ferry. город(ный) = suburb(an). Channel. самолёт =аегор]апе. оставаться (I остаюсь, остаёшьbehind. remain останешься) = (Г останусь, ся)/остАться связь (f)=connection, link. mMap=world. аэродрём =аегоаготе. бстров прекращаёться (Г)/прекратйться (11) =1о cease (intrans). е]у. цена (pl цены) =ри!се. про1 е =island. срёзу (же) = ипит приносить (П)/принести (I)= дукты (р]) =рго4дисе, foodstuffs. убыток (gen убытка) = моцВ millions. = ый миллибнн to bring. loss.

СНЕЖОК И ЗВЕЗДОЧКА 1. Это было в Арктике,

на

Как-то Semné Франца-Ибсифа. раз мы увидели двух маленьких медвежат, резвившихся около Огрбмная медвёдица матери. сидела на вершине тброса и неторопливо, по-хозяйски огляИногда она дывалась вокруг. наклоняла гблову к малышам, будто нашёптывала им что-то. Эту сцёнку удалбсь заснять с длиннофбкусного помощью объектива.

2. Потом

погбда

разбуше-

валась, и несколько дней мы не покидали зимбвки. Только беспокойные метеорблоги, преодолевая сумасшёдший вётер, раз в три часа ползкбм доби-

рались до метеоплощадки, чтобы записать показания при-

ббров.

Когда буран кбнчился,

зимбвщики медвежат. мощные,

снова встрётили Маленькие, беспб-

они

сидели

в

снегу

недалекб от нашего жилья, уткнувшись друг в друга носами. Должнб быть, в пургу

т It was in the Arctic, in Franz Joseph Land. One day we caught

sight of two little bear cubs frisking about near the(ir) mother. The huge she-bear was sitting on

top of an

ice-block

and

looking

around her in a leisurely, bossy way. Occasionally she lowered her head towards the little ones as if she was whispering something to them. This little scene was successfully photographed with a long-focus lens.

2. Then the weather began to rage and for several days we did

not

leave

the winter

hut.

Only

our restless meteorologists, surmounting the mad wind once every three hours, crawling, reached the

meteorological platform (=post) to note down the evidence (readings) of the instruments. When the snowstorm ended, the winterers once again met the cubs. Helpless, the little ones sat in the snow not far away from our quarters, huddled together with their noses against one another. It

must have been (that) the cubs got separated from their mother in the

THE

FUNDAMENTALS

детёныши отбились OT матери. Во всяком случае, нигде вокруг мы не нашли её следов.

3. Пришлбсь посадить незацачливых малышёй в мешок и доставить на зимбвку. Их встрётили с присущим полярникам радушием, обласкали, накормили. Осббенно понравилось медвежатам сладкое сгущённое молоко, и почему неизвёстно соски, оказавшиеся у врача 3HMOBKH, были немёдленно разбдраны в клбчья. 4. Зверята

лись.

быстро

Ласковые,

они

путались

вали

чёрные

потёшные,

под

носы

освби-

ногами,

со-

во все щёли,

заглядывали то в одну, то в другую комнату, всюду получали лакомства и засыпали где попало, тбсно прижавшись друг к другу.

5. Потом

шалости.

начались

Первый тревожный сигнал поступил из кухни. Зарвавшиеся гости стащили огрбмный кусбк Мягкое наказание баранины. не

подёйствовало,

что

могло

вскоре,

и

вернувшись домой, зимовщики Всё, увидели полный разгром. полу;

от

упасть,

книг

лежало

на

журналов

и

остались клбчья; разбитые часы

остановились.

хабса

два

Среди

мохнатых

этого

хулигана

борблись за право обладания учебником английского языка.

OF

THE

263

LANGUAGE

storm. At any rate, nowhere around did we find her tracks.

3. One (=we) had to put the hapless mites in a sack and deliver (=convey) them to the winter hut. They were welcomed with innate polar cordiality and were petted and fed. The cubs were particularly pleased with the sugary con-

densed milk, and the feeding teats (which) it turned out the winter quarter’s doctor had, why, no one

knew, were shreds.

immediately

torn

to

4. The little beasts soon settled down. Friendly, amusing, they twisted about under our legs, poked their black muzzles (= noses) into every chink, looked

now into one room, and now into another, everywhere they received delicacies, and they fell asleep in any old place, intimately clasped to one another.

5. Later they began to be mischievous. The first alert signal came from the kitchen. The guests, going too far, pinched a huge piece of mutton. The slight

punishment

did

not

have

any

effect, and soon after, the winterers, on returning home, beheld complete havoc. Everything that could fall was lying on the floor; tatters were all that was left of the books and magazines; the broken Amid this clock had stopped. chaos the two shaggy hooligans were wrestling (struggling) for the right of possession of a textbook of (on) the English language.

264

RUSSIAN

FOR

BEGINNERS

6. Медвежата быстро росли и день ото дня доставляли всё Пришлобсь побольше хлопбт. думать о будущем.

6. The little bears were growing quickly and day by day were It was causing greater trouble. necessary to think of their future.

7. — Подарим их московским ребятам! — сказал кто-то.

7. *‘Let’s give them to the kids

вскбре наши над том

холбдным в ехали

и

поддержали,

8. Остальные

герби уже летёли а

окедном, легковбм

по-. авто-

Им помобиле по Москвё. везло: не многие белые медвёди могут похвастаться, что видели этот город! ..

9. Здорбвье

у

«полярников»

отличное,

—

сказал

поселить лодняка.

их

на

ный врач зоопарка.

ветеринар-

— Можно

площадке

мо-

10. Общительные медвежата на себя чувствуют отлично назвали Их месте. новом Снежбк и Звёздочка.

СС. 120, 1960

of Moscow,”’

8. The

idea),

and

somebody said.

others soon

supported

our

heroes

(the

were

(already) flying over the freezing ocean and later drove in a car through Moscow. They were lucky: not many polar bears can boast that they have seen this City ae 9.

**The health of these ‘workers of the Arctic’ is excellent,”’ said the veterinary surgeon of the Zoological Gardens. ‘“They can be settled (put) in the enclosure (=area) for young animals.’’ 10. The sociable cubs are feeling fine in their new place. They are called Snowball and Starlet.

В. КОПАЛИН

У. Kopalin.

Земля @®panna-Hécuda=Franz Joseph Арктика =е Arctic. Land. медвежёнок (п р! медвежата, gen pl медвежат) = bear cub. резвиться (II)=to frisk, gambol. медвёдица = зВе-Беаг. вершина =top, summit. tTdépoc=(ice-)Jhummock. (неторопливый= (ип)hurried. по-хозяйски = ш an authoritative way. наклонять (1)/ наклонйть (11) =то bend down (trans). мальии=зта| child, mite. нашёптывать (I ipf)=to whisper. cuéHKa=little scene. удаваться (Г)/удаться (like дать: удастся) used impersonally=to succeed. заснять (I pf sacHHMy, -епть) = © photograph. пибмощь (f)=help. длинноффкусный = long-focus. объектив = objective. разбушеваться (I ipf)=to rage, bluster (of weather). покидать (Г) покинуть (I)=to leave, abandon. 3HmMé6BsKa=winter quarters. беспоK6iimprii=restless. MeTeopénor=meteorologist. преодолевать (1 -еваю, -еваепть)/преодолёть (I -6ю, -бешть) = © overcome, to surmount. ползкбм (adv)=crawling (оп all fours). добирАться (I)/ добраться

щадка

(I доберусь,

-ёься) =1о

(метеорологическая

get to, to reach.

метеопло-

площадка) = тегеого!ор1са1!

post.

THE

FUNDAMENTALS

ОЕ

THE

LANGUAGE

265

записывать (Г)/записать (I)=to note down. показание = evidence, reading. mpHOép=apparatus. Oypa4H=snowstorm. зимбвщик=

winterer.

cHéBpa=once

жильё = Пушз

quarters.

again, anew.

утыкаться

— беспбмощный = Ве]р|ез$. (П/уткнуться

(I)=to

bury

oneself, hide one’s face. mypra=blizzard. jeréapsmm=young/little one. отбиваться (Г/отбиться (I отобъюсь, отобъёться) от = to become

separated

from.

во всяком

случае =а( any rate.

след=

trace. прихбдиться (П)|прийтйсь (I придётся, пришлбсь) used impersonally =to be obliged to. посадить (II р/) = make to sit, to put sitting.

inherent.

ласкать

незадачливый = Вар|езз.

мешофк=заск.

полярн = ик у’огкег of the Arctic.

(I)/o6-=to

pet,

caress.

кормить

присущий =

радуш = сог@1а|Шу. ие (II)/Ha-=to

feed

(tr).

осббенно = particularly. сгущённый = thickened. сгущённое молокб = соп4епзе# milk. cécka=rubber teat. — немёдленно = immediately. разбдран(ный) past participle passive of раздирать ([)/ разодрать (I раздеру, раздерёшь past разодрал)=ю tear up, apart. клок (п pl клбчья, gen p] клочьев)=гас, shred. зверёнок (п pl зверята, gen pl зверят) =уоцир beast. осваиваться (I)/

освбиться (П) = fit in, be assimilated. ласковый =айесиопже. потёшный =ап1и$12. путаться (Г) =10 get entangled. щель (f)= chink. заглядывать (Г)/заглянуть (1)=to реер ш. получать (I)/ получить (11) = receive. лакомство =а dainty, tit bit. засышать (Г/заснуть (1)=to fall asleep. где попало = ш any place at all, any old place. récno=closely. прижавшись past verbal adverb of прижиматься (Г/прижаться (I like 2xaTb)=to snuggle, cuddle together. шалость (f)=prank. тревожный = ем, alarm (adj). поступать (Г/поступить (ГП) = be forthcoming, to come in. зарвавшийся =Ва\шп? gone too far, to extremes, overdone things. стащить (II pf)=to steal, ‘‘pinch’. баранина=шийой, lamb (meat). мягкий (г pronounced as x)=soft. Hakas4HHe=punish= 5000 ment. действовать (Г)/по- = © act, to have an effect. вскбре after. вернувшись past verbal adverb of возвращаться (Г)[вернутьxaéc= pa30uTBri=broken. pasrpém=havoc. ся (I1)=to return. борбться (Гру xynuranH=hooligan. mMoxHdaTEIH=shaggy. chaos. борюсь, ббрешься) =то wrestle. mpaBo=(one’s) right. обладание = possession.

доставлять

(Г[доставить

(II)=to

bring,

cause.

дарить (П)/ Oymyuyee=the future. хлопбты (pl)=troubles, cares. support поддерживать (Г)/поддержать (П) = mo-=to present. легковбй автомобиль = ordinary саг (as opposed to lorry). везти[поб6лый медвёдь= ройаг used impersonally with dat=to be in luck. отличный = excellent. хвастаться (I)/mo-=to boast. bear. зоопарк Bpau=surgeon, doctor. ветеринарный = veterinary. селить (II)/m0-=to (зоологический mapK)=zoological gardens. облцйтельный = зос1аЫе. молодняк =уоцпя animals. settle (tr).

снежбк (gen снежка) =star, pl звёзды).

=зпо\фаП.

Шие = ка звёздоч

star, (звезда

RUSSIAN

266

FOR

BEGINNERS

YPOK Ne COPOK

LESSON No. 40

horse, steed;

handkerплатбк ; платбчек chief; smal] handkerchief

конь, конёк hobby horse

small glass друг (дружбк, дружбчек) dear friend собака; собачка; собачёнка dog; doggie; little cur

brother — мальчик ; мальчишка urchin *дбвушка young girl *дёвочка little girl

tumbler;

стакён ; стаканчик*

сестра ;усестрица* little sister

sister;

лошадь; лошадка; дёнка horse; small wretched nag

лошаhorse;

дёва maid; virgin. старая дева old maid *девйца maiden, spinster *Group:

батюшка бабушка

дядюшка

dear father granny dearuncle

брат;

brother;

братец*

девчёнка $1аЦегп письмфб 3; письмецб

short letter яблоко; яблочко apple

селб; селишко little village

матушка дедушка

тётушка,

dear

boy;

letter;

apple; little village;

dirty

dear (little) mother grandad, grandpapa

тётенька

dear auntie

DIMINUTIVES: A diminutive ending added to the stem of a Russian noun (animate or inanimate) gives it a form which may denote

only smallness, but to smallness there is very often added the idea of intimacy, familiarity, affection or—and this is important—some kind of A diminutive depreciation such as contempt, disdain, irony orsarcasm. suffix can be simple or complex: simple, when it is a single suffix, complex when two or more simple suffixes are joined together, thus blending

their primary meanings in such a way as to convey a different and, For the foreigner this quality of Russian usually, subtle new meaning.

presents so many difficulties and pitfalls that, until great familiarity with the language has been achieved, he should avoid using all but the few diminutives such as дёвушка and дёвочка which have fixed meanThe diminutive words listed above ings and are part of everyday life.

The others are given by marked with an asterisk should be known. way of examples. General rule: Be able to recognize a diminutive but, in general, avoid the active use of any but those that are part of everyday speech. Diminutive suffixes: These are masculine, Masculine are: -ек, -ик, -ок, -ец, -чек, -чик, and -ёнок are used for ‘‘4еаг little’’ animals, and which imply some disdain. Feminine are: -ка,

feminine or neuter. -очек, -ичек, -онок note -йшка, -йшко -ца, -ичка, -енька,

THE

FUNDAMENTALS

ОЕ

THE

LANGUAGE

267

-ouKa,-euka. And -yaxka, -юшка for some masculines. Also -éuxa, -бнка which are usually depreciatory. Neuter are: -цо, -це, -ко, -чко. Affectionate are -ечко, -ышко ; and, depreciatory -ишко. ®

PUBLIC

NOTICES: GENERAL List for reference

аптёка pharmacy, ist’s shop билётная касса

chemticket

window; box office

буфЕт buffet вагбн для курящих smoking car

forbidden выход exit гастронбм

store для мужчин

entrance

food

shop,

conveniтеп для женщин [ ences

women закрыто closed открыто open звонбк bell. Ring закусочная snack snack shop

зал

hall, big room

зал ожидания room занято

своббдно

occupied,

cash desk; pay desk

кафё cafe к поездам то the train(s) курительная кбмната smoking room для курящих smokers для некурящих nonsmoking room лифт lift, elevator

ванная bath Внимание! Attention вокзал railway station вход entrance вход воспрещён

касса

bar;

waiting reserved

unoccupied, free

MeTp6 underground га!way медпункт first aid post мужская кбмната men’s room дамская кбмната

ladies’

room опасность (f) danger останбвка stopping place, halt — автббуса bus stop — троллейбуса trolleybus stop ar stop — трамвая hairпарикмахерская dresser подъёмник

перехбд ing

lift, elevator

pedestrian cross-

почта or почтамт office

post

268

RUSSIAN

FOR

раздевальня С1оаК-гоог ресторан restaurant справки information справочное бюрб шЮгmation bureau

столбвая dining room Cron! Stop! стоянка I. stopping place; 2. car park — таксй taxi rank — воспрещается parking forbidden

телеграф телефбн

т=теплб

telegraph (office)

telephone

warm, hot (water)

Note: In the USSR

BEGINNERS

cold (water) х=хблодно push (bell-push) толкать pull тянуть men’s toilet, туалёт м

lavatory women’s toilet, lava— ж

tory уббрная

м,

уббрная

ж

men’s and women’s toilet, lavatory

escalator эскалатор этаж _ floor, storey пёрвый этаж ground floor first floor вторбй этаж second floor трётий этаж

(as in the US) the ground floor is the

first, the English first floor is the second, etc.

For Road Signs and Motoring words and phrases, see pages

309-10.

НЕМНОГО ИСТОРИИ И ГЕОГРАФИИ Арктического бассёйна осложняет Значительная часть территбрии жизнь людёй во многих странах. Канады — это райбны каменйстой или покрытой мхом и лишайником тундры. Холбдные массы вбздуха, надвигАясь со стороны Влияние

вёчных

льдбв

Ледовитого океана, часто мешают созреванию риса в Сёверной Япбнии. Не только вся Скандинавия, но и Германия, Пбльша,

Итёлия подвёржены воздёйствию климата Арктики. Осббенно большие неприятности доставляют льды Арктического бассёйна советским людям и американцам. На трёх четвертях территбрии СССР срёдняя температура в январё достигает 40° морбза по Цёльсию. Самый крупный штат США — Аляска — край жестбкой стужи. Вёчная мерзлота царит на семи десятых её территбрии. Хблод — извёчный и непримиримый враг стройтелей. По подсчётам экономистов, он пожирает минимум 10 процёнтов всех капиталовложёний.

Учёные разных стран давнб задумываются над тем, как обогрёть

THE

FUNDAMENTALS

ОЕ

THE

LANGUAGE

269

нашу планёту. Эта мечта зародилась иу П. М. Борйсова, осуществлёнию инженёрных проёктов которого так часто мешАли вёчная мерзлота и жестокие морбзы. Гбрный _инженёр и строитель постепённо становился также климатблогом, гебграфом, океанбграфом, историком, палеонтблогом. Около 5 000 статёй и книг по всем этим вопрбсам числится в картотёке П. М. Борисова. Пытливая мысль породила идёю увеличить притбк тёплых вод Гольфстрима в Полярный бассёйн и пропустить их через Бёрингов пролйв в Тйхий окедн. В этом случае Гольфстрим сможет растопить дрейфующие льды Арктики и на огрбмных пространствах отеплить ббласт сёверных ширбт. Но для этого надо пострбить в Бёринговом проливе плотину. — Советский Союз. 1960 г. TRANSLATION:

SOME

HISTORY

AND

GEOGRAPHY

The influence of the eternal ice of the Arctic basin complicates the life

of people in many lands. A considerable part of the territory of Canada (is) tundra region, very stony or covered with moss and lichen. Cold masses of air moving down from the direction of the Arctic Ocean often prevent the ripening of rice in Northern Japan. Not only Scandinavia, but also Germany, Poland and Italy are exposed to the influence of the Arctic climate. The ice(s) of the Arctic basin transmit(s) particularly great troubles to the people of the Soviet Union and to the Americans. In three-quarters of the territory of the USSR the mean temperature in January reaches 40° centigrade of frost. The largest state of the USA—Alaska—is а region

of brutal

territory.

cold.

Everlasting

frost reigns

in seven-tenths

Cold is the traditional and unappeasable enemy of builders.

of its

Accord-

ing to the calculation of economists, it devours (consumes) ten per cent

of all capital investment. Scientists of various countries have long been meditating over how to warm our planet. This dream was conceived in the mind of P. M. Borisov, the accomplishment of whose engineering projects was so often impeded by eternal frost and rigorous cold. A mining engineer and builder, he has step by step also become a climatologist, geographer, oceanographer, historian (and) palaeontoloAbout 5,000 articles and books relating to all these questions are gist. His keen mind has numbered in the card indexes of P. M. Borisov. conceived the idea of increasing the flow of warm water from the Gulf Stream to the Polar Basin and letting it (go) through Bering Strait into

the Pacific Ocean.

In this event the Gulf Stream

(would) melt the

drifting ice-floes of the Arctic and warm up vast expanses of territory in northern latitudes.

dam in Bering Strait.

But for this enterprise it is necessary to build a

270

RUSSIAN

FOR

BEGINNERS

арктический = Arctic вёчный = eternal. влияние = influence (adj). осложнять (Г)/осложнйть (II)=to complicate (17). значи-

тельный

=considerable,

significant.

райбн

= region.

камени-

мох (gen мха)= ый4 (+ #5, with). = соуеге покрыт стый =3ю0пу. Note тпага. = ра тунд й = среп. лишайник ог лиша moss. carefully the word order used here: ‘‘regions of tundra’’ with all the various adjectival expressions agreeing with “‘tundra’”’ placed before it. maAcca=mass. This type of word-order is common in Russian. вбздух=ат. надвйнуться

immanent.

(+dat)=to

надвигаясь verbal adverb from надвигаться (I)/ (I1)=to move upon, to approach (menacingly), to be

Ледовитый

hinder.

н Ocean. = Агсис окед

cospeBaHHe=ripening

мешать|по-

(по).

(Г)

puc=rice.

Германия = Скандинавия = Scandinavia. Япбния = Japan. подвержен, -a, WMranua=Italy. Пбльша=Ро]!ап4. Germany. =O 3 -br=subject to, exposed to (short form past participle passive of воздействие= подвергать (Г)/подвёргнуть (I)=to subject). неприятность (f)=unpleasantness, климат=сИтаме. influence. nuisance, trouble. доставлять (Г)/доставить (11) = о cause, also to deliver. лёд (gen льда) =1се. срёдний =пиАЧе (adj), mean. достигать (Г)/достигнуть (Г) (past достиг, -ла, -ло ; -ли) = йз. attain, to achieve, to reach. морбз=Но$. — Цбль=си Се]$1щ по -ю=сепиртаде. крупный = large. штат = State. США (Соединённые Штаты Амебрики)= USA. Аляс = ка Alaska. край = edge, border or country, region. жестбк = ий сгие|. стужа | царить (II)=to мерзлота=#о2еп ground. =cold, hard frost. reign, rule. десятая (aacTrb)=a tenth (part). извёчн = ый па4!1ый им tional, from of old. ае. (недприм=ир сопс| (ш)ге spar= enemy. строитель (m)=builder. pacaér=calculation. экономист = economist. пожирать (Г/пожрать (I пожру, пожрёнь) ={0о devour. минимум=пипипит. процёнт= рег cent,

percentage.

е investment. капиталовложёни = сарца|

учёный=

scientist, scholar. разный =уагоиз, different. задумываться (Г/задуматься (I)=to be plunged into thought, to meditate (над+ ins=about). обгревать (Г)/обогрёть (I обогрёю, обогрвешь) =to warm, heat. wunanéra=planet. MmMeuarad=day-dream, reverie. saрождаться (I)/sapomutrsca (П) = (be) engender(ed), to (be) conceive(d). осуществлёние = геа!та1оп. инженёрный = епршеегing (adj). проёкт=рго}ес{. гбрный=шиишя (adj). инженёр = engineer. mocrenénHo=gradually. становйться (П)/стать (I стану, станешь) =то become (+ins). KaaMaTénor=climatologist. гебг pher. = ра geograф oxeanérpad=oceanographer. истбрик= historian. палеонтблог = palacontologist. статья =агие, item, clause. числиться (II) (ipf only)=to be numbered, reckoned. картотёка = саг4 index. ый пытлив itive, searching, keen. = inquis мысль (f)=thought, idea. идёя=14еа. увеличивать (Т)/увелйчить (I)=to increase. притбк=Во\у, influx. Гольфстрим= 1е

THE

FUNDAMENTALS

ОЕ

271 Gulf Stream. полярн = ый polar. пропускать (I пропускаю, -епшь)/пропустить (II пропущу, пропустишь) =1ю let through. (Берингов) пролив= (Вег!пе) Strait. Тихий окедн= Pacific Осеап. случай =event, happening. смочь (I смогу, сможешь) pf of мочь = ю be able. растапливать (Г)/растопить (II) =to melt (tr). дрейфующий present participle active of дрейфовать (1 дрейфую, -ешь) both ipf and pf=to drift. огрбмный = enormous. пространство =5расе, expanse. отеплять (Г)/отеплить (II)=to 6бласть (f)=region. широта = у, warm (up). breadth, latitude.

THE

LANGUAGE

плотина = дат.

Vocabulary I

*a

Simple conjunctions Seepage41, and, but, while.

Pret *но but. See page 41, Pt. I да (1) and; (2) as an етphatic; (3) + imperative =a wish *же (ж) but, then, and, really хи and иена. . бов... аа". ине... ине... neither... *ни..

ни...

neither...

-ка as suffix meaning but ог just ; emphatic request

Derivative conjunctions (a) From pronouns

*то then *то... то... Sometimes...

Sometimes...

but not that, *He TO...HO... that either... не TO...HE TO... Ofte ха ne 7T6 or else, otherwise even so *да и то

*-то suffix to express indefiniteness emphatic just, precisely тб-то

*что *чем

what than

*так лишь лишь

then, so only тблько

*чем... тем... the... See page 239 (6) Derived from adverbs *как as, like, how *как He but, only

the...

as soon as лишь Obi provided that *когда when *где where (c) Derived from verbs ведь but surely, really, after all *пускай ; *пусть See page 295. -мол suffix added to words and means then or it is said

*xoTA 3; хоть

(v-adv)

although Bupéaem however Others *пока while, as long as пока He before *чтбобы; чтоб in order See pages 120-1.

though,

Compound conjunctions as though, as if *будто

дабы

so that, in order that

that.

272

RUSSIAN

FOR

BEGINNERS

because *потому что even хдаже therefore, consequently *позтому if, т Ежели ; *écnm; 6слибы how, why *почему case how much *почём unless *ёсли не for some reason *почему-то as, for, because 460 howasin: Скбль часто? сколь от либо = How often? either... либо... либо... 100, also *таАкже ; *тожё ОР as, since, because *так как ог *йли (йль) well then, and 50 такй either... *йли...йли... for all that всё-таки ИЕ 17 fact; so, in fact так-такй but then saTé as а consequence, стало-быть than нёжели hence why, therefore оттогб (г=в) *noromy = therefore *Words marked with an asterisk occur frequently in speech and in the written language. Note: Do not be surprised to find many of these words dealt with

under other parts of speech.

See also page 275-6, among the PARTICLES.

CONJUNCTIONS: A conjunction is a particle which connects, in a sentence or phrase, similar things or ideas; or introduces a clause that is

subordinate to a main clause. You have already met in Part I many of these words. Refer to Lesson 25 in Part I for the use of the Russian conditional/ subjunctive. Always remember that a subordinate clause is preceded by a comma in Russian. (This comma does not necessarily indicate a pause in reading: it is merely a grammatical device.) It is advisable to memorize the conjunctions in the list given here. Those marked with an asterisk are used in everyday speech; the others may be met in reading. Some are rather confusing, so their meaning and significance should be carefully noted.

KINDS

OF CONJUNCTIONS:

For convenience these little words

are classified in various ways which we shall avoid and consider them merely as: (1) Simple conjunctions; (2) Derivative conjunctions and (3)

Compound conjunctions. The vocabulary which you need is listed under these headings. Derivative conjunctions originate from other words: pronouns, adverbs and even verbs. Compound conjunctions are made by joining together either two conjunctions or two other words. The lists provide examples of all these.

Note: The use of conjunctions in Russian, and especially of those which, in English, we would call ‘‘subordinating conjunctions’”’— words such as tf, that, though, etc.—is perfectly straightforward: when

the Russian conditional/subjunctive is not involved, they do not demand any special construction of the sentence.

THE

FUNDAMENTALS

ОЕ

THE

LANGUAGE

273

и has several commonly extended meanings which are better translated than by and: by at all, as much as, just, exactly (as) or indeed.

PUNCTUATION: In Russian a comma is always inserted between a main and a subordinate clause—in contrast to English usage which may omit a punctuation mark. The conjunction что is always preceded by a comma, and before the whole conjugation when it is a compound such аз потому что. A comma is placed before all the following conjunctions: a, #0, однако, затб, чтобы, хотя, отчего, когда, KyMA, как.

АНЕКДОТЫ

Шкбльница: — He знаю, как быть! Мне надо написать, какое мое любимое произведёние и кто мой любимый гербй. Я очень люблю «Мёртвые души» Гбголя. А кто там мой любимый герой, никак не могу сказать. Все они нехорошие.

Schoolgirl: “‘T don’t know what to do about it! I have to write what is my favourite literary work and who is my favourite hero. I like very

*

*

учит мальчик Семилётний свою маму игрё в шахматы:

A seven-year-old boy is teaching his mother to play chess: “You (fam) know, mama, I can (shall) teach you the moves and

—

мама,

Знаешь,

я тебя фигурам научу, но думать учить

не

хбдам

и

как-нибудь я тебя на-

могу. *

chessmen, but I can’t teach you to think.”’ *

Шестилётний мальчик: я придумаю Дёдушка, —

такое лекарство,

much ‘Dead Souls’ by Gogol. But who there (in it) is my favourite hero, I can’t tell by any means. They are all bad.”’

чтобы ты стал

Тебе будет двенадмолодым. цать лет. — А сколько будет твоему отцу?

— Он ещё не родится. Огонёк 1960

A six-year-old boy: **Granddad, ГИ invent a kind of medicine so that you become young. You’ll be twelve years Olds ‘But how old will your father

be ?”’ «Не won’t yet be born.”’

What Kak O6nITB?=What can be done? икбльница = schoolgirl. произведёние = work (of literaлюбимый = favourite. about it? шахзеуеп yearold. = ий семилётн мёртвый = деа4. ture, art). xoq=move. (ваш сВезз (играть, игра в шахматы). =ы мат

RUSSIAN

274

FOR

BEGINNERS

шестилётcurypa=figure, chess-man, piece. ход =уоцг move). придумывать (Г)/придумать (Г) =10 think up, ний = 1х year old. рождаться (I)/pomirsca (II) о тесте. = тв лекарс to invent. -

=to be born.

ххх

+ genitive: in view of *ввиду along *вдоль

+ accusative : *несмотря Ha after спустя

*внутрй

*навстрёчу

впередй ш front of *врбде of the kind of, like вслёдствие because of

within, inside of

*pokpyr round, around *крбме besides, except *мимо by, past относительно regarding *прёжде before *прбтив opposite to *The asterisk indicates memorized.

in spite of

+ dative: *вслед after *благодаря thanks to

to, towards

подббно like +instrumental: согласно according to *вслед за after, following + prepositional: не говоря о not to mention that the word ts in frequent use. It must

be

DERIVATIVE PREPOSITIONS: See Part I, Lessons 21 and 29. Many words not by nature prepositions have taken on the function of a preposition and, like the primary prepositions, then govern cases. The list given above contains all such derivative prepositions as are likely to be required for everyday speaking, and some others that may be met in reading. Derivative prepositions may arise from nouns, adjectives, verbs, verbal adverbs or adverbs, and sometimes by compounding two words that are primary prepositions (из-под =/от under), or a primary+ another word (scrpéua=meeting. навстрёчу=1о, towards). Much latitude is permitted in Russian in making up such compounds. Note the following:

From verbal adverbs

благодаря + dat =thanks to | смотря па + 4а: = 4ереп@ те оп несмотря на + асс = ш spite of

The majority of derivative and compound prepositions govern the genitive. As regards compounds which consist of a word followed by a primary preposition, the general rule is that such a compound will govern the case governed by its primary preposition: вслед (adv) + за + 115 =авег, following, behind не говоря о -+ prp=not to mention Note: On the whole, derivative and compound prepositions present no special difficulties. ‘Their meaning can be worked out from their constituent elements, but one must note well the case they govern.

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There is a tendency in Russian towards using prepositionally more and more words that are not strictly prepositions. One also finds such ‘words and compounds used adverbially. From the noun круг circle we sometimes find кругбм as either adv ог ртр, and аз a prp it governs the gen to mean round, around (less common than вокруг).

PARTICLES : You have already met some of these words but, аз particles play an important part in Russian, you must know more about them than has been given up to this point. Russian particles are unchangeable in form: they are never inflected. Some of them have no meaning of their own when they stand alone: but, when used with other words, they impart a particular meaning to those words. ‘The commonest examples of such particles are the interrogative ли and the conditional/subjunctive бы, for which see pages 119-22. Particles, in effect, are very useful auxiliary words which, quite apart from their particular meaning in a phrase or sentence, often help to make

conversation nomanryl. tence can be us consider

more natural, more colloquial. For example: по мбему, The senmoxAnyit=be it so, if you like or I dare say. Now let translated: As far as I’m concerned, I daresay... some particles in common use, noting to begin with that

various parts of speech may be used as particles. разве Interrogatives: пи you know (see page 46).

(adv)=really ?—

Thus: Разве a говорйл Это? when ‘‘Yes’’ is expected юг ап answer. неужёли (adv) is used when hoping for the =Did I really say that? answer ‘‘no’’, as in Неужёли Sro правда?=[5 it really possible? Неужеёли Это Tax ?=/s it possibly so? (=It can’t really be possible ?) бишь expresses impatience: Как бипть егб зовут ? = What’s his name, Or ‘‘Heavens, what 15 his name ?’’—indicating that the speaker then? cannot remember.

Emphatics: же, ж (conj)=but, however, and аз a particle for even, very, also, to emphasize the word to which it is attached. ‘Thus: om же, она же = the very man, woman. Где 2?=Where then? даже (adv) = even, also used as an emphatic:

I didn’t even hear aboutit.

ужб,

Я даже и

не слыхал

об этом. =

уж =already: Мы уж отобёдали =

ведь=айег all: Ведь Это так. = After all, it is We've already dined. Ведь я вам говорил. = Well now, I told you so. 50. -то, when attached by a hyphen to а word, emphasizes that word.

Thus: Дёнег-то у меня довбльно. = .45 for money, I’ve enough. The word money is emphasized by -то. = maybe, I suppose so. Я, поAgreement or appreciation: пожалуй = [ suppose Г’И во. может быть =таубе, tt may be жалуй, пойду. so: М6жет быть 5то вёрно. = It may be true. знать* =inf ipf Юг to know, but аз a particle means obviously or one knows that: Знать, он = He has obviously seen much grief. чай*=арратмибго гбря видал авбсь*= perhaps ently, it seems as 1}, probably: Чай a пойду туда. Those marked with an asterisk are colloquial. and неббсь* =no doubt.

276

RUSSIAN

FOR

BEGINNERS

Introductory to or association with: Very useful are напримёр =for

то-есть (often abbreviated = 50 then, it means that. значит example. слбвом (adv)= uently, thus. conseqть = бы to T.e.)=that ts. сталок TOMY же = besides, moreover. in a word, in short. слбвно он знал Comparison, likeness to: слбвно (adv) =as if; like. тбчно (adv) =exactly, just (as if). как-будто = ах ff, =asifheknew. as though.

AMUSEMENTS,

РАЗГОВОР: Tearp

house

бперы

и балёта

драматический тедтр

opera

drama-

tic theatre (=straight plays) тейтр эстрады vaudeville theatre кукольный TeATp puppet theatre

зелёный теётр theatre

open-air

балкбн balcony галёрка gallery (gods) doté foyer спектакль (т) theatre show nbéca play драма (a) drama комёдия «comedy трагёдия

tragedy

представлёние

presentation

актёр, актриса actor, actress певёц, певица singer балерйна ballerina танцор male dancer

цирк circus кинотеётр cinema

экран screen широкоэкранный фильм wide-screen film стереофонический звук stereophonic sound гбвор sound track немой фильм silent film

THEATRES,

FILMS

Kpécno stall seat партёр the stalls бенуар ist tier (stalls level) лбжа box бельэтаж grand tier, dress circle I-H ярус Ist tier above grand tier 2-ii ярус 2nd tier above grand tier киножурнал newsreel документальный фильм documentary концёртный зал concert hall симфонический концёрт symphony concert камерная музыка music оркёстр orchestra

дирижёр

chamber

conductor

солист soloist скрипач violinist скрипичный концёрт violin concerto капблла choir KOMIO3HTOp composer касса box office Ounér ticket (забронировать to book забронирбванный booked постанбвка production режиссёр director (producer)

Какой спектакль вы совётуете мне посмотрёть сегодня ? What show do you advise me to see this evening ?

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277

Если у вас мёсто He забронировано, сомневаюсь, попадёте ли вы куда-либо. If you haven’t booked a seat, I

doubt if you’ll get in anywhere. Пойдёмте вмёсте в главную кассу. the main theatre booking office. Наши места Ha пёрвом ярусе сбоку. Ist (i.e. 3rd) tier to the side. Отдайте

пальто

ваше

лучить бинокль.

в гардероб;

Let’s go together to Our seats are in the там

же

можете

по-

Leave your coat in the cloakroom,

there you can get opera glasses.

Эта пьёса в четырёх действиях (актах). play. Вам xopoui6 видно отсюда?

This is a four-act

Can you see well from here ? Неважно. В пёрвом ряду было бы лучше. Not very well. The first row would have been better. There’s an interval Сейчас антракт — пойдёмте в фойё. now. Let’s ро to the foyer. Курить в фойё нельзя — пойдёмте лучше в буфёт; там курить можно. You can’t smoke in the foyer. Let’s Как

go to the refreshment room; you can smoke there.

вам нравится игра этого актёра? Бесподобно, не правда ли? How do you like his acting? Incomparable, don’t you think ?

Декорации чьи? По-мбему бедноваты. Who did the зсепегу? Rather poor (meagre), I think. The orchestra couldn’t Оркестр играет как нельзя лучше. be playing better. Do Вы часто бываете на концёртах камерной музыки? you often go to chamber music concerts ? Personally I prefer the Я лично предпочитаю цирк. circus. В нашем цирке теперь выступают самые талантливые The most talented performers are now артисты. appearing in our circus here. фильм немой знаменитый смотреть пойдём Завтра ‘To-morrow Эйзенштёйна: “Броненосец Потёмкин.” we shall go and see Eisenstein’s famous silent film, ‘The Battleship Potemkin’’.

RUSSIAN FOR BEGINNERS

278

ЧАСТУШКА Хорошб в лесу гулять, Только бчень ббязно, Хорошб с парнем сидёть,

Тблько бчень сбвестно.

частушка

а two ог four-line folk verse ог song, mostly

humorous, often topical. парень fellow, lad, chap.

совестный

conscientious, fair; honourable.

It’s a matter of conscience to me. мне сбвестно ashamed. сбвесть (f) conscience.

Also I’m

Note: The частушка is a popular verse form in Russian, with a long tradition. It can deal with any subject under the sun, but probably the biggest category comes under the heading частушки о любви, from which the above is taken: Русские частушки (Москва 1956). These short items,

with their popular and humorous appeal, are good material for memorizing.

TRANSLATION - It’s good to stroll in the forest,/Only it’s very dangerous,/It’s good to be sitting with a fellow,/Only one (is) very ashamed. Marriage:

(a) *жениться is used of a man marrying. (5) выходить/выйти замуж: lit: ‘Чо go out behind a тап?? is used of a woman. женить (ipf and pf) to marry off (a man to a woman на + асс). венчаться/повенчаться to be married in church. (венчать=ю crown).

женйтьба, брак (Г) married.

свадьба = уе4411р.

marriage.

женатый (7)

married.

замужняя

состоять в браке =1о be married.

Verbs easily confused будить (II) to awaken: бужу, будишь. Past: будил. быть (I) (irr) tobe: ecrb;cyrs. ябыл. Fut: буду, будешь. бить (Г) юри: бью, бьёшь. бил. (pf побить).

THE

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везти (Г) to convey: везу, везёщь. вёз. вести (Г) to lead: веду, ведёть. вёл. выть (1) to howl: вбю, вбешь. выл. вить (Г) fo twist: вью, вьёшь. вил, (pf свить). гладить (II) to stroke, to iron, press (clothes): глажу, глядёть (II) to look: гляжу, глядишь. глядёл.

279

глАдьиш.

давать (Г) to give: даю, даёть. давал. давить (II) to squeeze: давлю, давищь, давил. дарить (II) to give: дарю, даришь. дарил. (подарить (р/) to make a present of). *ударить (pf IT) to hit once: ударю, ударищь. ударил. дёлать (Г) to do: двлаю, дблаешь. дёлал. делить (IT) to divide: делю, двлищь. делил. жать (Г) to squeeze : жму, жмёщшь. жал N.B. Past may have жать (1) to reap: жну, жнёшь. жал \ two meanings. стбить (II) to cost: стою, стбищь. стбил. стоять (II) to stand: стою, стойшь. стоял. *These are all р] verbs except ударить strike a blow.

LESSON

No. 41

Present participles active

бегущий running гуляющий strolling знающий knowing живущий living интересующий —_interesting (175) курящий smoking идущий 50115 лежащий lying (horizontal) понимающий

understand-

ing подходящий suiting (suitable) crying, weepплачущий ` ing

to hit, which is used for to

УРОК № СОРОК

ОДИН

подающий giving, presenting, serving (of food, etc.)

flying летящий sleeping спящий learning, one учащийся who learns teaching, one who учащий teaches As independent adjectives

путешёствующий travelling следующий

next As nouns

following,

зтокКег курящий поп-зтокег некурящий

будущее

the future

PARTICIPLES: Russian participles are verbal forms with adjectival endings, and may be called ‘‘verbal adjectives’’ since they agree with their noun in gender, case and

RUSSIAN

280

FOR

BEGINNERS

The participle, a part of the verb, does the work number. of an attributive adjective. In Russian there are:

ACTIVE participles—present and past. PASSIVE participles—present and past

Present

active: This

participle

represents

a simulta-

neous action, and indicates that the person or thing to which it refers is him-, her- or itself doing the action, as when we Here, say in English the speaking actor, the flying aeroplane. speaking and flying are present participles active and would be Note that, as the action translated accordingly in Russian. is continuous or indefinite, the Russian present participle Note also that active is formed only from imperfective verbs. the present participle active is equivalent to a verb+a relaSo that sucha sentence as rhe smoking traveller tive pronoun. (smoking is present participle active) is equivalent to saying

the traveller who smokes or 1s smoking English present continuous tense).

(the last being the

Formation of present participle active: Take the third person plural of the imperfective verb, drop the -т, and add the suffix -щ-. This suffix is followed by the attributive adjectival endings: (-mq-)+ -ий, -ая, -ее ; -ие. Examples:

Conjugation I verbs:

Conjugation II verbs:

(1) играть : играю-(т)

ИГРАЮ-Щ-ИЙ, -ая, -ее ;-ие

playing (2) писать : пишу-(т) пиптущий, -ая, -ее; =writing

-ие

(т) говорйть : говоря-(т)

ГОВОРЯ-Щ-ИЙ, -ая, -ее ; -ие

= speaking (2) стучать: стучащий, -ая, -ee ; -ие =Кпоскшр, banging

Reflexive present participles active: The particle -ся can be added to these participles, making them reflexive. This-cst never changes to -ch after a vowel, as in reflexive verbs.

учйть

to teach

учащий teaching, = teacher

one

who

teaches

учиться

to study, learn

учащийся learning, learns = learner

one

who

Present participles active as independent adjectives or nouns: Many present participles active have become accepted usage in everyday speech as independent adjectives, though as a rule the form is much more

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281

commonly found in the written language. They are also sometimes used as nouns. The main point is to be able to recognize them, and the letter -тщ- before the soft adjectival ending is your guide. Declension: They follow the declension of soft adjectives ‹п4 the rule of spelling as in хорбший, which see on page 99, 129. No predicative forms: Note that the present participles active do not have any short forms. Participles in general: They are a literary form to be recognized when met in printed matter or letters, and need never be used by the foreigner in speaking. In speech, the relative pronoun котбрый followed by a verb in present or past tense is preferable. Thus:

малчик, читающий книгу =the boy reading the book: (literary). малчик, котбрый читает кнйгу =the boy who is reading the book: (speech).

Present participles active are found in dictionaries when

they are in fairly common use as adjectives or nouns. Otherwise, as a logical form of the verb, they may be omitted. You must therefore be able to recognize them from the rules of formation or from the TABLE on page 289. ‘Those given with this Lesson are of frequent occurrence, especially in writing, and should be memorized.

Past participles active: подавший giving, presentговоривший (who was) ing, serving (of food) speaking understanding понявший читавший = reading писавший § writing Past participles active as nouns гулявший strolling or adjectives умерший dying (adj) inсумасшедший, шёдший going on foot sane; (noun) madman (с вёдший § leading to go off ума сойтй выучивший finishing one’s head) study бывший (adj) (noun) the живший living former (from быть) знавший knowing the прошедшее (noun) обращавший(ся) I. turnpast ing. 2. treating сумасшёдшая (noun) changобратйвший(ся) madwoman ing. 2. addressing

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282

FOR

BEGINNERS

ACTIVE: These express the PAST PARTICIPLES (past) action of the person or thing responsible for it: who or that was doing something. derive

Formation: Past participles active

and perfective verbs and in the same ways:

from

both

imperfective

I. By dropping the final -л of the past tense and then adding the suffix -вш- + the attributive soft adjectival endings -ий, -ая, -ee ; -ие. Thus: Читать: чита(л) — чита +-вш--+-ий = (т) читавитий, в before шт, pronounce ф. Говорйть : говорй(л) — говори + -вш- +-ий = (2) говорйвший, before ил, pronounce ф.

(т) = (шйо was) reading. (2)=(who was) speaking.

в

Or who (had been) reading. Or who (had been) speaking.

II. If the past tense of a verb ends in a consonant other than a, then Thus: only -ш- + the adjectival endings are added after that consonant.

везти

tocarry.

Past: вёз+-ш-+-ий=вёзший

having carried.

III. Some past participles active are formed by replacing the л of the past tense with д огт (д is often found in the present stem оЁ-ти verbs) Thus:. then the suffix -ш- -- Фе adjectival endings are added.

Infinitive

Present

tense

Past

Past

participle active

вестй tolead веД(у) вёл в6Дший идтй to go иД(у) шёл ш6Дший The forms II and III are less common than I.

having led having gone

Perfective and imperfective : Russian writers use these participles

when they wish to be precise and concise.

You have, first, to remember

that the imperfective aspect expresses uncompleted action, and that the past participle active of an imperfective verb is generally used to express some action that was going on continuously, or was not completed in the past. On the other hand, the perfective past participle active expresses a full): Thus: completed action in the past.

Imperfective: читавший = who was in the process of reading Perfective: прочитавший = who had finished reading Relative clau+se verb in the past tense: In speech this is always preferable for the foreigner. Excepting a few past participles active that are used as adjectives or nouns (note those given at the head of this Lesson), always use the relative clause with котбрый. Thus:

(x) In the written language: Я спросил мальчика, стоявшего was standing at the door.

у двёри.

I asked the boy who

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FUNDAMENTALS

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283

(2) In everyday speech: Я спросйл мальчика, который стоял у двёри. I asked the boy who was standing at the door. Declension: Past participles active are declined like хорбший for which see page 99. Reflexives: The reflexive particle -ся (never -съ after a vowel) is added throughout the declension.

Stress: In past participles active, this is usually the same as that on the infinitive, but in -ти verbs it is on the root syllable. Past participles active are not always given in dictionaries. You must therefore be able to recognize them from the rules of formation

given here, or from the TABLE on page 289.

And you should memorize

the examples in these pages; they are all fairly common in popular publications.

TAMAHb Пблный мёсяц светил Ha камышбвую крышу и белые стены моего

нового

жилища;

на

дворё,

обведённом

оградой

из

булыжника,

стояла избочась другая лачужка, менее и древнёе первой. обрывом

спускался

к морю

почти

у самых

стен

ее,

и

Берег

внизу

с

беспрерывным рбпотом плескались темно-синие вблны. Лунатихо смотрёла на беспокойную, но покбрную ей стихию, и я мог различить при свете её, далеко от б6рега, два корабля, котбрых чёрные снасти, подббно паутйне, неподвижно рисовались на блёдной черте небосклбна. «Суда в пристани есть, — подумал я: — завтра отправлюсь в Геленджик». При мне исправлял дблжность денщика линёйский казак. Велёв ему выложить чемодан и отпустить извбзчика, я стал звать хозяина — молчат; стучу — молчат... что это? Наконёц из сенёй выполз мальчик лет 14-ти. «Где хозяин?» — «Не-ма». — «Как? совсём нёту?» — «Совсим». — «А хозяйка?» — «Побигла в слободку». — «Кто ж мне отопрёт дверь?» — сказал я, ударив в нее ногою. Дверь сама отворилась; из хаты повёяло сыростью. Я засветил сёрную спичку и поднёс её On был слепбй, к нбсу мальчика: она озарила два белые глаза. On стоял передо мною непосоверщённо слепбй от прирбды. двйжно, и я начал рассматривать черты его лица.

Михайл Юрьевич Лёрмонтов (1814-1841)

RUSSIAN

284

FOR BEGINNERS Lermontov

TAMAN

TRANSLATION

A full moon shone on the rush-thatched roof and white walls of my new lodging; in the yard, surrounded with a wall of (cobble-)stones, stood another hovel leaning to one side, smaller and more ancient than The shore dipped steeply to the sea almost from its very walls, the first. and down below with uninterrupted murmur the dark blue waves The moon calmly contemplated the restless but obedient splashed. element (the sea) and I could make out in her light far from the shore two ships whose black rigging, like a spider’s web, was outlined motion-

lessly against the pale line of the horizon.

‘There are ships in port’’, I

thought, ‘‘to-morrow ГИ leave for Gelendzhik.’’ Telling him A line-unit Cossack was doing duty for me as batman. to put out my suitcase and dismiss the driver, I began to call out for the silence... I knock(ed}—(only) Silence; (of the house). owner At last out of the porch crept a boy of about fourteen What was this? years (of age).

‘‘What ? ‘‘Where’s the master of the house ?”’—‘‘There isn’t опе.’? ‘‘What about the mistress of the ‘‘Noneatall.’? No (master) at all?’’ “Who house ?”’ ‘‘She’s gone round to the village (nearby) (suburb).”’ The door opened will open the door for me ?”’ said I, giving ita kick.

I lit a sulphur match and of itself; from the hut wafted dampness. He was moved it near to the boy’s nose: it showed up two white eyes. He stood before me motionless, blind, completely blind from birth. and I began to study the features of his face.

mécam=moon. светить (II) (по-) = shine, light up. камышбвый = made of rushes (thatch). крыпа=тгооЁ. стена (pl стёны) =

wall. s«xmmiuye=dwelling. msop=yard, court. обведённый past participle passive оробводить (П)/обвести (Г) = surround. ограда =fence, wall.- булыжник = собЫе-зопе. избочась=1еаппе to one side. лачужка=роуе|. дрёвний (сотр mpennée)= ancient. обрыв =ргес!р1се. спускаться (Г)/спустйться (П)=1о descend. почтй = almost. беспрерывный = incessant. ропот = пигтиг. плескаться (Г) = splash. волна (р/ вблны) =\’ауе. покбрный

=obedient. стихия =е]етеп{. различать (Г)/различйть (11) = to distinguish. корабль (m)=vessel. снасть (f)=tackle, р] rigging. подббно (+dat)=like. паутина = зр!4ег’з web. неподвйжно= motionless. рисоваться (I -уюсь) =to be drawn, outlined, to pose. блёдный =ра!е. aepra=line, feature. небосклбн = \е sky above the horizon. судно (p/ суда, gen pl судбв) =уеззе!. пристань (f)= landing stage; wharf, haven. отправляться (Г)/отправиться (II) = to set off.

исправлять

[© = ау, function.

(Г) = {© carry out also to repair.

денщик = ацпап.

дбажность

линёйский = Бе|опрше to

а пои of the line. выкладывать (Г)/выложить (11) =to lay out, put out. отпускать (Г/отпустить (II)=to dismiss, to let go.

u3B634HK =driver,

cabby.

хозяин = таз{ег

of

the

house,

host.

THE

стучать

FUNDAMENTALS

(II)/mo-=to knock.

ОЕ

THE

LANGUAGE

сбни (pl)=porch.

285

выползёть

(I)/

выползти (I like monsTi)=to crawl out. не-ма (dialect)=nHe uMéem ; xo3siika=mistress of the house. побйгла (dialect)=noбежала; слоббдка (слободА)=зибигЬ; neighbouring village. отпирать (Г/отперёть (I отопру, отопр&пь, past ornép, отперла) = 0 open (а door). ударив past verbal adverb of ударять (1)/ ударить (II)=to hit, strike. отворять(ся) (Г)/отворйть(ся) (11)= to (be) open(ed). вбять (Г)шо-=ю blow, waft. сырость (f)= dampness. засветить (II) (pf)=to light up, to strike (a match). сёрн = ый sulphur (adj) (cépa no). подносйть (П)/поднестй (I)= to bring, hold up to. озарять (П)/озарйть (I1)=to light up, illumine. прирбд = пате а , kind. неподв=йж motio nless. но рассматривать (Г)/рассмотрёть (11=)© examine.

любимый

А

(be)loved,

favour-

ite видимый visible, apparent deserved, due слёдуемый

двйжимый

moved, movable

*исполнймый (adj) practicable (from исиблнить р/) B invisible

невидимый неделимый indivisible неисправимый incorrigible

неминуемый

inevitable

необходимый

(+ dat)

неоценимый неутомимый tiring

invaluable indefatigable, un-

pensable

невыносймый

уважаемый,

indis-

unbearable с -ая,

-ое;

respected, dear, esteemed многоуважаемый much

pected, etc. глубокоуважаемый respected, esteemed

-ые res-

deeply

A are present participles passive implying possibility, feasibility. В with ne- imply impossibility.

C are often used as opening forms of address in letters to somebody who

is not an intimate friend, merely an acquaintance.

288, 290).

PARTICIPLES

contd.: See page 147.

(See also pages

А verb is said to be in the

“‘passive’’ when it denotes that the person ог thing suffers (recetves) an The subject of the action that comes from some other person or thing. sentence is or has been acted upon by some other agent. Here There are two passive participles in Russian: present and past. Only transitive imperfective verbs we shall deal with the present. form a present participle passive. Formation of present participle passive: It is formed from the first person plural of imperfective verbs by adding the hard adjectival This -м ending in both (attributive) endings -ый, -ая, -ое ; -ые.

RUSSIAN

286

FOR

BEGINNERS

conjugation I and II verbs corresponds to the present participle passive

suffixes: -ем-, -им-.

Thus:

Conjugation I: читаемый, -ая, -0€ ; -ые Conjugation II: вйдимый, -ая, -ое ; -ые Short (predicative) form: This is made by adding the short form adjectival endings, except in the masculine which remains without an ending. Thus: plural neut fem masc Conjugation I: Conjugation II:

читаем видим

читаема вийдима

читаемо видимо

читаемы вйдимы

Declension: Attributive (long) form present participles declined like hard adjectives ending in -ый, -ая, -ое; с новый page 93. Use of present participle passive: It is used in the long The short form is always used predicatively and adjective. is used as an adverb. Моя любимая кбшка. = My favourite cat.

passive are See -ые. form аз ап the neuter

видимо = visibly, evidently; it is evident.

Present participle passive followed by instrumental case: The person or thing responsible for the action—the agent—is put in the instrumental case: Книга, читаемая мальчиком, скучна = The book being read by the boy 15 boring. Note the commas. Present participle passive used to form tenses: The infinitive of a verb in the passive can be formed with бытьФе instrumental of the attributive present participle active: быть любимым =го be loved All other forms of the passive verb may be in either the short form predicative or long form instrumental. No link verb (auxiliary) is used in the present tense. ‘Thus: When a man speaks: я любим

When a woman speaks: я любима A man 15 spoken to: ты любим A woman 15 spoken to: ты любима

} I am loved } you are loved

= present tense passive

Past tense: (т) я был любим Га; loved (Г) ты была любима you (fam) were loved (п) онб было любймо it was loved (pl) мы были любимы we were loved

Future: (т) (f) (п) (pl)

я буду любим I shall be loved ты будешь любима you (fam) will be loved онб будет любимое it will be loved вы будете любимы you will be loved

THE

FUNDAMENTALS

ОЕ

THE

LANGUAGE

287

Present participles passive are usually found in dictionaries only in the categories A, B and C listed on page 285 (and then not always). Memorize these words and the rules for formation. You should be able to recognize both attributive and predicative forms, and the TABLE on page 289 will help.

Infinitives

Attributives

-нуть, -нять, -ыть: взять to take

забыть to forget to close закрыть to occupy занять tO wash мыть to put on надеть to hire, нанять engage to begin начать tO open открыть to понять understand toaccept принять to hide скрыть

-ать, -овать:

выбрать сдблать

услышать

© choose todo, make

tohear

to sell продать to read прочитать through to say, tell сказАть Ending:

“HTB:

о finish кбнчить to buy купить to получить receive to приготбвить ргераге

Predicatives in:

-тый взятый (which was) taken забытый forgotten closed закрытый occupied, занятый engaged washed MBITHI надётый = put on hired, нанятый rented begun начатый opened открытый understood пбнятый

принятый скрытый

-анный

accepted hidden

chosen выбранный done, сдёланный finished heard услышанный

sold проданный read прочитанный сказанный

said, told

Ending :

-енный

кбнченный купленный полученный

finished bought received

приготбвленный prepared

PAST PARTICIPLE PASSIVE:

-т, -та, -TO 3 -ThI взят, -A, -O ;-ы

забыт, -а, -0 3 =bI закрыт, -а, -O $ -ы занят, ~A, -0 3 -ы MBIT, -а, -O 3 ~bi надёт, -а, -O $ -ы нанят, -а, -о ;-ы начат, -а, -O 3 -ы открыт, -а, -O 3 -ы пбнят, -а, -о ;-ы

принят, -а, -O 3 -bI скрыт, -а, -о ; -ы выбран, -а, -о 3 -ы сдблан, -a, -о 3 -bI

усльшпан, -ы прбдан, -&, прочитан, -ы сказан, -а,

-a, -0 5 -0 3 -ы -а, -0; -о ;-ы

-ен, -а, -O ; -ы

кбнчен, -а, -0 ; -bI куплен, -а, -о 3 -ы получен, -a,-0 ;-ы приготбвлен, “O 3 -bI

-a,

For the purposes of this book it is

not necessary to treat this part of the verb in great detail.

But, as the

RUSSIAN

288

FOR

BEGINNERS

past participles passive listed above are in fairly common use, they ‘The past participle passive is recognizable by should be memorized. its two principal endings: (т) -нный which is most frequently met; and Short forms -н and -т. (2) -тый. Formation of past participle passive: Past participles passive are nearly When the form is always made from transitive and perfective verbs. made from intransitives and imperfectives it is used only as an adjective (1) Drop Ше-ть of the infinitive and add the endings and по! аз а уегЬ. Or (2) drop the -ь of the infinitive and add -нный, -ая, -oe 3 -bie. -ый, -ая, -0e ; -ые. As regards (1) -ать verbs have -а- before the participle ending, and -ить verbs change и to -е- making the ending -енный. As regards (2) there are some simple verbs of one syllable which form their past participle passive in this way (бить fo strike; петь to sing; жать to reap; and all verbs in -нуть. Note-two verbs which form this participle from their past tense: терёть to rub and заперёть to lock (past tense respectively тёр and запер), so the participles are: тёртый, запертый. Conjugation II verbs with mutations in the first pers sing use this stem for the past participle passive. See above купленный =bought, Predicative form: The

hard

приготовленный = prepared. adjectival

forms

ending

in -ый

form

predicatives in the same way and with the same uses as short form adjectives (see pages 134-7). But in this form they have only one -н.

Thus: читать: читанный, -ая, -ое; -ые: GHTAH, читана, чйтано ; читаны. кбичить : конченный : кбнчен,-а,-о ;-ы. закрытый : закрыт,

-а, -о;-ы.

The neuter short form can be used as an adverb.

Declension: Past participles passive are declined like long form (attributive) adjectives ending ш-ый. See новый page 93. WRITING LETTERS: The sender’s address is usually written on Thus: the top right-hand side and below it the date.

MOCKBA

Улица Гбрького, 67, 6-го октября 1963 г.

MOSCOW

67 Gorky Street, 6th October, 1963.

The date is always given as the genitive of the ordinal:

шестбго октября =the 6th of October The year is given in cardinal numerals (not declined) for all but the final component, which is an ordinal and must be declined:

тысяча девятьсбт WIeCTEAeECAT трётьего гбда= 1963 Openings: (1) The most widely used and correct form at all times,

THE

FUNDAMENTALS

SUMMARY

OF

ОЕ

THE

LANGUAGE

PARTICIPLES:

289

FORMATION

Active

PRESENT

Imperfective

Perfective

-Щ-* Drop -т of 3rd pers pl add my

Perfective

~M-*

(ending of Ist pers pl)

to

add:

+

-ий,

Imperfective

-ая,

which -ый,

-ая, -0e 3 -ые Short form:

-ое, -ие

(т) -м 3 (f) -ма; (п) -мо ;

pl: -мы

-ВШ-, -Ш-* Drop -л of past tense,

-ВШ-, -ШFormation similar to

that of 7pf, but from pf

verbs

-HH-, -T* (1) Drop -ть of inf,

add -HH or

-T

+4

-ый, -ая, -ое 5 -ый Short form:

-HH-, -Т* Formation similar to

that of ipf but from pf verbs

one =H. Verbs in -нуть have short form in -T

*The suffixes at the head of each participle are the signs which indicate which participle it is. This brief summary is intended only to help you to recognize participles. You do not have to learn to use them,

but you must know what they mean.

RUSSIAN

290

FOR

BEGINNERS

both to Soviet Russians and to emigrés, is the имя-бтчество preceded much esteemed : by the adjective многоуваждем= ый = Dear Ivan Ivanovich, Многоуваждемый Иван Иванович! Многоуваждемая Анна Васйльевна! = Dear Anna Vasilievna,

This is more or Always use the exclamation mark after the opening! less the equivalent of the English opening ‘‘Dear Mr/Mrs...”’ Remember that there is absolutely nothing informal or intimate about For using иймя-бтчество ; it is essentially a formal mode of address. a less formal, but by no means intimate opening, use дорогбй instead of On the other hand a more formal effect is многоуважАемый. = deeply respected. achieved by using глубокоуважаемый

(2) If the ймя-бтчество is not known, Soviet and emigré usages The Soviet usage is simply to use the forms given above, differ. substituting rpasxfanaa+surname (фамилия) for the имя-бтчество. Thus:

МногоуважАемый

гражданин

Петрбв! = Dear Citizen Petrov,

Многоуваждемая гражданка Петрова! = Dear Citizeness Petrova, The form Дорогбй товарищ! = Dear comrade, for both sexes, is also much used.

(3) Amongst

known, are:

emigrés the correct forms, if the имя-бтчество

15 not

Милостивый государь! literally= ‘‘Gracious Гога? Милостивая государыня! Jiterally = “‘Gracious Lady’’

This opening is the equivalent of Dear Sir/Madam.

(4) An intimate opening: Дорогбй Cepréit! = Dear Sergei, Дорогая (or Милая) Таня! = Dear Tanya, (dim of Tatyana) милый = sweet, nice and, used with a diminutive, implies an established, intimate friendship.

Endings: (1) Formal are: С совершённым почтёнием, Correspond to our Yours faithС совершённым уважёнием, fully or Yours truly. (2) Less formal, friendly, and much used among people who respect one another but may not know one another very intimately:

Прёданный

Bam,=/it:

Yours ever. (3) Intimate endings:

‘‘devoted

to you’’

and

corresponds

to our

Kither Прёданный Тебб, referring to addressee, or Твой, Твоя, Note also: yBaoKATB (tpf1)=to respect. уважающий Вас = respectfully yours, eee (from любить)=1оу8. Ваша любящая (f)=your oving, Note: Capital letters are used for pronouns and poss adjs referring to addressee.

THE

FUNDAMENTALS

ОЕ

THE

LANGUAGE

291

ORDER OF WORDS IN A SENTENCE: Little in the way of practice into Russian has been given in this book up to this point. The reason is that experience shows that it is desirable for beginners to acquire a fair mastery of (a) vocabulary and (5) the ‘‘mechanics’’ of the language so as to be able to read and understand Russian fairly well before attempting much more ‘‘into Russian’’ than was expected of the

learner in Part I. Indeed, if it is your intention to do, or to have to do much ‘‘into’’ Russian, you would be well advised

to go again through the PRACTICES in Part I, covering up the Russian text, and translating all the English into Russian. In so doing, you will observe that much more latitude is per-

missible in word-order in Russian than in English and, note this well, that there is in Russian a word-order which is both

€asy to master and much used. One may call it the ‘‘standard order of words’’. It applies to all simple, direct statements. Here it is:

I The subject in a sentence comes before and near to the predicate.

II Attributes that demand agreement (full-form adjectives,

numeral words, possessive and all other declined pronouns which agree in case, gender and number with their nouns)

III IV У VI VII

are usually placed before their nouns. The object (usually) follows the predicate. Adverbs are (usually) placed before their verbs. To emphasize a word, place it first in the sentence. A number placed before a noun expresses exact quantity.

A number placed after a noun expresses quantity (=more or less or about).

approximate

Word-order may be varied in the interests of style, but

until the learner knows the language well, he should keep to the word-order suggested, which is for straightforward, direct statements.

VIII Do not write long sentences! the maximum.

A dozen words should be

The shorter a sentence is, the less scope

If your Russian is not up to what you wish for errors! to express, try to simplify tdeas.

RUSSIAN

292

FOR

BEGINNERS

A letter in Russian: Example

Москва, 13-го января 1960 года.

Многоуважаемый Гебргий Петрович! Я получил Ваше любёзное письмб с приложением партитуры моего ,Кузнеца“, переложенного на тоник Я с величайшим увлечёнием пытался изучить соль-фа. эту табулатуру, но поскольку я не имёю бпыта в быстром её прочтёнии, я не могу высказать Вам своего положительного или отрицательного отношёния к этой систёме в цёлом.

Меня бчень интересуют Ваши сноски на музыкальный словарь Грбва, статьй которого я постараюсь внимательно изучить с тем, чтобы лучше проникнуть в самую суть этой Боюсь только, что на мой взгляд она окажется систёмы. для меня слишком сложной и трудной, поскбльку в этом Мне было-бы направлёнии у меня нет никакого опыта. чрезвычайно лёстно усльшшать от Вас необходимые для меня указания, как приступить к изучёнию систёмы тоник соль-фа и, кстати, я очень просил-бы Вас поделиться со мной впечатлёнием, производимым на слушателей этим Я знаю, что Ваши хбры стоят на моим сочинёнием. исключительно высбком уровне и если-бы у Вас была грамофбнная запись или магнетофбнная лёнта, TO я былбы Вам чрезвычайно признателен, если-бы Вы сочли возможным переслать мне один экземпляр этой записи. В ожидании Вашего любезного отвёта, прошу вёрить в искренность моего к Вам высокого уважёния. Прёданный Вам

Богдан Орлбв. For part of this Letter in Russian handwriting, see page 20. NOTES

приложёние =enclosure, appendix. партит= ур п1и$! а са| score. кузи = blac бц ksmith (note that -е- is not dropped in oblique cases). перекладывать (Г) переложить (II) =to shift, transpose. увлеч&HHe=enthusiasm. (по)пытаться (I пытаюсь, пытаешься) = to

try, attempt.

поскбльку=зо far as, insofar as.

6пыт=ехренепсе.

THE

FUNDAMENTALS

mpourénne=reading (no). сказать) =10 state, express.

ОЕ

THE

LANGUAGE

высказывать (Г)|высказать положитель = posit ныive. й

293

(Г) like OTpH-

цатель = ны перацуе. й отношё=ни ге!ане оп, attitude. снфска= reference, note, footnote. (по)стараться (I)=to try, attempt. BHHUMATENEHO=attentively. с тем, aroGpr=in order that. mpo-

никёть (Т)/пронйкнуть (Г), past пронйк) = {0 penetrate. суть (f)= essence, the core of a matter. оказываться (Г)/оказАться (I) =to

turn out to be, to prove to be. cmé2HEIHt=complex, complicated. чрезвычайно = extremely, extraordinarily. mécruo=flattering (adv). ykas3auue=indication, instruction. приступать (I -d10, -dem)/ приступить (II приступлю, приступишь) = © set about, to start. KcTATH=opportunely, to the point, by the way. (по)делйться (II) = to share. впечат=лё Ипрге зз10п производимый pres part ни е. pass of производить/произвест={о слушатель (m)= й produce. hearer. counnénnHe=composition. xop=choir. запись (f)= entry, record, recording. méura=ribbon. магнетофбнная лёнта =recording tape. признатель = ны огмей счесть (I сочту, в!. сочтёшь, past сочёл, сочла, -6 ; -й) a pf form of считать = © count, consider. пересылать (Г) переслать (Г) =© зеп4 оп. экземпляр =сору (of a book, recording). osufanHe=expectation. искренность = Sincerity. TRANSLATION:

Moscow, 13th January, 1960

Dear Georgi Petrovich, I have received your kind letter together with the score of my ‘‘Smith”’ transposed into the tonic sol-fa. I have been attempting to master this notation with the greatest interest, but since I lack experience in reading

it quickly, I cannot give you my reaction, positive or negative to this system as a whole.

I am very interested in your references to Grove’s Musical Dictionary, the articles of which I shall try to study attentively, in order to delve The only thing I am more deeply into the very essence of this system.

afraid of is that, in my opinion, it will prove too complex and difficult for I should be me, inasmuch as I have no experience in this direction. extremely flattered to receive (Jit: hear) from you the necessary instructions as to how I should set about studying the tonic sol-fa system and, by the way, I should very much like to ask you to share with me the I know that impressions of those that hear this composition of mine. your choirs are of an exceptionally high level and if you had a gramophone recording or a recording on tape, I should be extremely grateful to you, if you would consider it possible to send me a copy of this recording.

In expectation of your kind reply, I ask you to believe in the sincerity of my high respect for you. Yours ever, Bogdan Orlov.

RUSSIAN

294 Ап О. Henry anecdote

FOR

BEGINNERS

ПОЧЕМУ КОНДУКТОРА НЕОБЩИТЕЛЬНЫ

кондукторов Трамвайных бестактная публика часто выHo им запреводит из себя. щено возражать и тем облегчать свою душу. Вот рассказ одного из кондукторов о случае, имевместо

шем

дней

несколько

назад. В числе пассажиров — а вагон был переполнен — находилась чрезвычайно изящно одетая дама с маленьким мальчиком. — Кондуктор, — сказала она томно, — дайте мне знать, когда будет Роу-стрит. Когда вагон поравнялся с этой улицей,

вереку вагон. —

кондуктор

звонка

Роу-стрит,

и

дернул

остановил

мэ’эм,

—

ска-

зал он, проталкиваясь ближе, чтобы помочь даме выйти. Дама поставила маленького мальчика на колени и указала ему на дощечку с названием улицы, прикрепленную к забору.

— Посмотри, Фредди, — сказала она, — вот эта высокая прямая буква со смешной завитушкой вверху— «p». Постарайся запомнить. Можете пускать вагон, кондуктор. Мы выходим в Грей-стрите.

О. Генри (Перевод с английского)

кондуктор (р кондуктор) = соп4исюг. (не)обтцительный = (un)sociable. TpamBaii=tram. трамвайный = чаш (а4)). беспублика =Ше тактный = tactless. public, выводить (II)/ вывести (I) (из себя) =1о lead out (to drive out of one’s mind). за-

прещён, -4, -6 ; -ы short form past participle passive of запрещать (I)/ запретить (II запрещу, samperuurs) =to forbid. возражать (I)/ возразить (II)=to object, to answér back. облегчать (Г)/облегчить (II)=to facilitate, make easier, to relieve. душа = soul.

THE

FUNDAMENTALS

ОЕ

THE

LANGUAGE

295

расска = югу. з cnuyaait=event, happening. имёть mécro=to take place (имёвший past participle active). пассаж = passe ир nger.

вагб = и тат

or tram car.

перепблнен,

participle passive of переполнять overcrowd.

See page 174.

to row.

302

BEGINNERS

FOR

RUSSIAN

See page to goon foot. шёл, шла, -0;-H ид-тй: иду, идёшь. 174. to sweep. мёл, мела, -6 5-H мес-тй: мету, MeTénIb. See tocarrybyhand. нёс, несла, -6 5-H нес-тй : несу, несёпль.

page 174.

to graze, tend. пас, пасла, -6;-й пас-тй : nacy, пасёшь. to plait, weave. плёл, плела, -6 ;-й плес-ти : плету, плетёмь. to grow. рос, росла, -6 ;-й рас-тй: расту, растёшь.

-ЧЬ бер