Route from Liverpool to Great Salt Lake Valley 9780674779563

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THE JOHN HARVARD LIBRARY Bernard Bailyn Editor-in-Chief

ROUTE FROM LIVERPOOL TO

GREAT SALT LAKE VALLEY by

FREDERICK HAWKINS PIERCY

Edited by Fawn M. Brodie

ite

THE BELKNAP PRESS OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY PRESS Cambridge, Massachusetts 1962

© 1962 by the President and Fellows of Harvard College All rights reserved

Distributed in Great Britain by Oxford University Press, London

Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 62-19223

Printed in the United States of America

CONTENTS

Introduction by Fawn M. Brodie xl

Note on the Text XX1X ROUTE FROM LIVERPOOL TO

Preface 3 GREAT SALT LAKE VALLEY

[Chapters I-IX by Linforth] Chapter I.

Commencement of the Latter-day Saints’ Emigration—History

until the Suspension in 1846 5

until 1851 9 Chapter II.

Memorial to the Queen—Re-opening of the Emigration—History

Chapter III. History of the Perpetual Emigrating Fund—Act of Incorporation

by the General Assembly of Deseret 21 Chapter IV.

History of the Emigration from 1851 to 1852—Contemplated

Routes via the Isthmus of Panama and Cape Horn 28 Chapter V. History of the Emigration from 1852 to April, 1854—Extensive

Operations of the Perpetual Emigrating Fund Company 35

vi CONTENTS Chapter VI.

Isles 40

Foreign Emigration passing through Liverpool 38 Chapter VII.

Statistics of the Latter-day Saints’ Emigration from the British Chapter VIII.

Mode of conducting the Emigration AQ Chapter IX.

Instructions to Emigrants 54 [Chapters X-X XI by Piercy]

Chapter X. Departure from Liverpool—San Domingo—Cuba—The Gulf of Mexico—The Mississippi River—The Balize—Arrival at New Orleans—Attempts of ‘‘Sharpers”’ to board the Ship and pilter

from the Emigrants 62 Chapter XI.

Louisiana—The City of New Orleans—Disembarkation 71 Chapter XII. Departure from New Orleans—Steam-Boats—Negro-Slavery— Carrollton—The Face of the Country—Baton Rouge—Red River —DMississippi—Unwholesomeness of the waters of the Mississippi

—Danger in procuring Water from the Stream—Washing away of the Banks of the River—Snags—Landing at Natchez at night —Beautiful effect caused by reflection on the Water of the Light from the Steamboat Windows—American Taverns and Hosp1tality—Rapidity at Meals—American Cooking Stoves and Wash-

ing Boards—Old Fort Rosalie—An Amateur Artist "9 Chapter XIII.

Perpetual Motion—Flat Boats—Vicksburgh—‘Lynching” of Gamblers—An Hibernian’s Defence of Printing—Walnut Hills —Yazoo River—Arkansas—Arkansas River—Tennessee—Mem-

CONTENTS Vil phis—German Reverence for Art—Negroes; Quarrel between two Rival Teamsters; love of finery; piquing a white Dandy;

Negro blood in European veins 80 Chapter XIV.

Plumb Point Bars—Missouri—Little Prairie—Kentucky—The Ohio River—Cairo City and Ohio City—TIllinois—Cornice Rocks —Devil’s Bake Oven—Kaskaskia River, and the Great American

Bottom—Fort Chartres—St. Louis 85 Chapter XV.

Departure from St. Louis—Sketching Apparatus and Seat— American Inquisitiveness—Alton—Quincy—Arrival at Keokuk—

Spirit Rapping” 89

The Camp, its situation and arrangement—‘‘Spiritualism and

Chapter XVI.

Visit to Nauvoo—The Temple—The Icarians—Interview with Lucy Smith—Sketch of her life—Joseph and David Smith, Sons of the Prophet—Visit to Carthage Jail—Sketches of the Lives of

Joseph and Hyrum Smith, Willard Richards, and John Taylor 93 Chapter XVII. Return to St. Louis—Iowa—Kanesville—The necessity of great care in procuring an Outfit—Shoeing Oxen—Costume for the Plains—Council Bluffs Ferry and group of Cottonwood Trees—

Crossing the Missouri into Indian ‘Territory; Nebraska and Kansas—Winter Quarters—Council Bluffs and the Missouri River

from an elevation—Organizing for the Plains—Importance of

Herding and Guarding the Cattle 97 Chapter XVIII.

Departure from Council Bluffs—Six Mile Grove—“Geeing” and “Hawing’—Ludicrous Efforts of the Teamsters—Pappea Creek —A Night on Guard—Fright among the Oxen—Elk Horn Ferry —Prairie Dogs—Shell Creek—Accident to Henry Randell; Surgery on the Plains—Pawnee Indians; Theft—Indian Marksman-

vill CONTENTS ship—Double team to get through a Slough—Loup Fork Ferry— Elder Miller’s Mules stray—Unsuccessful Search for them; the Mules found—Prairie Creek; Dangerous Descent to the Bridge; a Wagon upset into the Creek—Wood River—Elm Creek—Buf-

falo Hunt—Mosquitoes impede the Progress of the Train— Indian Subtlety—Skunk Creek—A Drink at a Stream, and a

Snake—Wide Creek—Halt for general Repairs 105 Chapter XIX.

Departure from Wide Creek—Cooking with Buffalo Chips— Death of Elder Cooley’s child—A delicate Morsel for a Cow— The “Lone Tree’’—Ancient Bluff Ruins—Chimney Rock—Meeting of Missionaries from G. S. L. Valley—Scott’s Bluffs—Lara-

mie’s Peak—Separation of the Company 116 Chapter XX.

Proceed in advance of the Main Company—Plan of ‘Travel— Account of Mr. Furze’s Death—Alkali Lakes—Rock Independence—Devil’s Gate—The “South Pass” of the Rocky Mountains —Prairie Hens—Utah Territory—Fort Bridger—Witches’ Bluffs

—Arrival at Great Salt Lake City 121 Chapter XXI.

Great Salt Lake City—Brigham Young—Heber C. Kimball—

Jedediah M. Grant—Father John Smith—John Smith 127

Appendix I by Linforth: Emigration Appendix 129

Index 309

Appendix II: Linforth’s Notes to Piercy’s Narrative 138

ILLUSTRATIONS [ following page 112 |

STEEL ENGRAVINGS | plates |

[I.] New Orleans [XIX.] Entrance to Kanesville [II.] Baton Rouge [XX.] Council Bluffs Ferry and [I1I.] Natchez under the Hill Group of Cottonwood

{IV.] Natchez on the Hill Trees

[V.] Vicksburgh [XXI.] View of the Missouri

[Vi.] Memphis River and Council Bluffs, Me ee Louis Keokuk from an elevation [VILl.] Gamp at Keoku [XXII.] Elk Horn River Ferry

[IX.] Nauvoo XULIL Fork F (X.] Ruins of the Temple at [x ] Loup Fork Ferry

Nauvoo [XXIV.] Camp at Wood River

[XI.] Joseph Smith, Jun. Son [XXV.] Chimney Rock of the Prophet Joseph [XAXVI. |] Scott’s Bluffs [XII.] David Smith. Son of the [XXVII.] Fort Laramie

Prophet Joseph [XXVITI.] Laramie’s Peak

[XIII.] Lucy Smith [XXIX.] Independence Rock [XIV.] Joseph and Hyrum Smith [XXX.] Devil's Gate

[XV.] Carthage Jail [XXXL] Witches Rocks

LAE] Room an wach Josep [XXXIL] Great Salt Lake ane YE ome Were [XXXIII.] Great Salt Lake City [XVII] Well against which Jo. [**IV.] Brigham Young seph Smith was placed [XAXAV.] Heber C. Kimball and

imprisoned TV.) Brich Yy

and shot at after his Jedediah M. Grant [XVIII.] Willard Richards and John Smith, son of Assassination [AXAVI.] Father John Smith, and

John Taylor Hyrum WOOD CUTS [ figures |

[1.] Emigrant Ship leaving Liver- [5.] Costume for the Plains

pool [6.] Chimney Rock from the West

[2.] Light House at the Mouth of [7.] Fort Bridger

the Mississippi [8.] A Kanyon in the Rocky Moun.

[3.] Old Fort Rosalie tains

[4.] Walnut Hills [9.| Joseph Walker and Arapeen

Introduction Few painters of the American West have had their pictures reproduced as often as Frederick Hawkins Piercy. One sees portraits and landscapes taken from his Route from Liverpool to Great Salt Lake Valley (Liverpool, 1855) in anthologies of the gold rush, in general

histories of the area, and in countless books on Mormonism. The original volume, however, with its gentle, factual narrative of a voyage with a group of Mormon converts sailing from Liverpool to New Orleans, a steamboat ride up the Mississippi, and an overland journey by wagon to the Mormon Zion, has become rare. Piercy himself has remained obscure, and data concerning his editor, James Linforth, whose voluminous notes elaborated the artist’s journal into a veritable emigrant’s guide, have remained scattered and thin. Yet the book is remarkable on several counts besides the

pictures, one of them being the fact that Piercy wrote the journal and illustrated it when he was only twenty-three. He was one of the earliest professional painters to make the overland voyage with the express purpose of recording his impressions, and one of the best. At a time when lurid exposés of Mormon polygamy were being sought after by enterprising publishers he wrote without a whisper of criticism for Mormon theology or behavior. His tenderness of Mormon sensibilities might indicate that he may at the time have been a potential convert—certain of his relatives had become Mormons and emigrated to Salt Lake City—and one should not forget that his trip was arranged by Mormons in Liverpool, who edited and published his book. Piercy did not, however, become a Mormon, and his narrative maintains throughout a quiet detachment that is reminiscent of the tone of Captain Howard Stansbury and Captain John W. Gunnison, both of whom by 1853 had written solid, useful accounts of Mormon society without any hysterical denunciation.' The notes by Linforth 1 Howard Stansbury, Exploration and Survey of the Valley of the Great Salt Lake of Utah (Philadelphia, 1852), and John W. Gunnison, The Mormons or Latter-Day

Saints (Philadelphia, 1852).

Xil INTRODUCTION were placed strategically so as to give the reader an almost encyclopedic commentary on every area through which Piercy passed. The Mormon history and propaganda included in these notes were written with fervor and bias, but were nevertheless remarkably free of

cant, and the amount of factual information packed into the lines of fine print is a tribute to the industry and intelligence of the editor. In addition to the notes, most of which came from published sources, there was a short history of the Mormon emigration movement with wholly original material, as well as fresh, up-to-date information on the new Mormon colonies extending outward from Great Salt Lake City.

Frederick Piercy was born in Portsmouth, England, on January 27, 1830. By 1848, at eighteen, he was a talented artist with sufficient

professional attainment to have a portrait exhibited at the Royal Academy of Arts in London. Between 1848 and 1880 he exhibited in the Royal Academy altogether eleven times. The majority were portraits, but there were several landscapes and one piece of sculpture,

the bust of “a gentleman.” The portraits include one of a navy captain, R. N. Denman, and one of J. Risdon Bennett, President of the Royal College of Physicians. It is to be presumed that he made portraits of similarly distinguished citizens of which there is no record,

but his reputation in England seems to have been limited. The Royal Academy reports that his London address shifted frequently; there are on file eight different addresses, which suggests restlessness or poverty or both.’ In 1873, when he was forty-three, he published an eight-page illustrated pamphlet, A Crucial Test in Cases of Disputed Identity. Unfortunately, the only copy of this to reach the British Museum was destroyed during an air raid in 1941. The Library of Congress has no copy. In 1881 Piercy was stricken with paralysis. He lingered for ten years, dying in London on June 10, 1891, at the age of sixty-one.*

It seems unlikely that he was able to continue painting through these years, for 1880 was the last year he exhibited at the Royal Academy. 2For a complete listing of Piercy’s Royal Academy pictures see Algernon Graves, The Royal Academy of Arts, a complete dictionary of contributors and their work from its foundation in 1769 to 1904 (London, 1906), Vol. VI. 3 Information about his paralysis and death was furnished Robert Taft by the General Register Office, Somerset House, London, Certificate DA 093867. See Taft’s Artists and Illustrators of the Old West, 1850-1900 (New York, 1953), p. 285.

INTRODUCTION X11 Piercy’s fame rests on the single volume resulting from his visit to America as a young man of twenty-three. This was a matter partly of talent, partly of timing. The book was published when there was an explosion of settlements in the West. Emigrants had been stream-

ing to Oregon since 1842; Mormon converts were converging on Salt Lake City from every portion of the United States and several European countries, and a sizeable fraction of the nation’s youth was

en route to the California goldfields. Guides, maps, and journals were devoured by a public passionate to go west; they were read with an eye to utility, not historical perspective. Every exploring expedition had at least one naturalist, an artist if he could be found, and, after 1850, a photographer. Men handy with a pencil were common; good artists were rare.

Moreover, the Mormons encouraged Piercy’s trip at a crucial period in their own history. In 1852, the year before his departure from Liverpool, Mormon officials for the first time had publicly ac-

knowledged that they had been practising polygamy for almost a decade, and the whole church was awaiting with some trepidation the expected onslaught in the press and the adverse reaction in Conegress. More important, the Mormon leaders wanted a detailed em1erant’s guide sympathetic toward their own people, something written from the British point of view and aimed specifically at the thousands of Mormon converts in the British Isles. They wanted a book

that would not deny polygamy but that would treat the explosive issue with dignity and extreme brevity. In 1853 the Mormon missionary system in Great Britain was an astonishing force. Sixteen years earlier, when the Latter-day Saints consisted of little more than an obscure pocket of converts in Kirtland, Ohio, and a secondary pocket in Independence, Missouri, Joseph Smith ordered three of his ablest men, Heber C. Kimball, Orson Hyde, and Willard Richards, to organize a mission in England. Their success was ummediate. In 1839, when the Mormons were expelled from Missouri with great brutality and migrated to Nauvoo, Illinois, Brigham Young and other of Joseph Smith’s “apostles” left their newly constructed cabins and crossed the sea to continue the

proselyting work in England. They were able men, blessed with organizing talent and fired with millennial zeal.

Many of these missionaries had lost everything in the Panic of 1837 and had tasted the fury of the anti-Mormon persecutions in

X1V INTRODUCTION Missouri. ‘They had a first-hand acquaintance with want and were travelling and preaching “without purse or scrip.” Nevertheless, the poverty, unemployment, and wretched housing they found in the British cities appalled them. Thousands of workers were crowded

into squat tenements, built without water or sewers, and almost without windows. Sporadic strikes were suppressed with cruelty, and

the reform movement known as Chartism was looked upon as the dread specter of revolution. The hated Corn Laws were then in force, stifling trade and doubling the cost of bread. George A. Smith wrote back to Nauvoo: “I have seen more beggars here in one day than I saw in all my life in America.’ ‘The Mormon elders were soon preaching the glory of America along with the glory of the new religion, and Brigham Young was specifically advocating emigration as the solution for the European problem of overpopulation. The Millennial Star, published by the

missionaries in Liverpool, pointed out on February 1, 1842, that living in America was about one-eighth of what it cost in England. For the new convert, it said, “millions on millions of acres of land lie before them unoccupied, with a soil as rich as Eden, and a surface as smooth, clear and ready for the plough as the park scenery of England. Instead of a lonely swamp or dense forest filled with savages, wild beasts and serpents, large cities and villages are springing up in their midst, with schools, colleges, and temples... there being abun-

dant room for more than a hundred millions of inhabitants.” The murder of Joseph Smith and the subsequent expulsion of the Mormons from Illinois in 1846 brought a two-year cessation in the emigration. It was not resumed until five months after Brigham Young and the first contingent of Mormon emigrants arrived in the valley of the Great Salt Lake. Then the word went back: “To the Saints in England, Scotland, Ireland, Wales, and adjacent islands and countries, we say, emigrate as speedily as possible to this vicinity... .

come immediately and prepare to go West—bringing with you all kinds of choice seeds, of grain, vegetables, fruit, shrubbery, trees, and vines—everything that will please the eye, gladden the heart, or cheer the soul of man, that grows upon the face of the whole earth; also the best stock of beast, bird, and fowl of every kind; also, the best tools

of every description, and machinery for spinning, or weaving, and 4 Published in the Times and Seasons, Nauvoo, Illinois, I, 223 (November 15, 1840).

INTRODUCTION XV dressing cotton, wool, flax, and silk. &c., &c., or models and descriptions of the same, by which they can construct them... .” There was a subtle change in tone here from the promise of millions and millions of acres of “soil rich as Eden.” Between the lines one can sense the barrenness of the desert, the remoteness and isolation. Nor was the letter without an ominous piece of advice: ‘““The

Brethren must recollect that from this point they pass through a savage country, and their safety depends on good fire arms and plenty of ammunition... .” Emigration from Great Britain was officially resumed February 1, 1848, and hailed in Orson Spencer’s flowing millennial prose: “The

long-wished for time of gathering has come. Good tidings from Mount Zion! The resting place of Israel, for the last days, has been discovered. Beautiful for situation, and the ultimate joy of the whole earth, is the stake of Zion established in the mountains. In the ele-

vated valley of the Salt and Utah Lakes, with the beautiful river Jordan running through it, from south to north, is the newly established stake of Zion.’® Between February 1848 and February 1851, 5,369 British “Saints”

left for America. By the end of 1855, when Piercy’s book was published, the total of Mormon emigrants, including more than a thou-

sand from Scandinavia and Germany, reached 21,911, and the number of converts who had not yet booked passage to Zion swelled

to almost 33,000. ‘The London Times, which gave the Mormons steady publicity in this period, on September 4, 1855, estimated the total number of Mormons in Great Britain at 30.000 to 40,000, adding, “. . . its combination of Judaism, Mohammedanism, socialism, despotism, and the grossest superstition, with much practical good sense, combine to make it the most singular phenomenon of modern times.”

A Mormon shipping agency in Liverpool chartered vessels and insured adequate supplies of food and medicine, insisting on the strictest cleanliness and discipline, and maintaining a morale that astonished observers used to the squalor and suffering on the average

emigrant ship. Classes were set up for the children; a regular time was set apart for community prayers, and lectures were organized for adults. A committee of the House of Commons, ordered to ex> Editor James Linforth included these dispatches in his notes accompanying the

Piercy journal.

XV1 INTRODUCTION amine the conditions aboard emigrant ships in 1854, reported more comfort and security aboard the chartered Mormon ships than any others. ‘““The Mormon ship is a Family under strong and accepted discipline,” the report said, “with every provision for comfort, decorum, and internal peace.’® Charles Dickens in 1863 visited the London docks specifically to

see what had become by then a well-known curiosity. He went aboard the Amazon on a hot June morning and talked to the captain, who reported that the 800 Mormons “established their own police,

made their own regulations, and set their own watches at all the hatchways,’’ making the ship “as orderly and quiet as a man-of-war,”’

and all within two hours of their arrival on board. Dickens noted “great steadiness of purpose and much undemonstrative self-respect,”

and expressed astonishment at the “universal cheerfulness.” He looked hard at “some single women of from thirty to forty . . . obviously going out in quest of husbands, as finer ladies go to India.”

“That they had any distinct notions of a plurality of husbands or wives, I do not believe,” he wrote.’ Although the average expense from Liverpool to Council Bluffs,

where the covered wagon trains were fitted out, was estimated at £10, this was only part of the total cost. Wagons, horses, mules, and oxen were at a premium in Nebraska Territory, and sharpers duped

the innocent, selling inferior teams and equipment, with resulting tragedy in the mountain areas. To spare their own people, Mormons took over the responsibility of outfitting the immigrants and organ-

ized them into companies led by experienced men. The rules for Mormon behavior were strict; profanity was no more allowed than whiskey. ‘It was a discipline to which the Oregon and California immigrants would never have submitted,’”’ Dale L. Morgan has written, “and for the lack of which they paid a corresponding penalty in hardship and waste effort—a discipline possible only because it was backed up by an authority founded in God.’*® To aid the needy convert, who was no less worthy in the eyes of Brigham Young than the man with means, a ‘Perpetual Emigration 6 As reported by Lord Houghton in the Edinburgh Review for January 1862. See also William Mulder and A. Russell Mortensen: Among the Mormons: Historic Accounts by Contemporary Observers (New York, 1958), Pp. 334-

7 Dickens’ sketch, ‘‘Bound for the Great Salt Lake,” is reprinted from The Uncommercial Traveller in William Mulder and A. Russell Mortensen: Among the Mormons, PP. 335-344:

8 Dale L. Morgan, The Great Salt Lake (New York, 1947), p. 189.

INTRODUCTION xvi Fund” was established as early as September 1849. Voluntary donations amounting to $5,000 were contributed the first year. Converts

could draw upon this fund by way of loans, which they repaid in labor, livestock, or goods, after arriving in Great Salt Lake City. “The funds are appropriated in the form of a loan, rather than a gift,’ wrote Brigham Young on October 16, 1849, “and this will make the honest in heart rejoice, for they love to labor, and be independent by their labor, and not live on the charity of their friends, while the lazy idlers, if any such there be, will find fault, and want every luxury furnished them for their journey, and in the end pay nothing. The Perpetual Fund will help no such idlers; we have no use for them in the Valley. ... these funds are designed to increase until Israel is gathered from all nations, and the poor can sit under

their own vine, and inhabit their own house, and worship God in Zion.” Within a decade the Perpetual Emigration Fund had on deposit in Liverpool and London the sum of £30,000, roughly $150,000.

When the first company of British Mormons to take advantage of

this fund arrived in Salt Lake City September 3, 1850, Brigham Young and other leaders greeted them at the mouth of Emigration Canyon. ‘There were wagons loaded with cakes and melons, a brass band, and artillery salutes which, as the Deseret News put it, “made the everlasting hills to shake their sides with joy.” “You are in the midst of plenty,” Brigham Young told them with cheerful tact. ‘““No person here is under the necessity of begging his bread, except the natives; and they beg more than they care for, or

can use. ... As for the poor, there are none here, neither are there any who may be called rich, but all obtain the essential comforts of life. Let not your eyes be greedy. When I met you this afternoon, I felt to say, this ts the company that I belong to—the ‘Poor company,’ as it is called, and I always expect to belong to it, until I am crowned with eternal riches in the celestial kingdom. In this world I possess nothing, only what the Lord has given to me, and it is devoted to the

building up of His kingdom.’ Frederick Piercy set sail on the Jersey, February 5, 1853, with a company of 313 Mormons, half of them English, the others Welsh. The price of steerage passage to New Orleans ranged from £3 10s to 9 Seeing the value of this story and these speeches by Brigham Young for the British convert, James Linforth did not fail to include them among his notes.

XV1ll INTRODUCTION £5 for adults. Except for a brief period of terror when fire broke out on deck, the voyage was uneventful and pleasant. “Merry groups assembled on the deck,” he wrote, ‘“‘and, sitting in the sunshine, told stories, sang songs, and cracked jokes by the hour together, and generally with a propriety most unexceptionable.”’ The ship docked at New Orleans on March 21, having been a little over six weeks en route. ‘The Mormons were permitted to sample the French cooking, eating in restaurants where the total cost of a meal was five cents, and then embarked on the steamboat John Simonds for Council Bluffs. Piercy, however, made his way up the river separately, sketching the leading towns along the way. He took a lively interest in the American Negroes, noting their “keen sense of the ridiculous” and ready wit. “I certainly saw no evidence of constitutional inferiority in them, either mentally or physically,” he wrote. “Indeed, the wonder is, considering their degraded state, that they are found so intelligent.” He made a special trip to Nauvoo, where he sketched the gutted

shell of the Mormon temple, once an imposing edifice dedicated specifically to secret rituals, including baptism for the dead. ‘The temple had been fired by an arsonist November 10, 1848, and the deed had shocked even the hostile Gentiles who had moved into Nauvoo. ““Yo destroy a work of art,” said the Nauvoo Patriot, “at once the most elegant in its construction and the most renowned in its celebrity of any in the whole west, would, we should think, require a mind of more than ordinary depravity; and we feel assured that no

one in this community could have been so lost to every sense of justice, and every consideration of interest, as to become the author of the deed. Admit that it was a monument of folly and evil, yet it was, to say the least of it, a splendid and harmless one.’ Brigham Young had sold the ruin to a colony of French Icarians who had settled in Nauvoo and who hoped to remodel the remains of the temple into a school. A capricious tornado on May 27, 1850,

had blown down the north wall and so weakened the remainder that the Icarians had been forced for safety’s sake to pull down the east and southern walls. Only the west wall was left for Piercy to sketch, but the resulting picture proved to be the most valuable of all his landscapes, for shortly afterward the whole ruin was leveled. 10 As reprinted in the Millennial Star, XI, 46 (February 1, 1849).

INTRODUCTION X1X One can see clearly in his sketch the extraordinary capstones that, legend has it, were modeled after a face the Mormon prophet saw in a vision. Piercy stayed overnight at the Mansion House, which had been Joseph Smith’s home in Nauvoo, and which was then being occupied by his mother, Lucy Mack Smith, his widow Emma Smith, and her sons. Emma Smith defiantly held that her husband had never prac-

tised polygamy, despite painful evidence to the contrary, and had refused to follow Brigham Young west. Unfortunately, Piercy did not sketch her portrait—perhaps he was not permitted—but he did make a drawing of the mother of the Mormon prophet, the oldest son, Joseph Smith, Jr., and the youngest son, David, who had been born five months after the assassination of his father. ‘These three portraits are a notable addition to the pictorial history of the Latterday Saints. The fact that the faces of the sons were included in the volume suggests that the schism between the family and Brigham Young was not yet final, as it became later when Joseph Smith, Jr., became the leader of a splinter sect calling itself the Reorganized Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, which bitterly opposed polygamy.

Of Joseph Smith’s mother Piercy wrote: “Considering her age seventy-seven] and afflictions, she, at that time, retained her faculties to a remarkable degree. She spoke very freely of her sons, and, with tears in her eyes, and every other symptom of earnestness, vindicated

their reputations for virtue and truth.” From Nauvoo Piercy went on to Carthage, Illinois, where he made

sketches of the jail in which Joseph Smith and his brother Hyrum had been murdered. He was shown the bullet holes in the walls and door and told that there were bloodstains on the floorboards under the carpet. “Having seen the place and made my sketches, I was glad to leave,” he wrote. ‘““I'wo lives unatoned for, and ‘blood crying from

the ground,’ made the spot hateful.” Unlike the Nauvoo Temple, Carthage jail was never torn down, and is today a Latter-day Saint shrine. Modern photographs convey very little, however, of its original dramatic character, whereas the bleak Piercy drawings are wholly appropriate to the site. Piercy’s visit to Nauvoo and Carthage gave the editor, Linforth, an opportunity to insert in the footnotes a compact retelling of the whole of Joseph Smith’s history, summarized for the most part from

XX INTRODUCTION the prophet’s official history, which first appeared in the Times and Seasons in Nauvoo and later in the Millennial Star in Liverpool. At Kanesville, better known as Council Bluffs, Piercy began the

overland journey by covered wagon and continued up the wellbeaten road along the Platte River. Although thousands of goldhunters were deepening the ruts along the way, the trip was arduous and lonely, as well as potentially disastrous for the man who packed his wagon badly, who had green timber in the axles, or who started too late in the summer. Marauding Indians were always a danger.

Piercy conversed with one Englishman bound for California and promised to take back messages to his family. Some time later he passed the man’s grave; he had been slain while on night watch. The British converts knew nothing about handling an ox team or about coaxing cattle to ford treacherous rivers, and like almost all emigrants they brought along too much, only to discard it along the journey. Although the young artist started out as green as any of his countrymen, before the trip was over he had learned how to drive the stubbornest mule, he had stood knee-deep in mud, pushing the wagons of his company through a slough, and though without any medical training he had set the broken leg of a friend so skillfully it had mended without complications. When he came to write his own narrative, he drew freely upon

his diary, but also added much sage advice for the benefit of the London tailor ‘“whose knowledge of animals does not extend beyond

his own goose.” Warning of unscrupulous traders who “get prices the reverse of their consciences,’ he recommended tasting hams, crackers, and flour before buying, as well as milking the cows and trying out the oxen. Among his other recommendations were shorter skirts for the women and beards for the men. “Lock up your razors,” he wrote, “‘and try to believe that you cannot improve God’s greatest work.”

In Salt Lake City Piercy painted a portrait of Brigham Young. This is the most disappointing in the book. It lacked the massive strength and vigor that inevitably came through in the photographs. Even the glowing Mormon review of the Piercy book which appeared in the Millennial Star April 5, 1856, called the portrait “deficient.” One feels keenly, too, the lack of any comment whatsoever about the Mormon leader. Piercy’s narrative virtually ends with his arrival in Great Salt Lake, and he seems deliberately to have avoided discuss-

INTRODUCTION XX1 ing the Mormon society he found there. He made no mention of polygamy, an omission which is not surprising when one considers the restraint even his editors were under on this subject. Linforth devoted only two lines to polygamy in all his notes, writing that on July 12, 1843, “the Prophet Joseph received from the Lord the great Revelation on ‘Plurality of Wives,’ and the true order of the marriage covenant, but it was not published to the world until 1852,” and adding in another note that the newly passed Kansas-Nebraska Act, which held that Congress had no right to regulate slavery in the territories, could apply equally to “plurality of wives.” This brevity was in line with the accepted missionary practice of

saying little or nothing on the subject. Another British visitor to Great Salt Lake, William Chandless, noted in 1855: “I do not think that polygamy is held out as an inducement; but rather kept back from the generality, lest they should be scandalised: ‘milk for babes,

strong meat for men.’ It might be an inducement to emigrate to Utah, but not to become Mormons; and the sacrifices to be made, and the hardships to be overcome before practicing it, are such that no sensualist would be much tempted.”!! Foreign visitors like Chandless, and later the French botanist Jules

Rémy, and the British scholar Richard Burton, took a detached, tolerant, and frequently amused attitude toward Mormon polygamy, noting with surprise the apparent lack of sensuality and the rigorous Puritanical aspects. Chandless wrote, “. . . they are not a specially sensual people,” and “the wretchedness of wives in Utah has been greatly exaggerated.’ Rémy stated, perhaps with some disappointment, “Che Mormons appeared to us less licentious than we were

naturally inclined to suppose.’ American visitors, however, were much more likely to express indignation. The young Jewish artist from Baltimore, Solomon Carvalho, who was also painting Mormon portraits in Salt Lake City in 1853, counted polygamy ‘‘a false and vicious system .. . destructive to morality, female delicacy, and the sanctity of marriage.”” He in-

sisted further that it went hand in hand with ‘“‘ennervation” and 114 Visit to Salt Lake; being a journey across the plains and a residence in the Mormon settlements at Utah (London, 1857), p. 175. 12 William Chandless, A Visit to Salt Lake, pp. 191-192: Jules Rémy and Julius Brenchley, A Journey to Great Salt Lake City, 2 vols. (London, 1861), II, 156, first published as the two-volume Voyage au Pays des Mormons (Paris, 1860), with only Rémy’s name listed as author.

XX1l INTRODUCTION “effeminacy of character’’—curious words, surely, for a man who had

painted two portraits of Brigham Young. Still, Carvalho was not without a bit of humor on the subject. ‘“‘Let them give a rib,” he said, “for every additional wife.” Chandless, Rémy, and Brenchley were all in Salt Lake City in 1855 when Piercy’s book was published. Chandless seems to have missed seeing it altogether, which is not surprising, since it appeared late in the year. When he published his own perceptive and friendly

account in 185%, he stated: “No English traveller, so far as I am aware, has written about Salt Lake.” Rémy, however, purchased Piercy’s book and wrote his name in it. This copy years later found its way into the Rare Book Room of the Library of Congress. The London Times did not review the Piercy volume, though it was giving the Mormons considerable coverage through 1855 and 1856, with frequent dispatches from “our correspondent, New York”

and an occasional extract from a speech by Brigham Young. Although it reprinted hostile articles on the Mormons from the New York Herald—including one on August 14, 1855, which called Mor-

mondom “a living stigma and reproach . . . squatter sovereignty carried to licentiousness’”—the Times for the most part maintained a dignified detachment. In reviewing, on September 4, 1855, the sensational Female Life Among the Mormons, a narrative of many years personal experience. By the wife of a Mormon Elder recently from

Utah, the editor rightly detected the book to be “altogether apocryphal” and “‘the latest Yankee hoax.”

Compared with rubbish of this sort, the Piercy book stands out as a document of high quality indeed. It should not, on the other hand, be judged by measuring it against the scholarship of Rémy and Brenchley, who were not only conscientious observers but also speculative moralists. ‘heir joint work, though marred by errors of fact and judgment, remains one of the two best studies of Mormonism in the nineteenth century, the other being The City of the Saints (London, 1861), by the great British orientalist and explorer, Richard Burton. Piercy’s work was not social documentation. It stands as a unique collaboration between Mormon and non-Mormon, a charmingly written descriptive journal, and a superb collection of pictures of the West. 13 Incidents of Travel and Adventure in the Far West (New York, 1858), preface, and pp. 151-152.

INTRODUCTION XXI11 The value of Piercy’s pictures as historical documents becomes increasingly evident if one looks at what else was painted on the Amer-

ican frontier at the same time. Thanks in part to accident and loss,

the surviving collections are surprisingly sparse. George Catlin (1796-1872), the great pioneer ethnologist and painter of the western Indian, had made a trip to the upper Missouri as early as 1832. The resulting Letters and Notes on the Manners, Customs, and Conditions of the North American Indians (with 400 illustrations) had been immensely popular. It would see twenty editions between 1841 and 1860, many of them in European countries.

There was the talented landscape artist, Alfred Jacob Muller (1810-1874), who had sketched widely in the Indian country and Rocky Mountains in 1837. His patron was Sir William Drummond Stewart, a Scottish nobleman who was enamored of the American

West, and who hired Miller to make a pictorial record of his expedition. Stewart then persuaded the artist to accompany him to Scotland and had him cover the walls of Murthly Castle with pictures representing aboriginal Indian life and the glory of the mountains. But his work remained virtually unknown in America till the Baltimore museum displayed a collection of water-color reproductions.’#

John James Audubon made an extensive trip up the Missouri to the Yellowstone River area in 1843, gathering material to finish The Viviparous Quadrupeds of North America (1842-1846). But he counted himself a naturalist and only incidentally an artist, and it is worth noting that he took along a young painter, Isaac Sprague of Massachusetts, for the express purpose of drawing plants and views for backgrounds.” John M. Stanley, who had a more intimate and comprehensive knowledge of the West than any other artist of the time, had begun exploring the area in 1842. His great collection of Indian paintings was exhibited in the Smithsonian Institution in 1852, and there was much agitation to persuade Congress to purchase it for a permanent 14 Clyde and Mae Reed Porter came into possession of one hundred of his water color sketches in 1939. See Matthew C. Field, Prairie and Mountain Sketches, collected by Clyde and Mae Reed Porter, edited by Kate L. Gregg and John Francis McDermott (University of Oklahoma Press, 1957). Several of the superb Alfred Jacob Miller pic-

tures are reproduced in this book. 15See Up the Missouri with Audubon, the Journal of Edward Harris, edited and annotated by John Francis McDermott (University of Oklahoma Press, 1951), p. 8.

XX1V INTRODUCTION exhibit. The bill failed several times to pass the House, however, and a fire in the Smithsonian in 1865, destroyed all but five of his 200 paintings. “Not only did Stanley suffer a heart-breaking loss,” as Robert Taft has written, ‘‘but the nation suffered an irreparable loss in its historical portraiture.’’?® The year 1853, which saw Frederick Piercy crossing the plains to

Salt Lake City, was a memorable one for artists of the West. This was the year in which Congress, after much bitter debate, appropriated $150,000 for surveys of a route for a railroad to the Pacific. These were conducted by the United States Army Corps of Topographical Engineers. All the expeditions, six of which were active in 1853-54, employed artists and illustrators. The surveys would be published in thirteen volumes, with superb illustrations.” Along with scientific exploration and adventure there were, however, hardship, suffering, and loss. One artist, young Richard H. Kern, was ambushed and slain by Ute Indians, along with Captain John W. Gunnison in 1853. The talented portrait painter, Solomon Nunes Carvalho (1815-1897), who went west with John C. Frémont’s 1853 expedition, loaded with oils, canvas, and daguerreotype equipment, had to abandon Frémont in central Utah and recover his health among the Mormons. Suffering from frostbite and scurvy, and having lost forty-four pounds, he made his way to Salt Lake City, where he was feted by the church leaders. He left several portraits of leading Mormons.

‘The ownership of Carvalho’s expedition pictures, however, remained with Frémont, who expected to use them as illustrations for his own report of the trip. Frémont became so absorbed in politics and in his presidential campaign of 1856, that he had no leisure to write the story. When Carvalho was persuaded to publish his own valuable Incidents of Travel and Adventure in the Far West in 1856, he had no access to his own pictures. He painted two new ones, but 16 Artists and Illustrators of the Old West, 1850-1900, p. 13. 17 See Reports of Explorations and Surveys to Ascertain the Most Practicable and Economical Route for a Railroad from the Missouri River to the Pactfic Ocean. The first ten volumes were published in 1855 as United States Congress, 33rd Congress, 2nd Session, Senate Executive Document No. 78. A supplementary volume was published in 1859 as United States Congress, 35th Congress, gnd Session, Senate Executive Document No. 46. In 1860 two more volumes were ordered published by the 36th Congress, ist session. Robert Taft, in his excellent survey of artists of the West, described in detail the life, the work, and the ultimate fate of the pictures of several of the artists accompanying these expeditions, and has furnished data on all the others.

INTRODUCTION XXV the remainder were sketches by another artist. Then a disastrous warehouse fire destroyed all Frémont’s notes, and most, if not all, of the Carvalho collection.!® This was another loss to American art, as

well as to the history of the West, and the only function the fire served was to make Piercy’s pictures of the period even more valuable for their rarity. Fortunately, thirteen of Piercy’s original drawings were preserved

and presented in recent years to the Missouri Historical Society. Four of these—St. Louis, Loup Fork Ferry, Camp at Wood River, and Chimney Rock, had been reproduced as engravings in the book. Mary M. Powell, writing a description of the drawings in the Mzssouri Historical Society Bulletin for October 1948, discusses some of his techniques, pointing out how cleverly he used Chinese white to brighten the sides of bare cliffs and eroded river banks and to show the intense light of the western country. He used a sepia wash for his more important sketches, which are singularly good at suggesting the open reaches of sky and earth. Carvalho, Miller, Piercy, and Stanley all sketched and painted in a style characteristic of the mid-century; it differed markedly from

that of artists of the West who came a generation later—Charles Russell, William R. Leigh, and Frederick Remington.” There is nothing of the flamboyant romanticism of the men who were to paint

the vanishing frontier, with its glorification of the cowboy and the cult of the bronco. In the 1850’s and 1860’s the frontier was a formidable barrier between the Mississippi River and California, and the

artists who painted it sketched what they could manage: familiar landmarks—Chimney Rock, Scott’s Bluffs, Independence Rock— Shoshone faces, buffalo drinking in the Platte River, the impressive face of Brigham Young. Their style is stiff, almost primitive, but unmistakably authentic. 18 See the introduction by Bertram Wallace Korn in the centenary edition of Carvalho’s Incidents of Travel and Adventure in the Far West, 1853-1854: Including Three Months Residence in Utah and a Perilous Trip Across the Great American Desert to the Pacific, published by the Jewish Publication Society of America (Philadelphia, 1954). Korn states that some of the Carvalho prints had been developed by Mathew Brady before the fire and may have been retained in his collection. If so, they are still unknown and unmarked in the National Archives in Washington, D.C. This centenary edition reproduces a number of Carvalho’s portraits, but none that he made

ne The illustrations in Robert Taft’s Artists and Illustrators of the Old West show the gradually evolving style. For a representative collection of paintings made late in the century, see Gallery of Western Paintings, edited by Raymond Carlson, 1951.

XXV1 INTRODUCTION Little can be unearthed about James Linforth, Piercy’s editor, except for the brief period when he was active in the Mormon Church in Liverpool. He was born September 1, 1827, in Birmingham, England, the son of Edward H. and Caroline S. Linforth, and was baptized a member of the church November 15, 1842, at the

age of fifteen. At twenty-three he published a long article in the Millennial Star called “Baptismal Regeneration or the Controversy in the Church of England,” which showed marked familiarity with the theological disputes of the time.”° Early in 1851 he published an eight-page pamphlet, The Reverend C. W. Laurence, “Few Words from a Pastor to his People on the Subject of the Latter-day Saints,’ replied to and refuted by James Linforth (Liverpool, J. Sadler, 1851), an extract of which appeared in the Millennial Star of June 15, 1851. In 1852 he edited The Government of God, by John Taylor, one of the Twelve Apostles of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (S. W. Richards: Liverpool, Latter-day Saints book depot, 1852). His work on the Piercy volume was prodigious, and the accuracy and timeliness of the details he accumulated to describe an immense area he had never visited are evidence of devoted patience and intellectual acumen. For Mormon historical material he drew from the Times and Seasons and the Millennial Star; for up-to-date information from Utah he used extracts from the Deseret News, Captain Howard Stansbury’s Exploration and Survey of the Valley of the

Great Salt Lake (Philadelphia, 1852), and John W. Gunnison’s The Mormons, or Latter-day Saints (Philadelphia, 1852). He consulted the United States census reports for 1850 and drew heavily upon James D. B. DeBow: The Industrial Resources of the Southern

and Western States (New Orleans, 1852-3), one of the many editions of George Conclin’s New River Guide, and John Mason Peck’s

New Guide to the West (Cincinnati, 1848). He also quoted from or cited books by David Turnbull, Henry Rowe Schoolcraft, Sir Charles Lyell, Emma Hart Willard, and Richard Robert Madden. Linforth was one of the most steadfast and generous contributors to the Mormon Church in Liverpool. His name appears in almost every Millennial Star “List of Contributors” from September 1850 to January 1856. Each month he donated something between {10 20 This ran serially in the Millennial Star from September 15 through December 1, 1850 (XII, 277 ff).

INTRODUCTION XXVIl and £25. In 1856 he joined the stream of British emigrants to Utah,

taking his wife and children. He wrote a letter to the Millennial Star from Florence, Nebraska Territory, September 1, 1856, indicating that he expected to begin the overland journey on September 3. There was no hint of anxiety at starting so late in the season. “I had my first lesson, practically, at ‘geeing and hawing’ in driving

one of the two teams,” he wrote, “. .. I may tell you that I have drawn water, chopped wood, and done sundry other things incidental to camp life, and all with as good grace as I could. J hope soon to be sufficiently familiar with all these things to do away with my present awkwardness.”’

The Millennial Star published a brief extract from another letter “five miles west of Fort Laramie.”** Regrettably, this letter was not published in full, for Linforth no doubt had much to tell, having picked the most hazardous autumn in a decade to travel west. He was caught in the same storms and freezing weather that paralyzed the celebrated fourth and fifth Mormon handcart companies, the last of five groups which crossed the plains without wagons, their belongings piled into simple, crudely constructed carts. ‘The James G. Willie handcart company had started from Florence August 19 with 400; the Edward Martin company followed on August 25 with 580.

Linforth and his family, travelling in a wagon in Captain Hunt’s company, must certainly have caught up with the second group, and probably with the first. Before reaching Salt Lake City on November 9, 1856, the Willie company saw 70 die; the Martin company buried 145 before reaching Salt Lake City on November go.”

Certainly it must have shaken the young British editor, when faced with the horrors of these disasters, to remember the cheerful

expectation and glowing hope implicit in his recently published emigrant’s guide. Back in Florence, Nebraska, he had watched the

departure of the Martin company, which included several of his friends. “Most of the company were in good health, and few were sick,” he had reported in his letter to the Millennial Star, “but all seemed in good spirits and lively faith concerning their journey.” In departing “they made the air ring with a good hurrah! three times 21 The first letter was published in the Millennial Star, October 25, 1856 (XVIII, 683),

the second, January 3, 1857 (XIX, 2).

22 Nels Anderson, Desert Saints, the Mormon Frontier in Utah (University of Chicago Press, 1942), p. 157.

XXVH11 INTRODUCTION repeated.” One can only guess at his subsequent feelings of disillusionment and personal guilt. It is worth noting that despite his obvious literary talents Linforth

did no writing and editing for the church in Utah. Eventually he moved to San Francisco, in these years an almost certain sign of apostasy or near-apostasy. However, when he died January 16, 1899,

at the age of seventy-one, he was favored with a brief obituary notice in the Deseret News in Salt Lake City: JAMEs LINFORTH DEAD

The relatives of James Linforth are grieved to learn of his death, by paralysis, at San Francisco, on Monday January 16, at 11:30 PM. The deceased was formerly well known in connection with the Latter-day Saints in England, and also as a resident in Utah. From here he moved to California and engaged in merchandising.

One must regret that James Linforth stopped writing, that he did not, at the least, do one more book, his own Route from Liverpool to Great Salt Lake Valley. FAWN M. BRODIE January 1962. 23I am indebted to Mrs. Louise M. Card, of Salt Lake City, for this obituary notice, and also for the information concerning Linforth’s birth, baptism, and death, which is on file in the archives of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints.

NOTE ON THE TEXT The fact that Frederick Piercy’s volume has become so rare is partly the result of the peculiar processing of the original publication. The prospectus, published in the Millennial Star (XV1:330), May 27, 1854, stated in part: ‘““This work will be published at this office in 14 monthly parts, Superroyal 4 to, 1s each. Part 1 to be ready July ist. Subscribers who emigrate to Utah before the work is completed, can, by paying at this office before their departure, obtain the remaining parts in Great Salt Lake City.” According to the prospectus, the steel engravings were made by Charles Sims. Actually he made none of them. Most of the engraving work was done by Charles Fenn, with Edwin Roffe and W. H. Gibbs assisting. All of the landscapes and five of the portraits were made

from original Piercy sketches. The pictures of several Mormon leaders were hastily assembled at the last moment from other sources,

and the joint portrait of two Ute Indian chiefs, Joseph Walker (or Wakara), and Arapeen, was made from an original drawing by W. W. Major. The book was at first issued in fifteen separately stitched parts, in separate wrappers, continuing from July 1854 to September 1855. The title page and contents were stitched in the back of part fifteen. As a result, obviously, many copies were never even properly bound. Others bound and shipped from England were accidentally ruined

on the way. Robert Ernest Cowan, bibliographer and expert on Americana, attached a note to the frontispiece of his own copy (now in the Rare Book Collection of the University of California at Los Angeles), which said: “It is doubtful if any very good copy of Linforth’s work is in existence. In the transit from St. Louis to Salt Lake, it suffered greatly from water, and many copies were entirely lost.

The work was of peculiar interest to the Mormon people, and the few extant copies were thoroughly (and most carelessly used,) and all are in very indifferent condition.”

A facsimile reprint, made by Bookcraft in Salt Lake City, appeared in 1959, but copies are no longer available.

XXX NOTE ON THE TEXT In editing this volume I have corrected the errata listed by James

Linforth and additional printer’s errors, including the incorrect numbering of the chapters. I have not, however, modified antique spellings, such as Washita (for Ouachita), Wahsatch (for Wasatch), Kanyon (for canyon), and San Pete (for Sanpete). For the convenience of the modern reader excessive punctuation of the period has been reduced to conform more nearly to current usage, and a few minor corrections of place names have been made. Where the editor omitted first names I have, whenever possible, either inserted them in brackets in the text or identified the persons fully in footnotes. Since Linforth was often careless about quotation

marks, it was not always easy to know whom he was quoting, or whether he was quoting or paraphrasing. I have been able to identify

most of his original sources, and wherever possible have listed authors and titles in footnotes. The awkwardness of printing Linforth’s lengthy, parenthetically numbered footnotes immediately below Piercy’s text, as they appeared in the original edition, has been overcome by placing them together in Appendix II. My additions to them and to other original notes in earlier chapters appear in brackets. All other notes are my own.

No attempt has been made to point out or correct the errors of omission or emphasis in Linforth’s long sections on Mormon history,

which were written with the ardor of a devout convert. The student who cares to examine modern scholarly studies which cover the same period of Mormon history might consult Ray B. West: Kingdom of

the Saints; the Story of Brigham Young and the Mormons (New York, 1957), Thomas O’Dea: The Mormons (University of Chicago Press, 1957), and Fawn M. Brodie: No Man Knows My History, the Life of Joseph Smith the Mormon Prophet (New York, 1945). I am grateful to librarians at the British Museum, the Royal Academy of Arts in London, the Library of Congress, the Utah Historical Society, and the University of California at Los Angeles. Mr. Russell

A. Mortensen, director of the University of Utah Press, was extremely helpful, as were Dale L. Morgan of the Bancroft Library, and Mrs. Louise M. Card of Salt Lake City. F. M. B.

Route from Liverpool to Great Salt Lake Valley

ROUTE FROM LIVERPOOL TO

¢ WITH STEEL ENGRAVINGS AND WOOD CUTS FROM SKETCHES MADE BY

FREDERICK PIERCY, INCLUDING

Views of Nauvoo and the Ruins of the Temple, with a historical account of the City; Views of Carthage Jail; and Portraits and Memoirs of Joseph and Hyrum Smith; their Mother, Lucy Smith; Josephand David Smith, Sons ofthe Prophet Joseph; President Brigham Young; Heber C. Kimball; Willard Richards; Jedediah M. Grant; John Taylor; the late Chief Patriarch, Father John Smith; and the present Chief Patriarch, John Smith, Son of Hyrum. TOGETHER WITH

@ Geographical and Wistorical Besrrigtion of Dtoh, aud a Blan of the Onerlont Hautes to that

Gerritary fram the Abissouri Hiner. ALSO,

AN AUTHENTIC HISTORY OF THE LATTER-DAY SAINTS’ EMIGRATION FROM EUROPE FROM THE COMMENCEMENT UP TO THE CLOSE OF 1855, WITH STATISTICS.

EDITED BY JAMES LINFORTH.

Liverpoal :

PUBLISHED BY FRANKLIN D. RICHARDS, 36, ISLINGTON, London : LATTER-DAY SAINTS’ BOOK DEPOT, 85, JEWIN STREET, CITY MDCCCLYV.

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