Roman Imperial Art in Greece and Asia Minor [Reprint 2014 ed.] 9780674436770, 9780674436763

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ROMAN IMPERIAL ART IN GREECE AND ASIA MINOR

ROMAN IMPERIAL A R T IN GREECE AND A S I A MINOR C O R N E L I U S C.

THE

BELKNAP

VERMEULE

PRESS

OF

HARVARD UNIVERSITY CAMBRIDGE MCMLXVIII

·

PRESS

MASSACHUSETTS

© BY

THE

PRESIDENT

AND

FELLOWS

DISTRIBUTED OXFORD

LIBRARY

OF

CONGRESS

PRINTED

IN

OF

HARVARD

ALL

RIGHTS

IN

GREAT

UNIVERSITY

CATALOG

THE

COPYRIGHT

CARD

UNITED

COLLEGE RESERVED

BRITAIN

PRESS,

NUMBER

STATES

1968

OF

BY

LONDON

67-20886

AMERICA

ARTHUR DARBY NOCK In

Memory

In tenui labor; at tenuis non gloria, si quem numina laeva sinunt auditque vocatus Apollo. Vergil, Georgics, iv.6-7

PREFACE THIS BOOK has been written because there is a need for more books on Roman art. What has been published in the past deals mainly with material in Italy and the Latin West. There is a particular demand for a book on Roman art in the nations and provinces east of the Adriatic Sea. The broad nature of Roman art is well known. Artistic developments from the Early Republic to Late Antiquity have been studied on a general basis and on the basis of trends in the provinces, influences on the main current of Greco-Roman classicism, and the emergence of new vocabularies in the late third century A.D. Still, the emphasis has always been on Rome and Italy as the hub of Roman Republican and imperial art. It is, I think, an accepted premise that the art of the Greek world in Roman times differs from the art of the Hellenistic kingdoms. It is also known, if only from its name, that Greek imperial art is related in many direct ways to Roman imperial art. In terms of both, such manifestations as schools of sculptors from Aphrodisias, Hadrianic eclectic classicism, Asiatic portraiture, and Alexandrine topographical nature in painting and mosaic can be spoken of and studied. Yet, in trying to come to grips with Roman official art in Greece and Asia Minor, a vitally creative force neither purely Hellenistic nor Roman, an art of great quality and influential originality, is encountered. In many ways, this art as a cohesive whole haunts us by its elusiveness, its qualities of Greek timelessness and Roman factuality. I believe a new picture of Roman art in the Hellenic world can be formed by tracing its development from the impact of Rome on the Hellenistic states in the second century B.C. to the flowering of Eastern Rome in the sixth century A.D., the age of Justinian. The term Roman official art should be stressed. This book attempts to collect and survey the works of art and architecture in the East that have to do with the Roman state. These monuments may have been paid for out of the imperial revenues or they may be wholly the creations of VII

PREFACE provincial cities and private individuals, Roman citizens or otherwise. T h e common denominator is one of subject: the buildings, statues, or reliefs must be commemorations of Roman rulers, chiefly emperors, or manifestations of Roman official civic and military history. T h e only group of private sculptures discussed are large sarcophagi with elaborate scenes in relief, because such creations were executed by major sculptors in an official imperial style often for magistrates of the Empire. T h e state sculptures of the imperial age in the East cannot be understood without examining these sarcophagi, particularly their relation to the official art of the fourth century A.D. Many aspects of art in Greece and Asia Minor during the Roman period must await consideration in another book. Court silverware and Greek imperial coins each receive a chapter, because they involve imperial portraits and imperial scenes, whether allegorical or real. Statues of divinities, private portraits, sepulchral reliefs, small bronzes, terracotta statuettes, and textiles of the imperial age, to cite at random, are omitted. These works of art may be characteristic of the imperial period in the East, but they are in a sense better described as continuations of Hellenistic art in Greece and Asia Minor. T h e art that forms the basis of this book is made up of a series of creative impulses that owed their existence to the Roman Empire and to the institution of Roman Emperor as head of state, chief priest, first among equals, commanderin-chief of the armies, and, in the East particularly, god on earth. N o one who investigates the art of the Romans can escape a great debt to Eugenie Strong, who wrote four books and many long essays on Roman art at a time when everything Greek was considered worth investigating and anything worthwhile in Roman painting and sculpture was measured as an end product of the Greek experience. I hope to show that lovers of Greek civilization may take pride in the fact that the so-called "Roman" period in Greece and Asia Minor was really as great an epoch of Greek art as the several centuries immediately preceding. Jocelyn M. C. Toynbee's monumental work on the age of Hadrianic art, published in 1934, and her essays on Roman medallions, published during the following decade, have made this conclusion a restatement rather than a discovery. Her volume on art in the British Isles during the Roman period is a standard for measuring aims and organization of the present book. Other main debts of a general nature are to the excavators of the great Greek cities of Asia Minor and to the generations of epigraphers of all nationalities who have so thoroughly recorded the testimonia. T h e first word of thanks belongs to the officers and staff of the American School of Classical Studies in Athens, who afforded the facilities to complete this work. T h e Trustees and the Director of the Museum of Fine Arts in Boston were generous enough to allow time from other VIII

PREFACE duties to study in Greece, Cyprus, and Anatolia. Grants from the American Council of Learned Societies and the Penrose Fund of the American Philosophical Society made essential travel possible. The German Archaeological Institute furnished many photographs from their admirable collection in Athens. Other institutions, noted in the list of illustrations, have been equally generous. My four colleagues past and present in the Department of Classical Art in Boston, Mary Comstock, Alice Graves (Mrs. T . S. PlowdenWardlaw), Julia Green, and Penelope von Kersburg, prepared the manuscript for publication. Miss Comstock is responsible for final arrangement of much that appears in the appendixes and of both indexes. Boston, 1967

IX

CONTENTS Greek Art in an Imperial Polity T Y P E S OF M O N U M E N T S I M P E R I A L STATUES

2

6

T H E THIRD AND FOURTH C E N T U R I E S

7

CONTRASTS B E T W E E N E A S T AND W E S T COINS

11

LOCAL CHARACTERISTICS

Roman Imperatorial

12

Architecture

TRIUMPHAL ARCHITECTURE TEMPLES

I 5

17

THEATERS

19

C I T Y B U I L D I N G AND C I T Y PLANNING FOUNTAINS AND R E S E R V O I R S TOMBS

22

23

24

UNUSUAL S T R U C T U R E S ALTARS

IO

26

32

L I G H T H O U S E S AND HARBORS

Roman Imperatorial CUIRASSED STATUES

STATE R E L I E F S

Sculpture 41

I M P E R I A L PORTRAITS Two Monumental

34

42

Severan Statues

45

46

HELLENISTIC COMMEMORATIVE

MONUMENTS

CONTENTS FROM THE L A T E H E L L E N I S T I C WORLD TO THE EARLY E M P I R E SARCOPHAGI

I V

Epigraphic

53

58

and Numismatic

INSCRIPTIONS OF I L I U M

7I

The Roman Coins of Ilium

V

67

Evidence

72

FROM THE FLAVIANS TO THEODOSIUS

73

Single Monuments

Men

and Important

78

T R I P L E ARCHES AND GATEWAYS AT 78

PISIDIAN ANTIOCH

THE SEVERAN PROPYLAEA A T CYRENE THE M O N U M E N T OF PHILOPAPPOS

79

I N ATHENS

80

T H E FAÇADE OF THE COLOSSAL FIGURES AT CORINTH

83

CAPTIVE BARBARIAN FROM ALEXANDRIA A TONDO BUST OF APOLLO R O M A N ART AT BAALBEK

V I

The Great Antonine DATE

THE BASE BLOCKS T H E RELIEFS The The The The The

XII

88 91

Altar at Ephesus

96

T Y P E OF STRUCTURE

88

97 98

IOO

Right End 101 Right Side 101 Long Side 107 Left Side 114 Left End 118

ADDITIONAL FRAGMENTS

I20

ARTISTIC MAGNIFICENCE

123

95

CONTENTS

VII

Imperial Metalwork

125

BOSCOREALE AND H I L D E S H E I M S I L V E R T H E HOBY CUPS

134

T H E INGOLSTADT CUP

I 36

HELLENISTIC SILVERWARE

Berthouville Skyphoi Dionysiac Decoration

VIII

133

I 37

139 140

Numismatic Art

142

R E P R E S E N T A T I V E COIN T Y P E S

I45

Medallion of Heracleia-Perinthus 146 Julio-Claudian Colonial Coinage 147 Major Divinities in the Provinces 148 Major and Minor Divinities Combined 149 Curious Myths 1 50 Imperial Acts 1 50 Imperial Temples 151 Civic or Functional Architecture 151 Curious Buildings 152 Artemis Eleuthera on Aes of Myra in Lycia Medallion of Byzantium 153 Homeric Medallion of Ilium 1 54 Medallion of Cyzicus 155 Medallion of Pergamon 156 Imperial Portraits 157 The Triumph of Dionysos in Lydia 158 Cybele and Hekate or Artemis Phosphores Cults, Alliances, and Famous Myths 160 Late Portraits 161 Quasi-Autonomous Coinage 162 Anticlassical Designs and Styles 164 The Phrygian Moon-God Men 165 The Province of Galatia 166 Sillyum and Tarsus 167

IX

Augustus and the Julio-Claudians

153

159

169

A U G U S T A N AND JULIO-CLAUDIAN ART I N T H E GREEK WORLD PORTRAITS

I70

I7I

Augustus 173 Agrippa 173 Livia 177 Octavia 177 Julia, Daughter of Augustus Gaius and Lucius Caesars

179 179 XIII

CONTENTS Tiberius 183 NeroDrusus 183 Antonia 186 Germanicus 187 Agrippina Senior 190 Agrippina Junior 192 Nero or Drusus Caesar Caligula 194 Claudius 195 Nero 197 Octavia 198 Poppaea 199 Galba 199 CONCLUSION

X

200

Augustan and Julio-Claudian Commemorations T H E GREEK ISLANDS

ASIA MINOR

2o8

212

The Flavian Dynasty EASTERN PORTRAITS

2 2 9

22Ç

Vespasian 229 Titus 231 Domitian 232 General Characteristics Nerva 234

232

FLAVIAN COMMEMORATIONS

Greece and the Islands Asz'rt Minor 236

XII

202

202

T H E GREEK MAINLAND

XI

194

Tr«,a»

235

235

flirto»

TRAJAN AND HIS WORKS

The Empress Plotina

243

244

F U R T H E R TRAJANIC COMMEMORATIONS

Greece and the Islands Asia Minor 251 HADRIAN

244

254

Works 254 Portraits 258 Hadrian and Greek Imperial Art TTie Empress Sabina 263 Aeliits Caesar 263 XIV

243

260

244

CONTENTS

XIII

Antonine Art

266

ARCHITECTURAL COMMEMORATION

Greece and the Islands Asia Minor 269

267

267

SURVIVING PORTRAITS

273

Antoninus Pius 274 Faustina 1 276 Marcus Aurelius 277 Faustina II 282 Lucius Verus 283 Lucilla 288 Commodus 288 Crispina 289 CONCLUSIONS

289

S T A T U E B A S E S A N D OTHER A N T O N I N E EPIGRAPHIC EVIDENCE

Greece and the Islands Asia Minor 292

XIV

Severan and Later Portraits and Public Commemorations E A S T E R N PORTRAITS

298

298

Septitnius Severus 298 Julia Domna, Caracolla, and Geta 299 Severus Alexander through the Successors of Gallienus

309

S E V E R A N D Y N A S T Y AND L A T E R C O M M E M O R A T I O N S

313

Mainland Greece Τ he Greek Islands Asia Minor 317

XV

291

291

313 315

The Tetrarchs in Greece and Anatolia A R T AND I N S C R I P T I O N S

328 328

T H E A R C H OF G A L E R I U S

336

The Setting of the Reliefs 336 The Art of the Reliefs 348 THE RELIEFS AT NICAEA

XVI

350

Constantinus Magnus Augustus and His Successors P O R T R A I T S UP TO A.D. 5 0 0

353

354

Constantine and his Family 3 54 Constantine's Successors 356 XV

CONTENTS C O N S T A N T I N I A N AND LATER ART OUTSIDE OF C O N S T A N T I N O P L E

358

A T H E N I A N P O R T R A I T U R E IN T H E F O U R T H C E N T U R Y A P O S S I B L E L I K E N E S S OF S A I N T P A U L

XVII

365

Conclusion

370

Abbreviations

375

Appendixes

380

A.

I M P E R I A L PORTRAITS F R O M GREECE, ASIA MINOR, SYRIA, A N D E G Y P T

B.

380

W O R K S OF A R T IN M U S E U M S A N D PRIVATE COLLECTIONS

C.

XVI

364

407

W O R K S OF A R T A N D I N S C R I P T I O N S B Y SITE

421

Notes

505

Index of Places

519

Index of People and Monuments

538

ILLUSTRATIONS FRONTISPIECE Large bronze of Caracalla, struck at Side in Pamphylia. Ares beside an altar contemplating a bust of the emperor. Boston, Museum of Fine Arts. Photo museum. ι. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

Orthostate blocks from buildings at Termessus Major in Pisidia. Photos author. The metroon at Olympia showing the locations of the imperial statues. From Olympia III. Temple of Roma and Augustus on the Acropolis at Athens. Photos author. The Great Theater at Ephesus. Photos author. The Odeon at Ephesus. Photos author. The nymphaeum of Herodes Atticus at Olympia, showing location of the imperial and other statues. From Olympia III. Fountain façade with imperial statue base at Ephesus. Photo author.

8A. The Tower of the Winds in Athens. Photo Alison Frantz. 8B. Winds on the Tower of the Winds. Photo German Archaeological Institute, Athens. 9. The Inner Propylaea at Eleusis. Reconstruction from Hörmann, Die inneren Propyläen von Eleusis. 1 0 . Capital and entablature from the Inner Propylaea. Photos author. 1 1 . Caryatid from the Inner Propylaea at Eleusis. Eleusis Museum. Photo Stournaras. 1 2 A . Great Propylaea at Eleusis. Photo Stournaras. 1 2 B . Tondo bust of Marcus Aurelius from the pediment. Photo author. 1 3 . Colossal marble statue of Oikoumene on an island in the harbor of Porto Raphti, Attica. Photo author. 1 4 . Marble head of a type suitable for the Oikoumene at Porto Raphti. Corinth Museum. Photo Corinth Excavations. 1 5 . Small bronze replica of the Oikoumene at Porto Raphti. Switzerland, Private collection. Photo Boissonnas. 1 6 . Apotheosis of Homer. London, British Museum. Photo museum. 1 7 . Relief dedicated by Lakrateides. Eleusis Museum. Photo Stournaras, 1 8 . Fragment of a large mythological relief, from Smyrna. Paris, Louvre. Photo author.

14 19 19 20 21 23 25 27 28 29 30 30 31 32 35 36 37 48 49 52 XVII

ILLUSTRATIONS 19A. Great Ionic frieze from Aphrodisias. Izmir, Old Archaeological Museum. Photo author. 19B. Detail of Ionic frieze. Photo author. 20. Menander Tondo from Aphrodisias, once in Smyrna (Izmir), Evangelical School. Photo from Einzelaufnahmen. 21. Eastern official or man of letters, "Julian the Apostate," once in Smyrna, Evangelical School. Photo from Einzelaufnahmen. 22. City goddess or Tyche, once in Smyrna, Evangelical School. Photo from Einzelaufnahmen. 23. Sarcophagus with the Seven Against Thebes. Corinth Museum. Photo Corinth Excavations. 24. Sarcophagus with the Dragging of Hector. Providence (Rhode Island), Museum of the Rhode Island School of Design. Photo museum. 25. Running Victoria, high relief from Istanbul. Istanbul, Archaeological Museum. Photo Hirmer. 26. Monument to Philopappos, Athens. Photo German Archaeological Institute. 27. Sculptures from the Stoa of the Colossal Figures. Corinth Museum. Photos Corinth Excavations. 28. Sculptures from the Stoa of the Colossal Figures. Corinth Museum. Photos Corinth Excavations. 29. Panel with captive barbarians and helmet, shields. Corinth Museum. Photo Corinth Excavations. 30. Panel with Nike crowning trophy, bound barbarian(?) beyond. Corinth Museum. Photo Corinth Excavations. 31. Captive barbarian, from Alexandria. London, British Museum. Photo museum. 32. Apollo, Antonine architectural tondo. Hamburg, Museum für Kunst und Gewerbe. Photo museum. 33. The Library of Celsus at Ephesus. Photo author. 34. Antonine Altar at Ephesus. Slab A. Vienna, Kunsthistorisches Museum. Photos museum. (This slab is in the town of Selçuk; Figures 3 5 - 5 2 are in Vienna.) 35. Antonine Altar at Ephesus. Slab B. 36. Antonine Altar at Ephesus. Slab Γ, A. 37. Antonine Altar at Ephesus. Slab E. 38. Antonine Altar at Ephesus. Slab Z, H. 39. Antonine Altar at Ephesus. Slab Θ40. Antonine Altar at Ephesus. Slab I, Κ. 41. Antonine Altar at Ephesus. Slab Λ. 42. Antonine Altar at Ephesus. Slab Μ, Ν. 43. Antonine Altar at Ephesus. Slab Ξ. 44. Antonine Altar at Ephesus. Slab O or P. 45. Antonine Altar at Ephesus. Slab Π. 46. Antonine Altar at Ephesus. Slab Ρ or O. 47. Antonine Altar at Ephesus. Slab 2. XVIII

54 55 56 57 57 60

61 64 81 84 85 86 86 89 90 94

102 103 104 105 106 108 χ09 110 111 113 113 115 116 117

ILLUSTRATIONS 48. 49. 50. 51. 52. 53.

Antonine Altar at Ephesus. Slab T . Antonine Altar at Ephesus. Slab Υ, Φ. Antonine Altar at Ephesus. Slab X. Antonine Altar at Ephesus. Orthostate Block ΛΒ-ΛΓ. Antonine Altar at Ephesus. Orthostate Block ΛΓ-ΛΔ. Silver cup from Meroe: Augustus as Bocchoris in a judgment scene. Gift of Museum of Fine Arts - Harvard University Expedition. Boston, Museum of Fine Arts. Figures 5 3 - 5 6 . Photos museum.

54. 55. 56. 56A. 57.

Another view of figure 5 3 . Another view of figure 5 3 . Another view of figure 5 3 . Detail of Figure 53. Silver Cup from Asia Minor: Julio-Claudian princes in scenes from the Orestes cycle. London, British Museum. Figures 5 7 6 1 . Photos museum. Another view of figure 57. Detail of figure 57, showing Drusus Junior. Detail of figure 57, showing Germanicus. Detail of figure 5 7 , showing Claudius. Silver cup from Hoby: Priam before Achilles-Tiberius. Copenhagen, Danish National Museum. Photo museum. Reverse of figure 6 2 : Sleeping heroes and soldiers. Second cup from Hoby: Philoctetes on Lemnos. Copenhagen, Danish National Museum. Photo museum. Reverse of figure 64: Odysseus addressing Philoctetes. Silver cup from Boscoreale: Allegorical homage to Augustus. Reverse: Barbarian submission to Augustus. Paris, Louvre. Photos from Monuments Piot 5. Second cup from Boscoreale: Triumph of Tiberius. Reverse: Sacrifice before the Capitol. Paris, Louvre. Photos from Monuments Piot 5. Cistophorus of Augustus, 1 9 to 1 8 B.C. Boston, Museum of Fine Arts. Theodora Wilbour Fund in Memory of Zoë Wilbour. Photos museum. As of Drusus Junior. Boston, Museum of Fine Arts. Photo museum. As of Germanicus. Boston, Museum of Fine Arts. Photo museum.

130

71.

Cistophorus of Claudius, A.D. 4 1 . Boston, Museum of Fine Arts. Theodora Wilbour Fund in Memory of Zoë Wilbour. Photos museum.

130

72.

Cup from Asia Minor with Dionysiac devices. Toledo (Ohio), The Toledo Museum of Art. Photos museum.

131

Cistophorus of Augustus. Figures 7 3 - 1 0 4 : Boston, Museum of Fine Arts. Theodora Wilbour Fund in Memory of Zoë Wilbour. Photos museum.

145

58. 59. 60. 61. 62. 63. 64. 65. 66.

67.

68.

69. 70.

73.

118 119 119 120 121

124 124 124 124 126

126 126 127 127 127 128 128 128 128

129

129

130 130

XIX

ILLUSTRATIONS 74· 75· 76. 77· 78. 79· 80. 81. 82. 83. 84. 85. 86. 87. 88. 89. 90. 91. 92. 93· 94· 95· 96. 97· 98. 99· 100.

Heracleia-Perinthus : Severus Alexander. Patras: Nero. Patras: Geta. Apollonia Mordiaeum: Marcus Aurelius. Pergamon-Ephesus : Commodus. Miletus-Smyrna: Antoninus Pius. Tarsus: Gordianus III. Amaseia : Marcus Aurelius. Bithynian League: Hadrian. Antioch on the Maeander: Gallienus. Lyrbe: Gordianus III. Myra: Gordianus III. Byzantium: Caracalla. Ilium (Troy): Gallienus. Cyzicus: Commodus. Pergamon: Caracalla. Smyrna: Septimius Severus. Maeonia: Traianus Decius. Cremna: Etruscilla, Decius, and sons. Stratoniceia : Septimius Severus and Julia Domna. Hierapolis-Aphrodisias : Commodus. Temenothyrae (Flaviopolis) : Valerian. Side-Perge: Gordianus III. Termessus Major: quasi-autonomous, third century A.D. Colossae: quasi-autonomous, about A.D. 200. Tripolis-Laodiceia : Philippus I.

146 147 148 148 149 149 150 150 151 152 152 153 154 155 156 156 157 159 159 160 160 161 162 163 163 164

Siblia: Caracalla. Tavium: Vespasian.

165 166

102. 103.

Ancyra: Caracalla. Sillyum: Marcus Aurelius.

166 168

104.

Tarsus: Gordianus III.

168

105.

Augustus, Tower of the Winds, Athens. Photo George C. Miles. Augustus. Corinth Museum. Photo Stournaras.

174

106. 107. 108.

Agrippa, fragment of a relief from Athens. Boston, Museum of Fine Arts. H. L. Pierce Fund. Photo museum.

ΙΟΙ.

Posthumous likeness of Augustus, Antalya, Museum. Photo G. Daltrop.

from

Myra

(Demre).

I 0 9 A . Heads of Livia, Tiberius, Caligula, and Germanicus — from Gortyna. Heraklion Museum. Photo author.

174 175 176

lio.

Gaius Caesar. Corinth Museum. Photo Corinth Excavations.

178 178 180

III.

Lucius Caesar. Corinth Museum. Photo Stournaras.

181

112.

Lucius Caesar, perhaps from Rhodes. New York, The Metropolitan Museum of Art. Rogers Fund, 1 9 1 4 . Photo museum.

182

I09B.

XX

Livia, from Gortyna. Heraklion Museum. Photo author.

ILLUSTRATIONS 113.

Tiberius as a Roman priest. Eleusis Museum. Photo museum.

184

114.

Tiberius, from Gortyna. Heraklion Museum. Photo author.

185

115.

Tiberius, from Knossos. Heraklion Museum. Photos author.

185

116.

Antonia Minor, reputedly from Tralles. Copenhagen, N y Carlsberg Glyptotek. Photo museum.

187

117.

Germanicus, perhaps from Epidaurus. Hamburg, Museum für Kunst und Gewerbe. Photo museum.

189

118.

Germanicus, from Amorgos. Syros Museum. Photo Andrew Oliver, Jr.

189

119.

Germanicus, from Gortyna. Heraklion Museum. Photo author.

190

120.

Germanicus, from Lower Egypt. Toronto, Royal Ontario Museum. Photo museum.

191

121.

Agrippina the Elder, from Amorgos. Syros Museum. Photos Andrew Oliver, Jr.

192

122.

Agrippina the Elder, from Troy. Philadelphia, University Museum. Photos museum.

193

123.

Julio-Claudian prince (Nero or Drusus Caesar, or Agrippa Postumus?). Corinth Museum. Photo Stournaras.

194

124.

Caligula, from Gortyna. Heraklion Museum. Photo author.

195

125.

Claudius as Zeus. Olympia Museum. Photo German Archaeological Institute.

196

126.

Nero, from Tralles. Istanbul, Archaeological Museum. Photo author. Galba, from the Theater. Corinth Museum. Photos Corinth Excavations.

200

128.

Inscribed section from the gateway of Mazaeus and Mithridates in the agora at Ephesus. Photos author.

219

129.

Vespasian, from Pergamon. Baltimore, Walters Art Gallery. Photo museum. The Young Titus, from Egypt. Columbia (Missouri), University of Missouri. Photo Ken Kercheval.

127.

130. 131.

197

230 233

Colossal head of Domitian, from Ephesus. Izmir, New Museum. Photo G. Daltrop.

233

Bronze tondo bust of Trajan in his last years. Ankara Museum, from a public building in that city. Photo courtesy of E. Rosenbaum and O. Fein.

245

133.

Plotina. Heraklion Museum. Photo author.

246

134.

Hadrian, a Late Antique likeness. Corinth Museum. Photo Corinth Excavations.

246

Hadrian, head of a cuirassed statue; from Dictynnaion. Chania Museum. Photo author.

246

136.

Hadrian, head of a draped statue, from Dictynnaion. Chania Museum. Photo author.

247

137.

Hadrian as Pacifier of the East, from Gortyna. Heraklion Museum. Photo museum.

247

138.

Hadrian as Conqueror, from Hierapytna (Crete). Archaeological Museum. Photo Alinari.

247

132.

135.

Istanbul,

XXI

ILLUSTRATIONS χ 39.

Hadrian, f r o m the agora at Thasos. Photo courtesy of the French School at Athens.

140.

248

Cuirassed Hadrian, from the city gate at Perge. Photo Professor Jale Inan.

248

14χ.

T h e T e m p l e of Hadrian at Ephesus. Photo author.

249

142. 143.

Aelius Caesar. Corinth Museum. Photos Corinth Excavations. Antoninus Pius, face of a bronze statue, from A d y a m i a n (near Arsameia-on-the-Nymphaios). Ankara, Archaeological M u s e u m . Photos author. Faustina the Elder, from Sardes. London, British Museum. Photo museum.

249

144.

276 277

145.

Marcus Aurelius Caesar, from Byzantium. Istanbul, Archaeological Museum. Photo author.

279

146.

Marcus Aurelius, from Antalya. Istanbul, Archaeological M u seum. Photo author.

279

147.

Marcus Aurelius, Nicosia, Photos Vassos Karageorghis.

279

148.

George

G.

Pierides

Collection.

Marcus Aurelius Caesar, from Alexandria. Alexandria, GraecoRoman Museum. Photo museum.

280

1 4 9 A . Marcus Aurelius, from Alexandria. London, British Museum. Photo museum.

281

1 4 9 B . Posthumous Marcus Aurelius from Ostia. Indiana University, M u s e u m of Art. Photo author. 150.

281

Faustina the Younger. Olympia Museum. Photo German Archaeological Institute.

284

151.

Faustina the Younger as Aphrodite, probably from Aphrodisias in Caria. Copenhagen, N y Carlsberg Glyptotek. Photo museum.

285

152.

Lucius Verus, a posthumous portrait, from Egypt. T h e Cleveland M u s e u m of Art, Purchase from the J. H. W a d e Fund. Photo museum.

287

153.

Commodus as Dionysos, from Tralles. Canterbury, Royal M u seums and Slater A r t Gallery. Photo museum.

290

Commodus as Imperator, from Beirut. W i n n e t k a (Illinois), James Alsdorf Collection. Photo Jerome M . Eisenberg.

290

Septimius Severus, center of an architectural pediment from near Aphrodisias. Izmir, O l d Archaeological Museum. Photo author.

300

Septimius Severus as Mars Pater, from the source of the Salamis aqueduct. Nicosia, Cyprus Museum. Photos museum.

301

154. 155.

156.

1 5 7 A . Septimius Severus, from Beirut. Istanbul, Archaeological Mu157B. 158. 159.

XXII

seum. Photos museum.

302

Septimius Severus, from Ostia. Boston, Museum of Fine Arts. Harriet Otis C r u f t Fund. Photo museum.

303

Julia D o m n a , from Syria. Cambridge (Massachusetts), M u s e u m of Art. Photos museum.

304

T h e Y o u t h f u l Caracalla. Excavations.

Corinth Museum.

Photos

Fogg

Corinth 305

ILLUSTRATIONS 160.

Caracalla, from near Istanbul. Philadelphia University Museum. Photos museum.

161.

Colossal head of Caracalla, from the Asklepeion. Museum. Photos author.

162.

T h e Y o u n g Caracalla, from Kula in Lydia. London, A r t Market. Photo Cowderoy and Moss, Ltd.

306

163.

Y o u n g Caracalla, from southern Asia Minor. Private Collection. Photos author.

307

Roman statue of the type of Alexander w i t h the lance, from Asia Minor. Houston (Texas), M u s e u m of Fine Arts. Photo museum.

308

Base of a statue of Caracalla, from the hall behind the Marble Court, Sardes. Photo Excavations of Sardis.

309

Ptolemaic portrait remade as Severus Alexander, from Memphis in Egypt. Boston, M u s e u m of Fine Arts. E d w i n L. Jack Fund. Photo museum.

310

Balbinus as Zeus, from the Piraeus. Piraeus Museum. Photo German Archaeological Institute, Athens.

311

Valerian, Gallienus, from Asia Minor. Copenhagen, N y Carlsberg Glyptotek. Photos museum.

312

169.

Diocletian, from Nicomedia. Istanbul, Archaeological Museum. Photo Hirmer.

331

170.

Maximianus Herculeus, Photos author.

332

171.

A r c h of Galerius at Salonika: northeast pillar, southeast face. Photo German Archaeological Institute, Athens.

337

172.

Northeast pillar, southwest face.

338

173.

Northeast pillar, northwest face.

164.

165. 166.

167. 168.

from Gortyna.

(Pennsylvania), 305

Heraklion

Pergamon 306

Museum.

339

1 7 4 A . Southwest pillar, northeast face. 174B. 175.

340

Southwest pillar, northeast face, restored.

341

Southwest pillar, northwest face.

343

1 7 6 A . Southwest pillar, southeast face.

344

1 7 6 B . Detail of southwest pillar, southeast face.

345

177.

Constantinus Magnus. Istanbul, Archaeological Museum. Photo Hirmer.

355

178.

Constantinus I, perhaps as Caesar, from Gortyna. Heraklion Museum. Photos author.

355

179.

Constantia, sister of Constantinus, from Athens. T h e Art Institute of Chicago. Photo author.

356

180.

Head of the "Julian the Apostate" type and other Roman sculptures in the T o w e r of the W i n d s at Athens. Photo author.

357

Valentinianus II, from Aphrodisias. Istanbul, Museum. Photo Hirmer.

359

181.

Archaeological

182.

Arcadius, from Istanbul. Photo Hirmer.

Istanbul, Archaeological

Museum.

183.

Saint Paul(?), from Agia Paraskevi, near Athens. Boston, Museum of Fine Arts. J. H. and E. A . Payne Fund. Photos museum.

360 366

XXIII

ILLUSTRATIONS 184.

Late Antique man of intellect. Athens, Acropolis Museum. Photo museum. Maps (drawn by Samuel H. Bryant). Classical Greece and the Aegean Area. Classical Asia Minor. Plans (drawn by William Minty). ι . A rough elevation of the Antonine altar at Ephesus. 2. Altar at Ephesus. 3. Arch of Galerius.

XXIV

368 4-5 8-9 97 100 342

ROMAN IMPERIAL ART IN GREECE AND ASIA MINOR

I Greek Art in an Imperial

Polity

Greece and Asia Minor only in a military sense. Even the duration of total political dominance was brief. From the point of view of art, Roman and Hellenistic cultural forces met as equals in the latter's ground to produce a civilization unlike what went before and markedly unlike what the Romans fashioned in the Latin West. The Greeks may have made the Romans use Hellenistic forms of art in their official endeavors, but the size and scope of these endeavors were enough to insure a change in the art of Greece and Asia Minor under the Romans. The material presented in the following chapters is concentrated on the period from Augustus to Constantine the Great, a span of three and a half centuries. To be sure, Roman power had run in Asia Minor for over a century before Octavian became Emperor and in Greece for a slightly longer period, but in the last century of the Republic the independent cities of Asia Minor rather than the Hellenistic princes or the Roman satraps shaped the course of Greek art. Roman victories and Roman money bought commemorative monuments in Greece, and Asia honored the leaders of the Republic who came to its territories, but free enterprise ruled the type and location of these inscribed and sculptured dedications. Thus, Delphi, as home of the free Greek cities, contained the first Roman triumphal monument in the Greek world, that of Aemilius Paullus, and less than a century later Pergamon honored Mithradates as liberator of Asia with a large relief. The mythological presentation of Herakles freeing Prometheus scarcely hid the implied insult to Roman encroachments in the Hellenistic world. As the Republic catapulted toward autocracy, Athens could afford to be on the wrong side in every war, yet set up the most traditional, dignified monuments to those who robbed her last liberties. A climactic moment was that day when the heads of Augustus' son and grandson by adoption or marriage, Nero Drusus and Germanicus, were substituted for those of the horsemen (Dioskouroi) by Myron and his son at the entrance to the Athenian Acropolis. The Athenians even went on to honor the T H E R O M A N S CONQUERED

ι

R O M A N I M P E R I A L ART IN GREECE AND ASIA M I N O R

emperor Nero by inscribing his names and titles in letters of bronze on the eastern architrave of the Parthenon. This dedication may not have survived the great performer's career. The interaction of Hellenistic and late Republican patronage on the arts was not completely suppressed by the imperatoria! autocracy. In southeast Asia Minor and northwest Mesopotamia the Commagene dynasts built one of the grandest oriental-Hellenistic complexes at Nimrud Dagh, only a few decades before they could hold their territories merely on sufferance from the Romans. Over a century and a half later, the grandson of the last Seleucid ruler of Commagene lent his name to the largest Roman funerary monument in Athens, Philopappos on Mouseion Hill. Herodes Atticus is often cited as a man compelled to lavish patronage by his desire to rival the imperial family. This is partly true. In another sense, however, Herodes was the munificent continuer of Hellenistic traditions of private enterprise reaching back to the Attalid gifts to Athens and the completion of the temple of Apollo at Didyma. Peisistratos began the Athenian temple of the Olympian Zeus as an autocratic enterprise, but the temple's Hellenistic constructions were carried out by a Roman architect using funds supplied by a Seleucid king. This was, in a sense, free enterprise, and, when Hadrian finished the giant shrine, he was completing the work of an overseas Macedonian whose connections with Athens were intellectual rather than political. The final word on the Olympeion was had by the citizens themselves and by the cities of Greece and Asia Minor. They turned the precinct into an apotheosis of the emperor Hadrian during his lifetime. The fact that private citizens kept the initiative of commemoration both for their own kind and for Hellenistic rulers and Roman emperors provided continuity from Hellenistic Greece and Asia Minor to the Greek imperial period. Although the imperial family might become the focus of commemoration and pay for much building, the construction always bore the name of private citizens working through the city administration. The notion of the Greek city as a political unit was as strong in the art of the Antonine period as it was in Attica of the Periclean age. When Roman officials or wealthy Greeks did not initiate the commemorations, they were carried out under the initiative of the Boule and Demos of the city. To select at random, at Iconium in Lycaonia a long inscription built into the casde wall states that "the inhabitants of the Claudian city of Iconium have honored Lucius Pupius (whose family and tides follow), proconsul of Claudius and Nero in the province of Galatia; their benefactor and the restorer of their city." There are countless such inscriptions throughout the Greek imperial world. TYPES OF MONUMENTS

Temples, functional architectural complexes, and statues in honor of

2

GREEK

ART IN AN I M P E R I A L

POLITY

the imperial family and their representatives comprise the bulk of the Roman monuments in Greece and Asia Minor. Before A.D. 300 the great Antonine altar at Ephesus was practically the only monument in the Greek world that paralleled the state reliefs of imperial Rome. The temples begin in a systematic way with those dedicated jointly to Roma and Augustus in Athens and Asia Minor, although the cult of Roma had enjoyed a longer history in Athens and Asia Minor. The round temple to Roma and Augustus on the Acropolis can not be termed an intrusion, for its delicate carving recalls the Erechtheum and its inscription on the architrave is about all (save for statues now lost) that must have brought attention to the Roman imperium. There is no better example of sober functional architecture than the gateway to the Roman agora in Athens. Its Doric architecture harmonized with the surroundings, and the dedication to the grandson of Augustus was every bit as Greek as various Athenian dedications to their own famous citizens. Athenian statues of the imperial family show a literal continuity with those set up to the Attalid kings of Pergamon. T h e lofty monument to Agrippa at the left of the entrance to the Acropolis and the similar monument to Tiberius in front of the Stoa of Attalus were fashioned by replacing statues of Attalus II or Eumenes. T h e heads could have been changed, like the Dioskouroi of the Acropolis, or the Attalid statues could have been moved elsewhere in the city. T h e memorable monuments of Roman art in Asia Minor are the combinations of architecture and epigraphy. By the third century there was hardly a city which did not have a gate, stoa, nymphaeum, or decorative arch incorporating a dedication to one of the imperial dynasties. At Carian Aphrodisias under Tiberius the long portico included sculpture of a decorative and commemorative sort, heads of Augustus and his family mixed with those of divinities, satyrs, personifications, and local heroes. The idea was revived here in the fourth century when a building was completed or rebuilt with tondo medallions of literati such as Menander, of personifications such as the Tyche of the city, of contemporary men of intellect and of members of the Constantinian house. An intervening stage is represented in the agora at Smyrna, as rebuilt late in the reign of Marcus Aurelius. The carving of the en try ways included keystone busts of the imperial family. The usual monument or building, however, lacked architectural enrichment of a specifically imperial nature. The frieze or architrave of a gate or colonnade was filled with giant, well-cut letters honoring the imperial family, the city, and those responsible for the building. T h e inscription was often repeated in both Greek and in Latin. Statues no doubt were placed in the immediate vicinity. Hadrian's Athenian gate, marking the "City of Theseus" and the "City of Hadrian," provided an unusual variation of such commemoration, for statues of Hadrian, and

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probably Trajan or Sabina, stood on the Athenian (traditional) side at the entrance to the Olympeion. The gate itself is of a type found at several places in western Asia Minor, at Eleusis and at Olympia. The phenomenon of Hadrian's activity is unequaled in the Greek world. An overt admirer of Greek culture, he stimulated the imperial treasury, city administrations, and private citizens to unparalleled heights of activity. This building and commemoration had the emperor as its focus, both from traditions of the ruler cult and in gratitude for what he had done intellectually and materially. The completed Olympeion became as much a shrine of Hadrian, the "thirteenth Olympian," as a temple of the Olympian Zeus, and the building rightly emerged as "Hadrian's palace" in the late Middle Ages, when memories of Zeus had died and the inscriptions to Hadrian remained. The many statues of Hadrian the Philhellene set up in the temenos followed a Greek imperial tradition of city-dedications. This tradition may be traced back to the statues of grateful cities installed in Rome around an image of Tiberius. In another sense, the honors paid to Hadrian were carried almost too far. His statues, to the number of twelve or one for each tribe, were placed in the Athenian theater of Dionysos. Several were set among the choicest seats, in such a way as to block the view of the stage for many in the seats behind. IMPERIAL STATUES

Imperial statues in Greece and Asia Minor fall into three categories. The first presents the emperor as a divinity or hero. This type is not used for empresses, despite the fact that Italy has yielded statues of the imperial consorts in various divine guises and degrees of nudity. The most popular model for statues of emperors as divinities seems to have been the Diomedes attributed to Kresilas: The best example of this group is the Hadrian from the library at Pergamon. The most striking heroic statue is the Trajan as Zeus or Poseidon, ruler of land or sea, in the Castro at Tigani on Samos, and the most famous is the Claudius as Zeus at Olympia. Roman aesthetic and religious influence is evident by the end of the second century A.D., when Septimius Severus appears as the cult image of Mars Pater in the impressive bronze found on Cyprus. The second category is comprised of the statues of emperors and empresses in civic garb. The former are nearly always represented in himation rather than toga, and the latter in costumes modeled after the standard prototypes for draped statues used in the Greek world from early Hellenistic times. A Julio-Claudian, probably the young Tiberius, appears in a toga at Eleusis, where Roman emperors sought to be remembered as initiates in the mysteries. Nerva wears a himation in his memorial statue in the "Nymphaeum of Trajan" at Ephesus. Costume and historical events meet in the statue of Marcus Aurelius from Attaleia, 6

G R E E K ART IN AN I M P E R I A L

POLITY

for the emperor is clad in the sagum or long cloak over a tunic, the dress he ordered his officers to wear when not on combat duty along the frontiers, in an attempt to make the legions appear less warlike to the citizens of the empire. The third type, the cuirassed statue, is the most frequently found after the end of the Julio-Claudian period. The only surviving statue of Nero, from Tralles, presents him in the enriched field armor which was to enjoy great popularity in the Antonine period. Augustus or Agrippa had already been sculpted in armor commemorative of Actium, among the Hellenistic and Roman Republican leaders commemorated at the Amphiareion in Attica. Titus stood among the Julio-Claudians in the metroon at Olympia, wearing a cuirass of a style used throughout the Roman world. At least, it belongs to a group examples of which are not uncommon in Italy and North Africa. Hadrian saw a type of cuirassed statue developed for his likenesses spread from Athens or Corinth throughout the Greek imperial world from Greece to northwest Asia Minor to Crete to Syria and to Cyrene. Before the porphyry Tetrarchs, the last documented imperial cuirassed statue in the Greek world is the Septimius Severus in field armor from Alexandria. THE THIRD AND FOURTH CENTURIES The principal monuments of the decades from the death of Severus Alexander to the advent of the Tetrarchy are the milestones set up along the roadways of Asia Minor in use since Persian times. They give in Greek and in Latin the current titles of the emperors, but they cannot be considered a substitute for art, even the art of epigraphy. The gates rebuilt in the name of Claudius II at Nicaea about 270 are one of the major landmarks of Roman imperium during the years immediately after barbarian and Sassanian onslaughts in Anatolia. At Smyrna construction apparendy was carried out in the agora about 240, during the reign of Gordian the Third. Under this emperor copies of Greek statues were made to adorn the great nymphaeum façade at Miletus. There are few if any new imperial statues during these dark years. On occasion older ones were reused by substituting new heads. The agora in Athens testifies to the fact that in these years many works of art were dragged from their pedestals and melted down or bundled (with their marble bases) into city walls built before or after the advent of the barbarians. After 296 the Tetrarchs changed many aspects of the political system of the empire, and Roman art in the Eastern provinces also took on a decidedly different character. Its new aspect, as exemplified by the Arch of Galerius at Salonika, was no less firmly grounded in Hellenism than the Greek imperial art of previous decades. As the coinage demonstrates, Diocletian set out to make Latin the official language, even in the Greek world, and to centralize artistic expression in the work of uniform 7

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CYS Dedication made by Eratophanes of RHODES, who describes himself as the priest of "the god Sebastos and founder of the city of Zeus Eleutherios" (Stuart, Claudius, p. 57; A. D. Nock, HSCP 41 [1930] 40). There was apparently a priest of Divus Augustus; the date is A.D. 5 0 ( M a g i e , I I , 1 3 3 3 ,

1402).

H A L I C A R N A S S U S (Bodrum) Ref.: Magie, pp. 9093. Roman trophies, with figures of captive barbarians, may have been set up in the Mausoleum períbolos and at nearby M Y N D U S (see G. E. Bean and J. M. Cook, ABSA L [ 1 9 5 5 ] 92 and note 43; Möbius, AM L [ 1 9 2 5 ] 45). One head seems to have worn a Phrygian cap. Dedication to Augustus as savior of the world and mankind (V. Ehrenberg and A. H. M. Jones, Documents illustrating the reigns of Augustus and Tiberius, 2nd ed., 1 9 5 5 , no. 98). Statue of Tiberius (Inan-Rosenbaum, p. 45, no. 15).

AND I N S C R I P T I O N S

BY

SITE

Statue of Drusus Junior (Inan-Rosenbaum, p. no. 3 ) . Marble shield dedicated to Claudius and Delian Artemis (C. T. Newton, A History of Discoveries at Halicarnassus [London, 1 8 6 2 ] , p. 6 9 8 , no. 6a). Statue of Sabina as Nea Hera, rather than Julia, daughter of Titus (Inan-Rosenbaum, p. 45,

4 6 , n o . 1 ; BCH

4 [ 1 8 8 0 ] 3 9 6 , no. 3).

Column (not a milestone?) dedicated to the First Tetrarchs (CIL, III, no. 449). Fragment of the Price Edict of Diocletian (G. Cousin, BCH 1 4 [ 1 8 9 0 ] i o 8 f f . , no. 1 0 ) . HERACLEIA SALBACE, in Caria or southwest Phrygia Refs.: MAMA, VI ( 1 9 3 9 ) pp. xiv, 3 3 É E . , i43f.; Robert, Carie, pp. i66f. (Vakif). Statue base to Lucius Caesar, grandson of Augustus (MAMA, p. 144, no. 66*; Robert, no. 47; CIG, no. 3953 e )· Statue base to Nerva, A.D. 97; the lettering is very good and, presumably, so was the statue (MAMA, p. 33, no. 90, pi. 1 7 ; Robert, pp. i66f., no. 48). Statue to Trajan, at Karahisar, probably in A.D. 113 on the occasion of his passage to the Parthian wars and erected by his physician T. Statilius Criton, from a bequest (MAMA, p. 34, no. 91, pi. 17; Robert, p. 167, no. 49). Inscription on statue base to Hadrian, probably dedicated in A.D. 129, in the name of the Demos (MAMA, p. 35, no. 92, pi. 17; Robert, no. 51); at Vakif. Votive monument to Hadrianus Augustus, by T. Statilius who was Prefect of the thirtieth legion (MAMA, p. 143, no. 63*). Marble block from the entablature of a colonnade, probably a stoa or a temple dedicated to the Fortune of Trajan and Hadrian (MAMA, p. 35, no. 93; Robert, p. 168, no. 50); at Karahisar. Milestone used three times in the upper section and once below: above to Theodosius II, Valentinianus III, 435 to 450; to the sons of Constantine as Caesars, 337 to 340; and to Arcadius, Honorius, 395 to 408; and below in the time of the Caesars Constantius, Galerius Maximianus, 292 to 305 (MAMA, p. 35, no. 94; Robert, p. 199, no. 123). Milestone to the First Tetrarchs, in Greek and Latin (MAMA, no. 96; Robert, no. 122). Milestone to Arcadius (MAMA, no. 95; Robert, no. 1 2 4 ) .

IASSUS or IASUS (Asinkale or Asin Kurin) Refs.: Texier, Description, pp. I38ff.; Magie, pp. 9o6f. Column to Germanicus Caesar (V. Bérard, BCH

15

[1891]

545, no.

10).

Statue of Antoninus Pius, hailed as the Olympian (A. E. Kontoleon, BCH 11 [ 1 8 8 7 ] 2 1 8 , no. 11 : the provenance perhaps not positive, PASSALA being a possibility; Inan-Rosenbaum, p. 4 8 , no. 15). Exedrae with double row of porticoes between, dedicated to Artemis Astias or Astiadis and to Commodus, by Diocles who built this in memory of his dead son, a stephanophoros. Dedication to Divus Severus and to Caracalla (BCH

8 [1884]

458).

Statue base to Julianus II, with dedicator's name erased (by Christians?) (D. Levi, Annuario 3 9 - 4 0 [ 1 9 6 1 - 1 9 6 2 ] 5 8 0 , no. 8 ) . IDYMA (near Kozlu Kuyu, at the end of the Sinus Ceramicus) Dedication to Vespasian, giving the city's name (G. E. Bean and J. M. Cook, BSA 5 2 [ 1 9 5 7 ] 69).

KALLIPOLIS or CALLIPOLIS (perhaps at Asar, east-southeast of IDYMA) Altar to Domitia, wife of Domitian, from the people of the city (G. E. Bean, J. M. Cook, BSA 5 2 [ 1 9 5 7 ] 8if.). LAGINA (Leina) Ref.: J. Hatzfeld, BCH 4 4 ( 1 9 2 0 ) 7 0 - 1 0 0 , especially 73, no. 4. Statue of Nerva, A.D. 96, in connection with restoration of privileges. Mugía Statue of Tiberius (Inan-Rosenbaum, p. 45, no. 1 6 ; IGRR, IV, no. 1 2 8 8 ) . MYLASA (Milâs) Ref.: Magie, pp. 907f. Altar(?) to the Tyche of Gaius Caesar (Magie, p. 1 3 4 3 ; BCH 1 2 [ 1 8 8 8 ] 1 5 , no. 4 ) . Lucius is also mentioned. Dedication to Claudius by the Senate in the priesthood of Tiberius Claudius Meneitas. Inan-Rosenbaum (p. 46, no. 10) suggest a statue. Head of Septimius Severus, now in Istanbul (Mendel, II, no. 4 2 8 ? ) . Fragments of the Price Edict of Diocletian (CIL, III, 2 , p. 8 2 0 ) .

479

APPENDIX M Y N D U S (Gümüslük?) Dedications to divinities, mentioning Trajan (L. Robert, B C H 60 [ 1 9 3 6 ] 199t). Head with a Phrygian cap, from a monument in the form of a set of trophies (possibly now in Izmir). PANAMAROS Statue of Augustus, at the temple of Zeus (BCH 12 [1888] 2 7 1 , no. 56). PHYSCUS Head of Livia (recorded in Marmaris). Circular altar to Marcus Aurelius and Lucius Verus (A.D. 1 6 3 - 1 6 4 ) , probably with statues (Robert, REG 75 [ 1 9 6 2 ] 203^, no. 298). SEBASTOPOLIS (Kizdca) Refs.: Robert, Carie, II, 3 1 3 - 3 3 6 , Imperial inscriptions, pp. 3 i 7 Í f . ; Magie, p. 1 3 3 4 . Statue(?) of Trajan, 1 1 6 to χ 1 7 , perhaps set up by P. Statius Hermas with statue of Nike on the occasion of the Parthian victory; this is an honorary inscription (Robert, no. 168). Inan-Rosenbaum (p. 4 7 , no. 19) list it among the statue bases. Statue of Severus Alexander. The curator reipublicae is also mentioned (no. 169), and there is the (usual) partial damnatio. Statue of Julia Domna or Mamaea (no. 170), the base being of local, reddish marble; in the name of the Boule and Demos, from local archons who are epimeletes for the erection of the statue. See also Inan-Rosenbaum, p. 50, no. 13. S T R A T O N I C E I A (Eski Hissar or Hisar) Price Edict of Diocletian, inscribed in Latin on the exterior of the temple (CIL, III, 2, pp. 804fr.). TABAE Refs.: MAMA, V I (1939), pp. xv, 59ff., 145; Magie, p. 1003 (Kale Tavas). "Honorific" to Tiberius Augustus (MAMA, p. 1 4 5 , no. 9 1 * ; BCH 14 [ 1 8 9 0 ] 626, no. 29). T H E R A (Yerkesik) Ref.: P. M. Fraser and G. E. Bean, The Rhodian Peraea and the Islands (Oxford, 1954), p. 48, no. 4 7 , pi. 12. Possible fragment of a decree stele or commemorative aedicula in the name of Vespasian, from the Koinon of T H E R A ; the lettering on this section of cornice or lintel is rather crude.

480

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OF

ART

Found just outside village, at Pazaiyeri, with many ancient stones and foundations. T H Y S S A N U S (On the western side of the Peninsula of Loryma) Dedication to Domitian and Domitia by Jason (Magie, p. 1 4 2 7 ) . There was a large Severan dedication, evidently with statues, to Septimius Severus, Julia Domna, Caracalla, and Geta (Inan-Rosenbaum, p. 50, under no. 18; citing Sb. Ak. Wiss. Wien, 1 7 5 , no. 1 [ 1 9 1 3 ] 52f.). T R A P E Z O P O L I S , in Caria or southwest Phrygia Ref.: MAMA, VI (1939), PP· 22L (Boll.). Marble pedestal to Hadrian, by Titus Flavius Maximus Lysias ( M A M A , p. 22, no. 60; Anderson, JHS 17 [ 1 8 9 7 ] 402, no. 8). Relief of a large eagle flanked by a woman who is Nike, a nymph, or possibly a personification. Inscription gives the name of Apollonios son of Menekratos from P H O C A E A in Ionia. The monument is a curious mixture of Hellenistic funerary decoration and Roman imperial iconography (MAMA, p. 22, no. 62, pi. 12; on funerary eagles, see G. E. Bean, AnatSt 10 [ i 9 6 0 ] 62f., note 38). TYMNUS Statue of Claudius (SEG, XIV, no. 703; InanRosenbaum, p. 46, no. 12). LYCIA

For cults of the emperor in Lycia, see Magie, p. 1392 and bibl. ACALISSUS Statue of Commodus (ΤΑΜ, II, 3, no. 879). (Inan-Rosenbaum note "the base has two sets of marks for feet on the top, and therefore supported two statues, possibly that of Crispina, although she is not mentioned in the inscription" (p. 50, no. 9). ANDRIACA Refs.: IGRR, III; Magie, pp. 1 3 5 7 , 1 3 7 5 . Statue of Germanicus, from the Demos of M Y R A , hailing him as savior and rejuvenator (IGRR, III, no. 7 1 5 ) . Statue of Agrippina Senior, pendant to the previous, ca. A.D. 17 to 18 (no. 7 1 6 ) . Statue of Nero Claudius Drusus; this is perhaps Drusus the son of Tiberius rather than Drusus son of Germanicus; the Demos hails him as patron and rejuvenator too (no. 7 1 7 ) .

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Inan-Rosenbaum suggest that it is Drusus brother of Tiberius (p. 45, no. 3). The Hadrianic granary and shipsheds contained statues and inscriptions from the time of the Julio-Claudians (J. S. Reid, The Municipalities of the Roman Empire [Cambridge, I I 9 3 ] » P· 364)· There were double inscriptions or statue bases to Augustus the savior and to Agrippa, likewise hailed, from the Demos of MYRA (no. 719). There was a statue of Livia as Julia Augusta, after A.D. 14, and as mother of Tiberius (no. 720) and a statue of Tiberius Augustus (no. 7 2 1 ) . Niches in the façade of the granary for busts of T r a j a n and Hadrian or Hadrian and Sabina (CIL, III, nos. 2 3 2 and 6738, with sketch). T h e inscription runs along the outer wall, and the "protomes" are left and right over the arched door. APERLAE (on isthmus at eastern end of the Bay of Asar) Ref.: Magie, p. 1 3 7 6 . Baths were built on the sea, near Aperlae with the inscription honoring Titus and certain legates; senate and people of city and people of their republic constructed this bath and entrance portico from the foundation to the top, A.D. 80. Chief official is Titus Aurelius Quietus, Consul SufFectus in 82, as Legatus, Propraetor (Texier, Description, p. 2 3 3 ; I G R R , III, no. 690). Big inscription (and statues?) dedicated by the City to the Tetrarchs, 292 to 305 ( I G R R , III, no. 691); possibly a Kaisareion.

Statue of Nerva (Magie, p. 1450). Public works in connection with living or housing accommodations in a gymnasium area carried out by locals in name of T r a j a n , A.D. 1 1 2 to 1 1 7 (IGRR, III, no. 639). Dedication to Caracalla (Magie, p. 1 5 5 2 ) . Inan-Rosenbaum list a statue base (p. 5 1 , no. 23; citing ΤΑΜ, II, 3, no. 764); they cite the same source for a statue base of Geta (p. 5 1 , no. 6). ARYCANDA (Aruf or Arif, near the Bashgöz Chay or Baskozçay [river] ) Ref.: IGRR, III. Dedication, in A.D. 258, to the family of Valerian, Gallienus from the Boule and Demos (no. 643). Supplication and rescript of A.D. 311 to 3 1 2 to Caesars and Augusti Galerius Valerius Maximinus (Flavius Valerius Constantinus) and Valerius Licinianus Licinius, found in the lower part of the stadium and now in Istanbul (Mendel, Catalogue, II, 5 7 i f . , no. 779; CIL, III, suppl. II, nos. 1 2 1 3 2 , 13625b). BALBURA (Katara) Refs.: IGRR, III; Magie, p. 1 3 7 7 . Long dedication to Vespasian, Titus, and Domitian, A.D. 84 to 85 (IGRR, no. 466). Letter written in 1 5 8 by Antoninus Pius to the Balburians concerning Meleagros, son of Castor, a musical victor (no. 467). Dedication to Septimius Severus and Caracalla (no. 468). See also below, under the modern village of Kozagaci.

APOLLONIA Double dedication (two statues on one base?) to Augustus and Tiberius, from the Demos (IGRR, III, no. 694).

Road from BALBURA to OENOANDA Milestone with inscriptions to Septimius Severus and Diocletian, found at Dont (Magie, p. 1373)·

ARALISSUS or ARALISEIS Neocorate. Statue of Commodus with damnatio (IGRR, III, no. 656).

CADYANDA (near Üzümlü) Ref.: IGRR, III. Public works in honor of Vespasian with (statue or) stone set up in his honor (IGRR, III, no. 507; ΤΑΜ, 651). Another similar stone to Vespasian, in connection with a large Doric temple (no. 508). Milestone, on road through Lycia to C A U N U S in Caria, to Septimius Severus and Caracalla, found at Üzümlü (IGRR, III, no. 509; Magie, Ρ· 1374). Dedication to Caracalla, a statue; he bears the name and titles of Marcus Aurelius (IGRR, III, no. 5 1 0 ; Magie, p. 1 5 5 2 ) . See Inan-Rosenbaum, p. 49, no. 20.

ARAXIS or ARAXA (Örenköy) Ref.: IGRR, III. Statue of Antoninus Pius, from the Boule and Demos (no. 504). ARNEIS or ARNEAE (Ernes) Ref.: IGRR, III. Statues of Claudius, Messalina, and Britannicus, after A.D. 44 (Magie, p. 1406). Statue of Vespasian (Inan-Rosenbaum, p. 46, no. 6).

481

APPENDIX CHIMERA (Yanartas) Ref.: Magie, pp. 1375!:. Statue base to Hadrian by town council of Olympus (Stark, Lycian shore, p. 169); not surely, the same as the following? Dedication (altar?) to Hadrian, from the Boule and Demos (IGRR, III, no. 752). COMBIS (Gömbe) (see also PINARA) Ref.: IGRR, III. Double statue base of Julia, daughter of Divus Titus, and Domitia, wife of Augustus Domitianus, A.D. 81 to 9 1 , from the Boule and Demos of PINARA (no. 573). Statue of Valerian, ca. A.D. 256, from the Boule and Demos (no. 572). Inan-Rosenbaum mention a statue base of Valerian, son of Gallienus (p. 52, no. 2; ΤΑΜ, II, 3, no. 734). CORYDALLA (Hajjivella, that is; near Haciveliler and Kumluca) Ref.: IGRR, III. Statue of Marcus Aurelius, from the Boule and Demos (no. 743). Statue of Septimius Severus, A.D. 2 1 0 to 2 1 1 (no. 744). Statue of Caracalla (ΤΑΜ, II, 3, no. 936; Inan-Rosenbaum, p. 5 1 , no. 24). CYANEAE (Yavi or Ya'u) Refs.: Head, p. 695; Stark, Alexander's path, p. 1 7 0 ; IGRR, III. Arched gate to Hadrian, with inscription and "disc" in relief. Statue of Antoninus Pius, who did much for the Lycian cities after an earthquake (IGRR, III, no. 701). Letter to the Lycian communities, after A.D. 1 4 3 , from Antoninus Pius (IGRR, III, no. 702). HEPHAESTION Statue of Hadrian, A.D. 1 2 8 to 1 3 8 (ΤΑΜ, II, 3, no. 1 1 7 2 ; Inan-Rosenbaum, p. 48, no. 40). IDEBESSUS Ref.: IGRR, III. Statue of Divus Commodus, "Savior and rejuvenator of the universe," for the city (no. 644). Statue of Caracalla, from the city (no. 645; Magie, p. 1552). Inan-Rosenbaum list two statue bases (p. 5 1 , nos. 25, 26; citing ΤΑΜ, II, 3, nos. 828, 829).

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Gordian III, from several cities in alliance, a dedication and perhaps a statue (no. 646). Kozagaci Statue of Septimius Severus, with full titles relating to his Eastern wars, set up by the town of Toriaion, one of five villages in the territory of BALBURA (G. E. Bean, BSA 51 [ 1 9 5 6 ] 1 5 6 , no. 59; Inan-Rosenbaum, p. 50, no. 30). LETO or LETOON (about four miles southwest of Xanthus) (Kumluova, Tümtüm) Refs.: IGRR, III; Magie, p. 1 3 8 4 . Statue of Trajan, A.D. 1 0 2 , from the city and the Lycian metropolis (IGRR, no. 600). Statue of Hadrian(?) (no. 6 0 1 ; see also InanRosenbaum, p. 48, no. 48). Faustina II as Augusta, 146 to 1 7 6 (no. 602). LIMYRA and vicinity (Dernek) Stoa built and dedicated to Domitian (IGRR, III, no. 729). Milestone to Septimius Severus and Caracalla as Augustus, A.D. 198 to 199, showing course of the road along the left bank of the Arycandus and found a few miles north of LIMYRA (IGRR, III, no. 730; Magie, p. 1374). Milestone of Constantine, along western shore of Lake Sögüt (Magie, p. 1 3 7 4 ) . MYRA (Demre or Köycik) Refs.: IGRR, III; Magie, p. 1 3 7 5 . Inscription to Divus Caesar Augustus (IGRR, III, no. 722). See the colossal head of Augustus in the Antalya Museum, which appears to be post A.D. 14. Dedication to Augustus as savior of the world (BCH 85 [ 1 9 6 1 ] 90; Ehrenberg and Jones, Documents illustrating the reigns of Augustus and Tiberius, no. 72). Statue of Titus (IGRR, III, no. 723). Statue to a legatus of Titus (IGRR, III, no. 724). NEISA Statue of Marcus Aurelius(?) (ΤΑΜ, II, 3, no. 738; Inan-Rosenbaum, p. 49, no. 2 1 ) . Dedication to Caracalla (Magie, p. 1 5 5 2 ) . Monument, dedication to Tranquillina (Magie, p. 1564); Inan-Rosenbaum (p. 52, no. 3; citing ΤΑΜ, II, 3, no. 739) term this a statue base. OENOANDA (Inceveliler or Injealilar) Refs.: IGRR, III; Magie, p. 1 3 7 7 .

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Dedication to Caesar (Octavian) and the Demos by Moles who had been connected with Octavian's cult at Xanthus (Magie, p. 1386). Altar to Hadrian, a fragmentary inscription (G. Cousin, BCH 24 [1900] 343, no. 8; InanRosenbaum, p. 48, no. 4 1 , as a statue base). Statue of Antoninus Pius, as savior and benefactor of the Kosmos, from the city (IGRR, III, no. 483). Altar to Septimius Severus (no. 484). OLYMPUS (Delik Tas; Jirali or Çirah) Ref.: Magie, pp. i i 6 8 f . , 1375. Statue to Hadrian, from the Boule and Demos (LeBas, Waddington, no. 1342). Statue of Marcus Aurelius, from the Boule and Demos, "in consequence of kind gifts twice" (IGRR, III, no. 747). The pedestal was recorded in the doorway of the (a) temple (Fellows, Asia Minor, p. 213). Temple dedicated to Marcus Aurelius (Stark, Lycian shore, p. 165). PATARA (Kelemis) Refs.: W. Pars, Antiquities of Ionia, III, 85fE.; IGRR, III; Magie, p. 1 3 7 5 . Triple arch at the entrance to the city; principal inscription a dedication from the Demos to Patara the Principal City (Metropolis) of the Lycian League. Dedication to Vespasian by Sextus Marcius Priscus, over the door to the second chamber of the large bath (IGRR, III, no. 659; ΤΑΜ 396). Statue of Matidia (ΤΑΜ, II, no. 419; InanRosenbaum, p. 47, no. 2; see also under Hadrian, p. 48, no. 42). Statue of Hadrian (IGRR, III, no. 660). Dedication to Hadrian, Olympian, after A.D. 131 (IGRR, no. 661); this is called a statue base by Hicks (JHS 10 [1889] 77, no. 29). Dedication to Hadrian, Olympian (IGRR, no. 662). Base of statue of Sabina Augusta, between A.D. 128 and 136, as Nea Hera (IGRR, no. 663; Magie, p. 1479). It evidently stood with the dedications to Matidia and Hadrian (see also Inan-Rosenbaum, p. 48, no. 7). Inscription on wall of the theater to Antoninus Pius, A.D. 147, by Velia Procula (Fellows, Lycia, 4i6f., no. 169; IGRR, no. 664; CIG, no. 4283). Fellows gives a full translation of the fascinating, now destroyed inscription. Group of statue bases or single base with three

statues: Marcus Aurelius in the center with Faustina II on the left and Lucius Verus on the right, A.D. i47(?) (IGRR, no. 665). Altar to Lucius Verus, on the way to the Eastern wars (IGRR, no. 666; CIG, no. 4283b; Magie, p. 1530). PHASELIS (Tekirova) Refs.: IGRR, III; G. E. Bean, Belleten 22 (1958) 77S.; Magie, pp. i37of. Dedication to Vespasian, after A.D. 73 (IGRR, III, no. 754). There was a statue (Inan-Rosenbaum, p. 46, no. 7). Dedication to Domitian (with damnatio), A.D. 93 to 94 (IGRR, no. 755). Both this and the preceding are evidently statues, although this at least was inscribed "sur une porte" (V. Bérard, BCH 16 [1892] 44of., no. 89). Temple with Trajan's name and oak and ivy leaves carved on the cornices (Stark, Lycian shore, p. 174). There was a statue of Trajan (ΤΑΜ, II, 1189; Inan-Rosenbaum, p. 47, no. 22); Plotina was honored in this fashion (ΤΑΜ, II, 1190; Inan-Rosenbaum, p. 47, no. 3)· Fragment of a building inscription, same as previous and to Hadrian rather than Trajan (Fellows, Asia Minor, pp. 21 if.). Bérard saw Hadrian's name on a fragment of a large architrave in the theater (p. 443, no. 92). Series of dedications by various Lycian cities in honor of Hadrian's visit to PHASELIS, probably in A.D. 129 to 130 (see ΤΑΜ, II, 1191-3). Inscriptions from the port record his arrival (CIG, nos. 4336, 4337, 4334. 4335 and p. 1157). Dedication to Hadrian, ca. 129, from the city of AKALISUS (IGRR, no. 756) and pendant dedication from the city of CORYDALLA, also to Hadrian (IGRR, no. 757)· Statue of Hadrian, after 129, by two citizens (no. 758). Dedication to Hadrian, 131(no. 759). Dedication to Hadrian, 131, by the city of PHASELIS (no. 760). There were other dedications by other cities and by private individuals. Statue base(?) or, at least, dedicatory inscription to Hadrian, with full titles, by Boule and Demos (Bean, Belleten 22). Statue of Antoninus Pius (IGRR, no. 761). See also Inan-Rosenbaum, p. 48, nos. 25, 26; they cite ΤΑΜ, II, 3, nos. 1 1 9 6 , 1 1 9 7 , which appear to be this and the following, both as Antoninus Pius.

483

A P P E N D I X C. W O R K S OF PHASELIS (Tekirova) (continued) Statue of Marcus Aurelius (no. 762). Statue of Caracalla (Inan-Rosenbaum, p. 5 1 , n o . 2 7 ; ΤΑΜ,

I I , 3, n o . 1 1 9 8 ) .

Road from PHASELIS to ATTALEIA Milestone of Diocletian, found two hours west of Antalya (Magie, p. 1 1 3 7 ) . PINARA (see also COMBIS) (Minare) Refs.: IGRR, III; Magie, p. 1 3 7 5 . Statue of Julia, daughter of Titus (IGRR, III, n0 · 573! Inan-Rosenbaum, p. 46, no. 2). Domitia was likewise honored at the same time. Statue of Trajan, A.D. 1 0 2 , from the Boule and Demos (IGRR, III, no. 574). Statue of Hadrian, from the Boule and Demos (no. 575). Inan-Rosenbaum (p. 48, no. 27) give this as Antoninus Pius. PYDNAE to XANTHUS Milestone to the Tetrarchs, 292 to 305, found between the river Xanthus and PYDNAE, on the coast (IGRR, III, no. 606; Magie, p. 1373)· RHODIAPOLIS (Eski Hisar) Statue of Antoninus Pius, from the Boule and Demos (IGRR, III, no. 734). SIDYMA (Todurga) Refs.: IGRR, III; Stuart, Claudius, p. 59; Magie, p. 1376. There was a temple, apparently erected by Q. Veranius, imperial legate under Claudius, probably to all the Augusti (IGRR, III, no. 577; Magie, p. 1042).

Dedication to and separate statue of Claudius by two local men. One was Ti. Claudius Epagathus, the freedman, doctor and accensus of Claudius, and the other was Ti. Claudius Livianus; they also dedicated a stoa to their benefactor, in their home town (IGRR, nos. 578, 579). See also Inan-Rosenbaum, p. 46, no. 1 7 . Statue of Diva Plotina (died 122) by the Boule and Demos (no. 580). TERMESSUS MINOR (south of Cibyra, in Caria-Phrygia-Lycia triangle; probably at Asar Kemer near OENOANDA) Refs.: L. Robert, REA 62 (i960) 322f. cites Dessau, 8870; IGRR, III, 481; Magie, p. 1377. City had Sebastophoroi, numbered among the ephebes, as at ATHENS and TANAGRA. Gold, silver, and gilded bronze images of the

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emperors in the provinces, here and elsewhere, were carried in procession to and from the imperial temple. The custom is mentioned specifically at the outset of Valerian's reign. Priest of Hadrian is honored (IGRR, III, no. 1496).

Priestess of Julia Domna is honored (no. 1497). TLOS (Düver) Ref.: IGRR, III. Statue(?) of Augustus put up to the benefactor and savior of the people by the religious officials and the Gerousia (no. 546). Altar to Domitian, A.D. 85, through P. Vaivius Italicus, Legate and Propraetor (no. 548). Dedication to Sabina as Nea Hera (Magie, p. 1479). Inan-Rosenbaum indicate a statue base (p. 48, no. 8; after ΤAM, II, 2, no. 560). XANTHUS (Kimk) Ref.: Magie, pp. 1372, 1 3 7 5 , etc. Triumphal gate, arch with inscription, from the time of Vespasian and in the name of Sextus Marcius Priscus as Legatus Propraetor (Fellows, Lycia, pp. 409^, nos. i6of.; IGRR, III, no. 6 1 0 ; CIG, no. 4 2 7 1 ) . A portion of the

triglyphs and metopes (with busts of Apollo and Artemis) are in the British Museum (Smith, Catalogue, II, under no. 964). Dedication to Vespasian on a statue base near the gateway, also dedicated by Sextus Marcius Priscus (Fellows, no. 159; IGRR, III, no. 609; CIG, n o . 4 2 7 0 ) .

Statue of Trajan (IGRR, III, no. 600; Magie,

p. 1 4 5 1 ) .

PISIDIA ADADA In the third century A.D. a local benefactor named Hoplon receives a statue in a street just north of the temple of the emperors; he performs sacrifices to the imperial images and offers other celebrations in their honor (L. Robert, REA

62 [ i 9 6 0 ] 32of.; for imperial

images in precious metals, at EPHESUS and elsewhere, see also Robert, Annuaire Collège de France, 53 o année [ 1 9 5 3 ] 226®.; citing and disagreeing with K. Scott, TAPA 62 [ 1 9 3 1 ] 1 0 1 - 1 2 3 ) . The temple of the emperors may be the hexastyle, Ionic building, with imago clypeata in the pediment and with high bases like the Artemision at Ephesus, labeled TRAIANEION on a large bronze of Valerian and Gallienus: M.F.A. no. 63.868; Hesperia

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Art Bulletin XXV, no. 9 1 ; R. E. Hecht, NumChron 1964, p. 164.

COLBASA to SAGALASSUS

AGRAE An epistyle block with III, no. 6869).

Statue to Julia Domna, Mater Castrorum, from the Boule and Demos (IGRR, III, no. 337); Inan-Rosenbaum (p. 5 1 , no. 2 1 ) list this under LYSINIA (see below).

DIVO A V G V S T O

(CIL,

ANTIOCH (Yalvaç) Refs.: D. M. Robinson, ArtB 9 (1926) 5®.; Magie,pp. 1 3 1 5 f . ; Levick, AS 1 7 ( 1 9 6 7 ) i o i f f . Round column to I M P C A E S A R A V G V S T V S P P (CIL, III, no. 6803). Triple arch of Augustus (Victoriae and genii with garlands; captive Pisidians). Propylaea, with frieze of marine motifs. Statue of Drusus (JRS 2 [ 1 9 1 2 ] 100, no. 32); Inan-Rosenbaum (p. 45, no. 4) suggest this is Drusus Senior. Dedication to Domitian (CIL, III, no. 6804). Triple city gate, with inscription of Gaius Julius Asper, Consul in A.D. 2 1 2 ; kneeling Parthians with vexillum, standard in central panel (Levi, Ν um Notes Monogr. 1 2 3 , 1 9 5 2 , pp. 8f.; Robinson, pp. 45®.). Statue of Omonoia (Concordia) erected by LYSTRA and TAVIUM in the Severan period (Magie, p. 1 3 2 0 and bibl.). Rectangular base to Constantine the Great (CIL, III, no. 6805). Buildings also existed. Dedication to Gratian and his fellow Augusti, in Latin and set up A.D. 367 to 3 7 5 (B. Levick, AS 1 5 [ 1 9 6 5 ] 53-62). The inscription is cut on a block with remains of an Antonine or earlier dedication, also in Latin, to a distinguished colonial official. ARIASSUS Roman triple gate of the time of Hadrian (Stark, Alexander's path, p. 99). COLBASA to SAGALASSUS Statue of Hadrian (IGRR, III, no. 3 3 1 ) . Yari-Keuï or Yazi Köy, at the southwest end of Lake Burdur Dedication to Marcus Aurelius, Lucius Verus, from the city of SAGALASSUS (IGRR, III, no. 332). Dedication to Septimius Severus, Caracalla, Geta (rubbed out), and Julia Domna (no. 333). Deir or Diiver, near the southwest corner of Lake Burdur Dedication to the Tetrarchs, on the borders of SAGALASSUS (IGRR, III, no. 336).

El-Majiik or Elmacik

On a column, near SAGALASSUS Dedication as no. 3 3 3 (above); Geta seems to have been rubbed out here too (IGRR, III, no. 341)· COMAMA (by the fountain of §erefönü, between Ürkütlü and Garipçe) Refs.: Ramsay, Church, pp. 32f.; G. E. Bean, AnatSt 10 (i960) 5 3 - 5 5 . Statue of the Boule, as on coins, set up in imperial times (Bean, no. 102). Milestone, in the ruins of the city, commemorates roads built by Augustus to connect his Pisidian colonies. One led to OLBASA, COMAMA, and CREMNA; it is called the Via Regalis on the milestone. CONANA (Goinân) Statue of Septimius Severus, from the Boule, Demos, and Roman inhabitants (IGRR, III, no. 325). Dedication to Caracalla, a statue (CIL, III, no. 6870 = 1 2 , 1 4 6 ) . CREMNA (near Gürmegi or east of also cited as at Girme) Refs.: Magie, p. 1 3 1 7 ; J. B. Ward and M. Ballance, "The Caesarum at and the Basilica at Cremna," PBSR 26 135-194.

Bucak; Perkins Cyrene (1958)

Epistyle inscription to Nerva (CIL, III, no. 6873). Latin inscriptions record the dedication to the emperor Hadrian and to the Colony of Cremna of a basilica, forum, and exedra, erected by a certain Longus. The inscription appears to have run, in two lines, along the outer face of the east wall of the forum. A second copy apparently occupied the architrave of the forum colonnades (CIL, III, no. 6874). Epistyle fragment, A.D. 196 to 1 9 7 , to Septimius Severus, Julia Domna, Caracalla Caesar, and Julia Maesa, from the priests of the colony (CIL, III, no. 304). Statue of Caracalla (IGRR, III, no. 397).

485

APPENDIX HADRIANI (Gâvur Ören; perhaps on old inhabitation refounded) Ref.: G. E. Bean, AnatSt g (1959) 110. Large statue base of Lucius Verus from the Boule and Demos (Bean, no. 80). Large statue base of Caracalla from the Boule and Demos (Bean, no. 79). Kestel Statue of Caracalla (IGRR, III, no. 397; InanRosenbaum, p. 51, no. 38). LYSINIA (near Karakent on headland near southwest extremity of Burdur Gölü) Refs.: G. E. Bean, AnatSt 7 (1957) 25; G. E. Bean, AnatSt 9 (1959) 78-81, with full publication of the inscriptions. Statue base to Hadrian, inscribed by the Boule and Demos, on the site. The city and a local official are named (Bean, no. 22). Dedication to Marcus Aurelius as Emperor, from the Boule and Demos in the names of local officials. This is part of a building which may have stood where the stone was found (Bean, no. 23). Milestone to Constantine and Licinius, the third from Lysinia (Bean, no. 24). Two others from the same road are given (nos. 34, 61). MILYAS (?) (Melli-Milli or Milli Basköy) Refs.: G. E. Bean, AnatSt 10 (i960) 7Óf.; IGRR, III. Early Hellenistic walls, theater; mass of ruins, overthrown by earthquake. Bérard found six statue bases of Roman emperors (BCH 16 [1892] 436£F., nos. 70-75). Bean saw only one of these. Inan-Rosenbaum list no. 70 as a statue of Antoninus Pius (p. 49. no. 35). Dedication to Antoninus Pius, perhaps an altar and hailing him as savior of the universe, in the name of the Boule and Demos (IGRR, III, no. 386). Dedication to Antoninus Pius or Marcus Aurelius (IGRR, no. 385 = Bérard-Bean, no. 76), a building. Statue of Marcus Aurelius, as savior of the universe (IGRR, no. 387). See also Inan-Rosenbaum, p. 49, nos. 27, 28, which are Bérard's nos. 7 1 , 72. Statue of Commodus or (Septimius) Severus (IGRR, no. 388 = Bérard-Bean, no. 73). Statue of Septimius Severus (IGRR, no. 389).

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Statue, probably of Caracalla (IGRR, no. 390; no. 391 may join it). MOULASSA A statue(?) of Septimius Severus in the name of the Demos; he is styled savior of the universe (IGRR, III, no. 384). OLBASA (near Belenlü or Belenli) Round base of a statue to Claudius, A.D. 42 to 43, from the Colonia Olbasena (CIL, III, no. 6889). OSIENI area. (The name of the city east of the Burdur-Antalya road, near Karaot, was probably SIA). Refs.: IGRR, III; G. E. Bean, AnatSt 10 (i960) 74f. Statue of Marcus Aurelius (no. 418). Pendant statue of Lucius Verus (no. 419); Inan-Rosenbaum (p. 50, no. 39) list this as a statue of Septimius Severus. Statue of Septimius Severus, also in the name of the Demos (V. Bérard, BCH 16 [1892] 435, no. 67). Caracalla (no. 420). Geta (no. 421). These were evidently statues also (see Bérard, 43 5f.). Many Severan "family" groups with the Antonines in this area. PEDNELISSUS Ref.: R. Paribeni, et al., Annuario 3 ( 1 9 1 6 1920) 73-133» 1 4 3 - 1 5 9 ; Β· Pa ce » 149®· (inscriptions). These references presuppose that the Roman city near Chozan or Hozan is PEDNELISSUS; extensive Italian exploration and some excavation during the period of Allied intervention (and before) uncovered inscriptions in the impressive ruins of massive Roman architecture, but the city was not named. Others place PEDNELISSUS to the southeast; the inscriptions published by Pace may therefore refer to the unnamed city. Altar to Hadrian, from the local priest of Zeus; he was also connected with the cult(s) of the emperors (p. 152, no. 87). Temple dedicated to the Augusti and the patria from local citizens (pp. I54f., no. 93). Statue base to Nerva, from the Demos (p. 156, no. 97). Statue base to Trajan, from the Demos. This statue and the preceding may have flanked a gate (no. 98). Statue base, possibly to Commodus or Sep-

AND I N S C R I P T I O N S

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SITE

timius Severus (inscription very damaged) (p. 157, no. 99). POGLA (Çomakli) Refs.: 1GRR, III; G. E. Bean, AnatSt 10 (i960) 55-65. The old name of the modern village, Fugla, seems to derive from the ancient. Statue of Hadrian Olympian (no. 403). Architrave mentioning Julia Domna as Mater Castrorum (V. Bérard, BCH 16 [1892] 423). Inscription honoring Caracalla and Julia Domna, 2 1 3 , evidently statues (no. 404; Magie, p. 1552). PROSTANNA (near Egirdir) Ref.: M. H. Ballance, AnatSt 9 (1959) 1 2 4 129, with a plan of the site. One of two marble blocks, evidently once supporting a statue and inscribed to Nero from a retired standard bearer of the XIII or XV Legion. It was found on the acropolis reused in a rough wall not far from a building (C) that may have been a small temple (p. 128, no. 3)· SAGALASSUS (Aglasun or Aglason) Refs.: Lanckoronski, pp. 127E., 224Î. (inscriptions); IGRR, III; Magie, pp. i i 3 9 f . Dedication in Latin and Greek to Claudius, A.D. 42, on a square block (statue?) in the ruined buildings of the lower forum (CIL, III, no. 6871; IGRR, III, no. 344). Dedication to Nero, as Neos Helios and therefore comparable to his Colossus in Rome (IGRR, no. 345); Inan-Rosenbaum (p. 46, no. 14) term this a statue. Statue of Trajan, from the Boule and Demos (IGRR, no. 346). Statue of Hadrian (IGRR, no. 347). Temple of Antoninus Pius, large like the Trajaneum at PERGAMON and enclosed by temenos wall with propylaion; honorary columns or triumphal arches were within, and there were statues of emperors standing to the west of the building. Inscription to Antoninus Pius, from the first pro-Roman city of Pisidia (IGRR, no. 348). The area was an Antonine cult center. For a statue of Antoninus Pius, see also Inan-Rosenbaum, p. 49, no. 37; citing CIG, no. 4370. Statue(?) of Marcus Aurelius Caesar, from the Boule (IGRR, no. 349). Statue of Marcus Aurelius (CIG, III, no. 4370; Inan-Rosenbaum, p. 49, no. 31).

Statue of Commodus (no. 350). Three further dedications(?) to Commodus; Macellum repaired or rebuilt in the name of Commodus (no. 351). Six-sided statue base under the Propylaea, northwest of the temple of Apollo Klarios, to Septimius Severus. Statue of Septimius with usual titles of the city (no. 352). Statue of Caracalla, with full titles, A.D. 199(IGRR, no. 353; Magie, p. 1552)· Dedication to Severus Alexander and Julia Mamaea by a priest of the emperor (IGRR, no. 354)· Dedication to Gallienus and Salonina (no. 355)· Dedication to the Tetrarchs, A.D. 292 to 305 (Annuario 3 [ 1 9 1 6 - 2 0 ] 38f., no. 21). Six-sided statue base on east side of the market to Constantine the Great or Constantine II. SAGALASSUS Vicinity Statue of Marcus Aurelius (IGRR, III, no. 363). Dedication to Septimius Severus, Caracalla, Geta, and Julia Domna on a column near SAGALASSUS. Geta was apparently rubbed out (IGRR, III, no. 341). SELEUCEIA SIDERA (CLAUDIOSELEUCEIA) Statue of Claudius (IGRR, III, no. 328; Magie, p. 1406). SELGE (Serik) Ref.: Magie, p. 1 1 3 7 . Statue of Commodus (IGRR, III, no. 380). TERMESSUS MAJOR (Göllük or Güllük) Refs.: Lanckorcmski, II, 2iff.; IGRR, III; Magie, pp. 1 i36f. Circular altar or statue base, in the temple of Zeus Solymeus; typically Roman scene of sacrifice, with victim, victimarius, and two flute players, as on the late Republican bases from Rome. The figures appear to be in Greek costume (Lanckorcmski, pp. 48f., figs. 7f.). Statue of Augustus (?), as savior and restorer, from the Demos (IGRR, III, no. 426). Statue of Trajan (no. 427). Statue of Hadrian (no. 429). For these dedications, the statue bases, see Inan-Rosenbaum, p. 48, nos. 63-66. Propylaion of Hadrian with dedication on the architrave (Lanckoronski, pp. i2off., figs. 92ÉF.; see IGRR, no. 425); a modest, unpretentious little building.

487

APPENDIX TERME s s u s MAJOR

(continued)

Altar(?) to Hadrian as Olympian, from the Demos (IGRR, no. 430). Statue of Commodus, from the Boule and Demos (no. 431). There were two of these: Τ AM, III, ι , nos. 4 1 , 42; Inan-Rosenbaum, p. 50, nos. i 6 f . Statue of Septimius Severus (no. 432). Statue of Caracalla (no. 433; Magie, p. 1552). Statue of Constantine the Great (Inan-Rosenbaum, p. 52, no. 7; cites Τ Α Μ , III, ι , no. 4 5 : A.D. 310-324). Milestone with inscriptions to Diocletian, and Constantine and his sons, erected by the city and found on the right bank of the Istanos Çay near the crossing of the Taurus (Magie, p. 1138). Statue of Constantius II, A.D. 324 to 337 (Inan-Rosenbaum, p. 53, no. 3; Τ Α Μ , III, ι , no. 46). THYMBRIADIS or TIMBRIADA Dedication to Hadrian (IGRR, III, no. 329). TYMANDUS Refs.: MAMA, IV (1933) 82ff.; Magie, pp. 1 3 1 4 , 1 5 o i f . : on the APAMEIA-APOLL O N I A - A N T I O C H road (near Yaztu Veran). Limestone milestone, in Latin, to Hadrian, A.D. 122 (MAMA, p. 85, no. 234). Pedestal from a statue of Antoninus Pius, A.D. 140; recorded at Senirgent, "on the grave of Haji Arif effendi, donor of the large mosque" (MAMA, pp. 85f., no. 235; IGRR, III, no. 3 1 1 ) , perhaps commemorating elevation to the status of polis (Magie, p. 1502). See also E. Legrand, J. Chamonard, BCH 17 (1893) 258f., no. 40; Inan-Rosenbaum, pp. 48f., nos. 19, 38. Twentieth milestone on the A P O L L O N I A A N T I O C H road, at Bxiyiik Kabaja, to Constantine, Licinius I and II, Crispus, Constantinus II, and Constantius II (MAMA, pp. 84^, no. 233)· Yazaköy Statue of Hadrian (CIG, no. 3956e; cited by Inan-Rosenbaum, p. 48, no. 67). PAMPHYLIA ASPENDUS (Balkiz) Refs.: Magie, p. 1 1 3 4 ; G. E. Bean, Jahrbuch für Kleinasiatische Forschungen II, 20iff. Inscription over each door of the theater in Latin and Greek to the Antonine house. The

488

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architect Zenon was also honored Asie Mineure, p. 718).

ART (Texier,

A T T A L E I A (Antalya or Adalia) Refs.: G. E. Bean, "Inscriptions in the Antalya Museum," Belleten 22 (1958) 23®.; IGRR, III; Magie, p. 1 1 3 3 . M. Plautius Silvanus, evidently the Consul of 2 B.C., is honored as Legatus Pro Praetore of the emperor Caesar Augustus (Magie, p. 1305 and bibl.). Large bilingual milestone, to Claudius, A.D. 50, from the procurator M. Arruntius Aquila, who repaired the roads (IGRR, III, no. 768; CIL, III, no. 6737). Statue of Claudius or Nero (IGRR, no. 769). Statue base to Vespasian, from the Kale of Antalya, in the name of the Gerousia of A T TALEIA (Bean, p. 23, no. 1). Priestess of Julia Augusta (daughter of Titus) and Roma (Annuario 3 [ 1 9 2 1 ] 1 1 ; Magie, pp. i 4 3 i f . ) . Statue of Julia Titì, in connection with a building (Annuario 3, i 6 f . , no. 7). Statue base to Hadrian, from the Kale, in the name of the Boule and Demos. He is hailed as savior of the universe, probably at the time of his visit in A.D. 129 (IGRR, no. 770 ?). Altar to Hadrian, from the Boule and Demos (no. 7 7 1 ) . See also Inan-Rosenbaum, p. 48, nos. 49, 50; G. E. Bean, p. 23, nos. ι , 2. Dedication in gilded bronze letters on the front of the triple-arched gate of Hadrian. This two-tiered gateway had engaged columns and a simple entablature with vine-scroll frieze above (IGRR, no. 772; G. Moretti, Annuario, 6 - 7 [ 1 9 2 3 - 2 4 ] 453-478, esp. figs. 3f.; Lanckoronski, I, 1 54ff.). Statue of Domitia Paulina, sister of Hadrian and wife of L. Julius Ursus Servianus, from Julia Sancta (IGRR, no. 773). Altar to Antoninus Pius, in A.D. 138 (no. 774). A similar slab is now in the Antalya Museum. Half-lifesized statue of Marcus Aurelius, in sagum, tunic, and boots, with cuirass and helmet supporting his left leg; ca. 1 7 5 ; now in Istanbul (Mendel, Catalogue, III, 6oof., no. 1390; Greek Roman and Byzantine Studies 2, ι [1959] i7f·)· Statue base to Lucius Verus, from the Kale, dedicated by the Boule and Demos (Bean, no. 4)· Statue base to Di vus Verus, from the Kale. The alternate lines of lettering were colored red and blue (Bean, no. 5).

AND INSCRIPTIONS

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SITE

Statue bases to Commodus, from the Kale; these dedications, ca. a.d. 1 7 7 to 1 8 0 , were simultaneously from the Gerousia and the Boule and Demos (Bean, nos. 6, 7). Statue base to Julia Domna from the Boule and Demos; she is titled Mater Castrorum (Bean, no. 8).

forecourt, dated between the deaths of Trajan and Plotina (a.d. 117-121/122): the gateway and forecourt and arch at the rear introduced the main street to the acropolis, the broad, paved and colonnaded avenue, with a water channel down the middle. Plancia Magna was the foundress of the entire complex, as rebuilt around the Hellenistic city gate and Votive to Elagabalus and his cult; partly erased. oval court. The colonnaded niches of the court Round base (statue?) to celebrate accession (doubled in Roman times) were provided with of Philip the Arab, a.d. 242. Probably from statues of the benefactors (Plancia; her father, A T T A L E I A and in the name of the Geraioi. M. Plancius Varus, governor of Bithynia and perhaps Proconsul of Asia under Vespasian; Ayasofya and her brother, C. Plancius Varus); statues of Statue of Septimius Severus (Inan-Rosenbaum, deities (Apollo, Hermes, Dioskouroi, Pan, Herp. 50, no. 3 1 ; citing unpublished note by akles, Aphrodite, and so on); and statues of Bean-Mitford). the mythical founders of the city (such as Statue of Caracalla (Inan-Rosenbaum, p. 5 1 , Mopsos, Kalchas, the Lapith Leonteus, Rixos no. 28; same source). son of Lykos, and Machaon son of Asklepios). Statue of Diocletian (Inan-Rosenbaum, p. 52, The two-tiered monumental, arched gateway, no. 4; same source). like that of Hadrian at Antalya, with four piers and a large pediment, was across the LYRBOTON KOME (Bazar-Ghediyi Örenlik rear of the oval court. The dedicatory inscripor Barsak village) tion in the center of the façade, a large tabula Refs.: H. A. Ormerod, E. S. G. Robinson, ansata, states that Plancia Magna, priestess of ABSA 1 7 ( 1 9 1 0 - 1 1 ) 2 i 7 f f . , fig. 2; Mansel, Diana Pergensis, dedicated this monument to Akarca, p. 63. her fatherland. Four statues of Nike, less than lifesized, decorated the corners of the attic or Small tower with inscriptions, built in the pediment. North, or beyond the three-winged reign of Domitian. Later inscriptions include arch, stood statues on bases with inscriptions in dedication during the rule of Hadrian. The Greek and Latin. There were: Diana Pergenright of asylum at the temple of Artemis Persis, Genius Civitatis, Divus Nerva, Divus Tragensis is mentioned. ianus, Diva Marciana, Diva Matidia, Plotina PERGE Augusta, Sabina Augusta, and Hadrianus Augustus. (See S. Jameson, JRS 55 [ 1 9 6 5 ] 5 4 Refs.: IGRR, III; Lanckoronski, I, 4of., 1 6 5 , pis. 6 - 8 , for illustrations of the bases and •passim.·, Mansel, Akarca; Magie, p. 1 1 3 458,(called suggestions about the careers of M. Plancius Murtana); A. M. Mansel, AA 1 9 5 6 , cols. 9 7 Varus.) Cuirassed Hadrian: Berytus 16 (1966) 120. 54· Dedication to (statue of) Caligula (Annuario 3

[ 1 9 1 6 - 1 9 2 0 ] 29f., no. 13). See also InanRosenbaum, p. 46, no. 2. Statue to Claudius, from the Demos (IGRR, III, no. 788; Magie, p. 1402). Gymnasium(?) with bilingual inscription to Claudius or, more likely, Nero, by C. Julius Cornutus and his wife and freedman (IGRR, no. 789). The Greek inscriptions were on the street entrance over the doors and windows, and the Latin on the side. The building may have originally honored Caligula, at least on its oldest side. Cornutus also similarly honored Claudius or Nero, again probably the latter, on the epistyle of the West Gate (see CIL, III, no. 6734). Building dedication to Trajan (IGRR, no. 790). Hadrianic dedications in rebuilt gateway and

Twin statues from the Gerousia to Gordianus Africanus Pater, Filius; double base or bases (IGRR, nos. 7 9 1 a , b). Statue of Gordianus III, said to be after 242, from the Gerousia and pendant to the preceding two (no. 792). SIDE (Eski Antalya or Selimiye) Refs.: A. M. Mansel, Die Ruinen von Side (Berlin, 1 9 6 3 ) ; A. M. Mansel, AA 1 9 5 6 , cols. 34-96; Magie, pp. i i 3 3 f . ; G. E. Bean, The Inscriptions of Side (Ankara, 1966). Statue of Claudius (Bean, Inscriptions, no. 147)· Building dedicated to Claudius or Nero (A. M. Mansel, G. E. Bean, J. Inan, Die Agora von

489

APPENDIX S I D E (Eski Antalya or Selimiye) (continued) Side und die Benachbarten Bauten [Ankara, 1 9 5 6 ] , p. 8 3 , no. 5 0 ) . Monument to the Flavian dynasty, a pedimented niche flanked by two covered projections; a statue of Vespasian stood in the center and a man in himation on the left (A. M. Mansel, Festschrift Max Wegner [Münster, 1 9 6 2 ] , pp. 3 8 - 4 1 ) · Statue of Sabina (Bean, no. 1 0 2 ) . Statue of Antoninus Pius, Marcus Aurelius, or Caracalla (IGRR, III, no. 8 0 5 ; Magie, p. 1552). Statue of Septimius Severus, A.D. 211 (Bean, no. 1 0 4 ) . Statue of Caracalla (Bean, no. 1 0 3 ) . Statue of Caracalla, as Caesar, A.D. 1 9 6 to 1 9 7 (Bean, no. 1 0 5 ) . Dedication to Julia Domna Augusta, with Caracalla mentioned as her son; these were evidently statues (IGRR, no. 8 0 6 ) . Building "B," the Capitolium or Praetorium; statues include cuirassed emperor, with head cut off and changed to Maximus Caesar (Berytus 1 3 [ 1 9 5 9 ] 7 6 ) . Mansel (Belleten 2 2 [ 1 9 5 8 ] 2 2 1 f.) has suggested Licinius or Maximinus Thrax, Carus (Ruinen, p. 1 1 8 ) . The niches of the building had statues of gods, imperatore, and citizens (male and female) mixed together. See also Berytus 1 6 ( 1 9 6 6 ) 57f. Statue of Valerianus (Bean, no. 1 8 3 ) , with another of Gallienus. Dedication to Helena, an altar or base (CIG, no. 4 3 4 9 ; Inan-Rosenbaum, p. 5 2 ) .

SILLYUM (Asar Köy) Ref.: Magie, p. χ 135. Milestone, under Valentinian and Valens, on the bank of the Cestrus, erected by the city of SILLYUM (Paribeni, Romanelli, MonAnt 2 3 [ 1 9 1 4 ] 7 4 , no. 5 7 ) .

C. W O R K S OF

ART

AMASTRIS (Amasra) Refs.: Magie, pp. i i 9 2 f f . ; IGRR, III. Base of the statue of Sextus Vibius Gallus, dedicated by Sextus Vibius Cocceianus to his patron. On the front, Vibius rides over two fallen Dacians; on either side are vexilla, coronae murales, hastae purae, coronae vallares, and other honors won. The style recalls Thracian-Anatolian reliefs, but the schema is common to the Latin West. In Istanbul (Mendel, Catalogue, III, 3 8 8 f t . , no. 1155). Statue of Hadrian as benefactor and Neos Helios (Magie, p. 1 4 7 2 ) . Long dedication to Marcus Aurelius and Lucius Verus, A.D. 1 6 5 (IGRR, III, no. 8 4 ) . Altar or similar dedication to Commodus, on a base before the gate (CIL, III, nos. 6 9 8 5 and 453, the latter wrongly at Mytilene). Dedication to Caracalla, A.D. 2 1 3 (Magie, p. 1 5 5 2 and refs.). HADRIANOPOLIS or CAESAREIA - HADRIANOPOLIS (Viransehir) Refs.: IGRR, III; Mendel, BCH 2 5 ( 1 9 0 1 ) 9 . Dedication to Nerva by the Boule and Demos (IGRR, III, no. 1 4 8 = 1 4 5 4 ; Magie, p. 1 4 7 7 ) . This is a large plaque of porous limestone with engaged columns flanking the inscription. See also Inan-Rosenbaum, p. 4 7 , no. 8 . Statue of Antoninus Pius, from T. (and Cn.) Claudius Severus, a patron-founder (IGRR, no. 1 4 5 8 ) . Dedication to Septimius Severus (IGRR, no. 1 4 9 ) ; Inan-Rosenbaum term this a statue (p. 5 0 , no. 3 ) . Statue of Septimius Severus, at Tchukur-Keuï (Çukurkôy) (no. 1 4 7 ) . Inan-Rosenbaum place this town in Bithynia and date the statue base 2 1 0 to 2 1 1 (p. 5 0 , no. 1; BCH 24 [ 1 9 0 0 ] 4 2 6 , no. 1 4 1 ) . Statue of Constantius Chlorus, 2 9 2 to 3 0 5 , from the Boule and Demos (no. 1 5 0 ) ; InanRosenbaum place this in Bithynia Pontica (Hadrianopolis-Viransehir: p. 5 2 , no. 2 ) .

ABONOUTEICHOS or ABONUTEICHUS (Inebolu) Ref.: Magie, pp. 1 0 8 2 , 1 0 8 7 , 1283^

NEOCLAUDIOPOLIS Dedication to Hadrian, A.D. 1 2 2 (IGRR, III, no. 1 3 8 ) . Statue(?) of Carinus, evidently as Caesar, A.D. 2 8 2 to 2 8 3 (no. 1 3 9 ) .

Statue of Septimius Severus, A.D. 2 1 0 (IGRR, III, no. 9 1 ) . Caracalla, 2 1 1 to 2 1 7 (IGRR, no. 9 2 ; Magie, p. 1 5 5 2 ) .

POMPEIOPOLIS (Tas Köprü) Dedication to Commodus (IGRR, 1446).

PAPHLAGONIA

490

III, no.

AND INSCRIPTIONS

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SITE

Statue of Salonina (Inan-Rosenbaum, p. 52, no. ι). SINOPE (Sinop) Ref.: Magie, pp. 10740!. Head of Tiberius; now in Ankara. Honors to Agrippina the Elder, from the Demos of the Greek city, evidently a portrait (IGRR, III, no. 94; Magie, p. 1 2 6 7 ; AJA 50 [ 1 9 4 6 ] 398). Milestones of Vespasian, Carus, and Diocletian (AJA 9 [ 1 9 0 5 ] 3 2 7 ® · , nos. 75-77). Column with dedication in Latin to Antoninus Pius, A.D. 1 4 5 (G. Doublet, BCH 1 3 [ 1 8 8 9 ] 302, no. 4). Epistyle fragment (seen in the city's walls): a dedication, with full titles, to Marcus Aurelius and Commodus, A.D. 1 7 6 (CIL, III, nos. 238, 6977). Round base of a statue of Divus Marcus Aurelius from the Colonia Iulia Felix Sinopensium (CIL, III, nos. 239, 6978). THERMAE PHAZIMONIACAE Bilingual milestone to Hadrian (IGRR, III, no. 145)· GALATIA

ANCYRA (Ankara) Refs.: IGRR, III; Texier, Description, I, 1 7 i f f . ; Magie, pp. 1308ÉE. Temple of Augustus and Roma, with inscription including the names of Tiberius and Livia (IGRR, III, no. 1 5 7 ; Magie, p. 1 3 1 8 ; Krencker, Schede, Der Tempel in Ankara [Berlin and Leipzig, 1 9 3 6 ] , p. 52). The death dates of Germanicus (A.D. 19), Drusus (23), Julia Augusta (29), and Tiberius (37) indicate that the monument was thought of as a JulioClaudian cenotaph; the inscription is on an anta (see W. M. Ramsay in Anat. Stud. Buckler, pp. 2i8ff.). A priest set up a statue of Tiberius (Inan-Rosenbaum, p. 45, no. 25); Livia was honored in similar fashion (no. 7). Dedication to Trajan (IGRR, no. 160). Bronze tondo bust, crowned and wearing a toga, probably of Trajan in the last year or two of his life, found in a large building, possibly the Bouleuterion at ANCYRA (N. Gökce, A Portrait of Trajan Recently Discovered in Ankara [Ankara, 1 9 5 7 ] ; Giuliano, p. 1 7 2 ; Vermeule, PAPS 109 [ 1 9 6 5 ] 376, fig. 29). Hadrian appears in an inscription honoring Tiberius Severus, legate in Asia, and so on, by

Marcus Julius Euschemon, recipient of benefactions, with Tantalus and Socus his son. Monumental architectural block, perhaps from a commemoration of Trajan's Eastern campaigns; frontal Victoria, trophy, and captive (Berytus 1 3 [ 1 9 5 9 ] 22). In the museum garden. Statue of Antoninus Pius(?) (IGRR, no. 1 6 1 ) . Dedication to Antoninus Pius, including nearly one hundred names (no. 162). Name-lists (Celtic) in reigns of Tiberius, Trajan, and Marcus Aurelius (C. Bosch, Jahrbuch Kleinasiatische Forschungen II, 283®.). Bosch also listed a statue of Marcus Aurelius (no. 1 8 1 ; Inan-Rosenbaum, p. 49, no. 26). Possible temple of (Divus) Marcus Aurelius, probably meaning Caracalla (Texier, pp. i88f.) according to a Latin inscription from the cemetery. P. Sempronius Aelius Lycinus sextumvir was "very devoted to his divinity," and was given a monumental building by Q. Blaesius Apollinaris (a heroon or an agora?); one of those dedications was A.D. 2 1 1 to 2 1 2 (see CIL, III, nos. 6 7 5 1 and 2 4 3 - 2 4 5 , the first being a statue base). Caracalla and Geta (damnatio) (IGRR, no. 163). Inan-Rosenbaum (p. 50, no. 36) list this as a statue base of Septimius Severus, and also include it under Caracalla (no. 36) and Geta (no. 8). Dedication to Caracalla (IGRR, no. 164; see also CIL, III, no. 244, above, the one involving Lycinus and Blaesius). Dedication — architectural or a statue base — to Constantinus Magnus (CIL, III, no. 6751). There appears to have been a column (not a milestone) to Valerian (erased) and Gallienus (CIL, III, no. 246). Dedication, on the outer arch of the wall, to Julianus (A.D. 262) as Lord of the Whole World from the British Ocean to the Tigris (CIL, III, no. 247). The roads leading to, radiating from and passing near ANCYRA have produced clusters of milestones in the name of Nerva, Maximinus, Traianus Decius, Aurelian, Diocletian, and Constantine. Most of them bear inscriptions in Latin (Magie, pp. i 3 o 8 f . , where details and bibliographies are given). Road from ANCYRA to Parnassus (Parlasan) in the northwestern corner of Cappadocia to TYANA and thence to the CILICIAN GATES had Galatian milestones to Domitian, Severus,

491

APPENDIX (continued) and Caracalla, Gordian III, Aurelian, Diocletian, Constantine (two), and Valentinian. Again Latin was the language (Magie, p. 1 3 1 0 ) .

ANCYRA

ASPONA (Chedit-Eyuk or Çedit Hüyük) Salonina, in the name of Ancyra, metropolis of Galatia and city of the second neocorate (IGRR, III, no. 2,37). Inan-Rosenbaum list this as a statue base (p. 52, no. 6). CINNA (Akardja or Akarca; Yarash or Omaranli) Dedication to Gordianus III (IGRR, III, no. 235)· PESSINUS (Balhisar) Ref.: Magie, pp. 769Î., a center of the worship of Cybele. Statue of Augustus (IGRR, III, no. 230; InanRosenbaum, p. 44). Building dedicated to Titus. Fragments of four epistles, three from Trajan to Claudius, A.D. 102 to 116 (IGRR, III, nos. 228, 1466).

TAVIUM (Büyük Nefesköy) Ref.: Magie, pp. 1309®. Ornamented epistyle of white marble, bilingual, and mentions an IMPERATOR VI, perhaps Trajan, who was so remembered on the coins, or perhaps a later emperor (CIL, III, no. 6 7 5 0 ) . (See under TAVIUM in Cappadocia.) Road from TAVIUM to AMASEIA had milestones of Nerva (two), Septimius Severus, Severus Alexander, Gordian I, and Constantine (Magie, p. 1310, in Latin). Road from TAVIUM to SEBASTOPOLIS has yielded milestones of Gordian III and Constantine; a castellum seems to have guarded the road in the plain of the upper Kanak Su (Magie, p. 1310). LYCAONIA

Akören (site between LYSTRA and the Çarsamba Su) Ref.: MAMA, VIII. Rough stele, slightly rounded at the top, to Galerius Valerius Maximinus (Daza), Licinius, and Constantinus (MAMA, VIII, no. 67). DERBE (Devri §ehri, near Sidrova or Suduragi) Dedication to Antoninus Pius, by the Boule and Demos in 157, carved on what is evidently 492

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the shaft of a large statue base (M. H. Ballance, AnatSt 1 4 [ 1 9 6 4 ] 1 3 9 , and AnatSt 7 lI957l I47ÍÍ). Inan-Rosenbaum list this among statue bases of Antoninus Pius (p. 49, no. 34). Black stone base(?) to Gordianus III (CIL, III, no. 6 7 8 3 ) ; recorded when the site was thought to be at Losta in Isauria, northwest of Laranda. ICONIUM (Konya) Ref.: MAMA, VIII. Dedication to Augustus, in connection with the rebuilding of the theater by a legatus (IGRR, I I I , no. 262 and

1472).

Dedication to Tiberius, from the chief priest (IGRR, III, no. 1 4 7 3 ) . Inscription, walled-up in "castello," from the people of the city honoring Lucius Pupius, Proconsul of Claudius and Nero in Galatia (Texier, Asie Mineure, p. 661). Statue of Hadrian, A.D. 137, with dedication in Latin from the colony, named after him (G. Mendel, BCH 2 6 [ 1 9 0 2 ] 2 i 4 f . , no. 5). There is a statue base to Aelius Caesar in the Konya Museum (Inan-Rosenbaum, p. 49, no. 5). Basis to Marcus Aurelius and Lucius Verus, A.D. 161 to 169, with full titles in Latin and probably for statues (MAMA, VIII, no. 299). Compare CIL, III, no. 6 7 7 9 , which could be for a related building, possibly a stoa. ICONIUM Plain A conspectus of imperial milestones in the northern part of the Konya plain runs from Nerva through Valens, A.D. 96 to 378; M. H. Ballance has tabulated forty (AnatSt 8 [ 1 9 5 8 ] 230). The principal roads ran from ANCYRA to ICONIUM and LAODICEIA COMBUSTA to SAVATRA. Work seems to have been carried out on the southern section of the ANCYRA to ARCHELAIS road under Macrinus, as a Latin milestone testifies (Ballance, 234, fig- 5)· ΚΑΝΑ or Cana (Gene) Ref.: MAMA, VIII. Dedication, a slab perhaps from an altar, to Trajan (MAMA, VIII, no. 211). Stele, with panel, perhaps from the base of a statue of Probus (no. 212). LAODICEIA COMBUSTA or CATACECAUMENE, in Lycaonia or eastern Phrygia Refs.: MAMA, I ( 1 9 2 8 ) iff.; MAMA, VII ( 1 9 5 6 ) iff.; Magie, p. 1 3 1 3 (Ladik or Yorghan Ladik).

AND INSCRIPTIONS

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Sarcophagus in SMYRNA with late Hadrianic, early Antonine busts of a man and woman in garlands borne by Nikai and Erotes (Aziz, Guide du Musée de Smyrne [Istanbul, 1933], p. 83; Giuliano, p. 197, no. 9). It has been related to so-called portraits of Polemon of LAODICEIA (Schefold, Bildnisse, p. 180, no. 4)· Small statue base of Commodus by Stephanus Lib., with inscription in Latin and with damnatio (MAMA, I, no. 23). Base(?) to Julia Mamaea, in Latin and by the freedmen of the imperial estates (MAMA, I, no. 24). Rounded limestone pillar with two inscriptions, the second to Maximinus, A.D. 235 to 238 (MAMA, VII, 2, no. 7). Statue of Salonina (Inan-Rosenbaum, p. 52, no. 4). Round column, probably a milestone, to Marcus Aurelius Probus, A.D. 276 to 282, with inscription in Greek and Latin (MAMA, I, no. 18). Round column, to Carus, Carinus, and Numerianus, 282 to 284; this is evidently an honorary inscription, in Latin, rather than a milestone (MAMA, I, no. 17). Bomos (altar) of coarse-grained white marble to Maximinus Daza, Constantinus I, and Licinius, A.D. 308 to 314 (MAMA, VII, 2, no. 8; compare MAMA, I, no. 19: the second is an altar). Milestone, for repair of the road from Amorium to LAODICEIA COMBUSTA and ICONIUM, to Julian, A.D. 363, over an earlier inscription (MAMA, VII, 2, no. 9). LYSTRA (Zoldera, near Hatunsaray) Refs.: MAMA, VIII; Magie, p. 1324; Ramsay, Church, pp. 49ff. Statue of Di vus Augustus, with inscription in Latin, for LYSTRA was a Roman colony (MAMA, VIII, no. 5). Milestone with Latin inscription to Hadrian, at Kavak (no. 6). Milestone with Latin inscription to Maximinus, A.D. 235 to 238, at Hatunsaray (no. 7). Milestone, similar, to the family of Valerianus, before 259; Valerian, Gallienus, and Saloninus Valerianus are mentioned; at Kavakand the fourth-mile marker from "Lustreis" (no. 8). PAPPA-TIBERIOPOLIS Refs.: MAMA, VIII (Yonuslar); Magie, p. 1 1 7 3 (Yunuslar).

Architrave, mentioning Vespasian, A.D. 69 to 79 (MAMA, VIII, no. 330). Statue of Trajan, A.D. 103 to 1 1 6 (Inan-Rosenbaum, p. 47, no. 29). Statue of Otacilia Severa, from Pappa and Tiberiopolis, A.D. 244 to 249; base recorded at Çukuragil in the Pisido-Phrygian borderland (no. 331). PERTA (Geimir or Giymir Yayla) Refs.: MAMA, VIII; M. H. Ballance, AnatSt 8 (1958) 225. A milestone, the seventh on the road from AMORIUM to T Y A N A , has a Latin dedication to Hadrian in the year A.D. 129 (MAMA, VIII, no. 261). PISA Statue of Septimius Severus (IGRR, III, no. 239)· SAVATRA (Yalibayat; inscriptions at Ennek) Dedication, a stele to Julia Maesa, from the Boule and Demos (MAMA, VIII, no. 228). Panel with decree in the name of Severus Alexander(?), A.D. 224, also from the Council and People (no. 229). SIDAMARA (Serpek) Dedication to Hadrian, about A.D. 136 or 137 (IGRR, III, no. 273). See also Inan-Rosenbaum, p. 48, no. 57, a statue base recorded at Ambar-Arasu. Sites in the ISAURO-LYCAONIAN Borderland Armassun Block, probably an altar, to Diocletianus and Maximianus Herculeus, A.D. 286 to 292 (MAMA, VIII, no. 186). Milestone to the Four Tetrarchs, 292 to 305 (no. 187). Gudelisin Ref.: M. Ballance, AnatSt 7 (1957) i 4 7 f . Block, perhaps from an altar, as above, under Armassun (MAMA, VIII, no. 192). Yaliyik Köy (near Lake Seydesehir) Statue of Claudius (CIL, III, no. 288; InanRosenbaum, p. 46, no. 22). ISAURIA

ISAURA (Zengibar Kalesi) Refs.: H. Swoboda, J. Keil, and F. Knoll, Denkmäler aus Lykaonien Pamphylien und

493

APPENDIX iSAURA (Zengibar Kalesi) (continued) Isaurien (Brünn, 1 9 3 5 ) , pp. 7 3 ® . , 1 2 5 s . ; Magie, pp. 1 iyoff., 1 3 0 3 ; P. Verzone, Palladio 9 (1959) 1 - 1 8 . Reliefs along "dromos" or wall of passageway to acropolis gate: emblems, arms, armor, in a Hellenistic style paralleled at TERMESSUS MAJOR (Swoboda, figs. 39ft.). These walls, 4 km. in length and protected by fourteen towers, may have been built by Amyntas (Magie, p. 1303)· Barrel-vaulted arch, near the forum, to Hadrian from the Senate and People of the Isaurians (IGRR, III, no. 286; Texier, Asie Mineure, p. 660). Another dedication to Hadrian (IGRR, III, no. 285). Dedication in the name of Marcus Aurelius, a.D. 160 to 1 7 2 (IGRR, III, no. 287), in connection with triumphal arch from M. Marius. Marius as High Priest and his wife as High Priestess also put up a stoa with twenty-four columns. Several lengthy inscriptions of local officials include those involved in Hadrian's arch. Statue base of Marcus Aurelius, A.D. 1 7 5 to 180 (no. 288). Statue base of Septimius Severus (no. 289). Arch of Septimius Severus(?). Triumphal arch to Severus Alexander, from the Boule and Demos; this is a plain, solid monument, with elaborate titlatures. Dedication to Severus Alexander (CIL, III, no. 6784). Near ISAURA Dedication to Claudius (an altar) from one of his Legionaries (CIL, III, no. 288). Losta The site of DERBE was once thought to be here; see above, under DERBE in Lycaonia. CIUCIA

Adanda (a site near this village, about seven miles inland from the coast and forming a low triangle between SELINUS and ANTIOCHIA AD CRAGUM; possibly ancient LAMOS) Ref.: G. E. Bean and Τ. Β. Mitford, AnatSt 1 2 (1962) 2 0 7 - 2 1 1 . Small "handsome" building, evidently a temple to Vespasian and Titus. It is attested to by two limestone blocks nearby with monumental letters, a Latin dedication, a.d. 77, to Vespasian

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and Titus and Domitian by the Legatus Octavius Memor (p. 208, no. 32). See also below, under SELEUCEIA ON T H E KALYKADNOS. Statue of Antoninus Pius (R. Paribeni and P. Romanelli, MonAnt 23 [ 1 9 1 4 ] col. 169, no. 1 1 7 ; Inan-Rosenbaum, pp. 48f., no. 29). Statue of Septimius Severus(?) (Paribeni and Romanelli, cols. i69f., no. 1 1 8 ; Inan-Rosenbaum, p. 50, no. 33). The same inscription also definitely honors Caracalla (Inan-Rosenbaum, p. 5 1 , no. 32), and there was a third statue of Geta (no. 1 1 9 ; Inan-Rosenbaum, p. 5 1 , no. 7). The date is 209 to 2 1 2 . AEGEAE (Ayas) Ref.: Magie, pp. i i 5 o f . Altar to Augustus (IGRR, III, no. 9 2 1 ; Magie, p. 1 3 3 6 ) .

Dedication to Septimius Severus (IGRR, III, no. 922). Milestone no. XI of Maximianus found at Yanis, northeast of AEGEAE (CIL, III, no. 13623). Constantinus I destroyed the temple of Asklepios. Alahan or Koja Kalessi, that is, Koca Kalesi Refs.: M. Gough, AnatSt 5 ( 1 9 5 5 ) 1 1 5 - 1 2 3 ; Hellenic Soc., Suppl. Papers II (London, 1892). Sculptures of the west gate of the monastery, ca. a.d. 450. ANTIOCHIA AD CRAGUM (at "Chükur," not far from Endisegüney) Ref.: Bean, Mitford, "Journeys in Rough Cilicia," pp. 34-42. Fortifications with full Latin dedication to Constantinus II and Julianus as Nobilissimus Caesar, a.d. 359 to 3 6 1 (CIL, III, no. 6733). Ayasofya (inland from HAMAXIA) Ref.: Bean, Mitford, "Journeys in Rough Cilicia," pp. 9 - 2 1 . Statue of Septimius Severus, a.d. 196, in a central position in the agora of the city (no. 18). Statue of Caracalla, set up at the same time, but at the corner of the terrace of a temple (no. 19). The two stood amid statues of prominent local citizens, the Obrimus-Polemon family. Statue of Diocletian, set up in the agora at the outset of his reign (no. 25).

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CAESAREIA BY ANAZARBUS (Anavarza) Refs. : Mary Gough, The Plain and the Rough Places (London, 1 9 5 4 ) , pp. 2 2 - 6 4 ; Michael Gough, "Anazarbus," AnatSt 2 ( 1 9 5 2 ) 8 5 1 5 0 ; IGRR, III; Magie, p. 1151. Statue of Drusus son of Tiberius, A.D. 23, set up by Philopator II, King of Cilicia, who died in A.D. 17, through one of his freedmen (IGRR, no. 895; Magie, pp. i 3 5 5 f · ) · Aqueduct "of Domitian's period," with inscription (Gough, pp. i o 9 f . ) . Statue of Hadrian, A.D. 1 3 6 (IGRR, no. 896). Severan triumphal arch; the entablature is elaborately carved, and broken for freestanding columns (AnatSt, pp. 11 off., figs. 2f., pi. XIa). Inscription in honor of Caracalla (AnatSt, pp. i27Íf., no. 2). Milestone, two miles from ANAZARBUS, to Alexander Severus, with description of the glorious metropolis, adorned with Roman trophies. CESTRUS (Kilisebeleni) Ref.: G. E. Bean and T . Β. Mitford, AnatSt 12 (1962) 2 1 1 - 2 1 6 . Small temple with two chambers, devoted to the imperial cult. A statue of Antoninus Pius from the Demos stood in the front chamber; a local official donated 1 0 0 0 denarii, all or part of which must have paid for the statue (pp. 2 i 2 f . , no. 36). Another official donated 70 denarii or more for a statue of Antoninus Pius; the base was found below the temple, which must have been dedicated to him (p. 213, no. 37). The first statue may have been of bronze, the second of marble; this is also suggested by the shallow and large sinkings on their tops. On the coast two miles to the south was a temple, with inscription offering honors to Trajan; there was obviously a statue (p. 212). CHARADRUS (Kalediran) Milestone of Hadrian, A.D. 1 3 7 (Bean, Mitford, "Journeys in Rough Cilicia," pp. 42f.). Statue, 1 9 9 to 2 1 0 , from Antonius Balbus, hailing Septimius Severus as "lord of the universe" (IGRR, III, no. 838). CILICIAN GATES (Külek Bogaz) Inscription to Caracalla and another emperor (Alexander?) for road repair (IGRR, III, no. 892), all the way to ALEXANDRIA. Magie (p. 1152) gives the emperors as Commodus and (perhaps) Alexander (see also CIL, III, no. 228, on a rock along the road to the gates).

CLAUDIOPOLIS (Mut) Ref.: Magie, pp. 1 1 4 5 , 1 4 0 7 . Septimius Severus and Caracalla, possibly a building inscription (IGRR, III, no. 822). CORASIUM In 1 8 1 2 Captain Francis Beaufort (Karamania, pp. 229®.) found "the extensive ruins of a walled town with temples, arcades, aqueducts, and tombs . . . built round a small flat valley, which bears some appearance of having once been a harbour, with a narrow opening to the sea. Many huts were scattered among the ruins, and their inhabitants informed us that the place is called Pershendy." On a tablet over the eastern gate he saw and recorded a flowery inscription to Valentinian, Valens, and Gratianus in the name of the prefect and magistrate of Isauria, Florianus, who built or restored the gate and wall. CORYCUS (Korgos or Kizkalesi) Refs.: IGRR, III; Magie, p. 1 1 4 3 . Dedication to Zeus of CORYCUS and to Trajan, in the temple of Zeus, near CORYCUS (IGRR, III, no. 859). Dedication to Hadrian, after A.D. 1 2 9 and as Olympian (IGRR, III, no. 854; E. A. Gardner, JHS 6 [ 1 8 8 5 ] 3Ó2Í., no. 1 8 i b ) . Altar to Septimius Severus (IGRR, III, no. 855). Statue of Julia Domna as Nea Hera, Mater Castrorum (no. 856). Dedication to the brotherly love of Caracalla and Geta (erased), between 2 1 1 and 212, in the temple of Zeus near CORYCUS (no. 860). Milestone on the side of the street: one in Greek with the Emperor's name erased; the second in Greek, A.D. 306 to 307, to Constantinus Caesar and Valerius Maximinus Daza (latter partly erased). DIOCAESAREIA Refs.: MAMA, III ( 1 9 3 1 ) 44ÉF. (Uzundja Burdj); Magie, pp. i i 4 3 f . (Uzunca Burç). Statue of Tiberius, on the bracket of a column in the colonnaded street (Inan-Rosenbaum, p. 45, no. 2 3 ; IGRR, III, no. 845). See below, under OLBA. Architrave, with dedication to T r a j a n from the city; evidently a statue of the emperor stood on top of an architectural complex, such as a gate or colonnade, or on a column with a base (p. 70, no. 72). T h e work is related to the architrave of the large gatehouse in the center

495

APPENDIX DiocAESAREiA (continued) of the city. The effect may have been like that of the statue of Lucius Caesar over the gate to the Roman agora in ATHENS. See below, under OLBA, for comparable placement of a statue of Tiberius. Statue base to Arcadius and Honorius, A.D. 395 (Ρ- 71» «o· 73)· Town gate inscribed to Arcadius and Honorius. HAMAXIA (northwest of Selinus and Iotape) (Sinekkalesi) Refs.: Magie, p. 1 1 4 5 ; G. E. Bean and T. B. Mitford, AnatSt 12 (1962) 185ft. Milestone of Septimius Severus (IGRR, III, no. 826). HIEROPOLIS-CASTABALA Statue bases to Valens, Valentinianus II, and Gratianus (Inan-Rosenbaum, p. 53, citing Heberdey, Wilhelm, Reisen, nos. 62, 61, 56). IOTAPE (on coast northwest of Selinus, beyond Bytschkydschy Kalesi or Biçkeci Kalesi) Public buildings and temple of Trajan, A.D. 1 1 5 to 1 1 7 (Heberdey, Wilhelm, Reisen, p. 148, no. 250). Inscription on altar within mentions statue (IGRR, III, no. 831). Magie suggests that the temple was built immediately after Trajan's death (p. 1467); see also, E. Rosenbaum, AnatSt 15 (1965) 13, and Bean, Mitford, "Journeys in Rough Cilicia," pp. 26ff., nos. 30, 31. Iotape may have been Trajan's last port of call early in 1 1 4 , on his way via Cyprus to Syrian Antioch. Dedication to Hadrian (ibid., p. 27). Statue of Antoninus Pius, from the Boule and Demos, hailing him as "lord of the universe" (IGRR, III, no. 832). Kars-Bazar (in eastern Cilicia, near Flaviopolis and on a branch of the river Pyramus) Altar to Commodus by priests of the imperial cult. Commodus' name is erased (IGRR, III, no. 894). LAERTES (Cebelires) Ref.: G. E. Bean and T . Β. Mitford, AnatSt 12 (1962) 194-206, with plan of the site, fig. 2. Statue of Claudius, set up perhaps in the Council Chamber and probably in A.D. 50 or later by Polemon the son of Nous an Olympic victor (pp. i 9 7 f . , no. 13). Cult, priest, and presumably a temple of Ves-

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pasian, attested to by a statue base in the "Council Chamber" (p. 198, no. 14). Statue of Commodus, A.D. 180 to 190, from the Boule and the Demos, in the area of the "Council Chamber" (pp. 204 f., no. 24). Statue of Caracalla, 213 to 2 1 7 , from the Boule and Demos; the base is near a semicircular structure known as the exedra; parallels suggest this could be part of an imperial cult (p. 205, no. 25). Fragments of epistyle from a large monument to Caracalla and Divus Septimius Severus in 213 ; they were found in the exedra but are not curved (p. 205, no. 26). Statue base from the Boule and Demos, dedicated to Caracalla, whose name is substituted for that of another emperor (pp. 20 5f., no. 27). MOPSUESTIA (Misis) Refs.: IGRR, III; Magie, p. 1148. Boundary cippus for Cilicia, between MOPSUESTIA and AEGEAE, probably in the name of Vespasian (JOAI 45 [ i 9 6 0 ] 39ff.). Statue of Trajan, A.D. 99 (IGRR, III, no. 914). Statue of Antoninus Pius, A.D. 140 (no. 915). Milestone of Severus Alexander, recording rebuilding of the road A PYLIS USQUE AD A L E X A N D R I A M IN PIERIA (Magie, p. I I 53). Milestone of Valentinian and Valens (ibid.). Bridge over Pyramus appears on a coin issued under Valerian (see BCH η [1883] 289, no. 1). OLBA (Ura) Refs.: Bent and Hicks, JHS 11 (1890); Heberdey, Wilhelm, Reisen, 84; IGRR, III; Magie, pp. H 4 3 Í . ; Ramsay and Hicks, JHS 12 (1891) 2 7 i f f . ; milestones from the district, A.D. 197, and one reused, A.D. 305 to 306. Inscription to Tiberius, for a statue on one of the consoles of the colonnaded street (Heberdey, no. 160; IGRR, III, no. 845). Syrian A N T I O C H had statues similarly placed (see below). Statue of Hadrian (IGRR, III, no. 846). Dedication to Marcus Aurelius and Lucius Verus (no. 847). Dedication to the whole family of Septimius Severus, with damnatio to Geta (no. 848). Ören Köy Inscription in or near the town mentions repair of the aqueduct of OLBA under Justinus II

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( 5 6 5 - 5 7 8 ) and Sophia (MAMA, 8off., 93Í., no. 106a).

III

SITE [1931]

SELEUCEIA ON T H E KALYKADNOS Refs.: MAMA, III ( 1 9 3 1 ) 3ÉF. (Selefke); Magie, pp. i i 4 2 f . (Silifke); A. M. Mansel, Silifke (Istanbul, 1 9 4 3 ) . Dedication to Vespasian and Titus, A.D. 77 to 78 (IGRR, III, no. 840), in connection with bridge across the Kalykadnos, built by the governor of Cilicia, L. Octavius Memor (Magie, p. 1 4 3 0 ) . Frieze blocks from Corinthian temple: flying Victoriae supporting heavy garlands surmounted by rosettes; early Antonine in style and iconography (MAMA, p. 8, pi. 7, fig. 1 4 ) . Imperial cuirassed statue, ca. A.D. 1 5 0 (Berytus 1 3 [ 1 9 5 9 ] no. 2 5 1 ) , now in the Adana Museum (no. 7; MAMA, pis. 7, no. 19, 8, no. 20); perhaps set up in connection with the temple. Torso, an emperor (perhaps Hadrian) as Diomedes(?) (MAMA, pi. 9, no. 22). SOLI-POMPEIOPOLIS (Mezitli) Refs.: A. A. Boyce, "The Harbor of Pompeiopolis," AJA 62 ( 1 9 5 8 ) 6 7 - 7 8 ; Sir Francis Beaufort, Karamania, 2nd ed. (London, 1 8 1 8 ) , p. 249; K. Lehmann-Hartleben, Die antiken Hafenanlagen des Mittelmeeres, Klio, Beiheft 1 4 ( 1 9 2 3 ) 204; form of port is Hadrianic; city took Hadrian's name; remains are second or third century A.D.: Pauly-Wissowa, Realencyclopädie, X X I 2 ( 1 9 5 2 ) cols. 2 0 4 3 - 2 0 4 5 , under Pompeiopolis (also III A, 1, s.v. Soloi, cols. 9 3 5 - 9 3 8 ) ; destruction in modern times: R. Paribeni, P. Romanelli, Mon Ant 23 ( 1 9 1 4 ) 8 7 - 9 0 ; IGRR, III; Magie, pp. i i 4 8 f . The stadium-shaped harbor had a large pedestal (for a statue of Pompey, Hadrian, or Poseidon) in the center. Walls of the city were carried on the mole of the harbor. Other prominent features included a long, axial colonnade and a theater. Inscription evidently in honor of Pompey (IGRR, III, no. 869; Magie, p. 1 1 8 0 ) ; InanRosenbaum (p. 44) term this a statue base. Dedication (statue?) to Augustus from the Demos (IGRR, III, no. 870); the statue was set on a bracket of a column of the colonnaded street (Inan-Rosenbaum, p. 44). Dedication to Lucius Caesar, A.D. 2 (IGRR, III, no. 8 7 1 ; AJA 50 [ 1 9 4 6 ] 39Óf.). Statue of Hadrian (IGRR, III, no. 872). Statue of Commodus (no. 873).

TARSUS Refs.: IGRR, III; Magie, pp. i i 4 6 f f . Statue of Augustus, from the Demos (IGRR, III, no. 876). He restored the city's territory, laws and rank, and maritime commands (Magie, p. 1 3 3 6 ) . Statue of Trajan (no. 877); Inan-Rosenbaum list this under Hadrian (p. 48, no. 56). Statue of Faustina II(?) (no. 878). Statue of Severus Alexander, with lengthy inscription; other inscriptions make him out as a major benefactor of the city (no. 879). CYPRUS

Refs.: Hill, History of Cyprus; Magie, p. 1 2 4 6 ; T . B. Mitford, OpusArch 6 ( 1 9 5 0 ) 1 - 9 5 , for Greek and Latin inscriptions; T . B. Mitford, AJA 65 ( 1 9 6 1 ) 93ff., for Greek inscriptions; IGRR, III. AMARGETTI (Paphos district, a sacred area in a rustic setting) Statue of Augustus (T. B. Mitford, JRS 50 [ i 9 6 0 ] 79). Statues of C. and L. Caesar, evidently within a shrine. CITIUM (Larnaka) Statue of Nerva, from the Polis, A.D. 96/97 (IGRR, III, no. 976). Stele with name and German, Dacian titles of Trajan in the curved "pediment" or tympanum; it was probably used to display public notices or to mark the boundaries of the city (A. P. di Cesnola, Salaminia [London and New York, 1 8 8 2 ] , pp. 1 0 5 f r . , fig. 1 0 1 ) . Statue of Julia Domna, with title of Mater Castrorum (IGRR, III, no. 977). KARPASIA Emperor, probably Trajan, erected a public building, which may have been a gymnasium. Statue of Hadrian. KOUKLIA (village at site of Old Paphos) Oath of Loyalty to the new Augustus Tiberius, inscribed on a plaque (BCH 84 [ i 9 6 0 ] 2 7 4 ^ , fig· 53)· Pedestal with dedication to Caligula (OpusArch 6 [ 1 9 5 0 ] 56ff.). KYTHREA or CHYTRI Base of a statue of Germanicus; inscribed C A E S A R G E R M A N I C V S (OpusArch 6 [1950] i6f.).

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APPENDIX K Y T H R E A o r CHYTRI ( c o n t i n u e d )

Bronze statue of Septimius Severus, from a shrine at the head of the aqueduct to Salamis (see CYPRUS, Nicosia, Cyprus Museum). LAPETHOS Inscribed altar, telling of a shrine and statue of Tiberius, A.D. 29 (T. B. Mitford, JRS 50 [ i 9 6 0 ] 78). Statue of Trajan, A.D. 102 to 1 1 6 (OpusArch 6 [1950] 22£f.). Statue of Hadrian, (IGRR, III, no. 934). (Hadrian was there in 129.) Ν Ε Α PAPHOS (Ktima) Statue, probably of Septimius Severus (IGRR, III, no. 937). Statue of Caracalla, dedicated A.D. 211 at the beginning of his ride with Geta (H. Seyrig, BCH 51 [ 1 9 2 7 ] i 3 9 f . , no. 3). O L D PAPHOS Pedestals for statues of most of the Ptolemies are described and discussed by T . B. Mitford, in ABSA 56 ( 1 9 6 1 ) X-41. Statue of Livia (T. Β. Mitford, JRS 50 [ i 9 6 0 ] 79). Statue, presumably of Julia, daughter of Augustus (IGRR, III, no. 940), called "Thea Sebaste." Another statue of Julia was linked with one of Tiberius her husband. Statue of Agrippa (Mitford, p. 79). Dedication to Caius Caesar. A pedestal held his statue (Mitford, p. 79). Dedications to Tiberius in the temple of Aphrodite; statue also (IGRR, III, nos. 9 4 i f . ) . There was also an oath of allegiance to Tiberius (T. B. Mitford, JRS 50 [ i 9 6 0 ] 75-79). Pedestal with dedication to Caligula, from the temple (OpusArch 6 [1950] 56ft.). Statue of Domitian, with the name erased, in the temple of Aphrodite; there are two dedications (IGRR, III, nos. 944f.) and also a massive cylindrical bomos. Statue and dedication to Trajan, in the temple of Apollo Hylatis (IGRR, III, no. 969). Dedication to Marcus Aurelius or Commodus, A.D. 175 to 180, in the temple of Aphrodite (IGRR, III, no. 946). Bilingual milestone, XV, Curium to Paphos, in the Severus, A.D. 198 (IGRR, also T . B. Mitford, AJA esp. p. 89 and note 5.

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on the road from name of Septimius III, no. 967). See 70 (1966) 89-99,

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ART

Milestone to Septimius Severus, A.D. 198, reinscribed under Constantinus Magnus and others (T. B. Mitford, AJA 70 [1966] 89-99). Statue of Caracalla, dedicated by local officials (H. Seyrig, BCH 51 [ 1 9 2 7 ] i4of.). Milestone to Decius and to Aurelian, 272 to 273 (OpusArch 6 [1950] 62f.). Milestone VII, to Aurelian in Greek, the Tetrarchs (Latin), Iovianus (Latin) (IGRR, III, no. 968; also OpusArch 6 [1950] 62f.). Milestone to Jovianus, 363 to 364 (AJA 70 [1966] 89-99). Eleventh milestone, Paphos to Curium, Augustus before 12 B.C. (AJA 70 [1966] 89-99). SALAMIS Ref. : V. Karageorghis and C. Vermeule, Sculptures from Salamis, I (Nicosia, 1964); II (1966). Dedication to Ptolemy V, Epiphanes, in the Hellenistic gymnasium (JHS, Arch. Rep. for 1955> 45)· Altar to Augustus, rededicated to Tiberius, set up by the local High Priest (T. B. Mitford, JRS 50 [ i 9 6 0 ] 78). Statue of Livia, during the lifetime of Augustus (IGRR, III, no. 984). Dedications to C. and L. Caesar. Dedication, seemingly to Nero, A.D. 59 (no. 985). Dedication to Nero, A.D. 60 (no. 986). Statue of Trajan, from the City, in A.D. 99 (no. 987). Dedication or altar to Trajan (no. 988). Dedication or altar to Hadrian (no. 989). Trajanic and Hadrianic cult or votive statues from the gymnasium (V. Karageorghis, Atti del Settimo Congresso Internazionale di Archeologia Classica ι [ 1 9 6 1 ] 321-328). Cuirassed statues, perhaps of Titus and Trajan or Hadrian, from the theater (Berytus 15 [1964] i o i f f . ) . Statue of Commodus, in the theater. Statues of Galerius and Constantius Chlorus as Caesars, in the theater. SOLI Dedication to Trajan, from a citizen of Soli, a shrine with a statue, A.D. 1 1 6 to 1 1 7 (OpusArch 6 [1950] 32f.). Statue of Antoninus Pius (IGRR, III, no. 929); a dedication to him was also found nearby (OpusArch 6 [1950] 33®.).

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CAPPADOCIA

COCUSSUS and Vicinity Refs.: J. R. S. Sterrett, Preliminary Report of an Archaeological Journey made through Asia Minor during the summer of 1884 (Boston, 1885), pp. 2off. (hereafter Sterrett II); J. R. S. Sterrett, Papers ASCS, II (1883-84) 240&. (hereafter Sterrett I); Magie, pp. 1349ÉB. Imperial Inscriptions, mostly Milestones, on the Major Highways and Crossroads from Anatolia to Armenia, Mesopotamia, and Syria. COCUSSUS or COCUSOS Dedication to Trajan, A.D. 105 to 106 (IGRR, III, no. 128). Elagabalus (Sterrett I, 269; Sterrett II, no. 13). Elagabalus (Sterrett I, 2 7 4 - 2 7 5 ; Sterrett II, no. 16). Maximinus Thrax, later reused by Diocletian and Maximianus (Sterrett I, 272-273; Sterrett II, no. 15). Gordianus III as Caesar, though Emperor, with Balbinus-Pupienus erased and the Tetrarchs added in the erased area (Sterrett I, 2 7 0 - 2 7 1 ; Sterrett II, no. 14). COCUSSUS-ARABISSUS (ARABISSOS) Road Nerva (Sterrett I, 356; Sterrett II, no. 60). Septimius Severus, Caracalla, and Geta Caesar, 209 to 21 χ (Sterrett I, 300; Sterrett II, no. 26). Septimius Severus, Caracalla, and Geta Caesar (Sterrett I, 306; Sterrett II, no. 30). Similar to the preceding (Sterrett I, 307; Sterrett II, no. 31). Septimius Severus, Caracalla, and Geta Caesar (below) and Diocletian, Maximianus, Galerius, and Constantius, A.D. 292 to 305 (above) (Sterrett I, 3 1 8 - 3 1 9 ; Sterrett II, no. 41). Septimius Severus and Caracalla, with Diocletian and the Tetrarchs over it (Sterrett I, 320321; Sterrett II, no. 42). Septimius Severus, Caracalla, and Geta Caesar (Sterrett I, no. 341; Sterrett II, no. 52). Septimius Severus, Caracalla, and Geta Caesar, in the cemetery at Isgin (Sterrett I, 343; Sterrett II, no. 54). Elagabalus (Sterrett I, 313; Sterrett II, no. 37)· T . Gallus and Volusianus, Elagabalus, and the Tetrarchs (Sterrett I, 325-327; Sterrett II, nos. 46-48). Elagabalus(?) (Sterrett I, 314; Sterrett II, no. 38).

Elagabalus, in the cemetery at Albistan (Sterrett I, 345; Sterrett II, no. 56). Maximinus (Sterrett I, 309; Sterrett II, no. 33)· Older milestone corrected to Maximinus Thrax (Sterrett I, 348). Balbinus, Pupienus Augusti, and Gordianus III Caesar, later changed to Gordianus III Augustus (Sterrett I, 3 1 5 - 3 1 6 ; Sterrett II, no. 39). Gordianus III as Caesar (Balbinus-Pupienus erased) and then the four Tetrarchs (Sterrett I, 302-304; Sterrett II, no. 28). Older milestone corrected to Philip and the Tetrarchs (Sterrett I, 346-347). Philippus I and II (Sterrett I, 310; Sterrett II, no. 34). Philippus by Antonius Memmius Hiero (Sterrett I, 3 1 7 ; Sterrett II, no. 40). Philippus I, and Philippus II, with the Tetrarchs on the other side (Sterrett I, 322-323; Sterrett II, nos. 43-44). Galerius (and Diocletian) (Sterrett I, 301; Sterrett II, no. 27). Diocletian and other Tetrarchs (Sterrett I, 308; Sterrett II, no. 32). Diocletian and Maximianus Augusti, Galerius and Constantius Caesars (Sterrett I, 324; Sterrett II, no. 45). COCUSSUS-COMANA Road Elagabalus, and Diocletian and Maximianus (Sterrett I, 288-289; Sterrett II, no. 19). Maximinus Thrax (Sterrett I, 293; Sterrett II, no. 22). Philip I, Philip Caesar, and the Four Tetrarchs, 292-305 (Sterrett I, 290-291; Sterrett II, no. 20). Philip I, Philip Caesar (Sterrett I, 292; Sterrett II, no. 21). Philip I, Philip Caesar. The Legate is M. Antonius Memmius Hiero (Sterrett I, 295; Sterrett II, no. 23). TAVIUM-Ankara Road Alexander Severus, A.D. 223, at Ortakieui (Sterrett I, 378; Sterrett II, no. 62). Another at Tchañlykaya, south of Ankara. ΤAVI UM (Iskelib) Ornamented epistyle with imperial Imperator VI Consul . . . on it (Sterrett I, 357) (see above, under Galatia). Nerva (cf. Sterrett II, no. 60).

499

APPENDIX COMANA-HIEROPOLIS Refs.: IGRR, III; Magie, pp. 1096, 1264 (Sar). Dedication to Hadrian, evidently a statue erected by the Council and People in the years 120 or 1 2 1 , perhaps during a visit (IGRR, III, no. 1 2 1 ; Magie, p. 1470). Statue of Traianus Decius, erected in 249 (Magie, pp. 1565!:.). Inan-Rosenbaum (p. 52, no. ι and bibl.) indicate that the base also held a statue of Etruscilla. Statue of Gallienus, 253 to 268 (IGRR, III, no. 123). Dedication, or statue, to Publius Licinius Cornelius Valerianus, before 259 (no. 122). Statue of Probus (no. 124). F A U S T I N O P O L I S - H A L A L A (Basmakçi) Statue of Gordianus III, A.D. 239, set up by magistrates and people of the colony (M. H. Ballance, AnatSt 14 [ 1 9 6 4 ] 140fr.). M A Z A C A - C A E S A R E I A (Kayseri) M A Z A C A - M E L I T E N E Road Milestones from Septimius Severus to Diocletian (Magie, pp. 1 3 4 9 ^ and bibl.). M A Z A C A - T Y A N A (Kilissahisar) Road Milestone to Trajan, no. XXX from M A Z A C A (Magie, pp. i 3 5 o f . ) .

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OF

140: milestones on roads to Zela and Comana. Dedication to Hadrian, A.D. 1 3 7 , in name of Legate Flavius Arrianus, the historian (IGRR, III, no. 1 1 1 ) . Dedication to Hadrian (no. 1 1 2 ) . Dedication to Antoninus Pius (no. 1 1 3 ) . Dedication to Marcus Aurelius (no. 1 1 4 ) . Statue of Gordianus III (CIL, III, nos. 6 7 4 9 , 6894). ARMENIA MINOR

SATALA Statue of Aurelianus (CIL, III, no. 1 4 , 1 8 4 s ) . ARMENIA MAJOR

Ref.: IGRR, III. HARMOZICAE Lengthy dedication of monumental size, A.D. 75, to Vespasianus, Titus, and Domitianus, in reign of Mithradates. Ziata in the plain south of Harput and northwest of the Ergani Pass. Dedication(s) in honor of Nero, dated A.D. 61 or 64-5 and erected CN. DOMITIO CORBULONE LEG[ATO] AURELIO

AUG[USTI] FULVO

PRO

LEGATO]

PR[AETORE], AUGUSTI]

[IONIS] I N G A L [ L I C A E ] ( C I L , I I I , n o s .

PONTUS GALATICUS

ART

T.

LEG6741,

6742, 6742a).

AMASEIA Bridge across the river Iris bore a building inscription to Nerva, through Pomponius Bassus Leg. P.P.

A L E X A N D R I A and Vicinity (Iskenderûn)

Dedication to Marcus Aurelius (IGRR, III, no. 100).

Statue of Septimius Severus, near A L E X A N DRIA (IGRR, III, no. 927).

COMANA Ref.: Magie, pp. 1 0 1 9 , i o 9 5 f . Dedication to or statues of Hadrian and Aelius, from the city in the year 136 to 137 (IGRR, III, no. 105). Statues of Antoninus Pius (Inan-Rosenbaum, p. 48, nos. 3, 4). Dedication to Marcus Aurelius and Verus (no. 106).

Lucius

SEBASTOPOLIS (formerly H E R A C L E O P O LIS) (Sulusaray) Refs.: IGRR, III; Magie, pp. 1329, 1285, 1334; D. R. Wilson, AnatSt 10 ( i 9 6 0 ) 1 3 3 -

500

Ref.: Heberdey, Wilhelm, Reisen.

Statue base to Septimius Severus, at Pajas (Heberdey, Wilhelm, no. 48). Roman Triumphal Arch, near Merkes-Kalesi, in the time of Septimius Severus and probably commemorating his defeat of Pescennius Niger at Issus (Heberdey, Wilhelm, p. 19, fig. 2; P. Graef, in A . Baumeister, Denkmäler des Klassischen Altertums, III [Munich and Leipzig, 1888], p. 1897). Ramsay supposed the same purpose and date (A.D. 194) for the triumphal arch spanning the road near Bayramli, three hours north of T A R S U S (Magie, p. 1 1 5 4 ; BCH 22 [ 1 8 9 8 ] 237f.). Magie notes that Aurelian also marched along this route, from T Y A N A to A N T I O C H .

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EASTERN MEDITERRANEAN AND NORTH AFRICA

finished theater, presumably the one rebuilt by Julius Caesar, and enlarged under Agrippa, Tiberius (p. 216).

COMMAGENE

Hadrian definitely continued and completed the work at Daphne and A N T I O C H in connection with the water supply; he may have also built an aqueduct and a public bath named for him (pp. 2 2 i f . ) . The temple of the Nymphs above the reservoir at Daphne probably contained a great seated statue of Hadrian as Zeus, holding die celestial orb.

DOLICHE Dedication to the Tetrarchs, A.D. 292 to 305 (IGRR, III, no. 1002). GERMANICIA Dedication to Marcus Aurelius or Caracalla, a mutilated milestone(?) (IGRR, III, no. 998). SYRIA

ANTIOCH Ref.: G. Downey, A History of Antioch in Syria from Seleucus to the Arab Conquest (Princeton, 1961), where imperial foundations, constructions, and dedications are taken up according to each reign or dynastic period. Basilica of Julius Caesar, called the Kaisarion, with open court and vaulted apse, in front of which stood statues of Caesar and of the Tyche of Rome (pp. 154t., 404), founded 47 B.C. and restored in A.D. 371 by Valens. Agrippa gave a new quarter with a public bath to the city and another bath on or near the slope of the mountain, 23 to 2χ B.C. (p. 1 7 1 ) . "Eastern Gate" of Tiberius, on road into the city from Beroea and southern Syria, topped with stone group of the Lupa Romana (pp. i8if.). Plaza containing a column of Theban stone bearing a statue of Tiberius (map, fig. 8); the plaza was a focal point of the colonnaded street attributed by Malalas to Tiberius (p. 183). The statue was dedicated by the Boule and Demos. Street work perhaps carried out by Germanicus in A.D. 17 to 19 (p. 175). Vespasian built a Tower of the Winds (pp. 207, 404). A canal, connecting with the Orontes, was built, A.D. 73 to 74, under the governor Marcus Ulpius Traianus, father of the emperor (p. 207). Domitian presented a bath, on the slope of the mountain near the amphitheater of Caesar; also a temple of Asklepios (pp. 20 7f.). Middle gate of Trajan, a monumental triumphal arch, possibly at the end of the secondary colonnaded street (p. 404); this arch also bore a group of the Lupa Romana (p. 215). Trajan built an aqueduct to bring water from Daphne to the city and a new public bath in connection with it, both before the earthquake of A.D. χ 15 (pp. 21 if.). He completed the un-

"Small and very graceful" temple in honor of the deified Trajan; turned into a library by Julian the Apostate and later burned by Jovian (pp. 220, 396). Antoninus Pius (or possibly Caracalla) paved the main colonnaded street and all other streets with Theban granite, according to Malalas, who cites an inscription (pp. 224f.). Marcus Aurelius rebuilt a public bath called the Centenarium, erected a Museum evidently with an ornamental façade which was a nymphaeum; Probus (276-282) placed a mosaic of Oceanus in it (p. 229). Commodus built Xystos, covered running track, for use in the Olympic Games, with a temple to Olympian Zeus; also a public bath named for himself (pp. 233, 404). In gratitude, the people of A N T I O C H set up a bronze statue of Commodus (p. 234). Septimius Severus presented a large public bath, the Severianum, on the slope of the mountain (p. 242). Diocletian built a palace on the island on foundations started by Valerian (pp. 259^); and dated before 298 since its arched colonnade appears in the background on the Arch of Galerius at SALONIKA. The palace appears to have had stoas and galleries, like that at S alona, radiating from a tetrapod arch as at SALONIKA (pp. 319-323). A "Tetrapylon of the Elephants" stood nearby. Diocletian was also responsible for five baths, principally a public one named for him and on the island near the great circus (p. 324). Statue "of the Caesar Maximianus" (presumably Galerius) in the vestibule of the palace; a bronze globe was held in one hand (p. 398). Between A.D. 327 and 341, Constantine and Constantius II built the octagonal Great Church, the Domus Aurea, with chambers, exedras, and peribolus walls richly decorated with statues (pp. 342-349). The bronze Poseidon found during construction was melted,

501

APPENDIX ANTiocH (continued)

made into a statue of Constan tine, and set up outside his praetorium (p. 349). Forum of Valens, built before November 375, near the center of the city; three statues of Valentinianus I were set up, one on a column in the middle of the open space and two others in a vaulted, shell-like apse (pp. 403^, 407). Public bath of Valens, named for himself, near the hippodrome on the island; later burned and restored by Theodosius II (pp. 410, 453). The riot of 387 destroyed wooden panels bearing painted portraits of the imperial family, also bronze statues of Theodosius I, his wife, and Arcadius, (pp. 428f.). Gilded bronze statue of the empress Eudocia voted by Senate for Bouleuterion and bronze statue outside Museum in 438 (p. 4 5 1 ) . Basilica bearing inscription in gold mosaic with the name of Theodosius II (A.D. 439); contained representations of him and Valentinian III. APAMEIA Statue of Trajan, dedicated shortly after A.D. X02 (IGRR, III, no. 1532). Caracalla honored on the occasion of his tour of provincial inspection in 2 1 4 to 2 1 5 (JHS 75 [ 1 9 5 5 ] 149 and bibl.). BAETOCAECE Letter from Valerian, Gallienus, and Saloninus, confirming rights of the temple of Zeus going back to the Seleucid era (IGRR, III, no. 1020; see below, under ARADUS). BAII Statue of Septimius Severus (IGRR, III, no. 1003). HELIOPOLIS (Baalbek) Ref.: R. Boulanger, Lebanon (Paris: World Guides, 1955), pp. 1 5 9 - 1 6 9 . Balustrades of the north and south the court of the altar, decorated with ally Greek imperial marine and themes.

Hachette pools in traditionfunerary

Dedication to the Heliopolitan Zeus in the name of Hadrian (IGRR, III, no. 1068). Latin testimonial of a Syrian legionary offering eighty pounds of silver to Jove, for the health of Hadrian, A.D. 128 to 138 (RA, L'Année épigraphique, 1964, pp. 24f., no. 55). There are other such testimonials to Ha-

502

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ART

drian and Antoninus Pius or Septimius Severus. Roughly similar dedication, in the name of Lucius Verus (no. 1069). Propylaea: bases of three of the columns carry Latin inscriptions to Caracalla ( 2 1 1 - 2 1 7 ) from an officer who had two of ¿he bronze capitals gilded in honor of the Capitoline Triad. LAODICEIA (el-Lädhiqiyyah) Ref.: E. Honigmann, "Laodikeia," RE 12 (1925) 7 1 5 . Large theater erected by Augustus, with marble statue of himself (John Malalas, Chron., p. 303; Antiquities of Ionia, II, 39). NICOPOLIS Statue(?) of Trajan (IGRR, III, no. 1001). PALMYRA Ref.: I. A . Richmond, "Palmyra under the Romans," JRS 53 (1963) 43ff. Statues of Tiberius, Drusus Junior, and Germanicus, set up A.D. 17 by the commander of Legio X Fretensis, with Latin inscriptions. Dedication to the patron gods in the name of Trajan (IGRR, III, no. 1026). Lengthy trilingual set of laws, in the name of Hadrian, 137 (IGRR, III, no. 1056). Large bilingual dedication (with statues?) in 203 to the whole family of Septimius Severus (IGRR, III, no. 1533). Another, without Geta (no. 1534). Dedication to Claudius II (268-270) and Zenobia, mother of Vaballathus (IGRR, III, no. 1027). Gorges of the River Lycus (Nahr el Kelb) Ref.: R. Boulanger, Lebanon (Paris: Hachette World Guides, 1955), pp. 104fr. (At the point where the valley road opens onto the main road, at the turning of the bridge). Inscription, in Latin, in the name of Caracalla (A.D. 2 1 1 - 2 I 7) commemorating construction and engineering works carried out by the Third Gallic Legion. DECAPOLIS

A M M A N - P H I L A D E L P H I A (Raboth-AmmonPhiladelphia) On the clifflike southeast face of the citadel hill, overlooking the theater, stood a statue of Dedalus — a large, Sperlonga-type figure of the second or third centuries A.D., from the

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school of APHRODISIAS (J. H. Iliffe, Robinson Studies, I, 7 0 5 - 7 1 2 ) . GERASA (Antioch-on-the-Chrysorhoas) (Jerash) Ref.: Gerasa, New Haven, 1938. Triumphal arch in honor of Hadrian's visit, 129 to 130: three arched passages, formerly closed by wooden doors and set off by engaged Corinthian columns. A dedicatory inscription was in the pediment above. Votive for Marcus Aurelius and Lucius Verus (IGRR, III, no. 1544). Statue of Constantius Chlorus (C. Vatin, BCH 90 [1966] 247). PHOENICIA ARADUS City sent a decree to Augustus in connection with the temple of Baetocaece (JHS 75 [ 1 9 5 5 ] 149; IGRR, III, no. 1020). Statue of Divus Commodus (IGRR, III, no. 1014). B E R Y T U S (Beirut) Unknown official or man of wide interests founds a Greek and Latin library in the name of Hadrian (IGRR, III, no. 1077). Colossal wreathed head of Commodus, later in American art market. Now (1967) Winnetka, Illinois, James Alsdorf collection. SIDON (Saida) Dedication to Antoninus Pius, from the Boule and Demos (IGRR, III, no. 1098). Kasyoum, in the ruins of a synagogue near T Y R E (Sour) Votive from the Jews in honor of the whole Severan family, with Geta's name obliterated (IGRR, III, no. 1106). SAMARIA CAESAREIA ("MARITIMA") (Qaisariye) Refs.: S. Yeivin, Archaeology 8 (1955) 1 2 2 129; L. Kadman, The Coins of Caesarea Maritima (Jerusalem, 1957). The port was named Sebastos, the complex being also "Caesarea on Sebastos"; it was founded by Herod and inaugurated in 13 B.C. The tallest tower of the sea wall was called Drusium, in honor of Nero Drusus. The temple of Augustus and Roma had colossal statues of Augustus in the attitude of Zeus Olympos and Roma modeled on the Hera of

Argos. Colossal porphyry, seated and draped statue of an emperor(?) facing an imperial, half-draped statue of Zeus or an emperor as Zeus (figs. 5-8): possibly Divus Traianus and Hadrian. They were reset in an early-sixthcentury Byzantine building, the porphyry statue being supplied with a new marble chair. Plaque (tabula ansata) to Hadrian, recording work by legionary detachments (RA, L'Année épigraphique, 1964, p. 74, no. 189 and refs.). NEAPOLIS (Shechem, Tell Balatah) Dedication to Antoninus Pius (IGRR, III, no. 1205). JUDAEA (including cities associated known as Palestine)

with

the

area

AERA Dedication to Commodus, by a centurion of the III Legion Gallica (IGRR, III, no. 1128). AERITA Emperors Nerva, Hadrian, Antoninus Pius, Marcus Aurelius, Commodus, and Septimius Severus mentioned in inscriptions dated in their eras (IGRR, III, nos. 1 1 7 6 - 1 1 8 2 ) . AGRAENA Dedication to Caracalla, A.D. 208 (IGRR, III, no. 1146). Dedication to Severus Alexander, A.D. 233 (no. 1147). ASCALON Dedication to Commodus, A.D. 1 7 7 to 178 (IGRR, III, no. 1210). SAURA Dedication to Marcus Aurelius, 161 to 162 (IGRR, III, no. χ 143). ARABIA ADRAHA (Dera'a) Fortifications built in the years A.D. 259 to 275, by Valerian, Gallienus, Saloninus, and Aurelian, probably prompted by fear of Arab raids from the desert (H. G. Pflaum, Syria 29 [1952] 307®.). BOSTRA (the capital of Roman Arabia) Inscribed mention of the city's refounding by Trajan, after 105 (IGRR, III, no. 1319). Dedication for the health of Antoninus Pius (no. 1320).

503

APPENDIX BOSTRA (continued) Statue of Caracalla as emperor, from officials (no. 1321). Dedication to Julia Domna (no. 1322). Dedication in the name of Gordianus III, a.D. 238 to 239 (no. 1323). PHILIPPOPOLIS (Chahba) Dedication to Marcus Aurelius and Commodus, ca. 1 7 7 , from various military commanders (IGRR, III, no. 1195). Dedications to Philip the Arab and/or to Philip the Younger, 247 to 249 (nos. i i g é f . ) . Temple to M. Julius Marinus, father of Philip the Arab; he was made a divus (nos. 1 1 9 9 , 1200). EGYPT

ALEXANDRIA "Pompey's Pillar" Column on the plateau of Sarapeum has an inscription to the emperor Diocletian, erected by Postumus, prefect of Egypt. Red porphyry statue(?) stood on column; fragments, found at foot, were in the Choiseul-Gouffier collection. See Ev. Breccia, Alexandrea ad Aegyptum (Bergamo, 1922), pp. 1 1 5 - 1 x 8 .

504

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Kaisareion, built by Julius Caesar (Sjöqvist, OpusRom ι [ 1 9 5 4 ] 86-108). Captive Eastern barbarian in high relief, from the so-called Palace of Trajan at Ramleh; he kneels and a colossal standing figure stood nearby; perhaps from a monument connected with Lucius Verus' victories; London, British Museum. Statue of Marcus Aurelius Caesar, cuirassed, ca. a.D. 160 (Berytus 13 [ 1 9 5 9 ] 65, no. 263). Togate statue of Marcus Aurelius, about a.d. 200; London, British Museum (no. 1906). Head of Lucius Verus, in Cleveland (Ohio) Museum of Art. Ptolemaic royal figure, red granite, in Minneapolis (Institute of Art) and head in British Museum, has name of Commodus inscribed on the statue (The Connoisseur, Nov. 1960, p. 146). Statue of Septimius Severus, in full cuirass and posed as the Diomedes of Kresilas; London, British Museum (no. 1944; Berytus 13 [ 1 9 5 9 ] no. 202, pi. 21). CYRENE

Cuirassed statue of Hadrian. Temple of Zeus, with late Antonine cult image. Severan propylaea, with Hellenistic scene of combat (1LN, 23 Feb. 1 9 5 7 , p. 30, figs. 5f.).

Noies C H A P T E R II. Roman Imperatoria!

Architecture

ι . These examples have been discussed in C . Vermeule, "Hellenistic and Roman Cuirassed Statues" (Berytus XIII, 1 9 5 9 ) 6 - 9 (cited hereafter as Berytus 13). See also the supplements to this paper: Berytus 15 ( 1 9 6 4 ) 9 5 - 1 1 0 , and Berytus 16 ( 1 9 6 6 ) 4 9 - 5 9 . 2. H. C . Butler, Sardis I, The Excavations, 1910-1Ç14 (Leiden, 1922), pp. 7f., 63®., figs. 57, 6 1 . 3. G . M . A . Hanfmann and Κ . Z. Polatkan, Anatolia 4 ( 1 9 5 9 ) 64, note 28. One of the two battered heads is evidently Antoninus Pius and the other a splendid Hellenistic Zeus, who must have lent his majesty to the Antonine dedication. 4. A . Dönmez, ILN, 25 April 1 9 5 9 , 7 i 2 f f . ; Giuliano, Annuario 3 7 - 3 8 ( 1 9 5 9 - 1 9 6 0 ) 3 8 9 4 0 1 ; Κ. T . Erim, Archaeology 15 ( 1 9 6 2 ) 58t., fragments of "Andreia"; K. T . Erim, 1LN, 5 Jan. 1 9 6 3 , pp. 2off.; K . T . Erim, National Geographic 1 3 2 , no. 2 (Aug., 1 9 6 7 ) 28off., showing the seated Roma on the end. 5. E.g. the grave stele of Timokles at Epidaurus: Vermeule, Berytus 13 ( 1 9 5 9 ) 22f., no. E 10, pl. XIX; or the grave relief of Philodamos in Berlin: Blümel, R 104, pis. 68f. 6. Olympia, Text III, 2 6 0 - 2 7 9 , 298.

esP·

266, fig.

7. Vermeule, Berytus 13 ( 1 9 5 9 ) 62, nos. 24of.; R. Heberdey, "IX. Vorläufiger Bericht über die Grabungen in Ephesos 1 9 0 7 - 1 9 x 1 , " JOAI 15 ( 1 9 1 2 ) Beiblatt, i 7 5 f . , figs. 1 3 7 ^

olis," AJA 62 ( 1 9 5 8 ) 6 7 - 7 8 ; K. LehmannHartleben, "Die antiken Hafenanlagen des Mittelmeeres," Klio, Beiheft 14 ( 1 9 2 3 ) . 14. C . Vermeule, AJA 65 ( 1 9 6 1 ) i 9 2 f . , and "The Colossus of Porto Raphti in Attica," Hesperia 31 ( 1 9 6 2 ) 6 2 - 8 1 . See also S. Karouzou, Eleutherias, 8 Aug. 1 9 6 4 , p. 3. 1 5 . One legend has it that the head, now missing, was carried off to Venice. No. 52 in the Museo Archeologico, left to the state with the Grimani marbles in 1 5 8 6 , is the only possible candidate that I could find in 1 9 6 4 . It is a Tyche, with veil down the back, and has a high crown in two layers. This crown is high enough for a light bucket and resembles that of the bronze statuette in the presence of holes below the crenelations. C H A P T E R III. Roman Imperatorial Sculpture ι . Bieber, Sculpture of the Hellenistic 1 2 2 , figs. 485ÍE.

Age, p.

2. C . Vermeule, "Greek Art in Transition to Late Antiquity," Greek, Roman and Byzantine Studies 2 ( 1 9 5 9 ) i 7 f . ; Mendel, Catalogue, III, 6ooff., no. 1390. 3. C . Vermeule, AJA 63 ( 1 9 5 9 ) 109. 4. Stuart, Claudius; M . Stuart, "How were Imperial Portraits Distributed throughout the Roman Empire?," AJA 43 ( 1 9 3 9 ) 6 0 1 - 6 1 7 . 5. Toynbee, ABSA

5 3 - 5 4 ( 1 9 5 8 - 5 9 ) 286®.

8. R. Delbrueck, Antike Porphyrwerke (Berlin and Leipzig, 1 9 3 3 ) , p. 2 1 9 , pi. 1 0 7 .

6. C . Vermeule, AJA 59 ( 1 9 5 5 ) 3 5 1 ; P. Dikaios, Archaeology 1 ( 1 9 4 8 ) 146t.; P. Dikaios, FastiA 2 ( 1 9 4 7 ) no. 332; Hill, History of Cyprus, p. 2 3 3 , pi. 1 3 ; AA 1 9 3 4 , cols. 99, 10 i f .

9. Ibid., pp. 2 1 6 - 2 1 8 .

7. L'Orange, Apotheosis,

10. H. Hörmann, Die inneren Propyläen Eleusis (Berlin, 1 9 3 2 ) .

von

1 1 . C . Vermeule, AJA 61 ( 1 9 5 7 ) 1 1 6 . 12. Greek and Roman Portraits, no. 39. 13. A . A . Boyce, "The Harbor of Pompeiop-

p. 76.

8. Vermeule, BMFA 58 ( i 9 6 0 ) 1 2 - 2 5 . Ingholt, JARCE 2 ( 1 9 6 3 ) 1 2 5 - 1 4 2 thinks the head portrays Herod the Great, perhaps a dedication from his Idumean mercenaries in Egypt. He does not believe the portrait was reused as Severus Alexander, but that it is as executed in the late Republic or early years of Augustus.

505

NOTES 9. W . Judeich, Topographie von Athen (Munich, 1 9 3 1 ) , pp. 388f.; M . Santangelo, "II monumento di C . Julius Antíochos Philopappos in Atene," Annuario 1 9 - 2 1 ( 1 9 4 1 - 1 9 4 3 ) 153-256.

TO

2 1 . Bieber, Sculpture pp. i 6 i f . , fig. 6 9 1 .

PAGES

4 6 - 6 1

of the Hellenistic

Age,

10. Vermeule, Berytus 13 ( 1 9 5 9 ) i 3 f . , Β ι ; Einzelaufnahmen, no. 1 7 4 4 .

22. G. Jacopi, "Gli Scavi della Missione archeologica italiana ad Afrodisiade nel 1 9 3 7 ( X V X V I ) , " MonAnt 38 ( 1 9 3 9 ) 74ff.; G . Jacopi, ILN, 18 Dee. 1 9 3 7 , pp. i o 9 Ó f . ; Vermeule, PAPS 109 ( 1 9 6 5 ) 3 7 2 f . , fig. 23.

1 1 . Vermeule, Berytus 13 ( 1 9 5 9 ) 1 3 f . ; N . Kotzias, Polemon 4 ( 1 9 4 9 ) suppl. 5f., fig. 1 ; Vermeule, AJA 68 ( 1 9 6 4 ) 336, note 1 2 2 . It is tempting to see the monument as the stele or cenotaph of Leosthenes, one of Alexander's commanders, who fell leading the Hellenic alliance before Lamia in 323.

23. Ideas on the significance of the school of Aphrodisias in Roman imperial art are developed in the Essays in Memory of Karl Lehmann, pp. 3 5 9 - 3 7 4 , in connection with a group of a satyr, maenad, and Eros in Boston (see M . F . A . , Calendar of Events, June-Summer 1 9 6 2 , pp. 2f.).

1 2 . Bieber, Sculpture 1270:.

24. Nos. 3 2 0 4 - 3 2 0 8 ; Squarciapino, La scuola di Afrodisia, pp. 7 7 f . , pl. R ; Vermeule, P A P S 109 ( 1 9 6 5 ) 373ff-> figs· 2 4 - 2 7 .

of the Hellenistic

Age,

1 3 . Kourouniotes, Eleusis, pp. 8ofï.; B. Grossman, "The Eleusinian Gods and Heroes in Greek Art," Ph.D. Thesis, Saint Louis, 1 9 5 9 , PP· 334®·; A . W . Lawrence, Later Greek Sculpture (New York, 1 9 2 7 ) , p. 46, pi. 7 9 : dated 100 to 90 B.C.; SO also A . B. Cook, Ζ eus, A Study in Ancient Religion, III, 1 (Cambridge, 1940), pp. 309ÎÎ., note 3 and figs. I 9 9 f . (showing restorations).

26. Another portrait of the "Julian" type is in the Tower of the Winds at Athens. For the "Julians" in Paris, see Volbach, Hirmer, Early Christian Art, p. 3 2 1 , figs. 48f.

14. Vermeule, Berytus 13 ( 1 9 5 9 ) 1 4 , Β 2.

28. Vermeule, Goddess Roma, pl. V , nos. 6, 7.

1 5 . A.-J. Reinach, J1AN 1 5 ( 1 9 1 3 ) 9 7 - 1 4 2 ; Mendel, Catalogue, III, 484ÉE.; D . H. Cox, Coins from the Excavations at Curium, 19321953 (A. N . S. N u m . Notes and Monogr. No. 1 4 5 ) (New York, 1 9 5 9 ) , pp. 94Íf. (numismatic and historical evidence for the Ptolemies).

29. Vermeule, Quarterly 54 ( 1 9 5 8 ) 6 - 1 0 .

16. G . Krahmer, "Eine Ehrung f ü r Mithradates VI. Eupator in Pergamon," Jdl 40 ( 1 9 2 5 ) i8 3 £F. 1 7 . Louvre no. 3 2 9 5 ; Reinach, Rép. rei., II, 299, nos. 2 - 3 ; M . Bieber, Griechische Kleidung (Berlin and Leipzig, 1928), pl. IX, fig. 2. 18. Caskey, Catalogue, pp. i o 9 f . , no. 5 1 . 19. A.-J. Reinach, "Tropaeum," in Daremberg-Saglio, Dictionnaire des antiquités (Paris, 1913)» V , ι , p. 5 1 7 , no. 1 3 , fig. 7 1 3 1 . 20. Vermeule, Berytus 13 ( 1 9 5 9 ) 14, Β 3; C h . Picard and P. de la Coste-Messelière, Sculptures grecques de Delphes IV, 1, plates (Paris, 1 9 2 7 ) , 4 o f . , pl. 78; Toynbee, Art of the Romans, pp. 21 f., 2 4 1 ; D. E. Strong, The Classical World (New York, 1 9 6 5 ) , p. 1 3 3 , fig. 62.

506

25. Vermeule, AJA 59 ( 1 9 5 5 ) 1 4 2 .

27. Delbrueck, Spätantike 6.

Kaiserporträts,

pl.

30. Mendel, Catalogue, II, 444ÉF., nos. 6 6 1 664; Volbach, Hirmer, Early Christian Art, p. 325, no. 7 4 ; Vermeule, PAPS 109 ( 1 9 6 5 ) 3 7 5 , fig. 28. 3 1 . C . Vermeule, "Chariot Groups in FifthCentury Greek Sculpture," JHS 7 5 ( 1 9 5 5 ) i o 6 f . , fig. 7 and refs. in note 9. 32. Giuliano, p. 1 9 7 , fig. 38 and parallels. 33. Mansel, Akarca, pp. 28f., esp. 44, no. 7 A ; a fragment of a similar sarcophagus, the long side with the Erotes, was found at Smyrna and is in the museum there: Mansel, Akarca, p. 48, fig. 26. They give lists of the Pamphylian sarcophagi. 34. D . E. L . Haynes, "Mors in PB SR 15 ( 1 9 3 9 ) 2 7 - 3 2 . 35. Johnson, Corinth

Victoria,"

IX, ii4£F., no. 2 4 1 .

36. T h e sarcophagus of Claudia Antonia Sabina and all its parallels are published in full in Morey, Sardis V , 1. 37. Ibid., p. 45.

NOTES

TO

PAGES

6 1 - 8 8

38. Ibid., ch. IX, pp. 90-93. 39. J. D. Young, "A Sarcophagus at Providence," ArtB 1 3 ( 1 9 3 1 ) 1 3 8 - 1 5 9 ; G. Rodenwaldt, "Sarcophagi from Xanthos," JHS 53 ( 1 9 3 3 ) 1 8 1 - 2 1 3 ; see also, G. M. A. Hanfmann, The Season Sarcophagus at Dumbarton Oaks (Cambridge, Mass., 1 9 5 1 ) , II, 1 6 3 , no. (313). 40. Vermeule, Berytus 1 3 (1959) 23. 4 1 . J. B. Ward Perkins, "The Hippolytus Sarcophagus from Trinquetaille," JRS 46 (1956) 1 0 - 1 6 , and "Four Roman Garland Sarcophagi in America," Archaeology 1 1 (1958) 9 8 - 1 0 4 . F. Matz, Ein Römisches Meisterwerk, Jdl, Ergänzungsheft XIX, 1 9 5 8 , pp. 82Íf., lists the Attic Erotes sarcophagi, and A. Giuliano, "Un sarcofago di Eleusi con il mito di Meleagro," Annuario 3 3 - 3 4 ( 1 9 5 5 - 5 6 ) 1 8 3 - 2 0 5 , discusses those with more literary myths. 42. Morey, Early Christian Art, pp. 25ÍF.; Morey, Sardis V, 1 , pp. 3off., fig. 25; M. Bieber, "Romani Palliati," PAPS 103 (1959) 4 1 1 , fig. 58. 43. Compare Delbrueck, Spätantike porträts, pis. 50, 58, 60 and 6 1 .

Kaiser-

44. M. Wegner, "Zwei Oströmische Bildwerke," Istanbuler Forschungen 1 7 (1950) i 5 9 f . , pl. 65; J. Kollwitz, Oströmische Plastik der Theodosianischen Zeit (Berlin, 1 9 4 1 ) , pp. 77ft., pl. 1 5 , dated in the last years of the rule of Theodosius II, that is, 440 to 450; Mendel, Catalogue, II, 449ÎÏ., no. 667 and full bibl. 45. G. Lippold, Die Skulpturen des Vaticanischen Museums, III, 1 (Berlin, 1936), igof., nos. 586, 5 9 1 . 46. Mendel, Catalogue, II, 494f., no. 695. H.:1.05m.; W.:o-36m. Mendel suggested a date between 400 and 600. 47. W. M. Calder, MAMA, VII, 42, no. 204. H.:0.51m.; W.:0.58m. No inscription. 48. D. T . Rice, The Beginnings of Christian Art (London, 1957), p. 47, fig. 5; Guide Illustré, Istanbul, 1 9 3 5 , pp. l o i f . , no. I 4508. CHAPTER IV Epigraphic and Numismatic

Evidences

ι . British Museum, Select Greek and Latin Inscriptions (London, 1929), no. 399.

2. Ibid., no. 522; Kekulé, Beschreibung der antiken Skulpturen (Berlin, 1895), no. 1 1 7 7 . 3. V, Elis I, xii, 8. 4. R. A. G. Carson, "The Gold Stater of Flamininus," BMQ 20 ( 1 9 5 5 ) 1 1 - 1 3 , pl. VI; A. A. Boyce, Hommages à Albert Grenier, Coll. Latomus LVIII, 1962, I, 342-350; F. Chamoux, BCH 89 (1965) 2 1 4 - 2 2 4 . 5. Reference throughout is to A. R. Bellinger, Troy, The Coins (Troy, Supplementary Monograph 2) (Princeton, 1 9 6 1 ) , pp. 3 7 - 7 8 , pis. 6-13. CHAPTER V. Single Monuments and Important Men ι . D. M. Robinson, "Roman Sculptures from Colonia Caesarea Pisidian Antioch," ArtB 9 (1926) 5-69; H. Ingholt, "Parthian Sculptures from Hatra," MemConnAc 1 2 (1954) i 9 f . 2. A. C. Levi, Barbarians on Roman Imperial Coins and Sculpture, A. N. S., Num. Notes and Monogr. 1 2 3 (New York, 1952). 3. J. M. C. Toynbee, NumChron 1 9 5 2 , i 5 7 f f . ; Vermeule, Gnomon 25 ( 1 9 5 3 ) 4 7 i f f . 4. G. Guidi, "Lo Zeus di Cirene," Africa Italiana ι ( 1 9 2 7 ) 3-40. 5. ILN, 23 Feb. 1 9 5 7 , p. 30, figs. 5f.; AA 1959, cols. 2848:., figs. 25ff. I owe detailed photographs of the propylaea and other sculptures at Cyrene to the Third (1962) Libyan Expedition of the University Museum, Philadelphia, and to Richard Goodchild, Director of the Department of Antiquities, Cyrenaica. Emily T . Vermeule photographed and studied the sculptures as a member of this expedition. See generally, R. Goodchild, Cyrene and Apollonia, An Historical Guide (London, 1959), pp. 22Í., 4off. 6. See Chapter III and note 9. 7. Johnson, Corinth, IX, 1 0 i f f . , nos. 2 1 7 f t . ; R. Stillwell, Corinth, I, 2 (Cambridge, Mass., 1 9 4 1 ) , 55É.; A. H. S. Megaw, JHS, Arch. Reports for 1 9 6 3 - 1 9 6 4 , 7: early third-century dating. 8. Morey, Sardis, V, 1 , 43, Smyrna C (and B?); Festschrift für Friedrich Matz, 104, no. χ. 9· Lippold, Handbuch, p. 302, pl. 108, ι . 10. H. A. Thompson, "The Odeion in the

507

NOTES Athenian Agora," Hesperia 19 (1950) 1 0 3 ® . , esp. 1 1 9 ® . 1 1 . Smith, Catalogue, III, part VII, 1 1 7 , no. 1772. 1 2 . The stone is gray Anatolian marble with a large crystalline structure. H. (max. as preserved): 0.63m. Diam. (reconstructed): 0.63m. Thickness: 0.05m. H. Hoffmann, Jahrbuch der Hamburger Kunstsammlungen 8 (1963) 2 0 5 ® . 1 3 . Mon Ant 38 (1939) gif.; G. Jacopi, "Gli Scavi della Missione archeologica italiana ad Afrodisiade nel 1 9 3 7 (XV-XVI)," MonAnt 38 (1939) 209fr. 14. R. Naumann and S. Kantor, "Die Agora von Smyrna," Istanbuler Forschungen 17 (1950). 1 5 . Einzelaufnahmen, nos. 3204-3208; Squarciapino, La Scuola di Afrodisia, pp. 77f. 16. T. Wiegand, Baalbek, Ergebnisse der Ausgrabungen und Untersuchungen in den Jahren 1898 bis 1905 (Berlin and Leipzig, 1 9 2 1 1925), I, pis. 1 0 5 ® . , II, pis. 63fr. CHAPTER VI. The Great Antonine Altar at Ephesus ι . Vermeule, Berytus 1 3 (1959) 22, no. E 9, pl. 18; C. Vermeule, AJA 61 ( 1 9 5 7 ) 1 1 7 , 2 3 8 , note 1 2 5 ; Toynbee, JRS 37 (1947) 188; Toynbee, Hadrianic School, p. 1 4 1 , pl. 32; Ryberg, MAAR 22 ( 1 9 5 5 ) 1 3 3 t . ; F. Eichler, VI International Kongress für Archäologie (Berlin, 1939), pp. 488®.; F. von Lorentz, "Ein Bildnis des Antoninus Pius?," RM 48 ( 1 9 3 3 ) 309 pl. 50; Reinach, Rép. rei., I, 1 4 2 - 1 4 5 ; J. Β. Ward Perkins, "The Art of the Severan Age in the Light of Tripolitanian Discoveries," Ρ rocBritAc 37 ( 1 9 5 2 ) pl. XV, 1 : dated in the sixties of the second century; J. Keil, Führer durch Ephesos (Vienna, 1955), p. 90: Parthian wars of Marcus Aurelius and Lucius Verus, and perhaps from an altar building; so also G. Rodenwaldt, AbhBerl 1 9 3 5 , no. 3, p. 25; W. Weber, CAH XI, p. 3 3 2 and note 4: commemorates accession of Antoninus Pius; Antoninus was governor of Syria, and an honorific decree at Ephesus suggests a public monument; A. Schober, Die Kunst von Ρergamon (Innsbruck and Vienna, 1 9 5 1 ) , pp. i 8 3 f . : as circa A.D. 169; R. Brilliant, "Gesture and Rank in Roman Art, The Use of Gestures to Denote Status in Roman Sculpture and

508

TO

PAGES

8 8 - I O I

Coinage," MemConnAc 14 (1963) i 3 7 f . : A.D. 1 3 8 ; Toynbee, Art of the Romans, pp. 65f., 2 5 1 : "last year of Hadrian." 2. The ideas proposed in detail in these pages were read at the Annual General Meeting of the Archaeological Institute of America at Detroit, December 1 9 6 1 : AJA 66 (1962) 2oof.; Archaeology 1 5 (1962) 54. 3. Dr. Rudolf Noll of the Antikensammlung made available every facility for studying the reliefs in Vienna. His assistant, Dr. Wolfgang Oberleitner, kindly showed me a number of points about the marbles which might have escaped observation. Professor Eichler gave most generously of his time and years of experience, during a session in which he explained many points about the reliefs. His efforts have made many details understandable and have saved me from a number of foolish errors. Where I disagree with published conclusions about the monument, it is with full knowledge that my ideas will need revision when a thorough publication appears or when the foundations of the monument itself are found, in the unexcavated area between the two hills of Ephesus (Panayir Dag;i and Biilbiil Dagi). 4. Giuliano, pp. 1 8 4 - 1 8 6 . 5. Bieber, Sculpture of the Hellenistic pp. 1 1 3 - 1 1 8 .

Age,

6. A. von Gerkan, Der Altar des ArtemisTempels in Magnesia am Mäander (Berlin, 1929)» 35 ΡΡ·> io pis. 7. T. Wiegand, H. Schräder, Priene (Berlin, 1904), pp. 1 2 0 - 1 2 6 ; M. Schede, Die Ruinen von Priene (Berlin and Leipzig, 1934), p. 38. 8. AJA 61 ( 1 9 5 7 ) 246. 9. The Athenian Agora, A Guide to the Excavations (Athens, 1954), pp. 44f., no. 9 (Altar of Zeus Agoraios); C. Yavis, Greek Altars, Origins and Typology (St. Louis University Studies, Monograph Series: Humanities, No. ι , St. Louis, 1949), pp. 1 8 5 ® . , no. 19; R. Stillwell, "Architectural Studies," Hesperia 2 (1933) 140®. 10. Hill, Athens, p. 1 8 3 . 11. AJA 61 ( 1 9 5 7 ) 240; Mendel, Catalogue, III, 493f., nos. i 2 8 2 f . 1 2 . Vermeule, Berytus 1 3 (1959) 59, no. 2 1 0 , fig- 54·

NOTES

TO

PAGES

I O I - I 2 5

13. Ibid., p. 58, no. 208, fig. 53. 14. Bieber, Sculpture pp. 12of.

of the Hellenistic

15. Lippold, Handbuch, 4·

Age,

p. 107, pi. 34, 3 and

is the Mamas; he is beardless, reclining with reed in hand on aes of Domitian: SNG, Deutschland, Sammlung von Aulock, Ionien (Berlin, i960), no. 1880.

16. Ibid., pp. 38if., pi. 134, 3.

30. W . Heibig, Führer durch die öffentlichen Sammlungen klassischer Altertümer in Rom, 3rd ed. (Leipzig, 1912), I, 210, no. 319.

17. Reinach, Rép. rei., I, 367.

31. Vermeule, Goddess Roma, pl. 5, no. 16.

18. T h e vexillum is properly the attribute of frontier, military provinces, as Cappadocia: Toynbee, Hadrianic School, pp. 66ff.; and Pannonia: pp. 1338:·; or Mauretania in one of the reliefs from the Hadrianeum: p. 156, pl. XXXIV, 6. 19. Ibid., p. 157, pl. XXXV, ι . 20. Ibid., p. 141, pi. 32; and Toynbee, JRS 37 (1947) 188. 21. Vermeille, Berytus 13 (1959) 22, no. E 9. 22. Toynbee, Hadrianic

School, pl. XXI, no.

I.

23. Ryberg, MAAR

22 (1955) i 3 3 f .

24. T . W . Heermance, "Grave-Monuments from Athens," AJA 10 (1895) 479-484; A. Muehsam, "Attic Grave Reliefs from the Roman Period," Berytus 10 (1952-53) 62, 75, 84, pl. XIV, 1; S. Dow, C. Vermeule, "The Statue of the Damaskenos at the American School at Athens," Hesperia 34 (1965) 273297, pis. 61-65. 25. Cf. Lippold, Handbuch,

p. i 8 i , pi. 63, 4.

26. B. Ashmole, A Catalogue of the Ancient Marbles at Ince Blundell Hall (Oxford, 1929), pp. 6f., no. 8.

32. Ibid., pp. 35-38. T h e Roma of the apotheosis scene on the base of the column of Antoninus Pius offers a good parallel: p. 89, Pl. X, 3. 33. See note 19. 34. See note 18. 35. Reinach, Rép. center).

rei. I, 228, no. 3 (right

36. Bieber, Sculpture p. 116, fig. 460.

of the Hellenistic

Age,

37. In this respect he parallels the Genius Populi Romani; see E. Rink, Die bildlichen Darstellungen des römischen Genius (Glessen, 1933)· 38. Giuliano, Annuario 389f., figs, ι , 2.

37-38 (1959-1960)

39. Mendel, Catalogue, III, 5 8 3 ^ , no. 1372. 40. Reinach, Rép. treme left).

rei., I, 228, no. 3 (ex-

CHAPTER VII. Imperial Metalwork

27. T h e Demos of Ephesus is a bearded, halfdraped figure; neither Boule nor Demos, both so popular elsewhere, appear on Ephesian coins, generally so taken up with the cults of Artemis. T h e standing Sarapis is very popular in western Asia Minor: H . P. Weitz, in W . H . Roscher, Lexikon, IV (Leipzig, 1915), cols. 338-382.

ι . Accession no. 24.971. H : o . i o 3 m . ; Diam.: 0.095m. W . S. Smith, Ancient Egypt, As Represented in the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston (Boston, i960), pp. 185fr., fig. 126; D. Dunham, The Egyptian Department and its Excavations (Boston, 1958), pp. i26ff., fig. 101; D. Dunham, Royal Tombs at Meroë and Barimi, The Royal Cemeteries of Kush IV (Boston, τ 957)> Ρ· i q 6 , pl. 53; D. E. Strong, Greek and Roman Gold and Silver Plate (London, 1966), pp. 1 1 5 , 137.

28. Although other figures have been proposed as Faustina II, the fact that this Persephone is every bit the pendant to the Demeter-Faustina I might suggest a conscious balance of mother and daughter as fifth-century goddesses standing in similar relationship.

2. S. Haynes, "Drei neue Silberbecher im British Museum," Antike Kunst 4 (1961) 3036; P. E. Corbett and D. E. Strong, "Three Roman Silver Cups," BMQ 23 (1961) 68-86; D. E. Strong, Greek and Roman Gold and Silver Plate, pp. 1 1 5 , 139.

29. The only marine god on coins of Ephesus

3. A rather different, shorter version of this

509

NOTES chapter appeared in Antike Kunst 6 (1963) 33-40. 4. The cup is now in Toledo (Ohio), Museum of Art, and the ladle is in Boston, Museum of Fine Arts. The former is Acc. no. 61.9; H.: 0.07m.; Diam.: 0.09m. The latter is Acc. no. 6 1 . 1 5 9 ; L. (max.): 0 . 1 7 m .

5. Reinach, Rép. rei., I, 83-97, with t e x t o n 83 and 97; E. Babelon, Le Trésor d'argenterie de Berthouville (Paris, 1916); Picard, MonPiot 44 (1950) 53ff· 6. Reinach, Rép. rei., I, 159ft.; E. Pernice and Fr. Winter, Der Hildesheimer Silberfund (Berlin, 1901); H. Kiithmann, "Untersuchungen zur Toreutik des zweiten und ersten Jahrhunderts v. Chr.," Diss. Basel, 1959; U. Gehrig, Hildesheimer Silberfund (Berlin, 1967).

7. D. Mustilli, Il Museo Mussolini (Rome, 1939). ΡΡ· io5f., no. 6, pl. LXI, 243. 8. Basic publication: H. de Villefosse, "Le Trésor de Boscoreale," MonPiot 5 (1899); Reinach, Rép. rei., I, 93-97; E. S. Strong, CAH, Plates, IV, I28f.; G. Rodenwaldt, "Kunst um Augustus," Die Antike 1 3 (1937) i 7 8 f f . ; Ryberg, MAAR

10. AJA 61 (1957) 244fr. Η. Jucker, " 'Promenade archéologique' durch die Ausstellung der Sammlung Kofler im Kunsthaus Zürich," Antike Kunst 8 (1965) 47, suggests the principal figure is Augustus not Tiberius; he also indicates he could be Achilles-Germanicus, but no identification of the secondary persons is offered. χ ι . Inv. no. 3 3 9 1 ; Diam.: 0.13m. U. Hausmann, Hellenistische Reliefbecher (Stuttgart, 1959), p. 40, pl. 45, 1 - 4 , and bibliography; H. Jucker, Antike Kunst 8 (1965) 52 and note 5 ι o

1 2 5 - I 4 2

1 2 . NdS 1908, 235ft.; S. Aurigemma, The Baths of Diocletian and the Museo Nazionale Romano (Rome, 1958), p. 43, no. 89, pi. XVII. 13. H. Möbius, in Festschrift für Friedrich Matz, pp. 80-97 an 35; S. Reinach, "Les Vases d'Argent de Cheirisophos au Musée de Copenhague," GB A 1923, 1 2 9 ® . ; National Museum, Copenhagen, Guide (1955) pp. 78ft.; G. Lippold, AbhMünchen 33 ( 1 9 5 1 ) 16; Richter, Ancient Italy, p. 63, figs. i92f.; Toynbee, Art of the Romans, pp. 2 0 i f . ; G. Μ. Α. Hanfmann, Classical Sculpture (Greenwich, Conn., 1967), p. 3 3 5 , no. 2 7 5 .

92.

TO P A G E S

CHAPTER VIII. Numismatic Art ι . General references to Greek Imperial numismatics. (These and further, more detailed works are listed in Vermeule, A Bibliography of Applied Numismatics, London, 1956. Some of the works cited below, such as the British Museum Catalogues, not only contain selections for reading but lists of coins; the Sylloge Nummorum Graecorum merely lists Greek imperial coins by region and city but illustrates everything listed. Dictionaries, although not included here, can be extremely helpful.) Bellinger, A. R. "Greek Mints Under the Roman Empire," Essays Presented to Harold Mattingly, Oxford, 1956, ch. VIII. Bosch, CI. Kleinasiatische Münzen der römischen Kaiserzeit, Teil II, Band 1 : Bithynien. 1 Hälfte, Stuttgart, 1935. British Museum Catalogues of Greek Coins. Greece, Asia Minor, and the Near East (by Province). Curtis, J. W. The Tetradrachms of Roman Egypt, Chicago, 1957· Felletti Maj, B. M. Siria, Palestina, Arabia

NOTES

TO

PAGES

I 4 2 - 1 7 7

Settentrionale nel periodo romano, Rome, 1950. Head, B. V. Historia Numorum. A Manual of Greek Numismatics, 2nd ed., Oxford, 1911. Imhoof-Blumer, F. Kleinasiatische Münzen, 2 vols., Vienna, 1 9 0 1 - 0 2 . Jones, A. H. M. The Cities of the Eastern Roman Provinces, Oxford, 1 9 3 7 . Jones, T . B. "Greek Imperial Coins," North American Journal of Numismatics 4 (1965) 295-308, esp. 3o4f., map with nearly 523 mints located or listed. See also T. B. Jones, in PAPS, X07, no. 4, Aug. 1 9 6 3 . Kadman, L., et al. Corpus Nummorum Palaestinensium, vols. I—III, Jerusalem, 1 9 5 0 1960 (in progress). Magie, D. Roman Rule in Asia Minor to the End of the Third Century After Christ, 2 vols., Princeton, 1950. Picard, Ch. Ephèse et Claros, Recherches sur les sanctuaires et les cultes de l'Ionie du Nord, Paris, 1 9 2 2 . Ramsay, W. The Historical Geography of Asia Minor, London, 1890 (reprinted 1962). Robert, L. Études anatoliennes. Recherches sur les inscriptions grecques de l'Asie Mineure, Paris, 1 9 3 7 . Hellenica, vols. I-X, Paris, 19401955 (in progress). "Sur des types de monnaies impériales d'Asie Mineure," American Numismatic Society, Centennial Publication, New York, 1958, pp. 577-584· Villes d'Asie Mineure, Études de géographie antique, Paris, 1935. Sylloge Nummorum Graecorum, Collection H. von Aulock, parts 1-16 (through Galatia) (in progress); Danish National Museum, Copenhagen, fascicules 18-38. Toynbee, J. M. C. "Greek Imperial Medallions," Journal of Roman Studies 34 (1944) 65-73 (and bibliography). Trell, B. L. "Architectura Numismatica — II: Temples in Asia Minor," Ph.D. Diss., New York University, 1 9 4 2 (using material at the American Numismatic Society). The Temple of Artemis at Ephesos, A. N. S., Numismatic Notes and Monographs, 1 0 7 , New York, 1945. Waddington, Inventaire sommaire de la Collection Waddington acquise par l'état en 1897, ed. M. Ernest Babelon, Paris, 1898. Woodward, A. M. "The Cistophoric Series and its Place in the Roman Coinage," Essays to Mattingly, ch. IX. 2. Catalogue, III, 5 9 1 , no. 1380. A statuette

in the Fogg Museum of Art, a master bronze of the second or third centuries A.D., shows a related, very numismatic type of the standing Men. See Fogg Art Museum, Acquisitions 1964, p. 69 (accession no. 1964.126). CHAPTER IX. Augustus and the Julio-Claudians ι . On the subject, see O. Brendel, "Novus Mercurius," RM 50 ( 1 9 3 5 ) 2 3 1 - 2 5 9 ; AJA 61 ( 1 9 5 7 ) 203. Torso in the Archaeological Museum at Rhodes: Vermeide, Berytus 15 (1964) 98, no. 1 5 A. 2. G. M. A. Richter, Roman Portraits (New York, 1948), no. 28; K. Kluge and K. Lehmann-Hartleben, Die antiken Grossbronzen, II, 3ÉF., pi. 2 (Berlin, 1927); F. Poulsen, Porträtstudien in norditalischen Provinzmuseen (Copenhagen, 1928), 63. 3. Bliimel, R 1 5 , pi. 10 and R 16, pi. x i ; Hafner, pp. 37f., under no. MK 13. Jean Ch. Baity, "Notes d'iconographie Julio-Claudienne, I," MonPiot 53 (1963) 121 ff., suggests Claudius about A.D. 37. Inan-Rosenbaum (p. 64, no. 20) classify him as a possible Marcus Antonius. 4. L. M. Ugolini, L'Agrippa (Rome, 1932).

di

Butrinto

5. Vermeide, Berytus 1 3 (1959) 40, nos. 49, 50; the statue base of Agrippa from Corfu is CI G 1878. 6. Vermeule, Berytus 1 3 (1959) 34, no. 1 5 . The inscribed base to Agrippa at the site may belong to this statue; Berytus 1 5 (1964) 98. 7. Caskey, Catalogue, pp. i95f., no. 1 1 2 ; Greek and Roman Portraits, no. 39; Greek, Etruscan &• Roman Art, p. 222, fig. 2 3 1 . 8. Poulsen, pp. 427Í., no. 6x5; V. Poulsen, pp. 65-71, no. 34, where an extensive list of early Livias is given. This is no. 1 in Group C. In this connection V. Poulsen cites heads on Samos (Festschrift A. Rumpf [Krefeld, 1 9 5 2 ] , pl. 2 1 ) , from Marmaris in Caria (G. E. Bean and J. M. Cook, "The Carian Coast III," BSA 52, 1 9 5 7 , pi. 16a) and Larissa, from the site of the principal shrine to Achilles (H. Biesantz, "Griechisch-Römische Altertümer in Larissa und Umgebung," AA 1959, p. 104, fig. 22). The head from Marmaris is a splendid example and is now in the School there (InanRosenbaum, pp. 6of., no. 11); the forepart 5 ι ι

NOTES of the head found at Larissa is dry and careful, with some character to the hair. It follows a Roman model of the famous lady's later years. Istanbul, Archaeological Museum, no. 4 7 7 2 , seems to be a typical, middle-aged Livia. It is in one of the lower storerooms. (Livia at Marmaris is now [ 1 9 6 7 ] in the Bureau of Tourism.) 9. Poulsen, p. 428, no. 6 1 6 ; V. Poulsen, p. 7 1 , no. 3 5 . He cites as another possible provincial likeness a head in Ankara from Sinope (L. Budde in E. Akurgal and L. Budde, "Vorläufiger Bericht über die Ausgrabungen in Sinope," Belleten 5, 1 9 5 6 , pis. i8f.). The identification seems fairly certain (Inan-Rosenbaum, pp. 59t., no. 10). 1 0 . RM 54 ( 1 9 3 9 ) pl. 20. 1 1 . Mariani, AJA ι ( 1 8 9 7 ) 269ÍE., fig. 3. Heraklion Museum no. 67. She wore metal earrings. The marble of all four portraits in the group from Gortyna is Pentelic. Livia's historical iconography, particularly in Greek imperial coins, is treated in detail by W. H. Gross, Iulia Augusta (Göttingen, 1 9 6 2 ) (Abh. Göttingen III, no. 52). 1 2 . National Museum, no. 3 5 5 : RM 54 ( 1 9 3 9 ) pl. 22; V. Poulsen, pp. 76f., discussion under no. 4 1 . In AJA 68 ( 1 9 6 4 ) 320, H. von Heintze lists this as a portrait of Livia. 1 3 . C. Hanson and F. P. Johnson, "On Certain Portrait Inscriptions," AJA 50 ( 1 9 4 6 ) 395. 1 4 . See Mostra Augustea della Romanità (Rome, 1 9 3 7 ) , p. 1 1 3 , no. 28, pi. 2 2 , which is Bliimel, pp. i o f . , R 2 2 , pi. 1 5 . 1 5 . H. Biesantz, AA 1 9 5 9 , cols. io2Íf., no. 4, fig. 2 2 .

TO

PAGES

1 7 7 - I 9 4

22. L. Curtius, "Ikonographische Beiträge zum Porträt der Römischen Republik. XIV. Germanicus," Mdl 1 ( 1 9 4 8 ) 72, pl. 26. 2 3 . Hafner, p. 40, no. M K 1 9 . 24. Also by Curtius, as Nero Drusus: RM 50 ( 1 9 3 5 ) 2 7 2 f f . , fig. 8. 2 5 . See Appendix A, under Nero, no. 2. 26. So Giuliano, p. 1 5 8 , no. 1 5 . 27. Hoffmann, Hewicker, Kunst des Altertums, no. 2 5 ; H. Hoffmann, Jahrbuch Hamburger Kunstsammlungen 7 ( 1 9 6 2 ) 22 i f f . 28. Mariani, AJA ι ( 1 8 9 7 ) 2 7 1 Î Ï . , fig. 4; Fabbrini, BdA 4 ( 1 9 6 4 ) 3 i 7 f . , figs. 2 4 - 2 6 , as Drusus Senior. 29. G. Deschamps, "Fouilles dans l'île d'Amorgos," BCH 1 2 ( 1 8 8 8 ) 3 2 5 ; Fabbrini, BdA 4 ( 1 9 6 4 ) 3 1 8 , figs. 1 7 - 1 9 , as Drusus Senior. 30. Elisabeth Rosenbaum informs me (9 April 1966) of a head of Germanicus from Ephesus and now in the Selçuk Museum. He has a slight, "mourner's" beard and can be compared with Copenhagen, Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek, no. 7 5 6 : F. Poulsen, 438fF., no. 633 (as Drusus Junior); V. Poulsen, 88, no. 52, pi. 88. See Österreichisches Archäologisches Institut, Grabungen 1965, pp. 8f. 3 1 . Vermeule, PAPS 1 0 8 ( 1 9 6 4 ) 1 1 4 , fig. 1 3 . 3 2 . Olympia, III, pis. 6 3 , no. 2, and 64, no. ι. 3 3 . V. Poulsen, p. 98. 34. Bliimel, p. 1 2 , no. R 26, pi. 1 7 ; Hafner, p. 55, no. N K 1 5 ; Giuliano, pp. i 5 8 f f . , no. 1 6 ; Inan-Rosenbaum, p. 64, no. 1 9 .

1 7 . Olympia, III, pl. 6 1 , no. 4.

35. On this title in connection with the imperial cult in Asia, see L. Robert, "Recherches épigraphiques, V. Inscriptions de Lesbos," REA 62 ( i 9 6 0 ) 285fr.

1 8 . Blümel, p. 9, R 1 8 , pl. 9; Hafner, p. 38, MK 1 4 .

36. Laurenzi, Annuario 3 3 - 3 4 ( 1 9 5 5 - 5 6 ) 1 2 4 , no. 1 4 2 ; Giuliano, p. 1 6 0 , no. 1 7 .

1 9 . Harrison, pp. 1 7 ® . , no. 7.

3 7 . Olympia, III, pl. 64, no. 6; Poulsen, p. 4 4 1 , a confused identification.

1 6 . J . Charbonneaux, Festschrift B. Schweitzer (Stuttgart, 1 9 5 4 ) , pp. 3 3 ΐ ® · > pi· 7 ΐ ·

20. L. Curtius, "Ikonographische Beiträge VII," RM 50 ( 1 9 3 5 ) 2 7 6 , pi· 45 and fig. 9, the latter being the Calvert head. 2 1 . For the iconography of Germanicus, see R. Bianchi Bandinelli, "Per l'iconografia di Germanico," RM 47 ( 1 9 3 2 ) 1 5 3 - 1 6 9 .

512

38. Johnson, Corinth, IX, 76f., no. 1 3 7 and bibliography. A. Rumpf, on the other hand, implies that he is Germanicus, probably mourning for Augustus, and compares him with the large head from Lepcis Magna: Bonner Jahrbücher 1 5 5 - 1 5 6 ( 1 9 5 5 - 1 9 5 6 ) 1 2 6 , pl. 2 3 .

NOTES

TO P A G E S

1 9 4 - 2 3 I

V. Poulsen favors the young Caligula: Meddelelser 14 (1957) 44, no. 44. 39. E. G. Suhr, AJA 59 (1955) 3 1 9 - 3 2 2 has sought a likeness of Claudius on the eve of his accession in a head of unknown provenance in Rochester, N.Y. Since it appears in these pages as a possible Agrippa, I have omitted from the list V. Poulsen's identification of a well-known head in Berlin from Magnesia on the Maeander as Claudius (Les portraits romains, p. 9 1 , under no. 56). He suggests that this large head was made during Caligula's rule. 40. V. Poulsen, "Nero, Britannicus and Others. Iconographical Notes," ActaA 22 ( 1 9 5 1 ) 1 3 5 , no. 3; Giuliano, p. 1 6 1 , no. 24. 4 1 . V. Poulsen, OpusRom 4 (1962) 109. 42. Ibid., no. 3, figs. 6f.; Olympia, III, 260, pl. 64, no. 6 (but see note 35). 43. Ibid., 258f., pis. 63, nos. 4 to 6; 64, nos. 2 and 3; V. Poulsen, OpusRom 4 (1962) i n . 44. T. L. Shear, "Excavations in Corinth in 1926," AJA 30 (1926) 454f., fig. 8. 45. E.g., the R. Cyril Lockett collection specimen, Glendining and Co. Sale, part IX, 27 May 1959, lot 2 1 1 1 , as opposed to BMC, Corinth, p. 72, no. 579, pi. xviii, 10. CHAPTER X. Augustan and Julio-Claudian Commemorations 1. W. B. Dinsmoor, The Architecture of Ancient Greece (London, 1950), p. 360, (8) gives a bibliography of the temple. 2. H. Schliemann, llios (Paris, 1895), pp. 797ÉF., fig. 1 5 5 8 ; for the comparable coin, compare figure 1620 and A. R. Bellinger, Τray, Supplementary Monograph no. 2 (Princeton, 1 9 6 1 ) , pi. 8, T. 1 5 7 and T. 1 8 2 (Lucius Verus and Commodus). Beatrice Holden's honors thesis at Smith College, on the early Hellenistic date of the metopes of the temple of Athena at Ilium, has been of considerable help in preparing this section. See B. M. Holden, The Metopes of the Temple of Athena at Ilion (Northampton, Mass., 1964). CHAPTER XI. The Flavian Dynasty ι. Collections de feu M. Jean P. Lambros d'Athènes et de M. Giovanni Dattari du Caire,

vente à Paris le 17-iç juin 1912, no. 268; Vermeule, PAPS 108 (1964) 1 0 1 , fig. 1 9 ; Wegner, Die Flavier, pp. 72f.; Walters Art Gallery no. 2 3 . 1 1 9 . Since its appearance in the catalogue, the head has been deprived of much of its patina or encrustation, particularly around the lips, jaws, and chin. 2. R. West, Römische Porträt-Plastik, II (Munich, 1 9 4 1 ) , 9, pl. I. An overlifesized head in the Bergama Museum, no. 1 5 7 , from the Acropolis, heretofore widely identified as Republican (E. Buschor, Das hellenistische Bildnis [Munich, 1949], p. 50, fig. 45; Hafner, p. 63, no. A 7; Giuliano, p. 1 5 5 , III—9) or early imperial (F. Winter, Altertümer von Pergamon VII, 2 [Berlin, 1908], p. 230, no. 278), has been labeled "Vespasian," on the authority of H. Weber, accepted by Jale Inan and E. Rosenbaum (p. 67, no. 26) but not by Wegner (Die Flavier, p. 78). This is an extremely plastic, Greek likeness, which bears comparison with the Olympia Titus or the head of Titus in Boston (see below). The identification seems certain. The overlifesized, socalled Vespasian in Salonika (no. 1 0 5 5 ) appears to be a private person of the Hellenistic period (Wegner, Die Flavier, pp. 82f.). 3. V. Karageorghis, the excavator, kindly provided information and photographs. See "Chronique des Fouilles a Chypre en 1 9 6 1 , " BCH 86 (1962) 402, figs. 9 4 f . 4. Museum no. 25029; H. Jucker, Jahrbuch des Bernischen Historischen Museums in Bern 4 1 - 4 2 ( 1 9 6 1 - 6 2 ) 304, 3 1 4 , figs. 37f.; Wegner, Die Flavier, p. 72 (possibly an ideal Galba). 5. Museum no. 36500; Jucker, Jahrbuch, pp. 3 1 2 f . , figs. 33f.; Wegner, Die Flavier, p. 74 (doubtful). 6. Vermeule, Berytus 1 3 (1959) 45, nos. 86ff. The closest parallel for the head of the statue at Olympia lies in a head of Titus in the collection of Horace L. Mayer, at the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston: Vermeule, AJA 68 ( ^ 6 4 ) 336f., pi. 109, fig. 30; Wegner, Die Flavier, p. 85 (not Titus). This head, in Greek marble, is said to come from the Somzée collection, but it cannot be listed here because further provenience is unknown. The likenesses in both instances belong to the middle of Vespasian's reign, about A.D. 75. In East Greek cuirassed statues of the Flavian era, this represented the phase of commemoration after the recovery from the campaigns in Judaea, 5 I 3

NOTES when Vespasian was firmly in power and Flavian Greece could turn to thoughts more panimperial or iconographically general than the J U D A E A C A P T A motifs. 7. Vermeide, Berytus 13 (1959) 4Ϊ·, note 3. 8. Titus in Oxford: AJA 59 (1955) 3 5 1 ; A. Michaelis, Ancient Marbles in Great Britain (Cambridge, 1882), p. 557, no. 70; Wegner, Die F lavier, p. 90 (doubtful). Titus in Missouri: Vermeule, PAPS 108 (1964) 104, fig. 22, and AJA 68 (1964) 3 3 7 ; S. S. Weinberg, Missouri Alumnus, March 1963, p. 5, fig. 14; Wegner, Die Flavier, p. 85 (not Titus). An overlifesized head of Herakles in the Salonika Museum may be a portrait of Titus. He is wreathed, and the pupils are expressed. The hair is unfinished behind, and the marble is possibly Pentelic. 9. F. Poulsen, Ikonographische Miscellen (Copenhagen, 1921), p. 7 1 , pi. 30; Wegner, Die Flavier, p. 97 (overlifesized). 10. A. Schober, "Vom griechischen zum römischen Relief," JOAI 27 (1932) 59, pl. 3, Beiblatt; Inan-Rosenbaum, p. 67, no. 27; Wegner, Die Flavier, p. 86 (as a posthumous Titus). 11. F. Winter, Altertümer von Pergamon VII, 2, p. 2 3 1 , Beiblatt 30; Wegner, Die Flavier, p. 1 0 5 . 12. Nerva at Ephesus: 1LN, 8 Feb. 1958» 222, fig. 10; the nymphaeum and surroundings: F. Miltner, Ephesos (Vienna, 1958), pp. 50®., no. 10; F. Miltner (+), F. Eichler, "XXIII. Vorläufiger Bericht über die Ausgrabungen in Ephesos," JOAI 44 ( i 9 5 9 ) Beiblatt, 332®., figs. i 7 5 f . The nude upper torso of the twicelifesized Trajan is fig. 174; since there seems to be a himation hanging from the left shoulder, the statue may have shown Trajan seated in the manner of Jupiter Capitolinus.

ι . On the portraits of Trajan, see W. H. Gross, Bildnisse Traians (Das Römische Herrscherbild, II. Abteilung, Band 2) (Berlin, 1940); AJA 61 (1957) 2 2 3 - 2 5 3 . 2. For Plotina, see M. Wegner, Hadrian, Plotino, Marciana, Matidia, Sabina, (Das Römische Herrscherbild, II. Abteilung, Band 3) 3. Captain 514

118-120.

Beaufort

(Karamania,

2 3 1 - 2 6 0

1817) writes of his visit in 1811 : "The front wall is of plain cut stone, and nearly perfect; it is two hundred feet long and twenty high, with a pediment at each extreme. The following inscription extends along the whole of the front: HORREA I M P CAESARIS DIVI T R A I A N I P A R T H I C I F / DIVI N E R V A E N E P O T I S T R A I A N I AVGVSTI cos HI. The granary is divided into seven compartments, each of which had a door to the front. Over the centre door are two busts of a male and a female . . ." He goes on to describe figured reliefs perhaps inserted in the walls at later times. The relief of a female with a scepter and crown reclining on a couch, attended by a male figure also crowned and holding a "cup" could be a Tyche-Annona with a geographical personification. Above the granary, on a hill, Beaufort saw "a small ruined temple of very white marble." It may be that this building was the shrine to the Julio-Claudians and their statues or bases were moved to the granary at a later date. ADRIANI

4. Vermeule, Berytus 13 (1959) 55f., nos. 180-191, 76; Vermeule, Berytus 15 (1964) 95. 105. 5. IG, no. 1307; Th. Mommsen, The Provinces of the Roman Empire (London, 1902), p. 291, note ι . 6. Vermeule, Berytus 13 (1959) 60, nos. 2 2 5 230.

7. IGRR, III, no. 39; C. Fellows, Asia Minor

(London, 1 8 3 9 ) , pp. 115ft., 322.

8. Β. Ashmole, "Cyriac of Ancona and the Temple of Hadrian at Cyzicus," JWarb 19 (1956) 1 7 9 - 1 9 1 , gives all information, plans and quotations. 9. F. W. Hasluck, Cyzicus (London, 1910), pp. ι off. 10. Vermeule, Berytus 13 (1959) 63, under no. 2 5 1 .

CHAPTER XII. Τ rajan and Hadrian

(Berlin, 1 9 5 6 ) , p p .

TO PAGES

London,

11. The basic collection of portraits of Hadrian, Plotina, Marciana, Matidia, and Sabina is by M. Wegner, Hadrian, Das Römische Herrscherbild, II. Abteilung, Band 3 (Berlin, 1956). The bronze Hadrian in Istanbul from near Adana is discussed on pp. 45, 99. 12. See the remarks in C. Vermeule, AJA 58

(1954) 255.

13. F. E. Brown, Roman Architecture York, 1961), p. 42.

(New

NOTES

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PAGES

2 6 0 - 2 9 9

14. D. E. Strong, "Late Hadrianic Architectural Ornament in Rome," Ρ B S R 2 1 ( 1 9 5 3 ) 142.

15. Lippold, Handbuch,

p. 1 9 2 .

16. M. Hammond, "A Statue of Trajan represented on the 'Anaglypha Traiani,' " MAAR 2 1 (1953)

163-165.

1 7 . See Vermeide, D. von Bothmer, AJA 60 (1956) 33if-> pi· Ι 0 9 · 18. See A. W . Van Buren, "News Letter from Rome," AJA 62 (1958) 4 i 6 f . ; 1LN, 5 Oct. 1 9 5 7 , 552f. 19. Toynbee, Hadrianic School, p. 67, pi. 24, 4; B. Ashmole, A Catalogue of the Ancient Marbles at Ince Blundell Hall (Oxford, 1929), p. 2 3 , no. 4 2 , pi. 2 7 . 20. Vermeule, Goddess Roma, p. 113, no. 100. 2 1 . See the remarks in The Nelson Gallery and Atkins Museum, Bulletin 3 ( i 9 6 0 ) no. 2, 1-7· 2 2 . Vermeule, Berytus

1 3 (1959) 29f., note

24.

2 3 . J. M. C. Toynbee, "Picture-Language in Roman Art and Coinage," Essays in Roman Coinage Presented to Harold Mattingly (Oxford, 1956), pp. 2 i 3 f . , note 2, fig. 8.

Salonika University as the source. The newspaper Hellene Vorrà for 5 Dec. 1965 states, in an article by Nich. Stangkos, that, according to Professor Bakalakis, "one gold head of Marcus Aurelius is one of the most significant finds of the museum at Komotini. The head is almost lifesized and was found at the locality Hagia Petra of the Didymoteichon and is the second golden statue (protome) which exists in the whole world." Professor Eugene Vanderpool has kindly added the following clarification in a letter (3 Jan. 1966): "It is the same find that was reported last summer. It comes from Didymoteichon which Prof. Bakalakis thinks is the ancient P L O T I N O P O L I S (Thrace). It was found by soldiers who started breaking oif pieces and putting them in their pockets, most have been recovered since. The head is about 25 cm. high and weighs about a kilo. It is of Marcus Aurelius, but the hair-do is "Severan," hence the bust is to be dated a bit after Marcus Aurelius' death." An illustrated lecture given by Mr. Vavritsas revealed (April 1967) that this possible Marcus Aurelius is in mint condition, except for a blow on the left cheek inflicted by the finder (further communication from E. Vanderpool). Plotinopolis seems to have been prosperous under the Antonines and Severans, most of the imperial coins having been minted under Caracalla.

24. Harrison, pp. 38ff., no. 28; identification proposed in C. Vermeule, AJA 58 (1954) 2 5 5 ; accepted with a "perhaps" in Ancient Portraits from the Athenian Agora (Princeton, i960), cover and no. 13.

2. Vermeule, PAPS 109 (1965) 337f., fig. 30; Vermeule, Berytus 1 3 (1959) 29, note 24; O. Deubner, "Zu den grossen Propyläen von Eleusis," AM 62 ( 1 9 3 7 ) 73Íf., pis. 39ft.

25. Corinth inventory number Sc 2505. Compare Wegner, Hadrian, pi. 13.

4. See D. M. Robinson, "Roman Sculptures from Colonia Caesarea (Pisidian Antioch)," ArtB 9 ( 1 9 2 6 ) 69, fig. 1 2 7 .

CHAPTER XIII. Antonine Art i . M. Wegner, Die Herrscherbildnisse in Antoninischer Zeit (Das Römische Herrscherbild, II. Abteilung, Band 4), Berlin, 1939, gives basic lists of portraits for Antoninus Pius, Faustina the Elder, Marcus Aurelius, Faustina the Younger, Lucius Verus, Commodus, Lucilla, and Crispina. A lifesized gold bust of Marcus Aurelius was reported in an Associated Press dispatch, dated 5 Dec. 1965, as having been found by "a farmer digging in his field yesterday." The cryptic six lines as printed in the New York Times originated from Salonika and gave

3. Inan-Rosenbaum, pp. 83f., no. 57.

CHAPTER XIV. Severan and Later Portraits and Public Commemorations ι . See V e r m e u l e , BMF A

L'Orange, Apotheosis,

58 ( i 9 6 0 )

pp. 76®.

13-25;

2. K. A. Neugebauer, "Die Familie des Septimius Severus," Die Antike 1 2 (1936) 157ft., pis. ι of.; CAH, Plates V, i 5 6 f . ; XII, 364; F. W . Goethert, in Neue Beiträge zur klassischen Altertumswissenschaft, Festschrift zum 60. Geburtstag von Bernhard Schweitzer (Stuttgart, i954)> PP· 3 61 ff. ; L. Budde, Jugendbildnisse

5ι 5

NOTES des Caracolla und Geta (Münster, 1951), pl. 5; L'Orange, Apotheosis, p. 7 6 and note 12; G. M. A. Hanfmann, Roman Art, pl. XLVIII. CHAPTER XV. The Tetrarchs in Greece and Anatolia ι . J. Marcadé, "Sculptures du Musée de Nauplie," BCH 8 6 ( 1 9 6 2 ) 6 2 3 - 6 2 6 , fig. 6 , as a possible Philip I. 2 . L'Orange, Spätantiken Porträts, p. 1 0 3 , cat. no. 5 3 , figs. 98f. 3. The head is in Istanbul: Volbach, Hirmer, Early Christian Art, pi. 1; F. K. Dörner, Die Antike 1 7 ( 1 9 4 1 ) 1 3 9 - 1 4 6 ; F. Κ. Dörner, Istanbuler Forschungen 1 4 ( 1 9 4 1 ) 46f., pl. 10. Jale Inan and E. Rosenbaum have, correctly, identified a head in Bursa, from Afion Karahisar as a Tetrarch (Mendel, BCH 3 3 [ 1 9 0 9 ] 2 7 1 , no. 2 0 , fig. 1 2 ) ; he wears a large, jeweled wreath of oak. On the analogy of the head from Nicomedia, they are right in suggesting Diocletian. The Nicomedia portrait has been published as a possible Claudius II ( 2 6 8 2 7 0 ) , whose legates were active in the area, but his face was too pointed, and coins of Diocletian, around 2 9 0 to 2 9 6 , offer many better parallels (see V. Poulsen, Meddelelser 2 4 [ 1 9 6 7 ] 1 6 , fig. 1 3 ) . 4 . H. P. L'Orange, "Ein tetrarchisches Ehrendenkmal auf dem Forum Romanum," RM 5 3 ( 1 9 3 8 ) 1 - 3 4 ; H. P. L'Orange, "Ein tetrarchisches Ehrendenkmal auf dem Forum," L'Urbe 1 9 3 9 , no. 7 , 1-8; D. E. Strong, Roman Imperial Sculpture (London, 1 9 6 1 ) , figs. 1 3 i f .

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PAGES

2 9 9 - 3 5 4

aronas, Robinson Studies, pp. 3 8 0 - 3 8 8 (esp. pp. 384®., with bibliographies); P. Salellas, Ampurias 1 5 - 1 6 ( 1 9 5 3 - 5 4 ) 3 6 9 - 3 7 1 ; Makaronas, Praktika 1 9 5 0 , pp. 3 0 3 - 3 2 1 . The recent basic work is E. Dyggve, Recherches sur le palais impérial de Thessalonique (Copenhagen, 1 9 4 5 ) , incorporating the results of the excavations on the eve of the Second World War. Several important heads were discovered and rejoined in the reliefs on the Arch of Galerius. See generally, L. Vlad Borrelli, "Salonicco," Enciclopedia dell'arte antica, Classica e orientale, VI (Rome, 1 9 6 5 ) , pp. 1 0 8 0 - 1 0 8 5 , fig. 1 1 9 6 being a tolerable photograph of the sculptured niche with medallion bust of Galerius. This is also Hanfmann, Classical Sculpture, p. 3 3 9 , no. 3 1 3 . 7. On the effect of Diocletian's reform in the arts, see Vermeule, Berytus 12 ( 1 9 5 6 - 5 7 ) 8 5 1 0 0 ; H. A. Cahn, Festschrift Karl Schefold (Basel, 1 9 6 7 ) , pp. 9 1 - 9 6 . 8 . Reinach, Rép. rei., II, 1 0 8 , no. 2 and older bibliography. 9 . See A. M. Schneider, "Die Römischen und Byzantinischen Denkmäler von Iznik-Nicaea," Istanbuler Forschungen 1 6 ( 1 9 4 3 ) ; Α . M . Schneider and W. Karnapp, "Die Stadtmauer von Iznik (Nicaea)," Istanbuler Forschungen 9 ( 1 9 3 8 ) , and references; Η. von Schönebeck, Forschungen und Fortschritte 1 9 3 7 , 1 5 9 f t · ; Ν . Firatli, Iznik, Shell Touring Service, p. 2 (plan and discussion); Κ. Bittel, "Das Alamannia-Relief in Nicaea (Bithyniae)," Festschrift für Peter Goessler (Stuttgart, 1 9 5 4 ) , pp. 1 1 1 2 , pis. 1 - 1 2 . CHAPTER XVI. Constantinus Magnus Augustus and His Successors

5. K.-F. Kinch, L'Arc de triomphe de Salonique (Paris, 1 8 9 0 ) ; Vermeule, Berytus 1 3 ( 1 9 5 9 ) 27S., G. 7 ; Ryberg, MAAR 2 2 ( 1 9 5 5 ) pi· 495 Strong, Art in Ancient Rome, pp. i 7 5 f . , fig. 5 2 5 ; CAH, Plates V, 1 5 0 b; Reinach, Rép. rei, I, 3 8 8 t . ; H. von Schönebeck, BZ 3 7 (1937) 3 6 i f f . ; J. B. Ward Perkins, "The Art of the Severan Age in the Light of Tripolitanian Discoveries," ProcBritAc 3 7 ( 1 9 5 2 ) 2 8 8 ; G. Rodenwaldt, "Ein Lykisches Motiv," Jdl 55 ( 1 9 4 0 ) 53ff.; R. Brilliant, "Gesture and Rank in Roman Art, The Use of Gestures to Denote Status in Roman Sculpture and Coinage," MemConnAc 1 4 ( 1 9 6 3 ) 1 6 9 f t . ; Toynbee, Art of the Romans, pp. 76f., 2 5 2 ; G. Μ. Α. Hanfmann, Classical Sculpture, p. 3 3 9 , no. 3 1 4 .

2 . Head from Ephesus, in Vienna : Delbrueck, Spätantike Kaiserporträts, pp. i i o f . , pi. 2 6 . Head from Constantine's Forum: N . Firatli, Istanbul Arkeoloji Müzeleri Yilligi 11-12 ( 1 9 6 4 ) 2 0 8 , pi. 3 4 , 1 - 2 , who suggests possibly Tiberius.

6. See Dictionnaire d'archéologie chrétienne (Paris, 1 9 5 0 ) , cols. 6 2 4 - 7 1 3 ; Ch. I. Mak-

3. Dörner, Istanbuler Forschungen 14 4 8 , no. 7 , pl. 12.

516

ι . Mendel, Catalogue, III, 3 4 4 , no. 1 1 0 7 ; N . Firath, Short Guide, p. 4 3 , pi. 1, 1; N . Firatli, Istanbul Arkeoloji Müzeleri Yilligi 7 ( 1 9 5 6 ) 7 5 - 7 8 , figs. 2 4 - 2 7 ; H. Jucker, "Verkannte Köpfe," Museum Helveticum 1 6 ( 1 9 5 9 ) 2 8 3 f . , pl. 3.

(1941)

NOTES

TO

PAGES

354-368

4. R. Calza, MemPontAcc 8 ( 1 9 5 5 ) 1 0 7 - 1 3 6 . 5. H. Jucker, Museum Helveticum, pp. 275fr., esp. p. 280; the head, originally published by V. Müller in "Zwei Syrische Bildnisse römischer Zeit," 86 BWPr ( 1 9 2 7 ) , is now on loan in the University Museum, Philadelphia, having then been on loan in Berlin. The silver plates are Delbrueck, Spätantike Kaiserporträts, pp. 1 5 4 t · , pis. 58f.; pp. i 4 4 f f . , esp. pi. 57. 6. J. M. C. Toynbee, Roman Medallions (New York, 1944), pi. 49, no. 3 (the giant medallion of Justinian, stolen from Paris in the nineteenth century). See also Volbach, Hirmer, Early Christian Art, pi. 244. 7. Greek island marble. H.: 8 % in. Vermeule, Quarterly 54 ( i 9 6 0 ) 8 - 1 0 ; Hanfmann, Roman Art, 1 0 3 , 1 8 7 , fig. 98; C. Vermeule, Archaeology 18 ( 1 9 6 5 ) 1 6 2 . 8. Delbrueck, Spätantike Kaiserporträts, pl. 1 1 shows (inter alia) the coin portrait of Constantia. For a marble head of the years 300 to 3 2 5 , cruder work with precisely the same hair style, see the example in the Hermitage: T . Uschakoff, "Ein römisches Frauenporträt konstantinischer Zeit," AA 1 9 2 8 , cols. 60-67. 9. The head is in Boston, Museum of Fine Arts, accession number 62.465. H.: 0.463m. MFA Calendar of Events, October 1 9 6 2 , p. 2, fig.; Illustrated Handbook, 1 9 6 4 , pp. 98f.; Annual Report for 1 9 6 2 , pi. p. 36; C. Vermeule, "Greek, Etruscan, Roman and Byzantine Sculpture in the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston," C J 60 ( 1 9 6 5 ) 302f., fig. 1 7 . 1 0 . Guide Bleu (Greece, 1 9 5 5 ) , pp. 1 8 y f . ; J. Threpsiades, ArchEph 1 9 3 2 , Chronika, pp. 6ff., for Classical and earlier remains. h . E. Dodwell, Views in Greece (London, 1 8 1 9 ) , plates: "Entrance to Athens," "Athens From the Foot of Mt. Anchesmos." 1 2 . F. Gerke, Oer Sarkophag des Junius Bassus (Berlin, 1 9 3 6 ) , pis. 8, 9. The mosaic of Socrates and six disciples, from Apameia-onthe-Orontes, shows how like these heads Socrates and his companions could be in Late Antiquity: see G. M. A. Hanfmann, "Socrates and Christ," HSCP 60 ( 1 9 5 1 ) 2 0 5 - 2 3 3 .

1 3 . C. Davis-Weyer, "Das Traditio-Legis-Bild und seine Nachfolge," Münchner Jahrbuch der Bildenden Kunst 1 2 ( 1 9 6 1 ) 7 - 4 5 . The key monuments are the Passion-sarcophagus in the Lateran (circa 370) (fig. 1), a graveplaque from the Catacomb of Priscilla (fig. 10), and the mosaic of the triumphal arch of San Lorenzo fuori le Mura (fig. 2 1 ) . St. Paul can develop iconographically from philosopher portraits of the third century A.D.: H. P. L'Orange, "Plotinus-Paul," Byzantion 2 5 - 2 7 (1955-57) 473-485· 1 4 . See J . Kollwitz, Oströmische Plastik der theodosianischen Zeit (Berlin, 1 9 4 1 ) , passim; W. Oberleitner, "Fragment eines spätantiken Porträtkopfes aus Ephesos," JOAI 44 ( 1 9 5 9 ) 83-100. 1 5 . G. M. A. Hanfmann, "Sardis Excavations, 1 9 6 1 , " Archaeology 1 5 ( 1 9 6 2 ) 59f., fig.; G. M. A. Hanfmann, A Short Guide to the Excavations at Sardis (New York, 1962), fig. 9: head of circa A.D. 400 with very plastic hair and beard. Traces of the deep drill and broken points in the hair above and beside the forehead mark this head as work in the tradition of ateliers at Smyrna or inland Aphrodisias. In Roman Art, however, G. M. A. Hanfmann, the excavator, now dates the head from Sardes in the late third century, about A.D. 280 (pp. 1 0 0 , 1 8 3 , fig. 90). This period is also given in Art Treasures of Turkey, p. 94, under no. 1 4 9 . Inan-Rosenbaum (pp. i66f.) suggest a date around the middle of the fifth century. 1 6 . Harrison, p. 90. Since the agora suffered so badly from the Herulians and since its monuments were tossed into the "Valerian Wall" in the following decade, it is natural that scant traces of fourth-century portraiture have been found there. 1 7 . No. 1 3 1 3 : S. Casson, Catalogue of the Acropolis Museum, 11 (Cambridge, 1 9 2 1 ) 2 2 2 f . Published in detail by G. Dontas, "Kopf eines Neuplatonikers," AM 69-70 ( 1 9 5 4 - 5 5 ) I 4 7 1 5 2 . Compare also the head in the National Museum, Athens, no. 2 1 4 3 , found in Vrachano on Hymettos: A. Hekler, A A 49 ( 1 9 3 4 ) cols. 2 6 3 ® . , figs, ι i f .

5ι7

I N D E X OF P L A C E S Scattered mentions of emperors and empresses are noted through reference to spans of pages or to the chapter itself. Appendixes A and Β are indexed only under major headings, but people and places mentioned in Appendix C and not in the text are included in this index. Abia (or Abea) (Messenia), 254, 255, 435 Abonouteichos (Paphlagonia), 490; Severan monuments, 317 Acalissus (Lycia), 480 Achaia, 434; Diet of, 194, 195; statues of Hadrian, 254, 255 Acharaca (Caria), 477 Acmonia (Phrygia), 469, 470; altar to Severus Alexander, 321; Flavian gateway, 239; JulioClaudian dedications, 222; milestone to Constantinian family, 362, 363 Acrasus (Lydia), 459; dedication to Septimius Severus, 3r8; inscription (road repairs) to Tacitus, 318, 319 Acroenus, 322 Actium: battle in 31 B.C., 79, 244; finds from area, 208; founding of Nicopolis, 176, 208; victory of Agrippa, 173 Adada (Pisidia), 484, 485; Severan or later dedications, 325 Adana (Cilicia): bronze statue of Hadrian (Istanbul), 69, 258, 259; Museum with cuirassed statue from Seleuceia on the Kalykadnos and head of Antoninus Pius (Seleuceia), 258, 275, 407 Adanda (Cilicia), 494 Adiabene, Galerius' campaigns and Arch, 336, 346, 347 Adraha (Arabia), 503 Adramyteum or Adramyttium (Mysia), 330 Adyamian, bronze head of Antoninus Pius (Ankara), 259, 275, 290 Aedepsus (and Istiaia) (Euboea), 445; monument to Constantine, on base to Hadrian, 358; statue of Theodosius, 358 Aegae (Aeolis), 458; dedication to Septimius Severus, 3r8; Tiberius honored after earthquake, 217 Aegeae (Cilicia), 494; dedication to Septimius Severus, 326 Aegiale (Amorgos), 190, 203, 204, 439 Aegina, 432 Aegosthena (Megara), 432 Aeniania (Thessaly). See Hypata Aenus (Thrace), 423; dedication to Tranquillina, 314; Severan dedication, 313, 3x4 Aeolis, 458, 459 Aera (Judaea), 503 Aerita (Judaea), 503 Aetolia, 426 Aezani (Phrygia), 470; altar to Domitian, 334; Antonine statues, 271; Julio-Claudian dedica-

tions, 220, 221; letter from Septimius Severus, 322; temple of Zeus, with letters of Hadrian, Antoninus Pius, 69, 220, 271 Afion Karahisar (Phrygia), 322, 472 Agia Paraskevi (Attica), head of Saint Paul(î) (Boston), 365-368 Aglasun (or Aglason) (Pisidia). See Sagalassus Agrae (Pisidia), 485 Agraena (Judaea), 503 Ahat (Phrygia). See Acmonia Ahatköy (Phrygia). See Acmonia Ahur Hisar (Phrygia). See Diocleia Aidindjik (or Aydincik) (Mysia), 454; statue of Trajan (Cyzicus), 251 Algeria, temple of Zeus, 18; cuirassed emperor, 18 Akardja or (Akarcaj Yarçsli or Omaranh) (Galatia), 492; dedication to Gordianus III, 76. See also Cinna Akhisar (Lydia). See Thyateira Akören (Lycaonia), 492 Akraiphnion (Boeotia), marble copy of Nero's speech, 211 Akjehir (Phrygia), 407; plaque with soldiers, 63, 65. See also Philomelium Alabanda (Caria), head of Antoninus Pius in temple of Apollo, 275 Alahan (or Koja Kalessi, or Koca Kalesi) (Cilicia), 494 Ala§ehir (Lydia), 407. See also Philadelphia Albistan (Cappadocia), 499 Aleppo, head of Constantius II(?) from Philadelphia (Penna.), 354 Alexandria, 500; statue of Septimius Severus, 327; triumphal arch, Severan(?), 327 Alexandria (Egypt), 504; coins, 10, 11, 88, 167, 328; cuirassed Septimius Severus (London), 7; personified on Ephesus altar, Hadrianeum base, 107, 122; pharos, 34, 213; planning of city, 22; Sarapis by Bryaxis (lost), 46; silver cups made here, 125, 137, X38, 141; togate statue of Marcus Aurelius (London), 282; Graeco-Roman Museum, 407; head of Marcus Aurelius, 282; head of Vespasian (Delta), 231; statue of Marcus Aurelius (city), 282 Alexandria (Troas), 456, 457 Aliaga Çiftligi (Aeolis). See Myrina Alikel (Phrygia), 474 Almuris (Ionia), 463 Almyros (Thessaly), Museum, 407 Aloudda, Leonna Region, 475 Alti Hisar (Phrygia), Tetrarch milestone, 334 Altinoluk (Troas). See Antandrus

519

INDEX Amargetti (Cyprus), 497; Julio-Claudian dedications, 207 Amarynthus. See Eretria Amaseia (Pontus), 500; coin of Marcus Aurelius, 150, 151, 157, 158; dedication to Marcus Aurelius, 296 Amasra (Paphlagonia). See Amastris Amastris (Paphlagonia), 490; dedication to Marcus Aurelius, Lucius Verus, 293; Severan milestone, 317; shrine to Claudius (nearby), 212, 213 Ambar-Arasu, 493 Ambrysus (Phocis), 427, 428; statue of Severus Alexander, 315 Amisus (Pontus), 215, 452 Amman (Decapolis), 502, 503 Amorgos, 439; dedication to Caligula at Aegiale, 190, 203, 204; Minoa, with heads of Agrippina Senior (Syros) and Germanicus (Syros) and statue of Claudius, 189-191, 204 Amorium (Phrygia), 470 Amorium - Laodiceia Combusta - Iconium road; milestone to Julian the Apostate, 362 Amphiareion (Attica), 429; Museum with cuirassed Agrippa, man in himation, and statue of Lysimachus, 7, 176, 210, 407 Amphipolis (Macedonia), 421; Severan column, 313 Anaphe, 439 Anavarza (Cilicia). See Caesareia by Anazarbus Anchialus (Thrace), 423 Ancyra (Galatia), 491, 492; coin of Caracalla, 166; dedication to Antoninus Pius, 296; Severan altar, dedication, 325; statue of Antoninus Pius, 259, 275, 290; temple(?) of Marcus Aurelius, 273; temple of Roma and Augustus inscriptions, 68, 227; Trajan, tondo from Bouleuterion, 244, 259 Ancyra (Phrygia), 470; cult of Augustus and Livia, 220 Andriaca (Lycia), 480, 481; Hadrianic granary busts of Trajan, Hadrian, 225, 253; JulioClaudian dedications, 225, 253 Andros, 439, 440; dedication to Severine, 316; Julio-Claudian inscription, 203 Ankara (Galatia), Museum, 407. See also Ancyra Antakya, Museum, 407 Antalya (or Adalia) (Pamphylia): coins of, 144; Museum, 225, 226, 273, 283, 407, 408; statue of Marcus Aurelius (Istanbul), 40, 282, 290. See also Attaleia Antandrus (Troas), 457; statue of Marcus Aurelius, 293 Antikythera, wreck and bronze philosopher (Athens), 259 Antimachia (Cos), 441; Julio-Claudian dedications, 204 Antioch (Caria), sestertius of Gallienus, 15T, 152, 162 Antiochia ad Cragum (Cilicia), 494 Antioch (Pisidia), 170, 485; coins, 165, 166; head of Lucilla or Crispina (Konya) 289; hoard of gold coins, 143; Propylaea, 78, 79; Severan

520

OF

PLACES

triple city gate, 16, 61, 78, 79, 93; statues of Cornelia Antonia and Lucius Verus, 286; Triple arch of Augustus, 16, 78, 79, 93, 169 Antioch (Syria), 501, 502; architecture discussed in connection with Arch of Galerius, Salonika, 349; coins, 10, 153, 166, 328; sacked by Shapur, A.D. 260, 12 Antioch-on-the-Chrysorhoas (Decapolis), 503 Antiphellus (Lycia), 224, 391, 407 Apameia-Myrleia (Bithynia), 452; statue of Macrianus Junior, 317, 321 Apameia (Phrygia), 470; Antonine altar, 294; dedication to Iovianus, 362; honors to sons of Gallienus, 321; statue of Vespasian, 239; Tetrarch statues, 334; Trajanic cult group and statues, 253 Apameia (Syria), 502 Aperlae (Lycia), 481; baths and portico to Titus, 74, 240, 241; Tetrarch dedication, statues, 335 Aphrodisias (Caria), 289, 358, 408, 477, 478; alliance coin with Hierapolis, 160, 161; altars, 32; Diogenes, 282; Evangelical School medallions, tondi now lost, 55, 56, 58, 91; excavations at, 54; Flavian cults, 240; frieze from the theater, 20, 21, 47, 53, 123; Hadrianic baths, statues including Valentinian II, Arcadius, 44, 358, 363; head of Faustina II (Copenhagen), 283; Ionic Portal of Tiberius, 3, 55, 90, 92, rÓ9, 223, 224; Julio-Claudian dedications, 224; Museum, 408; pediment with bust of Septimius Severus, 299; Severan monuments, dedications (Bouleuterion and elsewhere), 323; temple of Aphrodite, Hadrianic inscription, 257; Tetrarch inscription on theater wall, 335; tondo of Apollo (Hamburg), 90; triple-arched gate, 16; west gateway, repairs under Constantius II, 358-361, 363 Apollonia (Epirus), 423; relief, Nike carrying trophy (Louvre), 53 Apollonia (Lycia), 481; federal coins, 224; JulioClaudian dedications, 224, 225 Apollonia (Mysia), 454; statue of Domitian, 237 Apollonia Mordiaeum (Pisidia), coin of Marcus Aurelius, 148 Apollonia Salbace (Caria), 478; Julio-Claudian dedications, 222; statue of Commodus, 294; statue of Constantine I, 362 Apollonia (Sozopolis) (Phrygia), 470, 471; JulioClaudian dedications, 222, 223; Severan statues and dedications, 322; statue of Trajan, 253 Apollonis (Lydia), 459; Julio-Claudian dedications, 217, 218, 319; Severan dedication(?), 218, 319 Appia (Phrygia), (near) milestone to the Severans, 321, 322; Tetrarch milestones, 334 Aptera (Crete), 441 Aquae Calidae, 423 Aquileia, silver dish, now in Vienna, 137, 138 Arabia, 503, 504 Arabissus (Arabissos) (Cappadocia), 499 Aradus (Phoenicia), 503 Aralissus (or Araliseis) (Lycia), 481; statue of

INDEX

OF

PLACES

Commodus, 273, 295; temple(?) to Commodus, 273 Araxis (or Araxa) (Lycia), 481; statue of Antoninus Pius, 295 Arcades, 441 Arcadia, 436, 437 Archelais, 492 Argiza (Mysia), 454 Argolis, 437-439 Argos (Argolis), 437, 438; Museum, 408 Ariassus (Pisidia), 485 Armassum (Isauro-Lycaonian border), 493 Armenia Major, 500; on Arch of Galerius, Salonika, 336 Armenia Minor, 500 Arneis (or Arneae) (Lycia), 481 Arsameia-on-the-Nymphaios, 275, 394 Arsinoë (Fayoum), busts of Augustus, Tiberius, Livia, from amphitheater, 177, 183 Aruf (or Arif) (Lycia). See Arycanda Arycanda (Lycia), 481; dedication to Valerian's family, 324 Asar (Caria). See Callipolis Asar Kemer (Lycia), 484 Asar Köy (Pamphylia). See Sillyum Ascalon (Judaea), 503 Ashmunein (Egypt), head of Antoninus Pius (Cairo), 275 Asine (Messenia), 435; statue of Germanicus, 211 Asinkale (or Asin Kurin) (Caria). See Iasus Asopus (Laconia), 435; dedication to Constantius Chlorus, 329 Aspendus (Pamphylia), 70, 488; theater, 19, 61 Aspona (Galatia), 492 Assi (Axi) (Crete), 441; statue of Tiberius, 207 Assos (Troas), 457; head of Gaius Caesar, 180, 188; Julio-Claudian dedications, 216, 217; milestone to Valentinian, Theodosius, Arcadius, 361; statues of Constantius II, Constantinus II, 361; statue of Julia Domna (base survives) 318; statue base of Gaius Caesar, 217 Astypalaea, 440; Julio-Claudian inscriptions, 204; statues of Caracalla, of Gordianus III, 316; statues of Marcus Aurelius, Lucius Verus, 292 At Kara Agaç, 475 At Salir, 475 Athens (Attica), 13, 200, 299, 329, 357, 429, 430, 431; Acropolis, 209, 210, 408; Beulé Gate, 99; Erechtheum, 3, 60, 93, 210, 260; head of a man, about A.D. 400, 368; monuments of, 3, 250, 263; Museum, 408; temple to Roma and Augustus, 3, 67, 169, 210; Agora (Greek), 171, 186, 250, 408; altar east of metroon, 99; Claudius, as Apollo Patroos, 43, 209; cuirassed Hadrian, 263; head of Aelius, 263, 264, 286; Antonia, 187; of Antoninus Pius, 274, 275; of Julia Domna, 299; Museum, 408; odeon of Agrippa, 87, 169; altar below the Acropolis, 33, 34, 46;

American School, 408; Damascene relief, 112; bridge over Ilissus, 268; Erechtheum, 3, 60, 93, 210, 260; Julio-Claudian dedications, 183, 209, 210; Hadrian's Gate, 3, 16, 255, 260, 264, 278; head of Marcus Aurelius, 280; Hephaisteion, 274; Herulian invasion, 99; Library of Pantainos, 250; monument of Agrippa, 3, 169; monument to Philopappos, 2, 34, 46, 80, 82, 83, 93, 112; National Gardens or Royal Gardens, 268, 366; fragments, Hadrian's Reservoir, 268, 366; fragments, stoa of Antoninus Pius, 268; National Museum, 312, 408; grave relief of horse and groom (city), 47; head of Diocletian, 329; head of Domitian, 232; head of Octavia, 177; heads of Commodus, 289; heads of Faustina II, 283; Sabina as Aphrodite, 263; Odeon of Herodes Atticus, 33; Parthenon, 83, 87, 88, 219; inscription to Nero, 2, 68, 169, 209, 228, 257; (golden) statue of Julia Domna, 3 1 ; ; Pnyx, 99; reservoir of Hadrian, Antoninus Pius, 24, 264, 266, 267, 274, 366; Roman Agora, 3, 69, 169, 209; agoranomion, 268; statues of Attalus and Eumenes, remade as Tiberius and Agrippa, 3, 70, 169, 209; Stoa of Attalus, 3, 17, 67, 169; Stoa of Zeus, 274; Syntagma Square, 276; head of Faustina I, 276; Temple of Dionysos, cult image, 397; Temple of Nike, 33; Temple of Olympian Zeus, 2, 6, 68, 151, 320; bust of Hadrian, 258; statue of Trajan, 243; statues of Hadrian, 19, 69, 71, 243, 254, 261; Temple to Roma and Augustus, 3, 67, 169; Theater of Dionysos, 19, 20, 87, 209, 210; Hadrianic dedications, 6, 19, 20, 261; statue of Lucius Verus, 286; Tower of the Winds, 26, 27, 28, 53, 408 Atropatene, western Media, Galerius' campaigns and Salonika arch, 346, 347 Attaleia (Pamphylia), 488, 489; Antonine dedications and statues, 6, 290, 296; building to Antoninus Pius, 273, 296; cuirassed Hadrian, 254; gate to Hadrian, 255; Severan statues and dedications, 32;; statue of Claudius or Nero, 226; statue of Hadrian, 255; statue of Philip the Arab, 325; statue of Vespasian, 241 Attica, 428-432; Antonine dedications, 291, 315; Flavian dedications, 235; Julio-Claudian dedications, 209; Severan and later dedications, 315; Tetrarch dedications, 329; Trajanic dedications, 250 Attouda (Caria), 478; dedication to Livia, 221 Augusta Trajana (Thrace), 423; Antonine dynas-

521

INDEX tic statues, 2 9 1 ; coins, Marcus Aurelius to Gallienus, 3 1 4 ; Severan and later dedications, 314 Ayas (Cilicia). See Aegeae Ayasofya (Cilicia), 494 Ayasofya (Pamphylia), 489 Aydin (or Aidin) (Lydia). See Tralles Ayvalik (a port for Pergamon), head of Marcus Aurelius, 282 Baalbek (Syria): Helios in architectural decoration, 87; Hellenistic motifs in relief, 87, 9 1 ; Round Temple, 92; Temple of Bacchus, 92. See also Heliopolis Baetocaece (Syria), 502 Baglitsa (Phrygia), 474 Baii (Syria), 502 Balat (Ionia). See Miletus Balbura (Lycia), 4 8 1 ; Flavian dedication, 240; letter from Antoninus Pius, 69; Severan dedication, 324 Balhisar (Galatia). See Pessinus Balidje (Lydia), 459. See also Thyateira Balikesir, 381 Balkiz (Mysia). See Cyzicus Balkiz (Pamphylia). See Aspendus Baltimore, Walters Art Gallery, 408; colossal head of Vespasian, 229, 2 3 1 , 232, 237 Banaz-Ova, 475; altar to Domitian (near), 239; statues of Marcus Aurelius, Lucius Veros (near), 294 Bargylia, 478 Barletta, 408; colossus, here as Valentinian I, 42, 357 Bartin (Pontus). See Parthenium Baçmakçi (Cappadocia), dedication to Gordian III, 326 Bayramli, 500 Bazar-Chediyi Örenlik (or Barsak) (Pamphylia). See Lyrboton Kome Behramkale (Troas). See Assos Beïdjè (or Beice), 453 Beirut (Phoenicia): American University, 409; Lebanon National Museum, 409. See also Berytus Beituleon, 436 Belenlii (or Belenli) (Pisidia), 486 Belkahve, pass near Sardes, inscription to Valentinian and colleagues, 361 Beneventum, arch of Trajan, 46, 409 Bennisoa (Phrygia), 4 7 1 ; Trajanic shrine to Zeus Bennius, 253 Bergama (Mysia). See Pergamon Berlin, Museums, 409; altar of Zeus (see Pergamon); Amazon, Lansdowne type, 261; Flavian pilaster (Smyrna), 237; fragment "Christ" from Sulu Monastir, 62, 65; Hildesheim treasure, silver plate, 128, 1 3 3 ; Julio-Claudian heads, r75, 180, 183, r86, 187, 193, 2 i 6 ; Mithradates-Herakles freeing Prometheus (Pergamon), ι , 39, 50, 5 1 , 140; painted Severan tondo (Egypt), 298, 299, 300

522

OF

PLACES

Berthouville, silver treasure (Paris, Bibliothèque Nationale), 128, 1 3 3 , 139, 140 Berytus (Phoenicia), 409, 503; cuirassed Hadrian (Museum), 263; head of Commodus, 289; late Antique Hadrian from Antioch, 259 Bey Oba (Lydia), 459 Bigaditch (or Bigadiç) (Mysia), 454 Bithynia, 452-454 Bithynium-Claudiopolis (Bithynia) (Bolu), 452; birthplace of Antinous, 3 1 7 ; milestone of Traianus Decius, 3 1 8 ; monument, including gateway, to Hadrian, 255; shrine of Antinous, 1 5 1 ; statue of Hadrian, 255; temple on Bithynian League sestertii, 1 5 1 ; Tetrarch milestone, 330 Bitola (Macedonia), 409. See also Herakleia ad Lynkestis Blaudus (Mysia), 454 Blaundus (Lydia), 459; building to Claudius, 2 1 8 ; dedication to Antoninus Pius, 294; statue of Tiberius, 222 Bloomington, Indiana University Museum, 409; head of Marcus Aurelius at, 157 Bodrum (Caria). See Halicarnassus Boeotia, 427 Boli (Caria). See Trapezopolis Bolu (Bithynia). See Bithynium-Claudiopolis Boscoreale, silver cups and plates (Paris, London), 1 3 3 , 134, 1 3 7 , 138, 140, 1 4 1 Bosporus, 45r Boston, Museum of Fine Arts, 409; base to Gaius Caesar (Assos), 2 1 7 ; head of Agrippa (Athens), 34, 46, 176, 177; head of Saint Paul (near Athens), 365-368; head of Severus AlexanderPtolemy VI (Memphis), 45, 46, 309; Judgment of Bocchoris cup, 1 2 5 , 128, 134, 1 3 7 , 138, 140; Negro boy as Hermarchus, 138; torso of goddess, 52, 53 Bostra (Arabia), 503, 504 Bozhöyük. See Kandilli Köyü Brauron, Early Christian remains at sanctuary of Artemis, 365 Bruzus (or Brouzos) (Phrygia), 4 7 1 ; statue of Septimius Severus, 323 Brykos (Karpathos), 445; statues of Domitian and wife, 236 Bucak (Pisidia), 485 Budapest, Private Collection, 409 Bunarbashi (or Pmarbaji) (Ionia), 469 Burdur, 475, 476 Burgaski bani, Bulgaria (Thrace). See Aquae Calidae Burnabat, 469 Bursa (Bithynia), Museum, 409, 4 1 0 . See also Prusa ad Olympum Butrinto (Albania), 4 1 0 ; head of Agrippa, r75, 1 7 7 ; head of Augustus, 176, 1 7 7 ; imperial statues, 42; portrait of Livia, 1 7 7 ; statue in cuirass, by Sosikles, 175, 176 Büyük Kabaja, 488 Biiyiik Katefkès (Ionia), 469 Büyük Nefesköy (Galatia). See Tavium

I N D E X OF

PLACES

Bytschkydschy Kalesi (or Biçkeci Kalesi) (Cilicia), 496 Byzantium-Constantinopolis (Thrace), 22, 142, 3 5 1 . 3 53> 424, 425; coin-medallion of Caracalla, 1 5 3 , 154; fall in 1453, 370; head of Marcus Aurelius (Museum), 280; sack by Septimius Severus, 1 5 3 , 154. See also Constantinople; Istanbul Cadi, monument to Philip I, II, 2 3 1 Cadyanda (Lycia), 4 8 1 ; dedications to Vespasian, 240; Severan milestone, 324; statue of Marcus Aurelius, 295 Caenepolis (Laconia), 436; shrine of Poseidon at Taenaron, 292; statues of Marcus Aurelius, Lucius Verus, 292 Caesareia by Anazarbus (Cilicia), 495; aqueduct, Domitian's rule, 242; milestone to Severus Alexander, 326; triple arch, Severan period(?), 1 7 , 326 Caesareia (Cappadocia), coins of, 74, 144 Caesareia "Maritima" (Samaria), 503 Caesareia Trocetta (Lydia), 459; dedication to Antoninus Pius, 293; Flavian monuments, 237» 2 3 9

Cairo: Art Market, and Private Collection, 4 1 0 Egyptian Museum, 4 1 0 ; head of Antoninus Pius (Ashmunein), 275; head of Marcus Aurelius, 282; statue, perhaps of Domitian, 232; Vespasian as a sphinx, 2 3 1 Callipolis (Thrace), 425 Calymnos, 440; Julio-Claudian dedications, 204 Cambridge (England), Fitzwilliam Museum, 4 1 0 Cambridge (Massachusetts), Fogg Museum of Art, 4 1 0 ; bust of Julia Domna, 299; Trajan from Italy, 41 Camirus (Rhodes), 447 Çanakkale (Dardanelles): Calvert Collection with head of Nero Drusus, 186, 4 1 0 ; Museum, 4 1 0 Candia. See Heraklion Canterbury (Kent), museum, 4 1 0 ; head of Commodus (Tralles), 269, 289, 290 Cape Gelidonia, 1 5 3 Cappadocia, 499, 500; personified as HadrianicAntonine coin reverse, 122; personified at Hadrian's villa (Liverpool), 261, 262; possibly on Antonine altar from Ephesus (Vienna), 1 2 2 Caria, 477-480 Carpasia (Cyprus), building to Trajan, 251 Carthaea (Ceos), 440 Carystus (Euboea), 445 Caunus (Caria), 481 Cavalla (Macedón). See Neapolis Çavdarhisar (Phrygia). See Aezani Cebelires (Cilicia). See Laertes Ceos, 440; statue of Domitian at Iulis, 236 Cephissa. See Kephissia Ceramus (Caria), 478 Cestrus (Cilicia), 495 Chaeroneia (Boeotia), 427; Museum, 4 1 0 ; statue of Macrinus, 3 1 5 Chahba (Arabia). See Philippopolis

Chalcis (Euboea), 427, 445; Museum, 4 1 0 Chania, Museum, 4 1 0 Charadrus (Cilicia), 495; statue of Septimius Severus, 325 Chedit-Eyuk (or Cedit Hiiyiik) (Galatia). See Aspona Cherchel, Museum, 4 1 0 ; Demeter, 96, 1 1 2 ; Hadrian, 41 Chersonesus (Crete), 4 4 1 ; altar to Trajan, 250 Chicago, Art Institute, 4 1 0 ; portrait of Constantia (Athens) in, 58, 356, 364, 365 Chimera (Lycia), 482 Chios, 440, 4 4 1 ; Antonine monuments, 292; Julio-Claudian dedications, 206, 208; letter from Domitian, 236; Trajanic dedications, 250 Chozan (or Hozan) (Pisidia), 486 "Chükur" (Cilicia). See Antiochia ad Cragum Cibyra (Phrygia), 334, 4 7 1 , 475; Julio-Claudian dedications, 222 Cidramus (Caria), 478; statue of Valerian, from base to Otacilia Severa, 323, 324 Cilicia, 494-497 Cilician Gates (Cilicia), 491, 495; inscriptions to Caracalla, Severus Alexander, 326; Sassanid incursions, 346 Cindya (Caria), 478 Cinna (Galatia), 492; dedication to Gordianus III, 76, 325 Citium (Cyprus), 497; image of Julia Domna, 3 1 7 ; statue of Nerva, 236 Cius (or Cium) (Bithynia), 452; cult of Domitian, 237; cult of Hadrian, 2 5 1 ; dedication to Trajan, 251 Claros (Ionia), 429, 463; sanctuary of Apollo, 257; statue of Augustus as Apollo, 218; temple finished by Hadrian, 257 Claudiopolis (Cilicia), 495; inscription to Septimius Severus, Caracalla, 325, 326 Clazomenae (Ionia), 463; Constantinian monument by Caelius Montius, 362 Cleonae (Argolis), 438; statues of Severans in agora of, 3 1 5 Cleveland (Ohio), Museum of Art, 410; head of Lucius Verus, 286, 288 Cocussus or Cocusos (Cappadocia), 499; dedication to Trajan, 253, 254; Severan and later milestones, 326 Colbasa (Pisidia), 485; dedication to Marcus Aurelius, Lucius Verus (Sagalassus path), 295 Colophon (Ionia), 463; statue of Lucius Verus, 293

Colossae (Phrygia), 2 2 1 , 4 7 1 ; coins of, 163, 164; Tetrarch dedication, 334; votives to Trajan, 252 Columbia (Missouri), University of Missouri Museum, 4 1 0 ; head of Titus, 2 3 1 , 232 Çomakh (Pisidia). See Pogla Comama (Pisidia), 485 Comana (Cappadocia), 499, 500; statues to Gallienus, older son, and Probus, 326 Comana (Pontus), 500; dedication to Marcus Aurelius and Lucius Verus, 296

523

INDEX Comana-Cocusos-Arabissos roads, 499; milestones from Severas to Tetrarchs, 335 Combis (Lycia), 482; monument to the family of Domitian, 74, 240; statue of Valerian, 324 Commagene, 501; and Seleucid dynasties commemorated in Athens, 80, 82 Conana (Pisidia), 485; statue of Septimius Severus, 324 Constantinople, 424, 425; center of Constantinian art, 22, 353; column of Arcadius, 10, 26, 42, 353; column of Theodosius, 10, 26, 42, 353; equestrian statues of Constantine the Great, Theodosius, or Justinianus, 70; fragment in Berlin from Sulu Monastir, 62, 65; relief of kneeling barbarian, 63; Victoria of the "Hunter's Gate," 63. See also ByzantiumConstantinopolis; Istanbul Copenhagen, National Museum, 410; Hoby cups, 134, 135, 136, 138; Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek, 410, 4 1 1 ; bronze head of Octavius, 210; bust of Antonia, 187; bust of Hadrian, 262; busts of Livia, 177; head of Caligula, 195; heads of Faustina II or Lucilla (Aphrodisias, Tarsus), 283, 288; heads of Valerian, Gallienus, 312 Corasium (Cilicia), 495; gate bore dedication to Valentinian, family, 364 Corcyra, 283, 423 Corfu: bust of Marcus Aurelius (Museum), 280; head of Faustina II (Museum), 283; Museum, 4 1 1 ; statue base of Agrippa, 176 Corinth, 13, 170, 200, 291, 433, 434; Antonine temples, 269; coins, 142, 143, 147; coins of Galba, 199, 200; dedication to Theodosius and family, 361; façade of colossal figures, 83, 87, 88, 90, 93; head of Antoninus Pius, 275; Julian Basilica and statues of Gaius and Lucius Caesar, 40, 175, 179, 180, 2 1 1 ; Julio-Claudian dedications, 194, 2 1 1 ; Late Antique Hadrian, 259; Museum, 4 1 1 ; Nero's canal, 2 1 1 ; sarcophagus, Seven Against Thebes, 59, 60; Tetrarch dedications, 329; theater, head of Galba, 199, 200; togate Augustus, 173; Vespasian, building to, 235 Corone (Messenia), 435; Julio-Claudian dedication, 211 Coroneia (Boeotia), 427; statue of Claudius, 208, 209 Corycus (Cilicia), 495; Severan statues and dedications, 326; temple of Zeus, 326; Tetrarch milestone, 335 Corydalla (Lycia), 482; statue of Marcus Aurelius, 295; statue of Septimius Severus, 324 Coryphantis (Mysia), 454; Tetrarch dedication, 330 Cos, 71, 441; head of Antonia or Agrippina the Younger, 187, 193, 204; head of Antoninus Pius, 275; head of Nero, 198; Julio-Claudian inscriptions, 204; Museum and Antiquarium, 4 1 1 ; statues of Caracalla, Geta, 316 Cranbrook (Michigan), Academy, 4 1 1 Cremna (Pisidia), 485; basilica, etc., to Hadrian,

524

OF

PLACES

257; coin with family of Decius, 158; epistyle to Nerva, 241; Severan building and dedications, 325 Crete, 4 1 1 , 441-444; bust of Hadrian, 258, 259; portraits of Plotina, 244. See also under various cities and in appendixes Ctesiphon, Severan victory, 79, 317 Çukuragil, 493 Curium (Cyprus), statue of Trajan in temple of Apollo Hylatis, 251; milestones to Septimius Severus, and Jovianus (to Paphos), 317, 330 Cyaneae (Lycia), 482; statue, letter of Antoninus Pius, 273 Cyme (Aeolis), 458; statue of Nero (near), 217; statue of Plotina, 244 Cynoscephalae, battle of, 197 B.C., 71, 139 Cyprus, 4 1 1 , 497, 498; bronze statue of Septimius Severus, 6, 45, 46, 69, 298, 300; head of Marcus Aurelius (private collection), 282. See also under various cities and in appendixes Cyrene, 504; cuirassed Hadrian, 254, 263; Severan Propylaea, 79, 80, 93 Cys (Caria), 478 Cyzicus (Mysia), 288, 454; dedications to Antoninus Pius, 293; Julio-Claudian dedications, 213, 214; medallion of Commodus, 155, 156; statue of Domitian, 237; Vespasian's stoa, 237 temple of Hadrian, 17, 75, 1 5 1 , 256; finished under Antoninus Pius, 256, 266, 270; tondo bust, 12, 17, 67 Dacibyza (or Dacibyziae) (Bithynia), 452; altar to Caracalla, 317 Damascus (Syria): as home of Apollodorus, 260; Museum, and head of Theodosius I there, 44, 411 Danube, 260 Daphne (Attica), 431; column used for Valentinian-Valens, Arcadius-Honorius, 361 Decapolis, 502, 503 Deir (or Diiver) (Pisidia), Tetrarch dedication, 335 Delik Taç (or Jirali or Cirali). See Olympus Delos, 444, 445; base to Trajan (Delos), 250; Julio-Claudian and earlier inscriptions, 71, 169, 202, 203, 207; Museum, 4 1 1 ; statue base or altar with marine motifs, 33; statue of Titus, 236; temple of Apollo, 71, 169, 203 Delphi (Phocis), 329, 4 1 1 , 428; base to Augustus, 209; base to Cams (after Cyriac), 315; monument to Aemilius Paullus, 1, 53; Museum, 4 1 1 ; portraits of Claudius, 43; statues of Constantinian, Valentinian, 358 Demetrias (Thessaly), 426 Demre (Lycia). See Myra Dendera (Egypt), Trajanic reliefs, 243, 244 Denizli (Phrygia), 221, 412 Dera'a (Arabia). See Adraha Derbe (Lycaonia), 492 Dernek (Lycia). See Limyra Detroit (Michigan), 62 Devri §ehri (Lycaonia). See Derbe

I N D E X OF

PLACES

Dictynnaia (Crete), 4 4 1 ; cuirassed statue of Hadrian, 2 5 8 Didyma (Ionia), 2, 4 6 3 ; Apollo of, 1 3 2 , 1 4 9 ; temple of Caligula and Asia, 2 2 0 Didymoteichon (Thrace), 4 2 5 . See also Plotinopolis Dinar (Phrygia). See Apameia Diocaesareia (Cilicia), 4 9 5 , 4 9 6 ; building to Trajan, gate(?), 2 5 3 ; inscription and statues to Arcadius, Honorius, 3 6 3 Diocleia (or Diokleia) (Phrygia), 4 7 1 ; dedication to Septimius Severus, with statue, 3 2 1 Dionysopolis (Phrygia), 4 7 1 ; stele in honor of Augustus, 2 2 2 ; stele of Domitia, 2 3 9 Dioscoma (Phrygia), 4 7 2 ; monument to Philip I. 3 2 3 Distomo (Phocis). See Ambry sus Dium (Macedonia), 4 2 1 Docimium (Phrygia), 4 7 2 ; milestone to Constantine, family, 3 6 3 ; Severan monuments, 3 2 2 , 3 2 3 ; Tetrarch and Constantinian dedications, 334 Docimium-Acroenus (region) (Phrygia), 472; Severan monuments, 3 2 2 Dodona, 2 3 1 Doliche (Commagene), 5 0 1 Domitianopolis (Lydia). See Sala Dont, 4 8 1 Doriscus, renamed Traianopolis, 2 4 3 Dorylaeum (Phrygia), 2 2 1 , 4 7 2 ; building to Titus or Antoninus Pius, 2 3 8 , 2 7 1 ; cities dedicate statues to citizen, Aelius Voconius, 2 6 1 , 3 2 0 ; head, possibly Volusianus (Bursa), 3 1 2 ; Tetrarch milestone, 3 3 3 , 3 3 4 Drama (Macedonia), 4 2 1 ; head of Caracalla, 3 1 3 Dresden, Albertinum, 4 1 2 Dureioucoma (or Dariucome) (Lydia), 4 5 9 Diiver (Lycia). See Tlos Diiver (or Deir) (Phrygia-Pisidia), 3 3 5 , 4 7 6 Dyme (Achaia), 4 3 4 Edirne (Thrace). See Hadrianopolis Egirdir (Pisidia), 4 8 7 Egypt, 5 0 4 ; Delta, 2 8 6 , with head, bronze, of Maximinus I, 3 1 2 ; Lower, with head of Germanicus (Toronto), 1 9 0 ; painted tondo of Septimius Severus (Berlin), 2 9 8 , 2 9 9 , 3 0 0 ; porphyry Tetrarchs (Venice, Vatican), 4 2 , 3 5 8 ; portraits of Severus Alexander, 4 5 , 4 6 ; Upper, with silver cup, Bocchoris (Boston), 1 2 5 , 1 2 8 ,

134, 1 3 7 , 138, 140

el-Lädhiqiyyah (Syria). See Laodiceia Elaea (or Elaia) (Aeolis), 4 5 8 ; milestone to Gordianus III, 3 1 8 ; Vespasian, milestone, 2 3 7 Elateia (Phocis), 4 2 8 ; statue of Caracalla, 3 1 5 Eleusis (Attica), 6, 6 7 , 79, 2 5 8 , 2 6 2 , 4 1 2 , 4 3 1 ; altar to Septimius Severus, 3 1 5 ; Antonine gates, statues, and dedications, 2 6 9 , 2 7 5 , 2 8 8 , 2 9 1 ; cuirassed bust (Museum), 2 5 8 ; Greater Propylaea, with tondo of Marcus Aurelius, 1 2 , 1 8 , 28, 2 5 6 , 2 6 2 , 2 6 9 , 2 7 8 , 2 9 1 ; JulioClaudian dedications, 1 9 8 , 2 1 0 ; Lesser Propylaea, 2 8 , 3 1 , 5 0 ; Museum, 4 1 2 ; Ploutonion,

4 9 ; relief with "Mission of Triptolemos" dedicated by Lakrateides, 49, 50, 5 1 ; Sanctuary of Demeter and Kore, 1 6 ; temple of the Mysteries, 2 7 8 Eleutherna (Crete), 4 4 1 Elis, 4 3 4 , 4 3 5 El-Majiik (or Elmacik) (Pisidia), 4 8 5 ; statue of Julia Domna, 3 2 4 Emesa (or Emisa) (Syria), cult of Elagabalus, 1 5 2 Emiraz (Phrygia), 4 7 0 Endi§egüney, 494 Enez (Thrace). See Aenus Ennek (Lycaonia), 4 9 3 Ephesus (Ionia), 7 0 , 2 0 0 , 2 3 2 , 3 5 7 , 4 1 2 , 4 6 3 4 6 5 ; agora, architecture and monuments, 3 6 2 ; alliance medallion with Pergamon, 1 4 8 , 1 4 9 ; Antonine altar, 3, 7 5 , 88, 92, 9 5 - 1 2 3 , 2 6 3 ,

264, 266, 274, 276, 282, 283, 286, 3 t 3 , 352;

Antonine portraits, 2 8 8 , 2 8 9 ; Artemision (see temenos, below), 6 7 , 2 1 8 ; coins, 1 1 , T33, 1 4 2 , 1 4 4 , 1 4 5 , 1 9 8 , 2 1 8 , 2 1 9 ; fountain buildings and reservoir, 24, 3 3 3 , 3 6 2 ; gymnasium of Vedius, and Antonine cult, 2 7 1 ; Hadrian's gate, 3 6 2 ; Julio-Claudian dedications, 2 1 8 , 2 1 9 ; Library of Celsus, 3 9 , 95, 2 1 9 ; marble statue of Lucius Verus, 69, 2 8 6 ; Museum, 4 1 2 ; nymphaeum of Domitian, 2 3 8 , 2 5 2 ; nymphaeum of Trajan, 6, 2 3 4 , 2 5 2 , 3 6 2 ; odeon of Vedius and Flavia, and Antonine dedications, 68, 2 8 6 ; Severan dedications, 3 x 0 , 3 2 0 ; statue of Artemis in Artemision, 1 4 9 ; statue of Constantinus I, in the agora, 3 5 4 , 3 6 2 ; statues of Nerva, 7 4 , 2 3 4 ; statue of the Demos, in Istanbul, 1 2 3 ; statue of Vedius, 2 7 1 ; temenos of Augustus at Artemision, 68, 1 6 9 , 1 7 0 ; temple to Domitian, 1 8 , 7 3 , 2 2 9 , 2 3 2 , 2 3 4 , 2 3 5 , 2 3 8 , 2 5 2 ; temple of Hadrian, 2 5 5 , 3 3 3 , 3 6 2 ; Tetrarch monuments, 3 2 9 , 3 3 3 ; Theodosian work, frieze, etc., 3 3 3 , 3 6 2 ; triple-arched gate, 1 6 , 2 1 9 , 2 5 5 ; work (reconstructions) under Theodosius, 3 3 3 Epidaphne, 1 8 7 Epidaurus (Argolis), 8 3 , 4 3 8 ; dedications to Tranquillina, 3 1 5 ; head of Germanicus (Hamburg), 1 8 8 ; Julio-Claudian dedications, 7 1 , 2 1 1 ; Museum, 4 1 2 ; statue of Caracalla, 3 1 5 Epirus, 4 2 3 Eregli (Bithynia). See Heracleia Erekli (Thrace). See Heracleia-Perinthus Eresus (Lesbos), 4 4 5 , 4 4 6 ; base to Trajan, 2 5 0 ; Julio-Claudian dedications, 2 0 5 ; statue to Vespasian, 7 3 , 2 3 6 Eretria-Amarynthus (Euboea), 4 4 5 ; column to Constantine, his sons (originally with following). 3 58; dedication to Diocletian and colleagues, 3 3 0 , 3 5 8 Ergani Pass (Armenia Major), 5 0 0 Eriza (Phrygia), 4 7 3 Ernes (Lycia). See Arneis Erythrae (Ionia), 4 6 6 ; statues of Marcus Aurelius, Lucius Verus, 2 9 3 Escekarahisar (Phrygia). See Docimium Eski Antalya (or Selimiye) (Pamphylia). See Side

525

INDEX Eski Hisar (Lycia). See Rhodiapolis E ski Hissar (Caria). See Stratoniceia Eskigehir (Phrygia). See Dorylaeum Eski Stamboul (Troas). See Alexandria Eski Zaghra (or Stara Zagora) (Thrace). See Traiana Augusta Esneh (Egypt), Trajanic reliefs, 243, 244 Euboea, 427, 445 Eulandrae (Phrygia), 472 Eumeneia (Phrygia), 472; dedication to Germanicus, 222; praetorium restored under Septimius Severus, 323 Faustinopolis, 500; statue of Gordianus III, 326 Fayoum, amphitheater of Arsinoë, 177, 183 Foça (Ionia). See Phocaea Fogg Museum of Art. See Cambridge (Massachusetts) Fugla (Pisidia), 487 Galatia, 491, 492 Gallipoli (or Gelibolu) (Thrace). See Callipolis Garipçe (Pisidia), 485 Gaul, 25, 33, 60 Gâvur Ören (Pisidia). See Hadriani Gebze (Bithynia). See Dacibyziae Geceler (Phrygia), 472 Geimir (or Giymir Yayla) (Lycaonia). See Perta Gemlik (Bithynia). See Cius Gene (Lycaonia). See Kana Geneva, Art Market, 412 Gerasa (Decapolis), 503 Germa Colonia (Galatia), 241 Germania, 135 Germanicia (Commagene), 501 Germe (Mysia), 455 Geyre (Caria). See Aphrodisias Girme (Pisidia). See Cremna Goinân (Pisidia). See Conana Golis (Phrygia), 472; Julio-Claudian dedication, 220 Göllük (or Giilliik) (Pisidia). See Termessus Major Gömbe (Lycia). See Combis Gordion, 241 Gorges of River Lycus (Syria), 502 Gortyna (Crete), 442; amphitheater, with head, statue of Antoninus Pius(?), 275; head of Constantine (Heraklion), 354; head of Maximianus I (Heraklion), 330; Julio-Claudian dedications, 207; statue of Septimius Severus, 316; temple of Apollo Pythius, with statue of Caracalla, 316; Tetrarch bases, 330 agora: heads of Livia, 177, 195, 207; Tiberius, 195, 207; Germanicus, 189, 195, 207; Caligula, 183, 195, 207 Gûçduran, 452 Gudelisin (Isauro-Lycaonian border), 493 Gueul-Bazar (Bithynia), 452; dedication to Nero, 213; dedication to Trajan, 251 Guelma, Museum, 412; Hadrianic cuirassed statue, 101 Giillûbahçe (Ionia). See Priene Gümüglük (Caria). See Myndus

526

OF

PLACES

Giirmegi (Pisidia), 485 Güzel Hisar (Aeolis). See Aegae Gythium (Laconia), 435, 436; divine honors to Tiberius, 183; statue of Augustus, 211 Haciveliler (Lycia), 482 Hadriani (Mysia), 455; statue of Aelius Caesar, 293 Hadriani (Pisidia), 486; base to Caracalla, 324; statue of Lucius Verus, 296 Hadrianopolis (or Caesareia-Hadrianopolis) (Paphlagonia), 490; statue and dedication, Septimius Severus, 325; statue of Constantius Chlorus, 335 Hadrianopolis (Thrace), 358, 425; Severan milestone, 314 Haidarlar (Phrygia), 472 Haïdra (Tunisia), cuirassed Hadrian, 263 Haifa, Museum, 412 Hajilar (or Hacilar) (Ionia), 469 Hajjivella (Lycia). See Corydalla Halala, 500; renamed Faustinopolis, 282 Halasarna (Cos), 441; Julio-Claudian monuments, 204 Halicarnassus (Caria), 478, 479; dedication to Claudius and Delian Artemis, 223; JulioClaudian dedications, 223; Mausoleum and captive barbarians, 80, 223; private tomb, 223 Hamaxia (Cilicia), 494, 496 Hamburg, Museum, 412; head of Germanicus, 188; tondo bust of Apollo (Italy), 88, 90, 91 Hamidiè (or Hamidiye) (Bithynia), 452 Harmozicae (Armenia Major), 500; dedication to Flavians, 242 Harput (Armenia Major), 500 Harvard, Fogg Museum of Art. See Cambridge (Massachusetts) Hatunsaray (Lycaonia), 493 Hedje, 475 Heliopolis, 502. See also Baalbek Hephaestion (Lycia), 482 Heracleia (Bithynia), dedication to Antoninus Pius, 293. See also Pontus Heracleia on the Latmos (Ionia), Athena on coins, 133; coins, 143 Heracleia-Perinthus (Thrace), 425; dedication to Domitian, 235; medallion of Severus Alexander, 146, 147, 155; Severan and later monuments, 314; statue of Matidia, 244, 250; statues of Tetrarchs, 329 Heracleia Salbace (Caria), 479; milestone to Arcadius, 362; statue of Hadrian, 257; statue of Lucius Caesar, 221, 222; statue of Trajan, 252; temple to Fortune of Trajan, Hadrian, 252, 253, 257; Tetrarch, Constantinian and later milestones, 334, 362 Heracleia ad Lynkestis (Lyncensis) (Macedonia), 421; Severan dedications and statues, 313 Heracleopolis (Pontus), 500 Heraklion, Museum, 275, 330, 4 1 1 ; head of Constantine (Gortyna), 354; Julio-Claudian portraits, 177, 188, 189 Herculaneum, Lysippic ladies from, 172

INDEX

OF

PLACES

Hermione (Argolis), 438, 439 Hermocapelia (Lydia), 459; base to Constantine and sons, reused under Honorius, 362; statues of Septimius Severus and Tranquillina, 3 1 9 Hermos River, Antonine drainage, 270, 2 7 1 Hierapolis (Phrygia), 2 2 1 , 4 7 2 , 4 7 3 ; alliance coin with Aphrodisias, 160, 1 6 1 ; gates and towers to Commodus, Severus, or Caracalla, 2 7 2 ; milestone to Probus, numerous Tetrarchs, 3 3 4 ; porticus to Severus Alexander(?), 320 Hierapytna (Crete), 442; Antonine statues, 292; cuirassed statue of Hadrian, 4 1 , 254, 262, 264, 292; dedications to Claudius, 207 Hierocaesareia (Lydia), 462; milestone to Carus, Carinus, 3 1 9 ; plaque to Septimius Severus, 3 1 9 Hieropolis (Cilicia), 496 Hildesheim, Museum, 4 1 2 ; treasure of silver plate (Berlin), 1 2 8 , 1 3 3 Hippia (Cos), 4 4 1 ; statue of Nero Caesar, 204 Hisarköy (Caria). See Attouda Hoby (Denmark), silver cups in chieftain's grave (Copenhagen), 1 3 4 , 1 3 5 , 1 3 6 , 1 3 8 Hodja-Bunar (or Hoca Pinar) (Mysia), 454; dedication to Drusus Jr., 2 1 3 Honaz (Phrygia), 4 7 1 Horu, 3 2 3 Horzum (Phrygia). See Cibyra Houston (Texas), Museum, 4 1 2 ; bronze Caracalla as Alexander (Pisidia), 300 Hypata (Thessaly), 426 Hyrcanis (Lydia), 459; statue of Caracalla, 3 1 8 Ialysos (Rhodes), 447; statue of Vespasian, 236 Iasus (or Iassus) (Caria), 479; building to Artemis Astiadis and Commodus, 294 Icaros, 445 Iconium (Lycaonia), 492; Julio-Claudian dedications, 2, 227 Idebessus (Lycia), 482; monument to Gordianus III, 76, 324; statue of Caracalla, 324; statue of Commodus, 295 Idyma (Caria), 479 Ildir (Ionia). See Erythrae Ilium (Troas), 457, 458; Alexander on Bucephalus relief (Madrid), 46, 47, 2 1 5 ; altar to Hadrian, 72; coin of Gallienus with Hector, 1 5 4 , 1 5 5 ; heads of Agrippina Senior and Agrippina Junior, 1 9 2 , 1 9 3 , 2 1 6 ; head of Tiberius, 2 1 6 ; inscriptions at, 7 1 , 77; Julio-Claudian dedications, 7 1 , 72, 1 9 2 , 1 9 3 , 2 1 5 , 2 1 6 ; Roman coins of, 72, 73, 76, 1 4 2 , 1 5 4 , 1 5 5 ; statue of L. Julius Caesar, 7 1 , 2 1 6 ; statue of Pompey, 2 1 6 ; temple of the Gens Flavia, 72, 7 3 , 2 3 7 ; Tetrarch and later monuments, 72, 3 3 0 ; triple base to Flavians, 72, 237 Illyria, 423 Ilyas (Phrygia), 4 7 3 ; statue of Trajan, 2 5 2 ; statues of Septimius Severus and Julia Domna, 323 Imbros, 445 Inceveliler (or Injealilar) (Lycia). See Oenoanda Indipedium (Lydia), 462 Inebolu (Paphlagonia). See Abonuteichus

Ingolstadt (Bavaria), silver bowl found there, now in Munich, 1 3 6 , 1 3 7 Ionia, 463-469 Ionopolis. See Abonuteichus los, 1 7 0 , 445 Iotape (Cilicia), 496; altar to Trajan, 243, 2 5 3 ; statue of Antoninus Pius, 296; temple to Trajan, 74, 243, 2 5 3 , 296 Ira (Messenia). See Abia Iraklion. See Heraklion Isaura (Isauria), 4 1 2 , 493, 494; Hadrianic and later dedications, 2 2 7 ; Hellenistic gate and reliefs, 2 2 7 ; statue of Septimius Severus, 3 2 5 ; triumphal arches to Hadrian, Marcus Aurelius, and Severus Alexander, 1 6 , 2 5 7 , 2 7 3 , 3 2 5 Isauria, 493, 494 Isgin, 499 Içikli (Phrygia). See Eumeneia Iskelib (Galatia). See Tavium Iskenderûn. See Alexandria Israel, Private Collection, 4 1 2 Issus, 327 Istanbul (Constantinople) (Thrace), 424, 4 2 5 ; Forum Tauri, head of Arcadius, 44, 358; head of Caligula (Copenhagen), 1 9 5 ; Hippodrome, obelisk of Theodosius I, 358, 4 1 3 ; Private Collection with head of Constans, 354> 4 1 3 ; Archaeological Museum, 4 1 2 , 4 1 3 ; bronze statue of Trebonianus Gallus, 3 1 2 ; fragment, kneeling barbarian (Constantinople), 63; head of Antonia, 1 8 7 ; head of Antoninus Pius, 2 7 5 ; head of Arcadius, 44, 358; head of Augustus, 2 1 4 ; heads of Constantine (2), 354; head of Diocletian (from Nicomedia), 1 0 , 44, 3 3 0 ; head of Faustina II, 2 8 3 ; head of Helena (Nicomedia), 44, 58, 354; head of Lucilla, 288; head of Septimius Severus, 299; heads of Tiberius (Magnesia), 1 7 2 , 1 8 8 , (Pergamon), 1 8 8 ; relief, soldiers, fourth century (Philomelium), 63, 65; relief of Victoria (Constantinople), 63, 164, 1 6 5 ; sarcophagus, Christian motifs, 65; of Claudia Antonia Sabina, 59, 60; Sidamara sarcophagus, 59; statue of Celsus (Ephesus), 1 0 1 ; statue of Demos (Ephesus), 1 2 3 ; statue of Hadrian (Kadirli), 258, 259; statue of Hadrian (Hierapytna), 292; statue of Marcus Aurelius, 282; statue of Nero from Tralles, see Tralles; statue of Tyche, 269; statue of Valentinian II, 358, 363 Isthmia (Corinthia), 434; Nero's speech, and statues in theater, 2 1 1 Isthmus (Cos), 4 4 1 ; statue of Geta, 3 1 6 ; statue of Vespasian, 236 Istiaia (Euboea), 445; statue of Hadrian, reused twice, at Aedepsus (?), 358 Itanus (Crete), 442; double base to Severus, Caracalla, 3 1 6 Iulis (Ceos), 440; statue of Domitian, 236 Izmir (Ionia) : base blocks of Antonine altar (Ephesus), 98, 99; colossal Domitian from Ephesus, 2 3 2 ; head of Commodus or Marcus 5,2 7

I N D E X OF Aurelius, 289; Museum(s), 418, 419. See also Smyrna Izmit (Bithynia), grounds of Izmit Electric Plant, 44. See also Nicomedia Iznik (Bithynia). See Nicaea Jaja Keui (or Yaya Köy) (Lydia), 459 Japuldschan (Phrygia), 473 Jerash (Decapolis). See Gerasa Jerusalem, 230, 413; Solomon's Temple, 260 Judaea, 87, 234, 503 Julia Gordus (Lydia), 460; Antonine stoa, 270; dedication to Domitian, 237; statue of Trajan, 251, 252 Kadirli (near Adana), bronze statue of Hadrian (Istanbul), 69, 258, 259 Kalamai (Messenia). See Limnae Kalamata (Messenia). See Pherae Kale Tavas (Caria). See Tabae Kalediran (Cilicia). See Charadrus Kallipolis (or Callipolis) (Caria), 479 Kamarina (Epirus), 283; head of Marcus Aurelius (Preveza), 280 Kana or (Cana) (Lycaonia), 492 Kandilli Köyü: head of Faustina II, 282, 283; head of Marcus Aurelius, 282. See also Bozhôyük Kantani (or Kanianos) (Crete), 442; statue of Trajan, 250 Karajuk Bazar (Phrygia), 473; Tetrarch milestone, 334 Karakent (Pisidia), 486 Karaot (Pisidia), 486 Karobogae (or Karabiga) (Mysia). See Priapus Karpasia (Cyprus), 497 Karpathos, 445; statue of Trajan, 251 Kars-Bazar (Cilicia), 496 Kassaba (Ionia), 463, 466; statue of Septimius Severus, 320 Kasyoum (Syria), 503 Katapola (Amorgos), 439 Katara (Lycia). See Β albura Kato Achaia (Achaia). See Dyme Kavak (Lycaonia), 493 Kavakand (Lycaonia), 493 Kayseri (Cappadocia), 500 Keiemiç (Lydia). See Patara Kelendres (Phrygia), 475 Kemalli (Troas), 456 Kemer (Mysia). See Parium Kenes (Lydia), 460 Kephissia (Attica), 267, 431, 432; herms of Herodes and Polydeukes, 280. See also Kifissia Keramon Agora (Phrygia), 473; Flavian inscriptions, 239 Kerc (Bosporus). See Kertch; Panticapaeum Kertch, 354 Kestel (Pisidia), 486 Kifissia, 365. See also Kephissia Kiliç, 476 Kilisebeleni (Cilicia). See Cestrus Kilissahisar (Cappadocia), 500

528

PLACES

Kinik (Lycia). See Xanthus Kionia (Tenos), 449, 450; cuirassed statues of emperors, Nerva to Antoninus Pius, 236, 256; dedications mention Trajan, 250, 256; Hadrian, 256; head of Gordianus III, 162, 312, 316; honors to Nerva, 236, 250; sanctuary of Poseidon and Amphitrite, 27, 32, 33, 162, 236, 250, 312, 316; sundial and exedra, 27 Kirkagaç (Lydia), 462 Kisamos (Crete), 442, 443 Kizilca (Caria). See Sebastopolis Kjustendil (Thrace). See Pautalia Kleitor (Arcadia), 413, 436; stele of Polybius (partly lost), 53 Rnossos (Crete), 443; Villa Ariadne and cuirassed Hadrian, 263, 411 Konya (Lycaonia), Museum, 413; bust of Geta, 300; possible head of Lucilla or Crispina (Antioch), 289. See also Iconium Koptos (Egypt), portrait of Caracalla, 299 Korgos (or Kizkalesi) (Cilicia). See Corycus Koroni (Messenia). See Asine Kouklia (Cyprus), 497 Koumaros (Tenos), 450; dedication to Trebonianus Gallus, 316 Köycik (Lycia). See Myra Kozagaci (Lycia), 482 Kozlu Kuyu (Caria), 479 Krinides (Macedonia), Museum, 413; head of Gratianus, 44 Ktima (Cyprus). See Nea Paphos Kula (Lydia), 460; relief to Caligula and Germania, 218; Tetrarch column, Constantinian inscription, 332 Kiilek Bogaz (Cilicia). See Cilician Gates Kumluca (Lycia), 482 Kumluova (Lycia). See Leto Kydonia (Khania) (Crete), 443 Kyparissia (Laconia). See Taenarum Kythrea (Cyprus), 497, 498; bronze statue of Septimius Severus, 45. See also Cyprus Laconia, 4 3 ; , 436 Ladik (or Yorghan Ladik) (Lycaonia). See Laodiceia Combusta Laertes (Cilicia), 496 Lagina (Caria), 479 Lake Ascania (Phrygia-Pisidia), 475, 476; dedication to Marcus Aurelius, Lucius Veras, 294; dedication to Nero, 222; Severan milestones, 323; Tetrarch milestones, 334, 335 Lake Ascanius (Bithynia), inscriptions to Nero, 213 Lake Limnae (Pisidia), 294 Lamos, 494 Lampsacus (Mysia), 455; statue to Julia Augusta, 14-29, 214 Laodiceia (Syria), 502 Laodiceia ad Lycum (Phrygia), 221, 473, 474; alliance medallion with Tripolis, 164; building to Julia Domna, 321; dedication to Septimius Severus, 321; gate to Tiberius and

I N D E X OF

PLACES

Flavians, 239; Hadrianic monuments, 257; stadium to Titus, 238, 239 Laodiceia Combusta (or Catacecaumene) (East Phrygia-Lycaonia), 221, 492, 493; altars to later Tetrarchs, Constantine, 334; column to Probus, to Carus and family, 321; sarcophagus with busts (Izmir, New Museum), 59; statue to Julia Mamaea, 321 Lapethos (Cyprus), 498 Lappa(e) (Crete), 443 Lapseki (Mysia). See Lampsacus Laranda, 492 Larissa (Aeolis), 458, 459; Tetrarch statues, dedications, 330, 332 Larissa (Thessaly), 426; Museum, 413; temple below cathedral of Saint Achillios with head, identified as Julia, daughter of Augustus, 179 Larnaka (Cyprus). See Citium Lateran, Sophocles, 271 Lato (Crete), 443 Lebadeia (Boeotia), 427; statue of Drusus Junior, 208; statue of Saloninus, 315; statue of Trajan, 250 Lebedus (Ionia), 466; Tetrarch milestone, 332, 333

Leina (Caria). See Lagina Lemnos, Philoctetes stranded (Hoby cup), 134, 135 Leningrad, Hermitage, 413; largitio plate from Panticapaeum, 354, 356 Lepcis Magna (Tripolitania), 53, 413; arch of Septimius Severus, 45, 87 Lesbos, 445, 446; Julio-Claudian dedications, 71, 204-208 Leto (or Letoon) (Lycia), 482; statue of Faustina II, 295; statue of Trajan, 253 Limnae (Messenia), 435 Limyra (Lycia), 482; Severan road repairs (near), 324; stoa to Domitian, 240 Lindos (Rhodes), 447; Julio-Claudian statues, 207; statue of Plotina, 251 Livadia (Boeotia). See Lebadeia Liverpool, Ince Blundell Collection, 414; statue of Cappadocia, 261, 262 London, 62, 328; Art Market, 414; Soane Museum, 414; British Museum, 146, 240, 271, 275, 276, 414; Apotheosis of Homer relief, 47, 49, 51, 140; captive barbarian from Alexandria, 88; inscription to Caligula, 204; Julio-Claudian silver cups, 47, 125, 128; Orestes, 47, 125, 128-130, 132-134, 137-140; foliage, 128; Portland vase, 139 Losta (Isauria), 494 Louvre. See Paris and Appendix Β Lucerne, sale of colossal Hadrian, 259 Lunda (Phrygia), 474; statue of Antoninus Pius, 294; statue of Septimius Severus, 321 Lycabettus, Mount (Athens), reservoir and water channel, 24, 264, 266, 267, 274, 366 Lycaonia, 492, 493 Lychnidos, 423

Lycia, 480-484; Antonine reconstruction after earthquake, 273 Lycosura (Arcadia), 437; statue of Claudius or Nero and temple of Despina, 211 Lydia, 459-463 Lyrbe (Cilicia), coin of Gordianus III, 152, 153 Lyrboton Kome (Pamphylia), 489; Hadrianic dedication, and tower in Domitian's reign, 241 Lysinia (Pisidia), 486 Lystra (Lycaonia), 493 Lyttus (Crete), 443; dedication to Antoninus Pius, 292; dedications to Claudius, 207; Titus, 207; Trajan, 207, 236; Hadrianic dedications, 250, 251; statue of Caracalla, 316; statue of Domitia, 236; Trajanic altars, statues, etc., 250 Macedonia, 421-423 Madrid, Museo Arqueológico, early Hellenistic relief (Troy), 46, 47, 215, 414 Maeonia (Lydia), 460; coin of Trajan Decius, 158; statue of Lucius Verus, 293 Magnesia ad Sipylum (Lydia), 460; bases honoring Septimius Severas, 318; Museum, 414; statue of a himation-clad Julio-Claudian, 172, 188; statue of Trajan, 251; Tiberius honored after earthquake, 217 Magnesia on die Maeander (Ionia), 80, 466; altar before temple of Artemis Leucophryene, 9 7 100, 294; Antonine statues, 294; Hall of the Prytaneion with head of Agrippa, 175; statue of Nerva, 294 Magnesia Peninsula (Thessaly), 426 Magnetes (Thessaly), 426 Malathria (Macedonia). See Dium Manisa (Lydia). See Magnesia ad Sipylum Mantineia (Arcadia), 437; statue of Lucius Veras, 291, 292 Marathon (Attica), 267, 283, 432; estate of Herodes Atticus (Probalinthos), 278, 286 Marbury Hall (Cheshire), 414; tondo of Menander, 55 Marmaris (Caria), 414, 480. See also Physcus Maroneia (Thrace), 425 Marseilles, 179 Maximianopolis or Valentia (Phrygia). See Ilyas Mazaca, 500. See also Caesareia Medet (Caria). See Apollonia Salbace Megalopolis (Arcadia), 437 Megara, 432; fountain house of Peisistratos, 24; Julio-Claudian dedications, 71, 210, 211 Meiros (Phrygia) 474; shrine to Gallienus and Salonina, 322 Melissa (Phrygia), 474 Melitene, 500 Melli (or Milli or Milli Bajköy) (Pisidia). See Milyas (?) Melos, 446, 447; marble statue of an Antonine general, 70 Memphis (Egypt), 45 Menemen (Ionia), 469 Mentesh (Phrygia). See Stectorium Merkes-Kalesi, 327, 500 Mermere, 460

529

INDEX Meroe (Sudan), head of Augustus (London), 138; tomb with Bocchoris cup, 125, 138 Mesembria (Thrace), 425; Claudian dedication, 208 Mesopotamia, 1 1 , 74, 346 Messene (Messenia), 435; Julio-Claudian dedications, 2 1 1 ; statue of Marcus Aurelius Caesar, 292 Messenia, 435 Methana (Argolis), 439 Metropolis (Ionia), 466; Tetrarch milestone, 332, 333 Metropolis (or Metropolitanus Campus) (Phrygia), 474; statue of Septimius Severus, 323 Mezitli (Cilicia). See Soli-Pompeiopolis Mikalitzi, 208 Milan, 333. 364 Milâs (Caria). See Mylasa Miletopolis (Mysia), 75, 455 Miletus (Ionia), 132, 200, 466, 467; alliance coin, Smyrna, 149; Bouleuterion, 219, 220, 272, with altar to Julia Domna, 322; cenotaph in courtyard of Bouleuterion, 99, 100; coins, 143; Delphinion, 220; Julio-Claudian dedications, 219, 220; Museum, 414; North Market, Flavian monuments, 238; nymphaeum façade, statues and rebuilding, 7, 162, 252, 322; Propylon, frieze of trophies, 50; South Market, 294, with statue of Septimius Severus, 322; statues from Baths of Faustina, Γ67, 2 7 1 ; Trajanic dedications, statues, 252; Vespasian, Titus, on nymphaeum, 252 Milyas (?) (Pisidia), 486; building to Antoninus Pius, 273; statues of Antonines and Severans, 273, 295. 296, 324 Minare (Lycia). See Pinara Minoa (Amorgos), 439; dedication to Commodus, 269; heads of Germanicus, 189; Agrippina Senior (Syros), 1 8 9 - 1 9 1 ; Severan statues and letters, 316; statue of Claudius, 190, 204 Misis (Cilicia). See Mopsuestia Misogea (Attica), activities from A.D. 500 to 1800, 365, 366 Moesia, 314 Monghla (Lydia), 460; statue of Tiberius, 218 Mopsuestia (Cilicia), 496; statue of Antoninus Pius, 296; statue of Trajan, 253 Mostene (Lydia), 460; Julio-Claudian dedications, 217 Motella (Phrygia), 474; Antonine exedra and stoa, 272 Moulassa (Pisidia), 486; statue of Septimius Severus, 324, 325 Mount Pentelikon, 267 Mount Sipylus, 318. See also Magnesia ad Sipylum Mount Solymus, 162, 163 Mudania (Bithynia). See Apameia Mugla, 479 Mumurt-Kale (Mysia), 455 Munich, Museums, 414; kylix by Exekias, 158; silver bowl from Ingolstadt, 136, 137 Murtana (Pamphylia). See Perge

530

OF

PLACES

Mut (Cilicia). See Claudiopolis Mykonos, 447; base to Trajan, 250 Mylasa (Caria), 479; dedication to Claudius, 223; Diocletian's price edict, 335 Myndus (Caria), 480; trophy with captive barbarians, 223 Myra (Lycia), 482; church of St. Nicholas, 1 5 3 ; coin of Gordianus III, 153; head of Augustus, 172, 225; Julio-Claudian dedications, 225; statue of Titus, 73, 74, 241 Myrina (Aeolis), 459; dedication to Gordianus III, 318; Julio-Claudian dedications, 217 Mysia, 75, 454-456 Mytilene (Lesbos), 414, 446; altar to Trajan, 250; altars to Hadrian as Olympian, 75, 292; dedication to Antoninus Pius, 292; Hermarchus of, 138; Julio-Claudian dedications, 75, 204, 205; Severan statues, 316 Nacoleia (Phrygia), 221, 474; Antonine dedications, 294; base to Quietus, 3 2 1 ; dedication to Gallienus, 322; dedication to Julian the Apostate, 362; Severan milestone, 320, 321 Nacrasa (Lydia), 460 Nahr el Kelb (Syria), 502 Naples, 1 3 3 ; and Museo Nazionale, 414; head of Domitian, 229, 232; Puteoli Basis, 122, 261; figure of Temnos, 123 Nauplia (Argolis) and Museum, 414, 439; head of Galerius (Titani), 329; head of Julia Mamaea (Petri), 310, 3 1 5 Naus (or Naïs) (Phrygia), 474; dedication to Domitian, 239; stoa to Nero, 222 Naxos, 139 Nea Paphos (Cyprus), 498; statue of Septimius Severus, 316 Neapolis (Macedonia), 4 2 1 ; Severan milestone, 313 Neapolis (Samaria), 503 Neisa (Lycia), 482 Nemrut Köy (Aeolis). See Cyme Neoclaudiopolis (Paphlagonia), 490 Neomaras (Rhodes), 447; statue of Poppaea, 207 Nesebär (Thrace). See Mesembria New York: Art Market, 4 1 2 , 414; Metropolitan Museum of Art and head of Agrippa, 175, 414, 4 1 5 ; Private Collection, 4 1 5 ; Statue of Liberty compared to Roman pharos, 34 Nicaea (Bithynia), 10, 1 5 1 , 415, 452, 453; Byzantine or later walls, 3 5 1 ; dedication to Trajan, 2 5 1 ; Flavian gates, 237, 256; gates rebuilt about A.D. 270, 7, 76, 256, 3 5 1 ; Hadrianic building, 256; head of Lucilla, 288; Julio-Claudian dedications, 2 1 3 ; Maltepe, location of Tetrarch arch, 3 5 1 ; Museum, 4 1 5 ; obelisk of C. Cassius Philiscus, 25; triumphal monument (arch?) of Tetrarchs, 10, 329, 350352 Nicomedia (Bithynia), 10, 1 5 1 , 453; baths of Caracalla, 3 1 7 , 330; head (cuirassed bust) of Caligula (Istanbul), 195, 2 1 3 ; head of Diocletian (Istanbul), 10, 44, 330; head of Helena (Istanbul), 44, 58, 354; Julio-Claudian dedi-

INDEX

OF

PLACES

cations, 2 1 3 ; Severan statues, 299, 3 1 7 ; shrine to Vespasian, 237; temple to Commodus (Dio), 269, 270; Tetrarch buildings, 329, 330, 352 Nicopolis (Epirus), 170, 423; founded after Actium, 176, 208 Nicopolis (Syria), 502 Nicosia, Cyprus Museum and Private Collection, 4 1 1 ; bronze Septimius Severus (Salamis aqueduct), 6, 45, 46, 69, 298, 300 Nile Valley, 190 Nimrud Dagh, Oriental-Hellenistic complex, 2 Nisyros, 447; statue of Caracalla, 316 Notium (Ionia), 467; statue of Trajan, 252 Nysa on the Maeander (Lydia), 460, 461; Antonine statues in Gerontikon, 2 7 1 , 272; gymnasium rebuilt by Diocletian or Constantine (Î), 333

Oberlin (Ohio), Allen Memorial Art Museum, 4 1 5 ; fragment of a Lydian sarcophagus (Smyrna), 60, 61, 87 Ochrida (Illyria-Macedonia). See Lychnidos Oenoanda (Lycia), 482, 483; altar to Septimius Severus, 324; statue of Antoninus Pius, 294, 295 Oenoë (Icaros), 445 Oetylus (Laconia), 436 öksüz Köy (Phrygia). See Keramon Agora Olba (Cilicia), 496; aqueduct repaired under Justin II (565-578), 364; dedication to Marcus Aurelius, Lucius Verus, 296; to Severan family, 326; Tiberius on column, 227 Olbasa (Pisidia), 486 Olbia (Sarmatia), 4 5 1 ; Julio-Claudian stoa, 2 1 2 ; Severan monuments, 317 Oloi (Crete), 443; altar to Tiberius, 207 Olympia (Elis), 6, 70, 7 1 , 283, 291, 329, 434, 435; bases with Julio-Claudian quadrigae, 186, 2 1 2 ; coins, 142; dedication to Trajan, 250; Flavian dedications, 73; head of Agrippina Senior, 193; head of Antoninus Pius, 274; head of Nero Drusus, 186; head of Octavia, 198, 199; Julio-Claudian dedications, 18, 192, 2 1 1 , 2 1 2 ; metroon and its statues, 18, 68, 73, 169, 192, 2 1 2 , 2 3 1 , 236; Museum, 4 1 5 ; nymphaeum or exedra, 23, 24, 74, 236, 244, 250, 264, 269, 276, 286; statues of Claudius as Zeus, 6, 40, 43, 192, 2 3 1 ; statues of Faustina I, 276; statue of Hadrian, 263; statue of Julia, 2 3 1 , 236; statue of Julia Domna, 3 1 5 ; statues of Nero, 198, 199, 2 1 2 ; statue of Poppaea, 198, 199; statue of Titus, 7, 73, 229, 2 3 1 , 234, 236; temple of Zeus, and Pheidian statue, 80, 166, 2 1 2 ; triumphal gate of Nero, 68; Vedius honors Lucius Verus, 286 Olympus (Lycia), 483; shrine to Marcus Aurelius, 295 Orchomenus (Arcadia), 437 Orcistus (Phrygia), 474, 475; Antonine statues, 294 ören Köy (Cilicia), 496, 497; inscription under Justinus II, 364 örenköy (Lycia). See Araxis

örenler (Phrygia), 476 Ortakieui (or Ortaköy) (Cappadocia), 499 Osieni area (Pisidia), 486 Ostia: colossal head of Marcus Aurelius, 157, 158; head of Septimius Severus, 157, 158; pharos, 34

Otrous (or Otrus) (Phrygia), 475 Oxford, Ashmolean Museum, 280, 4 1 5 ; head of Titus, 231 Oxyrhynchus (Egypt), portrait of Caracalla, 299 Pajas, 500; statue of Septimius Severus, 327 Palamut (Lydia), 459 Palestine, 12 Palia Iustinianopolis, 241 Palmyra (Syria), 76, 502 Pamphylia, 488-490 Pamukkale (Phrygia). See Hierapolis Panamaros (Caria), 480 Panticapaeum (Bosporus), 4 5 1 ; dedication to Caracalla, 3 1 7 ; dedication to Nero, 2 1 2 ; largitici plates from (Leningrad), 354, 356 Paphlagonia, 490-491 (Old) Paphos (Cyprus), 498; bomos to Domitian, 236; Julio-Claudian dedications, 207; statue of Gaius, 207; Julia, 207; temple of Aphrodite with dedications to Marcus Aurelius and Commodus, 292, and statue of Domitian, 236. See also Curium Pappa-Tiberiopolis (Lycaonia), 493 Paris, Bibliothèque Nationale, 4 1 5 ; Berthouville Treasure, 128, 1 3 3 , 139, 140; Grand Camée de France, 47 Paris, Louvre, 4 1 5 , 416; Boscoreale cups and plates, 133, 134, 137, 138, 140, 1 4 1 ; bust of Faustina II, 283; cuirassed bust of Marcus Aurelius, 278, 280; head of Agrippina Senior, 1 9 1 ; head of Nero Drusus, 186; heads of Hadrian, 258, 264; portrait of Claudius (Thasos), 43; relief from Apollonia in Epirus, 53; reliefs from Smyrna, 51, 52; relief with city-goddesses, from Rome, 109; statue of Julian the Apostate (also Cluny), 55, 357 Parium (Mysia), 455 Parlasan, 491 Parnassus, 491 Paros, 447 Parthenium (Pontus), 452; shrine to Claudius (nearby), 2 1 2 , 2 1 3 Parthia, 74, 87, 150 Patara (Lycia), 483; Antonine buildings, 272, 295; baths, Flavian legate, 240; statues of Antonine rulers, 272, 295; theater, Antonine dedication, 19, 272, 295 Patrae or Patras (Achaia), 170, 434; coinage, X42, 147, 148, 199; harbor on coin of Geta, 148, 1 5 1 ; Museum, and cuirassed statue from Achaia, 176, 416 Pautalia (Thrace), 425 Pazaiyeri (Caria), 480 Pazarköy (Mysia). See Argiza Pednelissus (Pisidia), 486, 487 Peltae, milestone to Decius and family, 321 53I

INDEX Peparethos, 4 4 7 ; statue of Antoninus Pius, 292 Pergamon (Mysia), 1 6 7 , 4 1 6 , 455, 4 5 6 ; alliance medallion with Ephesus, 148, 149; altar of Zeus, reliefs (Berlin), 32, 33, 46, 50, 97, 9 9 1 0 1 , 1 1 8 , 122, 123, 2 1 3 , 2 1 4 ; Antonine dedications, 293; Asklepeion and library, 149, 255; coins, l i , 133, 142, 144, 1 4 5 ; Domitian, head (lost), 232; gymnasium, 2 1 5 , 2 5 1 ; head of Severus or Pertinax (acropolis), 299; JulioClaudian dedications, 192, 2 1 4 , 2 1 5 ; Mithradates-Herakles relief (Berlin), i , 39, 50, 5 1 , 140; medallion of Caracalla, 156, 1 5 7 , 159, 1 6 6 ; Museum, 4 1 6 ; shrine of Athena Polias and balustrades, 18, 50; Severan dedications, 318; statue of Hadrian, 6, 255; Telephos frieze, altar of Zeus, 33, 46, 47, 5 1 , 1 0 1 ; temple to Caracalla, 76, 318; temple to Faustina I, II, 270; Trajaneum, 1 7 , 74, 75, 2 5 1 , 264, 273, 293; statues of Trajan as Zeus, 244, 2 5 1 , 264; Hadrian, 75, 244, 264; stele of Caracalla, 318; Trajanic statues, dedications, 2 5 1 ; Vespasian: head in Baltimore, 229, 2 3 1 , 232, 237; head in Pergamon Museum, 237 Pergamon-Myrina road, Tetrarch milestone, 332 Perge (Pamphylia), 489; alliance medallion with Side, 76, 144, 1 6 1 , 162; and pan-Romanism, 16; Depot, 4 1 6 ; excavations, 70; gateway, statues, Trajan, 243, 255; Plotina, 244; their family, 254, 255; Hadrian, 255; local heroes, 255; head of Faustina II, 283; of Lucilla, 288; Julio-Claudian dedications, 227; sarcophagi, 59; statues of Gordianus I, II, III, 76, 325; statue, cuirassed, of Hadrian, 259; statues of Plancia Magna and family, 255; statue of Sabina, as Demeter, 259, 263 Persepolis, head of Hadrian (New York, art market), 393 Perta (Lycaonia), 493 Pessinus (Galatia), 492; building to Titus, 238, 271 Petalidion (Messenia). See Corone Petri (near Nauplia), 310, 3 1 5 Phanagoria (Bosporus), 4 5 1 ; statue of Augustus, 2 1 2 ; statue of Vespasian, 236, 237 Pharsalia (or Pharsalus) (Thessaly), dedications after battle, 2 1 4 Phaselis (Lycia), 483, 484; Flavian statues, 225, 2 4 1 ; Hadrianic dedications, 225 Pherae (Messenia), 4 3 5 ; epistle from Marcus Aurelius, Commodus, 292; Julio-Claudian dedications, 2 1 1 Philadelphia (Decapolis), 502, 503 Philadelphia (Lydia), 4 6 1 ; aedicula of Commodus, 270, 288; Severan dedication, 3 1 9 ; statue of Constantine I, 361 Philadelphia (Penna.), University Museum, 4 1 6 ; head of Agrippina I (Troy), 1 7 7 , 1 9 1 , 192, 2 1 6 ; head of Caracalla (Rumeli Hisar), 3 1 4 ; head of Constantius II (Aleppo), 354 Philae (Egypt), Trajanic reliefs, 243, 244 Philippi (Macedonia), 170, 4 2 1 , 422; Antonine buildings, 267; dedication to Constantine I, 358; head of Gratianus, from agora, 358;

532

OF

PLACES

Museum, 4 1 6 ; Severan and later monuments to Caracalla, Carinus, 299, 3 1 3 Philippopolis (Arabia), 504 Philippopolis (Thrace), 425, 426; Antonine dedications, 267, 2 9 1 ; bilingual imperial coins, 3 1 4 ; dedication to Trajan, 250; Severan and later dedications, 2 9 1 , 3 1 4 Philomelium (Phrygia), 4 7 5 ; relief with soldiers, officers on horseback (Istanbul), 63, 65 Phocaea (Ionia), 4 6 7 ; statue of Septimius Severus, 318 Phocis, 4 2 7 , 428 Phoenicia, 503 Pholegandros, 447 Phrygia, 4 6 9 - 4 7 6 Physcus (Caria), 480 Pinara (Lycia), 484; base to Julia Titi and Domitia, 74, 240; statue of Trajan, 253 Piraeus: Museum and cuirassed Hadrian in, 259, 4 1 6 ; statues found in Balbinus (Museum) and Pupienus (fragments), 40, 76, 310, 3 1 4 Pisa (Lycaonia), 493; statue of Septimius Severus, 323 Pisea (or Pissia) (Phrygia), 4 7 5 Pisidia, 484-488; (from) bronze head of Caracalla (private), 300 Pizus (Thrace), 426 Plakados (Lesbos), 446; statue of Julia, 14 B.C., 20; Plotinopolis (Thrace), 426; gold head of Marcus Aurelius (Komotini), 5 1 5 Plovdiv (Thrace). See Philippopolis Pogla (Pisidia), 487; Severan dedication, 325 Pojani (Epirus). See Apollonia Polyrhenium (Crete), 444; statue of Augustus, 207 Pompeiopolis (Paphlagonia), 490, 491 Pontus, 452, 500 Porto Raphti (Attica), lighthouse, 35, 36. See also Prasiae Potidaeum (Karpathos), 4 4 5 ; statue of Trajan, 251 Prasiae (Attica), 432; ancient deme, near Porto Raphti "lighthouse," 35, 36 Preveza (Epirus): finds from Actium, 208; head of Marcus Aurelius (from Kamarina), 280; Museum, 4 1 6 Priansus (Crete), 444 Priapus (Mysia), 456 Priene (Ionia), 467, 468; altar east of temple of Athena, 9 7 - 9 9 ; coin design, 1 3 3 ; Flavian dedication, 238; Julio-Claudian dedications, 219; temple of Athena Polias, 67, 2 1 9 , and head of Claudius (London), from, 43 Primaporta, statue of Augustus from, 4 1 , 1 7 1 , 1 7 3 . 1 7 7 . 1 7 9 , 1 8 ° , 230, 234 Prinias (Crete). See Rhizenia? Probalinthos, estate of Herodes Atticus, 278, 286 Prostanna (Pisidia), 487 Providence, Rhode Island School of Design, Museum, 4 1 6 ; Pamphylian sarcophagus (Rome), 6 1 , 62 Provista (Macedonia). See Amphipolis

I N D E X OF

PLACES

Prusa ad Olympum (Bithynia), 4 5 3 ; statue of Antoninus Pius (near), 293 Prusa-Cius (Bithynia), 453 Prusias ad Hypium (Bithynia), 4 1 6 , 453, 4 5 4 ; cuirassed Hadrian, 254, 263; statues of Severus Alexander, 3 1 7 Prymnessus (Phrygia), 4 7 5 ; dedication to Gallienus, 322 Puteoli, base with cities, Tiberian (Naples), 122, 123, 261 Pydna, Roman victory, 168 B.C., 139 Pydnae (Lycia), 484; Tetrarch milestone (Xanthus road), 335 Qaisariye (Judaea). See Caesareia "Maritima" Raboth-Ammon-Philadelphia (Decapolis), 502 Ramleh, so-called Palace of Trajan and relief (London), 88 Reg Esalamara district, 4 7 5 Rhamnous (Attica), 432; Julio-Claudian dedications, 68, 209, 2 1 0 ; temple of Nemesis, 68, 2 1 9 , 2 5 7 ; "Themis," 87 Rhizenia?, 444 Rhodes, 183, 208, 447, 448; colossus of, 2 1 3 ; emperor (Augustus) as Hermes on Rhodes, 1 7 1 ; head of Antoninus Pius (Museum), 2 7 5 ; Museum, 4 1 6 ; statue of Poppaea, 207; Tiberius in exile, 132, 183, 207 Rhodiapolis (Lycia), 484; statue of Antoninus Pius, 295 Rome, 1 5 ; Ara Pacis, 32, 33, 46, 2 1 4 ; Ara Pietatis (scattered), 33, 34, 46; Arch of Augustus (near temple of Divus Iulius), 79; Arch of Constantine with Hadrianic tondi and zoccoli reliefs, 10, 60, 63, 80, 274, 333, 348, 350, 3 5 1 ; Arch of Septimius Severus, 80, 83, 87, 300, 349; Arch of Titus (on Velia), 18, 46, 82, 92, 348; Arcus Novus of Diocletian, 109; Baths of Caracalla, 23, 1 6 7 , 318; Baths of Constantine, Helena, 63; Campus Martius, Egyptian cults, 2 3 1 ; coins, 1 4 5 ; Coliseum, 120; column of Marcus Aurelius, 15, 80, 349; column of Trajan, 1 5 , 106, 349; equestrian Marcus Aurelius, 40; Forum of Caesar, statues of cities, 2 6 1 ; Forum of Trajan, 260; Forum Romanum, 1 4 7 , 169, 276, 350; Hadrianeum and provinces, 107, 122, 262, 274; Mausoleum of Cecilia Metella, 25; Museo Capitolino with "Agrippina" and Menander, 55, 354, 4 1 7 ; Museo delle Terme, 1 3 7 , 4 1 7 ; Palatine, head of a girl (Terme), 3 1 3 ; Palazzo dei Conservatori, with Hadrianeum "provinces" and marble bowl, 122, 129, 4 1 7 ; Pantheon, 225, 260; Pons Aelius, 152; Porta Argentariorum, 45; Porta Maggiore, 25; Pyramid of Caius Cestius, 25; Rostra, Tetrarch statues, 333, 348; shrine of Mars Ultor or Pater, 145; St. Peter's, 268; Temple of Antoninus Pius and Faustina, 276; Temple of Apollo Sosi^nus, 348; Temple of Jupiter Capitolinus, 1 4 7 ; Temple of Mars Ultor, 4 5 ; Temple of Sol (Palatine), 1 5 2 ; Temple of Venus and Rome, 120, 274; tomb

of Regilla, 2 6 1 ; tomb of the baker, 25, 348; Villa Torlonia-Albani, 1 4 7 , 4 1 7 . See also Vatican and Appendix Β Rumeli Hisar, head of Caracalla (Philadelphia, Penna.), 3 1 4 Sabratha, Museum, 4 1 7 ; statue of a Flavian emperor, 4 1 , 230. See also Lepcis Magna Sagalassus (Pisidia), 485, 4 8 7 ; Antonine statues, 2 9 1 , 295; Antonine temple, dedications and dynastic statues, 226, 273, 2 9 1 , 295; coins of, 144, 226; Constantine, base in market, 363; dedication to Gallienus and Salonina, 324; dedication to Nero, 222, 226; JulioClaudian dedications, 222, 226; Severan statues and dedications, 273, 324; statue of Trajan, 253> 273; temple of Apollo Klarios, 324 Saïda (Phoenicia). See Sidon Sala (Lydia), 235 Salamis (Cyprus), 4 1 7 , 498; base to Commodus, reused, 292; cuirassed Flavian statue, 4 1 , 229, 230; dedications to Nero, 207; Famagusta Museum, 4 1 7 ; statues of Gaius and Lucius and of Livia, 207; Trajan(?) from theater, 230; Trajanic statue and dedication (altar), 251 Salimiyeh (near Hama in Syria), bronze bust of Julia Domna (Harvard), 299 Salona, 4 1 7 ; Palace of Diocletian, 348 Salonika, 10, 7 1 , 274, 4 1 7 , 4 1 8 , 422, 423; coins, 142; Flavian gate, 235; Museum and head of Septimius Severus, 299, 3 1 3 , 4 1 7 ; Palace of Galerius, 348; round temple, now Agios Georgios, 348; structure honoring Galerius, 4 x 7 , 4 1 8 ; triple arch of Galerius, 7, 10, 22, 44, 46, 80, 93, 329, 336, 3 4 6 - 3 5 2 Samaria, 503 Samos, 7 1 , 4 1 8 , 448; dedications to Pompey and Julio-Claudians, 206-208; head of Antonia (Berlin), 1 8 7 ; head of Commodus, 289; head of Germanicus, 188, 189; head of Octavia, 198; Museums, 4 1 8 ; portrait of Claudius (Tigani, placa), 43; statue of Antoninus Pius (Chora), 292; statue of Caracalla, 3 1 6 ; statue of Julia Domna (Heraion), 3 1 6 ; statue of Trajan as Zeus-Poseidon (Castro, Tigani), 6, 40, 74, 244, 250; statues of Nero, 188, 198; temple of Dionysos, 43; Trajan and Hera, dedication (Chora), 250 Samothrace, 448, 449; Arsinoeion, 1 7 ; base to Constantine reçut over Tetrarchs, 330, 361 Samsun (Pontus), bronze statue of Trebonianus Gallus (Istanbul), 69, 7 7 , 312. See also Amisus San Marco, porphyry Tetrarchs, 42, 44, 358 §ar (Cappadocia), 500 Sardes (Lydia), 70, 4 1 8 , 4 6 1 , 462; Antonine constructions and dedications, 270, 2 7 5 , 293; Artemision, Antonine cult statues, 18, 19, 68, 276, 293; Flavian dedications, 237; gymnasium with statue of Lucius Verus, 270, 2 7 1 ; JulioClaudian dedications, 2 1 7 , 2 5 1 ; sarcophagus of Claudia Antonia Sabina, 59, 60; Severan dedications and buildings, 2 5 1 , 318, 3 1 9 ;

533

I N D E X OF Tetrarch dedication, 33a; T r a j a n not mentioned, 2 5 1 Sardes-Smyrna Road, 462 Sardes-Thyateira Road, 462 S a n s u (Phrygia), 472 Sarmatia, 451; imperial monuments, 212, 317 Sart (Lydia). See Sardes Satala (Armenia Minor), 500 Saura (Judaea), 503 Savastepe-Kiresin (Mysia), 455 Savatra (Lycaonia), 493 Sazak (Phrygia). See Dionysopolis Scotland, 349 Sebaste (Phrygia), 475; Antonine statues, 294; coins, 165; dedication to Domitian, 239; Severan monuments, 323 Sebastopolis (Caria), 480; Severan statues and monuments, 323; statues of Nike and T r a j a n , 253 Sebastopolis (Pontus), 500; dedication by Arrian to Hadrian, 296; monuments to Antoninus Pius and Marcus Aurelius, 296 Selçuk (near Ephesus), Museum, 418; cuirassed torso from Great Antonine Altar, 9 5 Selçukler (Phrygia). See Sebaste Selefke (or Silifke) (Cilicia). See Seleuceia on the Kalykadnos Seleuceia on the Kalykadnos (Cilicia), 497; bridge with dedication to Vespasian and Titus, 73, 242; coinage, 76; Hadrianeum, 258; Hadrianic, early Antonine temple, 258; harbor, enlarged under Vespasian, 242; head of Antoninus Pius (Adana), 275; statues of Hadrian, Antoninus Pius, 258 Seleuceia Sidera (Pisidia), 226, 487; statue of Claudius, 226 Selge (Pisidia), 487; statue of Commodus, 295 Selindus (Lydia), 459 Selinos (Peparethos), 447 Selinus (Trajanopolis) (Cilicia), death of T r a j a n , 24, 74, 243; image of T r a j a n on coins, 243; temple to T r a j a n , 74 Selymbria (Thrace), 426; monuments to Gordianus I I I , 314; T r a j a n i c baths, 314 Sener Mesarlik, 475 Senirgent (Phrygia), 488 Serdica (Thrace), 426; Severan and later inscriptions, 314; statue of Marcus Aurelius, 291 Serik (Pisidia). See Selge Seriphos, 449; building to Augustus, 203 Serpek (Lycaonia). See Sidamara Sestus (Thrace), 426 Seulun, 322, 475 Sevdiköy (Ionia), 469 Seville, 40; Museo Arqueológico, 418 Seyit Gazi (Phrygia). See Nacoleia Shechem, T e l l Baiatali (Samaria). See Neapolis Sia, 486 Siblia (Phrygia), coin of Caracalla, 165 Sicinos, 449 Sidamara (Lycaonia), 493 Side (Pamphylia), 418, 489, 490; alliance medallion with Perge, 76, 144, 161, 162; Capitolium

534

PLACES

or praetorium, 327; coins of, 153; cuirassed statue of Maximus Caesar, 312, 327; dedications to Claudius or Nero, 227, and to Julia Domna and Caracalla, 325; early lotus-bud altar, 152, 153; excavations, 70; monument to Vespasian, 241; Museum, 418; Nikai, statues from Late Antique gate, 253; sarcophagi, 59; statue of Antoninus Pius, 296; statue of Maximusi?), 3 Sidon (Phoenicia), 58, 503 Sidrova (or Suduragi) (Lycaonia), 492 Sidyma (Lycia), 484; federal coins, 224; honors to Diva Plotina, 253; Julio-Claudian dedications, 224 Sikyon, Museum, 418; head of Germanicus, 190 Siledik (Lydia), 462 Silivri (Thrace). See Selymbria Sillyum (Pamphylia), 70, 165, 167, 490; medallion of Marcus Aurelius, 167 Sinekkalesi (Cilicia). See Hamaxia Sinop (Paphlagonia). See Sinope Sinope (Paphlagonia), 491; building to Marcus Aurelius, Commodus, 269; statue of Agrippina the Elder, 212 Siphnos, 449; Museum, 418 Sirkovo (Macedonia). See Stobi Sivri-Hissar or Hisar (Galatia-Phrygia), dedication to Titus, 241, 242 Skiathos, 449; altars to Septimius Severus, 315, 316 Sminthe, sanctuary with priest of Apollo, 129 Smyrna (Ionia), 200, 288, 289, 291, 419, 468, 469; alliance coin, Miletus, 149; Art Market, 419; coins, 143, 144; earthquake under Marcus Aurelius, 70, 90, 235, 236, 266, 270, 283; Evangelical School Museum, 418; Lucius Verus, 271; tondi from Aphrodisias, 55> 5 6 , 58, 91; Flavian monuments, 237, 238; Gaudin collection, 419; Julio-Claudian dedications, 2 1 8 ; letters from Antonine emperors, 69, 293; Museums, 418, 419; Nemeses of, 149; portraits of Claudius (Athens and art market), 43; sestertius of Septimius Severus, 1 5 7 - 1 5 9 ; Severan and later dedications, 319, 320; Severan buildings, including agora, 270, 319; Severan reconstructions, 270, 319; statue of Cybele on Severan coin, 159; T e t r a r c h milestones, 332, 333; T r a j a n i c dedications, 252; agora, 3, 70, 90, 266, 288; keystone with Faustina I I , 283; reliefs with divinities (Louvre, etc.), 51. 52 Sofia (Thrace). See Serdica §ogut (Phrygia). See Synnada Soli (Cyprus), 498; statue of Antoninus Pius, 292 Soli-Pompeiopolis (Cilicia), 497; Julio-Claudian dedications, 227; statue of Commodus, 296 Solomos (near Corinth), head of Aelius Caesar, 263, 264 Sophia (Bulgaria). See Serdica Sour (Syria). See Tyre South America, 62 Spain, 3 3 Spalato. See Salona

INDEX

OF

PLACES

Sparta (Laconia): Antonine dedications, 292; bronze statue, possibly Julia Mamaea, 3 1 0 ; column to Constantius Chlorus, 329; JulioClaudian dedications in theater, 2 1 1 ; Museum, 419; statue of Nero, 2 1 1 Split, 419. See also Salona Stectorium (Phrygia), 476; statue of Nerva, 239 Stobi (Macedonia), 422 Stratoniceia (Caria), 480; coin, 159, 160; head of Nero (Izmir), 198; temple walls, Diocletian's edict, 335 Stratoniceia-Hadrianopolis (Lydia), 462; building to Antoninus Pius, 270 Stuttgart, Museum, 419; bust of Marcus Aurelius (Egypt), 282 Sudan: invaded by Petronius, 125, 128; tomb at Meroe, 125 Çuhut (or Shohut Kasaba or Çogut) (Phrygia). See Synnada Sultan Hisar (Lydia), 460 Sülünlü (Lydia). See Blaundus Sulusaray (Pontus). See Sebastopolis Susa, bronze head of Agrippa (New York), 175 Syia (Crete), 444 Synaüs (or Synai) (Phrygia), 476; monument to Philip I, II, 3 2 1 ; statue of Antoninus Pius, 294

Synnada (Phrygia), 476; building to Antoninus Pius, 272; Severan monuments, 317, 323; statue of Caracalla, 317; statue of Constantius Chlorus, 334 Syria, 501, 502 Syros, 449; Museum, 419; heads of Germanicus and Agrippina Senior from Amorgos, 1 8 9 - 1 9 1 Tabae (Caria), 480; monument to Tiberius, 222 Tacina (or Takina) (Phrygia), 476; Severan baths, 323; Tetrarch milestone, 334 Taenarum (or Taenaron) (also Caenepolis) (Laconia), 436; statues of Marcus Aurelius, Lucius Verus, 292 Taman (Bosporus). See Phanagoria Tanagra (Boeotia), 427; base to Augustus, 208; ephebes included sebastophoroi, 224 Tarragona, Museum, 419 Tarsus (Cilicia), 497; coin of Gordianus III, 150, 167; gold medallion found at, 146; head of Faustina II (Copenhagen), 283; Severus Alexander as benefactor, 228; statue of Augustus, 227, 228; statue (base) of Faustina II, 296; statue of Severus Alexander, 326; statue of Tarsus (see Apollo); statue of Trajan, 253 Taç Köprü (Paphlagonia). See Pompeiopolis Tateium (Aeolis), 459 Tauri: Oresteia scenes, silver cup (London), 47; Thoas, king of, 129 Tavium (Cappadocia), 499 Tavium (Galatia), 492; coin (sestertius) of Vespasian, 166 "Tchamkeui," 475 Tchañlykaya (Cappadocia), 499 Tchukur-Keuï, 419, 490; Severan statue and dedication, 325

Tegea (Arcadia), 437; agora dedicated to Constantinian family, 3 6 1 ; Antonine and Severan dedications, 291; Julio-Claudian dedications, 2 1 1 ; statue of Diocletian, 329 Teira (Ionia), 469; dedications to Hadrian, Marcus Aurelius, and Trajan, 252, 293, 294 Tekekeui (or Tekeköy) (Lydia), 462 Tekeli-Mermere (road) (Lydia), 462; milestone to Constantine, Licinius, 362 Tekir (Ionia). See Magnesia on the Maeander Tekirova (Lycia). See Phaselis Telmessus-Caunus road, Severan milestone, 324 Telos, 449, 450 Temenothyrae Flaviopolis (Phrygia), 476; coin of Valerian, 161, 163 Temnus (Temnos) (Aeolis), 459; on Puteoli Basis, 123; Tetrarch milestone, 332, 333 Tenos, 449; Museum, 33, 162, 419; sanctuary of Poseidon at Kionia, 27, 32, 33, 162, 236, 250, 256, 3 1 2 , 316, including small version of Pergamene altar of Zeus, 46; town, with statue of Antoninus Pius, 292 Teos (Ionia), 463, 469; dedication to Antoninus Pius, 293; statue of Titus, 238 Tepejik-Burnabat (or Tepecik) (Ionia), 469 Termessus Major (Pisidia), 487, 488; coins of, 144, 162, 163; finds and condition of ruins, 70; funerary reliefs, 17; independent actions of city, 162; propylaion, dedication to Hadrian, 75> 257; statue of Augustus, 226, of Caracalla, 324, of Commodus, 295, of Hadrian, 75, 253, of Septimius Severus, 324, of Trajan, 253; temple of Zeus Solymeus, altar or base, 226 Termessus Minor (Lycia), 484; inscription discusses imperial images, 224, 324 Teutoberger Wald, Varus died there in A.D. 9, 133 Thalamae (Laconia), 436 Thasos, 450; cuirassed Hadrian, 254, 259; head of Julian the Apostate, 357; Julio-Claudian inscriptions, 202; Museum, 419; portrait of Claudius (Paris), 43; Severan arch with cuirassed torso, 315; statue of Constantius Chlorus, 3 3 0 Thebaid, 239 Thebes (Boeotia), 427; Flavian dedications, 235; head of Faustina II, 283; Museum, 419; statue of Caracalla, 315; statue of Claudius II, 3 1 5 Themisonium, 473 Thera, 450, 4 5 1 ; agora, imperial statues, 170, 1 7 1 , Stoa Basilike, Antonine restoration, 269; head identified as Augustus, 1 7 1 ; JulioClaudian inscriptions and statues, 171, 188, 202, 236; Museum, 419; statue of Vespasian, 1 7 1 , 236; statues of Caracalla, 316, Marcus Aurelius, 292, Septimius Severus, 316, Severus Alexander, 170, 316 Thera (Caria), 480; dedication to Vespasian, 240 Thermae Phazimoniacae (Paphlagonia), 491 Thermis (Lesbos), 446; dedication to Agrippina, 205

Thermon (Aetolia), 426

535

I N D E X OF Thespiae (Boeotia), 427; altar to Septimius Severus, 315; Julio-Claudian statues, 208 Thessalonica (Macedonia). See Salonika Thessaly, 426; heroic bronze statue of Licinius I, 329 Thisbe (Boeotia), 427 Thrace, 423-426 Thuria (Messenia), 435; milestone to Tetrarchs, 329 Thyateira (Lydia), 462; base to Commodus, 293; Caracalla lingered here, 318; Hadrianic monuments, 257; Julio-Claudian dedications, 218; Licinius I, II, on milestone, Pergamon-Sardes, 361, 362; milestone to Carus, Carinus, 319; milestone to Domitian and Nerva, 237; milestones to Elagabalus, Gordianus III, Tacitus (near), 318; Severan agon, base to Herakles, 319; Severan dedications and statues, 319; statue of M. Annius Verus, 293; Tetrarch milestone, 332 Thymbriadis (Pisidia), 488 Thyssanus (Caria), 480 Ticinum (Pavia), "Regisole," r54 Tieium, 452 Tigani. See Samos Tigris River, Galerius' campaigns on Salonika arch, 346 Tinos. See Tenos Tirana, 410 Titani, head of Galerius (Nauplia Museum), 329 Tithoreae (Phocis), 428 Tivoli, Hadrian's villa, 260, 261, 419·, Casino Fede, Roma or Virtus, 262; finds in Pantanello marsh, 261; statues in Canopus, 260, 261 Tlos (Lycia), 484; altar to Domitian, coins, and statue of Augustus, 224, 240 Todurga (Lycia), 484 Toledo (Ohio), Museum of Art, 419, 420; cup with Dionysiac motifs (Asia Minor), 140, 141 Tolokaisarea (Ionia), 469 Toriaion, 482 Toronto, Royal Ontario Museum, 420; head of Germanicus, 190 Tor Pignatara (suburb of Rome), sarcophagus of Constantius and Helena (Vatican), 26 Toulouse, Museum, 420 Trabzon, 192 Trajanopolis (Cilicia), 24. See also Selinus Trajanopolis (Phrygia), 476; statues of Marcus Aurelius and Lucius Verus, 294; statue of Trebonianus Gallus, 321 Tralla (Phrygia), 470 Tralles (Lydia) (Aydin), 462, 463, 465; bust of Antonia (Copenhagen), 187; head of Commodus (Canterbury), 269, 289, 290; milestone to Tiberius (Ephesus road), 220; statue of Nero (Istanbul), 7, 4r, 69, r97, 259; stoa and monuments to Nerva, 238 Trapezopolis (Phrygia), 480; eagle in relief and statue of Hadrian, 221 Trapezus (Pontus), 452 Trebizond (Pontus). See Trapezus Trier, 333

536

PLACES

Trieste, 218; Museum, 420 Tripolis (Lydia), alliance medallion with Laodiceia, 164, 165 Tripolitania, 298 Troas, 456 Troezen (Argolis), 439 Troy (Troas), 137. See also Ilium Tümtiim (Lycia). See Leto Turgutlu (Lydia), 463 Tuzla, 457 Tyana (Cappadocia), 491, 500 Tymandus (Pisidia), 488; milestone to Constantinians (near), 363; statue of Antoninus Pius, 294 Tymbrianassus, 476 Tyanollus (Lydia), 463; statue of Claudius, 217 Tymnus (Caria), 480 Tyre (Phoenicia), 503 Uluborlu (Phrygia), 470 Uludjak (Lydia), 463; Trajanic construction, 252 University of Missouri, Museum of Archaeology, 410; head of Nero or Titus (Egypt), 231, 232 Ura (Cilicia). See Olba Ürkütlü (Pisidia), 485 Urla (Ionia). See Clazomenae Uçak (Phrygia), 476 Üskübü (Bithynia). See Prusias ad Hypium Üzümlii (Lycia), 481 Uzundja Burdj (or Uzunca Burç) (Cilicia). See Diocaesareia Vadif. See Heracleia Vaison, 420; theater, 19, 261 Vakif (Caria). See Heracleia Salbace Valentia (or Maximianopolis) (Phrygia). See Ilyas Vathy, Samos, Museum, 176, 418 Vatican: Crypt of Saint Peter's, sarcophagus of Junius Bassus, 367; Giardino della Pigna, Antonine column base, 120; Museums, 417; Apollo Belvedere, 88; Belvedere torso, 135; Cancelleria reliefs, Domitian, 60; head of Nero Drusus, 186; marble chariot, 118; porphyry Tetrarchs (Egypt), 44; Primaporta Augustus, see Primaporta; sarcophagi of Constantius, Constantina, 26; Severan empress as Omphale, 172; Victoriae from Baths of Constantine, 63 Veii, Julio-Claudian cult center, and portraits of Claudius, 43 Venice, Flavian torso from Peloponnesus, 231; Private Collection, 420; San Marco with porphyry Tetrarchs (Egypt), 42, 44, 358, 420 Verria (Macedonia), Museum, 420; head of Claudius, 43; head of Septimius Severus, 299 Via Egnatia: Antonine arch, 267; Arch of Galerius, 348; Severan milestones, 313 Vienna, Museums, 420; Gemma Augustea, 47; head of Constantine (Ephesus), 354; reliefs from Antonine altar at Ephesus, 95-123; silver dish from Aquileia, 137, r38 Volimonti (Argolis), 438; Volos, Museum, 420

INDEX

OF

PLACES

Winnetka (111.), 420 Xanthus (Lycia), 484; gate and statue to Vespasian, 74, 240 Yalibayat (Lycaonia). See Savatra Yaliyik Köy, 493 Yalova, 458 Yalvaç (Pisidia). See Antioch Yanartaç (Lycia). See Chimera Yaniç (Cilicia), 494 Yaraçli (Phrygia), 476 Yan-Keu'i (or Yazi Köy) (Pisidia), 485 Yavi (or Ya'u) (Lycia). See Cyaneae

Yazaköy, 488 Yaztu Veran (Phrygia), 488 Yeni hisar (Ionia). See Didyma Yerkesik (Caria). See Thera Yonuslar (or Yunuslar) (Lycaonia). See PappaTiberiopolis Zela, 500 Zengibar Kalesi (Isauria). See Isaura Zeugma (Commagene), coins of, 143, 144 Zeytindag (Mysia). See Elaea Ziata (Armenia Major), statues of Nero, 228 Zoldera (Lycaonia). See Lystra Zurich-Lucerne, Art Market, 420

53 7

INDEX OF PEOPLE AND M O N U M E N T S Achaean League, 2 1 2 , 2 9 2 Achilles, 6 0 , 1 5 5 , 1 7 9 ; drags Hector on Providence sarcophagus, 6 2 ; on silver cup in Copenhagen (Hoby), 1 3 4 , 1 3 6 , 1 3 8 ; on silver cup in Munich (Ingolstadt), 1 3 7 Aelia Flacilla, 4 0 5 , 4 0 6 Aelius Apollonius, inscription at Gortyna, 4 4 2 Aelius Aristides, 2 8 3 T. Aelius Aurelius Niger, dedication at Nacoleia, 294 Aelius Caesar (died 1 3 7 ) , 2 5 6 , 2 5 7 ; father of Lucius Verus, 9 6 , 9 7 , 2 6 3 , 2 8 6 ; head in Athenian Agora, 2 6 3 , 2 6 4 , 2 8 6 ; head in Corinth, 2 6 3 , 2 6 4 ; statue at Hadriani (Mysia), 2 9 3 ; stoa at Motella, 2 7 2 ; suggested in Great Antonine Altar, 9 6 Aelius Lycinus, inscription at Ancyra, 2 7 3 Publius Aelius Orestes, Cibyra, 4 7 1 Q. Aelius Voconius Stratonicus (Acamantius), bronze statues dedicated to at Dorylaeum, 3 2 0 M. Aemilius Longus, dedication at Ilyas, 3 2 3 Aemilius Paullus, monument at Delphi, 1 , 53 Aeneas, and legendary founding of Rome, 7 1 , 2 1 5 ; on coins of Ilium, 7 2 Aeschylus, 2 2 Agamemnon, 1 2 9 Agasias, sculptor on Delos, 2 0 3 Aglaus, dedication at Gortyna, 4 4 2 Agorakritos, 8 7 ; Attic cult-statues, 31 Agrippa (died 1 2 B.C.), 1 3 9 , 173. 175-177» 179»

1 9 4 , 2 0 2 - 2 2 8 ; bronze head from Susa, 1 7 5 ; marble head from Butrinto, 1 7 5 ; from Magnesia-on-the-Maeander, 1 7 5 ; monument in Athens, 3 , 3 4 , 1 6 9 ; Odeon in Athens, 3 4 , 1 6 9 ; on relief in Boston (Athens), 3 4 , 4 6 , 1 7 5 - 1 7 7 Agrippa Postumus, 1 7 5 , 1 9 4 Agrippa, L. Can., on coins at Corinth, 2 0 0 Agrippina the Elder, 5 4 , 1 9 0 - 1 9 3 , 2 0 2 - 2 2 5 , 3 8 6 ; as Hestia Boule on Thera, 1 7 1 ; carries home husband's ashes, 2 4 ; head from Amorgos (Syros), 1 8 9 - 1 9 1 ; head from Athens (Paris), 1 9 1 ; head from Pergamon, 1 9 1 , 1 9 2 ; head from Trabzon, 1 9 1 , 1 9 2 ; head from Troy (Philadelphia, Penna.), 1 7 7 , 1 9 1 , 1 9 2 , 2 1 6 ; on silver cup (London), 1 3 2 ; on Hoby cup (Copenhagen), 1 3 6 ; statue from Olympia, 1 9 2 . See also Chapter X Agrippina the Younger, 1 9 1 - 1 9 3 , 204-216; heads from Cos and Olympia, 1 8 7 , 1 9 3 , 2 0 4 Ahenobarbus: base, 2 8 , 3 3 ; coin (aureus) of, 1 4 3 Aion, 2 1 Alamania, represented on arch at Nicaea, 3 5 1 Alamanni war, on Nicaea arch, 3 5 1 Alaric, sacks Corinth, 3 6 1

538

Alexander the Great ( 3 3 6 - 3 2 3 ) , 1 5 , 1 6 , 6 7 , 1 5 6 , 2 1 5 , 3 0 0 ; influences coins of Augustus, 1 4 5 ; medieval relief of apotheosis, 1 6 4 ; on mosaic (Naples, from Pompeii), 4 7 ; perhaps on relief in Madrid (Troy), 4 7 , 2 1 5 Alexandra, prophetess, 1 3 9 Alexandria, personified on Antonine altar at Ephesus, 1 0 7 , 1 2 2 Alkamenes, sculptor: at Hadrian's villa, 2 6 1 ; cult statue in temple of Dionysos, Athens, 2 8 6 Altar, 6 7 ; of Zeus Soter (Pergamon) and Ara Pacis (Rome), imitated in Asia Minor and Italy, 3 2 , 3 3 , 4 6 ; at Aphrodisias, 3 2 . See also Chapter VI and references under Ephesus; below the Acropolis in Athens; on Delos; on Tenos; Rome, Ara Pietatis (remains scattered) Altar of Zeus at Pergamon. See Pergamon Amazon, 1 3 9 ; Lansdowne (Berlin-New York) type, 2 6 1 ; Mattei, 2 6 1 Amorini, on sarcophagi, 5 9 Amphion, 6 2 Amphitrite, shrine on Tenos, 2 3 6 , 2 5 6 , 3 x 2 , 3 1 6 Anchyses, on coin of Ilium, 7 2 Andreia, on frieze at Carian Aphrodisias, 2 1 Andromache, 6 2 Andronicus Cyrrhestes, 2 6 , 2 7 M. Annius Verus ( 1 6 6 - 1 6 9 ) , statue at Thyateira, 293 Annunciation, relief of Victory reused as angel of, 6 3 Antigonus Gonatas ( 2 7 7 - 2 3 9 ) , 5 3 Antinous, 1 1 2 , 1 4 8 , 1 5 1 , 2 6 0 , 3 1 7 ; honors to, 1 4 2 , 2 6 1 , 2 8 0 ; statues of, 2 6 2 Antiochus, honored on monument of Philopappos, 8 2 , 8 3 P. A. Antiochus, inscription at Sebastopolis, 3 2 3 Antonia, wife of Nero Drusus (died 3 8 ) , 3 8 6 ; career, x 8 6 ; on silver cup (London), 1 3 2 ; portraits, 5 4 , 1 8 7 , 1 9 3 . See also Chapter X Antoninus Pius ( 1 3 8 - 1 6 1 ) , 5 9 , 2 6 6 - 2 9 7 , 3 5 7 , 393, 394> adoption, and on Ephesian altar, 7 5 , 9 6 , 1 0 9 , 1 1 0 , 1 1 2 , 2 7 4 ; alliance coin, Miletus-Smyrna, 1 4 9 ; antiquarian revival, 1 4 5 , 2 7 4 ; bronze head from Adyamian (Ankara), 2 5 9 , 2 7 5 , 2 9 0 ; heads at Cairo (Ashmunein), Cos, Eleusis, Gortyna, Olympia, Rhodes, Sardes, Corinth, Adana (Seleuceia), Athens, Istanbul (Alabanda), 2 7 4 , 2 7 5 ; Rome's birthday celebration, 2 7 4 Antonius Balbus, set up statue at Charadrus, 3 2 5 M. Antonius Memmius Hiero, set up milestones to Philip I, 3 3 5 L. Antonius Naso, inscription near Prusa, 4 5 3

I N D E X OF P E O P L E A N D

MONUMENTS

Aphrodite, 65, 71, 172, 234, 244, 291; at Aphrodisias, 21, 54, 160, 161 T. Apicatus Sabinus, erects statues at Amargetti, 207 Apollo, 65, 100, 138, 139, 203, 240, 286; Belvedere, 88; Choiseul-Gouffier, 149; Hylatis, 251; Lykeios, 150; of Didyma, 149; of Hierapolis, 160, 161; Omphalos, 149; on coin of Tripolis, 164; Patroos, Claudius as, 40; Smintheus, on silver cup (London), 130, 132; Tarseios, 150; temple at Alabanda, 275; tondo bust in Hamburg, 88-91 Apollodorus, architect to Trajan, 260 Apollodotus Diodorus, set up statue at Lunda, 294 Apollonios, on statue of Domitian at Smyrna, 237 Apollonios, sculptor of Sulla's Jupiter Capitolinus, 166 Apollonios of Priene, father of Archelaos, sculptor, 47 Apollonios (son of Menekratos), inscription at Trapezopolis, 221 Apostle, iconography on Early Christian sarcophagi, 62, 63, 367 Appius Claudius Pulcher, and propylaea at Eleusis, 28 Ara Pacis Augustae, 32, 33, 46, 214 Ara Pietatis Augustae, 33, 34, 46 Aratus, of Soli, on Berthouville skyphos (Paris), 139 Arcadius (395-408), 358-363, 406; Column of, in Constantinople, 10, 42, 353; portraits, 44, 358

Arch. See Antioch; Beneventum; Nicaea; Rome; Salonika Archelaos, General, 203 Archelaos, sculptor, signs "Apotheosis of Homer" relief (London), 47 Ares, 261 Ariadne, 158; or Livia on Portland vase (London), 139 Aristander Eumenis, dedication at Cyzicus, 213 Aristeides, scholion and Cyzicus, 237 Aristobulus, dedication at Ephesus, 464 Aristonautes, stele of (Athens), 42, 47, 60 Armenian, triumph, 83 Arnauts, 267 M. Arruntius Aquila, inscription at Attaleia, 226 Arsinoë III, on "Apotheosis of Homer" relief (London), 47 Artamidos, inscription at Halasarna, 441 Artemidoros, inscription at Apollonia, 222 Artemis, 100, 129, 132, 203, 240, 257; Astiadis, building at Iasus, 294; at Halicarnassus, 223; Colonna, Faustina II as, 283; Eleuthera, 153; Leucophryene (Magnesia on the Maeander), 97; of Delos (Halicarnassus), 223; of Ephesus, 132, 160, 271, 333; of Perge, 144; on coin of Tripolis, 164; Phosphoros, coin of Stratoniceia in Caria, 159 Artemis-Selene, on Ephesian altar (Vienna), 114, 116, 117 Arundel, marbles, 231 Asandrus, husband of Dynamis, 212

Ashmole, Bernard, 256 Gaius Asinius Gallus, inscription at Ephesus, 218, 219 Asklepios and Hygeia, shrine on Samos, 250 Asper, G. Julius, gate at Antioch, 78, 79 Aspurgus, 212 Athena, 118, 122, 160, 254; Archegetis, 209; Ilias, 72; Ince, paralleled on Ephesus frieze (Vienna), 114; of Side, 114; Parthenos, 139; Polias, 18, 67, 219; seated on Hildesheim plate, 133 Atia, myth on Portland vase, 139 Attalus (241-197), iconographie traditions of dynasty, 50 Attalus II (159-138), statue in Athens, 3 Attalus (son of Attalus, Zenon), inscription at Motella, 272 Attinas Glaukon, 293 A. Attiolenus A. F. Velina, 203 Augustus (Octavian) (27 B.C.-A.D. 14), 54, 68, 71, 169-228, 380-382; as Hermes on Rhodes, 1 7 1 ; bust from Arsinoë, 177, 183; head from Butrinto, 176; on Samos, 176, 206; portrayed on silver cup, 125, 132-134, 136-140; Primaporta, 41, 1 7 1 , 173, 177, 179, 180, 230, 234; togate statue at Corinth, 173; triple arch at Antioch in Pisidia, 78, 79; types of cistophori, 145 Aurelian(us) (270-275): milestone, Curium-Paphos, 330; milestone, Smyrna-Sardes, 319, 320 Aurelius Agathus Gennadius, inscription at Mytilene, 446 Aurelius Appianus, archon in Maeonia, 158 Aurelius Attalus, archon, at Hermocapelia, 319 M. Aurelius Eglectus, 321 Aurelius Eumenos Merogenos Apollinarios, 333, 334

Aurelius Fulvus, 228 Titus Aurelius Quietus, inscription at Aperlae, 74, 241 Aurelius Sanctus, inscription at Synnada, 323 G. Aurelius Sosthenes (or Zosimus), 323 Aurelius Victor, Epitome, 11 Avidius Cassius, 278, 282 L. Baebius Tullus, inscription at Smyrna, 252 Balbinus (238), 314, 403; Jovian statue from the Piraeus, 40, 76, 310, 314 Barbarians in art, 83; captive from Alexandria in British Museum, 88; on Antonine altar from Ephesus (Vienna), 101, 102, 104-107, 112 Bean, G. E., 226 Beaufort, Captain, 364 Benjamin, A. S., 254 Beulé gate, Athens, 99 C. Billienus C. F., statue to him at Delos, 203 Bittius Proculus, sets up statue at Cyzicus, 251 Q. Blaesius Apollinaris, inscription at Ancyra, 491 Bocchoris (Egyptian Bakenrenef), silver cup in Boston (Egypt), 125, 128, 134, 137, 138, 140 "Borghese Warrior," pose, 104, 105 Boule, of Ephesus, on Antonine altar, 114, 122 Brendel, 176

539

INDEX Britannicus (died A.D. 55), 220—222 Bryaxis, statue of Sarapis at Alexandria, 46 Bucephalus, on relief from Troy (Madrid), 47, 215 Byzantine: art, 10, 65, 156, 159, 208, 352— 354. 370; empire, 10, 145, 370, 371 Caelius Montius, dedications at Assos, Ephesus, and Clazomenae, 361, 362 Caelus, on Flavian statue from Salamis, 230 Caesar, Julius (died 44 B . C . ) , 2 1 5 ; bust at Hadrian's villa, 261 Caesar, L. Julius, statue, dedication at Ilium, 71 Caius Cestius, pyramid of in Rome, 25 Caius Silius, 1 3 5 Caligula (37—41), 134, 188, 190, 202—228, 386, 387; career, 186, 194, 195, 205; bust from Nicomedia and heads from Gortyna and Istanbul (Copenhagen), 195; on relief from Kula, 218 Calvert collection from Troad, 47, 186 Caracalla (198—217), 400—402; coin of Ancyra (Galatia), 166; coin of Perinthus, 146; coin of Siblia (Phrygia), 165; coin-medallion of Byzantium, 154; head from Rumeli Hisar (Philadelphia, Penna.), 314; lingers at Thyateira, 3 1 8 ; medallion of Pergamon, 156, 157, 159, 166; portraits from Athens, Mysia, Philippi, and Pisidia, 299, 300; temple at Pergamon, 76, 318. See also Chapter XIV Carinus (282—284), 319, 3 2 1 ; altar at Philippi, 313 Carus (282—284), 404; column to family at Laodiceia Combusta, 3 2 1 ; milestones in Lydia, 319; statue at Delphi, 3 1 5 Caryatid, 60, 260, 261; at Eleusis, 31 Cassandra, and Berthouville cup, 139 Cassius (died 42 B . C . ) , 1 7 1 C. Cassius Phiiiscus, obelisk of at Nicaea, 25 Cecilia Metella, mausoleum of in Rome, 25 Celsus, cuirassed statue from Ephesus (Istanbul), 1 0 1 . See also following entry Tiberius Iulius Celsus Polemaeanus, 1 0 1 ; statue at Sardes, 461; library in honor of at Ephesus, 39, 95,

219

Ceres, 323 Charles II, 155 Cheirisophos, artist signing Hoby silver cups, 134, 135 Chimaera, 31 Chi-Rho cross, on sarcophagus in Istanbul, 65 Choiseul-Gouffier, Apollo, 149 Christ, on sarcophagi, 60, 62, 63, 65 Christian, 26, 92, 95, 158, 353, 367, 368 Christianity, 10, 26, 66, 93, 145 Chronos, Ptolemy IV as ("Apotheosis of Homer" relief), 47 Chryseis, mother of Chryses, 129, 130, 132, 138 Chryses: lost play by Sophocles, 129, 138; represented on "Orestes" cup, 129, 130, 1 3 2 Cicero (died 43 B . C . ) , bust at Hadrian's villa, 261 Cinerary urn, 42 Cistophorus, 1 1 , 72, 74, 132, 1 3 3 , 144, 145, 198

540

OF P E O P L E

AND

MONUMENTS

City-gates, 16. See also Anazarbus (Caesareia); Antioch (Pisidia); Aphrodisias; Athens (Hadrian's Gate); Eleusis; Ephesus; Isaura City planning, 22 Claudia Antonia Sabina, sarcophagus from Sardes, 59, 60 Claudius (41—54), 186, 190, 202—228, 387, 388; as Apollo Patroos (Athens), 40, 209; career, 196, 2 1 7 ; dedication to Livia on temple at Rhamnous, 68; honored in Attica, 34, 43; portraits, 40, 43, 195, 196; questionable Piraeus bust, 43; restored temple of Dionysos on Samos, 43. See also Olympia Claudius II (268-270): gates at Nicaea, A.D. 269, 7, 76, 256, 35r; statue at Thebes, 3 1 5 Claudius Antonius Lepidus, 270 Ti. Claudius Aristion, inscription at Ephesus, 464 M. Claudius Demetrius, inscription at Nicomedia, 453

Tiberius Claudius Epagathus, dedication at Sidyma, 224 M. Claudius Flavianus, Cibyra, 471 Tiberius Claudius Flavianus Titianus, 295 Tiberius Claudius Kleophanes, put up stoa at Ilium, 216 Tiberius Claudius Livianus, dedication at Sidyma, 224 Tiberius Claudius Meneitas, dedication at Mylasa, 223 Tiberius Claudius Philocles, dedicated stoa at Ilium, 457, 458 Tiberius Claudius Polemarchus, Archiereus, dedication at Philippopolis, 425 Cleopatra (died 31 B . C . ) , as Demeter on Aquileia dish (Vienna), 137 M. Clodius Postumus, inscription at Acmonia, 239 Coin: Greek Imperial, 1 1 , 12, 142—168; disappearance ca. A.D. 296, 328, 349. See also Chapter VIII Commodus (180-192), 266—273, 288, 291—298, 398, 399; aedicula at Philadelphia (Lydia), 288; alliance coin, Hierapolis-Aphrodisias, 160; alliance medallion, Pergamon-Ephesus, 148, 149; as Hercules, 155, 156; heads from Beirut, Ephesus, 289; heads in Athens, Samos, Smyrna, 289; medallion of Cyzicus, 155, 156; portraits, 269, 288, 289, 290; with Dionysos at Amorgos, 269 Constans (337-350), 358-364; head in Istanbul, 3 54

Constantia, half-sister of Constantine (died 330), career, 356, 364; portrait in Chicago, Art Institute (Athens), 58, 356, 364, 365; sarcophagus of, 26 Constantina, sarcophagus of, 26 Constantine (Constantine the Great: Constantinus I [306-337]), 22, 353, 354, 358-364 Constantine Palaeologus, 370 Constantinus II (337—340), 363; on lost tondo from Carian Aphrodisias, 55, 56; statue at Assos, 361

I N D E X OF P E O P L E

AND

MONUMENTS

Constantius Chlorus (292-305-6), 328-336, 351; sarcophagus from Tor Pignatara, 26 Constantius II (337—361), 361—363; heads of, 3 54

Corbulo, General, 228 Cornelia Antonia, statue at Pisidian Antioch, 286 Cornelia Baebia, and temples at Corinth, 269 Costoboci, invasion of Greece, 170, 278 Cotys, Julio-Claudian dedication, 212 Crassus (died 53 B.c.), defeat by Parthians, 136 Craterus, dedication at Nacoleia, 294 Crispina (wife of Commodus), 292; possible head in Konya (Antioch?), 289 Crispus (317-326), 363 Cuirassed statue, 41, 42, 65 Curtius, L., 186, 188 Cybele, 167; bust on Hildesheim plate, 133; on Severan coin of Smyrna, 159 Cyriac of Ancona, 209, 268; base to Carus (Delphi), 315; base to Trajan (Mykonos), 250; draws Athenian reservoir, 267 Damascene relief in American School at Athens, 112 Damostratos Olympa, Archon at Apollonia, 237 Decebalus, Dacian king, on column of Trajan, 106 Delmatius (335-337), possibly on Aphrodisias tondo, 56 Demeter, 49, 114; Cherchel type, Faustina I as (Ephesus altar), 96, 112; Herculaneum type, 172, 263; Karpophoros, 193; on Aquileia dish (Cleopatra), in Vienna, 137 Demos: on balustrade from Aphrodisias, 21, 123; on coins of Colossae (Phrygia), 163; on Antonine altar from Ephesus (Vienna), 121, 122; statue in Istanbul (Ephesus), τ23 Demosthenes, his garb on Demos of Aphrodisias frieze, 123 Dessau, inscription at Termessus Minor, 224 Diadumenianus (218), 298 Diana, 91 Diana Pergensis, 16; and Roman imperial dedications, 255 Dio Cassius (active 193—229), 220, 269 Diocles, dedication at Iasus, 294 Diocletian(us) (284-305), 22, 328—336, 352; Arcus Novus in Rome, reliefs, χ09; head from Nicomedia, 10, 44, 330; numismatic uniformity, 7, 10 Diodoros Kleandros, dedication at Golis, 220 Diogenes, statue at Carian Aphrodisias, 282 Diomedes: of Kresilas, 6, 255, 258; on Hoby cup (Copenhagen), 135 Dionysios, 192; Athenian sculptor on Delos, 203 Dionysius, 209 Dionysodorus, dedication at Athens, 430 Dionysos, 21, 321; Neos, title of Aelius, 264; of Commodus, 264, 289; of Lucius Verus, 264, 286, 293; on coin of Maeonia, 158; or Augustus, on Portland vase (London), 139; shrine with dedication, Minoa (Amorgos), to Tyche, with Commodus, 269; temple of, on Samos, 43 Dioskouroi, 1, 3, 235, 292

Dioskouros, 286 Dodwell, Edward, 267, 268 Domitia, wife of Domitian, 236, 239, 240 Domitian(us) (81—96), 229, 232, 235-242; medallion, 120; on Cancelleria relief (Vatican), 51; portraits, 232; temple to, at Ephesus, 18, 229, 238 Domitius Aristaeus Arabianus, 322, 323 Doryphoros, 135; imitated in Primaporta Augustus, 173 Drusilla, 204—206, 211 Drusus Caesar (son of Germanicus), 202—225; head from Corinth, 194 Drusus Junior (son of Tiberius), 172, 186, 188, 194, 202—225; on Hoby cup (Copenhagen), 136; on silver cup (London), 49, 132 Drusus the Elder. See Nero Drusus Dynamis, dedication at Phanagoria, 212 Eichler, F., 122 Ektoridas, 211 Elagabalus (218—222), 309, 313—327; coins, 146, 152; cult of, 152 Eleusinios, possible sculptor of head of Poppaea, 199 L. Elufrius Severus, inscription at Kantani, 442 Ephesus, personified on Antonine altar, 107, 122 Eros, 215; on Antonine aedicula at Philadelphia (Lydia), 270; on Aphrodisias frieze, 54; on sarcophagus, 59, 62; reliefs at Baalbek, 91, 92 Eros, possible sculptor of head of Poppaea, 199 Etruscilla, wife of Decius, on coin of Cremna, 158 Eubuleus, on relief at Eleusis, 49 Eumachos Diogenes, dedication at Aphrodisias, 477

Eumenes (II: 197—159), 3, 214; balustrades at Pergamon, 18 Euphranor, 43, 387 Euripides, 135 Eusebius, inscription at Daphne, 431 Evangelists, on rondels in Istanbul (Constantinople), 58 Exekias, kylix in Munich, 158 Fausta, wife of Quintus Nerius Carpus, 250 Faustina, wife of Antoninus Pius, 59, 394; head from Sardes (London), 276; head in Athens, 276; on Great Antonine Altar at Ephesus (Vienna), 96, 97, 107, 112, 121, 276; statue at Olympia, 276; temple in Rome, 276. See also Chapter XIII Faustina II, wife of Marcus Aurelius, 396, 397; as Artemis Colonna, 283; career, 282; heads from Carian Aphrodisias (Copenhagen), Kandilli Köyü, and Tarsus (Copenhagen), 282, 283, 288; on Antonine altar from Ephesus (Vienna), 97, n o , 121, 282, 313; on keystone in Smyrna agora, 282, 283; Eastern portraits, 283, 288, 289, 291. See also Chapter XIII Fauvel, discoveries near Marathon, 278 Fellows, Sir Charles, 240, 256, 272, 295 Fimbria, damaged temple at Ilium, 72, 215

541

I N D E X OF P E O P L E A N D Flamininus, T . Quinctius, 7 1 Flavia, wife of Vedius, Odeon at Ephesus, 271 Flavia Magna, dedication at Blaundus, 294 Flavia Melatine, dedication, statue of Hadrian at Pergamon, 255 Flavia Secundilla, inscription in Athens, 250 Flavia Tatia, dedication at Ilyas, 252 Flavius Arrianus (historian), dedication at Sebastopolis, 296 Flavius Attalus, at Aphrodisias, 323 Flavius Claudianus, inscription at Anchialus, 423 Titus Flavius Demetrius, statue base to Trajan on Mykonos, 250 Titus Flavius Demochares, priest at Magnesia, 294

T . Flavius Julius Quietus (260—261), dedication to at Nacoleia, 321 Flavius Kleitosthenes, and stoa at Thera, 269 Titus Flavius Maximus Lysias, dedication at Trapezopolis, 221 Flavius Menander, inscription at Athens, 250 Fl. Quintus Eros Monaxius, inscription at Aphrodisias, 363 T . Flavius Pantainos, dedication in Athens, library, 250 T . Flavius Sabinus, puts u p arch at Salonika, 235 L. Flavius Sulpicianus Dorion, dedication at Hierapytna, 442 T . Flavius Sulpicianus Dorion, inscription at Gortyna, 442 Fountains, 23, 24. See also Athens; Ephesus; Olympia Gaius Caesar (died A.D. 4), 179, 180, 183, 202228, 383; head from Assos, 180, 188; statue from Corinth, 40, 1 7 9 , 180, 2 1 1 Galba (68-69), head from theater at Corinth, 199,

200

Galería Valeria Augusta, wife of statue at Apameia, 334 Galerius

(292-305-311),

Maximianus,

328-352.

See

also

Salonika Gallienus (253-268), 3 1 2 , 3 1 4 - 3 2 6 , 404; coin of Ilium with Hector, 1 5 4 , 1 5 5 ; sestertius of Carian Antioch, 15T, 1 5 2 , 162 Gallus Caesar ( 3 5 1 - 3 5 4 ) . 361 Ganymede, on coin of Ilium, 73 Gargilius Antiquis, inscription at Laodiceia, 4 7 4 Gate, city, 16, 1 7 ; "Beulé gate" of Athenian Acropolis, 99. See also Antioch Ge: medallion of Heracleia-Perinthus, 146, 1 4 7 ; on frieze from Pergamon altar (Berlin), 122 L. Gellius Menander: dedication at Corinth, 433; dedication at Patrae, 434 Gemma Augustea, in Vienna, 47 Genii, 78, 91 Genius Populi Romani, 122; on Boscoreale cup (Paris), 133 Genius Senatus, 1 1 4 George III, 1 5 5 German Archaeological Institute, corpus of imperial portraits, 273 Germania, on relief from Kula, 218

542

MONUMENTS

Germanicus (died A.D. 19), 24, 1 7 1 , 1 7 2 , 186— 190, 202—225; head from agora at Gortyna, 188, 189, 195; on silver cup (London), 49, 132; on Hoby cup (Copenhagen), 136; portraits, 188, 189, 190; visit to Athens, 1 7 1 Geta ( 1 9 8 - 2 0 9 - 2 1 2 ) , 313—326, 402; coin of Patrae, 1 4 7 , r48; damnatio in the East, 75, 300; portrait in Konya, 300 P. Septimius Geta (brother of Septimius Severus), monument at Gortyna, 3 1 6 Gibbon, E., 274 Giuliano, Α., 96 Glaukon, 2 1 5 Gnaeus, dedicates statues at Mesembria, 208 Gnostic, 162 Goethe, 88 Gordian I (238), statue at Perge, 76, 325 Gordian II (238), statue at Perge, 76, 325 Gordian III (238—244), 309—327, 4 0 3 ;

alliance

medallion, Perge-Side, 76, 144, 1 6 1 , 162; coin of Lyrbe, 152, 1 5 3 ; coin of Myra, r 5 3 ; coin of Tarsus, 150, 1 6 7 ; construction in agora at Smyrna, 3 1 9 ; dedication at Akardja (Cinna) in Galatia, 76; head from Kionia (Tenos), 3 1 2 ; monument at Idebessus in Lycia, 76; nymphaeum at Miletus enriched, 322; statue at Perge, 76; traces in Asia Minor, 3 1 2 Gorgo, on Aphrodisias frieze, 54 Gorgoneion, 9 1 , 146, 1 5 6 ; on sarcophagus, 59 Goth, 158, 351 "Grand Camée de France," 47 Gratianus (367-383), 3 5 7 , 405; head from Philippi, 44, 358 Graves, Robert, 196 Hadrian

(117—138),

243—265,

39T—393;

build-

ings and monuments of, 3, 6, 67, 68, 75, r 3 7 , 254, 264, 265; death and succession on Ephesian altar, 96, 97, 1 0 1 , 109, n o , 1 1 2 ; influence on art and architecture, 260, 2 6 1 ; interest in coins, 144, 1 4 5 ; sestertius for Bithynian League, 1 5 1 ; statues of, 4 r , 69, 74, 75, 254, 255, 258, 259, 262, 264, 292; villa at T i v o l i ,

260-262

Hafner, 188 Hamilton, Gavin, 261 Hanniballianus (335—337), possibly on Aphrodisias tondo, 56, 58 Hanson, C., 1 7 9 Hasluck, F. W . , 256 Haterii relief (Vatican collection), 278 Head, Β. V., 1 7 0 Hector: dragged by Achilles on sarcophagus in Providence, 62; riding into battle on sestertius of Ilium, 73, r54, Γ55 Hekate, on coin of Stratoniceia, 1 5 9 Helena, mother of Constantine, 44, 58, 354 Helios, 146; at Baalbek, 87; bust on ceiling slab, Corinth, 87; chariot on coin of Colossae, 164; Nero as (Rome and Sagalassus), 226; on Antonine altar at Ephesus, 107 Hephaistos, 51 Hera, 65, 1 1 2 , 323; on Aphrodisias frieze, 54

I N D E X OF P E O P L E A N D

MONUMENTS

Herakles, 54, 167, 176; and Telephos, relief from Pergamene altar, 1, 50, 51, 101; base, Severan, at Thyateira, 319; Labors of, 12; on coins, 12, 161, 162, 163, 164; on Cyzicus medallion of Commodus, 155, 156 Hercules, 336, 347; Farnese, 167; relation to coin-types, 155, 156. See also Commodus Herennius Etruscus (251) on coin of Cremna, 158 Hermarchus of Mytilene, pose of in Boston, 138 Hermes, 62, 92, 1 7 1 , 179, 199, 261 Hermogenes, architect, 97, 219 Hermokratous Aristion, dedication at Minoa, 316 Herodes Atticus: estate at Probalinthos (Attica), 278, 286; head in Paris, 280; nymphaeum at Olympia, 23, 24, 74, 236, 269, 276; Odeon in Athens, 33; patronage in Greek world, 2, 70, 75, 261, 297; tempietto at Kephissia, 280 Herod the Great (died 4 B.C.), 138; and "Ptolemy-Alexander Severus" in Boston (Memphis), 402. See also Boston Herulian invasion, 71, 77, 364, 367; "Beulé gate," fortifications, 99 Hesperides, on coin of Temenothyrae, 161, 163, 164 Hesperos, 116, χ 17 Hestia, 171 Homer: "apotheosis" relief, London, 47, 49, 51, 140; facial type on Dionysiac cup, 141 Honorius (395-423), 358, 361, 363; base at Hermocapelia (Lydia), 362 Hoplon, statue to at Adada, 325, 484 Hostilianus (251), on coin of Cremna, 158 Huns, invasions by, 364 Hygeia, 250; Livia as at Epidaurus, 211 Hyginus, Fabulae, 129 las. Philokratos, dedication at Corone, 435 Iliad, 62, 136 Inan, Jale, 289 Ince Blundell collection. See Liverpool Iphigenia, on silver cup (London), 47, 129, 130, 132 Isis, 107; priestesses of, 26 Isopythia, on coin of Caracalla (Ancyra), 166, 167 Italian Archaeological Mission, 54 Iulia Lydia Laterane, inscription at Ephesus, 464 Iulius Antoninus Pythodorus, dedications at Nysa, 271 Iunius Tiberianus, inscription at Ephesus, 333 Jewish revolt, 74 Johnson, F. P., 179 Jones, A. H. M., 43 Jovianus (363—364), milestones, 330, 362 Judeich, 268 Julia, daughter of Augustus, 169, 202—228; head from Larissa (Thessaly), 179; portrait inscriptions, 179 Julia, daughter of Titus, 236—242; statue in metroon at Olympia, 73 Julia Domna, wife of Septimius Severus, 314—

326, 400; golden statue in the Parthenon, 315; medallion of Stratoniceia in Caria, 160; portraits, 298, 299 Julia Livilla, 205 Julia Maesa, 325 Julia Mamaea (died 235), 309, 310, 3x4-326, 402, 403; head in Nauplia (Petri), 310, 315; possible statue at Sparta, 310 Julia Sancta, 255 Julia Severa, monuments at Acmonia, 222 Julian the Apostate (361—363), 356, 362, 363, 404, 405; heads of, 357; statues in Paris, 55; type on lost tondo from Aphrodisias, 55, 91 G. Julius Antiochus, dedication at Miletus, 238 C. Julius Aquila, inscription to Nero, 213 Ti. Julius Aquila Polemaeanus, dedication at Ephesus, 464 Gaius Julius Asper, gate and inscription at Antioch in Pisidia, 78 Julius Caesar. See Caesar Julius Canditus, inscription at Megara, 432 C. Julius Cornutus, dedication at Perge, 227 Marcus Julius Euschemon, inscription at Ancyra, 491 Quintus Julius Manelleinos, 251 Tiberius Julius Rhescuporis, 236, 237 T. Julius Sauromatis II, statue (?) of Caracalla (Panticapaeum), 317 L. Julius Vestinus, dedication at Ephesus, 465 Junius Bassus, sarcophagus in Vatican Crypt, 367 Jupiter, 166, 176, 336, 347 Justinian(us) (527—565), and Byzantine art, 370 Justinus II (565-578), repairs Olba aqueduct, 364 Kaukasos, mountain-god, on Pergamene

relief,

39, 50

Keil, 237 Kimon, 432 Kinch, K.-F., 336 Kresilas, Athenian sculptor, 6, 255, 258, 261 Kurd, 347 Lakrateides, dedicated relief at Eleusis, 49-51 Lambros collection, head of Vespasian in, 229, 231, 232 Lanckoronski, explorations at Termessus Major, 226 Lansdowne collection, Amazon, 261 Laocoon, and Tower of Winds, 28 Leake, W. M., 208 Leto, 203; 257; on coin of Tripolis-Laodiceia, 164 Licinius I (308—324), 77, 361—364; cuirassed statue at Side (?), 327; heroic bronze statue from Thessaly, 329 Licinius II (317—324), 361—363; possibly on Aphrodisias tondo, 56 Publius Licinnius Ermogenes, inscription at Methana, 439 Lighthouses, 34, 35, 36 Livia, wife of Augustus, 54, 172, 177, 179, 202— 228; dedication on temple at Rhamnous, 68;

543

INDEX on silver cup (London), 49, 132, 138, 139; on Hoby cup (Copenhagen), 136; portraits, 177, 183, 195 Lollia Antiochis, 216 Quintus Lollius Philetairos, 216 Longus, Hadrianic buildings at Cremna, 257 Lucilla (died 183), 288, 289, 291; heads of, 283, 288 Lucius Caesar (died A.D. 2), 175, 179, 183, 188, 202—228, 383, 384; statue from Corinth, 40, 179, 180, 2 1 1 Lucius Flavius Sulpicianus Dorion, 292 Lucius Minucius Rufus, dedication at Naus, 239 Lucius Pupius, inscription at Iconium, 2, 227 Lucius Tarius Rufus, inscription at Amphipolis, 421 Lucius Verus (161—169), 266-273, 291-297, 397> 398; bust from Probalinthos (Oxford), 286; career, 283, 286; coin of Amaseia, 150; façade of colossal figures at Corinth, 87; at Ephesus, 69, 96, 109, 2 7 1 , 283, 286; portraits of 286, 288; in nymphaeum at Olympia, 286; statue at Pisidian Antioch, 286 Lucullus, victory over Mithradates, 2 1 4 Lupa Romana, r o i , 2 1 5 ; on Hadrianic cuirasses, 254, 262 Lycophron, of Chalcis, on Berthouville skyphos, 139 Lysimachus: donated temple at Troy, 72, 2 1 5 ; honored at Attic Amphiareion, 210; tetradrachms, after Alexander's death, 1 3 3 Lysippos, 87, 148, 165; and Herculaneum ladies, 172 M. Civica Barbaras, base to at Argos, 438 M. Julius Marinus, temple at Philippopolis, 504 Macer, stoa at Naus, 222 Macrianus (260—261), 3 1 7 , 321 Macrianus Junior (261—262), statue at Apameia Myrleia, 3 1 7 , 321 Macrinus (217—218), 298, 309; statue at Chaeroneia, 3 1 5 Maenad: on Aphrodisias frieze, 54; on reliefs at Baalbek, 92 Magie, David, 43 A. Maikios Phaidros, inscription at Mantineia, 437

Malalas, John, 256 Malraux, André, 88 Marcella Minor, 220 Marciana, sister of Trajan, 250, 253 Marcus Antonius Glaukos, inscription on Melos, 447

Marcus Attalus, inscription at Apameia, 253 Marcus Aurelius (161—180), 266—298, 394, 395; bust in Corfu, 280; career, 266, 277, 278; coin of Amaseia, 150, 1 5 1 , 157, 158; coin of Apollonia Mordiaeum, 148; column of, in Rome, 15, 80, 349; cuirassed statue in Alexandria, 282; gold head from Plotinopolis, 515; heads, 278, 280, 282; marble head from Ostia, 157, 158; medallion of Sillyum, 167; on Antonine altar from Ephesus (Vienna), 96,

544

OF P E O P L E 109; 290; 282; 269, Marcus 442 Marcus Marcus 478

AND

MONUMENTS

statue from Antalya (Istanbul), 40, 282, togate statue from Alexandria (London), tondo at Eleusis, 12, 18, 28, 256, 262, 278, 291 Aurelius Byzes, inscriptions at Gortyna, Aurelius Eglectus, 473 Aurelius Lydius, monument to at Attouda,

Marius, 2 1 5 M. Marius, dedication at Isaura, 273 Mark Anthony (died 3 1 B.C.), 139; on Aquileia plate (Vienna), 137 Mars, 336, 347; statue of Septimius Severus as (Nicosia), 6, 45, 46, 69, 298, 300; on Boscoreale cup (Paris), 1 3 3 Matidia (daughter of Marciana), 250, 253 Mattei, Amazon, 261 Maximianus (286—305—311), 328—336 Maximinus Daza (305—309—313), 330—33; Maximinus Thrax (235-238), 310, 314, 403; bronze head from Egyptian Delta, 3 1 2 ; commemoration in Athens, 3 1 5 Maximus (235—238), 310, 403; commemoration in Athens, 3 1 5 ; cuirassed statue at Side, 3 1 2 , 327 Mazaeus, dedication at Ephesus, 219 Medusa, 146 Melanippides Euthydikos, 7 1 , 216 Meleagros, son of Castor, inscription at Balbura, 69 Memnon, favorite of Herodes Atticus, 280 Men: bust on Hildesheim plate, 1 3 3 ; on coin of Siblia, 165, 166; on medallion of Sillyum, 167 Menander, playwright (died 291—290 B.C.), 3, 55, 91 Menander, priest, inscription at Aphrodisias, 224 Menandros Asklepides, inscription at Synaus, 294 Mendel, G., 166 Menedemus, of Eretria, on Berthouville skyphos (Paris), 139 Menekratos, 221 Mênodotos, priest-magistrate of Siblia, 165 Menophilos, 203 Messalina, wife of Claudius I, 172, 207 Midas, set up statue on Delos, 203 Milestones, 76, 77, 320, 328 Miltiades, 432 Minerva, 72, 120. See also Athena and Roma Minos, 263 Mithradates (VI-120-63), 2 1 4 ; as liberator, opponent of Romans, 50, 5 1 ; statue on Delos, 202, 203; as Herakles, 1, 39, 50, 5 1 , 140 Mithradates, dedication at Harmozicae, 242 Mithridates, dedication at Ephesus, 219 Moles, dedication at Oenoanda, 483 Mommsen, Theodore, 43, 183, 194, 195 Morey, Charles R., 61 Myron, statues on Athenian Acropolis, 1 , 2 1 0 Nemeses of Smyrna, 149 Neo-Attic relief, influence on cuirasses, 42 Neoplatonism, and Roman portraits, 367—369

I N D E X OF P E O P L E

AND

MONUMENTS

Neopotolemus, on cup in Munich, 137 Nereid, 32, 33, 231; on reliefs at Baalbek, 91 Quintus Nerius Carpus, dedication on Samos, 250 Nero (54-68), 202-228, 389; canal at Corinth, 2 1 1 ; career, 72, 197, 198, 2 1 1 , 212; coin of Patrae, 147; crowns in temple of Zeus at Olympia, 68; head from Stratoniceia (Izmir), 198; head on Cos, 198; metroon or Heraion at Olympia, statue, 198; on façade of Parthenon, 2, 68, 169, 209, 228, 257; statue at Olympia, 198, 199, 212; statue from Tralles, 7, 41, 69, 197, 259; statue in Eleusis, 198; on Samos, 188, 198; triumphal gate at Olympia, 68 Nero Caesar (or Drusus Caesar), head from Corinth, 194. See also Chapter X Nero Drusus (Drusus Senior) (died 9 B . C . ) , 132, 136, 172, 202—228; career, 183; on Boscoreale cup (Paris), 134; portraits, 186; quadriga with statue at Olympia, 186 Nerva (96—98), 235-242; coins, 74; statues at Ephesus, 74, 234 Nicostratus, statue of at Aegina, 432 Nicostratus Theogenes, dedication at Laodiceia, 239 Nicostratus, son of Lycias, dedication at Laodiceia, 238, 239 Nike. See Victoria; Victory Nikias, monument in Athens, 99 Niobe, 164 L. Nonius Optatos, inscription at Aedepsus, 445 Numerianus (282—284), 321 Nyx: on Altar of Zeus (Pergamon), 50; on Antonine altar from Ephesus (Vienna), 114, 1 1 7 , 118 Obelisk, 25, 358 Oceana, 116. See also Thalassa Oceanus, on cuirassed Flavian statue, 230 Octavia, sister of Augustus, 139, 179; head found on Crete, 177. See also Chapter X Octavia, daughter of Claudius, 198, 199. See also Chapter X Octavian (Octavius). See Augustus Octavius Memor, dedication at Adanda, 494 L. Octavius Memor, inscription at Seleuceia, 497 Odysseus, on Hoby cup (Copenhagen), 135, 136 Odyssey, 62 Oecumenius Dositheos Asclepiodotos, dedications at Gortyna, 442 C. Ofellius, statue of on Delos, 203 Oikoumene: Arsinoë III as, 47; and Porto Raphti lighthouse, 36, 38; on Arch of Galerius at Salonika, 336 Omphale, Severan empress as (Vatican), 172 Onesimus, dedication at Tralles, 238 Orbis Terrarum. See Oikoumene Orestes, on silver cup in British Museum (Asia Minor), 47, 125, 133, 134, 1 3 7 - 1 3 9 Ormerod, Η. Α., 241 Otacilia Severa, wife of Philip I, base at Cidramus, 324 Pacuvius, writes Chryses, 129, 138

Pan, 141, 215 Pannonian triumph of A.D. 12, on Boscoreale cups, 134 Pantainos, T. Flavius, Library in Athenian agora, 250 C. Pantuleius Graptiacus, inscription at Philippopolis, 425 Paranomos, dedication to Claudius on Thasos, 202 Paris, on Aphrodisias frieze, 54 Parthian, 79, 83, 104, 105, 350; bound, relief in Oberlin, 60, 61, 87; Settlement, 135, 145, 173, 183, 215; war, 45, 87, 206, 251, 264, 266, 292 Pasiteles, Electra, 322 Patroclus, 137; on sestertius of Ilium, 73 Paul V Borghese, 268 Paulina (Hadrian's sister), 250, 251, 255 Pausanias (about A.D. 150), 68, 82; and coins, 145; Corinthian visit, 2 1 1 ; sees numerous Hadrians, 69, 263 Pax, 230 Pax Romana, 136 Pegasus, 3r Peisistratos, 2, 24 Peleus, on Portland vase (London), 139 Perikles, 139, 149 Persephone, on Antonine altar from Ephesus (Vienna), 114, 313 Perseus, on coin of Tarsus, 150 Persia, 46, 104, 346, 347, 350 Pertinax (193), 299; career, 298 Pescennius Niger (193—194), 313, 322; career, 153, 154, 299; cuirassed statue at Side (?), 327; defeat commemorated near Alexandria, 327 Petronius, invades Upper Egypt and Sudan, 125, 128 Pharos at Alexandria, 34, 213 Pheidias, 31, 80, 87, 139, 149; at Hadrian's villa, 261 Philaios Marionos Eumenes, 323 Philip I, the Arab (244-249), 309-326; medallion of Tripolis-Laodiceia, 164, 165; head in Athens (?), 312 Philip II (244-247-249), 314, 321 Philip of Macedón (359—336), 15 Philip V of Macedón (220—179), 7 1 Philoctetes (on Lemnos), on silver cup, 134, 135 Philopappos, 18; monument in Athens, 2, 34, 46, 80, 82, 83, 93, 1 1 2 Philoxenus, of Eretria, 47 Plancia Magna, dedication at Perge, 244, 255, 489 C. Plancius Varus, statue at Perge, 489 M. Plancius Varus: inscription at Nicomedia, 237; statue at Perge, 489 Plautia Agrippina, statue of Septimius Severus at Synnada, 323 Plautilla, 314 M. Plautius Silvanus, honored at Attaleia, 488 Plato, 83, 313 Pliny the Younger, 243

545

I N D E X OF P E O P L E A N D Plotina, wife of Trajan, 244—254, 391; on altar from Ephesus (Vienna), 1x4, 1 1 6 Pluto, 49 Polemon, inscription at Laertes, 496 Polybius, historian, 53 Polydeukes, Herodes' dedication at Kephissia, 280 Polykleitos: at Hadrian's villa, 261; Doryphoros, i35> 173 Pompeius Latrius, set up statue on Chios, 292 Q. Pompeius Q. f., statue on Delos, 203 Pompey, 71, 205, 206, 220 Pomponius Bassus, inscription at Amaseia, 500 Poplius Aelius Prontonianus (or Frontonianus), dedication at Julia Gordus, 270 Poppaea, 207; statue at Olympia, 198, 199 Portland Vase, 139 Portraits, imperial, 42—44 Poseidon, 27, 65, 87, 1x4, 148, 269 Poulsen, F., 198 Poulsen, V., 188, 192, 198, 199 Poussin, Ν., 24 Praxiteles, 164; Hermes of, 199 Premerstein, von, 237 Priam, on Hoby cup, 134, 136, 138 Primaporta Augustus, 41, 1 7 1 , 173, 177, 179, 180, 230, 234 Probus (276—282), column at Laodiceia Combusta, 321 Prometheus, on Pergamene relief (Berlin), I, 39, 50, 140 Providentia, 209 Ptolemy II, coins of, 50 Ptolemy IV Philopator (221-204), on "Apotheosis of Homer" relief (London), 47 Ptolemy VI Philometor (181—146), head in Boston (Memphis, Egypt), 45, 46 Pupienus (238), 403; fragments of Jovian statue from Piraeus, 40, 76, 310, 314 Pylades, on silver cup (London), 47, 129, 130, 132 Pyramid, of Caius Cestius, 25 Pyrrhus, victory over Antigonus Gonatas, 53 Quietus, 321 Rameses II, Trajan in his guise, 244 Ramsay, 166, 239, 241, 361, 363 Regilla, wife of Herodes Atticus, 24, 261 "Regisole," at Ticinum (Pavia), 154 Renaissance, Italian, 65, 137 Reservoir, 23, 24. See also Fountain Revett, Nicholas, 209, 267 Rhea, 193 Robert, J.-L., 222, 224, 362 Robinson, E. S. G., 24 r Roma, 262; Dea, on Antonine altar from Ephesus (Vienna), 114, 118, 120; dedication on Samos, 206; on Aphrodisias frieze, 54; on Hadrianic cuirass, 254, 263 Roma Aeterna, 101; temple in Rome, 120, 274 Roma and Augustus, 16, 18, 151, 202, 206; on Boscoreale cup, 133; shrine at Ephesus, 219; shrine at Troy, 215; temple at Galatian Ancyra,

546

MONUMENTS

68; temple on Athenian Acropolis, 67, 169, 210 Romanitas, 42, 328 Rosenbaum, E., 289 Rutilius Crispinus, inscription at Pautalia, 425 Sabina, wife of Hadrian, 255-263; honored at Bithynium-Claudiopolis, 255; on Great Antonine Altar at Ephesus (Vienna), 107, 112, 121, 263 Saint Paul: on sarcophagi, 367; possible head in Boston (near Athens), 365—368 Saint Peter, on sarcophagi, 367 Saint Theodore, as Roman cavalryman, 370 Salonina, wife of Gallienus, 314—324 Saloninus, son of Gallienus, 321-324; dedication at Apameia in Phrygia, 321; statue at Lebadeia, 315 Sandan, on coin of Tarsus, 167 San Gallo, F. da, 267 Sarapis, 114; and Septimius Severus, 158, 298 Sarcophagus: Christian triumphal sarcophagus in Istanbul, 65; from Side and Perge, 59; from Sulu Monastir (Berlin), 62, 65; in Providence (Rome), 61, 62; of Claudia Antonia Sabina (Istanbul), 59, 60; of Constantina or Constantia (Vatican), 26; of Constantius and Helena (Vatican), 26; of Junius Bassus (Vatican crypt), 367; Sidamara (Istanbul), 59, 62; types of, h , 26, 58-63, 65, 87, 91 Sassanian, third-century invasions, 346 Satyr: on Aphrodisias frieze, 54; on reliefs at Baalbek, 92 Sea griffin, on reliefs at Baalbek, 91 Selene, 146, 165; empress as, 114, 116, 1 1 7 ; on ceiling slab, Corinth, 87 Seleucus I (312—280): honored on monument of Philoppapos, 80, 82; statue as Apollo (?) at Miletus, 220 P. Sempronius Aelius Lycinus, inscription at Ancyra, 273, 491 Septimius Severus (193—211), 291, 298—327, 399, 400; bronze statue on Cyprus, 6, 45, 46, 69, 298, 300; coin of Smyrna, 157—159; and Byzantium, 153, 154; equestrian statue at Pavia, 154; façade at Corinth, 83, 87, 88; heads in Istanbul (Nicomedia), Istanbul (Nicomedia-Beirut), Pergamon, Salonika, Verria, 299; marble head from Ostia (Boston), 157, 158; medallion of Byzantium, 153, 154; medallion of Stratoniceia in Caria, 160; painted tondo from Egypt (Berlin), 298, 299; pediment with bust, from near Aphrodisias (Smyrna), 299; portraits and politics, 298, 299. See also Rome Servenia Cornuta, granddaughter of Julia Severa, 222 Servenius Cornutus, son of Julia Severa, 222 Servius Cornelius Dolabella Petronianus, 237 Severina, wife of Aurelian, 316-320 Severus Alexander (222—235), 300—326, 402; benefactor of Tarsus, 326; marble and stucco head in Boston, 45, 46, 309; medallion of

I N D E X OF P E O P L E A N D

MONUMENTS

Heracleia-Perinthus, 146, 147; medallion of Tarsus, 146; portraits from Egypt, 45, 46 Tiberius Severus, inscription at Ancyra, 491 Sextilius Pollio, 238, 333 Sextus Appuleius, honored at Claros, 429 Sextus Julius Frontinus, inscriptions at Hierapolis and Laodiceia, 239, 473 Sextus Marcius Priscus, dedication at Xanthus, 74, 240 Sextus Vibius Cocceianus, dedication at Amastris, 490 Sextus Vibius Gallus, statue of at Amastris, 490 Stephanus Lib., inscription at Laodiceia Combusta, 493 Shapur: sacks Antioch, 1 2 ; and Valerian, 1 6 1 , 317 Silen(us), 322; on Toledo cup, 140, 1 4 1 Silius, on Hoby cups, 1 3 5 Silver, 1 2 5 - 1 4 1 ; Berthouville Treasure, 128, 1 3 3 , 139, 140; Boscoreale cups (and plates), 1 3 3 , i34> I37> i 3 8 , 140, 1 4 1 ; British Museum cups, 47, 125, 1 2 8 - 1 3 0 , 1 3 2 - 1 3 4 , 1 3 7 - 1 4 0 ; Hildesheim treasure, 128, 1 3 3 ; Hoby cups, 1 3 4 - 1 3 6 , 138; Judgment of Bocchoris cup, 125, 128, 134, 1 3 7 , 138, 140; Munich silver bowl, 136, 1 3 7 ; Vienna silver dish, 1 3 7 , 138 Skopas, 160, 164 Socrates, 83; type on Dionysiac cup (Toledo), 1 4 1 Solomon: in scene on cup (Boston, from Egypt), 1 2 5 ; Temple in Jerusalem, 260 Sophia, wife of Justin II (565-578), 364 Sophocles, 22; Lateran statue of, 2 7 1 ; and Chryses (lost), 129, 138 Sosikles, sculptor, 176 Spinarlo, 1 1 2 Spon, visits Athens, 267 State relief, 46, 51 T. Statilius, inscription at Heracleia Salbace, 479 T. Statilius Criton, puts up statue of Trajan at Heracleia Salbace, 252 P. Statius Hermas, inscription at Sebastopolis, 253 Strabo, 166 Stuart, James, 209, 267 Stuart, Meriwether, 43 Suetonius (died about 140), on Actium and Nicopolis, 208 Sulla, L. Cornelius, 166; statue on Delos, 203 Tacitus (275—276): account of Germanicus' Athenian visit, 1 7 1 ; milestone on Thyateira road, 3 1 8 ; road repairs at Acrasus, 318, 3 1 9 Tatius Aristonos (or Aristonomos), 221 Telephos, frieze on altar of Zeus at Pergamon (Berlin), 33, 46, 47, 5 1 , 1 0 1 Telesphoros, on medallion of Pergamon, 157 Tellus: on Antonine altar from Ephesus, 107; on cuirassed Flavian statue, 230 Termis Sositelous, inscription on Pholegandros, 447 Thalassa, 1 1 6 ; medallion of Heracleia-Perinthus, 146, 147 Thalia, on Berthouville skyphos (Paris), 139

"Themis" of Rhamnous, 87 Theocritus, of Syracuse (about 275 B . C . ) , on Berthouville skyphos (Paris), 1 3 9 Theodora, 356 Theodosius I (379-395), 358-364, 405; column of, 10, 26, 42, 353; head in Damascus, 44; obelisk of, reliefs, 358; restoration of buildings at Ephesus, 333, 362 Theodosius II, 361—364 Theodosius, father of Theodosius I, statue at Ephesus, 333 Theseus, 20 Thetis, 60; on Portland vase, as Livia, 139 Thoas, King of Tauri, 129, 1 3 2 Thompson, Homer, 99 Tiberius (14-37), 6, 169, 172, 186, 188, 194, 202-228, 2 6 1 , 384-386; on Boscoreale cup, 134, 138, 140; on British Museum cup, 1 3 2 ; on Hoby cup (Copenhagen), 136; bust from Arsinoë, 177, 183; divine honors at Gythium (Laconia), 183; exile on Rhodes, 1 3 2 , 183, 207; head from agora at Gortyna, 183, 195; from Troy, 183; on coins, 2 6 1 ; portico dedicated at Aphrodisias, 3, 54, 169 Timarchides, sculpture on Delos, 203 Time, on Aphrodisias frieze, 20, 21 Timokles, stele at Epidaurus, 83 Q. Tineius Rufus, dedication at Aquae Calidae, 423 Q. Tineius Sacerdos, inscriptions at Seulun and Synnada, 322, 323 Titianos, archon of Temenothyrae, 1 6 1 Titus (69-81), 229-242; baths and portico at Aperlae, 70, 240, 2 4 1 ; bridge dedication at Cilician Seleuceia, 73, 242; portraits, 2 3 1 , 232; statue at Myra, 73, 74, 2 4 1 ; statue in metroon at Olympia, 7, 73, 229, 2 3 1 , 234, 236 Tomb, 24-26; Tomb of the Baker, 25, 348. See also Sarcophagus Tower of the Winds. See Athens Toynbee, J. M. C., 43 Trajan ( 9 8 - 1 1 7 ) , 243-265, 389, 390; on Antonine altar at Ephesus (Vienna), 107, 109; monuments in Asia Minor, 74, 243, 244; represented at Olympia, nymphaeum, 23, 24; statue as Zeus-Poseidon on Samos, 6, 40, 74, 244, 250; tondo from Ankara, 244, 259 Trajan Decius (249—251), 3 1 4 - 3 1 8 ; and coins, 158, 159 Tranquillina, wife of Gordianus III, 314—319 Trebonianus Gallus (251—253), 316—326, 403; bronze statue from Samsun, 69, 77, 3 1 2 ; dedication at Koumaros (on Tenos), 3 1 6 Triptolemos: on relief at Eleusis, 49—51; on silver dish from Aquileia (Vienna), 1 3 7 Triton, 28, 33; on reliefs at Baalbek, 91 "Trofei di Mario," 88 Tyche, 1 5 5 , 2 7 1 ; on Antonine altar from Ephesus (Vienna), 1 2 2 ; of Aphrodisias, 56; of Salonika, on Arch of Galerius (?), 336, 349; on defaced relief at Baalbek, 92; shrine at Minoa (Amorgos), 269 Tyrannicide(s), pose on Ephesus frieze, 104

547

INDEX M. Ulpius Appuleius Eurykleus, dedications at Aezani, 271 M. Ulpius Lupus, inscription at Cius, 452 Marcus Ulpius Traianus (Traianus Pater) : nymphaeum to at Miletus, 252; stadium at Laodiceia ad Lycum, 238, 239 Urania, on Berthouville skyphos (Paris), 139 P. Vaivius Italicus, inscription at Tlos, 224, 240 Valens (364-378), 357-364 Valentinian I (364—375), 357—364, 405; Barletta colossus, 357 Valentinianus II (371—392), 357—364, 405; head (statue) from Carian Aphrodisias, 44, 358, 363 Valentinianus III (425—455), 362 Valerian(us) (253—260), 1 6 1 , 312—324, 404 Valerian Junior, son of Gallienus, 314—326; dedication at Apameia, 3 2 1 Varus, General, 1 3 3 Publius Vedius Antoninus, and Ephesus, 255, 2 7 1 , 286; honors Verus at Olympia, 286 Velia Procula, dedication to Antoninus Pius, 19, 272 Q. Velius Titianus, built at Patara, 272 Velleius Macrinus, inscription at Nicaea, 256 Venus: Felix, temple in Rome, 274; Genetrix, statuary type, 1 7 2 , 322; Livia as, on Boscoreale cup (Paris), 1 3 3 ; Victrix, on cuirassed Agrippa, 176 Q. Veranius, inscription at Cibyra, 222 Verna, dedication at Synnada, 272, 476 Vespasian (69—79), 1 7 1 , 229—242; bridge dedication near Cilician Seleuceia, 73, 242; coin of Tavium (Galatia), 166; head from Pergamon (in Baltimore), 229, 2 3 1 , 232, 237; statue at Eresus (Lesbos), 73, 236; statue at Xanthus, with gate, 74, 240 Q. Vettidius Bassus, dedication at HeracleiaPerinthus, 425 Vettius Proculus, 464 Victoria, 83, 2 2 1 , 350, 356; on cuirasses, 254, 262, 3 1 5 ; on defaced relief with sacrifice, at

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Baalbek, 92; on "Hunter's Gate" in Istanbul, 63, 164, 165; on sarcophagus in Istanbul, 65; reliefs from Baths of Constantine, Rome (Vatican), 63; with emperor on Arch of Galerius, 346, 347. See also Victory Victory, including Nike: on Antonine altar from Ephesus, 107; on coins, 149, 165, 166, 258; on relief from Apollonia in Epirus (Louvre), 53; on sarcophagi, 59, 65; statues from gate at Side, 253. See also Victoria Vipsania, 2 1 9 Virgin, of the Panaghia, 63 Virtus, and Roman triumphal columns, 336; on Antonine altar from Ephesus, 107, 109; on Aphrodisias frieze, 54; on Arch of Galerius, Salonika, 336, 347; on Boscoreale cup (Paris), 1 3 3 ; on cuirassed statue from Salamis, 230; on Hadrianic cuirasses, 254, 262. See also Roma Vitellianus, procurator of Asia, 323 Volusianus (251-253), 320, 403; head from Dorylaeum, 3 1 2 Wegner, M., 258, 273 West, Benjamin, 24 Wheler, visits Athens, 267 Winds, Tower of, 26—28 Wolf and Twins, 1 0 1 , 2 1 5 Zenobia, at Palmyra (267-273), 502 Zenon, 203, 272 Zephyrus, on Tower of the Winds, 27 Zeus, 65, 80, 148, 166; sestertius of Tavium, 166; Bennius, 253; Capitoline, 166; medallion of Heracleia-Perinthus, 146, 147; Eleutherios, 235; Heliopolitanus, 92; Homonoos, 2 1 6 ; Laodikeos, medallion of Tripolis-Laodiceia, 164; Pandemos, 323; Polieus, 206; Sabazios, 167; Soter, 272; patron of Mt. Solymus, or Solymeus, r63 Zoilos, playwright on Aphrodisias frieze, 21 Zonaras, on Macrianus and family, 321

ADDITIONS Page 95. The total length of the Ephesus frieze fragments, excluding the new fragment of Slab B , is 30.93 meters. Page ι ο ι . Dr. Rudolf Noll reports a new fragment for the right end of Slab B. See F . Eichler, "Die österreichischen Ausgrabungen in Ephesos im Jahre 1 9 6 5 , " AnzWien ( 1 9 6 6 ) , P . 1 6 . Page 396, no. 1 2 bis. Faustina II on Cos: J H S , Arch. Reports 1 9 6 6 67, pp. i 9 f . , fig. 30, is a private person. Page 4 0 1 , no. 9. Seven more bronze statues are now known, including Lucius Verus, Septimius Severus, and a noble as Sophocles. Page 402. Bronze statue of young Caracalla as a Dioskouros, about A.D. 198, seemingly from Asia Minor, in Art of the Ancients: Greeks, Etruscans and Romans, February 7 - March 1 3 , 1968, Andre Emmerich Gallery Inc., New York, no. 62. Page 484. Pisidia: B. Levick, Roman Colonies in Southern Asia Minor, Oxford, 1 9 6 7 . Page 506, note 20. H. Kahler, Der F ries vom Reiterdenkmal des Aemilius Paullus in Delphi, Berlin, 1 9 6 5 ; J . M. C. Toynbee, J R S 57 ( 1 9 6 7 ) 2 6 5 .

Roman Imperial Art in Greece and Asia Minor was composed on the Linotype in Rudolph Ruzicka's Fairfield Medium by the Harvard University Printing Office. The photolithographic illustrations are the work of The Meriden Gravure Company. The volume was bound by the Stanhope Bindery. The designer of this book and its jacket is Burton J Jones.