Resilient and Responsible Smart Cities: Second Edition (Advances in Science, Technology & Innovation) 3030984222, 9783030984229

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Advances in Science, Technology & Innovation IEREK Interdisciplinary Series for Sustainable Development

Hugo Rodrigues · Tomohiro Fukuda · Simon Elias Bibri Editors

Resilient and Responsible Smart Cities Second Edition

Advances in Science, Technology & Innovation IEREK Interdisciplinary Series for Sustainable Development Editorial Board Anna Laura Pisello, Department of Engineering, University of Perugia, Italy Dean Hawkes, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK Hocine Bougdah, University for the Creative Arts, Farnham, UK Federica Rosso, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy Hassan Abdalla, University of East London, London, UK Sofia-Natalia Boemi, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece Nabil Mohareb, Faculty of Architecture - Design and Built Environment, Beirut Arab University, Beirut, Lebanon Saleh Mesbah Elkaffas, Arab Academy for Science, Technology, Egypt Emmanuel Bozonnet, University of la Rochelle, La Rochelle, France Gloria Pignatta, University of Perugia, Italy Yasser Mahgoub, Qatar University, Qatar Luciano De Bonis, University of Molise, Italy Stella Kostopoulou, Regional and Tourism Development, University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece Biswajeet Pradhan, Faculty of Engineering and IT, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, Australia Md. Abdul Mannan, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, Malaysia Chaham Alalouch, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman Iman O. Gawad, Helwan University, Egypt Anand Nayyar

, Graduate School, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, Vietnam

Series Editor Mourad Amer, International Experts for Research Enrichment and Knowledge Exchange (IEREK), Cairo, Egypt

Advances in Science, Technology & Innovation (ASTI) is a series of peer-reviewed books based on important emerging research that redefines the current disciplinary boundaries in science, technology and innovation (STI) in order to develop integrated concepts for sustainable development. It not only discusses the progress made towards securing more resources, allocating smarter solutions, and rebalancing the relationship between nature and people, but also provides in-depth insights from comprehensive research that addresses the 17 sustainable development goals (SDGs) as set out by the UN for 2030. The series draws on the best research papers from various IEREK and other international conferences to promote the creation and development of viable solutions for a sustainable future and a positive societal transformation with the help of integrated and innovative science-based approaches. Including interdisciplinary contributions, it presents innovative approaches and highlights how they can best support both economic and sustainable development, through better use of data, more effective institutions, and global, local and individual action, for the welfare of all societies. The series particularly features conceptual and empirical contributions from various interrelated fields of science, technology and innovation, with an emphasis on digital transformation, that focus on providing practical solutions to ensure food, water and energy security to achieve the SDGs. It also presents new case studies offering concrete examples of how to resolve sustainable urbanization and environmental issues in different regions of the world. The series is intended for professionals in research and teaching, consultancies and industry, and government and international organizations. Published in collaboration with IEREK, the Springer ASTI series will acquaint readers with essential new studies in STI for sustainable development. ASTI series has now been accepted for Scopus (September 2020). All content published in this series will start appearing on the Scopus site in early 2021.

More information about this series at https://link.springer.com/bookseries/15883

Hugo Rodrigues • Tomohiro Fukuda Simon Elias Bibri

•

Editors

Resilient and Responsible Smart Cities Second Edition

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Editors Hugo Rodrigues Department of Civil Engineering University of Aveiro Aveiro, Portugal Simon Elias Bibri Department of Computer Science and Department of Architecture and Planning Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU) Trondheim, Norway

Tomohiro Fukuda Graduate School of Engineering Division of Sustainable Energy and Environmental Engineering Osaka University Suita, Osaka, Japan

ISSN 2522-8714 ISSN 2522-8722 (electronic) Advances in Science, Technology & Innovation IEREK Interdisciplinary Series for Sustainable Development ISBN 978-3-030-98422-9 ISBN 978-3-030-98423-6 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-98423-6 © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2021, 2022 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are solely and exclusively licensed by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors, and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Cover illustration: © Toka M. Frihy This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Switzerland AG The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland

This book is a culmination of selected research papers from the fourth version of the international conference on Future Smart Cities and the international conference on Resilient and Responsible Architecture and Urbanism. A collaboration between IEREK—International Experts for Research Enrichment and Knowledge Exchange and Xiamen University, Malasia (2020).

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Scientific Committee

Ahmad Rafi, Multimedia University & Telekom Malaysia, Cyberjaya, Malaysia Amar Bennadji, Robert Gordon University, Aberdeen, Scotland Amine Moulay, Royal University for women, Riffa, Bahrain André Furtado, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal Aswin Indraprastha, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Bandung, Indonesia Ernestyna Szpakowska-Loranc, Cracow University of Technology, Kraków, Poland Federico Cugurullo, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland Florindo Gaspar, Polytechnic of Leiria, Leiria, Portugal Hugo Rodrigues, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal Keiro Hattori, Ryukoku University, Kyoto, Japan Kunihiko Matsumoto, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan Martha Liliana Carreño, International Center for Numerical Methods in Engineering, Barcelona, Spain Patrick Mikalef, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway Romain Sousa, Polytechnic of Leiria, Leiria, Portugal Rudi Stouffs, National University of Singapore, Queenstown, Singapore Shuva Chowdhury, Southern Institute of Technology, Invercargill, New Zealand Simon Elis Bibri, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway Sky Lo Tian Tian, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen, China Tiago Miguel Ferreira, University of the West of England—UWE Bristol, Bristol, England Tomohiro Fukuda, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan Wael Abdelhameed, Applied Science University, Eker, Kingdom of Bahrain Worawan Natephra, Mahasarakham University, Kham Riang, Thailand Yasuyo Yoshikawa, Pacific Consultants Co., Ltd. Japan Yoann Pencreach, FORUM8 Co., Ltd. Japan Yoshihiro Kobayashi, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, US

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Preface

Throughout time, cities have always been the center of economic development, technological innovation, social development, and nowadays, cities concentrate more than half of the world population. Nowadays, cities are viewed as complex adaptive systems, consisting of services, resources, and citizens, with strong interactions and changes in both the rapid spatial and temporal domains, but also related to traffic congestion, pollution, environmental degradation without an adequate living environment. These changes create new challenges, and the smart city concept offers opportunities to rise to these challenges, solve urban problems, and provide citizens with a better living environment. According to the OECD Resilient cities are cities that can absorb, recover and prepare for future shocks (economic, environmental, social, and institutional), and resilient cities promote sustainable development, wellbeing, and inclusive growth. Also, the UN Sustainable Development goals have put several topics in the policymaking debate, namely the 11th SDG, and the imperative of making cities inclusive, safe, resilient, and sustainable. This book includes several research papers that discuss processes, case studies, and research work that may help the process of building and changing the cities to become more resilient, responsible, and have smart environments, especially in places with a lack of power, resources, and know-how. The book is composed of three parts, the Part I is related to the Computational Advancements in Future Smart Cities, discussing several innovations and developments of technology, IoT, robotization to improve the efficiency of the resource’s consumption. The Part II is devoted to The Path to Future Resiliency: Theory and Application, presenting several discussions and solutions for cities facing different hazards, finally the Part III is related to the Challenges and Key Components for Developing Smart Cities, presenting several case studies to improve and turn the cities in a more inclusive, safe, resilient, and sustainable place. The book presents the mix of high technologies, concerns with the efficient use of the resources, and the promotion of a better social environment that can give paths to assure more Resilient and Responsible Smart Cities. Aveiro, Portugal

Hugo Rodrigues

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Acknowledgments

We would like to thank the authors of the research papers that were selected for addition in this book. We would also like to thank the reviewers who contributed with their knowledge and constructive feedback in hopes of ensuring the manuscript is of the best quality possible. A special thanks goes to the Editors of this book for their foresight in organizing this volume and diligence in doing a professional job in editing it. Finally, we would like to express our appreciation to the IEREK team for supporting the publication of the best research papers submitted to the conference.

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Contents

Computational Advancements in Future Smart Cities Building a Smart City from the Periphery to the Centre: Application of Technological Solutions for Intelligent Integration of Peripheral Neighbourhoods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Claudino F. Pereira Mendes, Álvaro Elgueta-Ruiz, Loide Monteiro, and Guevara Cruz

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Accelerated Community Resettlement by the Means of Robotic 3D-Printing from Conflicted Highway Projects: A Case Study of Yaounde, Cameroon . . . . . . Nusrat Tabassum, Ipsita Datta, and Nabeela Nushaira Rahman

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Design and Implementation of AMI System of Electric and Water Meter . . . . . . . Rolando Josué Andrade Calle and Javier Bernardo Cabrera Mejía Low-Cost Sensor Node for Air Quality Monitoring: Verification of NO2 Measurements Against a Commercial System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Braulio Barahona, Roger Buck, Tom Lausberg, Patrick Meyer, Melvin Ott, Markus Meyer, and Philipp Schütz

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Challenges and Key Components for Developing Smart Cities Exploring the Relationship of India’s Residential and Commercial Infrastructure Through Land Value . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ar. Preeti Jaiswal, Pooja Nigam, and Satish Pipralia

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A Conceptual Framework to Manage Social Risks for Smart City Development Programs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Shadi Shayan and Ki Pyung Kim

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Intelligent Irrigation System for Future Smart City . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fan Zhang, Xiao-qi Yang, Wanwei Yu, Xiang Li, Shaoang Li, and Tawfig Ahmed A. Eltaif Cities in the Era of Autonomous Vehicles: A Comparison Between Conventional Vehicles and Autonomous Vehicles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Kareem Othman

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The Path to Future Resiliency: Theory and Application The Need for Soft Infrastructure in a Delta Megacity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111 John Napier Energy-Efficient Automatic Light Control System for Modern Urban City . . . . . . 123 Fengkai Guo, Yingge Tao, Tianhao Lan, Shuo Wang, and Bhuiyan Mohammad Arif Sobhan

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Photo-Voice as Means to Experience Water Space: Exploring Traditional Water Knowledge in Khulna, Bangladesh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137 Rumana Asad, Josephine Vaughan, Iftekhar Ahmed, and Jason von Meding Assessing the Urban Form of Hill Settlements, New Shimla, India Using 3D GIS Tools . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149 Swati Punyal and Preeti Nair

Contents

Computational Advancements in Future Smart Cities

Building a Smart City from the Periphery to the Centre: Application of Technological Solutions for Intelligent Integration of Peripheral Neighbourhoods Claudino F. Pereira Mendes, Álvaro Elgueta-Ruiz, Loide Monteiro, and Guevara Cruz

Abstract

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The sustainable development challenges for small archipelagic cities are exponentially bigger when compared to the large metropolises on the continent. One of the biggest problems of these small cities face is related to disorderly urban expansion. From night to day, new peripheral neighbourhoods are born, bringing with these all social and urban problems of an unplanned expansion. Hence, it is essential that these cities leverage their progress on sustainable pillars, creating smart solutions tailored to their challenges. In this sense, this article analyses the strategies and solutions implemented in the city of Praia, Cape Verde, with the purpose of classifying it in the context of Smart City. Considering international standards and the specific needs of the city, the impact of digital transformation on the smartization of the city was analysed, as well as the contribution of peripheral neighbourhoods in this process. This study concludes that, in addition to technological solutions, other factors that ensure the sustainable and inclusive growth of peripheral communities must be prioritized for an effective smartization of city. In the specific case of the Safende neighbourhood, the transformation initiated with a view to its smartization, leveraged on fundamental pillars of a Smart City Project. The neighborhood has functioned as a model Living Lab that can be replicated in other similar peripheral neighbourhoods in the city of Praia. Keywords

Smart City ICT




Sustainable cities




Smart neighbourhood

C. F. P. Mendes (&)
Á. Elgueta-Ruiz University of Cape Verde, Praia, Cape Verde e-mail: [email protected] L. Monteiro
G. Cruz Smart City Cape Verde Foundation, Praia, Cape Verde




Introduction

Owing to their size and geographical characteristics, most small island cities face greater challenges than the large cities on the mainland. These challenges are essentially related to transport, economic scalability, climate vulnerability, cost of energy, among others, which are aggravated by the lack of mineral wealth and conventional energy resources such as oil, gas, or coal (World Institute for Development Economics Research, 1995). At the level of land use planning, island cities face another serious problem related to the rapid and disorganized growth of their borders and the emergence of informal peripheral neighbourhoods. In search for better opportunity in social and economic life, entire families leave their homes in the countryside, their island, or their country to venture into large cities on the main island (Mazumdar, 1987; Lall et al., 2006). In this sense, in the planning of cities, priority must be given to sustainable urbanization, including these new communities and their residents, as a way to meet all the goals of sustainable development (SDG). However, if on the one hand urban areas offer new opportunities and jobs for millions of people worldwide, and contribute to poverty eradication efforts around the world, on the other hand, according to United Nations, a rapid growth in urbanization increases the pressure on the basic resource and increases the demand for energy, water, and sanitation, as well as for public services, education, and health (World Economic & Social Survey, 2013). Today, according to World Economic Forum (2016), a significant part of the population, more than 50%, around the world lives in urban areas and surrounding areas, and expecting to grow to 70% by the year 2050. The cities of the Cape Verde Islands are no exception. In 2018, according to UN-Habitat data, 65.7% of the population lived in urban areas, with a growth rate of 1.97% in the past 5 years. These urban centres are, in their majority, informal neighbourhoods without urban equipment, with precarious residences, dominated by the unfinished

© The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2022 H. Rodrigues et al. (eds.), Resilient and Responsible Smart Cities, Advances in Science, Technology & Innovation, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-98423-6_1

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construction of cement blocks, occupying the unstable slopes and the beds of the streams (UN-Habitat, 2020). The city of Praia, capital of the country, is where this population concentration is most concerned, since the city already had a population of 151,436 inhabitants in 2015, corresponding to more than 27% of the entire archipelago (Instituto Nacional de Estatística de Cabo Verde, 2015). According to the National Statistics Institute, it is estimated that in 2017, the population of Praia was already 159,050 inhabitants, as shown in Fig. 1. This population growth is regional and is due to the increase in internal migration caused by rural outflows and migration from other islands, as well as external migration from West Africa (Dias et al., 2014). This population growth observed in the city of Praia has caused housing problems in the city, with the rapid growth of spontaneous neighbourhoods in the suburbs of the capital, which do not obey any planning or have any basic infrastructure. Most of these illegal spontaneously occupied neighbourhoods are located in very high-risk areas, especially in the floodplains of the streams and on slopes with a high slope, without a street layout, with lack of basic sanitation infrastructure and deficient public lighting, which makes access to help and emergency means difficult. These neighbourhoods are mainly occupied by precarious buildings inhabited by a population of very low income, which contrast with the city center that followed a planned and structured urban plan (Monteiro et al., 2012). This spontaneous, clandestine, and disorganized phenomenon, which began in the 1960s, persists to this day, revealing the power of population dynamics, but also the weaknesses of the municipal government. In the case of Praia city, taking into account the maritime boundary to the south and the recognition of neighbourhoods to the east and southeast, the dynamics of the emergence of new informal neighbourhoods extends more towards the north, northeast and northwest of the city limits (Nascimento, 2009). Figure 2 shows an example of the urban difference between the city centre and a peripheral neighbourhood in Praia.

POPULATION

Fig. 1 Demographic evolution of Praia between 1990 and 2017

The problem of smallness and the periphery is an urgent challenge and, of course, raises the question: what can small towns do for the active participation of peripheral neighbourhoods in regional politics and in the sustainable development of the city? (Hovgaard et al., 2004). To answer this and other questions, the Cape Verde government created the Cape Verde Strategic Sustainable Development Plan (PEDS) whose main goal is to guarantee a better quality of life for the population, reducing inequalities and inequities, so that SDGs have a real impact on people (Governo de Cabo Verde, 2017; Nações Unidas Cabo Verde, 2020). The United Nations advocates the same strategy. According to UN-Habitat’s, 2020–2030 strategic plan, only through a clear and transformative strategy, partnerships and a new innovative vision of development, is it possible to effectively respond to new and persistent development problems in the world's cities developing and developed (Estevez et al., 2016; UN-Habitat, 2019). However, cities must be able to overcome some relevant challenges in the smartization process, in order to meet critical requirements such as availability and data processing, security, citizen engagement and better services for citizens. These challenges are linked, not only to technological issues such as: storage and management of a huge volume of data, interoperability, standardization, security and connectivity but also to political issues such as legal obstacles in the treatment of data, social and territorial tensions, political resistance and ideological, among other challenges inherent in the cities themselves (Soupizet, 2017). These must be added the need to create a market for smart technologies, in order to meet the new requirements that smart cities impose on us. Especially for developing countries, who face various constraints related to budget restrictions, lack of technological maturity, lack of technical skills, restriction of integration, limitation in some basic services, privacy and data security, political obligation, it should be to create an appropriate market (Chatterjee & Kar, 2015). Deficiencies in urban planning, infrastructure, institutional and legal are weaknesses of many African cities,

180,000 160,000 140,000 120,000 100,000 80,000 60,000 40,000 20,000 0 1990

2000

2010 YEAR

2015

2017

Building a Smart City from …

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Fig. 2 View of a suburb neighbourhood (left) and the city centre (right)

which have limited their progress. However, a growing urban transformation in these cities is being verified, in this sense, ICT has a fundamental role in terms of improving the system of production and distribution of goods and services, as well as in the connection between communities (Mboup & Oyelaran-Oyeyinka, 2019). In a study on smart city projects in Mediterranean regions, the main challenges for some Mediterranean cities were identified. These challenges were grouped into 6 domains: governance, economy, mobility, environment, people, and experience (Monzon, 2015). Taking into account the characteristics of the city of Praia: island, city capital, low economy, and border with the sea, the challenges would be quite similar, naturally adding some specificity. This article aims to analyse the impact of digital transformation on the smartization of a small island city, having as reference the city of Praia, in Cape Verde. On the other hand, we intend to evaluate the importance of transforming the Safende peripheral community into a “smart neighbourhood”, taking into account its context as urban living lab and the indicators for smart city projects, in a perspective that the smart peripheral neighbourhoods can help to develop an intelligent and sustainable city.

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Smart City and Smart Neighbourhood

Smarting cities is an inevitable process. Cities become smart as governments, businesses, and communities increasingly depend on new technologies to meet the challenges of rapid urbanization. In fact, what makes a city smart is the use of innovative and intelligent technologies combining energy, mobility, and infrastructure, to improve and connect the city's seven essential components and services: municipal administration, education, health, public security, real estate, transportation, and public services. A smart city not only raises economic opportunities and social benefits, but it also allows the mitigation of urbanization problems (Washburn & Sindhu, 2010). In this sense, the focus on information and

communication technology (ICT) is fundamental, as they function as the main drivers of smart city initiatives. The integration of ICT with development projects can change the urban landscape of a city and offer a number of potential opportunities, they can help to improve the management and functioning of a city (Vasseur & Dunkels, 2010; Odendaal, 2003). A smart city is much more than the integration of ICT and the use of digital applications, this concept lacks an important component, which is the people, they are the main protagonists, who through continuous interaction, manage to shape the city. Hence, a smart city should be understood as a creative space that has people, education, learning, and knowledge as priorities (Albino et al., 2015). A smart city is an educational centre that improves the level of education of its inhabitants and that improves competitiveness in the urban context and the global knowledge economy; therefore, it produces more qualified and specialized people. It is this junction between “smart people” and a new creative culture driven by them, which triggers urban development (Nam & Pardo, 2011). However, the smart concept has been adopted by several governments with regard to innovative policies and strategies aimed at the sustainable development of cities, both in terms of urban planning and in terms of economic and social progress. That is, they as a normative claim and an ideological dimension treat smart growth, where “intelligence” is associated with the successful implementation of policies in their jurisdictions (Center on Governance, 2003; Das, 2019). Therefore, when designing a Smart City, we must consider 3 key and interconnected factors: technology (hardware and software infrastructures), people (creativity, diversity and education), and institutions (politics and governance). A city became smart when investments in human capital and IT infrastructure leverage sustainable growth and improve quality of life, through participatory governance (Caragliuet al., 2009). World Economic and Social Survey (2013) and Mensah (2019) suggest that an intelligent urban management is

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essential in the search for sustainability in cities. Which requires integration, coordination, and multilevel cooperation between local and national communities, and partnerships to mobilize public and private resources to invest in infrastructure, such as roads, water, sewerage, electricity and services, related to schools, public transport and health. In this perspective, a transformation or restructuring betting on Smart City projects must not only consider the new peripheral neighbourhoods, but must also prioritize their integration, through sustainable and intelligent projects— Smart Neighbourhood—where the empowerment of its inhabitants is a strategy for help achieve those goals. The World Bank argues that “building inclusive, resilient, competitive, and sustainable cities and communities is essential to achieving the Sustainable Development Goals by 2030, eliminating extreme poverty and boosting shared prosperity at the local, regional and national level” (The World Bank, 2020). The way smart cities should be structured creates opportunities for a better inclusion of peripheral communities in the urban perimeter. These communities could eventually serve as laboratories for “intelligent policies” and technological experiments in a perspective of replicable and expansion models, inappropriate for testing in large center (De Falco et al., 2018). If, on the one hand, the peripheral neighbourhoods are a great challenge for urban design, or even spatial planning, on the other, while Urban Living Lab (ULL), they can be an excellent strategy to develop a smart, sustainable and inclusive city, where it is possible to test new technologies and measure public acceptance (Lacroix et al., 2017). But they can also create local development solutions, with new rules and procedures that can be replicated (Huston et al., 2015). Living Labs function as an open-innovation ecosystem in which open-innovation practices are adopted to identify and deal with urban problems (Leminen et al., 2012; Steen & Bueren, 2017), work as a collaborative process that allows the implementation of a systematic governance of stakeholders interconnecting their interactions to address the Smart City (Baccarne et al., 2014; Chesbrough & Bogers, 2014). Kumar (2015), argues that for radical changes to be made and sustainable cohesive communities to be created, the 4P (Private, Public, People, & Partnerships) model should be adopted. Where close collaboration between central and local government is able to exploit the vast potential of human, innovative and creative social capital, as a model for the balanced development of communities, recognizing the power of people to organize and create networks for sharing information, knowledge, resources, and common goals (Vanolo, 2014).

C. F. P. Mendes et al.

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Methodology

The methodology adopted followed the 5 steps represented in the flowchart of Fig. 3, in order to obtain a qualitative assessment of the smartization of the Safende neighbourhood as a Smart City Project. Thus, in a 1st stage, it resorted to literary analysis, focusing on studies on urban expansion, with an emphasis on small and medium-sized cities, with reduced economic resources and with a maritime border, in which we sought to identify the main factors that influence in the expansion of the city of Praia and its consequences. In the 2nd stage, it focused on the problem that occurred with the informal peripheral neighbourhoods, where more specifically the peripheral neighbourhoods of the city of Praia were analysed. In a 3rd stage, it examined the plans and strategies for the sustainability of the city of Praia, in accordance with the national sustainable development plan (PEDS) and the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The purpose of this step was to position the city of Praia in relation to the analysed ranking, making a comparative analysis with key indicators. In the penultimate stage, based on the actions and projects implemented and in execution, it was analysed whether the Safende neighbourhood fits within the parameters of an urban living lab (ULL). Finally, in the 5th stage, an evaluation of the smartization process in the Safende neighbourhood was carried out as a Smart City Project, taking as reference the determined indicators, and the data collected in the field. Data were collected through in-depth semi-structured interviews about the needs of the community and citizens with various partners and decision makers, representing different identified sectors: community leaders, cultural and sports associations, project managers, municipal government, religious leaders and NGOs. Subsequently, based on the analysis of the interviews, data collected locally through SWOT analysis, and considering the specificities of the archipelago, it was possible to configure the indicators to assess the impact of the ``smart neighbourhood Safende'' project.

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Smart or Sustainable City?

Taking into account the problems mentioned and the specificity of the city of Praia, a restructuring or upgrading to a more intelligent and inclusive city, seems to be something unquestionable to ensure the sustainability of the city. However, the doubts that may exist are: What should we prioritize in the transformation of the city of Praia, its smartization or its sustainability? Can a city become smart being unsustainable? The only certainty is that, regardless of the path prioritized, ICT would play a major role in

Building a Smart City from …

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Fig. 3 Conceptualization of the analysis model

improving the management of the city's resources (Elgazzar & El-Gazzar, 2017). In this perspective, some authors argue that the sustainability of cities is intrinsically linked to the adoption of smart technologies that supported the ``smart city initiatives'' proposed by communities and/or governments of that city. Therefore, the smartization of cities necessarily implies achieving their sustainability and a way to ensure the quality of life of their inhabitants (Albino et al., 2015; Kondepudi & Kondepudi, 2015). However, in (Yigitcanlar et al., 2019), they argue that although sustainability is often desired as a result of smart city initiatives, there is little evidence of how sustainability results are incorporated or achieved in smart city initiatives, in fact, that the results provide evidence that the current practice of smart cities fails to incorporate a comprehensive sustainability goal that is progressive and genuine. Which lead us to assume that the concept of “Smart and Sustainable City” is the one that best suits the city of Praia. Since it is a broader concept that seeks the quality of life of citizens, through socioeconomic development, but also focuses on the use of technologies in city planning and management, as well as for the optimization of endogenous resources.

In fact, the adoption of information and communication technologies provides an increase in efficiency and productivity through automation and data-based management, especially in relation to the modern configuration of urban and metropolitan areas in the so-called smartization process (Bifulco et al., 2016). Especially in the African panorama, the “smart” concept should have a broader context, focusing on the economy, the environment and the efficiency of transportation, but also on the management of water and energy resources, improving health and safety, as well as on the provision of tools that help in better planning and governance of cities. In this sense, ICT plays a fundamental role as an integrated element to realise the above-mentioned aspects. However, ICT alone does not carry out the smartization of cities (Ahad et al., 2020; Mboup & Oyelaran-Oyeyinka, 2019).

4.1 Smart Cities Features and Indicators Taking into account the challenges of cities and the benefits of digital technologies in their smartization and sustainability, it was then possible to understand what are the paths to a

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smart and sustainable city and what are the basic principles for the design of its operating structure. According to the report by the International Telecommunication Union (ITU), “Smart sustainable cities (SSC): a guide for city leaders”, there are 6 steps to transform into smart and sustainable cities, ensuring consensus among the various stakeholders, mechanisms for governance, citizen involvement, ICT infrastructure, monitoring and learning mechanisms among SSC stakeholders: (i) Set a vision for your SSC venture; (ii) Identify your SSC targets; (iii) Achieve political cohesion; (iv) Build your SSC; (v) Measure your city´s progress; and (vi) Ensure accountability and responsibility (ITU-T Focus Group on Smart Sustainable Cities, 2015). Based on the exploration of a wide and diverse literature from various disciplinary areas, as well as the analysis of several case studies, it was possible to identify the main factors to be considered in Smart City initiatives and what is the fundamental principle in the conceptual framework model for Smart City. For the design of SSC, we can find several frameworks from different authors, depending on the reality and interpretation of each one of them. However, in general, they maintain the principles of sustainability in major areas such as: governance, people/community, economy, environment, infrastructure, mobility, technology, stakeholders and living, as shown in Table 1 (Chourabi, et al., 2012; Appio et al., 2019; Hämäläinen, 2020; Zygiaris, 2013).

Table 1 Characteristics and factors of a smart city. Adapted from (Giffinger & Fertner, 2007; Nuttall et al., 2019)

These characteristics and factors form the framework for the indicators and the evaluation of the performance of a city as a smart city. Despite the objective of a smart city to focus on solving the problems and challenges in a local and national context, it is important to have landmark indicators that not only allow a progressive assessment of smart city initiatives, but also make it possible to compare with other initiatives in ranking international standards. Classifying smart cities allows us to know their level of smartization and increase their competitiveness. However, as there is no exact definition of smart cities, we must always take into account the parameters that are used to evaluate this intelligence and who makes this assessment (Benamrouet al., 2016; Huovila et al., 2019). For this study, it was adopted the city key indicators as a reference (European Union HORIZON 2020 Programme, 2015), because it is an indicator that results from the compilation of several other indicators, and therefore it seemed to us to be the most complete and suitable for the reality of the study. In addition to serving as key performance indicators to monitor progress against city and project objectives, comparing the situation before and after project implementation, it also serves to make a comparison between projects (Bosch et al., 2017). The city key indicator framework is based on an inventory of the needs of cities and citizens, in order to satisfy 5 fundamental aspects: in addition to the 3 pillars of sustainability—people, planet,

Smart economy (competitiveness)

Smart people (social and human capital)

Smart governance (participation)

Innovative spirit

Level of qualification

Participation in decision-making

Entrepreneurship

Affinity to life long learning

Public and social services

Economic image & trademarks

Social and ethnic plurality

Transparent governance

Productivity

Flexibility

Political strategies & perspectives

Flexibility of labour market

Creativity

International embeddedness

Cosmopolitanism/Openmindedness

Ability to transform

Participation in public life

Smart mobility (Transport and ICT)

Smart environment (Natural resources)

Smart living (quality of life)

Local accessibility

Attractivity of natural conditions

Cultural facilities

(Inter-)national accessibility

Pollution

Health conditions

Availability of ICT-infrastructure

Environmental protection

Individual safety

Sustainable, innovative and safe transport systems

Sustainable resource management

Housing quality Education facilities Touristic attractivity Social cohesion

Building a Smart City from … Table 2 The CITYkeys indicator framework. Adapted from (Bosch et al., 2017)

9 People

Planet

Prosperity

Governance

Propagation

Health

Energy and mitigation

Employment

Multilevel governance

Scalability

Safety

Materials, water and land

Equity

Organisation

Replicability

Access to (other) services

Climate resilience

Green economy

Community involvement

Education

Pollution and waste

Economic performance

Diversity and social cohesion

Ecosystem

Competitiveness and attractiveness

Quality of housing and the built environment

prosperity—defended by Kolk (2004) and SCOPE (2007), 2 more pillars are added: governance and propagation, shown in Table 2. According to (Hiremath et al., 2013), Governance should also be established as the 4th pillar of sustainable development, being a determining factor for the high scores of the other 3 pillars. The same perspective for the Propagation pillar, because smart cities projects are evaluated to determine their potential for expansion and the possibility of application in other contexts. Each main theme is subdivided into several specific indicators, and indicators that are relevant to a specific sector can be easily included or excluded, depending on the type of project to be evaluated, without disturbing the logic of the evaluation.

5

City of Praia, Going Smart?

Many cities have used the new concept of smart city as tools for self-promotion or very prematurely, without actually having any initiative in development. Studies have shown that even the cities considered smart have matured in only some of the smart city characteristics, and in Europe of the 6 characteristics mentioned, the ones with the greatest maturity are the smart environment and the smart mobility, and that most cities considered smart cities only satisfied a single characteristic (Manville et al., 2014). In the case of Praia, the basic development objectives are based on the goals established in the PEDS and in the SDGs of the united nations, therefore, not in a perspective of developing cities or Smar projects. However, the importance and the impact of the measures implemented in the city may, naturally, lead to this level. In fact, a full commitment to ICT and its infrastructure could be the key to transforming into a real smart city. The Intelligent Community Forum (ICF) identified 5 factors considered as critical success factors for cities ‘going smart’ (Intelligent Community Forum, 2015; Passerini & Wu,

Innovation

2008): (1) Deployment of broadband communication infrastructure; (2) effective education and training of local labor force; (3) Policies and programmes that promote digital democracy (i.e., digital inclusion; (4) Innovation capacity; (5) Marketing of “smart” communities. Smart cities provide their inhabitants with a range of innovative technologies that enable them to interact and communicate with each other and with institutions individually or in groups (Komninos, 2006). It is this set of applications that will satisfy the 6 domains referenced in Table 1, and allow the establishment of effective interactions between citizens, companies and the local government—interactions G2C, G2B and B2C—meeting the objectives of sustainable urban development (Stratigea, 2012). ICT has played a fundamental role in the sustainable progress of the city, allowing to mitigate most of the needs that an island and medium-sized city face. This perception is based on the results of the national and international political, economic and social development indicators: In socioeconomic terms, the country occupies the 51st position in the Global Competitiveness Report; the 2nd best in Africa and 125th worldwide in terms of the Human Development index. The Country has economic growth above the OECD regional average and worldwide; with an equal position at the level of Global Sustainable Development and economic freedom in Africa; according to the Global Innovation Index GII 2020. Cape Verde is in the top 100 of the world ranking of the Global Innovation Index; The Country enjoys 20 years of stable democracy, following a parliamentary model, it is the 3rd and 4th most transparent country with the best good governance in Africa, respectively. Local, legislative and presidential elections are free and very participatory, with women increasingly on the party lists, recognized as one of the freest countries in the world and the second most democratic in Africa (Cape Verde Government, 2019; Cape Verde Government, 2013; World Intellectual Property Organization, 2020; Mendes et al., 2018).

10

The aim is to transform the country into an Information and Communication Technologies Center, as a way to diversify the economy and achieve the objectives established in the Strategic Plan for Sustainable Development (PEDS) for sectors such as health, education, transport, and tourism. This digital transformation strategy has allowed the country, for example, to have an internet access rate through ADSL and 3G of around 90%; more than 100% of the population has a mobile phone. It also allowed the development of an electronic governance platform that covers all sectors and services in the state; build a technology park that offers various services related to Data Center, Business Center or Training Center, adopt Smart Grid technologies in the transformation of electric sector (Multisectoral Regulatory Agency for the Economy–ARME, 2020; Government of Cape Verde, 2019). However, one of the great challenges of the city is linked to urban management, urban planning and urban resilience, mainly because the local and central authorities do not have sufficient financial resources or technical skills to solve these challenges. Aware of this situation, in order to adapt the policies and strategies in the field of urban space planning and to seek to achieve the objectives of sustainable development, the municipal and central government has opted for a strategy of involving local organizations in identifying problems and monitoring of projects. Taking advantage of the dynamics of local associations, where local groups themselves function as an extension of the city council in situations in which it is unable to provide answers. In this sense, projects with NGOs have had enormous repercussions. The case of the MAPAUrbe and cityRAP projects in partnership with UN-Habitat, projects that provide tools for self-governance that part of a collaborative process of urban, socioeconomic, cultural and criminal mapping of neighbourhoods, and that enable communities to understand and plan actions to reduce risk and build resilience through the development of a resilience structure for action, respectively (UN-Habitat, 2012). Despite the various progresses and initiatives for the development of a sustainable city, there is no known policy, from the central or municipal government, to transform the city of Praia into a Smart Cities. The main initiative for the implementation of Smart City Projects in the city of Praia was born from a private institution. The Smart City Cape Verde foundation has been the main driver of Smart City initiatives and projects in Praia, with the objective of promoting and implementing smart city projects across the country, through innovation, research, educational and scientific activities, with a focus on the Smart Cities concept. For the execution of these objectives, the foundation has developed several projects, and has many others in the pipeline, in order to fulfil the requirements for the transformation of Praia as a Smart City (Fundação Smart City Cabo

C. F. P. Mendes et al.

Verde, n/d). These include the AI and IoT Platform Project for sustainable development, the Pilot Project for the Smart Energy and Smart Water System, the Pilot Project for the Smart Building System and the Smart Neighbourhood Project for the Safende neighbourhood. These projects have several public and private partnerships, national and international, such as UNDP, UN-Habitat, Universities, municipal and central government, as well as community associations.

6

Smartization of the Safende Neighbourhood

Data from the community diagnosis, where the urban, social and criminological situation of the neighbourhood was analysed, revealed that the Safende neighbourhood, which is located in the northern part of the city, emerged in the early 1970s as a result of urban growth and rural exodus. At first, it was mainly occupied by the rural population of the island of Santiago, however, data from 2010 showed that of the 6151 inhabitants (3932 men and 3139 women) in the neighbourhood, most came from other neighbourhoods in the city, but also from other islands and the continent African (Lima, 2020; National Institute of Statistics of Cape Verde, 2020). The neighbourhood of Safende is one of several peripheral neighbourhoods in the city of Praia that arose in the absence of an expansion plan or a spatial planning plan and therefore grew in an unstructured, unbalanced, and uncontrolled way, despite the urban advances of the last few years. years is still seen as a disadvantaged and socially marginalized area (Monteiro et al., 2012). Until 2018, like most informal peripheral communities, Safende faces several challenges: high unemployment, only 23.9% of the people had bathrooms, only 17% had running water, 89.3% had access to electricity, and 9.2% of the population owned a car, to which are added the lack of infrastructure; landslide; housing degradation and vulnerability; among others inherent to their condition (Mendes et al., 2018). However, as a result of its own will and of several local initiatives, led by community associations, with emphasis on the Associação Comunitária Amigos de Safende (ACAS), Safende Tudo Hora, and Espaço Aberto Safende, the neighbourhood has managed to overcome some of the challenges mentioned. This dynamic is due, in large part, to the approximately 53 cultural and sports groups active in Safende, in addition to many other religious groups whose goals are always in favour of the sustainable and inclusive growth of the neighbourhood. The neighbourhood has functioned as a living lab, where various initiatives and projects are tested, in order to be replicated to other peripheral neighbourhoods with similar characteristics. The

Building a Smart City from …

11

neighbourhood has stood out among other informal neighbourhoods, including some human rights awards, for the social projects implemented. As a ULL, there are several local initiatives implemented through the actions of community groups, such as the community touristic and cultural itinerary programme “Kaza da amizadi”. It is a building managed by ACAS, which works as a cultural space for the community and integrates a community library, with the mission of taking children off the streets by encouraging them to read. On other hand, initiatives with national and international partners have been tested. Another example is the Web Lab project whose aim is to qualify children, young people, and adolescents in the use, manipulation, and construction of technologies, promoting the strengthening of technological training. CityRAP and MAPAurbe are “circular economy” project to help residents develop their businesses. Among several other initiatives that can be consulted on the community website (Associação Comunitária Para o Desenvolvimento de Safende, 2011).

6.1 SWOT Analysis The recommendation made in the diagnostic about the Safende neighbourhood is that: for the city of Praia to become smart and inclusive, and the Safende neighborhood to become a smart neighborhood, it is very important to take advantage of the community and urban organization model with a focus on organization’s neighbourhood, placing them at the centre of

decisions (Lima, 2020). In this perspective, through a tripartite partnership between the Smart City Cape Verde Foundation (FSCCV), and the Amigos de Safende Community Association (ACAS), supported by the Government, they started a pilot project to transform the Safende neighbourhood into a Smart neighbourhood. Taking into account the specificities inherent to the neighbourhood and the city in which it is embedded, so as to take advantage of endogenous talents and skills in projects that help in the formalization and inclusion of the neighbourhood and especially in improving the quality of life of its inhabitants. The main mission of the project is to end the exclusion of informal neighbourhoods, with the objective of transforming the neighbourhood of Safende into a Smart Neighbourhood, according to the concept adopted by the Foundation: to be a 4S neighbourhood—Smart, Sustainable, Safe, and Smile—where in a grouped way it manages to satisfy the 6 domains of a Smart City project: smart people, smart economy, smart mobility, smart environment, smart living and smart governance. To carry out this project, a SWOT analysis was used as a way to identify the weaknesses and potentialities of the project, resulting in the information in Fig. 4. This analysis showed that despite the weaknesses related to unemployment and underemployment; run-down and unsafe housing; lack of basic sanitation infrastructures, lack of public leisure spaces and social facilities; and high informal economy, the project's potential may overcome these difficulties, because it has the organization, experience, and maturity of the associations, a track record of completed projects and the existence of several well-structured cultural and sports groups, in addition to having a huge social asset, which includes competent, talented, and very dynamic people.

Fig. 4 SWOT analysis of the Smart Bairro Safende project

Strengths .Experience and maturity of Associations. . Track Record in community social projects. . Competence, talent and dynamics of the inhabitants. .Great social asset. . Organized cultural and sports groups.

Threats • Delays caused by the pandemic. • Lack of infrastructure. • Difficulty in accessing the internet. • Lack of institutional support from the central and municipal government.

Weaknesses • Unemployment and underemployment. • Degraded and unsafe housing. • Lack of basic sanitation infrastructure. • Lack of public leisure spaces and social facilities. • High informal economy.

Opportunities • Transformation of a resistance neighbourhood to a smart neighbourhood. • Be a model of social inclusion. • Enhance culture and sport. • Creation of urban art and green spaces. • Potentialize community tourism. • Be a model of community security.

12

C. F. P. Mendes et al.

6.2 Main Initiatives The Smart Neighbourhood Safende project was designed to be implemented in 4 phases, starting in 2020. In the first phase, the diagnosis of the neighbourhood was made, to better understand the situation of the neighbourhood, then a strategic plan for its transformation was elaborated, in a later phase the action plan, so that finally the implementation of the project could begin. It is essential to realize that this project is a dynamic process. While structuring the execution of the planning, several initiatives are being implemented as a way to guarantee that the smartization of the neighbourhood is sustainable and meets all the defined requirements, such as: Elaboration of an updated diagnosis of the neighbourhood; Forum thinking Safende, which aims to involve residents in the search for solutions and recommendations on the needs and improvement measures for the neighbourhood; House of Friendship, space for residents where they can access some social services and information; HARD application, which consists of a mobile application managed by the association that served the population in time of confinement to send in real time alerts of risk situations and needs that vulnerable families were experiencing; UBI (Universal Basic Income) Programme, an international programme whose objective is to eliminate the high costs of intermediation in public aid by reducing bureaucracy, more efficiency in the system and less transaction costs. This management is done through a smart application; Project SV 4D, aims to promote connectivity to communities by facilitating access to the Internet at very affordable and sustainable costs for the most disadvantaged and vulnerable communities; Urban gardens, whose objective is to create gardens with vegetable and fruit plants in communities and distribute food around the neighbourhood.

7

Analysis and Discussion

The impacts of digital transformation and the use of ICT on transforming the Safende neighbourhood into a smart neighbourhood must be analysed considering the fact that the project is in the implementation phase. In this sense, the indicators applied to analyse these impacts taking into account specific objectives, the main players and governance, and the achievements, instead of the maturity of their execution. Thus, considering the implemented and ongoing initiatives, the expected results are: • Have a neighbourhood governance that represents residents, that knows the neighbourhood's DNA that can energize the neighbourhood by organizing it for its inclusion and cohesion, promoting its transformation into a 4S neighbourhood.

• Increase the economic income of the neighbourhood (indicators increase in the community's GDP; increase in employment and business in the community). • Improve the skills and training of community residents (number of training courses provided to the community; number of trained residents). • Improve the urban and environmental aspects of the neighbourhood (number of green areas; and other verified improvement interventions). • Improve security; health; and gender equity in the neighbourhood (reduction of crime in the neighbourhood, reduction of deaths in the neighbourhood, number of women and people with special needs included in the system). • Have Innovative Solutions to finance this transformation (value raised for the execution of the project, number of partners engaged in the project). The project has shown positive results and several community social projects have been successfully tested. The Covid-19 pandemic served to test some of the initiatives, but also to reveal the weaknesses that could threaten the project's success. An example is the case of the HARD risk alert application, which due to the financial difficulties of some families in buying credit for their mobile devices, were unable to use the application, obliging them to find alternative solutions in the most serious cases. Adding the indicators of the smart city project with the 4S, previously stipulated by the project, was possible to group the indicators that best fit the country context. Thus, the indicators were grouped in 8 domains. 1–People, as the centre of all initiatives, as far as they are directed to improve health, safety, education, and quality of life of its inhabitants. 2–It intends to guarantee access to water and energy with quality and in an efficient way for all, as a way of preserving the planet. 3–It is very important that these initiatives guarantee prosperity, in this sense, the project that the initiatives not only guarantee a balanced participation between genders, but also, that can guarantee employment and generate economy and competitiveness among local residents. 4–Also very important is the need for multi-party governance, involving local leaders, the municipal council and the central government. 5–These initiatives are concerned with the sustainable growth of the neighbourhood, but in a perspective of replicability or propagation, where the successful initiatives will be tested in other similar communities. Based on these indicators and interviews, we qualified the smart neighbourhood Safende project in terms of the expected impact, the importance of the initiatives, and the fields of action. Based on a Likert scale of 0–5, we obtained a classification with the characteristic of Fig. 5. The result showed that from the 5 levels of the project's

Building a Smart City from …

13

Smart neighborhood - Safende Smart 5 Governance

4

Peoples

3 2 1 Safe

0

Planet

Smile

Propagaon Sustainable

This study helped to realize that whatever strategy of digital transformation adopted for the city of Praia would only have full effect, if it integrates and involves the peripheral neighbourhoods. This is because the pace of borders expansion of the cities has exceeded the pace of updating the policies and strategies applied so far. Despite the concept of smart neighbourhoods is in the development stage, the experience of the Safende neighbourhood has given positive signs. Based on the results analysed so far, it was found that a stronger commitment to ICT and smart initiatives could help to improve the quality of life of citizens, and help to overcome social inequalities. It would create conditions for more sustainable, connected and efficient growth, and would help to address and mitigate problems related to energy, water, environment, health, safety, and employment.

Fig. 5 The smart neighbourhood Safende project in 8-dimensional assessment

importance-impact, the first two levels will be reached in all considered domains, guaranteed by the current dynamics and involvement of the neighbourhood residents. Despite the wishes of all domains reaching level 5, it would be very difficult for some domains to exceed level 3, in a short period of time, because, of neighbourhood geographic characteristics, lack of essential infrastructures and dependence on funding and involvement of other players. However, depending on the participation of project promoters, local groups and associations, and the engagement of the inhabitants will be a success.

8

Conclusions

This study allows us to realize that the smart city concept, due to its scope, must be seen as a process of continuous and permanent transformation. It will be difficult to meet all the desired requirements of a smart city, even for the most developed cities. However, the smartization of cities must be understood as a necessary and mandatory transformation process as a way to solve or mitigate social and urban problems. For many cities, smartization is the only way to reach the goal of sustainable development. The specificities and socioeconomic situation of the regions should influence the determination of the requirements of each project in a smart city. In fact, it would be much more difficult and costly for island cities with limited resources to meet all the standard requirements to become smart cities. One of the major constraints is the way these cities expand, contrary to developed countries, in the developing countries the expansion of the urban area is often due to the emergence of communities and informal settlements.

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Accelerated Community Resettlement by the Means of Robotic 3D-Printing from Conflicted Highway Projects: A Case Study of Yaounde, Cameroon Nusrat Tabassum, Ipsita Datta, and Nabeela Nushaira Rahman

optimized design solution, and develop a phasing strategy for robotic construction through additive manufacturing.

Abstract

Expeditious urbanization, which could be considered a common scenario in developing countries, requires large-scale infrastructure projects, for which land acquisition is often required; resulting in cases of relocation and eventual resettlement of affected resident communities. Highway construction is such a scenario where displacement of residents may take place along the project. This often causes the majority of these communities to relocate nearer to the cities increasing population density and creating informal unplanned settlements to occur. In such cases, acceleration of resettlement construction can provide a solution that keeps the displacement to a minimum, is sustainable in the long term, ecologically beneficial by the use of locally sourced materials, and is efficient concerning time. This research proposes to achieve just that through organized rapid robotic 3D-printing strategy—which can create intricate geometries speedily and cost-effectively—in the case area of Yaounde, Cameroon, to empower the affected community to be resilient. The aim is to provide a holistic solution using local materials and additive manufacturing for swift construction for the people and involve them to participate in collaborative design processes to build their dwelling units to achieve the desired level of environmental, economic, and social sustainability. The framework of this study progresses elaborately by selecting the case area, analyzing the problems faced when dwelling units are close to highways, perform prototyping by use of local materials to judge their utility, propose an

N. Tabassum (&) Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States I. Datta Balwant Sheth School of Architecture, Mumbai, India N. N. Rahman SoAD, BRAC University, Dhaka, Bangladesh

Keywords













Urbanization Resettlement Resilient Highway Rapid construction Local material Sustainable solution Additive manufacturing Robotic 3D- printing Design optimization

1




Introduction

Hasty urbanization, insolvency, and misapplication of land use are some issues African capitals face at present. A sufferer of this circumstance is Yaoundé, the political capital city of Cameroon. Yaoundé city council along with the ministry of Housing and Urban Development accountable for municipal development have displaced inhabitants tangled in informal amenities for subsistence due to population increase, resulting in rivalry, land compression, and greater rate of property in the city. Peripheral and out-of-town areas have been seized by these mostly destitute and helpless sufferers, a handful of such areas are hazard-inclined settings not suitable for habitats, due to land acquisition for urban development (Tiafack & Mbon, 2017). The Yaoundé-Nsimalen expressway urban extension, which aims to progress movement between Yaoundé and the Nsimalen International Airport is such a project that caused the displacement of possessors of households, vacant property, or farmsteads (Ngota, 2018). As a response to this problem, this study attempts to propose a resettlement plan through architectural design by application of “Robotic 3D-Printing” or “Additive Manufacturing” (AM) construction technology for rapid manufacture of dwellings to keep the displacement to a minimal. This research analyses the specific site issues, matters of concern that may affect inhabitants residing near highways, and how best to address them to provide an

© The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2022 H. Rodrigues et al. (eds.), Resilient and Responsible Smart Cities, Advances in Science, Technology & Innovation, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-98423-6_2

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architectural design proposal that is highly contextual and can be easily adopted and implemented by the users. The global construction scenario is ever-changing and currently, the world is witnessing a momentous transformation through the rise of cutting-edge construction methods and technologies. Proclamation of an imminent situation, in which construction processes are briefer, more inclusive, more collective, and has the potential to offer substantial sustainability aids, seems possible through the espousal of AM and further innovative construction machinery (Gebler et al., 2014). Considering sustainability factors, the efficiency of time and resource usage, and reduction of errors, this paper has opted to explore this construction method in the above-discussed scenario in Yaoundé. The goal is to provide a proposal that is practical, easily comprehensible and implementable, environment friendly, and aware of user needs. With the threat of global climate change, part of which the construction and development industry is accountable for, this study can be considered relevant for speedily developing countries rushing to achieve economic advancements.

1.1 Aim and Objectives This study has some broad aims and several specific objectives to achieve them. The principal aim of this study is to address the issues that arise in communities in developing nations affected by resettlement due to development projects like highway construction to make them resilient and empowered when facing these challenges. To make this solution a sustainable one, additional aims are taken into consideration, which are: – – – – –

accelerated resettlement construction keeping displacement to a minimum long term sustainability ecological benefit by using locally sourced materials efficiency in construction to aid development and progress

The specific objectives of this research are described in Table 1.

1.2 Scope and Limitation This research is grounded on a literature review and case study. The proposed design can be functional to a similar context where rapid construction can be suitably implemented, in which occasion the strategy and architectural planning may diverge according to the user and contextual requirements. As this study is highly contextual, tailoring

according to other milieus and the availability of local materials could be a limitation. Also, as this is a remote case study, the calculations might slightly change in practical implication due to geographic limitations. However, the study considers this and has therefore incorporated in it some buffer for future prospects.

1.3 Organization of the Study The arrangement of this paper can be broadly divided into three parts. In order to comprehend the problem and figure out the most applicable way to address them, a background study is carried out through a literature review first. This comprises of case study investigation to identify the requirements of the affected community of Yaoundé. The following part attempts to provide a solution based on the directions derived from the previous section. The knowledge from the preceding studies and the awareness of the researchers are merged to resolve the case at hand and integrating local insights, finding justifications appropriate to the context and the research. Technical interposition to resolve resettlement problems effectively and efficiently was the procedure this was done by. To conclude the study, discussion and conclusion are provided where future prospects are conferred.

2

Literature Review

2.1 Study Site: Yaoundé, Cameroon The site of this study is located in Yaoundé, Cameroon, a sub-Saharan central-eastern African country, having a populace of about 2.44 million (Bikalemesa, 2014). During the last 40 years, Yaoundé has seen unprecedented urban growth, with its population rising tenfold since the ‘60 s (Datta et al., 2018). The site, as seen in Fig. 1, is characterized by a newly constructed highway, which requires demolition of homes on the path (Nfor, 2014) running through the trans-African highway, and is both the cause and the result for urban expansion of the city in the south. Furthermore, the country lies in a very central area in Africa, thus making it a cross-path for economic and social activities to which the highway aids. According to an update by the Republic of Cameroon Prime Minister's Office in (2017), the highway has been 70% completed until then, however, the advancement was halted due to difficulties with population relocation (UN-Habitat, 2016). As can be seen in Fig. 2, there are some buildings that have to be destroyed, and their residents displaced, in order for the construction to advance. Yaoundé is suffering from an uncontrolled urban expansion. The torrent of people

Accelerated Community Resettlement by the Means of Robotic … Table 1 Specific objectives

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#

Description

Method/approach

1

Determine method of accelerated or rapid construction

Literature review

2

Analyze different problems that arise living near a highway and outline the specific needs of the context

Literature review and case study analysis

3

Analysis of local materials to aid in sustainability and reduce carbon footprint

Literature review and material exploration

4

Attempt to solve the problems found and address the issues related to the site

Literature review, Site, and problem analysis

5

To establish a proposal from an architectural perspective to mitigate the problems through technological intervention

Design proposal

6

Introduce user-oriented, holistic, and collaborative solutions to achieve the desired level of environmental, economic, infrastructural, and social sustainability

Literature review, design features, results, and discussion

Fig. 1 Site map of Yaounde-Nsimalen Highway; a Blow-up map of the highway, b Blow-up of Yaounde, c Map of Cameroon

migrating from rural areas and other countries seek housing (Tiafack & Mbon, 2017) and the government is unable to control the growth and provide sustainable solutions (UN-Habitat, 2016). This trend is creating many issues to the city’s fabric since the city is not ready to provide public services, adequate space, and other facilities for all. Additionally, households, going-on, and endeavors of the local people proceed in political agitation in these hazard-inclined sites, with inhabitants having property titles and construction grants on lands possessed for the highway and thus confronted with a profoundly degenerate administration; indicating that the occupants resist setting foot out of the discussed zones (Tiafack & Mbon, 2017). In light of all these, this paper, therefore, attempts to mitigate the dwelling

problems through a proposal of resettlement through architectural design and advanced construction technology.

2.2 Problems Addressed of Residing Near Highways Rapid urbanization has been a common scenario in developing countries for most part of the past century, characterized by the high degree of population concentration in metropolitan areas (Henderson, 2002) and Yaoundé is not an exception. Urbanization itself is not undesirable, rather it brings a nation’s socio-economic and cultural profits and progress (Zurich Insurance Group, 2015). In the process of

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Fig. 2 Current state of construction

urbanization, infrastructure development is one of the primary changes that take place, and highways fall into this category. While necessary, due to the unplanned or inexpertly planned implementation of hasty projects, there are a handful of problems that occur to residents living near highways, which are described here, are critical contextual considerations for the resettlement design proposal.

continued exposure to noise pollution, significant abating actions must be implemented as a matter of urgency as the health hazards of the unprotected residents become larger (Tripura, 2008).

a. Air pollution

a. Building material

Research on air pollution informs that residing near voluminous traffic and related emanations could potentially result in negative health effects beyond those already present in urban areas (California Air Resources Board, 2005). Crucial findings from these studies are that this situation increases contact and probability of adverse respiratory effects on younger inhabitants, potentially amplified hazard of cancer due to particulate matter emission, and untimely demise in older people with cardiovascular ailments (California Air Resources Board, 2005).

The project addresses the need and advantage of resettling the displaced habitants caused due to construction of the highway. The proposed rehabilitation not only enhances construction time but also utilizes the local material around the site and excavates to build the highway as an approach toward increased ecological sustainability and construction efficiency and ease. The local materials available around the site were:

b. Noise pollution Studies express that highway neighboring residents are vulnerable to the intense vehicular racket, causing sleep and concentration disturbances, aching head, ear, and heart, color discernment problems, depression, and lethargy. If there is

2.3 Sustainability and Ecological Factors

– Topsoil from highway excavation–to be utilized as construction material – Local tree bark–to be added to the material mix for strength – Locally sourced bamboo for reinforcement and scaffolding All these materials are selected by analyzing local architecture with the vision to minimize carbon footprint, promote

Accelerated Community Resettlement by the Means of Robotic …

the use of natural material to enhance the ecology, and practice the use of recyclable and biodegradable material for aiding sustainability. Sample materials are shown in Fig. 3. b. Additive manufacturing (AM) As per the International Trade Administration under the US Department of Commerce’s declaration in 2012, sustainable manufacturing is “…the creation of manufactured products that use processes that minimize negative environmental impacts, conserve energy and natural resources, are safe for employees, communities, and consumers and are economically sound” (Mani et al., 2014). The manufacturing industry embodies a vast portion of worldwide energy ingestion (IEA, 2013) and is measured as a key segment where critical changes are desired on the road to sustainability (World Commission on Environment and Development, 1987). With the emergence of AM, the construction industry faces an opportunity to avail its many sustainability-related benefits as seen in Fig. 4. It inherently decreases waste of resources, energy consumption, and pollution while increasing speed, accuracy, and efficiency (Peng et al., 2018). AM can play a crucial role in manufacturing customized and complex components, flexibly and economically, while providing amplified productivity, comprehensive use of sustainable materials, and steady quality (Peng et al., 2018). AM can be considered as a coordinate substitute for conventional fabricating forms, its primary financial benefits lie within the generation of tweaked single or small clusters of products (Ford & Despeisse, 2016). The ensuing drop in transference, inventory, and supply-chain due to the capability to produce when needed (Chen et al., 2015; Mani et al., 2014) substantially makes AM a prime manufacturing method in the near future (Ford & Despeisse, 2016). c. Robotic 3D-printing The development industry faces extreme issues from low efficiency and high deficiencies of skilled labor (Green,

Fig. 3 Materials provided to use for construction

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2016). The deliberate digitalization and robotization of all significant stages, from the plan and arranging to the real development method shows up to be the singular attainable arrangement to face these challenges. Machinery in the construction industry, therefore, becomes a point of interest that has the possibility to permit large-scale, on-site production of buildings in accord with the needs of the present-day architectural proposals (Mechtcherine et al., 2019). Robotic 3D-printing is a method of additive manufacturing that makes a tangible object from a computerized design by laying down layers of substances, fluid or powdered, while intertwining the layers together (Hayes, 2020). Utilizing mechanical autonomy does not only allow for creation on a bigger engineering scale but also the adaptable arrangements of the mechanical arm, with its six degrees of flexibility, permits for the additive manufacturing of components over existing structures or surfaces with the added advantage of creating complex designs (Kerber et al., 2018). This method is chosen for this study as it allows on-site printing decreasing carbon footprint, continuous printing helping reduce material wastage, and also makes reuse of waste material easier, decreases cost, ensures safety (compared to normal construction), and is capable of precise and speedy construction. The specific machine used is Contour Crafting (CC) which enables lowering of expenses, obtainability, and optimization (Zareiyan & Khoshnevis, 2017). CC uses computer-operated stratifying of material to produce inexpensive and sustainable constructions by assimilating material delivery and setting up in one arrangement and provides accuracy by joining computer-aided manufacturing with computer-aided design (Zareiyan & Khoshnevis, 2017). Coupling design and construction optimizes the whole process while considering environmental concerns and economic issues. Subsequently, with the notion that the appearance and implementation of CC in construction may have a productive influence on the plan and construction procedure, particularly for low-wage lodging, and even as a crisis response shelter, CC is deemed suitable for the project in question. Figure 5 illustrates the procedure of 3D-printing.

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Fig. 4 Additive manufacturing and sustainability benefits (Peng et al., 2018)

Fig. 5 Development phases in large-scale, on-site digital construction (Nerella, 2020)

2.4 Design Considerations and Features a. Vernacular architecture A collective analysis was carried out to study the types of vernacular houses built in Cameroon. It was determined that most local houses used mud (clay) as their building material (Dahmen & Ochsendorfs, 2012). This material is not only used for its availability but also for the ease of molding into desired shapes depending on the climatic conditions. Mousgoum, one of the ethnic tribes of Cameroon, utilized compact sun-dried mud to build their houses, the dome shape achieved by it was ergonomically stable with units being as high as 9 meters (Chin, 2010) and is the one that this study takes lead from for ease of construction and application of local material, making it more related to the research. The housing typology of Yaoundé is shown in Fig. 6.

Catenary arches particularly robust (Nilsson, 2014), on which houses of the Mousgoum tribe are based (Chin, 2010). Usage of minimal material but gaining maximum strength, and the creation of slim domes can be done in this process (Naturalhomes.org, 2012). The concept can easily be described through a hanging chain model. A chain suspended basically from the two of its endpoints brings about a catenary bend that normally appropriates the static burden, for this situation strain, uniformly between the connections of the chain (Fig. 7); and once this figure is reversed perpendicularly and the components become brick or stone, at that point the static burden, presently compressive, is likewise uniformly circulated, bringing about an ideally effective arch (Gomez-Moriana, 2012). This approach was applied by Spanish architect Antonio Gaudi in his modeling of structures (Gomez-Moriana, 2012) and is considered suitable for the project at hand by the researchers. c. Noise barrier wall

b. Catenary arch The ability to transmit perpendicular gravitational force to compression that thrust along the arc of the arch makes

To protect inhabitants residing near highways from the various health hazards due to noise pollution mentioned in Sect. 2.2-b, noise filtering is vital. A noise barrier wall is a

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Fig. 6 Local vernacular architecture of Cameroon (Datta et al., 2018)

Fig. 7 Hanging chain model; a Chain model representation at Sagrada Familia Museum (Makert & Alves, 2016), b Diagram showing the direction of forces involved

common resolution, mainly made of malleable metal, concrete, blocks, earth berms, or wood (Bjelić et al., 2012). There are important factors to be considered for a barrier wall design, e.g.—the sloping angle of the barrier wall, breadth of the road, location of the barrier to be closer to the source, the quantity of ricocheted sound waves, high enough to dichotomize the line between a point anywhere above 1m from the road surface as higher the barrier, higher the noise reduction and finally, as much as possible, the noise barrier has to be incessant with no breaks to be fully operative, as seen in Fig. 8 (The Centre for Urban Design, New South Wales Roads and Maritime Services, 2016).

d. Air filtering through soil Capability to insinuate biological processes as it contains earthen minerals and carbon-based materials where abundant soil microorganisms are situated. It goes through a procedure of absorption of contaminating fume into the earth constituent part exterior, dilution of it by earth moisture, and absorption and disintegration by soil microorganisms, resulting in decontamination of the gas when it is in interaction with a pollutant like carbon monoxide or nitrogen oxide (Fujita Corporation, 2012; Fig. 9).

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Fig. 8 Noise barrier study (The Centre for Urban Design, New South Wales Roads and Maritime Services, 2016)

Fig. 9 Outline of earth air purifier (EAP)–road-side type (Fujita Corporation, 2012)

e. Rainwater harvesting To adapt to water demands and scarcity, Rain Water Harvesting (RWH) is likely the most antiquated practice being used on the planet and numerous nations are supporting refreshed usage of such practice because of innovative prospects in the last decades to address the expansion in water supply pressures related to climatic, ecological and socio-cultural changes (Amos et al., 2016). RWH in Africa consists of practice in minor municipal settlements where collective RWH methods have been established in ranges that typically would be considered rural, and this has directed to the promotion of RWH all over Africa (Campisano et al., 2017). Having an acceptable amount of water existing, but also having a lack of set-up to stock, purify, and transference in many parts of the continent, RWH is considered as a consequence of financial condition rather than water insufficiency in Africa. Usage of pond or storage tank to amass rainwater and make water available for some households, or big public building as a modest collective RWH, is perhaps the utmost implementation of RWH in Africa (Dobrowksy et al., 2014). Conversely, household RWH is financially practical for a minor section in city areas having big rooftops and increased need or for remote houses deprived of supplementary water fonts as indicated by research (Fisher-Jeffes, 2015). As the site has enough rainfall throughout the year (Wirmvem et al., 2016), this process is applied in the project to make the community

more resilient. Figure 10 shows the arrangement of a representative system for on-site RWH and the dealings of its chief apparatuses. f. Infill For additive manufacturing, the infill design (Fig. 11) helps to optimize the material in terms of quantity and structural stability. It also plays an important role to allow continuous printing. The hollow spaces in between the pattern help in drying the printed material. They also let in the passage of air for filtration. In Fig. 11, we studied a series of continuous and intersecting printing paths for logically understanding the infill development (Datta et al., 2018).

2.5 State of the Art This section portrays the current scenario in the 3D-printing housing technology. Firstly, a project by an Italy-based 3D-printing studio, WASP, in Massa Lombarda city, named Gaia House (Fig. 12). Earth (25%), rice straw (40%), rice husk (25%), and hydraulic lime (10%) was used to construct a life-sized housing archetype gauging roughly 320 square feet in plan, for the first time, within ten days (Chiusoli, 2018). Launching a template for ready-made decomposable and anatomically competent buildings is what the project intends to do. To reduce the full amount of resources while printing

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Fig. 10 Rainwater harvesting (Campisano et al., 2017)

Fig. 11 Infill patterns (Datta et al., 2018)

geometric distinctions along the façade, the structure upsurges from a round concrete footing, depending on a computational design developed by a team (Marani, 2019). WASP made use of a 3D-printer hanged from a crane, appropriately named

Fig. 12 Gaia by WASP (Marani, 2019)

Crane WASP, which distributed the material mixture onto consecutive coats with a series of triangular voids positioned amid the prime inner and outer progressions, and rice husks were dispensed into the hollows to insulate the edifice.

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Fig. 13 3D-printed community in Mexico by New Story and ICON (Marchese, 2019)

Fig. 14 Flow of research process

Secondly, the world’s first 3D-printed community (Fig. 13) that is underway in Mexico, as announced by a non-profit organization, New Story, who are spearheading resolutions to tackle worldwide as they released the initial set of households constructed by ICON, a construction machinery company in collaboration with ÉCHALE, New Story’s partner in Mexico (Grace, 2019). In about a day of print time, each 500 square-foot home was 3D-printed for some days and will be granted to local families presently existing in life-threatening scarcity and crude, insecure lodging (Marchese, 2019). The built-for-resiliency communal will comprise fifty 3D-printed households. is designed to. The 3D printer for households, named Vulcan II, is intended to handle housing scarcities for exposed populaces and operate in restraints in rural locations, is the first of its kind (Marchese, 2019). From the above, a significant verdict is the print time of a single household, which aids the purpose of this study in regard to accelerated 3D-printed construction, which is applicable to an open planning approach. In the following section, this is incorporated in the design proposal.

3

Methodology

This study can be considered to have applied mixed methodology, including remote site survey and analysis, literature synthesis and contextual study, and remote

interviews of intended users and experts add to the researchers’ perceptions, comprehension, and knowledge application. This process is illustrated in Fig. 14. This project was initiated as an academic one for the Open Thesis Fabrication—Postgraduate in 3D-Printing Architecture program in IAAC, Barcelona (Datta et al., 2018). The initial study phase was dedicated to finding out the key problems in the selected study site and the investigation ran remotely throughout the entire project. As the focus of the course was additive manufacturing, the researchers intended to find a justified solution through it to the identified settlement issues in Yaoundé. The needs of the users were determined through remote survey and literature review, and field experts were consulted to fix the construction process, effectiveness, social-economic context, judicious features, and further. From all of these, the rapid resettlement design proposal near people impacted due to the mentioned highway construction (Sect. 2.1) was specified and further approached from a technical and architectural perspective. It was determined that contextual or vernacular design is to be followed but it will be intervened by technical approaches and decisions to make it appropriate for the time and situation. The study establishes a reliable stratagem for “km0 participatory design,” in which method is based on consuming resources at Km 0, that are not needed to be altered, have the capability of being remitted to the atmosphere, and that are sovereign from the trade division (Cardenas, 2016); with the insertion of users’ opinions and

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Fig. 15 Proposed plan; a Ground floor plan, b First floor plan

involvement as a factor of the implementation and building procedure embracing a dynamic deliberation of the context. The references of the study, therefore, included together present-day and regional examples of housing techniques. The final design proposal is aimed to be a mixture of local knowledge and practices with cutting-edge technology to provide an indication into the forthcoming time of additive manufacturing as a sustainable structure method and a ground-breaking knowledge for generating innovative arrangements of architectural resolutions and captivating spaces for individuals and developments.

3.1 Design Proposal The design proposes the construction of a clay-based wall that will act as a buffer between the proposed residential area and the highway. Based on the research of literature and technical aspects, this study proposes this area to be 10 m away from the highway with the wall will act as both a noise repellent and air filter, to make this possible. The design for the houses is an open plan, flexible system of columns which will take the role of placeholders for the future inhabitants to use as parts of their own constructions, which is done with the intention of user involvement for their self-dependency, sense of ownership, and enhanced resilience. Duplication of columns to create spaces for future construction is allowed once cantilever extensions occur on the wall generating connectors. The placement of the columns is both deliberate and organic. The main objective of this design was to inform the government and the public of a collaborative design that is for the people and by the people. The flexible grids can be classified into 3 distinctive programs: built spaces, containing clusters of dwellings; unbuilt spaces, waiting to be defined as public or private; and lastly, green spaces, which

are essential to the eradication of pollution. A cluster of dwellings is attached to the wall, containing multiple units of diverse shapes and sizes. Green spaces are distributed in and outside of the clusters’ perimeter. The sound barrier wall is introduced as an infrastructure that can be made functional according to the inhabitants of the location. The only thing intervened in is organized planning as seen in Fig. 15. Compelling them to align the houses according to the provided columns. The system is flexible to adapt to the environment and the user demand with immense possibilities where people can design and assemble their own houses using these structural elements as tools, as illustrated in Figs. 16 and 17. The walls are made up of a material mix consisting of soil and bark, as discussed in Sect. 2.3-a. A bamboo framework is utilized as reinforcement as well as support the roofing system. The barriers being the base structure for the whole system are integrating with the structural elements and creating different sizes of spans and programs. The structural elements also can be used for water collection. These are described graphically in Fig. 16. Various considerations, features, and strategies are discussed in the following.

3.1.1 Climatic Strategy The climate was factored in as per the local site conditions with respect to three dominating factors. First, the basic ventilation strategy depends on the local wind direction. Secondly, the wind direction, which also affects the noise reflections, with the eastward zone facing higher noise intensity than the westward zone. Thirdly, the sun's radiation, which determined the shaded region and the required height of the proposed dwelling units which were in turn dependent upon the height of the barrier wall. The design strategy is developed through various studies of the climatic

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Fig. 16 Section and blow up detail; a Longitudinal section, b Blow up detail of column type01, c Blow up detail of column type02

Fig. 17 Axonometry of house evolution

aspect both for summer and winter based on thermal behavior and material property. These are all illustrated in Fig. 18.

3.1.2 Design Features

the sediments of the pollutants to be filtered out and trapped by the wall allowing cleaner air to flow out to the dwelling units as further explained in Fig. 19. Thus, it was pertinent to design the infill, as described in Sect. 2.4-f, to allow this deliberately re-routed airflow. b. Noise barrier

a. Air filter One of the main issues of residing near a highway is air pollution, as mentioned in Sect. 2.2-a. The design proposes a porous but thick barrier wall to filter the harmful pollutants. The wall surface facing the highway has some openings on the lower side while the surface facing the units has openings on the upper side. The upwards diagonal route allows

The proposed wall, which can be coined living wall due to its accommodation of vegetation, also acts as a noise barrier, which is essential as per Sect. 2.2-b. As per Fig. 20, we considered the mentioned parameters to simulate the optimum angle preferable for a noise barrier wall. The generic barrier walls resemble Barrier 02, although Barrier 01 proves to be the more efficient solution. The constant parameters

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Fig. 18 Climatic strategy

Fig. 19 Noise control strategy (Pigasse & Kragh, 2011)

Fig. 20 Wall evolution

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Fig. 21 Catenary curve evolution

considered were: height of the barrier wall, width of the highway, number of sound rays from the source, and controlled distance of the rays. The variable parameter was the overhang angle. The result was depending on the amount of bad sound rays, where a lower number of bad rays was considered a positive outcome.

design proposes. These elements, independent in design, act as an amalgamated grid network adhering to provided solutions. The barrier wall, as illustrated in Fig. 23. Its surface facing the highway has air inlets as in Sect. 2.4-d, while the surface facing the dwellings has gaps in the infill at the top to allow purified air to flow out as described in Sect. 3.1.2-a.

c. Architectural elements Theoretically, the barrier wall has to be continuous as mentioned in Sect. 2.4-c; however, for practical purposes, the wall can be divided for pedestrian access after a certain interval. The interval can be accommodated in locations where there are overlapping walls, in which case, the overlap should be at least three to four times the opening width, and the barrier should extend to cover an angle of 160° rom the receiver (The Centre for Urban Design, New South Wales Roads and Maritime Services, 2016). This assumes a level site, and local constraints must be considered along with desired aesthetic outcomes. As shown in Sect. 3.1.2-b, the inclination of the wall has to be 30°, tapering away from the highway, for noise deflection (Pigasse & Kragh, 2011). The following Fig. 21 represents the various iterations of the barrier wall based on the aforementioned parameters. The form of the column systems in Sect. 3.1 was derived from the concept of the hanging chain model in Sect. 2.4-b, and the compressive forces it works on by the process in Fig. 22. A simulation of forms was generated to arrive at the optimum design which was based on parameters such as infill design in Sect. 2.4-f and local material volume. The following iterations in Fig. 23d show the types of infill patterns designed to achieve the final outcome. The columns and barriers form the basic infrastructural elements that our

3.1.3 Construction Strategy The proposal given here is theoretical at the current state. It is evident that there is a need for testing and possible eventual adjustments may be required for the proposed design, materials, implementation, and printing procedure at the time of construction. a. Proposed materials The local materials as described in Sect. 2.3-a were selected because of their ecological characteristics such as being easily recyclable and reusable. The primary material is local mud, gathered near the site, which poses a difficulty regarding slower drying time compared to quick-drying concrete (Palumbo, 2021). They need minor processing to be reused as material for additive manufacturing. Thus, the procedure of preparing the material and utilizing it for construction leaves a lesser carbon footprint, giving an affirmative impact to the environment. The combined composite material has significant properties such as plasticity, viscosity, and extrudability which are important factors in terms of additive manufacturing. As depicted in Fig. 24, the soil can be excavated from the debris of the highway construction and delivered to designated material collection points for further processing.

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Fig. 22 Column evolution

Fig. 23 Barrier wall details; a Part of the barrier wall, b Blow up showing polluted air inlet, c Blow up showing fresh air outlet to interior space, d Section of the barrier wall

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Fig. 24 Designated material collection points along the highway

Fig. 25 Phasing diagram; a Material collection, b On-site fabrication, c Community integration with local authority

b. Robotic strategy The robotic strategy for the construction is to be executed in three phases, portrayed in Fig. 25. – Material Preparation – On-site Fabrication – Community Integration Phase 01—Material Preparation

– The first phase consists of grading the site and clearing the site of excess. The area is marked and prepared for excavation. – The soil sourced from the excavation will be moved to collection points along the highway construction. The base foundation is created on the excavated areas and the base is leveled to ease the AM process. – The collection points will have an assembly of mixers and feeders. The soil collected will be crushed and filtered to get finer particles to be added to the mixer.

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– The bark collected would be passed to the grinder to obtain finer particles before adding to the mixer. Phase 02—On-site Fabrication – The composite material from the mixer is transferred to the feeder. The feeder is connected to the robotic extruder through a feeding pipe. – While the material is excavated while constructing the highway, the track for the robots (as mentioned in Sect. 2.2-c) is also laid simultaneously. – The framework made of bamboo is utilized for scaffolding to support the cantilevered face. – The feeder pumps the material to be extruded in layers. The printed design is executed through the machine controller. First, the barrier wall is printed followed by columns. – The printing height per day is considered to be 500 mm so as to allow the wet material to air dry which is imperative to take the weight of the subsequent layers. – The highway adjacent printing can be divided into several parts. Each part with completion of printing can be utilized by the people to build their walls as per the column grid. In Fig. 26, the following steps are illustrated: a. Site survey and setting grid b. Excavating the soil for collection points

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c. d. e. f.

Tracks laid for the movement of the robotic system Printing the barrier wall Setting tracks for column construction Module of the printed settlement

Phase 03—Community Integration – Explaining the project to the dwellers. – Grid flexibility to accommodate private and public functions. – The structures will start adding as per the discussion between the government and inhabitants. – Then the people will come out with their own requirements and as per their need, the houses will be built.

4

Discussions and Conclusion

Highway projects are considered as infrastructural projects and built independently of the residential strategies for the adjacent lands. This project proposes a new model in which the infrastructure and residential strategies are implemented together. There are some key strengths identified from this research, such as—the possibility of multiple design solutions from the same module, increased thermal comfort due to wall thickness, noise, and air pollution reduction, being economically sustainable, possible reuse of already excavated material, and optimized construction time. However,

Fig. 26 Robotic construction strategy-a Site survey and setting grid, b Excavating the soil for collection points, c Tracks laid for the movement of the robotic system, d Printing the barrier wall, e Setting tracks for column construction, f Module of the printed settlement

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Fig. 27 Envisioned community resettlement near highway (Datta et al., 2018)

weaknesses such as inadequate governmental regulations for 3D-printed infrastructure and strict rules for housing construction across highways are also associated with this project which can be addressed at a policy level. This study also brings about some opportunities like—radical reduction of conventional construction distance between the highway and dwellings making land use more augmented, the possibility of organized urban expansion, the practice of ecologically sustainable dwellings, dual-use of the wall, as sound barrier and dwelling unit and improved and more resilient housing for the highway construction affected population. A matter of concern however is the threat of heavy rains, which can hinder the construction time and material quality while printing, which can be mitigated if prior arrangements are made. The modular design is aimed at providing these pre-built columns to give the intended users a sense of order to their inorganic built spaces. The barrier wall acts as the main infrastructure, which the community can utilize as a shelter not only for private spaces like dwellings but also semi-private spaces such as community gardens or small water reservoirs. The funneled columns permit the users to build their dwelling units at their convenience. This is how we envision helping people expand communities around the highway using strategic structural implementation using additive manufacturing (Fig. 27). It is expected that this project can be made applicable in other contexts with minor tweaks in design and materials, keeping the process similar. For example, the base of flood resilient amphibian houses being studied in Bangladesh (Aman et al., 2016; Haque et al., 2020) can be manufactured at accelerated speed using this method. We deduce that this, and other similar future researches, can aptly aid contextual, user-oriented, time and cost-effective, socio-economic and ecologically sustainable, and contemporary community settlement or resettlement designs meant to make such vulnerable communities empowered in resilience.

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Design and Implementation of AMI System of Electric and Water Meter Rolando Josué Andrade Calle and Javier Bernardo Cabrera Mejía

Abstract

The energy demand is increasing worldwide. This event is due to population growth and industrial development. That is why having a more precise idea of energy consumption improves its efficiency, thus reducing system failures, as well as excessive and unnecessary expenses. At present, there are major developments in smart meter technology, both electrical and water. This article presents a proposal for an AMI system comprised of an intelligent meter that measures electricity and water consumption and transmits this data to ThingSpeak, a free IoT platform, for real-time monitoring and diagnosis by end-users via Ethernet communication. In addition, it offers notifications when the signal obtained is outside a previously specified range. The results obtained during the tests of both smart meters were good, with errors of