Research Guide to the Russian and Soviet Censuses 9781501707087

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Research Guide to the

Russian and Soviet Censuses

S TUDIES IN SOVIET HISTORY AND SOCIETY

edited by Joseph S. Berliner, Seweryn Bialer, and Sheila Fitzpatrick

Research Guide to the Russian and Soviet Censuses edited by Ralph S . Clem

Revolution on the Volga: 1 91 7 in Saratov by Donald J . Raleigh

Research Guide to the Russian and Soviet Censuses EDITED

BY

RALPH S. CLEM

Cornell University Press I T H A C A A N D LON DON

Copyright © 1986 by Cornell University All rights reserved. Except for brief quotations in a review, this book, or parts thereof, must not be reproduced in any form without permission in writing from the publisher. For information, address Cornell University Press, Sage House, 512 East State Street, Ithaca, New York 14850, or visit our website at www.cornellpress.cornell.edu. First published 1986 by Cornell University Press. First printing, Cornell Paperbacks, 2016. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Research guide to the Russian and Soviet censuses. Includes index. 1. Soviet Union—Population—Study and teaching. 2. Soviet Union— Census—History—Study and teaching. I. Clem, Ralph S. HB3607.R43 1986  304.6'0947  86-47638 ISBN 978-0-8014-1838-9 (cloth : alk. paper) ISBN 978-1-5017-0715-5 (pbk. : alk. paper) The text of this book is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/

This book is dedicated to A.

J. Jaffe

CONTENTS

Preface Contributors How to Use This Guide

9 11 13

PART ONE : GENE RAL AND TOPI CAL ESSAYS 1. On the U se of Russian and Soviet Censuses for Research Ralph S . Clem

17

2. Data Comparability Problems in the Study of the Soviet Population Robert A. Lewis 3. A History of Russian and Soviet Censuses Lee Schwartz

36

48

4. The Ethnic and Language Dimensions in Russian and Soviet Censuses Brian D. Silver

70

5. Occupation and Work Force Data in Russian and Soviet Censuses

98

Michael Paul Sacks 6. Urbanization and Migration Data in Russian and Soviet Censuses Richard H . Rowland 7. Marriage , Family, and Fertility Data in Russian and Soviet Censuses B arbara A . Anderson

113

131

8

Contents

8 . Education and Literacy Data in Russian and Soviet Censuses

155

Ronald D. Liebowitz PART Two: I NDEX AND GUIDE TO THE RUSSIAN AND SOVIET CENSUSES, 1897 TO 1979 Peter R. Craumer Contents Introduction List of Census Tables Keyword Cross-Index Geographic Units of the Russian and Soviet Censuses

173 1 77 1 87 269 304

PREFACE

Those engaged in social science research on the USSR have evinced a steadily increasing interest in Russian and Sovit;:t census data . Along with this interest , however, has come the realization that using this vast reservoir of information on Russian and Soviet society entails many practical problems . Although often innovative and far-reaching , attempts to deal with these difficulties have usually taken place in isolation , as individual specialists pursue their own research agendas . It was in this context that the idea of synthesizing available knowledge of census-based research on Russia and the USSR suggested itself as a valuable contribution to the study of that country. Further, the need was clear for an inventory and index of the various published censuses . Accordingly, a project was proposed to provide researchers with both an overview of the Russian and Soviet censuses , including discussions of specific topics for which census data are particularly relevant , and a complete description of the contents of the census volumes . After these goals had been established , scholars with recognized expertise on given subjects were asked to contribute essays detailing the state of the art in their respective areas , the problems associated with the use of census data for those subjects , and the potential for further research . Second , a comprehensive index , incorporating a description of census tables , a keyword index , and a listing of political-administrative units for the different enumerations , was compiled . This volume represents the completion of a project to develop a general reference work on the Russian and Soviet censuses which meets the above criteria . Initially, the Research and Development Committee of the American Association for the Advancement of Slavic Studies provid­ ed funds for planning a project proposal . Most of the project itself was funded by a grant from the National Council for Soviet and East European Research . In May 1 983, project participants and other interest­ ed researchers convened for a conference on Russian and Soviet censuses

9

10

Preface

funded by the National Council and hosted by the Kennan Institute for Advanced Russian Studies in Washington , D . C . The editor/project director acknowledges important contributions by several persons in the preparation of the final report. Elizabeth Lyn and Karen Pennington typed the original manuscript. Roberta McLaughlin , Judy Sheffield , Karen Hill , and Patty Clifford were responsible for word processing . Zweneslava Clem was a meticulous proofreader, and Carmen Wampole provided administrative support. Finally, John Ackerman and Linda Wentworth of Cornell University Press were of invaluable assis­ tance in the editorial proces s . RALPH s . CLEM

Miami, Florida

CONTRIBUTORS

RALPH S . CLEM (Ph . D . , Columbia University) is Professor of Internation­ al Relations at Florida International University, Miami . He is coauthor of Nationality and Population Change in Russia and the USSR ( 1 976, with Robert A . Lewis and Richard H. Rowland) and author of several chapters and articles on ethnicity and demography in the USSR . BARBARA A . ANDERSON (Ph . D . , Princeton University) is Professor of Sociology and Research Scientist at the Population Studies Center, University of Michigan . She is the author of Internal Migration

during the Modernization of Russia in the Late Nineteenth Century ( 1 980) and coauthor of Human Fertility in Russia since the Nineteenth Century ( 1 979 , with Ansley J. Coale and Ema Harm) . She has also written many articles on Soviet population and society. PETER R. CRAUMER (Ph . D . candidate , Columbia University) is a geogra­ pher specializing principally in the study of Soviet agriculture . He is currently conducting research on the Virgin and Idle Lands program in Kazakhstan . ROBERT A . LEWIS (Ph . D . , University of Washington) is Professor of Geography at Columbia University. He is the coauthor of Population Redistribution in the USSR ( 1 979 , with Richard H . Rowland) and has written many articles on population , urbanization , and migration in Russia and the Soviet Union . RONALD D . LIEBOWITZ (Ph . D . ' Columbia University) is Assistant Profes­ sor of Geography at Middlebury College . He works mainly on Soviet regional economic development and has published articles on political geography. RICHARD H . ROWLAND (Ph . D . , Columbia University) is Professor of Geography at California State University-San Bernardino . He is the coauthor of Population Redistribution in the USSR ( 1 979, with Robert A . Lewis) and several articles on urbanization and migration in Russia and the Soviet Union .

11

12

Contributors

MICHAEL PAUL SACKS (Ph . D . ' University of Michigan) is Associate Profes­ sor of Sociology at Trinity College . He wrote Women's Work in Soviet Russia ( 1 976) and Work and Equality in Soviet Society ( 1 982) and edited Contemporary Soviet Society (1980, with Jerry G . Pankhurst) . LEE SCHWARTZ (Ph . D . , Columbia University) is Assistant Professor of Geography in the School of International Service of The American University. His current research interest is Soviet political geography and ethnicity. BRIAN D . SILVER (Ph . D . , University of Wisconsin) is Professor of Politi­ cal Science at Michigan State University and Research Affiliate at the Population Studies Center, University of Michigan . He has published many articles in professional journals and monographs on Soviet ethnic , demographic , and political processes .

HOW TO USE THIS GUIDE

This book is divided into two parts . Part One consists of three chapters on general subjects dealing with the published censuses of Russia and the USSR , followed by five chapters on ten specific topics , the study of which requires the use of census figures . Thus , a researcher investigating ethnicity and language use in the Soviet Union should read the first three chapters for background and then the topical chapter dealing with that particular subject (in this case , the chapter by Brian D . Silver) . Part Two is an index to and list of every published table in the six major censuses taken in Russia ( 1 897) and the USSR ( 1 926 , 1 939 , 1 959, 1 970, and 1 979) . Cross-tabulations (i . e . , combinations of topics , such as " Educational Attainment by Age " ) are provided in great detail . Because the organization of such a complex set of information is itself complicat­ ed, the user is urged to read carefully the Introduction to the Index by Peter R. Craumer.

13

Chapter 1

On the Use of Russian and Soviet Censuses for Research RALPH S. CLEM

The quest for more data and better data is a perennial one in demogra­ phy, as in all science . The improvement in demographic and related data will undoubtedly, however, continue to be limited by the changing concep­ tual framework and research interests of the demographer; the techniques available for obtaining the information with desired reliability, validity, and precision; and the values of differing cultures which dictate what informa­ tion may be politic or impolitic to obtain. (Hauser and Duncan , l 959b: 55)

Seeking better to understand human societies , social scientists constantly confront the question of how to investigate socioeconomic and political issues . If these issues suggest themselves and are properly framed , the main problem then becomes the manner in which evidence can be marshaled , evaluated , and used analytically. Although there are several generic types of social science data (e . g . , surveys , opinion polls , registration systems) , in practice the primary source of empirical information on a society is almost always the national census of population . The United Nations defines a census of population as "the total process of collecting , compiling and publishing demographic , economic and social data pertaining , at a specified time or times , to all persons in a country or delimited territory " ( 1 958: 3 ) . In fact, the attributes that define a census , universality, simultaneity, enu­ meration and compilation of individual characteristics , and specified territory, are collectively the reason why census data are so useful . As Kingsley Davis ( 1 966) put it , the census typically " reveals not only the basic demographic trends , such as population growth , internal population redistribution , urbanization and alterations in the age and sex structure , but also contributes indispensably to a knowledge of changes in the nation' s occupational and industrial composition , in its level of living , education and employment . " To this list of census topics one

17

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Ralph S . Clem

might add ethnic and racial composition , marriage and family structure , religion , and language use . It should be evident from the range of subjects covered in censuses that the information in them is of use not only in the study of demography (narrowly or broadly defined) but also in the study of anthropology, economics , education , ethnic studies , geography, history, political science , sociology-indeed any discipline concerned with the numbers and characteristics of a society or socioeco­ nomic group (Hauser and Duncan , 1 959a: 37-43) . As the social sciences have matured in the era after World War II , the demand for more and better data referred to by Hauser and Duncan has grown commensurately. In addition , bureaucrats and politicians have increasingly realized that knowledge , if not a complete understanding , of socioeconomic conditions and trends as manifested in census data is a useful tool for policymakers . In the postwar period there has accordingly been a rapid expansion and technical upgrading of census taking world­ wide , an activity promoted and aided by the UN through its various agencies (UN , 1 95 8 ; 1 967 ; 1 977) . Consequently, the volume of census information available to the researcher has grown tremendously over the last twenty years (University of Texas , 1 965 ; Goyer and Domschke , 1 98 3 ) . Likewise , greater interest has focused on censuses taken before World War II , as more and more researchers have come to appreciate the value of such enumerations for period or longitudinal studies . In both the historical and contemporary contexts , the acquisition , cataloging , and preservation of national censuses , such as the program at the University of Texas Population Research Center and the Census Library Project of the Library of Congress and Bureau of the Census , have been invaluable (Goyer, 1 980; Dubester, 1 969) . The use of census data is not without problems , however; in many respects , just the opposite is true . Despite the potential implied by the growing quantity of empirical information in the censuses of various countries , the researcher must take a wide array of troublesome difficul­ ties into account when using census figures . Hauser and Duncan ( 1 959b) characterize these difficulties as threefold: coverage , comparability, and quality. In the first instance , they refer to " the completeness with which the target population or class of events is enumerated or registered and the range of information about the unit [ordinarily, the individual] of observation " (Hauser and Duncan , l 959b: 65) . Thus, one might be concerned about the accuracy of the count in terms of individual enumeration and also about the coverage across the range of subject matter. Problems of comparability among censuses and between censuses and other sources of data are often so extensive as to render impossible meaningful direct comparisons over time and space . Unfortunately, such

On the Use of the Censuses

19

pitfalls as different definitions for categories and units are not always recognized , and unwarranted conclusions based on an imperfect under­ standing of the data are not unknown . At the very least, considerable work is often required to establish some useful standard of data comparability. Finally, the issue of data quality-the extent to which the data contain errors of coverage , response , recording , and processing-forces the user to evaluate the figures given and assess their accuracy (if only generally) before drawing judgments from them . Recognizing the immensity of effort involved in conducting a national enumeration , the difficulties in making such concepts as "migration" operational in census question­ naires , and the possibilities for misunderstanding questions or misstating answers , one should approach even the most technically sophisticated census with skepticism . Over the years demographers and other social scientists have developed many methods for recognizing and , in some cases , overcoming census­ data problems . The variety and complexity of these methods are far too vast to be recounted here; instead , the reader is referred to several of the standard works on the subject (Jaffe , 1 95 1 ; Barclay, 1 95 8 ; Shryock and Siegel , 1 980; Coale and Demeny, 1 966) . Census D ata in Russian and Soviet Studies As in most countries , the published censuses of Russia ( 1 897) and the USSR ( 1 926 , 1 959, 1 970, and 1 979) constitute by far the largest and potentially the most useful collection of data on that society. 1 Modern Russian and Soviet enumerations since 1897 cover about one-sixth of the world ' s land area and provide considerable information on many aspects of the country ' s population , including age and sex composition , ethnic and language identification , marriage and family structure , migration patterns , urban and rural residence , educational attainment and literacy levels , and occupations . There are , of course , other important sources of quantitative data in Russian and Soviet studies , many of which relate to and are used in conjunction with census data; these sources will be described below. Given the wealth of information in these volumes , it may at first seem surprising that the Russian and Soviet censuses have been substantially underutilized by researchers , both in works that focus exclusively on Russia or the Soviet Union and in comparative studies . This situation is in part attributable to the fact that in the West the field of Russian and I. There are many valuable sources of quantitative data on Russia before the census of 1 897 , including a few population counts that do not qualify as complete censuses.

20

Ralph S. Clem

Soviet studies is overwhelmingly nonempirical in its topical foci and research methodology ; the field is dominated by nonquantitative history, literature , politics , and language studie s . A review of American and Canadian doctoral dissertations for the 1 970s revealed that only about 1 0 percent dealt with subjects even remotely quantitative i n nature; i n fact, almost five times as many dissertations were written in literature as in economics , geography, and sociology combined (Dossick , 1 97 1-80) . 2 Thus , a relatively small number of researchers are trained in the empirical social sciences in Russian and Soviet area studies . This pronounced nonquantitative bias reduces the demand for and utilization of census data (or other types of socioeconomic data) . Moreover, this topical tendency is inertial , for each new generation of scholars finds coursework and mentors concentrated in the dominant nonquantitative disciplines . One can surmise that language barriers , the added work involved , and a general unfamiliarity with sources have contributed to the dearth of comparative or conceptual studies-the most likely types to require the use of census data-that treat Russia and/or the USSR. Beyond these practical concerns , however, is the important, yet subtle influence of ideology and politics on the objective analysis of Soviet society. As Lewis , Rowland , and Clem ( 1 976: v) explained , " when one specializes in a region or country in any of the social sciences , there seems to be a natural inclination to treat that region as if it were a special or unique case in terms of societal processes, and this inclination is particularly strong if that region has a totalitarian government." With the nonquantitative orientation of Russian and Soviet studies and the unwillingness of most scholars to engage in comparative studies across cultural , national , and ideological boundaries , it is perhaps not surprising that few have chosen to delve into the Russian and Soviet census volumes .

Using Russian and Soviet Census Data: General Problems Although the Russian and Soviet censuses hold great promise for research into historical and contemporary socioeconomic issues , major problems are connected with the use of these data. Of course , these problems may have discouraged potential users and contributed to the chronic underutilization of the censuses . Nevertheless , the use of census data in any context involves difficulties , and those confronting the researcher in Russian and Soviet studies are generally not insurmountable . Of the census problems included in Hauser and Duncan ' s typology, by far the most serious involving the Russian and Soviet enumerations are 2 . This review, of necessity, involved making some determinations as to subject matter and methodology from dissertation titles and therefore should be considered approximate.

On the Use of the Censuses

21

those of comparability. As Robert Lewis discusses at length in Chapter 2 , problems of temporal , definitional , and geographic comparability must be dealt with before one can use the Russian and Soviet data meaningfully. Temporal comparability is vexatious owing to the irregular intercensal periods in Russia and the USSR , which are an impediment especially to cohort analysis . Definitional comparability problems arise when ques­ tions and categories of responses fail to translate reality into operational terms . The investigator must then find some way to reorder the data into comparable (or at least similar) definitions or commit the sin of compar­ ing " apples and oranges . " For example , in their study of historical and geographic trends in urbanization in Russia and the USSR , Lewis and Rowland ( 1 969) found it necessary to reorder all data on urban places into a standard operational definition of ''urban' ' to take into account major differences in usage from census to census . To be sure , in some cases such a reordering is simply not possible , and the data must be used with appropriate caveats for changing definitions and an assessment of the extent to which these differences influence the analysis . Finally, changes in the national territory and the internal political­ administrative unit structure of Russia and the USSR have created significant problems of geographic comparability in the use of census data . As detailed by Lewis , such difficulties can be overcome only through determined efforts . In several studies researchers have compiled data based on a consistent unit structure to facilitate historical and longitudinal analysis of demographic and socioeconomic characteristics and trends . Lorimer ( 1 946: 24 1-49) reordered data from the 1 897 and 1 926 censuses into a set of " study areas " based on 1 939 political­ administrative units . With these figures , he analyzed regional population changes (including both the urban and rural components) for the periods 1 897- 1 926 and 1 926--39 (Lorimer, 1 946: 1 50-72) . However, because the territory of the USSR was appreciably smaller in 1 939 than it was in the census years of 1 897 , 1 95 9, 1 970 , and 1 979 , Lorimer' s units and figures cannot be used for comparisons among all censuses ; neverthe­ less , they are of great value as a check on the validity of other methods . In the most extensive undertaking of its kind , Leasure and Lewis ( 1 966) derived population estimates for nineteen geographically compa­ rable regions (the major economic regions of 1 96 1 ) for the censuses of 1 897 , 1 926 , and 1 959; with a few modifications , data from the 1 970 and 1 979 censuses can be retrofitted into these units . In addition to the total population , the Leasure and Lewis project also generated estimates for the urban population (based on a standard definition) , for the rural population , and for a variety of socioeconomic characteristics . These data were utilized in the study of migration (Leasure and Lewis , 1 967 ; 1 968) , urbanization (Lewis and Rowland , 1 969) , ethnicity (Lewis ,

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Ralph S. Clem

Rowland , and Clem , 1 976) , and population redistribution (Lewis and Rowland , 1 979) . Using essentially the same method , Clem ( 1 977) developed a set of population estimates for 1 926 , 1 959 , and 1 970 which had the 1 42 oblast and equivalent level units of 1 959 as the standard geographic framework . These units can be aggregated into the larger economic regions employed in the Leasure and Lewis study. In another major study, conducted at the Office of Population Research at Princeton University, Coale , Anderson , and Harm ( 1 979) reconstruct­ ed the population in 1 926 within both 1 897 and 1 959170 unit boundaries . Their work , which centered on fertility and its correlates , included variables for nationality composition , literacy, marital status , and age and sex composition for urban and rural components . Because the pivotal 1 926 data were fitted backward and forward , a direct comparison in consistent units among all censuses was not presented . A detailed list of data from this study available to researchers has also been published ( "Available Data . . . , " 1 979) . The principal Soviet work on this subject consists of estimates for the total , urban , and rural populations for 1 926 , 1 939 , 1 959 , and 1 970 (and also an estimate for 1 974) at the oblast level for units as of the 1 970 census (USSR, 1 975 : 1 4-25) . No figures are given for areas outside the USSR in 1 926 (western Ukraine , the Baltic republics , Kaliningrad oblast, western Belorussia, and Moldavia) , although Sakhalin is includ­ ed . Unfortunately, no information is provided regarding the methodology employed to derive these estimates; presumably the team of researchers from the Central Statistical Administration who worked on the project had access to data unavailable in the West, making some insight into their procedures most welcome . Another Soviet source provides some population figures for 1 926 and 1 939 in comparable units ; these data are of limited interest because of the brief period covered and units used but may be of some value for comparison with other estimates (Konstantinov, 1 943) . For coverage and quality of data, we can assume that the later Soviet censuses are more complete and less error prone than those of Russia in 1 897 or the USSR in 1 926. This assumption , however, is based largely on common sense and not on a rigorous comparative study. It seems reasonable to suppose that the introduction of more sophisticated tech­ niques in the most recent enumerations has reduced errors of tabulation and presentation of data . As Lee Schwartz explains in detail in Chapter 3 , quality-control procedures (such as test censuses , postenumeration checks , tighter administrative supervision , training for enumerators , and the introduction of sampling techniques) and the accumulation of census­ taking experience would be expected to improve the accuracy of the

On the Use of the Censuses

23

count. In this respect, Soviet census procedures are in accord with UN recommendations (UN , 1 967) . Details of census procedures and facsimiles of the census schedules (questionnaires) for the 1 926 , 1 939 , 1 959, 1 970, and 1 979 enumerations are in publications of the Central Statistical Administration; these are very important sources and should be consulted by the researcher as appropriate (USSR , 1 926; 1 958a; 1 969a; 1 978; Pod"yachikh , 1 957a; l 957b) . Likewise , reports of census-planning conferences , meetings of statisticians , and other works that include discussions of key points involving census questionnaire design are valuable for the insights they provide into methodological issues (lsupov and Borisov, 1 978; Maksimov, 1 976; Ter-Izrael ' yan , 1 979; USSR , 1 958b; 1 969b) .

Availability of Data Regardless of the accuracy of the count and tabulations , census data are of little value to the researcher if they are not published or otherwise made available in a form suitable for scientific analysis . Serious discus­ sion in the West about the reliability and availability of Soviet statistics dates back at least to the extended debate on the subject in The Review of Economics and Statistics in the late 1 940s and early 1 950s (Dobb , 1 948; Gerschenkron , 1 950; Jasny, 1 950; Marx , 1 950; Rice , 1 952; Schwartz , 1 948; Turgeon , 1 952) . Although most of these-and later-treatments dealt mainly with economic statistics , demographic data (from either the censuses or the registration system) are certainly subject to the same vagaries . The essence of these examinations of Soviet data problems is that whereas outright falsification of the figures is unknown , Soviet statistics of all types have always been published selectively and often in a format that is not entirely straightforward . It appears , moreover, that through the 1 970s data publication was curtailed in a variety of statistical sources . For example , one study disclosed that the amount of economic and other data published in the annual Narodnoye khozyaystvo volumes declined between 1 5 and 20 percent over the period 1 974-79 ( Crosnier and Tiraspolsky, 1 980) . This severe retrenchment in the publication of data by the Soviet government is especially ironic in light of the rapidly expanding econom­ ic and demographic data base for most of the world , including many developing countries . Thus, it is striking to note that the published volumes for the 1 970 Soviet census (242 million people , 8 . 6 million square miles) contain less data than the 1 973 census of Colombia (23 million people , 440 ,000 square miles) . It is interesting to note that this

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Ralph S. Clem

paucity of published data has been criticized by Soviet scholars as well: The published results of the censuses and the delays in their release by no means encourage the utilization of the data. The materials of the population census for 1926 came to 56 ponderous volumes; for 1959, to only 16 volumes, most of which were slender little notebooks in size . But size is not the chief thing . The scientific value of the published 1959 census data is incomparably less than that of the 1926 census . Little scientific meaning can be squeezed out of the data . (Perevedentsev, 1967)

This is not to say, of course , that extensive data from the 1 959 and later censuses do not exist. Indeed , probably the most frustrating aspect of research on Soviet society occurs when one encounters unpublished census data in work by Soviet scholars . For instance, in an important article on the social structure of ethnic groups of the USSR, the Soviet sociologist Y u . V. Arutyunyan referred to the 1 95 9 census as the source of data on labor-force participation by nationality; in fact , the data do not appear in the printed volumes (Arutyunyan , 1 972: 3-20) . In another case , a study of the socioeconomic development of the Yakut ASSR includes figures on the ethnic composition of that unit from the 1 939 census ; no ethnic data for subnational units from the 1 939 census have ever been released as census publications (Gogolev, 1 972: 24 7) . Exam­ ples of this phenomenon are common in the Soviet literature . It is difficult to understand why the supply of Soviet census data was so limited to begin with and even more difficult to comprehend why the published results are being further curtailed . One reason for this hesitan­ cy to publish figures might be that the Soviet government views some social and economic trends as unfavorable or as reflecting badly on conditions in the USSR. This desire to avoid embarrassment by concealing socioeconomic or demographic trends not in strict accord with official portrayals of life in the USSR has in a number of cases served to make research on Soviet society difficult. The principal methods employed in this often subtle form of censor­ ship are the withholding of entire categories of information and-a tactic that has a major impact on published census materials-the changing of format in which data are given in order to disguise unbecoming details . Sacks ( 1 979) found that in cases where female workers were under­ represented in certain occupations or in the higher ranks within an occupation , categories were often combined or full particulars withheld altogether to obscure the actual situation . As he noted , " it is enlightening not only to study this material for what it reveals directly about Soviet society, but also for what it systematically concealed or distorted and how this changes over time" (Sacks , 1 979: 1 ) . If, as seems apparent , the Soviet government seeks to manipulate data

On the Use of the Censuses

25

for the purpose of obfuscation , its attempts are frequently clumsy and often produce the opposite result. The much-publicized cutoff in the publication of infant mortality data for the USSR after 1 974 illustrates this point (Davis and Feshbach , 1 980) . For three consecutive years , figures were released showing a rise in infant mortality, after which time publication of the data ceased . It hardly appears clever to provide evidence of an unfavorable trend and then to compound negative publici­ ty by withholding amplifying or mitigating information; as a result Western scholars have taken much adverse notice of the situation in the belief that the Soviet government is hiding something . Likewise , in the case of the missing female occupational data, the fact that more detailed information had been given earlier made it possible to uncover later omissions and to infer from the pattern of format changes which trends were contrary to the official view. In any event , social scientists in the West have long had to use various statistical methods and considerable ingenuity to overcome problems of missing data or deficiencies in the published figures . It may be that the tenacity and inventiveness of these efforts have proven nettlesome to those in the USSR who seek to veil the country ' s socioeconomic conditions . If the Soviet government decides to withhold additional census information , researchers requiring Soviet data may need to be even more resourceful in their attempts to obtain maximum benefit therefrom .

Census and Noncensus Data In addition to the analytic uses to which census data may be put directly, there are any number of research topics that require the use of figures from the censuses together with quantitative information from other sources . A thorough review of noncensus socioeconomic data is beyond the scope of this work; what follows is meant to be illustrative and not exhaustive . Anderson ( 1 977) is an excellent reference to a number of noncensus-data sources (as well as census subjects) . Essays in this volume on particular topics include discussions of noncensus sources and the relationship of these data to census figures . Ordinarily, noncensus socioeconomic data on the USSR originate from various branches of the registration system in that country and therefore pose certain problems in terms of both their completeness and their definitional consistency with census information . These two problems emerge mainly because the registration system is incomplete and incon­ sistent in its coverage and often employs definitions of socioeconomic characteristics different from those used in census enumeration . The

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Ralph S. Clem

degree to which inconsistencies among different sources of data measur­ ing the same or essentially the same thing exist was demonstrated convincingly by Anderson and Silver ( 1 985) . Employing survival tech­ niques based on various mortality assumptions , they used school enroll­ ment data to assess the completeness of birth registration and the accuracy of the enumeration of children in the 1 959 and 1 970 Soviet censuses . The three sources produced figures that were often markedly different . One usually finds census data used as a base population to calculate rates in conjunction with noncensus figures . Thus , the publication of books in the languages of certain peoples of the USSR (noncensus data) can be compared with the population of different ethnic groups (census data) . In another case , data on marriages according to ethnic identifica­ tion (noncensus data) can be combined with the population of ethnic groups (census data) to develop an index of endogamy (Chuiko , 1 975) . Census and noncensus information can also be used jointly to estimate population change . Grandstaff' s study of interregional migration in the USSR ( 1 980) employed a residual method using census populations and reported vital statistics , a census survival method based on census age distributions , and migration data from the 1 970 Soviet census .

Noncensus Sources of Socioeconomic Data Again , the range of noncensus sources of information on the USSR is wide; here we will only refer to those commonly used for the study of Soviet society. In 1 95 6 , the Soviet government began publication of the Narodnoye khozyaystvo series , a yearly compendium of social and economic statis­ tic s . Typically, an annual volume contains information on territory, population , and the economy for the country and for subnational units . Demographic characteristics might include nationality groups; educational attainment; population estimates (in some cases actual census figures) for various units and cities; and rates of marriage , divorce , birth , death , and natural increase . Data on the labor force , on the education and health care systems , and on different indicators of the quality of life are also present . In addition , most subnational units of the USSR have published similar statistical handbooks , albeit irregularly; in many cases these regional editions contain data not found in the national volume . The Center for International Research of the U. S . Bureau of the Census has published a bibliography of regional statistical handbooks as a research aid (Heinemeier, 1 984) . At least two volumes with the title Narodnoye obrazovaniye, nauka i kultura v SSSR have been published (USSR , 1 97 1 ; 1 977) . They contain

On the Use of the Censuses

27

considerable information on education , science , culture , literature , and the arts for different years for the country as a whole and for subnational units . Vestnik statistiki is the monthly journal of the Central Statistical Administration . In addition to articles , reviews , and notices , the journal contains statistics on a variety of socioeconomic subjects (many are series published annually) .

Other Sources of Population Data The Foreign Demographic Analysis Division (FDAD) of the U. S . Bureau of the Census has long been deeply involved in the study of the demography of the USSR and as part of that effort has produced several sets of population estimates and projections which may be of value to other researchers . Specifically, Brackett ( 1 964) gave detailed age and sex estimates and projections for the period 1 959-85 based on the 1 959 census and other sources . Baldwin ( 1 979) presented population projec­ tions by age and sex for the USSR , the fifteen union republics, and nineteen major economic regions for 1 970 to 2000 (see also Baldwin , 1 97 3 ; 1 975) . In addition to the estimates and projections, these reports contain information on methodology and on population trends in the USSR. Further, FDAD has conducted studies of the labor force and employment in the USSR which incorporate census and noncensus data for estimates and projections (Depauw, 1 968; Rapawy, 1 976; Reed , 1 967) . Inciependently, Biraben ( 1 976) derived single-year age distribu­ tions from different censuses . Finally, the researcher may find it useful to consult compendiums of Soviet statistics published in the West; not only are various socioeco­ nomic and other data series presented but some useful discussions of sources and methodology are included as well . Ordinarily, such volumes give figures only at the national level and, unfortunately, some are out of date . In particular, the Handbook of Soviet Social Science Data (Mickiewicz , 1 973) and The East European and Soviet Data Handbook (Shoup , 1 98 1 ) are good examples of this genre .

Age Data in Russian and Soviet Censuses

The Importance of Age Data Census data on the age composition of the population deserve special attention for three reasons: they reflect and influence basic demographic trends and indices thereof, they can be used to evaluate the accuracy and completeness of enumerations , and-most important-age relates direct-

28

Ralph S. Clem

ly to virtually all other socioeconomic characteristics (Shryock and Siegel , 1 980: 20 1 ) . Accordingly, age data in the Russian and Soviet censuses are treated in this introductory essay by way of a general overview and are also discussed in the individual topical chapters that follow (where appropriate as age is cross-tabulated with other subjects) . In the first regard , the age structure of a population is determined by levels of fertility and mortality (and , in some cases , migration) , as new increments are added (through fertility and migration) and subtracted (through mortality and migration) over time . Thus , the distribution of the population by age will reflect past demographic conditions , with certain patterns recognized as consistent with different combinations of fertility, mortality, and migration . In its tum , the age structure will influence future demographic trends , as cohorts tend to " echo " through the population; for example , a " baby boom" resulting in a larger than normal number of births will likely produce more children in absolute terms when that large birth cohort passes through the marriage and childbearing ages . Because age is such an important determinant of demographic events (i . e . , most demographic events are age specific) , it is essential to have the aggregate population decomposed by age as the basis for analyzing and projecting population trends . In studying fertility, for example , it is vital to know the " at risk" component of the total population , in this case the number of women ages 1 5-44 (sometimes 1 5-49 is used) . The fact that the percentage of the total constituting that component group varies considerably from place to place or from time to time makes age standardization a requirement for rigorous analysis . Second , age data are valuable to the demographer and social scientist because tabulations by age provide insights into the accuracy of the enumeration; as was suggested earlier, at least some attempt should be made to assess the quality of census data before using them as the principal basis for research . In the case of age data, deviations from established , or expected , regularities in the composition of the popula­ tion by age (and sex) probably indicate qualitative shortcomings in the enumeration in general . The UN, for example , regularly evaluates the accuracy of national population censuses by means of Whipple' s Index , a measure that gives an indication of errors in age reporting (UN , 1 974; 1 980a) . Other than the obvious problem of underenumeration , the most common deficiency in census age data involves the misreporting of age , especially the tendency to prefer or avoid certain ages or digits (which produces " age heaping " ) . Age heaping is most common in censuses taken in less-developed societies , but the phenomenon manifests itself to some degree even in modem , industrialized countries . Several methods exist whereby the reasonableness of a census age distribution can be judged , and techniques for correcting major discrepancies (which cannot

On the Use of the Censuses

29

be accounted for by other evidence) or estimating a more likely distribu­ tion are well established (Shryock and Siegel , 1 980: 204-29) . Finally, most socioeconomic characteristics of a population vary con­ siderably by age to the extent that it is necessary in most instances to take age structure into account in the analysis of such phenomena. For example , researchers must consider the importance of age structure when estimating the school-age population for a study of education , the number of adults for a determination of labor-force participation , and the percentage of the population over 65 for purposes of investigating the situation of older persons . Because the distribution of a population by age is likely to change (sometimes dramatically) over time or vary among groups within a society, failure to control for these variations can bias comparisons significantly. For example , Jones and Grupp ( 1 982) demonstrated how numerous studies of the ethnic situation in the USSR were seriously in error because no account was taken of major differ­ ences in age composition among Soviet nationalities--differences that had an especially important influence on the measurement of political participation , educational attainment , and specialized occupations . Several relatively simple age structural indices are widely employed in the social sciences to give an indication of longitudinal or cross-sectional variation in age composition; the ratio of children and older persons to the working population (the dependency ratio) , which is often used to illustrate the economic and social implications of rapid population growth , is such an index (Shryock and Siegel , 1 980: 235 ) .

Russian and Soviet Census Age Date: Inventory and Assessment Each of the Russian and Soviet censuses contains considerable age data and cross-tabulations of socioeconomic characteristics with age . Ironically, the earlier censuses ( 1 897 and 1 926) not only include more detailed age data and cross-tabulations but also provide figures for lower-level political-administrative units than do the later enumerations ( 1 959 and 1 970) . The 1 979 census presents the most serious problem in terms of age-data availability, since no figures by age are contained in the single volume published to date (USSR, 1 984) . The extent to which the earlier censuses are more richly endowed with age data can be appreciated by looking at the entries for the major category "AGE" in the keyword index section of this volume . Specifically, the 1 897 and 1 926 censuses contain data for single years of age , for age in months for children under one , and by ten-year groups in units down to the uezd level and for many individual towns and cities . Additionally, as the keyword index shows , there is a wide range of cross-tabulations by age group with other characteristics of the popula-

30

Ralph S. Clem

tion . The 1 959 and 1 970 censuses abandoned the practice of publishing single-year-of-age data; the 1 939 census figures, published in the 1 959 tables , are likewise grouped by age . Furthermore , the number of cross­ tabulations published has been curtailed , as has the availability of figures for tertary level political-administrative units ( i . e . , oblasts , ASSRs , and krays) . In certain categories , different age groups are utilized , thereby increasing the difficulty of constructing other cross-tabulations ; although this can often be accomplished by combining smaller into larger groups , the detail inherent i n the original smaller groups will be lost . Finally, as was mentioned earlier, the different lengths of intercensus periods create difficulties in using the 1 959 and 1 970 census age data because the eleven-year span does not allow for direct matching of the published five-year age groups . Thus, to evaluate preliminary age and sex data from the 1 970 Soviet census , Lewis and Clem ( l 97 1 ) had to disaggregate the reported 1 970 figures into single years using Sprague' s constant multipliers and recombine the results to fit the eleven-year period . If age data from the 1 979 census are eventually forthcoming in detail , the same problem will arise in comparisons with 1 970 owing to a nine-year period and five- and ten-year age groups . The researcher will find the age estimates made by the Foreign Demographic Analysis Division (Brackett, 1 964; B aldwin , 1 97 3 ; 1 97 5 ; 1 979) and B iraben ( 1 976) to be useful supplements to the published figures . The accuracy of Russian and Soviet census data almost certainly improves over time . The 1 897 census especially suffers from age heaping ; thus , researchers would be prudent to combine the single-year figures into age groups . Unfortunately, Soviet age data are not evaluated by the UN because the USSR does not report the single-year-of-age figures needed to derive Whipple' s Index of digit preference . This index , which ranges from 1 00 (no preference) to 500 (maximum preference for the digits "O" and " 5 " ) , is normally calculated for the ages 23 to 62 , with greater digit preference indicating lesser accuracy in the data (Shryock and Siegel , 1 980: 205-26) . However, one Soviet study of age-data accuracy, presumably based on unpublished single-year figures , gave values for Whipple' s Index for the Russian and Soviet censuses as : 1 897- 1 7 5 , 1 926- 1 5 9 , 1 939- 1 1 3 , 1 959- 1 09 , and 1 970-- 1 0 1 , values that lend credence to qualitative improvements over time (Kolosova, 1 976: 1 67) . However, evidence suggests that-as is true for any census-inaccuracies continue to be a problem , even in the most recent enumerations . In an analysis of age data from the 1 959 Soviet census , Myers ( l 964) conclud­ ed that there was reason to suspect age reporting , particularly among older persons . Similarly, the Soviet demographer M . S . Bednyy ( 1 972) criticized age data in the censuses as likely to be in error. Lewis and

On the Use of the Censuses

31

Clem ( 1 97 1 ) found serious inconsistencies in a comparison of reported age groups for the 1 959 and 1 970 censuse s . In one case , for example , a cohort increased in numbers from the earlier to the later enumeration (an impossibility in a society closed to large-scale immigration) , indicating a likely underenumeration or significant age misreporting (or both) in the 1 959 count . Bennett and Garson ( 1 983) conducted an extensive study of age and mortality patterns in the USSR using 1 959 and 1 970 Soviet census data, Soviet life tables , and a method for deriving estimates of life expectancy. They determined that official data were characterized by pronounced age overstatement, calling into question the much-publicized overrepresentation of centenarians in the Soviet population . Finally, by comparing census age distributions with school enrollment figures , Anderson and Silver ( 1 985) noted apparent underenumeration of pre­ school children and adolescents older than mandatory school age in both the 1 959 and 1 970 censuses . They attributed this phenomenon to an incomplete housing registration system (on which the census count is conducted) and to the universal problem of the enumeration of highly geographically mobile young persons . A t least some of these inaccuracies derive from the manner i n which people are asked about their age in Soviet censuses . The UN recom­ mends that individuals be asked their date of birth , from which the census agency can figure the person' s age in its data tabulation process . Until the 1 970 census , the USSR employed a less desirable (but common) method whereby people were asked to provide the enumerator with their age in completed years . This method has been shown to increase the ambiguity in responses (UN , 1 980b: 74-76) . Beginning with the 1 970 enumeration , the Soviet census included both the question requesting date of birth and the one requesting age in completed years , allowing an individual to respond to either. Finally, the Soviet census does not allocate persons who report age unknown , but the number of such cases is usually quite small.

References Anderson , B arbara A .

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by Age and Sex: 1 950 to 2000. U . S . , Bureau of the Censu s , International Population Reports , Series P-9 1 , no. 23 . Washington , D . C . ---

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by Age and Sex: 1 973 to 2000 . U . S . , Bureau of the Censu s , International Population Reports , Series P-91 , no . 24 . Washington , D . C . --- . 1 979 . Population Projections by Age and Sex for the Republics and Major

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J; Est, no . 245: 3-30. Translated in Foreign Broadcast Information Service , JPRS , U S S R Report, 1 / 1 0001 , 22 September 1 98 1 .

Davis , Christopher, and Murray Feshbac h . 1 980. " Rising Infant Mortality in the

U . S . S . R . in the l 970 ' s . " U . S . , Bureau of the Census , International Population Reports , Series P-95 , no . 74 . Washington, D . C .

Davis, Kingsley. 1 966 . Encyclopaedia Britannica, s . v. " censu s . "

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1 968 . Measures of Agricultural Employment i n the U.S . S .R . :

1 950-66. U . S . , Bureau of the Census , International Population Reports , Series P-95 , no . 65 . Washington , D . C . Dobb , Maurice . 1948 . " Further Appraisals o f Russian Economic Statistics . " Review

of Economics and Statistics 30, no . I: 34-3 8 .

Dossick, Jesse J . 197 1 -1980 . " Doctoral Dissertations o n Russia, the Soviet Union, and Eastern Europe . " Slavic Review 30, no . 4: 927-4 1 ; 31, no . 4: 95 1 -66; 32, no . 4: 866-8 1 ; 3 3 , no . 4: 848-62; 34, no . 4: 882-96 ; 3 5 , no . 4: 786-80 1 ; 3 6 , no . 4: 7 3 4-47 ; 3 7 , no . 4: 7 3 3-4 8 ; 3 8 , no . 4: 727-37 ; 3 9 , no . 4: 728-4 1 . Dubester, Henry J . 1969 . National Censuses and Vital Statistics in Europe, 1 91 8-1939:

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An Annotated Bibliography. Reprinted from 1 948 edition . New York: Burt Franklin. Gerschenkron, Alexander. 1 950. " Comments on Naum Jasny ' s ' S oviet Statistic s . ' "

Review of Economics and Statistics 3 2 , no . 3: 250-5 1 . Gogolev, Z . V.

1 972 . Sotsial' no-ekonomicheskoye razvitiye Yakutii. Novosibirsk:

Nauka, Sibirskoye Otdeleniye. Goyer, Doreen S. 1 980. The International Population Census Bibliography : Revision

and Update, 1 945-1977. New York: Academic Press . Goyer, Doreen S . , and Eliane Domschke . 1 983 . The Handbook of National Popula­

tion Censuses. Westport , Conn . : Greenwood Press . Grandstaff,

Peter J .

1 980. Interregional Migration i n the U. S . S .R . : Economic

Aspects, 1 959-1 970 . Durham: Duke University Press . Hauser, Philip M . , and Otis Dudley Duncan . 1 959a. " The Nature of Demography." In The Study of Population, ed . Hauser and Duncan , 29-44. Chicago: University of Chicago Press . ---

. 1 959b . " The Data and Methods . " In The Study of Population , 45-15 . See

Hauser and Duncan , l 959a. Heinemeier, Meredith M. 1 984 . Bibliography of Regional Statistical Handbooks in

the U.S . S . R . 3d ed. U. S . , Bureau of the Census , Center for International Researc h , Washington, D . C . lsupov, A . A . , and V. A . Borisov. 1 978 . Vsesoyuznaya perepis ' naseleniya 1 9 79

goda . Moscow : Znaniye . Jaffe , A . J . 1 95 1 . Handbook of Statistical Methods for Demographers . U. S ., Bureau of the Censu s , Washington, D . C . Jasny, Naum. 1 950. " Soviet Statistic s . " Review of Economics and Statistics 3 2 , no . l : 92-99 . Jone s , Ellen , and Fred W. Grupp .

1 98 2 . " Measuring Nationality Trends in the

Soviet Union: A Research Note . " Soviet Studies 4 1 : l l 2-22 . Kolosova, G. I . 1 976 . " Pol , vozrast i sostoyaniye v brake naseleniya SSSR . " In

Vsesoyuznaya perepis' naseleniya 1970 goda: Sbornik statey, ed . G. M . Maksimov, 1 65-80 . Moscow : Statistika.

Konstantinov, 0. A.

1 943 . " Geograficheskiye razlichiya v dinamike gorodskogo

naseleniya SSSR . " lzvestiya Vsesoyuznogo Geogrqficheskogo Obshchestva 16, no . 6 : l l -25 . Leasure , J . William , and Robert A. Lewis . 1 966 . Population Changes in Russia and

the USSR : A Set of Comparable Territorial Units. San Diego : San Diego State College Press . ---

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2: 479-96 . ---

. 1 968 . " I nternal Migration in Russia in the late Nineteenth Century." Slavic

Review 27 : 375-94 . Lewis ,

R.

A . , and R. S . Clem . 1 97 1 . "An Evaluation of Preliminary Age and Sex

Data from the 1 970 Soviet Census . " Paper presented at the Joint Annual Meeting of New England and Middle Atlantic States Divisions , Association of American Geographers , New York . Lewis , Robert A . , and Richard H . Rowland . 1 969 . "Urbanization in Russia and the

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. 1 97 9 . Population Redistribution in the USSR . New York: Praeger.

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Population Change in Russia and the USSR . New York: Praeger. Lorimer, Frank . 1 946. The Population of the Soviet Union: History and Prospects . Geneva: League of Nations . Maksimov, G.

M.

1 97 6 .

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statey. Moscow : Statistika. Marx , Danie l , Jr. 1 950. " Comments on Nauru Jasny ' s ' Soviet Statistic s . ' " Review

of Economics and Statistics 3 2 , no . 3: 25 1 -5 2 . M ickiewicz, Ellen , ed. 1 973 . Handbook of Soviet Social Science Data . New York: Free Press . Myers , Robert J . 1 964 . "Analysis of Mortality in the Soviet Union according to 1 95 8-59 Life Tables . " Transactions of the Society of Actuaries 1 6 : 309- 1 7 .

Perevedentsev, V.

1 967 . " Controversy about the Census . ' ' Current Digest of the Soviet Press 1 9 , no . 2: 1 5- 1 6 . Original in Literaturnaya Gazeta, 1 1 January 1 967 , 1 3 .

Pod"yachikh,

P.

G.

1 957a.

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Gosstatizdat. ---

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1 959 g .

Vsesoyuznoy perepsisi naseleniya i osnovnykh polozheniyakh organizatsionnogo plana ee provedeniya . " Vestnik statisiki, no . 4: 49-76 . Rapawy, Stephen . 1 97 6 . Estimates and Projections of the Labor Force and Civilian

Employment in the U. S . S . R . : 1 950 to 1 990 . U . S . , Bureau of Economic Analysis, Foreign Economic Report, no . 10. Washington, D . C . Reed, Ritchie H . 1 967 . Estimates and Projections of the Labor Force and Civilian

Employment in the U. S . S .R . : 1 950-1 975 . U . S . , Bureau of the Census , Interna­ tional Population Reports , Series P-9 1 , no . 1 5 . Washington, D . C . Rice , Stuart A . 1 95 2 . " Statistical Conceptions in the Soviet Union Examined from Generally Accepted Scientific Viewpoints . ' ' Review of Economics and Statistics 34, no . I : 82-8 6 .

S acks, Michael Paul . 1 97 9 . " Missing Female Occupational Categories in the Soviet Censuses . ' ' Paper presented at the Annual Convention of the American Associa­ tion for the Advancement of S lavic Studie s , New Haven, Conn . Schwartz , Harry. 1 948 . "A Critique of 'Appraisals of Russian Economic Statistic s . ' "

Review of Economics and Statistics 30, no . 1 : 3 8--4 1 . S houp , Paul S .

1 98 1 . The East European and Soviet Data Handbook: Political,

Social, and Developmental Indicators, 1 945-1975 . New York: Columbia Univer­ sity Press . Shryock , Henry S . , and Jacob S . Siegel .

1 980 . The Methods and Materials of

Demography. 2 vol s . Washington , D . C . : Bureau of the Census . Ter-lzrael ' yan , T. G . , ed. 1 97 9 . Sovershenstvovaniye gosudarstvennoy statistiki na

sovremennom etape (Materialy Vsesoyuznogo soveshchaniya statistikov) . Moscow : Statistika . Turgeon , Lynn . 1 95 2 . " On the Reliability of Soviet Statistic s . ' ' Review of Econom­

ics and Statistics 34, no . 1 : 75-7 6 .

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United Nations . Department of Economic and Social Affairs . 1 967 . Principles and

Recommendations for the 1 970 Population Censuses. Statistical Papers , Series M , no . 44 . New York . ---

. 1 974 . Demographic Yearbook, 1973 . New York .

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Demographic Yearbook, 1 979, 1 2- 1 4 . New York . . 1 980b . Principles and Recommendations for Population and Housing

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tional Population Censuses. Statistical Papers , Series M, no . 27 . New York . 1 965 . International Population

University of Texas . Population Research Center.

Census Bibliography. Volumes 1 -6 and Supplement. Austin , Tex . USSR. Tsentral ' noye Statisticheskoye Upravleniye . 1 926. Sbornik proektov programm

Vsesoyuznoy perepisi 1 926 g. Moscow : Ts . S . U. Soyuza S S R . ---

. 1 958a. Vsesoyuznaya perepis ' naseleniya 1 959 goda . Moscow : Gosudar­

stvennoye lzdatel ' stvo Politicheskoy Literatury. ---

. 1 958b. Vsesoyuznoye soveshchaniye statistikov 4-8 yunya 1 958 g . : doklady,

vystupleniya v preniyakh i resheniya. Moscow: Gosudarstvennoye Statisticheskoye Izdate l ' stvo . ---

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1 969a. Vsesoyuznaya perepis ' naseleniya-vsenarodnoye delo . Moscow :

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stenograficheskiy otchet. Moscow : Statistika. --- . 1 97 1 . Narodnoye obrazovaniye, nauka i kultura v SSSR . Moscow: Statistika. ---

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perepisi naseleniya 1 979 goda . Moscow : Finansy i Statistika.

Chapter 2

Data Comparability Problems in the Study of the Soviet Population ROBERT A . LEWIS

Problems in the comparability of census data-that is, the extent to which definitions and geographic units vary over time---c onstitute a major obstacle to research in the social sciences . The purpose of this chapter is to discuss the problems of data comparability in the Russian and Soviet censuses with respect to territory, the definition of various categories , and the periods between censuses . Also , details of a major effort to overcome many of these technical difficulties will be provided as an illustration both of the magnitude of the data comparability problems inherent in the Russian and Soviet censuses and of the procedures by which these problems can be mitigated .

The S ignificance of the Study of Population Processes To emphasize the importance of census data and their use in social science research , I will preface my remarks on problems of data comparability with some thoughts on the significance of the study of population in the broader socioeconomic context . Simply put , if rele­ vance or significance in the social sciences is defined in terms of increasing our understanding of ourselves and the society and world around u s , then a knowledge of basic demographic processes is essential because these processes involve fundamental aspects of human experi­ ence and constitute a major force shaping any society. We are born , we age , we go to school , we work , we move , we reproduce , and we die . Censuses are our chief sources of data for the study of these demograph­ ic processes and their determinants and the manner in which the size and structure of a population interrelates with the socioeconomic and natural environments . 36

Data Comparability Problems

37

The most momentous and pivotal events in human history have been the dramatic declines in mortality and fertility and the rapid urbanization of society which have occurred in the West in the past century or so . These profound changes have resulted in other pervasive societal trends , affecting virtually all aspects of society. It is probably fair to say that these events have not been adequately reflected in historical writings . In addition to economic , political , geographic , and social factors , demographic forces shape a society and must be studied if we are to understand a society and make guarded forecasts as to future trends . With respect to forecasts , more can be said about demographic processes than can about other social or economic trends because the workers and parents for the next twenty years have already been born . The principal reason why a knowledge of demographic processes is essential to understanding social change-aside from the obvious fact that they are interrelated-is that so many crucial events affecting society are age specific , including birth , death , marriage , migration , work-force partici­ pation , educational attainment, crime , consumption , voting , retirement , and generational differences in life-styles . Consequently, major shifts in age distribution resulting from demographic trends can have desirable or undesirable effects on a society. For example , the impact of the rise in fertility which resulted in the "baby boom" generation in the United States on nurseries , schools , college s , the work force , the housing market , and eventually the retired population and the social security system is well known . To cite another case , the decline in death rates in developing countries brought about rapid population growth and a younger population , which in turn resulted in a less favorable ratio of productive to nonproductive individuals . Under certain conditions , this demographic situation affected savings and investment and hindered social and economic development; these and other problems that rapid population growth has caused in the developing world are well documented. Changing age composition can also have beneficial effects on a society. Thus , a decline in fertility-which occurred in most developed countries-results in a declining rate of growth of new entrants to the work force , a development that over time should alleviate unemployment problems (if work-force participation rates and economic conditions remain constant) . Fertility decline also results in an increasing share of the population in the working ages and thus a decreasing dependency burden . Other alterations in the structure of a population , such as the sex ratio or ethnic composition , can also affect a society. Suffice it to say, then, that virtually every social or economic problem facing a country has a demographic dimension . However, one must avoid what might be termed "demographic determinism" in appra1smg the effects of population change on a society because demographic

38

Robert A. Lewis

processes interrelate with a variety of other forces ; after all , the " sins" of environmental and economic determinism resulted from exaggerating the influence of one factor in the human milieu . One illustration of single-factor determinism in the Soviet context is the purported psycho­ logical and political impact of the decline in the Russian ethnic group' s share of the Soviet population . Clearly, dominance i n a multiethnic state does not relate solely to brute numbers but to political , historical , economic , cultural , and ideological factors as well . Moreover, there is no indication that the dominance o f the Russians has varied relative to their share of the population . In the Russian Empire in 1 897 , the Russians comprised 44 percent of the population , a figure that rose to 5 3 percent i n 1 926--primarily because o f the loss o f territory inhabited b y non-Russians-and t o 5 8 percent i n 1 939 . Largely owing to the territori­ al acquisitions during World War II , the percentage of Russians in the Soviet population declined to 55 percent in 1 959 and , because of declining natural increase compared to other Soviet ethnic groups , to 5 3 percent i n 1 970 and 52 percent i n 1 979 . There is n o reason t o believe that political or psychological trauma or a diminution in the dominance of the Russians will ensue when their share slowly drops below 50 percent . Likewise , the changing ethnic composition of draftees into the Soviet armed forces or the decline in the growth of the work force does not necessarily herald demographic crises . The essential point is that population changes , important as they may be , are not the only factors to be considered and that the effects of demographic trends on the Soviet society and polity should not be overstated if we are to assess conditions in that country.

The Importance of Data in Social Science Research Data , theory, and method are the essential elements of research . Scholarly research requires a rough balance in these elements in order to avoid the common academic inclination toward excessive and tedious description , method for its own sake , and theory unconfirmed and unrelated to reality. Whereas theory and method are the subject of considerable academic attention and admiration , data considerations are generally neglected and considered mundane . Even in demography, a heavily empirical discipline , little has been written on data problems relative to work on theory and method . Most failures in research , however, can be attributed to lack of data. If theories are lacking , new hypotheses can usually be formulated , and if new methods are required , they can ordinarily be devised , but as a rule appropriate data cannot be generated.

Data Comparability Problems

39

Thus , the first concern in applied social science research is acquiring the requisite data; the application of method and theory is normally of secondary importance . Because data are not collected specifically for one ' s own research and are frequently lacking , in most instances it is necessary to use surrogates or to employ a complex methodology to deal with less than satisfactory data. On the other hand , if data are adequate , elaborate methods are often not required . The above , of course, is not to deny an appropriate respect for theory and method . In the social sciences , data skepticism is of the utmost importance and is the mark of scholarly maturity. The mindless acceptance of published data as accurate or representative of the phenomena under investigation often results in erroneous interpretation and bad scholarship . Kingsley Davis has rightly deplored the tendency in demographic research to apply sophisticated methods to unevaluated and often unreliable data without a conceptual framework and then uncritically accept the results (Davis , 1 965 : 1 47) . If the essence of good scholarship is asking the right questions , then the questions that are asked should be appropriate to the accuracy of the data at hand . Thus , investigating operational definitions and evaluating data are crucial steps in research . Some questions can be answered with relatively bad data, but others cannot . Instead of asking if the data are accurate , the researcher should consider how accurate they are and if they are sufficiently representative of the subject under investigation . But above all , with respect to data skepticism, the researcher should realize that virtually all population data contain errors resulting from deficiencies in collection and tabulation and from inconsistencies in response to question s . These types of errors occur in censuse s , even though census data are usually collected more systematically and result from more straightforward questions than most other kinds of socioeco­ nomic data . Census questionnaires , instructions to census takers , and census sample surveys are of great importance when evaluating the accuracy of the data. Errors in the registration of vital statistics are even more common because of the difficulty in defining some demographic events (such as what constitutes a birth) , regional variations in the use of medical facilities , and other factors that affect reporting . In addition to its crucial importance in analysis , the disaggregation of data is very useful in evaluating accuracy because there are frequently geographic differences in the quality of enumeration . This is especially true of the USSR. Thus , if unexpected variations in data are discovered , the first step should be to question the accuracy of the figures themselves . Data considerations are particularly important i n the study of popula­ tion because the essential elements of demographic research are ( 1 ) the ordering of the data into consistent definitional and territorial categories;

40

Robert A . Lewis

(2) the evaluation of the data; (3) the calculation of standardized measures; and (4) the application of demographic and statistical methods and theory to the data for estimation and analysis . Thus , data compara­ bility and data considerations are central in demographic research .

The Problem of Data Comparability The basis of the general problem of data comparability is that most data are artifacts , and thus there are few uniquely correct definitions , territorial units , or temporal periods for which data can be collected . This is so because most statistical data are continuous , and their demarcation into categories i s , in most instances , arbitrary (Jaffe , 1 982: 5-8 ) . In practice , one encounters three types of comparability problems: definitional , territorial , and temporal . I n the first instance , if there were uniquely correct , universal , and constant definitions for demographic phenomena, there would be no problems of definitional comparability. Instead , of course , operational definitions of seemingly unambiguous events differ markedly from country to country and over time because changing conditions require changing definitions . Likewise , the territorial units in which data are collected and published are also artifacts and can bias data. Regionalization is merely the spatial aspect of the classification problem; just as there is no all-purpose statistical or taxonomic interval or class, there is no perfect set of regions for any country. A different set of regions might be required for each aspect of population that is to be studied . In this regard , regions should be homogeneous in terms of the problem under consideration and based on one factor or a combination of factors . Also , spatial units of analysis should be delimited on a consistent basis in a way that maximizes external and minimizes internal variation . Unfortunately, population and other data are not collected at the required scale in the USSR (or most other countries) to permit the construction of an ideal set of regions for every analytic purpose . Furthermore , when comparisons are made over a long period of time , the problem of establishing a set of homogeneous regions becomes virtually insoluble if significant economic and social change has occurred . Consequently, researchers are usually forced by circumstances to use some set of existing units , but in all cases they should be aware of the set' s limitations . A related problem to that o f territorial comparability i s that of scale , which is in itself extremely important in spatial analysis because results often differ depending on the scale of the units used . For example , data by union republic in the USSR are not suitable for use in most research projects owing to the differences in size as well as in population and

Data Comparability Problems

41

socioeconomic diversity among them; the RSFSR i s almost twice the size of the United States , whereas Armenia is only about the size of Belgium , and the population of the RSFSR is about ninety-two times that of Estonia. A major data problem in the study of the USSR is that for most subjects more data are available by republic than by the more useful lower-order units . Finally, for most research problems the time intervals between censuses should be constant . Ideally, censuses should be taken every five or ten years , so that trends and projections can be more easily measured by aging or tracking five-year age cohorts from one census to another. In many instanc.!s , however, this does not occur, and difficulties of tempo­ ral comparability arise . The steps necessary to overcome these inconsis­ tencies and the biases that are introduced are often formidable .

The Problem of Data Comparability in the Study of the U S S R

Data comparability-definitional , territorial , and temporal-is the central statistical problem in using the censuses in the study of the population and society of the USSR . Owing to severe comparability problems , trends over time which are crucial to demographic analysis cannot be established among censuses unless data are in some way rendered comparable . Largely because of these statistical obstacles , researchers have used the censuses relatively little i n the study of Russian and Soviet society. These problems may be compounded be­ cause at this writing it appears that only very limited results , and virtually none of the vital age data , will be published from the 1 979 census . This dramatic curtailment of census publishing in the USSR will limit the number of variables for which comparable data in all censuses can be derived . At a time when major international efforts are being made to provide basic demographic data for the world , it is indeed unfortunate that only such a limited coverage of the largest and one of the most important countries will be available . Because the national territory of the USSR has changed several times over the last century, its present-day borders differ from those of 1 897 , 1 926 , and 1 939 . Consequently, to provide even comparable aggregate data based on the territory of the USSR today, researchers must gather data from East European and other censuses for the border areas formerly outside , but currently within , the USSR . However, aggregate data for a country as large and diverse as the USSR are not especially meaningful , and therefore some subnational regionalization is necessary to analyze population and socioeconomic trends . Unfortunately, frequent

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and drastic changes in the internal political-administrative divisions into which census data and other data are ordered make it very difficult to compare regional , demographic , and socioeconomic characteristics over time . For example , the number of major enumeration units in 1 897 was 89; in 1 926, 1 89 ; and in 1 95 9 , 1 970, and 1 979, about 1 40 . Furthermore , no enumeration unit in any census had the same boundaries in all census years . Thus , the maj or tasks with respect to territorial comparability of Soviet census data are to gather data for border areas from the censuses of neighboring countries and to reorder the Russian and Soviet data into a consistent set of territorial units . Problems of definitional comparability-most of which are discussed in detail by others in this volume-are especially nettlesome in demo­ graphic research on Russia and the USSR . First , and most obviously, many important categories are defined differently from census to census , including such key socioeconomic indicators as urban residence, educational attainment , ethnicity, and occupation . In fact , sex and age were the only two characteristics for which the definitions were directly comparable in all censuses , although the categories in which age data were given changed from census to census . A second and more subtle problem is that little systematic attention is given to operational definitions , and consequently changes in categories are often difficult to determine . Thus , one finds confusion over apparently straightforward details , such as the number of persons enumerated at the national or subnational level; there are significant differences between the de facto (nalichnoye) and de jure (postoyannoye) populations in the Soviet censuses (Anderson and Silver, 1 985) . Still another problem is that of temporal comparability, a difficulty that arises because of the irregular intervals over which censuses have been taken in Russia and the USSR. That the censuses were not conducted every five or ten years greatly complicates research on the population of the USSR. Therefore , when measuring change among the various censuses , researchers must use average annual rates of change to stan­ dardize for the different intercensal periods . They should also avoid assuming that change between two censuses was linear. In the two intercensal periods that included wars , for example , most demographic trends were not linear but fluctuated considerably. Even between 1 926 and 1 93 9 , when there was no war, it is not reasonable to assume that change in such variables as mortality and fertility was linear because famine , drastic economic reorganization , and variations in socioeconom­ ic conditions clearly had a specific temporal impact . The 1 897 census was conducted on February 9 (January 28 according to the Julian calendar) , the 1 926 census on December 1 7 , the 1 939 census on January 1 7 , the 1 959 and 1 970 censuses on January 1 5 , and

Data Comparability Problems

43

the 1 979 census on January 1 7 . In the computation of average annual rates, a period of 1 9 . 9 years is used for the 1 897- 1 926 period, 1 2 . 1 years for 1 926-39 , 20 . 0 for 1 939-59 , 1 1 . 0 years for 1 959-70 , 9 . 0 for 1 970--7 9 , and 8 2 . 0 years for 1 897- 1 979 .

A Method to Overcome Data Comparability Problem s

For the past two decades , my colleagues and I have done considerable research on problems of territorial and definitional comparability related to the Russian and Soviet censuse s . As a result of these efforts , we have generated a wide array of variables that are comparable in terms of both territory and definition . In this section I will describe in brief the procedures that we derived in an attempt to solve the many comparabili­ ty problems associated with the original census data (Lewis , Rowland , and Clem, 1 976: 29-60; Leasure and Lewis , 1 966: v-4 1 ) . A s was previously mentioned , there i s no ideal set of regions for the study of demographic change . Nevertheles s, a careful selection of regions into which population data will be ordered is important to avoid biasing the data excessively. For our study, the nineteen major (krupnyye) Soviet economic regions of 1 96 1 were selected as the consistent territori­ al units into which the original data would be ordered . We chose these regions because their scale was appropriate for regional analysis , be­ cause it was easier to order data into these regions than the more numerous lower-order political-administrative units , and because these regions were largely congruent with the ethnically based federal structure of the USSR. Moreover, the 1 959, 1 970, and 1 979 political-administrative and census units conformed to these regions without major adjustments , and other data pertinent to demographic analysis had been presented in these regions . In order to allocate original data into the comparable territorial units (i . e . , the nineteen economic regions) , we assumed that the rural popula­ tion was evenly distributed within each administrative unit . Thus , a variation in area would result in a proportionate variation in rural population . For our purposes , we defined the rural population as the population not living in centers of 1 5 ,000 and over; because the defini­ tions of " urban" varied considerably from census to census , we chose the size criterion of 1 5 ,000 (the smallest urban center for which data were available in all censuses) . The procedures for allocating the rural population were simple and straightforward . The first major step was to superimpose a map of the economic regions over a map of the political units for each census year and then to measure with a polar planimeter the percentage of the area of a given political unit that fell into a given

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Robert A . Lewis

region , a percentage that we termed the " area allocation . " We used equal area maps of relatively small scale and where possible checked the results with maps of larger scale . In practice , many political units fell totally within the larger economic regions , obviating the need for allocation . Thus , the rural populations of the units that constituted an economic region were multiplied by their area allocation and summed to obtain the estimate for the rural population of that region . The allocation of the urban population required fewer calculations because the urban population is spatially concentrated and its location known. Thus , urban centers could be allocated directly into the appropri­ ate economic region . Accordingly, the summation of the population in centers of 1 5 , 000 or more from the given political units allocated to a given economic region yielded the urban population estimate for that region . An estimate was made of the urban and rural populations and of the total (i . e . , urban plus rural) population of a given political unit which were allocated to a given region . The percentage that this allocated population represented of the total population of the original unit was termed the "population allocation . " Once the total , urban , and rural populations of each unit had been apportioned to the appropriate regions , it was possible to estimate these populations for each economic region simply by a summation of all constituent allocations . These procedures­ with adjustments for census dates-were also applied to border areas currently within the USSR which were outside the boundaries of the Russian Empire in 1 897 or the USSR in 1 926 and thus not included in the Russian and Soviet censuses . To estimate demographic variables for the total population of each region in 1 897 and 1 926, we multiplied the number of persons in a given unit with certain characteristics by the population allocation . For the few border areas for which data were not available , we assumed that the characteristics of the population for which we had data could be applied to the entire population of the region or we made independent estimates , as was frequently necessary. The allocation of the demographic charac­ teristics of the urban population was somewhat more complicated . The most logical procedure was to allocate the urban (census definition) characteristics on the basis of the urban (census definition) population , which is the percentage of the urban (census definition) population of a unit which was fitted into an economic region . The summation of the allocated figures for each region resulted in an estimate of the character­ istics of the urban (census definition) population of each region . To derive an estimate of the characteristics of the urban ( 1 5 ,000 and over) population---our comparable urban definition-we adjusted these data by assuming that the characteristics of the urban (census definition) popula­ tion could be applied in the same proportion to the urban ( 1 5 ,000 and

Data Comparability Problems

45

over) population . This assumption was not unwarranted because in fact the vast majority of the urban (census definition) population is in centers of 1 5 ,000 or more . For example , if 20 percent of the urban (census definition) population were in the G-9 age group in a given economic region , this same percentage would be applied to the urban ( 1 5 ,000 and over) population to derive an estimate of this age group according to our comparable definition of urban . After the demographic characteristics of the total and urban ( 1 5 ,000 and over) populations of each region were derived , the characteristics of the rural population could be easily figured by subtracting the number involved in the urban ( 1 5 ,000 and over) population from that of the total population . Available tests indicate that the error involved in these procedures was small . One check on the accuracy of the method is a comparison of the official area of the 1 96 1 economic regions with the sum of the estimated area of the component units of these regions for 1 897 and 1 926 . In most instances , this comparison yielded an error of less than 2 percent , and only once did it exceed 4 percent. These results are reassuring when we consider that in this period some parts of the country were not accurately mapped and it was necessary to transfer projections to obtain an equal area map for 1 897 . Another check is a comparison of our figures with the few available Soviet estimates . For example , our estimate of the total population in 1 897 within present-day borders was only about 400 ,000 above the official Soviet figure . Differing estimates of the population of Khiva and Bukhara probably account for most of this discrepancy, although no indication has been given as to how the Soviet figure was derived . Official Soviet estimates for the population of the Transcaucasus , Central Asia, and Kazakhstan in 1 926 have also been published . Because the external boundaries of the Transcaucasus and Central Asia have changed only slightly, that our estimate and the Soviet figure are very close does not constitute a good check. However, a comparison with the Kazakh Republic (which is also an economic region) would be an excellent validation because a more complicated division of units and an uneven population distribution (related to the diversity of the natural environ­ ment) increase the chance for error in this case . Nevertheless , the difference between our estimate of the population of the Kazakh Repub­ lic in 1 926 and the Soviet estimate was only about 2 percent . Recently, the Soviet government published population estimates for the l 926 population in l 970 units at the oblast scale; typically, no indication was given as to how these figures were derived (USSR, l 975 : 1 4-25) . However, n o data were provided for areas that were outside the USSR in 1 926, so the western border regions and the Far East cannot be compared with our estimates (which do include these areas) . Aggregat-

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Robert A . Lewis

ing the Soviet data into the 1 96 1 economic regions reveals a very close correspondence with our figures; in most cases they were within 1 percent of each other and never above 5 percent . Moreover, Ralph S . Clem independently developed estimates of the 1 926 population in 1 959 lower-order units (ob last scale) by using the allocation procedure described above; his figures can be aggregated into the 1 96 1 economic regions and compared with our estimate (Clem , 1 977: 599-602) . These two sets of estimates were also very close , almost always falling within 2 percent and in most cases within 0 . 5 percent o f each other. All told , therefore , w e have considerable confi­ dence in the estimates that we have derived .

Summary The most basic aspect of demographic research is the determination of trends over time , which in turn are essential in the analysis of the determinants of population change and demographic comparisons over time and space . As we have seen , population trends cannot be derived from the Russian and Soviet censuses unless major problems in territorial and definitional comparability are solved . The procedures that we derived make it possible for the first time to establish these trends longitudinally for the present-day territory of the USSR for a wide variety of census variables , such as ethnicity, urbanization , labor force , sex , age , fertility, and literacy, for the total , urban , and rural populations . Aside from making possible the measurement of trends over time , solving problems of data comparability by these or other methods presents other advantages . Data can be put into comparable categories that permit the application of estimation procedures or that can be used to adjust other data. For example , after comparable data by five-year cohorts have been ordered into territorially consistent regions for the various census years , stable population procedures , life tables procedures , and indirect standardization can be used to estimate fertility, mortality, and natural increase . Five-year age groups can also be used for direct standardization of other variables (fertility, mortality, marriage , etc . ) to take into account the effects of changing age distribution . These data can also be aggregated to make comparisons over time in age groups related to the life cycle: working-age , dependent, and retired populations . Moreover, comparable data can facilitate comparative research , al­ though problems of data comparability at the international scale are staggering . Comparative research can provide insights into how universal the processes under investigation are and-if they are universal-provide cautious predictions as to future trends . Also , the comparative method

Data Comparability Problems

47

can enable researchers to hold constant the effects of a given political or economic system . Clearly, the demographic or social processes in the USSR cannot be understood solely by studying that country, for a broader understanding of these processes is required . Therefore , when­ ever possible researchers should attempt to order their comparable data into categories that permit international comparison s. The development o f procedures to solve the many problems of comparability is particularly important in the Soviet context because the available population censuses constitute a major source of socioeconomic data for the study of Soviet society. Moreover, because demographic processes are an important force shaping Soviet society-or any society­ and are interrelated with many other socioeconomic phenomena , a contribution to our knowledge of the population of the USSR should greatly increase our understanding of that country and facilitate our making some guarded and objective forecasts as to the course of events in the near future .

References Anderson , B arbara A . , and Brian D. Silver.

1 985 . " 'Permanent' and ' Present '

Populations in Soviet Statistic s . " Soviet Studies 3 7 : 386-402 . Clem , R. S . 1 977 . "Estimating Regional Populations for the 1 926 Soviet Census . "

Soviet Studies 29 : 599-602 . Davis , Kingsley.

1 965 . Problems and Solutions in International Comparison for

Social Science Purposes . Population Studies Series , no . 1 92 . Berkeley: University of California, Institute of International Studies . Jaffe , A. J . 1 98 2 . " Some Observations of the Nature of Basic Quantitative Data . "

New York Statistician 3 3 : 5-8 . Leasure , J . William , and Robert A. Lewis . 1 966. Population Changes in Russia and

the USSR: A Set of Comparable Territorial Units. San Diego: S an Diego State College Press . Lewis , Robert A . , and Richard H . Rowland. 1 97 9 . Population Redistribution in the

USSR . New York: Praeger. Lewis , Robert A . , Richard H . Rowland, and Ralph S . Clem . 1 97 6 . Nationality and

Population Change in Russia and the USSR . New York: Praeger. U S S R . Tsentral ' noye Statisticheskoye Upravleniye . 1 975 . Naseleniye SSSR 1973 . Moscow : Statistika .

Chapter 3

A

History of Russian and Soviet Censuses LEE SCHWARTZ

Many of the problems associated with the use of Russian and Soviet census data , as described in later chapters in this volume , derive from the historical and political context in which the different enumerations were conducted and the state of the art of census-taking at those times . Although the earlier enumerations were less technically sophisticated and less accurate than more recent ones , the availability of published figures has been increasingly curtailed in those censuses taken just before and after World War II . The following chronological review of census-taking procedures in Russia and the USSR addresses issues such as the organization of the census-taking apparatus ; the conducting of individual censuses; the completeness of the count; and some of the methodologi­ cal , statistical , and political difficulties involved in presenting the results . Analysis of results , instructions to census takers , definitional issues, and questionnaire comparisons will be dealt with here in an overall sense ; the individual chapters that follow discuss these topics in more detail as they relate to the utilization of various categories of census data . In addition to works cited in this chapter, the reader may want to consult the excellent bibliographies in Lorimer ( 1 946) and Dubester ( 1 969) .

Prerevolutionary Population Counts

Historical Background The earliest censuses, in Russia and throughout Europe , were conducted by feudal principalities primarily to determine the population eligible for taxation or military service and , therefore , typically left out women and children . Population counts were taken for taxation purposes in the lands of Novgorod and Kievan Rus as far back as the eighth century. Later, 48

A History of the Censuses

49

various Russian principalities enumerated their populations in order to determine measures of tribute and duty demanded by the Mongol-Tatar overlords . Such counts were taken in Kiev ( 1 245) , Ryazan ( 1 257) , and Novgorod ( 1 273) (Bruk and Kozlov, 1 977: 1 74) . After the overthrow of the Tatar yoke , the gradual elimination of feudal remnants , and the formation of a central Russian state , counts of the population began to take a new direction . By the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries , landholdings came to be considered taxable units , leading to the development of land-tax censuses upon which the popula­ tion was estimated . These so-called pistsoviye knigi (cadastres) registered characteristics of the population as well as descriptions of cities, vil­ lages , estates , churches , and monasteries , and records of prison debts (Kolpakov, 1 969: 9) . These counts were at best incomplete , and many have not been preserved , succumbing to various historical circumstances (e . g . , the 1 626 Moscow fire) . 1 In the seventeenth century, as the result of the development of trade and handicrafts , "courts " (or household economies) gained consider­ ation as units of taxation , and Russian censuses were transformed from land- to household-based counts . The censuses of 1 646 and 1 678 were the first to count households , based on men of estate clas s , at least throughout the territory of the principality of Moscow. The 1 7 1 0 house­ hold census encompassed the entire territory of the Russian state and was the first to include females . The detail provided by these counts (age , occupation , social class) far exceeded many censuses of western Europe at the time . An edict of Peter I in 1 7 1 8 changed the counting of the Russian population from a household to a person-by-person census . Such a compilation first took place in 1 720-2 1 and was subject to subsequent verification--or reviziya . Ten revizii were conducted over the next 1 40 years , the last from 1 857 to 1 860 . These limited their enumeration to the male population in the taxable gentry classes . Apart from soldiers , eighteen nontaxable privileged classes were exempt from the reviziya counts , including the palace retinue , titled citizens , state civil servants (chinovniki), and the nobility. Outlying areas of the state were often omitted , and landowners (pomeshchiki) tended to understate the number of persons on their estate subject to taxation . Despite these deficiencies and limitations , the revizii provided , in addition to a count of taxpayers , useful data regarding the population composition by sex , nationality, social position , and family status (Feshbach , 1 98 1 : 3 ) . After the abolition o f serfdom ( 1 86 1 ) , the need developed fo r a more I. For a detailed survey of early counts of the prerevolutionary Russian population , see V. Plandovskiy, Narodnaya Perepis ' (St. Petersburg: 1 898) .

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detailed count of the population . Yet, nearly forty years passed before the tsarist government prepared a comprehensive census . In the mean­ time (between 1 860 and 1 889) , seventy-nine local and city censuses were independently conducted throughout the Russian Empire , mostly in Moscow, St. Petersburg , Kiev, Pskov, and the Baltic provinces (USSR , 1 97 8 : 1 7 ) .

The Russian Census of 1897 The first and only ' 'All-General (Universal) Census of Population' ' of tsarist Russia was conducted on February 9 , 1 897 (January 28 , according to the old calendar) . Encompassing the entire Russian Empire with the exception of Finland , this census was the culmination of years of labor (Russian Empire , 1 905) . Given the size and diversity of Russia ' s territory, only a massive effort could have achieved the comprehensive and relatively unified census program that resulted . The undertaking was an intellectual exercise as well , incorporating members of the Russian intelligentsia into the preparation and conducting of the census . Lenin and Kalinin wrote of the importance of the census , as did Mendeleyev, Tolstoy, and Chekhov. The latter two directly participated in the census taking as enumerator and controller respectively ; very few segments of Russian society remained untouched by the census effort . The well-known Russian geographer P. P. Semenov-Tyan-Shanskyy played an especially significant role in the organization and coordination of the 1 897 census . As director of the Central Statistical Committee ( 1 864-75) , he helped prepare a proposal for just such an endeavor, only to have the Statistical Council limit the count to a census of men in Russia subject to the new universal military service statutes , which had become effective in 1 874 (Lincoln , 1 980: 60) . After a prolonged period, a revised plan was approved in 1 895 , calling for an empirewide census based on scientific statistical principles similar to those used in conducting western European censuses . The organization and conducting of the census was entrusted to civil servants of the Ministry of Internal Affairs and its regional offices . They administered and trained over 1 00,000 enumerators to count the 1 27 million Russian subjects living in village dwellings as well as urban apartments . Along with the population present at the time of the census survey, temporary and permanent populations were also calculated at each place of enumeration . Census forms with a single set of questions and instructions were filled out individually for each person . The census form was distributed according to three main categories: Form A was for peasant households on agricultural land, Form B was for landed estates, and Form C was for urban populations . The basic form consisted of

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51

fourteen questions that determined relationship to head of household , age , family composition , social clas s , place of birth , place of permanent dwelling , status of transients , religion , native language , literacy, and main and secondary occupations . Only a limited number and range of answers to these questions were provided , although columns were available in which to write further necessary or explanatory details . It is interesting to note that the information collected for the 1 897 census was compiled and calculated with the aid of the same tabulating machines that were developed in the United States by Herman Hollerith for automating the work of the 1 890 U. S . census . These machines recorded data via a system of holes punched into special cards (Russian Empire , 1 905 : ii-iii) . A card was punched for every person , and each person was given a number corresponding to the number on the census form in case a check was necessary. For the compilation of tables , each category required a separate run of the appropriate cards . Despite these automated statistical manipulations , which provided for the cross-tabulation of massive amounts of information , and the direct participation by many of the country ' s leading figures , the census program and its methodology still had deficiencies . There was , for example , a shortage of trained personnel who fully understood the meaning and methods of statistical analysis . Furthermore , because many of the categories provided a limited set of possible answers , it was impossible to differentiate fully occupations , educational levels , or class stratification among peasants (kulaks , middle , and poor peasants were all listed together under one census heading) . In addition , there was no question about nationality (only native language and religion) . Finally, although the census reached most regions of the vast Russian Empire , it by no means reached them all . Many communities continued to shun the census because of its tax purposes; according to some estimates , the population in parts of Siberia was miscalculated by as much as 30 percent and Finland was excluded altogether. In early 1 902 , the Central Statistical Committee published results of the 1 897 census in one volume for eighteen gubernii and in two volumes for another six . The published categories , however, were considered to be inappropriately designated and a special conference was called to rework the results based on the de facto and de jure population figures . (Robert Lewis discusses in his chapter the importance of checking whether figures from the Russian and Soviet censuses are for the de facto [nalichnoye] or de jure [postoyannoye] population and how de jure is defined operationally in a given enumeration . As Anderson and Silver ( 1 985) noted , there may be a significant difference between the two categories . ) The final census was fully published by 1 905 , eight years after its inception . Results were presented in twenty-five main tables for

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each of the eighty-nine gubernii , a summary volume for the empire , supplements listing urban settlements greater than 2 , 000 people and places with more than 500 inhabitants , and volumes on several special­ ized topics . 2 The question about the necessity for a new Russian census was raised several times in the early years of the twentieth century. The Central Statistical Committee planned to hold a second census in 1 9 1 0 , later postponed to 1 9 1 5 because of bureaucratic delays . With the outbreak of World War I in 1 9 1 4 , this census never took place .

The Soviet Censuses When planning is paramount , as it is in socialist economies , the government must be able to take stock of the country ' s labor resources and materials so that a record of past production can be related to future goals . It is somewhat ironic , therefore, that the officially recognized censuses of the Soviet Union ( 1 920 , 1 926 , 1 939 , 1 959 , 1 970 , and 1 979) fell at such irregular intervals . Ideally, according to the International Statistical Congress organized by Semenov-Tyan-Shanskyy in St. Petersburg in 1 87 2 , a census count of the population was to be taken every ten years, beginning in 1 900. Unfortunately, the USSR periodically encountered difficulties or adversity (revolution , civil and world war, famine , and economic reorganization) severe enough to prevent such a regular count .

The Early Post-Revolutionary Period The first Soviet census of population was conducted in April 1 920 , according to a resolution by the Seventh All-Russian Congress of Soviets . A demographic-professional census and a brief calculation of industrial enterprises were planned to coincide with a scheduled agricul­ tural census in one statistical operation (Drobizhev, 1 977: 69) . Data were collected according to occupation , native language and nationality (natsional' nost' ) , and literacy; in addition , maps of urban apartments and lists of rural homesteads were compiled. The 1 920 census took place under the grave conditions of foreign and civil war and economic devastation . Both paper and literate cadres were in short supply, and several enumerators were reported to have been murdered by the people they were attempting to count . Owing to war-related events , the census could not be conducted in Belorussia, the Crimea, the Transcaucasus , the Far East, Turkestan , Khiva , Bukhara, 2. Russian Empire , Tsentral ' nyy Statisticheskiy Komitet, Pervaya vseobshchaya perepis ' naseleniya Rossiyskoy lmperii 1897 goda , 89 vols. ( 1 899- 1 905) .

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and various regions of the Ukraine , the Volga, the North Caucasus , and Siberia; altogether about 28 percent of the population was not contained in this count . Including those areas not counted , the Soviet population in 1 920 has been estimated at 1 3 6 . 8 million (Kolpakov, 1 969: 20-2 1 ) . Although not regarded as accurate and published only in part , the 1 920 census did make some significant contributions . Unlike the 1 897 count , it included a question about nationality (natsional' nost ' ) as well as a question about native language . A question about general and special education was asked along with the question about literacy. According to a suggestion by Lenin , however, no question was asked about religion . The experience of the first Soviet census of 1 920 was useful in its application toward subsequent census counts . A 1 923 urban census was conducted according to the same principles as the 1 920 census but applied only to cities; settlements connected with factories , plants , and railroad stations; resorts of 500 people and more; and rural population points of less than 2 , 000 inhabitants where the dominant means of employment was provided by a local industry or trade (Kolpakov, 1 969: 1 7 ) . This urban census was conducted concurrently with a census of industrial enterprises and trade institutions (Zhak , 1 95 8 : 20) .

The Census of 1 926 The next Soviet census was taken on December 1 5 , 1 926 , after peace had arrived and economic recovery was under way. For the first time during Soviet rule , the census included the entire territory of the country and provided a barometer by which to measure the success or failure of economic rehabilitation . For example , of the population of 1 47 million , the census found that only 1 8 percent (26 . 3 million) was urban in 1 926; this rather low urban share indicated that the country remained primarily agrarian despite significant industrial strides . The 1 926 census had as its goal the collection of data about the population necessary for the compilation of the first Five-Year Plan . Indeed , this census remains the most comprehensive yet compiled by either Russia or the Soviet Union; its volumes provided a wealth of statistical information used by the government in planning the economy right up until World War II . In addition , complete life tables of the population were generated from the collected age data from the Ukraine , Belorussia, and the European part of the RSFSR . The conducting of the census proceeded according to a detailed program . Prior to the census , community Committees of Cooperation circulated propaganda materials in order to inform the populace of the importance of census accuracy. Local census bureaus conducted surveys for the mapping of census regions and city plans , and much time and

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effort was spent training enumerators to fill out forms properly. To insure an accurate return , special directives were issued by the Council of People' s Commissars which promised to treat all information as confi­ dential , although the regional executive committees were known to threaten reprisals to those who gave false information (Petersen , 1 97 5 : 669) . The questionnaire itself was also more comprehensive than those of the previous censuses . Questions were arranged in a series of six census forms , the first of which was a personal survey providing the standard census information . While the 1 926 census was essentially a demograph­ ic one , the additional forms requested data by family lists , ownership charts for urban dwellers , and homeowner details for rural locales . These data provided statistics on housing resources , taxes , construction , and accommodations by urban and rural area. As with the 1 897 census , the cross-tabulation of the collected data for 1 926 required a tremendous effort, most of which was done by hand . Nonetheless , the analysis proceeded rapidly, and the census was ready for publication by the end of 1 929 (USSR, 1 929) . Results were issued in fifty-six volumes of seven major categories and in nineteen short summary volumes . These results were published based on twenty-four census regions which had been established for planning and administra­ tion to coincide with the economic and political divisions at the time; there were nearly twice as many political units in 1 926 as there were in 1 897 . The 1 926 census , as indicated previously, marked a vast improvement in the general knowledge of the population within the borders of the Soviet state . This was especially evident in the increased number of categories designating the various ethnic groups (narodnosti) , about whom the authorities now had a more comprehensive knowledge . In addition , questions were added about unemployment, physical handi­ caps , and mental illness . However, the 1 926 census had several deficiencies . Perhaps most glaring was the fact that the permanent population in the 1 926 census , that population living permanently at the place of enumeration and born within the 1 926 borders of the USSR, was not the de jure population because temporary residents were not allocated back to their places of permanent residence as temporarily absent (Lewis and Rowland , 1 979: 87) . There were also discrepancies in the levels of training and education of the census takers . An effort was made to recruit more enumerators with higher or secondary education or where possible to encourage university students , teachers , and employees of statistical organizations to participate in the census-taking effort. Still , in 1 926 only 1 0 . 5 percent

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of the instructors had any higher education , while 1 8 . 3 percent had no education at all . Regional variations were significant. Thu s , where in the RSFSR nearly 65 percent of the enumerators were school employees , student volunteers , or members of statistical organizations , only 35 percent of the Central Asian enumerators fell into these categories (Vorob ' yev, 1 95 7 : 43-48) . Similar urban-rural differentials existed . Al­ though there were 1 63 , 1 32 enumerators for a population of 1 47 million , it was necessary to call in the army to take stock of the population in certain regions of the country.

The Censuses of 1 93 7 and 1 939 The next full-scale census conducted in the Soviet Union took place in 1 93 7 , following the postponement of censuses scheduled in 1 930 and 1 935 . Although the results were apparently circulated in government agencie s, the 1 937 census figures never appeared in print . The results were evidently seen as unsatisfactory and declared statistically invalid; blame was placed upon alleged violations of the basic principles of science and statistics . The statistician Kvitkin , who had protested the withholding of results , was removed as head of the census department (Galin , 1 95 1 : 2) . The specific statistical principle that was criticized was one that provided a check of households to prevent a double counting of tempo­ rarily absent persons . As a result of such an innovation , the 1 937 census total was reported at 1 5 8 million , several million (about 10 percent) less than had been expected . If accurate , this figure would have indicated the substantial impact that collectivization , famine , and the purges of the early Stalin years had on the Soviet population . It has also been claimed that confusion among local officials and enumerators and the lack of cooperation by respondents led to an inaccurate count (Somerville , 1 940:

52-55) . On January 1 7 , 1 939 , two years after the 1 937 count , an all-Union census was again taken . The census form contained sixteen questions , three o f which were geared towards the calculation of the de facto and de jure inhabitants for each population point of the entire country. The questionnaire was printed in twenty-two languages . For the first and only time , a system was developed for counting both convicted criminals and political detainees . This was important at the time because it has been estimated that as many as 1 5 million people were either incarcerated for criminal activity or interned in prisons and camps for political reasons (Galin , 1 95 1 : 2). The census provided instructions for conducting counts of prisoners , although details of the system were kept strictly secret . In terms of the work-force data , political detainees were entered according

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to their occupations before internment; convicted criminals , however, were listed based on the jobs they performed at the camp or prison . Convicted criminals , but not political prisoners , were enumerated in later censuses . Several new procedures were developed in the method of tabulation . For the first time a complete control round was instituted , whereby all residences were submitted to a follow-up check the week after the completion of the regular census (however, forms were not issued to keep track of double counting) . The totals were once again tabulated by electric machines utilizing hole-punched cards . Three regional adminis­ trative centers were established at Moscow, Leningrad , and Kharkov. Within four months , preliminary results were issued . For reasons that remain unclear, however, only partial data were ever released , in less than ten pages of tables . A tabulation for the entire population was never published , although complete totals were announced (Kulischer and Roof, 1 956: 280-90) . Because of its lack of detail , the 1 939 census has not been particularly useful for population analysis . Nevertheless , the totals released , while considered questionable , do provide some mea­ sures for comparison with the data from 1 926 . 3 In twelve years the urban population more than doubled , reaching 56 . 1 million (33 percent of the total population) by 1 93 9 , a rate of urbanization historically without precedent . In terms of the economic structure of the working clas s , the share of workers and employees (along with their family members) reached half of the total population by 1 939 , up from roughly one-sixth in 1 926. 4 The virtually complete collectivization of farming was also indicated by census figures . While the 1 939 Soviet census has not been widely utilized , it never­ theless provided a framework of organizational experience and added to a popular understanding of statistical methods . These developments helped especially in conducting the numerous emergency survey counts that were necessary during World War II .

The 1 959 Soviet Census: The Organization of the Census-Taking Apparatus Twenty years passed before another comprehensive census took place on Soviet soil , on January 1 5 , 1 959 . The date chosen at least allowed for comparisons by twenty-year intervals , and the published tables often included previously unreleased 1 939 totals as well . However, the large 3 . For the published 1 939 results , see Izvestiya, 2 June 1 939, l ; and lzvestiya, 29 April 1 940 , I. Results also appear in U. S . , Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce, Russian Economic Notes 2 ( l July 1 940): 7- 1 0 ; and American Quarterly on the Soviet Union 3 (February/March 1 940): 97- 1 00 . 4 . P art o f the increase w a s due t o a change in the definitions o f social classes.

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territorial gains following World War II and the devastating effect that war losses had on the age and sex structure of the population made comparisons between census years quite difficult. Furthermore , unlike the Soviet censuses of 1 920 and 1 926 , the 1 959 questionnaire did not request information on place of birth , making difficult even a crude estimate of migration . The organization and administration of the population count in 1 959 marked a standardization in Soviet census-taking procedures; most of the methods instituted in 1 959 remained virtually unchanged for the succeeding Soviet censuses of 1 970 and 1 979 . Before 1 959, census questionnaires and instructions were distributed by the bureau undertaking the census ( 1 897-Central Statistical Committee; 1 926-Central Statistical Admin­ istration ; 1 939-Central Administration of National Economic Account­ ing of GOSPLAN , the State Planning Committee) . The forms were sent to the statistical boards of the union republics , which sent them on to regional and local organizations where they were distributed to the district inspectors of the census . In previous census years a temporary Bureau of the Census was established in each union and autonomous republic , in each kray and oblast , and in major cities (Somerville , 1 940: 54) . These bureaus were disbanded after totals were tabulated at the local levels and summarized versions were mailed in to the union republic statistical boards . By 1 95 9 , the system for sending in census results was centralized . All enterprises , regional boards , and district inspectors sent their totals directly to the Central Statistical Administration of each republic , where results were totaled without intervening stages . Census materials were also sent by telegraph rather than post . These changes hastened the processing and analysis of census data; 1 959 preliminary results were published less than four months after the census taking was completed . In 1 957 the Council of Ministers established a Department for the Supervision of the National Population Census , which was administered by the Central Statistical Administration . In one form or another, this commission , entrusted with the preparation and conducting of the cen­ sus , would remain the permanent census bureau of the USSR. Attached to it were various other standing councils of the Central Statistical Administration organized to help deal with problems involved with the conducting of the censuses (Yezhov, 1 967: 1 23 ) . The procedural organi­ zation of census taking instituted in 1 959 can be applied to the conducting of the 1 970 and 1 979 censuses with very tew changes . While many of the procedures described below were applied in 1 93 9 , they were not established as official policy until the 1 959 census . A great deal of preparatory work goes into an event as encompassing as a national census of population . Accordingly, in June 1 957 a national

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conference of statisticians and representatives from various scientific , industrial , and planning institutions was held to formulate the general program and discuss some of the methodological problems associated with the census (Yezhov, 1 967 : 1 23 ) . Preliminary work also included drawing up a list of units to be investigated , supplying the materials needed for the censu s , and briefing census personnel . The effectiveness of a census depends in large measure on the reliability of the data entered into the questionnaires. A great deal of effort, therefore , went into the training of personnel . An increasing number of enumerators were people with higher education and those familiar with statistical tech­ nique s , especially in the outlying republics . All organs of statistical information associated with the census at all levels were prepared , mobilized , and practiced . The Central Statistical Administration initiated a substantial propagan­ da effort prior to the actual census taking . Lectures, exhibits , and discussions were conducted by inspectors and controllers of the local census department at industrial enterprises , institutions , state farms , and schools . The media actively participated as well ; television , radio , newspapers , and journals carried frequent news of the impending censu s , and large numbers o f special brochures were issued (USSR, 1 958a: 26) . On August 1 , 1 957 , a trial census counted approximately a million people in seven geographically diverse regions of the country. The experience aided in questionnaire design and set the numbers of enumer­ ators for urban and rural locales . Regional census divisions were estab­ lished by GOSPLAN for the compilation and collection of data, and set figures were decided upon for wages and time off from work for those involved in the census . 5 Finally, the Council of Ministers chose a census date based on the assumption that a midweek day in January would find a large portion of the population in their homes , including schoolchildren on vacation . For the 1 959 census this date was January 1 5 , a Thursday. Procedures were established for conducting the census early in the Far North and remote mountain areas . A few days before the census (January 1 1 - 1 4) a preliminary round was conducted , during which the enumerators made themselves familiar with their territory. They visited all of the households in each district, informing the inhabitants of the census procedures and asking what the best time would be for enumerators to come by for the actual survey. The census itself lasted eight day s , from January 1 5 to January 22 . All people , including temporary residents , were listed at the place where they were counted as the de facto population as of midnight, January 1 4- 1 5 . Permanent residents who were temporarily absent were noted as 5 . For further details on census-taking procedures, see A. Yezhov, Organization of Statistics in the USSR (Moscow : Progress Publishers , 1 967) , 1 2 1 -28 .

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well . To avoid the danger of double counting , enumerators issued to all those who were listed as temporary residents a special certificate (spravka) indicating they had already been counted . This was especially important for those on long-distance transport at the time of the census count . Details were provided for the counting of those in hospitals , sanitari­ ums , and vacation homes; they were to be listed as temporary residents if their length of stay was less than six months . University students were considered permanent residents at their place of study, even if they resided there less than six months out of each year. People who had moved their residences for work , study, or training more than six months before the census were counted at their new location as permanent residents , even when they had kept material connections with their family at a previous location . Members of the armed services were enumerated at their place of duty but were counted as permanent residents at the location where they were employed before entering military duty (USSR, l 958a: 24) . (Users of Soviet census data are advised to check carefully the definition of the population employed in any given table as to whether the figures are for the de facto [nalichnoye] or de jure [postoyannoye] population . In the 1 979 census volume , for instance , tables 1 -4 are de facto population , but the remainder are de jure (USSR, 1 984: 6, n. 1 ) . Anderson and Silver ( 1 985) is a good guide to the nuances and possible problems connected with this usage . ) For ten days following the census (January 23-February 1 ) the census takers made another complete check of all dwellings in a given district in order to insure that no one was omitted or double counted and to verify the registered number of temporarily absent and temporarily present dwellers . During this round , enumerators filled out special control sheets for those people whose whereabouts were not definitely known at the time of the census count . All those who had required control sheets were issued spravki, which they were to maintain in their possession until February 1 0 . Control sheets were also filled out when persons knew they might have been included in the census count at another location (USSR, 1 958a: 23) . The control sheets , which requested registration of the exact address at which the subject should have been counted as well as responses to the same questions as the regular questionnaire , revealed another 1 ,074 ,000 people who were missed the first time around or 0 . 5 1 percent of the total population (Yezhov, 1 967: 1 26) . In addition to the questionnaire form , the Central Statistical Adminis­ tration provided a list of detailed instructions in order to clarify certain ambiguities . The enumerator was instructed to fill out the census form in the words of the respondent; the contents of the answers were to be kept confidential , and no one was required to show any of their documents . The census was to be conducted by place of dwelling , not place of work;

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dormitories at schools and factories were considered permanent places of dwelling . The enumerators counted people at work during the time of the census as part of the de facto population at their place of residence and not as temporarily absent. The same held true for those on suburban trains and local buses , those at children' s homes and night sanitariums , and those spending the night with friends or relatives living in the same census district (USSR, l 958b: 23) . Temporary workers and those counted on long-distance trains , buses , and ships or at stations , ports , and airports were to be listed as temporary residents and included in the de facto population at the place they were counted . The 1 959 census achieved a relative degree of sophistication by raising the level of training of the enumerators , improving the applica­ tion of statistical techniques , and consolidating specialists from various discipline s. As was mentioned previously, many of the preparations and operational methods introduced for the 1 959 count remained similar or identical in the succeeding census programs .

Censuses of 1 970 and 1 979: The Use of Sampling Perhaps the most significant innovation in conducting the censuses of the 1 970s was the acceptance of sampling as a legitimate statistical tool for compiling population data . Sampling was first instituted into the census program at the urging of the All-Union Congress of Statisticians in April 1 968 . A sample format was developed on the basis of results from a trial census conducted in nine regions during March 1 967 (USSR, 1 97 8 : 26) . The Congress also provided a forum for a long-standing debate between demographers and statisticians in the Soviet Union (Perevedentsev, 1 967 : 1 3) . Demographers called for a reworking of the questionnaire in order to collect more detailed information for the analysis of the population , while statisticians held fast for the standardization of the basic questionnaire and the increased use of sampling and data-processing techniques . Such a debate has been repeated at various times prior to both the 1 970 and 1 979 censuses (lsupov, 1 97 5 : 5 ) , but the questionnaire has remained relatively unchanged over the years . Instead , the Central Statistical Administration issued more detailed instructions in an attempt to increase the accuracy of the responses to the 1 970 census question­ naire . Enumerators were instructed to explain thoroughly that the census was not in any way connected with such matters as tax ratings , the use of living space , or visa registration . The collected data were to be used by the central authorities exclusively for analysis and for the compilation of summary indexes by which to categorize the population . Census workers were not to reveal any of the responses , which were to be used only by

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organs of the state and economic administrations , planning organiza­ tions , and scientific institutions (USSR , 1 969a: 29) . The 1 970 census , originally scheduled for 1 969 , was postponed until January 1 5 , 1 970 , most likely because of technical difficulties encountered during the course of a trial census conducted in 1 967 (Voronitsyr: , 1 978: 1 ) . While the reason for the delay is unclear, the new date has been cited as marking the one-hundredth anniversary of Lenin' s birth . The basic questionnaire consisted of eleven questions asked of the entire popula­ tion ; a second form , distributed to every fourth household , contained eighteen questions , including the same eleven answered by everyone . Thu s , the 1 970 census used a 25-percent sample to collect information for questions 1 2- 1 8 , which concerned work-force and migration data . This was the first time sampling had been accepted in a Soviet census count , ostensibly to decrease the expense and accelerate the analysis of the material . Two additional questionnaire forms were also issued in 1 970 . Form 3 requested information on persons of able-bodied working age occupied in household and private subsidiary agriculture; Form 4 served to collect information about commuting (Pod"yachikh , 1 976: 3 1 ) Sampling also came into use during the control round , which was held for six days , from January 24 to January 29 . For urban areas , the control round was conducted in all districts for 50 percent of the dwellings ; in rural areas , enumerators checked all of the dwellings for 50 percent of the districts (USSR, 1 969a: 33) . The basic questionnaire (first eleven questions) in 1 970 was similar in form and content to that of 1 959 , but some slight changes merit mentioning . The question about age was expanded to determine not only the number of years lived , as in all previous censuses , but also the year and month of birth . This allowed for a reduction in the distortion in data about age composition which occurs because of the tendency of many to round their ages to the -0 and -5 groups . The Central Statistical Administration modified other questions to gather more detailed informa­ tion about second languages spoken and reasons for temporary absences . In addition , the 25-percent sample survey obtained data about the previous occupations of pensioners , the duration of work in the previous year, and migration trends . The intercensal period between 1 959 and 1 970 , although a rather unwieldy eleven years , revealed some interesting facts . With the war long over, the male-female gap had begun to return to normal . The urban population reached 1 36 million , surpassing 50 percent of the total for the first time (from 48 percent in 1 959 to 56 percent in 1 970) . The growth of large cities was especially rapid; in 1 959 there were three cities with over a million people , while by 1 970 there were ten . The actual conducting of the 1 970 census required nearly 662 ,000

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part1c1pants , including 534 ,000 enumerators and 97 ,000 supervisors (USSR, 1 97 8 : 26) . With the help of calculators , information was compiled and processed into summary table s , and results were analyzed and ready in time for the implementation of the Ninth Five-Year Plan . The 1 9 70 census was more comprehensive and slightly larger than that of 1 959 (3 , 23 8 pages to 2 , 830 pages) . It was fully published in seven topical volumes beginning in 1 97 2 . 6 The program of the January 1 979 census was based on results from the 1 970 experience . Slight modifications were made in the question­ naire , which totaled sixteen questions , eleven of which were to be answered by the entire population . 7 The last five questions were again issued to only 25 percent of the population (i . e . , to every fourth dwelling) . As in previous years , the census effort included a trial census (for nine regions in May 1 977) and the convening of an All-Union Conference of Statisticians for a discussion of the methodological and organizational questions connected with the 1 979 census program . The government conducted an early survey for outlying mountainous and northern regions , and the importance of the preliminary and control rounds was stressed in order to insure completeness in the count (lvanova, 1 976: 49) . The control round was based on a 25-percent sample (as opposed to 50 percent in 1 970) , underscoring an increased confidence in sampling . During the preparation of the 1 979 census program , several points of controversy arose which had to be clarified before the new questionnaire could be formulated . It was proposed , for instance , that the term "native" (rodnoy) language be replaced with "conversational" (razgovornyy) language and also that the qualification "fluently " (svobodnyy) be omitted from the question on second language (Voronitsyn , 1 97 8 : 2) . A change never ensued , partly because of the need for consistency and partly because native language was felt to connote a social function in terms of relations between people (Voronitsyn , 1 97 8 : 2) . A decision was made by the Central Statistical Administration to register members of the armed forces where they were stationed and not at their former places of residence ; the same applied to persons in confinement (Voronitsyn , 1 979: 2) . The first eleven questions in the 1 979 census were nearly identical to 6. USSR, Tsentral ' noye Statisticheskoye Upravleniye, ltogi Vsesoyuznoy perepisi naseleniya 1970 goda, 7 vol s . ( 1 972) , Vol . I: Number of people; Vol . 2: Sex, age, and marital status; Vol . 3 : Level of education; Vol . 4 : Nationality composition; Vol . 5 : Distribution according to social group ; Vol . 6: Distribution according to occupation; Vol . 7: Migration . 7 . In ASSRs , autonomous oblasts , and autonomous okrugs with less than 500,000 inhabit­ ants , the entire population was required to answer all sixteen questions (USSR, 1 978: 27) .

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those asked in 1 970 . The new forms , however, no longer requested the reason for or length of absence for temporary residents and absentees . For the first time since 1 926 the questionnaire provided marital status by type (widowed , divorced , or never married) . Meanwhile , the education question (number nine) has , with each succeeding census year, required less and less information about literacy. This development has most likely come about because nearly the entire population , with the excep­ tion of the elderly and the very young , has become literate . In fact, the 1 979 form had no separate list for those who were illiterate . If the enumerator came across a person who was illiterate , he was instructed to note the fact on the census blank and to indicate the reason for illiteracy. The All-Union Conference of Statisticians suggested several changes in the program of the sample survey (questions 1 2- 1 6 ) . A reworking of the 1 970 migration questions in order to account for those who had moved more than once was considered and abandoned (Isupov, 1 975: 5 ) . Instead , a question was inserted requesting the number o f children ever born to all women aged 1 6 and over. Furthermore , the supplementary form on commuting was dropped from the 1 979 program . Data gathered from commuters in 1 970 had most likely already been utilized (although not published) to help determine an estimate for the number of people on local transport at the time of the census count. Finally, a poll was conducted simultaneously with the census which sought information on the work force engaged in housework or in private agriculture . This form requested details on the number of dependent children , the composition of the working-age population , and the source of livelihood , as well as willingness to accept employment and the reason not employed (i . e . , not " occupied in the social production" ) at the time of the census . The 1 979 census , while involving over 700 ,000 workers (enumera­ tors , controllers , and supervisors) , was the first Soviet census to make wide use of a sophisticated network of computers . The census question­ naire s, although not filled out directly by the respondent, were mark­ sensing forms that were machine readable and could be transmitted onto magnetic tape for direct input into a computer. The census­ processing operation utilized a unified system of twenty-nine regional computer centers connected with a main terminal in Moscow (Feshbach , 1 98 1 : 6) . Because the census day needed to fall in the middle of the week , the date was changed from January 1 5 (a Monday) to January 1 7 (a Wednesday) . The Council of Ministers also decided to conduct the census only nine years after the previous one . This decision resulted in irregular intervals between census years but brought a return to the

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pattern established with the 1 939 and 1 959 counts (the 1 970 census , it should be recalled, was originally slated for 1 969) . Furthermore, the earlier date meant that the results would be available in time for the compilation of the Eleventh Five-Year Plan (Voronitsyn , 1 98 1 : 1 ) . Notwithstanding the technical advances connected with the 1 979 census , the publication--or lack thereof--of results from the enumeration is quite limited for a country with resources and vast data-gathering apparatus such as the USSR possesses . Although preliminary total results , by political-administrative unit, were released in April 1 979 , additional information appeared only sporadically and in highly incom­ plete form in issues of the journal Vestnik statistiki. These figures were subsequently compiled and republished (with some minor additions) in a single volume in 1 984, more than five years after the census was taken (USS R , 1 984); by contrast, the initial volume of the 1 959 census was published in 1 962 and that of the 1 970 census in 1 97 2 . O f much greater concern than timeliness , however, i s the lack o f detail provided in the Vestnik statistiki tables or the 1 984 compendium. Despite the deliberations about the age question and the decision to improve the quality of responses by asking for month and year of birth , no age data have yet been published from the 1 979 count . The absence of such figures to date significantly reduces the utility of the census for many important analytic purposes . The Soviet Union can now be regarded as ranking behind most developing countries in terms of the volume of available published census figures .

The Russian and S oviet Censuses: A General Assessment Although the censuses constitute by far the largest body of empirical information on the socioeconomic situation in Russia and the USSR, there are important shortcomings in the data as collected , tabulated , and published; specific definitional , operational , and availability problems are discussed at length in the topical chapters that follow. It is clear, however, that census data from any country present the researcher with a variety of difficulties . Thus, it might be useful to make some general comparisons between the Russian and Soviet censuses and international standards as a means by which these problems can be placed in a relevant context . Compared to the most advanced countries , the USSR has lagged behind in the introduction of some technical advances in the enumeration proces s . For example , whereas sampling was first used in the U . S . census of 1 940 , the USSR adopted this technique for the 1 970 census . A

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65

question on month and year of birth (a better means of obtaining age data) , included in the 1 970 Soviet census , had been incorporated earlier in European and U. S . censuses . Mark-sensing forms and readers were first introduced in the U. S . census in 1 960 but in the Soviet census only in 1 979 . Certainly, the USSR has been slow to utilize computers fully in the census operation , although this tendency is characteristic of the Soviet bureaucracy, economy, and society in general . Beginning in the 1 950s , the Statistical Office of the United Nations (now a branch of the Department of International Economic and Social Affairs) initiated a series of publications containing guidance for coun­ tries in planning and carrying out national population censuses ; this office also sponsored numerous technical manuals dealing with different operational aspects of census taking (United Nations , 1 95 8 ; 1 967 ; 1 974; 1 980) . These important documents , which reflect the growing interna­ tional concern for obtaining more and better information on socioeco­ nomic conditions in the world' s countries , incorporate lessons learned in previous censuses , the results of conferences and expert consultations , and recommendations submitted by international , regional , and national statistical bodies . In the most recent of these publications , the UN ( 1 980: 2-3) considers that four "essential features " are desirable in any population census: individual enumeration , universality, simultaneity, and defined periodici­ ty. With reference to the Soviet censuses , including the latest ones , the first three of these features are adhered to; the last is violated by the troublesome irregularity of intercensal periods . At one point, the UN recommended that countries take censuses in years ending in zero to facilitate international comparisons , but that suggestion has been downplayed of late (UN, 1 980: 3) . Beyond these very general "essential features , " the UN provides more specific guidelines for the planning , organization , and administra­ tion of censuses (UN , 1 980: 1 2-37) . First, extensive preparatory work is necessary for any national census , including establishing a legal basis for the enumeration , securing funding , agreeing on a census calendar, setting up administrative bodie s , publicizing the census , mapping census units , preparing the questionnaire , and recruiting and training staff. Although not privy to all internal workings of the Soviet census appara­ tus , we do know that considerable effort goes into the preparatory work of the census . For example , planning conferences involving demogra­ phers , ethnographers , statisticians , and other social scientists , and repre­ sentatives of the Central Statistical Administration are convened well in advance of the projected census date to review procedures and discuss changes in technical or operational aspects of the enumeration; lengthy

66

Lee Schwartz

reports on the issues discussed , as well as copies of the household list and questionnaire forms , are published regularly (USSR, l 958a; 1 958b; l 969a; l 969b; 1 978) . Of particular interest in these publications are descriptions of test census results , which in some cases prompt refine­ ments in the full census . In this connection , the fact that the USSR has had a permanent census bureau since 1 957 provides for continuity in matters relating to census methodology. Second, according to the UN, operational aspects of the census process must receive attention . Decisions must be made regarding the manner in which the population will be counted (enumerator or householder meth­ ods} , the timing and length of the enumeration period , and the use of sampling . The Soviet census has always employed enumerators rather than relying on self-enumeration . As was discussed earlier in this chapter, serious consideration is given to fixing the date of the Soviet census in an attempt to minimize undercounting or double counting due to travel , work , and schooling . During the census period , control slips (spravki) are used to keep track of persons already counted . Remote areas are usually enumerated early to avoid delaying the proces s . Finally, sampling is now an important feature of the Soviet censuses . Third , data processing and , fourth , evaluation of results must proceed once the census is completed . Computers and their applications have become more common in data processing in the USSR, and this trend will no doubt continue . However, although initial results of the Soviet census are released reasonably early, the tabulation process is slower than in the U. S . census . The evaluation of results through internal checks and postenumeration surveys is standard practice in Soviet census taking . Finally, the UN considers the dissemination of results to be the last stage in the census process and a vital one for the obvious reason that even the most accurate and extensively tabulated data are of limited utility unless they are made available to researchers (UN, 1 980: 36-37) . In this chapter and throughout this volume it is made abundantly clear that the major failure of census taking in the USSR is in the area of dissemination of results . The UN series on population censuses also contains recommendations for topics to be investigated and tabulations to be made therefrom (UN , 1 967 : 40-4 1 ; 1 95 8 : 1 8- 1 9) . In terms of topics covered by the census , the USSR has a good and improving record (UN , 1 974: 9) . For example , of fifteen high priority topics recommended by the UN , the 1 959 Soviet census covered twelve (missing only place of birth , children ever born , and children living) ; children ever born was added in the 1 979 census . B y comparison , the 1 960 U . S . census also included twelve of fifteen high priority topics (missing de facto residence , children living , and

A History of the Censuses

67

literacy) . The tabulation of results varies from census to census , but­ with the obvious exception of the 1 979 count-the USSR satisfies the vast majority of recommended direct or derived tabulations (UN, 1 967 : 40-4 1 ) . In conclusion , by accepted international standards the censuses of the USSR conform to most recommendations regarding the preparation and conducting of the enumeration but fall far short in rendering available results of the count and tabulations . As was mentioned in the earlier chapter by Ralph Clem , the accuracy of Soviet census data has improved over the years , an improvement that makes it especially ironic that the publication of the figures has been so severely reduced.

References Anderson, B arbara A . , and Brian D . Silver.

1 985 . " ' Permanent' and ' Present'

Populations in Soviet Statistics . " Soviet Studies 37 : 386-402 . Bruk , S . I . , and V. I . Kozlov.

1 97 7 .

"K istorii ucheta etnicheskogo sostava v

perepisyakh naseleniya . " In Problemy istoricheskoy demografii SSSR, ed . R. N . Pullat , 1 73-85 . Tallin: Akademiya Nauk Estonskoy S S R .

Drobizhev, V. Z . 1 977 . "Nekotoriya voprosy istochnikovedeniya istoriko-demogra­

ficheskikh issledovanii Sovetskogo obshchestva. ' ' In Problemy istoricheskoy demografii

SSSR, 67-7 2 . See Bruk and Kozlov, 1 977 . Dubester, Henry J. 1 969 . National Censuses and Vital Statistics in Europe, I 9I8-I 939:

An Annotated Bibliography. Reprinted from 1 948 ed . New York: Burt Franklin . Feshbac h , Murray. 1 98 1 . " Development of the Soviet Census . " In Soviet Population

Policy: Conflicts and Constraints, ed . Helen Desfosses , 3- 1 5 . New York: Pergamon Press. Galin , M. 1 95 1 . Kak proizvodilis ' perepis ' naseleniya v SSSR . Munich: Institut po izuchenii istorii i kul ' tury SSSR. Isupov, A . 1 975 . " O predstoyashchey Vsesoyuznoy perepsisi naseleniya . " Vestnik

statistiki, no . 9: 3-9 . Ivanova, V. 1 97 6 .

"O podgotovke k Vsesoyuznoy perepisi naseleniya 1 979 g . "

Vestnik statistiki, no . 7 : 49-52 . Kolpakov, B . T. 1 969 . Vsesoyuznaya perepis ' naseleniya I970 goda . Moscow : Sovetskaya Rossiya. Kulischer, Eugene M . , and M.

K . Roof.

1 95 6 .

"A New Look at the Soviet

Population Structure of 1 93 9 . " American Sociological Review 2 1 : 280-90. Lewis , Robert A . , and Richard H. Rowland. 1 97 9 . Population Redistribution in the

USSR : Its Impact on Society, I 897-I 977. New York: Praeger.

Lincol n , W. B . 1 980. Petr Petrovich Semenov-Tian Shanskii . The Life of a Russian

Geographer. Newtonville , Mas s . : Oriental Research Partners . Lorimer, Frank . 1 946. The Population of the Soviet Union : History and Prospects . Geneva: League of Nations .

Perevedentsev, V. 1 967 . " Spor o perepisi . " Literaturnaya gazeta 2 ( 1 1 January): 1 3 .

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Petersen , William . 1 975 . Population, 2d ed . New York: Macmillan . Pivovar, E. I. 1 985 . " Perepis sluzhashchikh Sovetskikh uchrezhdeniy Moskvy 1 9 1 8 goda kak istochnik p o istorii intelligentsii . " lstoriya SSSR 1 (January/February) : 1 46-57 . Pod " yachikh , P. G . 1 966 .

"O predstoyashchey Vsesoyuznoy perepisi naseleniya

1 969 g . " Vestnik statistiki, no . 8: 3 8-48 . ---

. 1 97 6 . " Programma i osnovnye voprosy metodologii Vsesoyuznoy perepisi

naseleniya 1 970 g . " In Vsesoyuznaya perepis ' naseleniya 1 970 goda: Sbornik

statey, ed. G. M . Maksimov, 9-4 8 . Moscow: Statistika. Russian Empire . Tsentral ' nyy Statisticheskiy Komitet. 1 905 . Pervaya vseobshchaya

perepis' naseleniya Rossiyskoy lmperii, 1897 g. 89 vol s . St. Petersburg . S autin , I . 1 9 3 8 . Vsesoyuznaya perepis ' naseleniya 1 939 goda . Moscow : Gosudar­ stvennoye Izdatel ' stvo Politicheskoy Literatury. Somerville , Rose M .

1 940 .

" Counting Noses in the Soviet Union : The

1 939

Census . " American Quarterly on the Soviet Union 3 (February/March) : 5 1-73 . United Nations . Department of Economic and Social Affairs . 1 967 . Principles and

Recommendations for the 1 970 Population Censuses. Statistical Papers , Series M , no . 44 . New York . ---

. 1 974. Handbook of Population and Housing Census Methods . Studies in

Methods, Series

F,

no. 1 6 . New York .

U nited Nations . Department of International Economic and Social Affairs . 1 98 0 .

Principles and Recommendations for Population and Housing Censuses . Statisti­ cal Papers , Series M, no . 67 . New York . United Nations . Statistical Office . 1 95 8 . Principles and Recommendations for Na­

tional Population Censuses . Statistical Papers , Series M , no . 27 . New York . U S S R . Tsentral ' noye Statisticheskoye Upravleniye SSSR. 1 929 . Vsesoyuznaya perepis '

naseleniya 1 92 6 goda . 66 vol s . Moscow. . 1 95 8 a . Materiali po Vsesoyuznoy perepisi naseleniya 1 959 goda .

---

Moscow : Gosudarstvennoye Statisticheskoye lzdatel' stvo . ---

. 1 95 8 b . Vsesoyuznaya perepis ' naseleniya 1 959 goda . Moscow : Gosudar­

stvennoye Izdatel ' stvo Politicheskoy Literatury. ---

.

1 969a. Vsesoyuznaya perepis ' naseleniya-vsenarodnoye delo . Moscow :

Statistika . ---

.

1 969b . Vsesoyuznoye soveshchaniye statistikov 22-26 aprelya 1 968 g . :

Stenograficheskiy otchet. Moscow : Statistika . --- .

1 97 8 .

Vsesoyuznaya perepis ' naseleniya-vsenarodnoye delo . Moscow :

Statistika. --- .

1 984 . Chislennost' i sostav naseleniya SSSR (Po dannym Vsesoyuznoy

perepisi naseleniya 1979 goda). Moscow: Finansy i Statistika. Volkov, A. 1 967 . " Voprosy migratsii v programme perepisi naseleniya." Vestnik

statistiki, no . 2: 34-3 8 . Vorob ' yev, N . Y . 1 957 . Vsesoyuznaya perepis' naseleniya 1 926 goda . Moscow : Gosudarstvennoye Statisticheskoye Izdatel ' stvo . Voronitsyn , S . 1 97 8 . " On the Eve of the All-Union Census . " Radio Liberty Research 230178 : 1 -5 . ---

. 1 979 . " The All-Union Census Starts . " Radio Liberty Research 1 6179 : 1 -5 .

A History of the Censuses Yezhov,

A.

1 967 .

69

Organization of Statistics in the USSR . Moscow : Progress

Publishers . Zhak , D. K . 1 95 8 . Mekhanizirovannaya razrabotka materialov perepisey naseleniya

SSSR . Moscow : Gosudarstvennoye Statisticheskoye Izdatel ' stvo .

Chapter 4

The Ethnic and Language Dimensions in Russian and Soviet Censuses B RIAN D . SIL VER

The Soviet government emphasizes its leading role in the social and economic transformation of society. Information gathered from censuses is important for the periodic assessment of state policies . Therefore , census data on nationality and native language of the population serve as a way both to determine the ethnic composition of Soviet society and , in conjunction with other data , to assess and compare the progress of policies designed to promote the economic and social development of the nationalities of the USSR. Censuses , moreover, are the only source of systematic information on change in the ethnic composition and lan­ guage preferences of the population as a whole . Russian and Soviet census planners have always included questions about nationality and language in the census forms (see Table 4 . 1 ) . The First General Census of Population in 1 897 contained questions about native language (rodnoy yazyk) and religion of the imperial popula­ tion . The five general censuses reported since the 1 9 1 7 Revolution ( 1 926, 1 93 9 , 1 95 9 , 1 970, and 1 979) asked questions about native language and nationality of the Soviet population . In addition to the questions about native language , the 1 970 and 1 979 censuses included a question about second language or, more precisely, " another language of the peoples of the USSR" that an individual could " freely command . " The utility o f the information o n nationality, language , and religion depends both on the exact formulation of census questions and on the Acknowledgements: Initial work on this chapter was completed while I was a Mellon Fellow and Visiting Scholar at the Russian Research Center of Harvard University. Work on the chapter was supported by NICHD Grant Nos . HD-1 8027 and HD- 1 99 1 5 . Murray Feshbach, Lubomyr Hajda, and Stephen Rapawy kindly made available copies of certain source materials . I am grateful to them, as well as to Barbara Anderson, Paul Goble , Fred Grupp , Ellen Jones, and Robert Lewis, who made constructive comments on the manuscript.

70

71

Ethnic and Language Dimensions

Table 4 . 1 . Availability of nationality, language , and religion data in Russian and Soviet census reports, 1 897- 1 979

Native language Second language Religion Nationality!Narodnost'

1 897

1 926

1 939

1 959

1 970

1 979

x

x

x

x

x x

x x

x

x

x

x

x

x

form in which the results are reported , in particular, whether the data on ethnicity are cross-tabulated in the census reports with information on age , sex , education , marital status , occupation , migration history, and other variables . A summary of the extent to which each indicator has been cross-tabulated with other census variables is presented in the Index (see also Anderson , 1 977; Arutyunyan et al . , 1 984: 42-43) but will not be discussed in the text . The main issues treated here will be ( I ) the formulation of questions on nationality, religion , and language; (2) the meaning of the responses ; and (3) the use of Soviet census data on nationality and language in conjunction with other sources of informa­ tion on the ethnic composition and linguistic practices of the Soviet population . In treating the formulation and meaning of the census questions on nationality, religion , and language , I focus on the questions' validity­ the correspondence between the census measures and the concepts for which the measures are the operational indicators . There are two main sources of invalidity of the census measures: ( I ) vagueness or uncertain­ ty in the definition of the concept that the census question is intended to measure operationally; and (2) imprecision or bias in the measurement of the concept-in the wording of the census question , the method of asking the question (including the instructions to the census enumera­ tors) , and the method of tabulating the results . A focus on the validity of the census measures is appropriate because no single publication has compiled information on the formulation and interpretation of the mea­ sures and because several important features of these measures have not been examined carefully by users of the census data. For example , although nationality, language , and religion may each be regarded as self-standing dimensions of the ethnic or cultural composi­ tion of a population , and although for the most part the three dimensions have been treated as independent questions during the gathering of Russian and Soviet census data, the independence of these indicators has often been compromised during the processing of the data for publica­ tion . Certain operational rules have been employed that lessen the independence of the indicators . The significance of these rules has not been widely recognized .

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Brian D. Silver

The 1 897 Census The history of the confounding of the different ethnic dimensions can be dated from the interpretation of " native language" in the 1 897 census (Russian Empire , 1 905a; 1 905b; 1 905c) . In the six general population censuses for which results have been published , only the 1 897 census asked about religion; the unpublished 1 937 census also included a question on religion (Gozulov, 1 936: 1 3 1-32; Pustokhod and Voblyy, 1 936: 202-5 ) . Because the 1 897 census is also the only one that did not include a question about nationality, one might initially suppose that the census designers intended to treat religion as a surrogate for nationality. In fact, however, they intended to treat native language as a surrogate for nationality, while religion was a self-standing question included for other purposes (Russian Empire , 1 905b) . Because of a series of problems caused by the reliance on the native-language question , the ethnic composition of the Russian Empire in 1 897 cannot readily be determined from the census . Most of these problems were openly acknowledged in the introductory remarks to the general summary volume of the census report (Russian Empire , 1 905b: II , ii) . As was noted in the report itself, native language " far from always gives a correct idea of the nationality of one or another group of the population . " Confusion occurs because persons of one nationality often declare the language of another nationality as native language . In particular, the 1 897 census data on native language underrepresented the size of the populations of nationalities and ethnic groups that were experiencing linguistic russification (adoption of Russian as native lan­ guage) , such as the Votyaks (Udmurts) , Mordvinians , and Zyryans (Komi) . At the same time , the data overrepresented the number of Russians in the population-perhaps intentionally, as has been suggested by Soviet population specialists (e . g . , Gozulov, 1 936: 20 1-2) . To improve the reliability of native language as an indicator of nationali­ ty, certain "corrections" were introduced . For example , the information gathered on the estates (sosloviya) and on religion often contained information on nationality, information that was then used to derive better estimates of the ethnic makeup of the population of certain regions . As a result of these correction s , reported native language is not derived solely from the direct census responses to the question on native language . An even more serious problem with the native-language data, which was also acknowledged in the introduction to the summary volume , is that inadequate anticipation of the kinds of responses that would be

Ethnic and Language Dimensions

73

generated led to post hoc reclassification of the responses during the preparation of the data for publication . In Dagestan , for example , many people reported as their native language the language of their village or town , making it difficult to allocate the population according to standard linguistic categories . In addition , the widespread use of such terms as "Tatar" and "Tyurk" by many different Turkic-speaking groups and the use of the term " Cherkess" as the language of many different groups in the North Caucasus confounded the problem of deriving information on ethnic groups from the native-language information . At the same time , potentially valuable information on native language was lost because the information gathered on the many different Caucasian languages or dialects was aggregated into a general category termed "Georgian . " The l 8 9 7 census report devotes much attention t o religious affiliation (religioznaya prinadlezhnost' ) or religion (veroispovedaniye) and presents many detailed cross-tabulations with other variables such as native language , literacy, sex , urban-rural residence , and region of the country. Every person was placed into one or another religious category, with no allowance for nonbelievers or indication of the intensity of religious belief. Furthermore , there is reason to believe that the census was constructed to maximize the estimated number of people who adhered to the Russian Orthodox religion (Gozulov, 1 936: 202-3) . Nonetheles s , precisely because o f the omission of a direct question o n nationality in the 1 897 censu s , the substantial detail in the reporting of religion in combination with native language and with numerous demographic characteristics makes the data an indispensable source of information on the ethnic composition of late-nineteenth-century Russia . However, in recent efforts to determine the ethnic composition of the Russian Empire , Soviet scholars have avoided using the 1 897 census results (e . g . , Bruk and Kabuzan , 1 980a, 1 980b ; Polyakov and Kisilev, 1 980) .

The S oviet Censuses Table 4 . 2 summarizes the formulations of the census questions on nationality and language used in the Russian and Soviet censuses . Although I follow the practice of Soviet census administrators of refer­ ring to the items on the census form as questions , the questions on nationality and native language are each simply terms on the census form , with blank spaces or boxes for the census taker to fill in . Proposals by Soviet ethnographers to have the questions on nationality and lan­ guage expressed on the census protocol in sentence form have not been adopted (e . g . , Bruk and Kozlov, 1 968: 34; USSR, 1 969c : 227 ) .

74

Brian D . Silver

Table 4 . 2 . Wording of questions on nationality and language in the Russian and Soviet censuses, 1 897- 1 979

Census year

Formulation of question

General instructions to census taker*

Answers for children

Nationality

1 897 1 926

Narodnost' (People)

For fore igners : of which state are they a citizen?

To what narodnost' does the respondent consider himself to belong? If the respondent has difficulty answering the question , preference is given to the nationality of the mother. Since the census has the aim of defining the tribal (ethno­ graphic) composition of the population , it is not appro­ priate to replace narodnost' by religion , citizenship-country of origin or an indicator of residing in the territory of some republic . It is possible for the answer to the ques­ tion on narodnost' not to cor­ respond with the answer on native language .

In Urban Areas: if the narodnost' of children is miss­ ing and the parents belong to one narodnost' , children should be assigned the same narodnost' . If the parents be­ long to different narodnosti and an answer is missing on the narodnost' of a child, then preference should be given to the narodnost' of the mother. In Rural Areas: If the narodnost' of a child is missing from the form , the blank spot can be filled in only if all members of the family are of the same nationality.

Supplemental Instruction: Al­ though the term narodnost' was adopted with the aim of emphasizing the tribal (eth­ nographic) composition of the population , nonetheless the definition of narodnost' is left to the respondent himself, and in writing the answer down it is improper to alter the re­ spondent ' s answer. Persons who have lost their link with the narodnost' of their ances­ tors can indicate a narodnost' to which they regard them­ selves as belonging now. 1 939

Natsional' nost' (Nationality)

Citizen of which state?

Write the nationality to which the respondent considers him­ self to belong .

For children under 16, if their nationality is not listed on the census form , then the child is attributed the nation­ ality of the parents if the par­ ents both belong to the same nationality.

Ethnic and Language Dimensions

Census year

Formulation of question

General instructions to census taker*

75

Answers for children

Nationality

1 959

1 970

1 979

Census year

Natsional' nost' (Nationality)

Write the nationality that the respondent himself indicates.

Citizen of which state?

For citizens of the USSR, write "USSR , " but for foreigners the name of the state of which the respondent is a citizen. For persons who have no citizenship , write " without citizenship . "

Natsional' nost' (Nationality)

Write the nationality that the respondent himself indicates.

For foreigners indicate also citizenship

For foreign citizens, after the inscription of nationality, write the name of the state of which the respondent is a citizen .

Natsional' nost' (Nationality)

Write the nationality that the respondent himself indicates.

For foreigners indicate also citizenship

For foreign citizens, after the inscription of nationality, write the name of the state of which the respondent is a citizen .

Formulation of question

General instuctions to census taker*

Nationality of children is de!ermined by parents. In families where the father and mother belong to different nationalities, and the parents themselves have difficulty defining the nationality of the children, preference is given to the nationality of the mother. Nationality of children is de!ermined by parents. Only in families where the father and mother belong to different nationalities and the parents have difficulty themselves in determining the nationality of children, should preference be given to the nationality of the mother. Nationality of children is determined by parents. Only in families where the father and mother belong to different nationalities and the parents have difficulty themselves in determining the nationality of children, should preference be given to the nationality of the mother.

Answers for children

Native Language

1 897

Rodnoy yazyk (native language)

Here is written the language each person considers native for himself.

1 926

Rodnoy yazyk (Native language)

The language the respondent knows best of all or that he usually speaks is identified as his native language .

If an answer to the question on native language is missing for a child age 1 or less, fill in the blank on the basis of the mother' s native language .

76

Census year

Brian D. Silver

Formulation of question

General instuctions to census taker*

Answers for children

Native Language

Supplemental Instruction: The native language of deaf peopie is considered the language that they use for communication with their associates.

Supplemental Instruction: The native language of children not knowing how to talk is considered the language of the mother.

1 939

Rodnoy yazyk (Native language)

That language the respondent himself considers to be his native language .

For children under 16, if their native language is not listed on the census form, then the language of their nationality is to be used .

1 959

Rodnoy yazyk (Native language)

Write the name of the Ianguage that the respondent himself considers his native language . If the respondent has difficulty naming some language as native language , then write down the language that the respondent commands best of all or that is usually used in the family.

As the native language of children not yet able to talk , writ.e the language usually used for conversation in the family.

The native language of deaf people is considered the Ianguage that they read and write or that is used by their family or by a person with whom they primarily communicate . It is possible for native Ianguage not to coincide with nationality. 1 970

Rodnoy yazyk (Native language)

Write the name of the Ianguage that the respondent himself considers his native language . If the respondent has difficulty naming some language as native language , then write down the name of the language that he commands best of all or that is usually used in the family. The native language of deaf people is considered the Ianguage that they read and write or that is used by their family or by a person with whom they primarily communicate .

As the native language of children still not able to talk, write the language usually used for conversation in the family.

Ethnic and Language Dimensions

Census year

Formulation of question

General instuctions to census taker*

77

Answers for children

Native Language

It is possible for native lan­ guage not to coincide with nationality. 1 979

Rodnoy yazyk (Native language)

To the question on native lan­ guage write down the name of the language that the re­ spondent himself considers his native language . It is possible for native lan­ guage not to coincide with nationality.

The native language of chil­ dren still not able to talk, and of other young children is de­ fined by their parents. If the parents have difficulty defin­ ing the native language of a child, write down the lan­ guage usually used in con­ versation in the family.

If the respondent has difficul­ ty naming some language as native language, write down the language that he com­ mands best of all or that is usually used in the family. The native language of deaf people is considered to be the language that they read and write or the language used by their family or those with whom they primarily com­ municate .

Census year

Formulation of question

General instructions to census taker* Second Language

1 970

Indicate also another language of the peo­ ples of the USSR that he freely com­ mands .

After writing down the na­ tive language , for people free­ ly commanding another lan­ guage of the people of the USSR ( i . e . , able to speak freely in that language), write down which one (for exam­ ple, Russian , Ukrainian). If the respondent, in addi­ tion to the native language , freely commands two or more languages of the peoples of the USSR, write down only the one of those that he com­ mands best .

Answers for children

78

Census year

Brian D . Silver

Formulation of question

General instructions to census taker*

Answers for children

Second Language

For people who do not free­ ly command another languge, and also for children not yet able to talk, after writing down the native language draw a line . 1 979

Indicate also another language of the peo­ ples of the USSR that he freely com­ mands .

After writing down the na­ tive language, for people free­ ly commanding another lan­ guage of the peoples of the USSR or knowing only how to converse freely in the given language, write down the name of the language (Russian , Ukrainian, Kazakh, Latvian , etc . ) . I f the respondent, in addition to the native language , free­ ly commands two or more languages of the peoples of the USSR, write down only the one of those that he knows best . For persons not freely com­ manding another language of the peoples of the USSR, af­ ter writing the native lan­ guage write "No."

*The instructions listed in the table are general instructions that have been published by the Central Statistical Board or reported in other sources given in the References . Certain specific instructions dealing with special problems and circumstances were also issued . In the case of the 1 926 census, each volume of the census report summarizes some of the spe­ cial instructions that applied in particular regions . For example , in Volume XIII it was reported that "to clarify the written answers for per­ sons calling themselves ' Russian , ' it is necessary to determine in precisely which-Russian , Ukrainian, or Belorussian-the individual places himself. 'Great Russian' ( Velikoross) is con­ sidered the same as ' Russian' and is recorded as ' Russian' in the individual census lists . " " To clarify the written answers o n language o f persons answering ' Russian' language , it is necessary for the respondent to specify precisely which language-Russian , Ukrainian , or Belorussian-he has in view. If someone calls his language 'Great Russian , ' then write ' Russian' in the individual census lists . " As additional examples, in the volumes reporting data fo r Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan , the census takers were told that " in no circumstance" were they to write Moslem, Chris­ tian , Orthodox, and so on, as an answer to the question on narodnost' . In Uzbekistan , cen­ sus takers were instructed to interpret "Sart" as " Uzbek (Sart) . " In Turkmenistan , census takers were instructed to write down not only narodnost' but also tribe and clan (rod) . They were told not to confuse "Tyurki" with " Farsi" and that Persians often called themselves Tyurki-Azerbaidzhantsy or Tyurki-Persidskiy.

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While there has been a reliance on self-enumeration in the U . S . Census since 1 960 , i n the Soviet Union census takers visit each resi­ dence . Census takers are supposed to follow certain instructions in eliciting information from the respondents . Table 4 . 2 lists the general instructions for the questions on nationality and language in each Soviet census . Although the instructions may clarify the intended meanings of certain terms for the census takers , the instructions are not necessarily read to the respondents . Hence , the respondents are less likely than the census takers to be informed of the intended interpretation s.

Subjective measures . The census questions are designed t o elicit the subjective nationality and the subjective native language of the respon­ dent . "Nationality " is a completely open-ended question , with the re­ sponse to be written verbatim on the census blank . Similarly, " native language" is supposed to be inscribed verbatim and is whatever the respondent declares it to be . The census takers are instructed not to check any documents during the census ; they are to accept an answer to the question on nationality that is inconsistent with the answer to the question on native language . The classification of the population by nationality and by native language is exhaustive , and everyone has a nationality and a native language . There are no reported " don' t knows" or missing data on these questions . Because of the subjectivity of the census measures of nationality and native language , neither characteristic of an individual is necessarily permanent or " official . " Although it has been suggested that the use of nationality labels on individual internal passports , personnel records , and other official documents may " fix" the subjective nationality of people in the USSR , especially after adolescence (Kozlov, 1 969: 298 ; 1 975: 230-3 1 ) , strong empirical evidence exists that self-identified nationality often changes between censuses even among people who are beyond their adolescent years (Anderson and Silver, 1 983) . There is no inconsistency between international practice and the Soviet censu s ' s treatment of nationality and native language as subjective indicators because there is no uniform international standard . A large variety of classifications by race , language , nativity, citizenship , and ethnic group are used in the censuses of other countries . There is no standard classification of ethnic groups or languages comparable to the International Standard Classification of Occupations . U. S . censuses have used a variety of classifications by race and "nativity " ; measures of country of birth of the respondents or of their parents have often served as imperfect surrogates for measures of "ethnic group" or " nationality " (Shryock and Siegel , 1 976: 1 45-46) . A positive feature of the Soviet census's approach to measuring

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nationality is its consistency with the notion of ethnicity preferred by many contemporary scholars as essentially a notion based on self­ definition (e . g . , Barth , 1 969; Kozlov, 1 969; Armstrong , 1 982) . By not linking census nationality by definition to official nationality, Soviet census planners have made it easier for census respondents to define their own nationality and to change their ethnic self-designation between censuses . The same emphasis on measuring change applies to the self-designation of native language . For this reason , inconsistency of individual responses from one census to the next is not necessarily indicative of measurement error in the censuses . Measurement of nationality and language in successive censuses is not designed as , and should not be regarded as , a test-retest reliability check. In contrast , inconsistency between successive measures of char­ acteristics such as race or country of birth used in the censuses of other countries would be a sign of unreliability. Instead , the Soviet measures are designed to register intercensal change-although on the aggregate , rather than the individual , level .

Instructions to census takers . When questioning adults in a household , the census taker has essentially only (according to the typical instruction­ see Table 4 . 2) to " write down the nationality (native language) that the respondent himself indicates . " The census takers receive written instruc­ tions about what to do if the respondents have difficulty answering the questions . What is not known is how well the formal instructions are followed in practice; there are no published studies by Soviet scholars of the extent to which census enumerators comply with the instructions , although some errors by census takers have been mentioned . During both the 1 959 and 1 970 censuses , for example , many census takers mistakenly inscribed the word for a female Even (evenka) when they should have IJ.Sed the term for a female Evenk (evenkiyka) , and this mistake led to a serious undercount of female Evenks and an overesti­ mate of the number of female Evens (Ter-Izrael ' yan , 1 979: 1 92) . A more consequential error may have occurred involving Ukrainians living in the Kuban ' region of the RSFS R . A . S . Bezhkovich ( 1 967) has speculated that in the 1 959 census , census takers frequently confused the response " rus ' kiy, " a term used as a self-identification by some Ukrainians , with its near homonym ' ' russkiy, which means Russian . Although official census documents for the 1 959 and 1 970 censuses (USSR , 1 959; 1 969a) , to which Bezhkovich does not refer, clearly state that people who claim rus' kiy as their nationality were supposed to be classified as Ukrainian , he suggests that the response "rus ' kiy" was mistakenly interpreted as " russkiy. " This practice (in addition to assimilation , the agricultural collectivization and the 1 932-3 famine , and emigration from the region) ' '

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could partly account for the sharp decline in the number of reported Ukrainians in the Kuban ' between 1 926 and 1 959. We would like to know who i n the household generally answers census questions and how accurately and consistently the recorded responses to the questions on nationality and native language represent the direct oral responses of each member of the household . Either the general instructions to the census takers or the specific instructions for the questions on nationality and native language deal with the situation of children , of deaf people , and of people who are temporarily absent from their permanent place of residence . The information on the nationality and native language of children is especially important because it can be used to measure intergenerational change , but the instructions themselves are not complete (see Table 4 . 2) . For ex­ ample , the instructions do not state clearly under which circumstances the answers for children are to be given by parents (Kuvshinova, 1 984: 27) . Although in the last three censuses the nationality of children was supposed to be reported by parents , the instructions do not define what age these "children" were supposed to be . For the questions on native language , census takers were instructed in most censuses to follow one rule or another to determine the native language of children who were not yet able to talk , but how the native language of children who were able to talk was supposed to be determined or was in fact determined is not clear. The instructions for the 1 979 census stated that the native language of all " young children" (age not defined) was to be determined by the parents (see Table 4 . 2 ) . This seems to imply that the native language of " old " children was to be determined by some other mean s, perhaps by the children themselves . The instructions for earlier Soviet censuses , however, did not tell how to determine the native language of either young or old children who were able to talk . Thu s , although in principle all census responses to the questions on nationality and native language are to reflect the subjective judgment of Soviet citi­ zens , the nationality of children (age not specified) is defined by the parents , and the native language of children not yet able to talk is also determined by the parents , but the native language of other children (except for " young " children) is presumably not determined by parents .

Nationality in the Soviet Censuses Terminology. A special Soviet terminology classifies ethnic units or communities according to their stage of historical development as clan/ tribes , peoples , and nations . However, leading Soviet ethnographers

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have recently supported use of a general term "ethnic community "

(etnicheskaya obshchnost' ) or " ethnos" (etnos) that incorporates or sub­ sumes the different types of ethnic community (e . g . , Kozlov, 1 969 : 1 5-26; Bromley, 1 98 1 : 1 0-45 ) . In addition , the term " ethnic group" (etnicheskaya gruppa) is commonly reserved for references to small ethnic communities or to clusters of people belonging to larger nationali­ ties but residing as minorities away from the primary area of geographic concentration of their nationality. In administrative practice and in census usage , however, the Russian concept of natsional' nost' (nationality) is the common generic term used to refer to the ethnic affiliation of Soviet citizens (Kozlov, 1 977: 32) . The Russian meaning of natsional' nost' is essentially equivalent to the Western notions of both ethnic affiliation and ethnic group (Clem , 1 980: 1 2) . Therefore , despite the special Soviet usage of the term " ethnic group , " the term " nationality " is used here interchangeably with the terms " ethnic group " and " ethnic affiliation . " Except for the 1 926 census , which used the term narodnost ' (people) , the general population censuses of the Soviet Union have consistently employed a single Russian concept to express the basic ethnic or nationality affiliation of the population: natsional' nost' (nation­ ality) . The 1 926 census employed the concept narodnost' rather than natsional' nost' even though the latter term had been used in the censuses of 1 920 and 1 923 . During the planning for the 1 926 census , a controver­ sy arose between those who wanted to obtain a picture of the ethno­ graphic composition of the population and those who wanted to depict the nationality composition of the population in the form that it was taking as a result of the post-revolutionary self-determination of national­ ities (Vorob 'ev, 1 95 7 : 27) . The proponents of the first opinion won out , and the term narodnost ' was chosen because this term was thought to reflect better the notion of ethnic origins . It was believed that people would more readily claim affiliation with a narodnost' or ethnic group of the population than with a natsional' nost' -a concept closely linked to that of natsiya (nation) . The 1 939, 1 959, 1 970, and 1 979 census forms included a question on natsional ' nost ' (nationality) in place of the question on narodnost ' . The concept of nationality as employed in the censuses has been criticized by Soviet ethnographers (e. g . , Bruk and Kozlov, 1 967 : 5) who argue that it is not well understood by the broad masses of the population , but its repeated use over time-with no change in the wording and little change in the instructions to the census takers-has the virtue of permitting longitudinal comparison of the distribution of the Soviet population by ethnic group . In addition , the use of the term " nationality " in Soviet

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administrative practice and in official documents and statistics is by now so well established that few people are likely to have any difficulty identifying themselves as belonging to a nationality.

The number of distinct nationalities . One important problem in the study of ethnicity in the USSR is that of labeling and counting distinct ethnic groups . Determining how many nationalities existed in the USSR at each census date is not simple . The number of the nationalities actually listed in tables of the census reports always falls short of the number mentioned in Soviet literature about the censu s. Even within a given census report, some nationalities are listed only in footnotes , are included in some summary tables but not others , are collapsed together with other nationalities for some purposes , or are lumped into an " other" category. For example , one secondary source (lsupov, 1 964: 1 2) refers to an official list of 1 26 ethnic groups used for tabulating the 1 959 census results , but the summary volume of the 1 959 census report (USSR, 1 963) lists only 1 09 nationalities in the main tables and roughly another half dozen in footnotes . Nevertheles s, Soviet scholars generally acknowledge that the number . of nationalities enumerated in the censuses has diminished substantially over time . Furthermore , the reduction in the number of distinct ethnic or nationality groups is often said to result not only from ethnic assimilation but also from a change in the main concept employed in the census question from narodnost' in 1 926 to natsional' nost' in later census years . As evidence supporting such a conclusion , it is noted that the 1 926 census report listed 1 94 distinct ethnic titles ( 1 60 titles of nationalities that are treated as indigenous to the USSR) , while the 1 939 census listed only 97 such titles (62 indigenous to the USSR) (e . g . , Isupov, 1 964: 1 2) . One difficulty with this argument is that about 20 of the 1 94 narodnosti listed in the 1 926 census report either had no recorded population , had populations so small that the groups were subsumed under other ethnic labels in the published reports (USSR, 1 928; 1 929) , or were combined with other groups in some tables (e . g . , Czechs and Slovaks) . Bruk and Kozlov ( 1 967 : 6) note that separate population figures were provided in the 1 926 census report for only 1 78 narodnosti. A second difficulty with this argument is that in tabulating census results from 1 959 and later census years approximately 1 25 different ethnic titles were employed-that is , an increase since 1 939, even though the term natsional ' nost' was used both in 1 939 and in all subsequent censuses . The major reason for the pattern of change over time is that the number of officially recognized nationalities in the 1 939 census was , in the words of Bruk and Kozlov ( 1 967: 6) , " artificially

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contracted . " A. A. Isupov, the director of the 1 979 Soviet census , in 1 964 attributed the small size of the list of nationalities in 1 939 to the " influence of the [Stalin] personality cult" (lsupov, 1 964: 1 2) . A third difficulty with the argument that use of the term natsional ' nost ' in place of narodnost ' led to a reduction in the number of distinct ethnic entities is that it assumes that the set of nationalities or peoples listed in the census reports is determined empirically by the number of ethnonyms that people offer in their verbatim responses to the census question on nationality. It is not widely recognized among Western scholars who use Soviet census data that the "nationalities " included in the census reports are partly synthetic . The way in which native­ language responses in the 1 897 census were handled was not repeated in later censuses; instead , much planning preceded the tabulation of the questions on nationality and language . This planning was not only technical but also involved policy decisions on whether or not to treat some groups as distinct nationalities . For the 1 926 census , for example , the compilation of the data by narodnost' was based on a "List of Peoples of the USSR" (Perechen ' narodnostey SSSR) prepared by the Commission of the Academy of Sciences on the Study of the Ethnic (plemennogo) Composition of the Population of the USSR (USSR, 1 92 8 ; Vorob ' ev, 1 957: 5 5 ; Bruk and Kozlov, 1 967 : 1 2- 1 3) . As is stated in the 1 926 census report, the " List of Peoples of the USSR" was supplemented by a "Glossary of Peoples of the USSR" (Slovar' narodnostey SSSR) to be used by local statistical administrations to place the numerous concrete names of narodnosti within the categories of the official " List . " The 1 94 narodnosti listed in the 1 926 census report amounted to only one quarter to one third of the actual number of ethnic subdivisions in the Soviet population (Kozlov, 1 982: 7) . Both a glossary of nationalities and a glossary of languages were employed in the 1 939 census (Pustokhod and Voblyy, 1 940: 1 5 5 ; Pod"yachikh , l 957b: 3 2 ) Work b y Soviet ethnographers and linguists also contributed to the tabulation of the data on nationality and language from the 1 959 and 1 970 censuses . The 1 26 ethnic titles (92 of which were for " indigenous " nationalities) used for tabulating the 1 959 census results were reduced from 733 distinct ethnic titles included in a " Glossary of Nationalities and Languages" prepared before the census was fielded (US S R , 1 959; Isupov, 1 964: 1 2 ) . The 1 1 7 main languages identified in the census report were condensed from a total of more than 320 " names of languages and dialects" in the glossary (Bruk and Kozlov, 1 967 : 1 3 ; USSR , 1 959) . A slightly modified " Glossary of Nationalities and Languages" (USSR, 1 969a) was used in tabulating the results of the questions on nationality and language in the 1 970 census ,

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and a similar glossary was employed in the 1 979 census (Zinchenko , 1 984: 1 5 1 ) . Unfortunately, no figures on the distribution of the Soviet population among the over 700 ethnic self-designations or the over 300 language­ dialects listed in the glossaries in 1 959 and 1 970 have been published . The published census volumes report the ethnic and linguistic composi­ tion of the population only within the larger synthetic groupings . However, when one considers the need for such large lists of ethnonyms and languages to complete the census tabulation , it seems reasonable to conclude that the shift from the concept of narodnost' to the concept of natsional' nost' is much less important than other factors in determining how many separate ethnic groups are listed in the census reports . Even if we do not have tabulations of the Soviet population using the detailed ethnographic and linguistic groups identified in the glossaries , the information contained i n the glossaries themselves i s valuable . The glossaries reveal that the census question on nationality does not provide the sole " ethnic " information used to derive the reported total popula­ tion sizes of nationalities . In fact , the ethnic composition of the Soviet population as reported in the recent censuses is determined in part by the data on native language . For example , the case of the Cossacks in the 1 970 census is instructive . The glossary for the 1 970 census (USSR, 1 969a) states that people who claimed Cossack as their nationality but claimed Russian as their native language were to be classified by nationality as Russians in the census report , while people who claimed Cossack as their nationality but claimed Ukrainian as their native language were to be classified by nationality as Ukrainian s . This classification rule could also help to account for the substantial decline in the number of Ukrainians (Ukrainian Cossacks) in some regions between 1 926 and later census years: if some Ukrainian Cossacks shifted their native language to Russian while calling themselves Cossack (but not Ukrainian) by nation­ ality, they were classified in the census as having Russian nationality. Moreover, since Ukrainians in the RSFSR lack native-language schools and mass media, their accelerated linguistic russification (given the classification rule just described) would lead to an administrative trans­ formation of Ukrainians into Russians. Similarly, people who claimed to be Kypchaks by nationality were reclassified by nationality as Uzbeks if they claimed Uzbek as their native language and as Kazakhs if they claimed Kazakh as their native language . In numerous other cases in the glossaries , native-language information is employed to determine nationality. For instance , the problem that confounded the tabulators of the 1 897 census of how to classify ethnically the numerous peoples who called themselves " Tyurk" has been solved in recent censuses by use of the information gathered on

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native language . Tyurks with Azerbaydzhani as their native language are classified by nationality as Azerbaydzhanis , Tyurks with Turkmeni as their native language are classified as Turkmenis , Tyurks with Uzbek as their native language are classified as Uzbeks , and so on . The glossaries also provide a valuable guide to ways in which the 1 94 narodnosti listed in the 1 926 census can be " mapped" onto the approxi­ mately 1 25 natsional'nosti listed in the recent Soviet census reports . The 1 926 census , for example , listed as separate narodnosti the following groups : Tatars , Kryasheny, Mishars , Teptyars , and Nagaybaks . The " Glossary of Nationalities and Languages" for the 1 970 census listed Kryasheny, Mishars , Teptyars , and Nagaybaks (among others) as " other names that might be encountered on the census forms" that belong to the Tatar ' 'nationality. ' ' Although there are some inconsistencies between the glossaries for 1 959 and 1 970, these glossaries , in combination with data from other sources , such as Soviet monographs on language (e . g . , Isayev, 1 970; 1 978) and Soviet and Western writings on the ethnography of the Soviet population (e . g . , Wixman , 1 980; 1 984) , make it possible to devise a nearly exhaustive mapping of the narodnosti from 1 926 onto the natsional' nosti in the recent census reports . A similar, though crude , mapping between 1 897 and 1 926 was published in a short compendium (USSR, 1 928) to the 1 926 census report . Additional information from the 1 926 census on the aggregated 1 926 narodnosti that form part of a given (later) nationality, such as data on literacy, native language , or geographic location , can also be combined to establish a referent or base for measuring change over time . Uncertainty exists , however, concerning the extent to which the combining of ethnic groups in the glossaries reflects actual assimilation or consolidation of ethnic groups rather than only a paper transfer of ethnic affiliations from smaller to larger groups . In other words , census users are uncertain whether the merging of ethnic groups in the recent census reports registers a social rather than a bureaucratic phenomenon . Furthermore , the extent to which the use of linguistic data to classify people by nationality affects the relative sizes of nationalities cannot be precisely determined . The extent of the administrative transformation of Ukrainian Cossacks into Russians , for example , depends both on how many Ukrainian Cossacks call themselves Cossack rather than Ukrainian during the census and on how many Ukrainian Cossacks have adopted Russian as native language .

A "Soviet" nationality ? Prior to the 1 979 census , V. I . Kozlov, the leading Soviet ethnic demographer, proposed that a category " Soviet nationality ' ' be added to the 1 979 census list of nationalities (Ter-

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Izrael ' yan , 1 979: 1 90) . Kozlov proposed that this category be used for people who had difficulty defining their ethnic affiliation , and he stated that this catagory would most likely be employed by people who had long ago been separated from their nationality and by children of eth�ically mixed marriages . Kozlov also maintained that the census instruction to assign nationality of children of mixed marriages according to the nationality of the mother was incorrect because it treated nationali­ ty as a biological phenomenon rather than a social phenomenon based on self-consciousness . No Soviet censuses had ever included a category " Soviet nationality. " Nothing akin to the category " Yugoslavs nationally undeclared" employed in recent Yugoslav censuses (Shoup , 1 98 1 ) had ever been employed in the Soviet censuses . Instead , all citizens had been classified into specific ethnic groups (nationalities) . Kozlov ' s proposal for the 1 979 census was not adopted . Had his proposal been adopted , it would probably have been difficult to confine the use of the category " Soviet nationality " to cases where respondents had trouble defining their nationality or where children had parents of different nationalities and parents had trouble determining the nationality of their children . Although there is every indication that Kozlov ' s motivation was to provide an accurate ethno­ graphic accounting of the Soviet population , use of the term " Soviet nationality " would almost inevitably have become politicized , mainly because of the strong official doctrinal emphasis in the past two decades on the emergence of a " new historical community of people-the Soviet people" (sovetskiy narod) , a form of community that is said to transcend traditional ethnic allegiances . I n view o f this doctrinal emphasi s , it i s interesting that a " Soviet nationality" category was not added to the list of acceptable responses . One reason may have been that addition of a new category could have had very unpredictable or undesirable results (from the government' s standpoint) . Since historical evidence shows that Russians have assimilated substantial numbers of non-Russians (cf. Kozlov, 1 975; Lewis , Rowland , and Clem , 1 976; Anderson and Silver, 1 983) , one can speculate that many people who identified themselves as Russians in the 1 979 census and who could trace their ancestry to non-Russian origins might well have chosen the label "Soviet nationality" rather than " Russian" if encouraged to do so . The number of self-identified Russians who chose this label might have exceeded the number of self-identified non­ Russians who found it attractive to call themselves " Soviet ." Since self-identified Russians amounted to only 52.4 percent of the Soviet population in the 1 979 census , providing a " Soviet nationality" category might have eliminated the Russian numerical majority.

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Native Language in the Soviet Censuses All of the general Russian and Soviet population censuses have included a question on rodnoy yazyk, sometimes translated in English as " mother tongue" and sometimes as " native language . " The term in Russian has not differed across censuses, although, as noted earlier, the instructions to census takers have changed somewhat (see Table 4 . 2) . The United Nations defines " mother tongue" for census purposes as " the language usually spoken in the individual ' s home in his early childhood" (Shryock and Siegel , 1 976: 1 57 ) . The UN states that the criterion for determining language for children not yet able to speak should be clearly indicated . Soviet censuses do clearly identify the latter criterion , but the Soviet interpretation of " mother tongue" differs sub­ stantially from the UN definition . ' ' Native language' ' is not a precise linguistic concept and does not have a clear empirical referent . While most Soviet scholars interpret the term to mean conversational language , many people , including many respondents to the censuse s , apparently regard native language as some­ thing else-perhaps as the language used in the family when they were children , the language spoken by their mothers , or the language of their nationality. Furthermore , numerous sociolinguistic surveys conducted in the USSR have shown that the language that people claim as their native language is sometimes not the language they use most frequently, use in the family, know best , or occasionally even know at all (e . g . , see Bruk and Kozlov, 1 967 : 1 0 ; Arutyunyan , 1 97 3 : 292; Klement ' yev, 1 974: 35) . Soviet scholars have debated the meaning of native language at the All-Union Conferences of Statisticians held on the eve of each of the last three censuses to review the census plans (USSR , l 95 8b , l 969c ; Ter-Izrael ' yan , 1 979) . During each debate , some scholars have proposed substituting a question on " conversational language" for the question on native language or including a separate question on conversational language on the census form . Each time , the proposal has been rejected . Thus, the formulation of the question on native language has gone essentially unchanged for the past five censuses . The most telling argument against changing the wording of the question on native language was offered in 1 967 by the director of the All-Union Census Bureau , P. G . Pod"yachikh , who asserted that the question should remain unchanged for the sake of continuity and compa­ rability with previous census results (USSR, l 969c : 1 7 8) . 1 At the All-Union Conference of Statisticians held in May 1 977 , the close subjective link between native language and nationality and the imporl . This position was challenged by a prominent Soviet ethnographer, S. I. Bruk , on grounds that if earlier data were unsatisfactory, nothing would be lost if there were no comparability w ith better, later data (USSR , 1 969c : 226) .

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tance of native language as a symbol of national consciousness were also cited as substantial reasons not to drop the question on native language (Ter-Izrael ' yan , 1 979: 1 59) . Thus , a major accepted rationale for includ­ ing the native-language question in the Soviet census is the significance of native language as an ethnic rather than a linguistic indicator. It should not be surprising that a subjective measure of native language turns out not to match a well-defined set of objective linguistic capabilities or behaviors . This does not mean , however, that the indica­ tor is unrelated to linguistic behavior. Even if some people claim a given language as native while they do not use it or know it well , comparing the proportion of the population that claims a given language as native across nationalities still provides a useful comparative indicator of linguistic behavior. In this vein, some Soviet scholars have suggested that native language can perhaps be most usefully regarded as another measure of ethnic group attachment rather than as a measure of language use (Kozlov, 1 969: 299 ; Guboglo , 1 972: 32; Bondarchik , 1 980: 2 1 4) . Change of native language may therefore denote change in one indicator of ethnic attachment rather than change in language use . Although native language cannot serve as a definitive indicator of ethnic attachment, census data on native language can be used for most nationalities to represent a stage in an overall process of assimilation (Kozlov, 1 975) .

Second Language in the 1970 and 1 979 Censuses The meaning of the question on second language , which was added to the 1 970 and 1 979 censuses , has been controversial . The formulation of this question in the 1 970 and 1 979 censuses is given in Table 4 . 2 . This formulation has been challenged on several grounds , the most common criticism being the lack of precision of the term "to freely command " (svobodno vladet' ) . When the question was introduced into the 1 970 census plan , Pod"yachikh stated that the phrase " freely command" was generally understood to mean " freely converse , " but he conceded that the phrase was in fact " loose" (rastyazhimyy) , and he invited proposals for a more precise formulation (USSR , 1 969c : 239) . However, proposals made prior to the 1 979 census that the qualifier " freely" be dropped and that the question be rephrased to ask whether people could freely speak , freely read , or freely write were not accepted (Ter-Izrael ' yan , 1 979: 1 1 8 , 1 59-60) . Another criticism of the question has been directed at its restriction to " languages of the peoples of the USSR . " One Soviet writer defended this restriction as follows: " Some comrades who were working on the plan of the [ 1 970] census program proposed to ask people about their

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knowledge of foreign languages , but because of the extreme subjectivity of the personal assessment of such knowledge , the question [on foreign languages] was not included on the census list" (Kolpakov, 1 969 : 3 1 ) . Considering the many strong criticisms of the validity of the second­ language question in general , this defense cannot be taken seriously. Pod"yachikh offered what appears to have been a definitive justification at the All-Union Conference of Statisticians in 1 967 (USSR , l 969c : 3 1 4) . He stated that he initially preferred not to limit the responses to indigenous languages , but "a judgment was made" to put the words " of the peoples of the USSR" into the formulation in order to help study the rapprochement (sblizhenie) among peoples of the USSR. In the context of the heightened emphasis at that time on spreading knowledge of Russian as a second language among the non-Russian nationalities , and in the context of an ideological campaign to promote rapprochement between Russians and non-Russians , it seems likely that both the inclusion and the formulation of the question on second language were designed to provide the government with measures of its success in spreading Russian-language knowledge and of the level of sympathy for Russians among the non-Russian nationalities . In fact, Soviet officials frequently cited the 1 970 census results on the knowledge of Russian language among non-Russians when comparing the perfor­ mance of different non-Russian republics in teaching the Russian lan­ guage . Moreover, maintaining the question on second language in the 1 979 census protocol was defended at the 1 977 All-Union Conference of Statisticians as having " enormous significance , since it allows examina­ tion of the spread and functioning of the language of inter-nationality discourse-the Russian language" (Ter-Izrael 'yan , 1 979: 1 59) . That the non-Russian populations , or key officials in some of the republic s , understand the importance of the message conveyed by the census results on second language perhaps explains the volatility of the second-language figures between 1 970 and 1 979 . For example , between the censuses of those years , the Uzbeks took an enormous leap forward , from 1 5 percent claiming Russian as a second language in 1 970 to 49 percent in 1 979 , while the Estonians took a long step backward , from 29 percent claiming Russian as a second language to 24 percent . Though not impossible , neither of these shifts seems likely to reflect real change in linguistic competency. Two other implications of the formulation of the question on second language deserve mention . First, the decision to record only one "other" language means that the census results distort the language facility of many non-Russians in another way. Among certain nationalities , trilingualism is historically very common . Second, how census respondents are to know which languages are " of the peoples of the USSR" is not defined

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in the census instructions . However, the published census figures for 1 970 and 1 979 make it clear that although "nonindigenous" peoples can claim their own nationality ' s traditional language as their native lan­ guage , they cannot officially " freely command" their group' s language as a second language . No Soviet German s , for example , are recorded as commanding German as a second language .

Relating Census Data and Other Data on Nationality and Language Data on nationality derived from the Soviet censuses are often used in conjunction with data on nationality developed from other sources . Data from other sources almost always represent a form of official nationality. Most Soviet citizens , for example , have an internal passport that lists their nationality. The passport system (which was created in 1 932) and the registration of changes in residence , births , and deaths all rely on the notion of an official nationality. In addition , school records and work records contain information on nationality. These records are the source of such official statistics as data on the nationality composition of professional manpower or of enrollees in institutions of higher education (Feshbach , 1 962) . Although some Soviet scholars (e . g . , V. I . Kozlov) argue that there is likely to be substantial consistency between "official nationality" and ' ' census nationality, ' ' Soviet sources provide no empirical evidence about the extent of such consistency. Because the two notions of nationality are derived in very different ways , statistical distortions can result when data from two sources are combined . For example , if a large proportion of people whose official nationality is non-Russian-and thus are reported as members of a non-Russian nationality by employers­ claim to be Russian in the census , then per capita figures on professional manpower in that nationality will be overestimated . Similarly, any statistical rates that rely on both census data on nationality and reports of official nationality, such as marriage registration , births by nationality of the mother, death registration , and migration , could be distorted . Espe­ cially for populations experiencing substantial ethnic assimilation , among whom a shift in official nationality is likely to lag behind a shift in census nationality, any statistics that combine official and census nation­ ality data could be very distorted . Combining census and noncensus information on native language presents a different kind of problem . Soviet sociological studies of language practices often ask respondents to identify their native language as well as , among other things , what language they use in various social spheres (home , workplace , media , and so on) . These studies (e . g . , Arutyunyan , 1 973) are the main source of information about the link

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between " native language" and actual language behavior. Although a rich fund of information on language use , the studies have not generated data that can be compared directly with census data on language: the samples have not been designed to be representative of population units comparable to those used in the censuses , only a few nationalities have been studied, and none of the studies is USSR-wide . Hence , these studies have limited use for validating or invalidating the census results , and the Soviet censuses remain the only source of information on the language preferences of the entire Soviet population . 2 Conclusion: General Assessment of the Reliability of Census Nationality and Language Data

Second Language There is reason to question the reliability of the second-language data from the 1 970 and 1 979 Soviet censuses . The term " freely command" was not clearly defined. During the administration of the census , the respondents ' language ability was not tested . Moreover, census takers were not supposed to prompt or to question the respondents' answers as to whether they did or did not " freely command" a language . In short, the respondents ' answers to the question on second language are purely subjective . Because of the apparent special purpose of the second-language question , many census takers and respondents are likely to have accepted a liberal approach to claiming free command of Russian as a second language . In some cases , as the 1 979 data for the Estonians seem to suggest , a certain amount of strategic underreporting of knowledge of Russian as a second language may also have occurred . But in general , the census data on second language probably exaggerate the number of non-Russians who are fluent in Russian . Assertions by Soviet scholars that the census may underestimate the extent of knowledge of Russian among non-Russians , though based on independent empirical research (e. g . , Bruk and Guboglo , 1 974; Guboglo , 1 978) , have not been based on either representative samples of the non-Russian population or an explicit comparison of results using the census wording ( " freely command" ) and results using other questions or 2. In January 1 985 , the Central Statistical Administration conducted a special "Sample Socio-Demographic Study of the Population ." Based on a 5-percent sample , the study covered the entire Soviet population , with the exception of the Far North and a few other regions not readily accessible during January (Troshina, 1 984) . This " midcensus" study included the standard Soviet question on nationality (Labutova, 1 984) but no questions on language . The published results may provide a useful censuslike source of systematic information about the ethnic composition of the USSR.

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question formats . The differences in the results between the sociolinguistic surveys and the censuses appear to have two main causes: ( 1 ) differences in the level of Russian-language competency measured and (2) differ­ ences in the measuring instrument , with the surveys focusing on specific competencies (reading , writing , conversing) and the censuses focusing on a general self-assessment of the respondent' s "command" of Russian . Although sociolinguistic surveys suggest that more non-Russians can read or write or converse in Russian than claim to command it freely, the surveys have not shown that more non-Russians think that they ' ' freely command" Russian (using the census formulation) than is revealed by the census data . It is clear from the debates at the recent All-Union Conferences of Soviet Statisticians that the " freely command" formulation in the 1 970 and 1 979 censuses is more restrictive than the proposed alternatives , which are analogous to those used i n sociolinguistic surveys by Guboglo and others . Consequently, while the data for the second-language ques­ tion probably underestimate the number of non-Russians who know some Russian , the data could at the same time overestimate the number of non-Russians who can converse fluently in Russian . But the central problem with the second-language question is that the formulation ' ' freely command another language of the peoples of the USSR' ' is vague .

Native Language The measure of native language appears to be less volatile than the second-language measure . In addition , any bias in the responses proba­ bly runs in the opposite direction from the bias in the responses to the second-language question for several reasons . First, responses to the census question on native language are likely to be constrained by certain features of the census-taking process itself. Most census takers are likely to be fluent in Russian . Although census takers are not supposed to administer a language test at the doorstep , we expect that they would be skeptical about people who claimed Russian as their native language but did not speak it well . Hence , it seems unlikely, though not impossible , that people who claimed to be non-Russian by nationality would have claimed Russian (or some language other than the language of their nationality) as their native language if they did not at least speak it fluently. Second , with the advent of the second-language question , non-Russians who want to claim knowledge of Russian have another way of doing so . The use of this question could retard the tendency of non-Russians to claim Russian as native language . Third , to the extent that rodnoy yazyk is interpreted by some non-

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Russians as " the language of their childhood " (consistent , by the way, with the UN definition) , the census figures on native language are likely to underestimate the extent of linguistic russification . It might be more common for non-Russians to claim the traditional language of their nationa. ity as native language even if they do not speak it well than for them to claim Russian as native language if they do not speak Russian fluently. On balance , then , considering the various potential sources of bias , the bias in the native-language responses seems likely to be toward overestimating use of the traditional language of the respondent' s nation­ ality. Similarly, any bias in native language as an indicator of ethnic attachment rather than of language use is likely to be toward greater consistency between self-identified nationality and self-identified native language .

Nationality Of the three main census items discussed here , the question on nationality appears to be the most reliable . Both Soviet and non-Soviet researchers commonly employ Soviet census data on nationality as key indicators of ethnic-group attachment or identity. Although some prob­ lems in enumeration by nationality have been noted , the nationality question on the census forms has evoked little controversy or even discussion in recent years . That the nationalities listed in the census reports represent something of a distillation from a larger set of ethnic self-designations has not been controversial .

References Anderson , Barbara A . 1 977 . " Data Sources in Russian and Soviet Demography. - " In Demographic Developments in Eastern Europe, ed . Leszek A . Kosinski , 23-63 . New York: Praeger. Anderson , Barbara A . , and Brian D. Silver.

1 983 . " Estimating Russification of

Ethnic Identity among Non-Russians in the USSR . " Demography 20, no . 4: 46 1 -89 . Armstrong , John A. 1 98 2 . Nations before Nationalism . Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press . Arutyunvan , Yu . V. 1 97 3 . Sotsial' noye i natsional ' noye (Opyt etnosotsiologicheskikh

issledovaniy po materialam Tatarskoy ASSR ) . Moscow : Nauka . Arutyunyan , Yu . V. , L. M . Drobizheva, V. S . Kondrat ' yev, and A. A. Susokolov. 1 984 . Etnosotsiologiya: Tseli, metody i nekotorye rezul ' taty issledovaniya . B arth , Fredrik , ed . 1 969 . Ethnic Groups and Boundaries . Bergen: Universitetsforlaget. Bezhkovich, A. S. 1 967 . " Sovremennyy etnicheskiy sostav naseleniya Krasnodarskogo

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kraya . " Doklady po etnografii, Vypusk 5, 1 26-42 . Leningrad: Geograficheskoye Obshchestvo S S S R , Otdeleniye Etnografii . Bondarchik, V. K . , ed . 1 980. Etnicheskiye protsessy i obraz zhizni (Na materialakh

issledovaniya naseleniya gorodov BSSR). Minsk: Nauka i Tekhnika .

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perepisi 1 970 goda) . " Sovetskaya etnografiya , no . 4: 8-30. Bruk , S. I . , and M . N . Guboglo . 1 974 . "Razvitiye i vzaimodeystviye etnodemo­ graficheskikh i etnolingvisticheskikh protsessov v sovetskom obshchestve na sovremennom etape . " /storya SSSR , no . 4: 26-45 . Bruk , S . I . , and V. M . Kabuzan . 1 980a . " Dinamika i etnicheskiy sostav naseleniya Rossii v epokhu imperializma (konets XIX v.- 1 9 1 7 g . ) . " /storiya SSSR , no . 3 . ---

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Soviet Society: Sociological Perspectives, ed . Jerry G. Pankhurst and Michael Paul Sacks , 1 1 -62 . New York: Praeger. Feshbach, Murray. 1 962 . The Soviet Statistical System : Labor Force Recordkeeping

and Reporting since 1 957. U . S . , Bureau of the Census , International Population Statistics Reports , Series P-90 , no . 1 7 . Washington, D . C . : Government Printing Office . Gozulov, A.

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1 93 6 . Perepisi naseleniya SSSR i kapitalisticheskikh stran (Opyt

istoriko-metodologicheskoy kharakhteristiki proizvodstva perepisey naseleniya). Moscow : Redaktsionno-izdatel' skoye Upravleniye TsUNKhU Gosplana SSSR and Izdatel ' stvo Soyuzorguchet. Gozulov, A. I . , and M. G. Grigoryants . 1 969 . Narodonaseleniye SSSR (Statisticheskoye

izucheniye chislennosti, sostava i razmeshcheniya) . Moscow: Statistika. Guboglo, M. N . 1 972 . " Sotsial' no-etnicheskiye posledstviya dvuyazychiya." Sovetskaya

etnografiya, no . 2: 26-3 6 . ---. 1 978. ' 'Tendentsii razvitiya natsional ' no-russkogo dvuyazychiya (Po materialam Uzbekskoy SSR) . " Polevye issledovaniya , 1 976, 1 2-23 . Moscow: Nauka . Isayev,

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g . ) . Moscow: Statistika . lsupov, A. A . , and V. A. Borisov. 1 97 8 . Vsesoyuznaya perepis' naseleniya 1 979

goda . Moscow: Znaniye . Klement'yev, Ye . I. 1 974. "Razvitiye yazykovykh protsessov v Karelii (Po materialam konkretno-sotsiologicheskogo issledovaniya) . " Sovetskaya etnografiya , 26-36 .

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Sovetskaya Rossiya . Kozlov, V. I . 1 969 . Dinamika chislennosti narodov: Metodologiya issledovaniya i

osnovnye faktory. Moscow : Nauka . ---

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sostava naseleniya v

mezhperepisnoy periode . " Vestnik statistiki, no . 4: 23-28 . Labutova , T.

1 984.

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naseleniya 1 98 5 g . " Vestnik statistiki, no. 1 2 : 4 1 -45 . Lewis , Robert A . , Richard H . Rowland, and Ralph S . Clem. 1 97 6 . Nationality and

Population Change in Russia and the USSR . New York: Praeger. Lorimer, Frank . 1 946. The Population of the Soviet Union: History and Prospects . Geneva: League of Nations . Maksimov, G . , and A. lsupov. 1 960 . "Natsional ' nosti SSSR po dannym vsesoyuznoy perepisi naseleniya. " Vestnik statistiki, no . 4: 65-75 . Pod"yachikh , P. G. 1 957a. "O proyekte programmy predstoyashchey v yanvare 1 959 g . Vsesoyuznoy perepisi naseleniya i osnovnykh polozheniyakh organizatsionnogo plana ee provedeniya." Vestnik statistiki, no . 4: 49-76 . ---

. 1 957b. Vsesoyuznaya perepis' naseleniya 1939 g. (Metodologiya i organizatsiya

provedeniya perepisi i razrabotki itogov) . 2d ed. Moscow : Gosstatizdat. Polyakov, Yu A . , and I. N. Kisilev.

1 980. " Chislennost ' i natsional ' nyy sostav

naseleniya rossii v 1 9 1 7 godu . " Voprosy istorii, no . 6: 39-49 . Pustokhod ,

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perepis ' naseleniya Rossiyskoy lmperii, 1 897 g. 89 vol s . St. Petersburg. 1 905b . Pervaya vseobschchaya perepis ' naseleniya Rossiyskoy lmperii,

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1897 g . ; obshchiy svod po imperii rezul'tatov razrabotki dannykh pervoy vseobshchey perepisi naseleniya . 2 parts . St. Petersburg: Izdaniye Tsentral ' nogo Statisticheskogo Komiteta Ministerstva Vnutrennykh Del . --- . 1 905c . Pervaya vseobshchaya perepis ' naseleniya Rossiyskoy lmperii, 1 897

g . : Kratkiye obshchiye svedeniya po imperii. Raspredeleniye naseleniya po glavneyshim sosloviyam, veroispovedaniyam , rodnomu yazyku i po nekotorym zanyatiyam . St. Petersburg: lzdaniye Tsentral ' nogo Statisticheskogo Komiteta Ministerstva Vnutrennykh Del . Shoup , Pau l . 1 98 1 . The East European and Soviet Data Handbook: Political, Social,

and Development Indicators, 1 945-1 975 . New York: Columbia University Press . Shryock, Henry S . , and Jacob S . S iegel .

1 97 6 . The Methods and Materials of

Demography. Condensed ed. by Edward G . Stockwell . New York: Academic Press . Silver, Brian D . 1 975 . " Methods of Deriving Data on B ilingualism from the 1 970 Soviet Censu s . " Soviet Studies 27 : 574-9 7 .

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Ter-lzrae l ' yan , T. G . , ed. 1 979 . Sovershenstvovaniye gosudarstvennoy statistiki na

sovremennom etape (Materialy Vsesoyuznogo soveshchaniya statistikov) . Moscow: Statistika . Troshina ,

A.

1 984 .

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voprosy vyborochnogo sotsial ' no-demo­

graficheskogo obsledovaniya naseleniya 1 985 g . " Vestnik statistiki, no . 6: 34-3 9 . U S S R . Tsentral ' noye Statisticheskoye Upravleniye .

1 928 . Vsesoyuznaya perepis'

naseleniya 1 7 dekabrya 1 926 g . , kratkiye svodki. Vypusk 4: Narodnost' i rodnoy yazyk naseleniya SSSR . Moscow: lzdaniye TsSU SSSR. ---

. 1 929 . Vsesoyuznaya perepis' naseleniya 1 926 goda . 56 vol s . Moscow.

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. 1 95 8 a . Vsesoyuznaya perepis' naseleniya 1 959 goda . Moscow : Gosudar-

stvennoye Izdatel ' stvo Politicheskoy Literatury. . 1 958b. Vsesoyuznoye soveshchaniye statistikov 4-8 yunya 1 958 g . : doklady,

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vystupleniya v preniyakh i resheniya . Moscow: Gosudarstvennoye Statisticheskoye Izdate l ' stvo . ---

. 1 95 9 . Slovari natsional' nostey i yazykov-dlya shifrovki otvetov na 7 i 8

voprosy perepis'nogo Lista (0 natsional'nosti i rodnom yazyke). Moscow: Gosstatizdat. . 1 963 . ltogi Vsesoyuznoy perepisi naseleniya 1 959 goda . 1 6 vol s . Moscow:

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. I 969a. Slovari natsional' nostey i yazykov-dlya shifrovki otvetov na 7 i 8

voprosy perepisnykh listov (0 natsional' nosti, rodnom i drugom yazyke narodov SSSR) Vsesoyuznoy perepisi naseleniya 1970 g. Moscow : Statistika. ---

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1 969b . Vsesoyuznaya perepis ' naseleniya-vsenarodnoye delo . Moscow:

Statistika . ---

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l 969c . Vsesoyuznoye soveshchaniye statistikov 22-26 aprelya 1 968 g . :

Stenograficheskiy otchet. Moscow : Statistika. --- . 1 97 2 . ltogi Vsesoyuznoy perepisi naseleniya 1 970 goda . 7 vols . Moscow : S tatis tika . ---

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1 97 8 .

Vsesoyuznaya perepis' naseleniya-vsenarodnoye delo . Moscow :

Statistika .

Vorob 'ev, N. Ya . 1 95 7 . Vsesoyuznaya perepis' naseleniya 1 926 g. 2d ed . Moscow : Gosstatizdat. Wixman , Ronald . 1 980. Language Aspects of Ethnic Patterns and Processes in the

North Caucasus . Chicago : University of Chicago , Department of Geography Research Paper no . 1 9 1 . ---

. 1 984. The Peoples of Russia and the USSR : An Ethnographic Handbook.

Armonk, N . Y. : M . E. Sharpe . Zinchenko , I . P.

1 97 6 .

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Vsesoyuznaya perepis' naseleniya 1970 goda: Sbornik statey, ed . G. M. Maksimov, 1 93-2 1 1 . Moscow : Statistika. --- . 1 984. "Natsional ' nyy sostav naseleniya SSSR." In Vsesoyuznaya perepis'

naseleniya 1 9 79 goda: Sbornik statey, ed . A. A . Isupov and N . Z. Shvartser, 1 5� 1 . Moscow: Finansy i statistika.

Chapter 5

Occupations and Work Force Data in Russian and Soviet Censuses MICHAEL PAUL S ACKS

Occupations constitute a classification of actlv1ties of individuals which result in the production of economic goods and services . The term " occupations" is commonly distinguished from " industries , " defined as a " classification of the activities of organizations" involved in such production (Stinchcombe , 1 98 3 : 1 08 ) . Throughout the world , occupation is a critical determinant of an individual ' s social status . In preindustrial societies , occupation alone was probably a precise indicator of "dress , recreation , manners , patterns of association , speech, educational level , and other aspects of ' life style ' " (Bogue , 1 969: 43 1 ) . In modern societies , income and education are combined with a measure of occupa­ tional prestige to create an index of individual socioeconomic achieve­ ment (Bogue , 1 969: chap . 1 4) . The occupational composition of the economy reveals much about the characteristics of the total society. It reflects the level of overall econom­ ic development and the position of a region or nation within the broader economic system . Data on the occupational structure of the economy can be u sed to determine the social class divisions within the society. Social inequality is revealed by examining the intergroup differences in occupa­ tional structure . Researchers , for example , can study the association between gender or ethnicity and occupational concentration . Data on occupational differences between generations show the extent of upward and downward social mobility. For Russia and the USSR, detailed data regarding the occupations of the entire work force can only be found in the censuses . The censuses provide a uniform classification of occupations across regions and over time for at least the period between 1 939 and 1 970 (no such data are currently available for 1 979 , but their publication would surely extend the longitudinal comparisons that are possible) . The censuses also

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provide enormous potential for studying the association between employ­ ment and other social characteristics such as nationality, education , residence , marital status , and family size . This potential varies from one census to the next, but the 1 926 census contains by far the most detailed information and the most sophisticated presentation and discussion of occupational data. More recent censuses are extremely disappointing by comparison . A variety of Soviet economic handbooks provide data on the number of workers by branch of the economy, with additional detail on the branches of industry (USSR , 1 98 1 : 1 35 , 357-58) . However, each branch includes a wide range of occupations , and the same occupation can fall in many different branches . Further, the occupational composition of branches may change considerably over time and is likely to differ among regions ; Feshbach ( 1 972) notes that such problems as changes in the classification of workers and variation in the number of categories impede comparisons of branch data over time . There are also irregular publications containing data on the number of people employed in selected occupations . The categories given are rarely very numerous but may reveal the hierarchy of positions , for example , in the area of industrial management or school administration (Feshbach , 1 972: 2 1 9-22; Dodge , 1 966: chap . 2 ) . In these areas the categories can be more detailed than in the censu s . Very fe w studies have utilized the detailed occupational data from the Soviet censuses . Dodge' s ( 1 966) research on women in the USSR has been extremely useful for subsequent study of the subject, but his work is largely descriptive . He presented data on female representation in the occupational categories of the 1 939 and 1 959 censuses for the USSR as a whole . In Women' s Work in Soviet Russia, Sacks ( 1 976) used data from the censuses of 1 897 , 1 939 , 1 95 9 , and 1 970 to construct summary measures of the levels of occupational gender differences and to pinpoint and describe where these differences were concentrated . As the title suggests , the book is concerned solely with the RSFSR. More recently, Sacks ( 1 982b) extended this analysis and used detailed occupational data for each of the republics to make both cross-sectional and longitudinal comparisons of gender differences . This work also includes an analysis of age differences in occupations based on 1 959 census data and focuses on differences between Muslim ethnic groups and the Russian s. Sacks analyzes census data for 1 939 , 1 95 9 , and 1 970 to draw conclusions on this subject in the absence of occupational data cross-classified by nationality (the techniques are further elaborated in Sacks , forthcoming) . McAuley ( 1 98 1 ) has also used detailed occupational data to analyze gender differences and calculate summary measures . He compares the republics for 1 970 and compares the USSR as a whole over the period _

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from 1 939 to 1 970 . McAuley' s findings differ from those of Sacks' s ( 1 976; 1 982a; 1 982b) on a number of points , apparently because of their distinct approaches to interpreting the data and to the particular summary measures employed . Unlike Sacks ( l 982b: chap . 2) , McAuley provides little information on the way he has resolved problems of missing occupational categories and of lack of comparability in the number and classification of categories . Thus , the two authors may have differed considerably in their resolution of this matter. Despite their unquestionable richness , the occupational data from both the 1 897 and 1 926 censuses have remained almost entirely unutilized. The difficulty in making comparisons with the occupational categories in the more recent censuses has certainly contributed greatly to this neglect . What follows is a discussion of problems common to the Russian and Soviet censuses as well as to most censuses conducted in other areas of the world . Specific features of the 1 897 census and the Soviet censuses are then considered separately with a focus on the detail and clarity of occupational categories , the number of variables by which occupational data are cross-classified , the internal comparability of tables of occupa­ tional data, and the potential for comparisons with the other censuses .

General Problems Affecting the Census Data The first problem with occupational data in the censuses concerns the adequacy of coverage of unpaid family labor. Especially in rural areas large numbers of young people and women engaged in economic activity can easily be overlooked by the census informant. Consequently censuses often both understate the share of the work force engaged in agriculture and distort the extent of women' s contribution to the household econo­ my. According to a United Nations report pertaining to this subject , " It is commonly true in developing nations that nearly all the able-bodied members of farm households take some part in agricultural work , if only during the seasons of peak labor requirements , but the extent to which women and young people are reported as economically active varies over a wide range" ( 1 968: 74) . This statement leads one to be particularly suspect of low rates of economic activity among rural women and children not in school. At early stages of industrialization , unpaid labor among women and chil­ dren may also be widespread in cities (Tilly and Scott , 1 978) . This problem can be illustrated by figures from the 1 926 Soviet census . In the RSFSR , one would have expected to find that most rural women in the age group 25-39 combined the bearing and raising of children with agricultural labor of some type . Yet, among families of agricultural

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workers , the census shows that in this age group 55 ,986 females were not part of the work force (nesamodeyatel 'nyy) and 66,046 were actively engaged in agricultural labor. Among males , on the other hand , the respective figures were 1 ,062 and 1 34 , 876 (USSR , 1 930: 4 1 ) . It does not seem plausible that 46 percent of the females would have been totally excluded from economic activity. To correct for this error, or at least to assess the extent to which it distorts findings based upon the census , the researcher must study other sources such as social science monographs , regional surveys , and even relevant works of fiction that describe the economic activity of all family members . This advice applies as well to the problems mentioned below. A second problem concerns the adequacy of coverage of the labor of persons engaged in intermittent , temporary, or seasonal employment. Tilly and Scott ( 1 978: 44) find that in preindustrial Europe "the normative family division of labor tended to give men jobs away from the household or jobs which required long and uninterrupted commit­ ments of time or extensive travel , while women' s work was performed more often at home and permitted flexible time arrangements . " Thus , this second problem can exacerbate the difficulty of measuring unpaid family labor but may clearly apply to other workers as well . Soviet censuses were conducted in winter, and if census informants were not fully questioned about activity undertaken during other times of the year, there may have been a tendency to undercount workers­ especially in agriculture (United Nations , 1 968: 74 , 76) . Noting that persons employed for an incomplete year had no way to specify this in the 1 959 Soviet census , Feshbach ( 1 972) contended that this flaw in the questionnaire had resulted in an upward bias in the number shown working within many occupations . He suggested that this might have been rectified in the 1 970 census by additional questions directed specifically to those who had worked only during part of 1 969 . The subsequent publication of the 1 970 census , however, did not bear out Feshbach ' s prediction , as no information was published regarding employment for part of the year. The 1 979 census questionnaire also did not include the additional questions , and instructions to enumerators stated that persons engaged in seasonal work and not employed at the time of the census should record as their occupation the work that they were engaged in during their active season . Likewise , women who had taken leave of absence for the care of children under age one were to record their place of employment as that from which they had taken leave (USSR, 1 978: 55) . Ideally, occupational data should indicate the number who worked by time intervals for the year preceding the census . A third and related problem concerns the treatment of individuals engaged in dual economic activities . The 1 897 and 1 926 censuses

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contain much extremely detailed data regarding secondary occupations , but subsequent censuses show only primary employment . Instructions from the 1 979 census stated that ' 'persons having at the present time two or more places of work and also individuals working part of the year in one enterprise , institution , or organization and part of the year in another, are to write the name of the enterprise , institution or organiza­ tion where the work is considered by the person to be his primary employment" (USSR, 1 97 8 : 55) . The consequence of such a procedure , according to a UN report ( 1 968: 76) , is likely to be " a tendency to understate the share of manpower in those activities that are frequently subsidiary, and to overstate the share in those which frequently occupy the major part , though less than the whole , of the worker' s time . " Several factors contribute to the above problems being more signifi­ cant for researchers using the earlier censuses. First, a larger proportion of the population was engaged in agriculture , handicrafts , and related activities that were commonly undertaken by the family as a unit . Second , economic activity began at an especially early age , as labor­ force entry was rarely delayed by schooling . Thus , in the 1 926 census the age group 1 0- 1 4 actually constituted the first category of the working population . Children probably worked most frequently as un­ paid family members , and the quantity or quality of labor viewed as necessary to define children as workers must have varied considerably. In their description of preindustrial Europe , Tilly and Scott ( 1 978: 44) note that ' ' the levels of skill expected of children advanced with age , with young children performing the simplest and crudest chores . ' ' Finally, the extremely low status of women in traditional Russian society may have increased the likelihood that their economic activity would be overlooked . It must have reduced the probability of their being directly interviewed as part of the census . Furthermore , in rural areas women appear to have been the most subordinate and the most insulated from change . Despite the persisten� e of inequality in a wide range of dimensions , the position of women has improved markedly over the period covered by the censuses (Sacks , 1 976; l 982b) . The same factors noted above make it likely that the accuracy of the census results will vary across regions at any single point in time . This is owing to the considerable variation in economic development and in cultural factors influencing female status and the employment level of children and teenagers . The change over time in this level of heterogene­ ity remains very controversial .

Occupation and Work Force Data

1 03

The 1897 Census Social and occupational categories in the 1 897 census differ substan­ tially from those of the Soviet period because of both the dramatic change in the economic structure of society and the distinct influence of political ideology on the conduct of social inquiry. In this latter regard , Lenin complained that the 1 897 census lacked the requisite categories to delineate the class structure of the population (USSR, 1 95 8 : 1 1 ) . Looking back at 1 897 , commentators writing in the 1 926 census criti­ cized the lack of information showing the hierarchy of positions within each occupations , and efforts to correct this are obvious in this first complete Soviet census (USSR, l 929b: vii-viii) . The contrast between the 1 897 enumeration and those conducted during the Soviet period is immediately evident from the divisions by social strata . For each district and for the major cities, tables in the main volumes of the 1 897 census divide the population into such categories as family members of hereditary nobility, church personnel , and petty bourgeoisie . Peasantry is a single category. This framework cannot be used for meaningful comparisons with later census data. For each gubemiya, data are presented for 65 categories of employ­ ment , cross-classified by gender and age . Persons active in the labor force are shown separately from nonworking members of the family. As in the 1 926 census where this same distinction appears , it is unclear how dependents were classified in cases in which members of the same family were working in different occupations . The 65 categories constitute an industrial as opposed to an occupation­ al classification (International Labour Office , 1 959: 26-39) . This classi­ fication , therefore , indicates more about where an individual works than what he or she does within a particular area of service or production . Prostitution is one of the categories but , since a small number of both males and females are shown here , it is likely that this too encompasses different occupations (the category does not appear in Soviet censuses) . The industrial classification may not have created serious problems in 1 897 because the distinction between occupation and industry was not likely to have been as distinct as it was at a later time . Where the organization of economic activity is not complex , industry is largely equivalent to occupation . "This is particularly the case where agriculture dominates the economy, since even in the most highly developed economies the differentiation of occupations within agriculture has not progressed far" (UN , 1 968 : 1 1 0) . The secondary activities of persons engaged in agriculture , hunting , and fishing are shown in remarkable detail . For each district over 1 50 categories are listed indicating the

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wealth of material collected in the course of the census and only partially tapped in the actual publications . It is unclear why secondary activities were specified in so much greater detail than were the primary activities of the total population . Particularly significant additional tables appear in a supplementary volume to the census (Troynitskiy, 1 906); these were used to a limited degree in the work of Sacks ( 1 976: chap . 2) . The data refer only to " workers , " which has a meaning perhaps synonymous with proletariat and includes those in manufacturing , mining , communication , transpor­ tation , and some aspects of trade . Twenty-eight of the 65 categories in the main part of the census appear here . In one set of tables , the number in each category is shown for married persons by age and gender and for household heads by gender and number of persons within the household . Thus , there is especially rich potential for study of the relationship between family status and employment . Another type of table shows data for a substantial number of subcategories of the 28 main categories . These data are cross-classified simultaneously by age , gender, and literacy. The further detail may make this table particularly valuable for regional comparisons of age and gender differ­ ences . Cross-sectional rather than longitudinal comparison entailing links with the Soviet census data is surely the most fruitful research agenda.

The 1 926 Census

Tables in the 1 926 census vary greatly in the detail of the occupational categories , and careful consideration is necessary when deciding upon the geographic units to be compared . The headings of the tables can be confusing and reflect both the intricacy of the occupational classification and the large number of variables by which data are cross-classified . Researchers will find it very useful to become familiar with the number and lettering scheme used in the occupational classification . The broadest categories are denoted with capital Russian letters . They represent the status in the labor force and include the following: 1 . Workers (rabochii) 2 . Office personnel (sluzhashchii) 3 . Free professionals 4. Employers with hired labor 5 . Household heads with family members working for them or members of producers' collectives 6. Own-account workers (hiring no employees) 7. Family members assisting in an economic enterprise operated by another member of the same household

Occupation and Work Force Data

1 05

There are three additional categories for persons not considered to have an occupation: Persons either not having or not stating their occupation 9. Unemployed persons 1 0 . Military personnel 8.

The distinction between the first two categories is especially important. " Worker, " the same term used in the 1 897 census , refers to " persons employed directly in the production and transference [peremeshcheniye] of material value or in the maintenance of production mechanisms . ' ' The category of office personnel applies to ' ' persons whose participation in production is in the form of nonmaterial service connected indirectly with production . . . or in the servicing of population" (USSR, 1 929a: 5 1 9) . The distinction is sometimes difficult to make , as is acknowledged in the statement following these definitions in the 1 926 census: ' 'The boundary between both concepts is not fully established , in that it is not possible to posit completely the precise boundaries between ' material ' and ' nonmaterial ' production . For that reason the placing of specific occupations in the area of worker or office worker is subject to debate . For the great majority of occupations, however, such designation is not difficult" (USSR, l 929a: 5 1 9) . The distinction between the first three statuses i s best appreciated simply by examining the categories included within them . (Also see the definitions provided in USSR , 1 929a: 5 1 7-22 . ) Over time the distribu­ tion of occupations among statuses undoubtedly has changed , as is illustrated below by the 1 959 and 1 970 censuses . Other status categories are not free of problems . A UN report states that " in the reporting of status the distinction between employers and own-account workers is especially likely to be unreliable; that a self­ employed worker hires one or two employees may easily be overlooked by the census informant , with the result that the number of employers is understated and the number of own-account workers overstated " (UN , 1 968: 73-74) . The status categories are subdivided into a small number of branches of the economy which are assigned uppercase Roman numerals . The third level of divisions (lowercase Russian letters) con­ sists of broad occupational categories . The appearance of a great many of the same occupations across diverse branches of the economy clearly shows the deficiency of branch data alone . The last subdivisions are of two types-both demarcated with Arabic numbers . The first appears in tables where occupational data are cross­ classified by marital status among other variables . This type shows position within the occupation . For workers the positions consist of skilled , semiskilled , and unskilled . Other categories are used for office

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personnel that number as many as seventeen within a single occupation . Some status categories do not have further subdivisions at this level . The alternative type of subdivision consists of still more detailed occupations ; the tables containing employment data by nationality have this format . The categories are far more numerous and can readily be converted into the categories of the first type . Volume 1 8 of the 1 926 census (USS R , 1 929a: 5 2 1 -38) shows the complete list of occupations in both the full and abbreviated occupational tables of the census and also indicates which occupations fall within each of the hierarchical posi­ tion s . The level of skill of the worker was not based on a statement by the census informant . Instead , skill levels were established for specific occupations using information from a previous survey and from union handbooks . These levels represent the average or typical level of skill of workers in those occupations (USSR, 1 929a: 5 2 1 ) . It is therefore quite possible that systematic errors could result, for example , in the understating of differences between male and female skill levels . Unfortunately, it is not possible to convert the first type of subdivisions back into the more detailed occupations from which they were derived . A brief examination of some of the more significant occupational tables illustrates the richness of the data in the 1 926 census and their enormous research potential . One table , for example , distinguishes among males and females who are married , single , widowed , and divorced . For each occupation these categories are further divided into those who are active in the work force and those who are dependent members of the family not gainfully employed . This is the same division found in the 1 897 census . There are also between eighteen and twenty age categories , and a distinction is made between urban and rural residents . Furthermore , both age and residence are given not only by gender but also by the literacy or illiteracy of the individuals . Other tables show occupational data cross-classified by the largest nationality groups in the region , the previous occupation of the unem­ ployed further divided by length of unemployment , city size of current residence along with age and marital status , and place of birth along with place of residence or length of residence in current location . Detailed tables show primary occupation by secondary occupation , and in almost every case the data are also shown separately for males and females . Obviously the way the variables appear in the tables limits the manner in which they can be combined . For example , researchers cannot examine the impact of marital status on employment while controlling for age , nor can they directly examine the extent to which differences in literacy contribute to the superior position of one nationality group over another. But careful integration of the information on occupational characteristics from several different tables can enable researchers to draw inferences about a wide range of interrelationships .

Occupation and Work Force Data

1 07

The 1 959 Census In sharp contrast with the 1 926 census , detailed occupational data in the 1 959 and 1 970 censuses are available only for the republics and not for smaller geographic units . Data are cross-classified only by gender, and the classification of categories is less revealing . Longitudinal com­ parisons are also complicated by change in occupational characteristics resulting from social and economic changes since 1 926-such as the forced collectivization of agriculture and substantial industrial develop­ ment . The same categories may not represent the same type of activity, and new occupations are present which did not exist in 1 926 . The " social groups " within the society are shown to include workers , office personnel , collective farmers and a very small number of indepen­ dent peasant farmers , and uncollectivized handicraftsmen . Table 30 shows members of the Soviet Army as a separate category within the employed population , but in Table 3 1 the military is not listed and its members are divided among workers , office personnel , and collective farmers . The distinction between collective and state farm workers appears to be of far greater significance ideologically than as a sign of very different forms of economic activity, particularly in recent decades (Volin , 1 970: 526-3 1 ) . However, only state farmers are categorized as workers (rabochii). The group that is commonly formed by combining workers and office workers is not equivalent to the nonagrarian work force , although it is often treated this way in Soviet social science literature and statistics . In Table 45 of the 1 959 census , detailed agrarian occupations are shown separately for collective farmers and for a category labeled " workers " (rabochii) . These latter must be exclusively state farmers . However, the workers (rabochii) shown as having employment in the branch of agriculture in Table 33 are not restricted to state farmers . Persons solely engaged in production for family consumption or for the market on small privately tended plots of land (the private subsidiary economy) are considered to have a source of income but not an occupation . They are clearly not counted as state or collective farm workers (they may also be found among the families of other types of workers) . No tables show secondary activities of those in the labor force , but labor in private agriculture frequently takes this form (see Soviet time-budget studies) . Table 44 contains the most detailed occupational categories separately by branch of the economy, but the data are only for the total population . Other tables do not show the breakdown by branch but have data either for 1 939 and 1 959 or for seven age categories for 1 959 only. The table for the USSR as a whole shows only the distribution among age categories , but for each of the republics the number of persons is shown .

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Occupations are divided into those that are professional or semiprofes­ sional , defined as requiring "primarily mental exertion , " and those that are nonprofessional or requiring " primarily physical exertion . " As in the distinction between material and nonmaterial production , there obviously are definitional problems here . This division further confuses matters because it does not correspond to any clear combination of the " social groups " noted above . Substantially abbreviated occupational tables show the number of females in 1 939 and 1 959 and their number in the seven age categories (hereafter referred to as the female listing) . The number of males must be derived by subtracting the number of females from the corresponding table with the total figure (hereafter referred to as the total listing) . This task at times requires some searching and some trial adding together of categories to determine exactly which of the categories in the total listing combine to equal those in the female listing . Subcategories in the female listing often do not sum to the main category under which they fall . By calculating the residual and then referring to the total listing , the researcher can frequently specify the occupations of those unaccounted for. Some main categories are also missing , and , thus , a residual exists for both major occupational divi­ sions . This can be examined using the same procedure (see Sacks , 1 982b: chap . 2) . Table 49 compares the total number of workers in a selected group of occupations for 1 959 and 1 926 . This table is a useful starting point for comparisons between these censuses , but the researcher must study the way in which it was constructed from the categories in the 1 926 census . Adding the dimension of gender should be possible for many of the categories . The 1 970 Census

The 1 970 census has fewer occupational categories than does the 1 959 census , but several new categories appear and added information can be derived from the presentation of data for both 1 959 and 1 970 in the same tables . Using data for 1 959 from both the 1 959 census and the 1 970 census , the researcher can determine how the occupational classification has changed and also specify categories missing from the female listing in both census publications (see Sacks , 1 982b: 30-35) . Fully exploiting the analysis of residual categories , the dual set of data for 1 959 , and other sources of information , Sacks ( 1 982b) shows a definite pattern to categories that are missing or poorly specified in the census tables: Occupations that are missing o r have been deleted from the 1 970 census tend to have distinctly low and/or declining female representation. . . .

Occupation and Work Force Data

1 09

Occupations that were added to the listing in the 1 970 census showed the opposite trend . In addition , there are many cases in which female overrepresentation is obscured by combining of occupations with a low and high proportion of women . Finally, the nonprofessional female listing clearly omits some of the least desirable occupations and obscures the large numbers of women doing such work . (Sacks, 1982b: 42)

Commenting on the 1 970 census , Labutova ( 1 976: 23 1 ) notes that the stated occupation was not always the sole basis for classifying the individual as being engaged primarily in either mental or physical work . Social group , education , and answers to questions pertaining to the character of the work were sometimes considered , but these instances would appear to have been rare . The difficulty with this distinction between mental and physical work is shown by changes in occupational classification between 1 959 and 1 970 . In 1 959, barbers , manicurists , photographers , and those in the large category of salespeople were considered to be professional or semiprofessional . In 1 970 they were reclassified as having occupations that required primarily physical exer­ tion (Sacks , l 982b: chap . 2; Labutova, l 984a) . This distinction also influenced the way in which employed persons were distributed between the categories of workers and office personnel , because the numbers given for 1 959 differ in the 1 959 and 1 970 censuses . The reduction in occupational data in the 1 970 census is especially striking in the tables where age categories are shown . The 1 970 census contains no absolute figures and no separate data for females . All that appears is the distribution across age groups for the total population . The number of persons can be calculated only imprecisely, as the distribution is to just three decimal places . Another consequence of the reduction in occupational data is that labor-force participation rates for 1 970 cannot be calculated by age and gender. Although subsequently published data show the rates for the USSR as a whole ( Vestnik statistiki, 1 974: 90) , they still cannot be determined for each of the republics . In addition , the age group 60 and over is a single category in the 1 959 data , and the appropriate population base for calculating the rate for this group is difficult to judge . A useful set of tables in the 1 970 census have greater detail than do their counterpart in 1 959 . Tables 69-83 in Volume IV show the distribu­ tion by educational attainment within each of detailed occupational categories . Whereas in 1 959 , educational attainment including and beyond incomplete secondary education comprised a single category, in 1 970 this was divided into four categories . This arrangement is far better for roughly distinguishing between high and low status occupations (see Sacks , 1 982b: chap . 5 ) .

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Michael Paul Sacks

The 1 979 Census

The single volume in which the results of the 1 979 census were published (USSR, 1 984) contains no data whatsoever on even the total number of persons within each occupation . The only pertinent tables show for each republic the proportion in the same four educational­ attainment categories as existed in the 1 970 census by branch of the economy (Table 42) and by major occupational category (Tables 45 and 46) . The occupational categories appear to be the same as those of 1 970 , and in Tables 45 and 46, data are provided for both 1 970 and 1 979 . Again , there is no distinction between males and females . Occupational data were obviously collected in the course of the 1 979 census , although the questions on this subject were administered to a sample population made up of 25 percent of the population living in their permanent residences (Labutova, 1 984a: 1 0) . Perhaps , as was the case with the 1 939 census , researchers must await the publication of a future census before more results for 1 979 are made available . It is apparent, however, that previously unpublished findings will appear from time to time in Soviet statistical publications and monographs . In a chapter in a book on the 1 979 census , Labutova ( 1 984b: 1 92-93) mentions the percentage of women in a number of occupations . Labutova reveals , for example , that among doctors and head doctors the percentage of women was 69 percent (as opposed to 76 percent in 1 970) and among engineers it was 48 percent (up from 42 percent in 1 970) . This is significant information , but it provides a very paltry basis for analyzing work-force structure and patterns of change .

Conclusion When working with recent censuses of the United States , researchers commonly use data on the characteristics of individuals for the multivari­ ate analysis of occupational attainment . Computer tapes are available with information on large random samples of the population . For those accustomed to studying social processes with such data , the Soviet census would certainly appear quite useless . Relative to other sources of information pertaining to Soviet society, however, the censuses constitute a source of hard data that is of enormous value . Furthermore , the 1 926 census is surely of exceptional quality compared both to censuses of other countries during this era and to present-day censuses conducted in nations at levels of economic and social development comparable to that of the USSR in 1 926 . The occupational data from the 1 959 and 1 970 censuses provide , by compari­ son , extremely scant data , but they can nevertheless be used for reliable

Occupation and Work Force Data

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measures of many aspects of Soviet society and of social change . Problems arise primarily from the omission of subcategories and of tables cross-classifying occupational data by additional variables rather than from the publication of false information . This must be considered in the light of the recent reduction in statistical information evidenced by the 1 979 census . Future research might most profitably focus on the following: ( 1 ) interregional comparison of occupational differences by gender, national­ ity, and marital status based on the 1 926 census; (2) comparison of the occupational structure of republics in 1 926 with that of 1 939 through 1 970; and (3) intensive study of the characteristics of selected occupa­ tions or industries over the entire period from 1 897 to 1 970. The cumulation of results in the form of a growing data base easily accessible for computer analysis and exchange among scholars is certainly essen­ tial . Census data should continue to be used in conjunction with the full range of other sources that, as noted in the section on general problems with the censuses, can help compensate for both possible distortions and omissions . And finally, it is through examining conclusions from re­ search on other countries and applying broader social science theory that the most significant issues warranting further study can be defined and that findings based on Soviet data can be critically evaluated (Sacks and Pankhurst , 1 980) .

References Bogue , Donald J. 1 969 .

Principles of Demography.

New York: Wiley.

Dodge , Norton T. 1 966 . Women in the Soviet Economy. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press . Feshbach, Murray. 1 97 2 . " Soviet Industrial Labor and Productive Statistic s . " In

Soviet Economic Statistics, ed . Vladimir G. Treml and John P. Hardt, 1 95-228 . Durham: Duke University Press . International Labour Office .

1 95 9 . The International Standardization of Labour

Statistics . Studies and Reports , New Ser. , no . 5 3 . Geneva. Labutova, T. S.

1 97 6 . "Zanyatiya naseleniya S S S R . " In Vsesoyuznaya perepis '

naseleniya 1 9 70 goda, ed . G. M . Maksimov, 227-46 . Moscow : Statistika. ---

. 1 984a . " Programma perepisi i metodologicheskie osnovy ee provedeniya. "

In Vsesoyuznaya perepsis ' naseleniya 1 979 goda, ed . A . A . lsupov and N . Z. Shvartser, 5-25 . Moscow : Finansy i Statistika. ---

. 1 984b . " Zanyatiya naseleniya SSSR." In Vsesoyuznaya perepsis ' naseleniya

1 9 79 goda, 1 82-94 . See Labutova, 1 984a . McAuley, Alastair. 1 98 1 . Women's Work and Wages in the Soviet Union . London: George Allen & Unwin .

Sacks , Michael Paul . 1 97 6 . Women's Work in Soviet Russia: Continuity in the Midst

of Change . New York: Praeger.

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--- ·

1 982a. Review of Women ' s Work and Wages in the Soviet Union , by

Alastair McAuley. Russian Review 4 1 , no . I : 8 3-84 . --- ·

1 982b. Work and Equality in Soviet Society: The Division of Labor by Age,

Gender, and Nationality. New York: Praeger. --

. Forthcoming . "The Division of Labor in Central Asia and Its Influence

Upon Ethnic and Gender Conflict . " In Soviet Society and Culture: Essays in

Honor of Vera S. Dunham, ed . Richard Sheldon and Terry L. Thompson . Boulder: Westview Press . S acks , Michael Pau l , and Jerry G. Pankhurst. 1 980. " Introduction . " In Contempo­

rary Soviet Society: Sociological Perspectives, ed. Jerry G . Pankhurst and Michael Paul Sacks , 1 - 1 0 . New York: Praeger. Stinchcombe , Arthur L. 1 98 3 . Economic Sociology. New York: Academic Press .

Tilly, Louise A . , and Joan W. Scott . 1 97 8 . Women , Work and Family. New York: Holt , Rinehart & Winston .

Troynitskiy, N. A . , ed . 1 906. Chislennost' i sostav rabochikh v Rossii na osnovaniy

dannykh vseobshchiye perepisi Rossiiskoy lmperii 1 897. Moscow : Gosudarstvenniy Ministr Vnutrennykh Delenii . United Nations . Department o f Economic and Social Affairs .

1 968 . Methods of

A nalysing Census Data on Economic Activities of the Population . Population Studies, no . 43 . New York .

USSR . Tsentral'noye Statisticheskoye Upravleniye . / 929a . Vsesoyuznaya perepis' naseleniya 1 926 goda . Vol . 1 8 . Moscow. --- ·

1 929b . Vsesoyuznaya perepis ' naselenyia 1 926 goda . Vol . 27 . Moscow.

--- ·

1 930. Vsesoyuznaya perepis ' naselenyia 1 926 goda . Vol . 26 . Moscow.

--- ·

1 95 8 . Vsesoyuznaya perepis' naseleniya 1959 goda . Moscow: Gosudarstvennoye

Izdatel ' stvo Politicheskoy Literatury. --- ·

1 97 8 .

Vsesoyuznaya perepis ' naseleniya-vsenarodnoye delo . Moscow :

Statistika . --- ·

1 98 1 . Narodnoye khozyaystvo SSSR v 1 980 g. Moscow : Finansy i Statistika .

1 984. Chislennost' i sostav naseleniya SSSR (Po dannym Vsesoyuznoy perepisi naseleniya 1 979 goda) . Moscow : Finansy i Statistika. Vestnik statistiki. 1 974. No . 1 2 .

--- ·

-- ·

Volin,

1 98 1 . N o . 5 .

Lazar.

1 970. A Century of Russian Agriculture: From Alexander II to

Khrushchev. Cambridge: Harvard University Press .

Chapter 6

Urbanization and Migration Data in Russian and Soviet Censuses RICHARD H. ROWLAND

Urbanization and migration , which collectively comprise population redistribution , have been especially important in Russia and the USSR. This region has experienced perhaps the most rapid movement to cities of any major region in history and also some of the most significant long-distance internal migrations of any country (Lewis and Rowland , 1 979) . Urbanization and migration have an added importance because of their profound influence on Soviet society. Urbanization , for example , has been closely associated with rapid industrialization , modernization , and social change in the USSR, especially in the last half century. Migration is a necessary component of economic development-its chief function is the spatial redistribution of labor-and has resulted in large-scale shifts in the regional distribution of the country ' s population . It might be appropriate to define each of these related demographic phenomena more precisely. Migration is typically defined as a permanent or semipermanent change in residence . Urbanization is the process of population concentration which occurs when the percentage of the total population residing in urban centers (level of urbanization) changes , usually increases . Urbanization is distinguished from urban growth , which involves a change in the urban population per se without any reference to a relative comparison to the total population . Urbanization is , however, greatly influenced by urban growth , as it is the result of urban population change in comparison to that of the total or the residual rural population . In short , urbanization results from a "battle" between urban and rural change , which in turn is the net result of three broad mechanisms : ( l) net rural-to-urban migration; (2) urban natural increase vis-a-vis rural natural increase; and (3) reclassification of settlements from rural to urban status. Net rural-to-urban migration has generally been the most important of the three mechanisms in the urbanization

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process-for both the world as a whole and the USSR in particular­ although urban natural increase has loomed larger in recent years in both underdeveloped and developed countries with urban mortality declines. In addition , as a society reaches a high level of urbanization , rural-to­ urban migration becomes less important simply because so few rural residents , and thus potential rural-to-urban migrants , remain .

Urbanization Russian and Soviet census data for the study of urbanization are much more plentiful than are those for migration . Every census contains data on the number of urban and rural residents for all major political units , while some-especially those of 1 897 and 1 926--also include abundant data on specific characteristics of these populations . The data are of generally high quality, particularly in that urbanization trends portrayed by census figures usually conform to trends as evidenced in other sources . Census data through 1 970 have been used substantially for compre­ hensive urbanization studies by a number of scholars . In the USSR , perhaps the foremost scholar on urban data is B . S . Khorev, who is the author of numerous works on the subject (e . g . , 1 975) . In the West, major works include Chauncy Harris' s ( l 970a) classic and exhaustive study of the growth of cities of the Soviet Union , particularly from the early 1 800s through the late 1 960s . In addition , in a recent book the author and Robert Lewis covered numerous facets of the urbanization process (aggregate , regional , and city-size) based on the censuses from 1 897 to 1 970 and post- 1 970 estimates (Lewis and Rowland , 1 979) . Sequel types of works based on the 1 979 census have also been recently published (Bond and Lydolph , 1 979; Clem , 1 980; Khorev, 1 982; Rowland and Lewis , 1 982) . The chief problem in investigating urban and rural population change and urbanization in Russia and the USSR is the differing and incompara­ ble definitions of " urban" employed in the censuses. The typical procedure of any census is to define certain settlements as urban and to define as a residual all other settlements as rural . Urban settlements are usually distinguished from rural settlements on the basis of size , func­ tion , and density ; urban centers usually have a larger population , higher density, and are predominately nonagricultural in function . The urban definition of the 1 897 Russian census , in particular, was conceptually different from and , in my view, inferior to those employed in censuses of the Soviet period . These definitional problems have been discussed at

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length elsewhere (Lewis and Rowland , 1 969: 776-78; 1 979: 1 62--65 ; Leasure and Lewis , 1 966: xi-xii) . The major problem of the 1 897 census in this regard is that it employed an administrative criterion , whereas the Soviet censuses used a more logical size-function criterion . Thu s , in the 1 897 censu s , cities consisted solely of "official " or chartered urban places , which in turn consisted mainly of administrative centers (in particular, guberniya and uezd centers) , as well as a few other legal cities (zashtatnyy and bezuezdnyy) . The main shortcomings of the definition employed in the 1 897 census are that ( 1 ) it excluded numerous sizable industrial centers , many of which had populations between 1 5 ,000 and 40,000, because they did not enjoy " legal" status ; and (2) it included a number of small agricultural villages , some with populations of less than 1 ,000 , simply because they were uezd centers . Thus , if one accepts the contention that an urban center is a relatively large , predominately nonagricultural settlement, the urban definition employed in the 1 897 census is some­ what deficient . Despite these deficiencies , the 1 897 urban definition is still largely representative of the urban population based on more conventional definitions . The reader is referred to Fedor ( 1 97 5 : 1 - 1 7) , in particular, for a detailed discussion of urban definitions in late-nineteenth­ century Russia . The censuses of the USSR in 1 926 and subsequent years , as noted above , and in contrast to the tsarist practice , employed a size-function criterion . Namely, to be classified as " urban , " a settlement had to satisfy minimum standards of · both population size and percentage of work force in nonagricultural activities . However, although the censuses of the Soviet period agree in this basic conceptual approach to the definition of an urban center, specific minimum levels have varied by census and even by union republic within a given census ; definitions employed in the censuses of 1 926, 1 939, and 1 959 are discussed at length by Leasure and Lewis ( 1 966: 1 - 1 7 ) . Briefly, the urban definition o f the 1 926 census included both legal cities and other, specialized centers . In the 1 926 census , the require­ ments for a legal city varied significantly by republic . In the RSFSR, for example , a minimum of 1 ,000 adults and 75 percent nonagricultural work force were required , while in the Ukraine the corresponding requirements were 1 0 ,000 and no occupational criterion . In addition , the urban definition in the 1 926 census also included industrial centers , railroad stations , and resorts , which were in turn defined by a specific criterion . The urban definition in the 1 939 census was apparently the same as that of 1 926 . By the 1 959 and subsequent censuses , the criteria for urban centers

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had been changed somewhat , although the basic size-function concept continued to be employed . In these more recent censuses the urban definition consists of two types of settlements: legal cities (goroda) and urban-type settlements (poselki gorodskogo tipa) . Various legislations around 1 959 resulted in revisions of previous laws dealing with urban legal status , except in the Tadzhik and Turkmen SSRs . For instance, the RSFSR definition of a legal city was changed to a minimum of 1 2 , 000 people and 85 percent of the work force in nonagricultural activities . The RSFSR definition is the most stringent one used (for example , in Latvia an urban center must have only 8 ,000 people and 66 percent of the work force in nonagricultural activities) . To complicate matters further, the census urban definition does not necessarily conform to the legal definition . According to 0. P. Litovka ( 1 976: 1 2) , " due to historical conditions , there exists in the majority of union republics some urban settlements with a population which is less than that stipulated by the corresponding legislation of the republic . " In the 1 970 census , for example , more than a hundred urban centers of the RSFSR had less than the 1 2 ,000 legislated minimum (Khorev and Moiseenko, 1 977) . Fortunately, however, it appears that these recent definitions have not been changed subsequently. Thus , urban definitional comparability evidently exists among the 1 959 , 1 970 , and 1 979 censuses , although republic definitional differences obviously remain . Different definitions of urban-type settle­ ments are also employed from republic to republic . How can the problem of the lack of urban definitional comparability be solved? One approach , adopted by the author and others , employs a uniform size-only definition , because appropriate urban functional data are not available in the post- 1 926 censuses (Leasure and Lewis , 1 966; Lewis and Rowland , 1 979) . For this approach , a minimum of 1 5 ,000 people was selected as the size criterion because all censuses except 1 979 list for every region the settlements with 1 5 ,000 or more people . Another consideration was that no separate official urban centers below this population are listed for the RSFSR in 1 959 . For 1 897 and 1 926, thousands of settlements , officially both urban and rural , many with even only a few hundred people , are individually listed . The 1 926 listings come from the main census volumes , while those for 1 897 come from a special census volume that lists individually the nearly fifty thousand settlements of the Russian Empire with 500 (actually 485) or more people (Russian Empire , 1 905a) . The censuses of 1 939 , 1 959 , and 1 970 list only official urban centers; for these years , the few official rural settlements of 1 5 ,000 and over are , unlike for 1 897 and 1 926 , not included. Urban centers with 1 5 ,000 or more people for the RSFSR in 1 939 are listed in the 1 959 census only if their 1 959 population exceeded

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1 5 ,000 . Thus , urban centers of the RSFSR which declined from above to below 1 5 ,000 between 1 939 and 1 959 are not listed in the 1 959 censu s . How valid is the 1 5 ,000-plus criterion a s a n operational definition? Generally, it has been quite useful because in any year it includes the vast majority of the population in centers that were defined as urban by the censu s , and thus it coincides to a great extent with the urban definition employed in the census . In 1 970 , for example , over 80 percent of the urban population based on official urban definitions resided in centers of 1 5 ,000 and over. Also , patterns of urbanization , and urban and rural population change , both aggregate and regional , generally match known actual patterns (e . g . , the recent rapid urban growth in the extreme western region of the USSR is indicated by the 1 5 ,000-plus definition) . However, our 1 5 ,000-plus definition has some minor shortcomings . First, although it largely overlaps the official urban population , the definition excludes numerous centers that would be included as " urban" by any reasonable definition . Second , because major studies of interna­ tional urbanization (e . g . , United Nation s , 1 969 ; Davis , 1 972) employ a 20 , 000-plus criterion , we might have been wise to use this definition . Third , we should have excluded centers of 1 5 ,000-plus in 1 897 and 1 926 which were both predominately agricultural and not official urban cen­ ters . Finally, we could not have foreseen that the published results of the 1 979 census would not include a list of individual centers below 50,000 in population , thus making the 1 5 ,000-plus criterion difficult to employ with 1 979 data. Such data may, of course , eventually be published , and , as will be discussed later, it may in any case be possible to estimate the 1 5 ,000-plus population in 1 979 . Fortunately, the most detailed post- 1 970 listings did include official cities , but not urban-type settlements , of 1 5 ,000-plus (USSR, 1 974: 636-50) , thus making possible a post- 1 970 census study of urbanization based largely on our comparable definition . In addition , comparative studies of urbanization based on the 1 959, 1 970 , and 1 979 censuses can be undertaken using official urban defini­ tions because apparently these definitions have not changed . Indeed , the author and a colleague have employed such data (Rowland and Lewis , 1 982) . Four other noteworthy temporal and geographic definitional problems related to an assessment of urbanization and urban population changes in Russia and the USSR are ( 1) the technical measurement of urbanization over time; (2) changes in city boundaries ; (3) the lack of a census " metropolitan" concept; and (4) the general lack of data by internal geographic units (such as "census tracts " ) within cities . To solve the first problem , researchers can measure temporal trends in urbanization

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by using percentage-point change or percentage change . The former measures changes in urbanization by simply subtracting the earlier level (or percent) of urbanization from the later level , while the latter mea­ surement goes one step further by taking this percentage-point change as a percent of the earlier of the two levels of urbanization . In studies with which the author has been associated, we opted for the first measure , percentage-point change , chiefly because it is less influenced by low base or earlier percentages (Lewis and Rowland, 1 979: 1 62-65) . In addition , we used average annual percentage-point changes (overall percentage­ point change divided by the number of years in the period) in order to provide comparability between the differing intercensal periods . Of course, average annual percentage change (the calculations for which involve logarithms) should be used when measuring annual percentage changes in the levels of urbanization , and urban and rural populations . A word of caution: irrespective of the measure of change used , the rate of urbanization will inevitably slow over time because urbanization is a finite process; that is , the upper limit is 1 00 percent, and thus the rate of change will slow as this level is approached . City boundaries have changed, particularly as large cities have annexed major surrounding areas (e . g . , Moscow in the early 1 960s ) . Thus , the reported populations of Moscow in the 1 926 census and in the 1 979 census are not strictly comparable , as the 1 979 area of Moscow was appreciably larger than the 1 926 area. Another major type of city boundary change has occurred in the eastern Ukraine , where numerous small mining centers have been annexed to or amalgamated into larger " new " citie s. In addition , some cities have been subdivided or " de­ annexed" into smaller cities . These problems are covered in detail elsewhere (Harri s, 1 970a, and 1 970b; Lewis and Rowland, 1 979: 1 93-96) . In general the overall impact of such changes on urbanization and urban population growth was relatively small , partly because the annexed areas were frequently defined as urban both before and after the boundary change . Fortunately, the Soviet censuses do provide some degree of urban boundary comparability, especially between two consecutive censuses . The typical " backtracking " procedure used in recent censuses has been to present the populations of a city for the dates of both the census at hand and the preceding census in the boundaries of the city at the later date . In the 1 979 census , 1 970 and 1 979 populations appear to be given in city boundaries existing in 1 979 (except for Samarkand) . Similarly, in the 1 970 censu s , 1 959 and 1 970 populations are given in boundaries of 1 970 , and in the 1 959 census , 1 939 and 1 959 populations are given in boundaries of 1 959 . A lesser degree of comparability exists between 1 926 and 1 939 , although Lorimer ( 1 946: 250-5 3) lists the 1 926 and

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1 939 populations of all cities with 50,000 or more people in 1 93 9 , apparently both i n 1 939 boundaries . Unfortunately, n o " backtracking" comparability exists between the 1 926 and 1 897 censuses , although as the urban process was relatively slow during this period , probably few urban boundaries changed significantly. More annoying , perhaps , and more important for the present and future is the lack of any official census metropolitan definition , that i s , a definition including the population of central cities plus suburbs . The United States , in contrast , employs such definitions as the " Metropolitan Statistical Area" (formerly " Standard Metropolitan Statistical Area" ) and " Urbanized Area . " This lack o f information on the part of the Soviet censuses is especially disconcerting as metropolitan areas or urban agglomerations continue to evolve . Scholars have put forth different metropolitan definitions; the major and most contentious issue dividing them is the determination of what specific suburban settlements to include within the "orbit" of a major urban center (Lewis and Rowland , 1 979: 323-27) . The author and colleague (Lewis and Rowland , 1 979: chap . 6) attempted to provide a comparable metropolitan definition for all of the censuses between 1 897 and 1 970 by drawing circles of fifty miles in radius around major Soviet cities in 1 970 and summing the populations of settlements with 1 5 ,000 or more people within each fifty-mile radius . By this method we determined that in 1 970 there were twenty-two "urban regions" with fifty-mile radii which contained 1 million or more people residing in 1 5 ,000-plus centers . We then determined the analo­ gous populations residing in centers of 1 5 ,000-plus in these twenty-two urban regions in 1 897 , 1 926 , 1 939 , and 1 959 and further subdivided the regions into central city, 0-25-mile (excluding the central city) , and 2550-mile zone s . Thus , we were able to calculate the population growth of and redistribution within these "metropolitan" regions from 1 897 to 1 970 . However, as this procedure employs a 1 5 ,000-plus operational definition , the lack to date of a listing of urban centers of 1 5 ,000-plus for the 1 979 census precludes a similar investigation of urban region changes from 1 970 to 1 979 , although the author has made similar calculations based on centers of 50,000 and over for this most recent period (Rowland , 1 983c : 266) . Finally, virtually no data are available in the Russian and Soviet censuses for the internal parts of citie s . Only in the 1 897 census are data presented for internal units of cities , and here only for the four largest cities of the Russian Empire (St. Petersburg , Moscow, Warsaw, and Odessa) . In contrast, the U. S . censuses present a plethora of data by census tracts and even blocks for all American cities . Therefore , studies of population variations within Russian and Soviet cities are for the most part very difficult to undertake .

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Although the availability of specific population characteristics is discussed in other chapters in this volume , I will make some general comments concerning the types of characteristics available for the urban and rural populations in each of the censuses . In this regard , the 1 897 and 1 926 censuses are clearly superior to those of 1 939 , 1 959 , 1 970 , and 1 97 9 . Data presented for urban and rural population by political units in these two earlier censuses include age , sex , work-force composition , language , literacy, and place of birth for migration studies . In addition , the 1 897 census includes urban data on social class and religion . A further advantage of the 1 897 and 1 926 censuses is that these data were presented for hundreds of individual urban centers . A separate volume of the 1 897 census lists individually the thousands of settlements of the Russian Empire with 500 or more people and includes data on the number of males , females , and religious groups , which , in general , individually accounted for 1 0 percent or more of the population of the settlements (Russian Empire , 1 905a) . Unfortunately, the subsequent censuses of 1 939 , 1 95 9 , 1 970 , and 1 979 presented much less data by urban-rural residence . Not only were available characteristics fewer for the urban and rural populations by political units , but very few data were presented for individual urban centers . Finally, with respect to the availability of characteristics for the urban and rural populations in recent censuses, researchers should note that additional data have been published in various scholarly works outside of the official census publications . Demographers in the USSR have some access to unpublished census data, and, thu s , data not directly available to Western demographers " leak out" through these publications . Two major examples stand out . First, Khorev ( 1 968) presented work-force data from the 1 959 census for cities of 50,000 and over. These data allow for the only significant study of the functional classification of Soviet cities since the 1 897 and 1 926 censuses , and they have been extensively utilized and discussed by Harris ( 1 970a: 54- 1 1 5 ) . Second , although 1 979 urban-rural ethnic data are generally unavail­ able from published census results , Kozlov ( 1 982: 1 00) presented aggre­ gate levels of urbanization for forty major nationalities of the USSR. From these data and the total populations of the nationalities , researchers can determine the 1 979 population of each listed nationality residing in urban and rural areas , respectively, for the entire USSR and derive the ethnic composition of the urban and rural populations themselves . Researchers can also determine the 1 979 ethnic composition of Moscow, Leningrad , Minsk, Kiev, Tashkent, Alma-Ata, and Ashkhabad by a residual technique applied to available data. Data for 1 979 , for example , indicate the numbers of Russians and Uzbeks in the Uzbek SSR as a whole and each of its internal units except the city of Tashkent .

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Summation of the number of Russians and Uzbeks residing in these political units and subtraction of those sums respectively from the corresponding Uzbekistan total results in a residual , which equals the number of Russians and Uzbeks in Tashkent proper (Rowland , 1 983b) . A separate publication for Leningrad allows for the derivation of data for Leningrad and Moscow (Leningrad , 1 98 1 ) . Kozlov ( 1 982: 24 1 ) also presented 1 979 data for thirty-five nationalities on the percentages of the total and urban populations of each which consider the language of their nationality as their native language .

Migration

Data on migration are available in the Russian and Soviet censuses of 1 897 , 1 926 , 1 970, and 1 979 but not in the censuses of 1 939 and 1 959 . Migration studies from the 1 897 , 1 926 , and 1 979 censuses are based on place-of-birth data , while those for the 1 970 census are based on residence change during the two years prior to the census . Major studies employing migration data from the 1 897 and 1 926 censuses include Rashin ( 1 956) , Leasure and Lewis ( 1 967 ; 1 968) , Lewis and Rowland ( 1 979) , Lorimer ( 1 946: 44-49) , Anderson ( 1 980) , Rowland ( 1 976; 1 982a) , and Tikhonov ( 1 978) . Place-of-birth data are perhaps the main indicator of migration found in censuses throughout the world . The underlying rationale is that if a person' s place of birth is different from his or her place of residence at the time of the census , a migration has undoubtedly occurred . Thus , such persons are operationally defined as migrants , while all others are not . There are obvious universal conceptual problems with these data as indicators of migration . In particular: ( 1 ) they detect at most only one migration (that between place of birth and present place of residence) even though the person may have made many migrations ; (2) they do not detect a migration if a person has moved from and then returned to his or her place of birth; and (3) unless specifically indicated , they give no indication of when the migration took place . But despite these shortcom­ ings, place-of-birth data are the basis of most migration studies from censuses . In the 1 897 census , place-of-birth data are available for the eighty­ nine gubemiyas or equivalent units , for uezds , and for the roughly nine hundred official urban centers listed individually; thus , as a residual , "rural " areas of the uezds can also be derived . Responses to place-of­ birth questions are classified in four categories: ( 1 ) natives of the same uezd where they lived or "home uezd " (urozhentsy togo-zhe uezda , gde zhivut); (2) natives of other uezds within that gubemiya (urozhentsy

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drugikh uezdov, toy-zhe gubernii) or intra-guberniya migrants; (3) natives of other guberniyas (urozhentsy drugikh guberniy) or inter-guberniya migrants; and (4) natives of other countries (urozhentsy drugikh gosudarstv)

or immigrants . The definition of a " migration" must then be operation­ ally specified by the researcher based on migration-defining boundaries . In other words , the researcher determines beforehand which of the available boundaries have to have been crossed for a migration to have taken place . In the 1 897 census the first category consists , operationally, of nonmigrants in all situations , while the other three might or might not consist of migrants , depending on the context employed by the researcher. From the broadest perspective , all three categories would be used if a migrant were someone born in another country, guberniya, or uezd . A researcher concerned with internal migration and not international migra­ tion , however, would exclude category 4 . The presentation o f place-of-birth data i n the 1 897 census also allows for a more specific investigation of migration streams . In particular, researchers can investigate migration streams between guberniyas , be­ cause for the population of a guberniya born in another guberniya or foreign country (as well as rural areas and individual urban centers therein) , specific guberniyas or countries of birth are listed . These listings thus allow an investigation not only of in-migration to a guberni­ ya but also of out-migration and thus net and gross migration or migration turnover. Unfortunately, however, particular migration streams within guberniyas cannot be determined because specific other uezds of birth are not listed . It is also unfortunate that very few characteristics of migrants besides the specific guberniya of birth are available from the 1 897 census for all three categories of migrants . The only other explicit characteristics available in the general census are sex and social class, although urban and rural origin can be derived from the social class data and crude indicators of distance of migration can be determined based on ' 'home uezd , " other uezds , and other guberniyas (Rowland , 1 97 1 : 76-9 1 ; l 982a: 30) . However, a separate, specialized volume provides guberniya-of­ birth data for workers and servants (Russian Empire , 1 905b) , data that have been extensively utilized by Anderson ( 1 980) . Place-of-birth data are also available from the 1 926 census . However, the 1 926 definition of a migrant is somewhat broader than that of 1 897 . Whereas a person had to cross an uezd boundary in 1 897 to be considered a migrant, in 1 926 the individual simply had to have been born in another place (nemestnyye urozhentsii), even if it was in the same uezd . In addition , 1 926 place-of-birth data are more comprehensive in terms of available territorial units and migrant characteristics . Indeed , the 1 926 census contains the richest source of migration data of any of

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the Russian and Soviet censuses . In 1926 the political-administrative units were greater in number than in 1897 (about 190 as compared to roughly 90) and different in size and shape . Also , the USSR in 1926 was slightly smaller than the Russian Empire of 1 897 . In particular, migra­ tion data for 1926 are available for approximately 190 units , from gubemiyas down to small okrugs in certain cases . Unlike 1897, howev­ er, separate place-of-birth data are not available for most uezds and individual urban centers , making the 1 897 census superior to that of 1926 at least in these ·instances . For each of these units , the following migrant characteristics are available: (1 ) region , gubemiya, okrug , etcet­ era, of birth; (2) sex ; (3) current urban-rural residence of the migrant, although the urban definition is different from that of 1 897; (4) duration of residence; and-especially important-(5) work-force composition and major ethnic groups , by sex and in borders of both the USSR in 1926 and the Russian Empire . The latter allows a greater degree of comparability between the 1897 and 1926 censuses . Nearly half a century passed before a Soviet census again included migration data. In the 1970 census , residence-change data during the two years prior to the census were employed instead of place-of-birth data. In particular, the 1970 census asked people, "How long have you continuously resided at this particular residence in 1970?' ' Those residing in the place of enumeration less than two years were counted and listed in the census , thus providing an operational definition of migrants . Previous place-of-residence data reveal more current migration because they cover recent movements as opposed to those between place of birth and present place of residence , movements that could have taken place decades earlier. Thus , the 1970 migration data are conceptually different from those of 1 897 and 1 926. The territorial units and urban-rural definitions also differ from those of the earlier censuses . An additional problem is that no other country has employed the operational migration definition used in the 1970 Soviet census , thus impeding comparisons between the migration data in this census and migration data from other countries . In the 1970 censu s , migration data are available specifically for total male and female populations and for urban and rural populations for all economic regions , union republics , oblasts , krays , ASSRs , and union republic capitals and the city of Leningrad . It is not possible , however, to assess migration streams in as much detail as it was for either 1897 or 1926 because previous place-of-residence data are presented only for economic regions and union republics and not for oblasts or equivalent units ; for 1897 and 1926, it is possible to determine out-migrants by smaller political units . Also , the 1970 census data exclude temporary movers and the military. In comparison with earlier data, migration data from the 1 970 census

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have two unique advantages . First, using the 1 970 data, researchers can determine urban-rural migrations in greater detail . For each political unit available , the 1 970 census provides data on either the urban or the rural origin (by economic region or union republic of origin) of both the urban and rural populations of that unit . In 1 897 and 1 926, no explicit data on the urban-rural origin of the migrants were available (although for 1 897 the author, as mentioned before , has shown how available social class data could be used to estimate such origins) . Second , the 1 970 census allows for a determination of migration flows between various urban size classes by economic region and union republic . The author and a colleague have discussed specific procedures for using these 1 970 urban-rural and size-class data, especially the need to include or exclude certain categories of data depending on the unit of reference being employed; for example , for a more realistic determination of the migra­ tion to all cities of a particular region , one should exclude migrants from other cities within that region (Lewis and Rowland , 1 979: 1 23-24 , 434-35) . The 1 970 census thus allows for fairly detailed studies of regional total , urban , and rural in- and out-migration and thus total , urban , and rural net and gross migration . Limited migration data from the 1 979 census based on the place-of­ birth concept have been published (Vestnik statistiki, 1 982) . Data are presented for the total , urban , and rural populations of the USSR as a whole and of the fifteen union republic s . Migrants can be operationally defined as ' 'those who have resided uninterruptedly at their permanent place of residence ' not from birth , ' " as opposed to those " nonmigrants" who have resided continuously at their permanent place of residence " from birth . " For those in the migrant population , data are also presented on length of residence in seven categories (less than 2 years , 2-5 years , 6--9 years , 1 0- 1 4 years , 1 5- 1 9 years , 20-24 years , and 25 or more years) . Thus , the migration data from the 1 979 census are most comparable to those from the 1 926 census , which , as mentioned earlier, employs place-of-birth and length-of-residence data (although the length­ of-residence categories are not necessarily exactly the same in each case) . However, both the 1 970 and 1 979 censuses have some compara­ bility in that in each case , data are presented for persons residing in their present place of residence less than two years . Recent works have utilized the 1 979 migration data (Moiseenko , 1 983; Naseleniye SSSR, 1 98 3 : 36--53) . The latter publication includes " leaked-out" data on mobility by major nationality, data that were not presented in the official census publications . The study of recent migration i n the USSR does not depend solely upon migration data from censuses . Although no migration data are available from the 1 959 and 1 979 censuses for subrepublic units , net

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migration for such units can be estimated for the 1 959-70 and 1 970-79 periods using the vital-statistic s , or residual , technique . This method utilizes available data on the number of births and deaths and thus natural increase for individual regions compared to total population change , with the difference between total population change and natural increase being net migration . The application of this technique to the 1 959-70 and 1 970-79 periods is generally valid , not only because there exists a fairly good-though not complete-array of annual vital statis­ tics but also because it is possible to assess natural increase relatively accurately for the entire period owing to the absence of wars . A number of studies have estimated regional net migration for 1 959-70 based on available vital statistics (Lewis and Rowland , 1 979; Grandstaff, 1 980; Baldwin , 1 979) . The author derived estimates of 1 970-79 regional and subregional net migration based on available vital statistics for the first half of the 1 970s ; none have been published for 1 975-79 for units other than union republics (Rowland , 1 982b) . Basically, for units other than union republic s , the author used 1 974 natural increase , the intercensal midpoint , to estimate natural increase and thus met migration for the entire 1 970-79 intercensal period . The continuing publication in Vestnik statistiki of the number of births and deaths for twenty-one of the largest Soviet cities (cities of 1 million-plus and/or union republic capitals) for every year of the 1 970-79 period enabled the author to assess net migration for these cities during this period , also by means of the vital-statistics technique (Rowland , 1 983c: 270) . Recent migration studies are possible using data on the registration of arrivals and departures (Lewis and Rowland , 1 979: 34) . These data are collected in conjunction with the internal passport system and have been published in a statistical compendium (USSR, 1 975 : 1 78-200) and in various issues of Vestnik statistiki. They include information on the number of in-migrants and out-migrants for urban centers in general , as well as for union republics and economic regions and individually for cities of 500 ,000 and over. Unfortunately, these data have not been published for years after 1 974 and have other problems connected with their use (Lewis and Rowland , 1 979: 1 1 1 - 1 5 ; Grandstaff, 1 980: 9- 1 7) . A few comments should perhaps be made on the permanent or temporary residence of migrants and the censuses . In the 1 897 and 1 926 censuses , place-of-birth data are presented for the de facto population , and thus the migrant population includes temporary residents; these residents are listed separately and so can be deleted . In addition , in both censuses it appears that most migrants were permanent, as temporary residents constituted only a very small share of the population . In a study of urban in-migration in 1 897 , for example , the author concluded that no

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more than 6 percent of the migrants to cities of the Russian Empire were "temporary " (Rowland , 1 983a: 6) . In contrast , as was noted earlier, the migrant definition of 1 970 and 1 979 excludes temporary movers , as they are based on the permanent population .

Future S tudies of Urbanization and Migration In considering future scholarly studies of Russian and Soviet urbaniza­ tion and migration , I find it useful to recognize two broad categories of studies: ( 1 ) those based on potentially available future population data; and (2) those based on population data already published. Recent Soviet cutbacks in published demographic data make it likely that the greater number of future studies will be based on past data. Studies involving future data seem to hold much greater promise for research on urbanization than for research on migration . Studies of recent national and regional urbanization patterns and city-size trends continue to be possible because the annual Narodnoye khozyaystvo series lists the current urban and rural populations of oblasts and equivalent units , as well as the population of cities with 50,000 or more people . A particular study that could be undertaken after urban data are presented in the 1 980s and 1 990s is an updating of Harri s ' s study of the long-term growth of individual Soviet cities (Harris , 1 970a; 1 970b) . Harri s ' s investigations went through 1 967 , and new data fo r the end o f the twentieth century would allow for an additional 30-40-year perspective . Another type of future study in this respect is an assessment of the degree of success of Soviet policies aimed at limiting the growth of large cities (i . e . , cities of 1 00 , 000 and over) . In earlier works , the author and a colleague assessed the " subsequent growth of large cities" from 1 959 to the mid- 1 970s and 1 979 (Lewis and Rowland, 1 979: 2 1 8-89; Rowland, 1 983c: 262-64) . In addition to investigating changes in the population residing in large and small cities, these studies identified large cities of 1 959 and traced the growth of this constant number of cities through the 1 970s . Because data on large cities continue to be published in the Narodnoye khozyaystvo series , an updating and testing of this policy in the future would seem feasible , barring , of course , any further data cutbacks . Indeed, it could be argued that among all types of demographic studies of the future USSR, the brightest prospects are in the area of urbanization . In contrast , the outlook for studies of current and future migration trends appears to be very limited. First, the 1 979 census does not provide migration data for subrepublic units . Second, the cessation of the publication of vital statistics for oblasts and migrant registration data since the

Urbanization and Migration

1 27

mid- 1 970s limits the study of migration , although it is possible to estimate net migration for the fifteen union republic capitals and other cities with one million or more people based on annually presented population totals and births and deaths . Two important questions con­ cerning future regional migration confront the USSR: ( 1 ) will attempts to increase net in-migration to Siberia succeed? and (2) will substantial out-migration from Soviet Central Asia occur? In light of the above comments on potential data availability, prospects seem to be greater for the study of the latter than the former topic because of the availability of vital statistics by union republic and the lack of similar data for areas within republics (e . g . , Siberia) . Regarding recent migration , a more detailed and rigorous analysis of regional net migration rates estimated in a previously mentioned article by the author would be desirable (Rowland, 1 982b) . Given these apparent data limitations , future studies of urbanization and migration may well be based on already existing data that have not been fully tapped , especially those from the censuses of 1 897 and 1 926. Indeed, the underutilization of these data is suggested by this chapter' s list o f references , which indicates that most major studies using data of 1 897 and 1 926 did not occur until the 1 960s and 1 970s . Studies of urbanization and migration based on existing Russian and Soviet census data are thus still possible; a few examples come to mind . Although the author (Rowland , 1 97 1 ; 1 976; 1 982a) has undertaken a study of the migration to Russian cities based on the 1 897 census , a similar study based on the 1 926 census has yet to be undertaken . It would be interesting to investigate whether the same conditions related to rural-to­ urban migration in 1 897 , especially jobs in personal services , prevailed in 1 926 . The previously discussed problems of changing city boundaries and metropolitan definitions have not been fully explored; for example , an estimate of the population of Moscow and other cities in 1 897 , 1 926 , and other census years in current city boundaries would be useful , although the lack of detailed data may make such a study difficult. Also , the comparable metropolitan definition employed by the author and a colleague was based on agglomerations of 1 million and over in 1 970, but clearly a similar delineation of smaller metropolitan areas would be a worthwhile refinement . Regarding comparability, some attempt should be made to estimate the 1 5 ,000-and-over population by economic region for 1 979 . A possible approach might be to estimate the share of the available urban population (census definition) residing in centers of 1 5 ,000 and over, based on corresponding available shares by region for 1 959 and 1 970 . Many studies , particularly those dealing with regional settlement size , are possible based on the roughly fifty thousand individual settlements of

1 28

Richard H. Rowland

500 and over from the 1 897 censu s . In such a vein , the author recently completed a study involving the settlement-size structure of Jews and non-Jews in the Jewish Pale of Settlement of late-nineteenth-century Russia (Rowland, 1 983a) . A wealth of data also exist in both 1 897 and 1 926 on the economic structure of hundreds of urban centers . A final category of future studies involves regional scale . For the most part, major studies of urbanization and migration using the Russian and Soviet censuses have involved the aggregate national territory of Russia and the USSR and macroregional variations . Future studies could there­ fore either broaden or narrow the perspective . Further international comparisons involving Russian and Soviet urbanization and migration would be useful in order to assess more precisely the similarities and differences of the Russian and Soviet experience . On the other hand , more detailed studies of urbanization and migration at the microregional level (oblasts and cities) would also be valuable . In summary, the greatest prospects for future studies of urbanization and migration in Russia and the USSR appear to lie in already existing , rather than future, census data. In this respect the future is in the past, although one must hope that this contention is proven wrong by the publication of much more urbanization and migration data in the future than currently seems reasonable to expect . References Anderson, B arbara A.

1 980. Internal Migration during Modernization in Late

Nineteenth-Century Russia . Princeton: Princeton University Pre s s . B aldwin, Godfrey S . 1 97 9 . Population Projections by Age and Sex: For the Republics

and Major Economic Regions of the U.S.S.R . , 1 9 70 to 2000 . U . S . , Bureau of the Census , International Population Reports , Series P-9 1 . no . 26 . B ond , Andrew A . , and Paul E. Lydolph . 1 979 . " Soviet Population Change and City Growth, 1 970-79: A Preliminary Report." Soviet Geography: Review and Translation 20: 46 1 -8 8 . Clem , Ralph S . 1 980. " Regional Patterns o f Population Change i n the Soviet U nion , 1 959- 1 97 9 . " Geographical Review 70: 1 37-5 6 . Davis, Kingsley. 1 97 2 . World Urbanization, 1 950-1 970 , Vol . II; Analysis of Trends,

Relationships, and Development. Berkeley: University of California, Institute of International Studie s . Fedor, Thomas Stanley. 1 975 . Patterns of Urban Growth in the Russian Empire

during the Nineteenth Century. Chicago: University of Chicago , Department of Geography. Grandstaff,

Peter J .

1 980. Interregional Migration in the U.S.S.R . : Economic

Aspects, 1 959-1 970 . Durham: Duke University Press. Harris , Chauncy D . 1 970a. Cities of the Soviet Union : Studies in Their Functions,

Size, Density, and Growth . Chicago: Rand McNally.

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---

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. 1 970b . " Population of Cities of the Soviet Union , 1 897 , 1 926 , 1 93 9 , 1 95 9 ,

and 1 967 : Tables , Maps , and Gazetteer." Soviet Geography: Review and Translation 1 1 : 307-444 . Khorev, B . S . 1 968 . Gorodskiye poseleniya SSSR . Moscow : Mys! ' . ---

. 1 975 . Problemy gorodov. 2d. ed . Moscow : Mys! ' .

--- .

1 98 2 . Urbanizatsiya i demograficheskiye protsessy. Moscow: Finansy i

Statistika. Khorev, B. S . , and V. M. Moiseenko . 1 977 . " Urbanization and Redistribution of the Population of the U . S . S . R . " In Patterns of Urbanization : Comparative Country Studies, ed. Sidney Goldstein and David F. Sly, 643-720. Dolhain, Belgium: Ordina Editions . Kozlov, V. I . 1 98 2 . Natsional'nosti SSSR : Etnodemograficheskiy obzor. Moscow: Finansy i Statistika . Leasure , J . William , and Robert A. Lewi s . 1 966. Population Changes in Russia and

the USSR : A Set of Comparable Territorial Units. San Diego: San Diego State College Press . --

.

1 967 .

" Internal Migration in the U S S R , 1 897- 1 926 . " Demography 4 :

479-96 . ---

. 1 968 . " Internal Migration in Russia in the Late Nineteenth Century." Slavic

Review 27: 375-94 . Leningrad . Statisticheskoye Upravleniye Leningradskoy Oblasti i Leningrada. 1 98 1 .

Narodnoye khozyaystvo Leningrada i Leningradskoy Oblasti v JO Pyatiletke: Statisticheskiy sbornik . Leningrad: Lenizdat.

Lewi s , Robert A . , and Richard H. Rowland. 1 969. " Urbanization in Russia and the USSR: 1 897- 1 966 . " Annals of the Association of American Geographers 5 9 : 77fr-96 . ---

. 1 97 6 . " Urbanization in Russia and the USSR: 1 897- 1 970." In The City in

Russian History, ed . Michael F. Hamm . Lexington: University Press of Kentucky.

. 1 979 . Population Redistribution in the USSR : its Impact on Society, 1 897-1977. New York: Praeger. Litovka, 0. P. 1 976. Problemy prostranstvennogo razvitiya urbanizatsiya . Leningrad:

---

Nauka . Lorimer, Frank . 1 946 . The Population of the Soviet Union: History and Prospects. Geneva: League of Nations . Moiseenko, V. 1 98 3 . " Vliyaniye migratsii na formirovaniye naseleniya (po materialam Vsesoyyznoy perepisi naseleniya 1 979 g . ) . " Vestnik statistiki, no . 7: 8- 1 4 .

Naseleniye SSSR : Spravochnik. 1 983 . Moscow: lzdatel' stvo Politicheskoy Literatury. Rashin , A. G .

1 95 6 . Naseleniye Rossii za JOO let. Moscow: Gosudarstvennoye

Statisticheskoye Izdatel ' stvo . Rowland , Richard H. 1 97 1 . ' ' Urban In-Migration in Late Nineteenth Century Russia . ' ' Ph . D . diss . , Columbia University. ---

. 1 97 6 . " Urban In-Migration in Late Nineteenth Century Russia . " In The

City in Russian History. See Lewis and Rowland, 1 976: 1 1 5-24 . ---

. 1 982a. Spatial Patterns of Urban Jn-Migration in Late Nineteenth Century

Russia : A Factor Analytic Approach . Historical Geography Research Series , no . 1 0 . Norwich , England: Geo Abstracts .

Richard H. Rowland

1 30

---

. l 982b. " Regional Migration and Ethnic Russian Population Change in the

U S S R ( 1 959-79) . " Soviet Geography: Review and Translation 23 : 557-8 3 . --- .

l 983a. " Geographical Patterns o f the Jewish Population i n the Pale of

Settlement of Late Nineteenth Century Russia . " Paper presented at the Internation­ al Conference of Historical Geographers , Oxford , England . Abstract in Historical

Geography 1 3 : 27-28 . ---

.

1 98 3 b .

" Regional Changes in Nationality Composition in the U S S R ,

1 970--7 9 . " Paper presented a t the Annual Meeting of the Association o f American Geographers , Denver, Colo . ---

. l 983c . " The Growth of Large Cities in the USSR: Policies and Trends,

1 959-79 . " Urban Geography 4 : 258-79. Rowland , Richard H . , and Robert A . Lewis . 1 98 2 . " Regional Population Growth and Redistribution in the U . S . S . R . , 1 970--7 9 . " Canadian Studies in Population 9 : 7 1 -93 . Russian Empire . Tsentral ' nyy Statisticheskiy Komitet.

1 905a. Naseleniya mesta

Rossiyskoy lmperii v 500 i bolee zhiteley s ukazaniyem vsego nalichnago v nikh naseleniya i chis/a zhiteley preobladaioshchikh veroispovedanii po dannym pervoy vseobshchey perepisi nn 1eleniya 1897 g. St. Petersburg . --- . 1 905b. Raspredeleniye rabochikh i prislugi po gruppam zanyatiy i po mestu

rozhdeniya

na

osnovanii dannykh pervoy vseobshchey perepisi naseleniya Rossiyskoy

lmperii 28 yanvarya 1 897 g . St. Petersburg . Tikhonov, B . V.

1 97 8 . Pereseleniya v Rossii vo vtoroy polovine XIX v. Moscow :

lzdatel ' stvo " N auka . " United Nations . Department o f Economic and Social Affairs . 1 969 . Growth of the

World' s Urban and Rural Population, 1 920-2000 . ST/SOA/Series A, no . 44. New

York . USSR. Prezidium Verkhovnogo Soveta Soyuza Sovetskikh Sotsialisticheskikh Respublik. 1 97 4 . SSSR : Administrativno-territorial' noye deleniye Soyuznykh Respublik na 1

yanvarya 1 974 goda . Moscow. USSR . Tsentral ' noye Statisticheskoye Upravleniye . Moscow : Statistika .

Vestnik statistiki. 1 9 8 2 . N o . 7: 77-7 9 .

1 975 . Naseleniye SSSR 1 9 73 .

Chapter 7

Marriage, Family, and Fertility Data in Russian and Soviet Censuses B ARBARA A . ANDERSON

Soviet planners are interested in information on the fertility, marriage patterns , and family structure of the Soviet population because of the relevance of these data for monitoring and projecting population growth , for planning the demand for social services such as schools , for assessing social stability, and for studying the household economy. Both Soviet and Western researchers seek information on family and fertility in the Soviet population because of their bearing on questions of social structure and social change . Age of marriage , for example , is often regarded as an indicator of the social progress of women , as a large age gap between spouses can signal a situation in which males are strongly dominant. Also , the disappearance of the extended family has been considered part of the demise of a once traditional way of life . Fertility differences among regions and among ethnic groups have come to be the major cause of differential rates of population growth . Higher Muslim than non-Muslim fertility generates concerns ranging from the effect of the high fertility of women in traditionally Muslim groups on the women' s status to alarm over the " yellowing of the Army " (Ogarkov, 1 982) as the proportion of the total population from traditionally Muslim groups increases over time . The traumas of Soviet history have affected patterns of marriage and family formation . World War II caused a severe male deficit, widowing many women , creating numerous single-parent families , and preventing a large number of women from marrying . These developments in tum affected female labor-force participation rates . Even now, a concern with Acknowledgments: Work on this paper was supported in part by NICHD Grant No. HD 1 8027-0 1 . I am grateful also to the Russian Research Center, Harvard University and to the John Simon Guggenheim Memorial foundation for their support. I also thank B rian Silver, Thomas Burch, Sidney Goldstein , Gur Ofer, Elizabeth Wood , and Kristen Benson .

131

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Barbara A . Anderson

labor shortage has fueled Soviet interest in the relationship between female labor-force participation , fertility, and child-care arrangements . Family structure is central to the study of censuses because the way a census treats the individual , the family, and the household determines much of how the census is conducted . Whether family relationships are recorded , whether people need to be coresident to be considered mem­ bers of the same family, and in what situations people can answer questions about others are all matters that hinge in this issue .

Overview of Family and Fertility Information in Russian and Soviet Census Reports

Table 7 . 1 summarizes the direct information on marital status , family structure , and fertility available in the published results of the Russian and Soviet censuses from 1 897 to 1 979 . The only items available from all six censuses are marital status by currently married/currently not married , families (or households) by size , and the population by depen­ dency status . Table 7. 1 . Availability of family and fertility data in Russian and Soviet census reports , 1 897- 1 979

1 897

1 926

1 939

1 959

1 970

1 979

Marital status (married/not married) Single , married, widowed, divorced

x x

x x

x

x

x

x x

Families or households by size Families/lone individuals Families by type

x

x x x

x x

x x

x x x

x x x

x

x x

x x

x x

Children ever born Children at home Crude birthrate Children under one year of age Population by dependent or not Dependents by type

x x

x

x

x x

x x x x

x x

The most basic distinction in family structure is between those who live in families and those who do not. Although the definition of a family differs from census to census , a family always must have at least two members . The family members must be related by blood , adoption , or marriage , and there is some requirement of coresidence , sharing of facilities , or sharing of a budget . Soviet censuses classify each member of the population according to whether that person is the head of a family, is not the family head but lives together with other members of

Marriage, Family, and Fertility

1 33

his or her family, is a member of a family not living together with the rest of his or her family, or is not a member of a family. Overall , the 1 926 census is the most complete of the six censuse s , but the information gathered on family composition and on fertility has improved somewhat in post-World War II censuses . The 1 970 and 1 979 censuses collected and published more detailed information on the family for the Soviet Union as a whole than did earlier censuses . Some information on family and fertility in Soviet censuses seldom appears in censuses anywhere . Only the 1 979 census collected and published information on the number of children ever born to women . Similarly, crude birthrates rarely appear in censuses. In instances where these rates do appear, as in the 1 959 Soviet census report , they had to be calculated by combining census data with vital-statistics data, a practice that usually is not followed . Information on the dependency status of the population has always appeared in Russian and Soviet censuses . Some discussion of dependen­ cy is relevant to family and fertility because dependents are usually supported by other members of the family. Also , the relation between a woman' s dependency status and the presence of young children is a topic with great policy relevance .

Census Information on Family and Fertility

It is important to know what information relevant to family and fertility was collected and how the information was used to construct the measures in the census reports . The range of possible census results , of course , is constrained by what was asked . The instructions to interview­ ers also are helpful for understanding the meaning of the items . Most questions about family and fertility were asked of the entire Soviet population . In most Soviet censuses, however, some questions were asked of only a part of the total population . Questions directed to a random sample of the population or directed at particular subgroups are often motivated by pressing policy concerns . Besides generating useful data , these special questions provide insight into the concerns of the census planners . In the 1 926 census , some questions were asked only of urban residents . In the 1 970 and 1 979 censuses some questions were asked only of a random sample of the permanent resident families , and special questions were also asked of those working only in the domestic (household) economy or in private auxiliary agricultural employment .

Organization of the census form . The blanks for Russian and Soviet censuses have been published , but the instructions to enumerators usual-

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Barbara A . Anderson

ly do not state explicit questions to be asked . Table 7 . 2 shows the wording of the family and fertility items asked in each census . Every census asked sex and age for every person; sex and age (aside from age in months for those less than one year of age) are not listed in Table 7 . 2 . Table 7.2 . Wording of questions on family and fertility in the Russian and Soviet censuses, 1 897- 1 979 Fertility 1897' 1926, 1939 How many years of age years , or for children less than one year months. 1959 How many years of age , or if less than a year of age , what is the age-in months? (Years Months ) 1970 Age (Years Months ) For those who desire to work , which of the following would convince you to work: I) Having children in day care , school-internal or group with an extended day, 2) Obtaining work for part of each day or part of the week, 3) Obtaining work in (my) speciality, 4) Obtaining work near my home , 5) Obtaining further training in my profession , 6) Obtaining work I would enjoy, 7) Other reason (In form for those in the working ages who work at home or as private auxiliary workers in the rural economy) __

__

__

__

__

__

For women ask: a) the number of children under 16 years of age (Total , number under I year of age , 1-2 years of age , 3-6 years of age , 7- 1 3 years of age , 1 4- 1 5 years of age), b) Of that number, the number in day care , school-internal, or group with an extended day (categories as above) (In form for those in the working ages who work at home or as private auxiliary workers in the rural economy) 1979 For women, ask how many children have been born (none , 1 , 2, . . . 1 5 , or more) (In 25% sample) For those who desire to work , which of the following would convince you to work: 1 ) Having children in day care , school-internal or group with an extended day, 2) Obtaining work for part of each day or part of the week , 3) Obtaining work in (my) speciality, 4) Obtaining work near my home , 5) Obtaining further training in my profession , 6) Obtaining work I would enjoy, 7) Other reason (In form for those in the working ages who work at home or as private auxiliary workers in the rural economy) For women ask: a) the number of children under 16 years of age (Total , number under 1 year of age , 1 -2 years of age , 3-6 years of age , 7- 1 3 years of age , 1 4- 1 5 years of age) , b) Of that number, the number in day care , school-internal , or group with an extended day (categories as above) (In form for those in the working ages who work at home or as private auxiliary workers in the rural economy) Marital Status 1897 Single , married, widowed , divorced or separated 1926 Marital status (Married, widowed, never married, separated or divorced) 1939 Are you currently married (Yes, no) 1959

Marriage, Family, and Fertility

1 35

Are you currently married? (Yes, no , widowed indicated to interviewer as acceptable answers) 1970 Are you currently married (Yes, no) 1979 Marital status (Married, never married, widowed, divorced/separated) Relationship to head of family

1897 Write down the head of household or head of family 1926 Relationship to head of family (Wife , son , daughter, etc . , [indicate]) Whether the person is the son or daughter of the family head from a previous marriage Number of family members, including family head, regularly living in the dwelling (On family card, for the urban population) Number of servants and members of families of servants regularly living in this dwelling (On family card, for the urban population) Number of marital pairs in family (On family card , for the urban population) If head of family is a member of a marital pair, number of years married (On family card, for the urban population) 1939, 1959, 1970 Relationship to head of family (Wife , son , daughter, mother, sister, nephew, etc . , [indicate] ) 1979 Relationship to head of family (Head , wife/husband, daughter/son , mother/father, sister/ brother, mother-in-law/father-in-law, daughter-in-law/son-in-law, grandmother/grandfather, granddaughter/grandson, niece/nephew/other relative, lone individual , member of a family that lives elsewhere) Dependency status

1897 Source of support 1926 If not working, indicate the main source of support 1939 Of what social group are you a member: in a group of workers, service personnel, kolkhozniks, cooperative kustars, individual peasants, a free professional, or a member of a cult or a nonworking element? 1959 If not working, indicate the main source of support 1970, 1979 Primary source of support (Work at an enterprise, in the public sector, work in a kolkhoz, work in own account [for kustars and individual peasants] , work as a private individual , free professional , private auxiliary worker in the rural economy, pensioners, on a stipend , other governmental support, dependent, other source)

Although the census is conducted by an enumerator who v1s1ts the household and supposedly asks every person (except young children) to answer for himself or herself, the census blank appears similar to one designed for self-enumeration . For example , the census blank contains a heading , such as Pol (Sex) , and then a blank (M or Zh) to be checked . However, some questions have acceptable responses indicated , and the

1 36

Barbara A . Anderson

1 970 and 1 979 censuses have precoded categories for the answers to many questions . The 1 897 census was a census of individuals . Unlike later censuses , the basic enumeration unit was the household , rather than the family. Households were tabulated by size , and enumerators recorded whether or not the members of the household were related . The enumeration in the 1 926 census and later censuses was based on the family. In fact , the 1 926 census included a " family card" for urban residents on which information such as the duration of marriage of the family head was recorded .

Definition of the family head. I n the 1 926 census and every later census the enumerator had to first determine who the head of the family was . After that was determined , given the definition of family in effect , the information for other family members could be recorded properly. The definition of family head in Soviet censuses has shifted from being based on economic support to being based on perceptions within the family. The definition was not important in the 1 897 census , since that census was based on individuals and developed scanty information about the family. In 1 926 and 1 939 , the family head was to be the person providing the main support for the family (Gozulov and Grigor'yants , 1 969 : 1 5 3 ; Boyarskiy and Shusherin , 1 95 1 : 1 87 ; Pustokhod and Voblyy, 1 940: 1 48 ) . In the 1 95 9 , 1 970 , and 1 979 censuses the enumerator was instructed to record as family head whoever the family thought was the head , within wide bounds . The family head had to be an adult member of the family whose permanent residence was with the family (Maksimov, 1 976; USSR, 1 958b; USSR, 1 978) . Although instructed to accept whoever was designated as head by the family, the enumerator was to give guidance if the respondents had difficulty formulating an answer. In post-World War II censuses , enumerators were advised that the family head should be the person who provided the bulk of support for the family-harking back to the 1 926 and 1 939 definitions . Isupov and Borisov ( 1 97 8 : 50--5 1 ) , in commenting on the 1 979 census , state that the designation of the family head is only an heuristic device and that husbands and wives in the Soviet Union have equal legal rights . In addition , they state that the census is not the place to determine whether a single family head exists or whether both marital partners share equally. Some Soviet scholars have complained about the inappropriateness of one person being designated as family head when two spouses share equally or when a family contains more than one marital pair (Ter-Izrael ' yan , 1 979). Nonetheless, the 1 959 and 1 970 censuses tabulated some information by the sex of the head of the family.

Marriage, Family, and Fertility

1 37

The recent Soviet definition of family head is generally in line with United Nations recommendations on the designation of the head of household . The UN recommends that the head of the household is that person in the household who is acknowl­ edged as such by the other household members . Although a more desirable definition for purposes of dependency statistics would be the person who bears the chief responsibility for the economic maintenance of the house­ hold , it is not recommended that this definition be applied because of the difficulty of collecting the information needed to determine economic responsibility. (UN , 1967 a: 57)

The U. S . definition has differed substantially from UN recommenda­ tions . Before 1 980 , the definition stated: The household head is the person reported as the head by members of the group , except that married women are not classified as heads if their husbands are living with them at the time of enumeration . (Shryock and S iegel, 1975 : 302)

Since 1 980 , the United States has tabulated data in relation to a ' '.reference person , " who is that person or one of the persons in whose name the housing unit is owned or rented (Bianchi , 1 982) .

Determining who is a family member. Post-World War II Soviet censuses defined a family as follows: A family for the purposes of the censuses includes those individuals, living together, related by blood or marriage 1 and sharing a common budget . Individuals living apart from the family, but who share with the family a common budget or a regular material link (regularnaya material' naya svyaz ' ) , are also counted as family members , but as living apart from the family. Individuals not in a family and not sharing support with a family are counted as lone individuals. (USSR, 1 974: 4)

The UN recommended definitions and the U . S . definition of family have been more concerned with coresidence than has the Soviet defini­ tion . The UN defines a family as those members of the household . . . who are related to a specified degree , through blood , adoption or marriage . The degree of relationship used in determining the limits of the family is dependent on uses to which the data are to be put and so cannot be precisely set for world-wide use . (UN, 1967a: 48) I . Adopted children are also considered part of the family.

1 38

Barbara A . Anderson

Before 1 947 , U . S . official usage defined a family as all the persons who occupy a housing unit . A house , an apartment or other group of rooms or a single room, is regarded as a housing unit when it is occupied or intended for occupancy as separate living quarters . Separate living quarters are those in which the occupants do not live and eat with any other persons in the structure and in which there is either ( 1 ) direct access from the outside or through a common hal l , or (2) a kitchen or cooking equipment for exclusive use of the occupants . (United States Bureau of the Census, 1 964: LY)

Since 1 947 , the former U. S . definition of a family has become the definition of a household, and the definition of a fam ily has become the entire group of (two or more) persons in a household who are related by blood , marriage , or adoption . According to this terminology, two related married couples , a couple and a related parent-child group , or any other group of two or more persons related to each other is counted as one family if the members occupy the same living quarters and eat together as one household . (Shryock and Siegel , 1 975 : 300)

Thus , the United States has moved from enumeration based on households with coresidence as a necessary condition and kinship an unimportant one to enumeration based on households with kinship mattering but coresidence still being required . The Soviet definition of a family concentrates on economic ties-sharing a common budget-for those who are coresident , and on at least the maintenance of a regular material link for family members who are not coresident . The lack of a coresidence requirement for family membership in Soviet census usage differs from census usage virtually everywhere else in the world. Only in some parts of sub-Saharan Africa does the census definition of family not require coresidence-leading to some families reportedly containing over a hundred members in the case of Por­ tuguese Guinea (Burch , 1 967 : 356--5 8) . In most parts of the world , " Family" refers only to those kin with whom one co-resides . . . . Kin with whom one does not share the same dwelling unit are not part of one ' s " family" i n the demographic sense , even though they may live close by (sometimes in adjacent dwellings) , and even though there may be consider­ able social and economic integration among them . (Burch , 1 979: 1 74)

Burch ( l 979: 1 82-83) notes that a common hypothesis that has received little empirical support is that extended families tend to have higher fertility than nuclear families . According to Burch and Gendell ( l 970) , one reason for this lack of empirical support may be the

Marriage, Family, and Fertility

1 39

restnct10n of consideration to kin who are coresident. The Soviet definition of family is more appropriate for a test of the hypothesized link between fertility and family extension than is the conventional definition of family. The difference between most census definitions of family and the Soviet census definition of family is essentially the difference between the family of residence and the family of interaction (Burch , 1 967 : 348) . Most censuses consider the family of residence; the Soviet definition is close to that of the family of interaction . Even the sub-Saharan African definitions of family that do not require coresidence have assumed close residential proximity of those relatives considered family members (Goody, 1 972: 1 06-- 1 0) . The Soviet defini­ tion of the family does not limit the distance from the rest of the family that the "family members living apart" can reside and does not require that their residential separation be temporary-as long as they maintain a regular material link , they can be family members even though they are permanently resident elsewhere . Also , what constitutes a " regular mate­ rial link" is a subjective matter determined by the family. There is no requirement that this link involve a majority of the support of the physically separated family member as long as the family considers it ' ' regular. ' ' A . G . Volkov, director of the Scientific Research Institute of the Soviet Central Statistical Administration , complained that the term ' 'reg­ ular material link" was not clear and argued at the All-Union Confer­ ence of Statisticians convened prior to the 1 970 Soviet census that the concept should be clarified . He noted , for example , that a student who had a wife and child at the place of his school but who still received financial aid from his parents could be considered a ' ' family member living separately " in his parents' family. Since the student had his own family, though , Volkov maintained that he should not be thus classified . Despite this appeal , neither the term nor the instructions to interviewers on this point was changed (USSR , 1 969: 3 1 1 - 1 2) . There are several likely consequences of the difference between the Soviet censuses will also contain fewer lone individuals than will American Definitional differences will cause Soviet families to be larger, to contain more dependents , and to be more extended than American familie s . Soviet censuses will also contain fewer lone individuals than will Ameri­ can censuses . The difference stemming from the definitional interplay of current residence , place of permanent residence , and family membership can be illustrated by the different way Soviet and American censuses classify college students . According to Soviet convention in 1 959 and 1 970, students living away from home were classified as having their perma-

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Barbara A . Anderson

nent residence at the place of the school , although they could still be classified as " family members , not living together with the rest of the family. " In 1 979, the designation of permanent residence at the place of the school applied only to Soviet students at specialized secondary or higher educational institutions . Since 1 950, U. S . census procedure has classified college students away from home as permanent residents at the place of the college but secondary school students as permanent residents at the place of residence of their family of origin (Shryock and Siegel , 1 97 5 : 96) . American students away at a university or college would not be considered members of their family of origin , but Soviet university students would still be members of their family of origin if they maintained a regular material link with that family. The Soviet census definition affects the classification of families as extended . Imagine that the widowed mother of the family head lives in her own apartment , receives financial aid from her son , and eats with the son' s nuclear family on weekends . U . S . definitions would consider the widowed mother a lone individual; Soviet definitions would consider her a member of her son ' s family. U. S . definitions would consider the son ' s family to b e nuclear; Soviet definitions would consider i t to b e extended . Now imagine that the mother of the family head lives with her son' s family but maintains a separate budget . According to the Soviet census definition of family, she would not be a member of her son ' s family ; according to the American census definition of family, she would be a member of her son' s family. On balance , the S oviet definition is more likely to lead to recorded family extension than is the American defini­ tion . Volkov ( 1 976: 22-24) notes that both the old and the young disproportionately appear in the categories " family members living apart from their families" and " lone individuals . " Those in their 20s tend to be family members living apart , while those over age 50 tend more often to be lone individual s . Definitions o f who is permanently absent a s opposed t o temporarily absent are also important . In post-World War II Soviet censuses , information on many topics has been reported sometimes for the present population and sometimes for the permanent population; information on family always refers to the permanent population (Anderson and Silver, 1 985) . Soviet censuses define people as " temporarily absent" if their permanent residence is still with the family and if they have been absent less than six months . 2 People who have been absent less than six months but who (in the opinion of the family) do not intend to return are permanently absent-that is , their permanent residence is elsewhere . 2 . Students residing at school and members of the military are considered permanently absent even if they have been gone less than six months and even if they intend to return.

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Family composition . Soviet censuses have presented information o n the

composition of the family, including the number of family members , the dependency status of family members , and the sex of the head of the family. Information on the type of family is usually not included in censuses . As Burch ( 1 967 : 352) notes , " No convenient international compilations are available on such questions as the number of genera­ tion s , relationship of household or family members to the head of household , and so forth . Indeed , few nations have comprehensive census data on these more detailed aspects of family composition . " The distribution o f families b y size has appeared i n the published results of each of the five Soviet censuse s . This information refers not to all family members but only to the coresident members of the family. For 1 970, however, it is possible to estimate the average size of the entire family, induding non-coresident members . For the USSR as a whole in 1 970, the average number of coresident family members was 3 . 7 (Vol­ ume 7 , Table 25) and of all family members was 3 . 9 (from the number of family members and the number of lone individuals in Volume 7 , Table 22 , and from the number of families in Volume 7 , Table 25) . Although these differences are not large , neither are they trivial . The lack of a coresidence requirement for family membership proba­ bly has more effect on the recorded proportion of families that are extended than on family size . Data on families by type (described below) refer to all family members , not just coresident family members ; no data have been located that would allow estimation of the proportion of families that would be extended if coresident family members alone were considered . In 1 970, 22 . 9 percent of families in the USSR as a whole were recorded as extended , that is , were of Types 2, 3 , or 4b below (calculated from data in Volume 7 , Table 27) . The inclusion of non-coresident family members may be making a large difference in the estimated proportion of families that are extended . If in 1 970, for example , every non-coresident family member caused one family to be recorded as extended when that family would not have been recorded as extended based only on coresident family members , then only 6 . 2 percent of the families in the USSR as a whole would have been recorded as extended based on coresident family members rather than 22 . 9 percent based on coresident and non-coresident members . The actual effect of inclusion of non-coresident family members in the determination of whether the family is extended is certainly not as great as these calculations suggest is possible , but using the available data to compare the proportion of families that are extended for the USSR and for other countries would be very misleading . For 1 970 and 1 979 , the distribution of families by size was published according to nationality for families in which all members belonged to

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the same nationality and also for families of mixed nationality. These data are published by union republic and other nationality areas . They also are published (not by nationality) by oblast. Coale , Anderson , and Hiirm ( 1 979) used these data to estimate marital fertility by nationality, and Fisher ( 1 980) suggested using them to estimate ethnic intermarriage rates . The 1 926 , 1 970 , and 1 979 censuses include interesting information on families by type . The 1 926 census classified families as follows:3 Type A . Families including a marital pair A l . Not including children A l a . Without (other) relatives A l b . With economically inactive (other) relatives A l e . With economically active (other) relatives A2 . Including children only of the marital pair A2a. Without (other) relatives A2b . With economically inactive (other) relatives A2c . With economically active (other) relatives A3 . Including children from previous marriages A3b . With economically inactive (other) relatives A3c . With economically active (other) relatives Type B . Families without a marital pair, but that include children of the family head B a . Without (other) relatives Bb. With economically inactive (other) relatives B e . With economically active (other) relatives Type C . Families without a marital pair that do not include children of the family head Cb . With economically inactive (other) relatives Cc . With economically active (other) relatives Type D . Complex families

The 1 970 classification was 1. 2. 3.

One marital pair with o r without children One marital pair with or without children, but with other relatives Two or more marital pairs with or without children with or without other relatives 4a. A mother/father with children 4b . A mother/father with children, with other relatives 5 . Other families

3. The letters and numbers assigned to the different types of families in 1 926 are as assigned in the 1 926 census . No numbers or letters were assigned to the types of families in the 1 970 or the 1 979 censuses. Numbers and letters are assigned here for convenient reference and comparison.

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The 1 979 classification was 1. One marital pair with or without children 2a. One marital pair with or without children, but with one of the parents of the marital pair 2b . One marital pair with or without children, but with or without one of the parents of the marital pair but with other relatives 3 . Two or more marital pairs with or without children with or without other relatives 4 . A mother/father with children 5 . Other families

All these typologies focused on the presence or absence of a marital pair, of children , and of nonnuclear relatives . In addition , in 1 926 there was a concern with economic activity of nonnuclear kin . The 1 979 census was more concerned with whether the family was extended only because of the presence of a parent of the head or a parent of the spouse of the head , while the 1 970 census was more concerned with whether a family without a marital pair but with children of the head also included other relatives . The published results of the 1 979 census noted that " children" for families classified as Type 1 included " children of all ages , living together with their parents and not married" (Vestnik statistiki, 1 98 3 : 70) . Apparently if married children lived with their parents , the family would then be classified as Type 2b . The data on dependency status are also interesting . In 1 926 , family members were classified as to whether or not they were "economically active . " The industry in which economically active people worked was cross-classified by the people' s marital status and other family character­ istic s . For those who were not economically active , the cross-tabulations were presented according to the industry in which the person supporting the dependent person worked . The data on dependents in the 1 959 census are noteworthy because dependent women in the working ages were classified as to whether or not they had children younger than age 1 4 . The dependency data reported from the 1 970 and 1 979 censuses did not include information on the presence of children for dependent women .

Currently married versus ever married. Russian and Soviet censuses have varied in the degree of detail for which data on marital status are collected and published . The 1 897 and 1 926 censuses recorded a full range of marital statuses: single , currently married , widowed , and divorced or separated . The 1 939 census recorded only whether or not a person was currently married . In 1 959, the interviewers were instructed to record people as married if currently married , widowed if widowed ,

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and not currently married otherwise . In the published 1 959 census report , however, the widowed were not separately reported--only a classification by currently married/not currently married was given . In 1 970, only current marital status was recorded . The 1 979 census returned to the 1 897 and 1 926 practice of recording a full marital status distribution . The return to a full marital status distribution in 1 979 should allow fuller analysis of marital dissolution in the Soviet Union . However, the published 1 979 census results have not yet presented detailed marital status in interesting cross-tabulations . Also , the lack of data by age , including marital status by age , seriously limits the usefulness of the information published to date from the 1 979 census . Who was considered a married person or a divorced person has varied among censuses . In 1 897 , enumerators were only supposed to record as married those who were legally (officially) married . In later censuses , people were to be recorded as married who considered themselves so , whether the marriage was registered or not. In 1 897 and 1 926 , people were to be recorded as divorced only if the divorce was registered , while in later censuses , people who considered themselves divorced were to be recorded as divorced (or not married) whether or not the divorce was registered (Gozulov and Grigor' yants , 1 969: 1 45 ) . The initial variant o f the 1 970 census conducted i n 1 966 and the test census conducted in 1 967 included a full marital status distribution and questions on the duration of marriage for women and the month and year of first marriage and the month and year of dissolution of first marriage (where appropriate) (Gozulov and Grigor' yants , 1 969: 1 63 ) . None of these detailed questions were included in the 1 970 census , although the detailed breakdown of marital status appeared in the 1 979 census . In their review of the 1 979 census methodology, Isupov and Borisov ( 1 97 8 : 5 2 ) d o not comment o n this change i n detail o n marital status for the 1 979 census . Even though the answer to the question on marital status seems straightforward , the question is subjective . Partners sometimes disagree as to whether or not they are married . For example , comparison of the estimated numbers of Soviet women and men who in 1 959 reported themselves as married reveals that larger numbers of women than of men are married at all ages . This discrepancy probably occurs partially because widows sometimes report to census takers that they are married . Also , Goldstein , Goldstein , and Piampiti ( 1 973) found evidence for Thailand that men living apart from their wives sometimes report that they are not married , while their wives more often report themselves as married . Gozulov and Grigor' yants ( 1 969: 1 47-48) discuss this phenomenon for those reaching marriageable age in the 1 920s through World War II

Marriage, Family, and Fertility

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in the Soviet Union . They state that more women than men reported themselves married or divorced (rather than never married) among those who reached marriageable age , even though owing to social turbulence and the shortage of marriageable males , more women than men remained legally unmarried . For the Soviet population as a whole in 1 95 9 , based on the reported numbers of men and women aged 1 6 and over (as published in the 1 970 Soviet census report) and the reported proportions of men and women marriea (as published in the 1 959 census report) , there were 42, 892 , 500 married men and 43 ,642 ,700 married women . Thus, for every 1 ,000 women reported as married , there were 1 7 missing husbands , that is , 1 7 fewer men who reported themselves as married . In the 1 926 census , a larger number of women than men were also reported as currently married . This larger number of currently married women than men for Soviet Central Asia in 1 926 has sometimes been interpreted as evidence of polygamy. However, the ratio of the number of married women to married men for Soviet Central Asia in 1 926 falls within the range of this ratio for all the Soviet union republics in 1 926 . Hence , there seems no solid evidence of substantial polygamy in 1 926 but only the typical greater tendency of women than men to report themselves as married .

Children present and children ever born . Censuses usually do not record information directly bearing on fertility. Only the 1 979 Soviet census includes a direct question on fertility. The closest that Soviet censuses before 1 979 came to recording fertility information was to ask the age in months of children less than one year of age on the census date or to tabulate the number of children of the family head or of the wife of the family head who resided with them . The data on children under one year of age are related to recent fertility but are affected by infant mortality and by the well-known tendency for children under one year of age to be missed by the census or to be reported as one year of age (Ewbank , 1 98 1 ) . The special questions in the 1 926 census for the urban population reflect a concern at that time with urban living conditions and the nature of the urban family. For Moscow, Leningrad , and other large cities in the RSFSR, there are tabulations of the number of children by marital duration and of the number of children by occupation of the family head . However, these 1 926 data only include surviving children residing in the same household and are not tabulated for all types of families . The data on children by marital duration only refer to families in which the family head is part of a marital pair and in which there are either no children (Type A l ) or all the children in the household are the offspring of the

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family head ' s current marriage (Type A2) . The data on the number of children by occupation of the family head only refer to families in which the family head is a member of a marital pair (Types A l and A2) or the family head is not a member of a marital pair but the family includes children of the family head (Type B ) . For these urban populations, additional data are also presented fo r families with the head a part of a marital pair and which contain children all of whom are offspring of the current marriage (Type A2) . These data provide the average age of the oldest child and the average age of the youngest child , by social group of the family head . With some qualifications , and in combination with data on the number of children in the family, these data can be used to investigate the timing of fertility. The 1 970 Soviet census also included data on the number of children . As in 1 926, these data did not refer to all children ever born ; they referred only to surviving children residing with their families . Also , the table that presented the number of children by age of mother (Volume 7 , Table 32) and the tables that presented the number of children per 1 ,000 women (Volume 7 , Tables 35-37) only referred to children who were coresident with their mother in families that included only one marital pair or a mother living with her children (types 1 , 2 , 4a, and 4b) . In Volume 7 , Table 3 2 , the number of families in the USSR as a whole with two children was 1 4 ,473 , 833 . In Volume 7 , Table 28 , which only required that children live with their families , the number of families with two children was 1 5 ,490 ,03 1 . This illustrates the more general point that it is important to understand to what population subgroup any given table refers . These 1 970 data imperfectly reflect age-specific fertility because they are affected by differential mortality, patterns of home-leaving , and differential rates of occurrence of families with more than one marital pair. In Central Asia, for example , extended families might have higher fertility than nuclear l amilies have . If so , these data would underestimate age-specific fertility in Central Asia because they would not include the fertility of women living ir. extended families that included more than one marital pair. The inclusion of a question in the 1 979 census (in the 25 percent sample) on the number of children ever born was a marked departure from earlier practice . " Children ever born" included living children residing with their mother, living children who resided elsewhere , and children who had died . Tabulations of the number of children of a woman living in the same family are much more common in all countries , because they do not require a special question but only a roster specifying the relationships between family members . In 1 979 , the question on children ever born was to be asked of all

Marriage, Family, and Fertility

1 47

women aged 1 6 or older (in the 25 percent sample) , regardless of marital statu s . Information for women younger than age 1 6 was only supposed to be recorded for those young women who had borne children . It was not clear how the enumerator was to determine whether a woman younger than age 1 6 had borne children . According to Isupov and Borisov ( 1 97 8 : 57) , this question was included because obtaining material on the combination by age and other characteristics of the level of fertility of different generations of women by ten-year age groups allows the examination of the differences in fertility in relation to education and nationality. All of this is necessary for the scientific study of the factors related to fertility and the creation of a great furthering of the conditions for the development of Soviet families.

In the 1 979 census , the published tabulations from this question report the data for all women aged 1 5 or older rather than aged 1 6 or older. Probably the denominator is all women aged 1 5 or older while the numerator is reported children ever born of all women , even those few children born to women aged 1 4 , 1 3 , or even younger. The lack of agreement between the ages of women who were asked the number of children ever born and the ages used in the publications to date suggests that more fertility was found among women younger than age 1 6 than the census planners had expected . However, no data on the number of children ever born by age of mother have been published from the 1 979 census . The Soviet definition of a live birth will also make some difference in the number of children ever born . While women were supposed to report all live births , they were not to include stillbirths . The official Soviet definition of a live birth classifies some births as stillbirths that the American definition would classify as live births (United States , Depart­ ment of Health , Education and Welfare , 1 962: 24) . If women responded to the Soviet census enumerator in accordance with the Soviet definition of a live birth , then the reported number of children ever born would be somewhat fewer than if the American definition of a live birth had been used . The identical form was administered to those without public sector jobs in 1 970 and 1 979 . It included items on reasons for not working and on children under age 1 6 by child-care arrangements . These questions were asked because of the government' s strong interest in finding ways to mobilize labor reserves and especially ways to motivate women with young children to take public sector jobs (Isupov and Borisov, 1 978). Neither the detailed census results nor research based on these special questions has been published , although the original tabulation plans for

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Barbara A . Anderson

the 1 970 census included some results using these questions (USS R , 1 969: 673 ) . Since plans were originally made t o publish some o f the data from this special form , something must have happened in the late 1 960s or early 1 970s which changed that decision .

Data Reliability In Soviet censuse s , as in other censuses and surveys , some rules are more likely to be violated than others . For example , it has commonly been found that more women report themselves as separated or divorced (rather than never married) than do men , even beyond what can be explained by differential remarriage rates . One possible explanation for this phenomenon is that once-married men can plausibly report them­ selves as single , while women with children have more difficulty doing so . In addition , unwed mothers often report themselves as divorced , separated , or widowed (Shryock and Siegel , 1 97 5 : 286) . The extent of this misreporting has declined in the United States , possibly owing to a lessening disapproval of illegitimacy (Shryock and Siegel , 1 97 5 : 286) . At the All-Union Conference of Statisticians held in advance of the 1 970 Soviet census , it was noted that differences in the full marital status dis­ tribution by sex from the test censuses looked even more implausible than the differences by sex using only the married/not married classification (USS R , 1 969 : 230) . Fuller publication of the detailed marital status data from the 1 979 census would allow independent examination of this issue . The question on temporary absence is certain to cause some difficulty for respondents . People normally have trouble reporting whether events happened more or less than a given length of time in the past . For example , reports on births in the last year are often biased by inaccurate perception of the reference period (Brass , 1 975) . Also the answer to the question on temporary absence may be affected more by the strength of the feelings of attachment of the rest of the family for the "temporarily absent ' ' member than by the exact length of time the person has been gone or whether the person intends to return . In addition , in post-World War II censuses the data on family members living apart from the rest of the family are likely to contain some error. For the data to be correct, those living together with the rest of the family and those living apart would need to be in perfect agreement as to whether a person maintained a " regular material link" with the rest of the family. Such agreement is unlikely. It is well known that older women tend to underreport the number of their children ever born , partially because of omission of dead children

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and partially because of omission of children who have left home . It would be surprising if this did not happen to some extent in Soviet censuses . Publication of the number of children ever born by age of the mother would provide information that could be used to determine the extent to which such underreporting has occurred (Brass, 1 975) .

Calculation of Measures Indirectly or in Combination with Noncensus Data Measures of fertility and family structure can be direct or indirect . On the most direct level , individuals are asked questions , and the distribu­ tion of answers is reported . Information obtained by combining answers from more than one respondent is more indirect. For example , censuses sometimes report the distribution of families by type , such as the number of families with one marital pair, with more than one marital pair, and so on . This kind of information is constructed from the set of responses on age , sex , and relationship to the family head from all the respondents in a given family. Information can be obtained even more indirectly. Usually censuses report information on the status of the population at a given time , such as on the population by marital status by age or the number of women by number of children ever born . Censuses rarely report data on the timing of occurrences of events . For example , censuses rarely report recent births by age of women or recent marriages by age of spouses . Event occurrence data (also called current-accounts data) are usually obtained from the vital-registration system rather than from the census operation . Vital registration obtains information on the number of people to whom some event , such as marriage or birth , has happened in a given time period , but the information from the vital-registration system alone is not sufficient to calculate a rate of occurrence . The vital-registration system cannot provide information on the number of people " at risk" of the event , that is , the number of people to whom the event could have happened-the denominator for a rate . Information on the population at risk is typically obtained from a census. The rate then is calculated from various pieces of information , of which the census provides an important part . Even more indirect measures can be constructed using census data . Fertility measures are sometimes estimated from census-based population information that does not include items directly referring to fertility at all . For example , the age distribution of the population in combination with a mortality assumption can be used to estimate fertility.

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Calculation of marital status . Just as census data are needed to provide denominators for fertility rates when birth data come from vital registra­ tion , vital-registration data are necessary to update census estimates of the population by current status between census dates . Naturally, vital­ statistics data on births and deaths are used to revise total population estimates . However, vital-registration data on marriages , divorces , and deaths (widowhood) are also used to update estimates of the composition of the population by marital status . For example , using both census and vital-statistics data, the researcher can construct a nuptiality table in the form of a multiple decrement life table for the USSR which is sensitive to period effects on nuptiality (cf. Anderson , 1 982; Volkov, 1 979) . Results of vital-statistics data collection on marriage and marital dissolution are published by the Soviet Central Statistical Administration in the monthly Vestnik statistiki. Marriages and divorces per 1 ,000 population by sex and age are frequently published for the Soviet population as a whole . Often marriages and divorces per thousand population by sex (not by age) are also published by union republic . Data on divorce by duration of marriage for the total Soviet population are available , but union republic-level data on marriage and divorce by age are more scanty and are found erratically in Narodnoye khozyaystvo volumes for union republics . Models of marriage can be applied to Soviet data on marital status to estimate first-marriage patterns (Coale , Anderson , and Harm , 1 979) . Such fitted models can be useful for comparing the dynamics of marriage across census dates , unaffected directly by changes in the age distribution . Calculation of fertility measures . Most conventional fertility measures , such as the crude birthrate or age-specific fertility rates, are calculated through a combination of birth data (or birth data by age of mother) from the vital-registration system and total population data (or data on the female population by age) from the census . Sometimes , however, a lack of fit between census data and vital-statistics data distorts measures . In late-nineteenth-century European Russia, for example , different defini­ tions of urban were used for different purposes (Fedor, 1 975) . Thu s , differences between the urban definition used i n the census and that used in vital statistics led to distorted fertility measures for some gubemiyas (Coale , Anderson , and Harm , 1 97 9: 2 1 2- 1 3) . While in the Soviet Union , as in most countries , the census is under central control , the vital-statistics system is more decentralized . At the All-Union Conference of Statisticians convened before the 1 979 Soviet census , R. M . Dmitriyeva, director of the Sector on Statistics of

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Population , Health , and Social Welfare of the Soviet Central Statistical Administration , noted that the coverage of vital-statistics data in the Soviet Union is generally less complete than census data and that improvement of the quality of the current-accounts data should be a concern of those involved in the census (Ter-Izrael 'yan , 1 979: 1 44-5 1 ) . Demographers have long relied on census data by age and sex to obtain fertility estimates . Estimation of recent fertility was clearly the main motivation behind the question on the number of children under one year of age which has been included in some Russian and Soviet censuses . Some evidence suggests that estimates of fertility for 1 897 based on the number of children under one year of age are more accurate than estimates based on vital registration (Coale , Anderson , and Hiirm , 1 979: 207- 1 9) . Demographers sometimes employ the child/woman ratio , which is usually the number of children under 5 years of age per 1 ,000 women aged 1 5-49 , as an indicator of fertility. Researchers using Soviet data have more often used the ratio of children aged 0--9 to women aged 20-49 because of the age categories in which Soviet data are presented (cf. Lewis , Rowland , and Clem , 1 976; Mazur, 1 967 ; Silver, 1 974) . Child/woman ratios are , however, imperfect measures of fertility because they are affected by differential mortality and by differences in the age structure of women within the childbearing ages . We know, for example , that fertility is higher in Central Asia than in the Baltic area. We also know that the age structure is older in the Baltic area than in Central Asia. The higher infant and child mortality in Central Asia will lead the child/woman ratio to underestimate Central Asian fertility in comparison with the Baltic region . On the other hand , the younger age structure in Central Asia will lead to an overestimate of Central Asian fertility in comparison with that of the Baltic . There is no assurance that these countering tendencies will cancel each other out. Another means of obtaining a fertility estimate involves fitting a population model to the available data by age . For example , a mortality assumption can be used in combination with the proportion of the population under a given age , such as under age 1 0 , in order to fit a model stable population (Brass , 1 975; UN, 1 967b) . A fertility estimate can then be obtained from the fitted model stable population (cf. Coale , Anderson , and Hiirm , 1 979) . If the mortality assumption is correct for the given population , and if the population sufficiently fits the other assumptions of stable population models , the mortality level and the age structure will be taken into account by using this method . The age structure by marital status can also be used to estimate both marital fertility and aspects of the marriage pattern , if certain stable

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population assumptions are met (Coale and Trussell , 1 974) . Some regions of the Soviet Union , such as Central Asia , fit these assumptions more closely than other regions , such as European Russia. Yet another method involves obtaining a regression predictor of fertility from known relationships in order to estimate fertility for groups for which the desired data are not published . Mazur ( 1 976) used this approach in estimating the total fertility rate by nationality from the relation between the Soviet version of the child/woman ratio and the crude birthrate by geographical area of the Soviet Union and between the crude birthrate and the total fertility rate from non-Soviet data. Coale , Anderson , and Harm ( l 979) used a regression approach to estimate marital fertility in the USSR by nationality in 1 970 based on the relation between a measure of marital fertility and the distribution of families by size across provinces . Both Soviet and Western scholars have been interested in the demog­ raphy of the Soviet family. The Soviet government has collected exten­ sive data on this topic , although they have not always been published in full . The importance of these data suggest that Soviet statistics on marriage , fertility, and family structure will continue to be collected . It is hoped that they will also continue to be published .

References Allworth , Edward , ed . 1 980. Ethnic Russia in the USSR . New York: Praeger. Anderson , Barbara A. 1 98 2 . " Changes in Marriage and Marital Dissolution in the Soviet U nion . " In Nuptiality and Fertility, ed . Ladoslav Ruzicka , 1 33-50 . Liege : ORDINA . Anderson , Barbara A . , and Brian D.

Silver 1 985 .

" ' Permanent' and ' Present'

Populations in Soviet Statistics . " Soviet Studies 37: 3 8 6-402 . B ianchi , Suzanne M . 1 98 2 . " Changing Concepts of Household and Family in the Census and CPS . " Proceedings of the Social Statistics Section-1 982 ,

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Washington , D . C . : American Statistical Association . Boyarskiy, A. Ya . , and P. P. Shusherin . 1 95 1 . Demograficheskaya statistika . Moscow: Gosudarstvennoye Statisticheskoye lzdatel ' stvo . Bras s , William I . 1 975 . Methods for Estimating Fertility and Mortalilty from Limited

and Defective Data . Chapel Hil l , N . C . : Carolina Population Center. Burch, Thomas K.

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Analysis of Census Data . " American Sociological Review 3 2 : 347-63 . ---

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Population Index 45 , no . 2: 1 7 3-95 . B urc h , Thomas K . , and Murray Gendell . 1 970. " Extended Family Structure and Fertility : Some Conceptual and Methodological Issues . " Journal of Marriage and

the Family 3 2 : 227-3 6 .

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Population Index 40: 1 85-25 8 . Coal e , Ansley J . , Barbara A . Anderson , and Erna Harm . 1 97 9 . Human Fertility in

Russia since the Nineteenth Century. Princeton: Princeton University Press . Ewbank , Douglas C . 1 98 1 . Age Misreporting and Age-Selective Underenumeration . Committee on Population and Demography, National Academy of Sciences Wash­ ington , D . C . : National Academy Press . Fedor, Thomas S . 1 975 . Patterns of Urban Growth in the Russian Empire during the

Nineteenth Century. Chicago: University of Chicago , Department of Geography. Fisher, Wesley.

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" Comment-The Extent of Intermarriage in the Russian

Group . " In Ethnic Russia in the USSR . See Allworth , ed . , 1 980: 309- 1 1 . Goldstein , Sidney, Alice Goldstein , and Sauvaluck Piampiti. 1 973 . " The Effect of Broken Marriage on Fertility Levels in Thailand . " Journal of Social Sciences (Thailand) 1 0 : 47-8 7 . Goody, Jack. 1 972. " The Evolution o f the Family." I n Household and Family i n Past

Time, 1 03-24 . See Laslett, ed . , 1 97 2 . Gozulov, A . I . , and M . G . Grigor ' yants . 1 969 . Narodonaseleniye SSSR . Moscow : Statistika .

Isupov, A. A . , and V. A. Borisov. 1 978 . Vsesoyuznaya perepis ' naseleniya 1 9 79

goda . Moscow : Znaniye . Laslett , Peter, ed . 1 97 2 . Household and Family in Past Time . London: Cambridge University Press . Lewis , Robert A . , Richard H . Rowland, and Ralph S . Clem . 1 976. Nationality and

Population Change in Russia and the USSR . New York: Praeger. Maksimov, G. M . , ed . 1 97 6 . Vsesoyuznaya perepis' naseleniya 1970 goda : Sbornik

statey . Moscow : Statistika . Mazur, D. Peter. 1 967 . "Fertility among Ethnic Groups in the U S S R . " Demography 4: 1 72-95 . ---

. 1 97 6 . " Constructing Fertility Tables for Soviet Populations . " Demography

1 3 : 1 9-35 . Ogarkov, N . V. 1 98 2 . Vsegda v gotovnosti k zashchite Otechestva . (All i n readiness for the defense of the fatherland . ) Moscow : Voyenizdat. Pustokhod, P. I . , and V. K. Voblyy. 1 940 . Perepisi naseleniya: lstoriya i organizatsiya . Moscow : Gosplanizdat . S hishkina , M .

1 969 . " Izucheniye sostava sem ' i v perepisi naseleniya 1 970 g . "

Vestnik statistiki , no . 1 0 : 4 1-44 . Shryock, Henry S . , and Jacob S . Siegel .

1 975 . The Methods and Materials of

Demography. Vol . 1 . 3d ptg . rev. Washington, D . C . : U. S . , Bureau of the Census , U. S . Government Printing Office . S ilver, B rian D. 1 974. " Levels of Sociocultural Development among Soviet Nation­ alities . " American Political Science Review 68 : 1 6 1 8-37 . Ter-Izrael ' yan , T. G . , ed . 1 97 9 . Sovershenstvovaniye gosudarstvennoy statistiki na

sovremennom etape (Materialy Vsesoyuznogo soveshchaniya statistikov) . Moscow : Statistika. United Nations . 1 967a. Principles and Recommendations for the 1 9 70 Population

Censuses . Statistical Papers , Series M, no . 44. New York .

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---

. l 967b . Manual JV. Methods of Estimating Basic Demographic Measures

from Incomplete Data . Population Studie s , Series A, no . 42 . New York . United State s . Bureau of the Census . 1 964 . U.S. Census of Population: 1 960. Vol . l ,

Characteristics of the Population, Part l , United States Summary. Washington , D . C . : U . S . Government Printing Office . ---

. Department of Health , Education and Welfare . 1 962 . Report of the United

States Public Health Mission to the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics-August 13 to September 1 4 , 1 957. Washington, D . C . : U . S . Government Printing Office . USSR. Tsentral ' noye Statisticheskoye Upravleniye. 1 958a. Vsesoyuznoye soveshchaniye

statistikov 4-8 yunya 1 95 7 g . Moscow : Gosudarstvennoye Statisticheskoye lzdatel ' stvo . ---

. 1 958b. Vsesoyuznaya perepis' naseleniya 1 959 goda . Moscow : Gospolitizdat.

---

.

1 969 .

Vsesoyuznoye soveshchaniye statistikov 22-26 aprelya 1 968 g .

Moscow: Statistika. --- . 1 974. Itogi vsesoyuznoy perepisi naseleniya 1970 goda . Tom VII. Migratsiya

naseleniya, chislo i sostav semey v SSSR, soyuznykh i avtonomnykh respublikakh, krayakh i oblastiyakh . Moscow : Statistika . --- . 1 978. Vsesoyuznaya perepis' naseleniya--vsenarodnoye delo. Moscow: Statistika. Valentey, D. I . , ed . 1 97 6 . Demograficheskaya situatsiya v SSSR . Moscow : Statistika .

Vestnik statistiki. 1 98 3 . No. 2 . Volkov, A .

1 97 6 .

" lzmeneniye velichiny i sostava semey v S S S R . " I n Demo

graficheskaya situatsiya v SSSR , 1 7-3 3 . See Valentey, ed . , 1 97 6 . Volkov, A . G . 1 979. " Ob ozhidaemoy prodolzhitel 'nosti braka i e e demograficheskikh faktorakh . " In Demograficheskoye razvitiye sem ' i , ed . A . G . Volkov, 59-84 . Moscow : Statistika .

Chapter 8

Education and Literacy Data in Russian and Soviet Censuses RON ALD D . LIEBOWITZ

Social scientists the world over require a knowledge of the quality and extensiveness of the education made available to , and attained by, individuals in the societies they are investigating . Education plays a pivotal role in shaping and integrating many of the changes that fall beneath the umbrella of ' ' modernization , ' ' including increased literacy, urbanization , migration , change in the occupational and work-force structure , and changes in fertility. Quite justifiably, education has been referred to as ' 'the key that unlocks the door to modernization' ' (Kazamias, 1 97 1 : x) . With a large part of social science research rooted in explaining both the reasons for and the consequences of social change , modernization and hence education have become important research frontiers for the social scientist. Moreover, the close relationship between educational attainment and many societal changes brought on by modernization makes the value of education data more attractive to the social scientist . The quality and quantity of education available to a population has a great influence on a society, affecting , for example , labor-force produc­ tivity, literacy and political awarenes s , the allocation and acceptance of available jobs , the mobility of workers , and the spatial patterns of many of its institutions . For these reasons the economist, political scientist, sociologist , geographer, and others have found it helpful to include an analysis of education data in their research and , wherever appropriate , have utilized these data as viable surrogates in specific topical areas beset with scarce or unobtainable data. Scholars conducting research on the USSR are often confronted with data limitations and thus must employ existing data to solve their problems . Education data can be especially useful in this respect because they are relevant to all disciplines in the social sciences . Writing about 1 55

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Soviet education , George Counts noted that ' ' the scope of Soviet education is a matter of great importance . . . . In actuality, education involves the entire process of inducting the young into the life of the group or society. Soviet education embraces the entire cultural apparatus , all o f the agencies involved i n the molding and the informing o f the minds and hearts of both young and old " (Counts , 1 969: x) . This chapter addresses the content and coverage of education data in the 1 897 Russian census and in the 1 926 , 1 95 9 , 1 970, and 1 979 censuses of the Soviet Union . These volumes represent a virtually untapped resource for scholars; their contents have gone largely unnoticed and/or unappreciated , although they represent a wide variety of educa­ tion and literacy data. The maj or goals of this chapter are to alert researchers to the availability of education data in the Russian and Soviet censuses and to prepare them for some of the problems associated with working with such data .

Educational Attainment Data Educational attainment is one of the many valuable measures that reflect a society ' s level of social development . However, unless it is cross-tabulated with selected independent variables (e . g . , age , sex , occupation , nationality, time) , educational attainment represents a limit­ ed measure with which to work . Except for the 1 926 census, which contains no education-related data, the Russian and Soviet censuses offer a wealth of educational-attainment information (though the contents of each vary greatly) . Age data are provided in the 1 897 , 1 95 9 , and 1 970 censuses , cross­ tabulated in all three cases with educational attainment on the secondary administrative level (republic) for 1 959 and 1 970 and on the tertiary level (uezd) for 1 897 . Specific levels of educational attainment , de­ scribed in greater detail below, are provided according to the following categories: higher complete , higher incomplete , secondary special , sec­ ondary general , incomplete secondary, elementary, and , in the case of the 1 897 census , higher military and secondary military education . The age breakdown across censuses is not as uniform as are the specific levels of educational attainment . In the 1 897 census , ten-year cohorts are provided beginning with a 0-9 category and concluding with 60 years of age and over. The 1 959 census begins with a 1 0- 1 9 category and then provides five-year cohorts to age 70 , while the 1 970 census begins with 1 0- 1 5 and 1 6- 1 9 age groups and then switches to ten-year cohorts up to age 60 . Some data are presented in absolute numbers and , as has become

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more common , as a rate per 1 ,000 people l 0 years of age and older. The age data are further cross-tabulated with gender and an urban/rural breakdown in three of the censuses ( 1 897 , 1 959 , and 1 970) . Thus , in any ten-year cohort the absolute number of people between 10 and 70 years old , male or female , residing in either rural or urban areas , in any republic or gubemiya, who have completed one of six levels of school­ ing can be derived for 1 897 , 1 959 , and 1 970 . In the 1 897 censu s, educational attainment b y age is also cross-tabulated with social clas s . Unfortunately, aside from these , n o other age-specific data are available in the census volume s . Age-specific data are the most important type of Soviet census data because of the lack of age-specific Soviet statistical data in general . Segments of the population with specific characteristics other than age further defined by their educational-attainment levels have been analyzed in conjunction with independent variable s . One such variable , gender, is cross-tabulated with all of the characteristics mentioned above in the 1 897 census ; with oblast-level educational attainment (per l ,000 people over 1 0 years of age) in the 1 959 and 1 970 censuses; with the levels of educational attainment of those people employed in the national econo­ my (per 1 ,000 people employed) in the 1 959 , 1 970 , and 1 979 censuses; 1 with educational attainment by social group (per 1 ,000 people over 1 0 years o f age) i n the 1 959 and 1 979 censuses; with the educational­ attainment levels of the most populous nationalities (per 1 ,000 people over 10 years of age) in the 1 959 and 1 970 censuses by republic ; with the educational level of those employed in specific branches of the national economy (per l ,000 people over 10 years of age) in the 1 959 and 1 979 censuses ; and with the education levels of the population employed in manual and intellectual pursuits (per l ,000 people over 1 0 years of age) in the 1 959 and 1 979 censuses . An urban/rural breakdown of all of these cross-tabulated variables is also available in whichever years gender-specific data are given . Data for educational attainment (per 1 ,000 people over 10 years of age) for specific occupations are provided in the 1 959 census , but they are not age , gender, or urban/rural-specific .

Literacy Data

Literacy data are more complete than educational-attainment data , for all five censuses offer some information on this subject . The earliest two censuses offer the most complete literacy data. By 1 959 , virtually the I. Unless otherwise indicated, when reference is made to the 1 979 census , it is to the preliminary census results reported in USSR, 1 980.

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entire Soviet population had achieved literacy, 2 lessening the need for extensive age , gender, area, and other specific literacy data . The 1 897 census offers literacy according to age , clas s , sex , urban/ rural residence , and native language . Age data are provided for each uezd by one-year cohorts up to age 1 1 0 , cross-tabulated with gender and urban/rural residence . Literacy data cross-tabulated with class associa­ tion , gender, and urban/rural residence are less age-specific ; this infor­ mation is available for ten-year cohorts up to age 60 and is cross­ tabulated by gender and urban/rural residence . Therefore , for 1 897 , one could determine the number of literate men/women of any age living in either rural or urban areas for any uezd . One could not, however, find the number of literate Tatar native speakers by single years of age or the number of literate clergymen for the same age . Rather, one would have to settle for the number of literate Tatars aged 30-39 (either male or female , rural or urban) and the number of literate clergymen aged 30-39 (residing in urban or rural areas for any guberniya) . The 1 926 census volumes offer the greatest amount of space devoted to literacy data , though the utility of such an extensive collection is probably less than that of the 1 897 censu s . Age , urban/rural residence , and gender-specific data are available , although other variables (e . g . , nationality and social class) are not age-specific , nor are they offered by an urban/rural breakdown . Consequently, despite extensive data presented for each region , literacy data cross-tabulated with characteristics other than gender and urban/rural residence are not age-specific . It is possible , then , to obtain the number of literate men or women of any age residing in either rural or urban areas of any region . One can not , however, determine the same for any given nationality or social class ; literacy crossed with these two variables is only available according to gender. A feature not available in the 1 897 census but provided in the 1 926 volumes is an in-depth analysis of the literacy of the populations of cities with more than 200 ,000 inhabitants . Literacy figures are presented for inhabitants of these cities who are ages 0- 1 9 (by one-year intervals) and ages 20- 1 00 (by five-year intervals); literacy figures are also available for Moscow and Leningrad which take into account class , age , and gender. The 1 95 9 , 1 970 , and 1 979 censuses have far less published literacy data than have earlier enumerations , giving literacy rates for those 9-49 years old by gender and urban/rural residence for each oblast. The extent of the literacy data from the 1 959 census is one table . The 1 970 census limits literacy coverage to one table as well , providing literacy rates for those 9-49 by gender and urban/rural residence for each republic . This 2. The all-Union literacy rate in 1 959 was 98 . 5 percent. The lowest rate of literacy for any union republic was 95 . 4 percent in the Turkmen SSR.

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table also provides a comparative literacy column , showing 1 897 , 1 920 , 1 926 , 1 939 , 1 95 9 , and 1 970 rates of literacy by gender and urban/rural residence for each republic . The 1 979 census omits the gender break­ down in its reporting , although it does provide urban and rural rates for 1 897 , 1 926 , 1 939 , 1 959 , 1 970 , and 1 979 . A major limitation , however, is that these rates are given only for the entire Soviet Union; no data below the all-Union level are available . The de-emphasis on literacy reporting in the past three Soviet censuses is more a result of near universal literacy in the Soviet Union than of a conscious data-restricting policy.

Summary of Literacy and Educational Attainment Data The 1 897 and 1 959 censuses offer data that is the most in-depth overall on educational attainment and literacy; both censuses provide extensive age-specific educational-attainment data, as well as non-age­ specific educational-attainment data. The 1 926 census does not include any education-related data , while the 1 970 census contains limited data on educational attainment which are age-specific (for each union repub­ lic) and non-age-specific (e . g . , for those employed in the national economy and by nationality) . The 1 979 census , at this writing , does not offer any age-specific educational-attainment data, and it is doubtful that any age-specific data will be made available . Miscellaneous data on education from the 1 979 census were published in the Soviet journal Vestnik statistiki, though none were age-specific . Literacy data are plenti­ ful in the earliest two censuses under investigation . However, illiteracy has virtually been eliminated in the Soviet Union , and the need for such data had lessened by the time of the 1 959 census .

U sing Education and Literacy Census Data Much has been written about the problems associated with using published Soviet data. A large portion of the literature addressing these problems has concentrated less on the identification of pitfalls facing the researcher than on the doubts the researcher should have when using Soviet sources . Though one should be made aware of such shortcom­ ings , to discredit all major sources of information dealing with the Soviet Union does little for research in the Soviet field or for bettering the understanding of Soviet society. A far more constructive manner in which to approach Soviet data sources and their associated problems is one that recognizes the potential for certain omissions , deletions , and even the possible manipulation of data but does not take all the above for

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granted. Accordingly, this chapter addresses the problems confronting the researcher using data available in the Russian and Soviet censuses for an analysis of education . These problems involve the quality of report­ ing , changes in the definitions of key terms and curriculum, the quality of education across regions , and the questionable practice of grouping education data in certain situations which tends to mislead the user of such data .

Quality of Reporting The quality of data published in any census is inextricably tied to many factors that cannot be qualitatively assessed . In the Russian and Soviet context, one must assume a degree of error when evaluating census data, for the amount of work done by hand , covering such an extensive land area, undoubtedly led to some inaccuracies . Structurally, in the earlier enumerations ( 1 897 and 1 926) the manner in which the census questionnaires were worded would seem to have increased the chances for errors in the reported data; whether the persons completing the questionnaire fully understood the questions is problematic . 3 Aside from the built-in problems that plague censuses conducted in non­ industrialized, lesser-educated societies , there is the universal problem of conscious or nonconscious fallacious responses to certain question s . For example , the age data so essential to any analysis of education and literacy are , in many case s , suspect. Falsifying one ' s age goes beyond vanity; economic advantages are often reason enough for people to claim that they are older than they actually are . A problem that the researcher can more readily account for and minimize is that of " heaping , " typically found in age-specific data. Responses tend to cluster around ages ending in "O" and " 5 " years , a phenomenon that serves to nullify some of the advantages of having disaggregated age-specific data. In some cases the problem of heaping is so evident that the use of such data would be considered questionable . In 1 897 , in Samarskaya gubemiya, 5 2 , 502 people claimed to be 50 years old , while only 1 2 , 3 8 1 people declared that they were 49 years old , and 8 , 634 replied that they were 5 1 years old (Russian Empire , 1 904: 8-9) . In another example , 25 ,007 people were reported as being 70 years old , while 2 , 745 were listed as being 69 years old , and only 1 , 888 responded on their census forms that they were 7 1 years old (Russian Empire , 1 904: 8-9 ) . Fortunately for those using these data for education analy3. Although the questions concerning education and literacy have been consistent from one census to another, some census questionnaires yielded more detailed information than others. Unfortunately, much of the potential information that could have been derived from the five published censuses has not been made available .

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ses , clustering does not become a major problem until the 20-year cohort . Educational attainment could be assessed without concern over this problem up to age 20 , which serves five of the six levels of education covered in the censu s . 4 Clustering around ages ending in "O" and 5 ' ' is common throughout the censuses offering age-specific data for all cohorts over age 20 and is neither gender nor urban/rural specific . The most common way in which researchers have lessened the impact of this problem has been by grouping the data into five-year cohorts and using statistical smoothing techniques . 5 Errors in calculation and print represent another problem that researchers using census data must anticipate and for which they must adjust accordingly. These errors are more prevalent in the 1 897 and 1 926 publications than in the later volumes . The frequency of errors of miscalculation and/or print should be on the decline following the new computer tape loadings that started with the 1 979 census and will be used in all future censuses (Feshbach , 1 98 1 : 7) . This method utilizes a coding by mark system for most questions on the census form which eliminates much of the handwritten coding used in the past . Very few answers will be entered onto the computer tapes by words; in these instances , local statistical administrators will code the data before they are entered onto the tapes (Voronitsyn , 1 978: 2) . ' '

Changes in Curriculum Education policy in Russia and the Soviet Union has undergone numerous changes since the 1 897 census was conducted . Curriculum reforms have resulted from the changing needs of Soviet society in general and from specific branches of the national economy in particular. These curriculum changes , summarized below, have made it difficult to compare data from one year to another without exercising caution during the analysis . The early policies of the Bolshevik government and the initial policies of Stalin had two major goals . First and foremost was the building of an able intelligentsia from what was an overwhelmingly illiterate society;6 the second goal was to eliminate all remnants of tsarist and bourgeois idealism . In short , education was to serve the goals of the Party (Zajda, 1 980: 1 4) . The move away from the classical education offered in tsarist 4 . Higher education could not be completed until age 2 1 . Therefore , this level of education is susceptible to the problem of heaping . 5 . The Sprague multiplier and Beers smoothing technique are two of the more widely used methods. For more detail , see A. J. Jaffe, Handbook of Statistical Methods for Demographers (New York: Gordon, 1 977) . 6. According to the 1 970 Census, the 1 920 literacy rate was only 44 percent in Soviet Russia, with areas in Central Asia having less than 4 percent of the population literate .

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Russia began in 1 9 1 8 when the " Declaration on the Single Labor School" was made at the All-Russian Congress on Education . The declaration stressed the political nature of education , and how this was to be the most vital tenet of Soviet pedagogy (Konstantinov, 1 974: 1 4) . Since 1 9 1 8 , the basic tenet of this declaration has remained intact, despite numerous reforms in the curriculum. The first major policy change came in 1 920 , as a nine-year curriculum replaced the earlier eight-year program . The relatively liberal New Economic Policy influenced the content of the curriculum change , which resulted in the formation of a curriculum that attempted to bridge the gap between society and school life (Zajda , 1 980: 20-22) . This policy came to an abrupt end as Stalin ascended to power and instituted the curricu­ lum that was to serve as the basis of Soviet education for two decades. Throughout the 1 930s , and lasting into the 1 950s , the fundamental basis of the Soviet education system was the seven-year incomplete primary/secondary school and the ten-year completed secondary school . A seven-year factory school and a four-year trade school were also established in order to prepare semiskilled and skilled laborers for all branches of the industrializing economy. The basic educational structure , then , was established for the coming two decades and included the following: 7 ( 1 ) primary school (four years); (2) incomplete secondary school (seven years); (3) secondary school (ten years) ; and (4) trade school (four-year vocational/technical school) . S ince the 1 926 census offers no data on educational attainment, researchers are not faced with comparative research problems arising from differences between the education structure in 1 926 and 1 897 . The quality of education did , however, change owing to a shift in the emphasis of the curriculum . 8 By 1 95 9 , when the next census offered educational-attainment levels with which comparisons to the 1 897 results could be made , compulsory primary education had been introduced and a uniform curriculum estab­ lished . In the early 1 940s , the age at which compulsory education was to begin was lowered from 8 to 7 years . In 1 949 , compulsory seven-year education was introduced , and in 1 969 compulsory secondary education (complete ten-year secondary) for those between the ages of 7 and 1 8 was required . These changes served to raise the educational-attainment levels of the Soviet population , but the quality of education received was hardly uniform . Many of those included in the data for having completed 7. Included in this structural reform, but eliminated in 1 934, was the school of the rural youth . 8 . Qualitative changes were partially a result of the reintroduction of formal examinations that had been abolished during the 1 920s , the use of standardized textbooks, and strict classroom discipline .

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primary and secondary education had done so in evening and correspon­ dence schools that serve the goals of the Soviet worker and government well . Workers are able to attain education and skills at higher levels while minimizing the loss of labor/manpower time . It has been suggested , however, that the quality of education received in evening and corre­ spondence schools is markedly lower than that attained by the students studying in the standard day schools (Rosen , 1 97 1 : 1 29) . This should be recognized when one evaluates the educational-attainment levels of the Soviet population since the 1 950s; enrollments in these institutions have been very high the past twenty years , and their graduates have accounted for a large part of the newly educated segment of the Soviet population . Another change in the 1 950s which serves to hinder comparative studies from one census period to another (especially between 1 959 and 1 970) was the reinstituting of polytechnical training by way of a 1 958 decree . This was done in order to prepare Soviet youth better for work and life; a major criticism of the education system up to that date was that schooling had become too isolated from the real life of the student . This reform was also made in response to a greater need for more trained agricultural and industrial workers . Thus , students were encouraged to continue their education in technical colleges and schools which special­ ized in preparing students for an extremely wide variety of careers . These matriculants were completing the equivalent of a secondary education , though their training was overwhelmingly specialized and technical . Researchers must take this into account when qualitatively evaluating the Soviet education system solely on the basis of the numbers completing secondary education . 9 The Khrushchev era, known for its many reforms in general , left its mark on the education system with some major curriculum reforms . In 1 95 8 , aside from attempting to improve academic standards , Khrushchev changed the seven-year school to eight years and the ten-year school to eleven years . He also attacked the Soviet school of the 1 950s , claiming that the education offered during that time served to divorce students from reality and left them insufficiently prepared for practical life (Tomiak , 1 974: 44) . As a result , the number of electives was expanded , and a two-year work requirement was instituted for all students before they entered higher education . Secondary specialized schools , which offered more job-related training than the traditional secondary schools , were promoted by Khrushchev, mostly to meet the needs of an expanding industrial sector of the Soviet economy. 9. For a discussion of the many ways in which Soviet students are able to attain a secondary education, see , for example , Richard B . Dobson, " Socialism and Social Stratification , " in Contemporary Soviet Society, ed. Jerry Pankhurst and Michael Paul Sacks (New York: Praeger) , 88- 1 1 4 .

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The fact that the above reforms were only in practice for six years has led to problems for those using the data in the 1 959 and 1 970 volumes for comparative purposes . It is virtually impossible to make a qualitative assessment of Soviet secondary education when this education has come to encompass such a wide range of academic/vocational training . In addition , the data corresponding to the 1 959-70 intercensal period is difficult to interpret because the Khrushchev reforms did not cover all eleven years . The researcher should be aware of the enrollments in the different types of secondary education institutions before generalizing about the qualitative and quantitative trends in Soviet secondary education . The past twenty years have seen reforms that could color the face value of education data available in the past two censuses . In 1 97 2 , a universal decree was passed which required education for all up to age 1 7 . This served to increase the number of eligible students who contin­ ued secondary school beyond grade eight from 80 percent in 1 970 to 97 . 8 percent by 1 97 8 (Zajda, 1 980: 37 ) . Thus , the increase in the number of people who had finished secondary education by the time the 1 979 census was taken was to a considerable extent a result of this new government policy. This increase in the number of secondary education graduates would probably not have occurred had the decree not been made . Two other changes should be noted for those using these data over time for comparative purposes . First, in 1 969 , primary education was reduced from four to three years . This seemingly minor change has had a major impact on data showing primary education completion levels . Instead o f completing the first phase o f education at age 1 1 , children could now finish primary school by age 1 0 . Because the data in the census volumes are given as the number of people per 1 ,000 population aged 10 years and older who have completed various levels of education , 1 0-year-olds who used to deflate the educational-attainment data are now significant contributors to the overall level of primary educational attain­ ment . This reform has served to increase the pool of eligible primary education attainees , for instead of the possible cohort pool being 1 1 -year-olds and older (7-year-olds begin school) , it has increased to include the 1 0-year-olds . Consequently, the researcher should be aware that the rate of primary school completion has increased drastically since 1 970 because of the inclusion of 1 0-year-olds . The second reform , enacted after the 1 970 census , required that all males aged 1 5 and older obtain preconscription military training . Since military conscription is mandatory, the already compulsory nature of at least an eight-year education has a de facto check and insurance policy. If a male must serve in the military and obtain two years of preconscription

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training offered predominantly in the school system , the student is almost assured to be in school beyond the eighth grade . Qualitative changes in the curriculum , as opposed to general structural changes listed above , present a more difficult problem to account for and compensate for when comparing data over time . Since 1 970 , the courses offered in grades 4 (the first year of secondary school) , 6-7 , and 9- 1 0 have changed extensively. For example , there has been an increased emphasis on communist indoctrination in grade 4 (Matthews , 1 982: 40-66 , 1 53-76) . More important to curriculum content , however, have been the extensive changes in mathematics (grades 9- 1 0) and basic sciences (grades 6-7 ) , with linear equations , logarithmic functions , and physics (e . g . , molecular kinetic energy) now taught as part of the standard curriculum . These changes would seem to imply that a second­ ary education completed today is more rigorous than that of the past and hence qualitatively different. Problems could arise if one were to com­ pare attainment levels without evaluating the quality of education offered in each of the periods being compared . Differences in the quality of education among regions of the country is yet another potential problem researchers might encounter when evaluat­ ing education data from the censuses , especially owing to the multiethnic character of the USSR. It is one thing to point out that certain Central Asian nationalities are completing secondary school at a rate equal to or in some cases above that of residents in the RSFSR but quite another to assume that Central Asian education is equal qualitatively to that offered in the RSFSR. Researchers should resolve such questions before using the seemingly objective level of educational-attainment data.

Evaluating the Data as Provided in the Census The way in which education data are categorized and presented creates problems for both comparative temporal and regional analyses . With regard to educational-attainment data , the Soviet scholar V. Ovsienko believes that reporting data as rates per 1 ,000 population aged 1 0 and over understates the level of education (Ovsienko , 1 972: 40) . Because 1 0- 1 5-year-olds could not possibly complete secondary education or higher education , Ovsienko maintains that this statistic fails to reflect accurately how well-educated a given population is . Comparing levels of educational attainment across regions whose population structures differ markedly leads to problems as a result of the age 10 and over category used in Soviet statistical sources . On the one hand , if an area has a large portion of its population between the ages of 0 and 20 , education attainment could be exaggerated given the large numbers (and large

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percentage of the total population) finishing school as required by the dictates of the past twenty-five years . On the other hand , regions with older populations (e . g . , Estonia, Latvia, Ukraine) , which had relatively more men and women pass through the Soviet school system before compulsory secondary education was introduced , and when instability due to World War II limited school participation , would show fewer attainees of secondary education simply because of age structure . It could be argued , however, that if a given region has a large percentage of its population in the 0-9 cohort , a cohort that cannot attain even the lowest level of education , the region' s level of education is understated by the current methods of categorizing and presenting the data . The Slavic areas , with the bulk of their populations over age 1 5 , would seem to benefit statistically from the existing guideline used for reporting educational-attainment data as rates per 1 ,000 population aged 1 0 years and above . Whichever case is more applicable to given regions of the USSR , one problem is evident: standardization of the data is necessary so that age structure is not the major factor for interregional differences in the educational-attainment data used in any serious analysis . 1 0 Because 1 7 is the youngest age b y which one could complete second­ ary education , and because age data are broken into five-year cohorts after a 1 6- 1 9 cohort ( 1 970 census) , Ovsienko suggested a reordering of the age data in order to obtain the most accurate measure of educational attainment . The researcher could simply use the 1 6- 1 9-year-old cohort and , consulting pertinent volumes of the Narodnoye khozyaystvo series , discount the 1 6-year-old population from the larger cohort b y finding the number of births in the given area in question sixteen years before the date of the census being used . What the researcher would be left with , then , is a 1 7- 1 9-year-old cohort that , when combined with the remaining population (20 years of age and older) , gives a far more accurate base population from which to form an education rate (in this case , per 1 ,000 population) . The same correcting techniques could be used when calcu­ lating primary educational attainment (with 1 1 years and older as the base population) and higher educational attainment (with 2 1 years and older as the base rate) . When Ovsienko made adjustments similar to these , the results of the educational-attainment data from the 1 970 census changed as follows: instead of 1 87 per 1 ,000 completing secondI 0. For both sides of the issue concerning the differences in the quality of education offered to the Slavic versus non-Slavic regions of the USSR, see Ellen Jones and Fred Grupp , " Dimensions of Ethnic Assimilation in the Soviet Union" (Paper presented at the 1 979 Annual Meetings of the American Association for the Advancement of Slavic Studies, New Haven, Conn . ) ; Ellen Jones, " Minorities in the Soviet Armed Forces , " Comparative Strategy 3 , no . 4 ( 1 982): 294-95; Nicolas Poppe, Introduction to Altaic Linguistics (Wiesbaden: Otto Horowitz, 1 965) , 52; and Teresa Rakowska-Harmstone, " Dialectics of Nationalism in the USSR , " Problems of Communism 2 3 ( 1 974): 1 1 .

Education and Literacy

1 67

ary education (grade 1 0 , both general and specialized secondary educa­ tion) , 220 per 1 ,000 finished that level; instead of 42 per 1 ,000 people reported as having completed higher education , the exclusion of the 1 0-20-year-old cohort from the base population resulted in a revised ratio of 55 per 1 ,000 (Ovsienko , 1 972: 42) . Another problem associated with the way in which educational­ attainment figures are published in the census volumes is the exclusionary characteristic of the level-by-level reporting . For example , those who are listed as having completed higher education are not included in the figures for having attained lower levels of education . Researchers must keep this in mind when analyzing interregional data and data over time . Other features of statistical reporting methods include the problem of the continuing/discontinuing student . Those students who have complet­ ed at least half of the required period of instruction for a higher education are classified as having an ' ' incomplete higher education . ' ' Those who have completed less than half of the required course of instruction are listed as secondary education attainees (USSR , 1 978: 52) . The problem with this method of classification is that it is impossible to discern from the data how many students in these two categories are continuing in education . The same problem holds true for the attainees of an incomplete secondary education . It has been suggested that an additional explanatory column be added to the census data in order to provide the number of those in between levels of instruction as well as the number of continuing students at each level . 1 1 Thus far, this sugges­ tion has not been acted upon . Problems facing researchers investigating literacy are twofold . First, when comparing rates from one time period to another, the researcher should recognize that the criterion for establishing literacy has continual­ ly changed . In 1 897 , for example , people who stated that they could read were considered literate; in 1 926, people were considered literate if they were able to write their last name; by 1 959 , the questionnaire asked whether respondents could read and write , only read , or do neither; and by 1 970 and 1 979 , with less emphasis placed on gathering literacy data , the questionnaire merely asked respondents to note if they were unable to read . The second problem with literacy data concerns the age category used as a population base from which to measure the literacy rates . A. I . Gozulov, the Soviet statistician , i s one o f the many who have criticized the use of the 9-49-year-old cohort as the population base from which to measure literacy (Gozulov, 1 965 : 75) . The Soviet rationale for limiting the base population to the 9-49-year-old cohort employed in recent 1 1 . For a description of what constitutes each level of education as interpreted in the 1 979 Soviet census , see USSR 1 97 8 . .._

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censuses revolves around the belief that literacy rates after age 49 do not change significantly, and that by beginning the cohort at age 9, preschoolers and first graders who could not be expected to be literate are rightfully excluded (Ovsienko , 1 972: 42) . Gozulov maintains that this cohort does not represent the potentially literate (gramotno-sposobnoye) population and that the rate should be measured from a population base consisting of those 8 years of age and older. The population aged 50 and over in many parts of the USSR could influence literacy rates , especially in areas where educational-attainment levels have only recently reached all-Union levels . The lower limit of the age cohort used in measuring literacy rates need not be altered nor given close attention by the users of the census volumes for data on literacy. Since all 8-year-olds in the Soviet Union are learning to read and write regardless of which republic they reside in , problems arising as a result of differing age structures across regions are unlikely. In addition to the data available in the census volume s , statistical journals (Vestnik statistiki) and specialized periodicals (e . g . , Sovetskoye

obrazovaniye, Uchitel' skaya gazeta, Sovetskaya pedagogika, Vestnik vysshei shkoly) provide occasional data on educational attainment , school enroll­ ments , and the number of educational institutions in the USSR for various years . All of these statistics are often available in the all-Union and republic-level volumes of the Narodnoye khozyaystvo series , and UN publications offer much of this information (in French and English) , though in less regular intervals .

Agenda for Research Utilizing Education Data The use of education data provided in the census volumes should increase in the coming years . Many of the problems and challenges facing Soviet society, as interpreted by those in the West , are closely tied to educational attainment and phenomena related to educational attain­ ment. For example , data on educational attainment could be utilized by the economist who is interested in deriving age-specific data for labor­ force estimates (Feshbach , 1 982: 27-37 ) . Specifically, the need for skilled and educated labor will inevitably influence enrollments in higher education , and enrollments in higher education will in tum influence the number of available workers . Educational-attainment data could also serve those interested in assessing the quality of the labor force based on the specific type of schooling the graduates have completed . Analyzing the spatial distribution of educational attainment across the USSR will aid the researcher interested in investigating and projecting migration trends as they relate to the demand for laborers created by

Education and Literacy

1 69

economic development programs. Given the spatial breakdown of the number of graduates completing the various types of secondary and higher education , along with plans for economic development through­ out the Soviet Union , a researcher could project where gross labor deficits for specific types of employment will be most acute and, with some reservations , predict migration trends . For example , crude migra­ tion estimates could be made using education data that show an abundance of trained metallurgical workers for a given year coupled with govern­ ment plans for the spatial expansion of the iron and steel industry. Labor participation studies can be aided by the education data provid­ ed in the censuses . The acceptance or rejection of a job by a worker could depend upon the level and type of education the worker has completed . With problematic labor shortages surfacing in many branches within the Soviet economy, the education goals (universal secondary education and increased higher educational-attainment levels) and eco­ nomic goals of the Soviet government appear to be in conflict . With labor becoming less of an available resource, one must assume that the government will urge students , who were previously encouraged to complete higher education , either to work a few years and then return to school or to attend evening or correspondence schools while working in the national economy. Research on ethnicity and nationalism can be aided by using education data for the union and autonomous republics . Unfortunately, ethnic data for educational attainment have not been available since 1 970. Political participation research is another area in which education data should be utilized . The question of whether an increase in the education levels of the Soviet population has led to , or in the future will lead to , increased demands for participation in the state' s political process could be further investigated . 1 2 The success or failure of the Soviet education system as an effective socializer of the educated masses could be determined by answering the above question . Because education pervades so many institutions of a given society, education data are applicable to most social science research . The census volumes provide an excellent source for education data in spite of the decreasing amount of age-specific data available to the researcher. Virtually the entire Soviet population is literate today, reducing the 1 2 . The effect of a population' s rising level of educational attainment on the political demands made by that population has become a significant research topic for political scientists and sociologists specializing in ethnicity and nationalism. See , for example, Anthony D. Smith, "Towards a Theory of Ethnic Separatism , " Ethnic and Racial Studies 2 (January 1 979): 2 1-37; Anthony D. Smith , The Ethnic Revival (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1 98 1 ); and Alexander Gella, ed. , The Intelligentsia and the Intellectuals: Theory, Method, and Case Study (London: Sage , 1 976) .

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significance and need for literacy data . Nevertheles s , the earlier volumes of the censuses are rich with literacy data that make comparative analyses possible and worthwhile .

References Counts , George S . 1 969 . Contemporary Soviet Education . New York: International Arts & Sciences Press.

Feshbac h , Murray. 1 98 1 . " Development of the Soviet Census . " In Soviet Population

Policy: Conflicts and Constraints, ed . Helen Desfosse s , 3- 1 5 . New York: Pergamon Press. ---

. 1 98 2 . " B etween the Lines of the 1 979 Censu s . " Problems of Communism

3 1 : 27-3 7 . Gozulov, A . 1 965 . Ekonomicheskaya statistika . Moscow : Finansy Izdatel ' stvo . Kazamias , A . 1 97 1 . ' ' Foreword . ' ' In Education and Modernization in the USSR , ed . Seymour M . Rosen , vii- x . Reading , Mass . : Addison-Wesley. Konstantinov, N. 1 974 . /storiya pedagogiki. Moscow : Mys! ' .

Matthew s , Merwyn. 1 98 2 . Education in the Soviet Union . London: Allen & Unwin .

Ovsienko , V.

1 97 2 .

"O statisticheskikh pokazatel' nyakh urovnya obrazovaniya i

gramotnosti naseleniya . ' ' Vestnik statistiki , no . 2: 39---4 3 . Rosen , Seymour M . , ed . 1 97 1 . Education and Modernization in the USSR . Reading , Mass . : Addison-Wesley. Russian Empire . Tsentral ' nyy Statisticheskiy Komitet . 1 904 . Pervaya vseobshchaya

perepis ' naseleniya Rossiyskoy Imperii . Vol . 3 6 . St. Petersburg . 1 974 . " Fifty-five Years of Soviet Education . ' ' In The History of Education in Europe, ed . T. Cook , 37-5 1 . London: Methuen .

Tomiak , 1 .

USSR. Tsentral'noye Statisticheskoye Upravleniye . 1 929. Vsesoyuznaya perepis' naseleniya

1 926 goda . 66 vol s . Moscow. . 1 963 . Itogi Vsesoyuznoy perepisi naseleniya 1 959 goda . 1 6 vol s . Moscow :

---

Gosstatizdat . ---

. 1 97 2 . Itogi Vsesoyuznoy perepisi naseleniya 1 970 goda . Vol 3 . Moscow :

Statistika. --- . 1 97 8 . Vsesoyuznaya perepis' naseleniya--Vsenarodnoye delo. Moscow: Statistika. ---

. 1 980. Naseleniye SSSR po dannym Vsesoyuznoy perepisi naseleniya 1 9 79

goda . Moscow : Izdatel ' stvo Politicheskoy Literaturi . Voronitsyn , S .

1 97 8 .

"On the Eve of the All-Union Census . " Radio Liberty

Research 230178 : 1 -5 . Zajda, Joseph I . 1 980 . Education in the USSR . New York: Pergamon Press.

Part Two

INDEX AND GUIDE TO THE RUSSIAN AND SOVIET CENSUSES , 1 897 TO 1 979 PETER R . CRAUMER

CONTENTS

Introduction Format and Use of the Index Materials Included in the Index 1 897 Census 1 926 Census 1 959 Census 1 970 Census 1 979 Census List of Census Tables Format of Table Entries Table Titles Table Descriptors Sample Table Entry The First General Census of the Population of the Russian Empire, 1897 Vols. 1-89 . [Gubemiyas and Oblasts of the Russian Empire] General Summaries for the Empire of the Results of Tabulation of Data of the First General Census of Population . Two volumes Distribution of the Population by Type of Chief Occupation and Age Group , for Individual Regions . Table 20. Four volumes Number and Social Composition of Workers in Russia according to the First General Census of Population of the Russian Empire , 1 897 . Two volumes First General Census of the Population of the Russian Empire , 1 897 . Short Summaries Number 1 . Population of the Empire , according to the Census of January 28 , 1 897 , by Uezd Number 2. Population of Cities , according to the Census of January 28 , 1 897

1 73

1 77 1 77 178 178 181 1 83 1 84 1 84 1 87 1 87 1 88 1 88 1 90 191 191 1 95 198

1 99 200 200 200

1 74

Contents

Number 3 . Population of the Cities of St. Petersburg , Moscow, Warsaw, and Odessa according to the Census of January 28th , 1 897 Number 4 . Final Tabulation of the Enumerated [De Facto] Population of the Empire , by Uezd Number 5 . Final Tabulation of the Enumerated [De Facto] Population of Cities Number 6 . Enumerated [De Facto] Population of Both Sexes by Uezd and City, with Listing of the Predominant Religions and the Main Social Groups Number 7 . Enumerated [De Facto] Population of Both Sexes by Uezd , with Listing of the Number of Persons of the Predominant Native Languages Number 8 . Percentage Distribution of the Enumerated [De Facto] Population of the Empire of Both Sexes , by the Most Important Occupational Groups Which Provide the Main Means of Livelihood Populated Places of the Russian Empire Having 500 or More Inhabitants . Cities and Population in Uezds Which Have 2000 or More Inhabitants . All-Union Population Census of 1926 Section l . Nationality, Native Language , Age , Literacy Rayon Volumes Vol . 9. RSFSR Vol . 1 1 . Ukrainskaya SSR Vol . 1 7 . USSR Section 2. Occupations Rayon Volumes Vol . 26. RSFSR Vol . 28 . Ukrainskaya SSR Vol . 34. USSR Section 3 . Marital Status, Place of Birth , Length of Residence , Physically Handicapped and Mentally Ill Persons Rayon Volumes Vol . 43 . RSFSR Vol . 45 . Ukrainskaya SSR Vol . 5 1 . USSR Section 4. Vol . 5 2 . Unemployed in the USSR Section 5. Vol . 5 3 . Properties , Structures , Living and NonLiving Premises in Cities and Urban Settlements of the USSR Section 6 . Vol . 54 . Living Conditions of the Urban Population of the USSR

200 20 1 20 l

202

202

202 202 202 203 203 203 205 207 209 21 1 21 1 213 215 216 217 217 22 1 223 224 227 228 229

Contents Section 7 . Structure of the Urban Family Vol . 55 . USSR. 1 . Structure of the Urban Family. Results of the General Tabulation. 2. Social Composition of the Urban Population . Vol . 56. Structure of the Urban Family. Results of a Special Tabulation . Part 1 . Moscow. Part 2. Leningrad . Part 3 . Cities of the RSFSR. Short Summaries Number 1 . Housing Construction in Urban Settlements of the RSFSR, Ukrainskaya SSR, and Belorusskaya SSR Number 2 . Unemployment in the City of Moscow Number 3 . Population of the USSR Number 4 . Nationality and Native Language of the Population of the USSR Number 5. Age and Literacy. European Part of the RSFSR. Belorusskaya SSR Number 6 . Housing Stock of the USSR Number 7. Age and Literacy of the Population of the USSR Number 8. Social Composition and Occupations of the Population of the City of Moscow Number 9. Social Composition and Occupations of the Popu­ lation of the City of Leningrad Number 1 0 . Population of the USSR by Position in Occupa­ tion and Sector of the Economy Results of the All-Union Population Census of 1959 Results of the All-Union Population Census of 1970 Vol . 1 . Population of the USSR, Union and Autonomous Repub­ lics , Krays , and Oblasts Vol . 2 . Sex , Age , and Marital Status of the Population of the USSR, Union and Autonomous Republics , Krays , and Oblasts Vol . 3 . Level of Education of the Population of the USSR , Union and Autonomous Republics , Krays , and Oblasts Vol . 4. Ethnic Composition of the Population of the USSR, Union and Autonomous Republics , Krays , Oblasts , and Na­ tional Okrugs Vol . 5 . Distribution of the Population of the USSR, Union and Autonomous Republics, Krays , and Oblasts by Social Group, Means of Livelihood , and Sectors of the Economy Vol . 6. Distribution of the Population of the USSR and Union Republics by Occupation Vol . 7 . Migration of the Population . Number and Composition of Families in the USSR, Union and Autonomous Republics , Krays , and Oblasts

1 75 233

233

234 236 236 237 237 238 239 240 24 1 24 1 24 1 243 25 1 25 1 252 252

253

255 256

257

1 76

Contents

All-Union Population Census of 1979 Key-Word Cross Index Purpose and Design Problems in Using Keywords Geographic Codes Locating Additional Cross-Tabulations Index Subcategories Meanings and Limitations of Individual Keywords Sample Keyword Index Keyword Index to the Russian and Soviet Censuses, 1 897 to 1 979 Geographic Units of the Russian and Soviet Censuses 1 897 Census 1 926 Census 1 959 Census 1 970 Census 1 979 Census

260 269 269 269 270 272 272 273 276 277 304 304 307 312 316 320

INTRODUCTION

The purpose of this guide is to provide a detailed list and description of the contents of all major Russian and Soviet population censuses since 1 897 , with an index to enable the researcher to locate these census materials by subject . To organize and inventory sets of data as extensive , heterogeneou s , and complex as these censuses , it was necessary to make numerous procedural decisions concerning the structure of the index , the level of detail to be included , and the methods to be employed . Since the usefulness of the index depends to a large extent upon these determina­ tions , we would like to make explicit at the outset the format and scope of this work .

Format and Use of the Index This work consists of three interrelated sections , all of which should be employed by the user to obtain maximum benefit from the index . Section I is a comprehensive , serialized list of all main census tables for each of the major Russian and Soviet enumerations . The individual table entries consist of a serial number, the table number as it appears in the printed census volume , the translated table title , and a table " de­ scriptor. " As is explained in more detail below, this format enables the user to determine the type of information and geographic coverage of data in each individual table . Section II is a keyword index based on the table titles and descriptors in Section I . By selecting one of seventy keywords , the user can determine the census years , cross-tabulations , and geographic coverage available for each subject . The keyword entries refer directly to the table list in Section I . Section I/I i s a listing of the main geographic units fo r which data are given in each of the major Russian and Soviet censuses . This list is 1 77

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Index and Guide

useful not only for the purposes of this index but also as an aid to understanding the complex and changing political-administrative struc­ ture of the USSR .

Materials Included in the Index

This index covers all of the major population censuses of Russia and the USSR: 1 897 , 1 926 , 1 959 , 1 970 , and 1 979 . Data for the 1 939 census were not published separately; they are indexed in this guide under the tables in which they appear in the 1 959 , 1 970 , and 1 979 censuses . Minor censuses or incomplete enumerations conducted during this period are not included here . Of the published census materials , only the main data tables are incorporated into the index . Other potentially useful information , such as descriptions and analyses of the data, maps , and lists of occupational categories or place names , are not included in this index . Minor unnumbered introductory tables that summarize the main tables in the same volume are also not included . The user may want to consult the census volumes directly to ascertain the nature and usefulness of these materials for specific research purposes . In addition , several accessory volumes to the 1 897 census are not included; these volumes are listed in the following section on the 1 897 census . Aside from these few exceptions , the list of tables here represents a complete inventory of tables for all major population censuses since 1 897; thus, it comprises virtually all such data extant . 1 897 Census

Volumes included. The decision as to which volumes to include as part of the 1 897 census is rather arbitrary. Aside from the eighty-nine main regional volumes , there are two major summary volumes , four volumes of data on occupations by age group (which present greater detail for Table 20 of the regional volumes) , two volumes on workers , a series of eight short summary volumes , a list of the populations of all places of 500 or more population , and a list of cities and population in uezds with 2 ,000 or more population . All of these volumes are in this table list and index . But several brief accessory volumes , typically about forty to fifty pages in length , were not included . Some of those known to have additional census data that are not available in the main volumes are Distribution of the Population by the Major Social Groups, Religions, Native Language, and Some Occupations ( 1 905) and Distribution of Workers and Servants by Groups of Occupations and by Place of Birth ( 1 905) . Other short summary volumes, which are apparently tabulations of census data

Introduction

1 79

which are published in the main volumes , include Distribution of the Population of the Empire by the Main Religions ( 1 90 1 ) , Distribution of Populated Places of the Russian Empire by Population Size ( 1 902) , and Number and Social Composition of Blind Persons in Russia ( 1 905) .

Format of regional and summary volumes . The format of the tables in the eighty-nine regional (gubemiya) volumes is sufficiently similar that only one entry is used in the index to represent the same table number in all eighty-nine volumes . The tables in the two main summary volumes have nearly the same format as those in the eighty-nine regional volumes , but there are significant differences between the introductory, unnumbered tables in the gubemiya volumes and those in the summary volumes , including , of course , major differences in the level of geo­ graphic units . Therefore , a separate set of entries is given (Nos . 30-57) for the tables in these two summary volumes . In most cases , the entries in the summary volumes first indicate the level of units given (e . g . , "by gubemiya " ) and then provide a reference to the regional volume table of the same format . Although these two summary volumes have the same basic table list as most of the regional volumes , eighteen of the regional volumes have a slightly different format from both the other regional volumes and the main summary volumes . After these eighteen had been published , the format of the census was changed slightly to eliminate unnecessary tables and to speed up the tabulation and publishing of the census. Therefore , six volumes were published in three tetrady (parts) , while twelve others were published in two tetrady . The remaining seventy-one regions each have a single volume . All tables presented here have the format of those seventy-one volumes . The major difference between the earlier multiple- tetrad' volumes and the final census format is that the multiple- tetrad' volumes contain duplicates of some tables and more of the tables give data for both the permanent (de jure) and the enumerated (de facto) population . In addition , the multiple- tetrad' volumes have a map of the gubemiya at the end of the first tetrad' , giving literacy and population density by uezd . The volumes that are published in three parts also have (in the second part) three extra tables on children younger than one year old ( " Children Younger than One Year Old by Social Group of the Parents and by Monthly Age Groups , " "Children Younger than One Year Old by Native Language of the Parents and by Monthly Age Groups , " and " Children Younger than One Year Old by Religion and by Monthly Age Groups " ) . The unit list for the 1 897 census included with this index shows the gubemiyas that have two or three tetrady. An appendix to the first main summary volume has forty-four tables

1 80

Index and Guide

(each with an accompanying map) that were not indexed here . Each table consists of a particular demographic characteristic , given in per­ cent , for each gubemiya. These relationships are presented by gubemiya on a schematic map of the Russian Empire . Examples of these tables and maps include the number of women per 1 00 men , the city population as a percent of total population , and the percent literate of the male population . All of these data either are found in other census tables or can easily be calculated from them; nevertheless , they provide a very interesting spatial representation of the major demographic characteris­ tics of the population of the empire .

Other parts of the empire . In most cases , regional data of the 1 897 census cover only the eighty-nine gubemiyas and do not include outlying parts of the empire such as Finland or some parts of Central Asia. Major exceptions to this pattern are noted in the individual entries , such as tables in which data are also given for the principalities of Finland . The two main summary volumes , however, often contain data for the follow­ ing populations in addition to the eighty-nine gubemiyas : the Russian population in Finland , military personnel abroad serving on warships , the Russian population in Bukhara, and the Russian population in Khiva. In most cases these data are aggregated into one group and thus are of little interest. Cases where each of the four is given separately are noted in the table descriptor. Urban and rural data . The way in which these data are given in the 1 897 census differs substantially from the way in which they are presented in the other censuses . Urban data usually consist of the population of the largest town or city in each uezd only; in some uezds with many settlements more than one town is listed . All remaining population in each uezd is classified as rural by the census . Usually the rural popula­ tion is referred to as simply the population " in the uezd . " Most of the tables in the eighty-nine gubemiya volumes give data by uezd for the population of the main town or towns and then for the remaining population . The entries give the specific urban and rural categories­ rather than the category " urban-rural "-to minimize confusion . In the Keyword Index , however, these entries are indexed as urban-rural . Since the urban population is represented by individual settlements , the data for which are also given , these entries are coded in the index with a " c " fo r city (see the Keyword Index) .

Introduction

181

1 926 Census

Limitations of the entries. This census is by far the most detailed and complex of all of the Russian or Soviet censuses . More than a third of the entries and more than half of the pages of descriptions in this index are devoted to 1 926 . In spite of this detail , however, the descriptors can give only an overview of the contents of some of these complex tables . Whereas in the recent censuses , and generally also in 1 897 , tables represent simple cross-tabulations of several categories , in 1 926 a large number of tables contain ten or more different categories , not all of which are completely cross-tabulated . With minor exceptions , these discrepancies in the cross-tabulations are noted in the descriptors . In a few cases , it was necessary to simplify the descriptions ; therefore , a few cross-tabulations that are implied in the descriptors may not be found in the actual tables . Census sections 1-3 . The heart of the 1 926 census consists of the fifty-one volumes that make up the first three sections (otdely) . Each section contains a series of tables on a particular subject or subjects ; each series of tables is published separately in seventeen different regional and summary volumes . (See the unit list in this guide for the particular regions [rayons] that each volume contains . ) One of the main reasons for the difficulty in describing fully the contents of each of the tables is the relative lack of uniformity among the regional tables . While the descrip­ tion given here may apply to most of the rayon tables , there are often significant discrepancies among them . Major systematic discrepancies are noted in the descriptors , but some rayon tables may not have the detail that is given in the entry. Usually, rayon data are most detailed in the rayons of the European USSR and least detailed in some ethnic units of the Urals , Siberia, or Central Asia. Age data are a notable example of thi s . Nationality data , however, are least detailed in the European RSFSR and sometimes are omitted entirely because of the uniformity of the population (Russians) . Many rayon volumes contain special tables , (usually as supplements [dopo lneniya ] to the main tables) which often contain data for a major city or cities in the rayon; these extra tables are included in the index . Nearly all of the extra tables on cities include Moscow and Leningrad , but Moscow and Leningrad are not listed by name unless they are the only cities given . In the Russian Republic volumes , including the summary volume , lists of data by guberniya often include four cities: Moscow, Leningrad , Grozniy, and Vladikavkaz (now Ordzhonikidze) . In these cases only Moscow and Leningrad are listed in the table entries here . Supposedly, the summary volumes for the first three sections of the census , covering the RSFSR, Ukrainskaya SSR, and the entire USSR ,

1 82

Index and Guide

merely summarize data that are presented in the rayon volumes . The number of tables , their titles, their table numbers , and their formats , however, often are significantly different from each other and from those in the rayon volumes . Therefore , to avoid confusion and to simplify the amount of description that would have been required in each entry to explain the differences among these summary volumes , each of the three summary volumes for each of the first three otdely of the census was indexed , in addition to the rayon volume s . In many of the tables in these summary volumes , the table format is the same as that of the rayon volume , and in these cases there is a reference to the appropriate rayon table . In other cases , the tables for Ukrainskaya SSR or the USSR have the same format as the ones in the RSFSR summary volume; a reference to the appropriate Russian Republic table is indicated for these entries .

Census sections 4-7. The remaining main sections of the 1 926 census , otdely 4-7 , are not divided into regional volumes but consist of only one volume for each particular subject; one entry is therefore sufficient to describe each table . In section 7 , Volume 56 is divided into three vypuska (parts) , but these are combined here into one set of entries because they have the same table titles and formats . One part presents data for Moscow, one is for Leningrad, and one is for cities of the RSFSR . This third part consists of the results of a sample of 453 cities and urban-type settlements of different sizes and type s , weighted to represent all of the cities of the republic . The sample does not include Moscow and Leningrad . The data are aggregates of all the sample cities , not results for any individual cities .

Short summaries. In addition to these fifty-six main volumes , the ten short summary (Kratkiye svodki) volumes are also a vital part of the census . These volumes are not all merely summaries or retabulations of data from the main volumes: some of the 1 926 summary volumes contain data that were not published in the main census volumes . Each of these ten summaries is included in this index separately with the exception of Numbers 8 and 9 (Moscow and Leningrad) , which were combined into one set of entries . Occupational data and social groups . Another major difference between the 1 926 census and the other censuses is the way in which occupational data are presented . Occupational data are usually divided into gainfully employed and nongainfully employed , and the gainfully employed are then divided into various positions in occupations , separate sectors of the economy in which they work , and , often , specific occupations . These occupation data by position are sometimes referred to in the census as

Introduction

1 83

exactly that (polozheniye v zanyatii) , but sometimes they are referred to as social groups (sotsial'nyye gruppy) instead . In the other censuses , the term " social group" refers more to a social classification than to a work classification , so social group data from the 1 926 census are not comparable with other censuses . In the table entries here , 1 926 data are presented both as occupation data by position and as social group data, depending upon the original Russian wording used in the particular table in which they appear. Therefore , for 1 926 it is necessary to look at both sets of entries to get a complete list of the tables that contain these kinds of data . 1 959 Census

Volumes . This census contains one regional volume for each union republic and a summary volume for the entire USSR . The summary volume is sufficiently similar to the format of the republic volumes that it was not necessary to include a separate list of tables from the USSR summary volume alone . Differences between this volume and the repub­ lic volumes are noted in the entries where these differences apply. The USSR summary volume has a number of tables that do not appear in the individual republic volumes; these additional tables appear in the census as subparts a or b to the main tables in the summary volume and are listed in this index in the order in which they are given in the census . Therefore , a letter after a table number i n the entries here means that the table is from the USSR summary volume only, except where noted otherwise . As a guide to the geographic units that are included in the summary volume versus those given only in the individual republic volumes , it can usually be assumed that if data are given only by republic , the USSR volume contains data for the entire USSR only and each regional volume contains republic-level data only. When data are given by oblast , the summary volume usually contains data by republic and the republic volumes contain the oblast data (for those republics that are divided into oblasts) . Not all of the republic volumes contain all of the tables that are listed here . Tables with oblast-level data are omitted for republics where there are no oblasts , provided that these data have already been given for that republic at the republic level . In some republics where there are no oblasts , the oblast table is used to present data for the capital city of that republic or for areas subject to republic-level administration . Republics that have oblasts , however, have these city data in addition to the oblast data. In some republic s , such as Moldavia, either data for years before the region was incorporated into the USSR (notably 1 939) are omitted or the entire table is omitted .

1 84

Index and Guide

1 9 70 Census

Volumes . The 1 970 census consists of seven volumes , each on a particular topic or topics ; it does not contain any regional or summary volume s . All of the entries here represent the tables exactly as they appear in the census, with one major exception . For many topics a separate table is given in the census for each republic or even for different administrative levels within the same republic . For example , one table might be given for the entire USSR, one for each republic , one for the oblasts of the RSFS R , one for the oblasts of Ukrainskaya SSR , and one for the minor ethnic units within the RSFSR. These tables always have similar title s , which mention the particular regional units shown in each table . These tables were combined into one entry, with brackets enclosing the particular regional units that are included . The brackets indicate that the wording for these units is paraphrased; there­ fore , the title is not exactly as it appears in the census . 1 979 Census

Sources . At the time this index was prepared , results of the 1 979 census had been published only in various issues of the journal Vestnik statistiki (between no . 2 , 1 980 and no . 1 2 , 1 983) . Therefore , the table entries here are given in the order in which they appeared in that journal , with a citation to the corresponding issue number and year. Many of these tables are not numbered because there are no table numbers for those Vestnik statistiki tables . I n 1 984 a census volume was finally published (Tsentral ' noye Statisticheskoye Upravleniye SSSR, 1 984 . Chislennost' i sostav naseleniya SSSR . Po dannym Vsesoyuznoy perepisi naseleniya 1979 goda . Moscow : Finansy i Statistika) . In the table entries here , this volume is referred to as TsSU SSSR, 1 984. The data in this volume are essentially the same as those published in Vestnik statistiki, but some significant differences are worth noting . There is no correspondence in the number and order of tables between the two sources . In Vestnik statistiki, initial tables on a subject were typically followed in subsequent issues by more detailed tabulations as further results of the census became available . Therefore , the journal contains more tables , but with much duplication of data among them . Many tables in the book encompass the data from two or more tables in Vestnik statistiki . Some of the extra tables in Vestnik statistiki, however, contain data from earlier censuses which were not repeated in the corresponding book tables . In a few cases , data from the 1 979 census appear in only one of these sources . Vestnik statistiki has all-Union population data by sex by urban­ rural (no . 704) as well as literacy data (no . 706) . The book has

Introduction

1 85

population data for cities of 50,000 or greater (vs . 1 00 , 000 in Vestnik statistiki, no . 703 ) , de facto versus de jure population by republic for urban-rural and by sex (nos . 759-60) , and all-Union education data for census years since 1 939 (no . 76 1 ) . Following each entry from Vestnik statistiki in the table list , a note in parentheses gives the citation to the number of the corresponding table or tables from the book which contain the same data. Whenever a single table number is listed with no comment, it can be assumed that the book table is essentially identical in content to the Vestnik statistiki table . The table title , however, is not necessarily the same nor is the number of digits in the data (many initial Vestnik statistiki tables on a subject, most commonly at the all-Union level , are rounded to the nearest thousand) . In the numerous cases in which a table in the book contains data from more than one journal table , the number of the book table is followed by " contains these data . " Where a book table has data that were not given anywhere in Vestnik statistiki, or lacks data that were given in the journal , a note describes the differences . With the exception of book tables 5-7 , which were given separate entries in the table list here , all tables in the book are referenced under one or more Vestnik statistiki entries . In cases where these book tables include data that are not in the related journal table , these data are included in the cross-index under the Vestnik statistiki entry in which this difference is explained . Therefore , checking the cross-index by subject will lead the researcher to all data from the TsSU SSSR volume as well as to all data from Vestnik statistiki. In addition to the data from Vestnik statistiki and TsSU SSSR, small amounts of data from the census which have been published in other sources are included here . These are data on population by sex by urban-rural residence compiled by Theodore Shabad from Soviet region­ al press reports (no . 755 ) , urban nationality data (no . 756) , data on bilingualism by nationality (no . 757) , and education data by nationality (no . 758) .

List of Census Tables

Format of Table Entries For each entry, the number ( " no . " ) at the left side represents the sequential order in which that table appears in a particular census . The first digit of the entry number is keyed to the individual census as follows: 1 897 1 926 1 959 1 970 1 979

Nos . Nos . Nos . Nos . Nos .

census census census census census

1 -90 1 00-4 1 4 500-58 1 600--6 80 700--76 1

Because not all census volumes are numbered , some operational decisions were made regarding the order in which volumes were listed . Generally, the regional volumes were listed first, followed by any summary volumes and other accessory parts of the census . The second number for each entry represents the number (or numbers) of the table as it appears for many in the 1 979 census . There is not necessarily a separate entry to represent each individual table in every censu s . In many cases , particularly in the 1 970 census , the census contains a series of tables with the same title , each for a different administrative unit . These tables were combined into one entry in each case where this occurs ; each of these entries includes all of the census table numbers . For the 1 897 , 1 926 , and 1 970 censuses-in which table numbers are unique to each particular topical volume-the user will need to read up the serial table-number list to determine which volume of the census contains a given table . The 1 897 , 1 926 , and 1 959 censuses comprise multiple regional volumes , each of which has essentially the same format . These volumes were represented by only one table when possi­ ble , but when there were very wide discrepancies among these table 1 87

1 88

Index and Guide

titles and/or contents , extra entries were included as needed to account for these differences . All table numbers and letters used to denote parts of tables are given exactly as they appear in the census , with the letters transliterated . For example , in transliterations from Russian to English , the first four parts are given here as a, b , v, and g; they are not given as a, b , c , and d. This is necessary to avoid confusion , since in a few cases some parts are deliberately or inadvertently left out of the tables in the census volumes . Thus , the second section of a table may have a letter " v " in the census , rather than a " b . " Roman numerals , which are used extensively through­ out the censuses for table numbers and in volume or section titles , were converted here to Arabic numerals .

Table Titles Each table title is translated from the Russian as literally as possible , so that the user can more easily determine the original terminology of a particular table . Often , there are slight differences between the title of a table as presented in the table of contents of the census volume and the title that appears at the top of the table itself. When the discrepancies are great, this is noted in the individual entries; otherwise , the title used is the one that best describes the contents of the table . In some cases the table titles consist of several parts and subparts . These are usually given in the entry, although some parts were not included when they became too repetitious (e . g . , " rural population , " "urban population , " "USSR population , " " Population by Union Republic " ) . When these parts were omitted , information was included in the descriptor to account for them . Brackets in the titles indicate paraphrasing and not a direct translation of the original . Brackets were necessary mainly when regional tables on the same subject were combined into one entry ; brackets enclose the types of units that were included . Parentheses in the titles are part of the original title .

Table Descriptors Titles of all of the tables as they appear in the censuses are generally indicative of the contents , but they are usually incomplete . Accordingly, a " descriptor" was included for each entry, enclosed in parentheses below the title . In a few cases , the title is sufficient to describe the contents , and no descriptor was used . The purpose of the descriptor is not only to provide information that is not contained in the title itself but also to clarify vague or misleading information in the title . Therefore , the descriptors often repeat some of the title categories and give greater

List of Census Tables

1 89

detail . For example , if a title included the words "by age , " the descriptor would tell how many age groups there were and give a better idea of the usefulness of the table . The number of categories that are indicated for a particular factor such as age or marital status is often approximate because the number depends upon whether categories such as "total , " " all , " "other, " or " not specified" are included . Generally, these summary or other categories were not counted in listing the number of categories or groups . Many o f the descriptors are very detailed , especially for 1 926 entries ; nevertheless, they often do not indicate all of the information in the table . One of the most common categories that appears in the title but not in the descriptor is "by sex . " Thu s , it is necessary to look at both the title and the descriptor to get a complete understanding of all of the categories . When neither the title nor the descriptor includes the year or years represented by the data, then the data are for the year of that particular census only. The combination of title and descriptor includes virtually all categories in all tables with the exception of some tables for 1 897 and 1 926 where it was necessary to generalize some categories . Sections of the tables which are essentially repetition of other data in the same table (such as "percent urban" when the urban and rural popula­ tions are both given) were not included . That is, when a category can easily be calculated from other categories in the same table , it is usually not mentioned . This also applies in the numerous cases where the total population and then the urban population are given . These are described simply as " urban-rural . " The descriptors are generally limited t o explaining categories o f data that are included in the tables ; other subtleties that the reader must understand before intelligent use of the data can be made are beyond the scope of this work . A good example of this is the use of " de facto" and "de jure" population data . The Russian and Soviet censuses employ both types of data (depending upon the particular census and particular table) , both in reporting population totals and in reporting population characteristics . Many of the table titles in the censuses indicate whether the data are for the de facto (nalichnoye) or de jure (postoyannoye) population; this information is thus provided here for those tables . In cases where the table title does not specify de facto or de jure , it is the responsibility of the reader to examine the censuses and determine the type of data being presented . For example , while the nationality data in the 1 979 census represented the permanent population , previous censuses generally gave nationality data in terms of the present population . Another peculiarity of the census data which is not included in the descriptors is the use of both the preannexation and postannexation boundaries (depending upon the table) to represent the 1 939 population .

1 90

Index and Guide

This applies mainly to the 1 959 census , where most of the 1 939 census data that are available were published . The user should be aware that both types of data are used in the censuses; again, examination of the censuses themselves is necessary in order to determine which data are being used before comparability among tables can be attempted . Data presented for the postannexation boundaries in the censuses are not actual census data: they represent adjustments made by the Central Statistical Administration to estimate the population characteristic s for the postannexation boundaries . Data for age distributions in 1 939 which were published in the 1 959 census represent the postannexation bound­ aries ; comparison of age distributions with the preannexation boundaries can be made by reference to preannexation data published in Vestnik statistiki , no . 6 , 1 95 6 .

638./i2. I

Sample Table Entry No .

entry no.

D i s t r i b u t i o n � � Popul a t i o n o f � � .!,!!.!!, U n i o n Repu b l i c s .!!.!. S o c i a l r o u p i n 1 9 5 9 a n d 1 9 7 0 . ( by 3 s o c i a l g r o u p s ma n u ai-workerS:- o f f i c e worker s , llective farmers ] ; by urb n-rural ; by e x )

table no .

l

y

j

;

ans lated table title (containing keywords used for indexing) descriptor (also containing keywords used for indexing)

In this sample , the table serial number (no . 638) indicates that this table is from the 1 970 census , while the table number (2) shows that it is labeled Table 2 in the census volume . Again , for the 1 897 , 1 926, and 1 970 censuses , the reader should read up the serial list of table entries to locate the appropriate census volume (in this example , Volume 5 ) . The translated table title is then given , followed by the table descriptor, which provides supplementary information as to the actual table con­ tents . Examples are also shown here of typical keywords in the table title and descriptor; these words were used for preparing the keyword cross index .

THE -F I R S T G E N E R A L C E N S U S OF THE P O P U L A T I O N - -OF T H E RU SS'fA'NEMPI RE";-1 8 9 7

Volumes 1-89 . No . 1 .

[ G u b e r n i y a s a n d O b l a s t s o f t h e R u s s i a n Empi r e ] .

S u b u r b a n S e t t l e me n t s a n d V i l l a g e s .Q.f [ N a m e .Q.f G u b e r n i y a ] . � Th o s e I n c l u d e d i n t h e T a b u l a t i o n a s P a r t s o f t h e C i t i e s . b . T h o s e LOcated C l o s e t o t h e C i t i e s-ii" ut'""No t I n c l u d e d as P a r t s o f T h e m . ( p o p u l a t i ;;;- o f e a c ho f t h e s e p o i n t s b y s e x) --

--

---

--

----

No . 2 .

T i t l e fu U e z d w i t h C i t i e s a n d .!!.¥. C i t i e s ) , w i t h I n d i c a t i o n o f t h e A r e a , P o p u l a t i o n De n s i t y , a n d P e r c e n t Literacy . ( t hi s i s t he ti t l e i n t he ta b l e of c on t e n t s [ t i t l e o f th e t a b l e i t s e l f i s t h e n a me o f t h e g u b e r n i y a o n l y ] ; d a t a a r e f o r t h e wh o l e u e z d an d t h e n f o r t h e l a r g e s t c i t y [ s ome t i m e s f o r more than one c i t y ] i n t h e u e z d ; t h e a r e a a n d p o p u l a t i o n d e n s i t y a r e o f t h e wh o l e u e z d o n l y , n o t o f t h e c i t y a l s o ; e n um e r a t e d [ d e f a c t o ] p o p u l a t i o n , b y s e x ; o f t h e e n ume r a t e d p o p u l a t i o n [ n o t b y s e x ] , t h e n u m b e r o f p e r s o n s wh o we r e t h e r e t e m p o r a r i l y a t t h e t i m e o f t h e census, a n d t h e number of foreign citi zens; percent l i t e r a te [ t h i s i s on l y b y ue zd a n d ci t y , i s no t c r o s s ­ tabu l ated w i t h a n y other categor y ] )

No . 3 .

S um m a r y - -Comp o s i t i o n o f t h e E n u me r a t e d � F a c t o ] P o p u l a t i o n .Q.f B o t h S e x e s lli U e z d w i t h C i t i e s a n d .!!.¥. Ci t i e s) , w i t h D i v i s i o n .!!.¥. P l a c e o f B i r t h , S o c i a l G r o u p , , R e l igion, a n d N a t i v e Language . ( t hi s i s t he t i t l e i n t h e t a b l e of c o n t en t s [ t i t l e o f t h e t a b l e i t s e l f i s s i m p l y C o m po s i t i o n o f t h e E n u m e r a t e d P o pu l a t i o n .Q.f B o t h S e x e s ] ; d a t a a r e f o r t h e w h o l e u e z d a n d f o r t h e l a r g e s t c i t y [ s o m e t i m e s f o r mo r e t h a n o n e c i t y ] in t h e u e z d ; numb e r o f p e r s o n s by p l a c e o f b i r t h [ l o c al l y born, born in a n o t h e r uezd in the same g u b e r n i y a , born i n another g u b e r n i y a , or born in a n o t her s t a t e ] ; number of p e r s o n s b y 5 s o c i a l g r o u p s , p l u s f o r e i gner s ; number o f p e r sons b y n a t i v e l anguage [ a bout 8 cate gor i e s ] ; number of persons by r e l igion [ a bout 6 to 8 categorie s ] ; none of these categories i s cross-tabul ated by any other , and none of the categories is by sex )

No . 4 .

1 . E n u me r a t e d � F a c t o ] a n d P e r m a n e n t � J u r e ] P o pu l a t i o n . ( d at a a re f o r e ac h w ho l e ue zd a nd f or t he l ar ge s t c i t y [ some t i m e s for more than one c i t y ] i n t h e u e z d , p l u s the u e z d p o p u l a t i o n w i t h o u t t h e c i t i e s ; e n um e r a t e d p o p u l a t i o n i s b y R u s s i a n a n d fo r e i g n [ e a c h i s d i v i d e d i n t o t h e permanent p o pu l a tion a n d t h e popul ation that was t emporar i l y p r e s e n t a t the t ime o f the c e n s u s ] ; permanent p o p u l a t i o n i s f o r t h e t o t a l a n d t h e n u m b e r o f p e r s o n s wh o w e r e t e m p o r a r i l y a b s e n t a t t h e t i me o f t h e c e n s u s ; b y sex )

No . 5 .

2 . D i s t r i b u t i o n o f t h e P o pu l a t i o n .!!.¥. H o u s e h o l d s a n d T h e i r C o m po s i t i o n . ( d a t a a r e fo r e a c h w ho l e ue zd a nd f or t he l a r ge st c i t y [ some t i m e s f o r m o r e than o n e c i t y ] in the u e z d , p l u s the uezd popul ation without the c i t i e s ; total number o f househol ds, p r i vate househo l d s [ di vided into many

191

1 92

Index and Guide subcategories for househol d s o f r e lated persons, househo l d s o f persons l iv ing al one, househo l d s with serv ants, and househo l d s o f unre lated persons (each of t h e s e c a t e g o r i e s h a v e f u r t h e r s u b c a t e g o r i e s , s om e o f wh i c h a r e b y s e x ) ] , a n d househo l d s o f e n t e r p r i s e s [ by s e x o f membe r s ] )

No . 6 .

3 a . P o p u l a t i o n .!!..r T e n - Y e a r � G r o u p s . ( d a t a a r e f o r e a c h w h o l e u e icfB nd f o r t h e l a r g e s t c i t y [ sometimes for more than one c i t y ] i n the uezd, p l u s the uezd popul a t ion without the cities; by sex)

No . 7 .

3 b . D i s t r i b u t i o n o f t h e P o p u l a t i o n .!!..r � 11.!!. Y e a r s ) , a n d Literacy . ( d a t a a re f o r e ac h w ho l e ue zd a nd f or t he l ar ge st c i t y [ s ome t i m e s f o r m o r e t h a n o n e c i t y ] i n t h e u e z d , p l u s t h e u e z d p o p u l a t i o n w i t h o u t t h e c i t i e s ; b y s e x)

No . 8 .

4 . C h i l d r e n Y o u n g e r t h a n O n e Y e a r O l d .!!..r ,!:!.o n t h l y � Groups . ( d a t a a r e fo r e ac h w ho l e ue zd a nd f or t he l a r ge s t c i t y [ s ome t i m e s f o r m o r e t h a n o n e c i t y ] i n t h e u e z d , p l u s t h e uezd population without the cities ; by sex)

No . 9 .

�

�-

5 . Di s t r i b u t i o n o f t h e P o pu l a t i o n .!!..r M a r i t a l S t a t u s a n d

m Group .

( d at a a re f o r e a c h w ho l e ue zd a nd f o r t he l a r ge s t c i t y [ s ome t i m e s f o r more t h a n o n e c i t y ] i n the u e z d , p l u s t h e uezd popul ation without the cities; 4 categories of mar i t a l s t a t u s ; by 1 0 a g e g r o u p s ; b y sex)

N o . 1 0 . 6 . D i s t r i b u t i o n o f t h e P o pu l a t i o n .!!..r S o c i a l G r o u p a n d Pl ace of Birth. fdata a re f o r e a c h w h o l e u e z d a n d f o r t h e l a r g e s t c i t y [ some t i m e s f o r m o r e than o n e c i t y ] i n the u e z d , p l u s the uezd popul ation without the c i t i e s ; number of persons wh o w e r e b o r n i n t h e u e z d w h e r e t h e y n o w l i v e , b o r n e l s e w h e r e i n t h e s a m e g u b e r n i ya , b o r n i n a n o t h e r guberni y a , o r born i n another c o un t r y ; b y 3 d i f f e r e n t social groups ; by s e x ) No . 1 1 .

7 . D i s t r i b u t i o n o f t h e N o n - L o c a l l y B o r n P o p u l a t i o n E.Y_ Place of Birth. ( p l a c e of b i r t h [ b y g u b e r n i y a s i n R u s s i a , p r i n c i p a l i t i e s in Fin land , and foreign states ] by p lace of l ocation at the t ime o f t h e c e n s u s [ by g u b e r n i y a s , u e z d s ( no t incl uding t h e i r c i t y popul ations) , and o n e or t w o c i ties in each uezd ] ; by sex)

No . 1 2 .

8 . Di s t r i b u t i o n o f t h e P o p u l a t i o n .!!..r S o c i a l G r o u p . ( d at a are fo r e a c h w ho l e ue zd and f or t he l ar ge s t c i t y [ s om e t i m e s f o r m o r e t h a n o n e c i t y ] i n t h e u e z d , p l u s t h e uezd popul ation without the cities ; by about 9 social groups, plus the total for al l soci a l groups of those born in Fin l and, al l Russian subjects, and a l l foreign citi zens; by sex)

No . 1 3 .

9 . D i s t r i b u t i o n o f t h e P o p u l a t i on .!!..r L i t e r a c y, Education, Socia l � and � Group. ( da t a a r e f o r e a c h u e z d , w i t h o u t t h e c i t y p o p u l a t i o n , and then f o r t h e l ar g e s t c i t y [ some times f o r m o r e than one c i t y ] in the uezd; number l i terate and the number who are studying in 6 d i f ferent kinds o f school s ; by about 5 social group s , p l us the total o f al l social

List of Census Tables

1 93

g r o u p s f o r t h o s e b o r n in F i n l a n d a n d f o r f o r e i gn c i t i z e n s ; b y s e v e n 1 0- y e a r a g e g r o u p s ; by s e x) No . 1 4 .

1 0 . D i s t r i b u t i o n o f t h e P o pu l a t i o n il S o c i a l G r o u p .!.!!i M a r i t a l S t a t u s lli G u b e r n i y a a n d t h e M a j o r C i t i e s) . ( da t a f o r each g u b e r n i y a a r e f o r t h e who l e guberniya, the popul ation without the cities, the city popul ation, a n d s e v e r a l i nd i v i d u a l c i t i e s ; b y 4 t y p e s o f ma r i t a l s t a t u s ; by a bo ut 5 s o c ia l gr ou ps , p l us t he t o t a l of a l l s o c i a l g r o u p s f o r those born i n F i n l a n d a n d f o r f o r e i gn cit i zens ; by s e x )

No . 1 5 .

1 1 . D i s t r i b u t i o n .!!!. F o r e i gn C i t i z e n s il S t a t e lli G u b e r n i ya a n d t h e M a j o r C i t i e s ) . ( d a t a f o r e a c h g u b e r n i y a a r e f o r t h e who l e g u b e r n i ya , t h e popul ation wi thout the c i t i e s , the c i t y popu l a t ion, a n d s e v e r a l i n d i v i d u a l c i t i e s ; b y a b o u t 1 8 c a t e go r i e s o f foreign countries, depending upon the guberniya ; by sex)

No . 1 6 .

1 2 . D i s t r i b u t i o n o f t h e P o pu l a t i o n ll R e l i g i o n . ( d a t a a r e f o r ea c h w h o l e u e z d a nd for t he l a r g es t c i t y [ s ome t i m e s f o r m o r e t h a n o n e c i t y ] i n t h e u e z d , p l u s t h e uezd popu l a tion without the cities; for about 15 c a t e g o r i e s o f r e l i g i o n s ; b y s e x)

No . 1 7 .

1 3 . D i s t r i b u t i o n o f t h e P o p u l a t i o n ll N a t i v e L a n gu a ge . ( d a t a a r e fo r e a c h w h o l e u e z d a n d f o r t h e l a r g e s t c i t y [ somet i m e s f o r more than one c i t y ] i n the u e z d , p l u s the uezd popul ation without the c i t i e s ; by about 40 or more d i f f e r e n t l anguag e s , d e p e n d i n g upon t h e g u b e r n i y a ; by sex)

No . 1 8 .

1 4 . D i s t r i b u t i o n o f t h e P o p u l a t i o n ll R e l i g i o n a n d N a t i v e La n g u a ge . ( data are for each uezd and for the l argest c i t y [ s ome t i m e s f o r m o r e t h a n o n e c i t y ] i n t h e u e z d , p l u s t h e u e z d p o p u l a t i on w i t h o u t t h e c i t i e s ; b y a b o u t 2 0 d i ff e r e n t l anguage s ; by about 1 5 d i f f e r e n t cate g o r i e s of r e l i gions; by l iterac y ; by sex)

No . 1 9 .

1 5 . D i s t r i bu t i o n .!!!. t h e u l a t i o n ll N a t i v e L a n guage , L i t e r a c y , a n d ill_ G r o u p b U e z d w i t h C i t i e s a n d ll t h e a jo r Ci t i e s ) . f o r e a c h g u b e r n i ya a r e f o r t h e w h o l e g u b e r n i y a , t h e p o p u l a t i o n w i t ho u t t h e c i t i e s , t h e wh o l e c i t y p o p u l a t i o n , a n d s e v e r a l ma j o r c i t i e s ; d a t a a t t h e u e z d l ev e l a r e onl y f o r the who l e u e z d ; by a bout 2 0 d i f f e r e n t l an g u a g e s ; by 8 m o s t l y 1 0-year a g e g r o u p s ; b y 3 meas u r e s o f l iteracy [ 1 i terate in Russian, 1 iterate in another l a n g u a g e , h a v i n g e d u c a t i o n h i g h e r t h a n p r i ma r y l e v e l ] ; b y sex)

No . 20 .

No . 2 1 .

r

lii

1 6 . D i s t r i b u t i on o f t h e P o p u l a t i o n ll M a r i t a l S t a t u s a n d N a t i v e L a n guage ffi G u b e r n i ya a n d t h e M a j o r c f't'Ie"S)""; ( d a t a f o r e a c h g u b e r n i ya a r e f o r t h e w h o l e g u b e r n i y a , t h e p o p u l a t i o n w i t ho u t t h e c i t i e s , t h e w h o l e c i t y p o p u l a t i o n , a n d s e v e r a l ma j o r c i t i e s ; 4 t y p e s o f m a r i t a l s t a t u s ; f o r a b o u t 2 0 d i f f e r e n t l a n g ua g e s ; b y s e x) 1 7 . D i s t r i b u t i o n o f P e r s o n s w i t h P h ys i c a l H a n d i c a p s ll

m G r o up .

( da t a a r e f o r e a c h u e z d [ w i t h o u t t h e c i t y p o p u l a t i o n ] a n d f o r t h e ma j o r c i t y [ s ome t i m e s f o r m o r e t h a n o n e city ] in the uezd; by 5 different types of physical

1 94

Index and Guide h a n d i c a p s ; b y 8 m o s t l y 1 0- y e a r a g e g r o u p s ; b y ma r i t a l s t a t u s [ ma r r i e d o r n o t ] ; b y s e x )

No . 2 2 .

1 8 . D i s t r i b u t i o n o f P e r s o n s w i t h P h y s i c a l H a n d i c a p s .QI. N a t i v e L a n gu a g e . { d a t a a r e f o r e a c h w ho l e u e z d a n d f o r t h e ma j o r c i t y [ some t i m e s f o r m o r e t han o n e c i t y ] i n t h e u e z d , p l u s the uezd popul ation without the cities; by 5 types of phy s i c a l hand i cap s ; by about 15 n a t i v e l a nguage s , d e p e n d i n g u p o n t h e g u b e r n i ya ; b y sex)

No . 2 3 .

1 9 . D i s t r i b u t i o n o f P e r s o n s w i t h P h y s i c a l H a n d i c a p s .QI. Social Group . ( d at a a r e fo r e a c h w ho l e ue zd a n d f o r t he l ar g e s t c i t y [ sometimes for more than one c i t y ] i n the u e z d , p l u s the uezd popul ation without the cities; by 5 types of phy s i ca l hand i c ap s ; by 4 d i f f e re n t s o c i a l g r o u p s , pl us the tota l of a l l social groups for those born in Finl and and for foreigners; persons born in F i n l a n d are not by d i f f e r e n t t y p e s o f h a n d i c a p s [ on l y the tota l han d i ca p s ] and foreigners are onl y by 3 types of hand icaps; by sex)

No . 24 .

2 0 . R e s u l t s .QI. G u b e r n i ya .!..!!.!. t h e P o p u l a t i o n .QI. O c c u pa t i o na l G r o u p a n d lli G r o u p . ( number o f s e l f - s u p p o r t i n g persons in each o f 6 5 occupational groups, by 7 age groups ; number of their fami l y memb e r s , by memb e r s y o u n g e r than 1 5 y e a r s o l d , or 15 years a n d o l d e r ; b y s e x)

No . 2 5 .

2 1 . D i s t r i b u t i o n o f t h e P o p u l a t i o n .QI. O c c u pa t i o n a l Group . ( d a t a a r e b y u e z d [ w i t h o u t t h e c i t i e s ] a n d f o r t h e ma j o r c i t y [ some t i m e s f o r more t h a n one c i t y ] i n each u e z d ; number of sel f-suppor ting persons in each of 65 o c c u p a t i o n a l g r o up s , a n d the n u m b e r o f t h e i r fami l y member s ; b y s e x )

No , 2 6 .

22. Distribution of a n d .QI. N a t i o na l i t y , ('i]li s t a b l e h a s t h e category i s al so by by s e x )

No . 2 7 .

2 3 . D i s t r i b u t i o n o f t h e P o pu l a t i o n .QI. P e r s o n s E n g a g e d i n A gr i c u l t u r a l .2!. N o ma d i c E c o n o m y , F i s h i n g , a n d H u n t i n g , .QI. P a r t - T i m e O c c u pa t i o n s . ( by u e z d : t o t a l n u m b e r o f s e l f - suppor t i n g p e r s o n s who are i n a l l of the o c c u p a t i o n s l i s t e d abov e [ to g e t h e r ] , and number o f t h e i r fami l y memb e r s ; number o f t h e s e s e l f- s u p p o r t i n g p e r s o n s a n d n u m b e r o f t h e i r f a m i l y m e m b e r s w h o ha v e p a r t - t i m e o c c u p a t i o n s ; b y s e x) ( s u b t i t l e : O f T h e m , P e r s o n s w i t h P a r t -T i m e O c c u pa t i o n s . ; by u e z d : n u m b e r o f s e l f- suppor t i n g p e r s o n s a n d n u m b e r o f f a m i l y m e mb e r s i n e a c h o f m o r e t h a n 2 0 0 p a r t - t i m e o c c u p a t i o n s ; b y s e x)

No . 28 .

2 4 . D i s t r i b u t i o n .2.f t h e P o p u l a t i o n .QI. N a t i v e L a n g u a g e and S o c i a 1 Group. (ciat a a r e b y u e z d [ wi t h o u t t h e c i t i e s ] a n d f o r t h e ma j o r c i t y [ some t i m e s f o r more than one c i t y ] i n e a c h u e z d ; by about 20 d i f f erent languages ; by 9 socia 1 groups, pl us the tota l of a l l social groups for those born in Finl and and f o r f o r e i gn er s ; by s e x )

--

t h e P o p u l a t i o n .QI. O c c u pa t i o n a l G r o u p £.!!. t h e Ba s i s o f N a t i v e L a n g u a g e . same format a s Tabl e 2 1 , but each about 25 to 35 d i fferent l anguages;

List of Census Tables No . 29 .

1 95

2 5 . D i s t r i b u t i o n o f t h e P o p u l a t i o n .l!.l. R e l i g i o n a n d T e n ­ Y e a r ill G r o u p s . ( d a t a a r e b y u e z d [ wi t h o u t t h e c i t i e s ] a n d f o r t h e ma j o r c i t y [ s ome t i m e s f o r m o r e t h a n o n e c i t y ] i n e a c h u e z d ; by a b o u t 1 5 d i f f er e n t r e l i g i o u s group s ; b y s e x )

G e n e r a l S umma r i e s f o r t h e Empi r e o f t h e R e s u l t s o f T a b u l a t i o n o f Data of the First General Census o f Population . V o l um e s 1 - 2 .

No . 30 .

A r e a , E n u m e r a t e d � F a c t o ] P o pu l a t i o n , a n d P o p u l a t i o n Dens i t y . ( b y g u b e r n i y a ; b y s e x)

No . 3 1 .

Enume r a te d � Facto ] Popul a t i o n i n C i t i e s . ( b y g u b e r n i y a ; u r b an p o p u l a t i o n , b y s e x)

No . 32 .

1 . E n u me r a t e d � Fa c t o ] a n d P e r m a n e n t � J ur e ] Population . ( by guberniya, f o r the whol e popul a t i o n and f o r the c i t y popul ation; d a t a a r e a l so g i v en for 4 specia l categories that ar e not i nc l u d e d in guberni yas [ R ussian popul a t i on in F i n land , m i l i t a r y p e r s on n e l who a r e abroad on war s h i p s , R u s s i a n p o p u l a t i on i n Bukha r a , and R u s s i a n popul a t i o n i n Khi v a ] , but t h e s e cate g o r i e s a r e onl y for t h e who l e p o p u l a t i o n , n o t f o r c i t i e s a l s o ; s a m e f o r m a t a s T a b l e 1 i n t h e g u b e r n i y a v o l um e s [ N o . 4 ] )

No . 33 .

2 . D i s t r i b u t i o n .2f t h e P o p u l a t i o n .l!.l. H o u s e h o l d s a n d T he i r C o m po s i t i o n . n>Y"S"u b e r n i y a , f o r t h e wh o l e p o p u l a t i o n a n d f o r t h e c i t y popul a t i on ; d a t a a r e a l s o g i v en for the 4 s p e c i a l c a t e g o r i e s t h a t a r e n o t i n c l u d e d i n gu b e r n i y a s [ s e e Ta b l e 1 ] , b u t f o r t h e w h o l e p o p u l a t i o n o n l y ; s a m e f o r m a t a s T a b l e 2 i n t h e g u b e r n i y a v o l um e s [ N o . 5 ] )

No . 34 .

3 a . P o p u l a t i o n .l!.l. S e x , T e n - Y e a r ill_ G r o u ps , a n d Literacy . ( b y g u b e r n i y a , f o r t h e wh o l e p o p u l a t i o n a n d f o r t h e c i t y popul ation; d a t a are a l so g i v en f o r t h e 4 special cate gor i e s that a r e no t incl uded in guberniyas [ see Ta b l e l ] , b u t f o r t h e wh o l e p o p u l a t i o n o n l y )

No . 35 .

3 b . D i s t r i b u t i o n o f t h e P o p u l a t i o n .l!.l. S e x , ill. ii.!!. Y e a r s) , a n d L i t e r a c y . ( by m a i n d i v i s i o n s o f t h e R u s s i a n Em p i r e )

No . 36 .

4 , C h i l d r e n Y o u n g e r t h a n O n e Y e a r O l d .l!.l. M o n t h l y ill G r o up s . ( by g u b e r n i y a , for t h e whol e popul a t i o n and for t h e c i t y popul ation; d a t a a r e a l so g i v en f o r t h e 4 s p eci a l c a t e go r i e s t h a t a r e n o t i n c l u d e d i n g u b e r n i y a s [ s e e Ta b l e l ] , bu t f o r t h e wh o l e po pu l a t i on o n l y ; b y s ex ; s a m e f o r m a t a s T a b l e 4 i n t h e g u b e r n i y a v o l um e s [ N o . 8 ] )

No . 37 .

5 . D i s t r i b u t i o n o f t h e P o p u l a t i o n .l!.l. � a r i t a l S t a t u s a n d

ill G r o u p .

( b y ma i n d i v i s i o n s o f t h e R u s s i a n E m p i r e , f o r t h e popul a t i on without the c i t i e s and f o r t h e c i t y

1 96

Index and Guide popul a t i o n ; b y 1 0 a g e g r o u p s ; by mar i t a l s t a t u s [ ma r r i e d , s i n g l e , n o t i n a f a m i l y , w i d o w e d ] ; b y s e x ; same f o r m a t a s T a b l e 5 i n t h e g u b e r n i ya v o l ume s [ No . 9 ] )

No . 38 .

6 . Dis t r i bution � o f t h e P o p u l a t i o n EL S o c i a l G r o u p a n d Pl ace of Birth. ( by guberniya, f o r t h e whol e popul ation and for the c i t y popul ation; d a t a are a lso giv en f o r t h e 4 special c a t e go r i e s t h a t a r e n o t i n c l u d e d i n g u b e r n i y a s [ s e e Ta b l e l ] , b u t f o r t h e w h o l e p o p u l a t i o n o n l y ; s a m e f o r m a t a s Ta b l e 6 i n t h e g u b e r n i y a v o l um e s [ N o . 1 0 ] )

No . 39 .

7 . D i s t r i b u t i o n o f t h e N o n - L o c a l l y B o r n P o p u l a t i o n EL Place of Birth . rn:rBt ji"a r t : p l a c e o f b i r t h [ b y g u b e r n i y a s i n R u s s i a , p r i n c i pal i t i e s in Finl and, and foreign state s ] by p l ace o f e n um e r a t i o n i n t h e c e n s u s [ b y ma i n d i v i s i o n s o f t h e R u s s i a n Empi r e , f o r the who l e d i v i s i o n and f o r t h e c i t y p o p u l a t i o n ] ; b y s e x) ( s e c o n d p a r t : p l a c e o f e n u me r a t i o n i n t h e c e n s u s [ b y g u b e r n i y a s i n R u s s i a , p r i n c i pa l i t i e s o f F i n l a n d , a n d foreign states ] by pl ace of birth [ by guberniyas in Russia , Finlan d , and foreign states ] ; by sex )

No . 40 .

8 . D i s t r i b u t i o n o f t h e P o pu l a t i o n EL S o c i a l G r o u p . ( b y g u b e r n i y a , f o r t h e wh o l e p o p u l a t i o n a n d f o r t h e c i t y popul at ion; d a t a a r e a l so g i v en for the 4 special categories that are not incl uded in guberniyas [ see Ta b l e l ] , b u t f o r t h e w h o l e p o p u l a t i o n o n l y ; s a m e f o r m a t a s T a b l e 8 i n t h e g u b e r n i y a v o l ume s [ N o . 1 2 ] )

No . 4 1 .

9 . D i s t r i b u t i o n o f t h e P o pu l a t i o n EL L i t e r a c y, E d u c a t i o n , S o c i a l f.!.2.!!.p_,_ a n d ill G r o u p . ( b y ma i n d i v i s i o n s o f t h e R u s s i a n Em p i r e , f o r t h e w h o l e p o p u l a t i o n a n d f o r t h e c i t y p o p u l a t i o n ; s am e format as Tabl e 9 i n t h e g u b e r n i ya v o l umes [ No . 1 3 ] )

No . 42 .

1 0 . D i s t r i b u t i o n .2..f t h e P o pu l a t i o n EL S o c i a l G r o u p a n d M ar ital Status. ( b y g u b e r n i y a , f o r t h e wh o l e p o p u l a t i o n a n d f o r t h e c i t y popul ation; d a t a are a l so giv en for t h e 4 special cate gor i e s that are not i nc l uded in guberni yas [ see Ta b l e l ] , b u t f o r t h e w h o l e p o p u l a t i o n o n l y ; s a m e f o r m a t a s T a b l e 1 0 i n t h e g u b e r n i y a v o l um e s [ N o . 1 4 ] )

No . 43 .

1 1 . D i s t r i b u t i o n o f F o r e i g n C i t i z e n s EL S t a t e . ( by g u b e r n i y a , f o r t h e whol e p o p u l a t i o n and f o r the c i t y popul ation; data are a lso giv en for the 4 special cate gor i e s that are not incl uded in guberni yas [ se e Ta b l e l ] , b u t f o r t h e w h o l e p o p u l a t i o n o n l y ; s a m e f o r m a t as Tabl e 1 1 i n the gubern i y a v o l umes [ No . 1 5 ] )

No . 44 .

1 2 . D i s t r i b u t i o n o f t h e P o p u l a t i o n EL R e l i gi o n . ( b y g u be r n i y a , f o r t h e w h o l e p o p u l a t i o n a n d f o r t h e c i t y popul ation; data are a lso giv en for the 4 special ca t e g o r i e s t h a t a r e n o t i n c l u d e d i n g u b e r n i y a s [ s e e Ta b l e l ] , b u t f o r t h e w h o l e p o p u l a t i o n o n l y ; s a m e f o r m a t a s T a b l e 1 2 i n t h e g u b e r n i y a v o l um e s [ N o . 1 6 ] )

List of Census Tables

1 97

N o . 45 .

1 3 . D i s t r i b u t i o n o f t h e P o pu l a t i o n ll N a t i v e L a n gu a g e . ( by guberniya, f o r t h e who l e p o p u l a t i o n a n d f o r t h e c i t y popul ation; d a t a are a lso g i v en for the 4 special cate gories that are not incl uded in guberniyas [ see T a b l e 1 , V o l um e ..!..,J , b u t f o r t h e w ho l e p o p u l a t i o n o n l y ; s a me f o r ma t a s T a b l e 1 3 i n t h e g u b e r n i y a v o l um e s [ N o . 1 7 ] , b u t f o r m o r e t h a n 1 00 l a n g u a g e s )

No . 46 .

1 4 . D i s t r i b u t i o n o f t h e P o p u l a t i o n ll R e l i g i o n a n d N at i v e Language. ( b y m a i n d i v i s i o n s o f t h e R u s s i a n Em p i r e , f o r t h e who l e p o p u l a t i o n and f o r the c i t y popul a t i o n ; same f o r m a t a s T a b l e 1 4 i n t h e g u b e r n i y a v o l ume s [ N o . 1 8 ] )

No . 47 .

1 5 . D i s t r i b u t i o n .2f t h e P o p u l a t i o n ll N a t i v� L a n g u a g e , L i t e r a c y , a n d lli G r o u p . ( b y ma i n d i v i s i o n s o f t h e R u s s i a n Emp i r e , f o r t h e w h o l e p o p u l a t i o n a n d f o r t h e c i t y p o p u l a t i o n ; same format a s Tabl e 1 5 i n t h e guberni ya v o l umes [ No . 1 9 ] )

No . 48 .

1 6 . Di s t r i b u t i o n o f t h e P o p u l a t i o n ll M a r i t a l S t a t u s a n d � Language . ( b y m a i n d i v i s i o n s o f t h e R u s s i a n Emp i r e , f o r t h e w h o l e popul a t i on, f o r t h e popul a t i o n wi thout t h e c i t i e s , a nd f o r t h e c i t y p o p u l a t i o n ; s a m e f o r m a t a s Ta b l e 1 6 i n t h e g u b e r n i y a v o l um e s [ N o . 2 0 ] )

No . 49 .

1 7 . D i s t r i bu t i on o f P e r s o n s w i t h Phys i c a l Handi caps h

lli G r o u p .

( b y ma i n d i v i s i o n s o f t h e R u s s i a n Emp i r e , f o r t h e w h o l e population and for the c i t y popul ation; same format as T a b l e 1 7 i n t h e g u b e r n i ya v o l ume s [ N o . 2 1 ] )

No . SO .

1 8 . D i s t r i b u t i o n .2f P e r s o n s w i t h P h y s i c a l H a n d i c a p s h N a t i v e Language . ( b y ma i n d i v i s i o n s o f t h e R u s s i a n Em p i r e , f o r t h e w h o l e population and for the c i t y population ; same format as Tabl e 18 i n the g u b er n i ya v o l umes [ No . 2 2 ] , but f o r 9 7 languages )

No . 5 1 .

1 9 . D i s t r i b u t i o n .21. P e r s o n s w i t h P h y s i c a l H a n d i c a p s .!!.l'.. S o c i a l G r o up . �b e r n i y a , f o r t h e w h o l e p o p u l a t i o n a n d f o r t h e c i t y popul ation; d a t a ar e a l so g i v en for the 4 s p e c i a l c a t e go r i e s t h a t a r e n o t i n c l u d e d i n g u b e r n i y a s [ s e e Ta b l e 1 , V o l u m e .l:J , b u t f o r t h e w h o l e p o p u l a t i o n o n l y ; s a m e f o r m a t a s T a b l e 1 9 i n t h e g u b e r n i y a v o l um e s [ N o . 2 3 ] )

No . 52 .

2 0 . D i s t r i b u t i o n o f t h e P o pu l a t i o n Bi O c c u pa t i o n a n d lli

�

( f o r t h e w ho l e R u s s i a n Emp i r e : n u m b e r o f s e l f - s u p p o r t i n g p e r s o n s i n each o f 65 occupa t i onal g r o u p s [ an d i n n um e r o u s s u b c a t e g o r i e s o f t h e s e g r o u p s ] , b y 7 a g e g r o u p s ; n u m b e r o f t h e i r f a m i l y memb e r s , b y m e m b e r s younger than 1 5 years ol d, or 1 5 years and ol der; by sex) ( b y ma i n d i v i s i o n s o f t h e R u s s i a n Em p i r e : f o r t h e popul ation without the cities and for the city popul a t i o n ; number of sel f- suppor ting persons in e a c h of the same 65 occupational groups and subgroups, and number o f t h e i r fami l y member s ; by s e x )

No. 53 .

2 1 . D i s t r i b u t i o n o f t h e P o p u l a t i o n ll O c c u pa t i o n a l Group .

1 98

Index and Guide ( b y g u b e r n i y a [ M o s c o w , S t , P e t e r s b u r g , Wa r s a w , a n d O d e s sa n o t i n c l uded ] ; numbe r o f s e l f - s u p p o r t i n g p e r sons in each of 65 occupational groups, and the number of t h e i r f a m i l y m em b e r s ; b y s e x ; d a t a a r e a l s o g i v e n b y ma i n d i v i s i o n s o f t h e e mp i r e f o r t h e s e s a m e c a t e g o r i e s , but these data are for the popul ation without the cities and then for the c i t y popul ation)

No . 54 .

2 2 . D i s t r i b u t i o n o f t h e P o pu l a t i o n Ju. O c c u pa t i o n a l G r o u p a n d Ju. N a t i o n a l i t y, on t h e B a s i s of N a t i v e L a n g u a g e . ( f or the who l e R u s s i a n E m p i r e o n l y ; number o f s e l f­ supporting persons in each of 65 occupational groups, a n d t h e n u m b e r o f t h e i r f a m i l y m e mb e r s ; b y mo r e t h a n 1 00 d i f f e r e n t l a n g u a g e s ; b y s e x)

No . 55 .

2 3 . D i s t r i b u t i o n o f t h e P o p u l a t i o n Ju. P e r s o n s E n g a g e d i n A gr i c u l t u r a l .2.!. NOm a d i c E c o n omy, F i s h i n g , a n d H u n t i n g , Ju. P a r t -T i m e O c c u pa t i o n s . ( f i r s t p a r t : by m a i n d i v i s i o n s o f t h e R u s s i a n E m p i r e ; s a me f o r m a t as t h e f i r s t pa r t o f Ta b l e 2 3 i n t h e g u be r n i y a v o l u m e s [ N o . 2 7 ] ) ( s u b t i t l e : O f T h e m , P e r s o n s w i t h P a r t - T i m e O c c u pa t i o n s . ; by main d i v i s i o n s o f t h e R u s s i a n Empi r e ; number o f s e l f­ s u p p o r t i n g p e r s o n s and number o f fami l y membe r s in e a c h o f 4 7 gr o u p s [ an d d e t a i l e d s u b g r o u p s ] o f p a r t - t ime o c c u p a t i o n s ; b y s e x) ( th i r d par t : b y guberni ya; number of s e l f- s u p p o r t i n g p e r s o n s and number o f fami l y mem b e r s i n a g r i c u l t u r a l or noma d i c e c o n o m y , f i s h i n g and hunting [ t o ta 1 o f a 1 1 t h e s e occupational c a t e g o r i e s ] ; numb e r o f these p e r s o n s [ by s e l f - s u p p o r t i n g p e r s o n s a n d f a m i l y m e m b e r s ] w h o ha v e part- time occupation s ; b y sex )

No , 56 .

2 4 . D i s t r i b u t i o n o f t h e P o p u l a t i o n Ju. N a t i v e L a n g u a ge and Socia 1 Group.

tbY No . 57 .

ma i n d i v i s i o n s o f t h e R u s s i a n Em p i r e ,

f o r t h e who l e

p o p u l a t i o n a n d f o r t h e c i t y p o p u l a t i on ; same format as T a b l e 2 4 i n t h e g u b e r n i y a v o l um e s [ N o . 2 8 ] ) 2 5 D i s t r i b u t i o n o f t h e P o p u l a t i o n Ju. R e l i g i o n a n d T e n ­ Y e a r ill g r o u p s . ( b y ma i n d i v i s i o n s o f t h e R u s s i a n E mp i r e ; s a m e f o r m a t a s Tabl e 2 5 in the guberniya v o l umes [ No. 2 9 ] ) .

D i s t r i b u t i o n o f t h e P o p u l a t i o n Ju. � o f C h i e f O c c u pa t i o n a n d ill G r o u p , f o r I n d i v i d u a l R e g i o n s . T a b l e IQ.:. Volumes 1-4 . No . 58 .

2 0 . D i s t r i b u t i o n o f t h e P o p u l a t i o n Ju. O c c u pa t i o n s a n d

ill G r o u p s .

( t h e s e v o l um e s p r e s e n t a m o r e d e t a i l e d v e r s i o n o f T a b l e 20; they consist of 20 regions, each of which contains s e p a r a t e data f o r s e v e r a l guber n i ya s ) ( b y r e g i o n : f o r 6 5 o c c u p a t i o n a l g r o u p s , mo s t o f w h i c h ha v e ma n y s u b d i v i s i o n s ; n u m b e r o f p e r s o n s wh o a r e s e l f ­ s u p p o r t i n g i n e a c h o f t h e s e o c c u pa t i onal c a t e g o r i e s [ by 7 a g e g r o u p s ] , and the number o f t h e i r fami l y memb e r s [ by younger than 15 years ol d, or 1 5 and o l der ] ; number o f t h e s e s e l f - s u p p o r t i n g p e r s o n s and o f their fami l y m e mb e r s b y p o p u l a t i o n n o t i n c i t i e s a n d p o p u l a t i o n i n c i t i e s [ genera l l y t h e c i t y p o pu l a t i on r e p r e s e n t s onl y a l l c i t i e s i n each r e g i on , b u t data f o r S t . P e t e r s bu r g , M o s c o w , Wa r s a w , a n d O d e s s a a r e i n c l u d e d i n t h e i r

List of Census Tables

1 99

r e s p e c t i v e r e g i o n s , in a dd i t i o n to t h e t o t a l c i t y p o p u l a t i o n i n t h o s e r e g i o n s ] ; b y s e x) ( b y gub e r n i y a : f o r the who l e g u b e r n i y a , for a l l c i ti e s together, and for one or more specific c i t i e s ; b y the s a m e 6 5 o c c u pa t i o n a l g r o u p s a s f o r t h e r e g i o n l e v e l data, but with fewer subcategories; number o f persons who are s e l f-suppor t i n g i n each of these o c c u p a t i onal cate gor i e s , and the number o f their fami l y member s ; data a r e a l s o g i v e n f o r e a c h u e z d [ n o t b y u r b a n- r u r a l ] , b u t onl y for the number of se l f-supporting persons in each o c c u p a t i o n a l c a t e g o r y [ n o t f o r f am i l y m e m b e r s ] ; a l l o f t h e d a t a i n t h i s t a b l e a r e b y s e x) N um b e r a n d S o c i a l C o m po s i t i o n o f Wo r k e r s i n R u s s i a a c c o r d i n g .!£ t h e F i r s t Geii'e'riil C e n s u s o f P o p u l a t i o n o f t h e R u s s i a n E mp i r e , 1 8 9 7 . V o l um e s 1 - 2 .

No , 59 .

1 . D i s t r i b u t i o n o f W o r k e r s .l!.l. G r o u p a n d � o f O c c u pa t i o n lJii G u b e r n i ya ) . ( data for 1 0 cities a l so [ I vano vo- Voznesen s k , R o s t o v -na­ Donu, K i e v , Riga , M o scow, St. P e t e r s bur g , Khar'kov , Odessa, Warsaw, Lodz ' ] ; for al l worker s and for those 1 5 years o l d or younger; by sex ; by 1 49 di fferent occupations )

No . 6 0 .

2 . D i s t r i b u t i o n o f W o r ke r s .l!.l'.. S e x , M a r i t a l S t a t u s , a n d R e l a t i o n t o t h e F a m i l y lli O c c u pa t i o n a l G r o u p a n d .l!.l. Gu b e r n i a d at a f o r 1 0 ci t i e s a l s o [ s e e T ab l e l ] ; to ta l nu mb e r o f wo r k e r s , n u m b e r o f ma r r i e d w o r k e r s i n e a c h o f 5 a g e g r o u p s , number o f wor k e r s who a r e hea ds of fami l i e s [ by 6 s i z e g r o u p s o f t h e number o f fami l y memb e r s ] ; by 28 occupational groups ) •

No , 6 1 .

3 . D i s t r i b u t i o n o f Wo r k e r s .l!.l. � o f O c c u pa t i o n , S e x , � a n d L i t e r a c y (G e n e r a l S umma r y f o r t h e Empi r e , E u r o p e a n R u s s i a , P r i v i s l i n s k i y G u b e r n i ya s , C a u c a s u s , S i be r i a , and Central � ( b y 7 age group s ; by 1 4 9 d i f f erent occupations )

A p p e n d i x . N u m b e r a n d C o m po s i t i o n o f A gr i c u l t u r a l W o r k e r s , W o r k e r s i n F o r e s t I n d u s t r i e s a n d F o r e s t r y , i n F i s h i n g a n d H u n t i n g, � Laborer s , Unski l l e d Worker s , and S e r van t s . No , 62 .

1 . D i s t r i b u t i o n o f Wo r k e r s , Day-La b o r e r s , U n s k i l l e d W o r ke r s , a n d S e r v a n t s .l!.l'.. � o f O c c u pa t i � G u b e r n i yaY:-( d at a f o r 1 0 c i t i e s a l s o [ s ee T ab l e l ] ; nu m b er o f a l l wor k e r s and o f t h o s e a g e d 1 5 and younger; b y 1 0 o c c u p a t i o n s , f r om t h e t y p e s l i s t e d a b o v e ; b y s e x )

No . 63 .

2 . D i s t r i b u t i o n o f W o r k e r s a n d S e r v a n t s .l!.l. S e x , M a r i t a l S t a t u s , a n d R e l a t i o n .!£ t h e F a m i l y . ( b y ma i n d i v i s i o n s o f t h e e m p i r e ; n u m b e r o f m a r r i e d w o r k e r s , b y 5 a g e g r o u p s ; n u m b e r o f ma r r i e d w o r k e r s w h o head fami l i e s , b y 6 size groups o f the fami l i e s t h e y hea d ; b y the s a m e 1 0 o c c u p a t i o n a l g r o u p s as Tab l e 1 )

200 No . 64 .

No . 65 .

Index and Guide 3 . D i s t r i b u t i o n o f W o r k e r s a n d S e r v a n t s kl'.. S e x , �� S t a t u s , and Relation t o the Famil y . ( s am e t i t l e a s T ab l e 2 , b ut i t i s a pp ar en t l y a t y po g r a p h i c a l e r r o r , b e c a u s e t h e c o n t e n t s a r e un r e l a t e d t o t h e t i t l e : b y ma i n d i v i s i o n s o f t h e e m p i r e ; f o r t h e same 1 0 o c c u pa t i on a l g r o u p s a s i n Tabl e 1 , t h i s t a b l e g i v e s l i t e r a c y b y 7 a g e g r o u p s a n d b y s e x [ t h e r e a r e no data o n ma r i t a l s t a t u s o r r e l a t i o n t o the f a m i l y ] )

3 . D i s t r i b u t i o n o f Wo r k e r s 1I_ � .2.f O c c u pa t i o n , S e x ,

!&h !.!!..!! L i t e r a cX:

( t h i s t a b l e i s t h e s a m e t i t l e a n d f o r ma t a s t h e m a i n T a b l e 3 i n V o l um e l.:, b u t i t i s b y g u b e r n i y a r a t h e r t h a n b y ma j o r d i v i s i o n s o f t h e e m p i r e ; d a t a a r e a l s o i n c l u d e d f o r t h e 1 0 c i t i e s [ s e e T a b l e 1 , V o l u m e .L_] )

F i r s t G e n e r a l C e n s u s .2.!. t h e P o p u l a t i o n .2.f t h e R u s s i a n E mp i r e , S h o r t S umma r i e s . N u m b e r s �

1897.

N u m b e r 1 . P o pu l a t i o n o f t h e E mp i r e , a c c o r d i n g !.2. t h e C e n s u s o f J a n ua r y lJh 1 8 9 7 , 1I_ U e z d . No . 66 .

1 . Popu l a t i on o f t h e Russian Empi r e , a c c o r d i n g t o t h e 1 8 9 7 C e n s u s , 1I_ U e z d . ( permanent popu l a t i o n , b y se x ; urban popu l a t i o n , n o t b y sex)

No . 6 7 .

2 . P o p u l a t i o n o f t h e R u s s i a n E m p i r e , a c c o r d i n g !.2. t h e 1 8 9 7 C e n s u s , 1I_ G u b e r n i ya . ( permanent p o p u l a t i o n , by s e x ; ur ban p o p u l a t i o n , n o t b y sex )

N u m b e r 2 . P o p u l a t i o n o f C i t i e s , a c c o r d i n g !.2. t h e C e n s u s .2.f J a n u a r y

lJh 1 8 9 7 . No . 68 .

1 . P o p u l a t i o n o f C i t i e s .2.f t h e R u s s i a n E m p i r e , a c c o r d i n g to the 1897 Census . '("by gub e r n i y a , t h e p o p u l a t i o n o f i n d i v i d u a 1 c i t i e s [ about 5 t o 2 5 c ities, depending upon the guberniya ] ; by sex)

No. 69.

2 . E n u m e r a t e d � Fa c t o ] P o pu l a t i o n i n C i t i e s , a c c o r d i n g t o t h e 1 8 9 7 C e n s u s , 1I_ G u b e r n i ya . "('Ur b a n p o p u l a t i o n , b y s e x )

N u m b e r 3 . P o p u l a t i o n o f t h e C i t i e s o f §..!:.:. P e t e r s b u r g , M o s c o w, W a r s a w , a n d Ode s s a , a c c o r d i n g t o t h e C e n s u s o f J a n u a r y 2 8 t h , 1 8 9 7 . No . 70 .

1 . P o p u l a t i o n o f §..!:.:. P e t e r s b u r g, a c c o r d i n g !.2. t h e 1 8 9 7 Census . ( b y p o l i c e d i s t r i c t s a n d t h e i r s u b d i v i s i o n s [ " u c h a s t k i" ] f o r t h e c i t y a n d t h e subur b s ; b y s e x ; enume r a t e d p o p u l a t i o n i n 1 8 9 0 a n d 1 8 9 7 ; p e r ma n e n t p o p u l a t i o n [ d e

List of Census Tables

20 1

jure ] in 1897 ) No . 7 1 .

2 . P o p u l a t i o n .2.f � P e t e r s b u r R , a c c o r d i n R t o t h e 1 89 7 Census . ( b y t h e same d i s t r i c t s a n d uchastki a s i n Tabl e l ; for the years 1 890 and 1897; b y peasant and non peasant s o c i a l g r o u p s ; b y s e x)

No . 7 2 .

3 . P o pu l a t i o n o f M o s c ow , a c c o r d i n g t o t h e 1 8 9 7 C e n s u s . ( e x a c t l y t h e s a m e f o r m a t a s Ta b l e 1 , b u t t h e y e a r s a r e 1882 and 1 897)

No . 7 3 .

4 . P o pu l a t i o n o f M o s c o w , a c c o r d i n g !.!!. t h e 1 8 9 7 C e n s u s . ( e x a c t l y t h e s a m e f o r m a t a s Ta b l e 2 , b u t t h e y e a r s a r e 1882 and 1 8 9 7 )

No . 7 4 .

5 . P o p u l a t i o n .2.f O d e s s a , a c c o r d i n g t o t h e 1 8 9 7 C e n s u s . ( e x a c t l y t h e s a m e f o r m a t a s T a b l e 3� �-

No . 7 5 .

6 . P o pu l a t i o n o f O d e s s a , a c c o r d i n g t o t h e 1 8 9 7 C e n s u s . ( e x a c t l y t h e s a m e f o r m a t a s T a b l e 4� �-

No . 7 6 .

-�-

7 . Popu l a t i on o f Warsaw , a c c o r d ing t o the 1 89 7 Census . ( by d i s t r i c t s o f the c i t y ; unl ike the other tabl e s in t h i s v o l u m e , i t i s f o r 1 8 9 7 o n l y ; e n u me r a t e d [ d e f a c t o ] a n d p e r ma n e n t [ d e j u r e ] p o p u l a t i o n ; e n u m e r a t e d p e a s a n t a n d n o n p e a s a n t p o p u l a t i o n ; b y s e x)

N umb e r 4 . F i n a l T a b u l a t i o n o f t h e E n u m e r a t e d � Fa c t o ] P o pu l a t i o n o f t heEiiijirr;:-hU e z d . No . 7 7 .

1 . E n u me r a t e d � F a c t o ] P o p u l a t i o n .2.f t h e Emp i r e , .!!.z. Uezd . ( total popul ation, by sex; urban popul ation; number of persons who were born in the guberniya in which they were enumera t e d )

No . 78 .

2 . E n u me r a t e d � F a c t o ] P o p u l a t i o n o f t h e E m p i r e , .!!.z. Guberniya . ( s ame f o r m a t a s T a b l e 1 , b u t b y g u b e r n i y a o n l y )

N u m b e r 5 . F i n a l T a b u l a t i o n o f t h e E n u me r a t e d � F a c t o ] Popu l a t i o n o f C i t i e s . No . 79 .

1 . E n u me r a t e d P o p u l a t i o n o f C i t i e s .2.f t h e R u s s i a n Empi r e , a c c o r d i n g t o t h e 1 8 9 7 C e n s u s . ( by g u b e r n i y a a n d by t h e p o p u l a t i o n s o f i n d i v i d u a l c i t i e s in each guberniya [ about 5 to 25 cities, depending u p o n the guberniya ] ; tota l popul ation of each unit, by sex; subur ban popul ation and prel iminar y c i t y popul a t i o n f i gu r e s [ no t b y s e x ] )

No . 80 .

2 . E n u me r a t e d P o pu l a t i o n Empi r e , a c c o r d i n g !.!!. t h e ( s ame f o r m a t a s T a b l e 1 , guberniya le ve l , not for

of Cities of the Russian 1 8 9 7 C e n s u s , .!!.z. G u b e r n i ya . b u t d a t a a r e on l y a t t h e i n d i v i dual c i t i e s)

202

Index and Guide

N u m b e r 6 . E n u me r a t e d � Fa c t o ] P o pu l a t i o n o f B o t h � .!!.I. U e z d � .£!!..Ii. .!!..!.!.!!. L i s t i n g o f t h e P r e d om i n a n t R e l i g i o n s a n d t h e M a i n Social Groups .

No . 8 1 .

1 . E n u m e r a t e d P o pu l a t i o n o f B o t h S e x e s .!!.I. U e z d a n d .£!!..Ii. w i t h L i s t i n g .Q.f t h e P r e d om i n a n t R e l i g i o n s a n d t h e M a i n S o c i a l G r o up s . ( b y u r b a n - r ur a l i n ea c h u e z d [ d a t a a r e n o t g i v e n f o r i n d i v i d u a l c i t i e s ] ; n o t b y s e x ; d a t a on r e l i g i o n s a n d social groups a r e n o t c r o s s- t a b u l a t e d b y each o t h e r )

i�

N u m b e r 7 . E n u me r a t e d f De F a c o P o p u l a t i o n o f B o t h S e x e s .!!.I. U e z d , w i t h L i s t i n g o f t h e � .Q.._ e r s o n s o f t h e P r e d o m i n a n t N a t i v e L a n guage s . No . 82 .

[ see ti t l e of Number 7 . ] a .!!!. G u b e r n i ya a n d Obia s t . ( for the total popul ation and for the urban popul ation; n o t by s e x ) b .!!!. U e z d a n d O k r u g . ( not by sex) •

•

N u m b e r 8 . P e r c e n t a g e D i s t r i b u t i o n o f t h e E n u me r a t e d � F a c t o ] P o pu l a t i o n o f t h e Em p i r e o f B o t h S e x e s , .!!.I. t h e M o s t I m po r t a n t O c c u pa t i o n a l G r o u p s W h i c h P r o v i d e t h e M a i n M e a n s o f L i v e l i h o o d . No. 83.

1 . D i s t r i b u t i o n .Q.f t h e E n u me r a t e d P o pu l a t i o n .!!.I. t h e � O c c upa t i o n a l G r o up s ==. i n P e r c e n t a g e s l!l ==. S um ma r y . ( f or main di v i sions of the empi r e on l y ; for the total popul ation and for the urban popu lation ; for 20 o c c u pa t i o n a l g r o u p s ; n o t b y s e x )

No . 84 .

2 . D i s t r i b u t i o n o f t h e E n u m e r a t e d P o pu l a t i o n .!!.I. M a i n O c c u pa t i o n a l G r o u p -=:- i n P e r c e n t a ge s i!l ==. .!!!. G u b e r n i ya . ( same format as Table 1 , but b y guberni ya )

P o pu l a t e d P l a c e s o f t h e R u s s i a n Empi r e H a v i n g 5 0 0 £.!:. M o r e I n h a b i t an t s , w i t h L i s t ing o f the Tota l Enume r a t e d Popu l a t i on a n d t h e N u m b e r o f I n h a b i t a n t s W h o B e l o n g .!.2_ t h e P r e d o m i n a n t R e l i g i o u s G r o u p s , a c c o r d i n g !.Q. D a t a o f t h e F i r s t G e n e r a l C e n s u s o f t h e Population , 1 8 9 7 . No . 85 .

S u p p l e m e n t . N u m b e r o f P o p u l a t e d P l a c e s .Q.f 5 0 0 I n h a b i t a n t s £.!:_ M o r e , .!!.I. G u b e r n i ya . (al so gi ves , for each guberniya , the total pop u lation in p l a c e s w i t h 500 i n h a b i t a n t s o r more a n d t h e num ber and total population of other s e t t lemen t s )

No . 86 .

- S a m e t i t l e a s v o l ume t i t l e - . ( by guberniya; the tota l popu lation o f each pl ace i s by sex, but data on r e l i gion are not by sex ; each s e t t l e me n t i s a l s o c o d e d a s t o i t s t y p e a n d f u n c t i o n )

C i t i e s a n d P o p u l a t i o n i n U e z d s t h a t Ha v e 2 0 0 0 £.!:_ M o r e I n h a b i t an t s .

List of Census Tables

203

No . 87 .

Cities . ( b y g u b e r n i y a ; n u m b e r of c i t i e s a n d t h e i r t o t a l popul at ion in each of 5 size groups)

No . 88 .

S e t t l em e n t s i n U e z d s . ( b y g u b e r n i y ii; n u m b e r of p o p u l a t i o n p o i n t s in t h e u e z d s [ i .e. , other than the cities inc luded abov e ] and their total population in each of 6 si ze group s )

N o . 89 .

C i t i e s that Have Fewer than 2000 Inhabitants . "'(li'Y8ub e r n i y a ; p o p u l a t iOiiOf e a c h o f t h e s e c i t i e s )

N o . 90 .

D i s t r i b u t i o n o f S e t t l e me n t s o f 2 0 0 0 o r M o r e I n h a b i t a n t s , E x c l u d i n g C i tie s , .!!..l'.. t h e Popiilatfiiil o f B o t h S e x e s . ( b y g u b e r n i y a ; p o p u l a t i o n o f e a c h o f t h e s e s e t t l e me n t s ; t o t a l p o p u l a t i o n a n d n u m b e r o f s e t t l e me n t s i n e a c h o f 6 size group s ; not by s e x )

A LL-UN I O N POPULAT I O N C E N S U S O F 1 9 2 6

S e c t i o n 1 . N a t i o na l i t y , N a t i v e L a n guage , � L i t e r a c y . R a yo n V o l um e s . No . 100 .

1 . U r b a n S o v i e t s , V o l o s t s , a n d R a y o n s .!!..l'.. P o p u l a t i o n Size . ( data are general l y by gub erni ya [ in many un i t s , e s p e c i a l l y t h o s e not i n European RSFSR or Ukrainskaya S S R , d a t a a r e o n l y a t t h e wh o l e A S S R o r S S R l e v e l ] ; number o f urban so v i e t s and number of v o l o s t s and rayons [ together ] and their popul ation, by 15 p o p u l a t i o n- s i z e g r o u p s )

No . 1 0 1 .

2 . R u r a l S o v i e t s [ C o u n c i l s ] .!!.I. P o p u l a t i o n S i z e . ( by guberniya and [ in most guberni yas ] by uezd; popul a t i o n in r u r a l so v i e t s and v o l o s t s [ t o g e t h e r ] ; number o f v o l o s t s ; numb er o f r u r a l s o v i e t s and t h e i r total population , by 6 populat ion-size groups )

No . 102 .

3 . N u m b e r o f R u r a l S o v i e t s , P o p u l a t e d f. l a c e s , � H o u s e h o l d s , a n d E n u me r a t e d � Fa c t o ] P o p u l a t i o n .!!.I. V o l o s t , w i t h � A p po r t i o n m e n t o f T h o s e R e gi s t e r e d .!.!!. Urban Settlements . ( i n some u n i t s d a t a ar e g i v e n on l y a t th e ra y o n [ e qu i v a l e n t t o u e z d ] l e v e l , n o t f o r v o l o s t s ; i n a d d i t i o n t o t h e r ur a l popu l a t i on i n t h e c a t e gor i e s l i s t e d abo v e , p o p u l a t i on o f urban sov i e t s t h a t a r e included i n t h e v o l o s t so viets i s also gi ven )

No . 103 .

4 . D i s t r i b u t i o n o f U r b a n a n d R u r a l P o p u l a t e d P l a c e s .!!.I. P o pu l a t i o n S i z e . ( pa r t a , b y g u b e r n i y a , g i v e s t h e n u m b e r o f u r b a n a n d o f r u r a l p o p u l a t e d p l aces and the t o t a l popu l a t i on i n them, by 1 4 s i ze groups; part b, by guberniya and [ in most gube r n i y a s ] b y uezd , g i ves s i mi l ar data but by 1 1 s i ze groups )

204

Index and Guide

No . 1 0 4 .

5 . Enumerated � Fact o ] and Permanent � Jur e ] Popu l a t i o n of Ur ban S e t t l ement s . ( b y guberni ya , data f o r each ur ban s e t t lemen t ; by s e x )

No . 105 .

6 . P o p u l a t i o n ,h N a t i o n a � N a t i v e L a n gu a g e , a n d Literacy . ( by g u b e rn i ya , and for i n d i v i dua l l a r ge c i t i e s [ usual l y 1 o r m o r e c i t i e s i n e a c h ma j o r c e n s u s r a y o n , a n d some times 1 c i t y i n each guberni ya ] ; number o f p e r s o n s b y r e l a t i o n s h i p o f n a t i o n a l i t y and n a t i v e l a n guage [ na t i v e l an g u a g e i s the language o f their n a t i o na l i t y, i s not o f their national i t y ( by Russ ian, one or two local l anguages, or other ) ] ; tota l number of l i terate pe r s o n s an d n u m b er o f t h o s e wh o a r e l i t e ra te in t h e language o f their national i t y; for 1 9 0 d i f f erent c a t e g o r i e s o f n a t i o n a l i t i e s ; b y u r b a n- r u r a l ; b y s e x ; t h e t o t a l f o r e i g n p o p u l a t i o n a n d t h e number o f t h e m who a r e l i t e r a t e i s a l s o g i v e n , b y s e x a n d u r b a n- r u r a l on l y )

No . 1 0 6 .

6a . L i t e r a t e P e r s o n s ,h S e x a n d L a n g u a g e o f L i t e r a c y . ( o n l y a b o u t h a l f o f t h e ma j o r c e n s u s r a y o n s h a v e t h i s tabl e ; i n some r a yons t h e ta b l e co v e r s onl y o n e e t h n i c a d m i n i s t r a t i v e un i t , w h i l e i n o t h e r s i t c o v e r s a l l g u b e r n i y a - l e v e l u n i t s a n d [ e s p e c i a l l y i n U k r a i n s ka y a S S R ] e v e n s o m e ma j o r c i t i e s ; n u m b e r o f p e r s o n s l i t e r a t e in each of se vera l d i f ferent languages ; by two or m o r e e t h n i c g r o u p s ; by s e x ; b y ur ban- r u r al ; l anguage and na t i o n a l i t y d a t a a r e e s p e c i a l l y d e t a i l e d i n U k r a i n s ka y a SSR )

No . 1 0 7 .

7 . F o r e i g n e r s ,h S e x a n d S t a t e . ( b y g u b e r n i y a a n d f o r m o s t ma j o r c i t i e s ; f o r 4 7 d i f f e r e n t s t a t e s or g r o u p s of s t a t e s ; by urban-rura l )

N o . 1 08 .

8 . P o p u l a t i o n ( C i t i z e n s o f t h e U S S R a n d F o r e i g n e r s ) .h Na t i v e L a n g u a g e . ( b y g u b e r n i y a a n d f o r m o s t ma j o r c i t i e s ; f o r 1 5 3 d i f f e r e n t l a n g u a g e c a t e g o r i e s ; b y u r b a n- r u r a l ; b y s e x ; data a r e a g g r e ga te , not by c i t i z e n s h i p )

No . 1 09 .

9 . P o p u l a t i o n ,h S e x , � M a i n N a t i o n a l i t i e s , a n d Literacy . ( b y g u b e r n i y a a n d f o r mo s t ma j o r c i t i e s ; n a t i o n a l i t y i s u s u a l l y b y R u s s i an o r o t h e r [ i n a r e a s w i t h w i d e e t h n i c d i v e r s i t y or i n non-R u s s i an r e p ub l i c s i t i s for s e v e r a l o r m o r e n a t i o n a l i t i e s , w h i l e i n a r e a s t h a t a r e mo s t l y Russian nationa l i t y data are often not g i v en ] ; b y s i n g l e - y e a r a g e s ; b y s e x ; b y u r b a n- r u r a l )

No . 1 1 0 .

9a . C h i l d r e n Y o u n g e r t h a n O n e Y e a r O l d ,h S e x a n d � ( b y g u b e r n i y a a n d f o r m o s t ma j o r c i t i e s ; b y n a t i o n a l i t y [ u s ual l y R u s s i an a n d o t h e r , or s e v e r a l d i f f e r e n t e t h n i c g r o u p s ] ; b y 5 a g e g r o u p s ; b y u r b a n- r u r a l [ i n s o m e un i t s u r b a n - r u r a l d a t a a r e n o t b y n a t i o n a l i t y ] )

No . 1 1 1 .

9 b . U k r a i n i a n s ,h N a t i v e L a n g u a g e a n d S e x , � a n d Literacy . ( th i s tabl e i s in t h e 6 Ukrainian sub-rayons onl y; by o k r u g a n d f o r m o s t ma j o r c i t i e s ; t o t a l n u m b e r o f Ukr a i n i a n s and the number l i te r a t e ; number o f U k r a i n i a n s w h o s e nat i v e l anguage i s Ukra i n i a n , R u s s i an, or other , and the number of each of those groups who are l i terate; by singl e-year ages to age 1 9, and then by

List of Census Tables

205

5- and 1 0-year a g e g r o u p s ; b y urban-rura l ) No . 1 1 2 .

1 0 . Popu l a t i o n J!.I. Sex , National i ty, .!a! l!.!.!.!!..!. Language J!.I. I n d i v i dual � S e t t l ements and V o l o s t s .

( by guberniya a n d u e z d ; f o r the ma j o r e thnic groups and for the ma j o r l anguages o n l y [ common l y 5- 1 0 o f each ] , n o t c r o s s- t a b u l a t e d b y each other )

No . 1 1 3 .

1 1 . Popu l a t ion J!.I. � Sex, and Literacy, J!.I. U e z d , V o l o s t and I n d i v i dual U r b a n S e t tlemen t s . ( fo r 2g age g r o u p s ; a l sOli'Y"""nationa l i t y in mo s t un i t s [ f r om 2 to a b o u t 6 o r 8 g r o u p s , depending u p o n the unit ] , but ethnic data a r e often n o t gi v en when the p o p u l a tion in the guberniya i s main l y R u s s i an ; wi thin g u b e r n i y a s wher e ethnic data a r e g i v en, t h e y are g e n e r a l l y in c l u d e d f o r most u e z d s and f o r many v o l o s t s and c i t i e s , but not a l l ; o f t e n , ethnic data t h a t a r e giv e n for the who l e u e z d a r e not b y u r b an-rural )

V o l ume 9 . � No . 1 1 4 .

1 . Popu l a t e d P l a c e s . Enume r a t e d � Facto ) � a n d Rur a l Populat i o n . ( genera l l y b y guberniya a n d u e z d , but some un i t s are n o t sub d i v i de d [ i . e . , d a t a a r e o n l y a t the ASSR , AO, or guberniya l e ve l ] ; area o f each unit and p o p ul a t i o n d e n s i t y [ to ta l , r u r a l ] ; n u m b e r o f p o p u l a t e d p l a c e s a n d t o t a l popu l a t i o n , b y s e x and urban-rural )

No . 1 1 5 .

2 . Urban S o v i e t s [ Counci l s ) , Vo l o s t s , a n d Rayon s , J!.I. Pop"'iiiiti o n Size . ( by g u b e r n i y a ; same format as Rayon Table 1 [ No . 1 00 ] )

No . 1 1 6 .

3 . � S o v i e t s [ Counc i l s ) J!.I. Population S i z e . ( by guber n i ya ; same format as Rayon T a b l e 2 [ No . 1 0 1 ] )

No . 1 1 7 .

4 . D i s t r i bution o f Urban an d ��Rural Popu l a t e d � J!.I. Popu l a t i o n S i z e .� ��- -� ( fo r the ma i n r a y o n s [ 1 9 o f them ] ; same format as Rayon Table 4 [ N o . 1 03 ] , p a r t a )

No . 1 1 8 .

5 . Enumera t e d � Facto ) a n d Permanent � Jure ) Popu l a t i o n o f Urban S e t t l ement s . ( by g u b e r n i y a , data f o r each urban s e t t l emen t ; same f o r ma t a s Rayo n Table 5 [ N o . 1 04 ] )

No . 1 1 9 .

6 . Popu l a t i o n J!.I. S e x , Nationa l i ty, � Language , .!a! Literacy 1!.!!. A b s o l u t e N umbe r s ) . (whol e RSFSR o n l y ; same format as Rayon Tabl e 6 l No . 1 05 ] , but n at i v e l anguage i s onl y for 2 c a t e g o r i e s [ R ussian a n d other ] )

No . 1 20 .

7 . Popu l a t i o n J!.I. S e x , Nat ional ity, Na t i ve Language , .!a! Literacy ( i n R e l a t i v e Numbe r s ) . ( w h o l e RS"'FS"R o n l y ; in s p i t e o f th e t i t l e , t h i s t a b l e i s n o t e x ac t l y th e sa me f or ma t a s T ab l e 6 ; n u mb er o f wo me n per 1 000 men, percent o f the popu l a t i o n o f eac h n a t i o n a l i t y whose nati v e l an guage i s t h e language o f that na tiona l i t y , percent l i terate by nationa l i t y , p e r c e n t o f l i terate p e r s o n s w h o are l i terate in the language o f their nationa l i t y ; for 1 90 d i f f erent ethnic groups; b y ur ban- rura l ; l i terac y o f a l l foreigners i s

206

Index and Guide a l s o g i ven , b y se x a n d u r ban-rural o n l y )

No . 1 2 1 .

8 . For e igne r s Ju'.. � ( t he f o r ma t o f t hi s ta b l e at t h e w h o l e R SF SR l e v e l i s t h e same a s that o f Rayon T a b l e 7 [ No . 1 07 ] , i n c l u d i n g data b y s e x and u r ban-rural ; d a t a a l s o g i v e n f o r e a c h o f t h e 1 9 c e n s u s r a y o n s and f o r M o s cow and L e n i n g ra d , bu t t ho s e r e gi on a l an d c i t y d a t a a r e no t b y s e x o r u r ban- r u r a l )

No . 1 2 2 .

9 . Popul a t i o n (Ci t i ze n s o f � U S S R .!.!!.!!_ F o r e igne rs) Ju'.. N a t i v e Language . ( wh o l e RSFSR ; s a m e f o rmat as Rayon T a b l e 8 ( No . 1 08 ] )

No . 1 23 .

1 0 .!U.fil!.!£ Compo s i t i on � t h e Popul a t i o n o f I n d i v i dual T e r r i t o r i a l Un i t s o f t h e RSFSR . ( b y g u b e r n i y a p l u s-p;j oSC'Ow�Len i n g r a d ; numb e r o f d i f f e r e n t e t h n i c g r o u p s g i v e n f o r e a c h r e g i o n v ar i e s f r om 3 t o a b o u t 3 5 ; b y ur ban- r u r a l a n d b y s e x [ da t a a r e no t c r o s s- t a b u l a t e d b y u r ban-rural a n d s e x ] )

N o . 1 24 .

1 1 . D i s t r i b u t i o n o f N a t i o na l i t i e s .!.!!. the T e r r i t o r y o f t h e RSFSR. ( fo r 190 d i f f e r e n t ethnic c a t e g or i e s ; f o r e a c h e t h n i c g r o u p t h e n u m b e r o f that g r o u p l i v i n g i n e a c h e t h n i c un i t o r g u b e r n i y a ( p l u s M o s c o w and L e n i n g ra d ] o f the RSFSR i s g i v e n , w i t h the un i t s l i s t e d i n d e c r e a s i n g o r d e r o f t h e n um b e r o f t ha t gr o u p l i v i n g t h e r e ; b y u r ban-r ural )

No . 1 2 5 .

1 2 . Popu l a t i on o f I n d i v i d u a l T e r r i t o r i a l U n i t s o f t h e RSFSR Ju'.. N a t i v e-i:: a nguage ( I n c l u d i n g Fore ign Ci tIZe'ii'S'I . ( e xac t l y t h e same admini s t r a t i v e uni t s and format a s T a b l e 1 0 [ No . 1 2 3 ] but f o r n a t i v e languag e )

No .

126.

No . 1 2 7 .

•

1 3 . D i s t r i b u t i o n o f Language s i n t h e T e r r i t o r y � t h e RSFS R . ( e xac t l y the same a dmini s t r a t i v e uni t s and fo rmat a s T a b l e 1 1 [ N o . 1 24 ] but f o r langua g e )

1 4 . P o pu l a t i on .!!..v. S el , � an d Li t e r a c y .!!,,,_ I n th e RSFSR .!!.,_ I n t h e RSF R w i t h o u t Kazakhskaya A � . rrrgI'Z s kaya A S S R , Dage s t a n s kaya ASSR, a n d Autonomous Obl a s t s o f t h e N o r t h Cauca s u s . ( fo r t h e ""WhO'fe RSFSR a n d f o r t h e RSFSR w i t h o u t t h e uni t s n o t e d a b o v e onl y ; b y s i n g l e - y e a r a g e s ; f o r u r b a n , r ural , c i t i e s w i t h more than 1 0 0 , 000 p o pu l a t i o n [ t o t a l , not indi vidua l cities ] , cities with popu lations of 50 , 000 t o 9 9 , 999 [ a l s o t o t a l ] , a n d o t h e r ur ban ) •

•

N o . 1 28 .

No . 1 2 9 .

1 5 . Popul a t i o n Ju'.. S e x , � a n d L i t e racy, a c c o r d i n g .!£. the C e n s u s e s o f December ll... 1926 .!.!!.!!_ F e b r u a r y .2.._ 1 8 9 7 . ( by 1 9 c e n s u s r a y o n s o f t h e RSFSR; b y s i n g l e - y e a r a g e s 1 - 1 9 , then b y 5-year a g e g r o u p s ; b y urban- r u r al ) 1 6 . Chi l d r e n Youne e r than O n e Year. O l d Ju'.. S e x a n d � I n t h e RSFSR . _:_ I n the Irn"FSR withOut K rnkhSkaya f SSR, ( i r gi z ska a A S S R l Dage s t a n s kaya ASSR, and u o omous Repu G l i e s .!?__ � North Cauca s u s . ( fo r t h e who l e R S F S R a n d the RSFSR w i t h o u t t h e u n i t s n o t e d a b o v e o n l y ; b y 5 age g r o u p s ; f o r urban , rural , c i t i e s w i t h mo r e than 1 00, 000 p opul a t i o n [ t o t a l ] , c i t i e s with p o p u l a t i ons o f 50, 000 t o 9 9 , 999 [ a l so t o t a l ] , o t h e r u r ban )

.!!...

207

List of Census Tables N o . 1 30 .

1 7 .!.&!!. Compo s i t i o n o f t h e P o pu l a t i o n a c c o r d i n g .!.!!. t h e C e n s u s e s o f 1 9 2 6 a n d 1 8 9 7 , i n R e l a t i v e N u mb e r s lli � ( b y 1 9 c e ii'Su s r a yOiS o f t h e """'RS F S R ; b y s i n g l e - y e a r a g e s 1 - 1 9 , t h e n b y 5 - y e a r a g e g r o u p s ; b y u r b an - r ur s l ; b y se x ) •

�

No . 1 3 1 .

1 8 . Literacy o f the Popul ation h � accordin o the C e n s u s e s o f 1 9 2 6 a n d lf9 7 i n R e l a t i v e N u m b e r s i n � � ( by 19 c e n s u s r a y o n s o t e R SFS R ; b y s i n g l e - y e a r a g e s 5 - 1 9 , t h e n b y 5 - y e a r a g e g r o u p s ; b y u r b an- r u r a l ; b y se x )

No . 1 3 2 .

1 9 . L i t e r a c y o f t h e P o p u l a t i o n o f I n d i v i d ua l T e r r i t o r i a l U n i t s w i t h Appo r t i o nme n t o f t h e � N u me r o u s N a t i o n a l i t i e s , i n R e l a t i v e N u m b e r s ii.!!. � ( b y g u b e r n i y a a n d u e z d [ ma n y un i t s do n o t g i v e u e z d d a t a ] , p l u s M o s c o w a n d Le n i n g r a d ; n u m b e r o f n a t i o n a l i t i e s g i v e n r a n g e s f r om a b o u t 2 t o 3 5 ; b y s e x ; b y u r ba n r u r a l ; d a t a a t t h e u e z d l e v e l a r e n o t b y n a t i o na l i t y )

V o l um e 1 1 . No . 133 . N o . 1 34 .

U k r a i n s ka y a S S R . 1 . P o pu l a t e d P l a c e s . E n u me r a t e d � F a c t o ] U r b a n a n d Rural Population . n>Y'Qk r u g , same f o r m a t a s R S F S R T a b l e 1 [ N o . 1 1 4 ] )

2 . U r b a n S o v i e t s [ C o u n c i l s ] a n d R a y o n s h P o pu l a t i o n Size . ('bY6" s u b - r a y o n s ; n u m b e r o f u r b a n s o v i e t s a n d o f r a y o n s a n d t h e i r t o t a l p o p u l a t i o ns , b y 1 1 p o p u l a t i o n - s i z e groups )

No . 1 3 5 .

3 . R u r a l S o v i e t s h P o pu l a t i o n S i z e . ( by 6 sub-rayons; number o f rural s o v i e t s and their t o t a l p o p u l a t i o n , b y 6 p o p u l a t i o n- s i z e g r o u p s )

No . 136 .

4 . Di s t r i b u t i o n o f U r b a n a n d R u r a l P o p u l a t e d � h Population S i ze . ( b y 6 s u b - r a y on s ; same f o r m a t as R a y on T a b l e 4 [ N o . 1 03 ] , p a r t a )

No . 1 3 7 .

5 . E n u me r a t e d � F a c t o ] a n d P e r m a n e n t � J ur e ] Population of Urban Sett lemen t s . ( b y 6 s u b - r a y o n s ; d a t a f o r a l l u r b a n s e t t l e me n t s o n l y [ not indivi dual ones ] ; by sex)

No . 1 3 8 .

6 . P o pu l a t i o n lb'.. S e x , N a t i o n a l i t y , N a t i v e Langua R e , a n d L i t e r a c y ii.!!. A b s o l u t e N u m b e r s ) . ( who l e r e p u b l i c o n l y ; same f o r ma t a s R a y o n T a b l e 6 [ N o . 1 05 ] )

No . 139 .

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208

Index and Guide

No . 140 .

7 . P op u l a t i o n ll S e x , N a t i o n a l i t y , N a t i v e L a n g u a g e , a n d L i t e r a c y 1!!!. R e l a t i v e N u m b e r s ) . ( wh o l e r e p u b l i c o n l y ; same f o r m a t as R S F S R T a b l e 7 [ N o . 1 20 ] )

No . 141 .

8 . F o r e i g n e r s ll S t a t e . ( d a t a f o r t h e wh o l e r e p u b l i c a r e f o r 3 9 c a t e g o r i e s o f s t a t e s , b y s e x a n d b y u r b a n- r u r a l ; d a t a f o r t h e s e s a m e c a t e gor i e s are a l s o gi v en f o r the 6 sub-rayons a n d f o r Kiev , Kharko v , and Odessa , but these data are not by s e x o r b y u r b a n- r u r a l )

No . 1 4 2 .

9 . P o pu l a t i o n (C i t i z e n s � t h e U S S R a n d F o r e i gn e r s ) ll N a t i v e Language . twliOf"e r e p u b l i c o n l y ; same f o r m a t a s R a y o n T a b l e 8 [ N o . 1 08 ] )

No . 143 .

1 0 . E t h n i c Compo s i t i o n � I n d i v i d u a l T e r r i t o r i a l U n i t s o f t h e Ukrainskaya S S R . '{'by ()i(r u g ; s a m e f o rmata s R S F S R T a b l e 1 0 [ N o . 1 2 3 ] , b u t t h e n um b e r o f d i f f e r e n t e t h n i c g r o u p s g i v e n f o r e a c h un i t v a r i e s f r om a b o u t 4 t o 1 1 )

No . 144 .

1 1 . Di s t r i b u t i o n o f N a t i o n a l i t i e s i n t h e T e r r i t o r y o f t h e Uk r a i n s ka y a S S R . ( same format a s RSFSR Ta b l e 1 1 [ N o . 1 24 ] , but d a t a a r e giv en for fewer languages and are not pro v i d e d for any cities )

No . 1 4 5 .

1 2 . P o p u l a t i o n o f I n d i v i d u a l T e r r i t o r i a l Un i t s o f t h e U k r a i n s kaya S S R ll N a t i v e L a n guage . ( b y o k r u g ; e xa c t l y t h e same f o r m a t a s T a b l e 1 0 [ N o . 1 4 3 ] b u t for n a t i v e languag e )

No . 146 .

1 3 . D i s t r i b u t i o n o f L a n g u a g e s .!.!!. t h e T e r r i t o r y o f t h e Uk r a i n s ka y a S S R . ( e x a c t l y t h e"Siiie f o r m a t a s T a b l e 1 1 [ N o . 1 4 4 ] , b u t f o r langua g e s )

No . 1 4 7 .

1 4 . P o p u l a t i o n ll S e x , � M a i n N a t i o n a l i t i e s , a n d Literacy. ( wh o l e r e p u b l i c o n l y ; n u m b e r o f p e r s o n s who a r e Uk r a i n i a n s , R u s s i a n s , J e w s , o r o t h e r s , a n d t h e n u m b e r o f e a c h o f t h e s e n a t i o n a l i t i e s who a r e l i t e r a t e [ f o r Ukr ainians and Jews the data al so i n c l ude the number o f l i t e r a t e p e r s o n s who s e na t i v e l a n g a u g e i s U k r a i n i a n o r R u s s i a n ( f o r Jews, the number who se 1 anguage i s a na t i v e E u r o p e a n l a n g u a g e) ] ; b y u r b a n , r u r a l , c i t i e s o f m o r e t h a n 1 00 , 0 0 0 p o p u l a t i o n [ t o t a l , n o t i n d i v i d u a l c i t i e s ] , c i t i e s o f 5 0 , 000 t o 9 9 , 9 9 9 p o p u l a t i o n [ a l s o total ] , and other ur ban ; by s i n g l e-year ages)

No . 148 .

1 5 . C h i l d r e n Y o u n g e r t h a n O n e Y e a r O l d ll S e x a n d � ( wh o l e r e p u b l i c o n l y ; b y U k r a i n i a n , R u s s i a n , J e w , other ; by 5 age groups ; by urban, rura 1 , c i t i e s o f more t h a n 1 00 , 00 0 p o p u l a t i o n [ t o t a l , no t i n d i v i d u a l c i t i e s ] , c i t i e s o f 50, 000 t o 9 9 , 999 p o p u l a t i on [ a l so t o t a l ] , and o t h e r ur ban)

No . 149 .

1 6 a . U k r a i n i a n s ll N a t i v e L a n gu a g e a n d ill lli R e l a t i v e Numb e r s wh o l e r e p u b l i c o n l y ; p e r c e n t o f U k r a i n i a n s who s e nativ e language i s Ukrainian , Russian, or other; by s i n g l e - y ea r a g e s t o a g e 1 9 a n d t h e n b y 5 - y e a r a g e

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No . 150 .

1 6 b . � .!!.I. N a t i v e L a n guage a n d !&£. ill R e l a t i v e N u mb e r s same f o r ma t as Ta b l e 1 6a , b u t p e r c e n t of Jews w h o s e n a t i v e l a n g u a g e i s a E u r o p e a n l a n g ua g e )

No . 1 5 1 .

1 7 . P o pu l a t i o n .!!.I. S x , .!.&.!... a n d L i t e r a c y, a c c o r d i n t o t h e Ce n s u s e s o f 1 9 2 a n d 1 8 9I""I!!!: Ab s o l u t e Numbe r s _ . (Wli"o l e r e p ublTC o n ly ;""'l)y" s i n g l e - y e a r a g e s 1 - 1 9 and t h e n 5 - y e a r a g e g r o u p s ; b y u r b a n- r u r a l )

No . 1 5 2 .

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V o l ume 1 7 . U S S R . No . 153 .

1 . P o p u l a t e d P l a c e s . Enume r a t e d � Fa c t o ] U r b a n a n d Rural Population . t"'b'Yra y o n ; same f o r m a t as R S F S R T a b l e 1 [ N o . 1 1 4 ] )

N o . 1 54 .

2 . U r b a n S o v i e t s [ C o u n c i l s ) , V o l o s t s , a n d R a y on s , .!!.I. P o pu l a t i o n S i z e . ( b y U n i o n R e p u b l i c ; same f o r ma t a s R a y o n Ta b l e 1 [ No . 1 00 ] )

No . 155 .

3 . R u r a l S o v i e t s [ C o u n c i l s ] .!!.I. P o p u l a t i o n S i z e . ( by Union Repub l i c ; popul a tion which i s i n c l uded in r u r a l s o v i e t s a n d t h a t whi c h i s n o t i n c l u d e d ; n u m b e r o f r u r a l s o v i e t s a n d t he p o p u l a t i o n i n t h e m , b y 6 p o p u l a t i o n- s i z e g r o u p s )

No . 1 56 .

4 . D i s t r i b u t i o n o f U r b a n a n d R u r a l P o p u l a t e d P l a c e s .!!.I. P o pu l a t i o n S i z e . ( b y U n i o n R e p u b l i c ; same f o r m a t as R a y o n Ta b l e 4 [ N o . 1 03 ] , p a r t a )

No . 157 .

5 , E nume r a t e d � Fa c t o ] a n d P e r m a n e n t � J ur e ] P o pu l a t i o n o f U r b a n S e t t l em e n t s . ( fo r who l e U S S R , R S F S R , B e l o r u s s k a y a S S R , a n d Uk r a i n s k a y a S S R o n l y ; b y s e x ; d a t a f o r a l l [ n o t i n d i v i du a l ] u r ba n s e t t l e m e n t s i n e a c h un i t )

No , 1 58 ,

6 . P o p u l a t i o n .!!.I. S e x , N a t i o n a l i t y , N a t i v e L a n gu a ge , a n d L i t e r a c y 1!!i A b s o l u t e N u m b e r s ) . ( wh o l e U S S R o n l y ; same f o r m a t as R a y o n T a b l e 6 [ N o . 1 0 5 ] , b u t nat i v e l a nguage i s onl y for 2 c a t e go r i e s [ Rus sian and other ] )

No . 159 .

7 . P o p u l a t i o n .!!.I. S e x , N a t i o na l i t y, � Language , a n d L i t e r a c y lli R e l a t i v e N u mb e r s ) . ( wh o l e U S S R o n l y ; same f o r ma t as R S F S R Ta b l e 7 [ No . 1 20 ] )

No . 1 6 0 .

8 . F o r e i gn e r s .!!.I. S t a t e . ( t h e f o r m a t o f t h i s t a b l e a t t h e wh o l e U S S R l e v e l i s t h e same a s t h a t o f R a y o n Ta b l e 7 [ N o . 1 07 ] , i n c l u d i n g d a t a b y s e x an d u r b a n- r u r a l ; d a t a a r e a l s o g i v e n b y Un i o n R e p u b l i c , b u t d a t a f o r t ho s e u n i t s a r e o n l y t h e t o t a l number o f foreigners o f each state, t h e y a r e n o t b y s e x o r u r b a n- r u r a l )

210

Index and Guide

No . 1 6 1 .

9 . P o p u l a t i o n (Ci t i z e n s .Q.f t h e U S S R a n d F o r e i gn e r s) .!!l'.. N a t i v e Language . ( wh o l e U S S R o n l y ; s a m e f o r m a t a s R a y o n T a b l e 8 [ N o . 1 08 ] )

No . 1 6 2 .

1 0 . E t h n i c C o m po s i t i o n o f t h e P o p u l a t i o n o f t h e U n i o n R e p ubITC8. ( fo r 1 9 0 d i f f er e n t ethnic c a t e g or i e s ; b y ur ban- r u ra l )

No . 1 63 .

1 1 . D i s t r i b ution o f the Popul ation o f the Union R e p u b l i c s .!!l'.. Language:( f o r 1 5 3 d i f f e r e n t l a n g u a g e c a t e g o r i e s ; b y u r b a n- r u r a l )

N o . 1 64 .

1 2 . P o pu l a t i o n .!!.z S e x , !.Rh a n d L i t e r a c y .!!.. l.!!. t h e U S S R .!!.:.. .!.!!. t h e � ( wi t h o u t K a z a k h s kaya A S S R , K i r g i z s ka y a A S S , Dage s t a n s k a a A S S R , a n d A u t o n o m o u s Obl a s t s o f t h e o r t h C a u c a s u s_, B e l o r u s s k a ya S S R , a n d U k r a i n s kays S S R . ( wh o l e U S S R a n d who l e R S F S R [ wi t h o u t t h e un i t s l i s t e d a b o v e ] o n l y ; same format as R S F S R T a b l e 1 4 [ N o . 1 2 7 ] )

No . 1 6 5 .

1 3 . C h i l d r e n Y o u n g e r t h a n O n e Y e a r O l d .!!l'.. S e x a n d � .!!.:.. .!.!!. t h e R S FSRTWi t h o u t K a z a k h s k a ya A S S R , K i r g i z s kaya A S S R , D a ge s t a n s k aya and A u t o n o m o u s R e p u b l i c s o f t h e N o r t h C a u c� , B e l o r u s s k ay a S S R , a n dU krai nSkilVa S S R . ( wh o l e U S S R a n d w h o l e R S F S R [ wi t h o u t t h e un i t s l i s t e d a b o v e ] only ; same format a s R S F S R T a b l e 1 6 [ No . 1 2 9 ] )

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No . 1 66 .

1 4 . P o p u l a t i o n .!!l'.. S e x , .!&.!!.... � L i t e r a c y, a c c o r d i n g .!.!!_ t h e C e n s u s e s o f D e c e m b e r lZ... 1 9 2 6 , a n d F e b r u a r y .2..,_ 1 8 9 7 . ( b y U n i o n R e p u b l i c ; same f o r m a t a s R S F S R T a b l e 1 5 � 1 28 ] )

No . 1 6 7 .

1 5 . � C o m po s i t i o n o f t h e P o pu l a t i o n , a c c o r d i n g t o t h e C e n s u s e s o f 1 9 2 6 a n d 1 8 9 7 , i n R e l a t i v e N u m b e r s i!!!. � ( by Union Repub l i c ; same format a s RSFSR Tabl e 1 7 [ No. 1 30 ] )

No . 168 .

1 6 . L i t e r a c y o f t h e P o p u l a t i o n .!!l'.. .!&.!!.... a c c o r d i n o the C e n s u s e s o f .121§. a n d 1 8 9 7 , i n R e l a t i v e N um b e r s i n � ( by Union Repub l i c ; same format a s RSFSR Ta b l e 1 8 [ No . 131 ] )

No . 1 69 .

1 7 . � a n d L i t e r a c y o f t h e P o p u l a t i o n .!!l'.. N a t i o n a l i t y Absolute Data ) . who e U S S R o n l y [ f i g u r e s f o r e a c h n a t i o n a l i t y a r e t h e USSR t o t a l , based on the ethnic p o p u l a t i o n s i n s e l ec te d r e g i o n a l u n i t s on l y ] ; by 5 3 d i f f e r e n t e t h n i c categor i e s ; by sing le-year ages 1 - 1 9 , then by 5-year a g e g r o u p s ; b y s e x)

No . 1 7 0 .

1 8 . � C ompo s i t i o n o f t h e P o p u l a t i o n .!!l'.. N a t i o n a l i t y , i n R e l a t i v e N um b e r s i!.!!. � t'Who l e U S S R o n l y ; b y 53 d i f f e r e n t . e t h n i c c a t e g o r i e s ; b y s i n g l e-year ages 1 - 1 9 , then by 5-year age groups; by sex)

No . 1 7 1 .

u l a t i o n .!!l'.. N a t i o n a l i t y a n d .!&.!!.... 1 9 . L i t e r a c y .Q.f t h e i n R e l a t i v e N u m b e r s i n !}; t'Who l e U S S R o n l y ; b y 5 3 d i f f e r e n t e t h n i c c a t e g o r i e s ; b y singl e-year ages 5 - 1 9 , then by 5-year age group s ; by sex)

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S e c t i o n 2 . O c c u pa t i o n s . R a y o n V o l ume s . No . 1 72 .

1 . P o pu l a t i o n kI_ P o s i t i o n i n O c c upa t i o n a n d � o f the Econom . '("liY g u b e r n y a , a n d a l s o f o r m a n y ma j o r c i t i e s ; b y g a i n f u l l y em p l o y e d a n d n o n- ga i n f u l l y emp l o y e d ; b y u r b a n - r u r a l ; by s e x ; mo s t g u b e r n i y a s a r e a l s o by 2 o r 3 d i f f e r e n t n a t i o n a l i t i e s [ mo s t c i t i e s , e x c e p t f o r M o s c ow a n d L e n i n g r a d , a r e n o t by n a t i o n a l i t y ] ; n a t i o na l i t y data a r e n o t by ur ban-rural )

No . 1 7 3 .

2 . S e x , !.&h L i t e r a c y , a n d M a r i t a l S t a t u s kI_ t h e M a i n D i v i s i o n s o f t h e O c c u pa t i o n a l C l a s s i f i c a t i o n . ( b y m a i n cens US-r a y o n s , b u t some r a y o n s a r e d i v i d e d b y g u b e r n i y a s [ Mo s c o w a n d L e n i n g r a d a r e a l s o i n c l u d e d ] ; b y position i n occupation and sector of the economy; by g a i n f u l 1 y em p l o y e d a n d n o n- g a i n f u l 1 y e m p l o y e d ; b y 1 7 a g e g r o u p s ; by mar i t a l s t a t u s [ 4 t y p e s ] o f t h e wh o l e p o p u l a t i o n a g e d 1 5 a n d o l d e r [ n o t by a g e ] ; by u r b a n ­ r u r a l [ t h i s i s c r o s s- t a b u l a t e d w i t h e v e r y t h i n g e x c e p t a g e a n d ma r i ta l s t a t u s ] ; t h i s ta b l e f o r t h e r a y o ns o f B e l o r u s s ka y a S S R , S i b i r s k i y k r a y , a n d D a l ' n e-V o s t o c h n y y k r ay is ba se d n ot on the m a i n d i v i s i o ns of th e o c c u p a t i o n a l c l a s s i f i c a t i o n , b u t on t h e s h o r t occupational c l a s s i f ication [ i .e. , the occupationa l data are more detai led ] )

No . 1 7 4 .

2 a . F a r me r s a n d A gr i c u l t u r a l W o r k e r s .!.!!. P e a s a n t -Type E n t e r pr i s e s . ( by rayon ; for a l l farmer s and agricu l t ura l workers together, by position in occupation ; by 15 age groups; by sex; by number literate [ l i teracy is onl y for the t o t a l by a g e a n d s e x , n o t b y p o s i t i o n i n o c c u p a t i o n ] ; t h i s t a b l e i s numbe r e d 2 b for the rayons l i s t e d i n No . 175)

No . 1 7 5 .

2 a . S u ppl eme n t a r y D a t a .!!..!!. t h e !.&!1. C o mpo s i t i o n o f Ga i n f u l l y Emp l o y e d P e r s o n s kI_ S e p a r a t e Type s oY­ T h e M o s t Nume r o u s � o f O c c u pa t i o n s , O c c u pa t i o n s . � Fa r me r s . ( th i s t a b l e p r e s e n t s r a y o n d a t a f o r B e l o r u s s k a y a S S R , S e v e r o - K a v ka z s k i y k r a y , t h e r e p u b l i c s o f Z a k a v ka z s ka y a SFSR, U r a l ' skaya o b l a s t , S i b i r s k i y kray, and Dal ' n e­ V o s t o c hn y y k r a y ; f o r a b o u t 3 6 0 o c c u pa t i o n s [ n o t a l l o f them a r e inc l u d e d in e v ery rayon ] by p o s i t i o n in occupation; by 15 age g r o up s ; by sex; by l i teracy [ this is by a l l of the categories except age ] )

No. 1 76 .

2 b . D i s t r i b u t i o n o f U n d e r age W o r ke r s ( 1 0 - 1 5 � O l d) W h o H e l p i n Agr i c u l t u r e , A r e P e r s o n a l S e r v a n t s , .2!. A r e I n d i ge n t s , kI. � ( by r a y o n , p l u s L e n i n g r a d ; by s i n g l e - y e a r a g e s 1 0- 1 5 ; b y s e x ; b y u r b a n - r u r a l ; t h i s t a b l e i s n u mb e r e d 2 g o r 2 d f o r the rayons l i s t e d i n No. 1 75)

No . 1 77 .

3 . Ga i n f u 1 l y Empl o y e d P e r s o n s kI. T h e i r M a i n O c c u pa t i o n s , a n d t h e N o n - G a i n f u l I y Emp l o y e d kI_ t h e M a i n O c c u pa t i o n s o f t h e B r e a d w i n n e r s . ( b y g u b e r n i y8,'"" a n d a l s o f o r m o s t ma j o r c i t i e s ; b y p o s i t i o n i n o c c u p a t i o n , s e c t o r o f t h e e c o n om y , a n d 2 4 2

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Index and Guide occupations;

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b y s e x)

N o . 1 78 .

4 . M a i n a n d P a r t - T i m e O c c u pa t i o n s o f t h e G a i n f u l l y Empl o y e d .!!L t h e C o m p l e t e O c c u pa t i o n a l C l a s s i f i c a t i o n . ( b y g u b e r n i y a , a n d a l s o f o r o n e o r m o r e c i t i e s i n s ome g u b e r n i y a s ; b y p o s i t i o n i n o c c u p a t i o n , s e c t o r of the e c o n om y , and 373 o c c u p a t i o n s ; b y a g r i c u l t u r a l o r n o n ­ ag r i c u l tural o f part -time occupation , for those al s o ha v i n g a f u l l - t i me o c c u p a t i o n [ t h i s c a t e g o r y g i v e n a t the rayon l e v el on l y ] ; by sex; by ur ban-rura l o f l o c a t i o n o f ma i n o r p a r t - t ime o c c u p a t i o n ; f o r m o s t g u b e r n i ya s d a t a a r e a l s o g i v e n f o r m a i n o c c u p a t i o n s on l y b y 2 or 3 n a t i o na l i t i es [ t h e s e da ta a re c r o s s ­ t a b u l a t e d w i t h e v e r y t h i n g e x c e p t u r ba n - r u r a l ] )

No . 1 7 9 .

4 . M a i n a n d P a r t - T i m e O c c u pa t i o n s £i. G a i n f u l l y Empl o y e d P e r s o n s a n d T h e i r � C ompo s i t i o n , .!!L t h e Com pl e t e O c c u pa t i o n a l C l a s s i f i c a t i o n . ( this ta b l e i s for Moscow and Lenin grad onl y, and a p p e a r s i n t h e i r r e s p e c t i v e r a y o n v o l um e s ; n u m b e r o f g a i n f u l l y em p l o y e d p e r s o n s b y p o s i t i o n i n o c c u p a t i o n , sector o f the economy, and 373 occupational categories o f t h e i r ma i n a n d o f t h e i r p a r t - t i m e o c c u p a t i o n s , b y s e x ; da ta f or m a i n o c c u pa t i o n s a r e by a l 1 o f t he a b o v e a n d a l s o b y 1 5 a g e g r o u p s ; d a t a f o r ma i n o c c u p a t i o n s a r e a l s o b y n a t i o na l i t y [ R u s s i a n s a n d J e w s ] , a n d t h e s e na t i o n a l i t y d a t a a r e b y a l l c a t e go r i e s e x c e p t a g e )

No . 1 80 .

4 a . M a i n a n d P a r t -T i m e O c c u pa t i o n s o f M a n u a l a n d � W o r k e r s . R e s u l t s f o r A l l S e c t o r s £i. t h e E c o n o m y . ( b y guberniya, and al so for M o scow and Leningra d ; n u m b e r o f p e r s o n s b y ma i n o c c u p a t i o n , p a r t - t i m e o c c u p a t i o n , a n d [ f o r t h e u n e m p l o y e d ] mo s t r e c e n t occupation ; by 289 occupations ; by sex)

No . 1 8 1 .

4 b . S u p p l e me n t a r y D a t a .!!.!!. M a n a geme n t P e r s o n n e l £i. I n s t i t u t i o n s . D i r e c t o r s o f A gr i c u l t u r a l , M e d i c a l ­ S a n i t a r y , a n d C u l t u r a l I n s t i t u t i o n s , C o r r e s p o n d i n g .!£ Numb e r s l2Q a n d 2 0 4 o f t h e F u 1 1 O c c u pa t i o n a l Clas sification . ( b y g u b e r n i y a , a n d a l s o f o r s o m e ma j o r c i t i e s ; n u m b e r o f e m p l o ye d pe r s o n s w h o a r e d i r e c t o r s o f t h e t y p e s o f i n s t i t u t i o n s l i s t e d a b o v e ; e a c h o f t h e ma i n c a t e g o r i e s i s d i v i d e d by se vera l or more s p e c i f i c kinds o f ins t i t ut i o n s ; by ur ban-rural ; by s e x )

No . 182 .

4 v . � C ompo s i t i o n £i. P e r s o n s W h o A r e G a i n f u l l y Empl o y e d .!..!!. t h e M a j o r � o f O c c u pa t i o n s o f t h e Ha n d i c r a f t I n d u s t r y , C o n s t r u c t i o n , a n d L o c a l T r a n s p o r t i n t h e C i t y o f M o s c o w . Compa r a t i v e D a t a f o r I n d i v i d u a l P o s i t i o n s i n O c c u pa t i o n s . ( t h i s t a b l e i s in V o l um e 1 9 ; f o r 1 5 d i f f e r e n t occupations, or gani z e d u n d e r t h e s e c t o r s l i sted abov e; each occupation i s by 5 different positions in occupation; by 1 5 a ge groups ; by sex [ o nl y one sex is g i v en f o r e a c h o c c u p a t i o n , b u t a ·d i f f e r e n t s e x i s g i v e n d epending upon the occupation ] ; a tabl e with the same f o r m a t b u t e n t i t l e d M a j o r � .2!. O c c u pa t i o n s o f t h e Han d i c r a f t I n d ustry, Bui l d i n g , and L o c a l Transpo r t , a p p e a r s a s Ta b l e 2 v o r 2 g i n r a y o n s o f B e l o r u s s k a y a S S R , t h e r e p u b l i c s o f Zaka v ka z s k a y a S F S R , S e v e r o ­ K a v k a z s k i y k ra y , U r a l ' s k a y a o b l a s t , S i b i r s k i y k r a y , a n d Dal ' ne-V o s t ochnyy kray [ d ata a r e a t the rayon l e v e l ] )

List of Census Tables

213

No . 183 .

5 . P e r s o n s w i t h P a r t - T i m e O c c u pa t i o n s !I. t h e P o s i t i o n i n O c c u p a t i o n a n d S e c t o r tl ili E c o n om y o f .!l!.!..!!. � Occupat ions . ( by rayon ; for each position in occupation and sector o f t h e e c o n o m y o f p e r s o n s h a v i n g p a r t - t i m e o c c u p a t i on s , t h e t a b l e g i v e s t h e n um b e r o f p e r s o n s w h o h a v e m a i n occupations, by position in occupation and sector of t h e e c o n o m y o f t h o s e ma i n o c c u p a t i o n s )

N o . 1 84 .

S a . P e r s o n s wi t h P a r t -T i m e O c c up a t i o n s !I. t h e P o s i t i o n i n t h e H a i n A r i c u l t u r a l O c c u pa t i o n a n d !I. G r o u p a n d !l'...P.!!. o f P a r t - i m e O c c u pa t i on , ( by r a y o n ; f o r e a c h p a r t - t i me o c c u p a t i o n [ b y p o s i t i o n i n o c c u p a t i o n , s e c t o r o f t h e e c o no m y , a n d a b o u t 3 6 0 occupations ] the tabl e g i v e s the number of persons hav i n g an a g r i c u l tural o c c u p a t i o n as their main occupation [ by 5 positions in occupation ] and the numb e r o f p e r s o n s w h o d o n o t [ t o t a l , n u mb e r o f t h e m i n u r ba n s e t t l em e n t s ] )

No . 1 8 5 .

6 . Unempl o y e d !I. S e c t o r o f t h e E c o nomy and P o s i t i o n in Most R e c e n t O c c u pa t i o n . OiY""g u b e r n i y a [ i n m o s t r a y o n s , a l t h o u g h s o m e o f t h e m a r e o n l y t h e who l e r a y o n ] a n d mo s t ma j o r c i t i e s ; numb e r o f unem p l o y e d i n 4 c a t e go r i e s [ p r e v i o u s l y w o r k e d f o r hire, prev ious l y worked not for hire, l ooking for work for the first time, other ] , each category by sev eral positions in occupations a n d / o r s e c t o r s o f the ec onomy; by s e x ; b y u r b a n - r u r a l )

N o . 1 86 .

7. t i o n o f t h e U e z d s o f t h e G u b e r n i ya s o f [ Name .2.f R a o n !I. P o s i t i o n in O c c u pa t i o n .!!.!!£ S e c t o r .2.f t h e E c o n omy . ( s ome r a y o n s d o not ha v e t h i s t a b l e ; b y g a i n f u l l y em p l o y e d a n d n o n- g a i n f u l l y em p l o y e d ; b y s e x ; b y u r ban­ r ural )

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V o l um e 2 6 . � No . 1 8 7 .

1 . P o pu l a t i o n !I. P o s i t i o n i n O c c u p a t i o n a n d S e c t o r o f t h e E c o n omy . R S FS R . twii'"o l e R S F S R ; by g a i n f u l 1 y em p l o y e d a n d n o n- g a i n f u l 1 y e m p l o y e d ; by s e x ; b y u r b a n- r u r a l )

No . 1 8 8 .

2 . P o p u l a t i o n !I. P o s i t i o n i n O c c u pa t i o n a n d � o f t h e E c o n omy . R a y o n s o f t h e � "'(1iY g a i n f u l l y em p l o y e d a n d n o n - ga i n f u l l y emp l o y e d )

N o . 1 89 .

3 . P o p u l a t i o n !I. P o s i t i o n in O c c u pa t i o n a n d � o f t h e E c o n omy. Ob-ra s t s , G u b e r n i ya s , O k r u g s , a n d U e z d s o f t h e R S FS R . '('dat aare-a l s o g i v e n f o r ma n y l a r g e c i t i e s ; p o s i t i o n i n o c c u p a t i o n a n d s e c t o r o f t h e e c onomy a r e n o t c � o s s ­ t a b u l a t e d [ un l i ke n e a r l y a l l o t h e r o c c u p a t i o n a l t a b l e s ] ; d a t a a t t h e g u b e r n i y a l e v e l o r h i g h e r a r e by u r ba n- r u r a l )

No . 1 9 0 .

4 . S e x , !&!.... L i t e r a c y , .!!.!!£ M a r i t a l � !I. G r o u p o f O c c u pa t i o n s o f t h e S h o r t C l a s s i f i c a t i o n . ( who l e R S F S R-On l y ; b y p o s i t i o n i n o c c u p a t i o n , s e c t o r o f t h e e c o n o m y , a n d some s p e c i f i c o c c u p a t i o n s [ 2 4 1 num b e r e d c a t e g o r i e s ] ; b y g a i n f u l l y emp l o y e d a n d n o n -

214

Index and Guide g a i n f u l l y emp l o ye d ; by 1 7 a g e g r o u p s [ 1 9 g r o u p s f o r non- g a i n f u l l y emp l o y e d ] ; ma r i t a l s t a t u s [ 4 c a t e g o r i e s ] a n d u r ban- r u r a l a r e a l s o b y a l l o f t h e o c c u p a t ional c a t e gor i e s a n d b y l i t e r a c y , but t h e y a r e n o t b y a g e )

No . 191 .

4 a . S uppl e m e n t a r y Data .2.!!. t h e � Compo s i t i o n o f G a i n f u l l y Emp loyed P e r s o n s J!.I. S e p a r a t e 1'..Y.P.!.!!. o f Occupa t i o n s . T h e Mo s t Nume r o u s 1'..Y.P.!.!!. o f Occupa t i o n s , e x c e p t Farme r s . ( who l e R S F S R ; same format a s t h e s e c o n d R a y o n T a b l e 2 a [ N o. 1 7 5 ] )

No . 1 9 2 .

4 b . Agr i c u l t u r a l Worke r s , Farme r s , a n d C a t t l e R a i s e r s . ( b y 1 9 r a y on s ; b y e a c h o f the main o c c u p a t i o n a l c a t e gor i e s l i s t e d a b o v e ; b y a g e compo s i t i o n [ % ] i n 1 5 age groups; by literacy [ % ] ; by sex; farmers and c a t t l e r a i s e r s a r e a l s o b y p o s i t i o n in o c c u pa t i o n , b u t the p o s i t i o n i n o c c u p a t i o n d a t a a r e n o t b y r a y o n , onl y f o r the w hole RSFS R )

No . 1 9 3 .

4 v . M a i o r 1'..Y.P.!.!!. o f O ccupa t i o n s o f the S m a 1 1- S c a l e a n d Dome s t i c Han d i c r a f t I n d u s t r i e s , Con s t r uc t i o n , a n d L o c a l Tra n s po r t . Compa r a t i v e D a t a f o r V a r i o u s P o s i t ions i n Occu pa t i o n s . ( w ho l e RSFSR; f o r a b o u t 1 8 o c c u p a t i o n s , amo n g the categories l i sted abov e ; by position in occupation; by 15 age groups ; by sex and urban-rural [ not al l o c c u p a t i o n s a r e f o r b o t h s e x e s o r f o r u r b an- r u r a l ] ; by l i t e r a c y [ no t b y sex a n d u r b a n- r u r a l i n some c a s e s ] )

N o . 1 94 .

4 g . Di s t r i b u t i o n o f U n d e rage ( 1 0- 1 5 Y e a r s Ol d) P e r s o n s Who A r e He lping i n Agr i c u l t u r e , A r e P e r s o n a l S e r v a n t s , .2!. A r e Dec l a s s e , J!.I. � ( who l e RSFSR; b y a b o u t 1 0 d i f f e r e n t o c c u p a t i o n s f r om the c a t e go r i e s a bo v e ; b y s i n g l e - y e a r a g e s ; b y s e x ; b y u r b a n - r u ra l )

No . 1 9 5 .

5 . M a i n a n d Par t-Time O c c u p a t i o n s o f P e r s o n s W h o A r e Gailifui l y Empl o ye d , J!.I. t h e Ma i n DiVi s i o n s of tile Occupa t i o n a l C l a s s i f i c a t i o n . ( who l e RSFSR ; number o f p e r s o n s w i t h ma i n o c c u p a t i o n s , n u m b e r w i t h p a r t - t ime o c c u p a t i o n s , a n d n u m b e r o f unemp l o y e d [ b y most r e c e n t p o s i t i o n i n o c c u p a t i o n a n d s e c t o r ] ; by p o s i t i o n i n o c c u p a t i o n a n d s e c t o r o f the ec onomy; b y ur ban-ru r a l ; b y s e x) -­

No . 1 9 6 .

6 . M a i n a n d Par t-Time Occupa t i o n s o f P e r s o n s W h o A r e Gailifui l y Empl o ye d , J!.I. t h e F u 1 1 Occupa t i onal Cla s s i f i ca t i o n . ( who l e RSFSR; same f o r ma t as Ta b l e 5 , b u t a l so b y 3 7 3 occupational categories)

No . 1 9 7 .

6a. Supp lementary Data .2.!!. M anagement P e r s o n n e l of I n s t i t u t i o n s . Di r e c t o r s o f Agr i c u l t u r a l , M edical"= San i t ar y , a n d C u l t u r a l I n s t i t u t i o n s , C o r r e s r o n d i n g t o the Ful l Oc c upa t i ons Numbe r s 1 9 0 a n d 204 o f -Cla s s i ficatiiiii: -( wh o l e RSFS R ; s a m e f o r m a t a s Rayon Ta b l e 4 b [ No . 1 8 1 ] ) -

N o . 1 98 .

---

7 . M a i n a n d P a r t -Time Occupa t i o n s o f M anual a n d O f f i c e Workerii ."""Re s u l t s f o r A l l S e c t o r s o f t h e E c o nomy . ( who l e RSFSR; n um b e r o f p e r s o n s w i t h main o c c u p a t i o n s , n u m b e r w i t h p a r t - t ime o c c u p a t i o n s , a n d n u m b e r o f unemp l o y e d [ b y mo s t r e c e n t o c c u p a t i o n ] ; b y 289

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List of Census Tables

215

o c c u p a t i o n a l c a t e go r i e s , b u t not b y i n d i v i dua 1 s e c t o r s ; b y s e x ; b y u r ban- r u r a l ) No . 1 9 9 .

8 . P e r s o n s w i t h Par t-Time Occupa t i o n s Ju'.. P o s i t i o n i n Oc c u pa t i o n a n d S e c t o r o f t h e Economy o f T h e i r � Occupa t i o n . ( wh o l e RSFSR ; same format as Rayon Tab l e 5 [ No . 1 8 3 ] )

No . 200 .

9 . Re l a t i o n between Agr i c u l t u r a l a n d Nonagr i c u l t ur a l Occupa t i o n s o f P e r s o n s Having Part=Time Occupa t i o n s . ( who l e RSFSR; numb e r o f p e r s o n s w i t h a main o c c u p a t i o n [ by a g r i c u l t u r a l a n d nona g r i c u l tu r a l ] and n u m b e r o f p e r s o n s w i t h a p a r t - t ime o c c u p a t i o n [ b y p o s i t i o n i n o c c u p a t i o n o f a g r i c u l t u r a l o c c u p a t i o n s ] ; by p o s i t i o n i n o c c u p a t i o n , s e c t o r o f the economy , a n d 3 6 1 o c c u p a t ional c a t e g or i e s )

Vo l ume 2 8 . Ukrainskaya � No , 2 0 1 .

1 . Popul a t i o n Ju'.. P o s i t i o n i n Occupa t i on a n d S e c t o r o f t h e Economy . Who l e Repub l i c . '[iiY g a i n f u l l y empl o y e d and non-gain f u l l y emp l o y e d ; by n a t i o na l i t y [ Uk r a i n i a n , Russian, Jew, o t h e r ] ; by sex ; by ur ban-rura l )

No . 202 .

2 . Popul a t i o n Ju'.. P o s i t i o n i n Occupa t i on a n d S e c t o r o f t h e Economy . JU. S u b -Rayon s . '[iiY g a i n f u l l y em p l o y e d and non- g a i n f u l 1 y empl o y e d [ same format a s RSFSR Table 2 ( N o . 1 8 8 ) ] )

No . 203 .

3 . Popul a t i o n Ju'.. P o s i t i o n i n Occupa t i o n a n d S e c t o r o f the Econ omy. JU. Okrug. t\iili t s a l s o i n c l u d e 6 c i t i e s ; p o s i t i o n i n o c c u p a t i o n i s onl y f o r manual worker s , o f f i c e worker s , a n d o t h e r ; s e c t o r o f ec onomy data are not c r o s s- t a b u l a t e d w i t h p o s i t i o n i n o c c u p a t i o n ; number o f g a i n f u l l y emp l o y e d and non-ga i n f u l l y emp l o y e d in each o k r u g a r e a l s o given)

No . 204 .

4 . S e x , � L i t e r acy , a n d M ar i t a l S t a t u s Ju'.. Group o f Occupa t i o n s o f the S h o r t C l a s s i f i c a t i o n . ( w ho l e r e p u bIIc;-"Same format as RSFSR Ta b l e 4 [ No . 1 90 ] )

No . 205 .

4a. S uppl emen tary Data .Q.!!. t h e � Compo s i t i o n o f Ga i n f u l 1 y Emp loyed P e r s o n s Ju'.. S e pa r a t e Typ e s o! Occupa t i o n s , The M o s t Nume r o u s � o f Occupa t i o n s , � Farme r s . ( whol e r e p u b l i c ; same format as the s e c o n d Rayon Ta b l e 2 a [ N o. 1 7 5 ] )

No . 206 .

4 b . Agr i c u l tural Worke r s i n Peasant-Type E n t e r pr i s e s , a n d Farme r s , r;ilo l e r e p u b l i c ; by t h e two c a t e g o r i e s l i s t e d a b o v e ; b y 1 5 age g r o u p s ; b y l i t e r ac y ; b y s e x ; the farme r s c a t e g o r y i s a l s o by p o s i t i o n i n o c c u p a t i o n , but t h e p o s i t i o n i n o c c u p a t i o n d a t a a r e n o t by l i t e r a c y)

No . 207 .

4 v , Ma j o r � of Occupa t i o n s o f the Sma l l-S c a l e a n d Dome s t i c Hand i c r a f t I n d u s t ry, C o n s t r u c t i o n , a n d LoCilT Transpo r t . Compa r a t i v e D a t a f o r V ar i o u s P o s i t i on s i n Occupa t i o n s .

216

Index and Guide ( who l e r e p u b l i c ; same format a s RSFSR Tabl e 4 v [ N o . 1 93 ] , b u t f o r f e w e r o c c u p a t i o n s )

No . 2 0 8 .

4 g . D i s t r i b u t i o n o f U n d e rage ( 1 0- 1 5 Y e a r s Ol d) P e r s o n s � A r e He l pi n g i n Agr i c u l t u r e , A r e P e r s o n a l Se r v a n t s , .2!. A r e D e c l a s s e , !.I_ !&!.:_ ( who l e r e p u b l i c ; same f ormat a s RSFSR Ta b l e 4 g [ N o . 1 9 4 ] , b u t f o r a sl i gh t l y d i f f e r e n t l i s t o f o c c u pa t i o n s)

N o . 209 .

5 . M a i n a n d P a r t -Time Occupa t i o n s o f P e r s o n s W h o A r e G a i n f u l l y Emp l o ye d , !.I_ t h e M a i n D i v i s i o n s o f the Occupa t i o n a l C l a s s i f i c a t i o n . ( whole r e p u b l i c ; same format a s RSFSR T a b l e 5 [ N o . 1 9 5 ] )

No . 2 1 0 .

6 . M a i n a n d P a r t -Time Occupa t i o n s o f P e r s o n s W h o A r e G a i n f u l l y Empl o y e d , !.I_ t h e Fu 1 1 Occupa t i o n a l Clas s i f i c a t i o n , Appo r t i on e d !.I_ t h e Main N a t i o n a l i t i e s . ( whol e r e publ i c ; number of p e r sons With a ma i n o c c u p a t i o n [ b y U k r a i n i a n , R u s s i a n , J ew ] , numb e r of p e r s o n s w i t h a p a r t - time o c c u p a t i o n , number of unemp l o y e d [ b y mo s t r e c e n t o c c u p a t i on ] ; by p o s i t i o n i n o c c u p a t i o n , s e c t o r o f the e c o n om y , a n d 3 7 3 o c c u p a t i o n a l c a t e go r i e s ; b y s e x ; b y ur ban-r u r a l )

No . 2 1 1 .

6a. Supp lemen t a r y Data .2.!!. M anagement P e r s o n n e l .Qi. I n s t i t u t i o n s . D i r e c t o r s o f Agr i c u l t u r a l , M e d i c a l ­ San i t a r y , a n d C u l t u r a l I n s t i t u t i o n s . ( b y 6 s u b - r a y o n s , a n d a l so f o r 6 c i t i e s ; s a m e f o rmat a s Ray on Tab l e 4 b [ N o . 1 8 1 ] )

No . 2 1 2 .

7 . M a i n a n d Par t -Time Occupa t i o n s o f M anual a n d O f f i c e Worker s . R e s u l t s f o r -A l l S e c t o r s o f t h e Econom f . ( wh o l e r e p u b l i c ; same -rclrmat a s RS FS'if"Ta b l e 7 N o . 1 98 ] )

No . 2 1 3 .

8 . P e r s o n s w i t h P a r t -Time Occupa t i o n s !.I_ P o s i t i o n i n Occupa t i o n a n d S e c t o r o f t h e E c o nomy of T h e i r M a i n Occupa t i o n . ( who l e r e p u b l i c ; same f o r ma t a s Rayon Ta b l e 5 [ No . 1 8 3 ] )

No . 2 1 4 .

9 . Re l a t i o n b e tween A gr i c u l t u r a l a n d Nonagr i c u l t u r a l Occupa t i o n s o f P e r s o n s H a v i n g Par t-Time Occupa t i o n s . ( wh o l e r e p u bTic ; same format a s RSFSR Ta b l e 9 [No . 200 ] )

V o l ume 34 .

�

No . 2 1 5 .

1 . Popul a t i o n !.I_ P o s i t i o n i n Occupa t i o n a n d S e c t o r o f the Economy . U S S R . rs&me f o r ma t a s RSFSR T a b l e 1 [ No . 1 8 7 ] )

No . 2 1 6 .

2 . Popul a t i o n !.I_ P o s i t i o n i n Occupa t i o n a n d S e c t o r .Qi. .!..!!.!. E c o nomy . U n i o n Repu b l i c s . ( same format a s RSFSR T a b l e 2 [ N o . 1 8 8 ] )

No . 2 1 7 .

3 . S e x , � L i t e r a c y , a n d M a r i ta l S t a t u s !.I_ Group of Occu£ a t i o n s o f t h e S h o r t C l a s s i f i ca t i o n . ( who e USSR ; '"liypos i t i o n i n o c c u pa t i o n , s e c t o r o f t h e e c onomy, a n d s o m e s p e c i f i c o c c u p a t i o n s [ 2 4 1 numb e r e d c a t e g o r i e s ] ; by ga i n f u l l y emp l o ye d and n o n- g a i n f u l l y emp l o y e d ; b y 1 7 a g e g r o u p s [ 1 9 g r o u p s f o r n o n - g a i n f u l l y empl o y e d ] ; b y u r ban- r u ra l ; ma r i t a l s t a t u s o f p e r s o n s a g e d 1 5 an d o l d e r [ i n 4 ca t e go r i e s ] i s b y a l l o f t h e ab o v e e x c e p t a g e a n d urban- r u r a l )

List of Census Tables

217

No . 2 1 8 .

3 a . S uppl ementary Data .2!!. the � Compo s i t i o n o f G a i n f u l l y Emp loyed Persons .l!..v. Separate 1'.ll!.!. of Occupa t i o n s . The Most Nume r o u s 1'.ll!.!. o f Occupa t i o n s , e xcept Farme r s . ( who l e USSR; same format a s the second Rayon Ta b l e 2 a [ N o. 1 7 5 ] )

No . 2 1 9 .

3 b . Agr i cu l t u r a l Worker s , Farmer s , a n d C a t t l e R a i s e r s . ( w h o l e U SS R ; e a ch o f t h e gr o u p s l i sted a b o v e i s b y 1 5 ag e g r o u p s , b y s e x , a n d b y l i t e r ac y ; farme r s a n d c a t t l e r a i s e r s a r e s l so b y p o s i t i o n i n o c c u p a t i o n , but the position i n occupation data a r e n o t by l i t e r a c y )

No . 220 .

3v . Ma j o r 1'.ll!.!. o f Occupa t i o n s o f the Sma l l- S c a l e .!,!!.! Dome s t i c Han d i c r a f t I n d u s try, C o n s t r uc t i o n , a n d Local Transpo r t . Compar a t i v e Data f o r V ar i o u s P o s i t i o n s i n Occupat i o n s . ( whole US S R ; same f o rmat a s RSFSR Tab le 4 v [ No . 1 9 3 ] )

No . 2 2 1 .

3 g . Di s t r i b u t i o n o f Un d e r age ( 1 0- 1 5 Year s Ol d) P e r s o n s Who !!..!!. He lping i n Agr i c u l tu r e , A r e P e r s o n a l S e r v a n t s , .2!. A r e De c l a s s e , .l!..v. .!.&.!.:. ( who l e U S S R ; same f o rma t a s RSFSR Tab l e 4 g [ No . 1 94 ] , but the o c c u p a t i o n s l i s t e d u n d e r the t h r e e c a t e g o r i e s above are slightly more detai led)

No . 222 .

4 . M ai n a n d Part-Time Occupa t i o n s o f P e r s o n s W h o A r e G a i n f u l l y Emp l oye d , .l!..v. the M a i n D i v i s i on s o f ill Occupa t i o n a l C l a s s i f i c a t i o n . ( whole USSR ; same f o rmat a s RSFSR Tab le 5 [ No . 1 9 5 ] )

No . 223 .

5 . M a i n a n d Part-Time Occupa t i o n s tl P e r s o n s W h o A r e G a i n f u l l y Empl o ye d , .l!..v. t h e F u 1 1 Occupa t i o n a l Clas s i f i c a ti o n . ( whole U S S R ; same f o rmat as RSFSR Table 6 [ No . 1 9 6 ] )

No . 224 .

Sa. S uppl ementary Data .2!!. Managemen t P e r s o n n e l o f I n s t i t u t i o n s . D i r e c t o r s o f Agr i c u l tura l , M e d i c a l ­ S a n i t a r y , a n d Cul t u r a l I n s t i t u t i o n s , C o r r e sponding � Num b e r s 1 90 a n d 204 o f t h e Fu l l Occupa t i onal Clas s i f i c a t i o n . ( whole U S S R ; same f o rmat as Rayon Table 4 b [ No . 1 8 1 ] )

No . 225 .

6 . M a i n a n d P a r t -Time Occupa t i o n s tl M an u a l a n d � Worker s . R e s u l t s f o r A l l S e c t o r s o f the Economy . ( wh o l e USSR ; same�rmat a s RSFSR"°Tab'I"e 7 [ N o . 1 98 ] )

No . 2 2 6 .

7 . P e r s o n s w i t h Par t-Time Occupa t i o n s .l!..v. P o s i t i o n i n Occupa t i o n a n d � o f ill Econ omy o f � M a i n Oc cupa t i o n . (whole USSR ; same format a s Rayon Tab le 5 [ No . 1 8 3 ] )

No . 227 .

8 . Re l a t i o n b e tween Agr i c u l t u r a l a n d Nonagr i c u l t u r a l Occupa t i o n s o f P e r s o n s Having Par t-Time Occupa t i o n s . ( whole USSR ; same format a s RSFSR T a b l e 9 [ N o . 200] )

S e c t i o n 3 . M ar i t a l S t a t u s , P l a c e tl B i r t h , Li n � h o f R e s i d e n c e , Phys i c a l l y Han d i capped .!,!!.! Menta l l y .!....!. e r s o n s . Rayon V o l ume s .

218

Index and Guide

No . 2 2 8 .

1 . Popu l a t i o n kl'.. Ma r i t a l S t a t u s , S e x , � a n d N a t i o na l i t y . ( by g u b e r n i y a a n d some ma j o r c i t i e s ; b y 4 d i f f e r e n t c a t e g o r i e s o f mar i t a l s t a t u s ; b y s e v e r a l n a t i o na l i t i e s [ na t i o na l i t y d a t a a r e n o t g i v en f o r s o m e g u b e r n i y a s o r c i t i e s , b u t a r e gi v en o n l y a t t h e r a y o n le v e l ] ; b y s i n g l e - y e a r a g e s 1 5 - 2 9 , t h e n b y 5 - y e a r a g e g r o up s ; by u r ban- r u r a l [ i n many units n a t i o na l i t y d a t a a r e b y u r ba n - r u r a l on l y a t t h e r a yon l e v e l , a n d a r e n o t g i v e n for some or a l l guberniyas ] ; Uzbekskaya SSR and T u r kme n s k a y a S S R ha v e a s u p p l ement t o t h i s t a b l e wh i c h gi v e s s i m i l a r d a t a f o r s i n g l e - y e a r a g e s 1 0- 1 4 , a t t h e who l e S S R l e v e l a n d n o t b y u r b a n- r u ra l )

No . 2 2 9 .

2 . Popu l a t i o n kz. Ma r i ta l S t a t u s , S e x , � a n d P o s i t i o n i n Occupa t i o n . '[by r a yon ; by g a i n f u l l y emp l o y e d a n d non- g a i n f u l l y emp l o y e d ; b y s i n g l e - y e a r a g e s 1 5- 2 9 , then b y 5-year a g e groups; by 4 d i f f e r e n t c a t e g o r i e s o f mar i t a l s t a t u s ; p o s i t i on i n o c c u p a t i o n d a t a f o r p r i v a t e empl o y e r s , s e l f-emp l o y e d , a n d a s s i s t i n g fami l y memb e r s [ t h e s e c a t e g o r i e s t o g e ther ] w h o work i n a g r i c u l ture a r e al s o i n c l u d e d , i n a d d i t i o n t o the o t h e r p o s i t i o n i n o c c u p a t i on c a t e g o r i e s , a n d t h e s e d a t a a r e b y a l l c a t e g o r i e s l i s t e d a b o v e)

N o . 230 .

S u p p l emen t t o Ta b l e 2 . Popu l a t i o n kl'.. Mar i t a l S t a t u s , S e x , A e a n d P o s i t i o n i n Occupa t i o n . [ Name .2.f C i t y .!!.!. Cities t h i s t a b l e a p p e a r s i n the c e n s u s v o lumes f o r 1 5 r a yo n s and cov ers 28 cities; format i s the same as that of Tabl e 2 , b u t t h e l a s t c a t e g o r y o n a g r i c u l t u ra l w o r k e r s i s not incl uded) •

No . 2 3 1 .

3 . Popul a t i o n kz. P l a c e o f B i r t h , N a t i ona l i t y , P o s i t i o n i n Occupa t i o n , a n d S e c t o r o f t h e Economy . '{"fi r s t par t : b y r a y o n ; number o f p e r s o n s b o r n in the USSR [ wi th o u t B e s s a r a b i a ] , b y ur b a n- r ur a l o f p l a c e o f r e s i d e n c e a n d u r ba n - r u r a l o f p l a c e o f b i r t h [ c r o s s ­ t a b u l a t e d ] ; numb e r o f p e r s o n s b o r n i n B e s s a r a b i a a n d num b e r b o r n a b r o a d ; b y g a i n f u l l y emp l o ye d [ b y p o s i t i o n in o c c u p a t i o n and s e c t o r s ] a n d non- g a i n f u l l y emp l o ye d ; by 1 0 a g e g r o u p s [ fo r a l l a g e s ] f o r the e n t i r e p o p u l a t i o n a n d f o r t h e non- g a in f u l l y emp l o y e d p o p u l a t i o n , b u t b y 8 a g e g r o u p s [ fo r a g e s 1 0 a n d o l d e r ] f o r the g a i n f u l l y emp l o y e d p o p u l a t i on a n d i t s o c c u p a t i o n a l c a t e g o r i e s [ in some r a y o n s t h e p o s i t i o n i n occupation and sector data are not by age ] ; al so by s e v e r a l d i f f e r e n t n a t i o na l i t i e s f o r m o s t r a y o n s , but n a t i o na l i t y d a t a a r e o n l y f o r t h e entire p o p u l a t ion [ i . e . , t h e y a r e b y a l l o f t h e a b o v e except the occupational c a t e g o r i e s ] ; b y s e x) ( s e c o n d p a r t : b y g u b e r n i y a a n d a l s o f o r M o s cow a n d L e n i n gr a d ; s a m e format a s t h e r a y on- l e v e l d a t a but there are no age data )

No . 232 .

S u p p l ement 1 t o Tab l e 3 . P e r s o n s Who � .!!2.!:!!. � a n d A r e Permanent R e s i d e n t s .!.!. t h e � .2.f the Census, .!!l. P o s i t i o n .!..!!_ Occupa t i o n a n d � o f t h e Economy. ( by r a y o n ; t o t a l number o f p e r s o n s b o r n a b r o a d a n d the number o f them b o r n outside t h e b o r d e r s o f t h e R u s s i an Emp i r e , b y u r b a n - r u r a l o f p l a c e o f c u r r e n t r e s i d e n c e ; b y g a i n f u l l y emp l o y e d [ b y p o s i t i o n i n o c c u p a t i o n a n d

List of Census Tables

219

s e c t or s ] a n d non- ga i n f u l l y emp l o y e d ; by s e x) No . 233 .

S u p p l ement 2 t o Tabl e 3 . O f f i c e Worke r s o f S e c t o r s .!..=.§.

.l!.I. P l a c e .2f B i r t h a n d � (Women ) .

( b y g u b e r n i y a , a n d a l s o f o r M o scow a n d L e n i n g r a d ; n u m b e r o f women b o r n i n the USSR [ without B e s s s r s b i a ] b y ur bsn- r u r a l of p la c e o f r e s i d e nce and u r ban- r ur a l o f p l ace o f b i r t h [ c r o s s - t a b u lat e d ] , n u m b e r b o r n i n B e s ss r s b i s , n u m b e r b o r n a b r o a d ; b y 8 age g r o u p s o f t h o s e a g e d 1 0 an d o l d er [ a g e d a t a ar e o n l y a t t h e ra yo n lev e l , not f o r g u b e r n i y a s a n d c i t i e s ] ; the r a y o n s o f Da g e s t a n s kays ASSR , Buryato- Mongo l ' s ka y a A S S R , Yakutskaya A S S R , Kazakskaya ASSR , K i r g i z s ka y a ASSR, U z b e k skaya S S R , a n d Turkme n s kaya S S R d o n o t ha v e this ta b l e )

No . 2 3 4 .

4. Popu l a t i o n !.!. Length o f R e s i d e n c e , N a t i o na l i t y , P o s i t i o n i n Occupa t i o n , a n d Sector o f � Economy . ( fi r s t pa r t : b y rayon ; number o f temp o r a r y r e s i d e n t s , n u m b e r o f l o c a l l y b o r n [ o f them , numb er o f temp o r a r y r e s i d e n t s ] , a n d n u m b e r o f non- loca l l y b o r n [ by number o f t empo r a r y r e s i d e n t s a n d by 9 l e n g t h s o f r e si d e n c e o f permanent r e s i d e n t s ] ; n u m b e r o f ma r r i e d p e r s o n s , b y l oc a l 1 y a n d non-1 o c a l l y b o r n ; by g a i n f u l I y emp l o y e d [ by p o s i t i o n in o c c u p a t i o n a n d secto r s ] and non- g a i n f u l l y em p l oye d ; by 1 0 age g r o u p s [ a l l a g e s ] of the t o t a l popul a t i o n , o f the n a t i o n a l i t i e s , a n d o f the non­ g a i n f u l l y emp l o ye d , a n d by 8 age groups [ a g e s 1 0 and ol d er ] f o r a l l c a t e g o r i e s o f the emp l o y e d p op ul a t i o n ; i n most r a y o n s , a l so b y s e v e r a l nationa l i t i e s [ t h e s e data are by a l l o f the abo ve e x c e p t the o c c u p a t i o n a l c a t e g o r i e s ] ; by s e x 0 by ur ban-rur a l ) ( s e c o n d p a r t : by g u b e r n i y a , a n d a l so for Moscow ; same f o rmat as the r a y on- le v e l d a t a , b u t there a r e no age data )

No . 2 3 5 .

fi r gh , Length o f R e s i d e nc e , !.&!.... N a t i o n a l i ty, P o s i t i o n ups t i on a n d S e c t o r o f t h e Economy f o r [ Name of fi t y o r C i t i e s ] .

S u p p l ement 1 to Tabl e s 3-4. Popu l a t i o n !.!. P l a c e o f

_

s t a b l e i s in 1 7 o f t h e ra y o n v o l u me s an d co v e r s 3 3 c i t i e s ; f o r t h e T s e n t r a l ' n o-Promy s h l e n n y y rayon t h e s e d a t a ar e a l s o i n a S u p p l e me n t 4 t o Ta b l e s 3 - 4 ; n um b e r o f p e r s o n s b o r n i n t h e U S S R [ wi thout B e s s a r a b i s ] , by u r ban-rural ; number b o r n in B e s s a r a b i a ; number b o r n a b r o a d [ o f t h e m , n u m b e r o f temp o r a r y r e s i d e n t s ] ; number o f l o c a l l y born [ o f them, number o f temp orar y r e s i d e n t s ] ; number o f non- l ocal l y b o r n , by number o f tempo r a r y r e s i d e n t s a n d b y 9 l e n g t h s o f r e s i dence o f pe rmanent r e s i d e n t s ; number o f ma r r i e d p e r s o n s , b y local l y a n d non-1 o c a l l y b o r n ; by se x ; by 1 0 a g e g r o u p s [ a g e i s not b y n a t i o n a l i t y or o c c u p a t i o n a l cate gor i e s ] ; b y g a i n f u l l y emp l o y e d [ by p o s i t i o n i n o c c u p a t i o n and s e c t o r ] and non-gainf u l l y emp l o y e d ; b y s e v e r a l na t i o n a l i t i e s [ th e s e da t a a r e n o t b y ag e or b y o c c u p a t i onal c a t e g o r i e s ] ; ta b l e s f o r Moscow a n d Lenin g r a d c o n t a i n a g e data for al l c a t e gor i e s l i s t e d abo v e )

No . 2 3 6 .

S u p p l ement 2 to Tab l e s 3-4. Non-Ga i n f u l l y Empl oye d Pe r s o n s o f M o s c o w !.!. L e n gt h o f R e s i d e n c e a n d Ju. P o s i t i on .!..!!. Occupa t i o n a n d S e c t o r o f the Economy of The i r Breadwinne r s . ( th i s tabl e i s f o u n d i n t h e T s e n t r a l ' no-Prom y s h l e n n y y

220

Index and Guide r a y o n v o l um e ; number of t em po r a r y r e s i d e n t s , number o f permanent r e s i d e n t s [ o f them, number b o r n in M o s c o w a n d 9 l en g t h s o f r e s i d e n c e o f t h o s e n o t b o r n t h e r e ] ; by 1 0 age groups ; by s e x )

No . 237 .

S u p p l ement 3 t o T a b l e s 3-4. Gai n f u l l y Empl oyed Popu l a t i o n tl M o s c o w h P l a c e .Qi B i r t h a n d L e n g t h o f R e s i d e n c e , h � S h o r t O ccupa t i on a l C l a s s i f i c a t i o n . ( th i s t a b l e , u n d e r a s i mi l a r t i t l e , a p p e a r s a s S u p p l eme n t 2 i n L e n i n g r a d sko-Ka r e l ' s k i y r a y o n a n d i n L e v o b e r e zh n y y p o d r a y o n [ fo r L e n i n g r a d a n d K h a r k o v ] ; numb e r o f p e r s o n s b o r n i n M o s cow, b o r n i n o t h e r p a r t s o f the USSR [ b y u r ban-rural ] , b o r n i n B e s s a r a b i a ; numb e r o f tempo r a r y r e s i d e n t s ; numb e r o f permanent r e s i d e n t s [ o f them, number b o r n i n M o s c o w a n d 9 l e n g t h s o f r e s i d e n c e o f t h o s e n o t b o r n t h e r e ] ; by s e x ; by p o s i t i o n i n o c c u p a t i o n , s e c t o r o f the e c o n o m y , a n d 228 occupational categories )

No . 2 3 8 .

5 . Non-Loca l l y B o r n P e r s o n s Who A r e Permanent R e s i d e n t s a t t h e P l a c e o f t h e C e n s u s , .l!J'.. P l a c e tl B i r t h an d � .Qi R e s i d e n c e , I n d i c a t e d i n D e t a i l . ( f i r s t p a r t : by r a y o n ; number o f non- l o c a l l y born persons who a r e l i v i n g i n the r a y o n , by u r b a n - r u r a l o f p l a c e o f r e s i d e n c e ; number o f l o c a l l y b o r n p e r s o n s who ar e l i v i n g in o t he r ra y o n s ; b y t h e s p e c i f i c ra yo n s o f p l a c e o f b i r t h o f th e n o n- l o c a l l y b o r n a n d t he r a y o n s o f p l a c e o f r e s i d e n c e o f the l o c a l l y born who a r e l i v i n g i n o t h e r r a y o n s ; by g a i n f u l l y emp l o y e d [ b y p o s i t i o n i n o c c u p a t i o n and s e c t o r o f t h e e c onomy ] a n d non- g a i n f u l l y emp l o y e d ; by s e x ) ( s e c o n d par t : b y g u b e r n i y a , a n d f o r M o s c o w and L e n i n g r a d ; same format a s the f i r s t part, b u t the p l a c e s of b i r t h an d o f r e s i d en c e a r e g i v e n at th e g u b e r n i y a l e v e l a n d a l s o i n c l u d e M o s c o w a n d Len i n g r a d)

No . 2 3 9 .

S u p p l ement to T a b l e S . Non-Loca l l y B o r n P e r s o n s Who Are Permanent R e s i d e n t s i n [ Name o f C i t y .2!. C i t iesJ h P l a c e o f B i r t h , D e n o t e d i n D e t ai l , ( t h i s t a b l e i s g i v e n in 1 5 r a y o n v o lumes a n d c o v e r s 2 8 c i t i e s [ t h e c i t i e s a r e n o t e xa c t l y th e s a m e o n e s a s i n t h e S u p p l eme n t t o Ta b l e 2 o r S u p p l ement 1 t o Tab l e s 34 ] ; number o f non- l o c a l l y b o r n r e s i d en t s b y e a c h of t h e ma j o r r a y o n s , gube r n i y a s , o r o t h e r uni t s [ M o s c o w and Le n i n g r a d i n c l u d e d , d e p e n d i n g u p o n the c i t y ] whe r e they we r e b o r n ; b y p o s i t i o n in o c c u p a t i o n , some o f w h i c h a r e d i v i d e d by s e v e r a l s e c t o r s o f the e c o n omy ; b y s e x)

N o . 240 .

6 . Phys i c a l 1 y H a n d i cappe d a n d M e n t a l 1 y 1 1 1 P e r s o n s h G u b e r n i ya a n d U e z d . ( i n many r a y ons-reB"p e c i a l l y t h o s e n o t in European RSFSR ] the d a t a a r e o n l y by guberniya o r o k r u g , not by uezd; d a t a are p r e s e n t e d f o r many major c i t i e s a l so ; u s u a l l y , d a t a f o r the sma l l e s t r e g i o n a l uni t s [ u e z d ] c o n s i s t o f t h e number of p h y s i c a l l y han d i c a p p e d p e r s o n s b y 8 c a t e g o r i e s an d t h e n u mb e r oJ me n t a l l y i l l by 2 c a t e gor i e s , b y s e x ; at the gub e r n i ya l e v e l , data a r e , i n a d d i t i o n , b y u r ban-ru r a l ; f o r some g u b e r n i y a s [ a n d f o r M o s c o w a n d L e n i n g r a d ] a n d f o r a l l nea r l y al l r a y o n s d a t a s r e a l so b y s e v e r a l or mo r e n a t i o n a l i t i e s )

No . 2 4 1 .

7 . Phys i c a l 1 y Han d i c a pped a n d M e n t a l 1 y 1 1 1 P e r s o n s h Cause of D i s a b i l i t y . �u b e r n i y a [ f or ma ny un i t s , d a t a a r e o n l y b y rayon ]

List of Census Tables

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a n d f o r some major c i t i e s ; b y 4 c a t e go r i e s o f c a u s e s ; b y 6 c a t e g o r i e s o f han d i c a p s , p l u s m e n t a l i l l ne s s ; b y sex) No . 2 4 2 .

No . 2 4 3 .

8 . Phys i ca l l y H andi cappe d a n d M en t a l l y I l l P e r s o n s .!!.Y. Place of Birth . n;y-ra yon a n d g u b e r n i ya [ some r a yons a r e n o t d i v i d e d ] , p l u s Moscow a n d Leningra d ; numb e r o f p e r s o n s b y 8 c a t e go r i e s o f p h y s i c a l h a n d i c a p s a n d 2 c a t e g o r i e s o f m e n t a l i l l ne s s ; b y ur ban-r u r a l o f p la c e o f b i r t h f o r t h o s e l i v i n g i n u r b a n a n d t h o s e l i v i n g in r u r a l a r e a s [ t h e se d a t a a r e o n l y g i v en a t t h e ra y o n l e v e l ] ; b y s e x ; b y t h e n um b e r w h o l i v e i n a u n i t w h o we r e b o r n t h e r e [ t hese d a t a g i ven onl y a t the g u b e r n i y a l e v e l ] ) 9 . Physical 1 y Han d i c apped a n d M en t a l I y

.!.&!.:.

11 1

P e r s o n s .!!.Y.

( by r a yon ; number o f p e r s o n s by 8 c a t e g o r i e s o f p h y s i c a l hand i c a p s , 2 c a t e g o r i e s o f mental i l l n e s s , 3 c a t e gor i e s o f war i n v a l i d s , and l a bor i n v a l i d s ; b y s i n g l e-year a g e s to a g e 4 , then b y 5 - y e a r a g e g r o u p s ; by s e x )

No . 244 .

1 0 . Physical I y Han d i c appe d a n d M e n t a l I y

� and Literacy .

11 1

P e r s o n s .!!.Y.

( by g u b e r n i y a a n d many ma j or c i t i e s [ f o r many u n i t s d a t a a r e g i v en on l y at the rayon l e v e l ] ; numb e r of p e r s o n s by 5 c a t e gor i e s o f p h y s i c a l han d i c a p s , a n d mental i l ln e s s ; b y 6 a g e g r o u p s ; b y ur ban- r u r a l ; b y sex)

No . 245 .

1 1 . Phys i c a l 1 y Han d i capped and M en t a l I y I l 1 P e r s o n s .!!.Y. Main Means o f L i v e l i h oo d . ('i)'Yrayon : number o f p e r s o n s by 8 c a t e g o r i e s o f phy s i c a l hand i c a p s , 2 c a t e g o r i e s o f mental i l l n e s s , war inv al i d s , and l a bor i n v al i d s ; b y gainful l y emp l o y e d and non- g a i n f u l l y emp l o y e d ; b y s e x ; the t o t a l numb e r of p e r s o n s with p h y s i c a l hand i c a p s and mental i l l n e s s [ t o g e t h e r ] i s al so b y ur ban- r u r a l ) ( by g u b e r n i y a a n d many ma j or c i t i e s : the t o t a l number o f a l 1 hand i c a p p e d p e r sons [ ph y s i c a l I y and menta l I y t o g e t h e r ] ; by a l l of the o t h e r cate gor i e s a b o v e , i n c l u d i n g ur ban-r u r a l )

V o l ume 43 . RSFSR . No . 246 .

1 . Popu l a t i on .!!.Y. Ma r i t a l S t a t u s , S e x , a n d � ( who l e RSFSR: 4 c a t e g o r i e s o f ma r i t a l s t a t u s ; b y ur ban [ t o t a l , c i t i e s with popul a t i o n s o f more than 1 00 , 000, other ur ban ] a n d r u r a l ; b y s i n g l e-year ages 1 5- 2 9 , then by 5-year a g e g r o u p s ) ( by r a y o n : same format a s who l e r e p u b l i c data , but ur ban- r u r a l d o e s n o t i n c l u d e any e x t r a c a t e g o r i e s o f ur ba n )

No . 2 4 7 .

2 . Popu l a t i o n .!!.Y. Mari ta l S t a t u s , S e x , !&!..i.. P o s i t i o n i n Occupa t i o n , and S e c t o r o f the Economy . ( who l e RSFSR; ma r i t a l s t a t u s i s b y 4 t y p e s f o r the t o t a l o f g a i n f u l l y emp l o y e d and o f non- g a i n f u l l y emp l o y e d , but b y 2 t y p e s for the s p e c i f i c p o s i t i on s i n o c c u p a t i o n s and s e c t o r s ; b y g a i n f u l l y emp l o y e d a n d non­ gainful l y emp l o y e d ; by s i n g l e year ages 1 5- 2 9 , then by

222

Index and Guide 5 - y e a r a g e g r o u p s ; b y ur ban- r u r a l )

No . 2 4 8 .

3 . Popu l a t i o n .!!.I. P l a c e o f B i r t h , P o s i t i o n i n O c c u pa t i o n , a n d � o f t h e Economy .!!.:.. R e s u l t s for t h e RSFSR and Rayon s . b , R e s u l t s f o r the RSFSR w i t h o u t The s e A S S R s : Dage s t anska ya , Kazak'iiSkaYB:" YirSizs kaya, and Yakut skaya . ( whol e RSFSR a n d who l e r e p u b l i c without t h e un i t s l i s t e d a b o v e : number o f p e r s o n s b o r n i n t h e USSR , without B e s s a r a b i a [ t o t a l , b o r n i n ur ban s e t t l eme n t s , r e g i s t e r e d i n ur ban s e t t leme n t s ( o f them , l o cal l y b o r n ; b o r n i n o t h e r u r ban s e t t l emen t s o f t h e U S S R ; b o r n i n r u r a l s e t t l eme n t s ) ] , number b o r n i n B e s s a r a b i a , number born a b r oa d ; b y g a i n f u l l y em p l o y e d and non- g a i n f u l l y emp l o y e d ; b y 8 a g e g r o u p s [ e v e r y t h i n g i s b y a g e e x c e p t the p o s i t i on i n o c c up a t i o n a n d s e c t o r d a t a ] ; b y s e x ) ( b y r a y o n : same f o rmat a s RSFSR d a t a , but none o f the c a t e gor i e s i s b y a g e ) •

No . 2 4 9 .

S u p p l ement 1 t o T a b l e 3 . P e r s o n s W h o W e r e B o r n A b r o a d a n d A r e Permanent R e s i d e n t s a t t he-"Place- o"T"tii e"""CeiiSii s , .!!.I. POSit i o n i n Occupation a n d Sector o f the ECOnomy. ( w h o l e R S F SR ; s am e f o rm at a s S u p p l e m e n t 1 t o T a b l e 3 i n the Rayon v o l um e s [ N o . 2 3 2 ] )

N o . 250 .

S u p p l ement 2 to Ta b l e 3 . O f f i c e Worke r s o f S e c t o r s 1 - 8 .!!.I. P l a c e o f B i r t h a n d � R e s u l t s f o r t h e RSFSR without The s e A S S R s : Dage s t a n s kaya , Kazakhs kaya , K i r g i z skaya, and Y a k u t s kaya ( Women) . ( who l e RSFSR w i t h o u t the uni t s l i s t e d a b o v e ; same f o rmat a s S u p p l ement 2 t o Tab l e 3 i n t h e Rayon v o l umes [ N o . 2 33 ] , i n c l u d i n g the a g e d a t a )

No . 2 5 1 .

4 . Popul a t i o n .!!.I. Length o f R e s i d e n c e , P o s i t i o n i n Oc c u pa t i o n , a n d S e c t o r .2.f t h e E c o n omy .!!.:., R e s u l t s !..!!.!:. ili RSFSR a n d Rayo n s . ( a . who l e R S FS R : t o t a l p o p u l a t i o n [ o f t h e m , t e m p o r a r y r e s i den t s ] , l o c a l l y b o r n [ o f them, temp o r a r y r e s i d e n t s ] , non- l o c a l l y b o r n [ t o t a l , numb er o f tempo r a r y r e s i d e n t s , number o f permanent r e s i d e n t s b y 9 d i f f e r e n t l en g t h s o f r e s i d e nc e ] ; b y 1 0-year a g e g r o u p s [ a g e i s b y a l l c a t e go r i e s e x c e p t t h e s p e c i f i c p o s i t i o n s i n o c c u p a t i o n s a n d s e c t o r s ] ; b y g a i n f u l l y emp l o y e d a n d non-ga i n f u l l y emp l o y e d ; by s e x ; b y ur ban-r ur a l ) ( a . b y r a y o n : same format a s wh o l e RSFSR, b u t t h e r e are no a g e d a t a ) b. Resul t s for the RSFSR without These ASSRs: Dagesta'iiSiC'iiYa .�zakiiBkaya:-Ti r gi z s kaya, a n d Y a k u t s kaya. ( b . who l e RSFSR w i t h o u t un i t s l i s t e d a bo ve : same f o r mat a s who l e RSFSR i n p a r t a, but a l l c a t e g o r i e s [ i n c l u d i n g al l p o s i t i o n s in o c c u p a t i o n s a n d s e c t o r s ] a r e b y a g e ) •

No . 2 5 2 .

No . 253 .

5 . Phys i c s l ly Han d i c a pped a n d Menta l l y Rayon, Autonomous Repub l i c , G u b e r n i ya , A u t o nomous O b l a s t . ( da t a a r e a l s o i n c l u d e d f o r Moscow a n d c a t e g o r i e s o f phy s i c a l hand i c a p s a n d 2 me n t a l i l l n e s s ; b y s e x)

I 1 1 P e r s o n s .!!.I. � and Len i n g r a d ; b y 8 c a t e go r i e s o f

6. Phys i c s l ly Han d i c a ppe d a n d Menta l l y I 1 1 P e r s o n s .!!.I. N a t i on a lit y . ( whol e RSFSR; b y 8 c a t e gor i e s o f p h y s i c a l h a n d i c a p s and 2 c a t e g o r i e s o f menta l i l l n e s s ; b y a b o u t 7 0 d i f f e r e n t n a t i o na l i t i e s ; by s e x )

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No . 254 .

7 . Phys i c a l 1 y Han d i c a pped a n d M en t a l 1 y 1 1 1 P e r s o n s .!!..v. � L i t e r a c y , a n d Mar i ta l S t a t u s . ( wh o l e RSFSR; 8 c a t e g o r i e s o f phy s i c a l han d i c a p s , 2 c a t e g o r i e s o f mental i l l n e s s , 3 c a t e g or i e s o f war inv a l i d s , l a b o r i n v a l i d s ; by 5-year age g r o u p s ; by ur ba n - r u ra l ; by sex; mar i t a l status [ number ma r r i e d ] and l i t e r a c y a r e e a c h b y a l l o f the abo v e c a t e g o r i e s e x c e p t war and l a b o r i n v a l i d s , but t h e y a r e n o t c r o s s ­ t a b u l a t e d b y each o t h e r )

No . 2 5 5 .

8 . Phys i c s l l y H a n d i capped a n d Menta l l y I 1 1 P e r s o n s .!!..v. Means of L i v e l i h o o d . ( whol eifSFSR ; same f o rmat as whol e ra yon- le ve l d a t a i n Ra y o n Ta b l e 1 1 [ N o . 2 4 5 ] , b u t th e me an s o f l i v e l i h o o d data a r e more d e t a i l e d , a n d a l l c a t e gor i e s a r e b y ur ban-r ural )

No . 2 5 6 .

9 . Phys i c a l 1 y H a n d i cappe d a n d M en t a l 1 y 1 1 1 P e r s o n s .!!..v. Cause o f D i s a b i l i t y . ( whole"°'RSFSR ; same f o rmat a s Rayon Ta b l e 7 [ No . 2 4 1 ] )

No . 2 5 7 .

1 0 . Phys i c s l ly Han d i c a pped and Menta l ly I 1 1 P e r s o n s .!!..v. Place of Birth . ( whol eifSFSR ; same format as the ra yon- le v e l d a t a i n R a y o n Ta b l e 8 [ No . 2 4 2 ] )

Vo l ume 45 . Ukrain skaya SSR . No . 2 5 8 .

1 . Popu l a t i on .!!..v. Ma r i t a l S t a t u s , S e x , � an d Na t i o na l i t y . ( who l e r e p u b l i c ; 4 c a t e g o r i e s o f ma r i t a l s t a t u s ; b y s i n g l e-year a g e s f r om 1 5- 2 9 , then 5-year age g r o u p s ; by national i t y [ Uk r a i n i a n , R u s s i a n , J ew ] ; b y u r ban- r u r a l )

No . 259 .

2 . Popu l a t i o n .!!..v. Ma r i tal S t a t u s , Sex, � a n d P o s i t i o n i n Occupa t i o n . (Who l e r e p u b l i c ; 4 c a t e gor i e s o f ma r i t a l s t a t u s ; by s i n g l e-year a g e s 1 5- 2 9 , then by 5-year a g e g r o up s ; by g a i n f u l I y emp l o ye d and non-ga i n f u 1 ly em p l o y e d ; o c c u p a t i o n d a t a a r e n o t onl y by p o s i t i o n i n o c c u p a t i o n , but a l s o b y s e c t o r s o f the e c o n o m y ; by u r b a n- r u r a l )

N o . 2 60 .

3 . Popu l a t i o n .!!..v. P l a c e o f B i r t h , N a t i o na l i ty, P o s i t i o n i n Occupa t i o n , a n d S e c t o r o f the Economy. ( who l e r e p u b l i c ; same f o rmat as Rayon Ta b l e 3 [ N o . 2 3 1 ] ; a l l o c c u p a t i o n a l d a t a are by age)

No . 261 .

S u p p l ement 1 to Ta b l e 3 . P e r s o n s Who W e r e Born � a n d A r e P e rmanent R e s i d e n t s a t t h e P l a c e o f the C e n s u s , � P o s i t i o n i n Occupa t i o n a n d S e c t o r o f the Economy. ( who l e r e pu b l i c ; same format a s S u p p l ement 1 t o Tab l e 3 i n the Rayon v o l ume s [ N o . 2 3 2 ] )

No . 2 6 2 .

S u p p l ement 2 t o Ta b l e 3 . O f f i c e W o r k e r s o f S e c t o r s l::J! � P l a c e o f B i r t h a n d fil"('WOiiie n ) . ( whol e r e p u b l i c ; same format as S u p p l ement 2 t o Tab l e 3 in the Rayon v o l umes [ N o . 2 3 3 ] )

No . 2 6 3 .

4 . Popul a t i o n .!!..v. Length o f R e s i d e n c e , N a t i o n a l i t y, P o s i t i o n in Occupa t i o n , .!.!!i S e c t o r o f the Economy. ( whol e r e p u b l i c ; same f o rmat as the rayon- l e ve l d a t a i n

224

Index and Guide Rayon Ta b l e 4 [ No . 2 34 ) ; n a t i o na l i t y d a t a a r e by Ukra i n i a n , R u s s i a n , a n d Jew)

N o . 264 .

5 . Phys i c a l ly Han d i c appe d a n d Menta l ly I 1 1 P e r s o n s in t h e Repub l i c . (Who l e r e p u b l i c ; f o r 8 c a t e g o r i e s o f p h y s i c a l h a n d i c a p s and 2 categories of mental i l lness ; by 1 0 d i fferent e t h n i c g r o u p s ; b y s e x ; b y u r b a n - r u r a l [ c r o s s - ta b u l a t e d by e verything except national ity ] )

No . 2 6 5 .

6 . Phy s i c a l 1 y Han d i c appe d a n d M en t a l 1 y 1 1 1 P e r s o n s lv. Ca u s e o f D i s a b i l i t y . ( wh o l e-X:-e p u b l i c ; same format a s Rayon T a b l e 7 [ No . 2 4 1 ) )

No . 266 .

7 . Phys i c a l l y Han d i c a pped a n d M e n t a l l y I l l P e r s o n s lv. Place of Birth . ( who l e-X:-e pu b l i c ; f o r 8 c a t e gor i e s o f p h y s i c a l h a n d i c a p s a n d 2 c a t e g o r i e s o f m e n t a l i l l n e s s ; by u r b a n - r ur a l o f pl ace o f birth for those l i v ing in urban and those l i v i ng i n r u r a l a r e a s ; b y s e x )

No . 2 6 7 .

8 . Phys i c a l 1 y Han d i c a pp e d a n d M e n t a l 1 y 1 1 1 P e r s o n s lv.

ill..:.

( whol e r e p u b l i c ; same f o r ma t a s Rayon Tab l e 9 [ No . 2 4 3 ) , but ages are all 5-year age group s )

No . 2 6 8 .

9 . P h y s i c a l 1 y H a n d i c apped a n d M e n t a l 1 y I l 1 P e r s o n s lv.

� and Literacy .

( whore-r e p u b l i c ; same format a s R a y on Ta b l e 1 0 [ No . 2 44 ) )

No . 2 6 9 .

1 0 . P h ys i c a l 1 y Han d i capped a n d M en t a l 1 y 1 1 1 P e r s o n s lv. Ma i n Means o f L i v e l i h o o d . ( w h o l erepuiiT i c ; s a m e format a s Rayon Ta b l e 1 1 [ No . 2 45 ) )

V o l ume 5 1 . � No . 2 7 0 .

l a . Popu l a t i o n lv. M a r i t a l S t a t u s , S e x , a n d � R e s u l t s f o r t h e USSR a n d U n i o n Repu b l i c s . '[Who re-U S S R : i;"typ e s o f ma r i t a l s t a t u s ; by s i n g l e - y e a r a g e s 1 5- 2 9 , then b y 5 - y e a r a g e g r o u p s ; b y ur ban [ t o t a l , p o p u l a t i o n i n c i t i e s o f more than 1 00 , 000 p e r s o n s , other urban ] and rural ) ( by r e p u b l i c : same f o r ma t a s who l e USSR , but u r ban­ rural d a t a d o n o t in c l u d e a n y other c a t e g o r i e s of ur ban )

No . 2 7 1 .

l b . Popu l a t i o n lv. M a r i t a l S t a t u s a n d N a t i o na l i ty. Results for the USSR . ( 4 t y p e s Of mari ta l s t a t u s ; b y a b o u t 5 0 e t h n i c g r o u p s ; b y s a m e a g e g r o u p s a s Tab l e l a ; b y s e x )

No . 2 7 2 .

2 . Popu l a t i o n lv. Mar i t a l S t a t u s , . S e x , � P o s i t i o n i n O c c ur a t i o n a n d S e c t o r o f t h e Economy . ( who e USS � ; �t y p e s o f ma r i t a l s t a t u s ; by g a i n f u l l y a n d n o n - g a in f u l l y emp l o y e d ; b y s i n g l e-year a g e s 1 5- 2 9 , then b y 5 - y e a r a g e g r o u p s ; by u r ban-rura l )

No . 273 .

3 a . Popu l a t i o n lv. P l a c e o f B i r t h a n d � Re s u l t s f o r t h e USSR . ( num b e r o f p e r s o n s b o r n in the USSR , w i t h o u t B e s s a r a b i a

225

List of Census Tables

[ o f them, numb e r b o r n in c i t i e s ] , number r e g i s t e r e d i n c i t i e s [ by l o c a l l y b o r n , b o r n i n another c i t y , b o r n i n a r u r a l a r e a ] , numb e r o f p e r s o n s b o r n i n B e s s a r a b i a , n u m b e r b o r n a b r o a d ; b y g a i n f u l l y emp l o y e d a n d non- g a i n f u l l y employe d ; by 1 0 ag e g r o u p s ; b y s e x ) No . 2 7 4 .

3 b . Popu l a t i o n .!!.I. � tl B i r t h , P o s i t i on .!.!!. Occupa t i o n , a n d S e c t o r o f t h e Economy. R e s u l t s f o r � USSR and Union1feiiililic'S:'" -( number-"o l'-pers o n s born i n USSR , without B e s s a r a b i a [ o f them, born i n ur ban s e t t l em ents ] , number r e g i s t e r e d i n u r ban s e t t lemen t s [ by l o c a l l y b o r n , b o r n i n another u r ban a r e a , b o r n i n a r u r a l a r ea ] , numb e r b o r n in B e s s a r a b i a , number b o r n abroad [ i n Russian Emp i r e , o u t s i d e the emp i r e ] ; b y sex)

No . 2 7 5 .

S u p p l ement to Ta b l e 3b. Persons Who Were Born A b r o a d a n d A r e Permanent R e s i d e n t s a t t�P l a c e OT"'t h� u s , JU: POSit ion i n O c c U D a t i o n a nd Sect orofthe EConomy. R e s u l t s f o r tii e USSR. ( w ho l e USSR ;sametOrm a t as S up p l em e n t 1 t o T ab l e 3 i n the Rayon v o l um e s [ N o . 2 3 2 ] ) --

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-

--

No . 2 7 6 .

3 v . Popu l a t i on .!!.I. � tl B i r t h , !&!J.. P o s i t i o n i n Occupa t i o n , m S e c t o r .2£. � Economy. R e s u l t s i2!:. � US SR without !.b.!.!£ Repu b l i c s : U z b e k s kaya S S R , T u r kmens kaya S S R , Dage s t a n s kaya ASSR , Iazakhskaya A S S R , Iirgi z s kaya ASSR , m Yakutskaya ASSR . ( who l e USSR w i t h o u t t h e s e r e p u b l i c s ; numb e r o f p e r sons born i n U S S R , by urban-r ura l o f p l ace o f r e s i dence a n d ur ban- r u r a l o f p l a c e o f b i r t h [ c ro s s- t a b u l a t e d ] ; number born i n B e s s a r a b i a ; number born abro a d ; b y 10 mos t l y 1 0-year a g e g r o u p s ; b y s e x)

No . 2 7 7 .

S u p p l ement to Tab l e 3 v . � Wo r k e r s ( Women) tl S e c t o r s 1 -8 .!!.I. P l a c e o f B i r t h and !&.!:.. Resul t s f o r the USSR w i tii'Oiit T h e s e ReP\i"bITciil UZbekskaya SSR , Turkmens kaya S S R , Dage s t a n s kaya ASSR , Iazakh skaya ASSR, Iirgi z skaya ASSR, m Yaku t s kaya � ( s ame format as Tab l e 3v , but o n l y f o r fema l e o f f i c e worke r s , a n d b y 8 a g e g r o u p s ) --

-­

No . 278 .

4 a . Popul a t i o n .!!.I. Length o f R e s i d e n c e a n d !&.!:.. R e s u l t s f o r t h e US SR . ( to t ar-po p u l a t i o n , number l o c a l l y b o r n , and number non­ l o c a l l y b o r n , e a c h o f these c a t e g o r i e s by the t o t a l and the number o f temp o r a r y r e s i d en t s ; number o f permanent r e s i d e n t s by 9 lengths o f r e s i d e nc e ; b y g a i n f u l l y emp l o y e d and non- g a i n f u l l y empl o y e d ; b y 1 0 a g e g r o u p s ; b y s e x ; b y ur ban-ru r a l )

No . 2 7 9 .

4 b . Popu l a t i on .!!.I. Length o f R e s i d e n c e , P o s i t i o n i n Oc c upa t i o n , m S e c t o r .2£. t h e E c onomy. R e s u l t s f o r � USSR m Union Republ i c s . ( R SFSR i s n o t in c l ude d ; t o t a l pop ul a t i o n , number l o c a l l y born, number non- l o c a l l y born , e a c h o f t h e s e c a t e g o r i e s b y t h e t o t a l a n d the n u m b e r o f temporary r e s i d e n t s ; number o f permanent r e s i de n t s b y 9 l e n gths o f r e s i d e n c e ; b y s e x ; b y urban- r u r a l )

No . 280 .

4v . Popu l a t i on .!!.I. Length tl R e s i d en c e , !&!J.. P o s i t i o n .!.!!. Occupa t i on , m � o f � Economy. R e s u l t s for � USS R w i t h o u t !.b.!.!£ Repub l i c s : Uzbekskaya, Turkmenskaya ,

226

Index and Guide Dage s t an skaya , Kazakhskaya , K i r g i z skaya , a n d Y a k u t s kaya . ( w ho l e U S S R w i t h o u t t h e s e r e p u b l i c s ; same format a s T a b l e 4 b , b u t b y 1 0 a g e g r o u p s in a d d i t ion)

No . 2 8 1 .

S. il

No . 2 8 2 .

6a. P e r s o n s B o r n .!!!. O ther Republ i c s a n d Rayons h P l a c e o f B i r t h . R e s u l t s f o r the U r b a n a n d � Popul a t i o n . Uni on Republ i c s . ( number o f p e r s o n s b o r n in e a c h r e p u b l i c , number b o r n in Bessarabia, number born abroad, a l l of these c a t e gor i e s b y s e x ; by r e pu b l i c o f c u r r e n t r e s i d e n c e , b y ur ban- r u r a l )

No . 2 8 3 .

6 b . P e r s o n s B o r n i n O ther Repu b l i c s a n d R a y o n s h P l a c e o f B i r t h . R e s u l t s f o r the U r b a n a n d R u r a l Popul a t i o n .!!.Y. S e x . R a yo n s . ( number o f persons b y 29 r a y o n s o f p l a c e o f birth [ no t b y s e x o r u r ba n- r u r a l ] , c r o s s - ta b u l a t e d b y 2 9 r a y o n s o f p l a c e o f r e s i d e n c e [ t h i s i s b y s e x a n d b y ur b a n - r u r a l ] )

N o . 284 .

6 v . P e r s o n s Born i n O ther Repu b l i c s a n d Rayo n s h P l a c e tl Bi r t h . R e s u l t s h S o c i a l G r o u p . U n i o n Republ i c s . ( n umb e r o f p e r s o n s b o r n i n e a c h r e p u b l i c , b y g a i n f u l l y empl o y e d [ b y p o s i t i on i n o c c u p a t i o n and s e c t o r o f t h e e c onomy ] a n d non- g a i n f u l l y emp l o y e d ; by r e p u b l i c o f c u r r e n t r e s i d en c e )

No . 2 8 5 .

6 g . P e r s o n s B o r n i n Other Repu b l i c s a n d R a y o n s h P l a c e o f .!li.!:lh.:._ Re s u l t s h S o c i a l Group . Ra yo n s . '("ilum b e r o f p e r s o n s b o r n in e a c h o f the 2 9 r a y o n s , b y g a i n f u l l y emp l o y e d [ by p o s i t i o n in o c c u p a t i o n a n d s e c t o r o f the e c o n omy ] a n d non-gain fu l l y emp l o y e d ; by t h e rayon o f c u r r e n t r e s i d e n c e )

No . 2 8 6 .

7 . Phys i c a l l y H a n d i c a ppe d a n d M en t a l l y I l l P e r s o n s . R e s u l t s f o r t h e USSR a n d U n i o n Republi c s . ( 8 c a t e g o r i e s o f p h y s i c a l ha n d i c a p s a n d 2 c a t e g o r i e s o f mental i l l n e s s ; b y s e x )

No . 2 8 7 .

8 . Phys i c a l l y H a n d i cappe d a n d M en t a l l y I l l P e r s o n s h N a t i o na l i t y . ( who l e U S S R ; 8 c a t e g o r i e s o f p h y s i c a l han d i c a p s a n d 2 c a t e g o r i e s o f me n t a l i l ln e s s ; by a b o u t 1 00 na t i o nal i t i e s ; b y s e x)

No . 288 .

9 . Phys i c a l I y H a n d i c a ppe d a n d M e n t a l I y I l l P e r s o n s h

Persons B o r n i n t h e USSR Who A r e Permanent R e s i d e n t s t h e P l a c e o f t h e""Cen"'Sii"B, !.!. P l a c e .2.f B i r t h an d P l a c e o f R e s i d e n c e , I n d i c a t e d .!!!. D e t a i l . ( b y g u b e r n i y a , a n d a l s o f o r M o s c o w and L e n i n g r a d ; number of persons registered in each unit as of the c e n s u s [ t o t a l p e rmane n t r e s i d e n t s ( o f t h e m , num b e r b o r n i n that u n i t , number b o r n i n o t h e r r e g i o n s o f t h e USSR) ] , number b o r n i n t h e unit who l i v e i n a n o t h e r r e gi o n o f the USSR , a n d t o t a l number o f l o c a l l y b o r n p e r s o n s , a l l o f t h e s e c a t e g o r i e s b y s e x ; number b o r n i n ea c h u n i t wh o l i v e i n t h a t u n i t an d th e nu mb e r l i v i n g in a n o t h e r u n i t o f t h e U S SR , n u mb er w ho l i v e in e a c h un i t w ho w er e b o r n i n an o t h e r u n i t , a l 1 o f th e s e c a t e g o r i e s b y g a i n f u l l y emp l o y e d [ b y p o s i t i o n i n o c c u p a t i o n a n d s e c t o r s o f the e c o n o m y ] a n d non­ g a i n f u l l y emp l o y e d ; the f i r s t s e c t i on [ b y s e x ] a n d the s e c o n d section [ by o c c u p a t i o n s ] a r e n o t c r o s s­ tabulate d )

List of Census Tables

227

� L i t e r a c y , a n d Mar i t a l S t a t u s . USSR . ( 8 categories of physical handicaps, 2 categories of me ntal i l l n e s s , 3 c a t e go r i e s o f w a r i n v a l i d s , l a bo r inv a l i d s ; b y 5-year a g e g r o u p s ; b y s e x ; b y u r ban-ru r a l ; on l y the 8 c a t e g or i e s o f p h y s i c a l h a n d i c a p s and the t o t a l f o r mental i l l n e s s a r e a l so b y l i t e r a c y a n d ma r i t a l s t a t u s [ ma r r i e d or n o t ] ; l i t e r a c y and ma r i ta l status are not cross-tabul ated) No . 2 8 9 .

1 0 . Phys i c s l ly Han d i c appe d a n d Menta l ly Ill P e r s o n s h Ma i n Means o f L i v e l i h oo d . '(Wli'Ol elrnSR;-same f o r mat a s Rayon Tab l e 1 1 [ No . 2 4 5 ] )

N o . 290 .

1 1 . Phys i c a l ly Handi capped a n d Menta l ly Ill P e r s o n s h Cause o f D i s a b i l i t y . R e s u l t s -f o r t h e USSR . ( s ame f o rmat a s Rayon T a b l e 7 -rNo-:-24�

No . 2 9 1 .

1 2 . Phys i c a l l y Handi capped a n d M en t a l l y ill P e r s o n s h P l a c e o f Bi r t h . ( whol elJSSR ; same format as the r a y on- le ve l d a t a in Rayon Table 8 [ N o . 24 2 ] ) S e c t i o n 4 . Vol ume 5 2 . Un empl oyed i n t h e U S SR .

No . 292 .

1 . Unemp loyed h Length EJ.. Unemp l oyme n t , � and M a r i t a l Status. B a s e d on t h e S h o r t C l a s s i f i c a t i o n o f Occupa t i o n s . USSif'(";itiiOutT urkiiieii skaya MlQ!O ( data a r e f o r the who l e USSR , M o scow, L e n i n g ra d , other cities o f 1 00, 000 popul a t i o n a n d greater a s a g r o u p [ b y i n d u s t r i a l c e n t e r s and o t h e r ] , o t h e r c i t i e s and ur ban s e t t l eme n t s as a group, a n d a g r i c u l t u r a l l o c a l i t i e s as a group; number o f unemp l o y e d by 2 main types o f unemp l o yment [ p r e v i o u s l y w o r k e d f o r h i r e , d i d n o t work f o r h i r e ] ; by 4 l e n g t h s o f unemp l o ymen t ; b y 8 age g r o u p s [ a g e i s by a l l c a t e g o r i e s except ma r i t a l status a n d the i n d i v i dual c i t i e s and s e t t l ement types l i s t e d abov e ] ; by position in occupation , sector of the economy, a n d 2 2 8 o c c u p a t i o n a l c a t e gor i e s ; b y s e x ; b y m a r i t a l s t a t u s [ ma r r i e d o r n o t ] , w h i c h i s n o t by ag e )

No . 2 9 3 .

2 . Un empl oyed h Length EJ.. Un empl oyment, � a n d M a r i ta l S t a t u s . A c c o r d i n g t o t h e M a i n Di v i s i o n s o f the Cl a s s i f i c a t i o n o f Occupation s-:-ReSiiTt s f o r t h e USSR-;-­ U n i o n Repub l i c s , a n d R a y o n s (wi thout Turkme n s kaya S S R) . '("iiieiiii" r of unempl o y e d b y 4 main c a t e gor i e s of unemp l o yment a n d s e v e r a l s u b c a t e g o r i e s [ i n c l u d i n g s ome s e c t o r s o f the economy and po s i t i o n s in o c c u p a t i o n s of p r e v i o u s l y em p l o y e d p e r sons ] ; b y 4 l e n g t h s of unemp l o yment ; b y 8 age g r o u p s [ a g e is b y a l l c a t e g o r i e s e x c e p t l e n g t h o f unemp loyment and ma r i ta l s t a t u s ] ; b y s e x ; by ma r i t a l s t a t u s [ ma r r i e d , o t h e r ] , w h i c h i s n o t by a g e )

No . 2 9 4 .

3 . Unempl oye d h Length E.f Un empl oyme n t , P l a c e o f B i r t h .!,!!i Length o f R e s i d e n c e . A c c o r d i n g t o the !1!.!!!. Di v i s i o n s o f � C l a s s i f i c a t i o n o f Occupa t i o n s . R e s ul t s f o r t h e US S R . {dataar e gi v e n f o r th e u n i t s a n d c i t y t y p e s l i s t e d i n Tab l e l ; b y 3 p l a c e- o f - b i r t h a n d r e s i d e n c e c a t e g o r i e s [ t empor a r y r e s i d e n t s ; non- l o c al l y b o r n , b y 4 c a t e g o r i e s o f l e n g t h o f r e s i d e n c e a n d b y urban- r u r a l o f p l a c e o f

228

Index and Guide b i r t h ( th e s e a r e n o t c r o s s - t a b u l a t e d) ; l o c a l l y b o r n ] ; b y 4 l e n g t h s o f unemp l o yme n t ; b y p o s i t i on i n o c c u p a t i on a n d s e c t o r o f the economy ; b y s e x)

No . 295 .

4 . Unempl oye d J?.I. Pl a c e o f .!!!!.!!! a n d Length o f R e s i d e n c e . R e s u l t s f o r t h e U n i o n R e pu b l i c s a n d Rayo n s . ( f o r t h e s ame 3 p l a c e - o f - b i r t h a n d r e s i d e n c e c a t e gor i e s use d in Ta b l e 3 ; by s e x ; by ur ban- r ur a l )

S e c t i o n 5 . V o l ume 5 3 . Proper t i e s , S t r u c t u r e s , Li ving a n d � L i v ing Premises i n C i t i e s a n d U r b a n S e t t l emen t s .2.f t h e � No . 296 .

1 . N um b e r o f P r o pe r t i e s , T h e i r Popul a t i o n, a n d the A r e a o f Land P a r c e l s . (To r Union R e p u b l i c s , r a y on s , and 30 c i t i e s o f 1 00, 000 p o p u l a t i o n o r g r e a t e r ; b y 4 c i t y- s i z e g r o u p s ; b y 3 main types o f b u i l d i n g o wn e r s h i p )

No . 297 .

2 . Bui l d i n gs . ( f or Union R e p u b l i c s , r a y o n s , a n d 30 c i t i e s o f 100, 000 p o p u l a t i on o r g r e a t e r ; number o f l i v i ng s t r u c t u r e s by t y p e o f ma t e r i a l , c o n s t r u c t i o n s t a t u s , and number o f f l o o r s ; numb e r o f non- l i v i n g s tr u c t u r e s , b y t y p e ; b y 4 c i t y - s i z e g r o u p s ; b y 3 main t y p e s o f bu i l d i n g own e r s h i p )

No . 298 .

3 . L i v i n g Premi s e s ( A partme n t s a n d Dormi t o r i e s ) . ( fo r Union R e p u b l i c s , r a y o n s , a n d c i t i e s of 1 00, 000 p o p u l a t i o n or g r e a t e r ; number of a p a r tment s , the number o f inha b i t a n t s i n them, number o f k i t c h e n s , number o f liv ing rooms, and li ving area by type of buil ding ma t e r i a l ; number o f d o r mi t o r i e s , t h e number o f i n ha b i ta n t s i n t he m , a n d l i v i n g ar ea b y t y p e o f bu i l d in g ma t e r i a l ; number o f l i v i n g s t r u c t u r e s which hav e e l e c t r i c i t y , a n d the number o f inha b i t a n t s i n them ; b y 4 c i t y- s i z e g r o u p s ; by 3 main t y p e s o f bui l d i n g owne r s h i p )

No . 2 9 9 .

4 . Non-Living Premises i n L i v i ng S t r u c t u r e s . ( f or U n i o n R e p ub l i c s , r a y o n s , a n d c i t i e s o f 1 00, 000 po pu l a t i o n or g r e a t e r ; number and f l o o r s p a c e o f non­ l i v i n g p r emi s e s by t y p e o f bui l d i n g ma t e r i a l and by k i n d s o f use; b y 4 c i t y- s i z e g r o u p s ; b y t h r e e ma i n t y p e s o f bu i l d i n g owner s h i p )

No . 300 .

5 . Chara c t e r i s t i c s o f P r o pe r t i e s , B u i l d i n g s , � Premi s e s J?.I. I n d i v i d u a l � S e t t l ement s . ( b y r a y o n , a n d f o r t h e ma j or c i t i e s in e a c h u n i t [ a b o u t 2 0 0 0 c i t i e s ] ; t o t a l number o f bu i l t p r o p e r t i e s a n d t h e i r f l o o r s p a c e ; l i v i ng s t r u c t u r e s by t y p e o f bui l d i n g mat e r i a l a n d number o f f l o o r s ; l i v i n g p r e m i s e s by t y p e [ ap a r tme n t s a n d dormi t o r i e s ] , c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s [ l i v i n g s p a c e , number o f r o om s , number o f i n h a b i t a n t s , kitchens, etc. ] , type of bui lding materia l , and supp l y o f e l ec t r i c i t y )

No . 3 0 1 .

6 . L i v ing S t r u c t u r e s , Li ving A r e a , a n d � tl I n h a b i t a n t s J?.I. Category o f P r o p e r t y ( Re s u l t s .!?.I. Indi v i dual U r ban S e t t l ement s ) . ( f or same un i t s a s Ta b l e 5 ; b y 3 main t y p e s o f b u i l d i n g owner s h i p a n d s e v e r a l subc a t e gor i e s ; by the number o f l i v i n g s t r u c t ur e s , the l i v i n g s p a c e in s q u a r e m e t e r s , and the number o f inha b i t a n t s )

List of Census Tables

229

N o . 302 .

7 . P r o pe r t i e s !.h!!. !.£!. Connec t e d !.!!. !h!. .!!!.!!.!. S upply . ( fo r e a c h Union R e p u b l i c a n d for 2 6 6 p op ul a t i o n c e n t e r s ; n umb e r o f b u i l d i ng s , numb e r c o n n e c t e d t o wa ter s u p p l y , and number o f i n h a b i t a n t s i n bui l d i n g s w i t h wa t e r s u p p l y ; b y t y p e s o f b ui l d i n g owne r s h i p)

No . 303 .

8 . Prope r t i e s t h a t A r e C o n n e c t e d t o t h e S elsf e System. , and { f or 3 6 c i t i e s:-Tii tile' RSFSR, UkriiTn iiki"y a Zakav k a z s ka y a SSR onl y ; n u m b e r o f bui l d i n g s , number conn e c t e d t o sewa g e s y s t em, and numb e r o f i n h a b i t a n t s i n b u i l d in g s that a r e conne c t e d t o the sewage s y stem; by types o f bui l d i n g own e r s h i p )

S e c t i o n 6 . V o l ume 5 4 . L i v i n g C o n d i t i o n s .21. !h!, .l!!:.!!.!.!!. Popul a t i o n .21. ili US SR . No . 304 .

1 . D i s t r i b u t i o n .21. Fami l i e s fil P e r s o n s L i v ing � ..!!.I. Cha r a c t e r .21. Occupi e d Premi s e s . a . R e s u l t s f o r !h!, � fil � Repub l i c s .

( t y p e o f l o d g i n g o f fami l i e s and p e r s o n s l i v i n g a l one [ ho u s e , s e p a r a t e apartment , p a r t o f an apar tmen t ( pa r t o f a r oom, 1 r o om, m o r e t h a n 1 r o om) , dormi t o r y , n o n ­ l i v i n g p r emi s e s ( k i t c h e n , o t h e r ) ] ; b y s o c i a l g r o u p a n d s e c t o r o f t h e e c o nomy) b. R e s u l t s ..!!.I. � o f .l!!:.!!.!.!!. S e t t l ement . ( s ame f o rmat a s p a r t a , but who l e USSR onl y ; s e t t l ement type i s d i v i d e d into M o scow, Le n i n g r a d , a n d about 25 other t y p e s [ by size an d f u n c t i o n ] ; 19 o f these c a t e g o r i e s [ s e t t l eme n t s w i t h p o pu l a t i o n s o f 50 , 000 o r fewer ] are not s u bd i v i d e d b y social group or s e c t o r o f the e c onomy)

No . 305 .

2 . D i s t r i b u t i o n o f Fami l i e s fil P e r s o n s L i v ing !1.2.!!.! ..!!.I. !h!, C h a r a c t e r o f U s e .21. !h!, L i v ing Area ; Av erage L i v ing !r.!!_ .!!.!!. I n h a b i t a n t . a . R e s u l t s f o r !h!, � fil .!!.!!.!.2.!. Repub l i c s . ( c h a r a c t e r of u s e o f l i v i n g space i s d i v i d e d i n t o those not ha ving t h e i r own l i v i ng a r e a [ l i v i ng with o t h e r p e o p l e , l i v i n g i n k i t chen or other non- l i v i n g s p a c e , l i v i n g in dormi t o r y ] and t h o s e ha v in g t h e i r o w n l i v i ng s p a c e [ i nc l u d i n g the a v e r a g e area per p e r s on ] ; b y s o c i a l g r o u p a n d s e c t o r o f t h e economy ) b , R e s u l t s ..!!.I. � o f .l!!:.!!.!.!!. S e t t lement , ( s ame format a s p a r t a , but who l e USSR on l y ; d a t a by s e t t l ement t y p e hav e the same format a n d l im i t a t i ons as Ta b l e l b)

No . 306 .

3 . D i s t r i bu t i o n .21. Fami l i e s fil P e r s o n s L i v ing A l one ..!!.I. !h!, Number o f S g ua r 0 M e t e r s o f L i v i n g !!:!.!_ .!!.!!. ""Yiiiiil1i i t a n t . a . ReSul't'S To'r !h!. � fil .!!.!!.!.2.!. Repu b l i c s . ( l i v i ng s p a c e p e r p e r s o n i s b y 8 s i z e g r o u p s ; b y s o c i a l group and s e c t o r o f the economy) b . Re s u l t s ..!!.I. � .21. .l!!:.!!.!.!!. S e t t lement . ( same f o rmat a s par t a , b u t who l e USSR o n l y ; d a t a by s e t t l ement type hav e the same format and l im i t a t i o n s as Ta b l e l b)

No . 3 0 7 .

4 . D i s t r i b u t i o n .21. Fami l i e s fil P e r s o n s L i v ing !1.2.!!.! ..!!.I. Numbe r .21. I n h a b i t a n t s .!!.!!. � a . R e s u l t s f o r the � fil .!!.!!.!.2.!. Republ i c s . ( b y 5 s i z e g r o u p s o f the number o f p e r s o n s p e r r oom; b y s o c i a l g r o u p a n d s e c t o r o f the econom y )

230

Index and Guide b , Re s u l t s Ju'.. � o f U r b a n S e t t l ement . ( same f o rmat a s p a r t a , b u t who l e U S S R o n l y ; d a t a b y s e t t l ement t y p e hav e the s a m e format a n d l i m i t a t i o n s a s Tab l e l b)

No . 308 .

5 . D i s t r i b u t i o n o f Fami l i e s Ju'.. � o f Oc c upi e d Rooms a n d Use o f K i t c hen s . S:-Results f o r t h e USSR a n d U n i o n Repub l i c s . ( n umber o f room'S"Pe:r-Iii"mi l y i s in 3 c a t e g o r i e s [ pa r t o f a r o om, 1 r o om, mo r e than 1 room ] ; u s e o f k i t c h e n s i n c l u d e s numb e r o f fami l i e s hav i n g a s e p a r a t e k i tc hen [ a n d w he t h e r i t i s u s e d for l i v i n g ] , th o s e s h a r in g a ki tchen, those not hav ing use of a kitchen; by social g r o u p a n d s e c t o r o f t h e e c o n om y ) b . Re s u l t s Ju'.. � o f U r b a n S e t t l eme n t . ( same format a s p a r t a , but who l e U S S R on l y ; d a t a b y s e t t l ement t y p e hav e the s a m e f o r m a t a n d l i m i t a t i o n s as Ta b l e l b)

No . 309 .

6 . C o n d i t i o n s o f t h e U s e .2.f Dwe l l ings a n d R e n t . a . R e s u l t s f o r t h e USSR a n d U n i o n Repub l i c s . ( number o f fami l i e s a n d p e r s o n s l i v i n g in t h e i r own hou s e s , number o f fami l i e s a n d p e r s o n s who a r e r e n t e r s [ n umber p a y i n g r e n t , s i ze o f l i v i n g a r e a , r e n t p a i d , e t c . ] ; b y s o c i a l g r o u p a n d s e c t o r o f the e c o n om y ) b , R e s u l t s Ju'.. � o f U r b a n S e t t l emen t . ( s ame format a s p a r t a , b u t who l e USSR o n l y ; d a t a by se t t l ement t y p e h a v e the same format a n d l i m i t a t i o n s a s T a b l e l b)

No . 3 1 0 ,

7 . S o c i a l Compo s i t i o n o f the Popu l a t i o n Ju'.. Category .2.f P r o pr i e t o r s h i p . a . R e s u l t s f o r t h e USSR a n d U n i o n Repub l i c s . ( p r o p r i e t o r s h i p d i v i d e d b y s t a t e , c o o p e r a t i v e , and pr i v a t e , a n d b y a d d i t i onal s u b c a t e gor i e s o f these; b y s e c t o r o f t h e e c o nomy ) b . R e s u l t s Ju'.. � o f U rban S e t t l eme n t . ( s ame format a s p a r t a, but who l e USSR on l y ; d a ta b y s e t t l ement t y p e ha v e the s a m e format a n d l i m i t a t i o n s a s Ta b l e l b)

No . 3 1 1 .

8 . D i s t r i bu t i o n Ju'.. � .2.f Propr i e t o r s h i p o f t h e L i v ing A r e a , Ju'.. Separ a t e S o c i a l Groups . a . R e s u l t s f o r t h e USSR a n d U n i o n Repub l i c s . ( p r o p r i e t o r s h i p d i v i d e d b y s t a t e , c o o p e r at i v e , and p r i v a t e , a n d by a d d i t i o n a l s u bc a t e gor i e s o f these; b y s e c t o r o f t h e economy, but s e c t o r s a r e n o t a s d e t a i l e d as i n T a b l e s 1 - 7) b . R e s u l t s Ju'.. � o f U r b a n S e t t l eme n t . ( s ame format a s p a r t a , but who l e USSR o n l y ; d a t a by s e t t l ement type ha v e the same format a n d l i m i t a t i o n s a s Table l b )

No . 3 1 2 .

9 . D i s t r i bu t i o n o f Fami l i e s a n d P e r s o n s L i v i n g A l o n e Ju'.. Char a c t e r o f O c c upi e d Premi s e s . R e s u l t s Ju'.. Rayon � for � with More than 1 0 0 , 000 I n h a b i t an t s . ( t yp e s o f o c c u pi e d p r e mi s e s i n c l u d e s e p a r a t e h o u s e s , s e p a r a t e a p a r t nt e n t s , p a r t o f an apar tment , dormi t o r y , non- l i v i n g s p a c e [ k i t c h e n , o t h e r ] ; by 4 ma i n s o c i a l group s )

No . 3 1 3 .

1 0 . D i s t r i b u t i o n o f Fami l i e s a n d P e r s o n s Li v i n g A l o n e

Ju'.. t he C ha r a c t e r tl U s e o f t he L i v i n g Ar e a ; A v e r a g e L i v ing A r e a � I n h a b i t a n t . R e s u l t s Ju'.. Rayon a n d for

List of Census Tables

23 1

� !.!!.!.!!. 1 00 ,000 I n h a b i t an t s , ( c ha ra c t er o f u s e o f l i v i n g s p ac e ha s t h e s am e c a t e g o r i e s a s Tabl e 2 a ; b y 4 main s o c i a l g r o u p s )

� with

No . 314.

1 1 . D i s t r i b u t i o n tl Fami l i e s fil P e r s o n s L i v i n g � .!!.I. � tl S q ua r e M e t e r s o f L i v ing !.!..!!. � Inhabi­ t a n t . R e s u l t s .!!.I. Rayon fil f o r � .!!!.!!!. Hore !.!!.!.!!. lO'O;Oo o I n h a b i t a n t s . ( l i v i ng s p a c e p e r p e r s o n i s by 8 s i z e g r o u p s ; b y 4 m a i n social groups)

No . 3 1 S .

1 2 . D i s t r i b u t i o n o f Fami l i e s a n d P e r s o n s Li ving A l one .!!.I. � o f I n h a b i t a n t s � Room. Resul t s .!!.I. Rayon fil � � .!!!.!!!. Hore than 1 00, 000 I n h a b i t an t s . ( b y S s i z e g r o u p s o f t h e numb e r o f p e r s o n s per r o om ; b y 4 ma i n s o c i a l g r o u p s )

No. 3 1 6 .

1 3 , D i s t r i b u t i o n o f Fami l i e s J!.I. Number o f Occupi e d Rooms and Use o f Titchen s . R e s uI"t'S'"li Rayon and f o r Ci t i e s wi t h H o r e !.!!.!.!!. 1 0 0 , 000 I n ha b i t a n t s . ( number �r o oms per fami l y i s i n 3 c a t e gor i e s [ se e Ta b l e Sa ] ; u s e o f k i t c h e n s i s a l s o by t h e s am e c a t e g o r i e s a s Tabl e S a ; by 4 main s o c i a l g r o u p s )

No. 317 .

1 4 . Con d i t i o n s tl t h e U s e o f Dwe l l i ngs a n d � R e s u l t s .!!.I. Rayon a n d f o r � .!!!.!!!. More than 1 00, 000 Inhabitants . ( number o f fami l i e s a n d p e r s o n s l i v i n g i n their own h o u s e s , number o f f ami l i e s and p e r s o n s who a r e r e n t e r s [ number p a y i n g r e n t , s i z e o f l i v i n g area , r e n t p a i d , e t c . ] ; b y 4 main s o c i a 1 g r o u p s )

No . 3 1 8 .

l S . S o c ial Compo s i t i o n o f the Popul a t i o n J!.I. Category o f Propr i e to r s h i p. Resul t s J!.I. Rayon fil f o r � w i t h Mo r e than 1 00, 000 I n h a b i t a n t s . ( pr o p r i e t o r s h i p d i v i d e d b y s t a t e , c o o p e r a t i v e , a n d pr i v a t e , and b y a d d i t i o nal s u b c a t e g o r i e s o f t h e s e ; b y 4 main s o c i a l gr oups)

No . 3 1 9 .

1 6 . D i s t r i b u t i on J!.I. � o f Propr i e t o r s h i p o f the Aref , J!.I. S e pa r a t e � Groups. R e s u l t s .!!.I. �an d -2!: C i t i e s w i t h M o r e t h a n 1 00, 000 I n h a b i t an t s . ( pr o p r i e t o r s h i p d i v i d e d by s t a t e , c o o p e r a t i ve , a n d p r i v a t e , a n d by a d d i t i o n a l s u b c a t e g o r i e s o f t h e s e ; b y 4 ma i n s o c i a l g r o u p s )

No . 320 .

1 7 . A pa r tment Ren t J!.I. Category tl P r o pr i e t o r s h i p . R e s u l t s .!!.I. Rayon fil for C i t i e s with More than 1 00 , 000 Inhabitants . ( pr o p r i e t o r s h i p d i v i d e d by s t a t e , c o o p e r a t i v e , a n d p r i v a t e , a n d b y a d d i t i onal s u b c a t e g o r i es)

No . 3 2 1 .

1 8 . Chara c t e r i s t i c s tl L i v ing C o n d i t i o n s o f the Popul a t i o n .!!.I. I n d i v i d u a l Urban S e t t l eme n t s . ( data a r e b y a l l c e n s u s u n i t s at the gubern i ya l e ve l o r abov e , a n d f o r a l l ma j o r c i t i e s a n d u r b a n t y p e s e t t l ements [ a p p r o ximat e l y 2 0 0 0 popu l a t i o n p o i n t s ] ; number o f fami l i e s a n d numb e r o f p e o p l e l i v i n g i n non­ l i v ing premi s e s , in dormi tori e s , i n their own l i v i n g a r e a s , or wi t h o t h e r s ; t o t a l l i v i n g s p a c e ; a v e r a g e l i v i n g s pa c e p e r p e r s o n for fami l i e s and f o r p e r s o n s l i v i n g a l on e ; number o f o c c u p i e d l i v i n g r o o m s ; numb er o f kitchens used for l i v i n g ; number o f p e o p l e p e r 100

1!.!..!!!A

232

Index and Guide r o o m s , a n d p e r 1 00 r o oms a n d k i t c he n s ; number o f p e o p l e l i v i n g i n t h e i r own home s ; a v e r a g e r e n t p e r s q u a r e meter )

No . 322 .

1 9 . T o t a l L i v ing Area .!!.I. S o c i a l G r o u p . R e s u l t s f o r � a n d f o r C i t i e s o f Mor e than 2 0 , 000 Popula t i o n . ( fo r a b o u t 2 2 5 i n d i v i du a l c i t i e s ; t o t a l l i v in g s p a c e a n d a v e r a g e l i v i n g s pa c e p e r p e r s o n ; s o c i a l g r o u p s i n c l u d e s e v e r a l s u b c a t e gor i e s , u s ua l l y b y s e c t o r s o f the e c onomy)

Living C o n d i t i o n s o f t h e W o r k e r s of t h e Fa c to r y - a n d -Wo r k s I n d u s t r i e s . No . 323 .

20. D i s t r i b u t i o n o f Fami l i e s a n d P e r s o n s Li v i n g �

.!!.I. � o f P r e m i s e s Occupi e d .

( s e e s e c t i o n t i t l e a bo v e ; b y r a yon , a n d f o r ma j o r c i t i e s [ ab o u t 70 ] ; b y s am e t y p e s o f l o d g i n g a s i n Ta b l e 1 ; b y s e v e r a l s e p a r a t e t y p e s o f wo r k e r s [ me t a l wor k e r s , t e x t i l e wor k e r s , m i n e r s ] )

No . 3 2 4 .

2 1 . D i s t r i b u t i o n .2.f Fami l i e s a n d P e r s o n s Li v i n g A l o n e

.!!.I. t h e Char a c t e r o f U s e o f t h e Li v i n g A r e a .

( s ee-Be c t i o n t i t l e-a b o v e;-siliii'e r e giona �t s a n d c i t i e s a s Ta b l e 20 ; b y t h o s e n o t h a v i n g t he i r o w n l i v i n g s p a c e [ l i v i n g w i t h o t he r s , l i v i n g i n non- l i v i n g s p a c e , 1 i v i n g i n d o r m i t o r y ] a n d t h o s e ha v i n g t h e i r own l i v i n g s p a c e [ t o t a l l i v i n g s p a c e and a v e r a g e l i v i n g s p a c e p e r p e r son ] ; by se v e r a l s e p a r a t e t y p e s o f worker s )

No . 3 2 5 .

2 2 . D i s t r i b u t i o n o f Fami l i e s a n d P e r s o n s Li v i n g A l o n e

.!!.I. N um be r o f S g u ar e M e te r s tl L i v i ng A r e a �

Inhabitant . ( s e e s e c t i o n t i t l e a b o v e ; same r e g i o n a l u n i t s a n d c i ti e s a s Ta b l e 2 0 ; l i v i n g s p a c e p e r p e r s on i s b y 8 s i z e g r o u p s ; b y s e v e r a l s e p a r a t e t y p e s o f worker s )

N o . 326 .

2 3 . D i s t r i b u t i o n .2.f Fami l i e s a n d P e r s o n s L i v i n g �

.!!.I. Number .2.f I n h a b i t a n t s � Room.

( s e e s e c t i o n t i t l e a b o v e ; same r e gi o n a l uni t s and c i t i e s a s T a b l e 20; b y 5 size groups o f t h e number of p e r s o n s p e r r o o m ; b y se v e r a l s e p a r a t e t y p e s o f wor k e r s )

No . 32 7 .

2 4 . D i s t r i b u t i o n o f Fami l i e s .!!.I. Number .2.f O c c u p i e d Rooms a n d U s e o f Ki t c h e n s . '('ii'ese e c t i onti t l e a b o v e ; same r e gional un i t s a n d c i t i e s a s Ta b l e 20 ; n um b e r o f r o o ms p e r f am i l y a n d u s e o f k i t c h e n s ha v e t h e s a m e ca t e go r i e s a s Ta b l e Sa ; b y sev e r a l s e p a r a t e t y p e s o f wor k e r s )

No . 3 2 8 .

2 5 . C o n d i t i o n s .2.f t h e U s e .2.f Dwe l l ings a n d R e n t . ( see section titl e abo ve ; same regional units and c i t i e s a s T a b l e 2 0 ; n u m b e r o f fami l i e s and p e r s o n s l i v i n g i n t h e i r o w n h o u s e s , n u m b e r o f f ami l i e s an d pe r s o n s who a r e r e n t e r s [ number p � y i n g r e n t , s i z e o f l i v i n g a r e a , r e n t pa i d , e t c . ] ; b y se v e r a l s e p a r a t e t y p e s o f worker s )

No . 3 2 9 .

2 6 . D i s t r i b u t i o n .2.f W o r k e r s o f t h e F a c t o r y-an d-Wo r k s I n d u s t r y .!!.I. Category .2.f P r o pr i e t o r sh i p . ( same r e gi o n a l uni t s and c i t i e s a s T a b l e 20; p r o p r i e t o r s h i p d i v i d e d b y s t a t e , c o o p e r a t i v e , and p r i v a t e , a n d b y a d d i t i o n a l s u b c a t e g o r i e s o f t h e s e ; by

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s e v e r a l s e p a r a t e t y p e s of work e r s ) S e c t i o n 7 . S t r uc t u r e o f t h e Urban Fami l y . V o l ume 5 5 . U n i o n o f S o v i e t S o c i a l i s t Repub l i c s . 1 . S t r uc t u r e o f !..!!.£. U rban Fami l y. R e sU'I t s o f t h e Gen e r a l Tabu l a t i o n . 2 . S o c i a l co;;;pos i t i o n .2!, !..!!.£. U r b a n �ul a t i o n . 1 . S t r u c t u r e .2!, !l!!, U rban Fami l y . No . 3 30 ,

1 . Compo s i t i o n o f the Fami ly. Number o f M em b e r s , Empl oyment . ConnectrOn w i th AsrTCii"ft ure . ( wh o l e USSR onl y ; t o t a l number of fami l i e s , f ami l i e s with ma l e h e a d of fami l y , fami l i e s with fema l e head o f f ami l y , e a c h o f t h e s e c a t e g o r i e s d i v i d e d b y emp l o yment s t a t u s o f fami l y mem b e r s ; c o n n e c t i o n with a g r i c ul ture [ fami l i e s ha v i ng l an d , fami l i e s w i t h memb e r s who par t i c i pa t e i n f i e l d work a n d the number o f t h o s e memb e r s ] ; n u m b e r o f p e r sons l i v i ng a l o n e , by sex ; c o n n e c t i o n o f p e r s o n s l i v, i n g a l one with a g r i c u l t u r e ; by p o s i t i o n in occupation, sector o f the economy, and 3 7 5 occupations )

No . 3 3 1 .

2 . D i s t r i bu t i on .2!, Fami l i e s .Ju: � !..l!!!.!!£!. o f M emb ers a n d .Ju: !..l!!!.!!£!. .2!, A c t i v e l y Emp l oye d Memb e r s . Emp l oyment . Connection � Agr i c u l t ur e . ( b y rayon, p l u s Moscow a n d Leningra d ; numb e r o f p e r s o n s l i v i n g a l o n e , by s e x ; n u m b er o f f a m i l i e s b y 9 s i z e g r o u p s , b y s e x o f h e s d o f f ami l y , a n d b y numb e r o f a c t i v el y o c c u p i e d memb e r s ; emp l o yment s t a t u s o f fami l y memb e r s , in 3 c a t e g or i e s ; c o n n e c t i o n of fami l i e s with a g r i c ul t u r e [ by c a t e g o r i e s gi ven i n Tabl e 1 ] ; c onne c t i on o f p e r sons l i v i n g a l one w i t h a g r i c u l ture [ number who ha v e land and number who pa r t i c i pa t e i n f i e l d work ] ; by p o s i t i o n i n o c c u p a t i o n o f h e a d o f fa mi l y a n d s e c t o r o f t h e ec o n o m y i n w h i c h he or sh e wor k s )

No . 3 3 2 .

2 . S u p p l ement, Compo s i t i o n .2!, !l!!, Fami l i e s o f Metalworke r s , Mine r s , a n d T e x t i l e Worke r s . ( e s s e n t ia l l y the same as Tabl e 2 , but c o v e r s on l y these specialized occupations )

No . 3 3 3 .

3 . � Charac t e r i s t i c s .2!, the A c t i v e 1y Empl oyed M em b e r s i n Re l a t i on t o -the S o c i a l Charac t e r i s t i c s of the Hea d o f !l!!, FamiTY . a . Re s u l t s f o r t h e USSR . ( whol e USSR""Oiily;- sOCiaI charac t e r i s t i c s o f h e a d s o f f ami l i e s by s e c t o r o f the ec onomy i n w h i c h t h e y work, by soc i a l chara c t e r i s t i c s and s e c t o r s o f a c t i v e l y emp l o y e d fami l y memb e r s ) b . R e s u l t s .Ju: Rayon s . ( n um b e r of f am i l i e s by s o c ia l gr ou p an d s e c t or o f th e e c onomy i n which the h e a d o f the fami l y works, srid the social group [ an d , i n some c a s e s , a l s o the s e c t o r of the e c o nomy ] o f fami l y memb e r s o f these h ea d s of fami l i e s ) ----

2.

S o c i a l Compo s i t i o n .2!, !l!!, U r ban Popul a t i o n .

234 No . 334 .

Index and Guide 4 . � Compo s i t i o n o f t h e Popul a t i o n o f C i t i e s .!!,!!.!!. � � S e t t l ement s .

a . Re s u l t s J!.I. U n i o n Republ i c . '(Dumber o f p e r s o n s l i v i n g a l o n e , number o f h e a d s o f fami l i e s , a n d number o f fami l y memb e r s ; b y s o c i a l comp o s i t i o n a n d s e c t o r o f t h e e c onomy) b . Re s u l t s f o r I n d i v i dual U r b a n S e t t lement s . ( by g u b e r n i Y8,'"" f o r a l l c i t i e s a n d ur ban- t y p e s e t t l eme n t s i n e a c h u n i t [ mo r e than 2 0 0 0 a l t o g e t h e r ] ; s o c i a l g r o u p [ po s i t i on i n o c c u p a t i o n ] a n d s e c t o r o f t h e e c o nomy o f g a i n f u l l y emp l o y e d p e r s o n s ; o t h e r p e r s o n s [ un emp l o y e d , p e n s i o n e r s , s t u d e n t s ] )

V o l ume 56. S t r u c t u r e o f t h e U rban Fami l y. R e s u l t s .!!.!. � S p e c i a l T a b u l a t i o n . P a r t � M o s c ow. P a r t l,._ Leningr a d . P a r t 1:.. C i t i e s .2.f t h e RSFS R . No , 335 .

1 . � o f Fami l i e s J!.I. � .2.f t h e H e a d o f t h e Fami l y . ( number o f fami l i e s h e a d e d b y ma l e s a n d by f ema l e s , a n d the number o f p e r s o n s i n them; b y a b o u t 1 5 d i f f er e n t fami l y t y p e s a n d s u b t y p e s ; by s o c i a l g r o u p [ b y some s e c t o r s o f the economy ] and 1 0 age g r o u p s o f t h e h e a d o f the fami l y )

No . 336 ,

2 . Occupa t i o n J!.I. � .!!,!!.!!. S u b t ype .2.f Fami l i e s . ( n umb e r o f fami l i e s , number o f p e r s o n s i n them, number o f o c c u p i e d p e r s o n s , number o f unemp l o y e d , number of non- g a i n f u l l y emp l o y e d p e r s o n s ; b y a b o u t 15 d i f f e r e n t fami l y t y p e s a n d s u b t y p e s , by s e x o f h e a d o f fami l y ; b y s o c i a l g r o u p a n d s o m e s e c t o r s o f t h e e c o n omy )

No. 337.

3 a . Fami l i e s w i t h A c t i ve ly Emp l o y e d Memb e r s . D i s t r i bu­ t i on !.I. T o t a l N u m b e r tl Fa mi l y M em b e r s a n d !.I. N u m b e r o f A c t i v e l y Empl oyed Fami l y Memb e r s . ( numb er of fami l i e s a n d number o f a c t i v e l y em p l o y e d fami l y memb e r s , b y 9 fami l y - s i z e g r o u p s ; by s e x o f h e a d o f f am i l y ; by 4 m a i n f a mi l y t y p e s ; b y s o c i a l g r o u p a n d some s e c t o r s o f the e c o n omy )

No . 338 .

3 b . Fami l i e s w i t h o u t A c t i v e l y Emp loyed M embe r s . D i s t r i b u t i o n J!.I. N u m b e r o f P e r s on s . ( n um b e r o f f am i l i e s b y s e x o f he a d o f f a mi l y a n d b y 9 fami l y - s i z e g r o u p s ; by s o c i a l g r o u p a n d some s e c t o r s o f t h e e c onomy; b y 3 fami l y t y p e s )

No , 3 3 9 .

3v . D i s t r i bu t i o n .2.f Fami l i e s J!.I. � Number .2.f Fami l y M em b e r s a n d J!.I. � o f A c t i v e l y Emp loyed Fami l y Memb e r s , i n L. ( by 7 fami l y- s i z e g r o u p s ; b y s e x o f h e a d of fami l y ; by social group a n d some s e c t o r s o f t h e economy )

N o . 340 .

4 . Compo s i t i on .2.f Fami l i e s in R e l a t i o n !.Q. the � .2.f t h e .!!.!.!!i o f t h e Fami l y . '(iiilmber o f fami l i e s b y 9 fami l y- � i z e g r o u p s , a n d number o f p e r s o n s i n them; n u m b e r o f fami l y memb e r s b y emp l o yment [ ga i n f u l l y emp l o y e d , unemp l o y e d , non­ g a i n f u l l y emp l o y e d ] , sex, a n d 3 age g r o u p s ; numb e r o f chi l d r e n o f hea d o f fami l y a n d n u m b e r o f r e l a t i v e s [ b y 3 c a t e g o r i e s o f e m p l o yment ] ; b y a g e [ i n 1 0 a g e g r o u p s ] a n d s e x o f h e a d o f fam i l y ; b y 4 ma i n fami l y t y p e s ; b y s o c i a l g r o u p a n d s ome s e c t o r s o f the e c o nomy)

List of Census Tables

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No . 341 .

5 . A v erage Number o f Fami l y M em b e r s , C hi l d r e n o f ili Head o f ili Fami l y , a n d R e l a t i ve s , � Fami ly . n;y-4 mai n fami l y t y p e s ; b y s e x and 1 0 a g e g r o u p s o f h e a d o f f a m i l y ; b y s o c i a l g r o up a nd s om e s e c t o r s o f t h e ec onomy )

No . 3 4 2 .

6 . D i s t r i b u t i o n o f Fam i l y Membe r s .!!.I. � i n � ( p e r c en t a g e o f fami l y memb e r s younger than 1 6 y e a r s o f a ge and o f t h o s e a g e d 1 6- 5 9 ; b y s e x a n d 1 0 a g e g r o u p s o f h ea d o f f am i l y ; by 4 ma i n fa mi l y t y p e s ; b y s o c i a l g roup and some s e c t o r s o f the e c onomy )

No . 343 .

7 . P e r c e n tage of Occupi e d Memb e r s a n d o f A c t i v e l y Employed Memb e r s o f t h e Fami ly . ( by s e x a n d 1 0 a g e g r o u p s o f fami l y hea d ; b y 4 main f a m i l y t yp e s ; by s o c ia l gr ou p an d s o me s e c t o r s o f t h e e c onomy )

No . 3 4 4 .

8 . Emp l oyme n t o f Memb e r s .2f Mar r i e d Coupl e s i n R e l a t i o n t o � Age s . Fami l i e s o f 1'..I.I!.!. h (Dum b er o f fami l i e s ; number o f fami l i e s whe r e b o t h s p o u s e s ha v e o c c u p a t i o n s ; number o f famil i e s where o n e s p o u s e has an o c c u p a t i o n and the o t h e r [ b y s e x ] has a n o t h e r s o u r c e o f i n c om e , i s unemp l o ye d , or i s d e p e n d e n t ; b y 1 0 a g e g r o u p s o f t h e h u s b a n d [ for e a c h o f t h e s e a g e g r o u p s b y a g e g r o u p s o f the w i f e ] ; by s o c i a l g r o u p an d some s e c t o r s o f the e c onomy )

N o . 345 .

9 . E mp l o ym e n t o f M o t he r s 11!. Re l a t i on .!.2_ th e N u m b e r o f C h i l d r en . Fami l i e s o f � !.!. a n d � ( n umber o f fami l i e s i n each o f 9 s i z e g r o u p s by number of c h i l d r e n ; each size group i n c l u d e s data on the total numb e r o f f ami l i e s a n d the number o f fami l i e s i n which the mother i s g a i n f u l l y emp l o y e d , i s unemp l o ye d , or is non-ga i n f u l l y emp l o y e d ; by s o c i a l group a n d some sectors o f the e c o n o m y )

N o . 346 .

1 0 . Empl o ymen t o f Chi l d r e n o f H e a d s o f Fami l i e s . Fami l i e s o f � ! a n d 1L_ ( numb e r of c hi l d r e n who hav e t h e i r own s o u r c e s o f income [ th o s e ha v i n g o c c u p a t i o n s , ha v i n g a n o t h e r s o u r c e o f i n c ome, unem p l o y e d ] ; number o f c h i l d r e n who d o n o t ha v e t h e i r o w n s o u r c e o f i n c o m e ; b y s e x ; by s i n g l e-year ag e s 10-25; by social g r o u p a n d some sectors o f the e c o n om y )

No . 3 4 7 .

1 1 . D i s t r i b u t i o n o f C h i l d r e n o f the Head o f the Fami l y .!!.I. P o s i t i on.!.!!. OccupatTon-:-FaiiiTITeso� ! and B . ( number o f c h i l d r e n b y 7 d i f f er e n t p o s i t i o n s i n o c c u p a t i o n s , b y s e x , and b y 6 age g r o u p s [ f or c h i l d r e n a g e d 1 6-25 ] ; a l l o f t h e s e c a t e g o r i e s a r e by the s o c i a l group and s e c t o r o f the e c o nomy o f the fami l y h e a d s )

No . 348 .

1 2 . D i s t r i b u t i o n o f Fami l i e s o f � !.!. and A 2 .!!.I. Numbe r o f Chi l d r e"ii: ( numb e r Cif c h i l d r e n by 9 s i z e g r o u p s ; b y 7 a g e g r o u p s o f the a g e o f the mother a t ma r r i a g e ; b y l e n g t h o f ma r r i a g e , i n 3 3 g r o up s ; by so c i a l g r o u p and some s e c t o r s o f t h e e c o n omy )

No . 349 .

1 3 . A v e rage � o f C h i l d r e n � Fami l y . ( by l e n g t h o f mar r i a g e , i n 3 3 g r o u p s ; b y s o c i a l g r o u p and s o m e s e c t o r s o f the e c onomy )

Index and Guide

236 N o . 350 .

1 4 . Di s t r i b u t i o n o f Fami l i e s o f � ! J!.I. � .2!. C h i l d r en , i n % . ( n um b e r o f f am i l i e s an d th e n u m b er o f c h i l d r e n i n 4 s i z e g r o u p s ; by l e n g t h o f ma r r i ag e , i n 3 g r o u p s ; by s o c i a l g r o u p a n d some s e c t o r s o f the e conomy)

No . 351 .

1 5 . A v e r a ge � tl t h e O l d e s t a n d t he Y o u n ge s t Ch i l d .!...!!. Fami l i e s o f � A 2 . ( by t h e a g e o f t h e mother a t ma r r i a g e , i n 4 g r o up s ; b y s o c i a l g r o u p a n d s o m e s e c t o r s o f t h e e c o nomy)

A l l - U n i o n Popu l a t i o n C e n s u s .Qi 1 9 2 6 . S h o r t S ummar i e s . Numb e r 1 . H o u s i n g C o n s t r u c t i o n i n Urban S e t t l e me n t s o f the RSFSR, U k r a i n s kaya SSR , a n d B e l o r u s skaya SSR . No , 352 .

1 . � o f L i v ing S t r u c t u r e s ill.£!!. We r e Newl y £2.!!=. s t r u c t e d , Compl e t e d , and R e no v a t e d d u r i n g t h e Y e a r s 1 9 2 3 - 2 6 i n C i t i e s a n d Urban-Type S e t t l eme n t s , a n d t h e L i v ing A r e a o f T h e s e B u i l d i ngs ( R e s u l t s fQ.!. M a i n Rayons) . { f o r i n d i v i dual y e a r s 1 9 2 3 , 1 9 2 4 , 1 9 2 5 , 1 9 2 6 ; number of bu i l d i n g s and their a r e a in square m e t e r s b y construction categories l isted abo ve ; by type of b u i l d i n g owner s h i p [ s t a t e , c o o p e r a t i v e , p r i v a t e ] ; by type o f bu i l d i n g mat e r i a l [ wo o d , s t o n e , mi x e d , o t h e r ] , b u t on l y a t the r e p u b l i c l e ve l ; f o r RSFSR, Ukra i n s ka y a S S R , a n d B e l o r u s s ka y a SSR r a y o n s o n l y)

No . 3 5 3 .

2. � o f L i v ing S t r u c t u r e s W h i c h Were Newl y Con­ s t r u c t e d , Compl e t e d , a n d Renov a t e d d u r i n g t h e Year s 1923- 2 6 i n C i t i e s a n d-urban-Type S e t t l ements";" a n d the L i v i n g A r e a o f T h e s e Bui l d i n gs ( Re s u l t s f o r A u t o n omou s Republ i c s a n d Ob l a s t s , G u b e r n i y a s a n d Okrugs) . { un i t s a l s o i n c l u d e Moscow a n d L e n i n g ra d ; same a s Tab l e 1 e x c e p t d a t a ar e fo r th e s e sm a l l e r un i t s ; t y p e o f bu i l d i n g ma t e r i a l d a ta a r e a t the r a y o n l e v e l )

No , 3 5 4 .

3 . D i s t r i b u t i o n o f L i v ing S t r u c t u r e s W h i c h Were Newl y Con s t r u c t e d , Compl e t e d , a n d Ren o v a t e d d u r i n g the Y e a r s 1 9 2 3- 2 6 , J!.I. Ma t e r i a l o f t h e � ( numb e r o f bu i l d i n g s ; f o r the e n t i r e p e r i o d , n o t by i n d i v i dual y e a r s ; b y t y p e of b u i l d i n g own e r s h i p ; by rayons i n RSFSR, Ukrainskaya SSR , a n d B e l o r u s s ka y a SSR o n l y , plus Mo s c o w a n d L e n i n g r a d )

No . 355 .

4 . Di s t r i b u t i o n o f L i v ing A r e s i n S t r u c t u r e s Wh i c h Were Newl y C o n s t r u c t ed, Compl e tea-;-a n d Ren o v a t e d d u r i n g t h e Y e a r s 1 9 2 3 - 2 6 , J!.I. M a t e r i a l o f the Wal l s . ( same s ubca t e g o r i e s a s Tabl e-3:-"Bn d'!IIS'O b y r a y o n s i n R S F S R , U k r a i n s k a y a S S R , a n d B e l o r u s s k a y a SSR [ p l u s Mo s c o w a n d Len i n g ra d ] , but f o r s q q a r e met e r s of l i v i n g area )

No . 3 5 6 .

5 . Quan t i t y o f L i ving A r e a � Bui l d i n g , J!.I. Category of Bui l d e r an d M a t e r i a l o f t h e Wal l s , in S t r u c t u r e s Whic h We r e NewIYC o n s t r u c t ed, COiiip l e t e d , a n d Reno v a t e d d u r i n g the Years 1 923-26. '[bi :rayolls in R S F S R , Ukra i n s k a ya S S R , a n d Bel o r u s s k a y a SSR, p l u s Mo s c o w a n d L e n i n g r a d ; f o r the e n t i r e p e r i o d ,

List of Census Tables

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not b y i n d i vi dua l y e a r s ; c a t e g o r y of bu i l d e r r e f e r s to buil d i n g own e r s h i p or p r o p r i e t o r s h i p ; for e s c h c a t e gor y data a r e gi ven f o r number o f bui l d i n g s and t h e l i v i n g a r e s in them) No . 357 .

6 . L i v ing A r e a � 1 000 Inhabitants i n S t r u c t u r e s Which We r e New l y Cons t r u c t e d � Comp l e t e d , and Re n o v a t e d d u r i ng the y ears 1923-26 , Ju. ategory o f BiiI'I d e r . ( f o r 1 9 23 - 2 6 t o t a l a n d f o r 1 9 2 6 ; b y autonomo us r e p u b l i c s a n d o b l a s t s , guberni yas , and okrugs in RSFSR, Ukrainskaya SSR , and B e l o r u sskaya SSR, p l u s M o scow and Len i n g r a d ; c a t e g o r y o f bui l d e r r e f e r s t o bu i l d i n g own e r s h i p o r p r o p r i e t o r ship)

No . 358 .

7 . L i v i n g A r e a .!.!!. S t r u c t u r e s � .l!.!r!, Compl e t e d , Reno v a t e d , .!..!!.! Newl y C o n s t r u c t e d .!.!!. 1 9 24, 1 92 5 , .!..!!.! 1 9 26, .!.!!. R e l a t i o n .!.!?. t h e L i v ing !!.!.!_ o f Bui l dings Which Were Comp le t e d , Reno v a t e d , a n d Newl y C o n s t r u c t e d i n 1 923 , w i t h ill1 � .!.!!. 1 00 . ( fo r i n di v i dual y e a r s 1 9 2 4 , 1 9 2 5 , 1 9 2 6; b y rayon i n the RSFS R , Ukra i n s kaya S S R , and Bel o r us s kaya SSR , p l u s Moscow a n d Leningra d )

Number 2 . Unemployment i n t h e C i t y o f Mo scow . No , 359 .

1 . Unemp loyed .!.!!. the C i t y o f � Ju. Se x , � and Ma r i ta l S t a t u s . ( by 4 c a t e g or i e s of unemp l o yme n t ; by 4 t y p e s o f mar i t a l s ta t u s ; by 1 6 a g e g r o u p s o f p e r s o n s a g e d 1 0 and o l d e r)

N o . 360 .

2 . Unempl oyed i n the C i t y o f M o s c ow Ju. Sex, P r e v ious Occupa t i o n , .!..!!.! Length o f Unempl oymen t ( Ex c l ud ing Wor k e r s W h o A r e S e e k i n g W o r k f o r the F i r s t T \me) . ( number �un em p l o y e d p e rsons ;-b'Y ...,..-,_ e n g ths o unempl o ym e n t ; by p r e v i o u s p o s i t i on in o c c u p a t i o n , s e c t o r o f the e c onomy, and 3 7 7 d i f f e r e n t o c c u p a t ions)

Num b e r

3.

Popu l a t i o n o f the USSR .

No . 361 .

1 . T e r r i t o ry. Admini s t r a t i v e Un i t s . Popul a t e d P l a c e s . Popula t i o n . R e s u l t s f o r Rayons a n d S ub-Rayo n s . ( ar ea o f each u n i t in s quare k i l ome t e r s ; number o f r ural and c i t y s o v i e t s ; n u m b e r o f v o l o s t s and r a y o n s ; n u m b e r o f r u r a l a n d u r ban po p u l a t e d p l a c e s ; p op ul ation by u r ban-rura l ; a v e r a g e p o p u l a t i o n size o f cities and o f r u r a l p o pu l a t e d p l aces; popul ation density p e r square k i l ome t e r by t o t a l and r u r a l )

No . 362 .

2 . T e r r i t o r y , Admini s t r a ti v e .l!!!.!1!.:. P o pul a t e d P l a c e s . Popula t i o n . R e s u l t s f o r U e z d s a n d Okrugs . ( th i s t a b l e i s the same a s Ta b l e 1 , b u t data a r e at the uezd l e v e l [ okrug l e v e l in s ome uni t s ] )

No . 363 .

3 . D i s t r i b u t i o n o f Popu l a t e d P l a c e s .!!.v. � o f I n h a b i t an t s . R e s u l t s .!!.v. Repub l i c , Rayon, .!..!!.! S u b-Rayo n . ( number o f r u r a l and u r ban p o pu l a t e d p l a c e s a n d the p o pu l a t i o n in them, b y 14 s i z e groups)

N o , 364 .

4 . Rura l a n d Urban Popu l a t i o n .!!.v. S e x . ( by g u b e r n i ya_ ) __

238

Index and Guide

No . 3 6 5 .

S . Permanent � J u r e ) a n d Tempo r a r y � F a c t o) U r b a n Popula t i o n . Re s u l t s .!!..v. Repub l i c , O b l a s t , and G u b e r n i ya . (by sex)

No . 3 6 6 .

6 . Permanent � J u r e) a n d Tempo r a r y � F a c t o) Popul a t i o n . C i t i e s w i t h M o r e than 5 0 , 000 I nh a b i tan t s . ( data f o r 9 1 c i t i e s ; b y s e x )

N umb e r 4 . N a t i ona l i t y a n d Na t i v e Language .2.f the Popul a t i o n of t h e USSR . No . 3 6 7 .

I n t r o du c t o r y Ta b l e 1 . Compa r i s o n o f t h e R e s u l t s o f t h e 1 8 9 7 a n d 1 9 2 6 C e n s u s e s o n N a t i o na l i t y a n d Language I!!!: 'filoiisiiiids o f P e o p l e ) . ( fo r 80 e t h n i c g r o u p s ; 1 8 9 7 data a r e by 1 a n g u a g e o n l y ; 1 9 2 6 d a t a g i v e t h e number o f e a c h n a t i o na l i t y a s d e t e r m i n e d by b o t h n a t i o n a l i t y a n d b y na t i v e l a n g u a g e ; f o r t h o s e l i v i n g i n European U S S R , T r a n s c a uc a s u s , Central Asia, other) --

N o , 368 .

I n t r o d u c t o r y Ta b l e 2 . R e l a t i v e Change i n the Popu l a t i o n s o f E t h n i c G r oups s i n c e 1 89 7 (1 8 9 7 D a t a G i v e n a s lQQh �S Y-e t h n i c g r o u p s , as d e t e r m i n e d b y b o t h n a t i o n a l i t y a n d b y language i n 1 9 2 6 ; f o r t h o s e l i v i n g in European USSR , T r a n s c a u c a s u s , C e n t r a l A s i a , o t h e r )

No . 369 .

1 . Popu l a t i o n J!..v. S e x , N a t i o na l i ty, a n d C a t e g o r y .2.f Popu l a t e d � J!..v. U nion Repu b l i c . ( f o r 1 8 8 e t h n i c g r o u p s ; c a t e g o r y o f p l a c e s means that data a r e b y u r ban-r u r a l )

No . 370 .

2 . Popu l a t i o n .!!..v. S e x , Na t i v e Langu a 2 e , a n d Category .2.!. Popu l a t e d � J!..v. U n i o n Repu b l i c , ( f or 1 4 7 l a ngua g e s ; c a t e g o r y o f p l a c e s means that data a r e b y u r ba n - r u ra l )

No , 3 7 1 .

3. D i s t r i b u t i o n o f t h e Popu l a t i o n J!..v. N a t i o na l i t y a n d Language . ( by g u b e r n i ya ; number o f p e r s o n s o f e a c h n a t i o na l i t y ; numb e r o f p e r s o n s s p e a k i n g e a c h l a n g u a g e ; f o r t h e ma j o r n a t i o na l i t i e s a n d l a n guages i n each un i t ; b y s e x ; by u r ban- r u r a l )

No . 3 7 2 .

4 . S e x Compo s i t i o n o f the Popul a t i o n .2.f the USSR .!!..v. N a t i o na l i t y ( N umber o f Fema l e s � 1 000 Male� (whole U S S R ; b y u r ban-r ura l )

No . 373 .

S u p p l ement l a . Di s t r i b u t i o n o f t h e Popu l a t i o n .2.f Dal ' ne-Vo s t o chnyy Kray J!..v. N a t i ona l i t y ( F i n a l Count ) , ( f or a b o u t 1 5 0 n a t i o na l i t i e s ; b y s e x ; b y ur ban- r u r a l )

No . 3 7 4 .

S u p p l ement l b . D i s t r i bu t i o n o f t h e Popul a t i o n .2.f Dal ' n e -V o s t oc hnyy Kray .!!..v. N a t i ve Language � Count) . ( f o r about 75 languages ; b y s e x ; b y n a t i v e langua g e )

No , 375 .

S u p p l ement 2 . D i s t r i b u t i o n o f t h e Popu l a t i o n .2.f t h e T o bo l s k N o r t h .!!..v. N a t i o n a l i t y a n d Na t i ve Language . ( f o r a b o u t 2 8 n a t i o na l i t i e s a n d 2 2 l an g u a g e s , n o t c r o s s - t a b u l a t e d ; by s e x )

--

List of Census Tables

239

Number 5 . A s e ill L i t e racy. European f!.!.!. o f ili � B e l o r u s s kaya � No . 3 7 6 .

1 . Popu l a t i o n o f t h e Eur opean f!.!.!. tl !.!!£. !.§1'.§!. .!!.I. S e x, ill L i t e r acy, a c c o r d i n g ll � tl !.!!£. 1 9 2 6 census . ( fo r whol e E urop ean RSFSR, n o t d i s a g g r e ga t e d ; b y i n d i v i dual y e a r ag e s ; b y ur ban-r ural )

!.&.!.....

No . 3 7 7 .

S e x , !.&.!..... ill L i t e racy 2 . Popu l a t i on Rayons of .l!.Y.t o f the RSFSR, a c c o r d i n.l!.Y. the European Par g t o Data 01' -the 1 926 Cen sUS:-- \iiY i nd i v i d ual year a g e s through a g e 1 9, t h e n b y 5-year a g e groups; b y u r ban-r ur a l )

No . 3 7 8 .

3 . Popu l a t i o n tl M o s c o w , Leningrad, R o s t o v-na-Don u , and S e x , � ill L i t e r acy, a c c o r d i n g ll Data""""OI Saratov the 1 9 2 6.l!.Y.C e n s u s . CbY ii8'iie a g e g r o u p s a s Ta b l e 2 )

No . 3 7 9 . N o . 380 .

4 . Popu l a t i o n tl B e l o r u s s kava SSR ill L i t e r a c y , a c c o r d i n g ll � o f""tlie.l!.Y.1 9_ nsus. �rb e� _ l) { by i n d i v i dual year a g e s ; by urban-rura 5 . Popul a t i o n

S e x , !.&.!..... _!,!!! L i t e r a cy, a c c o r d i ng

ll

� of !!!!, C e.l!.Y. n s u s e s o f 1 8 9 7 , 1 9 2 0 , ill 1 9 2 6 ( D a t a fil 8 Rayo n s o f ili European f!.!.!. o f !.!!£. RSF]'RI:"

fby s i n g l e-year a g e s t o a g e 1 9 , then by 5- a n d 1 0-year a g e g r o up s )

No . 3 8 1 .

6 . Popu l a t i o n A g e d lQ � ill fil.fil S e x , L i t e racy, .l!.Y. Data tl !.!!£. a n d S i ngl e-Year A e-Grou s a c c o r d i n g ll Iif97 ill 1 92 6 C e n s u s e s Data f o r .§. Rayons tl !.!!£. European f!.!.!. o f !.!!£. RS R •

No . 3 8 2 .

7 . L i t e r a c y o f the Po u l a t i o n o f the Eur opean P a r t of

ili RSFSR J!.I.Sex and W a t i o n a l iti,llec or d i n g t o Dat a o f

the ffi6C e n s u s . (Wiio I"i!'Eu r o p e a n RSFSR, not d i s a g g r e g a t e d ; f o r about 60 nationalities ) No . 383 .

No . 384 .

8. Literacy Repu bl i c , G u b e r n i ya , Autonomous � ili Eur opean f!.!.!. o f the RSFSR, a c c o r d i ng a n d Okrug tl.l!.Y. t o Data o f the 1 92 6 Census. Tiin i t s inclii'iie MOS'Co w a n d Len i n g r a d ; b y s e x ; by u r ban­ r u r a l ; i n many un i t s where t h e p o p u l a t i on is e t h n i c a l l y d i v e r s e , data a r e a l s o gi v en f o r s e v e r a l n a t i onal i t i e s b y s e x and by l i t e r a c y , but n o t b y u r b an-r u r a l ) 9 . L i t e racy tl ili Popul a t i o n tl B e l o r u s skaya SSR

� .!,!!! N a t i o na l i ty, a c c o r d i n g t o � tl ili T926.l!.Y. 1.ensu s . ( fo r 8 e t h n i c g r o up s )

No . 385 .

1 0 . L i t e racy Okrug tl B e l o r u s skaya S S R , a c c o r d i n g Da t a o f t h e 1.l!.Y. 926 Census. Tii'Ysex ; by iirii&n-rural )

N umb e r 6 . Housing Stock tl ili �

ll

240

Index and Guide

No . 3 8 6 .

1 . L i v i n g S t r u c t u r e s .!!.I. M a t e r i a l .!!.f ili Wa l l s .!..!!.!!. Number o f Fl o o r s . �piili1 i c ; b y c a t e g o r y o f b u i l d i n g own e r s h i p [ s t a t e , cooperative and socia l , private ] )

No . 3 8 7 .

2 . L i v ing � a n d A r e a .!!.f Non-Li v i ng Premi s e s J!.I. Category o f Own e r s h i p. (by r e p u b l i c ; b y 4 types o f c o n s t r uc t i o n ma t e r i a l s )

N o . 388 .

3 . � o f Rooms a n d L i v i n g A r e a i n Apa r tme n t s .!.!!.! Dormi t o r i e s . ( b y r e p u b l i c ; b y 3 c a t e gor i e s o f b u i l d in g own e r sh i p )

No . 389 .

4 . A r e a o f L i v i n g a n d Non-Li v i n g P r e m i s e s .!.!!. L i v ing S t r u c t u r e s .!!.I. Repuiifi c a n d Rayon. ( by 3 c a t e g o r i e s o f b u i l d i n g owne r s h i p ; b y 4 types o f c o n s t r u c t i o n ma t e r i a l s )

No . 390 .

5 . D i s t r i b u t i o n o f Bu i l t Prope r t i e s .!!.I. Category .!!.!. Own e r s h i p . ( by r a y o n , a n d a l so f o r a b o u t 240 c i t i e s ; b y 3 c a t e g o r i e s o f bu i l d i n g own e r s h i p )

No . 3 9 1 .

6 . L i v i n g S t r u c t u r e s a n d L i v i n g Premi s e s . ( by rayon, and al so for about 225 cities; by 3 c a t e gor i e s o f b u i l d i ng own e r s h i p )

N umb e r 7 . � an d L i t e r a c y o f t h e Popu l a t i o n o f t h e � No . 3 9 2 .

1 - 1 0 . Popu l a t i o n .!!.f t h e [ US S R , U n i o n Repub l i c s , a n d Ra o n s .!!.I. S e x , !..&£..,_ a n d L i t e r a c y . d a t a for a l l r e p u b l i c s , t h e A s i a t i c p a r t o f the RSFSR, rayons o f the A s i a t i c RSFSR, an d rayons o f Ukr a i n s ka y a S S R a n d Zakav k a z s kaya S S R ; a g e d a t a a r e g i ven a s s i n g l e - y e a r a g e s f o r t h e r e p u b l i c s , b u t a s s i n g l e-year a g e s f r om 1 - 1 9 a n d as 5-year a g e g r o u p s from a g e s 201 00 f o r r a y on s ; b y u r ban-r u r a l )

No . 393 .

1 1 . Popul a t i o n o f � o f � than 200, 000 I n ha b i ta n t s .!!.I. S e x , � an d L i t e r acy. ( d ata f o r K i e v , Baku, Odessa, Khar ' k o v , Tashkent, T b i l i s i , Dne p r o p e t r o v s k ; M o s c ow a n d Leningrad a r e n o t i nc l u d e d ; b y s i n g l e - y e a r a g e s 1 - 1 9 and 5-year a g e g r o u p s f r om 20- 1 00 )

No . 394 ,

1 2 . Popu l a t i o n .!!.!. t h e USSR .!!.I. S e x , � a n d L i t e r a c y, a c c o r d ing t o Data o f t h e 1897 a n d 1926 C e n s u s e s . ( w h o l e U S SRo n l y ; b y s i n g l e - y eara g e s )

No . 395 .

1 3 . Popu l a t i o n o f t h e USSR .!!.I. S e x , N a t i o na l i t y , and Literacy . ( wh o l e USSR o n l y ; f o r a b o u t 1 1 0 e t h n i c g r o u p s )

No . 396 .

1 4 - 1 8 . L i t e r a c y o f t h e Popul a t i o n o f t h e [ Un i on Repu b l i c s , Guberiii ya&;' Autonomous Oblasts , a n d Okrugs ] . ( d a t a f o r the RSFSR a r e o n l y f o r t h e A s i a t i c p ar t , b e c a u s e d a t a f o r t h e European p a r t w e r e g i v en in Number 5 o f t he S h o r t S um ma r i e s ; by s e v e r a l [ u p to as m a n y a s 8 o r 9 ] o T""th"e"m o s t n um e r o u s na t i o n a l i t i e s i n e a c h u n i t ; by s e x ; b y ur ban- r u r a l )

List of Census Tables

24 1

No . 397 .

A p p e n d i x . Popu l a t i o n o f Ura l skaya Q!!..!!.!!. .!!.J. S e x , .!&!.&. a n d L i teracy. ('SBme f o rmat a s T a b l e s 1 - 1 0 )

Numb e r 8 .

�

!.!!.!. C i ty o f M o s cow.

Compo s i t i o n a n d Occupa t i o n s o f

ili

Popul a t i o n .21

Number 9 . S o c i a l Compo s i t io n a n d Occupa t i o n s o f t h e C i t y o f Leni ngra d .

ili

Popul a t i on o f

No . 398 .

I . Gainful l y Emp loyed Popu l a t i o n .21 M o s c o w a n d L e n i n fr a d ] .!!.J. P o s i t i o n i n � Occupati on Com ara t i v e Da t a ...!.2J!!. ili 1 9 26, 1 9 2 3, m 1 92 0 C e n s u s e s} . a . A b s o l u t e Numb e r . b . R e l a t i v e --Number 1!hO "'{ii y s e x )

No . 3 9 9 .

2 . Occupa t i o n s a n d O ther M ea n s o f L i v e l i h o o d o f t h e Gai n f u l l y Emp l oyed llil'tai n OccUpati on) and N on--­ Gai n f u l l y Em l o e d lli !,iai n Occupa t i o n o f t h e Breadwinner Popul a t i o n o f [ M o s c o w fil Leningr a d ] . b y p o s i t i o n i n o c c u p a t i o n , s e c t o r o f the eco nomy , a n d 2 3 7 n um b e r e d o c c u p a t i o n a l c a t e go r i e s ; by s e x)

No . 400 .

3 . G a i n f u l l y Emp loyed Popu l a t i o n o f � M o s c o w a n d Leningr a d ) .!!.J. S e x , B r a n c h o f Labo r , o s i t i o n i n � Occupa t i on, m 1Y.P.£.!. of Occupa t i o n s i!l.:_ ( i . e . , by p o s i t i o n in o c c u p a t i o n , s e c t o r o f t h e economy, and 337 numb e r e d o c c u p a t i onal c a t e g o r i e s ; b y s e x )

No . 401 .

4 . Ga i n f u l ly Emp loyed Popu l a t i o n o f [ Moscow .!..!!& Le n i n g r a d ) O l de r t ha n .!Q !llll tl ll!. .!!.J. S e x a n d !..J. Groups a c c o r d i n .!.!!. P o s i t i o n i n C h i e f Occupa t i o n , .!&!.&. an d L i t e r a c y Re la t i ve Numb e r s) . ( by 1 9 age groups

N o . 402 .

5 , Popu l a t i o n .21 [ M o scow a n d Leningr a d ] .!!.J. S e x , Empl oy­ ment Chi e f Occupa t i o n , � a n d L i t eracy. �a i n f u l l y emp l o y e d a n d non-gai n f u l l y emp l o ye d ; by p o s i t i o n i n occupation, sector o f the ec onomy, and more than 1 0 0 o c c u p a t i o n s ; by 19 a g e g r o u p s )

N o . 403 .

6 . Compa r a t i v e Tabl e o f Data from the Cen s u s e s o f 1 9 2 6 , 1 92 3 , fil 1 92 0 .2!!. Occupa t i o n s o f the Popul a t i o n o f Moscow an d Leni ngra d ) . by p o s i t io n i n o c c u p a t i o n and about 250 o c c u p a t i o n s ; by s e x )

t

Number 1 0 . Pop ul a t i o n o f t h e USSR .!!.J. P o s i t i on .!.!!. Occupa t i o n a n d S e c t o r o f t h e Economy . Part .L.. No . 404 ,

1 -4. Popul a tion o f t h e [ USSR, .!l!!!.2!!. Repub l i c s , Ra f o n s o f ili RSFS R fil Ukra i n s kaya SSR, and Repub l i c s .2,_ Zaka vka z s kaya SFSR ] .!!.J. S e x fil Empl o ymen t . ( by u r b an-rural ; f or p o p u l a t i o n younger t h a n 1 0 y e a r s ol d and f o r p o p u l a t i o n a g e d 1 0 and o l d e r ; p o p u l a t i o n 1 0 a n d o l d e r by gainful l y emp l o y e d [ emp l oy e d , unemp l oy e d, o t h e r ] a n d non-ga i n f u l l y emp l o y e d )

242

Index and Guide

N o . 405 .

5 . Popul a t i o n o f t h e M a j o r C i t i e s o f t h e U S S R Ju'.. S e x a n d Em � l oymen t . Tiiilm e ormat a s Ta b l e s 1 - 4 but for 3 5 l a r g e c i t i e s )

N o . 406 .

6 . P e r s o n s Who Hav e Occupa t i o n s , Ju'.. S e c t o r o f t h e Economy a n d Ju'.. P o s i t i o n i n Occupa t i o n ( Republ i c s , Rayo n s , S ub-Rayon s . ( by s e x ; by u r ban-r ura l )

N o . 407 .

7 . P e r s o n s Who Hav e Occupa t i o n s , Ju'.. S e c t o r � !..!!!. Economy a n d Ju'.. P o s i t i o n i n Occupa t i o n ( Ma j o r C i t i e s ) . ( same format a s T a b l e 6 but f o r 3 5 l a r g e c i t i e s )

No . 408 .

8 . P e r s o n s W h o Hav e Occupa t i o n s , Ju'.. S e c t o r o f t h e E c o n o m y a n d Ju'.. P o s i t i o n i n Occupa t i oil1j\'Uton omous Republ i cS:-G u b e r n i ya s , a n d O k r ugs ) . ( th i s t a b l e format i s not q u i t e t h e same a s Ta b l e 6, b e c a u s e o n l y the p o s i t i o n i n o c c u p a t i o n i s by sex; onl y s e c t o r o f e c o nomy a n d the t o t a l o f a l l ma l e s w i t h o c c u p a t i o n s a n d a l l fema l e s with o c c u p a t i o n s a r e by u r b an- r u r a l )

No . 409 .

9 . D i s t r i b u t i o n o f P e r s o n s W o r k i n g .!..!!. S e pa r a t e S e c t o r s o f !..!!!. Economy Ju'.. P o s i t i o n i n Oc c u pa t i o n I£!i !k_ f(iy r e p u b l i c a n d by r a yo n ; by u r b a n - r u r a l at the r e p u b l i c l e v el but n o t at the r a y o n l e v e l )

Par t b.. No . 4 1 0 .

1 . Popul a t i o n Ju'.. S e x a n d Empl oymen t ( USSR w i t h o u t Yakutskaya A S S R ) . ( by r e p u b l i c a n d rayon ; number o f ga i n f u l l y emp l o y e d per sons aged 10 and ol der [ by those with occupations, unemp l o y e d , o t h e r ] , n u m b e r o f non- s e l f - s u p p o r t i n g p e r s o n s [ d e p e n d e n t s ( wi t h o c c u p a t i o n s , unemp l o y e d , ot h e r ) a n d c h i l d re n yo un g e r th a n 1 0 y e a r s o l d wh o ar e r e g i s t e r e d a s g a i n f u l l y emp l o ye d ; b y u r b a n- r u r a l )

No . 4 1 1 .

2 . Popul a t i o n Ju'.. S e x a n d Empl oyment i n t h e RSFSR ( wi th o u t Yakutskaya A S S R ) , U k r a i n s kaya S S R , and Zaka v k a z s kaya SFSR , Ju'.. Rayons . a . Re s u l t s f o r P e r s o n s Who A r e G a i n f u l l y Empl oye d and T h e i r Depen d e n t s . ( number o f emp l o y e d a n d unemp l o y e d ; number o f c h i d r e n l e s s t h a n 1 0 y e a r s o l d w h o are r e g i s t e r e d a s gainf u l l y emp l o y e d ; by u r b a n - r u ra l ) b . Non-G a i n f u l l y Emp loyed Persons Ju'.. the Occupa t i o n s o f T h o s e S uppo r t i n g Them. ( same f o r ma t as part a , but for d e p e n d e n t p e r s o n s ; by s t a t u s o f d e p e n d e n t s [ ha v i n g o c c u p a t i o n , u n em p l o y e d , other ] )

No . 4 1 2 .

3- 1 1 . Popul a t i o n Ju'.. P o s i t i o n i n Oc c upa t i o n a n d � o f t h e Economy. USSR. RSFSR. European Part o f the 'RSF S R . A s i a t i c Part o f t h e RSFSR. B e l o r u s s kaya S S R . � s kaya S S R:--ZSkav kazskayasF.S R . U z b e k skaya SSR . Turkmen skaya� . a . G a i n f u l l y Emp l o y e d P e r s o n s Who Hav e Occupa t i o n s , a n d T h e i r Depe n d e n t s . "'("'li'YS"e x ; by urban- r u r a l ) b . G a i n f u l l y Employed Persons Who Have Occupa t i o n s . ( same c a t e g o r i e s a s p a r t a , w i t h o u t d a t a on d e p e n d e n t s ; onl y the t a b l e s f o r t h e U S S R , R S F S R , a n d t h e A s i a t i c P a r t of the R S F S R ha v e t h i s s e c t i on)

List of Census Tables

243

v . Depen d e n t s o f G a i n f u l l y Empl oyed Persons fu Hav e Occupa t i o n s . ( same c a t e g o r i e s a s p a r t a , but fo r d e p e n d e n t s o n l y ) No . 413 .

1 2 . N o n-Ga i n f u l ly Emp l o y e d P e r s o n s � Ar e Depe n d e n t s £.!. P e r s o n s Hav i n g Occupa t i o n s , kl: � £! t h e E c o n o m y a n d kl: P o s i t i o n i n Occupa t i o n o f � Breadwinner ( Re s u l t s fu Rayons . ) ( by r e p u b l i c a n d r a y o n ; the p o s i t i on i n o c c u p a t i o n i s b y s e x b u t d a t a f o r s e c t o r s o f the e c o nomy a r e n o t by sex)

No . 4 1 4 .

A p p e n d i x . Par t-Time Occupa t i o n s o f � Popu l a t i o n £! t h e USSR � w i t h o u t Yakut s k ya AS SR) . rwho relrS R onl y ; number of p e r s o n s with p a r t - t i me o c c u p a t i o n s [ a g r i c u l t u r a l , not a g r i c u l t u r a l ] , number of unemp l o y e d p e r s o n s by mo s t r e c e n t o c c u p a t i o n , a n d numb e r o f p e r s o n s w i t h a part-t ime o c c u p a t i o n whose ma i n occupation i s i n a g r i c u l t u r e [ b y p o s i t i o n i n o c c u p a t i o n o f m a i n o c c u p a t i on ] o r n o t i n a g r i c u l ture [ by position in o c c u p a t i o n i n part-t ime o c c u p a t i o n ] ; by p o s i t i on in occupation a n d sector o f t h e e c onomy o f the ma in o c c u p a t i o n )

RESULTS OF THE ALL-UN ION POPULATION N o , 500 .

�

OF 1 95 9

1 . Chan e i n Popul a t i o n o f the [ US S R ill .l!!!.!.!m Repub­ lics s umma r y t a b l e for the USSR gi v e s the p o p u l a t i o n i n 1 9 1 3 , 1 9 1 7 , 1 9 20, 1 9 2 6 , 1 9 3 9 , 1 9 5 9 , and 1 9 6 2 , whi l e for the r e p u b l i c s data are usua l l y g i v en for fewer years [ common l y 1 9 1 3 , 1 9 2 6 , 1 9 3 9 , 1 9 59 , 1 9 6 2 ] ; b y ur ban­ r u ra l ) •

No . 5 0 1 .

2 . Popul a t i o n £! � [ USSR a n d .l!!!.!.!m Republ i c s ] i n 1 9 1 7 , 1 9 20, 1 9 2 6 , 1 9 3 9 , 1 9 5 9 , a n d 1 9 6 2 i n P e r c e n t ages o f t h e 1 9 1 3 Popu l a t ion , ( y ea r s a b o v e a r e f o r t h e w ho l e U S S R , w hi l e f o r r e p u b ­ l i c s on l y 1 9 2 6 , 1 9 39 , 1 9 5 9 , a n d 1 9 6 2 a r e i n c l ude d ; by urban-rural ; whe r e a p p l i ca b l e , b y current borders a n d b y pre- 1 9 3 9 bor d e r s )

No . 502 .

3. Admin i s t r a t i v e-Ter r i t o r i a l D i v i s i o n s £! the [ USSR , Repub l i c s , � an d O b l a s t s ] . ( data a r e g i v en f o r 1959 a n d 1962 on the number o f a dm i n i s t r a t i v e d i v i s ions o f a l l t y p e s i n eac h un i t , down to t h e o b l a s t l e v e l , i nc l u d i n g al l U n i o n Repub l i c c a p i t a l s ; a r ea a n d p o pu l a t i on d e n s i t y i n e a c h u n i t are al so g i v en; USSR popul a t i o n d e n s i t y i s i n Ta b l e 4a.)

N o , 503 .

4. Numb e r o f Enumer a t e d .LI!.£. Fac t o ] a n d Permanent .LI!.£. Jur e ] Popul a t i o n i n the [ USSR, Re pub l i e s , Krays, a n d Obl a s t s ] .

lbY s e x ; b y u r b a n- r ur a l )

N o . 504 .

4a . � a n d Den s i t y £! Popu l a t i o n kl: .l!!!.!.!m Republ i c . ( th i s t a b l e i s in t h e USSR s umma r y v o l ume o n l y ; a l s o i n c l u d e s p o p u l a t i o n o f the c a pi t a l o f e a c h r e p u b l ic )

244

Index and Guide

No .

505 .

No .

506 .

5 . E n u me r a t e d [ De Fa c t o ] P o pu l a t i o n o f t h e [ US S R ,

R e pu b l i c s , K r a y j a n d O b l a s t s ] i n 1 9 3 9 a n d 1 9 5 9 . ( un i t s i n c l u d e 6 �the S S R c a p i t a l s ; iiY'""uriiiiji':r u r a l ; U S S R s umma r y v o l um e a l s o g i v e s r e p u b l i c d a t a by s e x ) S a . En ume r a t e d � F a c t o ] P o p u l a t i o n o f t h e R e p u b l i c s , � and Ob lasts i n 1 9 3 9 and 1 959. { by u r b an=-r u r a l ; t h fS t a b l e is :i:ii"tile U S S R s umma r y v o l ume o n l y )

No .

507 .

6 . P o p u l a t i on o f C i t i e s � A r e A d m i n i s t r a t i v e Cente r s o f Union and Autonomous Repub l i c s , � a n d O b l a s t s , .!.!!.! A l s o O t h e r filill .!!.!!.!!. P o pu l a t i o n s o f M o r e t h a n 5 0 , 000 i n 1 9 3 9 a n d 1 9 5 9 . CTTi stst h e t i t leo rthe tab l e i n t h e U S S R s u mm a r y v o l ume ; in m o s t r e p u b l i c v o l um e s t h i s t a b l e i n c l u d e s t h e p o p u l a t i o n s o f a l l c i t i e s a n d u r b a n- t y p e s e t t l e me n t s , a l t h o u g h i n s e v e r a l r e p u b l i c s w i t h m a n y l a r g e c i t i e s o n l y t h o s e g r e a t e r t h a n 1 0 , 000 o r 1 5 , 000 p o p u l a t i o n are g i v e n )

No ,

508 .

7 . G r o u p i n g o f C i t i e s a n d U r b a n -Type S e t t l e me n t s h P o pu l a t i o n S i z e i n 1 9 2 6 , 1 9 3 9 , .!.!!.! 1212.:. ( by repub l i c ; data f o r c i t i es g i v e the number o f p o p u l a t e d p l ac e s a n d their total p o p u l ation in e a c h of 7 o r 8 s i z e g r o u p s ; d a t a f o r u r b a n - t y p e s e t t l e me n t s a r e in 5 s i z e g r o u ps)

No . 509 .

8 . G r o u p i n g o f C i t i e s a n d U r b a n - T ype S e t t l e m e n t s h

Po u l a t i o n S i z e i n t h e [ US S R , R e p u b l i c s , � .!.!!.! Oblasts n u m b e r o f c i t i e s , i n 7 or 8 s i z e g r o u p s , a n d n u m b e r o f u r b a n- t y p e s e t t l em e n t s , i n 5 s i z e g r o u p s ) •

No .

510.

9 . G r o u p i n g .Q.f R u r a 1 P o p u l a t e d P l a c e s h � a n d P o pu l a t i o n � ( by r e p ub l i c ; number o f p l a c e s and t h e i r t o t a l r o p u l a t i o n , b y 1 2 p o p u l a t i o n- s i z e g r o u p s a n d 6 t y p e s g e n e r a l l y b y f u n c t i o n ] ; a s o f Jan u a r y 1 9 6 1 )

No .

51 1 .

9 a . Gro uping of Rural Popu l a t e d � h � a n d P o p u l a t i o n S i z e �e r c e n t a ge s o f t h e T o t a l ) . ( t h i s t a b l e i s i n t h e U S S R s umma r y v o l um e o n l y ; w ho l e US S R ; s a m e f o r m a t a s T a b l e 9 , b u t i n p e r c e n t a g e s )

No .

512 .

9 b . G r o up i n g o f R u r a l P o p u l a t e d � h P o p u l a t i o n S i z e h U n i o n Repu b l i c . ( th i s t a b l e i s i n t h e U S S R s umma r y v o l um e o n l y ; n u m b e r o f p o p u l a t e d p l a c e s a n d t h e t o t a l p o p u l a t i on i n e a c h o f 1 2 size groups ; data are for 1 9 6 1 )

No .

513 .

1 0 . G r o u p i n g o f Rayo n s ll P o p u l a t i o n S i z e i n t h e [ U S S R , Republ i c s , � an d Oblasta ] , ( number o f rayons i n each o f 9 s i z e groups; as o f Januar y 1 9 6 2 ; d a t a f o r Union Republ i c c a pita l s n o t given)

No .

514 .

1 1 . G rouping o f Rura l S o viets

"[iiiriiii'li"e o s o v i e t s i n e a cjj""'"f"() Januar y 1 96 2 ) No .

515.

h

P o pu l a t i o n S i z e .!.!!. t h e

� Re�u b l i c s , � an d O b l a s t s ) .

10 size groups; as of

1 2 . D i s t r i b u t i o n .Q.f t h e P o p u l a t i o n h � .!.!!. 1 9 3 9 a n d 1 95 9 .

List of Census Tables

245

( by r e p u b l i c ; for 1 3 a g e g r o up s ) No . 5 1 6 .

No . 5 1 7 .

1 3 . Di s t r i bu t i o n o f t h e Popula t i o n .!!.I. � a n d � { by r e p ub l i c ; by 1 4 a g e g r o u p s to age 1 00, t h e n 5 a g e g r o u p s o f p o p u l a t i on a g e d 1 00 and o ld e r ; b y ur ban­ r ura l ) 1 4 . D i s t r i b u t i o n o f C h i l d r e n Younger than � Year Ol d

.!!.I. S e x a n d �

( by r e p iiliTi C ; ---ii y a g e s in months, in 1 2 a g e g r o u p s ; by urban- r u r a l )

No . 5 1 8 .

1 5 . D i s t r i bu t i o n o f the Popu l a t i on o f !.!!£. [ USSR, Republ i c s , Irays, a n d Obl a a t s ) .!!.Y, � a n d � ( by 1 2 a g e g r o up s ; by urban- r u r a l )

No. 5 19 .

1 6 . Number o f M a l e s a n d Fema l e s .!!.I. Separate ill Gr oups .Pll lOOO Popu l a t i o n o f .!!. G i v e n � ( b y r e p ubl i c ; by 1 2 age g r o u p s ; by urban-rural )

No . 5 2 0 .

1 7 . Number o f M ar r i e d P e r s o n s .Pll 1 000 Popu l a t i o n .!!.I. .!JL!. a n d S e X:( by r e p ub l i c ; for popul a t i o n a g e d 1 6 a n d o l d e r ; by 1 2 a g e g r o u p s ; b y u r ban- r u r a l )

No . 5 2 1 .

18. ill ( by age

No . 5 2 2 .

1 9 . Number .2.f M ar r i e d P e r s o n s .Pll .!QQQ Popu l a t i o n Aged 16 a n d Ol d e r .!!.I. S e x i n the [ US S R , Republ i c s , Irays, ill 'Olil a s t s=r;--( u n i t s i n c l u d e o n l y 1 0 o f t h e SS R ca p i t a l s ; by u r b an ­ rural )

No . 5 2 3 .

20 . L evel o f E d u c a t i o n .2.f the Popula t i o n . { b y r e p ub l i c ; f o r p o p u l a t i on a g e d 1 0 a n d o l d e r ; by 6 l e v e l s of e d u c a t i o n ; by 1 2 a g e g r o u p s ; by s e x ; by ur ban-r ural )

No , 5 2 4 .

2 1 . Numbe r o f P e r s o n s w i t h H i g h e r and S e c o n d a r y E d u c a t i o n i n 1 9 3 9 a n d 1 9 59 . ( by r e p u b lIC'; for a l l p o pu l a t i o n with e d u c a t i o n a n d for a l l p o p u l a t i on of ab le-bo d i e d a g e s w i t h education; by s e x ; by urban-r ura l )

No . 525 .

2 2 . Di s t r i bu t i o n o f t h e Popu l a t i o n o f the [ USSR, Repub l i c s , Irays, a n d O b l a s t s ] J!.I. 1.!!..!..!! o f E d u c a t i o n . { by 6 l e v e l s o f e du c a t i o n ; by s e x ; by ur liiln - r u r al )

No . 5 2 6 .

2 3 . Number o f P e r s o n a w i t h H i g h e r .!!1! S e c o n d a r y Educa t i o n !A t h e [ US S R , Repub l i c s , I r a y s , ill Obl s s t s ] i n 1 939 m 1 95 9 . { u n i t s i n c l u d e o n l y 1 0 o f th e SS R ca p i t a l s ; i n th e r e p u b l ic v o l umes t he t i t l e i n c l u d e s .Pll 1 000 Popul a t i o n ; data i n the r e p u b l i c v o l ume s a r e by s e x a n d by ur ban-r u r a l for a l l uni t s ; data i n the USSR s umma r y volume a r e a t the r e p u b l i c level , by s e x onl y )

No . 527 .

Number .2.f M ar r i e d P e r s o n s .Pll 1 000 Popu l a t i o n .!!.I. a n d S e x i n 1 9 39 a n d 1 9 59 . r e p u b l i clfor popul a t i o n a g e d 1 6 and o l d e r ; by 1 2 g r o up s )

2 4 . � o f P e r s o n s o f A b l e-Bo d i e d Age s w i t h Higher

.!!l! S e c o n d a r y Education .Pll 1 000 Popul a t i o n i n t h e

USSR Repub l i c s , Irays , a n d"()b'Iast s ! . uni t s i n c l u d e onl y 1 0 o f the SSR c a p i ta l s ; by s e x; by

246

Index and Guide u r ba n- r u r a l )

No . 528 . No . 529 .

2 5 . L i t e r a c y o f t h e Popu l a t i o n Aged 9-49 i n 1 8 9 7 , 1 9 2 6 , 1 93 9 a n d 1 95 9 . �e p u b l i c ; by a e x ; by u r b a n - r u ra l ) 2 6 . L i t e r a c y o f t h e Popu l a t i o n Aged 9-49 i n 1 8 9 7 , 1 9 2 6, 1 9 3 9 , a n d 1 95 9 i n t h e [ U S S R , Repub l i c s , � a n d Obla s t s u n i t s i n c l u d e o n l y 1 0 o f t h e S S R ca p i t a l s ; t h e U S S R s umma r y v o l ume h a s d a t a f o r a l l y e a r s g i ven a b o v e , a t the Union R e p u b l i c l e ve l , whi l e dat a i n the r e p u b l i c v o l umes a r e o n l y f o r 1 9 39 a n d 1 9 59; l i t e r a c y g i v e n i n p e r c e n t a g e s ; b y s e x ; b y u r ba n- r u r a l ) •

N o . 530 .

2 7 . Di s t r i bu t i o n o f t h e Popu l a t i o n .!!.I. � Group. ( by r e p u b l i c ; 4 c a t e g o r i e s o f social groups; by s e x ; by ur ban- r u r a l )

No . 531 .

2 8 . D i s t r i b u t i o n o f Popul a t i o n .!!.I. S o c i a l Group i n 1 9 3 9 a n d 1 9 5 9 lli P e r c e n tage s o f ili To� "'(1iY r e p u b l i c ; 4 c a t e g o r i e s o f s o c i a l group s )

No . 532 .

2 9 . D i s t r i b u t i o n o f t h e Popu l a t i o n o f t h e [ U S S R , Republ i c s , I r a ys , a n d O b l a s t s ] .!!.I. S o c i a l Group . ( 4 c a t e g o r i e s o f s o c i a l g r o u p s ; b y�

No . 5 3 3 .

29a. D i s t r i bu t i o n .2l_ ili Working Popul a t i o n .!!.I. S o c i a l

� .!!.I. U n i o n Repub l i c .

{ t h i s t a b l e i s in t h e U S S R s u mm a r y v o l u m e o n l y ; 4 categories of social groups )

N o . 534 .

30 . D i s t r i b u t i o n o f Popu l a t i o n .!!.I. Means o f L i v e l i h o o d . ( b y r e pub l i c ; b y 9 c a t e g o r i e s o f means o f l i v e l i h o o d ; by s e x ; by u r ban- r u ra l )

No . 535 .

3 1 . Di s t r i b u t i o n o f t h e Popul a t i o n .!!.I. M ea n s o f Li v e l i h o o d i n 1 93 9 a n d 1 95 9 lli P e r c e n t ages o f t h e Total ) . ( by r e p ub l i c ; by 6 c a t e g o r i e s o f means o f l i v e l i h o o d ; by s e x )

No . 536 .

3 2 . D i s t r i b u t i o n o f t h e Popul a t i o n o f A b l e-Bo d i e d Ages

.!!.I. � o f Li ve l i h o o d .!!!. t h e � Repu b l i c s , � .!..!!.J! O b l a s t s ] .

( by 5 c a t e gor i e s o f means o f l i v e l i h o o d ; some o f the c a t e g o r i e s a r e b y s e x ; b y urban- r u r a l )

No . 5 3 7 .

3 2 a . D i s t r i b u t i o n o f t h e Popul a t i o n o f A b l e-Bo d i e d Ages

.!!.I. M ea n s .2l_ L i v e 1 Iho Ocl.!!..Y. !!.!!.!£!!. Rep Ubl i c

lli !h

{ t h i s t a b l e i s i n th e US S R s um ma r y v o l um e on l y ; b y 5 c a t e g o r i e s o f means o f l i v e l i h oo d ; by u r b a n - r u r a l )

No . 538 .

33. D i s t r i b u t i o n .2l_ t h e Working Popul a t i o n .!!.I. S e c t o r o f ili Economy .!..!!.J! � Group . tl>y r e p u b l i c ; 4 c a t e gor i e s o f s o c t a l g r o u p s ; by s e x ; b y ur ban-r u r a l )

No . 539 .

34. D i s t r i bu t i o n .2l_ ili Working Popul a t i o n .!!.I. S e c t o r s o f the ' i n P e r c e n tages 1 959 � and -1 9 3 9 -in -o f t h e Ec o n omy- 'TOtfil. ( by r e p u b l i c ; by s e x )

List of Census Tables

247

N o . 540 .

3 5 . Le ve l o f Education o f ili Popul a t io n J!i � Group . ( pe r 1 000 p o p u l a t i o n w i t h e d u c a t i o n ; by r e p u b l i c ; by 3 c a t e g o r i e s o f s o c i a l g r o u p s ; by 4 l e v e l s o f e d u c a t i o n ; by s e x ; b y u r ban-r ural )

N o . 541 .

35a. Lev e l .Qi Educa t i o n o f the Popu l a t i o n h S o c i a l G r o u p and !&!..:.. ( th i s tab l e i s in the USSR s umma r y v o l ume onl y ; who l e USSR; per 1 000 popul a t i o n o f 3 d i f f er e n t s o c i a l g r o u p s wi t h e du ca t i o n ; b y 4 l e v e l s o f e d u c a t i o n ; by 1 2 a g e g r o u p s ; by s e x ; who l e USSR)

No . 542 .

3 6 . � o f Educa t i o n o f the Working Popu l a t i o n J!i S o c i a l Group . ( by r e p u b l i c ; per 1 000 working p o pu l a t i o n o f 3 d i f f e r e n t s o c i a l g r o u p s with e d uc a t i o n ; by 4 le ve l s of e du c a t i o n ; b y sex; b y urban-rura l )

N o . 543 .

3 7 . Le ve l o f Educ a t i o n o f Manua l Worke r s , � Wo r k e r s , and C o l l e c t i v e Farme r s i n 1 93 9 a n d 1 9 5 9 . ( b y r e p ub l i c ; p e r 1 000 working popul a t i on w i t h h i g h e r a n d secondar y e du c a t i o n [ t o g e t h e r ] ; by s e x ; b y u r ban­ rural )

No . 544 .

3 8 . � o f Educa t i o n o f M anual Worker s , � Worker s , a n d Co l l e c t i v e Farme r s i n 1 9 3 9- a n d 1 9 5 9 i n the :r:@]kL ReP\ibl i c a , K r aya, and Oblas tsr: -- --- - -( t h i a t i t l e i s o f t h e ta b l e in t he U S S R s um ma r y v o l u me ; USSR summa r y d a t a a r e per 1 000 working popu l a t i o n w i t h h i gher a n d s e c o n d a r y e d u c a t i o n [ t o g e t h e r ] , by r e p u b l i c ; d ata in the r e p u b l i c v o l umes a r e for the same e ducational c a t e g or i e s but are g i v en down t o the o b l a s t le v e l [ un i t a i n c l u d e on l y 1 0 of the SSR c a p i t a l s ] by sex a n d by u r ban-r u r a l , for 1959 onl y)

No . 54 5 .

39 . .!.&£. S t r uc t u r e o f ili Working Popul a t i o n J!i Separate S e c t o r s o f t h e Economy a n d I n d u s t r i e s . ( by r e p u b l iC:-per 1 000 working popu l a t i o n ; by 8 a g e g r o u p s ; for about 7 0 d i f f e r e n t s e c t o r s a n d i n d u s t r i e s ; by s e x )

No . 546 .

40. Le ve l o f E d u c a t i o n o f the Working Popu l a t i o n J!i S e pa r a t e S e c t o r s o f t h e Economy and I n d u s t r i e s . ( by r e p ub l i c ; p e r -Y-000-working popul a t i o n with e d u c a t i o n ; by 4 l e v e l s o f e d uc a t i o n ; for a b o u t 85 d i f f er e n t s e c t o r s and i n d u s t r i e s ; b y sex)

No , 547 .

40a. Lev e l .Qi E d u c a t i o n o f the Working Popul a t i o n h S epar"'8't'e"Se c t o r a o f ili Economy . ( th i s t a b l e i s i n the USSR s umma r y v o l ume onl y ; who l e USSR; per 1 000 p o p u l a t i o n with e d u c a t i o n ; b y s e x)

N o . 548 .

4 1 . Number o f Peop l e Empl oyed i n Phys i c a l a n d � Labor in 1 93 9 and 1 95 9 . ( b y r epub l i c ; bY a�

No . 549 .

4 1 a . Numbe r .Qi Peop l e Empl oyed in Physical a n d M en t a l Labor i n 1 93 9 a n d 1 9 5 9 J!i .l!.!!.!.!u!. Repub l i c . ITT1S ta b l e i s i n th e US S R s um ma r y v o l um e on l y ; b y ur ban-r u r a l )

No . 550 .

4 2 . D i s t r i b u t i o n o f ili Popu l a t i on J!i Occupa t i o n a n d

!&!..:..

248

Index and Guide ( by r e p u b l i c ; i n USSR s umma r y v o l ume per 1 000 p o p u l a t i on , b u t i n r e p u b l i c vo lumes by numbe r s o f p e o p l e ; by 7 a g e g r o u p s ; f o r a b o u t 4SO d i f f e r e n t o c c u p a t i o n s , by t h o s e o f p r imar i l y p h y s i c a l a n d t h o s e o f p r i m a r i l y menta l l a bo r ; w h e n comb i n e d w i t h Tab l e 4 3 , s o me o f t h e s e d a ta c an b e c a l c u l a t e d b y s e x )

No . SSI .

4 3 . D i s t r i bu t i o n o f Fema l e s !.I. Occupa t i o n a n d � ( t h i s t a b l e i s t h e s am e a s T a b l e 4 2 , e x c e p t i t i s o n l y f o r fema l e s a n d c o v e r s on l y a b o u t 1 2 S d i f f e r e n t occupations )

No . SS2 .

44. D i s t r i bu t i o n o f t h e Popul a t i o n !.I. Occupa t i o n , i n S e pa r a t e S e c t o r s o f t h e Economy . ( by r e p u b l i c ; numlier"Of wor k e r s i n e a c h o f a b o u t 1 000 o c c u p a t i on s )

No . S S 3 .

4 S . Di s t r i bu t i o n o f t h e Popul a t i o n Engaged i n Phys i c a l L a b o r i n t h e Agr i c u l t u r a l S e c t o r , !.I. S o c i a l Group. �e p ub l i c ; number o f wor k e r s i n e a c h o f 2 7 o c c u p a t i o n s ; by worker a n d c o l l e c t i v e farmer [ s o c i a l g r o u p ] ; w h e n comb i n e d w i t h Tab l e 46 , some o f t h e s e d a t a can b e c a l c u l a t e d b y s e x)

No . SS4 .

4 6 . D i s t r i bu t i o n .2f Fema l e s Engage d i n Phys i c a l L a b o r i n t h e Ag r i c u l t u r a l S e c t o r , !.I. � Group . thy r e p u l i e ; number o f women in e a c h o f 2 1 o c c u p a t i o n s ; b y w o r k e r a n d c o l l e c ti v e farmer [ s o c i a l group ) )

No . S S S .

4 7 . D i s t r i bu t i o n .2f the Popul a t i o n !.I. Occupa t i o n i n 1939 and l 9S9. �r e p ub l i c ; n u m b e r o f p e o p l e emp l o y e d i n each o f a bo u t 2 3 S d i f f e r e n t o c c u p a t i o n s , g r o u p e d by t h o s e o f pr imar i l y p h y s i c a l a n d t h o s e o f p r i m a r i l y m e n t a l l a bor ; when comb i n e d w i t h Tab l e 48, d a t a f o r some o f t h e s e o c c u pa t i o n s c a n b e c a l c u l a t e d by s e x)

No . SS6 .

48. Di s t r i b u t i o n o f Fema l e s !.I. Occupa t i o n i n 1 9 3 9 a n d 1 9S9 . �e p ub l i c ; number o f fema l e s emp l o ye d in e a c h o f a b o u t 1 2 S d i f f e r e n t o c c u p a t i o n s , g r o u p e d by t h o s e o f pr imar i l y p h y s i c a l a n d t h o s e o f p r i ma r i l y m e n t a l l a b o r )

No . SS7 .

4 9 . D i s t r i b u t i o n o f t h e Popul a t i o n !.I. Occupa t i o n i n 1926 and l 9S9. ( by r e p u b l i c ; n u m b e r o f p e o p l e emp l o y e d i n e a c h o f a bo u t 8S d i f f e r e n t o c c u p a t i o n s , g r o u p e d by t h o s e o f p r i ma r i l y p h y s i c a l a n d t h o s e o f p r imar i l y mental l a b o r )

N o . SSS .

SO. � o f Educ a t i o n o f t h e Popul a t i o n Engage d i n Phys i c a l a n d M e n t a l Labor . ( by r e p u b l i c ; p e r 1 0 00 p e r s o n s wi th e d u c a t i o n ; by hi gher a n d b y s e c o n d a r y e d u c a t i o n ; by sex; by ur ban­ rural )

No . SS9 .

SOa. Le ve l o f E d u c a t i o n o f t h e Popu l a t i o n Engage d i n P h* s i c a l a n d M e n t a l Labor , !.I. Republ i c . ( t i s ta ble'"is i n th e US SR s um ma r y v o l um e on l y ; pe r 1 000 p e r s o n s w i t h e d u c a t i on ; b y 3 l e v e l s o f e d ucat ion)

No . S 6 0 .

S I . Number .2f P e r s o n s w i t h H i g h e r a n d S e c o n d a r y E d u c a t i on Engaged i n Phys i c a l a n d � 1!!1!.£!. i n 1 9 39 an d 1 9S 9 .

List of Census Tables

249

( by r e p u b l i c ; per 1000 p e r s o n s w i t h higher a n d s e c o n d a r y e du c a t i o n ; by s e x ; b y urban- r u r a l ) No . 5 6 1 .

5 2 . � of E d u c a t i o n o f !..!!.£. Popul a t i on .!!.I. S epa r a t e Occupa t i o n i n 1 9 3 9 a n d 1 959 . ( by r e p ub l i c ; per-1000 p e r s o n s with higher a n d s e c o n d a r y e du c a t i o n e mp l o y e d i n a g i ven o c c u p a t i on ; f o r each o f a b o u t 2 5 0 d i f f er e n t o c c u p a t i o n s , g r o u p e d b y t h o s e o f p r imar i l y phy s i c a l a n d t h o s e o f p r imari l y mental l a b o r )

No . 5 6 2 .

5 3 . D i s t r i bu t i o n o f t h e Popul a t i o n .!!.I. N a t i o na l i t y a n d N a t i v e Language . ( by r e p u b l i c ; number o f p e r s o n s o f each n a t i o na l i t y by nat i v e language [ l anguage o f that n a t i o n a l i t y , o f t he t i t u l a r nati onal i t y o f the Union R e p u b l i c , R u s s i a n , or o t h e r ] ; b y s e x ; b y u r ban-r u r a l )

No . 5 6 3 .

54. D i s t r i bu t i on o f t h e Popul a t i o n o f the Union a n d Autonomous Repub l i c s , Aut onomous Ob l as t s , .!!.!!i N a t i onal Okrugs .!!.I. !..!!.£. Most Nume r o u s N a t i on a l i t i e s . ( T a b l e 5 4 wi th t h i s t i t l e i s i n t h e US SR s um ma r y v o l um e onl y ; n umb er of p e o p l e o f each nati onal i t y in al l e t h n i c un i t s l i s t e d a b o v e)

No . 564 .

5 4 . D i s t r i b u t i o n .2f Popul a t i o n .2f the [ Republ i c s , � a n d Ob las t s ] .!!.I. the M o s t Numer o u s N a t i o n a l i t i e s n d Naa t i v e Language . _(a� Tabl e 54 w i t h t h i s t i t l e i s in the r e pu b l i c v o l umes o n l y ; d a t a g i v e n f o r a l l c e n s u s un i t s , inc l u d i n g Union Republ i c c a p i t a l s ; number o f persons in each n a t i o na l i t y , by n at i v e language [ l anguage o f that national i t y , l a nguage o f the t i t u lar n a t i o na l i t y o f the Union R e p u b l i c that the un i t i s l o c a t e d i n , R u s s i a n , or other ] ; by s e x ; by u r ba n - r u ra l )

No . 565 .

54a. Di s t r i bu t i o n o f t h e T i t u l ar N a t i o na l i t i e s o f the � Re pu b l i c s .!!.�epub .I. l i c o f T h e i r P r imary R eiiideii7e . ( th i s tab l e i s i n the USSR s umma r y v o l ume o n l y ; numbe r of pe o p l e o f each U n i o n Repub l i c n a t i onal i t y l i v i n g in each U n i o n R e p u b l ic)

No . 566 .

54 b . D i s t r i b u t i o n o f T i t u l a r National i t i e s o f the [ U n i o n a n d Autonomou s Republ i c s ] .!!.I. !&.!!. a n d .!!.I.Per cent­ � t h e Nat i o na l i t y W h o C o n s i d e r .I.!!!.! N a t i o n a l i t y T o Be T h e i r � Language . '{Tab l e 5 4 b . [ which gi v e s data f o r the t i t ul ar n a t i o n a l i t i e s o f the SSRs ] i s i n the USSR s ummar y vol ume on l y ; Tab l e 54a. of the RSFSR vo lume c o n t a i n s the s a m e d a t a , but for the t i t u l a r national i t i e s o f the ASSRs i n that r e p u b l ic onl y ; for 12 a g e g r o u p s ; b y sex; b y u r ban- r u r a l )

No . 5 6 7 .

5 5 . D i s t r i bu t i o n .2f t h e Popul a t i on .!!.I. N a t i v e Language . ( by r e publ i c ; n umber o f p e o p l e who c o n s i d e r e a c h l a nguage t o b e t h e i r na t i ve l a nguage [ fo r mo s t langua ge s , n o t for on l y the ma j or o n e s ] ; b y s e x ; by urban-r ura l )

No . 568 .

56. � o f Mar r i e d P e r s o n s .!!.I. the T i t u l a r N a t i o n a l ­ i ti e s o f t h e Union Republ i c s . { by r e p u b lic; iilth e r e p u b l i c v o l umes the t i t l e i s .!!.I. t h e Mos t Nume r o u s N a t i ona l i t i e s ; p e r 1 000 mar r i e d popul a t i o n ; by 1 0 mos t l y 5-year a g e g r o u p s o f t h e

250

Index and Guide p o p u l a t i o n a g e d 1 6 a n d o l d e r ; by s e x)

No . 5 6 9 .

5 7 . L e v e l tl E d u c a t i o n o f t h e Popu l a t i o n o f t h e T i t u l ar N a t i o na l i t i e s o f t h e U n i o n Repub l i c s i n 1 93 9 a n d 1 9 5 9 . ( b y r e p ub l i c ; th ist itre'1. s fo r th e t81i l e i n t h e ifSS'ir s umma r y v o l ume onl y ; in t h e r e p u b l i c vo lumes t h i s t a b l e i s f o r t h e m o s t num e r o u s n a t i onal i t i e s , whi l e f o r t h e RSFSR i t a l s o i n c l u d e s t h e n a t i o na l i t i e s o f t h e ASSR ' s ; p e r 1 000 p e r s o n s w i t h h i g h e r a n d s e c o n d a r y e du c a t i o n [ to g e t h e r ] ; b y s e x ; b y u r ban-rura l ; data f o r 1 9 5 9 a r e gi v en f o r a l l p o p u l a t i o n and f o r t h e empl o y e d p o p u la t i o n )

No . 570 .

5 7 a . L e v e l o f E d u c a t i o n o f t h e Popul a t i o n o f t h e T i t u l8r"N'iltIOna l i t i e a o fthe ( U n i o n a n d Auton'OiiiOu s -Repub l i c s ) .!!.I. ill Group . -( t h i s t a b l e i s i n th e US S R s um ma r y v o l um e [ w he r e i t g i v e s d a t a f o r the U n i o n R e pu b l i c n a t i o na l i t i e s ] and the RSFSR v o l ume [ wh e r e i t g i v es data f o r the t i t u l ar n a t i o na l i t i e s o f t h e A S S R ' s i n the Russian R e p u b l i c ] o n l y ; p e r 1 000 p e r s o n s w i t h hi gher and s e c o n d a r y e du c a t i o n ; b y 1 0 mo s t l y 5 - y e a r a g e g r o u p s o f t h e p o p u l a t i o n a g e d 1 6 a n d o l der ; by u r ban-r ura l )

No. 571.

5 8 . Number o f Fami l y Memb e r s a n d P e r s o n s Li v i n g � in t h e [ US S R , Republ i c s , I rays, a n d O b l a s t s ] . ( number o f p e r s o n s l i v i n g i n fami l i e s , numb e r l i v ing s e p a ra t e l y but i n c l u d e d i n fami l y b u d g et s , number of persons l i v i n g a l o n e who do n o t hav e fami l i e s ; b y s e x ; by u r ban-rural )

No . 5 7 2 .

5 9 . G r o uping of Fami l i e s .!!.I. Size i n t h e [ US S R , Repub l i c s , !!!.I.!... a n d O b l a s t� ( number o f fami l i e s b y s e x o f fami l y head; number of f ami l i e s i n e a c h o f 9 size g r o up s ; a v e r a g e fami l y s i z e ; b y u r ban-r u ra l )

No . 5 7 3 .

60. Number .2.f Fami l i e s , Fami ly M em b e r s , a n d P e r s o n s L i v ing A l o n e � 1 000 Permanent Popu l a t i o n i n 1 9 3 9 a n d 1 95 9 . ( by r e p ub l i c ; b y s e x [ f o r fami l i e s i t i s the s e x o f t h e f ami l y head ] ; b y ur ban- r u r a l )

No . 574 .

60a . S e x a n d A g e o f Fam i l y Memb e r s .!!.I. Fam i l y S i z e . ( th i s t a b l e i s in t h e USSR s umma r y v o l ume o n l y ; wh o l e USSR; number o f fam i l y memb e r s p e r 1 0 0 fami l i e s ; by 9 fami l y- s i z e g r o u p s ; b y 1 1 mo s t l y 5-year a g e g r o u p s ; by s e x ; b y u r b a n - r ur a l )

No . 5 7 5 .

6 1 . G r o uping o f Fami l i e s .!!.I. � o f Memb e r s L i v ing Toge t h e r i n 1 9 3 9 a n d 1 9 5 9 . ( by r e p u b ITc ; p e r ""TOOOfami l i e s ; by 9 fami l y- s i z e g r o u p s ; b y u r ban-rur a l )

No . 5 7 6 .

6 2 . � tl Fami l y Memb e r s L i v i n g S epar a t e l y f!:2!! t h e Fami l y, a n d P e r s o n s Li v i n g b l o n e , - .!!.I. ill Group. ( by r e pub'ITc ; b y 6 mo s t l y 1 - y e a r a g e g r o u p s ; b y u r ban-r u r a l )

No . 57 7 .

6 3 . � tl Fami l y Membe r s L i v i n g Separ a t e l y f r o m t h e Fami l y , a n d P e r s o n s L i v i n g A l o n e , .!!.I. S o c i a l Group . ( by r e pu!i"Ifc ; b y 3 s o c i a l g r o u p s ; b y s e x ; by ur ban­ rural )

List of Census Tables

25 1

No . 5 7 8 .

64. G r o uping .2f Fami l i e s !.I. � Group o f t h e Fami l y Head a n d Fami l y S i z e . ('iiy-r e p u b l i c ; n u �of fami l i e s by s e x o f fami l y h e a d ; numb e r o f f ami l i e s i n each o f 9 s i z e g r o up s ; av e r a g e fami l y s i z e ; by 3 s o c i a l g r o u p s ; by ur ban-r ura l )

No . 579 .

64a. Grouping o f S i ngl e-Nat i o n a l i t y Fami l i e s o f !h!, T i t u l a r National i t i e s o f the U n i o n Repub l i c s !.I. S i ze . ( th i s tab l e i s in the USSR s umma r y v o l ume onl y ; WliOie USSR; per 1 000 fami l i e s o f each national i t y who a r e l i v i n g t o g e t he r ; b y 9 fami l y - s i z e g r o up s , and av erage fami l y s i z e ; by u r ban-r ura l )

N o . 580 .

64b. Di s t r i b u t i o n o f Fami l y Memb e r s !.I. M eans .2f L i v e l i h o o d a n d Fam i l y S i z e . ( th i s ta b l e i s i n the USSR s umma r y v o l ume o n l y ; who l e US S R ; p e r 1 00 fami l i e s ; b y 4 cate gor i e s o f means o f l i v e l ihoo d ; by 9 fami l y - s i z e g r o u p s ; b y s e x ; b y ur ban­ r u ra l )

No . 5 8 1 .

A p p e n d i x . � o f Mor t a l i t y and A verage L i f e Ex e c tanc o f t h e U r b a n and R u r a l Popu l a t i o n ( 1 9581 95 9 b y s e x and by i n d i v i dual-year a g e s ) •

RESULTS OF .!'..!!! ALL-UNION POPULAT ION CENSUS OF 1 9 7 0 Volume 1 .

Popul a t i o n .2f !.!!!, USSR, Union .!.!!.!!. Autonomous Repu b l i c s , !!!.I.!!.... a n d O b l a s t s .

No . 600 .

1 . Enum e r a t e d � Fac t o ] Popul a t i o n o f the USSR and Union Repub l i c s i n 1 9 1 3 , 1 93 9 , 1 9 59, and 1 9 7 0 . tiiY\ir ban-rura l )

No . 6 0 1 .

(b ays,

No . 602 .

3 . Popu l a t i o n .2f C i t i e s and U r ban-Type S e t t l eme n t s w i t h Popul a t i o n s o f 1 5 , 000 � Greater i n Repub l i c s , [rays, an d O b l a s t s i n 1 9 59 a n d 1 9 70, {7it i e s a n d set t l emeiit'S i n AO' s and NO' s a r e listed not under those u n i t s b u t under the k r a y s a n d o b l a s t s whi ch contain t h o s e un i t s )

No , 603 .

4 . Gr ouping .2f £.!!.!.!.!. .!.!!.!!. U r ban-Type S e t t l eme n t s in t h e USSR a n d Union Repub l i c s !.I. Popu l a t i o n S i z e i n 1 9 39, 1 9 5 9 , !.!!..& 1 9 70 . ( 8 s i z e g r o u p s ; number and t o t a l popul a t i o n o f c i t i e s and o f s e t t l emen t s i n e a c h s i z e group)

No . 604 .

5 . Grouping of £.!!.!.!.!. a n d Urban-Type S e t t l emen t s in t h e Repub l i c s , !!!.I.!!.... a n d Ob l as t s !.I. Popu l a t i o n S i z e . ( 8 s i z e g r o u p s ; number and t o t a l p o pu l a t i o n o f c i t i e s and o f s e t t l emen t s i n e a c h s i z e group)

No . 605 .

6 . Grouping .2f Rayons .!!!. the Republ i c s , Irays, .!.!!.!!. Ob l a s t s !.I. Popul a t i o n S i z e ,

2 . Enume r a t e d � f a c t o ] Popu l a t i o n o f the Repub l i c s , a n d Ob l a s t s i n 1 95 9 and 1 9 7 0 . y ban=-r u r a 1 ; a l so i n c l u d e s the p op ul a t i o n o f the a dm i n i s t r a t i v e c e n t e r o f each unit for 1 9 59 and 1 9 70)

252

Index and Guide ( number o f r a y o n s i n each o f 9 s i z e g r o u p s onl y [ no t the t ot a l p o p u l a t i on i n e a c h o f t h o s e r a y o n s ] ; uni t s that c o n t a i n o n l y u r ba n r a y o n s , such a s Union R e p ub l i c c a p i t a l s , a r e n o t i n c l uded)

No . 606 .

7 . G r ouping o f Rura l S o v i e t s .!.!!. t h e Repub l i c s , K r a y s , a n d Obl a s t s J!.I. Popu l a t i o n � rD"iim b e r o f s o v i e t s [ no t th e p o p u l a t i o n i n th em ] by 1 0 p o p u l a t ion- s i z e g r o u p s )

No . 6 0 7 .

8 . G r o uping o f R u r a l Popu l a t e d P l a c e s i n t h e Repub l i c s , � an d O b la s t s J!.I. P op u l a t i o nS i ze . ( number o f p o p u l a t e d p l a c e s a n d the total p o p u l a t i o n i n e a c h o f 1 2 s i z e gr o u p s )

V o l ume 2 . S e x , !s!i. a n d M a r i t a l S t a t u s .2f the Popul a t i o n o f the U S S R , U n i o n a n d Autonomous Republ i c s , � an d O b l a s t s . N o . 608 .

1 . D i s t r i b u t i o n o f t h e Popul a t i o n o f the � an d U n i o n Repu b l i c s J!.I. S e x .!.!!. 1 9 3 9 , 1 9 5 9 , a n d 1 9 7 0 . ( by u r ban-r urarJ

No . 609 .

2 . Number o f Ma l e s a n d Fema l e s .1!ll 1 000 Popu l a t i o n o f t h e U S S R a n d U n i o n Repub l i c s i n 1 9 3 9 , 1 9 5 9 , a n d 1 9 70. '(bY u r ban-r ur�

No . 6 1 0 .

3 . D i s t r i b u t i o n o f the Popu l a t i o n .2f the U S S R a n d U n i o n Repu b l i c s J!.I. S e x a n d ill i n 1 9 5 9 a n d 1 9 7 0 . ( by S-year a ge-8°r o u p s ; by""""Ur ban-rilrSl�

No . 6 1 1 .

4 . Di s t r i b u t i o n .2f t h e P o pu l a t i o n o f t h e ASS R ' s , �

� O b l a s t s J!.I. ill i n 1 9 5 9 a n d 1 9 7 0 ,

( b y 1 0- y e a r a g e g r o u p s ; b y ur ban-r u r a l )

No . 6 1 2 .

5 . N um b e r tl M a l e s an d Fe ma l e s A g e d 1 00 a n d O l d e r .!..!!. nd 1 970. t h e U S S R a n d U n i o n Repu b l i c s i n 1 9 5 9 a_ T1iY 5-y earag e g r o u p s ; b y u r b an- r u r a l _ --)

No . 613 .

6 . Number .2f M a r r i e d P e r s o n s .1!ll 1 000 Popul a t i o n .!!.I. ill an d S e x i n t h e U S S R a n d Un i o n R e p u b l i c s in 1 95 9 an d 1970. tii'Y"T2 [ mo s t l y 5 - y ea r ] a g e g r o up s ; b y ur ban- r u ra l )

V o l ume 3 . L e v e l o f E d u c a t i o n o f t h e P o pu l a t i o n o f t h e U S S R , U n i o n a n d A u t o n o m o u s R e pu b l i c s , � an d O b l a s t s . No . 6 1 4 .

1 . Di s t r i bu t i o n o f t h e Popul a t i o n .2!. t h e USSR a n d .!L!!!£!!. Repub l i c s J!.I. E d u c a t i o n . ( f o r a l l p o p u l a t i o n , by 6 l e ve l s o f e d u c a t i o n ; by 8 a g e g r o u p s ; b y s e x ; b y urban-ru r a l )

No . 6 1 5 .

2 . D i s t r i b u t i o n o f t h e Popul a t i o n . o f t h e USSR, Union a n d Autonomous Repu b l i c s , K r a y s , a n d Ob l a s t s .!!.I. lrallc a t io n . ( f o r p o p u l a t i o n a g e d 1 0 an d o l d e r , b y 6 l e v e l s o f e du c a t i o n ; b y s e x ; b y ur ban-r u r a l )

No . 6 1 6 .

3 . Le v e l o f E d u c a t i o n .2f � P o pu l a t i o n .2f t h e U S S R , U n i o n a n d"°Autonomous Republ i c s , Krays, a n d Obl a s t s i n 1 95 9 a n d 1 9 7 0 .

List of Census Tables

253

( pe r 1 000 e duca t e d p e r s o n s a g e d 1 0 and o l d e r ; by 6 l e v e l s o f e d u c a t i o n ; b y s e x ; b y u r b an - r ur a l ) No . 6 1 7 .

4 . Popu l a t i o n � Higher a n d Secondary Education !!!. t h e U S S R a n d � Repu b l i c s !!!. 1 93 9 , 1 95 9 , a n d illQ..:. fliY h i gher a n d by s e c on d a r y e d u c a t i o n ; by s e x ; b y ur ban- r u r a l )

No . 6 1 8 .

5 . Number o f P e r s o n s w i t h High e r a n d S e c o n d a r y EduC'8tTOii .I!.!!. 1 000 PopiiT&t i o n AgedTO and Ol der i n the d� USSR, Uni o n a n"'dAii t onomous Re � u b l i cS'; lrays;-&ii� O b l a s ts--rn- 1 93 9 , 1 959 , and 19 O . ( by h i gher a n d b y secondar y-eiiiai'C t i o n ; b y s e x ; b y u r ban- r u r a l )

�-

No . 6 1 9 .

6 . � tl Education tl ill Worki.ng Popu l a t i o n i n t h e U S S R , � a n d Autonomous Repub l i c s , (rays, !.!!i O b l a s t s i n 1 95 9 a n d 1 9 7 0 . ( pe r l OOOwO'r'kfngpersons with e d u c a t i o n ; b y 6 l e v e l s o f e d ucation ; b y s e x ; b y ur ban-r ural )

No . 6 2 0 .

7 . � tl E d u c a t i o n o f the Working Popu l a t i o n o f ill US S R a n d Union a n d Autonomous Repub l i c s i n 1 939, 1 959 , and 1'910. {Per '""fO'OO wor king p e r s o n s with e ducation ; by h i g h e r and by secondar y e d uca t i o n ; b y sex; b y u r b an-rur a l ; contains data o n l y f o r S S R ' s and ASS R ' s )

No . 621 .

8 . L i t e r a c y o f the Popul a t i o n Age d 9-49 !!!. ill USSR !.!!i !.!!. ill � tl ill C e n s u s e s ;

� Repub l i c s-rii c c o r d i n g i n !.h

'[by s e x ; by urban-rur a l ; for 1 8 9 7 , 1 920, 1 9 2 6 , 1 93 9 , 1 95 9 , 1 9 7 0 ) V o l ume 4 . !!.h.!!.!.£ Compo s i t i o n tl ill Popu l a t i o n tl ill USSR, Union a n d Autonomous Repub l i c s , !!.!..Y..!!.... Oblas t s , a n d National Okrugs . No . 6 2 2 .

No . 623 .

1 . Di s t r i bu t i on tl ill Popu l a t i o n o f the � h N a t i o n a l i t y an d Language i n 1 9 59 and T97o . ( po p u l a t i o n �each o f l Oi-natTOniiTiti e s ; p e r c e n t a g e of that popu l a t i o n who c o n s i d e r the l anguage o f that na t i onal i t y to be their na t i v e l anguage; for 1 9 7 0 onl y , p e r c e n t a g e o f e a c h national i t y who speak e i ther R u s s i an or a n o t h e r nationa l l a nguage of the USSR f l uen t l y) 2.

ijhange

i n the Popu l a t i o n tl I n d i v i dua l N a t i o n a l i t i e s

ll -1!.ill R e piibri c ,

( po p u l a t i o n o f the mo s t nume r o u s nationa l i ti e s i n e a c h SSR i n 1 9 5 9 a n d 1 9 70)

No . 624 .

3 . Change i n ill Popu l a t i o n tl I n d i v i d u a l N a t i o n a l i t i e s

.J!.I A u tonomo u s Republ i c .

( po p u l a t i o n o f the mo s t nume r o u s national i t i e s i n e a c h A S S R in 1 9 5 9 a n d 1 9 70)

No . 625 .

4-29. D i s t r i bu t i o n of ill Popu l a t i o n o f ill [ USSR, Repu b l i c s , (rays m Ob l a s t s l .!!.I N a t i ona l i t y a n d Language . ( fo r 1 04 nationa l i t i e s at the USSR and Union R e p u b l i c lev e l , whe r e p re s e n t ; d a t a f o r uni t s b e l ow the Union R e p u b l i c l e v e l a r e on l y for the mo s t nume r o u s national i t i e s ; f o r each n a t i o na l i t y i s g i v e n i t s I

254

Index and Guide p o p u l a t i o n , t h e number o f t h e s e p e r s o n s who c o n s i d e r t h e i r n a t i v e l an gu a g e t o be t h i s l an g u a g e , R u s s i a n , o r o t h e r , a n d t h e number w h o s p e a k a s e c o n d n a t i on a l l a n g u a g e o f t h e U S S R [ Ru s s i a n , the l an gu a g e o f the un i t , o r o t h e r ] ; b y u r ban-rura l ; by s e x , a t t h e U n i o n R e p u b l i c 1 e v e l o n l y)

No , 626 .

30, D i s t r i b u t i o n o f Popu l a t i o n o f t h e T i t u l a r N a t i o na l i t i e s o f t h e Union a n d A u t onomous Repu b l i c s . ( th e number o f -ea �o f t h e rs-na t i o na l i t i e s o f t h e Union R e p u b l i c s l i v i n g i n each U n i o n R e p u b l i c ; t h e p o p u l a t i on o f the t i t u l a r n a t i o na l i t i e s o f the A S S R ' s b y t h e ma j o r S S R ' s , A S S R ' s , k r a y s , o b l a s t s , a n d c i t i e s [ M o s c o w a n d Leningra d ] in which t h e y l i v e )

No . 627 .

3 1 . D i s t r i b u t i o n tl � Popu l a t i o n o f t h e USSR a n d � .!!.!!.!!. A u t o n om o u s Repub l i c s J!.I. Na t i v e Language and S e c o n d N a t i o n a l Language o f t h e USSR . ( number o f p e o p l e i n each unit who s p e a k each o f t h e ma j o r l a n g ua g e s s p ok en i n t h a t u n i t a n d t h e n u mb er o f t h e s e who s p e a k a s e c o n d n a t i o n a l l a n g u a g e ; b y s e x ; b y u r b an - r u r a l )

No . 6 2 8 .

3 2 . ill a n d Language tl the Popul a t i o n tl I n d i v i d ual N a t i o na l i t i e s o f t h e U SSR. ( fo r 1 5 l a n g u a g e s OT UiiIOD R e p u b l i c s o n l y ; number s p e a k i n g e a c h l a nguage a s their n a t i v e l a nguage a n d number o f t h e s e who s p e a k a s e c o n d n a t i o n a l l a n g u a g e [ Russian, the language of their nationa lity , or other ] ; b y 8 a g e g r o u p s ; who l e USSR)

No . 629 .

3 3 . ill a n d La nguage o f the Popul a t i o n o f I n d i v i d ua l N a t i o na l i t i e s .!!.!. U n i o n Repub l i c . ( in each U n i o n R e p u b l i c t h e number o f p e o p l e s p e a k i n g ea c h o f t h e 1 5 t i t u l a r l a n g u a g e s an d ea c h o f th e langua g e s o f t h e A S S R s , AOs , o r NOs i n t h a t R e p u b l i c a s t h e i r n a t i v e l a n g u ag e ; number o f t h e s e w h o s p e a k a s e c o n d n a t i o n a l l an g u a g e [ R u s s i a n , the l a nguage o f their n a t i o na l i t y , a n d o t h e r ] ; b y 8 a g e groups)

N o . 630 .

3 4 . Number o f M a r r i e d Men a n d Women o f I n d i v i d ua l N a t iO'ii'ii'Tit ies i n t h e USSR Til l 9 5 9 and 1 9 7 0 . ( pe r 1 000 mar r i e d""""P'Op u l a t ion; f o r rs-t i t u l ar na t i o na l i t i e s ; b y 6 [ mo s t l y 1 0- year ] a g e groups o f p e r s o n s age d 1 6 a n d o l d e r )

No . 6 3 1 .

3 5 , Number o f Mar r i e d M en a n d Women J!.I. I n d i v i d ual N a t iOiiilTTt. ies J!.I. U n i o n!feplilil fCID 1 95 9 a n d 1970. ( pe r lOOO ma r r i e d p o p u l a t i o n ; f o rt h e mo�nU"iiierou s n a t i o n a l i t i e s and n a t i ona l i t i e s o f t h e A S S R ' s i n each R e p u b l i c ; b y 6 a g e groups)

No . 632 .

36- 5 3 . L e v e l o f E d u c a t i o n o f t h e Popul a t i o n o f I n d i v i dUar'"N ationa l i t i e s i n t h e [ US S R , U n i o n a n d A u t onomou s Repub l i c s , Autonomous Obl a s t s , and N a t i o n a l Okr ugs ] in 1 9 5 9 a n d 1 9 7 0 . ( pe r 1 000 e duca t e d p e r s o n s a g e d 1 0 a n d o l d e r ; f o r t h e m o s t nume r o u s n a t i o na l i t i e s i n each e th n i c u n i t p l us f o r a l l n a t i o n a l i t i e s o f t h e A S S R s , AOs , a n d NOs t h a t are l o c a t e d w i t h i n those u n i t s ; g e n e r a l l y , d a t a f o r R u s s i a n s , Ukra i n i a n s , B e l o r u s s i an s , a n d T a t a r s a r e f o r the p o p u l a t i o n in e a c h u n i t r e s p e c t i v e l y , wh i l e d a t a f o r o t h e r n a t i o na l i t i e s a r e for the e t h n i c u n i t i n wh i c h mo s t o f t h a t g r o up l i v e s ; b y 7 l e v e l s o f

List of Census Tables

255

e d u c a t i o n ; by s e x ; b y u r b a n- r ural ) N o . 633 .

5 4 . L e v e l o f E d u c a t i o n a n d ill o f t h e Popul a t i o n o f I n d i v i d ual N a t i o na l i t i e s i n t h e USSR , ( who l e USSR; p e r 1 000 e du c a t e d p e r s on s ; f o r 1 5 t i t u l ar national i t i e s ; by 3 le ve l s o f e d u c a t i o n ; b y 8 a g e g r o u p s ; b y u r ban- r u r a l )

N o . 634 .

55 , 1!..!tl o f E du ca t i on a n d � tl fil Po pu l a t i on o f I n d i v i d ual N a t i o n a l i t i e s .!!.I. Union Republ i c , ( pe r IOOO e du c a t e d p e r s o n s ; rneilch Union R e p u b l i c , f o r the t i t u l a r n a t i o na l i t y and the n a t i o na l i t i e s o f a l l ASS R ' s ; b y 3 l e v e l s o f e du c a t i o n ; b y 8 a g e g r o u p s ; b y u r b an-rur al )

No . 635 .

5 6 . � tl E d u c a t i o n o f the Who l e Popul a t i o n a n d o f t h e Working P o pu l a t i o n o f I n d i v i d ual Nationa l i t i e s i n the USSR and U n i o n RepUbl i c s i n 1 95 9 a n d 1 9 7 0 . ( for the ma j or n a t i o n a l i t i e s and the n a t i o n a l i t i e s o f ASSRs i n each Union R e p u b l i c ; per 1 000 p e r s o n s a g e d 1 0 a n d o l d e r a n d p e r 1 000 w o r k i n g p o p u l a t i o n , w i t h h i gher and s e c o n d a r y e d u c a t i on [ t o g e t h e r , n o t b y type of e du c a t i o n ] ; b y sex; b y u r b an-r ural ) -

No . 6 3 6 .

5 7 - 7 2 . Le ve l o f E d u c a t i o n tl � Working Popu l a t i o n tl I n d i v i d ual N a t i o n a l i t i e s o f the [USSR a n d Union Re ublics one t a b l e f o r the USSR a n d one f o r each Uni o n R e p u b l i c ; p e r 1 000 e d u c a t e d working p e r s o n s ; f o r 7 e du­ c a t i o n a l l e ve l s ; for 15 t i t u l a r national i t i e s at the who l e USSR l e v e l ; within e a c h Union R e p u b l i c , f o r t he mo s t nume r o u s n a t i o n a l i t i e s and f o r the n a t i o na l i t i e s o f i n t ra -Re p u b l i c ASSR s , AOs , a n d NOs ; b y s e x ; by urban-rura l ) •

Volume 5 . D i s t r i b u t i on o f t h e Popul a t i o n tl � USSR, Union a n d A u t o n o m o u s Repub l i c s , Irays, a n d O b l a s t s .!!.I. � Group , Mean s o f L i v e l i h oo d , a n d S e c t o r s o f the Economy . No . 637 .

1 . Enume r a t e d � Facto ] a n d Permanent � Jure ] Popu l a t i on o f � USSR a n d Union Repub l i c s . ( by s e x ; by ur ban- r u r a l Y--

No , 638 .

2 , D i s t r i b u t i o n o f t h e Popul a t i o n o f the USSR a n d .!!.!!.!.2!!. Repu b l i c s .!!.I. S o c i a l roup i n 1 9 5 9 and 1 9 7 0 . ( by 3 s o c i a l groups ma nuaY-wor k e rS:-o"'f"f'i'C"e wor ker s , c o l l e c t i v e f a r m e r s ] ; b y ur ban- r u r a l ; b y s e x )

No . 6 3 9 .

y

3 . D i s t r i bu t i o n tl the Popul a t i o n o f t h e Repub l i c s

� a n d Ob l a s t s lf. � Group i n 1 95 9 a n d 1 9 76 .

{ by 3 s o c i a l g r o up s )

No . 6 4 0 .

4 . D i s t r i b u t i on tl � Working Popu l a t i o n o f the U S S R a n d Union Repub l i c s .!!.I. � Group i n 1 9 5 9 a n d � tbY 3 s o c i a l g r o up s ; by s e x ; by ur ban-rur a l )

No . 641 ,

5 . Di s t r i b u t i o n tl the Working Popu l a t i o n o f � Republ i c s , Irays, .!.!!.!! Ob lasts .!!.I. � G r o up in 1212. an d 1 9 7 0 . tbY '380Ci a l g r o u p s )

256

Index and Guide

No . 642 .

6 . � tl E d uc at i o n o f t he P o p u l a t i o n tl t he U S S R an d U n i o n Republ ica J!.I. ill!!! Group i n ll.22. a n d 1 9 7 0 . �1 000 e du c a t e d p e r s o n s ; b y 3 s o c i a l g r o u p s ; b y 4 l e v e l s o f e d u c a t i o n ; by s e x ; by u r b an-rur a l )

No . 6 4 3 .

7 . L e ve l o f E d u c a t i o n o f t h e Working Popul a t i o n o f t h e U S S R m lli!!.2.!. Repub l i c s J!.I. S o c i a.l Group i n 1 9 5 9 a n d 1970. eper-1 000 e du c a t e d w o r k i n g p e r s on s ; b y 3 s o c i a l g r o u p s ; b y 4 l e v e l s o f e du c a t i o n ; b y s e x ; b y u r b an- r u r a l )

No , 644 .

8 . � o f E d u c a t i o n o f t h e W o r k i n g Popu l a t i o n o f t h e Re a u b l i c s , Krays, m Ob l a s t s J!.I. S o c i a l G r o up i n 1 9 5 9 an 1 970 . '[per 1 0 0 0 w o r k i n g p e r s o n s w i t h h i gher a n d s e c o n d a r y e d u c a t i o n [ to g e t h e r ] ; b y 3 s o c i a 1 g r o up s ; b y s e x ; by ur ban-r ura l )

No . 645 .

9 . D i s t r i b u t i o n tl � Popu l a t i o n tl the U S SR a n d .!!.!!!.2.!. Repub l i c s J!.I. � o f L i v e l i h oo d , ( by 9 c a t e gor i e s o f means o f l i v e l i h o o d ; b y s e x ; b y ur ban-r u r a l )

No . 6 4 6 .

1 0 . D i s t r i b u t i o n o f t h e Popu l a t i o n o f t h e USSR a n d U n i o n Repub l i c s .!ii"" M eans o f Li ve l i hoo d--rii 1 95 9 ana 1970 ( i n Pe r c e n t age s o f t h e W h o l e Populati Oii):" ( me a n s o f l i v e l i h o o d i s b y 6 c a t e g o r i e s ; b y s e x ; by urban-r ur a l ) -­

No . 6 4 7 .

1 1 . D i s t r i b u t i o n tl t h e Popu l a t i o n o f the U S S R a n d U n i o n Repu b l i c s J!.I. M ea n s o f L i v e l i h o o d a n d � G r ou p . ( me a n s o f l i v e l i h o o d i s b y 6 c a t e g o r i e s ; b y s e x ; by u r ban-r u r a l )

No . 648 .

1 2 - 2 7 . D i s t r i b u t i on o f t h e Working P o pu l a t i o n o f t h e [ US S R an d U n i o n Repub l i c s ] J!.I. S e c t o r o f t h e Economy a n d ill!!! G r o up . ( o n e ta b l e f o r th e w h o l e US S R an d o n e f o r e a c h Un i o n R e p ub l i c ; b y 3 s o c i a l g r o u p s ; b y s e x ; b y u r b an-r u r a l )

No. 649.

2 8 . D i s t r i b u t i o n tl the Working Popu l a t i o n o f the U S S R and a n d U n i o n Repub l i c s J!.I. S e c t o r o f t h e Econ omy -'So'Ci a l G r o u p i n 1 9 5 9 a n d 1 9 7 0 lli'!L.: ( by 3 social groups)

V o l ume 6 . N o . 650 .

D i s t r i b u t i o n o f t h e Popul a t i o n tl the U S SR a n d U n i o n Repu b l i c s J!.I. Occupa t i o n . 1 . Popu l a t i o n O c c upi e d J!.I. Phys i c a l a n d M en t a l 1.!J!.2!. i n and 1970 , i n 1 95 9 -t h e U S S R a n d U n i o n Repub l i c s "(liY s e x ; ny-urban- r ur a l ) --

---

No . 651 .

2 - 1 7 . D i s t r i b u t i o n o f t h e Popu l a ti o n o f the [ USSR m U n i o n Repu b li c s I fu:. Oc CUpS t i o n .!!!. l 9 5 9 a n d 1 9 7 0. ( o ne t a b l e f or t he wh o l e U S S R a n d o n e f or e a c h Un i o n Republ i c ; number o f wor k e r s i n e a c h o f a p p r o ximat e l y 330 different occupations, grouped by those of p r i ma r i l y p h y s i c a l a n d t h o s e o f p r i ma r i l y m e n t a l l a b o r )

N o . 652 .

1 8- 3 3 . D i s t r i b u t i o n o f Women o f t h e [ US S R a n d lli!!.2.!. Repub l i c s ] J!.I. O ccupation i n 1 9 5 9 a n d 1 9 7 0 . --

List of Census Tables

257

( th e s e t a b l e s hav e the same f ormat as T a b l e s 2- 1 7 , e x c e p t t h e y a p p l y o n l y t o women a n d c o v e r on l y a b o u t 1 30 d i f f e r e n t o c c u p a t i o n s ) No . 653 .

34-49. D i s t r i b u t i on o f t h e P opul a t i o n o f � [ USSR a n d U n i o n Repu b l i c s ] !I_ Occupa t i o n .!!.!!J! � £!. � !CO'iiO'm y . ( o n e ta b l e f o r th e w ho l e U S S R an d o n e f o r e a c h Un i o n R e p u b l i c ; n umb e r o f w o r k e r s i n e a c h o f a b o u t 7 6 0 d i f f e r e n t o c c u p a t i o n s and s e c t o r s o f the ec onomy )

N o . 654 .

50- 6 5 . !&!_ S t r u c t u r e o f t h e Popul a t i o n !I. I n d i v i d u a l O c c upat i o n s , f o r t h e ( USSR a n d !!.!!.!.2.!!. Repu b l i c s ] . ( o n e t a b l e f or t he wh o l e U S S R a nd o n e f or e a ch lJn i o n Re p u b l i c ; p e r 1 000 p e r s o n s emp l o y e d i n a g i v en occupation; for about 320 different occupations, g r o u p e d b y t h o s e o f pr imar i l y physi ca l and t h o s e o f p r ima r i l y men t a l l a b o r ; f o r 7 a g e groups)

No . 655 .

6 6 . Le ve l o f E d u c a t i o n £!. the Popu l a t i o n Occupi e d !I. Phys i c a l a n d � L abor i n t h e .!!§.g a n d !!.!!.!.2.!!. Republ i c s . ( pe r 1 000 emp l o ye d p e r s o n s w i t h e d u c a t i o n ; by h i g h e r a n d b y s e c o n d a r y e d u c a t i o n ; b y s e x ; b y ur ban-r ural )

No . 656 .

6 7 . � £!. P e r s o n s .!!.!.!h Higher .!!.!!J! S e c o n d a r y Ed u ca tion am ong Worke r s Occupi e d !I. Phys i c a l and � Labor in t h e USSR a n d Union Repu b l i c s i n 1 95 9 a n d 1 9 7 0 . ( p e r 1 000 p e r sons ha v i ng h i g h e r a n d s e c o n d a r y e d uca­ tion [ to g ether ] ; b y s e x ; b y u r ban-rura l )

No . 657 .

68-83. L e v e l o f E d u c a t i o n o f the Popu l a t i o n o f t h e ( USSR and !!.!!.!.2.!!. Republ i c s ] !I. I n d i v i dual Occupa t i o n s !.!!. 1 959 and 1 970. ( o n e tiibl e f o r th e w h o l e US S R an d o n e f o r e a c h Un i o n R e p u b l i c ; p e r 1 000 e d u c a t e d p e r s o n s empl o y e d i n a g i v en o c c u p a t i o n ; f o r about 3 2 0 d i f f er e n t o c c u p a t i o n s , g r o u p e d by those o f p r imar i l y p h y s i c a l a n d t h o s e o f prima r i l y mental l a b o r ; b y 4 e duc ational l e v e l s f o r 1 9 70, but o n l y h i g h e r and s e c o n d a r y e d u c a t i o n [ t o g ether ] f o r 1 959)

Vol ume 7 . M i gra t i on o f the Popul a t i o n . � .!!.!!J! Compo s i t i o n £!. Fami l i e s !.!!_ the USSR , !!.!!.!.2.!!. a n d Autonomous Repu b l i c s , Irays, .!!.!!J! Oblasts . N o . 658 .

1 . D i s t r i b u t i o n £!. t h e Popu l a t i o n !I. Region o f .!!!.::. M i g r a t i o n an d Out-M i g r a t i o n d u r i ng the Two Y e a r s b e f o r e t h e Cens u s . '('ii'imber i" o f out-mi gran t s f r o m each Union R e p ub l i c a n d the numb e r o f t h e m m i g r a t i n g to each o t h e r Repu b l i c ; number o f m i g r a n t s w i t h i n each Repu b l i c )

No. 659 .

2 . Di s t r i b u t i o n £!. the Popu l a t i o n £!. t h e .!!§.g W h i c h .!!!!. M i gra t e d , !I. P l a c e £!. P r e v i o u s Permanent R e s i d e n c e . ( number o f p e r s on s w h o mi g r a t e d w i t h i n 2 y e a r s p r i o r to t h e c e n s u s , b y Union R e p u b l i c o r Economic R e g i o n o f prev ious residence and by sex; second part of the tabl e gi v e s f o r these same un i t s the number of in-mi g r a n t s to urban a n d t o r u r a l areas, b y urban-rur a l o f t h e p l a c e o f o u t -mi g r a t i on , but n o t b y s e x)

258

Index and Guide

N o . 660 .

3- 1 7 . Di s t r i b u t i o n tl I n-M i g r a n t s !E_ t h e [ Repub l i c s , I r a y s , .!.!!.! O b l a s t s ] J!..v. lill.!. tl P r e v i o u s Permanent R e s i d e nc e . ( number o f in-mi g r a n t s to each unit i n t h e p e r i o d w i t h i n 2 y e a r s p r i o r t o the c e n s u s , b y e c o n o m i c r e g i o n a n d U n i o n R e p u b l i c o f t h e i r p l a c e o f p r e v i o us r e s i d e n c e , a n d b y s e x : second p a r t o f t h e ta b l e g i v e s f o r t h e s e same u n i t s t h e number o f i n-mi g r a n t s to u r b a n a n d t o r u r a l a r e a s , b y u r ba n- r u r a l o f t he p l a c e o f p r e v i o u s r e s i d e n c e , b u t n o t by s e x )

No. 661 .

1 8 , � tl I n -M i g r a n t s .!.!!.! Out-M i g r a n t s J!..v. Repub l i c , � and Obl ast. ( number-of in-mi g r a n t s a n d ou t-mi g r a n t s who m o v e d w i t h i n 2 y e a r s p r i o r t o t h e c e n s u s a n d t h e numb e r who mo v e d w i t h i n the boundar i e s o f the un i t ; data f o r cities are not incl uded except for M oscow, Leningrad, I i e v , M i ns k , Tashk e n t , a n d A l ma-Ata)

No . 662 .

19. Di s t r i b u t i o n o f t h e Popul a t i o n !!!. lli U S S R , .Y.!!!2!. Repub l i c s , a n d Economic R e g i o n s o f t h e RSFSR a n d Ukr a i n s kaya SSR W h i c h Has M i g r a t e d , J!..v. C i t y .!.!!.! Se t t l ement S i z e . ( number o f m i g r a n t s w i t h i n t h e 2 y e a r s p r i o r t o t h e c e n s u s , b y ur ban-ru r a l o f the p o p u l a t e d p l a c e in w h i c h t h e y c u r r en t l y l i v e [ num ber o f t h o s e l i v i n g i n ur ba n a r e a s i s gi v e n b y 5 p o p u l a t i o n - s i z e g r o u p s o f c i t y or ur ba n s e t t l ement ] a n d u r b a n - r ur a l o f the p o p u l a t e d p l a c e i n w h i c h t h e y f o r me r l y l i v e d [ by t h e same 5 ur b a n- s i ze g r o u p s ] )

N o . 663 .

2 0 . D i s t r i b u t i o n o f M ig r a n t s !!!. t h e U S S R , .Y.!!!2!. Repub l i c s , .!.!!.! Economic Regions o f t h e RSFSR a n d U k r a i n i a n S S R , J!..v. Age G r o up . ( number o f m i g r a n t s within t h e 2 yeara prior to the census, b y 3 a g e groups [ y o u n g e r than a b l e - b o d i e d , a b l e - b o d i e d , o l d e r than a b l e - b o d ie d ] ; b y s e x : by ur ban­ r u r a l o f t h e p r e v i o u s p l a c e o f r e s i d e n c e o f the mi g r a n t s t o urban areas a n d o f those to r ur a l a r e a s )

N o . 6 64 .

2 1 . D i s t r i bu t i o n tl M ig r a n t s J!..v. Separate N a t i o n a l i t i e s o f the USSR . ( whOTe U S S R ; number of m i g r a n t s w i t h i n t h e 2 y ea r s p r i o r t o t h e c e n s u s ; f o r t h e 1 5 ma j o r t i t u l a r n a t i o n a l i t i e s ; b y se x ; b y u r b a n - r u r a l o f the p r e v i o u s p l a c e o f r e s i d e n c e o f t h e mi g r an t s t o ur b a n ar e a s a n d of t h o s e to r u r a l a r e a s )

N o , 665 .

2 2 . � tl Fami l y Memb e r s .!.!!.! P e r s o n s L i v i n g A l o ne !!!. lli USSR .!.!!.! .Y.!!!2!. Rep u b 1 i c s.

( numb e r o f p e r s o n s li v i n g i n fami l i e s , t h o s e l i v ing separate from t h e fami l y b u t i n c l u d e d i n the fami l y b u d g e t , a n d p e r s o n s l i v i n g a l o n e ; b y s e x ; b y ur ban-r u r a l )

No . 666 .

2 3 . � o f Fami ly M em b e r s a n d P e r s o n s Li ving �

J!..v. Autonomous Repub l i c , � a n d . Ob l a s t .

( number of p e r s o n s li v i n g in fs"iiili" i e s , t h o s e l i v i n g s e p a r a t e f r om the fam i l y but i n c l ud e d i n the fami l y b u d g e t , a n d p e r s o n s l i ving a l o n e ; b y u r b a n - r u r a l )

No. 667.

2 4 . Number o f Fami l i e s , Fami l y M em b e r s , a n d P e r s o n s L i v i n g Al on e .P.!U: 1000 Perman e n t Popu l a t iontl the USSR a n d Union Repub l i c s i n 1 9 5 9 a n d 1 9 70. '(tli"e ""'ii"iei'O'V c a t e gor i e sa f"iiO"inc l u d'e'the number o f

259

List of Census Tables

f a mi l i e s b y s e x of h e a d of f am i l y ; b y ur ba n- r u r a l ; b y sex) No . 6 6 8 .

2 5 .!..!!.!!!.!. tl Fami l i e s J!i � G r oups !!!. lli USSR, U n i o n .!..!!.!! A u t o n omous Repub l i c s , I r ay s , .!..!!.!! O b l a s t s . ( number of fami l i e s [ by 9 s i z e g r o u p s ] , number o f fami l i e s b y s e x o f h e a d o f fami l y , a n d a v e r a g e fami l y s i z e ; b y u r ban-rura l )

N o . 669 .

2 6 . Grouoi ng tl Fami l i e s J!i lli .!..!!.!!!.!. tl M em b e r s L i v ing Toget h e r , m_ ili USSR .!..!!.!! .Y.!!.!u!. Repu b l i c s i n 1 95 9 a n d 1 9 70 , ( pe r 'f00o'"fiii1ii[ i e s ; number o f fami l i e s [ by 9 fami l y­ s i z e g r o u p s ] and av e r a ge fami l y s i z e ; b y ur ban-r ural )

No . 6 7 0 .

2 7 . D i s t r i b u t i o n o f Fami l i e s in the USSR a n d Union Repu b l i c s J!i T yr e . ( number o f fami i e s , number o f fami l y mem b e r s l i v i n g t o g e t h e r , a v e r a g e fami l y s i z e ; by 5 t y p e s ; b y u r b a n­ r ural )

No . 6 7 1 .

2 8 . Gr ouping tl Fami l i e s !!!. .!.!!..!. .!!.§§! .!..!!.!! � Repub l i c s J!i .!.!!..!. � tl Chi l d r e n L i v ing i n lli Fami ly , ( number o f fami l i e s without c h i l dren and 5 s i z e g r o u p s o f t h o s e with c hi l d r en ; b y ur ban-ru ral )

No . 6 7 2 .

2 9 , Grouping tl Fami l i e s i n the .!!.§§! .!..!!.!! Union Repub l i c s J!i � .!..!!.!! J!i � Group o f Fami l Y Membe r s . ( number o f fami l i e s in each o f 3 s o c i a l g r o u p s , a n d t o t a l n u m b e r o f f ami l i e s which c o n s i s t o f more than one s o c i a l group ; by 9 fami l y - s i z e g r o u p s , a n d a v e r a g e f ami l y s i z e ; b y ur ban-ru r a l )

No . 6 7 3 .

3 0 , Gr ouping tl Fami l i e s i n the .!!.§§! .!,!!S � Repub l i c s J!i � .!..!!.!! J!i N a t i o n a l i t y tl Fami l y Memb e r s . ( fo r t h e mo s t nume r o u s na t i onal i t i e s in e a c h Union Repu b l i c and the t i t u l a r n a t i o n a l i t i e s o f a n y A S S R s , AOs, or NOs i n that Repu b l i c ; b y 9 fami l y - s i z e g r o u p s ; b y ur ban-r ural )

No . 6 7 4 .

3 1 , Gr ouping tl Fami l i e s J!i � .!..!!.!! J!i Na t i o na l i t y o f !.!!!!.!.I. Memb e r s , !!!. lli Autonomous Repub l i c s , A u tonomous

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b l� a s�t�:s�, and National Okrugs . �O� ( same a s Ta b l e 30 but f o r t h e m o s t nume r o u s na t i o n a l i t i e s in each o f the ethnic un i t s b e l o w t h e Union R e p ub l i c le v e l ) No . 6 7 5 .

3 2 . D i s t r i b u t i o n o f Fami l i e s in t h e Repub l i c s J!i Numbe r tl Chi l d ren a n d { number o f ch i l d r e n p e r fami l y i n 4 c h i l d ren , 1 , 2 , 3 or more ] by e i g h t o f mothe r s ' a g e s ; by u r ban-rura l )

No , 676 .

3 3 . D i s t r i b u t i o n o f Fami l i e s i n t h e USSR a n d Union Repub l i c s J!i .!.!!..!. N um b e r o f Workiiii"Fami "" l yMember'S"a n d N u m b e r o f Dependen t s , { number '""Of fami l i e s whe r e 1 , 2 , or 3 o r more memb e r s a r e wo r k i n g , n u m b e r o f f a m i l i e s t h a t do n o t ha v e a wor ki n g memb e r ; b y number o f d e p e n d e n t s [ no n e , 1 , 2 , 3 o r more ] ; b y ur ban-r ural )

USSR a n d Union !&.! o f t heMoth e r , groups [ no 5-year g r o u p s

260

Index and Guide

No . 6 7 7 .

3 4 . D i s t r i b u t i o n o f Fami l y Memb e r s a n d P e r s o n s L i v ing Alone .!.!!. t h e U S S R a n d U n i o n Repu b l i c s J?.v. !.&.! Gr o u p . rnumD"er or-Tami l y mem b e r s l i v i n g t o g e t he r , n u m b e r o f t h e m l i v i n g s e p a r a t e l y , a n d n umb e r o f p e r s o n s l i v i n g al one; by 7 sge groups; by sex ; by urban-rural )

N o . 678 .

3 5 . Number o f Chi l d r e n J?.v. M o t h e r s Who A r e M a nual Wo r k e r s , O f f i c e W o r ke r s , a n d K o l k h o z Wor k e r s i n t h e U S S R a n d U n i o n Republ i c s . ( pe r l OOO""'iii'Otiei r s o f e a c h s o c i a l g r o u p ; b y ur ban- r u r a l )

N o . 6 79 .

3 6 . � tl Chi l d r e n J?.v. M o t h e r s Who Hav e V a r i o u s M e a n s o f L i v e l i h o o d i n ill !!§.§! a n d � Republ i c s . ( numb e r o f ch i l d r e n p e r 1 000 mo t h e r s ; b y t h o s e e n g a g e d in p h y s i c a l l a b o r , menta l l a b o r , p e r s o n a l a g r i c u l t u r e , o t h e r ; b y ur ban- r u r a l )

No . 680 .

3 7 . Number o f C h i l d r e n J?.v. M o t he r s Who Ha v e V a r i o u s L e v e l s o f Educ a t i o n i n t h e U S S R a n d U n i o n Repub l i c s . ( pe r 1 000 mo t h e r s w i th e d u c a t i o n lby ""'4"1'ev e l s o f e du c a t i on ; b y u r b a n- r u r a l ) ALL-UNION POPULATION CENSUS O F 1 9 7 9

1 . P o pu l a t i on o f t h e U S S R , R e p u b l i c s , K r a y s , O b l a s t s , Autonomous O k r u g s , a n d La r g e C i t i e s . No . 700 .

Change i n t h e P o pu l a t i o n o f t h e U S S R . ( p o p u l a t i o n b y ur ban-rur a l ; f o r 1 9 1 3 , 1 9 3 9 , 1 9 5 9 , 1 9 7 0 , 1 9 7 9 ) i n V e s t . s t a t . N o . 2 , 1 9 8 0 ( T s SU S S S R , 1 9 84 : Ta b l e 1 h'B"'SSSme f o r m a t , but a l s o i n c l u d e s 1 8 9 7 , 1 9 20, 1926)

No . 7 0 1 .

Popu l a t i o n tl t h e U n i o n Republ i c s . ( f or 1 9 7 0 , 1 9 7 9 ) i n V e s t . s t a t . N o . 2 , 1 9 8 0 ( T s SU S S SR , 1 9 8 4 : Tab l e 2 has union r e p u b l i c p o p u l a t io n by u r ban­ r u r a l f o r 1 9 39 , 1 9 59 , 1 9 7 0 , 1 9 7 9)

No . 702 .

a t i o n o f t h e U n i o n a n d Autonomous Repub l i c s , fPopul r a y s , Obl a s t s , a n d A u t o n omous Okrugs. y ban- r u r a l ; s e e 1979 unit l i s t f o r the s p e c i f i c u n i t s i n c l u d e d ) i n V e s t . s t a t . N o . 2 , 1 9 80 ( T s SU SSSR: Tab l e 3 �sii'iiie-f ormst b u t un i t s are listed in d i fferent order )

N o . 703 .

C i t i e s � � Popu l a t ion tl 1 0 0 , 000 .Q.!. �· ( who l e U S S R ; in thousand s ; c i t i e s l i s t e d in d e c r e a s i n g or d e r b y s i z e ) i n V e s t . s t a t . N o . 2 , 1 9 8 0 ( T s S U S S SR , 1 9 8 4 : Ta b l e 4 h a s CI'tieS--;;T"S o , ooo p o p u l a t i o n o r l a r g e r , i n a l p h a b e t i c a l o r d e r , to near e s t p e r s on)

N o . 704 .

2 . Number o f M e n a n d Wome n . ( whOI"e""'U'S"S l(;" oy-u rliSn - r u r a l ; for 1 9 3 9 , 1 9 5 9 , 1 9 7 0 , 1 9 7 9 ) i n V e s t . s t a t . N o . 2 , 1 9 80 ( T s SU S S S R , 1 9 84 : u r ba n-rurBf'""POp u l a t i o n c r o s s - t a b u l a t e d b y s e x d o e s n o t a p p e a r at a l l i n t h i s v o l ume)

3 . Ma r r i e d P o p u l a t i o n . Number a n d S i z e o f Fami l i e s .

List of Census Tables No . 705 .

26 1

Numb e r o f Fami l i e s Ju. Fami l y- S i z e G r o f p . �p ub l i c ; 6 s i z e g r o u p s ; a v e r a g e ami l y siz e) in V e s t . s t a t . No . 2 , 1 9 80 ( T s SU S S S R , 1 9 8 4 : T ab l e 4 8 �d e s t h e s e d a t a )

4 . Le vel of Ed u cation . No . 706 .

L i t e r a c y tl � Popu l a t i o n Aged 9-49 ii!!. !2.:_ ( wh o l e USSR; b y ur ban-rur a l ; f o r 1 89 7 , 1 9 2 6 , 1 939, 1 9 5 9 , 1 9 7 0 , 1 9 7 9 ) in V e s t . s ta t . No . 2 , 1 98 0 ( T s S U S S S R , 1 984 : n o t a b l e s ""'i'ii'"tii i s v ol ume contain l i t e r a c y data )

No. 707.

Growth o f t h e Popul a t i on Ha v i n g H i g h e r a n d S e c o n d a r y Educa t i o n . ( whol e U SSR; t o t a l num b e r and per 1000 popu l a t i o n a g e d 1 0 and o l d e r ; by 5 l e v e l s o f e d u c a t i o n ; f o r 1 9 70, 1 9 79) in V e s t . s t a t . No . 2 , 1 9 8 0 ( T s S U S S S R , 1 98 4 : Ta b l e 7 i n c l u d e s tiie"iie d a t a [ s e e N o . 7 6 1 ] )

No . 708 .

� o f Peopl e Ha v i ng Higher m S e c o n d a r y E d u c a t i o n !!!.!2.!!.& t h e W o r k i n g Popul a t i o n . ( whol e U SSR; tota l numb er and per 1000 worker s ; b y 5 l e v e l s of e du c a t i o n ; f o r 1 9 70 , 1 9 79) in V e s t . s t a t . N o . 2 , 1 9 80 ( T s SU S S S R , 1 98 4 : Ta b l e 7 i n c l u d e s these d a t a [ s e e No. 7 6 1 ] )

No . 709 .

Compa r a t i v e Data .!!..!!. the Lev e l tl E d u c a t i o n .!££ t h e P e r i o d b e t w e e n t h e 1 9 3 9 a n d 1 9 7 9 Cen s u s e s . ( whol e USSR; per-1000 working popul a t i o n with e du c a t i o n ; f o r p o p u l a t i on a g e d 1 0 and o l d e r a n d f o r a l l wo r k i n g popul a t i o n ; b y h i g h e r and b y s e c o n d a r y e ducation; for 1 939 , 1 959 , 1 9 7 0 , 1979) in � � No . 2 , 1 9 80 ( T sSU S S S R , 1 98 4 : Ta b l e 7 in c l u d e s t h e s e d a t a [ s ee No. 7 6 1 ] )

No . 7 1 0 .

Level o f E ducation o f Ma l e s a n d Fema l e s . ( wh o l e-USS R ; p e r 1 000 p o p u l a t i on wi th e d u c a t i on ; f o r po p ul a t ion ag e d 1 0 and o l der and for a l l wor k i n g p o p u l a t i on ; by h i gher and by s e c o n d a r y e d u c a t i on ; for 1 9 39 , 1 9 5 9 , 1 9 7 0 , 1 9 7 9 ) in V e s t , s t a t . No . 2, 1 9 8 0 ( Ts S U S SSR, 1 98 4 : Ta b l e s 9 SiidTi iiiCTu d e t h e s e da ta, e x ce pt a l l d a t a fo r 1 9 3 9 and 1 9 5 9 da ta p e r 1 00 0 wo r k i n g population)

No . 7 1 1 .

Ch an ge s i n th e Le v e l o f E d u ca t i on tl t h e Ur ba n an d Rur a l Popul a t i o n . ( who l e U S S R ; per 1000 popu l a t i on with e d u c a t i o n ; f o r p o p u l a t i on a g e d 1 0 and o l d e r and for a l l w o r k i n g popul a t i o n ; by h i g h e r a n d s e c o n d a r y e du c a t i o n ; f o r 1 9 39 , 1 9 5 9 , 1 9 70 , 1 9 7 9 ) in V e s t . s t a t . N o . 2 , 1 9 8 0 ( TsSU S S S R , 1 98 4 : Tabl e s 9 a n d 1 1 in c l ude t h e s e d a t a , ex c e pt a l l d a t a f o r 1 9 39 a n d 1 9 5 9 d a ta p er 1 0 00 wo r k i n g popula t i o n )

No . 7 1 2 .

Growth o f the � tl E d u c a t i o n tl the Popu l a t i o n o f the Union a n d Autonomous Repub l i c s . \jier """'I'O'mJ popul a t i o n a g e d 1 0 and o l der and p e r 1 000 working p o pu l a t i o n , with h i g h e r and s e c o n d a r y e duca­ tion [ t o g e t h e r ] ; f o r 1 9 59, 1 9 70, 1 9 7 9) i n V e s t . s ta t . N o , 2 , 1 9 80 (T sSU S S S R , 1 984: Ta b l e s 9- 1 2 :fiiCTild etliese d a t a , e x c e p t 1 9 5 9 a n d 1 9 7 0 d a t a by ASSR and 1 9 5 9 union r e p u b l i c d a t a per 1 000 wor k i n g popul a t i on)

262

Index and Guide

No . 7 1 3 .

D i s t r i b u t i o n o f the Popu l a t i o n .!!.!. t h e USSR E.I. N a t i o n a l i t y ill Language . ( who l e U S S R ; p o pu l a t i o n o f e a c h n a t i o na l i t y , f o r 9 2 e th n i c g r o u p s ; p e r c e n ta g e w h o c o n s i d e r t h i s n a t i o n a l languag e t o b e t h e i r n a t i v e l a n g u a g e ; p e r c e n t a g e who s p e a k a n o t h e r n a t i o n a l l an gu a g e o f the USSR f l u e n t l y [ by R u s s i a n a n d o t h e r ] ; f o r 1 9 7 0 , 1 9 7 9) i n V e s t . s t a t . N o . 2 , 1 9 80 ( Ts SU S S S R , 1 9 8 4 : Ta b l e 1 3 i n c l u d e s t h e s e d ata, b u t f o r 1 9 7 9 on l y)

No . 7 1 4 .

Popul a t i o n o f I n d i v i dual N a t i o na l i t i e s E.I. Union Repu b l i c . ( fo r t h e mo s t nume r o u s n a t i o n a l i t i e s i n e a c h r e p u b l i c ) i n V e s t . s t a t . N o . 2 , 1 9 80 ( T s SU S SS R , 1 9 8 4 : Ta b l e s 1 3 35 IiiCIUd e t h e s e data)

No . 7 1 5 .

6 . D i s t r i b u t i o n o f -t h e Popu l a t i o n E.I. M e a n s o f L i v e l i ho o d . ( whol e USSR ; 5 c a t e g o r i e s of means o f l i v e l i h o o d ; f o r 1 9 7 0 , 1 9 7 9 ) i n V e s t . s t a t . N o . 2 , 1 9 8 0 ( Ts SU S S S R , 1 9 8 4 : Tabl e 3 7 IiiCfii"d e s t h e s e d a t a , b u t f o r 1 9 7 9 onl y)

Lev e l o f Educ a t i o n o f t h e P o p u l a t i on o f the U S S R , Union a n d Autonomous Republics , Iray s , and Oblasta . No . 7 1 6 .

1 . D i s t r i b u t i o n .!!.!. t h e Popu l a t i o n .!!.!. t h e U S S R ill � Repub l i c s E.I. E d u c a t i o n ( T h o'u s a n d P e o pTe} . ( by 6 l e v e l s of e du c a t i o n ; by ur ban- r u ra l ) i n V e s t .!U..!U.:,. N o . 6 , 1 9 80 ( TsSU S S S R , 1 9 8 4 : Ta b l e 8) •

No . 7 1 7 .

2 . 1.lltl .!!.!. E d u c a t i o n .!!.!. t he P o p u l a t i o n o f t he U S S R an d U n i o n Repub l i c s .!.!!. 1 9 59, 1 9 7 0 , ill 1 9 7 9 � lQQQ Popu­ TiltIOn Aged 10 a n d 0 1 d e r ) . ( by 6 l e v e l s o f e du c a t i o n ; by s e x ; b y u r ban-r ural ) in V e s t .!U..!U.:,. N o . 6 , 1 9 8 0 ( T s S U S S S R , 1 9 84 : Ta b l e 9) •

No . 7 1 8 .

3 . L e v e l .!!.!. E d u c a t i o n .!!.!. t h e Popul a t i o n .!!.!. t h e U S S R , Republ i c s , Ir a y s , a n d O b l a s t s � 1 000 Popu l a t i o n Aged .!Q a n d 0 1 d e r) . ( i n c l u d e s d a t a f o r a l l u n i o n r e p u b l i c c a p i ta l s a n d Leningra d ; by 6 l e v e l s o f e d u c a t i on) i n � .!U..!U.:,. N o . 6 , 1 9 80 ( T s SU S S S R , 1 9 8 4 : Ta b l e 1 0)

No . 7 19 .

4 . � o f E d u c a t i o n o f t h e Working Popul a t i o n o f the US S R , R e u b l i c s � a n d O b l a s t s � 1 000 W o r k i n g Po ulation i n c l u d e s d a t a f o r a l l union r e p u b l i c c a p i t a l s a n d Leningra d ; b y 6 l e v e l s o f e du c a t i on) i n � � No . 6 , 1 9 80 ( T s SU S S S R , 1 9 8 4 : Tabl e 1 2 ) •

E t h n i c Comp o s i t i on o f the P o p u l a t i o n o f the USSR . No . 720 .

1 - 2 3 . D i s t r i b u t i o n o f t h e Popu l a t i o n .!!.!. [ t he u s s; , Repub l i c s , � a n d Ob l a s t s ] E.I. N a t i o n a l i t y .!.!!,._ Lan uage . (Ta � le 1, f o r the who l e U S S R , g i v e s d a t a f o r 1 0 1 n a t i o na l i t i e s , whi le t a b l e s f o r t h e l e s s e r a d m i n i s ­ t r a t i v e d i v i s i on s gi v e d a t a onl y for the mo s t nume r o u s n a t i o na l i t i e s a n d t h e n a t i ona l i t i e s o f ASSR' s , Auton­ omou s O b l a s t s a n d Autonomous Okrugs l o c a t e d i n t h o s e uni t s ; n u m b e r o f e a c h e t h n i c g r o u p who c o n s i d e r t h e i r

263

List of Census Tables

na t i v e l a nguag e to be the l a nguage of t h e i r n a t i o na l i t y , R u s s i a n , the l anguage o f the c o r r e s p o n d i n g e t h n i c uni t , o r o t h e r ; number o f each g r o u p w h o a r e f l uent in a s e c o n d n a t i o n a l l an guage o f t h e U S S R [ by Ru s s i a n , the l a n g u a g e o f the c o r r e s p o n d i n g e t h n i c un i t , o r o t h e r ] ; d a t a a r e n o t gi v e n f o r a n y c i t i e s ) i n .!!.!1:.. � N o s . 7- 1 1 , 1 9 80 ( T s SU S S S R , 1 984: Tabl e s 1 3-35) No , 721 .

2 4 . D i s t r i b u t i o n o f P opul a t i o n o f the T i t u l a r N a t i onal ­ i t i e s o f t h e Un i o n Repub l i c s .!!.I. Pl a c e o f R e s i d e n c e , ( number o f each o f the 1 5 ma j o r n a t i o n a l i t i e s l i v i ng in ea c h Un i o n R ep ubl i c ) i n V e s t . s t a t . No. 1 1 , 1 980 ( TsSU SSSR , 1 984 : Ta b l e 3� ��

Ma r i t a l S t a t u s . Number and S i z e o f Fami l i e s . No. 722 .

1 . Di s t r i b ut i o n o f t h e Popu l a t i o n Age d .!.§. a n d � .!!.I. M ar i t a l S t a t u s !.!!. ill U S S R a n d U n i o n Repub l i c s � 1 000 P e r s o n s .!!.f t h e C o r r e spon d i n g � t'4Ca t e g o r i e s o f ma r i t a l s t a t u s ; by urban- r ur a l ) in V e s t . stat. No. 1 2 , 1 980 ( TsSU S S S R , 1 984: Tab l e 47)

No . 7 2 3 .

2 . � o f Fami l i e s i n the � a n d Union Repub l i c s .!!.I. Fami 1y S i z e .

( number o f fami l i e s in each o f 9 size g r o u p s ; a v e r a g e fami l y s i z e ; b y u r ban- r u r a l ) i n V e s t . � No . 1 2 , 1 9 80 ( T sSU S S S R , 1 9 84 : Ta b l e 48 )

No . 7 2 4 .

3 . Grouping o f Fami l i e s i n the � .!!..!!.!!. Union Repub1 ics .!!.I. Number o f Membe r s L i v i n g Toge t h e r i n 1 9 70 a n d 1979 . �1 000 fami l i e s ; number o f fam i l i e s in each o f 9 s i z e g r o u p s ; a v erage fami l y s i z e ; b y u r ban-r u r a l ) in Ve s t . s t a t . N o . 1 2 , 1 980 ( T s SU S S S R , 1 98 4 : Tabl e 49)

Mea n s o f L i v e l i h o o d a n d S o c i a l G r o u p s . No . 7 2 5 .

1 . D i s t r i b u t i o n o f the Popul a t i o n .!!.f t h e � .!!..!!.!!. .!!.!!!£!!. Republ i c s .!!.I. � o f Li v e l i h o o d . ( 5 c a t e g o r i e s o f means o f l i ve l i ho o d ; b y u r ban- r u ra l ) i n V e s t . s t a t . N o . 1 , 1 9 8 1 ( T s SU S S S R , 1 9 8 4 : Ta b l e 3 7 i n c l u d e s t h e s e data)

No . 7 2 6 .

2 . D i s t r i bu t i o n o f Popul a t i on o f the USSR a n d Union Re u b l i c s .!!.I. M ea n s o f Li v e l i hoOd i n 1 9 7 0 a n d lfilTu. 5 c a t e g o r i e s o f means o f l i v e l iho o d ; b y urb an-rur a l ) in V e s t . s t a t . N o . 1 , 1 9 8 1 ( Ts SU S S S R , 1 9 8 4 : Ta b l e 3 8 i n c l u d e s t h e s e d a t a , but for 1 9 7 9 onl y)

No . 727 .

3 . Di s t r i b u t i o n o f the Popul a t i o n o f the USSR a n d Union Repu bl i c s .!!.I. Social Group. ( 3 c a t e g o r i e s o f s o c i a l g r o u p s [ manual wor ker , o f f i c e w o r k e r , c o l l e c ti v e farmer ] ; by ur ban-rur al ) in V e s t . s t a t . No . 1 , 1 9 8 1 ( T s S U S S SR , 1 9 8 4 : Ta b l e 39 )

No . 728 .

4 . Di s t r i bu t i o n .!!.f Working Popul a t i o n o f t h e USSR .!!..!!.!!. Union Republ i c s .!!.I. ill!.!!. Gr oup. ( 3 s o c i a l g r o u p s ; by u r b a n - r ur a l ) i n V e s t . � N o . 1 , 1 9 8 1 ( T s SU S S S R , 1 9 84 : Table 40 )

No . 729 .

L e v e l .!!.f Educa t i o n o f the Working Popul a t i o n o f t h e U S S R a n d U n i o n Republ i c s .!!.I. � Group � 1 000 Working Popul a t ion).

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264

Index and Guide ( 3 s o c i a l g r o u p s ; b y 4 l e v e l s o f e du c a t i o n ; by s e x ; by ur ban-r u r a l ; f o r 1970 a n d 1 9 7 9 ) i n Vest. stat. N o . 2, 1 9 8 1 ( T s SU S S S R , 1 9 8 4 : T able 4 1 ) --

N o . 7 30 .

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L e v e l o f E d u c a t i o n o f the Wor k i n g Popu l a t i o n .!!.!. S e c t o r s

tl t h e E c o n omy , .!.!!. t h e lli!_ a n d U n i o n Repub l i c s .

( p e r 1 000 w o r k i n g p o p u l a t i o n w i t h e du c a t i o n ; by s e c t o r s of the e c o nomy [ by p r o du c t i v e s e c t o r s ( 9 c a t e gor i e s ) a n d non p r o d u c t i v e s e c t o r s ( 8 c a t e g o r i e s ) ] ; b y 4 l e v e l s o f e du c a t i on) i n V e s t . s t a t . N o . 4 , 1 9 8 1 (TsSU S S S R , 1 9 8 4 : Ta b l e 42) --

No . 731 .

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Popu l a t i o n .2.f t h e U S S R a n d U n i o n Repub l i c s Engage d i n Phys i c a l a n d M e n t a l L a b o r , i n 1 9 7 0 a n d 1 9 7 9 . i n V e s t . � N o . --S, 1 9 8 1 ( T s SU S S S R,'"" 1 9 8 4 : Tiib l e 43)

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No. 732 .

L e v e l o f E d u c a t i o n o f the Po u l a t i o n Engage d i n Physi­ c a l a n d M e n t a l L a b o r in the U SSR a n d U n i o n Repu b l i c s in 1970 and 1979 . (pe r l OO()';"o r k i n g p o p u l a t i o n w i t h e du c a t i o n ; b y 3 l e v e l s o f e d u c a t i on) i n -V e s t . s t a t . N o . 5 , 1 9 8 1 ( T s SU S S S R , 1 9 8 4 : Tabl e 44) --

No . 7 3 3 .

L e v e l o f E d u c a t i o n o f the Popu l a t i o n Engaged i n Physi­ c a l a n d M e n t a l La bo r in t h e US SR i n 1 9 7 0 an d 1 9 7 9 , Ju. S e p a r a t e Occupa t i o n s . ( pe r 1 000 e du c a t e d p e r s o n s ha v i n g a g i v e n o c c u p a t i o n ; b y a b o u t SO d i f f e r e n t o c c u p a t i o n s ; by 3 l e v e l s o f e d u c a t i o n ) in V e s t . s t a t . No . 5 , 1 9 8 1 ( T s S U SS SR , 1 9 8 4 : Tabl e s 45 [ ph y s i c a l l a bor ] and 46 [ me n t a l l a b o r ] t o g e t h e r e n c o m p a s s t h e s e data ; Tab l e 46 is by 4 l e v e l s o f e d u c a t i on)

Fami l y Comp o s i t i on . No . 734 .

Di s t r i b u t i o n tl F a m i l i e s .J!.i � a n d S i z e .!.!!_ a n d U n i o n Republ i c s . tiiimber i" o f fami l i e s by 5 fami l y t y p e s a n d by s i z e s ; a v e r a g e fami l y s i z e i s a l so b y f ami l y Ve s t . s t a t . N o s . 1 1 - 1 2 1 9 8 1 ( T s SU S S S R , 1 9 84 : i n c l u d e s t h e s e data)

t he U S S R 6 fami l y t y p e ) in Tab le 5 1

No . 7 3 5 .

2 . D i s t r i b u t i o n o f Fam i l i e s i n t h e USSR .!!.!. S i z e a n d N a t i o na l i t y .2.f Fami l y M e mb e r s . ( fo r fami l i e s l i v i n g t o g e t he r ; number o f fami l i e s i n w h i c h a l l memb e r s b e l o n g t o o n e n a t i o na l i t y [ b y 1 5 t i t u l ar na t i o nal i t i e s ] ; number o f fami l i e s in wh i c h the memb e r s b e l o n g to d i f f e r e n t n a t i o na l i t i e s ; by 6 fami l y- s i z e g r o u p s ; by u r b a n - r u r a l ) i n V e s t . s t a t . N o . 1 2 , 1 9 8 1 ( T s SU S S S R , 1 9 84 : T a b l e 5 2 i n c l u d e s t h e s e data )

No . 7 3 6 .

3 . D i s t r i b u t i o n o f Fami l i e s i n t h e USSR .!!.!. S i z e a n d S o c i a l Grf ut o f Fami l y M embe r s . ( n umber o smi l i e s in whi c h memb e r s b e l o n g to one s o c i a l g r o u p [ b y manual wor k e r s , o f f i c e wor k e r s , c o l l e c t i v e f a r m e r s ] , a n d n u m b e r 0 £ fam i l i e s in whi c h memb e r s b e l o n g to d i f f e r e n t s o c i a l g r o u p s ; b y 6 f ami l y­ s i z e g r o u p s ; b y u r b a n - r u r a l ) in V e s t . s t a t . N o . 1 2 , 1 9 8 1 ( T s SU SSSR , 1 984 : T a b l e 5 3 i n c l u d e s t h e s e d a ta )

Num b e r of Chi l d r e n Ever Born . No . 7 3 7 .

1 . D i s t r i bu t i o n o f A l l Women i n t h e USSR a n d U n i o n Repu b l i c s .!!.!. t h e Number o f Children Ev e r Born� 1 000

List of Census Tables

265

� Aged .!1 a n d O l d e r) .

( number o f women by num b e r o f c hi l d re n e v er b o r n , i n 8 s i z e g r o u p s ; a v e r a g e number o f c h i l d r e n e v e r born) in 1.!!.!.:.. .!!.!.b. N o . 1 , 1982 ( T sSU SSSR, 1 984: Tabl e 55)

No . 738 .

2 . Di s t r i b u t i o n o f M a r r i e d !'..2.!!!!.!!. i n ili ™ a n d !!!!!.2!!, Re publ i c s .!!.I t h eNumber o f Chi l d r e n fu'....!!. J!2!.!!. ..(,p,!!. 1 000 M ar r i e d Women) . ( number of women by number o f c h i l d re n e v e r b o r n , in 8 s i z e g r o u p s ; a v e r a g e n umb e r o f c h i l d r e n e v e r born) in Ve s t . s t a t . N o . 1 , 1 9 8 2 ( T s SU S S S R , 1 98 4 : Tabl e 56)

No . 739 .

3 . Numbe r o f Chi l d r e n E v e r Born i n the USSR a n d Union Rep"'iibTI'Cs .!!.I Women w i t h VarToiiS Lever& o f E duca t� ( p er 1 00 0 w o m e n a g e d 1 5 a n d o l d e r w ho ha v e ha d c hi l d ­ r e n ; b y 7 l e v el s o f e d u c a t i o n ) i n V e s t . s t a t . N o . 1 , 1 98 2 ( T s S U SSSR , 1 9 84 : Ta b l e 5 7 ) -- --

No . 740 .

4. Number o f Chi l dr e n E v e r Born t o Women o f V ar i o u s Na t"IOiiilfi tTe s .!.!!. ili USSR ( p e r 1 00 0 Women bed ll and Ol d e r , .!!.I N a t i o na l i ty) . ( number o f women by number of c h i l d r e n e v er b o r n , in 8 s i z e g r o u p s ; a v e r a g e numb e r o f ch i l d r e n e ve r b o r n ; f o r 1 5 t i tul ar nationa l i t i e s ) in V e s t . s t a t . N o . 1 , 1 9 8 2 ( Ts S U S S S R , 1 984 : Table 58 ) -- --

No . 7 4 1 .

L e n g t h o f R e s i d e n c e o f !..!!£ P op u l at i o n o f t he U S S R an d Union Repub l i c s i n Their P l a c e o f Permanent R e s i d e n c e . ( number o f persons who l i veconsta n t l y in t h e p l a c e of permanent r e s i d e n c e [ wi t h p a r e n t s , n o t wi th paren t s ] ; number o f non- l o c a l l y born b y 7 d i f f e r e n t l e n g t h s o f r e s i d e n c e i n t h e i r p l a c e o f permanent r e s i d e n c e ; by urban-r ural ) i n V e s t . stat. No. 7 , 1 9 8 2 (Ts SU SSSR, 1 98 4 : T a b l e 59) -- --

Means o f L i v e l i hoo d . No . 742 .

1 . D i s t r i bu t i o n o f A l l Popu l a t i o n i n the ™ an d U n i o n Repu b l i c s , � .!!..!!.! Fema l e , .!!.I M eans tl L i v e l i h o o d . ( 6 c a t e g o r i e s o f m e a n s o f l i v e l ihoo d ) in V e s t . s t a t . No. 9 , 1 9 8 2 ( TsSU S S S R , 1 9 8 4 : Ta b l e 3 7 i n CTiides t h e s e d ata )

No . 7 4 3 .

2 . D i s t r i b u t i o n o f A l l Popu l a t i o n i n the USSR and U n i o n Re u b l i c s M a l e a n dFema l e , .!!.I M e ans o f LrveI"fiioo d� 6 c a t e g o r i e s o f means o f l i v e l i h o o d ) in V e s t . s t a t . N o . 9 , 1 9 8 2 ( T s SU S SSR, 1 9 84: Tab l e 3 8 i n c l u d e s t'lieSe data )

No . 744 .

� o f Fami l i e s G r ouped .!!.I S i ze i n Autonomous Repub­ l i c s � and Ob l a s t s . ( ci t ; data g i ven onl y for M o sc o w and Len i n g r a d ; for fami l i e s l i v i n g together; by 9 fami l y sizes; a v e r a g e fami l y s i ze; by urban-rural ; data f o r the R S F S R o n l y) in V e s t . s t a t . N o . 1 0 , 1 9 8 2 ( T s S U S S SR , 1 9 8 4 : Ta b l e 50 inc l u d e s tii'eSe data)

No . 745 .

1 . � tl Fami l i e s Grouped .!!.I � .!.!!. Autonomous Repub l i c s a n d Obl a s t s . ( fo r fami l ie'S l i v i ng t o g e t he r ; by 9 fami l y s i z e s ; b y u r ban-ru r a l ; d a ta f o r a l l aut onomous r e p ub l i c s , aut ono­ mo us o b l a s t s , o b l a s t s , and al l Union Republ i c c a p i t a l c i t i e s , e x c e p t t h o s e uni t s i n t h e RSFSR) i n � .!!.!.h

266

Index and Guide N o . 2 , 1 9 8 3 ( T s SU S S S R , 1 98 4 : T a b l e 50 i n c l u d e s t h e s e dsta )

2 . Fam i l y Comp o s i t i o n . [ No s . 7 4 6 - 7 4 9 ] No . 746 .

1 . Di s t r i b u t i o n o f Fami l i e s i n t h e USSR a n d Union Repub l i c s .!!I. t h e Number o f ChlldrenYOunW than � 18. '[ilu"mb e r o f fsmi l i e s , g r o up e d b y number o f c h i l d r e n [ 1 , 2 , 3 or more ] ; a v e r a g e fam i ly s i z e o f fami l i e s hav i n g c h i l d r e n y o u n g e r than 1 8 ) in V e s t . s t a t . N o . 2 , 1 9 8 3 ( Ts S U S S S R , 1 984 : T a b l e 5 4 ) --

No . 747 .

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2 . D i s t r i b u t i o n o f Fami l i e s i n t h e USSR a n d U n i o n Repu b l i c s .!!I. Type and S i z e . ( n um b e r o f f a m i l i esof e a c h t y p e [ 5 t y p e s p l u s o t h e r ] b y 6 s i z e g r o u p s ; av e r a g e fami l y s i z e [ b y t y p e ] ; by u r ban-r ura l ; s e e N o . 7 3 4 f o r al l p o p u l a t i on) i n V e s t .!!.!.!!b. N o s . 2 a n d 4 , 1 98 3 { TsSU S S S R , 1 9 8 4 : Tab l e--sIJ" --

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No . 748 .

D i s t r i b u t i o n o f Fami l i e s in t h e USSR a n d U n i o n Repu b l i c s .!!I. S i z e a n d .!!I. Nat roilaITty o f Fam i l y Membe r s . ( number o f fami l i e s i n e a c h o f 6 size g r o u p s , p l u s a v e r a g e fami l y s i z e ; b y number o f fami l i e s i n w h i c h memb e r s b e l o n g t o one n a t i o n a l i t y [ by n a t i o na l i t y ] a n d n umb e r o f fam i l i e s i n w h i c h memb e r s b e l o n g t o d i f f e r e n t na t i o na l i t i e s [ no t by n a t i o na l i t y ] ; by u r ban- r u r a l ) i n V e s t . s t a t . No s . 6 a n d 7 , 1 9 8 3 ( T s SU S S S R , 1 9 84 : Ta b l e 5 2 ) ___

No. 7 4 9 .

D i s t r i b u t i o n o f Fami l i e s ll S i z e a n d S o c i a l G r o u p o f ami l y Member s ll U n i o n Repu b l i c . b y r e p ub l i c b u t n o t f o r USSR a s a whol e [ s e e N o . 7 3 6 f o r wh o l e U S S R ] ; n u m b e r o f f a m i l i e s i n e a c h o f 6 s i ze g r o u p s , pl u s a v e r a g e fami l y s i z e ; b y number o f fami l i e s i n wh i c h mem b e r s b e l o n g b e l o n g t o o n e s o c i a l g r o u p [ by 3 s o c i a l g r o u p s ] and n u m b e r o f fami l i e s i n w h i c h memb e r s b e l o n g t o d i f f e r e n t s o c i a l g r o u p s [ n o t by social g r o u p ] ; b y ur ban-rura l ) in Vest. stat. N o . 8 , 1 98 3 { Ts S U S S S R , 1 984 : Ta b l e 53 d a t� f o r wh o l e U S S R and al so by union republ ic)

No . 750 .

L e v e l o f E d u c a t i o n o f t h e Working Popul a t i o n o f t h e US SR and Union Repu b l i c s i n 1 9 7 0 a n d 1 9 7 9 . ( pe r 1 000 w o r k i n g p e r s o n s w i t h e d u c a t i o n ; 6 l e v e l s o f e d u c a t i o n ; b y s e x ; by u r b a n - r u ra l ) i n V e s t . s t a t . N o . 9 , 1 9 8 3 ( T s SU S S S R , 1 9 84: Ta b l e 1 1 r- --

No . 751 .

Di s t r i b u t i on o f M e n an d Wo me n i n t he U S S R an d Un i o n Repub l i c s .!!I. M ea n s o fLl. veTI'ii"o'Od, .!!i lirilan-=R"Ui=ar.-­ ( 6 c a t e go r i e s o f means o f l i v e l i h o o d ) in V e s t .!!.!.!!.h N o . 1 0 , 1 9 8 3 { T s S U S S S R , 1 9 84 : T a b l e 3 7 )

r

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No . 752 .

Di s t r i b u t i on o f M e n an d Wo me n in t he U S S R a n d Un i o n u b l i c s ll M ea n s o fLl. ;;IihoOd, ll urii'Bn-=Rii"r a l fu w

c a t e g o r i e s o f means of l i v e l i h o o d ) in V e s t . � N o . 1 0 , 1 9 8 3 ( T s SU SSSR , 1 9 8 4 : T a b l e 3 8 )

No . 7 5 3 .

Le v e l o f E d u c a t i o n o f the Popu l a t i o n Engaged in Phys i c a l L a b o r .!!I. I n d i v i dua l Occupa t i o n s .!!I. � Repub l i c , i n 1 9 7 0 a n d 1 9 7 9 . ( d a t a a r e by r e pu b l i c bu t n o t fo r U S S R a s a wh o l e [ s e e N o . 7 3 3 f o r who l e U S SR ] ; p e r 1 000 working p o p u l a t i o n

267

List of Census Tables

with e d u c a t i o n ; 3 l e v e l s of e d u c a t i o n ; by a b o u t 30 t y p e s of o c c u p a t ions) in V e s t .!!!.b. No . 1 1 , 1 9 8 3 ( T s SU SS S R , 1 9 84 : Ta b l e 4 5 d a t a ar e fo r wh o l e US S R a n d a l s o b y union r e p u b l ic) •

No . 7 5 4 .

1£..!.tl .!!.!. E d u c a t i on o f lli Popu l a t i on Engag e d i n � Labor .!!.I I n d i v i d ua l Oc cupa t i o n s .!!.I � Repu b l i c , in

mDan d 1 9 7 9 . ( data"'Tilc l u d e U S S R as a who l e ; p e r 1 000 wor k i n g p o p u l a t i on w i t h e d u c a t i o n ; 4 le v e l s o f e d u c a t i on ; by about 17 t y p e s o f o c c u p a t i o n s ) in Vest .!!!.b. No. 1 2 , 1 98 3 ( T s SU SSSR , 1 9 84 : T a b l e 4 6 ) •

No . 7 5 5 .

Changes i n Male P e r c e n t age o f Popu l a t i o n ( 1 95 9- 1 9 7 9 ) . ( by r e p ub l i c ; f o r 1 9 59, 1 9 7 9 , and 1 9 7 9 , b y ur ban-r ural ; data f o r M o l d a v skaya S S R , Lat v i y s kaya SSR , L i t o v skaya SSR, and Tadzhikskaya SSR i n 1 9 7 9 a r e o n l y f o r the t ot a l p e r c e n t mal e , n o t b y u r b an-rural ) ; t h e s e 1 9 7 9 d a t a on p o p u l a t i o n by s e x a n d ur ban- r u r a l w e r e comp i l e d by The o d o r e S h a b a d f r om So v i e t r e gional p r e s s r e p o r t s and a p p e a r on p . 444 o f "News Not e s : P r e l iminary Res ul t s o f the 1979 S o v i e t Censu s , " S o v i e t Geo ir aphy: Re v i ew and Tra n s l a t i o n ( S e p t ember 1 979).""""4 4 0- 5 •

No . 7 5 6 .

S h a r e .!!.!. lli U r ban Popul a t i o n o f lli M o s t Nume r o u s N a t i o na l i t i e s o f t h e USSR i n .!.21.Q a n d 1 9 7 9 , % . ( pe r c e n t urban o f liboiit4"0 d i f f er e n t nati onal i t i e s in 1 9 70, for the n a t i o na l i t i e s in their own ti tul ar re pu b l i c s an d in t h e w h o l e U S S R ; p e r c e n t u r b an o f th e same 40 national i t i e s in 1 9 7 9 , in the who l e USSR onl y) ; on p . 100 of V . I . K o z l o v ( 1 98 2 ) , N a t s i o na l ' n o s t i S S S R : y �� Etnodemogr a f i cheskiy obzor. 2d e d . M o s cow: Finansi s t a t i s t i ka .

No. 7 5 7 .

o f the D i s t r i b u t i o n o f Bi l i n \ual i sm i n V a r i o u s Popul a t i o n .!!.I N a t i o n s i t i e s o f the U S S R a c c o r d i n g !.!!. � o f the 1 9 70 a n d 1 9 7 9 C e n s u s e s , .!.!!. !h_ ( f or 68 d i f f e r e nt n a t i o na l i t i e s , p e r c e n t a g e o f popul a t i on which s p e a k R u s s i a n f r e e l y as a s e c o n d language; by sex ; by ur ban r u r a 1 [ s e x a n d urban- r u r a l not c r o s s - t a b u l a t e d ] ; for t h e s e s a m e n a t i o na l i t i e s , the p e r c e n tage which s p eak a n o t h e r n a t i onal l a nguage of the US SR [ b e s i des R u s s i a n ] f r e e l y as a second l an g u a g e , b y ur ban-r ural ) ; on p p . 1 1 4- 1 5 o f M.N. Gubo g l o ( 1 9 84) , S o v r emennyye e t n o ya zykov yye pr o t s e s s y !. S S S R . M o s c o w: Nauk a .

No. 758.

Le v e l o f E d u c a t i o n o f the Popul a t i o n o f Separate N a t i ona l i t i e s . ( pe r 1 000 p o p u l a t i o n a g e d 1 0 and o l d e r ; t o t a l number ha v i ng h i g h e r or s e c o n d a r y [ c ompl e t e or p a r t i a l ] e duc a t i o n t o g ether ; for 38 n a t i o na l i t i e s o f SSR' s a n d A S S R ' s ; f or 1 9 59 , 1 9 7 0 , 1 9 7 9 ) ; on p . 1 6 0 o f A .A . I s u p o v and N . Z . S h v a r t s e v , e d s . ( 1 9 84 ) , V s e soyu znaya perepi s ' nase l e niya 1 9 7 9 gods. S b o r n i k s t a t e y . Moscow : F i n a n s y i s t a t i s t i ka .

No. 759.

Tab l e 5 . � o f De !!.£!..2. a n d De Jure Popul a t i o n .!!.I Union Repu b l i c . rbY\i"r ban-rura l ) ; p , 20 in T s SU SSSR ( 1 984) , Chi s l enn o s t ' � � n a s e l eniys SSSR. Po dannym V s e soyuznoy perepi s i n a s e l eniya 1 9 7 9 go d s . M o scow: Finans y i s t a t i s tika .

�

268 No, 760.

Index and Guide Tab l e 6 . D i s t r i b u t i o n o f t h e D e Fac t o a n d D e J u r e P o pu l a t i o n o f ill U n i o n RepubTic s .!!.I. S e x . p . 2 0 in T s SU S S S R , 1 9 84 ( se e N o . 7 5 9 f o r c i t a t i on ) -

No. 761.

-­

Tab l e 7 . Di s t r i b u t i o n o f t h e Popu l a t i o n o f t h e USSR .!!.I. E d u c a t i o n i n 1 93 9 , 1 95 9 , 1 9 7 0 , a n d 1 9 7 9 . ( t o t a l number a n d number p e r 1 000 po p u l a t i o n , f o r a l l p o p u l a t i on w i t h e du c a t i o n and f o r wor king p op ul a t i o n w i t h e d u c a t i o n ; b y 5 le v e l s o f e du c a t i on) p . 2 3 in T s SU S S S R , 1 9 84 ( s e e N o . 759 for c i ta t i o n )

Keyword Cross-Index

Purpose and Design Since the entries in this index are all listed in the order in which they appear in the censuses without regard to the subjects contained in the individual tables , some means is needed to locate these entries by subject . The system used here is a modified keyword index ; entries are indexed not only on the words in the table title or in the table descriptor but also to some extent on the subject . A number of keywords , ranging from two to as many as fifteen , were selected for each entry, based on both the specific words used in the table entry and the subject material of the table . Generally, however, the keywords were taken from actual words in the entry itself. For most of the tables in the 1 959 , 1 970 , and 1 979 censuses, one set of keywords was used . This was possible because there are complete cross-tabulations of all of the data in most of these tables . The complex tables in the 1 926 census and to a much lesser extent in the 1 897 census , along with many incomplete cross-tabulations of the data in those censuses , required as many as twenty sets of keywords in a few cases . As is discussed below, representing every possible cross-tabulation in all of these tables was not always practicable .

Problems in Using Keywords When sets of keywords are used for a cross-index , a computer search will find a match (and thus an apparent cross-tabulation) between any two words that appear in the same set. One table , for example , may contain data on marital statu s , age , nationality, sex , and urban-rural residence . If there are complete cross-tabulations of these data, the keywords will be " age , " " marital status , " "nationality, " " sex , " and " urban-rural . " If, however, marital status and nationality are not cross­ tabulated , two sets of keywords will be needed to represent this table . One set will have the words " marital status , " " age , " " sex , " and

269

270

Index and Guide

" urban-rural " ; the other set will have the words " nationality, " " age , " " sex , " and " urban-rural . " The number of sets needed to represent a table with ten different subjects and very incomplete cross-tabulations is too large to be practicable in an index such as this one . A further complication here is that-as will be explained-all entries are coded with a letter to represent the level of units which are covered in the table . If, in the example above , data at the republic level contain all of the categories , while those at the gubemiya level do not include age , the number of sets of keywords needed to represent the table will be doubled . In all , a thousand sets of keywords were used to represent the 630 entries in the table list , with 60 percent of the sets representing the 1 926 census alone . Nevertheless , for the most complex tables in the 1 926 census it was necessary to generalize somewhat in setting up the sets of keywords which were used by the computer to find the cross-tabulations . That i s , all keywords were still included for each entry (so the entries can be found by looking at the ' ' all entries' ' subheading under each main heading) , but sometimes two keywords that were not cross-tabulated in the census itself were included in the same set of keywords . Most of these " false" cross-tabulations in the 1 926 census deal with occupational­ type data or with characteristics of the family (since many tables on the family have categories of data for the head of the family which are different from the categories given for family members) . The majority of misleading cross-tabulations have been eliminated by using fewer subcategories under these subjects than under the other subject headings . Furthermore , this is not a serious problem because any false cross­ tabulations in the index will quickly be discovered by turning to the table entries themselves .

Geographic Codes Each of the sets of keywords is identified by the entry number that it represents , along with a geographic code to indicate the level of units which it contains . The geographic code should make it possible to scan much more rapidly through the index to find the level of units desired . Since the detail of categories given within a single table and the particular cross-tabulations may vary considerably depending upon the geographic level , many tables require more than one set of geographic codes to represent them. Therefore , the index may contain several entries in a row with the same entry number, but with different geographic codes . The code represents the lowest or most detailed unit level for each set

Keyword Index

27 1

of cross-tabulations ; one can assume that the same data are available for higher order units . For example , a table in which the data are given by republic and by guberniya will be coded only with a " g , " not also with an ' 'r. ' ' If, however, data presented at the republic level are slightly different in format from those at the guberniya level , an additional set of keywords , coded with an " r, " will be used to represent the republic­ level data in the index . The following geographic codes were used in the index (see the unit list for more detail on these administrative divisions): u r s k b y d e a n g 0

z v c m

USSR or Russian Empire Union Republic RSFSR Ukrainskaya SSR Belorusskaya SSR rayon (large units in 1926 census) main division of the Russian Empire economic region ( 1970) ASSR NO or AO guberniya (or similar level unit) oblast (or similar level unit) uezd volost city or settlement Moscow Leningrad or St. Petersburg

The codes represent one or more units at those levels , not necessarily all such units in the USSR . For example , a table for a single rayon will be coded as " y, " as will tables that contain data for all rayons . A table that contains one or more cities will be coded as " c , " even if that list also contains Moscow and Leningrad . If Moscow and Leningrad are specifically names in the table title or descriptor, then the codes " m " and "l" are used . Therefore , to look for data o n Moscow and Leningrad , the user must look at all three of these letter codes . Furthermore , to find city data, the user must also look at the codes for guberniyas and oblasts . This is obvious from the unit lists (see the unit list section) because in many censuses cities are included as standard census units . In the 1 970 census , for example , unless otherwise noted , all tables that give data at the oblast level also include all capital cities of union republics plus Leningrad . Since these cities are part of the standard census unit list , they are found whenever the lowest level units (oblasts) are given .

272

Index and Guide

Locating Additional Cross-Tabulations All of the cross-tabulations given in the index are two-way cross­ tabulations . It is possible to identify additional three-way, four-way, or higher cross-tabulations by comparing the two-way cross-references with other categories . Under the main index heading " marital status , " for example , are three entries for the year 1 970 under the subcategory " all entries . " Therefore , the only entries containing data on marital status for 1 970 are numbers 6 1 3r, 630u , 63 l r. A glance at the same subcategory for 1 959 shows that these three numbers are also listed there; these listings indicate that all of these tables in the 1 970 census contain data for 1 959 as well . A further comparison with the subcategory " age" shows that all of these tables are also by age , and a comparison with " nationality" shows that 630u and 63 1 r are also by that category. Finally, these three entries are listed under " sex . " Therefore , entries 630u and 63 lr give marital status by nationality, age , and sex for both 1 959 and 1 970 , while entry 6 1 3r gives marital status by age and sex for those two years . This procedure works very well for the 1 95 9 , 1 970, and 1 979 censuses and fairly well for the 1 897 census (because there are complete cross-tabulations in most of those census tables) . Some of the complex tables in the 1 926 census are not as amenable to this method of identifying additional cross-tabulations because these census tables have too many categories that are not cross-tabulated . For all entries , howev­ er, the years that each table represents were included as keywords , so the user can always compare table entry numbers to find out which years of data are included in a given table . In many cases , it may be easier for the user to look up all of the table entries under the " all entries" subcategory (discussed below) to determine what the tables actually contain rather than to undertake a complex comparison of index entry numbers .

Index Subcategories Most of the major headings in the index contain an " all entries" subcategory, which provides a complete list of the table entries containing data on that subject (based on the sets of keywords used for each entry) for each census year. The other subcategories are two-way cross­ tabulations between the main heading and other subjects (keywords) used in this index . It is very important to remember that the list of subcategories given under a particular main category is not always comprehensive . The category " marital status , " for example , contains only ten subcategories in addition to " all entries . " This does not mean that only ten other keywords are cross-tabulated with marital status but rather that these are ten of the most important ones . Therefore , to

Keyword Index

273

compile a complete list of all of the possible table entries under a main subject heading , the user must look at the " all entries" category.

Meanings and Limitations of Individual Keywords Since this index is not a true subject index , it is not always possible to find all of the entries that contain information on a particular topic by looking at one keyword heading alone . Many of the keywords represent subjects very clearly, and with these words the keyword and the subject coincide . These include education , family, foreign born , foreigners , literacy, mental illness , marital status , mothers , nationality, native lan­ guage , physically handicapped , persons living alone , religion , and Sovi­ ets (councils) . For other keywords , there is more ambiguity between the word and what it might represent in the index . The keywords use the terminology of the tables and the descriptors as closely as possible , so the index headings will coincide with the particular terminology used in each census . Therefore , when the terminology of the censuses has changed over the years , the terminology used here to represent these topics changes also . Uses of some of the major keywords are as follows:

Age . An entry has the keyword " age" only when three or more age groups are in the table . While the entry itself might indicate , for example , that the data are for the population aged 1 0 and older, or for the population younger than 1 5 and that aged 1 5 and older, these are not listed in the index as being by age because they have two or fewer age groups . Exceptions are the occasional use of the term " able-bodied ages" and the term " ages 9-49 , " which is used only with literacy. Agriculture . Only tables that have data on agriculture either as the main subject or as a major part of the table are listed here . Most of the tables that contain data on agriculture do so as occupational categories , as a sector of the economy, or as a means of livelihood . Therefore , most of the data on agricultural work force and population will be found only by looking under those general categories . Children . This term is used as a keyword when it is a major part of the table itself, not when the subject of the table merely encompasses children or when children are listed as one category among dependents or non-self-supporting persons . Other keywords under which children may be found are " dependents , " " family, " "non-gainfully employed , " " occupation , position in , " and " means of livelihood . " Cities . This word is used generically; i t does not conform t o official Soviet definitions as to what constitutes a "city." Use of the word "city"

274

Index and Guide

in the keywords is generally based on the wording of the table title or of the descriptor. Therefore , many entries that are translated as " urban" or as " urban settlements" appear not in this category but under the heading " settlements . " Entries here also include those in which other data are given by city size or city type .

Dependents . The paucity of entries under this category is due to the small number of census tables in which the word "dependents" (izhdiventsy) appears and not to a lack of census tables on this subject . ( " Means of livelihood" categories , however, also contain this word . ) A very large number of tables containing data on dependent or non-self-supporting persons are found under " non-gainfully employed " and " occupation , position in . " Gainfully employed. This term i n the 1 926 census is a translation of " samodeyatel'nyy . " Tables from the 1 897 census which use the term "samostoyatel'nyy" are also indexed under " gainfully employed . " For other tables with data on employed persons , see also ' ' actively employed , ' ' ' 'agriculture , ' ' ' ' labor, ' ' ' 'occupations , ' ' ' 'means of livelihood, ' ' ' 'workers , ' ' and " working population . "

Industry . Nearly all census tables that contain data o n industry are found only under " occupations" or "economy, sectors of. " Few census tables are devoted to that subject alone or even to one particular industry. Labor. Only the three most recent censuses use this term to describe occupations or employment . Related terms in earlier censuses include all of the categories related to occupations and employment , although none of these terms is precisely equivalent. Leningrad. These entries represent all subjects ; they are included to facilitate finding entries that include data on Leningrad or St. Petersburg . Only entries in which Leningrad would not normally be expected to appear (i . e . , where Leningrad is not on the unit list) are given . Other entries in which Leningrad is included as only one among many cities are coded with a " c , " not with an " l " ; therefore , these entries are not on this list. Most entries with the code " c , " however, do include Leningrad . Marital status . Entries that have different types of marital status and entries that have only " married" or " not married" are both listed under this heading . Means of livelihood. This term is synonymous with " sources of support' ' ( istochniki sredstv sushchestvovaniya) .

Keyword Index

275

Moscow. The explanation for the use of the term " Leningrad" applies to the term " Moscow " also . Nationality . Natsional'nost' and narodnost' are both indexed under this term .

Non-gainfully employed. This is a translation of "nesamodeyatel'nyy, " and could alternatively be translated in many cases as ' ' non-self­ supporting . " In most tables it is used to mean non-gainfully employed persons , but in some tables it also included persons who are gainfully employed but are , nevertheless , dependent . Occupations. This category is not a general heading representing all occupational data. Entries are listed here only if they contain one or more specific occupations or groups of occupations . Occupation, position in . All entries with this subject are for the 1 926 census . In some parts of that census the position in occupation data are referred to as " social groups" (sotsial'nyye gruppy) . When that term is used , the entries are found under the heading " social groups , " not under " occupation , position in . " Population . Entries that contain data only b y age , sex , or urban-rural residence are indexed under this category. All of these entries that contain age data are also indexed under the main category " age . " Some entries with keywords "cities " and " settlements" also appear under this heading if these urban data are only by sex and/or age . Settlements . Some overlap occurs between this category and the " cities " category. Entries for populated places or settlements are usually classified under settlements when the word "city" is not used in the title or in the table itself. In some ambiguous cases the entry is classified under both categories . Sex. Although some tables that are specifically about women are indexed under " women" or "mothers , " all other tables that include any data by sex are listed by this subcategory, which appears under most of the main subject headings . Social groups . The entries given under this category for 1 926 represent only a small portion of all of the tables that contain these data . Most of the 1 926 entries are indexed under the term "occupation , position in . " Only 1 926 tables that use the term "sotsial'nyye gruppy" appear under this category, and even some of those tables (one that emphasize occupational data alone) are only indexed under "position in occupation ."

Index and Guide

276

Unemployment. Tables that are devoted solely to unemployment data or for which these data are mentioned in the table descriptor are listed here . Many more tables containing unemployment data for 1 926 are found under the " position in occupation" heading , because data on position in occupation often include a category for unemployment . Urban and rural. Entries that give data b y both urban and rural populations have the keyword " urban-rural " ; they appear under this subcategory below most of the main subject categories . Data by urban­ rural residence are usually not indexed by each of the two parts separately, so they do not appear automatically under the subcategories " urban" and " rural . " Furthermore , entries that are only by urban or only by rural generally are not listed under the subcategory ' ' urban­ rural . " Entries that give data for particular cities, either because those cities are a part of the unit list or because they have special city data (entries coded with the letter " c , " " m , " or "l " ) , are not automatically indexed as urban . Therefore , urban data in these entries are usually in addition to any urban data found under the subcategories " urban-rural " or " urban . " Working population . This term refers to tables i n the 1 95 9 , 1 970, and 1 979 censuses only. It is used as a keyword and not as a subject category. That is , this term is used to index the tables in which it appears , not to index all of the tables that give data on the employed population . Therefore , the user must also consult related headings such as " labor, " " means of livelihood, " and "occupations . " Most of the entries under this heading are related to education of the working population .

Sample Keyword Index S OC I A L

main subject heading

GROUPS

a-1 1--e;;t;i e s

--

-

1

97 8

3z c ,

lO zc ,

4ld ,

42 g ,

p e r s o n s l i v i n g a l o n e --- subheading 1926 304 r , 3 0 4 um l , 1 9 59 sex

entry number [300' s = l 926 census]

3 1 2yc ,

'-----

97 8 -c

307uml , 577r

lO zc , 1 2z c , 42g • 5 1 g • 56d

•

code for geographical units (r = republic)

r year of data that the

entry includes (limited to mam census years)

Keyword Index

277

KEYWO R D I N D E X TO THE R U S S I AN AND S OV I ET C E N S U S E S , 1 S 9 7 TO 1 9 7 9

A CT I V ELY EMP L O Y E D all entries 1 9 2 6 3 3 l y m l , 3 3 2 y m l , 3 3 3 u , 3 3 3 y , 3 3 7 m l , 3 3 Sml , 3 3 9ml , 343ml A DM I N I ST R AT I V E U N I T S , A R EA all entries 1 S9 7 2 z 1 9 2 6 1 1 4 s z , 1 3 3kg , 1 5 3y , 36 l y , 3 6 2 z 1 959 5020 AGE a l l e n t r i e s ( see a l s o t h e c a t e gor i e s b e l o w for a b l e - bo d i e d a g e s ; l i te ra c y , a g e s 9-49; and m i g r a t i on) 1 S 9 7 6z c , 7 z c , S z e , 9 z c , 1 3 z c , 1 9 gc , 1 9 z , 2 l z c , 2 4 g , 29 zc , 34 g , 3 5d , 3 5g , 3 6 g , 3 7d , 4 l d , 4 7 d , 4 9d , 5 2u , 5 7 d , 5 S y , 6 0 gc , 6 l d , 6 3 d , 6 4 d , 6 5 gc , 1 5 l k , 1 5 2 k , 300s y , 3 S l s y , 394u 1926 109gc, l l Ogc , l l l k g c , 1 1 3z v c , 1 2 7 s , 1 2 S s y , 1 29s , 1 30 s y , 1 3 l s y , 1 4 7 k , 1 4 S k , 1 4 9 k , 1 50 k , 1 5 l k , 1 5 2 k , 1 6 4 u, 1 6 5 u , 1 6 6 r , 1 6 7 r , 1 6 S r , 1 6 9 u , l 7 0 u , l 7 l u , 1 73gml , 1 74y , 1 75y, 1 76y l , 1 79ml , 1 S2m, 1S2y, 190s, 1 9 l s , 1 9 2 s , 1 9 2 s y , 1 93 s , 1 94 s , 204k, 205k, 206k, 207k, 20Sk, 2 1 7 u, 2 1Su, 2 1 9u, 2 20u, 2 2 l u , 2 2Sgc, 2 2 9 y , 2 3 0 c , 2 3 l y , 2 3 3 y , 2 3 4 y , 2 3 5 c , 2 3 5m l , 2 3 6 m , 2 4 3 y , 244gc, 2 4 6 s , 246sy, 2 4 7 s , 24Ss, 250s , 2 5 l s , 2 5 4 s , 25Sk , 259k, 260k, 262k, 263k, 2 6 7 k , 26Sk, 270u, 270r, 2 7 1 u , 272u, 273u, 2 76u, 2 7 7 u , 27Su, 2SOu, 2SSu, 2 9 2 u , 2 9 3 y , 335m 1 , 340ml , 3 4 l m 1 , 342ml , 3 4 3ml , 344ml , 346ml , 3 4 7 m l , 3 5 l m l , 359m , 3 7 6 s , 3 7 7 s y , 3 7 Sml c , 3 7 9 b , 3 S O s y , 3 S l s y , 3 9 2 y , 3 9 3 c , 394u, 397y, 40l m l , 402ml 1939 5 1 5r , 5 2 l r 1 9 5 9 5 1 5r , 5 1 6 r , 5 1 7 r , 5 1 So, 5 1 9r , 520r, 5 2 l r , 5 2 3 r , 54lu, 545r, 550r, 55lr, 566u, 566s, 56Sr , 570u, 570s, 574u , 576r, 5Slu, 6 10r, 6 1 10, 6 1 2 r , 6 1 3r, 630u , 6 3 l r 1 9 7 0 6 1 0r , 6 1 1 0 , 6 1 2 r , 6 1 3r , 6 1 4r , 62Su, 6 2 9 r , 630u, 63 l r , 633u , 634r , 654r , 675r , 677r a b l e - bo d i e d ages 1939 524r 1959 524r , 5270 , 5360 , 537r 1970 663re b i r t h , p l a c e .£!. 1 9 2 6 2 3 l y , 2 3 3 y , 2 3 4 y , 2 3 5 c , 2 3 5 in l , 2 3 6 m , 2 4 S s , 2 5 0 s , 2 5 l s , 260k, 2 6 2 k , 263k, 2 7 3 u , 2 76 u , 2 7 7 u , 2 7 S u, 2SOu children 1S97 Sze , 36g 1 9 2 6 l l Ogc, 1 29 s , 1 4 S k , 1 6 5 u , 340ml , 346m l , 3 4 7 ml , 3 5 l ml , 4 l l sky 1959 5 1 7r " d o l g o z h i t e l i " ( pe r s o n s a g e d 1 00 o r o l d e r ) 1 959 516r , 6 1 2 r 1970 612r education 1 S 9 7 1 3 z c , 1 9 gc , 1 9 z , 4 l d , 47d 1 9 5 9 5 2 3 r , 5 4 l u , 5 70 u , 5 7 0 s 1970 6 1 4r , 633u , 634r fami l y , head o f 1 9 2 6 3 3 5 ml , 3 4 0 m l , 3 4 l ml , 3 4 2 m l , 3 4 3ml --

278

Index and Guide

f o r e i gn e r s 1897 13zc, 4ld ga i n f u l l y e m p l o y e d 1897 24 g , 5 2 u , 58y 1 9 2 6 1 7 3 gm l , 1 7 5 y , 1 7 9 m l , 1 8 2 m , 1 8 2 y , 1 9 0 s , 1 9 l s , 2 0 4 k , 2 0 5 k , 2 1 7 u , 2 1 8 u , 2 2 9 y , 2 30 c , 2 3 l y , 2 3 4 y , 2 3 5 m l , 2 4 7 s , 2 4 8 s , 2 5 l s , 2 5 9 k , 260k, 2 6 3 k , 2 7 2 u , 2 7 3 u, 2 78 u , 3 40ml , 344ml , 3 4 6ml , 4 0 l m l , 402ml l a b o r ( ph y s i c a l a n d menta l ) 1 959 550r , 5 5 l r 1970 654r la nguage , n a t i v e 1 8 9 7 19'g'C;- 1 9 z , 4 7 d 1 9 2 6 l l l k g c , 1 4 9 k , 1 50 k 1959 566u , 566s 1 970 628u , 629r life e xpectancy 1959 58lu li teracy 1897 7 z c , 1 3 z c , 1 9 g c , 1 9 z , 34 g , 3 5 d , 4 l d , 4 7 d , 6 l d , 6 4 d , 6 5 g c , 1 5 l k , 1 5 2 k , 380s y , 38 l s y , 394u 1926 109gc, l l l kg c , 1 1 3 z v c , 1 2 7 s , 1 28 s y , 1 3 l s y , 1 4 7 k , 1 5 l k , 1 5 2 k , 1 6 4 u , 1 6 6 r , 1 6 8 r , 1 6 9 u , 1 7 1 u , 1 7 3 gm l , l 74y, 1 90s , 1 9 2 s , 1 9 2 sy, 1 93s, 204k, 206k, 207k, 2 1 7 u , 2 1 9u , 2 20 u , 2 4 4 g c , 2 5 4 s , 2 6 8 k , 288u , 3 7 6 s , 377sy, 3 78ml c , 379b, 380sy, 3 8 l sy, 392y, 393c, 394u, 397y, 40l m l , 402ml l i t e r a c y , ages 9 - 4 9 ( on e a g e g r o u p ) 1897 528r , 529r , 6 2 l r , 706u 1926 528r , 529r , 62 l r , 706u 1 939 528r , 529r , 5290 , 62 l r , 706u 1959 528r , 529r , 5290 , 6 2 l r , 706u 1970 62 l r , 706u 1979 706u mar i t a l status 1 8 9 7� 2 l z c , 3 7 d , 4 9 d , 6 0 g c , 6 3 d 1 9 2 6 2 2 8 g c , 2 2 9 y , 2 3 0 c , 2 3 4 y , 2 3 5 c , 2 3 5ml , 2 4 6 s , 2 4 6 s y , 247s, 254s , 258k, 259k, 263k, 2 70u, 270r, 2 7 l u, 272u , 288u , 359m 1939 52lr 1959 520r , 52 l r , 568r , 6 1 3r , 630u , 6 3 l r 1 9 7 0 6 1 3 r , 6 30 u , 6 3 l r ma r r i a g e , � £!. m o t h e r a t 1 92 6 348ml , 3 5 l ml ment a l l y i l l 1 9 2 6 2 4 3 y , 2 4 4 gc , 2 5 4 s , 2 6 7 k , 2 6 8 k , 2 8 8 u m i gr a t i o n ( a b l e - b o d i e d a g e s ) 1970 663re mo r t a l i t y 1 9 5 9 58 l u m o t he r s 1970 675r n a t i o na l i t y 1 9 2 6 109gc, l l Ogc, l l l kgc, 1 1 3z v c , 1 4 7k, 1 48k, 1 49k, 1 50 k , 1 69 u , 1 70 u , 1 7 l u , 228gc, 2 3 l y , 234y, 2 3 5ml , 258k , 260k , 263k , 2 7 l u 1 9 5 9 5 6 6 u , 5 6 6 s , 5 6 8 r , 5 7 0 u , 5 7 0 s , 6 30 u , 6 3 l r 1 9 70 630u , 6 3 l r , 633u , 634r o c c u a t i o n , pos i t i o n i n ( fo r 1 9 2 6 see a l s o Age , s o c i a l g r o u p ) 9 2 6 1 7 3 gm l , 1 7 4-Y: 1 7 5 y , 1 7 9 m l , 1 8 2 m , 1 8 2 y , 1 9 0 s , 1 9 l s , l9 2 s , 204k, 205k, 206k, 207k, 2 l 7 u , 2 18u , 2 l 9u, 2 2 0 u , 2 2 9 y , 2 3 0 c , 2 3 l y , 2 3 3 y , 2 3 4 y , 2 3 5 ml , 2 3 6 m , 2 4 7 s , 2 50 s , 2 5 l s, 2 59 k , 260k, 262k, 2 7 2 u , 2 7 6 u , 2 7 7 u , 280u , 2 9 2 u , 2 9 3 y , 347ml , 4 0 l ml , 402ml

f

Keyword Index

279

o c c u pa t i o n s 1897 24g , 52u, 58 y , 60gc , 6 l d , 63d , 64d , 65gc 1 9 2 6 1 7 4 y , 1 7 5 y , 1 7 9 m l , 1 8 2 m , 1 8 2 y , 1 90 s , 1 9 l s , 1 9 2 s y , l 93s, l 94s , 204k, 205k, 206k, 207k, 208k, 2 l 7u, 2 1 8u , 2 1 9u , 2 20u , 2 2 l u , 2 4 7 s , 292u , 402ml 1959 550r , 5 5 l r 1970 654r pe r s o n s l i ving a l one 1 959 5 76r 1970 677r p h y s i c a l l y ha n d i c a p p e d 1897 2 l z c , 4 9 d 1 9 2 6 2 4 3 y , 2 4 4 gc , 2 5 4 s , 2 6 7 k , 2 6 8 k , 2 S S u popu l a t i o n 1S97 6zc 1 9 2 6 1 30sy , 1 6 7r 1939 515r 1959 5 1 5r , 5 1 So , 6 1 0r 1 9 7 0 6 1 0r r e l i gion 1897 29zc , 57d 6z c , 7z c , Sz e , 9z c , 1 3 zc , 1 9 gc , 1 9 z , 2 l z c , 2 4 g , 2 9 z c , 34 g , 3 5d , 3 6g , 3 7 d , 4 l d , 4 7 d , 4 9d , 5 2u , 5 7d , 5 S y , 6 0 gc , 6 l d , 6 3 d , 6 4 d , 6 5 g c , 1 5 l k , 1 5 2 k , 3 S O s y , 3Slsy, 394u 1 9 2 6 1 0 9 g c , l l Ogc , l l l k g c , 1 1 3z v c , 1 2 7 s , 1 2 S s y , 1 2 9 s , 1 30 s y , 1 3 l s y , 1 4 7 k , 1 4S k , 1 49k, 1 50k, 1 5 l k , 1 5 2 k, 164u, 1 6 5 u , 1 6 6 r , 1 6 7 r , 1 6S r , 1 6 9u, l 70u, l 7 l u, l 7 3 gml , l 74y , l 7 5 y , l 7 6 y l , l 79ml , 1 S2m, 1 8 2 y , 1 90 s, 1 9 l s, 1 9 2 s y , 1 92s, 1 93s , 1 94s, 204k, 205k, 206k, 207k, 20Sk, 2 1 7u, 2 1 Su, 2 1 9u, 2 20u, 2 2 l u, 2 2Sgc , 2 29y, 2 3 0 c , 2 3 l y , 2 3 4 y , 2 3 5 c , 2 3 5ml , 2 36m, 2 4 3 y , 2 4 4 gc , 2 4 6 s , 2 4 6 s y , 2 4 7 s , 2 4 S s , 2 5 l s , 254 s , 2 5Sk , 2 59k, 260k, 263k , 267k, 26Sk, 270u, 270r, 2 7 l u , 2 7 2 u, 2 7 3 u , 2 7 6 u , 2 7 S u , 2 SO u , 2 S S u , 2 9 2 u , 2 9 3 y , 3 4 0 m l , 3 4 4 m l , 3 4 6m l , 3 4 7 m l , 3 5 9 m , 3 7 6 s , 3 7 7 s y , 3 7 S m l c , 3 7 9 b , 3S0s y , 3 S l s y , 392y, 393c, 394u, 3 9 7 y , 40lml , 402ml 1 939 52lr 1 9 5 9 5 1 6r , 5 1 7 r , 5 1 So, 5 1 9r , 5 2 0 r , 5 2 l r , 5 2 3 r , 5 4 l u, 5 4 5 r , 550r, 5 5 l r , 566u, 566s, 56Sr, 574u , 5S l u, 6 1 0r, 6 1 2 r , 6 1 3r , 630u, 6 3 l r 1 9 7 0 6 1 0r , 6 1 2 r , 6 1 3 r , 6 1 4r , 630u , 63 l r , 6 7 7 r , 6 7 7 r s o c i a l .&!:.£.!!..P. ( f o r 1 9 2 6 , s e e ma i n l y , A g e , o c c u p a t i o n , p o s i t i o n in) 1S97 13zc , 4ld 1 9 2 6 3 3 5ml , 340ml , 34 l ml , 342ml , 343ml , 344ml , 34 6ml , 3 4 7 m l , 3 4 Sm l , 3 5 l m l 1959 54lu u r b a n- r u r a l 1S97 6z c , 7 z c , Sz e , 9z c , 1 3z c , 1 9g c , 2 l z c , 2 9z c , 3 4 g , 36 g , 3 7 d , 4 l d , 4 7 d , 49 d , 57 d , 1 5 l k , 1 5 2 k 1926 109gc, l lOgc, l l lkgc, 1 1 3z v c , 1 2 7s, 1 2Ssy, 1 29s, 1 3 0 s y , 1 3 l s y , 1 4 7 k , 1 4 S k , 1 4 9 k , 1 50 k , 1 5 l k , 1 5 2 k , 1 64u, 1 6 5 u , 1 6 6 r , 1 6 7 r , 1 6 S r , l 7 6 yl , 1 93 s , 1 94 s , 2 0 7 k , 2 0 8 k , 2 1 7 u , 2 20u, 2 2 l u, 2 2Sgc , 2 3 l y , 2 3 3 y , 2 3 4 y , 2 3 5 c , 2 3 5ml , 2 4 4 g c , 2 4 6 s , 2 4 6 s y , 2 4 7 s , 2 4 S s , 2 50 s , 2 5 l s , 2 5 4 s , 2 5 8 k , 2 5 9 k , 2 60 k , 2 6 2 k , 2 6 3 k , 26Sk, 270u , 270r, 2 7 2u, 273u, 2 76u, 2 7 7 u, 2 7Su, 2 SO u , 2 S 8 u , 3 7 6 s , 3 7 7 s y , 3 7 9 b , 3 9 2 y 1959 5 1 6r , 5 1 7 r , 5 1 So, 5 1 9r , 520r, 523r, 566u, 566s, 570u, 570s, 574u, 576r, 58lu, 610r, 6 1 1 0 , 6 1 2 r , 6 1 3r 1S97

Index and Guide

280 1970

6 1 0r , 6 1 1 0 , 6 1 2 r , 6 1 3r , 6 1 4 r , 633u, 634r, 675r, 677r w o r k i ng popu l a t i o n 1959 545r A G R I C U L T U R E ( s e e a l s o E C O N OM Y , S E C T O R S O F ; L A B O R ; O C C U P A T I O N S ; M E A N S OF L I V EL I H OO D ) all entries 1897 2 7 z , 5 5 d , 5 5 g , 6 2 gc , 6 3 d , 6 4 d 1926 1 74 y , 1 76 y l , 1 78 y , 1 8 l gc , 1 8 4 y , 1 9 2 s , 1 92 s y , 1 94 s , 1 9 7 s , 200 s , 2 0 6 k , 2 0 8 k , 2 1 l k y c , 2 1 4 k, 2 1 9u, 2 2 l u, 224u , 2 2 7 u , 229y , 330u , 3 3 l yml , 332yml , 4 1 4 u 1959 553r , 554r 1970 679r 1897 1926

63d , 64d 1 7 4y, 1 7 6 yl , 192s, 1 9 2 s y , 1 94s, 206k, 208k, 2 1 9u, 22lu , 229y o c c u pa t i o n , p o s i t i o n i n 1926 l 7 4 y , l 7 8 y , 1 84y, 1 9 2 s , 200s, 206k, 2 1 4k, 2 1 9u, 2 2 7 u , 2 2 9 y , 3 30u , 4 1 4 u occupations 1897 2 7 z , 55d , 55g , 62gc , 63d , 64d 1926 1 74 y , 1 78 y , 1 8 l gc , 1 8 4 y , 192s, 1 92 s y , 1 94 s , 1 9 7 s, 200s, 206k , 208k, 2 1 lkyc, 2 1 4k, 2 1 9u, 2 2 lu, 227u, 3 30 u , 4 1 4 u 1959 553r , 554r pe r s o n s l i v i n g a l o n e 1926 330u , 3 3 l yml , 3 3 2 yml sex 1897 2 7 z, 5 5 d , 6 2 gc , 63d , 64d 1926 1 7 4 y , 1 7 6 y l , 1 78 y , 1 8 l gc , 1 9 2 s y , 1 94 s , 197s, 206k, 2 l lkyc , 2 1 9u , 224 u , 229y , 3 3 l yml , 332yml 1959 553r , 554r B I R T H , P L A C E OF all entries 1897 3zc , lOzc , l l g , l l zc , 38g , 39d , 39g , 77z , 78g 1926 2 3 l y , 2 3 l gm l , 2 3 2 y , 2 3 3 g m l , 2 3 3 y , 2 3 4 y , 2 3 4 gm, 2 3 5 c , 2 3 5m l , 2 3 6m, 2 3 7m l c , 2 3 8gml , 2 3 9 c , 2 3 9 g m l , 2 4 2 gml , 2 4 2 y , 2 4 8 s , 2 4 8 s y , 2 4 9 s , 2 50 s , 2 5 l s , 2 5 l s y , 2 5 7 s , 260k , 2 6 l k , 2 6 2 k, 2 6 3 k , 2 6 6 k , 2 7 3u, 2 7 4 r , 2 7 5 u , 2 7 6 u , 2 7 7 u , 2 7 8 u , 2 7 9 r , 2 80 u , 2 8 l g m l , 2 8 2 r , 2 8 3 y , 2 8 4 r , 2 8 5 y , 2 9 l u , 2 9 4 um l , 2 9 5 y --

1926

2 3 l y , 2 3 3 y , 2 3 4 y , 2 3 5 c , 2 3 5ml , 2 3 6 m , 248s, 2 50s, 2 5 l s , 260k, 262k, 263k, 273u, 276u, 2 7 7 u , 278u, 280u f o r e i gn b o r n 1 8 9 7----"IZ c , l O z c , l l g , 3 8 g , 3 9 g 1926 2 3 l y , 2 3 l gm l , 2 3 2 y , 2 3 3 y , 2 33gml , 2 3 5 c , 2 35ml , 238s, 248 s y , 249s, 250s, 260k, 26lk, 262k, 273u, 274r , 275u , 276u , 277u , 282r locally born 3zc , lOzc , 38g , 39g , 7 7 z , 78g 1897 1926 2 3 4 y , 2 3 4 gm , 2 3 5 c , 2 3 5m l , 2 36m, 2 3 7ml c , 2 38 g m l , 248s, 248sy , 25ls, 25l sy, 263k, 273u, 274r, 278u, 2 7 9 r , 2 8 0 u , 2 8 l g m l , 2 8 2 r , 2 8 4 r' , 2 8 5 y non-locally born 1897 3zc , lOzc , l l g , l l zc , 38g , 39g 1926 2 3 4 y , 2 3 4 gm , 2 3 5 c , 2 3 5m l , 2 36m, 2 3 7 m l c , 2 38gml , 2 3 9 c , 2 3 9 gm l , 2 4 2 gm l , 2 4 8 s , 2 4 8 s , 2 4 8 s y , 2 5 l s , 2 5 l s y , 2 6 3 k , 2 7 3 u , 2 7 4 r , 2 7 8 u , 2 7 9 r , 2 80 u , 2 8 l gm l , 2 9 4 um l , 2 9 5 y 1897

l O zc ,

l lg,

l l zc ,

38 g , 3 9d ,

39 g

Keyword Index

28 1

2 3 l y , 2 3 l gm l , 2 3 2 y , 2 3 4 y , 2 3 4 gm , 2 3 5 c , 2 3 5 m l , 2 3 6 m , 2 3 7 ml c , 2 3 8 gm l , 2 3 9 c , 2 3 9 g m l , 2 4 2 gm l , 2 4 2 y , 2 4 8 s , 248sy, 249s, 25ls, 25lsy, 257s, 260k, 26lk , 263k, 266k, 2 7 3 u , 274r, 2 7 5u, 276u, 278u, 279r, 280u, 2 8 l g m l , 2 8 2 r , 2 9 l u , 2 9 4 um l , 2 9 5 y urban-rural 1897 3zc , l Ozc, l l zc , 38g, 39d 1 9 2 6 2 3 l y , 2 60 k , 2 3 l gm l , 2 3 2 y , 2 4 9 s , 2 6 l k , 2 7 5 u , 2 3 3 g m l , 233y, 250s , 262k, 2 7 7u, 234y, 263k, 234y, 263k, 2 34gm, 2 3 5 c , 235ml , 2 3 7m l c , 2 38gml , 2 4 2 y , 2 5 7 s , 29lu, 248s , 248sy, 2 5 l s, 2 5 l sy, 266k, 273u, 274r, 2 7 6 u , 2 7 8 u , 2 7 9 r , 2 80 u , 2 9 4 um l , 2 9 5 y BUILDINGS ( al l of t h e s e t a b l e s are f r o m the 1 9 2 6 c e n s u s ; t h e y a r e l i s t e d i n t h e tabl e l i st as Nos. 296-329 , 352-58, 386-9 1 ) apar tmen t s ( s e e a l s o BUILDINGS , l i v i n g p r e mi s e s ) 1 9 2 6 2 9 8 y c , 3 00 y c , 3 04 r , 3 0 4 u m l , 3 0 5 r , 3 1 2 y c , 3 1 3 y c , 320yc , 323yc , 388r build ings 1926 302rc , 303c construction 1 9 2 6 2 9 7 y c , 3 5 2 s k b y , 3 5 2 s k b , 353skbgml , 3 5 3 s k b y , 354skbyml , 355skbyml , 356skbyml , 3 5 7 s kbgml , 358 skbyml dormi t o r i e s ( se e also BUILDINGS , l i ving premi ses ) 1 9 2 6 2 9 8 y c , 300 y c , 3 0 4 r , 3 0 4 um l , 3 0 5 r , 3 0 5 u m l , 3 1 2 y c , 3 1 3yc , 3 2 l gc , 323yc , 324yc , 388r e l e c t r i c i t y , � .2£ 1 9 2 6 298yc , 300yc f l o o r s , n u m b e r .2£ 1 9 2 6 297yc , 300yc , 386r i n ha b i t a n t s 1926 296yc, 298yc , 300yc, 30lyc, 302rc, 303c, 307r, 3 0 7 uml , 3 1 5 y c , 3 5 7 s k b g ml k i t c h e n s (see al so BUILDINGS , non- l i v i n g space and non- l i v i n g premi ses ) 1 9 2 6 2 9 8 y c , 3 0 0 y c , 3 0 4 r , 3 0 4 um l , 3 0 5 r , 3 0 5 um 1 , 3 0 8 r , 308uml , 3 1 2yc, 3 1 3y c , 3 1 6y c , 3 2 l gc , 323yc, 324yc, 3 2 7 yc l a n d pa r c e l s 1926 296yc living � 1 9 2 6 2 9 8 y c , 3 0 0 y c , 3 0 1 y e , 3 0 5 r , 3 0 5 um l , 3 0 6 r , 3 0 6 um l , 3 09 r , 3 0 9 um l , 3 l l r , 3 1 1 um l , 3 1 3 y c , 3 1 4 y c , 3 1 7 y c , 3 1 9yc, 3 2 l gc , 3 2 2 y c , 324yc, 325yc, 328yc , 352skby, 352skb, 353skbgm l , 353skby, 355skbym l , 356skbyml , 3 5 7 skbgml , 358skbym l , 3 8 7 r , 388r l i v i ng premi s e s 1 9 2 6 2 9 6 y c , 2 9 8 y c , 3 0 0 y c , 3 0 4 r , 3 0 4 um l , 3 2 1 gc , 3 8 8 r , 389 y , 3 9 l yc living structures 1926 2 9 7 yc, 298yc , 299yc, 300yc, 30lyc, 352skby, 352skb, 3 5 3 s k b gm l , 3 5 3 s k b y , 3 5 4 s k b y m l , 3 5 6 s k b y m l , 3 8 6 r , 389y, 39l yc ma t e r i a l o f c o n s t r u c t i o n 1 9 2 6 29 7 y e , 2 9 8 y c , 2 9 9 y c , 3 0 0 y c , 3 5 2 s k b , 3 5 3 s k b y , 354skbyml , 3 5 5 s k byml , 386r , 3 8 7 r , 3 8 9 y non- l i v i ng premi ses 1 9 2 6 2 9 9 y c , 3 0 4 r , 3 0 4 um l , 3 2 l g c , 3 2 3 y c , 3 8 7 r , 3 8 9 y non-l iving space 1 9 2 6 3 0 5 r , 3 0 5 um l , 3 1 2 y c , 3 1 3 y c , 3 2 4 y c non-l i v i ng structures 1 92 6 2 9 7 y c 1926

282

Index and Guide

owne r s h i p ( p r o p r i e t o r s h i p ) 1 9 2 6 296yc, 297yc , 29Syc, 299yc, 30lyc, 302 rc, 303c, 3 1 0 r , 3 1 0 um l , 3 l l r , 3 l l u m l , 3 1 S y c , 3 1 9 y c , 3 2 0 y c , 329yc, 352skby, 352skb, 353skbgml , 353skby, 354s kbyml , 3 5 5 s kbyml , 356sk byml , 3 5 7 s k b g m l , 3 S 6 r , 3S7r , 3SSr , 3S9y, 390yc, 39lyc pr o pe r t i e s 1 9 2 6 296yc , 300yc , 302rc , 303c , 390yc rent 1 9 2 6 309 r , 309uml , 3 1 7 yc , 320yc , 3 2 l gc , 32Syc r ooms 1 9 2 6 2 9 S y c , 3 0 0 y c , 3 0 7 r , 3 0 7 uml , 3 0 S r , 3 0 S um l , 3 1 5 y c , 3 1 6y c , 3 2 l gc , 326yc , 327yc , 3SSr s e t t l ement � an d s i z e , b u i l d ings a n d h o u s i n g c o n d i t i o n s � 1 9 2 6 2 9 7 y c , 2 9 9 y c , 3 0 5 u m l , 3 0 6 u m l , 3 0 7 um l , 3 0 S u m l , 3 0 9 u m l , 3 1 0 uml , 3 l l uml � s y s t e m , c o n n e c t e d !.£ 1 92 6 3 0 3 c s o c i a l .8L.2..!!..I!.. h o u s i n g c o n d i t i o n s � 1 9 2 6 3 04 r , 3 0 4 u m l , 3 0 5 r , 3 0 5 um l , 3 0 6 r , 3 0 6 u m l , 3 0 7 r , 3 0 7 um l , 3 0 S r , 3 0 S um l , 3 0 9 r , 3 0 9 u m l , 3 1 0 r , 3 1 0 u m l , 3 l l r , 3 l l uml , 3 1 2 y c , 3 1 3y c , 3 1 4 y c , 3 1 5 y c , 3 1 6y c , 31 7yc , 31 Syc , 31 9yc , 322yc wa t e r s u p p l y , c o n n e c t e d t o 1926 302rc C H I L D R E N ( s e e a l s o D E P E N D E N T S ; FAM I L Y ; NON - G A I N F ULLY EM P L O Y E D ) all entries �- 1 S 9 7 S z e , 3 6 g 1 9 2 6 l l Og c , 1 2 9 s , 1 4Sk, 1 6 5 u , 340ml , 3 4 l m l , 34 5ml , 3 4 6 m l , 3 4 7 m l , 3 4 S m l , 3 4 9 m l , 3 5 0m l , 3 5 l m l , 4 l l s k y 1959 5 1 7r 1 9 7 0 67 l r , 6 7 5 r , 67Sr , 6 7 9 r , 6SOr 1 9 7 9 737r , 73Sr , 739r , 740u , 746r ( all entries ) 1 S 9 7 S z e , 36 g 1 9 2 6 l l Ogc , 1 2 9 s, 1 4Sk, 1 6 5 u , 340ml , 3 4 6m l , 3 4 7 m l , 3 5 l ml , 4 l l s k y 1959 5 1 7r ( younger than one year ) 1 S 9 7 Sze , 36 g 1 9 2 6 l l Ogc , 1 2 9s , 1 4Sk , 1 6 5 u 1959 517r c h i l d r en ever born 1 9 7 9 """'737 r-;--73S r , 7 3 9 r , 7 4 0 u ga i n f u l l y e m p l o ye d 1 926 346ml o c c u pa t i o n , po s i t i o n i n 1926 347ml -�

---

1S97 1926

Sze , 36g l l O g c , 1 2 9 s , 1 4 S k , 1 6 5 u , 3 4 0m l , 3 4 6 m l , 3 4 7 m l , 4l lsky 1959 517r urban-rural 1S97 Sze , 36g 1 9 2 6 1 2 9 s , 1 4 S k , 1 6 5 u , 4 l l s ky 1959 517r 1 9 7 0 67 l r , 6 7 5 r , 67Sr , 679r , 6SOr CHI LDREN YOUNGER THAN 1 YEAR OLD ( s e e CHILDREN , a g e ) CHI L D R E N E V E R B ORif"TSee C H I LDREN , c h i l d r e n e v e r b o r n ) C I T I E S ( see-B"l s o POPULAT I O N ; SETTLE MENTS ; e n t r i e s i n c l u d e other subjects that are by c i t y size or type ) all entries 1 S 9 7 l gc , S 7 g , S9gc

--�

Keyword Index

283

1926

1 2 7 s , 1 2 9 s , 1 4 7 k , 1 4 8 k , 1 6 4 u , 1 6 5 u , 2 9 2 um l , 2 9 4 u m l , 2 9 6 y c , 2 9 7 y c , 2 9 8 y c , 2 9 9 y c , 3 5 2 s k b , 3 5 3 s k b gm l , 353skby , 366c , 393c , 508r 1 939 507c , 508r , 603r 1 9 59 507c , 508 r , 5090 , 60 l oc , 602oc , 603r 1970 60loc , 602oc , 603r , 6040 , 662re 1979 703c DEPENDENTS ( s e e a l s o C H I L D R E N ; M E A N S OF L I V E L I H O O D ; NON - G A I N F ULLY EMPLO Y E D ) all entries 1 9 2 6 344ml , 346ml , 4 l l sky , 4 1 2 r , 4 1 3y 1970 676r ECONOMY , SECT ORS OF ( s e e a l s o A G R I CULTURE ; I N DU S T R Y ) all entries 1 9 2 6 l 7 2 g c , l 7 2 gm l , l 7 3 gm l , l 7 7 g c , l 7 8 y , l 7 8 g c , 1 7 8 g , 1 79ml , 1 82m, 1 8 2 y , 1 83 y , 1 84 y , 1 85 g c , 1 86 z , 1 8 7 s , 188sy, 1 89sgc , 189sz, 1 90s, 1 93s, 1 9 5 s , 1 96s, 1 99s, 2 00 s , 2 0 l k , 2 0 2 k y , 2 0 3 k g c , 2 0 4 k , 2 0 7 k , 2 0 9 k , 2 1 0 k , 2 1 3k, 2 1 4 k , 2 1 5u, 2 1 6r , 2 1 7u, 220u, 2 2 2 u, 2 2 3 u, 2 26 u , 2 2 7 u , 2 3 l y , 2 3 l gml , 2 3 2 y , 2 3 3 gml , 2 3 3 y , 2 3 4y, 2 3 4 gm , 2 3 5 c , 2 3 5 m l , 2 3 6 m , 2 3 7 m l c , 2 3 8 gm l , 2 3 9 c , 239gml , 247s, 248s, 248sy , 249s, 250s, 25ls, 2 5 l s y, 259k, 260k , 26lk, 262k, 263k, 2 7 2u, 274r, 27 5u, 2 7 6 u , 2 7 7 u , 2 7 9 r , 2 8 0 u , 2 8 l gm l , 2 8 4 r , 2 8 S y , 2 9 2 um l , 2 9 2 u , 2 9 3 y , 2 9 4 um l , 3 0 4 r , 3 0 4 um l , 3 0 5 r , 3 0 5 um l , 3 06 r , 3 0 6 um l , 3 0 7 r , 3 0 7 um l , 3 0 8 r , 3 0 8 u m l , 3 09 r , 309uml , 3 1 0r , 3 1 0uml , 3 l l r , 3 1 1 uml , 3 2 2 y c , 330u, 3 3 l yml , 3 3 2 ym l , 333u, 3 3 3 y , 3 3 4 r , 334gc, 3 3 5ml , 3 3 6ml , 3 3 7ml , 338ml , 3 3 9ml , 340ml , 3 4 l m l , 3 4 2ml , 3 4 3ml , 344ml , 345ml , 346ml , 347ml , 348ml , 349ml , 350ml , 3 5 l m l , 360m, 399m l , 400ml , 402ml , 406y, 4 0 7 c , 4 08 g , 4 0 9 y , 4 0 9 r , 4 1 2 r , 4 1 3 y , 4 1 4 u 1 9 3 9 539r 1 9 59 538r , 539r , 545r , 546r , 54 7 u , 552r , 649r 1 9 7 0 648r , 649r , 653r 1979 730r --

1926

1 7 2 g c , 1 7 2 gm l , 1 7 3 g m l , 1 7 7 g c , 1 7 8 y , 1 7 8 g c , 1 7 8 g , 1 7 9ml , 1 82m, 182y, 1 85gc, 186z, 187s, 1 90s, 1 93s, 195s, 1 96s , 20lk, 204k, 207k, 209k, 2 1 0k, 2 1 5u, 2 1 7 u , 2 20u, 2 2 2 u , 223u, 2 3 l y , 2 3 l gm l , 232y, 234y, 2 3 4 gm , 2 3 5 c , 2 3 5 m l , 2 3 6m , 2 3 7 m l c , 2 3 8 gm l , 2 3 9 c , 2 3 9 gml , 2 4 7 s , 2 4 8 s , 2 4 8 s y , 2 4 9 s , 2 5 l s , 2 5 l s y , 2 59k, 260k, 2 6 l k , 263k, 2 7 2 u, 2 7 4 r , 2 7 5 u, 2 7 6u, 2 7 9 r , 2 8 0 u , 2 9 2 um l , 2 9 2 u , 2 9 3 y , 2 9 4 u m l , 3 3 0 u , 3 3 l y m l , 3 3 2 yml , 3 35ml , 3 36ml , 3 3 7ml , 338ml , 3 39ml , 340ml , 3 4 l ml , 342ml , 343ml , 344ml , 346ml , 3 4 7m l , 3 60m, 3 9 9 m l , 4 0 0m l , 4 0 2 m l , 4 0 6 y , 4 0 7 c , 4 1 2 r 1 939 539r 1959 538r , 539r , 545r , 546r , 547u 1970 648r urban-rural 1 9 2 6 l 7 2 g c , l 7 3 gm l , l 7 7 g c , l 7 8 y , l 7 8 g c , 1 8 S g c , 1 8 6 z , 1 8 7 s , 1 89 s g c , 1 90 s , 1 9 3 s , 1 9 S s , 1 9 6 s , 20 l k , 204k, 207k, 209k , 2 1 0k, 2 1 5u, 2 1 7 u, 2 20u, 2 2 2u, 2 2 3 u , 2 3 2 y , 2 3 3 y , 2 3 3 gml , 2 3 4 y , 234gm, 2 3 S c , 2 35ml , 237ml c , 247s, 248s, 248sy, 249s, 250s, 2 5 l s , 25l sy, 259k, 262k, 26 lk, 263k, 272u, 2 74r, 27Su , 276u, 2 7 7 u , 2 7 9 r , 2 8 0 u , 2 9 2 um l , 2 9 4 um l , 4 0 6 y , 4 0 8 g , 4 0 9 r , 412r 1 9 5 9 538r 1970 648r w o r k i n g p o pu l a t i o n 1939 539r

284

Index and Guide

1 959 538r , 1970 648r , 1979 730r EDUCA T I O N ( s e e a l s o .!!.!.!. e n t r i e s 1897 1 3zc , 1 939 524r, 6 180, 1959 523r, 543r, 56lr, 620ra , 709u, 1970 614r, 633u, 656r, 7 1 2ra, 758u, 1979 707u, 7 1 80, 753r,

539r , 545r , 546r , 547r , 649r 649r LITERAC Y ) 1 9gc , 1 9 z , 4 l d , 4 7 d 5260, 543r, 544r, 560r, 56lr, 569r , 6 1 7r, 620ra , 709u, 7 1 0u, 7 l l u, 7 6 l u 524r, 5250, 5260, 5270, 540r, 54 l u , 542r, 544r , 5440, 546r, 547u, 558r, 559r, 560r, 569r, 570u, 570s, 6 1 60, 6 1 7r, 6 1 80 , 6 1 90, 632ran , 635r, 642r, 643r, 6440, 656r, 657r, 7 1 0u , 7 1 l u , 7 1 2 ra , 7 1 7 r , 7 58u, 7 6 l u 6 1 50 , 6 1 60, 6 1 7 r , 6 1 80, 6 1 90, 6 20ra, 632ran, 634r, 635r, 636r, 642r, 643r, 6440 , 655r, 65 7r, 680r, 707u, 708u, 709u, 71 Ou, 7 1 1 u, 7 1 7 r , 7 2 9 r , 7 3 2 r , 733u, 7 50 r , 7 5 3 r , 7 5 4 r , 76lr 708u , 709u, 7 1 0u, 7 l l u, 7 1 2ra, 7 1 6r , 7 1 7 r, 7 1 90, 729r, 730r, 732r, 733u, 739r , 750r, 754r, 758u, 76lu

1 8 9 7 1 3z c , 1 9 gc , 1 9 z , 4 l d , 4 7 d 1 9 5 9 523r , 54 l u , 5 7 0u , 5 70s 1970 6 1 4 r , 633u , 634r l a b o r ( p h y s i c a l a n d me n t a l ) 1 9 3 9 560r , 56 l r 1 959 558r , 559r , 560r , 56 l r , 656r , 657r 1 970 655r , 656r , 657r , 732r , 733u , 753r , 754r 1979 732r , 733u , 753r , 754r l a n g u a g e , na t i v e 1 8 9 7 �1 9 z , 4 7 d mother s 1 9 7 0 680r 1 9 7 9 7 39r nationality 1939 569r 1 959 569r , 570u , 570s , 632 ran , 635r , 758u 1 9 70 632ran , 633u , 634r , 635r , 636r , 7 58u 1979 758u o c c u pa t i o n s 1 939 56lr 1959 56 l r , 657r 1970 657r , 733u, 753r , 754r 1979 733u , 753r , 754r

--

1897 1939 1959

1970

13zc , 524r, 7 1 0u 523r, 543r, 617r, 6440 , 614r, 635r, 717r, 7 1 0u ,

1979 social � 1897 1 3zc , 1 939 543r , 1 959 540r, 6440 1 9 7 0 642 r , 1979 729r

1 9gc , 1 9 z , 4 l d , 47d 5260, 543r, 560r, 569r, 524r , 5440, 6 1 80 , 656r , 6150, 636r, 729r , 7 1 7r ,

5250, 546r, 6 1 90, 7 1 0u , 6 1 60, 642r, 750r 729r ,

5260, 547u, 620ra, 717r 617r, 643r,

617r,

6 1 80 ,

620ra,

5270, 540r, 5 4 1 u, 542r, 558r, 560r, 569r , 6 1 60, 632ran , 635r, 642r, 643r, 6 1 80, 6 1 90, 620ra, 632ran , 6440, 655r, 656r , 7 lOu,

7 50r

4ld 544r 54 l u , 542 r , 543r, 544r, 643r , 6440 , 729r

5440, 642r, 643r,

Keyword Index

285

urban- r u r a l 1 8 9 7 1 3 z c , 1 9 gc , 4 l d , 4 7 d 1939 524r, 5260 , 543r, 560r, 569r, 6 1 7r , 6 1 80 , 620ra, 7llu 1959 523r, 524r , 5250, 5260, 5270, 540r, 542r, 543r, 5440, 558r , 560r , 569r, 570u, 570s, 6 1 60 , 6 1 7 r , 6 1 80, 6 1 9 0 , 620ra, 632ran, 635r, 642r, 643r, 6440, 656r, 7 l lu, 7 1 7r 1970 6 1 4 r , 6 1 50 , 6 1 60, 6 1 7r, 6 1 80, 6 1 90, 620ra, 632ran, 633u, 634r, 635r, 636r, 642r, 643r, 6440 , 655r, 656r, 680r , 7 l l u, 7 1 7 r , 729r, 750r 1979 7 l l u , 7 1 6r , 7 1 7 r , 729r , 750r wo r k i n g p o p u l a t i o n 1939 543r , 544r , 620ra , 709u , 7 1 0 u , 7 l l u , 7 6 l u 1 9 5 9 542 r , 543r , 544r, 546r , 547u, 569r , 6 1 9 0 , 620ra, 635r , 643r , 6440 , 709u , 7 1 0u , 7 l l u , 7 1 2ra , 7 6 l u 1 9 7 0 6 1 9 0 , 620ra, 6 3 5 r , 636r, 643r, 6440, 708u , 709u, 7 10u, 7 l l u, 7 1 2ra, 729r, 732r, 750r, 753r, 754r, 7 6 l u 1 9 7 9 7 0 8 u , 7 0 9 u , 7 1 0u, 7 l l u , 7 1 2 r a , 7 1 9 0 , 7 2 9 r , 7 30 r , 732r , 750r , 753r , 754r , 76lu EMP L O Y E D ( s e e G A I N FULLY EMPLO Y E D ) ETHN I C G R O U P S ( s e e N A T I ONAL I T Y ) FAM I L Y all entries 1 8 9 7 24 g , 25 z c , 2 6 z c , 2 7 z , 52 u , 52 d , 53 g , 5 3d , 54 u , 5 5 d , 55 g , 5 8 y , 58 gc , 6 0 g c , 6 3 d 1 9 2 6 3 0 4 r , 3 0 4 um l , 3 0 5 r , 3 0 5 um l , 3 0 6 r , 3 0 6 u m l , 3 0 7 r , 3 0 7 u m l , 3 0 8 r , 3 08 um l , 3 1 2 y c , 3 1 3 y c , 3 1 4 y c , 3 1 5 y c , 3 1 6yc, 3 1 7 yc , 3 2 l gc, 323yc, 324yc, 325yc, 326yc, 3 2 7 y c , 3 2 8 y c , 3 3 0 u , 3 3 l ym l , 3 3 2 y m l , 3 3 3 u , 3 3 3 y , 3 3 4 r , 3 3 5 m l , 3 3 6m l , 3 3 7 m l , 3 3 8 m l , 3 3 9 m l , 3 4 0 m l , 3 4 l m l , 342ml , 343ml , 344ml , 345ml , 346ml , 347ml , 3 4 8 m l , 3 4 9m l , 3 5 0m l , 3 5 l m l 1 939 573r , 575r 1959 5710, 5720 , 573r, 574u, 575r, 576r, 577r, 578r, 579u, 580u, 667r, 669r 1970 665r, 6660 , 667r, 6680, 669r, 670r, 6 7 l r , 672r, 6 7 3 r , 6 74an , 6 7 5 r , 6 7 6 r , 6 7 7 r , 7 2 4 r 1979 705r, 723r , 724r, 734r, 735u, 736u, 744so, 7450, 746r, 747r , 748r, 749r children 1 9 2 6 3 4 0ml , 3 4 l ml , 3 4 5 m l , 3 4 6m l , 3 4 7 m l , 3 4 8 m l , 3 5 0ml , 3 5 l ml 1970 67lr , 675r 1979 746r h e a d £.!. ( a l l e n t r i e s ) 1 89 7 60gc , 63d 1 9 2 6 3 3 0 u , 3 3 1 y m l , 3 3 2 y m l , 3 3 3 u , 3 3 3 y , 3 3 4 r , 3 3 5m l , 3 3 6 m l , 3 3 7 m l , 3 3 8 m l , 3 3 9m l , 3 4 0m l , 3 4 l m l , 3 4 2 m l , 3 4 3 ml , 3 4 4 m l , 3 4 7 m l 1 939 573r 1959 5720 , 573r , 578r , 667r 1 970 667r , 6680 head of ( ag e ) 1 9 2 6 3 3 5 m l , 3 4 0ml , 3 4 1 m l , 3 4 2 m l , 3 4 3 m l head of ( se x ) 1897 63d 1 9 2 6 3 3 0 u , 3 3 l ym l , 3 3 2 y m l , 3 3 5 m l , 3 3 6 ml , 3 3 7 ml , 3 3 8 m l , 3 3 9 m l , 3 4 0ml , 3 4 1 m l , 3 4 2 m l , 3 4 3 m l 1 939 573r 1959 5720 , 573r , 578r , 667r 1 970 667r , 6680 nati onal ity 1 959 5 79u ---

--

286

Index and Guide

size --

1970 1979

673r , 674an 7 3 5 u , 7 48 r

1897 1926

60gc , 63d 3 3 1 yml , 3 3 2 yml , 33 7ml , 338ml , 339ml , 348ml , 3 50ml 575r 5 7 2 0 , 5 7 4 u , 5 7 5 r , 5 78r , 5 79u , 580u , 6680 , 669r , 670r , 6 7 1 r , 672r , 673r , 705r, 723r , 724r, 7 34r, 735u, 736u, 747r , 748r , 749r

1 939 1959 1970 1979

3 4 0m l , 3 4 5 m l , 669r 674an , 724r 744so, 7450,

social � 1 9 2 6 3 0 4 r , 3 0 4 um l , 3 0 5 r , 3 0 5 u m 1 , 3 0 6 r , 3 0 6 um 1 , 3 0 7 r , 307 uml , 308r , 308uml , 3 1 2yc, 3 1 3yc, 3 1 4yc, 3 1 5y c , 3 1 6 y c , 3 1 7 y c , 3 3 0 u , 3 3 1 y m l , 3 3 2 y ml , 3 3 3 u , 3 3 3 y , 3 3 4 r , 3 35ml , 336ml , 3 3 7ml , 338ml , 339m l , 340ml , 34 l ml , 3 4 2 m l , 3 4 3 m l , 3 4 4 m l , 3 4 5 m l , 3 4 6 m l , 34 7 m l , 348ml , 3 4 9m l , 350ml , 3 5 1 ml 1959 577r , 578r 1970 672r 1979 736u , 749r � 1 9 2 6 3 3 5 m l , 3 3 6m l , 3 3 7 m l , 3 3 8m l , 3 4 0 m l , 3 4 1 m l , 3 4 2 m l , 3 4 3 m l , 3 4 4 m l , 3 4 5 m l ; 3 4 6 m l , 3 4 7 m l , 3 4 8 m l , 3 5 0m l , 3 5 1 ml 1 9 7 0 6 7 0r 1 9 7 9 7 3 4r , 7 4 7 r urban-rural 1897 25zc , 26zc , 52d , 53d , 58y , 58gc 1939 573r , 575r 1959 5 7 1 0 , 5720 , 573r, 574u, 575r, 576r, 577r, 578r, 579u, 580u, 667r, 669r 1970 665r, 6660 , 667r, 6680, 669r, 670r, 6 7 1 r , 672r, 673r, 674an , 6 7 5 r , 6 7 6 r , 6 7 7 r , 7 2 4 r 1979

723r,

724r,

735u,

7 36u,

744so,

7450,

747r,

748r,

749r FOR E I G N B O R N ( s e e B I RTH , P L A C E O F , f o r e i g n b o r n ) F O R E I G N E R S ( s e e a l s o B I R T H , P L A C E OF , f o r e i g n b o r n ) all entries -- 1 8 9 7 2 z c , 3 z c , 4 z c , 1 2 z c , 1 3 z c , 1 4 g c , 1 5 g c , 2 3 z c , 2 8 z c , 32g , 40g , 4 l d , 4 2 g , 43g , 5 l g , 56d 1 9 2 6 105gc, 107gc, 1 1 9s, 1 20s, 1 2 l s, 1 2 l syml , 1 38k, 1 40k , 1 4 1 k , 1 4 l k y c , 1 58u , 1 59 u , 1 60u , 1 60r 1897 education 1 89 7 literacy 1897 1926 1 89 7 1926

13zc , 4ld 13zc , 41d 13zc , 41d 1 0 5 gc , 1 1 9 s , 1 20 s , 1 38k , 1 58 u , 1 5 9u 4z c , 1 2 z c , 1 3 z c , 1 4 gc , 1 5 gc , 2 3 z c , 28 zc , 32 g , 4 0g , 4 l d , 42g , 43g , 5 1 g , 56d 105gc, 1 0 7 gc , 1 1 9s, 1 20s, 1 2 1 s, 1 40k, 1 4 l k , 1 59u, 1 60 u

state 1 8 9 7 1 5 gc , 43g 1 9 2 6 1 0 7 gc , 1 2 1 s , 1 2 l syml , 1 4 l k , 1 4 l kyc , 1 60u , 1 60r urban-rural 1 8 9 7 2 z c , 3 z c , 4 z c , 1 2 z c , 1 3 z c , 1 4 gc , 1 5 gc , 2 3 z c , 28 z c , 3 2g , 40g , 4 l d , 4 2 g , 43g , 5 l g , 56d 1926 105gc, 1 0 7 gc , 1 1 9s, 1 20s, 1 2 l s, 1 38k, 1 40k, 1 4 l k , 1 58u , 1 59u , 1 60u

--

Keyword Index

287

G A I NFULLY E M P L O Y E D ( s e e a l s o ACT I V E L Y E MPLOYED ; L A B O R ; M E A N S OF --r:I'VEL I HOOD ; WORK E R S ; WORK I N G POPULAT I O N ) ,ill e n t r i e s 1897 24 g , 25 z c , 2 6 z c , 27 z , 52 u , 52 d , 53 g , 5 4 u , SS d , S S g , 58y, 58gc, 58z 1 9 2 6 1 7 2 gc , 1 7 2 gm l , 1 7 3 gm l , 1 7 S y , 1 7 7 g c , 1 7 8 y , 1 7 8 g c , 1 7 8 g , 1 7 9 m l , 1 8 2 m , 1 8 2 y , 1 8 6 z , 1 8 7 s , 1 8 8 s y , 1 90 s , 1 9 1 s, 1 9 5 s , 196s, 20lk, 202ky, 203kgc, 204k, 205k, 209k, 2 1 0k , 2 1 5 u , 2 1 6 r , 2 1 7 u, 2 1 8u , 2 2 2 u , 2 2 3 u , 2 2 9 y , 2 3 0 c , 2 3 l y , 2 3 1 gm l , 2 3 2 y , 2 3 4 y , 2 3 4 g m , 2 3 5 c , 2 35ml , 2 3 7m l c , 2 38gml , 2 4 5 y , 2 4 5 g c , 2 4 7 s , 2 4 8 s , 248sy, 249 s , 2 5 l s , 2 5 1 sy, 255s, 259k, 260k, 26lk, 2 6 3 k , 2 6 9 k , 2 7 2 u , 2 7 3 u , 2 7 5 u , 2 7 8 u , 2 8 1 gml , 2 8 4 r , 2 8 S y , 2 8 9 u , 3 3 4 g c , 3 3 6m l , 3 4 0 m l , 3 4 4 m l , 3 4 5 m l , 346ml , 398ml , 399ml , 400ml , 4 0 l m l , 402m l , 404y, 40Sc, 408g , 4 1 0y , 4 l l sky, 4 1 2r �

1897 1926

1897

24g , 52u , 58y 1 7 3 gm l , 1 7 5 y , l 7 9 m l , 1 8 2 m , 1 8 2 y , 1 9 0 s , 1 9 l s , 2 0 4 k , 20Sk, 2 1 7u, 2 1 8u, 229y, 230c, 2 3 l y , 234y, 235ml , 247s, 248s , 2 5 l s , 259k, 260k, 263k, 272u, 2 7 3u, 2 7 8 u , 3 4 0ml , 3 4 4 m l , 3 4 6 m l , 4 0 l m l , 4 0 2 m l

24 g , 2S z c , 2 6 z c , 2 7 z , 52 u , 52 d , 53 d , 5 3 g , 54 u , S S d , SSg , 58y , 58gc , 58z 1 9 2 6 1 7 2 g c , 1 7 2 gm l , 1 7 3 gm l , 1 7 5 y , 1 7 7 g c , 1 7 8 y , 1 7 8 g c , 1 78 g , 1 79ml , 1 8 2m, 1 8 2 y , 1 86 z , 1 87 s , 1 90 s , 1 9 l s , 195s, 1 96s , 201k, 204k, 205k, 209k, 2 1 0k, 2 1 5u, 2 1 7 u , 2 1 8u, 222u, 2 2 3u , 229y, 230c, 2 3 l y , 2 3 l gml , 2 3 2 y , 2 3 4 y , 2 3 4 gm , 2 3 5 c , 2 3 5 ml , 2 3 7 m l c , 2 3 8 g m l , 245y, 24Sgc , 247s, 248s, 248sy, 249s, 2 5 l s , 251 sy, 255s, 259k , 260k, 26lk, 263k, 269k, 2 7 2u, 27 3u, 2 7 S u , 2 7 8 u , 2 8 9 u , 3 4 0m l , 3 4 4 m l , 3 4 6 m l , 3 9 8 m l , 3 9 9 m l , 4 0 0m l , 4 0 l m l , 4 0 2 m l , 4 0 4 y , 4 0 5 c , 4 0 8 g , 4 l l sky, 412r urban-rural 1897 25zc , 26zc , 52d , 53d , 58y , 58gc 1926 1 7 2 g c , 1 7 3 gml , l 77gc, l 78y, 1 7 8gc, 1 86 z , 1 87 s , 1 90s, 1 9 5 s , 1 96 s , 2 0 1 k , 204k, 209k, 2 1 0k, 2 1 5u, 2 1 7 u, 2 2 2 u , 2 2 3 u , 2 3 2 y , 2 34 y , 2 3 4 gm, 235c, 2 35ml , 2 3 7ml c , 2 4 5 g c , 2 4 7 s , 2 4 8 s , 2 4 8 s y , 2 4 9 s , 2 5 1 s , 25lsy, 2 5 5 s , 259k, 261k, 263k, 269k, 272u , 273u, 275u, 2 7 8 u , 289u, 404y, 408g, 4 1 0y, 4 l l sky, 4 1 2 r H E A D O F FAMI L Y ( s e e FAM I LY , h e a d o f ) 'iioifs°EiiOL D S ( s e e a l s o F A M I L Y ; P E R S O N S L I V I N G A L ON E ) 1 897 Sze , 33g 1926 102v H OU S I N G ( s e e B U I L D I N G S ) I NCOME , S OU R C E OF ( s e e M E A N S OF L I V E L I HOOD ) I N DU S T R Y ( s e e ma i n l y ECONOMY , S E C T O R S OF ; OCCUPAT I ON S ) � o f wo r k e r s 1926 182m, 182y , 193s , 207k , 220u 1 959 545r e d u c a t i o n o f wo r k e r s 1 959 546r ha n d i c r a f t s 1926 182m , 1 8 2 y , 1 93s , 207k , 220u l i v i n g c o n d i t i o n s .2.f wo r k e r s 1926 323yc , 324yc , 325yc , 326yc , 327yc , 328yc , 329yc LABOR ( Phys i c a l a n d Me n t a l ) all entries -- 1 9 3 9 5 4 8 r , 5 4 9 r , S S S r , 5 5 6 r , 5 6 0 r , 5 6 1 r 1 9 5 9 548r, 549 r , SSOr, 5 5 1 r , 5 5 3 r , 5 5 4 r , S SSr , 5 5 6 r , 557r, 558r , 559r, 560r, 56lr, 650r, 651r, 652r,

288

Index and Guide

1970 �

1979

656r, 657r 650r, 65lr , 652r, 654r, 655r, 73lr, 732r, 733u, 753r, 754r 73l r , 732r , 733u , 753r , 754r

1959 550r , 5 5 l r 1 9 7 0 654r education 1939 560r , 5 6 l r 1 959 558 r , 559r , 560r , 5 6 l r , 656r , 1970 655r , 656r , 657r , 732r , 733u , 1979 732 r , 733u , 753r , 754r o c c u 12a t i o n s 1 939 555r , 556r , 56 l r 1959 550r, 55 l r , 553r, 554r, 555r, 65 l r , 652r , 657r 1970 65 l r , 652r , 654r , 657r , 733u , 1979 733u , 753r , 754r J2 h y s i c a l l a b o r o n l y ( n o d a t a o n me n t a l 1 959 553r , 554r 1970 753r 1979 753r

�

1939 1 959

548r , 548r, 560r, 650r ,

1 970 s o c i a l .!l..!:..2..!Ll 1959 553r , ur ban-r ural 1939 549r , 1959 549r , 1 9 7 0 650r , L A N G U A G E , NAT I V E

555r , 556r, 550r, 55lr, 650r, 652r, 652r, 655r,

560r 553r, 656r 656r

554r,

656r,

657r,

679r,

657r 753r , 754r

556r,

557r,

56 l r ,

753r , 754r labor )

555r,

556r ,

558r,

554r 560r 558r , 560r, 655r , 656r,

650r, 656r 679r

all entries

1897 1926

1959 1970 1979 1 897 1926 1959 1970 education 1897 li teracy 1 89 7 1926

3 z c , 1 7 z c , 1 8 z c , 1 9 g c , 1 9 z , 20 gc , 2 2 z c , 26 z c , 28 z c , 45g , 46d , 4 7d , 48d , 50d , 54u , 56d , 82 g , 82z 105gc, 106gc, 1 08gc, l l lkgc, 1 1 2 z v c , 1 1 9s, 1 20s, 1 2 2 s , 1 2 5 s g m l , 1 2 6 s g m l , 1 3 8 k , 1 3 9k, 1 4 0 k , 1 4 2 k , 145kg, 1 46kg , 1 49k, 1 50k, 1 58u, 1 5 9u, 1 6 l u , 1 6 3 r , 3 6 7 d , 368d, 3 7 0 r , 3 7 l g , 374y, 375g 562r , 5640 , 566u , 566s , 567r , 622u 6 2 2 u , 625r , 6250 , 627ra , 628u , 629r , 7 1 3u 7 1 3 u , 7 2 00 1 9 gc , 1 9 z , 4 7 d l l l k gc , 1 49k , 1 50k 566u , 566s 628u , 629r 19gc , 1 9 z , 47d

18zc , 105gc, l 58u, ma r i t a l s t a t u s 1 8 9 7 --zOgC , nationa l i t y 1926 105gc, 1 50k , 1959 562 r , 1970 622u , 1979 7 1 3u ,

1 9gc , 1 9 z , 46d , 4 7 d 106gc, l l lkgc, 1 19s, l 59u

1 20s,

1 38k,

1 39k ,

1 40k,

1 06gc , l l l k g c , 1 1 9 s, 1 20s, 1 58u , 1 59 u 5640 , 566u , 566s , 622u 625r , 6250 7 200

1 38k,

1 40k,

149k,

48d

Keyword Index

289

o c c u pa t i o n s 1897 26zc , 54u religion 1897 18zc , 46d 1 89 7 1926

1 7 z c , 1 8 zc , 1 9 gc , 1 9 z , 2 0 g c , 2 2 z c , 2 6 z c , 2 8 z c , 4 5 g , 46d , 4 7 d , 48 d , 50d , 54u , 56 d 1 0 5 g c , 1 06gc , 1 08gc , l l l kg c , 1 1 2 z v c , 1 1 9 s , 1 20 s , 1 2 2 s , 1 2 5 s gm l , 1 3 8 k , 1 3 9 k , 1 40 k , 1 4 2 k , 1 4 5 k g , 1 4 9 k , 1 50 k , 1 58u, 1 59u , 1 6 1u, 370r, 3 7 1 g, 374y, 375g 562r , 5640 , 5660 , 566s , 567r 625r , 627ra

1959 1970 social � 1897 28zc , 56d urban-rural 1897 3z c , 1 7 z c , 1 8 z c , 1 9g c , 2 0g c , 2 2 z c , 2 6 z c , 2 8 z c , 4 5 g , 46 d , 4 7 d , 48 d , 50 d , 56 d , 82 g , 82 z 1926 1 05gc, 1 06gc , 108gc, l l lkgc, 1 1 9s, 1 20s, 1 2 2s, 1 2 5 s gml , 1 26 s gm l , 1 38k, 1 40k, 1 4 2k, 1 4 5kg, 1 46kg, 1 49k , 1 50k , 1 58u , 1 5 9u , 1 6 1 u , 1 6 3r , 370r , 3 7 1 g LANGUAG E , S EC O N D a 1 1 e ntr"ie"S" 1970 6 2 2 u , 625r , 6250 , 6 2 7 ra , 628u , 629r , 7 1 3u 1 9 7 9 7 1 3u , 7 200 , 7 5 7 u 1970 628u , 629r n a t i o na l i t y 1 9 70 6 2 2 u , 625r , 6250 , 7 1 3u 1 9 7 9 7 1 3u , 7 200 , 7 5 7 u

1970 625r , 627r 1979 757u ur ban- rural 1970 625r , 6250 , 627ra 1979 757u LEN I NG R A D ( t a b l e s w i t h g e o g r a p h i c c o d e 11 1 11 ) 1 897 census 7 0 1 , 70 1 , 7 1 1 1926 census 1 2 1 s ym l , 1 2 3 s gm l , 1 2 4 s g m l , 1 2 5 s gm l , 1 2 6 s g m l , 1 3 2 s z m l , 1 3 2 s g m l , 1 7 2 g ml , 1 7 3 gm l , 1 7 6 y l , 1 7 9 m l , 1 8 0 gm l , 2 3 1 gml , 2 3 3 gm l , 2 3 5 m l , 2 3 7 ml c , 2 3 8 g m l , 2 3 9 g ml , 2 4 0 g m l , 2 4 2 g m l , 2 5 2 s g ml , 2 8 l g m l , 2 9 2 um l , 2 9 4 um l , 3 0 4 um l , 3 0 5 um l , 3 0 6 um l , 3 0 7 um l , 3 0 8 um l , 3 0 9 u m l , 3 1 0 u m l , 3 1 l um l , 3 3 1 y m l , 3 3 2 y m l , 3 3 5 m l , 3 3 6 ml , 3 3 7 m l , 3 3 8 m l , 3 3 9 m l , 3 4 0 m l , 3 4 l m l , 3 4 2 m l , 3 4 3 m l , 3 4 4 m l , 3 4 5 m l , 3 4 6m l , 3 4 7 m l , 3 4 8 m l , 3 4 9 m l , 3 5 0m l , 3 5 1 ml , 3 5 3 s k b g m l , 3 5 4 s k b y m l , 3 5 5 s k b y m l , 356skbyml , 3 5 7 s kbgml , 3 5 8 s k b yml , 3 7 8ml c , 3 8 3 s gml , 3 9 8 m l , 3 9 9m l , 4 0 0 m l , 4 0 l m l , 4 0 2 m l , 4 0 3 m l LIFE EXPECTANCY 1 9 59 58 l u L I TE R A C Y ( s e e a l s o EDUCAT I O N ) all entries -1897 2 z c , 7 z c , 1 3 zc , 1 8 z c , 1 9 gc , 1 9 z , 34g, 35 d , 4 l d , 46 d , 4 7 d , 6 l d , 6 4d , 65 gc , 1 5 lk , 1 5 2k , 30 0s y , 3 8 l s y , 394 u , 528r , 529r , 62 1 r , 706u 1926 105gc, 106gc, 109gc, l l lkgc, 1 1 3 z v c , 1 1 9s, 1 20s, 1 2 7 s , 1 2 8 s y , 1 3 l s y , 1 3 2 s zm l , 1 3 2 s g ml , 1 3 8 k , 1 3 9 k , 1 40k, 147k, 1 5 1 k , 1 5 2k, 1 58u, 1 59u, 1 6 4 u , 1 66 r , 1 6 9 u , 1 7 1 u, 1 7 3gml , 1 74 y , 1 7 5y, 1 90s, 1 9 l s , 1 9 2 sy, 192s, l 93s, 204k, 205k, 206k, 207k, 2 1 7u , 2 18u, 2 1 9u, 2 20u , 244gc, 2 5 4 s , 26 8k , 2 8 8 u , 3 7 6 s , 3 7 7 s y, 3 78ml c , 3 7 9 b , 380s y , 3 8 l s y , 3 8 2 s , 383s gml , 384b,

--

290

Index and Guide

�

1939 1959 1970 1979 1897

385bg, 392y, 393c, 394u, 402ml , 528r , 529r , 6 2 l r , 528r , 529r , 5290 , 62 l r , 528r , 529r , 5290 , 6 2 l r , 62 l r , 706u 706u

395u, 706u 706u 7 06 u

396g,

397y,

40lml ,

7 z c , 1 3 z c , 1 9g c , 1 9 z , 34 g , 35 d , 4 l d , 4 7 d , 6 l d , 6 4 d , 65gc , 1 5 l k , 1 5 2 k , 380s y , 38 l s y , 394u 1 9 2 6 1 09gc , l l l k g c , 1 1 3 z v c , 1 2 7 s , 1 28sy, 1 3 l sy, 1 4 7 k , 1 5 l k , 1 52k, 1 64u, 1 66 r , 168r, 1 69u, 1 7 l u , 1 7 3gml , 1 7 4 y , 1 90 s , 1 9 2 s , 1 9 2 s y , 1 93 s , 204k, 206k, 2 0 7 k , 2 l 7u, 2 l 9u, 2 20u, 244gc , 254s, 268k, 288u , 376s, 3 7 7 s y , 3 7 8ml c , 3 7 9 b , 3 8 0 s y , 3 8 l s y , 3 9 2 y , 3 9 3 c , 394u, 397 y, 40l m l , 402ml ages 9-49 ( one age group ) 1897 528r , 529r , 6 2 l r , 706u 1926 528r , 529r , 6 2 l r , 706u 1 939 528r , 529r , 5290 , 62 l r , 706u 1959 528r , 529r , 5290 , 62 l r , 706u 1970 62 l r , 706u 1979 706u language 1 8 9 7 1 8 z c , 1 9gc , 1 9 z , 46 d , 4 7 d 1 9 2 6 1 0 5 g c , 1 06 g c , l l l kg c , 1 1 9 s , 1 20 s , 1 38 k , 1 39k , 1 40k, 1 58u , 1 59u mar i t a l s t a t u s 1 9 2 6 ---rDgm l , 1 9 0 s , 2 0 4 k , 2 1 7 u n a t i o na l i t y 1 9 2 6 1 0 5 g c , 1 0 6 g c , 1 09gc, l l l kgc, 1 1 3 z v c , 1 1 9s, 1 20s, 1 3 2 s gml , 1 38 k , 1 40k, 1 4 7 k , 1 58 u , 1 59 u , 1 69 u , l 7 1 u , 382s, 383sg, 384b, 395u, 396g o c c u pa t i o n , po s i t i o n i n 1 9 2 6 1 7 3 gm l , 1 7 5 y , 1 9 0 s , 1 9 l s , 1 9 2 s , 1 9 3 s , 2 0 4 k , 2 0 5 k , 207k , 2 1 7 u , 2 1 8u , 2 20u , 40lml , 402ml o c c u pa t i o n s 1 8 9 7 6 l d , 6 4 d , 6 5 gc 1926 l 74y, l 75y , 1 90s, 1 9 l s, 1 9 2 s , 1 9 2 sy, 1 93s, 204k, 205k , 206k , 207 k , 2 1 7 u , 2 1 8u , 2 1 9 u , 402ml rel igion 1897 18zc , 46d sex 1 8 9 7 7 z c , 1 3 z c , 1 8 z c , 1 9 gc , 1 9 z , 34 g , 3 5 d , 4 l d , 4 6 d , 4 7 d , 6 l d , 64d, 65gc, 1 5 l k , 1 5 2k, 380s y , 3 8 l s y , 394 u , 528r , 529r , 6 2 l r 1 9 2 6 1 0 5 g c , 1 0 6 g c , 1 09gc , l l l k g c , 1 1 3 z v c , 1 1 9 s , 1 20 s , 1 2 7 s , 1 2 8 s y , 1 3 l s y , 1 3 2 s z ml , 1 3 2 s g m l , 1 3 8 k , 1 3 9 k , 1 40k, 1 4 7 k , 1 5 l k , 152k, 1 58u, 1 59u, 1 64u, 1 66 r , 1 6 8 r , 1 6 9 u , 1 7 l u , 1 7 3 gm l , 1 7 4 y , 1 7 5 y , 1 9 0 s , 1 9 l s , l 92s, l 92sy , l 93s, 204k, 205k, 206k, 207k, 2 l 7u, 2 1 8u, 2 1 9u, 220u, 244gc, 254s, 268k, 288u , 376s, 3 7 7 s y , 3 7 8ml c , 3 7 9 b , 380s y , 38 l s y , 3 8 2 s , 3 8 3 s gml , 384b, 385bg, 392y, 393c, 394u, 395u, 396g , 397y, 40lml , 402ml , 528r , 529r , 6 2 l r 1939 528r , 529r , 5290 , 62lr 1 9 5 9 528r , 529r , 5290 , 6 2 l r 1970 62 l r s o c i a l .8.!..2..!!.£. 1897 13zc , 4ld ur ban-rural 1897 2 z c , 7 z c , 1 3 z c , 1 8 z c , 1 9 gc , 34 g , 4 l d , 46 d , 4 7 d , 1 5 l k , 152k , 528r , 529r , 62 l r , 706u 1926 105gc, 106gc, 109gc, l l lkgc, 1 1 3zv c , 1 1 9s, 1 20s, 1 2 7 s , 1 28 s y , 1 3 l s y , 1 3 2 s gml , 1 3 2 s zml , 1 38k, 1 40k,

Keyword Index

29 1

1 4 7 k, 1 5 l k , 1 5 2k, 1 58 u , 1 59u, 1 64u, 1 6 6 r , 1 6 8 r , l 7 3 gml , l 9 0 s , l 9 3 s , 2 0 4 k , 2 0 7 k , 2 l 7 u , 2 20u, 2 4 4 g c , 2 5 4 s , 2 6 8 k , 2 8 8 u , 3 7 6 s , 3 7 7 s y , 3 7 9 b , 3 8 3 s gm l , 3 8 5 b g , 3 9 2 y , 3 9 6 g , 5 2 8 r , 5 2 9 r , 6 2 l r , 7 06 u 1939 528r , 529r , 5290 , 62 l r , 706u 1959 528r , 529r , 5290 , 62 l r , 706u 1970 62 l r , 706u 1979 706u L I V I N G S TRUCTUR E S ( s e e B U I L D I N G S ) IeiDGfNG ( s e e B U I L D I NG S ) LONE I N D I V I DU A L S ( s e e P E R S ON S L I V I N G A L ONE ) MiiITT A L STATUS a l l entries 1 8 9 7 9 z c , 1 4 gc , 2 0 g c , 2 l z c , 3 7 d , 4 2 g , 48 d , 4 9 d , 60 gc , 63d 1 9 2 6 l 7 3 gm l , 1 9 0 s , 2 0 4 k , 2 1 7 u , 2 2 8 g c , 2 2 9 y , 2 3 0 c , 2 3 4 y , 2 34gm, 2 6 3 k , 2 3 5 c , 2 3 5ml , 2 4 6 s , 2 4 6 s y , 2 4 7 s , 2 5 4 s , 2 5 8 k , 2 5 9 k , 2 7 0 u , 2 7 0 r , 2 7 1 u , 2 7 2 u , 2 8 8 u , 2 9 2 uml , 293y , 359m 1939 52lr 1959 520r , 5 2 l r , 5220 , 568r , 6 1 3r , 630u , 6 3 l r 1970 6 1 3r , 630u , 6 3 l r 1979 722r , 738r --

1897 1926

9zc , 2 l z c , 3 7 d , 49d , 60gc , 63d 228gc, 229y, 2 30c , 2 3 4 y , 2 3 5 c , 2 3 5ml , 2 4 6 s , 246sy, 247s, 254s , 258k, 259k, 263k, 2 70u, 270r, 2 7 l u, 272u , 288u , 359m 52lr 520r , 5 2 l r , 568r , 6 1 3 r , 630u , 6 3 l r 6 1 3r , 630u , 6 3 l r

1 9 39 1959 1970 l a nguage 1897 20gc , 4 8 d literacy 1 9 2 6 1 7 3 gm l , 1 9 0 s , 2 0 4 k , 2 1 7 u m a r r i a g e , l e n g t h £!. 1 9 2 6 3 4 8 m l , 3 4 9 m l , 3 5 0m l n a t i o na l i t y 1 9 2 6 2 2 8 g c , 2 3 4 y , 2 3 4 gm , 2 3 5 c , 2 3 5 ml , 2 5 8 k , 2 6 3 k , 2 7 1 u 1959

568r ,

630u ,

63lr

1 89 7 1926

9z c , 1 4 gc , 2 0g c , 2 l z c , 35 d , 4 2 g , 48 d , 4 9d , 60 gc , 63 d 1 7 3gml , 1 90s, 204k, 2 1 7 u, 228gc, 2 29y, 230c, 234y, 2 3 4 gm , 2 3 5 c , 2 3 5 m l , 2 4 6 s , 2 4 6 s y , 2 4 7 s , 2 5 4 s , 2 5 8 k , 2 5 9 k , 263k, 2 70u, 2 70 r , 2 7 l u , 272u, 288u, 2 9 2 uml , 293y, 359m 52lr 520r , 5 2 l r , 5220 , 568r , 6 1 3r , 630u , 6 3 l r 6 1 3r , 630u , 6 3 l r 722r

1 9 7 0 630u , 6 3 l r o c c u pa t i o n , po s i t i o n iE_ 1 9 2 6 1 7 3 gm l , 1 9 0 s , 2 0 4 k , 2 1 7 u , 2 2 9 y , 2 3 0 c , 2 3 4 y , 2 3 4 gm , 2 3 5 c , 2 3 5 m l , 2 4 7 s , 2 5 9 k , 2 6 3 k , 2 7 2 u , 2 9 2 um l , 2 9 3 y o c c u pa t i o n s 1897 60gc , 63d 1 9 2 6 1 9 0 s , 2 0 4 k , 2 1 7 u , 2 9 2 um l

1 939 1959 1970 1979 s o c i a l .8£.2.!!..P. 1 8 9 7 1 4 gc , 4 2 g ur ban-r ural 1897 9 z c , 1 4 gc , 2 0 g c , 2 l z c , 3 7 d , 42 g , 4 8 d , 49 d 1 9 2 6 1 90 s , 2 0 4 k , 2 2 8 g c , 2 3 4 y , 2 3 4 gm , 2 4 6 s , 2 4 6 s y , 2 4 7 s , 2 5 4 s , 2 5 8 k , 2 5 9 k , 2 6 3 k , 2 7 0 u , 2 7 0 r , 2 7 2 u , 2 8 8 u , 2 9 2 um l 1959 520r , 5200 , 6 1 3 r

292

Index and Guide

1970 6 1 3r 1979 722r MA R R I E D ( s e e M A R I TA L S T A TU S ) M E A N S OF L I V EL I HO O D ---S 1 1 e n t r i e s 1 9 2 6 2 4 5 y , 2 4 5 g c , 2 5 5 s , 269k , 289u , 3 9 9ml 1 939 535r 1 9 5 9 534r , 535r , 5360 , 53 7 r , 580u , 646r 1970 645r , 646r , 647r , 679r , 7 1 5 u , 726r 1979 7 1 5 u , 725r , 726r , 742r , 743r , 75lr , 752r a b l e - b o d i e d ge s 1959 53 o , 5 3 7 r mothe r s 1970 679r sex 1 9 2 6 2 4 5 y , 2 4 5 gc , 2 5 5 s , 269k , 2 8 9 u , 39 9ml 1 939 535r 1959 534r , 535r , 5360 , 580u , 646r 1 9 70 645r , 646r , 647r 1979 742r , 743r , 7 5 l r , 752r s o c i a l .8.!.2.!!.l!. 1970 647r ur ban-r ural 1926 245gc , 25Ss , 269k , 289u 1 9 5 9 534r , 5360 , 537r , 580u , 646r 1970 645r , 646r , 647r , 679r , 726r 1979 725r , 726r , 7S l r , 752r M E N T A L I LL N E S S ( s e e P H Y S I C A L L Y H A N D I C A P P E D ; a l l 1 9 2 6 e n t r i e s l i sted there al so contain data on mental i l l ness) MENTAL LABOR ( s e e LABOR ) MIGifii.TI O N ( s e e a l s o B I RTH , P L A C E OF ; R E S I D E N C E , LENGTH OF ) all entries �- 1 9 7 0 6 5 8 r , 6 5 9 r e , 6 6 0 0 , 6 6 1 0 , 6 6 2 r e , 6 6 3 r e , 6 6 4 u a b l e - b o d i e d a ge s 1970 663re city and sett lement size 1970 662re nationa l i t y 1970 664u

6

1970 659re , 6600 , 664u urban-rural 1970 659re , 6600 , 662re , 663re , 664u MORT A L I T Y 1959 58lu MOSCOW ( ta b l e s w i t h g e o g r a p h i c c o d e " m " ) 1897 census 7 2m , 7 3m 1926 census 1 2 l s y m l , 1 2 3 s gm l , 1 2 4 s g m l , 1 2 5 s gm l , 1 2 6 s g ml , 1 3 2 s z m l , 1 3 2 s g m l , 1 7 2 g ml , 1 7 3 g m l , 1 7 3 g m l , 1 7 9 m l , 1 8 0 gm l , 1 8 2 m , 2 3 l gm l , 2 3 3 gm l , 2 3 4 gm , 2 3 5 m l , 2 3 6 m , 2 3 7 m l c , 2 3 8 g m l , 2 3 9 g m l , 2 4 0 g m l , 2 4 2 gm l , 2 5 2 s g m l , 2 8 l gm l , 2 9 2 um l , 2 9 4 um l , 3 0 4 um l , 3 0 5 um l , 3 0 6 um l , 3 0 7 u m l , 3 0 8 u m l , 3 0 9 u m l , 3 1 0 u m l , 3 l l um l , 3 3 l y m l , 3 3 2 yml , 335ml , 336ml , 3 3 7 ml , 3 3 8ml , 3 3 9ml , 340ml , 3 4 l ml , 342ml , 343ml , 344ml , 345ml , 346ml , 347ml , 3 4 8 m l , 3 4 9 m l , 3 5 0m l , 3 5 l m l , 3 5 3 s k b g m l , 3 5 4 s k b y m l , 3 5 5 s k b yml , 3 5 6 s k b yml , 3 5 7 s k bgml , 3 5 8 s k b y m l , 359m, 3 6 0 m , 3 7 8 m l c , 3 8 3 s �� l , 3 9 8 m l , 3 9 9 m l , 4 0 0 m l , 4 0 l m l , 402ml , 403ml MOTH E R S � entries 1 9 2 6 34 5ml , 348ml

293

Keyword Index

!!.&!.

1970 1979

6 7 5 r , 678r , 679r , 680r 7 3 7 r , 7 38r , 739r , 740u

1970 675r c h i l d r e n ( s e e a l s o MOTH E R S , c h i l d r e n e v e r bo r n ) 1 9 2 6 345ml , 348ml 1970 675r , 678r , 679r , 680r children ever born 1 9 7 9 737 r-;--738 r , 7 3 9 r , 7 4 0 u education 1970 680r 1 979 739r m a r r i a g e , !!.&!. a t 1 9 2 6 348ml , 3 5 l ml means of livel ihood 1970 679r nationa l i t y 1 9 7 9 7 40 u social � 1 9 2 6 348ml 1970 678r ur ban-r ural 1970 675r , 678r , 679r , 680r NAT I ON A L I T Y !!.!.!. e n t r i e s 1 8 9 7 n o n a t i o n a l i t y d a t a ( s e e LANGUAGE , NAT I V E ) 1 9 2 6 1 05 g c , 1 09 g c , 1 1 0 g c , l l l k g c , 1 1 2 z v c , 1 1 3 z v c , 1 1 9 s , 1 2 0 s , 1 2 3 s g m l , 1 2 4 s gml , 1 3 2 s gm l , 1 3 8 k , 1 4 0 k , 1 4 4 k g , 1 4 7 k , 1 4 8 k , 1 4 9 k , 1 5 0 k , 1 5 8 u , 1 5 9 u , 1 6 2 r , 1 60 u , 1 7 0 u , 1 7 l u , 1 7 2 gm l , 1 7 8 g , 1 7 9 m l , 2 0 l k , 2 1 0 k , 2 2 8 g c , 2 3 l y , 2 3 l gm l , 2 3 4 y , 2 3 4 g m , 2 3 5 c , 2 3 5m l , 2 4 0 g m l , 253s, 258k , 26Gk, 263k, 264k, 2 7 l u, 287u, 367d, 368d, 369 r , 3 7 l g , 3 7 2 u , 3 7 3 y , 3 7 5 g , 3 8 2 s , 3 8 3 s g , 384b , 395u , 396g 1 939 569r 1959 562 r , 563ran , 5640, 565r, 566u, 566s, 568r, 569r, 5 70u, 5 7 0 s , 5 7 9 u , 6 2 2 u , 6 2 3 r , 6 2 4 a , 630u , 63 l r , 632ran, 635r, 758u 1970 622u, 623r , 624a, 625r, 6250, 6260, 630u, 63 l r , 632ran, 633u, 634r, 635r, 636r , 664u, 673r , 674an, 7 1 3u, 756u, 757u, 758u 1979 7 1 3u, 7 1 4r, 7200, 7 2 l r , 735u, 740u, 756u, 757u, 758u --

1926

1 0 9 g c , l l Og c , l l l k g c , 1 1 3 z v c , 1 4 7 k , 1 4 8 k , 1 4 9 k , 1 50 k , 1 5 9 k , 1 6 9 u , 1 7 0 u , 1 7 l u , 2 2 8 g c , 2 3 l y , 2 3 4 y , 2 3 5ml , 2 5 8 k , 2 6 0 k , 2 6 3 k , 2 7 1 u 566u , 566s , 5 68 r , 5 70u , 5 70s , 630u , 6 3 l r 630u , 6 3 l r , 633u , 634r

1959 1970 education 1939 569r 1 9 5 9 569r , 5 70u , 570s , 632ran , 635r , 758u 1 970 632ran , 633u , 634r , 635r , 636r , 758u 1979 758u fami l y s i z e 1959 579u 1 9 70 6 7 3 r , 6 74an 1 979 735 u , 748r l a n gu a ge , n a t i v e 1 9 2 6 1 0 5 gc , 1 0 6 g c , l l l k g c , 1 1 9 s , 1 2 0 s , 1 3 8 k , 1 5 0 k , 1 58 u , 1 5 9 u 1959 562r , 5640 , 566u , 566s , 622u 1970 622u , 625r , 6250 1979 7 1 3 u , 7200

1 40k,

1 4 9k,

294

Index and Guide l a n gu a g e , 1970 1979 l iteracy 1926

second 622u , 625r , 6250 1 7 1 3 u , 757u 7 1 3u , 7 2 00 1 7 5 7 u

105gc, 106gc, 109gc, l l lkgc, 1 1 3zv c, 1 19s, 1 20s, 1 32 s gml , 1 38k, 1 40k, 1 47 k , 1 58u, 1 59u, 1 69 u , 1 7 1 u , 38 2 s , 383 s g , 384b , 395u , 3 9 6 g mar i t a l s t a t u s 1 9 2 6 ----z28gc , 2 3 4 y , 2 3 4 gm , 2 3 5 c , 2 3 5 m l , 2 5 8 k , 2 6 3 k , 2 7 1 u 1 9 5 9 568r , 630u , 63 1 r 1 970 630u , 6 3 1 r mothe r s 1979 740u o c c u pa t i o n , p o s i t i o n i n 1 9 2 6 1 7 2 gm l , 1 7 8 g , 1 7 9 m l , 2 0 l k , 2 1 0 k , 2 3 4 y , 2 3 4 g m , 2 6 3 k o c c u pa t i o n s 1 9 2 6 1 7 8 g , 1 7 9ml , 2 1 0k 1926

105gc, 106gc, 1 09gc, l l Ogc, l l l k g c , 1 1 2 z v c , 1 1 3zv c , 1 1 9 s , 1 20 s , 1 2 3 s gml , 1 3 2 s gml , 1 38 k , 1 40k, 1 4 3kg, 1 4 7 k, 1 48k , 1 49k, 1 50k, 1 58u, 1 59u, 1 69u, 1 70u, 1 7 1 u , 1 7 2 gm l , 1 7 8 g , 1 7 9ml , 2 0 l k , 2 1 0k, 2 2 8 g c , 2 3 l y , 2 3 1 g m l , 2 3 4 y , 2 3 4 gm , 2 3 5 c , 2 3 5 m l , 2 4 0 g m l , 2 5 3 s , 258k, 260k, 263k, 264k, 2 7 l u, 287u, 369r , 37 l g, 372u, 373y, 375g, 382s, 383sg, 384b, 395u, 396g 1 9 39 569r 1959 562r, 5640 , 566u, 566s, 568r , 569r , 630u, 6 3 1 r , 632ran, 635r 1970 62 5r , 6 3 0u , 63 1 r , 632ran, 635r, 636r, 664u, 757u 1979 757u urban- r u r a l 1 9 2 6 1 0 5 g c , 1 0 6 g c , 1 09 g c , l l O g c , l l l k g c , 1 1 3 z v c , 1 1 9 s , 1 20 s , 1 2 3 s gm l , 1 24 s gml , 1 3 2 s gm l , 1 38 k , 1 40k, 1 43 k g , 1 44kg , 1 4 7 k , 1 48k, 1 49k, 1 50k, 1 58u, 1 59u, 1 62 r , 2 0 1 k , 2 1 0 k , 2 2 8 g c , 2 3 1 y , 2 3 l g m l , 2 3 4 y , 2 3 4 gm , 2 3 5 c , 2 3 5 m l , 2 4 0 gm l , 2 5 8 k , 2 6 0 k , 2 6 3 k , 3 6 9 r , 3 7 1 g , 3 7 2 u , 373y , 396g 1 939 569r 1959 562r, 5640 , 566u, 566s, 569r, 570u, 570s, 579u, 632ran , 635r 1970 625r, 6250 , 632ran, 633u, 634r, 635r, 636r, 664u, 673r , 674an , 757u 1979 735u , 748r , 756u , 757u w o r k i n g p o pu l a t i o n 1 9 59 569r , 635r 1970 635r , 636r N O N - G A I N F U L L Y EM P L O Y E D ( n e a r l y a l l 1 9 2 6 c e n s u s e n t r i e s u n d e r GA I N F U L L Y E M P L O Y E D a l s o c o n t a i n d a t a o n n o n ­ gain f u l l y emp l o ye d , except for the number s b e l ow; s e e a l s o D E P E N DENT S ; M EA N S OF L I V E L I H OOD) all entries 1 9 2 6 236m , 4 1 3k OCCUPAT I ON , P OS I T I ON .!!! all entries 1 9 2 6 1 7 2 g c , 1 7 2 gm l , 1 7 3 gm l , 1 7 4 y , 1 7 5 y , 1 7 7 g c , 1 7 8 y , 1 7 8 g c , 1 7 8 g , 1 7 9m l , 1 8 0 g m l , 1 8 2 m , 1 8 2 y , 1 8 3 y , 1 8 4 y , 1 8 5 gc , 1 8 6 z , 1 8 7 s , 1 88 s y , 1 8 9 s g c , 1 89 s z , 1 9 0 s , 1 9 1 s , 192s, 1 93 s , 1 9 5 s , 196s, 1 98s, 1 99 s , 200s, 201k, 202ky , 203kgc, 204k, 205k, 206k, 207k, 209k, 2 1 0k, 2 1 2k , 2 1 3k , 2 1 4k, 2 1 5u , 2 1 6 r , 2 1 7 u , 2 1 8 u , 2 1 9u , 2 20u , 2 2 2 u, 2 2 3u, 2 2 5 u, 2 2 6 u , 2 2 7 u, 2 2 9 y , 2 3 0 c , 2 3 1 y , 2 3 1 gm l , 2 3 2 y , 2 3 3 y , 2 3 3 g m l , 2 7 7 u , 2 3 4 y , 2 3 4 gm , 2 3 5 c , 2 3 5m l , 2 3 6m , 2 3 7 m l c , 2 3 8 gm l , 2 3 9 c , 2 3 9 gm l , 2 4 7 s , 2 4 8 s , 2 4 8 s y , 2 4 9 s , 2 5 0 s , 2 5 l s , 2 5 l s y , --

Keyword Index

295

259k, 260k , 2 6 l k , 262k, 263k, 2 7 2 u, 2 7 4 r , 275u, 2 7 6 u , 2 7 9 r , 2 80 u , 2 8 l gm l , 2 8 4 r , 2 8 5 y , 2 9 2 um l , 2 9 2 u , 2 9 3 y , 2 9 4 um l , 3 3 0 u , 3 3 1 ym 1 , 3 3 2 y m l , 3 3 3 u , 3 3 3 y , 3 4 7 m l , 3 60 m , 3 9 8 m l , 3 9 9 m l , 4 0 0 m l , 4 0 l m l , 4 0 2 m l , 403ml , 406y, 4 0 7 c , 408g, 409y, 409 r , 4 1 2 r , 4 1 3 y , 414u 1926

1 7 3 gm l , 1 7 4 y , 1 7 5 y , 1 7 9 ml , 1 8 2 m , 1 8 2 y , 1 9 0 s , 1 9 l s , l9 2 s , 204k, 205k, 206k, 207k, 2 l7 u , 2 18u , 2 1 9u, 220u, 2 2 9 y, 2 3 0 c , 2 3 l y , 2 3 3 y , 2 3 4 y , 2 3 5ml , 2 3 6 m , 2 4 7 s , 2 5 0 s , 2 5 l s , 2 5 9 k , 2 60 k , 2 6 2 k , 2 7 2 u , 2 7 6 u , 2 7 7 u , 280u , 2 9 2 u , 2 9 3 y , 347ml , 4 0 l ml , 402ml a gr i c u l t u r e ( s e e a l s o t h e a l l e n t r i e s l i s t a b o v e ) 1926 l 74y, l 7 8 y , 184y, 1 9 2 s , 200s, 206k, 2 1 4k, 2 1 9u, 2 2 7 u , 2 2 9 y , 3 30u , 4 1 4u children 1 9 2 6 34 7ml literacy 1 9 2 6 1 7 3 gm l , 1 7 5 y , 1 9 0 s , 1 9 l s , 1 9 2 s , 1 9 3 s , 2 0 4 k , 2 0 5 k , 207k , 2 1 7 u , 2 1 8u , 2 20u , 40lml , 402ml mar i t a l s t a t u s 1 9 2 6 �ml , 1 9 0 s , 2 0 4 k , 2 1 7 u , 2 2 9 y , 2 3 0 c , 2 3 4 y , 2 3 4 gm , 2 3 5 c , 2 35ml , 2 4 7 s , 259k , 263k , 2 7 2 u , 2 9 2 uml , 2 9 3 y n a t i o na l i t y 1 9 2 6 1 7 2 gm l , 1 7 8 g , 1 7 9 m l , 2 0 l k , 2 1 0k , 2 3 4 y , 2 3 4 gm , 2 6 3 k p a r t - t i m e o c c u pa t i o n s 1 9 2 6 1 7 8 y , 1 7 8 gc , 1 7 9 ml , 1 8 0ml , 1 8 3 y , 1 8 4 y , 1 9 5 s , 1 9 6 s , 1 9 8 s , 1 99 s , 2 0 0 s , 2 0 9 k , 2 1 0k, 2 1 2k , 2 1 3k , 2 1 4k, 222u , 223u , 225u , 226u , 227u, 414u pe r s o n s l i v i n g a l o n e 1926 330u 1926

1 7 2 g c , 1 7 2 gm l , 1 7 3 gm l , 1 7 4 y , 1 7 5 y , 1 7 7 g c , 1 7 8 y , 1 78 g c , 1 7 8 g , 1 7 9ml , 1 80gml , 1 82m, 1 8 2 y , 1 85 g c , 186z, 1 8 7 s , 1 90s, 1 9 l s , 192s, 193s, 195s, 196s, 1 98 s , 20lk, 204k, 205k, 206k, 207k, 209k , 2 1 0k, 2 1 2k, 2 1 5 u , 2 1 7u, 2 1 8u, 2 1 9 u, 220u, 2 2 2u, 2 2 3 u, 2 2 5 u , 2 2 9 y , 2 3 0 c , 2 3 l y , 2 3 l g m l , 2 3 2 y , 2 3 4 y , 2 3 4 g m, 2 3 5 c , 2 3 5 m l , 2 3 6 m , 2 3 7 m l c , 2 3 8 gm l , 2 3 9 c , 2 3 9 g m l , 2 4 7 s , 248s , 248s y , 249s , 2 5 l s , 2 5 l s y , 259k , 260k, 2 6 l k , 263k , 2 7 2u, 274r, 2 7 5u, 276u, 279r, 280u, 2 9 2 um l , 2 9 2 u , 2 9 3 y , 2 9 4 um l , 3 3 0 u , 3 4 7 m l , 3 6 0 m , 398ml , 399m l , 400ml , 4 0 l ml , 402ml , 403ml , 406y, 4 0 7 c , 4 08 g , 4 1 2 r , 4 1 3 y urban-rural 1 9 2 6 l 7 2 gc , l 7 3 gm l , l 7 7 g c , l 7 8 y , l 7 8 g c , 1 8 5 g c , 1 8 6 z , 1 8 7 s , 1 89 s g c , 1 90 s , 1 9 3 s , 1 9 5 s , 1 9 6 s , 1 98 s , 2 0 l k , 204k, 20 7 k , 209k, 2 1 0k, 2 1 2 k , 2 1 5u, 2 1 7 u , 2 2 0 u , 2 2 2 u , 2 2 3 u , 2 2 5 u , 2 3 2 y , 2 3 3 y , 2 3 3 gml , 2 3 4 y , 2 3 4 gm, 2 3 5 c , 2 3 5 ml , 2 3 7 m l c , 2 4 7 s , 2 4 8 s , 2 4 8 s y , 2 4 9 s , 2 5 0 s , 2 5 l s , 2 5 l s y , 259k, 26lk, 262k, 263k, 2 7 2 u , 2 74 r , 2 7 5 u , 2 7 6 u , 2 7 7 u , 2 7 9 r , 2 8 0 u , 2 9 2 um l , 2 9 4 um l , 4 0 6 y , 4 09 r , 4 1 2 r OCCUPAT I O N S all e n t r i e s 1897 24 g , 2 5 z c , 2 6 z c , 2 7 z , 52 u , 52 d , 53 g , 5 3d , 54 u , S S d , SS g , 5 8y , 58 gc , SB z , 5 9g c , 6 0g c , 6 l d , 62 gc , 6 3d , 64 d , 6 5 g c , 8 3 d , 84 g 1 9 2 6 1 7 4 y , 1 7 5 y , 1 7 7 gc , 1 7 8 y , 1 7 8 g c , 1 7 8 g , 1 7 9 ml , 1 80gml , 1 8 l gc , 1 82m, 1 8 2 y , 1 83 y , 1 84 y , 1 9 0 s , 1 9 l s 1 9 2 s y , 1 9 2 s , 1 9 3 s , 1 94 s , 1 9 6 s , 1 9 7 s , 198s, 1 9 9 s , 2 0 0 s , 204k, 2 0 5 k , 206k, 2 0 7 k , 208k, 2 lOk , 2 l l kyc, 2 1 2k, 2 1 3k , 2 1 4k, 2 1 7 u, 2 1 8u, 2 1 9u, 220u, 2 2 l u, 2 2 3 u , 2 2 4 u , 2 2 5 u , 2 2 6 u , 2 2 7 u , 2 3 7 m l c , 2 9 2 u , 2 9 2 uml ,

296

Index and Guide

1939 1959

�

1970 1979

330u, 4 1 4u, 555r , 550r, 56 l r , 65lr , 733u ,

360m , 557r 556r, 55lr , 65lr, 65 2r , 753r ,

3 9 9m l , 4 0 0m l , 4 0 2 m l , 4 0 3m l , 4 l l s k y , 56 l r 552r, 553r, 554r, 555r, 556r, 557r, 652r, 657r 65 3r , 654r, 657r, 7 3 3u, 753r, 754r 754r

1897 1926

2 4 g , 5 2 u , 5 8 y , 60gc , 6 l d , 6 3 d , 6 4 d , 6 5 gc l 7 4 y , l 7 5 y , l 7 9 m l , 1 8 2 m , 1 8 2 y , 1 90 s , 1 9 l s , 1 9 2 s y , 193s, 194s , 204k, 205k, 206k, 207k, 208k, 2 1 7u, 2 1 8u , 2 1 9u , 220u , 2 2 l u , 247s , 292u , 402ml 1959 550r , 5 5 l r 1970 654r agr iculture ( see also the a l l e n t r i e s l i s t above ) 1897 27z , 55d , 55g , 62gc , 63d , 64d 1926 l 7 4 y , l 7 8 y , 1 8 l gc , 1 84 y , 192s, 192sy, 194s, 1 9 7 s , 2 00 s , 2 0 6 k , 2 0 8 k , 2 l l k y c , 2 1 4 k , 2 1 9 u , 2 2 l u , 2 2 7 u , 330u , 4 1 4 u 1 9 5 9 553r , 554r education 1 9 39 5 6 l r 1959 56l r , 657r 1970 657r , 733u , 753r , 754r 1979 733u , 753r , 754r language , n a t i v e 1 8 9 7 26zc , 54u literacy 1897 6 l d , 64d , 65gc 1926 1 74y, 1 7 5 y , 190s, 1 9 l s , 192s, 192sy, 193s, 204k, 205k , 2 06 k , 2 07 k , 2 1 7 u , 2 1 8 u , 2 1 9 u , 4 0 2 m l ma r i t a l s t a t u s 1 8 9 7� , 6 3 d 1 9 2 6 1 9 0 s , 2 0 4 k , 2 1 7 u , 2 9 2 um l n a t i o na l i ty 1 9 2 6 1 7 8 g , 1 7 9ml , 2 1 0k pa r t - t i m e 1897 27z , 55d , 55g 1 9 2 6 1 78 y , 1 7 8 gc , 1 7 9ml , 1 80gml , 1 8 3 y , 1 8 4k, 1 9 6 s , 1 9 8 s , 1 9 9 s , 200s, 2 1 0k, 2 1 2k, 2 1 3k, 2 1 4k, 223u , 225u, 226u, 227u, 414u pe r s o n s l i v i n g a l o n e 1926 330u

24 g , 25 z c , 2 6 z c , 27 z , 52 u , 52 d , 53 g , 5 4 u , 55 d , 5 8 y , 58gc , 60g c , 6 l d , 6 2 g c , 6 3 d , 64d , 6 5 g c 1926 1 7 4 y , 1 7 5 y , 1 7 7 gc , 1 7 8 y , 1 7 8 g , 1 7 8 g c , 1 7 9ml , 1 80gml , 1 8 l gc , 1 82m, 1 82 y , 1 90 s , 1 9 l s , 1 9 2 s , 1 9 2 s y, 193s, 1 94s , 196s, 1 9 7 s , 198s, 204k, 205k, 206k, 207k, 208k, 2 10k, 2 l l ky c , 2 1 2k , 2 1 7 u, 2 1 8u , 2 1 9u, 2 2 0 u , 2 2 l u , 2 2 3 u , 2 2 4 u , 2 2 5 u , 2 3 7 m l c , 2 9 2 u , 2 9 2 um l , 3 3 0 u , 3 6 0 m , 3 9 9 m l , 4 0 0m l , 4 0 2 m l , 4 0 3 m l , 4 l l s k y 1939 555r , 556r 1959 550r , 55l r , 553r , 554r , 555r , 556r , 652r urban-rural 1897 2 5 z c , 2 6 z c , 5 2 d , 53d , 58 y , 58 gc , 83d , 84g 1 9 2 6 l 7 7 g c , l 7 8 y , l 7 8 g c , 1 8 l g c , 1 90 s , 1 9 3 s , 1 9 4 s , 1 9 6 s , 1 9 7 s, 1 9 8 s , 204k, 207k, 208k, 2 1 0k, 2 1 l k y c , 2 1 2k, 2 1 7 u , 2 2 0 u , 2 2 l u , 2 2 3 u , 2 2 4 u , 2 2 5 u , 2 3 7 m l c , 2 9 2 um l , 4 l l sky w o m e n ( s e e a l s o OCCUPAT I O N S , s e x ) 1 939 556r 1959 55l r , 554r , 556r , 652r 1 9 70 652r 1897

--

Keyword Index

297

P A R T - T I ME OCCUPAT I O N S ( s e e OCCUPA T I ON S , p a r t - t i me ; s e e a l s o OCCUPAT I O N , P O S I T I O N I N , p a r t - t i me ) P E R S O N S L I V I NG A L O N E a l l eii't'ries 1897 Sze , 33g 1 9 2 6 3 0 4 r , 3 0 4 um l , 3 0 S r , 3 0 S um l , 3 0 6 r , 3 0 6 um l , 3 0 7 r , 3 0 7 uml , 3 1 2 y c , 3 1 3 y c , 3 1 4 y c , 3 1 S y c , 3 2 l g c , 3 2 3 y c , 3 2 4 y c , 3 2 S y c , 3 2 6 y c , 3 3 0 u , 3 3 l y m l , 3 3 2 y ml , 3 3 4 r 1 939 S73r 1 9S9 S7 l o , S73r , S76r , S77r , 667r 1 9 7 0 66Sr , 6660 , 667 r , 677r ��-

�-

1 9 S9 S76r 1970 677r agr i c u l t u r e 1 9 2 6 3 3 0 u , 3 3 l yml , 3 3 2 ym l o c c u pa t i o n , po s i t i o n .!.!!. 1 9 26 330u o c c u pa t i o n s 1926 330u 1897 1926 1939 19S9 1 9 70

Sze , 33g 3 30 u , 3 3 l ym l , 3 3 2 yml S73r S7 l o , S73r , S77r , 667r 66Sr , 667r , 677r

� .8.!2.!!.P. 1926

3 0 4 r , 3 0 4 um l , 3 0 S r , 3 0 S um l , 3 0 6 r , 3 0 6 um l , 3 0 7 r , 307uml , 3 1 2yc , 3 1 3yc , 3 1 4yc , 3 1 Sy c , 334r 19S9 S77r urban-rural 1897 Sze , 33g 1939 S73r 19S9 S7 l o , S73r , S76r , S77r , 667r 1970 66Sr , 6660 , 667r , 677r P H Y S I C A L LABOR ( s e e LABOR ) PHYS I C A L L'f"li'A'ND I C A PPED ( a l l 1 9 2 6 e n t r i e s a l s o c o n t a i n d a t a o n mental illness ) all entries 1 8 9 7 2 l z c , 2 2 z c , 23zc , 49d , SOd , S l g 1 9 2 6 2 4 0 z c , 240gm l , 2 4 l g c , 2 4 2 gml , 2 4 2 y , 2 4 3y , 244gc, 2 4 S y , 2 4 S g c , 2 S 2 s gml , 2 S 3 s , 2 S 4 s , 2 S S s , 2 S 6 s , 2 S 7 s , 2 6 4 k , 2 6 S k , 2 6 6 k , 2 6 7 k , 2 68k, 2 6 9 k , 2 8 6 r , 2 8 7 u , 288u, 289u, 290u, 2 9 l u 1897 2lzc, 49d 1926 243y , 244gc , 2 S 4 s , 26 7k , 268k , 288u b i r t h , p l a c e ill r e s i d e n c e , p l a c e o f 1 9 2 6 2 4 2 gm l , 2 4 2 y , 2 S 7 s , 2 6 6 k , 2 9 l u � of disability 1 9 2 6 2 4 l gc , 2 S 6 s , 2 6 S k , 2 9 0 u f o r e i gn e r s 1897 23zc , Slg ga i n f u l l y e m p l o y e d / n o n - ga i n f u l l y e m p l o y e d 1926 24Sy , 2SSs , 269k , 289u l a nguag e , n a t i v e 1 8 9 7 2 2 z c , SOd literacy 1 9 2 6 2 4 4 gc , 2 S 4 s , 2 6 8 k , 2 8 8 u mar i t a l s t a t u s 1 8 9 7 2TZC , 4 9 d 1 9 2 6 2 S4 s , 2 8 8 u mean s o f l i ve l ihood 1926 24Sy , 2SSs , 269k , 289u --

298

Index and Guide nationality 1926 240gml , 253s , 264k , 287u 1897 1926

2 1 zc , 240zc, 245y, 26Sk, 289u ,

!2..£.itl �

22zc , 23zc , 49d , SOd , S l g 2 4 0 g m l , 2 4 1 g c , 2 4 2 gm l , 2 4 2 y , 2 4 3 y , 2 4 4 g c , 2 5 2 s gml , 2 5 3 s , 2 5 4 s , 25Ss, 256s, 257s, 2 6 4 k , 2 6 6 k , 2 6 7 k , 2 68k, 2 69k, 2 8 6 r , 2 87 u , 288u, 290u , 2 9 l u

1897 23zc , S l g ur ban-r ural 1897 2 1 z c , 2 2 z c , 2 3 z c , 4 9 d , SO d , S l g 1 9 2 6 2 4 0 gm l , 2 4 2 y , 2 4 4 g c , 2 5 4 s , 2 5 S s , 2 5 7 s , 2 6 4 k , 2 6 6 k , 268k , 269k , 288u , 289u , 2 9 1 u P O P U L A T E D P L A C E S ( s e e S ETTLEMEN T S ) POPU LA T I O N ( e n t r i e s h e r e c o n t a i n p o p u l a t i o n b y a g e , s e x , o r u r b a n and rura l onl y; data for these factors for urban and r ural po pu lation also found under CITIES and S E T T L EM ENTS ; e n t r i e s t h a t c o n t a i n a n y o t h e r fac t o r s a r e found under those s u b j e c t he a d i n g s) 1897 6zc 1 9 2 6 1 30 s y , 1 6 7 r 1939 S l Sr 1959 S l Sr , 5 1 8 0 , 6 1 0r 1 9 7 0 6 1 0r r u r a l ( s e e a l s o POPULAT I ON , u r b a n - r u r a l ) --1 8 9 7 l g c , 8 8 g 1926 l O l z 1 0 2 v , 1 0 3 z , 1 1 6 s g , 11 7 s y , 1 56r 1959 S l Qr , S l l u , 5 1 2r , 5 1 40 1 9 7 0 6060 , 6070 1897

1 35ky,

1 36ky,

l SSr,

l g c , 2 z c , 4 z c , 6 z c , 3 0 g , 3 1 g , 3 2 g , 6 6 z , 6 7 g , 68 g c , 6 9 g , 7 0 1 , 7 2 m , 7 4 c , 7 6 c , 7 7 z , 7 8 g , 7 9 g c , 8 0 g , 86 g c 1926 104gc, 1 1 8sgc , 1 30sy, 1 3 7ky, 1 5 7 r , 1 6 7 r , 364g, 36Sg , 366c 1939 SOSr , 608r , 609r , 704u 1 9 5 9 5 0 3 0 , S O S r , 5 1 8 0 , 6 08 r , 6 09 r , 6 1 0 r , 7 0 4 u , 7 5 5 r 1 9 7 0 608 r , 609r , 6 1 0r , 6 3 7 r , 704u , 7 5 5 r 1 9 7 9 7 04 u , 7 5 5 r , 7 6 0 r u r b a n ( s e e a l s o POPULAT I O N , u r b a n - r u r a l ) ��-1 8 9 7 l g c , 3 l g , 6 6 z , 6 7 g , 6 9 g , 7 9 g c , 8 0 g , 8 7 g , 8 9 g c , 9 0 g c 1 9 2 6 l OO g , 1 0 3 z c , 1 0 4 g c , l l S s g , 1 1 7 s y , 1 1 8 s g c , 1 3 4 k y , 1 3 6 k y , 1 5 4 r , 1 5 6 r , 1 5 7 r , 3 5 6 g , s oa r 1939 507c , 508r 1959 507c , 508r , 5090 , 602oc , 603r 1970 602oc , 603r , 6040 u r b a n - r u r a l ( s e e a l s o POPULAT I O N , u r b a n a n d r u r a l ) 1 8 9 7 2 z c , 4 z c , 6 z c , 3 2 g , 7 7 z , 7 8 g , 8 l z , 8 2 g , 8 2 z , 7 00 u 1 9 2 6 1 1 4 s z , 1 30 s y , 1 3 3k g , 1 5 3 y , 1 6 7 r , 3 6 1 y , 3 6 2 z , 364g, S OOu , S O O r , SO l u , S O l r , 7 00 u 1 9 3 9 SOOu, SOOr , SO l u, SO l r , S O S r , 5050, 5060, 600r , 6 0 8 r , 6 09 r , 7 0 0 u , 7 0 1 r , 7 0 4 u 1 9 5 9 S O O u , S O O r , S O l u , SO l r , 5 0 3 0 , S O S r , S O S o , 5 0 6 0 , 5 1 8 0 , 6 00 r , 6 0 l o c , 6 0 8 r , 6 0 9 r ,. 6 1 0 r , 7 00 u , 7 0 l r , 704u, 755r 1 9 7 0 6 0 0 r , 6 0 1 o c , 608 r , 609 r , 6 1 0r , 6 3 7 r , 700u, 7 0 0 r , 701 r , 755r 1979 700u , 7 0 1 r , 7020 , 704 u , 755r , 759r POPULAT I ON D EN S I T Y 1897 2z , 30g 1926 1 1 4 s z , 1 3 3kg , 1 5 3y , 36 l y , 362z 1959 5020 , 504rc

Keyword Index

299

R A YO NS ( mi n o r a d m i n i s t r a t i v e d i v i s i o n s ) -1 9 2 6 l OO g , 1 1 5 s g , 1 34 k y , 1 5 4 r 1 9 59 5 1 3 0 1 9 7 0 6050 R EL I G I ON all entries 1897 3zc , 1 6zc , 18zc , 29zc , 44g , 46d , 5 7 d , 8 l z , 86gc 1897 29zc , 5 7 d l a nguage , n a t i v e 1897 18zc , 46d li teracy 1897 18zc , 46d s e t t l e me n t s o f 5 0 0 o r m o r e p op u l a t i o n

1 897

86gc --

-

--

1897 1 6zc , 18zc , 29zc , 44g , 46d , 57d ur ban-r ural 1 89 7 3 z c , 1 6 z c , 1 8 z c , 2 9 z c , 44 g , 46d , 5 7 d , 8 l z RENT ( s e e B U I L D I N G S ) �DE NC E , LENGTH OF ( s e e a l s o B I RTH , P L A C E OF ; M I G R AT I ON ) all entries 1 9 26 2 3 4 y , 2 3 4 gm , 2 3 5 c , 2 3 5 m l , 2 3 6m , 2 3 7m l e , 2 5 l s , 2 5 l s y , 2 6 3 k , 2 7 8 u , 2 7 9 r , 2 80 u , 2 9 4 u m l , 2 9 5 y 1979 74lr --

1926

2 3 4 y , 2 3 5 c , 2 3 5 m l , 2 3 6m , 2 5 l s , 2 6 3 k , 2 7 8 u , 2 8 0 u

1926 all entries ur ban-r ural 1 9 2 6 2 3 4 y , 2 3 4 gm , 2 5 l s , 2 5 l s y , 2 6 3 k , 2 7 8 u , 2 7 9 r , 2 8 0 u , 294uml , 295y 1979 74lr R U R A L S ETTLEMENTS ( s e e S E T T L EMENT S ) 'SEL'f:S U P P ORT I N G ( s e e G A I NFULLY EM P L O Y E D ; M EA N S OF L I V E L I HOOD; ON-G A I N FULLY EM PLOYED) S ET T L EMENT S ( s e e a l s o C I T I E S ) all entries -- 1 8 9 7 l g c , 8 5 gc , 8 6 gc , 8 8 g c , 9 0 g c 1 9 2 6 1 0 2 v , 1 0 3 z , 1 04 g c , l l 3 z v c , l 1 4 s z , l l 7 s y , l 1 8 s g c , 1 3 3 k g , 1 3 6 k y , 1 3 7 k y , 1 5 3 y , 1 5 6 r , 1 5 7 r , 3 0 4 um l , 3 0 5 u m l , 3 0 6 u m l , 3 0 7 um l , 3 0 8 u m l , 3 0 9 um l , 3 1 0 u m l , 3 l l um l , 3 5 2 s k b , 3 5 2 s k b y , 3 5 3 s k b y , 3 5 3 s k b g m l , 3 6 l y , 362z , 363y , 508r 1939 507c , 508r , 603r 1959 507c , 508r , 5090 , 5 1 0r , 5 l l u , 5 1 2 r , 602oc , 603r 1970 602oc , 603r , 6040 , 6070 , 662re r u r a l { s e e a l s o S E TTLEMENTS , a l l e n t r i e s ) 1897 lgc , 88g 1926 1 02 v , 103z, 1 1 3z v c , 1 1 4 s z , 1 1 7 s y , 1 3 3kg , 1 36ky, 1 53y , 1 56r , 36 1 y , 362z , 363y 1 9 5 9 5 1 0r , 5 1 1 u , 5 1 2 r 1 9 7 0 6070 � ( s e e a l s o S ETTLEMENT S , a l l e n t r i e s ) 1 8 9 7 l gc , 90gc 1 9 2 6 1 0 3 z , 1 04 g c , 1 1 3 z v c , 1 1 4 s z , 1 1 8 s g c , 1 3 3k g , 1 3 6 k y , 1 3 7 k y , 1 5 3 y , 1 5 6 r , 1 5 7 r , 3 0 4 u m l , 3 0 6 um l , 3 0 7 um l , 3 0 8 u m l , 3 0 9 u m l , 3 1 0 u m l , 3 1 1 um l , 3 5 2 s k b , 3 5 2 s k b y , 353skby , 353skbgml , 36 1 y , 362z , 363y , 508r 1 9 39 507c , 508r , 603r 1959 507c , 508r , 5090 , 602oc , 603r 1970 602oc , 603r , 604r , 662re

Index and Guide

300

S O C I A L G R O U P S ( f o r 1 9 2 6 s e e ma i n l y OCCUPAT I O N , P O S I T I O N I N ) --al l entrie s -- 1 8 9 7 3 z c , l O z c , 1 2 z c , 1 3 z c , 1 4 g c , 2 3 z c , 2 8 z c , 3 8 g , 4 0 g , 4 l d , 4 2 g , 5 l g , 5 6 d , 7 1 1 , 7 3m , 7 5 c 1 9 2 6 2 8 4 r , 2 8 5 y , 3 0 4 r , 3 0 4 u m l , 3 0 5 r , 3 0 5 um l , 3 0 6 r , 306uml , 307r , 307uml , 308r , 308uml , 309r , 309uml , 3 1 0 r , 3 1 0 u m l , 3 l l r , 3 l l um l , 3 1 2 y c , 3 1 3 y c , 3 1 4 y c , 3 1 5y c , 3 1 6y c , 3 1 7 y c , 3 1 8 y c , 3 1 9y c , 3 2 2 y c , 3 3 1 ym l , 3 3 2 y m l , 3 3 3 u , 3 3 3 y , 3 3 4 r , 3 3 4 g c , 3 3 5 m l , 3 3 6m l , 3 3 7 m l , 3 3 8 m l , 3 3 9 m l , 3 4 0m l , 3 4 l m l , 3 4 2 m l , 3 4 3m l , 3 4 4 m l , 3 4 5 m l , 3 4 6 m l , 3 4 7 m l , 3 4 8 m l , 3 4 9 m l , 3 5 0m l , 3 5 1 ml 1939 53lr , 543r , 544r 1 9 5 9 530r, 5 3 l r , 5320, 5 3 3 r , 538r, 540r, 54 1 u, 5 4 2 r , 543r, 544r, 5440, 553r, 554r, 577r, 578r , 638r, 6390, 640r, 6410, 642r, 643r, 6440, 649r 1970 638r , 6390, 640r, 6 4 1 0 , 64 2 r , 643r, 6440 , 647r, 648r, 649r, 672r, 678r, 729r 1 979 727r , 728r , 729r , 736u , 749r 1897 1926 1 959 education 1 897 1 939 1959 1970 1979 fami l y 1926

13zc , 4ld 3 3 5m l , 3 4 0m l , 3 4 1 m l , 3 4 2 m l , 3 4 3 m l , 3 4 4 m l , 3 4 6 m l , 347ml , 348ml , 35lml 54lu 13zc , 543r , 540r, 642r , 729r

4ld 544r 5 4 1 u, 542r, 543r, 643r , 6440 , 729r

3 0 4 r , 3 0 4 um l , 3 0 7 um l , 3 0 8 r , 316yc, 31 7yc, 3 3 5 m l , 3 3 6m l , 342ml , 34 3ml , 3 4 9 m l , 3 5 0m l , 577r , 578r 672r 736u , 749r

544r,

5440,

642r,

643r,

6440

3 0 5 r , 3 0 5 um l , 3 0 6 r , 3 0 6 um l , 3 0 7 r , 308uml , 3 1 2 y c , 3 1 3y c , 3 1 4y c , 3 1 5yc, 3 3 1 y m l , 3 3 2 y ml , 3 3 3 u , 3 3 3 y , 3 3 4 r , 337ml , 3 38ml , 339ml , 340ml , 3 4 l m l , 344ml , 345ml , 34 6ml , 347ml , 348ml , 351ml

1959 1 970 1979 labor 1959 553r , 554r l a ng u a g e , n a t i v e 1897 28zc , 56d l i teracy 1897 13zc , 4 l d mar i ta l s t a t u s 1 8 9 7 14gC , 4 2 g means of livelihood 1970 647r mothe r s 1 9 2 6 348ml 1 9 70 6 78r pe r s o n s l i v i n g a l o n e 1 9 2 6 3 0 4 r , W'4Um l , 3 0 5 r , 3 0 5 um l , 3 0 6 r , 3 0 6 um l , 3 0 7 r , 307 uml , 3 1 2y c , 3 1 3 y c , 3 1 4y c , � 1 5y c , 334r 1959 577r

---

--

1897 1926 1 939

l O zc , 1 2 z c , 1 3 z c , 1 4 g c , 2 3 z c , 2 8 z c , 3 8 g , 40 g , 4 l d , 42g , 5 1 g , 56d , 7 1 1 , 73m , 75c , 76c 3 3 l y m l , 3 3 2 ym l , 3 3 5 m l , 3 3 6 m l , 3 3 7 m l , 3 3 8 m l , 3 3 9m l , 3 4 0m l , 3 4 l m l , 3 4 2 m l , 3 4 3 m l , 3 4 4 m l , 3 4 6 m l , 3 4 7 m l 543r

Keyword Index

30 1

530r, 5320 , 538r, 540r, 54 l u, 5 4 2 r , 5 4 3 r , 5440, 553r , 554r , 5 7 7 r , 578r , 638r , 640r , 642 r , 643 r , 6440 1 9 70 638r , 640r , 642r , 643r , 6440 , 647r , 648r , 729r 1979 729r urban- r u r a l 1 8 9 7 3 z c , l O zc , 1 2 z c , 1 3 z c , 1 4 gc , 23 z c , 2 8 zc , 38 g , 4 0g , 4 l d , 42 g , 5 l g , 56d , 8 l z 1 93 9 543r 1959 530r, 538r , 540r, 542r, 543r, 5440, 577r, 578r, 638r , 640r, 642r, 643r, 6440 1 9 70 638r, 640r , 642r, 643r, 6440, 647r, 648r, 6 7 2 r , 678r , 729r 1979 727r , 728r , 729r , 736u , 749r wo r k i n g p o pu l a t i o n 1939 543r , 544r 1 9 5 9 533r, 538r , 542r, 543r, 544r, 640r, 64 1 0 , 643r, 6440 , 649r 1 9 70 640r , 64 1 0 , 643r , 6440 , 648r , 649r , 729r 1979 7 l l u , 728r , 729r S O U R C E O F I NCOME ( s e e MEANS O F L I V E L I H O O D ) SOVIETS(C o u n c i l s ) rural 1 9 2 6 l O l z , 1 02 v , 1 1 6sg , 1 35ky , 1 55r , 3 6 l y , 362z 1 959 5 1 40 1 9 70 6060 u r ban 1 9 2 6 l O Og , 1 1 5 s g , 1 3 4 k y , 1 5 4 r , 3 6 l y , 3 6 2 z U N EMPLOYMENT ( s e e a l s o OCCUPAT I O N , P O S I T I ON I N ) ill e n t r i e s 1 9 2 6 1 80gml , 1 8 5 g c , 1 95 s , 1 96 s , 1 98 s , 2 0 9 k , 2 1 0k, 2 1 2 k , 2 2 2 u , 2 2 3 u , 2 2 5 u , 2 9 2 u , 2 9 2 um l , 2 9 3 y , 2 9 4 um l , 2 9 5 y , 3 3 4 g c , 3 3 6m l , 3 4 0m l , 3 4 4m l , 3 4 5 m l , 3 4 6 m l , 3 5 9 m , 3 60m , 4 04 y , 4 0 5 c , 4 1 0 y , 4 l l s k y , 4 1 4 u 1959

--

��-

1 9 2 6 2 9 2 u , 2 9 3 y , 3 4 0 m l , 3 4 4ml , 3 4 6 m l , 3 5 9 m city � and size 1 9 2 6 2 9 2 um l , 2 9 4 um l fami l y � 1 9 2 6 3 3 6 ml , 3 4 0 m l , 3 4 4 m l , 3 4 5 m l , 3 4 6 m l length of 1 9 2 6 2 9 2 u , 2 9 2 uml , 2 9 3 y , 2 9 4 um l , 3 6 0 m mar i t a l s t a t u s 1 9 2 6�m l , 2 9 3 y , 3 5 9m o c c u pa t i o n , p r e v i o u s 1 9 2 6 1 8 0 g m l , 1 9 6 s , 1 9 8 s , 2 1 0k , 2 1 2 k , 2 2 3 u , 2 2 5 u , 2 9 2 um l , 3 6 0m , 4 1 4 u 1926

292u,

1 80gml , 1 9 5 s , 1 9 6 s , 1 98 s , 209k, 2 1 0k, 2 1 2k, 2 2 2 u, 2 2 3 u , 2 2 5 u , 2 9 2 u , 2 9 2 um l , 2 9 3 y , 2 9 4 u m l , 2 9 5 y , 3 4 0 m l , 3 4 4ml , 3 4 6 m l , 3 5 9 m , 3 6 0 m , 4 0 4 y , 4 0 5 c , 4 l l s k y

s o c i a l .&!.£!!.P. 1 9 2 6 3 3 6m l , 3 4 0 m l , 3 4 4 ml , 3 4 5 m l , 3 4 6 m l � of 1 9 2 6 1 8 5 g c , 2 9 2 um l , 2 9 3 y u r ban-rural 1926 1 85gc, 1 9 5 s , 1 96s, 1 98s, 209k, 2 1 0k, 2 1 2k, 2 2 2 u , 2 2 3 u , 2 2 5 u , 2 9 2 um l , 2 9 4 um l , 4 0 4 y , 4 1 0 y , 4 l l s k y U R B A N SETTLEMENTS ( s e e SETTLEMENTS ) VOLOST ( g e o g r a p h i c c o d e " v " f o r v o l o s t - l e v e l data ) 1926 1 02 v , 1 1 2zvc , 1 1 3zvc V O L O S T ( n umb e r o f ; p o p u l a t i o n- s i z e g r o u p s ) 1 9 2 6 l OO g , l O l z , 1 0 2 v , 1 1 5 s g , 1 1 6 s g , 1 5 4 r WATER SUPPLY ( s e e B U I L D I N G S , wa t e r s u p p l y )

302

Index and Guide

WOMEN ( s e e a l s o M OT H E R S a n d t h e s u b c a t e g o r y s e x) all entries 1 9 2 6 2 3 3 gm l , 2 3 3 y , 2 5 0 s , 2 6 2 k , 2 7 7 u 1 9 39 556r 1959 55lr , 554r , 556r , 652r 1970 652r 1979 7 37 r , 738r , 7 39 r , 740u o c c u pa t i o n s 1 9 39 5 5 6 r 1959 55lr , 554r , 556r , 652r 1970 652r W O R K E R S ( s e e a l s o OCCUP A T I O N , P O S I T I ON I N ; O C C U P A T I ON S ; S OC I A L G R O U P S ; WOR K I N G POPULAT I ON ) � entries 1897 59gc , 60gc , 6 l d , 62gc , 63d , 64d , 65gc 1 9 2 6 1 7 4y , 1 76y l , 1 80gml , 1 94 s , 1 98 s , 206k, 208k, 2 1 2k , 2 1 9 u , 2 2 l u , 2 2 5 u , 2 3 3 y , 2 3 3 gm l , 2 5 0 s , 2 6 2 k , 2 7 7 u , 3 2 3 y c , 324yc, 325yc, 326yc, 3 2 7 y c , 328y c , 329yc, 3 3 2 yml a gr i c u l t u r e 1897 62gc , 63d , 64d 1926 1 74y , 1 76yl , 194s , 206k , 208k , 2 1 9u , 2 2 l u f a c t o r y- a n d -w o r k s i n d u s t r i e s , l i v i n g c o n d i t i o n s £.[ 1926 323yc , 324yc , 325yc , 326yc , 327yc , 328yc , 329yc W O R K I N G P OPULAT I ON � entries 1939 539r , 543r , 544r , 620ra , 709u , 7 1 0u , 7 l l u , 7 6 l u 1959 533r, 538r, 539r, 542r, 543r, 544r, 545r , 546r , 54 7 u , 5 6 9 r , 6 1 90 , 6 2 0 r a , 6 3 5 r , 6 4 0 r , 6 4 1 0 , 6 4 3 r , 6 4 4 0 , 6 4 9 r , 7 09 u , 7 1 0 u , 7 1 l u , 7 1 2 r a , 7 6 l u 1 9 7 0 6 1 90, 620ra , 6 3 5 r , 6 3 6 r , 640r, 641 o, 6 4 3 r , 6440, 648r , 649 r , 676r, 708u, 709u, 7 1 0u , 7 1 l u , 7 1 2 r a , 72 9r , 73 2r , 750r, 753r, 754r, 76lu 1 9 7 9 7 0 8 u , 7 09 u , 7 1 0 u , 7 l l u , 7 1 2 r a , 7 1 9 0 , 7 2 8 r , 7 2 9 r , 7 3 0r , 7 3 2 r , 7 5 0 r , 7 5 3 r , 7 5 4 r , 7 6 l u

---

--

1959 545r e c o nomy , s e c t o r s of 1939 539r 1959 538r , 539r , 1970 648r , 649r 1979 730r e d ucation 1939 543r , 544r , 1959 542r, 543r, 635r, 643r , 1 9 7 0 6 1 90 , 620ra, 7 1 0u, 7 l l u , 76lu 1979 708u, 709u , 7 3 2 r , 7 50r , n a t i o na l i t y 1959 569r , 635r 1970 635r , 636r 1939 1959

1979

539 r , 5 38 r , 6190, 6 1 90, 7 10u , 7 10u ,

1939

543r , 544r

1970

�

.8.!..2.!!..P.

545r , 546r , 547 u , 649r

6 2 0ra , 709u , 7 1 0u , 7 1 l u , 7 6 l u 544r, 546r, 547 u , 569r, 6 1 90 , 6440, 709u, 7 10u, 7 l lu, 7 1 2ra, 6 3 5 r , 6 3 6 r , 6 4 3 r , 6 4 4 0 , 7 08 u , 7 1 2ra , 729r, 7 3 2 r , 750r, 753r, 7 1 0u, 7 l l u , 7 1 2 r a , 753r , 754r , 76lu

543r , 620ra , 539r, 542r, 620ra , 635r , 620ra, 635r, 7 2 9 r , 7 50r 7 2 9 r , 7 50r

7 190,

729r,

620ra, 76lu 709u, 754r, 730r,

7 10u 543r, 545r, 546r, 547u , 569r, 640r , 643r , 6440 , 7 1 0u 636r, 640r, 643r, 6440 , 648r,

Keyword Index 1959

533r, 6440 , 1 9 7 0 640r , 1 9 79 728r , ur ban-rural 1939 543r , 1959 538r, 643r , 1970 6 1 90, 6 76r , 1979 7 1 1 u ,

538r , 542r, 543r, 544r, 640r, 64 10, 649r 6 4 1 0 , 643r , 6440 , 648r , 649r , 729r 729r

303 643r,

620ra , 7 1 1 u 542r , 543r, 569r, 6 1 90, 620ra, 635r, 640r, 6440 , 7 l l u 6 2 0ra , 6 3 5 r , 6 3 6 r , 640r, 643r, 6440, 648r, 7 1 1 u , 7 2 9 r , 7 50r 7 2 8 r , 7 2 9 r , 7 5 0r

A L L T A B L E S W I T H 1 9 3 9 DATA

�- �c ensu s�� �� 500u , 500r, 515r , 521r, 539r , 543r, 569r, 573r, 1970 census 600r , 603r, 1 9 7 9 census 700u , 7 0 l r ,

5 0 1 r , 5 0 1 u , 505 r , 505 0 , 5060, 507c, 508 r, 524r, 5260, 528r, 529r , 5290, 53 l r , 535r, 544r , 548r, 549r, 555r, 556r, 560r, 561r, 575r 608 r , 609r, 6 1 7 r , 6 1 80 , 620ra, 704 u , 706u,

62 l r

709u, 7 1 0u, 7 l l u, 7 6 l u

304

Index and Guide G e o g r a p h i c U n i t s £!. t h e R u s s i a n a n d S o v i e t C e n s u s e s

E a c h e n t r y i n t h e l i s t o f C e n s u s T a b l e s i n c l u d e s i n f o r ma t i o n on th e g e o g r ap hi c u n i ts that ar e r e p r e se nt e d by i nd i v i d ua l ta b l e s . Th e pu r p o s e o f t hi s s e c t i o n i s t o ex p l ai n t h e m ea n i ng s o f t h o s e u n i t s , t o d e s c r i b e h o w t h e u n i t s c h a n g e f r o m o n e c e n s·us t o a n o t h e r , a n d t h e n t o p r o v i d e a l i s t o f a l l o f t h e ma j o r geographic units used in these censuses. T r a n s l i t e r a t i o n £!. p l a c e - n a me s . A l l o f t h e u n i t s l i s t e d i n t h i s s e c t i o n a r e d i r e c t t r a ns l i t e r a t i o n s o f the R u s s i a n p l a ce-name s , with two e x c e p t i o n s : USSR a n d M o scow are used instead o f SSSR and Mo s k v a b e c a u s e t h e y a r e u n i v e r s a l l y a c c e p t e d E n g l i s h e q u i v a l e n t s o f those wor d s . The a d j e c t i va l endings of al l pl ace-names hav e b e e n r e t a i n e d , s i n c e t h e r e i s no s i n g l e m e t h o d o f a n g l i c i z i n g t h e s e wor d s which i s unamb i guous i n a l l c a s e s . Al though many of t h e u s e r s o f t h i s g u i d e a r e p r o b a b l y a c c u s t o me d t o t h e L i b r a r y o f Congress system for Cyr i l l ic-Engl ish trans l iteration , the trans­ l i t e r a t i o n s u s e d h e r e a r e ba s e d o n t h e s y s t e m o f t h e U . S . B o a r d o n G e o g r a p h i c N a m e s b e c a u s e i t i s t h e mo s t a u t h o r i t a t i v e s y s t e m a n d t h e o n e mo s t w i d e l y r e c o g n i z e d i n o t h e r E n g l i s h - s p e a k i n g T h e on l y m o d i f i c a t i o n o f t ha t s y s t e m h e r e w a s t h e co un tr i e s. d r o p p i n g o f t h e s o f t s i g n a t t h e e n d o f t h e w o r d " o b l a s t ." A b b r e v i a t i o n s £!. r e g i o n a l u n i t s . The standard a b b r e v i a t i o n s of S o v i e t a dm i n i s t r a t i v e u n i t s w h i c h w e r e u s e d i n t h e s e l i s t s o r i n the tab l e e n t r i e s a r e the fo l lowi n g : SSR ( Sov i e t So c i a l i s t Repub­ lic or Union Republ ic) , RSFSR (Russian Soviet Federated Socia l i s t R e p u b l i c o r s i m p l y R u s s i a n R e p u b l i c ) , A S S R ( A u t o n o mo u s S o v i e t S o c i a l i s t R e p u b l i c ) , A O ( A u t o n o m o u s O b l a s t o r A u t o n om o u s O k r u g ) , NO ( Na t i on a l O kr ug ) , a n d g . ( g or od o r c i t y ) . C O !!!J!..!!.£1..!!..8. �i t � a m o n g c e n s u s e s . M a n y o f t h e u n i t s r e t a i n t h e i r p l ac e - name s o r e v e n t h e i r p o s i t i o n s i n t h e a d mi n i s t r a t i v e s t r uc ­ t u r e f r om o n e c e n s u s t o a n o t h e r . F o r e x a m p l e , t h e 1 9 2 6 c e n s u s contains a numb er of ASSR s (Bashki r s kaya , Yakutskaya , Da g e s t a n s k a y a ) w h i c h a r e a l s o f o u n d i n t h e u n i t l i s t s o f a l l s u b s e q u e n t c en s u s e s . T h e p r e s e nc e o f a un i t o f t h e s am e n am e i n tw o o r m o r e c e n s u se s , h o w e v er , d o e s n ot n e c e s s ar i l y mea n t ha t the t e r r i t o r i e s o f t h o s e u n i t s a r e a l so the same . The admi n i s tra­ t i v e s t r uc t u r e o f t h e S o v i e t U n i o n h a s b e e n r e o r g a n i z e d a n d u n i t boundar i e s hav e been changed so many times that there i s in fact litt l e comparab i l i t y between units in the 1926 census and those i n 1959, 1 9 70 , or 1 97 9 . Therefore, i t i s not possi b l e to compare th e s e un i t l i s t s a l o n e t o s e e i f a u n i t i s t he s a me f r om on e census to another . H o we v e r , b y c o m p a r i n g t h e a r e a o f a p a r t i c u ­ la r a d m i n i s t r a t i v e u n i t i n 1 9 5 9 ( e n t r y N o. 5 0 2 0 ) wi th i t s a r e a i n 1 9 7 0 o r 1 9 7 9 ( f r o m ! a r o d _!!£� k h �.!.!!.�� S S S R o f v a r i o u s y e a r s ) , o ne ca n e s t im a t e t he e x t e n t o f t er r i to r i a l c ha ng e an d t h u s t h e d e g r e e o f u n i t c o m p a r a b i l i t y a mo n g t h e t h r e e mo s t r e c e n t censuses . C o mp i l a t i o n £!. t h e u n i t l i s t s . T h e s e l i s t s w e r e t a k e n d i r e c t l y f r o m t h e v a r i o u s c e n s u s e s , w i t h o n l y m i n o r mo d i f i c a t i o n s . T h e o r d e r o f uni t s i n e a c h l i s t a n d t h e s p e l l i n g a r e t h e same a s t h e o r i g i n a l . T h e o r d e r o f un i t s p r e s e n t e d i n t h e c e n s u s t a b l e f r o m w h i c h t h i s l i s t wa s t a k e n , h o w e v e r , i s n o t n e c e s s a r i l y t h e s a m e E x p lana t i o n s o f a s that i n a l l o t h e r t a b l e s o f t h e same c e n s u s . r e g i o n a l u n i t s ( " R a y o n s u n d e r r e p u b l i c a u t h o r i t y" ) w h i c h a p p e a r i n the c e n s u s e s , as o p p o s e d t o ac t u a l p l a t e- na me s , w e r e t r a n s ­ la t e d . I n a f e w c a s e s , u n i t s t h a t w e r e c l e a r l y pa r t o f t h e c e n s u s b u t d i d n o t a p p e a r i n t h e ma i n l i s t o f c e n s u s u n i t s w e r e added .

The highest order uni t s o f the 1 8 9 7 census are r e f e r r e d to in t h i s gu i d e a s "ma i n d i v i s i o n s o f t h e R u s s i a n Em p i r e . " T he y a r e

Geographic Units

305

g i v e n b e l o w as t h e s e c t i o n t i t l e s . E i g h t y - n i n e g u b e r n i y a s a n d o b l a s t s , e a c h o f w h i c h h a s i t s o wn c e n s u s v o l u m e , ma k e u p t h e m a i n c e n s u s u n i t s . I n a d d i t i o n , f o u r o f t h e v o l ume s a r e a c t u a l l y t w o v o l u me s e a c h , o n e f o r a g u b e r n i y a a n d o n e f o r a l a r g e c i t y w i t h i n i t s b o r d e r s . T he s e c i t i e s ( M o s c o w , S . - P e t e r b u r g , O d e s s a , a n d V a r s ha v a ) a r e i n c l u d e d a s s e p a r a t e u n i t s whe n e v e r t h e c e n s u s giv es data by guberniya. Guberniyas and oblasts are d i v ided into ue zd s , w h i c h a r e t oo n um e r ou s t o l i s t he r e . M a n y o f t he 1 89 7 c e n s u s ta b l e s a l so g i v e d a t a f or o ne o r mo r e i nd i v i d ua l u r ba n s e t t l e me n t s o r c i t i e s i n e a c h u e z d . I n a d d i t i o n t o t h e s e 8 9 g u b e r n i y a s a n d o b l a s t s , s o me c e n s u s ta b l e s a l so gi v e d a t a fo r o t h er pa r t s o f t he em p i r e . Th e s e i n c l u d e t h e p o p u l a t i o n o f i n d i v i d u a l p r i n c i pa l i t i e s o f F i n l a n d , the Russian popul a t i o n o f Bukhar a , and the Russian popu l a t i o n o f K h i v a . Ta b l e s t h a t i n c l u d e t h e s e u n i t s a r e n o t e d i n t h e t a b l e list . E v r o p e y skaya Ros s i ya 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17 . 18. 19. 20 . 21 . 22 . 23 . 24 . 25 . 26 . 27 . 28 . 29 . 30 . 31 . 32 . 33 . 34 . 35 . 36 . 37 . 38 . 39 .

40 .

41 .

42 .

43.

Ar khang e l ' skaya guberniya ( 3 ) A s t r a kh a n s k a y a g u b e r n i y a ( 2 ) Bessarabskaya guberniya V i l e n s ka y a g u b e r n i ya ( 3 ) Vitebskaya guberniya ( 3 ) V l a d i m i r s ka y a g u b e r n i y a ( 2 ) V o l o g o d s ka y a g u b e r n i y a ( 2 ) V o l ynskaya g u b e r n i ya Voronezhskaya guberniya ( 2 ) V y a t s ka y a g u b e r n i ya Grodnenskaya guberniya Donskogo voyska oblast Y e k a t e r i n o s l a v s ka y a g u b e r n i ya Kazanskaya guberniya Kal uzhskaya guberniya ( 2 ) K i e v s k a y a g u b e r n i ya K o v e n s ka y a g u b e r n i y a K o s t romskaya guber n i ya K u r l y a n d s ka y a g u b e r n i y a K u r s ka y a g u b e r n i y a Liflyandskaya guberniya M i n s kaya g u b e r n i ya M o g i l e v s ka y a g u b e r n i y a G o r o d Mo s k v a ( 2 ) Moskovskaya guberni ya Ni zhegorod skaya guber n i ya ( 2 ) Novgorodskaya guberniya ( 2 ) O l o n e t s ka y a g u b e r n i ya ( 3 ) O r e n b u r g s ka y a g u b e r n i y a O r l o vskaya g u b er n i ya Penzenskaya guberni ya Permskaya g u b e r n i ya Podol ' skaya guberniya P o l t a v s k a y a g u b e r n i ya Pskovskaya guberniya ( 2 ) R y a z a n s k a y a g u b e r n i ya S a ma r s k a y a g u b e r n i y a G or o d S . - P e t e r b u r g ( 2 ) S . -P e t e r b u r g s ka y a g u b e r n i y a Saratovskaya guberniya Simbirskaya guberniya S mo l e n s ka y a g u b e r n i ya Ta v r i c h e s k a y a g u b e r n i y a T am b o v s k a y a g u b e r n i ya Tverskaya guberniya

306

Index and Guide

44 . 4S . 46 . 47 .

Tul ' skaya guberniya Ufimskaya guberniya ( 2 ) Khar ' k o vskaya g u b e r n i ya Gorod Odessa K h e r s o n s ka y a g u b e r n i y a 48 . C h e r n i govskaya g u b e r n i y a 49 . Estl yand skaya guberniya SO . Y a r o s l a v s k a y a o b l a s t

Privislyanskiye gubernii S l . G o r o d V a r s ha v a V a r s h a vskaya g u b e r n i ya S2 . Kali shskaya guberni ya S3 . K e l e t skaya guberni ya S 4 . L om z h i n s k a y a g u b e r n i y a S S . L y u b l i n s kaya g u b e r n i y a S6 . P e t r okovskaya g u b e r n i y a S 7 . P l o t s k a y a g u b e r n i ya S8 . Radomskaya guberniya S 9 . S u v a l k s ka y a g u b e r n i y a 60 . S e d l e t s k a y a g u b e r n i y a Kavkaz 61 . 62 . 63 . 64 . 6S . 66 . 67 . 68 . 69 . 70 . 71 .

Bakinskaya guberniya Dagestanskaya oblast Y e l i savetpol ' skaya guberniya Karskaya oblast ( 2 ) Kubanskaya oblast Kutaisskaya guberniya Stavropo l ' skaya guberniya Terskaya oblast T i f l i s skaya g u b er n i ya Chernomorskaya guberniya ( 3 ) E r i vanskaya g u b e r n i ya

Sibir ' 72 . 73 . 74 . 7S . 76 . 77 . 78 . 79 . 80 .

A m u r s ka y a o b l a s t ( 2 ) Yeniseyskaya guberniya Zabaykal ' skaya oblast Ir kutskaya guberniya P r i m o r s ka y a o b l a s t ( 3 ) O s t r o v Sakha l i n ( 2 ) Tobol ' skaya guberniya Tomskaya guberni y a Yaku t s kaya o b l a s t

Srednyaya Aziya 81 . 82 . 83 . 84 . 8S . 86 . 87 . 88 . 89 .

A kmo l i n s ka y a o b l a s t Za k a s p i y s k a y a o b l a s t Samar kandskaya oblast Semipalatinskaya oblast S e m i r e c h e n s ka y a o b l a s t S y r ' -Dar ' inskaya o b l a s t T u r g a y s ka y a o b l a s t Ural ' skaya oblast F e r g a n s ka y a o b l a s t

T h e c e n s u s v o l ume s f o r g u b e r n i y a s t h a t a r e ma r k e d � i t h a ( 2 ) w e r e p u b l i s he d i n t wo s e p a r a t e p a r t s o r t e t r a d y ; t h o s e m a r k e d wi t h a ( 3) w e r e p u b l i s h e d i n t h r e e s e p a r a t e t e t r a d y .

Geographic Units

307

The a dm i n i s t r a t i v e d i v i s i o n s of t h e 1 9 2 6 c e n s u s a r e c o n s i d e r ­ a b l y m o r e c o m p l e x. than t ho se of 1 89 7. N ot on l y i s t h e r e a se t o f u n i t s f o r n o r ma l a dm i n i s t r a t i v e p u r p o s e s , t h e r e i s a l s o a s e t o f e t h n i c u n i t s . T he c o un t r y i s d i v i d e d i n t o s i x u n i o n r e p u b ­ l i c s : R SF S R , B e l o r u s s k a y a S S R , U k r a i n s ka y a S S R , Z a ka v k a z s k a y a S F S R , U z b e k s ka y a S S R , a n d T u r k m e n s ka ya S S R . T h e s e ar e t h e hi gh e s t l e v e l ce n s us u n i t s . A l t ho ug h t he th r e e u n i t s i n t h e Zaka v ka z s k a y a S F S R a r e a l s o S S R s , t h e y a r e n o t i n c l u d e d i n t h i s l i s t o f u n i o n r e pu b l i c s . The r e f o r e , d a t a for these uni t s a r e n o t gi v e n in t ho se ca se s w h e r e t he c e n s u s gi v e s d a ta by un i o n republic . Bel ow the union r e p u b l i c s , the census g i v e s data b y a s e t o f r a y o n s , wh i c h a r e i n d e n t e d i n t h e f i r s t s u b h e a d i n g u n d e r e a c h u n i o n r e p u b l i c . T he s e s e c o n d - o r d e r un i t s i n c l u d e S S R s , A S S R s , ra y o n s , po d r ay on s ( s ub r e gi on s ) , k r ay s , a n d o b l as t s . N o t e t ha t " S S R" i s a t e r m a l s o a p p l i e d t o f i r s t - o r d e r u n i t s . Unit s at the Therefore, there third l ev e l al so incl ude ASSRs and podrayons. i s n o c o n s i s t e n t p a t t e r n b y w h i c h un i t s a r e c l a s s i f i e d a s s e c o n d ­ o r d e r u n i t s a s o p p o s e d t o t h i r d - o r d e r u n i t s o t h e r t h a n , p r e s uma­ b l y , b y s i z e o r i m p o r t a n c e . U n i o n r e p u b l i c s and r a y o n s e a c h ha v e a s e pa ra t e v o l um e o r p ar t o f a v o l um e f o r e a c h o f t h e f i r st t h r e e ot de l y o f t h e 1 9 26 c en s u s. T he t h i r d a n d l o w e r o r d e r u n i t s , which appear in the l i s t bel ow as the f i r s t or second subheading u n d e r e a c h r a y o n , a r e i n c l u d e d i n t h o s e r a y o n v o l u me s . T h e t h r e e numbers g i ven in the l i s t a f t e r each union republ i c and rayon are t h e r e s p e c t i v e v o l ume n u m b e r s f o r t h e f i r s t t h r e e o t d e l y o f t h e census . T h e t h i r d - o r d e r un i t s a r e r e f e r r e d t o i n t h e t a b l e e n t r i e s an d i n t he g eo gr a p h i c c o d e s i n t he i n d e x a s g ub e r n i ya s . M o s t o f the European RSFSR i s d i v i d e d into these uni t s . Out side of this a r ea , ho we v e r , m o s t o f t h e t h i r d - o r d e r u n i t s , wh i c h a r e e q u i v a ­ lent t o guberni yas, are cal l e d okrugs. Other third-order units a r e t he e t h n i c d i v i s i o n s A S S R a n d a u t o n o mo u s o b l a s t ( a v t o n o m n a ya oblast ) . --ro u r t h - o r d e r u n i t s a r e r e f e r r e d t o i n t h e t a b l e e n t r i e s a n d i n t he g eo g r a p h i c c o d e s i n t h e i nd e x as ue zd s . Th e s e u n i t s ar e t o o n u me r o u s t o o l i s t h e r e . M o s t o f t h e g u b e r n i y a s a r e d i v i d e d i n to u e z d s , a nd m o s t o f t he o th er t hi r d - o r d er u ni t s a r e d i v i de d i n t o e q u i va l e n t un i t s , w h i c h ha v e a w i d e v a r i e t y o f n a m e s . M a n y o k r u g s , i n c l u d i n g t h o s e i n U k r a i n s k a ya S S R , B e l o r u s s k a y a S S R , T u r km e n s k a y a S S R , a n d U z b e k i s t a n ( i n U z b e k s k a y a S S R ) , a r e d i v i d e d in t o " r a y o n y " ; s o m e M o s l e m e t h n i c u n i t s a r e d i v i d e d i n t o " k a n ­ tony"; o t h e r e t h n i c u n i t s a r e d i v i d e d i n t o " d a y r a" o r " v i d a y e t" ; a n d ma n y g u b e r n i y a - l e v e l u n i t s , e s p e c i a l l y t h o s e w h i c h a r e sparse l y populate d , hav e n o fourth-or der d i visions. Admi n i s tra­ t i v e d i visions below the uezd le ve l are referred to as v o l osts , a l th o u g h th e r e i s a a l so a w i d e v a r i e t y o f n am e s f o r t he s e f i f t h ­ o r d e r un i t s . T h e s o u r c e o f t h e f o l l o w i n g un i t l i s t i s t h e t a b l e r e p r e ­ s e n t e d b y e n t r y No . 3 64 . USSR ( 1 7 , 34 , 5 1 ) RSFSR ( 9 , 1 6 , 43 ) S e vero-Vostochnyy rayon ( or S e ve r n y y rayon ) ( 1 , 1 8 , 3 5 ) Ar khangel ' skaya guberniya V o l o g o d s k a y a g u b e r n i ya Iomi ( Zyr yanskaya ) a v t onomnaya o b l a s t S e v e r o -D v i n s ka y a g u b e r n i y a Leningra dskaya oblast i Avtonomnaya Iarel ' skaya respubl ika ( o r L e n i n g r a d s ko - I a r e l ' s k i y r a y o n ) ( 1 , 1 8 , 3 5 ) Iar e l ' skaya ASSR Leningrad skaya guberniya

308

Index and Guide

M u r ma n s ka y a g u b e r n i y a Novgorodskaya guberniya Pskovskaya guberniya C h e r e p o v e t skaya g u b e r n i ya Za p a d n y y r a y o n ( 2 , 1 9 , 3 6 ) Bryanskaya guberniya S mo l e n s ka y a g u b e r n i y a T s e n t r a l ' n o - P r o my s h l e n n y y r a y o n ( 2 , 1 9 , 3 6 ) Mos k . -Prom y s h l e n n y y podra yon V l a d i m i r s ka y a g u b e r n i y a I v an o v o - V o z n e s e n s kaya g u b e r n i y a Kaluzhskaya guberniya K o s t r omskaya g u b e r n i y a Mosk o v s k a y a g u b e r n i y a N i zh e go r o d s k a y a g u b e r n i y a Tverskaya guberniya Yar o s l a vskaya guberniya Rya zano-Tul ' sk i y podrayon R y a z a n s ka y a g u b e r n i y a Tul ' skaya guberniya T s e n t r a l ' n o - C he r n o z e m n y y r a y o n ( 3 , 2 0 , 3 7 ) Voronezhskaya guberniya K u r s kaya g u b e r n i y a Orlovskaya guberniya T am b o v s k a y a g u b e r n i y a Vyatski y rayon ( 4 , 2 1 , 38) V o t s kaya a v t onomnaya o b l a s t Vyatskaya guberniya Mari yskaya avtonomnaya oblast Ural ' skaya oblast ( 4 , 2 1 , 38 ) Predural ' ye Komi -Permy a t s k i y o k r u g Kungurskiy okr ug Permskiy okrug S a r a p u l ' s k i y o k r ug G o r n o - Z a v o d s k i y Ur a l Ver khne-Kamsk i y okr ug Zlatoustovskiy okrug S v er d l o v s k i y okr ug Tagi l ' skiy okrug Zaural ' ye I r bitskiy okrug I s h i ms k i y okrug Kurganskiy okrug T r o i t ski y okr ug T y u me n s k i y o k r u g C h e l y a b i n s k i y okr ug S ha d r i n s k i y o k r u g Tobol ' ski y Sever Tobol ' sk i y okrug Ba s h k i r s k a y a A S S R ( 4 , 2 1 , 3 8 ) S r e d n e -V o l z h s k i y r a y o n ( 3 , 2 0 , 3 7 ) O r e n b u r g s ka y a g u b e r n i y a P e n z e n s ka y a g u b e r n i y a S a ma r s k a y a g u b e r n i y a Tata r s kaya A S S R Ul ' yanovskaya guberniya Chuvashskaya ASSR N i z h n e -V o l z h s k i y r a y o n ( 3 , 2 0 , 3 7 ) Astrakhanskaya guberniya Kalmyt skaya a v t onomnaya o b l a s t Nemt se v-Povol zh ' ya ASSR S a r a t o v s ka y a g u b e r n i y a S t a l i n g ra dskaya g u b e r n i ya

Geographic Units Krymskaya ASSR ( 5 , 22 , 39) S e v e r n y y K a v k a z ( or S e vero-Kavka z s k i y k ra y } ( 5 , 2 2 , 3 9 ) S t e pn o y P r i k a z o v s k i y podrayon D on s k o y o k r u g T a g a n r o g s k i y o k r ug S t e p n o y Vostochnyy podrayon Done t s k i y okr ug S a l ' s k i y o k r ug S t a v r o p o l ' s k i y ok r ug Sunzhens k i y o k r ug Te r s k i y o k r u g S h a kh t i n s k i y o k r ug S t e p n o y P r i ku b a n s ko - C h e r n o mo r s k i y p o d r a y o n A d y g e y s k o -C h e r k e s s ka y a a v t o no m n a y a o b l a s t A r ma v i r s k i y o k r u g K u ba n s k i y o k r u g Ma yk o p s k i y o k r u g C h e r n o mo r s k i y o k r u g Gor n i y p o d r a y on V l a dikavkaz a v t onomnyy g o r o d Grozniy avtonomnyy gorod I n g u s h s ka y a a v t o n o m n a y a o b l a s t Kabard ino-Balkarskaya a vtonomnaya oblast K a r a c ha e v s ka y a a v t o n o m n a y a o b l a s t Severo-Oseti nskaya a v t onomnaya oblast C he r ke s s ka y a a v t o n o m n a y a o b l a s t Chechenskaya avtonomnaya oblast Da g e s t a n s k a y a A S S R ( 5 , 2 2 , 3 9 ) Kazakhskaya ASSR ( 8 , 25 , 4 2 ) Z a p a d n y y p o d r a y on Adae v s k i y uezd Aktyubinskaya g u b e r n i ya K u s t a n a y s k i y ok r u g Ural ' skaya guber n i ya Vostochnyy podrayon A km o l i n s ka y a g u b e r n i y a Semipalati nskaya g u b e r n i ya Yuzhnyy podrayon Dzhetysuyskaya guberniya K a r a - K a l p a k s ka y a a v t o n o m n a y a o b l a s t S y r -D a r ' i n s ka y a g u b e r n i y a Kirgi zskaya ASSR ( 8 , 2 5 , 4 2 ) Sibirski y Kray ( 6 , 23 , 40) Y u g o - Za p a d n a ya S i b i r ' Barabinskiy okr ug Barnaul ' skiy okrug Biyskiy okrug Kam e n s k i y o k r u g N o v o s i b i r s k i y okr ug Oms k i y o k r u g R u b t s o v s k i y o k r ug Sla vgoro d s k i y okrug Ta r s k i y o k r u g Oyrat skaya a v tonomnaya oblast S e vero-Vos t ochnaya S i b i r ' Achinskiy okrug I r kutski y okrug Kans ki y okrug K i r e n s k i y o k r ug K r a s n o ya r s k i y s T u r u k h a n s k i m r a y on o m K u z n e t s k i y okrug Mi n u s i n s k i y o k r u g Tom sk i y o k r u g Tulunovskiy okrug

309

310

Index and Guide

Khak a s s k i y okrug B u r y a t o -M o n g o l ' s k a y a A S S R ( 6 , 2 3 , 4 0 ) Yakutskaya ASSR ( 7 , 24 , 4 1 ) D a l ' n e -V o s t o c h n y y K r a y ( 7 , 2 4 , 4 1 ) Zabayka l ' y e Sretenskiy okrug C h i t i n s k i y o k r ug A mu r s k i y p o d r a y o n A mu r s k i y o k r u g Zeyskiy okrug P r i mo r s k i y p o d r a y o n Vladivostokskiy okrug Nikolaevski y okr ug Khaba r o b s k i y o k r ug S a k ha l i n K amc h a t k a Be l o r u s s kaya S S R ( 10 , 2 7 , 4 4 ) Bobr uyskiy okrug Bor i so v s k i y o k r ug V i tebskiy okr ug Gomel ' sk i y okrug Kalininskiy okrug Minskiy okrug Mogi levski y okr ug Mo z y r s k i y o k r u g Or shanski y okr ug Polot skiy okrug Rechitskiy okrug Slut skiy okrug Ukrainskaya SSR ( 1 1 , 28 , 4 5 } Poles ' ye ( 1 1 , 2 8 , 4 5 } Z h i t o mi r s k i y o k r u g Glukho vskiy okrug K o n o t o p s k i y ok r ug Korostenskiy okrug Chernigovski y okrug ( 1 2 , 29 , 46) Pravobere zhnaya Lesoste p ' B e l o t s e r k o v s k i y ok r u g Ber d i c h e v s k i y o k r u g V innitski y okr ug K a me n e t s k i y o k r u g K i e v s k i y okr ug Mo g i l e v s k i y o k r u g P r o s ku r o v s k i y o k r u g Tul ' chinskiy okrug U ma n s k i y o k r u g Che r k a s s k i y okrug Shepetovski y okrug ( 1 2 , 29 , 46) Levobere zhnaya Lesostep ' I zyumski y okr ug Kremenchugskiy okrug Kupyans k i y okr u g Lub enskiy okrug Nezhinskiy okr ug Poltavskiy okrug P r i lukskiy okr ug R o me n s k i y o k r u g S ums k i y o k r u g Khar ' k o v s k i y o k r ug ( 1 3 , 30 , 4 7 ) Step ' Z i no v ' y e v s k i y okrug Mar i u p o l ' sk i y okrug Me l i t o p o l ' s k i y o k r u g Nikolaevskiy okr ug

Geographic Units Odesskiy okrug Pervoma y s k i y okr ug Starobel ' skiy okrug Khersonskiy okrug Mo l d a v s ka y a ASSR Dne p r o p e t r o v s k i y p r om y s h l e n n y y r a yon ( 1 3 , 30 , 4 7 ) Dn e p r o p e t r ovski y okrug Zap o r o zh s k i y o k r ug K r i v oro zhski y okr ug Gor no-promyshlennyy ra yon ( 1 3 , 30 , 4 7 ) Artemo v s k i y okrug Lugan s k i y okrug S t a l i nski y okr ug Zakavk a z skaya SFSR ( 1 4 , 3 1 , 48 ) A z e r b a y d zhanskaya SSR ( 1 4 , 3 1 , 48 ) Nagornogo K apa bakha a v t onomnaya o b l a s t Na k h i c hevanskaya A S S R Armyanskaya SSR ( 1 4 , 3 1 , 4 8 ) G r u z i n s k a y a SSR ( 1 4 , 3 1 , 4 8 ) A bkha zskaya DSSR A d zharskaya ASSR Yugo-O s e t i n s kaya a v t onomnaya o b l a s t U z bekskaya SSR ( 1 5 , 32 , 4 9 ) U z b e k i s tan And i zhan s k i y okrug Bukha r s k i y okr ug Zeravshanskiy okrug K a s hka-Dar ' i n s k i y okr ug Samar kan d s k i y okrug Sur khan-Dar ' i nski y ok r u g Tashken t s k i y okrug F e r g a n sk i y okr ug Khodzhent s k i y o k r u g Khor ezmski y okr ug Kenimekh s k i y ra yon I s f a n e y s k i y r a y on Tadzhi kskaya ASSR Tur kme nska y a SSR ( 1 6 , 3 3 , SO)

311

312

Index and Guide

The h i e r a r c h y o f a d m i n i s t ra t i v e un i t s i n the 1 9 5 9 c e n s u s i s v e r y c l e a r l y d e f i n e d i n c o mp a r i s o n w i t h 1 9 2 6 . O n l y t w o l e v e l s o f g e o g r a p h i c d i v i s i o n s a r e c o mm o n l y u s e d : ( 1 ) f i f t e e n u n i o n r e p u b­ l i c s , wh i c h a r e t h e f i r s t - o r d e r d i v i s i o n s ; a n d 2 ) A S S R s , A O s , NO s , o b l a s t s , a n d k r a y s , w h i c h m ak e u p t he s e c o n d - o r d e r d i v i ­ s i on s . Th e s e l ow e r l e v e l u n i t s ar e r e f er r e d t o i n t he e n t r i e s ( a nd i n t h e g eo g r ap h i c c od es of t h e i n d e x ) a s o b l a s ts , u n l e s s t h e r e i s a par t i c u l a r r ea s o n for d i s t i n g u i s h i n g d i f f e r e n t k i n d s o f s ec on d- or d e r d i v i si on s ( a s i n s o me t a b l e s on na t i o n a l i t y ) . A l t h o u g h t h e a dm i n i s t r a t i v e l e v e l s o f t h e s e s e c o n d a r y u n i t s a r e n o t t h e s a m e , t h e y a r e t r e a t e d a s i f t h e y we r e t h e s a m e l e v e l f o r mo s t c e n s u s p u r p o s e s . T ha t i s , w h e n e v e r d a t a i n a t a b l e a r e g i v e n b e l o w t h e r e p u b l i c l e v e l , t h e y a r e u s ua l l y g i v e n f o r a l l o f t h e s e s e c o n d a r y u n i t s . T a b l e t i t l e s m o s t c omm o n l y r e f e r t o d a t a t h a t a r e g i v en d o wn t o t h e o b l a s t l e v e l a s da t a " b y R e p ub l i c s , K r a y s , a n d O b l a s t s ." I n a dd it i o n t o t he se ob l a s t - l e v e l d a t a , t a b l e s t ha t g i v e s e c o n d ar y un i t s us ua l l y i n c l ud e da t a f or a l l un i o n r e p ub l i c ca pi t a l c i t ie s a nd Le n i ng ra d. C a s e s w he r e no t a l 1 o f th e s e c i t i e s a r e i nc l u de d ar e no te d i n t h e p a r t i c u l a r e n t r i e s . Th e c i t i e s t h a t a r e s o m e t i me s om i t t e d a r e T a l l i n , R i g a , V i l ' n y u s , Yerev an, and K i shine v . Th e s o u rc e o f t he fo l l o w i n g un i t l i s t i s t he t a b l e r e p r e ­ s e n t e d b y e n t r y No . 5 06 . US S R R S FSR Sever o-Zapa dnyy ra yon Ar khangel ' skaya oblast Nenetskiy n a t s i onal ' ny y okrug V o l o g o d s ka y a o b l a s t Kaliningradskaya oblast L e n i n g r a d a n d u r b a n s e t t l e me n t s u n d e r t h e a u t h o r i t y o f t h e city sov iet g. Leningrad L e n i n g r a d s ka y a o b l a s t M u r ma n s k a y a o b l a s t Novgorodskaya oblast Pskovskaya oblast Karel ' skaya ASSR Komi ASSR T s e n t r a l ' n y y r a y on B r y a n s ka y a o b l a s t Vladimirskaya oblast I vanovskaya oblast K a l i n i n s ka y a o b l a s t K a l u z h s ka y a o b l a s t K o s t r om s k a y a o b l a s t Mo sc o w a n d u r ba n s e t t l e m e n t s u n d e r t h e a u t h o r i t y o f t h e city soviet Mo s c o w Mo s k o v s k a y a o b l a s t Ryazanskaya oblast S mo l e n s ka y a o b l a s t Tul ' skaya oblast Yaroslavskaya oblast V o l g o - Vy a t s k i y r a y o n G or ' k o v skaya o b l a s t K i r o v s ka y a o b l a s t Ma r i y s k a y a A S S R Mordovskaya ASSR Chuvashskaya ASSR

Geographic Units T s e n t r a l ' n o - C h e r no z e mn y y r a y on B e l g o r o d s ka y a o b l a s t Voronezhskaya o b l a s t K u r s ka y a o b l a s t L i p e t s ka y a o b l a s t Orlovskaya oblast Tam b o v s k a y a o b l a s t P o v o l zh s k i y r a y o n A s t r a kh a n s k a y a o b l a s t Volgogra dskaya oblast K u y by s h e v s k a y a o b l a s t Pe n z e n s ka y a o b l a s t Saratovskaya oblast Ul ' yanovskaya oblast Tatarskaya ASSR Severo-Kavkazskiy rayon Krasnodarski y kray Adygeyskaya a v t onomnaya o b l a s t Stavropol ' skiy kray K a r a c ha e v o - C he r k e s s k a y a a v t o n o m n a y a o b l a s t Rostovskaya oblast Da g e s t a n s ka y a A S S R Kabardi no-Balkarskaya ASSR K a l m y t s ka y a A S S R S e v e r o -O s e t i n s ka y a A S S R C h e c h e n o - I n gu s h s ka y a A S S R Ural ' skiy rayon K u r g an s ka y a o b l a s t Orenburgskaya oblast Permskaya oblast Kom i -P e r m y a t s k i y n a t s i o n a l ' n y y o k r u g Sverdlovskaya oblast T y u m e n s ka y a o b l a s t K h a n t i -Ma n s i y s k i y n a t s i o n a l ' n y y o k r u g Yamalo-Ne n e t s k i y natsional ' nyy o k r u g Ch e l y a b i n s k a y a o b l a s t Bashkirskaya ASSR U d mu r t s ka y a A S S R Z a p a d no - S i b i r s k i y r a y on Altayskiy kray G o r n o -A l t a y s k a y a a v t o n o m n a y a o b l a s t Kemerovskaya oblast Novos i bi r s kaya o b l a s t O ms k a y a o b l a s t Tomskaya oblast V o s t o c h n o - S i b i r s k i y r a y on Krasnoyar s k i y k r a y K ha ka s s k a y a a v t o n o m n a y a o b l a s t T a y my r s k i y ( Do l g a n o - N e n e t s k i y ) n a t s i o n a l ' n y y o k r u g Evenkiyskiy natsional ' nyy okrug I r k u t s ka y a o b l a s t Ust ' -Ordynskiy Buryat ski y natsional ' nyy okrug Chitinskaya oblast Aginskiy Buryatskiy natsi onal ' nyy okrug Buryatskaya ASSR T u v i n s ka y a A S S R Yakutskaya ASSR Dal ' n e v o s t o c h n y y r a y o n Primorskiy kray K ha b a r o v s k i y k r a y Evre yskaya avtonomnaya oblast Amu r s k a y a o b l a s t Kamc h a t s k a y a o b l a s t K o r y a k s k i y n a t s i on a l ' n y y o k r u g

313

314

Index and Guide

Ma g a d a n s k a y a o b l a s t Chukotski y natsional ' nyy okrug S a k h a l i n s ka y a o b l a s t Ukrainskaya SSR D o n e t s k o -P r i dn e p r o v s k i y r a y o n Dne p r o p e t r o v skaya o b l a s t Done t skaya o b l a s t Zaporo zhskaya oblast Luganskaya oblast Poltavskaya oblast Sumskaya oblast Khar ' kovskaya oblast Yugo-Zapa d n y y r a y on Vinni tskaya oblast V o l y n s ka y a o b l a s t Zhitomirskaya oblast Zakar p a t s kaya o b l a s t I vano-Frankovskaya oblast Kiev K i e v s ka y a o b l a s t K i rovogradskaya oblast L ' vovskaya oblast Rovenskaya oblast Ternopol ' skaya oblast K hm e l ' n i t s k a y a o b l a s t Cherkasskaya oblast C h e r n i g o v s ka y a o b l a s t Che r n o v i t s kaya o b l a s t Yuzhnyy rayon Krymskaya oblast g. Sevastopol Nikolaevskaya oblast Odesskaya oblast Khe r s o n s kaya o b l a s t Zapadnyy rayon Litovskaya SSR g . Vil ' nyus Lat v i y skaya SSR g . R i ga E s t o n s ka y a S S R g . Tallin Z a k a vk a z s k i y r a y o n Gruzinskaya SSR T b i l i s i a n d u r b a n - t y p e s e t t l e me n t s a n d r u r a l l o c a l i t i e s u n d e r the a u t ho r i t y o f t h e city s o v i e t g. Tbilisi Rayons under republic authori t y A b kha z s k a y a A S S R A d z ha r s ka y a A S S R Y u g o -O s e t i n s k a y a a v t o n o m n a y a o b l a s t A z e r ba y d z ha n s k a y a S S R B a k u a n d u r b a n s e t t l em e n t s a n d r u r a l l o c a l i t i e s u n d e r t h e a utho r i t y o f t h e c i t y s o v i e t g . Baku Rayons under r e p u b l i c author i t y Nakhichevanskaya ASSR N a g o r n o - K a r a b a kh s k a y a a v t o n o m n a y a o b l a s t A r m y a n s ka y a S S R Y e r e v a n a n d r ur a l l o c a l i t i e s u n d e r t h e a u t h o r i t y o f t h e city soviet g . Ere van S r e d n ea z i a t s k i y r a y o n U z b e k sk a y a S S R Andi zhanskaya oblast

Geographic Units

315

B u k ha r s ka y a o b l a s t Samar kandskaya o b l a s t S u r k h a n d a r ' i n s ka y a o b l a s t Tashken t Taskent skaya oblast Ferganskaya oblast K h o r e zms k a y a o b l a s t K a r a- K a l pa k s k a y a A S S R Kir g i z skaya SSR Frunze Rayons under republic authori t y Oshskaya oblast Tyan ' -Shan ' skaya oblast Ta d z h i k s k a y a S S R D u s ha n b e a n d u r ba n - t y p e s e t t l e m e n t s u n d e r t h e a u t h o r i t y o f t h e city soviet g . D u s ha n b e Rayons under republic author i t y Gorno-Badakhshanskaya a v t onomnaya oblast T u r kme n s k a y a S S R A s h kha b a d Rayons under republic autho r i t y Mar y y s k a y a o b l a s t Tashauzskaya oblast Char dzhouskaya o b l a st K a z a kh s t a n s k i y r a yo n Kazakhskaya SSR Zapadno-Kazakhs tanskiy kray A k t y u b i n s ka y a o b l a s t Gur ' yevskaya oblast Ural ' skaya oblast Tse l i n n y y k r a y Kokchetavskaya oblast Kustanayskaya oblast Pa v l o d a r s k a y a o b l a s t S e v e r o - K a z a kh s t a n s k a y a o b l a s t T s e l i n o g r a d s ka y a o b l a s t Y u z h n o - K a z a kh s t a n s k i y k r a y Dzhambu lskaya oblast K y z l -O r d i n s ka y a o b l a s t C h i mk e n t s k a y a o b l a s t A lma -A t a A l m a -A t i n s k a y a o b l a s t V o s t o c hno-Kazakhstanskaya o b l a s t Karagand in s kaya o b l a s t S e m i pa l a t i n s k a y a o b l a s t Be l o r u s s ka y a S S R Brestskaya oblast V i t e b s ka y a o b l a s t G o me l ' s ka y a o b l a s t Gro dnenskaya oblast Mins k Mi n s ka ya o b l a s t Mog i levskaya o b l a s t Mo l d a v s ka y a S S R g . K i s hi n e v

316

Index and Guide

T h e a d m i n i s t r a t i v e s t r u c t u r e o f t h e S o v i e t U n i o n w h i c h wa s u s e d i n t h e 1 9 7 0 c e n s u s was v i r t ua l l y i d e n t i c a l t o t h a t whi c h was e mp l o y e d i n t h e 1 9 5 9 c e n s u s . M os t impor t a n t , the same two l e v e l s of uni t s were used to represent the census data: ( 1) the f i fteen un i o n r e p ub l i c s a n d ( 2 ) a l l l ow er un i t s , i nc l u d i n g A S S R s , A Os , NOs, obl asts, and krays. I n a d d i t io n to the ob l a s t - l e ve l u n i t s , t h e s e c o n d- o r d e r u n i t s a l s o i n c l u d e t h e c a p i t a l c i t i e s o f a l l union r e pub l i c s and Leningrad. S om e o f t h e s e c a p i t a l c i t i e s a r e n o t l i s te d a s m a i n e nt r i e s i n t h e c e n s u s ta b l e f r om w h i c h t h i s u n i t l i s t wa s d e r i v e d ; t h e y a r e , h o w e v e r , l i s t e d a s u n i t s i n m o s t t a b l e s t h a t g i v e o b l a s t - l e v e l d a t a , so t h e y we r e a d d e d t o t h e l i s t . A s wi t h t he 1 95 9 ce n s u s , t he u se o f th e ph r a s e " b y R ep u b ­ l i c s , K ra y s , a n d O b l a s t s " i n t h e ta b l e t i t l e s o r d e sc r i p t or s means that a l l o f t h e s e s e c o n d - o r d e r un i t s a r e g i v e n . The tabl e s on migration i n the 1970 census a l so use economic regions as uni ts. These regions cons i s t of each o f the sections i n t h e R S F S R a n d Uk r a i n s k a y a S S R wh i c h i s c a l l e d a " r a y o n , " p l u s each of t h e other union republ i c s ( the three Bal t i c repub l i c s are one unit, as are the three republ ics in the Transcaucasus and the four repub lics in Central Asia) . Entry No . 601 i s the source of the unit list below. USSR RSFSR Se vero-Zapadnyy ra yon Arkhangel ' skaya oblast Nenetskiy na t s i onal ' ny y okrug Vologodskaya oblast L e n i n g r a d a n d u r b a n s e t t l e me n t s u n d e r t h e a u t h o r i t y o f t h e city soviet Len i n g r a d s kaya o b l a s t M u r ma n s k a y a o b l a s t N o v g o r o d s ka y a o b l a s t Pskovskaya oblast Kare l ' skaya ASSR Komi ASSR Tse ntr a l ' ny y r a y on Bryanskaya oblast V l a d i m i r s ka y a o b l a s t Ivanovskaya oblast Kal i n i n s ka y a o b l a s t Kaluzhskaya oblast K o s t r omskaya o b l a s t M o s c o w a n d u r b a n s e t t l e me n t s u n d e r t h e a u t h o r i t y o f t h e c i t y so v i e t Mo s k o v s k a y a o b l a s t O r l o v s ka y a o b l a s t Ryazanskaya oblast Smolenskaya oblast Tul ' skaya oblast Yaroslavskaya oblast Volgo-Vyat s k i y r a y on Gor ' kovskaya oblast Kirovskaya oblast Ma r i y s ka y a A S S R Mo r d o v s k a y a A S S R Chuvashskaya ASSR T s e n t r a l ' n o - C he r n o z e m n y y r a y o n Bel gorodskaya oblast Voronezhskaya oblast K u r s ka y a o b l a s t Lipetskaya oblast

Geographic Units T am b o v s k a y a o b l a s t P o vo l z h s k i y r a y o n A s t r a kh a n s k a y a o b l a s t Volgogradskaya oblast Iuybyshevskaya oblast P e n z e n s ka y a o b l a s t Saratovskaya oblast U l ' y an o v s ka y a o b l a s t B a s hk i r s k a y a A S S R Ialmyts kaya A S S R Tatarskaya ASSR S e v e r o - I a vk a z s k i y r a y o n Irasnodarskiy kray Adygeyskaya avt onomnaya oblast Stavropol ' skiy kray I a r a c h a e v o - C he r k e s s k a y a a v t o n o m n a y a o b l a s t Rostovskaya oblast D a g e s t a n s ka y a A S S R I a b a r d i no - B a l k a r s k a y a A S S R S e v e r o -O s e t i n s ka y a A S S R Checheno-Ingushskaya ASSR Ur a l ' s k i y r a y o n Iur ganskaya oblast O r e n b u r g s ka y a o b l a s t P e r ms k a.y a o b l a s t I om i - P e r m y a t s k i y n a t s i o n a l ' n y y o k r u g Sverdlovskaya oblast C h e l y a b i n s ka y a o b l a s t U d mu r t s k a y a A S S R Z a p a d n o -S i b i r s k i y r a y o n A l ta y s k i y k r a y G o r n o -A l t a y s k a y a a v t o n o m n a y a o b l a s t Iemerovskaya oblast N o v o s i b i r s ka y a o b l a s t Omsksya o b l a s t T om s k a y a o b l a s t T y um e n s k a y a o b l a s t I h a n t i -Man s i y s k i y n a t s i o n a l ' n y y o k r u g Yama l o - N e n e t s k i y n a t s i o n a l ' n y y o k r u g V o s t o c h n o -S i b i r s k i y r a y o n Irasnoyarski y kray Ihakasskaya a v tonomnaya oblast T a y my r s k i y ( Do l g a n o - N e n e t s k i y ) n a t s i o n a l ' n y y o k r u g Even k i y s k i y n a t s i onal ' n y y okrug I r k u t s ka y a o b l a s t U s t ' -O r d y n s k i y B u r y a t s k i y n a t s i o n a l ' n y y o k r u g Chitinskaya oblast Aginskiy Buryatskiy natsional ' nyy okrug Buryatskaya ASSR T u v i n s ka y a A S S R D a l ' n e v o s t o c h y y r a y on P rimor s k i y kray Ihabarovskiy kray E v r e yskaya a v t o nomnaya o b l a s t Amur skaya o b l a s t I a m c ha t s ka y a o b l a s t Ior yakski y n a t s i onal ' n y y okrug Ha g a d a n s k a y a o b l a s t C h uk o t s k i y n a t s i � n a l ' n y y o k r u g S a k h a l i n s ka y a o b l a s t Ya k u t s k a y a A S S R U k r a i n s ka y a S S R Don e t s ko - P r i dn e p r o v s k i y r a y o n V o r o s h i l o v g r a d s ka y a o b l a s t

317

318

Index and Guide

Dnep r o p e t r o v skaya o b l a s t Donetskaya oblast Za p o r o zh s ka y a o b l a s t K i rovogradskaya oblast P o l t a v s ka y a o b l a s t S um s k a y a o b l a s t Khar ' kovskaya oblast Yugo-Zapa d n y y r a y o n V i n n i t s ka y a o b l a s t Volynskaya oblast Z h i t o m i r s ka y a o b l a s t Z a ka r p a t s k a y a o b l a s t I vano-Frankov skaya oblast Kiev K i e v s ka y a o b l a s t L ' vovskaya oblast Rovenskaya oblast Ternopo l ' skaya oblast K h me l ' n i t s k a y a o b l a s t Cherkasskaya oblast Chernigovskaya oblast C h e r no v i t s k a y a o b l a s t Yuzhnyy rayon Kr ymskaya oblast Nikolaevskaya oblast Odesskaya oblast Khe r sonskaya o b l a s t Pribaltiyskiy rayon Litovskaya SSR V i l ' nyus La t v i y s ka y a S S R R i ga E s t o n s ka y a S S R Tal lin Kaliningradskaya oblast Z a ka v k a z s k i y r a y o n G r u z i n s ka y a S S R T b i l i s i a n d t h e u r b a n - t y p e s e t t l e m e n t T s k hn e t i u n d e r t h e a u t ho r i t y o f t h e c i t y s o v i e t Rayons under republic authori t y A b k ha z s ka y a A S S R A d z h a r s ka y a A S S R Y u g o -O s e t i n s ka y a a v t o n o m n a y a o b l a s t A z e r ba y d z h a n s k a y a S S R B a k u a n d u r b a n s e t t l e me n t s u n d e r t h e a u t h o r i t y o f t h e c i t y soviet Rayons under republic authori t y Nakhichevanskaya ASSR Nagor no-Karabakhskaya avtonomnaya oblast Armyanskaya SSR Yere van S r e d n ea z i a t s k i y r a y o n Uzbekskaya SSR Andi zhanskaya oblast B u k ha r s ka y a o b l a s t K a s hk a d a r ' i n s k a y a o b l a s t Naman g a n s ka y a o b l a s t Samarkandskaya o b l a s t Surkhandar ' in skaya o b l a s t Syrdar ' inskaya oblast Tashkent Tashkents kaya o b l a s t Fer ganskaya oblast Khore zmskaya o b l a s t

Geographic Units

319

K a r a k a l pa k s k a y a A S S R Kir gi zskaya SSR Frunze Rayons under republic author i t y I s s yk-Kul ' skaya oblast Na r yn s ka y a o b l a s t Oshskaya oblast Ta d z h i k s ka y a S S R D u s h a n b e a n d t h e u r ba n - t y p e s e t t l e m e n t T a k o b u n d e r t p e a u t ho r i t y o f t h e c i t y s o v i e t Rayons under republic autho r i t y Leninabadskaya oblast G o r n o -B a d a k h s h a n s k a y a a v t o n o m n a y a o b l a s t T u r kme n s k a y a S S R A s h k h a b a d a n d t h e u r b a n - t y p e s e t t l e m e n t F i r yu z a u n d e r t h e authori t y of the city soviet Rayons under republic author i t y Mar y y s k a y a o b l a s t Tashauz skaya oblast Char dzhouskaya oblast K a z a kh s t a n s k i y r a y o n Kazakhskaya SSR A k t y u b i n s kaya o b l a s t A l ma-A t a Alma-A t i n s kaya o b l a s t V o s t o c h n o - K a z a k h s t a n s ka y a o b l a s t G u r ' y e v s ka y a o b l a s t Dzhambul ' skaya oblast Karagan d i n s kaya o b l a s t K z y l -Or d i n s k a y a o b l a s t Kokchetavskaya oblast Kustanayskaya oblast Pavlo darskaya oblast Severo-Kazakhstanskaya o b l a s t S em i p a l a t i n s k a y a o b l a s t T a l d y- K u r g a n s k a y a o b l a s t Turgayskaya oblast Ural ' skaya oblast T s e l i n o g r a d s ka y a o b l a s t C h i mk e n t s k a y a o b l a s t Be l o r u s s k i y r a y o n Belorusskaya SSR Brest skaya oblast Vite bskaya oblast Gom e l ' s k a y a o b l a s t Grodnenskaya oblast M i n s k and the u r ban-type s e t t lement V os t o c h n y y u n d e r the a u t ho r i t y o f t h e c i t y s o v i e t Mi n s ka y a o b l a s t Mo g i l e v s k a y a o b l a s t Mo l d a v s k a y a S S R K i shinev

320

Index and Guide

T h e a dm i n i s t r a t i v e d i v i s i o n s u s e d f o r t h e 1 9 7 9 c e n s u s a r e th e s a m e a s t h o se u s e d i n t h e t w o pr e v io u s c e n s u se s wi t h o n l y mi no r e x c e p t i o ns . A l t h o u g h t h e a r r a ng em e n t o f t he u n i t s i n t h e l i s t he r e i s q u i t e d i f f e r e n t , mo s t l y b e c a u se t he u n i t s i n t h e RSFSR a n d Ukrainskaya S S R a r e presented a l phabetical l y by t y p e o f u n i t a n d n o t b y economic r e g i o n , t h e a c t u a l un i t s a r e b a s i c a l l y t h e s a me . A f e w n e w o b l a s t s , h o we v e r , w e r e f o r m e d b e t w e e n 1 9 7 0 an d 1 9 79 . Th i s l i s t a s p u b l i sh e d i n t h e c e n s u s ( ta b l e e n tr y No . 7 0 2 ) d i ff e r s f r om t ho se o f t h e o th e r t w o c en s u s e s i n t ha t e co n o m i c r e g i o n s a r e n o t l i s t e d a n d f ewer c a p i t a l c i t i e s o f u n i o n r e p u b­ l i c s a r e i n c l u d e d . T h e r e ma i n i n g c a p i t a l c i t i e s we r e a d d e d t o t h e l i s t h e r e i n p a r e n t h e s e s , b e c a u s e mo s t o f t h e s ma l l n u m b e r o f t a b l e s t h a t gi v e d a t a do wn t o t h e o b l a s t l e v e l i n c l u d e t h e m . Ta b l e t i t l e s t ha t s p e c i f y t h a t d a t a ar e g i v en fo r r e p ub l i c s , k r ay s , a nd ob l a s t s i nc l u d e a l l o f t he se se co n d - o r d e r u n i ts . N a t i o n a l o k r u g s ( n a t s i o n a l ' n y y e .2!.!..!)!..&.Y. w e r e r e n a me d b y t h e 1 9 7 7 So v i et c on st i t u t i o n ; t h e y a p p ea r be l o w un de r t h e ne w n am e "� t o n �.!!.LY. o k r u .& , " b u t t h e y r e p r e s e n t t h e s a m e u n i t s a s i n ear l ier censuses. USSR RSFSR Altayskiy kray G o r n o -A l t a y s k a y a a v t o n o m n a y a o b l a s t Krasnodarski y kray Adygeyskaya avtonomnaya oblast Krasnoyarski y kray Khaka s s kaya a v tonomnaya o b l a s t T a y m y r s k i y ( D o l g a n o - N e n e t s k i y ) a v t o n o mn y y o k r u g E v e n k i y s k i y a v t o n o mn y y o k r u g Pr imorskiy kray Stavropol ' skiy kray K a r a c h a e v o - C h e r k e s s ka y a a v t o n o m n a y a o b l a s t Khabarovski y kray Evreyskaya avtonomnaya oblast A mu r s k a y a o b l a s t A r kh a n g e l ' s k a y a o b l a s t N e n e t s k i y a v t o n o m n y y o k r ug A s t r a kh a n s k a y a o b l a s t Belgorodskaya oblast Bryanskaya oblast V lad imirskaya oblast Volgogra dskaya oblast Vo logodskaya oblast Vorone zhskaya oblast Gor ' kovskaya oblast Ivanov skaya oblast I r k u t s ka y a o b l a s t Ust ' -Ordynski y Buryatskiy a vtonomnyy okrug Kalin i ngradskaya oblast K a l i n i n s ka y a o b l a s t K a l u zhskaya oblast Kamc h a t s ka y a o b l a s t K o r y a k s k i y a v t o n o mn y y o k r u g Keme r o v s kaya o b l a s t Kirovskaya oblast K o s t r om s ka y a o b l a s t K u y by s he v s k a y a o b l a s t Kurganskaya oblast Kurskaya oblast g. Leningrad

Geographic Units Le n i n g r a d skaya o b l a s t L i p e t s kaya o b l a s t Ma gadanskaya o b l a s t Chukot s k i y a v t onomn y y o k r u g Mo scow Mo s k o v skaya o b l a s t Murmanskaya o b l a s t Novgo r o d skaya o b l a s t N o v o s i b i rskaya o b l a s t Oms kaya o b l a s t Orenburgskaya o b l a s t Or l o v s kaya o b l a s t Penzenskaya o b la s t Permskaya o b l a s t Komi -Permyat s k i y a v t o nomnyy okrug Pskovskaya o b l a s t R o s t o v s kaya o b l a s t Ryazanskaya o b l a s t S a r a t o v skaya o b l a s t Sakha l i nskaya o b l a s t S v e r d l o v s kay a o b l a s t Smolenskaya o b l a s t Tambovskaya o b l a s t Tomskaya o b l a s t Tul ' s kaya o b l a s t T y ume nskaya o b l a s t Khant y-Man si y s k i y a v t o nomnyy okrug Yamalo-Nen e t ski y a v t onomn y y okrug Ul ' yano vskaya o b l a s t C h e l y a b i nskaya o b l a s t Chi t i n s kaya o b l a s t A g i n s k i y Buryat s k i y a v t o nomnyy okrug Yarosla vskaya oblast Bas hkir s kaya ASSR Bur y a t s ka y a ASSR Dagestans kaya ASSR K a b a r d ino-Ba lkarskaya ASSR Kalmy t s kaya ASSR K a r e l ' skaya ASSR Komi ASSR Ma r i yskaya ASSR Mo r d ovskaya ASSR S e v e r o -Ose t i nskaya ASSR Ta t a r s kaya ASSR Tuvinskaya ASS R Udmurt skaya ASSR Checheno-I ngushskaya ASSR Chuvashskaya ASSR Yakutskaya ASSR Ukra i n s kaya SSR V i n n i tskaya oblast V o l y n s kaya o b l a s t V o r o s h i l o vgradskaya o b l a s t Dnepr o p e t r o v skaya o b l a s t Donetskaya o b l a s t Zhitomi r s kaya o b l a s t Zakarpatskaya o b l a s t Z a p o r o zhskaya o b �a s t I v ano-Fr ankovskaya o b l a s t g . Kiev K i e v s kaya o b l a s t K i r o v og r a dskaya o b l a a t Kr ymskaya o b l a s t L ' vovskaya o b l a s t

32 1

322

Index and Guide

N i ko l a e v s k a y a o b l a s t Odesskaya oblast Pol t a v skaya o b l a s t Rovenskaya oblast S um s k a y a o b l a s t Ternopol ' skaya oblast I ha r ' k o v s k a y a o b l a s t Iher sonskaya oblast Ihmel ' n i t skaya o b l a s t Cherkasskaya oblast C he r n i g o v s k a y a o b l a s t C h e r no v i t s k a y a o b l a s t Be l o r u s s k a y a S S R Brestskaya o blast Vite bskaya oblast G o m e l ' s ka y a o b l a s t G r o d n e n s ka y a o b l a s t g. Minsk Minskaya oblast Mo g i l e v s k a y a o b l a s t Uzbekskaya S S R Andi zhanskaya oblast B u k ha r s ka y a o b l a s t Dzhi zakskaya oblast Iashkadar ' in s kaya o b l a s t N a ma n g a n s k a y a o b l a s t S a ma r ka n d s k a y a o b l a s t Surkhandar ' inskaya oblast S y r d a r ' i n s ka y a o b l a s t g . T a s h k en t Tas h k e n t s kaya o b l a s t Ferganskaya oblast Ihore zmskaya oblast Iarakalpakskaya ASSR I a z a kh s ka y a S S R Aktyubinskaya oblast g . A lma-A ta A l ma - A t i n s k a y a o b l a s t V o s t o c h n o - I a z a kh s t a n s k a y a o b l a s t Gur ' yevskaya oblast D z h am b u l s ka y a o b l a s t D z h e z k a z g a n s ka y a o b l a s t Iara gan d ins kaya o b l a s t I z y l -O r d i n s k a y a o b l a s t I o kc h e t a v s k a y a o b l a s t I u s t a n a y s ka y a o b l a s t Man g y s h l a k s k a y a o b l a s t Pa v l o d a r s ka y a o b l a s t S e v e r o - I a z a kh s t a n s ka y a o b l a s t S e m i pa l a t i n s k a y a o b l a s t T a l d y -I u r g a n s k a y a o b l a s t T u r ga y s ka y a o b l a s t Ura l ' skaya o b l a s t Tselinogradskaya oblast Chimkent skaya o b l a s t Gruzinskaya SSR A bk h a z s k a y a A S S R A d zharskaya ASSR (Tbilisi ) Y u g o -O se t i n s k a y a a v t o n o m n a y a o b l a s t A z e r ba y d z ha n s k a y a S S R ( Ba k 11 ) Na kh i c h e v a n s k a y a A S S R N a g o r no - I a r a ba k h s k a y a a v t o n o m na y a o b l a s t

Geographic Units Litovskaya SSR ( Vi l ' nyus ) Mo l d a v s k a y a S S R ( K ishine v ) Lat v i yskaya SSR ( R i ga ) Kirgi zskaya SSR ( Fr u n z e ) I s s yk - K u l ' s k a y a o b l a s t Nar ynskaya oblast O s h s ka y a o b l a s t Ta d z h i k s k a y a S S R ( Du s h a n b e ) Kulyabskaya oblast K u r ga n -T y u b i n s ka y a o b l a s t Leninabadskaya oblast G o r n o - B a d a k h s ha n s k a y a a v t o n o m n a y a o b l a s t Armyanskaya SSR ( Ye r e van ) T u r km e n s k a y a S S R g . A s h k h a ba d A s h k h a ba d s k a y a o b l a s t Krasnovodskaya oblast Mar y y s k a y a o b l a s t Tashauzskaya oblast C h a r d z ho u s k a y a o b l a s t Estons kaya SSR ( Ta l l i n )

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Research guide to the Russian and Soviet censuse s . Includes index. 1 . Soviet U nion-Population-Study and teaching . 2 . Soviet Union-Census­ History-Study and teaching . I. Clem, Ralph S . H B3607 . R43

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304 . 6 '0947

ISBN 0-80 1 4- 1 838-0 (alk. paper)

86-47638