Renewables Information 2016 978-92-64-25866-2, 978-92-64-25867-9

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s t a t i s t i c s

Renewables information

2016

Renewables information

with 2015 data

2016

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY The International Energy Agency (IEA), an autonomous agency, was established in November 1974. Its primary mandate was – and is – two-fold: to promote energy security amongst its member countries through collective response to physical disruptions in oil supply, and provide authoritative research and analysis on ways to ensure reliable, affordable and clean energy for its 29 member countries and beyond. The IEA carries out a comprehensive programme of energy co-operation among its member countries, each of which is obliged to hold oil stocks equivalent to 90 days of its net imports. The Agency’s aims include the following objectives: n Secure member countries’ access to reliable and ample supplies of all forms of energy; in particular, through maintaining effective emergency response capabilities in case of oil supply disruptions. n Promote sustainable energy policies that spur economic growth and environmental protection in a global context – particularly in terms of reducing greenhouse-gas emissions that contribute to climate change. n Improve transparency of international markets through collection and analysis of energy data. n Support global collaboration on energy technology to secure future energy supplies and mitigate their environmental impact, including through improved energy efficiency and development and deployment of low-carbon technologies. n Find solutions to global energy challenges through engagement and dialogue with non-member countries, industry, international organisations and other stakeholders.

© OECD/IEA, 2016 International Energy Agency 9 rue de la Fédération 75739 Paris Cedex 15, France

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IEA member countries: Australia Austria Belgium Canada Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Germany Secure Greece Sustainable Hungary Together Ireland Italy Japan Korea Luxembourg Netherlands New Zealand Norway Poland Portugal Slovak Republic Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey United Kingdom United States

Please note that this publication is subject to speciic restrictions that limit its use and distribution. The terms and conditions are available online at www.iea.org/t&c/

The European Commission also participates in the work of the IEA.

RENEWABLES INFORMATION (2016 edition) - iii

TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................................................................... v DEVELOPMENT OF RENEWABLES AND WASTE IN THE WORLD ........................................ vii DEVELOPMENT OF RENEWABLES AND WASTE IN OECD COUNTRIES ............................ x PART I: EXPLANATORY NOTES 1. Definitions .............................................................. I.3 2. Sources and notes.................................................. I.11

3. Geographic coverage ............................................ I.15 4. Energy conventions and units ............................... I.19

PART II: WORLD AND OECD RENEWABLES AND WASTE DATA Table 1. World: energy balance in 2014 .......................................................................................................................... II.3 Table 2. OECD: energy balance in 2014 ......................................................................................................................... II.4 Table 3. World: share of renewables in TPES in 2014 .................................................................................................... II.5 Table 4. World: share of renewables in TFC in 2014 ...................................................................................................... II.8 Table 5. OECD: contribution of renewable energy sources to TPES ............................................................................ II.11 Table 6. OECD: contribution of renewable energy sources to TFC .............................................................................. II.12 Table 7. OECD: share of electricity production from renewable sources ..................................................................... II.13 Table 8. OECD: share of electricity production from renewable sources excluding hydroelectricity........................... II.14 Table 9. OECD: primary energy supply from renewable sources in 2014 .................................................................... II.15 Table 10. OECD: provisional primary energy supply from renewable sources in 2015 ............................................... II.16

PART III: DETAILED OECD RENEWABLES AND WASTE DATA Israel .......................................................................III.205 Italy ........................................................................III.215 Japan.......................................................................III.225 Korea ......................................................................III.235 Luxembourg ...........................................................III.245 Mexico....................................................................III.255 Netherlands ............................................................III.265 New Zealand ..........................................................III.275 Norway ...................................................................III.285 Poland.....................................................................III.295 Portugal ..................................................................III.305 Slovak Republic .....................................................III.315 Slovenia ..................................................................III.325 Spain.......................................................................III.335 Sweden ...................................................................III.345 Switzerland .............................................................III.355 Turkey ....................................................................III.365 United Kingdom .....................................................III.375 United States ..........................................................III.385

Country notes ........................................................................................................................................................... III.395

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© IEA/OECD, 2016

OECD Total............................................................... III.5 OECD Americas ...................................................... III.15 OECD Asia Oceania ................................................ III.25 OECD Europe.......................................................... III.35 IEA Total ................................................................. III.45 Australia .................................................................. III.55 Austria ..................................................................... III.65 Belgium ................................................................... III.75 Canada ..................................................................... III.85 Chile ........................................................................ III.95 Czech Republic...................................................... III.105 Denmark ................................................................ III.115 Estonia ................................................................... III.125 Finland ................................................................... III.135 France .................................................................... III.145 Germany ................................................................ III.155 Greece.................................................................... III.165 Hungary ................................................................. III.175 Iceland ................................................................... III.185 Ireland.................................................................... III.195

RENEWABLES INFORMATION (2016 edition) - v

INTRODUCTION

Monitoring and reporting of historical trends, as well as the current energy market situation, provides a strong foundation for policy and market analysis to better inform the policy decision process towards policy instruments that are best suited to meet domestic and international objectives. Renewables Information 2016 brings together in one volume the basic statistics compiled by the IEA on renewables and waste. It covers production, trade, transformation to electricity and heat, final consumption and installed generating capacity from renewables and waste. This introduction is followed by important information that will assist the reader in correctly using the data in this publication. The information is structured as follows: Key trend provides an overview of developments in the markets for renewables and waste in the world. The focus is given to OECD Member countries but it also provides selected renewables indicators for nonOECD countries. Part I of the publication provides Explanatory notes: 1. 2. 3. 4.

Definitions Sources and notes Geographic coverage1 Energy conventions and units

1. This document is without prejudice to the status of or sovereignty over any territory, to the delimitation of international frontiers and boundaries and to the name of any territory, city or area. In this publication, “country” refers to a country or a territory, as the case may be.

Part II provides, in tabular form, a statistical overview corresponding to key trends. Part III provides, in tabular form, a more detailed and comprehensive picture of developments in renewables and waste for each OECD Member country, including the country notes, which information can help understanding the data. The OECD data shown in this publication are primarily based on the Annual Renewables and Waste Questionnaire submissions from OECD Member countries to the secretariat. The Energy Data Centre of the IEA secretariat works closely with national administrations to ensure consistency in time series and with IEA product definitions and reporting conventions. The finalised data provide the basis for World Energy Balances. The non-OECD data are based upon information collected by the IEA secretariat, including via national submissions to the United Nations and via national energy publications. The resulting synthesis is published in World Energy Balances. Users of this publication are directed to the methodology sections of those publications for more detail on individual nonmember countries covered in the publication. A data service is available on the internet. It includes unlimited access through an annual subscription as well as the possibility of obtaining data on a pay-per-view basis. Details are available at http://data.iea.org. In addition, all tables are available on CD-ROM. Information on ordering CD-ROMs and other energy statistics publications is available at the end of this book, and on the IEA website at www.iea.org. Further information on reporting methodologies is also available on the IEA website. INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

© IEA/OECD, 2016

Renewables Information 2016 is the 15th edition of an annual publication which provides sound market information on renewable and waste energies to policy and market analysts, and those employed in all sectors of the renewables industry.

vi - RENEWABLES INFORMATION (2016 edition)

Data were collected by the team in the Energy Data Centre (EDC) of the IEA secretariat, headed by Duncan Millard. The IEA would like to thank and acknowledge the dedication and professionalism of the statisticians working on energy data in the countries. Within the IEA, for OECD members: electricity, coal and renewable data were prepared, respectively, by Loïc Coënt, Julian Smith and DaeYong Kwon, under the responsibility of Vladimir Kubecek; oil and natural gas data were prepared, respectively, by Federico De Luca and Claire Morel; Ivo Letra and Roman Wisznia, under the responsibility of Erica Robin; balances data were prepared by Rémi Gigoux, under the responsibility of Roberta Quadrelli. Non-OECD countries statistics were prepared by Emmanouil Christinakis, Markus FagerPintilä, Nikolaos Kordevas, Beatriz Martínez, Klaus Pedersen and Arnaud Pincet, under the responsibility of Céline Rouquette.

Vladimir Kubecek has the overall responsibility for this report. The publication and its statistics were produced by DaeYong Kwon with assistance of Loïc Coënt. Desktop publishing was carried out by Sharon Burghgraeve. Enquiries, comments and suggestions are welcome and should be addressed to: RenewAQ Energy Data Centre International Energy Agency 31-35, rue de la Fédération 75739 Paris Cedex 15 France Tel: (+33 1) 40 57 66 94 Fax: (+33 1) 40 57 66 49 E-mail: [email protected]

What’s new? Book structure In this edition, with a purpose to unify the design of the annual fuel information books, the book structure has changed. The key trends were moved to introduction part from Part II and consequently Part III is to be Part II and Part IV to be Part III.

New data In this edition, you can find new tables showing World and OECD energy balances, renewable percentage share in Total Final Consumption (TFC) and capacity factors. World and OECD balances can be found in Table 1 and 2 of Part II. Renewable percentage share in TFC is shown in tables 4 and 6 of Part II. Capacity factors can be found in table 3 of Part III, consequently the other tables were renumbered. The order of countries in the world tables was reviewed for more clarity, and Suriname is now shown separately.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

© IEA/OECD, 2016

In case you would like us to add some more or other information, please contact us at [email protected].

RENEWABLES INFORMATION (2016 edition) - vii

DEVELOPMENT OF RENEWABLES AND WASTE IN THE WORLD Figure 2: 2014 product shares in world renewable energy supply

In 2014, world Total Primary Energy Supply (TPES) was 13,700 Mtoe, of which 13.8%, or 1,894 Mtoe (up 2.6% on 2013), was produced from renewable energy sources (Figure 1). Figure 1: 2014 fuel shares in world total primary energy supply

Oil 31.3%

Solar, Tide 2.5%

Hydro 2.4%

Nuclear 4.8%

Biofuels and waste 10.1%

Renewables 13.8% Coal 28.5%

Biofuels and waste 72.8%

Renewable municipal waste 0.8%

Solid biofuels/ charcoal 66.2%

Hydro 17.7% Biogases 1.6%

Note: Totals in graphs might not add up due to rounding.

Other renewables² 1.3%

1. Other includes electricity from energy sources not defined above such as non-renewable wastes, peat, oil shale and chemical heat. 2. Other renewables includes geothermal, wind, solar, tide. Note: Totals in graphs might not add up due to rounding.

Due to its widespread non-commercial use in developing countries (i.e. residential heating and cooking), solid biofuels/charcoal is by far the largest renewable energy source, representing 66.2% of global renewables supply (Figure 2). The second largest source is hydro power, which provides 2.4% of world TPES, 17.7% of renewables. Geothermal, liquid biofuels, biogases, solar, wind, and tide each hold a smaller share making up the rest of the renewables energy supply. Since 1990, renewable energy sources have grown at an average annual rate of 2.2%, which is slightly higher than the growth rate of world TPES, 1.9% (Figure 3). Growth has been especially high for solar

photovoltaic and wind power, which grew at average annual rates of 46.2% and 24.3% respectively, from very low bases in 1990. OECD countries and China account for most of the world production and growth of solar and wind energy. Biogases had the third highest growth rate at 13.2%, followed by solar thermal which grew at 11.7% and liquid biofuels which grew at 10.4% per year but again both from low bases. Hydro and solid biofuels basically grew in line with overall TPES of 2.5% and 1.5% per year respectively. The average annual growth rate of hydroelectric power in non-OECD countries, 4.0% between 1990 and 2014, was larger than in OECD countries, which was only 0.7%. Growth was particularly strong in Mozambique, showing growth rate of 18.3%, followed by Viet Nam (10.5%). In 2014, non-OECD countries accounted for 64.0% of total hydro power and any further increase is likely to be from these countries, as most of the remaining hydro potential resides in these countries. INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

© IEA/OECD, 2016

Natural Gas 21.2%

Geothermal 3.8%

Wind 3.3%

Other¹ 0.3%

Liquid biofuels 4.1%

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Figure 3: Annual growth rates of world renewables supply from 1990 to 2014 Solar PV 46.2%

50% 45% 40%

Asia, and 11.2% in China (Figure 5). However, the OECD countries play a major role when looking at “new” renewables, supplying 65.7% of world energy from solar, wind, tide, renewable municipal waste, biogases and liquid biofuels in 2014.

35%

25%

60%

10% 5%

Biogases Solar Liquid 13.2% thermal biofuels 11.7% 10.4%

Total TPES 1.9% Renewables 2.2%

Solid Geobiofuels/ thermal Hydro Charcoal 3.1% 2.5% 1.5%

0%

40% 28.8%

30%

Non-OECD countries account for most of the production of solid biofuels, but its growth since 1990 is comparable for OECD and non-OECD countries. In 2014, 85.0% was produced and consumed in nonOECD countries, where developing countries, situated mainly in South Asia and sub-Saharan Africa, use non-commercial biomass for residential cooking and heating (Figure 4). Africa, which accounted for only 5.6% of the world’s total TPES in 2014, accounted for 29.3% of the world’s solid biofuels supply. Figure 4: 2014 regional shares in renewables supply Solid Biofuels Non-OECD Europe and Eurasia China 1.4% (Region) 16.1%

Middle East 0.1%

Hydro¹ Non-OECD Europe and Eurasia 7.8%

OECD Total 15.0%

Middle East 0.5%

OECD Total 36.0%

Africa 29.3% Non-OECD Americas 8.2%

Asia excluding China 8.1%

25.3%

20% 10% 0%

11.2%

9.4%

4.2% OECD Total

Africa

Non-OECD Asia Americas excluding China

China Non-OECD (Region) Europe and Eurasia

While about half of the renewable primary energy supply in OECD countries is used in the transformation sector to generate electricity and sold heat, on a global level a majority of renewables is consumed in the residential, commercial and public services sectors. Again, this is a consequence of widespread solid biofuels use in the residential sector of developing countries. In fact, globally only 32.5% of renewables are used for electricity production and heat production worldwide, while 48.5% are used in the residential, commercial and public sectors (Figure 6).

Non-OECD Americas 17.4%

Africa 3.2%

Electricity plants 29.4%

Residential/ Comm. & Public² 48.5%

Combined heat & power plants 2.7% Heat plants 0.4%

1. Excludes pump storage generation. Note: Totals in graphs might not add up due to rounding.

Largely because of their use of non-commercial solid biofuels, non-OECD countries are the principal renewable energy users, accounting for 73.9% of world total renewables supply. On the other hand, while OECD countries supply only 26.1% of world renewables, they constitute 38.5% of the world TPES. Consequently, in OECD countries the share of renewables in total energy supply is only 9.4% compared to 49.6% in Africa, 28.8% in Non-OECD Americas, 25.3% in INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

0.4% Middle East

Figure 6: 2014 world sectoral consumption of renewables

China (Region) 27.0%

Asia excluding China 29.9%

49.6%

50%

Other¹ 5.1% Transport 3.9%

Industry 9.9%

1. Other transformation, energy industry own use, losses. 2. Includes the Agriculture/ forestry, fishing and non-specified industries. Note: Totals in graphs might not add up due to rounding.

Renewables are the second largest contributor to global electricity production. They accounted for 22.3% of world generation in 2014, after coal (40.7%)

© IEA/OECD, 2016

20% 15%

Figure 5: 2014 shares of renewables of regional total primary energy supply

Wind 24.3%

30%

RENEWABLES INFORMATION (2016 edition) - ix

Since 1990, renewable electricity generation worldwide grew on average by 3.6% per annum, which is slightly faster than the total electricity generation growth rate (2.9%). So whilst 19.4% of global electricity in 1990 was produced from renewable sources, this share increased slightly to 22.3% in 2014. Over this period, hydroelectric power saw its share of total world electricity production falling from 18.1% in 1990 to 16.4% in 2014. Taking out hydroelectricity from renewables, the share of the remaining

renewable sources used to produce electricity grew from 1.3% in 1990 to 6.0% in 2014. Figure 7: Fuel shares in world electricity production in 2014 Other¹ 0.4%

Oil 4.3%

Natural Gas 21.6%

Nuclear 10.6% Hydro 16.4% Renewables 22.3%

Coal 40.7%

Biofuels and waste 1.8% Other Renewables² 4.2%

1. Other includes electricity from energy sources not defined above such as non-renewable wastes, peat, oil shale, and chemical heat. 2. Other renewables includes geothermal, wind, solar, tide. Note: Totals in graphs might not add up due to rounding.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

© IEA/OECD, 2016

and ahead of gas (21.6%), nuclear (10.6%) and oil (4.3%). Hydroelectricity supplies the vast majority of renewable electricity, generating 16.4% of world electricity, and 73.2% of total renewable electricity, whilst biofuels and waste, including solid biofuels, play a minor role in electricity generation, supplying 1.8% of world electricity. Although growing rapidly, geothermal, solar, wind and tide energies accounted for only 4.2% of world electricity production, 18.7% of total renewable electricity in 2014.

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DEVELOPMENT OF RENEWABLES AND WASTE IN OECD COUNTRIES In 2015, the share of renewables in total OECD primary energy supply reached 9.7%, the highest share since the IEA time series began in 1990 (Figure 8). This share increased from 9.4% in 2014 and 6.0% in 2000. This growth is mainly driven by OECD Europe, which experienced an increase in renewable TPES from 13.4% in 2014 to 14% in 2015, whilst OECD Asia and OECD Americas showed growth of 0.2% and 0.1% points respectively).

Figure 8: 2015 fuel shares in OECD total primary energy supply Other¹ 0.6% Nuclear 9.7%

Natural Gas 26.0%

Oil 36.2%

Hydro 2.2%

Renewables 9.7% Coal 17.9%

Primary energy supply In OECD countries, total primary energy supply (TPES) from renewable sources increased from 271 Mtoe to 510 Mtoe between 1990 and 2015, an average annual growth rate of 2.6%. By comparison, the growth of TPES from non-renewable energy sources (including coal, oil, gas and nuclear) is 0.4%. Over this time period, renewables contribution to total OECD primary energy supply grew from 6.0% to 9.7%. The largest portion of renewable primary energy supply in the OECD comes from biofuels and waste, which accounts for 55.1% of the renewable supply (Figure 9). Of these biofuels, solid biofuels, including wood, wood wastes, other solid wastes and charcoal, constitutes the largest share, 37.4% of the supply. The second largest renewable energy source is hydroelectric power, providing 23.2% of renewable primary energy. These two renewable energy sources constituted 60.6% of the total OECD primary renewable energy in 2015. The average annual growth rate of solid INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

Other renewables² 2.1%

1. Other includes energy sources not classified elsewhere such as non-renewable combustible wastes, ambient air for pumps, fuel cells, hydrogen, etc. 2. Other renewables includes geothermal, wind, solar, tide. Note: Totals in graphs might not add up due to rounding.

Figure 9: 2015 product shares in OECD renewable energy supply

Solar, Tide 4.9%

Liquid biofuels 10.6%

Geothermal 7.3%

Wind 9.5%

Biofuels and waste 55.1%

Hydro 23.2%

Renewable municipal waste 2.9%

Solid biofuels/ charcoal 37.4%

Biogases 4.2%

Note: Totals in graphs might not add up due to rounding.

biofuels between 1990 and 2015 is 1.4% and 0.6% for hydro. These are lower than the average annual growth rate of all renewable energies, 2.6%, over the

© IEA/OECD, 2016

Summary: 1990 – 2015 provisional

Biofuels and waste 5.3%

RENEWABLES INFORMATION (2016 edition) - xi

same time period. Because hydroelectric capacity is mature in most OECD member states, it is increasingly difficult to locate suitable environmentally acceptable sites to expand this energy form.

Figure 11: OECD renewable primary energy supply by product 600 500

Figure 10: Annual growth rates of renewable supply from 1990 to 2015 in OECD total Mtoe

Liquid biofuels Solar PV 43.8% 44.1%

50% 45%

400

200 100

40%

0

35% Wind 22.1%

20%

10% 5% 0%

Total TPES 0.6%

Renewable 2.6%

Renewable municipal waste, liquid biofuels, biogases Solar, wind, tide Geothermal Solid Biofuels/ Charcoal Hydro

Biogases 11.1% Solar thermal Solid 6.5% biofuels/ GeoCharcoal thermal Hydro 1.4% 1.4% 0.6%

These major sources influenced much of the growth of total renewables between 1990 and 2001 (Figure 11). However, since 2001, the majority of renewables growth can be attributed to “new” renewables, a loosely defined term used to delineate between traditional and more recent technologies used to produce renewable energy. For example, liquid biofuels experienced the highest growth among the renewables, averaging 43.8% between 1990 and 2015. Also experiencing growth rates well above total renewables are solar photovoltaic, 44.1%, and wind, 22.1% per annum since 1990, the second and third highest growth rates, respectively. Biogases have grown much more rapidly than solid biofuels, with an average annual growth rate of 11.1%. However, despite these significant growth rates, the contribution of such “new” renewables to the total energy supply is still minor. Wind, solar, and tide combined still represent only 1.4% of total primary energy supply. Nevertheless, their growing contribution to the renewable energy supply should be noted as their share of total renewables in OECD countries increased from 0.9% in 1990 to 14.4% in 2015. Among the different OECD regions, OECD Europe has the highest share of primary energy supply from renewable sources, with 14.0% in 2015 (Figure 12). It is also the OECD area that has experienced the largest increase (from 5.8%) in its renewable share since

Figure 12: OECD regional shares in renewable energy supply 16% 14%

Share of renewable energy

25%

12% 10% 8% 6% 4% 2% 0%

OECD Total OECD Asia Oceania

OECD Americas OECD Europe

1990. The increase of the renewable share in OECD Europe is the result of the implementation of strong policies supporting renewable energy in the late 1990s and early 2000s, in particular the European Union’s directive to increase the share of renewable energy in TFC to 20% by 2020, which includes targets for individual countries. The renewable share of TPES in OECD Americas reached 8.4% in 2015, the highest level since the IEA time series began. In OECD Asia Oceania the share of renewable primary energy supply remained almost constant (from 4.0 to 5.1%) between 1990 and 2015. As a result of diversification in the use of renewable, the overall renewable share in electricity generation has fallen. In 1990, 51.0% of renewable energy was INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

© IEA/OECD, 2016

30%

15%

300

xii - RENEWABLES INFORMATION (2016 edition)

Figure 13: OECD sectoral consumption of renewables 1990

2014

Residential/ Commercial & Public¹ 23.4% Electricity plants 51.0%

Transport² Industry 13.0%

Electricity plants 49.1%

Industry 14.8%

Other 0.1% Heat plants 0.7%

Residential/ Commercial & Public¹ 16.0% Transport 10.2%

Combined heat & power plants 11.8%

Other 0.3% Heat plants 1.2%

Combined heat & power plants 8.3%

Figure 14: Renewable shares in OECD electricity production in 2015 Other¹ 0.6%

Nuclear 18.3%

Natural Gas 26.0% Renewable 23.0%

Hydro 12.8%

Biofuels and waste 2.7%

Wind 5.3%

Solar PV 1.6% Oil 2.3%

Coal 29.7%

Other Renewables² 0.6%

1. Other: electricity from energy sources not classified by other categories such as non-renewable combustible wastes, peat, chemical sources, etc. 2. Other renewables includes geothermal, solar thermal, tide/wave/ocean.

1. Includes the Agriculture/ forestry, fishing and non-specified industries. 2. Represents less than 0.05%.

Note: Totals in graphs might not add up due to rounding.

Note: Totals in graphs might not add up due to rounding.

2014. For wind, electricity production had increased by 78.1 TWh. This increase is mostly coming from Germany (30.6 TWh), followed by US (9.4 TWh) and UK (8.4 TWh). Solar PV increased by 27.3 TWh, mainly driven by Japan, which had increased electricity production from solar PV by 11.5 TWh. The second largest increase can be seen in the UK (3.5 TWh), followed by Italy (2.9 TWh) and Germany (2.4 TWh).

The majority of the growth of renewable energy has taken place in the final consumption sectors, such as the residential, commercial, industry, and most significantly, transport sectors. In 2014, half of renewable primary energy was used in places other than electricity plants. The most significant trend is the growth of biofuels used for transport. In 2014, liquid biofuels and biogases used for transport constituted 10.2% of the consumption of renewables, compared to a negligible what in 1990.

Electricity production Summary: 1990 – 2015 provisional OECD gross electricity production from renewable products (excluding generation from pumped storage plants) reached 2,471.1 TWh in 2015, a 3.8% increase from the 2014 level of 2,381.6 TWh. This represents 23.0% of total OECD electricity production in 2015 (Figure 14), which is the largest share of renewables in gross electricity production for any year in the renewables time series beginning from 1990. In 2015, there was large increase in electricity production from wind and solar PV compared to

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

Since 1990, electricity generation from renewable energy sources in OECD has been growing at an average rate of 2.5% per year, greater than the rate of 1.4% for total electricity generation. This increase can be explained by the strong growth in “new” renewable products, such as solar PV, wind, renewable municipal waste and biogases for electricity production in recent years. Apart from oil, whose use in generating electricity has been cut in half since 1990, hydroelectric power production has experienced the lowest average growth rate of any electricity source from 1990 to 2015, 0.6% (Figure 15). This is because hydroelectric power has reached its capacity limit in most OECD countries. Hydroelectricity generated 15.4% of total OECD electricity in 1990 but this share has decreased to 12.8% in 2015. With growth in other types of renewables, the hydroelectricity share of electricity from renewable energy sources declined from 89.3% in 1990 to 55.7% in 2015.

© IEA/OECD, 2016

used in electricity plants for electricity production. However, this share declined to 49.1% in 2014 (Figure 13).

RENEWABLES INFORMATION (2016 edition) - xiii

Figure 15: Annual growth rates of electricity production between 1990 and 2015 in OECD countries 50%

Geothermal 2.0%

44.1%

45%

Average annual growth rate

Figure 16: Shares in OECD renewable electricity production in 1990 and 2015

40%

Wind 22.9%

35%

Hydro 55.7%

30% 22.1%

25%

Non-hydro 44.3%

20% 8.6%

10% 5% 0%

Solid biofuels 7.3%

13.1%

15%

0.6%

1.4%

Solar PV 7.1%

5.6% 2.3%

2.6%

Other¹ 0.4%

Liquid biofuels 0.2% Biogases 3.2% Renewable municipal waste 1.3%

1. Other includes solar thermal, tide/wave/ocean. Note: Totals in graphs might not add up due to rounding.

35% 30% 25% 20% 15% 10% 5% 0%

OECD Total OECD Asia Oceania

OECD Americas OECD Europe

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

© IEA/OECD, 2016

The increase in non-hydro renewable electricity is mainly due to OECD Europe, where implementation of strong renewables stimulation policies by European Union member countries encouraged their growth.

Figure 17: OECD regional shares in renewable electricity production from 1990 to 2015 Share of renewable electricity

The share of non-hydro renewable electricity in total OECD electricity production increased from 1.8% in 1990 to 10.2% in 2015. In 1990, the majority of nonhydroelectricity was generated by solid biofuels (7.2%) and geothermal energy (2.2%), whilst solar photovoltaic, wind, biogases and liquid biofuels combined represented less than 0.6% of renewable electricity (Figure 16). However, between 1990 and 2015, these technologies grew much faster than any other power source (Figure 15). Most notable is wind, which grew from 0.3% in 1990 to 22.9% of renewable electricity in 2015, a 22.1% average annual growth rate, making it now the second largest renewable source for electricity. The share of solar PV in OECD renewable electricity production increased from 0.0% to 7.1 % in the same time period, and biogases increased from 0.3% to 3.2%, 44.1% and 13.1% average growth from 1990 respectively. All of these sources experienced higher average growth rates than older technologies such as hydro power (0.6%), solid biofuels (2.6%) and geothermal (2.3%). As a result, nonhydro renewable electricity production experienced an 8.6% annual growth rate between 1990 and 2015 (Figure 15).

Renewable electricity production in OECD Europe grew 3.8% per annum since 1990. This growth rate is higher than other OECD regions, 1.6% for OECD America and 2.1% for OECD Asia Oceania. OECD Europe supplied 47.5% of total OECD renewable electricity production in 2015, up from 35.3% in 1990, slightly higher than the level of OECD Americas of 42.6%. The shares of electricity from renewables increased from 18.5% in 1990 to 19.8% in 2015 in OECD Americas, from 17.5% to 33.1% in OECD Europe, and from 12.3% in 1990 to 12.7% in OECD Asia Oceania (Figure 17). As a result of these increases, the OECD region as a whole produced a higher share of electricity from renewable sources in 2015 (23.0%) than it did in 1990 (17.2%).

xiv - RENEWABLES INFORMATION (2016 edition)

less than 0.2%. Hydro pumped storage capacity represented 69.3 GW.

In 2014, 819.1 GW, 29.3% of total OECD generating capacity, was accounted for by renewable energy and waste sources (Figure 18). Compared to 2013, total capacity had increased by 47.8 GW, where the main factors were solar PV and wind, increasing 22.5 GW and 19.1GW respectively. The largest increase in solar PV occurred in Japan as they added 9.7 GW, followed by US (3.1 GW) and UK (2.5 GW). The sum of these three countries account for 68.4% of total increase. Regarding wind capacity, the largest growth was in Germany, 4.5 GW, followed by the US with 4.3 GW increment. Figure 18: OECD generating capacity 2014 Other² 0.2%

Biofuels and waste 2.1%

Hydro³ 14.4%

Geothermal 0.2% Combustible fossil fuels¹ 59.7%

Solar PV 4.8%

Renewables & waste 14.9%

Nuclear 10.8%

Wind 7.7% Other Renewables⁴ 0.2%

1. The capacities of plants which co-fire biofuels and waste with fossil fuels (e.g. solid biofuels that are co-fired with coal) are included under the dominant fuel. 2. Other: fuel cells, waste/chemical heat. 3. Hydro does not include pumped storage capacity. 4. Other renewables includes solar thermal, tide/wave/ocean. Note: Totals in graphs might not add up due to rounding.

The largest share (14.4%) of total generating capacity is hydroelectric plants, 402.9 GW excluding pumped storage, followed by 213.9 GW from wind (7.7%), 132.9 GW from solar photovoltaic (4.8%), and 58.2 GW from biofuels and waste (2.1%). Of the biofuels and waste, 29.2 GW represented solid biofuel capacity, 11.4 GW represented municipal waste, 12.9 GW represented biogases and 2.2 GW represented liquid biofuels. The remaining generating capacity is accounted for by geothermal (0.2%), solar thermal, tide, wave and ocean power capacity, with INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

As developments in the production of the various renewable energy sources in the electricity production section suggest, their growth of capacity has been strongest in the wind and solar power sectors and these two markets are heavily concentrated in Europe and the United States. The following more detailed analysis of individual renewable and waste energy sources and their development in the electricity market provides further insights into this trend.

Hydroelectricity As mentioned above, hydroelectric power is nearing its potential capacity limit in most OECD countries. Between 1990 and 2015, electricity generated from hydroelectric plants (excluding generation from pumped storage plants) increased from 1,179.3 TWh to 1,375.7 TWh in the OECD, yielding an average annual increase of 0.6%. While 89.3% of electricity produced from renewable sources came from hydroelectric plants in 1990, this share decreased to 55.7% in 2015 due to the rapid growth of electricity generation from other renewable sources. Despite this decrease, hydroelectric power is still the largest electricity producer among renewable energy. In 2015, the largest hydroelectric power generating countries were Canada, the United States and Norway which represented 27.6%, 18.4% and 10.1%, respectively, of OECD hydroelectric production.

Wind In 2015, wind turbines produced 22.9% of renewable electricity in the OECD. Among OECD regions, wind electricity production is the highest in OECD Europe, with 55.5% of the total OECD production in 2015. Between 1990 and 2015, wind power increased from 4.0 TWh to 565.8 TWh, achieving an average annual growth rate of 22.1%. This is the second fastest growth rate of renewable electricity after solar photovoltaic. Most of the growth occurred in OECD Europe, where wind grew by 27.1% per annum. In absolute terms, the United States, Germany and Spain are the largest producers of electricity from wind within the OECD, producing 193.3 TWh, 88.0 TWh and 49.3 TWh respectively.

© IEA/OECD, 2016

Installed generating capacity

RENEWABLES INFORMATION (2016 edition) - xv

Solid biofuels

The OECD as a whole produced 174.5 TWh of PV electricity in 2015, 7.1% of its total renewable electricity production. The five largest producers of solar photovoltaic (PV) electricity in the OECD were Germany with 38.4 TWh, Japan with 36.0 TWh, Italy with 25.2 TWh, the United States with 24.1 TWh, and Spain with 8.3 TWh. These five countries combined produced 75.7% of the PV electricity in the OECD. While being small in absolute terms, electricity from solar PV increased from 19 GWh in 1990 to 174,521 GWh in 2015, achieving a 44.1% annual growth rate, the fastest of all renewable electricity technologies. Since the 2000, growth has been the strongest in the countries of the European Union (Figure 19). Germany, the largest producer due to its support for solar photovoltaic electricity generation, has increased production from 60 GWh in 2000 to 38,432 GWh in 2015, achieving a 53.9% growth rate over that time. Japan, the second largest producer, increased production from 347 GWh in 2000 to 35,974 GWh in 2015, with a growth rate over those years of 36.3%. The United Kingdom experienced the fastest growth rate over the same period increasing from 1 GWh in 2000 to 7,556 GWh in 2015, a growth rate of 81.4%. France experienced 62.7% of growth rate, the second fastest growth rate, increasing from 5 GWh in 2000 to 7,400 GWh in 2015.

40000 35000 30000 25000 20000 15000 10000 5000 0

Germany

Italy

Japan

Spain

United States

France

Biogases Electricity in the OECD from biogases grew from 3.7 TWh in 1990 to 78.8 TWh in 2015. With an average annual growth rate of 13.1% since 1990, biogases are the third fastest growing source of renewable electricity in the OECD. The driver of this growth is OECD Europe, which accounted for 79.4% of OECD production in 2015. Much of the growth is due to Germany, where production grew by 21.5% per annum since 1990, making it the largest producer in the OECD (40.5%). The third and fourth largest OECD producers were also located in Europe. Italy produced 9.8 TWh or 12.4% of OECD production, and the United Kingdom produced 7.6 TWh (9.7%). The second largest OECD producer in 2015 is United States which produced 13 TWh, or 16.5% of electricity from biogases in the OECD. However, despite its large share in OECD production, the United States growth rate (6.8% per year since 1990) has been lower than many of the European Union countries that use biogases, e.g. 40.5% in Italy and 11.9% in the United Kingdom.

Geothermal Similar to hydroelectric power, geothermal electricity production has not experienced significant growth between 1990 and 2015. It grew at an average annual rate of 2.3%, from 28.6 TWh to 50.2 TWh.

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Solar photovoltaic

45000

GWh

Electricity generation from solid biofuels grew from 95.2 TWh to 179.8 TWh between 1990 and 2015, yielding a 2.6% average annual growth. As the third largest renewable electricity source after hydropower and wind, solid biofuels accounted for 7.3% of renewable electricity generation in 2015. The United States (47.6 TWh) accounted for 26.5% of electricity generated from solid biofuels within the OECD, where it makes up 8.5% of the country’s renewable electricity production. The second largest producer of electricity from solid biofuels is Japan (32.6 TWh), where it represents 19.8% of the country’s renewable electricity supply. Other large producers of electricity from solid biofuels in the OECD in 2015 are UK, Germany, and Finland, producing 19.6 TWh, 12.3 TWh and 10.0 TWh respectively.

Figure 19: Solar photovoltaic electricity in six major producing countries from 1990 to 2015

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Renewable municipal waste Renewable municipal waste represented 1.3% of renewable electricity generation in 2015 in OECD countries. Renewable municipal waste is one of the smallest portions of renewable electricity portfolio. The highest share it represented in any one country is the Netherlands at 14.4%, Luxembourg at 9.9% and Belgium at 8.1%. It should be noted that sometimes data are estimates rather than observations because the energy classification systems of some countries do not separate renewable and non-renewable municipal waste. In 2015, 32.2 TWh of electricity is produced from renewable waste in the OECD. By far the largest producer of electricity from renewable municipal waste is the United States, generating 8.4 TWh, or 26.1% of OECD production. The second largest producer is Germany, with a production of 5.9 TWh (18.4%). With 3.3 TWh (10.2%), Japan is the third largest producer. Italy experienced the highest growth rate, increasing production from 37.0 GWh to 2,217 GWh (a growth rate of 17.8% per annum).

Liquid biofuels Liquid biofuels for electricity production is a relatively new technology. The first country to report electricity production of this type is Germany in 2001 with 15 GWh. Since then, an increasing number of countries have produced substantial amounts of electricity from liquid biofuels. In 2015, seven countries reported

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a total of 4,663 GWh of production. The largest producer from far is Italy with 4,060 GWh.

Solar thermal Solar thermal power production experienced rapid growth in the 1980’s and 90’s reaching 887 GWh in 1998, but stagnated in the following years. During the period of 1999 to 2006, average annual growth rates for solar thermal were essentially zero. Due to the recent renewed interest in solar thermal, the US has increased its production from 527 GWh in 1999 to 2,960 GWh in 2015. Prior to 2007, OECD solar thermal production took place mostly in the United States with small demonstration plants in Australia. With the opening of a new solar thermal power plant in 2007, Spain became the third OECD country to report electricity production from solar thermal with 5.5 TWh in 2015. These three countries combined produced all 8.5 TWh of OECD electricity from solar thermal in 2015.

Tide, wave, ocean In 2015, 1,033 GWh of electricity were generated from tide, wave and ocean motion in four OECD countries. In 2015, Korea and France produced 529 GWh and 487 GWh repectively. The other contributors were Canada and United Kindom producing 15 GWh and 2 GWh respectively in 2015.

Non-renewable municipal waste and industrial waste Industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste generated 0.4% of OECD total electricity in 2015. Electricity from industrial waste more than doubled between 1990 and 2002. It declined back to its 1990 level in 2007 and it is almost constant until 2015. Electricity generation from non-renewable municipal waste increased from 8.1 TWh in 1990 to 31.4 TWh in 2015, an average annual growth rate of 5.6%. It should be noted that this information should be used with caution because many countries (including some of the largest municipal waste producers such as Japan) do not report renewable and non-renewable municipal wastes separately.

© IEA/OECD, 2016

Geothermal electricity generation remained almost static in OECD Americas over the period 1990 to 2015, although the region remains the largest geothermal electricity producer, with a 49.6% share of OECD production in 2015. The United States is the largest producer with 37.0% of the OECD total in 2015, with a production of 18.6 TWh, slightly above the 16.0 TWh level in 1990. The second largest producer is New Zealand, with 7.9 TWh in 2015, representing 15.7% of total OECD production. Other major producers are Mexico (12.5%), Italy (12.3%) and Iceland (10.0%).

RENEWABLES INFORMATION (2016 edition) - I.1

PART I

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EXPLANATORY NOTES

RENEWABLES INFORMATION (2016 edition) - I.3

1. DEFINITIONS Renewable(s)

CHP plants and heat plants. The use of fuels for heat which is not sold is included under the sectors in which the fuel use occurs.

Hydro energy

Energy products included under the title “renewable” include: hydroelectricity, geothermal, solar photovoltaic, solar thermal, tide, wave, ocean, wind, solid biofuels, biogases, liquid biofuels and renewable municipal waste.

Hydro energy refers to potential and kinetic energy of water converted into electricity in hydroelectric plants.

Total renewables does not include industrial waste, non-renewable municipal waste, waste heat, net heat generated by heat pumps, and electricity generated with hydro pumped storage.

Geothermal energy is the energy available as heat emitted from within the earth’s crust, usually in the form of hot water or steam. It is exploited at suitable sites:  for electricity generation using dry stream or high enthalpy brine after flashing  directly as heat for district heating, agriculture, etc.

Further discussion on the definition of “renewables” with regard to energy statistics is listed in Section 2, Sources and notes.

Geothermal energy

Electricity and heat

Solar energy

Electricity

Solar radiation exploited for electricity generation and hot water production. Passive solar energy for direct heating, cooling or lighting of dwellings or other buildings is not included.  Solar photovoltaic: This is solar radiation exploited for electricity generation by photovoltaic cells.  Solar thermal: This is solar radiation exploited for: - hot water production by flat plate collectors (mainly of the thermosyphon type) for domestic hot water or seasonal heating of swimming pools - electricity generation by solar thermal-electric plants.

Gross electricity production is measured at the terminals of all alternator sets in a station. It therefore includes the energy taken by station auxiliaries and losses in transformers that are considered integral parts of the station. Although output from hydro pumped storage plants is included in total hydroelectricity production, it is excluded from primary hydroelectricity generation. Therefore, it also is excluded from the contribution of renewables.

Heat Heat production includes all heat produced by main activity producer CHP and heat plants, as well as heat sold by autoproducer CHP and heat plants to third parties. Fuels used to produce quantities of heat for sale are included in transformation processes under the rows

Tide / wave / ocean energy Tide, wave and ocean represents the mechanical energy derived from tidal movement, wave motion or ocean current and exploited for electricity generation. INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

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Products

I.4 - RENEWABLES INFORMATION (2016 edition)

Wind energy represents kinetic energy of wind exploited for electricity generation in wind turbines.

Biofuels and Renewable Waste This section includes solid biofuels, biogases, liquid biofuels, and the renewable portion of municipal waste. The fuels in this section are expressed in terajoules on a net calorific value basis, with the exception of liquid biofuels and charcoal, which are in thousand tonnes. Note that for biomass commodities, only the amounts specifically used for energy purposes (a small part of the total) are included in the energy statistics. Therefore, the non-energy use of biomass is not taken into consideration and the quantities are null by definition.

Solid biofuels

 Solid biofuels covers organic, non-fossil material of biological origin which may be used as fuel for heat and electricity production. Note that for biofuels commodities, only the amounts specifically used for energy purposes (a small part of the total) are included in the energy statistics. Therefore, the nonenergy use of biofuels is not taken into consideration and the quantities are null by definition.  Primary solid biofuels is defined as any plant matter used directly as fuel or converted into other forms before combustion. This covers a multitude of woody materials generated by industrial process or provided directly by forestry and agriculture (firewood, wood chips, bark, sawdust, shavings, chips, sulphite lyes also known as black liquor, animal materials/wastes and other solid biofuels). This category excludes charcoal.

 Fuelwood, wood residues and by-products: Fuelwood or firewood (in log, brushwood, pellet or chip form) obtained from natural or managed forests or isolated trees. Also included are wood residues used as fuel and in which the original composition of wood is retained. Charcoal and black liquor are excluded.

 Wood pellets: Wood pellets are a cylindrical product which has been agglomerated from wood residues by compression with or without the addition of a small quantity of binder. The pellets have a diameter not exceeding 25 mm and a length not exceeding 45 mm. INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

 Black liquor: Energy from the alkaline-spent liquor obtained from the digesters during the production of sulphate or soda pulp required for paper manufacture.

 Bagasse: Fuel obtained from the fibre which remains after juice extraction in sugar cane processing.

 Animal Waste: Energy from excreta of animals, meat and fish residues which, when dry, are used directly as a fuel. This excludes waste used in anaerobic fermentation plants. Fuel gases from these plants are included under biogases.

 Other vegetal materials and residuals: Biofuels not specified elsewhere and including straw, vegetable husks, ground nut shells, pruning brushwood, olive pomace and other wastes arising from the maintenance, cropping and processing of plants.

 Charcoal covers the solid residue of the destructive distillation and pyrolysis of wood and other vegetal material. Charcoal produced from solid biofuels is also included here. Since charcoal is a secondary product, its treatment is slightly different than that of the other primary biofuels. Production of charcoal (an output in the transformation process) is offset by the inputs of primary biofuels into the charcoal production process. The losses from this process are included in the row other transformation. Other supply (e.g. trade and stock changes) as well as consumption are aggregated directly with the primary biofuels.

Biogases Biogases are gases arising from the anaerobic fermentation of biomass and the gasification of solid biomass (including biomass in wastes). The biogases from anaerobic fermentation are composed principally of methane and carbon dioxide and comprise landfill gas, sewage sludge gas and other biogases from anaerobic fermentation. Biogases can also be produced from thermal processes (by gasification or pyrolysis) of biomass and are mixtures containing hydrogen and carbon monoxide (usually known as syngas) along with other components. These gases may be further processed to modify their composition and can be further processed to produce substitute natural gas. Biogases are used mainly as a fuel but can be used as a chemical feedstock.

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Wind energy

RENEWABLES INFORMATION (2016 edition) - I.5

 Sewage sludge gas: covers gas produced from the anaerobic fermentation of sewage sludge.

 Other biogases from anaerobic digestion: such as biogases produced from the anaerobic fermentation of animal slurries and of waste abattoirs, breweries and other agro-food industries.

Non-renewable waste This section includes non-renewable municipal waste and industrial waste.

Industrial waste

 Biogases from thermal processes: biogases produced from thermal processes (by gasification or pyrolisis) of biomass.

Industrial waste (e.g. tyres) consists of solid, liquid or gaseous products which are combusted directly, usually in specialised plants, to produce heat and/or electricity. Industrial waste is of non-renewable origin and renewable industrial waste is included with solid biofuels, biogases or liquid biofuels.

Liquid biofuels

Municipal waste - non-renewable

Liquid biofuels include the liquid biofuels that are blended into gasoline and gas/diesel oil and other liquid biofuels. It does not include the total volume of gasoline or diesel into which the biofuels are blended.

Non-renewable municipal waste consists of the nonbiodegradable part of municipal waste products that are combusted directly to produce heat and/or electricity. It includes waste produced by the residential, commercial and public services sectors that is collected by local authorities for disposal in a central location, including non-biodegradable hospital waste.

 Biogasoline: includes bioethanol (ethanol produced from biomass and/or the biodegradable fraction of waste), biomethanol (methanol produced from biomass and/or the biodegradable fraction of waste), bioETBE (ethyl-tertio-butyl-ether produced on the basis of bioethanol; the percentage by volume of bioETBE that is calculated as biofuel is 47%) and bioMTBE (methyl-tertio-butyl-ether produced on the basis of biomethanol: the percentage by volume of bioMTBE that is calculated as biofuel is 36%).

 Biodiesels: includes biodiesel (a methyl-ester produced from vegetable or animal oil, of diesel quality), biodimethylether (dimethylether produced from biomass), Fischer Tropsh (FischerTropsh produced from biomass), cold pressed biooil (oil produced from oil seed through mechanical processing only) used straight as road diesel or for electricity and heat generation.

 Other liquid biofuels: includes liquid biofuels, used directly as fuel, not included in biogasoline or biodiesels.

Municipal waste - renewable

 Renewable municipal waste consists of the biodegradable part of municipal waste products that are combusted directly to produce heat and/or electricity. It comprises waste produced by the residential, commercial and public services sectors that is collected by local authorities for disposal in a central location, including biodegradable hospital waste.

Flows: energy balance The renewables and waste balances are presented in detail in Part III. Table 6, Renewables and waste data, presents the sources of energy in the columns and the origins and uses in the rows. Each table is divided into three main parts: the first shows supply elements, the second shows the transformation processes and energy industries, and the third shows final consumption broken down into the various end-use sectors. The rows, or “flows”, defined below are also used in other tables in this publication (i.e. Total primary energy supply). The energy balance flows have the following functions:

Production Production refers to the quantities of fuels extracted or produced, calculated after any operation for removal of inert matter or impurities. The calculation of production of hydroelectricity, geothermal, etc. is explained in Section 4, Energy conventions and Units.

Import and exports Imports and exports comprise amounts having crossed the national territorial boundaries of the country, whether or not customs clearance has taken place. INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

© IEA/OECD, 2016

 Landfill gas: covers gas formed by the digestion of landfilled waste.

I.6 - RENEWABLES INFORMATION (2016 edition)

Stock changes Stock changes reflects the difference between opening stock levels on the first day of the year and closing levels on the last day of the year of stocks on national territory held by producers, importers, energy transformation industries and large consumers. A stock build is shown as a negative number, and a stock draw as a positive number.

Total primary energy supply Total primary energy supply (TPES) is made up of production + imports - exports ± stock changes.

Statistical difference Statistical difference is defined as deliveries to final consumption + use for transformation processes + consumption by energy industry own use + losses domestic supply - transfers. Statistical differences arise because the data for the individual components of supply and demand are often derived from different data sources by the national administration. Furthermore, the inclusion of changes in some large consumers' stocks in the supply part of the balance introduces distortions which also contribute to the statistical differences.

Electricity plants Electricity plants refers to plants which are designed to produce electricity only. If one or more units of the plant is a CHP unit (and the inputs and outputs cannot be distinguished on a unit basis), then the whole plant is designated as a CHP plant. Both main activity producer1 and autoproducer2 plants are included here.

Combined heat and power plants Combined heat and power plants (CHP) refers to plants which are designed to produce both heat and electricity, sometimes referred to as co-generation Power stations. If possible, fuel inputs and electricity/ heat outputs are on a unit basis rather than on a plant basis. However, if data are not available on a unit basis, the convention for defining a CHP plant noted

above is adopted. Both main activity producer and autoproducer plants are included here. Note that for autoproducer CHP plants, all fuel inputs to electricity production are taken into account, while only the part of fuel inputs to heat sold is shown. Fuel inputs for the production of heat consumed within the autoproducer's establishment are not included here but are included with figures for the final consumption of fuels in the appropriate consuming sector.

Heat plants Heat plants refers to plants (including heat pumps and electric boilers) designed to produce heat only and who sell heat to a third party (e.g. residential, commercial or industrial consumers) under the provisions of a contract. Both main activity producer and autoproducer plants are included here. Heat pumps that are operated within the residential sector where the heat is not sold are not considered a transformation process and are not included here – the electricity consumption would appear as residential use.

Charcoal production plants Charcoal production plants includes the transformation of primary solid biofuels into charcoal. Since charcoal is a secondary product, the production of charcoal (which appears as a positive number in this row) is offset by the inputs of primary solid biofuels (which appears as a negative number in this row) into the charcoal production process.

Other transformation Other transformation covers non-specified transformation not shown elsewhere.

Energy industry own use Energy industry own use covers the amount of fuels used by the energy producing industries (e.g. for heating, lighting and operation of all equipment used in the extraction process, for traction and for distribution). It includes energy consumed by energy industries for heating, pumping, traction and lighting purposes [ISIC3 05, 06, 19 and 35, Group 091 and Classes 0892 and 0721].

Losses

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Losses includes losses in energy distribution, transmission and transport. 3. International Standard Industrial Classification of All Economic Activities, Series M, No. 4 / Rev. 4, United Nations, New York, 2008.

© IEA/OECD, 2016

1. Main activity producer generate electricity and/or heat for sale to third parties, as their primary activity. They may be privately or publicly owned. Note that the sale need not take place through the public grid. 2. Autoproducer undertakings generate electricity and/or heat, wholly or partly for their own use as an activity which supports their primary activity. They may be privately or publicly owned.

RENEWABLES INFORMATION (2016 edition) - I.7

Total final consumption (TFC) is the sum of consumption in the different end-use sectors. This implies that energy used for transformation processes and for own use of the energy producing industries is excluded. Final consumption reflects for the most part deliveries to consumers (see note on stock changes).

Industry Industry consumption is specified in the following sub-sectors (energy used for transport by industry is not included here but is reported under transport): Iron and steel

ISIC Group 241 and Class 2431

Chemical and petrochemical industry

ISIC Divisions 20 and 21, excluding petrochemical feedstocks

Non-ferrous metals

ISIC Group 242 and Class 2432

Non-metallic minerals

ISIC Division 23, such as glass, ceramic, cement, etc.

Transport equipment

ISIC Divisions 29 and 30

Machinery

ISIC Divisions 25 to 28, comprises fabricated metal products, machinery and equipment other than transport equipment

Mining (excluding fuels) and quarrying

ISIC Divisions 07 and 08 and Group 099

Food and tobacco

ISIC Divisions 10 to 12

Paper, pulp and printing

ISIC Divisions 17 and 18

Wood and wood products

ISIC Division 16, other than pulp and paper

Construction

ISIC Divisions 41 to 43

Textile and leather

ISIC Divisions 13 to 15

Non-specified

ISIC Divisions 22, 31 and 32, includes any manufacturing industry not included above Note: Most countries have difficulties supplying an industrial breakdown for all fuels. In these cases, the nonspecified industry row has been used. Regional aggregates of industrial consumption should therefore be used with caution.

Transport Transport covers all transport activity (in mobile engines) regardless of the economic sector to which it is contributing [ISIC Divisions 49 to 51], and is specified as follows:

 Road: includes fuels used in road vehicles as well as agricultural and industrial highway use. It excludes military consumption as well as motor gasoline used in stationary engines and diesel oil for use in tractors that are not for highway use.  Other: includes all transport not elsewhere specified.

Other

 Residential: includes consumption by households, excluding fuels used for transport. It includes households with employed persons [ISIC Divisions 97 and 98] which is a small part of total residential consumption.  Commercial and public services: Commercial and public services [ISIC Divisions 33, 36-39, 45-47, 52, 53, 55, 56, 58-66, 68-75, 77-82, 84 (excluding Class 8422), 85-88, 90-96 and 99].  Agriculture/forestry: includes deliveries to users classified as agriculture, hunting and forestry by the ISIC, and therefore includes energy consumed by such users whether for traction (excluding agricultural highway use), power or heating (agricultural and domestic) [ISIC Divisions 01 and 02].  Fishing: includes fuels used for inland, coastal and deep-sea fishing. Fishing covers fuels delivered to ships of all flags that have refuelled in the country (including international fishing) as well as energy used in the fishing industry [ISIC Division 03]. Prior to the 2007 edition, fishing was included with agriculture/forestry and this may continue to be the case for some countries.  Non-specified: includes all fuel use not elsewhere specified as well as consumption in the abovedesignated categories for which separate figures have not been provided. Military fuel use for all mobile and stationary consumption is included here (e.g. ships, aircraft, road and energy used in living quarters) regardless of whether the fuel delivered is for the military of that country or for the military of another country.

Electricity generated Electricity generated shows the total number of GWh generated by thermal power plants separated into electricity plants and CHP plants, as well as production by hydroelectricity (excluding pumped storage production), geothermal, etc.

Heat generated Heat generated shows the total number of TJ generated by power plants separated into CHP plants and heat plants. INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

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Total final consumption

I.8 - RENEWABLES INFORMATION (2016 edition)

The flows defined below describe the aggregated commodity balance presented in Table 7. These tables include sources of renewable and waste energy, both primary (geothermal, solar thermal, industrial waste, municipal waste, primary solid biofuels, biogases, and liquid biofuels) and secondary (charcoal). Data for each product are in original units (see Section 4 for more detail on units).

Production Production refers to the quantities of fuels extracted or produced, calculated after any operation for removal of inert matter or impurities. The calculation of production of hydroelectricity, geothermal, etc. is explained in Section 4, Energy conventions and Units.

Net imports Net imports are the sum of total imports minus total exports.

Stock changes Stock changes reflects the difference between opening stock levels on the first day of the year and closing levels on the last day of the year of stocks on national territory held by producers, importers, energy transformation industries and large consumers. A stock build is shown as a negative number, and a stock draw as a positive number.

Gross consumption Gross consumption consists of production + net imports ± stock changes.

Statistical differences Statistical difference is defined as deliveries to final consumption + use for transformation processes + consumption by energy industry own use + losses - domestic supply - transfers. Statistical differences arise because the data for the individual components of supply and demand are often derived from different data sources by the national administration. Furthermore, the inclusion of changes in some large consumers' stocks in the supply part of the balance introduces distortions which also contribute to the statistical differences.

Energy industry own use Energy industry own use covers the amount of fuels used by the energy producing industries (e.g. for heating, lighting and operation of all equipment used in the extraction process, for traction and for distribution). It includes energy consumed by energy industries for heating, pumping, traction and lighting purposes [ISIC4 05, 06, 19 and 35, Group 091 and Classes 0892 and 0721].

Losses Losses includes losses in energy distribution, transmission and transport.

Final energy consumption Final consumption (equal to the sum of the consumption in the end-use sectors) implies that energy used for transformation processes and for own use of the energy producing industries is excluded. Final consumption reflects for the most part deliveries to consumers (see note on stock changes).

Industry See Flows: Energy Balance for the sub-sectors included in industry.

Transport See Flows: Energy Balance for the sub-sectors included in transport.

Other See Flows: Energy Balance for the sub-sectors included in other.

Additional definitions Net maximum capacity

Transformation processes

Net maximum capacity is the maximum active power that can be supplied, continuously, with all plants running, at the point of outlet to the network. It is assumed that all equipment is in full working order, that the power produced can be disposed of without any restrictions and that optimum conditions prevail as regards primary sources (i.e. flow and head in the case of hydroelectric plants; grades and quantity of fuel in hand and water supply, temperature and purity, in the case of combustible fuel-fired plants and assuming

Transformation processes are the conversion of primary forms of energy to secondary forms including further transformation.

4. International Standard Industrial Classification of All Economic Activities, Series M, No. 4 / Rev. 4, United Nations, New York, 2008.

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Flows: commodity balance

RENEWABLES INFORMATION (2016 edition) - I.9

The capacity is net in the sense that it is the output capacity measured at the plant busbars, i.e. after deducting the power needed by plant auxiliaries and losses in plant transformers.

Capacity factor The capacity factor is defined as: the annual gross electricity generation (in MWh) divided by the net capacity (in MW) times 365 (days/year) times 24 (hours/day).

Care should be taken when using this figure for several reasons:  The ratio is done between the gross generation and the net capacity, hence not taking into account the own use of the plant.  A large adding of capacity in the year (especially toward the end of the year) will impact negatively the capacity factor, as the capacity would only have been producing for a part of the year.  Reciprocally, a decommissioning of some of the capacity (especially toward the end of the year) can cause the capacity factor to increase.  In the case of co-firing, some issues can arise since the capacity is sometimes only reported under the main fuel, and sometimes double reporting of the capacity can occur.

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© IEA/OECD, 2016

that the output and method of production in CHP plants are those which contribute to maximum electricity production). It represents the sum of all individual plants’ maximum capacities available to run continuously throughout a prolonged period of operation in a day.

RENEWABLES INFORMATION (2016 edition) - I.11

2. SOURCES AND NOTES Energy data for OECD countries are submitted by all OECD Member countries to the IEA secretariat in a common format and methodology to allow for international comparisons. One general issue regarding renewable statistics is that the variety of definitions for the word “renewable” may not refer to the same energy sources. Some of the definitions of renewable energy used by national and international bodies include specific renewables technologies such as large hydro, geothermal, peat, municipal waste or industrial waste while others exclude them. Similarly, renewables may or may not include non-commercial biofuels, which has substantial effects regarding renewable data for developing countries. The Renewable Energy Working Party of the International Energy Agency set down the following broad definition: “Renewable Energy is derived from natural processes that are replenished constantly. In its various forms, it derives directly or indirectly from the sun, or from heat generated deep within the earth. Included in the definition is energy generated from solar, wind, biofuels, geothermal, hydropower and ocean resources, and biofuels and hydrogen derived from renewable resources.” Therefore, in this publication the renewable products are: hydro (large, medium and small), geothermal, solar photovoltaic, solar thermal, tide, wave, ocean, wind, solid biofuels, biogases, liquid biofuels and renewable municipal waste. It follows that total renewables does not include industrial waste, non-renewable municipal waste, waste heat, net heat generated by heat pumps, and electricity generated with hydro pumped storage.

While some OECD member countries accept industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste as renewable energy sources, many countries exclude them on the grounds that they are not biodegradable. Under the IEA methodology, industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste are excluded from the definition of renewable energy sources. However, these data are included in this publication in order to account for the full range of statistics collected in the Annual Renewables and Waste Questionnaire. Even though data quality improves with each new edition due to the continuous efforts of the IEA in partnership with national administrations, it is important to highlight that difficulties exist in the collection of some data. As a result, there can be breaks in the time series for the countries. For example, one continuing problem is the breakdown between municipal waste and industrial waste. In some countries industrial waste statistics are not of the same quality as those for other products, because renewables and waste data collection systems were not in place in many countries in the early 1990s. Furthermore, the breakdown between the renewable and non-renewable portions of municipal waste is sometimes not known and as a result is based on estimates. The breakdown is important because most countries include the renewable (biodegradable) part of municipal waste in their renewables definition, while they exclude the remainder. The classification of waste as renewable is also important because the nonrenewable component is counted when calculating CO2 emissions. Data collection from off-grid systems that work independently or are connected to a local distribution system remains a problem. These systems are frequently omitted in national statistics due to difficulties in collecting these data. This is, for example, the case regarding solar energy data, where for a number of countries, production and capacity are likely to be INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

© IEA/OECD, 2016

General notes

I.12 - RENEWABLES INFORMATION (2016 edition)

Many systems are connected to the grid at the distribution level, rather than at the transmission level, and so do not require interconnection permits. National governments are seeking to improve data collection methods to capture the total nature of their renewable energies. In general, the dispersion of renewables and waste production, specifically off-grid production (such as domestic solar collectors and/or small wind turbines), creates transparency and measurement problems. Thus, the nature and structure of the renewables energy market impedes data quality and reliability when compared to that of the traditional fossil fuels, which mainly produce heat and electricity in grid-connected plants. Non-commercial biofuels are included in the IEA definition, but data are not always complete. Electricity from fuel cells using hydrogen from renewable, as well as non-renewable, sources is not included in this publication due to a lack of reliable information. When using these data, special attention should also be given to the percentage that renewables represents in TPES in countries where the net trade of electricity is large and also represents a significant percentage. In these cases, the high net imports of electricity can heavily influence the percentage of renewables in TPES. Statistics of non-OECD countries presented in this publication are based on data available at the time of publishing and may differ from the final non-OECD data to be published in World Energy Balances. Additional information on the methodologies and reporting conventions used here are included in the notes in World Energy Balances.

Qualifiers Data marked as ‘e’ are the estimates of the IEA secretariat. Data marked as ‘c’ means that data are confidential due to country specific regulations. Data marked as ‘..’ means that data are not available (either not collected or not submitted by national government). Data marked as ‘x’ means that the data point is not applicable, that is, there is no meaningful explanation of a value there (for example it is difficult to show the share in total energy sources of stock changes). INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

Data sources Historical data (1990-2014) The annual historical data in Part II of this report are taken from the IEA/OECD databases of Energy Statistics which are based on annual submissions from all OECD Member countries.

i) IEA/OECD renewables statistics This database of annual statistics for OECD countries covers hydroelectricity, solid biofuels, geothermal, renewable municipal waste, wind, gas from biomass, liquid biofuels, solar photovoltaic, solar thermal, tide/ wave/ocean, non-renewable municipal waste and industrial waste. It includes electricity and heat production from renewable sources and supply/demand balances of renewable and waste products. The main data from this system are published annually in this publication.

ii) IEA/OECD electricity statistics This database of annual statistics for OECD countries covers generating capacity and electricity production from main activity producer and autoproducer plants. It includes information on electricity production by fuel type and supply/demand balances for electricity and for heat sold to third parties from different types of power and heat plants. The main data from this system are published annually in the IEA/OECD publication Electricity Information.

iii) World energy balances Overall energy balances are constructed annually for all OECD countries from the basic energy statistics systems of the IEA. The overall energy balance data are expressed in a common energy unit of tonnes of oil equivalent (toe) and presented in a standard matrix format. The balances are published annually in the IEA/OECD publication Energy Balances of OECD Countries in which detailed country notes referring to historical data can be found.

iv) OECD main economic indicators OECD Main Economic Indicators is a monthly compilation of a range of indicators on recent economic developments for the 34 OECD Member countries. Please refer to this publication for detailed notes regarding the selected indicators.

© IEA/OECD, 2016

considerably higher than indicated in this publication. Collection of the data presents national governments with some unique challenges. Renewable energy systems tend to be smaller than conventional systems, and harder to track. Operators tend to be more diverse and more numerous.

RENEWABLES INFORMATION (2016 edition) - I.13

Energy data reported for 2015 (shown as 2015p) in this publication are provisional estimates based on submissions received in early 2016 and on monthly submissions to the IEA from member countries. In some instances it has been necessary for the IEA to

estimate some data; explanations of the estimates are provided in the country notes. Final 2015 data on renewables and waste will be submitted by OECD Member countries to the secretariat in Annual Questionnaires in late 2016. As a result, final data for 2015 and provisional 2016 data will be published in the 2017 edition of Renewables Information.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

© IEA/OECD, 2016

Latest year data: 2015

RENEWABLES INFORMATION (2016 edition) - I.15

3. GEOGRAPHICAL COVERAGE

Latvia was not an OECD Member at the time of the preparation of this publication. Accordingly, Latvia does not appear in the list of OECD Members and is not included in the zone aggregates. OECD Americas includes Canada; Chile; Mexico and the United States. OECD Asia Oceania includes Australia; Israel; Japan; Korea and New Zealand. OECD Europe includes Austria; Belgium; the Czech Republic; Denmark; Estonia; Finland; France; Germany; Greece; Hungary; Iceland; Ireland; Italy; Luxembourg; the Netherlands; Norway; Poland; Portugal; the Slovak Republic; Slovenia; Spain; Sweden; Switzerland; Turkey and the United Kingdom.1 Estonia and Slovenia are included starting in 1990. Prior to 1990, Estonia is included in Former Soviet Union and Slovenia is included in Former Yugoslavia. Within the OECD:  Australia excludes the overseas territories;  Denmark excludes Greenland and the Faroe Islands, except prior to 1990, where data on oil for Greenland were included with the Danish statistics. The Administration is planning to revise the series back to 1974 to exclude these amounts; 1. Latvia was not an OECD Member at the time of the preparation of this publication. Accordingly, Latvia does not appear in the list of OECD Members and is not included in the zone aggregates.

 France includes Monaco and excludes the following overseas departments: Guadeloupe; French Guiana; Martinique; Mayotte; and Réunion; and collectivities: New Caledonia; French Polynesia; Saint Barthélemy; Saint Martin; Saint Pierre and Miquelon; and Wallis and Futuna;  Germany includes the new federal states of Germany from 1970 onwards;  The statistical data for Israel are supplied by and under the responsibility of the relevant Israeli authorities. The use of such data by the OECD is without prejudice to the status of the Golan Heights, East Jerusalem and Israeli settlements in the West Bank under the terms of international law.  Italy includes San Marino and the Holy See;  Japan includes Okinawa;  Netherlands excludes Suriname, Aruba and the other former Netherlands Antilles4 (Bonaire, Curaçao, Saba, Saint Eustatius and Sint Maarten);  Portugal includes the Azores and Madeira;  Spain includes the Canary Islands;  Switzerland includes Liechtenstein for oil data; data for other fuels do not include Liechtenstein;  Shipments of coal and oil to the Channel Islands and the Isle of Man from the United Kingdom are not classed as exports. Supplies of coal and oil to these islands are, therefore, included as part of UK supply. Exports of natural gas to the Isle of Man are included with the exports to Ireland;  United States includes the 50 states and the District of Columbia but generally excludes all territories, and all trade between the U.S. and its territories. Oil statistics include Guam, Puerto Rico2 and

2. Natural gas and electricity data for Puerto Rico are included under Other Non-OECD Americas.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

© IEA/OECD, 2016

The Organisation for Economic Co-Operation and Development (OECD) includes Australia; Austria; Belgium; Canada; Chile; the Czech Republic; Denmark; Estonia; Finland; France; Germany; Greece; Hungary; Iceland; Ireland; Israel; Italy; Japan; Korea; Luxembourg; Mexico; the Netherlands; New Zealand; Norway; Poland; Portugal; the Slovak Republic; Slovenia; Spain; Sweden; Switzerland; Turkey; the United Kingdom and the United States.

I.16 - RENEWABLES INFORMATION (2016 edition)

The International Energy Agency (IEA) includes Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, the Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia3, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Korea, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Poland, Portugal, the Slovak Republic, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, the United Kingdom and the United States. Africa includes Algeria; Angola; Benin; Botswana (from 1981); Cameroon; Republic of the Congo (Congo)4; Côte d’Ivoire; Democratic Republic of the Congo; Egypt; Eritrea; Ethiopia; Gabon; Ghana; Kenya; Libya; Mauritius; Morocco; Mozambique; Namibia (from 1991); Niger (from 2000); Nigeria; Senegal; South Africa; South Sudan (from 2012), Sudan; United Republic of Tanzania (Tanzania); Togo; Tunisia; Zambia; Zimbabwe and Other Africa. Other Africa includes Botswana (until 1980); Burkina Faso; Burundi; Cabo Verde; Central African Republic; Chad; Comoros; Djibouti; Equatorial Guinea; Gambia; Guinea; Guinea-Bissau; Lesotho; Liberia; Madagascar; Malawi; Mali; Mauritania; Namibia (until 1990); Niger (until 1999); Réunion; Rwanda; Sao Tome and Principe; the Seychelles; Sierra Leone; Somalia; Swaziland; Uganda. Middle East includes Bahrain; Islamic Republic of Iran; Iraq; Jordan; Kuwait; Lebanon; Oman; Qatar; Saudi Arabia; Syrian Arab Republic; United Arab Emirates and Yemen. Non-OECD Europe and Eurasia includes Albania; Armenia; Azerbaijan; Belarus; Bosnia and Herzegovina; Bulgaria; Croatia; Cyprus 5 ; the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia; Georgia; Gibraltar; Kazakhstan;

3. Estonia is included starting in 1990. Prior to 1990, data for Estonia are included in Former Soviet Union. 4. Short country names are included in parentheses. 5. Note by Turkey: The information in this document with reference to “Cyprus” relates to the southern part of the Island. There is no single authority representing both Turkish and Greek Cypriot people on the Island. Turkey recognises the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus (TRNC). Until a lasting and equitable solution is found within the context of the United Nations, Turkey shall preserve its position concerning the “Cyprus issue”. Note by all the European Union Member States of the OECD and the European Union: The Republic of Cyprus is recognised by all members of the United Nations with the exception of Turkey. The information in this document relates to the area under the effective control of the Government of the Republic of Cyprus.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

Kosovo; Kyrgyzstan; Latvia 6 ; Lithuania; Malta; the Republic of Moldova (Moldova); Montenegro; Romania; the Russian Federation; Serbia 7 ; Tajikistan; Turkmenistan; Ukraine; Uzbekistan; the Former Soviet Union and Former Yugoslavia. Non-OECD Americas includes Argentina; Plurinational State of Bolivia (Bolivia); Brazil; Colombia; Costa Rica; Cuba; Curaçao 8 ; the Dominican Republic; Ecuador; El Salvador; Guatemala; Haiti; Honduras; Jamaica; Nicaragua; Panama; Paraguay; Peru; Suriname (from 2000), Trinidad and Tobago; Uruguay; the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela (Venezuela) and Other NonOECD Americas. Other Non-OECD Americas includes Antigua and Barbuda; Aruba; the Bahamas; Barbados; Belize; Bermuda; Bonaire (from 2012); the British Virgin Islands; the Cayman Islands; Dominica; the Falkland Islands (Malvinas); French Guiana; Grenada; Guadeloupe; Guyana; Martinique; Montserrat; Puerto Rico9 (for natural gas and electricity); Saba (from 2012); Saint Eustatius (from 2012); Saint Kitts and Nevis; Saint Lucia; Saint Pierre and Miquelon; Saint Vincent and the Grenadines; Sint Maarten (from 2012); Suriname (until 1999); and the Turks and Caicos Islands. China includes the (People’s Republic of) China and Hong Kong, China. Asia includes Bangladesh; Brunei Darussalam; Cambodia (from 1995); India; Indonesia; the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea; Malaysia; Mongolia (from 1985); Myanmar; Nepal; Pakistan; the Philippines; Singapore; Sri Lanka; Chinese Taipei; Thailand; Viet Nam and Other Asia. Other Asia includes Afghanistan; Bhutan; Cambodia (until 1994); Cook Islands; Fiji; French Polynesia; Kiribati; Lao People’s Democratic Republic; Macau, China; the Maldives; Mongolia (until 1984); New Caledonia;

6. Latvia was not an OECD Member at the time of the preparation of this publication. Accordingly, Latvia does not appear in the list of OECD Members and is still included in the non-OECD aggregate. 7. Serbia includes Montenegro until 2004 and Kosovo until 1999. 8. The Netherlands Antilles was dissolved on 10 October 2010 resulting in two new ‘constituent countries’ (Curaçao and Sint Maarten) with the other islands joining The Netherlands as ‘special municipalities’. However, due to lack of detailed data the IEA secretariat’s data and estimates under the ‘Netherlands Antilles’ still refer to the whole territory of the Netherlands Antilles as it was known prior to 10 October 2010 up to the end of 2011. Data refer only to the island of Curaçao from 2012. The other islands of the former Netherlands Antilles are added to Other Non-OECD Americas from 2012. 9. Oil statistics as well as coal trade statistics for Puerto Rico are included under the United States.

© IEA/OECD, 2016

the United States Virgin Islands; trade statistics for coal include international trade to and from Puerto Rico and the United States Virgin Islands.

RENEWABLES INFORMATION (2016 edition) - I.17

Palau (from 1994); Papua New Guinea; Samoa; the Solomon Islands; Timor-Leste; Tonga and Vanuatu.

G7 includes Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, the United Kingdom, and the United States.

The European Union - 28 (EU-28) includes Austria; Belgium; Bulgaria; Croatia; Cyprus2; the Czech Republic; Denmark; Estonia; Finland; France; Germany; Greece; Hungary; Ireland; Italy; Latvia; Lithuania; Luxembourg; Malta; Netherlands; Poland; Portugal; Romania; Slovak Republic; Slovenia; Spain; Sweden and United Kingdom.

G8 includes Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, the Russian Federation, the United Kingdom and the United States.

Please note that the following countries have not been considered due to lack of data:  Non-OECD Europe and Eurasia: Andorra; Liechtenstein11 (except for oil data);  Africa: Mayotte; Saint Helena; Western Sahara;  Non-OECD Americas: Anguilla;

The Organisation of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) includes Algeria; Angola; Ecuador; Islamic Republic of Iran; Iraq; Kuwait; Libya; Nigeria; Qatar; Saudi Arabia; the United Arab Emirates and the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela (Venezuela).10

 Asia: Christmas Island; Nauru; Niue and Tuvalu.

10. Data for Indonesia and Gabon, that re-joined OPEC in January and July 2016, respectively, are not included in the OPEC aggregate in the current edition.

11. Oil data for Liechtenstein are included under Switzerland.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

© IEA/OECD, 2016

Please note that in the interest of having comparable data, all these countries are included since 1990 despite different entry dates into the European Union.

G20 includes Argentina, Australia, Brazil, Canada, China (including Hong Kong, China), India, Indonesia, Japan, Korea, Mexico, the Russian Federation, Saudi Arabia, South Africa, Turkey, the United States and the European Union – 28.

RENEWABLES INFORMATION (2016 edition) - I.19

4. ENERGY CONVENTIONS AND UNITS energy source as the primary energy equivalent. As a consequence, there is an obvious link between the principles adopted in defining the primary energy forms of energy sources and the primary energy equivalent of these sources.

Primary energy conventions

Choice of the primary energy form

 For each of these sources, there is a need to define the form of primary energy to be considered; for instance, in the case of hydro energy, a choice must be made between the kinetic energy of falling water and the electricity produced. For nuclear energy, the choice is between the energy content of the nuclear fuel, the heat generated in the reactors and the electricity produced. For photovoltaic electricity, the choice is between the solar radiation received and the electricity produced.  The principle adopted by the IEA is that the primary energy form should be the first energy form downstream in the production process for which multiple energy uses are practical. The application of this principle leads to the choice of the following primary energy forms:  Heat for nuclear, geothermal and solar thermal;  Electricity for hydro, wind, tide/wave/ocean and solar photovoltaic.

Calculation of the primary energy equivalent There are essentially two methods that can be used to calculate the primary energy equivalent of the above energy sources: the partial substitution method and the physical energy content method.  The physical energy content method: This method uses the physical energy content of the primary

 For instance, in the case of nuclear electricity production, as heat is the primary energy form, the primary energy equivalent is the quantity of heat generated in the reactors. However, as the amount of heat produced is not always known, the IEA estimates the primary energy equivalent from the electricity generation by assuming an efficiency of 33%, which is the average of nuclear power plants in Europe.

 In the case of hydro and solar PV, as electricity is the primary energy form selected, the primary energy equivalent is the physical energy content of the electricity generated in the plant, which amounts to assuming an efficiency of 100%. A more detailed presentation of the assumptions used by the IEA in establishing its energy balances is given in Section 4.

For geothermal and solar thermal, if no countryspecific information is reported, the primary energy equivalent is calculated as follows:

   

10% for geothermal electricity; 50% for geothermal heat; 33% for solar thermal electricity; 100% for solar thermal heat.

The partial substitution method: In this method, the primary energy equivalent of the above sources of electricity generation represents the amount of energy that would be necessary to generate an identical amount of electricity in conventional thermal power plants. The primary energy equivalent is calculated using an average generating efficiency of these plants. This method INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

© IEA/OECD, 2016

When constructing an energy balance, it is necessary to adopt conventions for primary energy from several sources, such as nuclear, geothermal, solar, hydro, wind, etc. The two types of assumptions that have to be made are described below.

I.20 - RENEWABLES INFORMATION (2016 edition)

Since these two methods differ significantly in the treatment of electricity from solar, hydro, wind, etc., the share of renewables in total energy supply will appear to be very different depending on the method used. As a result, when looking at the percentages of various energy sources in total supply, it is important to understand the underlying conventions that were used to calculate the primary energy supply.

Units Original units Electricity is expressed in gigawatt hours and heat is expressed in terajoules Non-combustible renewables have original units of their primary energy form (see Primary energy conventions for the primary energy form of noncombustible renewables). Primary solid biofuels, biogases, municipal waste, and industrial waste are presented in their original units in terajoules on a net calorific basis. The secretariat does not receive information on volumes and other characteristics of these fuels. Liquid biofuels and charcoal have original units in 1000 tonnes.

Energy balance units The IEA energy balance methodology is based on the net calorific content of the energy commodities and a common unit of account. The unit of account adopted by the IEA is the tonne of oil equivalent (toe) which is defined as 107 kilocalories (41.868 gigajoules). This quantity of energy is, within a few percent, equal to the net heat content of 1 tonne of crude oil. Throughout this publication 1 tonne means 1 metric ton or 1000 kg.

Conversion (from original units to toe) The change from using the original units to tonnes of oil equivalent implies choosing coefficients of equivalence INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

between different forms and sources of energy. This problem can be approached in many different ways. For example, one could adopt a single equivalence for each major primary energy source in all countries, e.g. 29 307 kJ/kg (7 000 kcal/kg) for hard coal, 41 868 kJ/kg (10 000 kcal/kg) for oil, etc. The main objection to this method is that it results in distortions since there can be a wide spread between calorific values of fuels (i.e. liquid biofuels) in different countries. For charcoal, biogasoline, biodiesels and other liquid biofuels, specific factors have been used for production, imports and exports based on consultations with experts from the national administrations. The balances are expressed in terms of “net” calorific value. The difference between the “net” and the “gross” calorific value for each fuel is the latent heat of vaporisation of the water produced during combustion of the fuel. For coal and oil, net calorific value is about 5% less than gross, for most forms of natural and manufactured gas the difference is 9-10%, while for electricity and heat there is no difference as the concept has no meaning in this case. The use of net calorific value is consistent with the practice of the Statistical Offices of the European Communities and the United Nations. Electricity data are converted from original units of gigawatt hours to million tonnes of oil equivalent using the relationship: 1 terawatt hour = 0.086 Mtoe.

Biofuels and waste Data for primary solid biofuels, biogases, municipal waste and industrial waste are converted from original units in terajoules to energy balance units in tonne of oil equivalent using 1 terajoule = 0.00002388 Mtoe. Data for charcoal and liquid biofuels are converted from original units in tonnes to energy balance units in tonne of oil equivalent using the average net calorific values. Unless country-specific information has been provided, data are converted using the following average net calorific values:

 Charcoal: 30 800 kJ/kg  Biogasoline: 26 800 kJ/kg

 Biodiesels: 36 800 kJ/kg  Other liquid biofuels: 36 800 kJ/kg

© IEA/OECD, 2016

has several shortcomings, including the difficulty of choosing an appropriate generating efficiency and the fact that the partial substitution method is not relevant for countries with a high share of hydroelectricity. For these reasons, the IEA, as most international organisations, has now stopped using this method and adopted the physical energy content method.

RENEWABLES INFORMATION (2016 edition) - I.21

Figures for electricity production, trade, and final consumption are calculated using the energy content of the electricity (i.e. at a rate of 1 TWh = 86 ktoe). Hydro-electricity production (excluding pumped storage) and electricity produced by other non-thermal means (wind, tide/wave/ocean, solar PV, etc.) are accounted for similarly using 1 TWh = 86 ktoe. The primary energy equivalent of nuclear electricity is calculated from the gross generation by assuming a 33% conversion efficiency, i.e. 1 TWh = (86 ÷ 0.33) ktoe. In the case of electricity produced from geothermal heat, if the actual geothermal efficiency is not known, then the primary equivalent is calculated assuming an efficiency of 10%, so 1 TWh = (86 ÷ 0.1) ktoe. For electricity produced from solar thermal heat, the primary equivalent is calculated assuming an efficiency

of 33%, so 1 TWh = (86 ÷ 0.33) ktoe, unless the actual efficiency is known.

Heat Information on heat is supplied in terajoules and 1 terajoule = 0.02388 ktoe. In the case of heat produced in a geothermal plant, if the actual geothermal efficiency is not known, then the primary equivalent is calculated assuming an efficiency of 50%, so 1 TJ = (0.02388 ÷ 0.5) ktoe. For heat produced (output) in a solar thermal plant, the primary equivalent is equal to the heat content (input) assuming an efficiency of 100%, i.e. 1 TJ = 0.02388 ktoe. For direct use of geothermal and solar thermal heat, all the heat consumed is accounted for in production and consumption.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

© IEA/OECD, 2016

Electricity

I.22 - RENEWABLES INFORMATION (2016 edition)

kW

:

kilowatt

kWp

:

kilowatt peak

kWth

:

kilowatt thermal

GW

:

gigawatt

MW

:

megawatt (electric)

MWth :

megawatt thermal

kWh

:

kilowatt hour

MWh

:

megawatt hour

GWh

:

gigawatt hour

TWh

:

terawatt hour

GJ

:

gigajoule (109 joules)

TJ

:

terajoule (1012 joules)

EJ

:

exajoule (1018 joules)

m2

:

metre squared

t

:

metric ton = tonne

kt

:

kilotonne (1000 tonnes)

1 toe

:

tonne of oil equivalent

1 ktoe :

kilotonne of oil equivalent

1 Mtoe :

million tonnes of oil equivalent

GDP

:

Gross domestic product

RES

:

Renewable energy Sources

TPES

:

Total primary energy supply

0 or 0.0 :

negligible

c

:

confidential data

e

:

estimated data

..

:

data not available

x

:

not applicable

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

© IEA/OECD, 2016

ABBREVIATIONS

RENEWABLES INFORMATION (2016 edition) - I.23

CONVERSION FACTORS General conversion factors for energy TJ

Gcal

MBtu

GWh

1

2.388x102

2.388x10-5

9.478x102

2.778x10-1

4.187x10-3

1

1.000x10-7

3.968

1.163x10-3

4.187x104

1.000x107

1

3.968x107

1.163x104

1.055x10-3

2.520x10-1

2.520x10-8

1

2.931x10-4

3.600

8.598x102

8.598x10-5

3.412x103

1

To: From: terajoule (TJ) gigacalorie (Gcal) million tonnes of oil equivalent (Mtoe) million British thermal units (MBtu) gigawatt hour (GWh)

Mtoe multiply by:

Conversion factors for mass To: From:

kg

t

lt multiply by:

st

lb

1

1.000x10-3

9.842x10-4

1.102x10-3

2.205

tonne (t)

1.000x103

1

9.842x10-1

1.102

2.205x103

long ton (lt)

1.016x103

1.016

1

1.120

2.240x103

short ton (st)

9.072x102

9.072x10-1

8.929x10-1

1

2.000x103

pound (lb)

4.536x10-1

4.536x10-4

4.464x10-4

5.000x10-4

1

kilogramme (kg)

Conversion factors for volume To:

gal U.S.

gal U.K.

bbl

From:

ft3

l

m3

3.785

3.785x10-3

multiply by: 8.327x10-1

2.381x10-2

1.337x10-1

1.201

1

2.859x10-2

1.605x10-1

4.546

4.546x10-3

4.200x101

3.497x101

1

5.615

1.590x102

1.590x10-1

7.481

6.229

1.781x10-1

1

2.832x101

2.832x10-2

Litre (l)

2.642x10-1

2.200x10-1

6.290x10-3

3.531x10-2

1

1.000x10-3

Cubic metre (m3)

2.642x102

2.200x102

6.290

3.531x101

1.000x103

1

U.S. gallon (gal) U.K. gallon (gal) Barrel (bbl) Cubic foot (ft3)

1

101 102

deca (da)

10-1

deci (d) centi (c)

hecto (h)

10-2

103

kilo (k)

10-3

milli (m)

106

mega (M)

10-6

micro (µ)

109

nano (n)

giga (G)

10-9

1012

tera (T)

10-12

pico (p)

1015

peta (P)

10-15

femto (f)

1018

exa (E)

10-18

atto (a)

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

© IEA/OECD, 2016

Decimal prefixes

RENEWABLES INFORMATION (2016 edition) - II.1

PART II

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

© IEA/OECD, 2016

WORLD and OECD RENEWABLES AND WASTE DATA

RENEWABLES INFORMATION (2016 edition) - II.3

Table 1. World energy balance in 2014 Million tonnes of oil equivalent SUPPLY AND CONSUMPTION Production Imports Exports Stock changes TPES Transfers Statistical differences Electricity plants CHP plants Heat plants Blast furnaces Gas works Coke/pat.fuel/BKB/PB plants Oil refineries Petrochemical plants Liquefaction plants Other transformation Energy industry own use Losses TFC INDUSTRY Iron and steel Chemical and petrochemical Non-ferrous metals Non-metallic minerals Transport equipment Machinery Mining and quarrying Food and tobacco Paper pulp and printing Wood and wood products Construction Textile and leather Non-specified TRANSPORT World aviation bunkers Domestic aviation Road Rail Pipeline transport World marine bunkers Domestic navigation Non-specified OTHER Residential Comm. and publ. services Agriculture/forestry Fishing Non-specified NON-ENERGY USE in industry/transf./energy of which: chem./petrochem.

in transport in other

1

Coal

Crude oil

Oil products

Natural Gas

Nuclear

Hydro

Geotherm. solar etc.

3976.14 842.15 -863.14 -36.66 3918.49

4308.45 2213.37 -2159.50 -12.46 4349.86

1193.32 -1242.64 -15.23 -64.56

2928.32 844.32 -863.25 -8.81 2900.58

661.35 661.35

334.94 334.94

-0.47 -21.91 -2112.98 -164.61 -130.32 -209.84 -10.92 -76.25 -9.67 -0.43 -101.76 -3.89 1075.42

-204.86 0.12 -40.62 -0.01 -0.68 -4123.03 33.00 14.03 10.07 -11.42 -8.90 17.57

231.24 4.51 -201.89 -17.07 -13.19 -0.38 -2.73 -2.80 4049.60 -32.62 -0.52 -205.29 -0.65 3743.64

14.68 -771.07 -307.53 -78.82 -0.16 5.08 -0.01 -17.42 -11.88 -291.69 -21.77 1419.98

-653.73 -7.62 -

858.49 329.62 99.40 24.28 242.62 3.63 14.39 10.28 32.20 19.03 3.63 4.86 13.95 60.60 2.86 2.81 0.05 155.39 75.05 34.97 15.13 0.00 30.23 58.68 58.12

6.80 0.06 0.01 0.01 0.01 6.71 0.18 0.01 0.16 10.60 10.60

294.67 7.71 55.00 4.97 41.50 2.06 7.21 23.01 10.92 4.47 2.07 28.81 4.02 102.91 2426.33 168.48 107.52 1864.65 29.66 0.35 194.64 53.35 7.69 424.53 207.08 85.50 106.89 5.84 19.22 598.11 566.46

548.54 55.34 121.06 16.80 54.75 11.93 25.71 7.20 45.22 23.25 2.90 6.79 6.24 171.33 97.90 38.10 59.00 0.11 0.70 613.41 419.66 181.72 8.68 0.06 3.29 160.13 160.13

3.17

10.54

414.10

158.57

0.56

-

5.38 26.27

Biofuels & Waste

Electricity

181.07 181.07

1413.06 20.22 -18.97 -1.41 1412.91

61.73 -59.35 2.38

2.10 0.01 -0.01 2.10

13805.44 5175.12 -5206.85 -74.58 13699.13

-334.94 -

-0.06 -140.89 -2.58 -1.00 -0.00 -0.01 36.54

0.16 -95.03 -57.43 -11.45 -0.05 -0.09 -0.12 -82.90 -13.94 -0.19 1151.86

-0.43 1868.42 179.71 -0.38 -174.52 -169.29 1705.90

-0.45 -0.72 148.31 179.67 -0.73 -34.81 -19.58 273.77

25.92 -3.38 -2483.47 -228.81 -56.17 -210.43 -8.67 -79.19 -73.43 0.38 -13.07 -86.40 -833.44 -224.29 9424.69

-

-

0.78 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.20 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.57 0.00 0.00 35.76 27.09 6.48 1.25 0.07 0.87 -

193.52 3.50 1.63 0.06 9.07 0.05 0.16 0.17 30.82 61.18 7.59 0.33 0.27 78.69 73.89 73.12 0.25 0.08 0.43 0.01 884.45 847.51 24.49 9.83 0.01 2.60 -

725.37 101.39 100.81 79.63 51.78 23.59 78.57 29.52 40.51 33.92 10.20 15.02 28.71 131.73 26.04 0.27 19.95 2.72 3.09 954.49 460.41 376.24 47.92 0.50 69.42 -

123.00 15.47 50.24 3.35 3.12 4.04 5.35 2.31 11.01 11.90 2.02 1.34 6.96 5.91 150.78 105.31 35.25 3.15 0.02 7.05 -

2751.17 513.02 428.20 129.09 402.84 45.31 131.40 72.48 170.69 153.95 28.41 57.16 60.16 558.45 2627.02 168.48 107.52 1976.14 52.68 62.06 194.72 53.88 11.54 3218.98 2142.13 744.64 192.87 6.50 132.85 827.52 795.31

-

-

-

-

-

-

586.38

5154827 2535326 3894708 3969054 2508518 3894708 1185773 26808 6071394 26464 3661429 26464 2409965 -

1005259 996837 8422 383646 12457 371189

492848 278568 214280 923875 555179 368696

8399 443 7956

2337 1142 1195 97639 51420 46219

23815799 21724898 2090901 13822239 6262548 7559691

-

-

-

-

-

-

Heat

Total

-

5.38 26.83

Electricity and Heat Output Electr. Generated - GWh Electricity plants CHP plants Heat Generated - TJ CHP plants Heat plants

9707489 9118583 588906 5669466 1770680 3898786

143706 143694 12 19308 150 19158

879299 813794 65505 622048 184326 437722

1. The column of coal also includes peat and oil shale.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

© IEA/OECD, 2016

Source: World energy balances.

II.4 - RENEWABLES INFORMATION (2016 edition)

Table 2. OECD energy balance in 2014 Million tonnes of oil equivalent SUPPLY AND CONSUMPTION

Coal¹

Crude oil²

Oil products

Natural gas

Nuclear

Production Imports Exports Intl. marine bunkers Intl. aviation bunkers Stock changes

976.17 405.60 -361.92 -7.39

1092.20 1371.96 -397.21 -5.23

562.67 -578.73 -69.87 -91.47 -3.21

1046.09 618.98 -306.56 -14.67

516.27 -

120.47 -

98.02 -

293.81 18.06 -11.75 -0.08 -0.25

41.22 -40.83 -

0.90 0.01 -0.01 -

4143.93 3018.50 -1697.00 -69.95 -91.47 -30.75

TPES 1012.46 Transfers Statistical differences -11.23 Electricity plants -725.07 CHP plants -73.20 Heat plants -4.10 Blast furnaces -55.74 Gas works -2.08 Coke/pat. fuel/BKB/PB plants -7.17 Oil refineries Petrochemical plants Liquefaction plants -1.04 Other transformation -0.20 Energy industry own use -18.80 Losses -1.03

2061.71 -80.77 3.13 -5.87 -2010.35 28.65 0.66 8.65 -0.06 -

-180.60 96.86 1.02 -44.25 -11.45 -1.18 -0.38 -2.41 -1.30 1986.83 -29.00 -0.00 -108.11 -0.04

1343.84 9.67 -364.36 -103.39 -7.98 -0.16 3.45 -0.01 -8.61 -133.74 -2.19

516.27 -509.18 -7.09 -

120.47 -120.47 -

98.02 -0.06 -84.28 -2.58 -0.98 -0.00 -0.01

299.79 0.27 -47.28 -45.41 -6.33 -0.07 -0.12 -0.23 -1.26 -0.02

0.40 -0.08 836.89 90.57 -0.38 -67.38 -58.49

0.90 -0.47 -0.50 53.18 16.84 -0.73 -7.15 -5.27

5273.27 16.10 2.25 -1064.37 -99.35 -4.11 -56.27 -1.11 -8.61 -23.53 -0.35 -0.39 -1.12 -336.49 -67.04

112.81 91.21 37.65 11.05 1.96 22.00 0.22 0.37 0.29 5.71 5.45 0.08 0.03 0.51 5.88 0.01 0.01 18.22 11.43 5.61 1.14 0.00 0.04 3.37 2.97 1.55 0.40

5.75 0.05 0.03 0.01 0.00 0.01 5.71 5.71 5.71 -

1705.98 95.31 2.89 20.82 1.61 14.16 0.96 3.54 10.72 4.74 2.81 1.27 17.36 1.43 13.01 1126.61 70.20 1017.46 17.81 0.02 20.37 0.77 182.93 82.34 52.38 41.56 3.22 3.42 301.13 293.32 218.29 3.82 4.00

736.53 266.53 26.37 73.39 11.62 26.69 7.85 19.79 3.89 36.99 20.19 2.49 3.19 4.94 29.13 28.61 3.70 24.74 0.11 0.06 408.56 254.38 146.99 5.80 0.03 1.36 32.83 32.83 32.82 -

-

-

10.12 0.55 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.20 0.00 0.00 0.34 0.00 0.00 9.58 5.84 2.94 0.63 0.07 0.09 -

199.33 74.01 0.11 1.42 0.05 5.68 0.05 0.13 0.12 4.27 52.27 6.73 0.31 0.10 2.78 50.95 50.27 0.24 0.43 0.01 74.37 63.59 7.46 3.26 0.00 0.06 -

801.54 256.58 28.21 36.93 23.92 14.21 13.17 33.50 10.34 21.29 21.48 6.07 7.00 5.98 34.50 8.98 0.23 7.07 0.45 1.22 535.99 251.13 252.96 10.25 0.34 21.31 -

56.79 24.26 0.58 11.55 0.21 0.24 0.72 0.73 0.09 1.84 3.12 0.67 0.05 0.67 3.81 32.54 20.68 11.12 0.24 0.01 0.49 -

3628.86 808.49 95.81 155.18 39.36 82.99 22.96 58.06 25.44 74.84 105.52 17.31 27.94 13.64 89.44 1215.16 70.20 1071.67 25.13 25.20 20.90 2.06 1262.19 689.38 479.47 62.90 3.68 26.76 343.03 334.82 258.37 3.82 4.39

3477.80 3196.69 281.12

30.98 30.98 -

246.02 199.79 46.23

2615.12 2086.46 528.66

1980.65 1953.85 26.81

1400.82 1400.82 -

703.86 695.44 8.42

327.73 165.78 161.95

-

1.47 0.52 0.95

10784.46 9730.32 1054.14

743.56 604.93 138.63

-

155.78 125.69 30.09

1253.72 980.19 273.53

4.31 4.31 -

-

52.43 12.46 39.97

704.22 499.59 204.63

8.38 0.44 7.94

47.53 21.78 25.76

2969.93 2249.39 720.55

TFC INDUSTRY Iron and steel Chemical and petrochemical Non-ferrous metals Non-metallic minerals Transport equipment Machinery Mining and quarrying Food and tobacco Paper, pulp and printing Wood and wood products Construction Textile and leather Non-specified TRANSPORT Domestic aviation Road Rail Pipeline transport Domestic navigation Non-specified OTHER Residential Comm. and public services Agriculture/forestry Fishing Non-specified NON-ENERGY USE in industry/transf./energy of which: chem./petrochem. in transport in other

Hydro

Geotherm. / Biofuels / Electricity Heat Solar / Waste etc.

Total

Electricity and Heat Output Elec. generated - TWh Electricity plants CHP plants Heat generated - PJ CHP plants Heat plants

Source: World energy balances.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

© IEA/OECD, 2016

1. Includes peat and oil shale. 2. Includes crude oil, NGL, refinery feedstocks, additives and other hydrocarbons.

RENEWABLES INFORMATION (2016 edition) - II.5

Table 3. Share of renewables in TPES in 2014

Mtoe

Africa Non-OECD Americas Asia China Non-OECD Europe and Eurasia Middle East OECD World Marine & Aviation Bunkers World Albania Algeria Angola Argentina Armenia Australia Austria Azerbaijan Bahrain Bangladesh Belarus Belgium Benin Bolivia Bosnia and Herzegovina Botswana Brazil Brunei Darussalam Bulgaria Cambodia Cameroon Canada Chile China (People's Rep. of) Colombia Congo Costa Rica Cote d'Ivoire Croatia Cuba Cyprus2 Czech Republic DPR of Korea Dem. Rep. of the Congo Denmark Dominican Republic Ecuador Egypt El Salvador Eritrea Estonia Ethiopia

772.1 638.7 1741.1 3065.7 1124.1 720.9 5273.3 363.2 13699.1 2.3 51.7 14.7 86.6 3.0 125.2 32.2 14.3 14.2 35.4 27.7 52.8 4.3 8.3 7.8 2.7 303.2 3.6 17.9 6.4 7.6 279.9 36.1 3051.5 34.0 2.6 4.9 13.9 8.0 11.7 2.0 41.2 11.9 28.7 16.2 7.6 14.2 74.8 4.1 0.8 6.0 48.4

renewables

Share of renewables in TPES1

Mtoe

(%)

Of which:

382.7 183.7 439.8 343.1 46.9 2.9 494.9 x 1893.9 0.6 0.0 7.6 7.6 0.2 8.2 9.8 0.2 9.3 1.4 3.4 2.3 1.2 2.0 0.5 117.0 0.0 1.8 4.3 5.3 50.1 9.6 342.9 8.0 1.6 2.5 10.3 2.0 1.7 0.1 3.6 2.2 27.1 4.4 1.0 1.8 3.0 2.1 0.6 0.9 45.5

49.6 28.8 25.3 11.2 4.2 0.4 9.4 x 13.8 27.3 0.1 51.7 8.7 6.9 6.5 30.4 1.6 26.2 5.2 6.4 53.4 14.8 25.6 20.0 38.6 0.0 10.0 66.9 70.1 17.9 26.5 11.2 23.5 59.5 50.2 74.1 24.9 14.2 6.7 8.8 18.6 94.3 27.4 13.5 12.6 4.1 50.8 77.7 14.2 94.1

Share of main fuel categories in total renewables (%) Geothermal, solar, wind, tide

Hydro

2.8 31.7 6.2 26.3 55.9 59.9 24.3 x 17.7 63.7 78.5 5.7 46.6 83.3 19.3 36.0 47.8 0.5 0.7 0.7 15.7 25.5 27.5 22.2 3.7 8.2 65.6 20.8 26.4 53.5 5.2 23.5 1.6 38.6 0.5 4.5 50.5 2.8 0.0 13.2 55.0 39.4 7.2 0.3 1.7

1.1 3.0 7.0 11.9 3.3 9.6 19.8 x 9.5 1.9 0.8 0.2 19.8 6.3 0.2 0.1 0.1 19.9 0.1 0.0 1.4 100.0 15.4 0.0 4.3 1.9 11.9 0.1 49.8 4.3 0.2 68.9 6.6 27.3 7.1 0.6 4.4 64.9 0.0 6.0 0.1

Biofuels and renewable waste

96.1 65.3 86.8 61.8 40.8 30.5 55.9 x 72.8 34.3 21.5 94.3 52.6 16.5 60.9 57.7 52.0 99.3 99.2 79.4 100.0 84.2 74.5 100.0 71.1 62.4 96.3 91.8 30.1 77.3 61.8 46.5 94.8 26.7 98.4 57.1 99.3 31.1 88.9 49.5 97.2 72.7 79.7 44.4 56.2 27.9 100.0 93.7 98.2

1. Share may exceed 100% due to large hydro production included in renewables and electricity trade in the TPES calculations. 2. Please refer to Part I Section 3, Geographical coverage

Source: World energy balances.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

© IEA/OECD, 2016

TPES

II.6 - RENEWABLES INFORMATION (2016 edition)

Table 3. Share of renewables in TPES in 2014 (continued)

Mtoe

Finland France FYR of Macedonia Gabon Georgia Germany Ghana Gibraltar Greece Guatemala Haiti Honduras Hong Kong, China Hungary Iceland India Indonesia Islamic Rep. of Iran Iraq Ireland Israel Italy Jamaica Japan Jordan Kazakhstan Kenya Korea Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Latvia Lebanon Libyan Arab Jamahiriya Lithuania Luxembourg Malaysia Malta Mauritius Mexico Republic of Moldova Mongolia Morocco Mozambique Myanmar Namibia Nepal Netherlands Netherland Antilles / Curaçao New Zealand Nicaragua

33.9 242.6 2.6 5.1 4.4 306.1 9.0 0.2 23.1 13.2 4.2 5.4 14.2 22.8 5.9 824.7 225.5 237.1 49.5 12.8 22.7 146.8 2.8 441.7 8.2 76.7 23.6 268.4 33.9 3.8 4.3 7.5 17.9 7.0 3.8 89.7 0.8 1.4 188.0 3.3 5.4 19.0 11.6 19.3 1.8 11.7 72.9 2.0 20.6 3.7

renewables

Share of renewables in TPES1

Mtoe

(%)

Of which:

10.2 21.3 0.3 3.8 1.2 35.4 4.3 2.4 8.3 3.2 2.5 0.2 1.9 5.2 208.7 77.6 1.7 0.3 1.0 1.2 26.5 0.5 21.4 0.2 0.7 19.6 3.9 1.1 1.6 0.2 0.2 1.3 0.2 3.0 0.0 0.2 15.9 0.3 0.2 1.7 10.4 11.7 0.4 9.7 3.4 0.0 8.2 2.2

29.9 8.8 11.0 75.1 27.3 11.6 48.1 10.6 63.0 78.0 47.0 1.4 8.5 89.1 25.3 34.4 0.7 0.6 7.5 5.3 18.1 19.0 4.8 2.0 1.0 82.8 1.5 30.2 37.2 2.2 0.8 18.2 5.0 3.4 2.2 15.5 8.5 9.4 3.8 8.8 89.3 60.7 19.9 83.2 4.7 0.1 40.0 59.1

Share of main fuel categories in total renewables (%) Geothermal, solar, wind, tide

Hydro

11.3 25.4 35.9 1.8 59.8 4.8 16.6 15.7 5.0 0.2 8.9 1.3 21.2 5.4 1.7 68.5 85.0 6.3 0.1 19.0 2.2 32.9 3.0 96.8 1.5 6.0 99.7 10.6 10.0 2.7 4.9 38.1 3.6 21.0 8.8 8.4 13.4 6.5 35.5 3.3 0.3 25.4 1.6

Biofuels and renewable waste

1.0 11.0 5.5 0.0 1.4 25.0 0.0 34.6 2.6 1.4 0.1 10.2 78.7 2.0 22.2 1.8 47.2 97.9 32.6 1.9 24.8 93.0 0.2 17.8 12.7 0.8 14.6 4.9 9.5 0.6 59.0 1.1 24.3 0.1 7.2 9.9 0.5 0.0 18.3 100.0 60.6 29.6

1. Share may exceed 100% due to large hydro production included in renewables and electricity trade in the TPES calculations. Source: World energy balances.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

87.7 63.6 58.6 98.2 38.8 70.3 83.4 49.6 92.4 99.8 89.7 99.9 88.5 0.1 92.6 76.1 29.7 15.0 46.4 2.0 48.4 95.9 42.3 3.9 3.0 80.7 81.3 0.3 88.6 75.5 100.0 92.4 85.6 61.3 41.0 95.3 54.7 91.2 92.8 81.7 86.6 93.5 64.0 96.6 81.4 14.0 68.8

© IEA/OECD, 2016

TPES

RENEWABLES INFORMATION (2016 edition) - II.7

Table 3. Share of renewables in TPES in 2014 (continued)

Mtoe

Niger Nigeria Norway Oman Pakistan Panama Paraguay Peru Philippines Poland Portugal Qatar Romania Russian Federation Saudi Arabia Senegal Serbia Singapore Slovak Republic Slovenia South Africa South Sudan Spain Sri Lanka Sudan Suriname Sweden Switzerland Syrian Arab Republic Chinese Taipei Tajikistan United Rep. of Tanzania Thailand Togo Trinidad and Tobago Tunisia Turkey Turkmenistan Ukraine United Arab Emirates United Kingdom United States Uruguay Uzbekistan Venezuela Viet Nam Yemen Zambia Zimbabwe

2.9 134.7 28.7 24.3 89.9 4.2 5.2 23.8 47.7 94.0 21.2 44.1 31.7 710.9 213.5 4.0 13.3 28.0 15.9 6.7 147.0 0.7 114.6 10.7 15.0 0.7 48.2 25.1 10.8 110.2 2.8 24.8 134.8 3.3 19.6 10.5 121.5 26.7 105.7 70.5 179.4 2216.2 4.7 43.7 67.5 66.6 7.4 10.1 11.1

renewables

Share of renewables in TPES1

Mtoe

(%)

Of which:

2.1 109.1 13.1 34.9 0.8 7.0 4.9 18.1 8.6 5.5 6.1 18.0 0.0 1.8 2.0 0.4 1.4 1.2 15.9 0.2 17.8 5.3 10.2 0.2 17.3 5.3 0.3 1.7 1.4 21.3 26.4 2.6 0.0 1.2 12.1 0.0 2.8 0.1 12.1 152.3 2.6 1.0 8.2 20.4 0.1 9.0 7.8

73.8 81.0 45.6 38.8 19.1 135.2 20.4 38.0 9.1 26.2 19.3 2.5 0.0 45.9 15.1 1.3 8.9 18.3 10.8 27.8 15.5 49.7 68.2 23.7 35.9 21.1 2.5 1.5 49.1 85.6 19.6 80.0 0.1 11.1 9.9 0.0 2.6 0.2 6.7 6.9 55.5 2.3 12.2 30.6 1.5 89.8 70.5

Share of main fuel categories in total renewables (%) Hydro

0.4 89.2 7.8 53.8 68.0 39.3 4.3 2.2 24.2 26.4 83.9 1.5 47.2 25.5 42.8 0.5 19.0 7.3 7.5 71.3 31.8 61.9 97.4 22.5 100.0 1.0 1.8 0.4 0.4 28.9 26.1 4.2 14.8 31.7 99.6 91.1 24.7 13.4 6.0

Geothermal, solar, wind, tide

Biofuels and renewable waste

0.0 1.5 0.1 1.3 0.9 49.0 8.1 24.6 11.4 0.8 1.3 0.0 0.3 0.8 4.6 5.3 1.8 0.1 42.8 0.5 5.7 8.2 16.9 0.0 0.6 7.6 41.9 4.8 54.7 26.1 19.3 2.4 0.0 -

100.0 99.6 9.3 92.1 44.9 32.0 59.9 46.6 89.7 51.2 62.1 15.4 98.7 98.5 52.5 99.2 69.9 51.9 97.6 99.9 38.3 92.2 92.5 28.7 62.6 29.9 2.6 60.6 98.9 97.6 99.6 100.0 92.0 29.2 100.0 69.1 45.3 69.8 65.9 65.8 0.4 8.9 75.3 100.0 86.6 94.0

1. Share may exceed 100% due to large hydro production included in renewables and electricity trade in the TPES calculations. Source: World energy balances.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

© IEA/OECD, 2016

TPES

II.8 - RENEWABLES INFORMATION (2016 edition)

Table 4. Share of renewables in TFC in 2014

Mtoe

Africa Non-OECD Americas Asia China Non-OECD Europe and Eurasia Middle East OECD World Marine & Aviation Bunkers World Albania Algeria Angola Argentina Armenia Australia Austria Azerbaijan Bahrain Bangladesh Belarus Belgium Benin Bolivia Bosnia and Herzegovina Botswana Brazil Brunei Darussalam Bulgaria Cambodia Cameroon Canada Chile China (People's Rep. of) Colombia Congo Costa Rica Cote d'Ivoire Croatia Cuba Cyprus2 Czech Republic DPR of Korea Dem. Rep. of the Congo Denmark Dominican Republic Ecuador Egypt El Salvador Eritrea Estonia Ethiopia Source: World energy balances.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

558.8 474.1 1213.8 1996.9 712.8 476.2 3628.9 -363.2 8698.3 2.1 35.0 11.5 62.0 2.0 81.1 26.6 8.6 6.1 25.7 20.4 40.1 3.8 6.6 4.2 1.9 232.1 1.4 9.4 5.5 6.6 200.4 24.9 1987.8 25.6 2.0 3.5 7.7 6.7 7.4 1.4 24.9 10.1 21.5 12.9 5.2 12.5 51.3 2.3 0.5 2.9 39.5

Of which: renewables Mtoe

306.2 88.2 346.1 220.8 15.8 0.9 202.5 x 1180.5 0.2 0.0 5.3 2.7 0.0 4.6 3.8 0.1 9.1 0.7 1.6 1.8 0.9 1.4 0.5 59.1 1.1 3.5 4.7 13.7 4.0 220.7 2.9 1.2 0.6 5.3 1.1 1.3 0.1 2.1 0.9 19.3 1.2 0.7 0.6 1.7 0.4 0.4 0.5 36.0

Share of Share of main fuel categories in total renewables (%) renewables in Renewable TFC Geothermal and Solid biofuels Liquid biofuels wastes and Solar thermal (%) Biogases

54.8 18.6 28.5 11.1 2.2 0.2 5.6 x 13.6 10.8 0.0 46.4 4.4 1.7 5.6 14.4 1.0 35.3 3.5 4.1 48.6 14.0 33.1 28.9 25.5 12.0 63.9 71.7 6.9 16.3 11.1 11.4 59.5 17.1 68.8 16.6 17.3 7.4 8.6 8.7 89.7 9.7 14.2 4.5 3.3 15.6 80.0 16.7 91.1

0.0 0.7 0.2 11.1 1.3 18.6 5.0 x 3.1 5.4 6.9 4.9 1.2 1.0 4.7 0.3 0.5 11.2 1.8 67.0 0.7 1.1 0.4 -

0.0 0.0 0.2 3.5 0.2 2.1 x 1.1 1.2 1.2 0.0 5.4 0.6 0.5 0.0 3.5 0.0 4.3 7.4 3.5 1.0 -

99.9 79.7 98.5 84.5 95.3 81.4 67.1 x 89.4 83.6 100.0 100.0 54.7 100.0 86.7 77.5 100.0 100.0 96.5 69.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 73.2 85.0 100.0 100.0 85.6 99.5 84.6 98.9 100.0 100.0 100.0 95.6 82.4 19.2 77.1 100.0 100.0 76.9 98.2 98.2 100.0 100.0 100.0 97.8 100.0

0.0 19.6 1.1 0.8 3.1 25.8 x 6.4 11.0 45.3 5.1 16.4 3.4 24.3 25.7 9.6 13.6 0.8 1.1 2.6 17.6 9.5 14.8 18.5 1.8 1.4 1.2 0.0

© IEA/OECD, 2016

TFC

RENEWABLES INFORMATION (2016 edition) - II.9

Table 4. Share of renewables in TFC in 2014 (continued)

Mtoe

Finland France FYR of Macedonia Gabon Georgia Germany Ghana Gibraltar Greece Guatemala Haiti Honduras Hong Kong, China Hungary Iceland India Indonesia Islamic Rep. of Iran Iraq Ireland Israel Italy Jamaica Japan Jordan Kazakhstan Kenya Korea Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Latvia Lebanon Libyan Arab Jamahiriya Lithuania Luxembourg Malaysia Malta Mauritius Mexico Republic of Moldova Mongolia Morocco Mozambique Myanmar Namibia Nepal Netherlands Netherland Antilles / Curaçao New Zealand Nicaragua Source: World energy balances.

2.6 116.5 20.1 18.7 74.6 3.4 4.7 16.9 27.0 65.3 16.2 18.6 22.8 454.5 141.7 2.7 8.1 17.4 9.8 4.7 74.8 0.5 78.6 9.1 10.4 31.9 18.7 7.2 68.0 2.5 21.5 95.9 2.1 13.7 7.6 85.8 17.8 61.5 48.8 122.9 1537.6 4.2 30.8 44.0 55.5 5.3 8.0 9.4 1881.1 575.7

Of which: renewables Mtoe

2.1 100.1 0.9 31.5 0.3 2.1 2.5 6.2 5.3 2.1 3.6 2.0 0.0 1.1 1.0 0.5 0.6 11.5 0.2 5.1 4.8 5.7 6.1 1.2 0.0 0.3 18.4 15.9 1.4 0.0 0.9 5.6 0.0 1.2 0.1 3.4 83.7 1.5 0.0 0.7 14.4 0.1 6.1 7.3 108.7 12.4

Share of Share of main fuel categories in total renewables (%) renewables in Renewable TFC Geothermal and wastes and Solid biofuels Liquid biofuels Solar thermal (%) Biogases

77.9 85.9 4.3 42.2 8.5 44.7 14.6 23.1 8.1 13.2 15.9 0.4 0.0 41.3 12.8 5.2 12.8 15.3 29.8 6.5 53.2 54.7 19.2 6.6 0.1 0.4 85.7 16.5 68.6 0.1 12.0 6.5 0.0 2.0 0.1 2.7 5.4 35.6 0.0 1.7 26.0 1.1 76.2 76.8 5.8 2.2

0.3 0.7 3.7 0.6 0.5 1.4 6.8 0.9 5.4 0.2 28.7 33.9 4.7 41.3 1.6 3.0 2.5 19.2

2.3 2.0 0.4 0.2 0.2 0.7 0.3 2.0 2.0 7.1 3.1 3.6 4.7 0.9 0.8 2.1

100.0 100.0 83.0 100.0 88.4 95.0 84.9 93.7 83.9 83.1 94.7 100.0 100.0 100.0 99.3 71.7 85.6 99.1 100.0 73.6 100.0 100.0 84.7 62.8 100.0 35.4 100.0 87.2 100.0 100.0 95.3 56.1 100.0 96.6 100.0 60.3 53.7 96.5 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 99.6 62.3 73.8

14.7 11.6 5.0 14.7 6.3 13.3 12.8 4.6 26.2 7.2 19.0 13.1 1.5 27.5 9.2 2.6 3.4 33.4 42.4 3.5 0.4 34.4 4.9

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

© IEA/OECD, 2016

TFC

II.10 - RENEWABLES INFORMATION (2016 edition)

Table 4. Share of renewables in TFC in 2014 (continued)

Mtoe

Niger Nigeria Norway Oman Pakistan Panama Paraguay Peru Philippines Poland Portugal Qatar Romania Russian Federation Saudi Arabia Senegal Serbia Singapore Slovak Republic Slovenia South Africa South Sudan Spain Sri Lanka Sudan Suriname Sweden Switzerland Syrian Arab Republic Chinese Taipei Tajikistan United Rep. of Tanzania Thailand Togo Trinidad and Tobago Tunisia Turkey Turkmenistan Ukraine United Arab Emirates United Kingdom United States Uruguay Uzbekistan Venezuela Viet Nam Yemen Zambia Zimbabwe Source: World energy balances.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

2.6 116.5 20.1 18.7 74.6 3.4 4.7 16.9 27.0 65.3 16.2 18.6 22.8 454.5 141.7 2.7 8.1 17.4 9.8 4.7 74.8 0.5 78.6 9.1 10.4 0.6 31.9 18.7 7.2 68.0 2.5 21.5 95.9 2.1 13.7 7.6 85.8 17.8 61.5 48.8 122.9 1537.6 4.2 30.8 44.0 55.5 5.3 8.0 9.4

Of which: renewables Mtoe

2.1 100.1 0.9 31.5 0.3 2.1 2.5 6.2 5.3 2.1 3.6 2.0 0.0 1.1 1.0 0.5 0.6 11.5 0.2 5.1 4.8 5.7 0.0 6.1 1.2 0.0 0.3 18.4 15.9 1.4 0.0 0.9 5.6 0.0 1.2 0.1 3.4 83.7 1.5 0.0 0.7 14.4 0.1 6.1 7.3

Share of Share of main fuel categories in total renewables (%) renewables in Renewable TFC Geothermal and wastes and Solid biofuels Liquid biofuels Solar thermal (%) Biogases

77.9 85.9 4.3 42.2 8.5 44.7 14.6 23.1 8.1 13.2 15.9 0.4 0.0 41.3 12.8 5.2 12.8 15.3 29.8 6.5 53.2 54.7 7.9 19.2 6.6 0.1 0.4 85.7 16.5 68.6 0.1 12.0 6.5 0.0 2.0 0.1 2.7 5.4 35.6 0.0 1.7 26.0 1.1 76.2 76.8

0.3 0.7 3.7 0.6 0.5 1.4 6.8 0.9 5.4 0.2 28.7 33.9 4.7 41.3 1.6 3.0 -

2.3 2.0 0.4 0.2 0.2 0.7 0.3 2.0 2.0 7.1 3.1 3.6 4.7 0.9 -

100.0 100.0 83.0 100.0 88.4 95.0 84.9 93.7 83.9 83.1 94.7 100.0 100.0 100.0 99.3 71.7 85.6 99.1 100.0 73.6 100.0 100.0 100.0 84.7 62.8 100.0 35.4 100.0 87.2 100.0 100.0 95.3 56.1 100.0 96.6 100.0 60.3 53.7 96.5 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 99.6

14.7 11.6 5.0 14.7 6.3 13.3 12.8 4.6 26.2 7.2 19.0 13.1 1.5 27.5 9.2 2.6 3.4 33.4 42.4 3.5 0.4 © IEA/OECD, 2016

TFC

RENEWABLES INFORMATION (2016 edition) - II.11

Table 5. Contribution of renewable 1 energy sources to TPES (%) Average annual percent change

1990

2000

2010

2012

2013

2014

2015p

00-15

OECD Total OECD Americas OECD Asia Oceania OECD Europe

6.0

6.0

7.8

8.7

9.2

9.4

9.6

3.2

6.7 4.0 5.8

6.3 3.4 6.9

7.1 3.9 10.7

8.0 4.1 12.1

8.4 4.4 12.8

8.4 4.9 13.4

8.4 5.1 14.0

1.9 2.7 4.8

IEA Total

5.7

5.7

7.6

8.5

9.0

9.2

9.5

3.4

Non-OECD Total World

21.0 12.8

21.8 12.9

17.4 12.9

17.1 13.3

17.3 13.6

17.4 13.8

.. ..

.. ..

Australia Austria Belgium Canada Chile

5.9 20.3 1.0 17.2 27.8

5.9 23.0 1.1 17.6 25.1

5.5 27.1 4.6 16.4 22.1

5.5 29.9 6.2 17.8 30.0

6.2 29.9 6.2 18.5 31.3

6.5 30.4 6.4 17.9 26.5

6.5 29.2 6.3 18.2 26.6

0.7 1.6 12.3 0.2 0.4

Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France

1.9 5.9 1.9 19.3 6.8

3.3 9.6 10.9 23.9 6.2

6.3 20.1 15.1 25.5 8.0

7.5 24.2 15.6 29.4 8.2

8.5 24.7 14.0 29.8 9.0

8.8 27.4 14.2 29.9 8.8

8.8 28.4 17.4 32.3 8.8

6.8 7.5 3.2 2.0 2.3

Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland

1.5 5.2 2.6 71.4 1.7

2.7 5.2 3.3 77.4 1.7

8.4 7.7 7.6 88.5 4.6

10.3 9.2 7.6 89.7 5.9

10.5 11.2 8.2 89.6 6.5

11.6 10.6 8.5 89.1 7.5

12.5 11.3 8.0 88.5 8.1

10.8 5.3 6.1 0.9 11.0

Israel Italy Japan Korea Luxembourg

3.2 4.4 3.4 1.1 0.5

3.3 5.9 3.1 0.4 1.2

5.0 12.6 3.8 0.7 3.0

4.8 14.8 4.1 0.9 3.4

5.0 17.0 4.4 1.0 4.0

5.3 18.1 4.8 1.5 5.0

5.3 17.5 5.3 1.5 5.2

3.2 7.5 3.7 9.0 10.5

Mexico Netherlands New Zealand Norway Poland

12.1 1.2 32.9 54.1 1.5

11.3 1.8 30.3 51.6 4.3

8.7 3.9 38.7 34.4 7.3

7.6 4.6 37.6 46.7 8.8

7.8 4.5 39.0 38.7 8.8

8.5 4.7 40.0 45.6 9.1

8.2 5.1 40.5 44.6 9.6

-2.1 7.2 2.0 -1.0 5.5

Portugal Slovak Republic Slovenia Spain Sweden

19.5 1.5 9.1 6.9 24.4

15.3 2.8 12.3 5.6 31.0

23.2 7.4 15.4 11.8 33.4

20.3 8.2 15.3 12.9 36.9

24.7 8.3 17.2 15.2 34.6

26.2 8.9 18.3 15.5 35.9

21.5 8.5 16.1 14.4 45.9

2.3 7.8 1.8 6.5 2.7

Switzerland Turkey United Kingdom United States

14.9 18.3 0.5 5.0

17.7 13.3 1.0 4.5

19.0 10.9 3.6 5.7

20.7 10.3 4.5 6.4

20.3 11.2 5.5 6.8

21.1 9.9 6.7 6.9

22.4 12.0 7.7 6.9

1.6 -0.7 14.4 2.9

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

© IEA/OECD, 2016

1. Renewable sources include hydroelectricity, geothermal, solar thermal, solar PV, tide, wind, renewable municipal waste, solid biofuels, liquid biofuels and biogases. Source: World energy balances.

II.12 - RENEWABLES INFORMATION (2016 edition)

Table 6. Contribution of renewable 1 energy sources to TFC (%) Average annual percent change

00-14

1990

2000

2010

2012

2013

2014

OECD Total OECD Americas OECD Asia Oceania OECD Europe

3.2

3.8

5.0

5.4

5.6

5.6

2.8

2.8 2.1 4.1

4.0 1.8 4.3

5.0 1.9 6.5

5.6 1.9 6.8

5.9 2.0 6.9

5.8 2.2 6.9

2.6 1.2 3.5

IEA Total

2.9

3.5

4.9

5.2

5.4

5.5

3.2

Non-OECD Total World

23.6 13.6

24.8 14.1

19.1 13.5

18.3 13.5

18.2 13.6

18.0 13.6

-2.3 -0.3

Australia Austria Belgium Canada Chile

5.6 10.6 1.0 6.1 24.8

6.1 10.2 1.0 6.1 20.1

6.0 13.6 3.5 5.9 17.9

5.6 13.7 4.0 6.5 21.6

5.8 14.6 4.1 6.8 22.0

5.6 14.4 4.1 6.9 16.3

-0.6 2.5 10.8 0.8 -1.5

Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France

2.5 4.2 3.2 15.8 6.8

3.6 4.5 16.5 18.3 5.5

7.2 8.5 18.6 18.5 7.2

7.8 9.6 16.5 19.7 7.2

8.4 9.6 15.8 20.0 7.8

8.6 9.7 16.7 22.0 7.4

6.5 5.6 0.1 1.3 2.1

Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland

1.2 6.6 3.4 4.8 1.4

2.1 5.7 4.5 4.6 1.1

5.5 6.1 6.3 4.0 2.6

5.6 8.9 7.2 4.1 2.5

5.6 8.7 7.0 3.7 2.7

6.1 8.7 6.8 4.2 3.3

8.0 3.1 3.0 -0.7 8.1

Israel Italy Japan Korea Luxembourg

5.2 0.8 1.4 0.7 -

5.0 1.4 1.1 0.3 0.5

7.6 6.8 1.0 0.5 2.4

7.5 6.8 0.9 0.8 2.5

8.0 7.0 0.9 0.9 2.8

7.7 6.4 1.0 1.5 3.5

3.0 11.7 -0.9 13.0 15.2

Mexico Netherlands New Zealand Norway Poland

10.3 0.8 8.1 5.1 1.8

8.6 0.8 8.9 6.0 6.1

6.1 1.4 9.8 6.0 7.5

6.1 1.8 10.0 5.7 8.0

6.5 1.8 9.4 5.1 8.4

6.1 2.2 9.0 4.3 8.1

-2.5 7.1 0.0 -2.4 2.0

Portugal Slovak Republic Slovenia Spain Sweden

17.5 1.1 7.1 6.5 14.4

12.6 0.8 9.4 4.1 15.0

13.3 4.7 12.7 5.8 16.3

13.2 4.3 12.9 7.4 18.6

13.7 3.9 14.0 6.2 18.6

13.2 5.2 12.8 6.5 19.2

0.4 14.3 2.3 3.4 1.8

Switzerland Turkey United Kingdom United States

4.2 19.0 0.3 1.8

4.4 12.7 0.4 3.3

6.2 8.1 2.1 4.6

6.4 6.6 2.1 5.1

6.8 7.0 2.4 5.5

6.6 6.5 2.7 5.4

3.0 -4.7 15.0 3.7

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

© IEA/OECD, 2016

1. Renewable sources include hydroelectricity, geothermal, solar thermal, solar PV, tide, wind, renewable municipal waste, solid biofuels, liquid biofuels and biogases. Source: World energy balances.

RENEWABLES INFORMATION (2016 edition) - II.13

Table 7. Share of electricity production from renewable1 sources (%) Average annual percent change

1990

2000

2010

2012

2013

2014

2015p

00-15

OECD Total OECD Americas OECD Asia Oceania OECD Europe

17.2

15.5

17.7

20.0

21.2

22.1

23.0

2.6

18.5 12.3 17.5

15.5 8.9 18.9

16.6 9.1 24.0

18.5 9.5 27.9

19.3 10.5 30.1

19.7 11.7 31.4

19.8 12.7 33.1

1.6 2.4 3.8

IEA Total

17.0

15.3

17.5

20.0

21.3

22.0

23.0

2.8

Non-OECD Total World

23.3 19.4

23.1 18.3

21.5 19.6

21.7 20.9

22.0 21.7

22.6 22.3

.. ..

.. ..

Australia Austria Belgium Canada Chile

9.7 66.2 0.8 62.4 53.8

8.4 72.5 1.3 60.6 48.5

8.6 66.2 6.9 61.4 40.2

10.6 74.5 12.8 62.7 36.4

13.3 78.0 14.1 63.0 35.7

14.9 81.1 17.0 62.8 41.2

13.7 76.4 20.8 65.6 41.5

3.3 0.3 20.5 0.5 -1.0

Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France

1.9 3.2 29.5 13.4

3.1 15.5 0.2 33.4 13.0

6.9 32.0 8.1 30.0 13.9

9.3 48.3 12.3 40.6 14.8

10.8 46.0 9.2 36.0 17.0

10.8 55.9 11.2 38.6 16.4

10.6 60.8 14.4 43.5 15.9

8.5 9.6 32.5 1.8 1.4

Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland

3.5 5.1 0.7 99.9 4.9

6.2 7.8 0.7 99.9 5.0

16.7 18.3 8.1 100.0 13.1

23.0 16.7 7.6 100.0 19.2

24.1 25.1 9.2 100.0 21.8

26.1 24.2 10.7 100.0 24.5

30.4 29.2 10.5 100.0 27.6

11.2 9.2 19.9 0.0 12.1

Israel Italy Japan Korea Luxembourg

0.0 16.4 11.3 6.0 13.3

0.1 18.8 9.1 1.4 41.0

0.3 25.8 10.5 1.2 8.3

0.8 31.0 11.2 1.3 11.2

0.9 38.9 12.2 1.6 20.0

1.5 43.4 14.0 1.6 20.9

2.2 39.0 16.3 1.4 31.0

25.3 5.0 4.0 -0.0 -1.8

Mexico Netherlands New Zealand Norway Poland

24.7 1.1 80.0 99.8 1.1

19.8 3.3 71.5 99.7 1.6

16.6 9.4 73.2 95.7 6.9

13.8 12.1 71.9 98.0 10.4

13.3 12.0 74.3 97.7 10.4

17.5 11.3 79.1 97.7 12.5

15.2 12.4 80.1 97.7 13.8

-1.8 9.2 0.8 -0.1 15.3

Portugal Slovak Republic Slovenia Spain Sweden

34.7 7.4 23.7 17.2 51.0

29.7 15.0 28.7 15.6 57.2

52.8 21.6 29.2 32.8 55.3

42.5 19.3 27.8 29.6 59.1

58.3 22.3 32.3 39.6 54.0

60.7 22.9 38.5 40.1 55.8

47.2 22.7 29.4 35.0 62.4

3.1 2.8 0.2 5.5 0.6

Switzerland Turkey United Kingdom United States

55.0 40.4 1.8 11.5

57.0 24.9 2.7 8.2

56.7 26.4 6.8 10.1

59.5 27.2 11.6 12.0

59.2 28.8 15.1 12.6

58.0 20.9 19.4 13.0

62.4 32.1 24.9 13.1

0.6 1.7 16.1 3.2

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

© IEA/OECD, 2016

1. Renewable sources include hydroelectricity, geothermal, solar thermal, solar PV, tide, wind, renewable municipal waste, solid biofuels, liquid biofuels and biogases. Source: World energy balances.

II.14 - RENEWABLES INFORMATION (2016 edition)

Table 8. Share of electricity production from renewable1 sources excluding hydroelectricity (%) Average annual percent change

1990

2000

2010

2012

2013

2014

2015p

00-15

OECD Total OECD Americas OECD Asia Oceania OECD Europe

1.8

1.8

5.3

7.2

8.2

9.1

10.2

12.2

2.8 1.2 0.7

1.9 1.1 2.0

3.9 2.9 8.6

5.1 3.5 12.3

5.9 4.1 13.9

6.5 5.1 15.2

6.9 6.2 17.2

8.9 11.9 15.4

IEA Total

1.8

1.8

5.3

7.3

8.3

9.2

10.4

12.5

Non-OECD Total World

0.4 1.3

0.7 1.4

1.8 3.5

2.4 4.7

3.0 5.4

3.4 6.0

.. ..

.. ..

Australia Austria Belgium Canada Chile

0.5 2.3 0.4 0.8 5.2

0.6 2.7 0.7 1.4 2.3

3.3 9.7 6.6 2.5 4.3

5.0 10.8 12.4 2.6 7.5

6.0 12.9 13.7 3.7 8.7

7.5 14.6 16.6 4.5 9.8

8.1 16.5 20.4 5.5 10.3

19.2 12.9 25.1 9.6 10.4

Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France

3.1 9.5 0.5

0.7 15.4 0.2 12.5 0.6

3.6 31.9 7.8 14.0 2.7

6.8 48.3 12.0 16.6 4.3

7.6 45.9 9.0 18.0 4.6

8.5 55.8 10.9 18.9 5.1

9.7 60.7 14.1 19.1 6.1

18.9 9.6 35.2 2.9 17.2

Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland

0.3 0.0 0.1 6.7 -

2.4 0.8 0.2 17.2 1.4

13.4 5.3 7.6 26.2 11.0

19.5 9.5 7.0 29.7 16.2

20.4 14.0 8.5 29.0 19.5

23.0 15.3 9.7 28.9 21.8

27.4 17.6 9.7 26.7 24.8

17.6 22.5 30.2 3.0 20.9

Israel Italy Japan Korea Luxembourg

1.5 1.3 0.0 2.1

2.5 1.3 0.0 11.6

0.2 8.7 3.3 0.5 4.9

0.7 16.9 4.1 0.6 7.6

0.9 20.6 4.8 0.8 13.6

1.5 22.3 6.1 1.1 15.3

2.1 23.4 7.9 1.0 23.5

16.2 12.9 25.1 4.8

Mexico Netherlands New Zealand Norway Poland

4.4 1.0 8.2 0.2 0.0

3.7 3.2 9.2 0.2 0.2

3.1 9.3 18.1 1.0 5.1

3.4 12.0 20.1 1.3 9.2

3.9 11.9 21.0 1.7 8.9

4.6 11.2 23.2 1.7 11.1

5.1 12.3 24.6 1.9 12.7

2.2 9.5 6.7 16.1 34.0

Portugal Slovak Republic Slovenia Spain Sweden

2.5 0.4 1.3

3.6 0.5 2.8 3.1

22.7 2.5 1.4 18.6 10.6

30.2 4.8 2.8 22.6 11.6

31.1 5.3 3.0 26.5 13.9

30.8 7.4 3.0 25.9 14.3

30.3 7.3 3.7 24.9 16.3

15.3 14.0 15.6 11.6

Switzerland Turkey United Kingdom United States

0.8 0.1 0.2 3.0

1.3 0.2 1.3 1.9

2.1 1.9 5.9 4.1

2.8 3.1 10.1 5.5

3.2 4.1 13.8 6.3

3.8 4.8 17.7 6.9

4.3 6.3 23.0 7.2

8.3 25.1 21.1 9.2

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

© IEA/OECD, 2016

1. Renewable sources include geothermal, solar thermal, solar PV, tide, wind, renewable municipal waste, solid biofuels, liquid biofuels and biogases. Source: World energy balances.

RENEWABLES INFORMATION (2016 edition) - II.15

Table 9. Primary energy supply from renewable sources in 2014 (ktoe)

1

Hydro

Wind

Solar/ tide

Geothermal

Biofuels and renewable waste 2

Total3

OECD Total OECD Americas OECD Asia Oceania OECD Europe

120470.7

41945.0

22413.7

33409.2

276614.1

494852.7

60709.8 10946.3 48814.5

18429.7 1604.4 21910.9

5121.1 4682.3 12610.3

12077.4 7277.0 14054.8

131583.3 18401.1 126629.7

227921.3 42911.1 224020.3

IEA Total

113507.3

41266.8

20936.1

26162.9

259853.5

461726.5

Non-OECD Total World

214474.2 334944.9

19742.2 61687.2

25385.6 47799.3

37919.8 71329.0

1101561.3 1378092.7

1399083.1 1893853.1

1581.2 3526.2 23.6 32891.8 1986.5

881.7 330.8 396.8 1938.3 124.1

734.1 249.7 268.4 193.0 60.7

0.4 32.6 3.1 -

4982.0 5650.0 2666.5 15103.9 7379.7

8179.4 9789.3 3358.3 50127.0 9551.0

Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France

164.2 1.3 2.3 1152.1 5403.3

41.0 1124.8 51.9 95.2 1483.4

198.5 80.6 2.0 648.1

4.0 218.8

3229.8 3223.8 804.5 8903.9 13550.9

3633.5 4434.4 858.8 10153.3 21304.5

Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland

1684.5 384.9 26.0 1107.1 61.0

4932.7 317.3 56.5 0.7 442.0

3727.2 517.8 11.0 12.3

182.2 11.7 128.9 4112.3 -

24877.2 1214.5 1707.3 4.5 446.4

35403.8 2446.2 1929.7 5224.5 961.7

Israel Italy Japan Korea Luxembourg

1.1 5034.9 7034.5 236.7 9.3

0.5 1305.3 433.3 98.6 6.9

1172.4 2097.9 2475.1 290.7 11.2

5233.9 2388.6 108.5 -

24.0 12840.5 9058.4 3185.7 162.8

1198.0 26512.5 21389.8 3920.0 190.2

Mexico Netherlands New Zealand Norway Poland

3344.8 9.6 2092.9 11686.9 187.7

552.6 498.5 190.4 190.6 660.1

211.6 94.4 10.1 .. 17.8

3102.1 35.9 4779.5 20.2

8717.3 2802.6 1151.0 1220.0 7703.5

15928.4 3441.0 8223.8 13097.5 8589.4

Portugal Slovak Republic Slovenia Spain Sweden

1338.9 362.0 523.9 3368.5 5483.7

1041.5 0.5 0.3 4473.1 966.1

130.8 57.1 33.0 3107.1 15.2

188.4 7.1 31.9 18.8 -

2836.6 993.2 635.2 6800.7 10800.1

5536.3 1419.9 1224.3 17768.3 17265.1

Switzerland Turkey United Kingdom United States

3271.1 3495.5 506.1 22486.7

8.7 732.7 2753.3 15814.7

125.2 804.3 400.5 4655.8

301.3 3523.0 0.8 8975.3

1579.6 3529.2 8446.5 100382.4

5285.9 12084.6 12107.2 152314.9

Australia Austria Belgium Canada Chile

1. Hydro does not include pumped hydro. 3. Total does not include non-renewable waste. Source: World energy balances.

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2. Biofuels and renewable waste include solid biofuels, liquid biofuels, renewable municipal waste and biogases.

II.16 - RENEWABLES INFORMATION (2016 edition)

Table 10. Provisional primary energy supply from renewable sources in 2015 (ktoe) Hydro1

Solar/ tide

Wind

Biofuels and renewable waste 2

Geothermal

Total3

OECD Total OECD Americas OECD Asia Oceania OECD Europe

118308.4

48659.6

25025.9

35038.7

280923.9

507956.4

59030.2 10809.6 48468.6

19935.1 1694.9 27029.6

5535.2 5731.8 13758.9

12328.8 7265.8 15444.0

127519.3 19615.0 133789.6

224348.6 45117.0 238490.8

IEA Total

112156.0

47823.7

23420.2

27900.4

264216.7

475517.1

.. ..

.. ..

.. ..

.. ..

.. ..

.. ..

1183.6 3183.8 25.5 32617.0 1986.5

931.2 416.5 470.2 2479.5 154.5

857.4 265.6 283.1 193.0 62.8

0.9 32.1 3.1 -

5571.5 5697.0 2539.6 14413.9 7379.7

8544.7 9594.9 3321.6 49703.2 9583.5

Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France

68.4 1.5 2.3 1441.5 4722.3

49.3 1215.4 61.5 200.7 1820.5

212.3 85.9 2.3 779.8

5.3 220.8

3241.9 3234.0 889.4 8827.8 13989.5

3571.8 4542.2 953.2 10472.4 21533.1

Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland

1631.9 476.4 20.1 1185.2 69.4

7565.9 391.0 59.6 0.9 564.9

3973.9 516.1 20.3 13.2

236.6 11.5 135.3 3925.5 -

25553.8 1271.1 1689.9 4.5 428.1

38962.1 2666.1 1925.1 5116.0 1075.6

Israel Italy Japan Korea Luxembourg

1.1 3774.9 7319.5 196.2 8.4

0.5 1262.1 454.5 106.0 7.8

1213.8 2358.8 3351.5 297.5 11.5

5463.8 2364.8 117.0 -

24.0 13472.0 9507.6 3354.6 166.7

1239.5 26331.6 22997.9 4071.2 194.5

Mexico Netherlands New Zealand Norway Poland

2652.2 8.0 2109.2 11893.3 157.6

679.4 644.1 202.7 216.3 930.4

294.6 122.1 11.5 23.8

3181.3 58.8 4783.1 22.0

8639.9 2788.7 1157.2 1357.6 7939.0

15447.4 3621.6 8263.8 13467.2 9072.7

Portugal Slovak Republic Slovenia Spain Sweden

740.7 343.1 327.4 2396.8 6402.6

998.5 0.5 0.5 4242.8 1429.1

148.8 56.5 34.4 3158.2 20.0

176.7 1.3 31.5 19.7 -

2688.2 989.2 659.1 7321.3 15094.6

4752.9 1390.6 1052.9 17138.8 22946.3

Switzerland Turkey United Kingdom United States

3290.2 5753.7 543.5 21774.6

9.5 993.5 3478.0 16621.7

159.5 810.8 702.0 4984.8

343.4 4755.9 0.8 9147.5

1677.4 3207.5 9061.9 97085.9

5479.9 15521.4 13786.3 149614.5

Non-OECD Total World Australia Austria Belgium Canada Chile

1. Hydro does not include pumped hydro.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

© IEA/OECD, 2016

2. Biofuels and renewable waste include solid biofuels, liquid biofuels, renewable municipal waste and biogases. 3. Total does not include non-renewable waste. Source: World energy balances.

RENEWABLES INFORMATION (2016 edition) – III.1

PART III

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

© IEA/OECD, 2016

DETAILED OECD RENEWABLES AND WASTE DATA

© IEA/OECD, 2016

RENEWABLES INFORMATION (2016 edition) – III.3

DIRECTORY OF PART III TABLES Part III of Renewables Information contains detailed statistical information on renewables and waste for the 34 member countries of the OECD and for OECD/IEA regional aggregates. The tables of regional aggregates are presented before the country tables, which are set out in alphabetical order. As data for some countries were not available for all years (particularly the early years), these aggregate regional table should be used with caution. A full list of the figures and the tables is set out below.

Tables: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5A. 5B. 6. 7.

Energy supply, GDP and population Net generating capacity of renewable and waste sources (in MW) Capacity factors (%) Gross electricity generation from renewable and waste sources (in GWh) Heat production from renewable and waste sources in the transformation sector (in TJ) Heat production from heat pumps and waste heat (in TJ) Renewable and waste balance for 2014 (in ktoe) Aggregated renewable and waste statistics (in TJ and kt)

Graphs: Contribution of renewables in 1990 (%) Contribution of renewables in 2015 provisional (%) Electricity production by renewables and waste energy source (in TWh)

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1. 2. 3.

© IEA/OECD, 2016

RENEWABLES INFORMATION (2016 edition) - III.5

OECD TOTAL Figure 1. Contribution of renewables in 1990 Natural Gas (18.6%)

Other³ (0.4%)

Solid biofuels/ charcoal (95.7%)

Hydro (37.5%)

Nuclear (10.0%) Renewables (6.0%)

Oil (41.3%)

Coal (23.7%)

Biogases (1.1%)

Biofuels and renewable waste (51.8%)

Renewable municipal waste (3.3%)

Other⁴ (10.7%)

TPES1

of which: Total renewables

of which: Biofuels and renewable waste2

4,526 Mtoe

270.72 Mtoe

140.35 Mtoe

Figure 2. Contribution of renewables in 2015 provisional Natural Gas (26.0%)

Other³ (0.6%)

Solid biofuels/ charcoal (68.0%)

Hydro (23.3%)

Nuclear (9.8%)

Biogases (7.6%)

Renewables (9.6%) Biofuels and renewable waste (55.3%)

Oil (36.1%)

Coal (17.9%)

Liquid biofuels (19.2%) Renewable municipal waste (5.2%)

Other⁴ (21.4%)

TPES1

of which: Total renewables

of which: Biofuels and renewable waste2

5,269 Mtoe

507.96 Mtoe

280.92 Mtoe

Figure 3. Electricity production by renewables and waste energy source 3000

TWh

2500

2000

1500

1000

500

0

Geothermal

Wind/Solar/Tide

Biofuels/Renewable waste

Non-renewable waste

1. Total primary energy supply includes electricity trade. 2. Biofuels and renewable waste include solid biofuels, liquid biofuels, biogases, and renewable municipal waste. 3. Includes non-renewable municipal waste, industrial waste, peat, shale oil, electricity trade, and other sources of primary energy. (In the case of negative values, the net exports of electricity are greater than the other products in this category). 4. Includes geothermal, solar, wind and tide. Note: Totals may not sum due to rounding. Source: IEA/OECD Renewables Statistics, World energy balances.

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Hydro

III.6 - RENEWABLES INFORMATION (2016 edition)

OECD TOTAL Table 1. Energy supply, GDP and population

TPES (Mtoe) of which: Renewables (Mtoe) 1

1990

2000

2010

2012

2013

2014

2015p

00-15

4525.76 270.72

5299.94 318.97

5423.77 421.72

5287.08 460.40

5309.77 486.40

5273.27 494.85

5268.52 507.96

-0.0

6.0

6.0

7.8

8.7

9.2

9.4

9.6

3.2

29171.43

37956.87

44440.24

45774.16

46299.65

47107.38

48036.46

1.6

0.16

0.14

0.12

0.12

0.11

0.11

0.11

-1.6 -1.6

Renewables/TPES(%) GDP (billion 2005 US dollars) TPES/GDP2

119

107

93

88

88

86

84

1153.92

1237.97

1252.77

1259.81

1266.94

1275.03

0.7

4.23

4.59

4.38

4.22

4.21

4.16

4.13

-0.7

TPES/population (toe per capita) Electricity generation (TWh) 3 of which: Renewables (TWh) 1,3

3.2

1070.17

TPES/GDP (year 2005 = 100) Population (millions)

Average annual percent change

7666.2

9768.2

10890.9

10830.9

10836.1

10784.5

10762.0

0.6

1320.00

1516.69

1925.53

2166.02

2302.50

2381.64

2471.14

3.3 2.6

Renew./Total Elec.(%) 1,4

17.2

15.5

17.7

20.0

21.2

22.1

23.0

Road energy consumption (Mtoe)

791.6

988.1

1058.6

1051.6

1056.6

1071.7

..

..

0.01

4.03

38.93

47.58

49.37

50.27

..

..

0.0

0.4

3.7

4.5

4.7

4.7

-

-

of which: Liquid biofuels (Mtoe) Liq. biofuels/road tr.(%)

5

1. Renewables do not include industrial waste, non-renewable municipal waste and pumped storage production. 2. In units of toe per thousand 2005 US dollars. 3. Electricity generation = gross production - amount of electricity produced in pumped storage plants. 4. Electricity share generated from renewables over the total electricity production. 5. Energy from liquid biofuels consumed in road transport over the total energy consumed in road transport. Source: IEA/OECD Renewables Statistics, World energy balances and OECD Main Economic Indicators.

Table 2. Net generating capacity of renewable and waste sources (MWe) Average annual percent change

2000

2010

2012

2013

2014

2015p

00-14

Total capacity

399983

470830

681063

794073

840636

888474

..

4.6

Hydro

375473

424373

455065

464153

468315

472236

..

0.8

956

3141

3246

3469

3558

3548

..

0.9

Hydro 1-10MW

5532

16806

20260

21215

21622

21943

..

1.9

Hydro 10+MW

95785

245751

324206

329345

333081

335629

..

2.3

Mixed plants

19064

21160

41044

41650

41563

41787

..

5.0

..

68600

66308

68475

68489

69329

..

..

4463

5393

6069

6254

6512

6704

..

1.6

..

757

37403

87439

110456

132933

..

..

339

419

1210

2481

3676

3972

..

17.4

Hydro