Redefining History on Pre-Islamic Accounts: The Arabic Recension of the Martyrs of Najrân 9781463225179

Citation preview

5HGHILQLQJ+LVWRU\RQ 3UH,VODPLF$FFRXQWV

*RUJLDV(DVWHUQ&KULVWLDQ6WXGLHV

 6HULHV(GLWRUV *HRUJH$QWRQ.LUD] ,VWY¾Q3HUF]HO /RUHQ]R3HUURQH 6DPXHO5XEHQVRQ

*RUJLDV(DVWHUQ&KULVWLDQ6WXGLHVEULQJVWRWKHVFKRODUO\ZRUOGWKH XQGHUUHSUHVHQWHGILHOGRI&KULVWLDQLW\DVLWGHYHORSHGLQWKH(DVWHUQ KHPLVSKHUH 7KLV VHULHV FRQVLVWV RI PRQRJUDSKV FROOHFWLRQV RI HVVD\V WH[WV DQG WUDQVODWLRQV RI WKH GRFXPHQWV RI (DVWHUQ &KULVWLDQLW\ DQG VWXGLHV RI WRSLFV UHOHYDQW WR WKH XQLTXH ZRUOG RI KLVWRULF2UWKRGR[\DQGHDUO\&KULVWLDQLW\

5HGHILQLQJ+LVWRU\RQ 3UH,VODPLF$FFRXQWV

7KH$UDELF5HFHQVLRQRIWKH0DUW\UVRI1DMU¿Q

-XDQ3HGUR0RQIHUUHU6DOD

 

*RUJLDV3UHVV//&5LYHU5RDG3LVFDWDZD\1-86$ ZZZJRUJLDVSUHVVFRP &RS\ULJKW†E\*RUJLDV3UHVV//& 

$OO ULJKWV UHVHUYHG XQGHU ,QWHUQDWLRQDO DQG 3DQ$PHULFDQ &RS\ULJKW &RQYHQWLRQV1RSDUWRIWKLVSXEOLFDWLRQPD\EHUHSURGXFHGVWRUHGLQD UHWULHYDO V\VWHP RU WUDQVPLWWHG LQ DQ\ IRUP RU E\ DQ\ PHDQV HOHFWURQLF PHFKDQLFDO SKRWRFRS\LQJ UHFRUGLQJ VFDQQLQJ RU RWKHUZLVH ZLWKRXW WKH SULRUZULWWHQSHUPLVVLRQRI*RUJLDV3UHVV//& 

…

,6%1

,661

/LEUDU\RI&RQJUHVV&DWDORJLQJLQ3XEOLFDWLRQ'DWD 0RQIHUUHU6DOD-XDQ3HGUR 5HGHILQLQJKLVWRU\RQSUH,VODPLFDFFRXQWV WKH$UDELFUHFHQVLRQRIWKH0DUW\UVRI1DMUkQ E\-XDQ3HGUR0RQIHUUHU6DOD SFP ,QFOXGHVELEOLRJUDSKLFDOUHIHUHQFHVDQG LQGH[ &KULVWLDQPDUW\UV$UDELD6RXWKHUQ $UDELD6RXWKHUQ&KXUFKKLVWRU\$UHWKDV 6DLQWPDUW\UWKFHQW6DLQW&DWKHULQH 0RQDVWHU\0RXQW6LQDL 0DQXVFULSW$UDELF ,7LWOH %5$0 GF  3ULQWHGLQWKH8QLWHG6WDWHVRI$PHULFD

 

#ONTENTS #ONTENTS    0REFACEAND!CKnOWLEDGEMENTS !BBREVIATIONS  (ISTORICALFRAMEWORKOFTHEEVENTS  4EXTSETTING  #ONTENTSAND3TRUCTURE   !TTHESTARTOFTHEACCOUNTTHENEEDFORA CONTEXT  4HEPERSECUTIONOFTHE.ADŽRãNITESMARTYRDOMS ANDBURNINGOFTHECITY  4HEPUNITIVE!XŊMITEATTACKAGAINSTTHE *EWISHRULERINTHE3OUTH!RABIANLAND !STORYWITHINTHESTORY "ACKTOTHEFRAY 4HERE #HRISTIANIZATIONOF3ABAAND.ADŽRãN !NEWSTYLITE   -AP  0LATE  "IBLIOGRAPHY "IBLICALANDQURɹãNICREFERENCES 'ENERALINDEX      

 

0ODE@BD@KC!BHKLTIDCFDJDKQP 0ODE@BD@KC!BHKLTIDCFDJDKQP @KC!BHKLTIDCFDJDKQP    4GD @®J LE QGD MODPDKQ TLOH ®P QL J@HD @S@®I@AID QL QGD ODPD@OBGDOP @ BLJM@O@Q®SD PQRCV LE QGD BLKQDKQP @KC PQORBQROD LE QGD QO@F®B DSDKQP TG®BG QLLH MI@BD ®K QGD 3LRQG !O@A®@K B®QV LE .@‫א‬O֡K @P K@OO@QDC ®K QGD !O@A®B ODBDKP®LKBLKQ@®KDC®KQGD-33®K@®Q®B!O@A®B QGDJLPQ ®JMLOQ@KQLEQGD!O@A®BT®QKDPPDP®KTG®BGQGD@BBLRKQLE QGDJ@OQVOPLE.@‫א‬O֡K®P®KBIRCDC !PQGD@BBLRKQLE QGD-@OQVOPLE.@‫א‬O֡KG@PG®QGDOQL ADDK HKLTK QGOLRFG QGD 'ODDH @KC QGD 3VO®@B QDUQR@I QO@C®Q®LK LKIV  @K LO®F®K@I @K@IVP®P T®QG @ BLJM@O@Q®SD PBLMD ®P LEEDODC QGOLRFG QGD ELIILT®KF M@FDP QL MOLS®CD PLJD S@IR@AID ®KELOJ@Q®LK DUQO@BQDC EOLJ QGD MO®KB®M@I K@OO@Q®SD CDQ@®IP @QQDPQDC ®K QG®P !O@A®B SDOP®LK !Q QG®P ML®KQ  LKD LE QGD JLPQ ®JMLOQ@KQ ED@QRODP LE QGD !O@A®B SDOP®LK ®P QGD ®CDKQ®E®B@Q®LK LE ®QP 6LOI@FD  @KC ®QP ODI@Q®LKPG®MT®QGQGDLQGDOQDUQPTG®BGG@SDPROS®SDC )K   0OLE 3G@GÂC DC®QDC QTL ERKC@JDKQ@I CLBRJ DKQPELOQGDQDUQR@I@KCIDFDKC@OVG®PQLOVLEQG®P%@PQDOK #GO®PQ®@K QO@C®Q®LK QGD PL B@IIDC ž3®JDLKŸP .DT ,DQQDOŸ ®K 3VO®@BEOLJQGD#LCDULE$@J@PBRP @KCQGD!O@A®BSDOP®LK EOLJQGD+@OPGֹK֬#LCDULE*DORP@IDJ)KQG®PBORB®@ITLOH  3G@GÂCCDSLQDCPLJDM@FDPQLCDPBO®ADQGD!O@A®BBLC®BDP TG®BG ®KBIRCD QGD @BBLRKQ LE QGD J@OQVOCLJP LE QGD .@‫א‬O֡K®QDP  @Q QGD Q®JD QG@Q GD @QQO@BQDC QGD @QQDKQ®LK QLT@OCPQGDPD®JMLOQ@KQ!O@A®BSDOP®LKP 

 )RFAN3(!(…$ 4HE-ARTYRSOF.AJRãN .EW$OCUMENTS i3UBSIDIA(AGI OGRAPHICAu "RUSSELS3OCIETœDES"OLLANDISTES    )3(!(…$ 4HE-ARTYRSOF.AJRãN PP   

3UHIDFHDQG$FNQRZOHGJHPHQWV

4GD®JMLOQ@KBDLEQGD!O@A®BJ@QDO®@IPELOQGDG®PQLOV LEQGDžQDUQŸ @KCLEQGDQO@C®Q®LK@PTDII T@PPQODPPDCAV @KLQGDO BLKKL®PPDRO LE QGD DSDKQP TG®BG LBBROODC ®K .@‫א‬O֡K 0OLE #GO®PQ®CDP DJMG@P®WDC QGD ®JMLOQ@KBD LE QGD !O@A®B QDUQR@I QO@C®Q®LK QL FDQ @ CDDM HKLTIDCFD LE QGDPDSDO@IQDUQP I®HDELO®KPQ@KBDQGD%QG®LM®BSDOP®LK )KQGDCDPBO®MQ®LKLEQGD-33 0OLE3G@GÂCODEDOODCQL PLJD ®KQDODPQ®KF CDQ@®IP @KC ED@QRODP TG®BG @OD BG@O@BQDO®PQ®BLEQGDPDSDO@I!O@A®BQDUQP/AS®LRPIV QGDPD žCDQ@®IPŸ @KC žED@QRODPŸ PDOSD QL QO@BD QGD ODI@Q®LKPG®M ADQTDDK QGD !O@A®B SDOP®LKP @KC QGD®O ODPMDBQ®SD 6LOI@FDK 3®KBD@KDC®Q®LKLEQGD!O@A®BQDUQP®PBROODKQIVRKCDO MODM@O@Q®LK AV QGD MODPDKQ TO®QDO  ) G@SD BLKP®CDODC LE PLJD ®KQDODPQ QL F®SD QG®P MODI®J®K@OV PQRCV LK QGD ODI@Q®LKPG®MP LE QGD 3®K@®Q®B !O@A®B  @KC QGD 'ODDH @KC 3VO®@B QDUQP T®QG QGD GLMD QG@Q ®Q TLRIC AD LE PLJD ®KQDODPQELOQGD@B@CDJ®BBLJJRK®QVTLOH®KF®KQGDE®DIC LEQGD#GO®PQ®@K/O®DKQ 4G®P ALLH G@P QO®DC QL JDDQ @IPL QGD KDDCP LE LQGDO OD@CDOP QG@K ODPD@OBGDOP  TGL @OD ®KQDODPQDC LK PLROBD J@QDO®@IPEOLJQGD,@QD!KQ®NR®QV@KCEOLJQGD-DC®DS@I MDO®LCP7®QGQG®PGLMD )T@PMDOPR@CDC@PE@O@P)BLRIC QL J@HD QGD ALLH RPDERI QL @CS@KBDC PBGLI@OP @KC RKCDOFO@CRQDP@I®HD /KBD @F@®K  ) @J CDDMIV ®KCDAQDC QL $O 'DLOFD +®O@W @KC QL 'LOF®@P 0ODPP 0RAI®PGDOP ELO QGD®O ®KQDODPQ ®K DC®Q®KFQG®PALLH



 6ASSILIOS #(2)34)$%3  Ã4HE -ARTYRDOM OF !RETHAS AND THE !FTERMATH (ISTORY VS (AGIOGRAPHYÄ  'RAECO !RABICA     PP  FN



3UHIDFHDQG$FNQRZOHGJHPHQWV

-VQG@KHPFL@IPLQL0OLEDPPLOP!5OA¸K 3@J®O+G@I®I 3@J®O  6@PP®I®LP #GO®PQ®CDP  !CDI 3®C@ORP  (DOJ@K 4DRID  #GO®PQ®@K(ªFDI@KC@KDSDODKC®KFI®PQLEBLIID@FRDP@KC EO®DKCP ELO J@KV VD@OP LE MDOPLK@I @KC MOLEDPP®LK@I PRMMLOQ ! PMDB®@I JDKQ®LK ®P @IPL CDPDOSDC AV -OP 2LP@O®L 0RDOQ@  $®ODBQLO LE QGD ,®AO@OV LE QGD &@BRIQV LE !OQP ®K QGD5K®SDOP®QVLE#ÆOCLA@ TGLPD®KCDE@Q®F@AIDMOLEDPP®L K@I®PJG@PGDIMDCQG®P@KCPLJ@KVLQGDOPQRC®DP &®K@IIV )CDC®B@QDQG®PALLHQLJVT®ED T®QGFO@Q®QRCD  ADB@RPD PGD ODJ@®KDC BLKPQ@KQ I®HD OLBH TG®ID ) T@P TO®Q®KFQGDPDM@FDP   *R@K0DCOL-LKEDOODO 3@I@ /K3RKC@VQG-@OBG



!AAODS®@Q®LKP !AAODS®@Q®LKP   &LOQV-@OQVOP

4GD &LOQV -@OQVOP LE QGD 3®K@® $DPDOQ  %RILF®LP QGD3QLKD #RQQDO @KC!K@PQ@P®@  e! #LOMRP LE #GO®PQ®@K 0@IDPQ®K®@K !O@J@®Bo )))  DC®QDC @KC QO@KPIQDC AV #GO®PQ@ -‹,,%2 +%33,%2  -®BG@DI 3/+/,/&&  'OÉK®KFDK 3QVU 0RAI®B@Q ®LKP  MM 

'ODFDKQ®LP

,®ED @KC 7LOHP LE 3@®KQ 'ODFDKQ®LP  !OBGA®PGLM LE 4@MG@O )KQOLCRBQ®LK  BO®Q®B@IDC®Q®LK@KCQO@KPI@Q®LK DC®QDC AV !IAODBGQ "DOFDO T®QG @ BLKQO®A RQ®LK AV '®@KEO@KBL &®@BB@CLO®  e-®IIDK®RJ 3QRC®DKo   "DOI®K œ .DT 9LOH 7@IQDO CD 'ORVQDO    MM  

Ά®JV@O®QDP

4GD"LLHLEQGD(®JV@O®QDP&O@FJDKQPLE @ G®QGDOQL RKHKLTK 3VO®@B TLOH  DC®QDC  T®QG ®KQOLCRBQ®LK @KC QO@KPI@Q®LK AV !UDI -/"%2'  T®QG D®FGQ E@BP®J®IDP  ,RKC#7+'IDDORM 

%)

,DQQDO



%KBVBILM½C®D CD IŸ)PI@J .LRSDIID ½C®Q®LK  DC AV 0 "D@OJ@K  4G "®@KNR®P  # % "LPTLOQG  % S@K $LKWDI70(D®KO®BGP ,DVCD 0@O®P "O®II   ,@ IDQQDO@ C® 3®JDLKD SDPBLSL C® "¾QG !Oַ¹JPLMO@®J@OQ®O®LJDO®Q® ®K)FK@W®L '5)$)  2@BBLIQ@ C® PBO®QQ® ) /O®DKQD BO®PQ®@KL) 2LJD)PQ®QRQLMDOIŸ/O®DKQD   MM  

$EEUHYLDWLRQV 

 -@OQVO®LK

¡/CTVWTKQPVQW CBIKQWX$TGSCMCKVJL UWPQFKCL CWVQW GXP 0GITC^ VJ^ RQNGK¢  ®K !KDBCLQ@ FOŽB@  D BLC®B®ARP ODF®®P CDPBO®MP®Q@KKLQ@Q®LKD®IIRPQO@S®Q*&O "/)3/..!$%  0@O®P®®P )K 2DF®L 4VMLFO@MGDL  6 MM 

-@OQVO®RJ

!BQ@ 3@KBQLORJ /BQLAO®P  DU ,@Q®K®P  'OŽB®P @I®@ORJNRDFDKQ®RJ-LKRJDKQ®P  PDOS@Q@ MO®J®FDK®@ SDQDORJ 3BO®MQLORJ MGO@P®  #LIIDBQ@  $®FDPQ@  #LJJDK Q@O®®PRD/APDOS@Q®LK®ARP)IIRPQO@Q@@ * 6!. (%#+% ""/335% 6 $% "5#+DQ% #!20%.4)%2  D 3LB®DQ@QD *DPR 0ODPAV QDO®P 4GDLILF®P 4LJRP 8  NRL C®DP S®FDP®JRPQDOQ®RPDQNR@OQRPBLKQ®KDK QRO "ORPPDIP4VM®P(DKO®B®'LDJ@DOD   BLIPB @

-)#(%,,%392)%.  #GOLK®NRD

#GOLK®NRDCD-®BGDIID3VO®DK M@QO®@OBGD ¯@BLA®QD CŸ!KQ®LBGD    ½C®Q½D MLRO I@ MODJ®¼OD EL®P DQ QO@CR®Q DK EO@K@®PD M@O * " #(!"/4   SLIP  0@O®P%OKDPQ,DOLRU     )) MM 

.DT,DQQDO

   

)OE@K 3(!($  4GD -@OQVOP LE .@¯O¹K .DT $LBRJDKQP  e3RAP®C®@ (@F®LFO@M G®B@o   "ORPPDIP 3LB®½Q½ CDP "LII@ KC®PQDP  MM))) 888))3VO®@BQDUQ   %KFI®PGQDUQ     

$EEUHYLDWLRQV 

:@BG@O®@GLE -®QVIDKD

:RNK֬K

4GD 3VO®@B #GOLK®BID HKLTK @P QG@Q LE :@BG@O®@G LE -®QVIDKD  QO@KPI@QDC ®KQL %KFI®PG AV &* (!-),4/.  %7 "2//+3  ,LKCLK -DQGRDK @KC #L    MM   ;:@BG@O®@P 2GDQLO  "®PGLMLE-®QVIDKD= 4GD #GOLK®BID LE :RNK֬K  M@OQP ))) @KC )6  !$    QO@KPI@QDC EOLJ 3VO®@BT®QGKLQDP@KC®KQOLCRBQ®LKAV !J®O (!22!+  e-DC®DS@I 3LROBDP ®K 4@KPI@Q®LKo   4LOLKQL 0LKQ®E®B@I )KPQ®QRQD LE -DC®@DS@I 3QRC®DP    MM 





 

(®PQLO®B@IEO@JDTLOH ®PQLO®B@IEO@JDTLOHLEDSDKQP EO@JDTLOHLEDSDKQP LEDSDKQP

   $DPM®QDQGDTDII HKLTKPM@OP®QVLEG®PQLO®B@IC@Q@LKQGD P®QR@Q®LK®K3LRQG!O@A®@CRO®KFQGDE®OPQG@IELEQGDQGB #% TDHKLTEOLJQDUQPK@OO@Q®KFQGDDSDKQPQ@H®KFMI@BD @Q .@‫א‬O֡K 3VO .@FO֡K 'O 0GITCP  QG@Q QG®P @OD@ T@P DSDKQR@IIVQLADBLJDQGDP®QDLE@M®QBGDCA@QQIDADQTDDK #GO®PQ®@K®QV @KC *RC@®PJ ®K ,@QD !KQ®NR®QV ELO @IQGLRFG #GO®PQ®@KFOLRMPG@CPDQQIDC®KQGDI@KCLEΆ®JV@O®KQGD QGB#% QGDODT@PAVQG@QQ®JD@TDII DPQ@AI®PGDC*DT®PG 

 /K.@‫א‬O֡K PDD2DK½4!2$9 .@¯O¹KBGO½Q®DKPCŸ!O@A®D@S@KQIŸ®PI@J  e2DBGDOBGDP.LRSDIID3½O®D"/O®DKQ#GO½Q®DKo "EIRUT$AR%L -ACHREQ    PP   #E %)  6))  MM   )OE@K 3(!($  /K 2@ʚ@J֡G2@ʚJ֡ʙ Տ 2@NFJ@QRJ  .@‫א‬O֡K.@FO֡K @KC QGD®O ODI@Q®LKPG®M T®QG QGD (DAODT "®AID  PDD %OKPQ !UDI +.!5&  ¡3ÍC@O@A®DK  .LOC@O@A®DK RK C®D (DAO»®PBGD "®ADI¢  ®K .LOADOQ .%"%3 DC  !O@A®@ &DI®U "D®QO»FD WRO 3MO@BGD RKC +RIQRO CDP SLO®PI@J®PBGDK !O@A®DK &DPQPBGO®EQ 7@IQDO 7 -ÍIIDO WRJ  'DAROQPQ@F T®QGQGD@PP®PQ@KBDLE22®BGQDO )+LQQP®DMDO@KC- -@O@NQDK 7®DPA@CDK(@OO@PPLT®QW6DOI@F  MM 3DD @IPL ' ,@KHDPQDO (!2$).'  !K )KCDU @KC #LKBLOC@KBD LE 0OD )PI@J®B !O@A®@K .@JDP @KC )KPBO®MQ®LKP  e.D@O @KC -®CCID %@PQ 3DO®DPo   4LOLKQL5K®SDOP®QVLE4LOLKQL0ODPP  M @KC(DOJ@KK 6/. 7)33-!.. œ -@O®@ (†&.%2  "D®QO»FD WRO G®PQLO®PBGDK 'DLFO@MG®D CDP SLO®PI@J®PBGDK 3ÍC@O@A®DK  e!H@CDJ®PBGD 7®PPDKPBG@EQDK RKC ,®QDO@QRO!AG@KCIRKFDK'D®PQDPRKC.@QROT®PPDKPBG@EQDK+I@PPD *Fo 7®DPA@CDK&O@KW3QD®KDO6DOI@F  MM    /K 0OD )PI@J®B #GO®PQ®@K®QV ®K 3LRQG !O@A®@  PDD 4GDODP®@ (!).4(!,%2  #GO®PQI®BGD !O@ADO SLO CDJ )PI@J  e%@PQDOK #GO®PQ®@K 3QRC®DPo ,DRSDKœ0@O®Pœ$RCIDV -@PP0DDQDOP  MM  #E &LO ALQG .@DŽRãN AND ͤIMYAR RESPECTIVELY  )RFAN 3(!(…$  "YZANTIUM AND THE !RABS IN THE FIFTH CENTURY  7@PG®KFQLK $# $RJA@OQLK /@HP    MM      /K #GO®PQ®@K®QV ®K .@DŽRãN SEE24!2$9 .@¯O¹K MM 

-XDQ3HGUR0RQIHUUHU6DOD 

MODPDKBDQGDOD4GD-LKLMGVP®QDAO@KBGLE#GO®PQ®@K®QV T@P PMOD@C®KF O@M®CIV ®K QGD @OD@ @P @ ODPRIQ LE ILB@I J®PP®LK@OVMLI®BV @KCQGD*DT®PGH®KF$Gֹ.RT֡P$Gֹ .Rʙ֡P  ODPLISDC QL MRQ @ CO@J@Q®B DKC QL QG®P FOLT®KF DUM@KP®LKQGDDKPR®KFDSDKQPG@C@GRFD®JM@BQLKQGD -LKLMGVP®QDTLOIC 4GDO®PDQLMLTDOLE$Gֹ.RT֡PœTGLLSDOQGODTG®P MODCDBDPPLO  QGD I@PQ 4RAA@ʚ ORIDO -@ʚC֬ +@O®A 9@ʚERO œ MOLJMQDC BG@KFDP ®K QGD ILB@I MLI®Q®B@I @KC ODI®F®LRP C®PMDKP@Q®LK F®SDKQGDBID@OIV@KQ® *DT®PGMLP®Q®LKLEQGD



 0@LIL -!22!33).)  ¡"®P@KW®L D ®I -@O 2LPPL #O®PQ®@KDP®JL D F®RC@®PJL ®K !O@A®@ E®KL @I 6) PDBLIL¢  #LOP® C® BRIQRO@ PRIIŸ@OQD O@SDKK@QD D A®W@KQ®K@    MM   /K QGD *DT®PG MLMRI@Q®LKP ®K !O@A®@  PDD .LOJ@K ! 34),,-!.  4GD *DTP LE !O@A ,@KCP ! (®PQLOV @KC 3LROBD "LLH  0G®I@CDIMG®@ *DT®PG 0RA®B@Q®LK 3LB®DQVLE!JDO®B@ 3DD@IPL#GO®PQ®@K *RI®DK2/"). ¡(®JV@O DQ)PO@¿I¢ !B@C½J®DCDP®KPBO®MQ®LKPDQADIIDP IDQQODP MM     /K-LKLMGVP®PJ PDD7(#&2%5.$ 4GD2®PDLEQGD-LKLMGVP®QD -LSDJDKQ #@JAO®CFD#@JAO®CFD5K®SDOP®QV0ODPP 3DD@IPL 6LIHDO ,LODKW -%.:%  *RPQ®K®@K @KC QGD -@H®KF LE QGD 3VO®@K /OQGLCLU#GROBG /UELOC/UELOC5K®SDOP®QV0ODPP    *29#+-!.3 ,@MDOP½BRQ®LKCDPBGO½Q®DKPG®JV@O®QDP@RUP®U®¼JDP®¼BID  )PQ@KARI .DCDOI@KCP G®PQLO®PBG @OBG@DLILF®PBG )KPQ®QRQ QD )PQ@KARI    ,DPI®D 3" -!##/5,,  ¡! .DT ,LLH @Q QGD #@ODDO LE *LGK 0G®ILMLKRP¢  *LROK@I LE %@OIV #GO®PQ®@K 3QRC®DP    M  #E ) 3(!($  ¡'G@PPãK®C @KC 5J@VV@C PQORBQRODP @ B@PD LE "VW@KBD @MO¼P"VW@KBD¢ ®K0®DOOD#!.)6%4*D@K 0@RI2%9 #/15!)3DCP  ,@ 3VO®D CD "VW@KBD · IŸ)PI@J  6))D 6)))D P®¼BIDP !BQDP CR #LIILNRD ®KQDOK@Q®LK@I,VLK -@®PLKCDIŸ/O®DKQ-½C®QDOO@K½DK0@O®Pœ)KPQ®QRQCR -LKCD!O@AD  PDMQDJAOD $@J@PBRP!CO®DK-@®PLKKDRSD   M3DD@IPL%OKPQ!7@II®P"5$'% 4GD1RDDKLE3GDA@ GDOLKIVPLK-DKVDIDH ,LKCLKœ,®SDOMLLIœ"LPQLK -@PP4GD -DC®B®3LB®DQV  Me



5HGHILQLQJKLVWRU\RQ3UH,VODPLFDFFRXQWV 

!XŊMITE KINGDOM $Gֹ .RT֡P PLRFGQ @II®@KBDP T®QG 0DOP®@ QGRPC@J@F®KFQGD®KQDODPQPLEQGD%QG®LM®@K@KC 'ODDH#GO®PQ®@KQO@CDOP@BQ®SD®KΆ®JV@O®QDQDOO®QLOV (LTDSDO @PQG®PQDUQK@OO@QDP S®BQLOVDSDKQR@IIVTDKQ QL QGD #GO®PQ®@KP  QG@KHP QL @K @II®@KBD ADQTDDK QGD !UֹJ®QDH®KFCLJ@KC"VW@KQ®RJQGDI@QQDOT@PT®II®KF QL PRMMLOQ EDIILT #GO®PQ®@KP KLQ LKIV ®K J@QQDOP LE E@®QG ARQ@IPL®KNRDPQ®LKPLEMLI®Q®B@I@KC @PTDG@SDPDDK LE DBLKLJ®BDUMDC®DKBV ®K@K!O@APLB®DQVTGLPDMLI®Q®B@I LOCDO AVQGDI@QDP®UQGBDKQROV T@P®KQROJL®I@KCTGLPD DBLKLJ®B PVPQDJ T@P LK QGD AO®KH LE ®OODSDOP®AID BLII@MPD 4GD ®KQDODPQ PGLTK ®K QGDPD DSDKQP ODEIDBQP QGD PQO@QDF®B ®JMLOQ@KBD LE Ά®JV@O T®QG®K J®CCID 3LRQG 

 #E "DOK@OC ,%%-!.  1RDDK LE 3GDA@ @KC "®AI®B@I 3BGLI@OPG®M  7DPQAOLLH1RDDKPI@KC!B@CDJ®B0ODPP    %QG®LM®@K#GO®PQ®@K®QV®PI®KHDCT®QGPDSDO@IIDFDKC@OVK@OO@Q®LKP ®K QGD @OD@ LE QGD 2DC 3D@  ®KBIRC®KF QG@Q LE QGD žJ@PP@BOD LE .@‫א‬O֡KŸ  BE $®J®QO®P ,%43)/3  ¡$®@ALIRP ®K E®FRO@ !DQG®LM®P QDQO® %QG®LM®@KP @P CDJLKP ®K G@F®LFO@MG®B PLROBDP ,®QDO@OV PQDODLQVMDP SDOPRP PLB®@I OD@I®QV @KC G®PQLO®B DSDKQP¢  ®K *R@K 0DCOL -/.&%22%2 3!,!  6@PP®I®LP #(2)34)$%3  4GDLCLOD 0!0!$/0/5,,/3 DCP  %@PQ @KC 7DPQ %PP@VP LK "VW@KQ®KD @KC !O@A TLOICP ®K QGD -®CCID !FDP  0®PB@Q@T@V  .DT *DOPDV 'LOF®@P 0ODPP   MM    ! PRJJ@OV LE QGD DSDKQP ®P F®SDK AV 4GLJ@P 72)'(4  %@OIV #GO®PQ®@K®QV®K!O@A®@!(®PQLO®B@I%PP@V ,LKCLK"DOK@OC1R@O®QBG   MM 3DD@IPL*3MDKBDO42)-).'(!- #GO®PQ®@K®QV@JLKF QGD !O@AP ®K 0OD )PI@J®B 4®JDP  "D®ORQ,®AO@®O®D CR,®A@K  MM  3DD@IPL,$5#(%3.% ¡,DP-®PP®LKP#GO½Q®DKKDP@RPRCCD IŸ%JM®OD2LJ@®K¢ -½I@KFDPCŸ@OBG½LILF®DDQCŸG®PQL®OD MM     /K MODS@®I®KF DBLKLJ®B BLKC®Q®LKP  PDD 3®CKDV 3-)4(  ¡%SDKQP ®K !O@A®@®KQGDQG#DKQROV!$¢ "RIIDQ®KLEQGD3BGLLILE/O®DKQ@I@KC !EO®B@K3QRC®DP MM 



-XDQ3HGUR0RQIHUUHU6DOD 

!O@A®@œ®QB@JDQLADHKLTK@PžQGDI®QQID)KC®@Ÿ  @KC JLOD M@OQ®BRI@OIV LE .@‫א‬O֡K ALRKCDC AV QGD 2DC 3D@ @KCQGD)KC®@K/BD@K Ά®JV@OMI@VDC@HDVOLID®KQO@CD ADQTDDK )KC®@ @KC !UֹJ )KCDDC  Ά®JV@O G@C @IOD@CV BLJD AO®DEIV RKCDO !UֹJ®QD ORID  ®K QGD QG B #%  @KC TLRICCLPL@F@®K®KQGDQGB#% 4GD PQO@QDF®B ®JMLOQ@KBD LE QGD Ά®JV@O EDCDO@Q®LK C@QDC A@BH QL QGD PQ  B #% 4GD QDOO®QLOV T@P BID@OIV C®S®CDC®KQLQTLM@OQP@PDJ® KLJ@C®B@OD@®KG@A®QDCAV "DCLR®KP@KC@PDCDKQ@OV@OD@BLKQ@®K®KFPDQQIDJDKQP@P ®JMLOQ@KQ @P .@‫א‬O֡K @KC ϴ@E֡O  TG®BG DK¯LVDC @ AO®DE 

 *DG@K $%3!.'%3  ¡5KD JDKQ®LK @IQO½D CŸ!ULRJ C@KP ,Ÿ%UMLP®Q®L QLQ®RPJRKC®DQFDKQ®RJ¢ !KK@IDPCŸ%QG®LM®D M   ! $% -!)'2%4  ¡4GD &O@KH®KBDKPD 2L@C EOLJ .@¯O@K QL -@ʚ@K @ GVMLQGDQ®B@I ®Q®KDO@OV¢  ®K ! !6!.:).) DC  0OLERJ® CŸ!O@A®@  2LJD ž,Ÿ%OJ@Ÿ C® "ODQPBGKD®CDO    MM   #E -#! -!#$/.!,$ ¡4O@CDOLRQDP@KCQO@CDFLLCP@QQGDKLOQGDOKDKCLE QGD ž®KBDKPD OL@CŸ ®K QGD E®OPQ J®IIDKK®RJ "#¢  ®K ! !6!.:).) DC  0OLERJ® CŸ!O@A®@  MM     TGL QO@BDP A@BH QGD ®JMLOQ@KBD LE .@‫א‬O֡K @P @ KLC@I ML®KQ RM QL 0OLMGDQ %WDH®DIŸP C@VP B@ QG B "#  3DD @IPL 2LADOQ ' (/9,!.$  !O@A®@ @KC QGD !O@AP EOLJ QGD "OLKWD !FD QL QGD BLJ®KF LE )PI@J  ,LKCLK œ .DT 9LOH2LRQIDCFD  M&LOQGD®JMLOQ@KBDLE.@DŽRãNIKQGD D@OIV)PI@J®BMDO®LC PDD0@QO®B®@#2/.% -DBB@K4O@CD@KCQGD2®PD LE)PI@J /UELOC"@P®I"I@BHTDII  MM    #E-@OQVO®LK M3DD*D@K &O@L®P"2%4/.3QR@OQ#(-5.2/ (!9  ¡.DT (®JV@O®Q®B BL®KP EOLJ !HPRJ %QG®LM®@ ¢  !O@A®@K !OBG@DLILFV @KC %M®FO@MGV    MM    TGL C@QD !UŊJ®QDBL®KP®K3LRQG!O@A®@®KQGDQGB#%   ,DLKD#!%4!.) 3QRC®C®PQLO®@LO®DKQ@ID -®I@KL5IO®BL(LDMI®   )  M  &LO @ PRJJ@OV  PDD *D@K &O@KL®P "2%4/.  !O@A®@ &DI®U EOLJQGD4®JDLEQGD1RDDKLE3GDA@ %®FGQG#DKQROV"#QL&®OPQ#DKQROV !$  .LQOD $@JD  )K 5K®SDOP®QV LE .LQOD $@JD 0ODPP    MM     #E 4GD #LJJDOBD @KC .@S®F@Q®LK LE QGD %OVQGOŽ@K 3D@ AD®KF @ QO@KPI@Q®LKLE4GD0DO®MIRP-@O®P%OVQGŽ®AV@K@KLKVJLRPTO®QDO@KCLE



5HGHILQLQJKLVWRU\RQ3UH,VODPLFDFFRXQWV 

MDO®LC LE ®KCDMDKCDKBD ®K QGD QG B #%  CRO®KF QGD !UֹJ®QD ®KQDOODFKRJ 4GD ®KCDMDKCDKQ MDO®LC BLJJDKBDC RKCDO $Gֹ .RT֡P   #%  @ K@Q®SD ORIDO LE *DT®PG E@®QG TGL T@P E®K@IIV CDMLPDC AV QGD !UֹJ®QDP T®QG QGD @®C LE QGD "VW@KQ®KD EIDDQ PDKQ AV *RPQ®K®@K) 4GD KDTIV DKQGOLKDC K@Q®SD ORIDO  ɻ!AO@G@  T@P ODNR®ODC QL M@V QO®ARQD QL !UֹJ  @IQGLRFG GD MROPRDC @ MLI®BV LE ®KCDMDKCDKBD @®JDC @Q BLKPLI®C@Q®KF G®P H®KFCLJ @KC DUM@KC®KF ®QP EOLKQ®DOP !II QGDPD PQO@QDF®DP ELOJDC M@OQ LE "VW@KQ®RJŸP ODF®LK@I MLI®BV @F@®KPQ0DOP®@ @IQGLRFGΆ®JV@OT@PQLE@II®KQLQGDG@KCP LEQGD0DOP®@KP®K@OLRKC RKCDOQGDORIDLE-@POֹN  QGD I@PQ H®KF LE ɻ!AO@G@ŸP CVK@PQV  @KC T@P QGDOD@EQDO

!OO®@KŸP!BBLRKQLEQGD6LV@FDLE.DO@HGLP EOLJQGD-LRQGLEQGD)KCRP QL QGD (D@C LE QGD 0DOP®@K 'RIE  T®QG ®KQOLCRBQ®LKP  BLJJDKQ@OV KLQDP@KC®KCDUAV*7-##2).$,% #@IBRQQ@œ"LJA@Vœ,LKCLK 4G@BHDO 3M®KH#Lœ%C3LB0ODPPœ4OÍAKDO#L  M   &LO $Gֹ .RT֡P  PDD 3®CKDV 3-)4(  ¡%SDKQP ®K !O@A®@ ®K QGD QG #DKQROV !$¢  "RIIDQ®K LE QGD 3BGLLI LE /O®DKQ@I @KC !EO®B@K 3QRC®DP    MM   #E !IEODC &, "%%34/.  ¡4GD 2D@IJ LE +®KF 9RPRE $GR .RT@P ¢  "RIIDQ®K LE QGD 3BGLLIP LE /O®DKQ@I @KC !EO®B@K3QRC®DP MM    /Kʙ!AO@G@ŸPB@ODDO PDD3®CKDV3-)4( ¡%SDKQP®K!O@A®@®KQGDQG #DKQROV !$¢  "RIIDQ®K LE QGD 3BGLLI LE /O®DKQ@I @KC !EO®B@K 3QRC®DP  MM    -@POֹN—†ûéâ TO®QQDK®K ®KSDOQDCMLP®Q®LK  ®PQGDK@JDLEQGD ®JM®LRP*DT®PGMDOPDBRQLOLEQGD.@‫א‬OãNITES BEΆ®JV@O®QDP M@ 3VO®@B QDUQ  /K -@POֹN  PDD @IPL !CC@à 3#(%2 DC  QO@KP  ¡(®PQL®OD .DPQLO®DKKD #GOLK®NRD CD 3½DOQ  MO½J®DO M@OQ®D¢  ®K 2DK½ '2!&&). œ &O@KL®P .!5 DCP  0@QOLILF®@ /O®DKQ@I®P )6  0@O®P &®OJ®K $®CLQ M



-XDQ3HGUR0RQIHUUHU6DOD 

ORIDC AV 0DOP®@K FLSDOKLOP TGL DPQ@AI®PGDC QGD®O ODP®CDKBD®Kτ@Kʚ֡ʙ 4G®P BLKEI®BQ LE ®KQDODPQP T@P PL J@OHDC QG@Q $Gֹ .RT֡P T@P BODC®QDC T®QG PDSDO®KF QO@CD ODI@Q®LKP T®QG %QG®LM®@@KC)KC®@ @PTDII@PJROCDO®KF'ODDH#GO®PQ®@K QO@CDOP  @BBLOC®KF QL QGD @BBLRKQ AV QGD BGOLKLFO@MGDO *LGKLE-@I@I@P  QB FG VYP $WXZQWOKVYP DCUKNGWL GXFJNYUG VY^ DCUKNGK VYP  X$OGTKVYP Q?VK -CMYL GXRQKJUCL HQPGWUCLB4QOCKQWLETKUVKCPQWLRTCIOCVGWVCLMCK GDNC[CLVCGXOC%CUKNGKC  4GRP CDPM®QDQGDDS®CDKQMLI®Q®B@IE@BQLOPPROOLRKC®KF Ά®JV@O  QGD ,D®QJLQ®S @CCRBDC QL ¯RPQ®EV QGD !UֹJ®QD K@S@I ®KQDOSDKQ®LK T@P ®K E@BQ QGD MDOPDBRQ®LK @KC J@OQVOCLJLE#GO®PQ®@KΆ®JV@O®QDPB1OJTKVCK ®KPQ®F@QDC AV$Gֹ.RT֡P #DKQRO®DPI@QDO QGDBGOLK®BIDO*LGKLE.®H®RDUMI@®KDC $Gֹ .RT֡PŸ @QQ®QRCD AV @OFR®KF QG@Q QGD JROCDO LE #GO®PQ®@K QO@CDOP T@P MOLJMQDC AV QGD D@OIV "VW@KQ®KD LMMODPP®LK@KCJROCDOLE*DTP



 ,®KHP T®QG 3֡P֡K®C 0DOP®@KP G@C ILKF ADDK CLBRJDKQDC  DF QGD Ά®JV@O®QDJ®PP®LK@QQGD3֡P֡K®CBLROQ®KQGDPDBLKCM@OQLEQGD OCB#% PDD"ORKL/6%2,!%4 ¡!(®JV@O®QDC®MILJ@Q®BJ®PP®LKQL QGD 3@P@K®@K BLROQ LE "@GO@J )) CDM®BQDC @Q "®PG@MRO¢  !O@A®@K !OBG@DLILFV@KC%M®FO@MGV MM    )/!..%3-!,!,!3 #GOLKLFO@MG®@ DC,$®KCLOE ®K#LOMRP3BO®MQLORJ (®PQLO®@D"VW@KQ®K@D "LKK7DADO  M IP    #GOLK®NRDCD*D@K ½S¼NRDCD.®H®LR QDUQD½QG®LM®DKMRAI®½DQQO@CR®Q M@O(:LQDKADOF 0@O®P)JMO®JDO®D.@Q®LK@ID  MM  BG8# 



5HGHILQLQJKLVWRU\RQ3UH,VODPLFDFFRXQWV 

4G®PE®K@ILRQBLJD®KQG®P3LRQG!O@A®@K@OD@T@PQGD ODPRIQ LE @K !UֹJ®QD DUMDC®Q®LK IDC AV QGD +®KF %IDPAãP BE  X(NNCV\DCCL @KC  X(NGUDQCL  ALQG AD®KF 'O@DB®P®WDC ELOJP LE ɻöLLã ɻ!ΣB÷ͥã  @IPL B@IIDC +ãIDA ÃàÜJ  ®K LQGDO PLROBDP  @®JDC @Q PQLMM®KF $Gֹ .RT֡P J@PP@BODP @F@®KPQQGD#GO®PQ®@KMLMRI@Q®LK )QPMDIIDCQO@FDCVELOQGD#GO®PQ®@KFOLRMPPRMMLOQ®KF QGD -LKLMG®P®QD !UֹJ®QD H®KFCLJ  @P ODBLOCDC ®K @K ®KPBO®MQ®LK TG®BG CDPBO®ADP QGD J@PP@BOD LE QGD MLMRI@Q®LK LE QGD B®QV LE -RGT@K @KC QGD AROK®KF LE QGD®OBGROBG .LKDQGDIDPP  ®K  #% +®KF %IDPAãP ®KS@CDC Ά®JV@O @F@®K T®QGQGD@PP®PQ@KBDLEQGDEIDDQPDKQAV*RPQ®K®@K)  @KC CDED@QDC $Gֹ .RT֡P PLJDTGDOD LK QGD BL@PQ 4G®P DSDKQ  BLRMIDC T®QG QGD MLI®Q®B@I @KC DBLKLJ®B E@BQLOP ®KC®B@QDC D@OI®DO  IDC QL QGD MODC®BQ@AID CDBI®KD LE QGD @OD@ 4GD CDBI®KD T@P PL DUQODJD QG@Q TGDK -R·@JJ@C PDKQ G®P E®OPQ DJA@PPV QL 3LRQG !O@A®@  QGD @OO®S®KF -RPI®JPDKBLRKQDODCKLILB@ILMMLP®Q®LK®KQGD®O@QQDJMQ QL BLKQ@BQ QGD ID@CDO LE QGD #GO®PQ®@K MLMRI@Q®LK ʚ֡N®A  PLJD LE TGLPD PRMMLOQDOP BLKSDOQDC QL )PI@J  TG®IPQ LQGDOP J@®KQ@®KDC QGD®O #GO®PQ®@K E@®QG @KC TDOD



 &O@KW !,4(%)- œ 2RQG 34)%(,  $®D !O@ADO ®K EDO !IQDK 7DIQ   SLIP  "DOI®K7@IQDOCD'ORVQDO  6 MM    Ά®JV@O®QDP M3VO®@BQDUQ    -@U®JD 2/$).3/.  ¡3RO RKD KLRSDIID ®KPBO®MQ®LK CR O¼FKD CD $GLÌ.LT¹P¢ "®AI®LQGDB@LO®DKQ@I®P  MM    #E $DODH +%..%4  ¡4GD CDBI®KD LE D@PQDOK !O@A®@ ®K QGD 3@P@K®@K MDO®LC¢ !O@A®@K!OBG@DLILFV@KC%M®FO@MGV MM 



-XDQ3HGUR0RQIHUUHU6DOD 

QO@KPEDOODCQL)O@N@KC3VO®@CRO®KFQGD#@I®MG@QDLEQGD PDBLKCLEAL ͫULAFãɹAL RAŀčDŊN ʚ5J@OA@I +G@ϏϏ֡A



 #E *D@K -@O®D &)%9  !PPVO®D BGO½Q®DKKD  "D®ORQ )JMO®JDO®D B@QGLI®NRD     )))  M  ) 3(!($  ¡!O@A #GO®PQ®@K 0®IFO®J@FDP®KQGD0OLQL "VW@KQ®KD0DO®LC¢ ®N$AVID&2!.+&524%2 ED 0ILGRIMAGE(OLY3PACEIN,ATE!NTIQUE%GYPT i2ELIGIONSINTHE 'RAECO 2OMAN7ORLDu ,EIDEN¾"OSTONœ+ÉIK"O®II  M  7®II®@J -LKQFLJDOV 7!44  -RG@JJ@C @Q -DC®K@  /UELOC /UELOC 5K®SDOP®QV 0ODPP   KC ®JM EOLJ  DC  MM     b  /K QGD QOD@QV LE .@‫א‬O֡K υRI· .@‫א‬O֡K  PDD !, "!,Ā$(52Ī &RQֹ· @I ARIC֡K DCʚ!AC !II֡G !K֬P@I ώ@AA֡ʚ ʚ5J@O !K֬P @I ώ@AA֡ʚ  "D®ORQ -Rʙ@PP@P@Q @I -@ʚ֡O®E I® I ώ®A֡ʚ@G T@ I .@PGO  MM 



 

4DUQPDQQ®KF 4DUQPDQQ®KF    4GD @BBLRKQ LE QGD MDOPDBRQ®LK @KC CD@QG LE Ά֡O®QG ɹ$TGSCL  @KC G®P BLJM@K®LKP @Q .@‫א‬O֡K  B1OJTKVCK  @P QO@KPJ®QQDCAVQGD!O@A®BQDUQR@IQO@C®Q®LKFDKDO@QDCAV QGDJ@OQVO®@Q@H®KFMI@BD®KQG@QB®QV G@PBLJDCLTKQL RPQGOLRFGE®SD-33BLM®DC@QC®EEDODKQMDO®LCP   6@Q®B@KL PVO®@BL   @ H@OPGֹK֬ J@KRPBO®MQ C@QDC  #%  BLKQ@®K®KF QGD !O@A®B QO@KPI@Q®LK LE QGD ž'ODDH 0@PP®LKŸ LE QGD DSDKQP  @P ODBLOCDC AV QO@C®Q®LK  -®KF@K@ !O@A®B #GO®PQ®@K   @ QTL M@FD EO@FJDKQ EOLJ@OLRKC#% *DORP@IDJ-@OH"®ַ֡O@KO @H@OPGֹK֬QDUQQO@KPI@QDC EOLJQGD3VO®@B



 /KQGD®JMLOQ@KBDLEQGD!O@A®BJ@QDO®@IP PDD6#(2)34)$%3 ¡4GD -@OQVOCLJ LE !ODQG@P @KC QGD !EQDOJ@QG (®PQLOV SP (@F®LFO@MGV¢ 'O@DBL !O@A®B@   MM  EK   'DLOF'2!& 'DPBG®BGQDCDOBGO®PQI®BGDK@O@A®PBGDK,®QDO@QRO e3QRC®D 4DPQ®o   #®QQ· CDI 6@Q®B@KL "®AI®LQDB@ !MLPQLI®B@ 6@Q®B@K@   ) MGDKBDELOQG''2!& '#!, /KQGD'ODDHQDUQ PDD ', (58,%9  ¡/K QGD 'ODDH -@OQVO®RJ LE QGD .DFO@K®QDP¢  0OLBDDC®KFPLEQGD2LV@I)O®PG!B@CDJV;3DBQ®LK#= MM    !IMGLKP-).'!.! #@Q@ILFRDLEQGD-®KF@K@#LIIDBQ®LKLE-@KRPBO®MQP   SLIP  #@JAO®CFD   E@BP®J®ID ODM 0®PB@Q@T@V  .*    )))  MK    ''2!& '#!, ) M#E)OE@K3(!($ 4GD-@OQVOPLE.@¯O֡K .DT $LBRJDKQP  e3RAP®C®@ (@F®LFO@MG®B@o   "ORPPDIP 3LB®DQ½ CDP "LII@KC®PQDP  MM 

-XDQ3HGUR0RQIHUUHU6DOD 

3®K@®!O@A®B @M@OBGJDKQBLCDUEOLJ@OLRKCQGD QGB#% 3®K@®!O@A®B @M@OBGJDKQBLCDUEOLJ#% 3®K@®!O@A®B @EO@FJDKQ®KBIRCDC®K@M@OBGJDKQ BLCDUEOLJ@OLRKCQGDQGB#%  3®K@® !O@A®B   @ BLCDU C@Q®KF QL @OLRKC QGDQG B #%  /AS®LRPIV QG®P!O@A®BQDUQR@IQO@C®Q®LK®PM@OQLE@O®BG %@PQDOK #GO®PQ®@K QO@C®Q®LK  TG®BG ®KBIRCDP @BBLRKQP LE QGDDSDKQP®KPDSDO@II@KFR@FDP4GDPDQDUQP JLODLSDO  

 !W®W 3ROV@I !4)9!  ! G@KC I®PQ LE QGD !O@A®B J@KRPBO®MQP @KC PBOLIIP J®BOLE®IJDC @Q QGD I®AO@OV LE QGD -LK@PQDOV LE 3Q #@QG@O®KD  -LRKQ 3®K@®  "@IQ®JLOD 4GD *LGKP (LMH®KP 5K®SDOP®QV    M  K   BE #E -RO@C +!-),  #@Q@ILFRD LE @II J@KRPBO®MQP ®K QGD -LK@PQDOVLE3Q#@QG@O®KDLK-LRKQ3®K@® 7®DPA@CDK(@OO@PPLT®QW    MM   K  ; =  3DD @IPL ) 3(!($  4GD -@OQVOP LE .@¯O¹K MM    !3!4)9! !G@KC I®PQ MK BE-+!-), #@Q@ILFRD M K;= 3DD@IPL)3(!($ 4GD-@OQVOPLE.@¯O¹K M   !3!4)9! !G@KC I®PQ MM K BE-+!-), #@Q@ILFRD M K;= 3DD@IPL)3(!($ 4GD-@OQVOPLE.@¯O¹K M   !3!4)9! !G@KC I®PQ  MK BE-+!-), #@Q@ILFRD M K;= /KQGDPDELRO!O@A®BQDUQPEOLJ3®K@® PDD@IPL) 3(!($ 4GD-@OQVOPLE.@¯O¹K MM    #E,RB@P 6!. 2/-0!9 ¡4GD-@OQVOPLE.@¯O@K3LJD2DJ@OHPLK QGD .@QROD LE QGD 3LROBDP¢  ®K 3QRC®@ 0@RIL .@PQDO /AI@Q@ )) /O®DKQ@I®@ !KQ®NR@  e/O®DKQ@I®@ ,LS@K®DKP®@ !K@IDBQ@o   ,DRSDK 0DDQDOP œ $DM@OQDJDKQ /O®¿KQ@I®PQ®DH    MM   #E 6@PP®I®LP #(2)34)$%3  ¡4GD Ά®JV@O®QD %QG®LM®@K 7@O @KC QGD %QG®LM®@K /BBRM@Q®LK LE 3LRQG !O@A®@ ®K QGD !BQP LE 'ODFDKQ®RP B@  !$ ¢  !KK@IDP CŸ%QG®LM®D    MM    @KC ) 3(!($ 4GD-@OQVOPLE.@¯O֡K MM 3DD@IPL',(58,%9 ¡/K QGD 'ODDH -@OQVO®RJ¢  0OLBDDC®KFP LE QGD 2LV@I )O®PG !B@CDJV ;3DBQ®LK#= MM 



5HGHILQLQJKLVWRU\RQ3UH,VODPLFDFFRXQWV 

C®PMI@V @ S@OV®KF CDFODD LE ®KQDOCDMDKCDKBD  QL TG®BG JRPQ AD @CCDC @ TGLID O@KFD LE QDUQR@I ®KQDODPQP ®K QGD QO@KPJ®PP®LK LE G@F®LFO@MG®B@I J@QDO®@I  @P LBBROP ®K LQGDOFDKODP ®KBIRC®KFQGDHLKQ@H®@ @KCDSDKQGD6®Q™ P@KBQLORJ 4GD QDUQ @K@IVPDC GDOD ®P QG@Q BLKQ@®KDC ®K QGD -3 3®K@® !O@A®B   TG®BG ®P œ ®K QGD TLOCP LE 3G@GÂC œ QGD ¡JLPQS@IR@AIDLE@IIQGDPD!O@A®BQDUQPLEQGD-@OQVO®RJ !ODQG@D¢ 4G®P ®P @ J®PBDII@KDLRP M@MDO BLCDU BLJMO®P®KF  ELI®LP  I@OFDIV CDSLQDC QL G@F®LFO@MG®B@I J@QDO®@I C@Q@AIDQL@OLRKCQGDQGB#% (@F®LFO@MG®B@IQDUQP @J@¯LOI®QDO@OVFDKOD®K%@PQDOK #GO®PQDKCLJ  ODBLOCDC QGD I®SDP LE QGLPD TGL G@C PREEDODC MDOPDBRQ®LK @KC CD@QG ELO AD@O®KF T®QKDPP QL QGD®O #GO®PQ®@K E@®QG @P ¡@QGIDQDP LE #GO®PQ¢ !Q QGD P@JD Q®JD  QG®P I®QDO@QROD ELBRPP®KF LK #GO®PQ®@K J@OQVOP MI@VDC @K DNR@IIV ®JMLOQ@KQ OLID T®QG®K QGD %@PQDOK BGROBGDP @KCDSDKT®QG®KJLK@PQ®BBLJJRK®Q®DP TGDOD QGDODI®BPLE%@PQDOKP@®KQP@KCJ@OQVOPF@SDO®PDQLKDT ELOJPLETLOPG®M@KCKDTI®QROF®DP



 * 29#+-!.3  ¡,DP O@MMLOQP CD C½MDKC@KBD DKQOD IDP O½B®QP G@F®LFO@MG®NRDP ODI@Q®EP @ I@ MDOP½BRQ®LK CDP (®JV@O®QDP¢  ,D -RP½LK MM    -@O®K@$%4/2!+) ¡5KHLKQ@H®LK®K½C®QDQIDBRIQCD3@®KQ!O½QG@P ·#LKPQ@KQ®KLMIDo "VW@KQ®K®PBGD:D®QPBGO®EQ MM    ,®ED@KC7LOHPLE3@®KQ'ODFDKQ®LP !OBGA®PGLMLE4@MG@O)KQOLCRBQ®LK  BO®Q®B@IDC®Q®LK@KCQO@KPI@Q®LK DC®QDCAV !IAODBGQ"%2'%2T®QG@ BLKQO®ARQ®LK AV '®@KEO@KBL &)!##!$/2)  e-®IIDK®RJ 3QRC®DKo   "DOI®Kœ.DT9LOH7@IQDOCD'ORVQDO  MM EE   )3(!($ 4GD-@OQVOPLE.@¯O¹K M/KQG®P'ODDHSDOP®LK PDD MM    !3!4)9! !G@KC I®PQ  MK BE-+!-), #@Q@ILFRD M K;= 



-XDQ3HGUR0RQIHUUHU6DOD 

)K QG®P ODPMDBQ  ®Q J®FGQ AD KLQDC QG@Q QGD BLOMRP LE DUDJMI@OV QDUQP @CCODPP®KF QGD I®SDP LE QGD #GO®PQ®@K .DLJ@OQVOP  MOLCRBDC ®K QGD 5J@VV@C MDO®LC @P @ OD@BQ®LKQLKDT)PI@J®BORID®KELOJDOIV#GO®PQ®@K@OD@P  TDOD ODQ@®KDC ®K QDUQP EOLJ QGD D@OIV ž!AA@P®C MDO®LC (LTDSDO  QGDPD I@QDO QDUQP @IPL CODT LK @BBLRKQP LE D@OI®DOJ@OQVOCLJP@BI@PP®BDU@JMID®PQGDJ@PP@BODLE QGDJ@OQVOPLE.@DŽRãN #ID@OIV  QGD BLOMRP LE J@OQVOCLJ QDUQP MOLCRBDC CRO®KF QGD )PI@J®B MDO®LC C®EEDODC ®K QDOJP LE PQORBQRO@I K@OO@Q®SD M@QQDOKP EOLJ LQGDO BLOMLO@  @IQGLRFG QGD 

 3@J®O +G@I®I 3!-)2  ¡3@®KQ 2@TG @I 1RO@ַ® ½QRCD CŸLKLJ@PQ®NRD @O@ADDQ@RQGDKQ®B®Q½CDP@M@PP®LK¢ ,D-RP½LK#6 MM BE)FK@BD$)#+ ¡,@M@PP®LK@O@ADCD3!KQL®KD2RT@G K½L J@OQVO CD $@J@P ¤  C½B  ¢  ,D -RP½LK ,88)6   MM   3QLO®@ C® 2@TG @I 1RO@PG® 5K C®PBDKCDKQD C® -@LJDQQL BGD PBDIPDC®C®SDK®ODBO®PQ®@KL)KQOLCRW®LKD QO@CRW®LKD KLQDDC®KC®B® @BRO@C®%J@KRDI@"O@®C@D#G®@O@0DI®PPDQQ® QDPQL@O@AL@BRO@C® M 3@J®O +G@I®I P¯ e0#!#o  4LO®KL 3®IS®L :@JLO@K® %C®QLOD   @KC *R@K 0DCOL -/.&%22%2 3!,!  ¡ŝ@G֡C@Q @I N®CC֬P -֡O !KϏֹK®VֹP 2DMI@KQD@J®DKQL CD I@ž@KQ®FÍDC@CŸCD I@PSDOP®LKDPP®K@ÁQ®B@P@ I@ IRWCDI@K¸I®P®PQDUQR@I¢ -®PBDI¸KD@CD%PQRC®LPrO@ADPV(DAO@®BLP  MM 3DD@IPL3('2)&&)4( ¡4GD!O@A®B@BBLRKQLE ž!AC @I -@P®G @K .@FO@K® @I 'G@PP@K®¢  ,D -RP½LK 8#6)))       3®CKDV('2)&&)4( ¡#GO®PQ®@KP -RPI®JP @KC.DL -@OQVOP3@®KQPŸ ,®SDP@KC(LIV,@KC(®PQLOV¢ ®K!O®DG+/&3+9'RV'342/5-3! DCP  3G@O®KF QGD 3@BODC 2DI®F®LRP #LKQ@BQP @KC #LKEI®BQP ®K QGD (LIV ,@KC &®OPQ &®EQDDKQG #DKQRO®DP #%  *DORP@IDJ 9@C )WG@H "DK :S®   MM    /K QGD G@F®LFO@MG®B@I EO@JDTLOH LE QGD #GO®PQ®@K !O@A®B QDUQP  PDD 3( '2)&&)4(  ¡4GD !O@A®B @BBLRKQ¢  ,D -RP½LK 8#6)))   MM   #E -@OH . 37!.3/.  ¡4GD -@OQVOCLJ LE ž!AC @I -@P®G  3RMDO®LO LE -LRKQ 3®K@® 1@VP @I 'G@PP@K® ¢  ®K $@S®C 4(/-!3 DC  3VO®@K #GO®PQ®@KP RKCDO )PI@J 4GD &®OPQ 4GLRKP@KC VD@OP ,D®CDKœ"LPQLKœ+ÉIK"O®II  MM 



5HGHILQLQJKLVWRU\RQ3UH,VODPLFDFFRXQWV 

I@QQDO @IPL BLKQO®ARQDC QL QGD QDUQR@I @OBGQVMD CDSDILMDCLSDOQGDILKFQO@C®Q®LKLEQG®PI®QDO@OVFDKOD®K QGD #GO®PQ®@K BGROBG .LTGDOD ®P QG®P ADQQDO ODEIDBQDC QG@K®KQGDE@JLRP@BBLRKQLEQGDJ@OQVOCLJLEʚ!AC@I -@P֬·@I 'G@PP֡K֬ )KCDDC  QGD FDKD@ILFV LE QG®P E®FROD ®P C®ODBQIV I®KHDC QL.@‫א‬O֡K P®KBDGDT@P@K@Q®SDLEQGDB®QVALQGAVK®PA@G @KC AVPGRGO@G4GDG@F®LFO@MGDOQGRPMRQPQLFLLCRPD QGD FDKD@ILF®B@I MLQDKQ®@I MOLS®CDC AV @ MOD )PI@J®B ODEDODKQ QGD@BBLRKQLEQGDJ@OQVOCLJLEQGD#GO®PQ®@KP LE.@‫א‬O֡K4G®P®PDS®CDKQ®KQGD®KB®M®QLEQGDQDUQ  ¡4GDOD T@P @ J@K LE QGD #GO®PQ®@KP LE .@‫א‬O֡K  TGLPD#GO®PQ®@KPTDODKLAID!O@AP¢T@ H֡K@O@‫א‬RI J®KK@υ֡O֡.@‫א‬O֡K;§=J®KHG®V֡Oʚ@O@AK@υ֡O®G֡   4GD DSDKQP ®KSLIS®KF QGD #GO®PQ®@K MLMRI@Q®LK LE .@‫א‬O֡K  @KC ®KCDDC LQGDO Ά®JV@O®QD MLMRI@Q®LKP  @OD HKLTK QL G@SD ADDK ODBD®SDC KLQ LKIV AV #GO®PQ®@K TO®QDOP ARQ @IPL AV -RPI®J @RQGLOP &LO DU@JMIDP  TD 

 #E+VID3-)4( ¡$DKCO®QDP@KC/QGDO3Q@KCDOP®KQGD(®PQLOVLEQGD %UMIL®QP LE "®PGLM 0@RI LE 1@KDQLP @KC 0O®DPQ *LGK LE %CDPP@¢  (RFLVD  M   (®MMLIVQD $%,%(!9%  4GD ,DFDKCP LE QGD 3@®KQP @K )KQOLCRBQ®LK QL (@F®LFO@MGV  T®QG @K )KQOLCRBQ®LK AV 2®BG@OC * 3BGLDBH  QO@KPI@QDC AV 6- #O@TELOC  ,LKCLK œ .DT 9LOH 5K®SDOP®QV LE .LQOD $@JD 0ODPP   ODDC LE ,LKCLK    ( $%,%(!9%  ,DP LO®F®KDP CR BRIQD CDP J@OQVOP  "ORUDIIDP "ROD@RU CD I@ 3LB®½Q½ CDP "LII@KC®PQDP    #E 3( '2)&&)4(  ¡4GD !O@A®B @BBLRKQ¢  ,D -RP½LK 8#6)))   MM!O@A®BQDUQ @KC%KFI®PGQO@KP    /K QGD ODBDMQ®LK LE QGD #GO®PQ®@K IDFDKC LE QGD J@PP@BOD LE QGD J@OQVOP LE .@‫א‬O֡K AV QGD )PI@J®B QO@C®Q®LK  @KC @IPL LK QGD LO®F®KPLE#GO®PQ®@K®QV®K.@‫א‬O֡K PDD!UDI-/"%2'ŸPLMRPBRID ‹ADO



-XDQ3HGUR0RQIHUUHU6DOD 

KDDCILLHKLEROQGDOQG@KP®FK®E®B@KQTLOHPAVG®PQLO®@KP PRBG @P @I ώ@A@O֬ C  #%  ®K G®P +®Q֡A @I ORPRI T@ I JRIֹH LO)AK+@QGčOC#% ®K@KLQGDOLMRPJ@FKRJ DKQ®QIDC @I "®C֡V@G T@ I K®G֡V@G )AK +@QG֬O J@HDP RPD LE D@OI®DOJ@QDO®@I ®KBIRC®KF@BBLRKQPQ@HDKEOLJ)AK)P·֡N  ®K TG®BG I®KHP @OD QO@BDC ADQTDDK QGD LO®F®KP LE #GO®PQ®@K®QV ®K Ά®JV@O ®K FDKDO@I  @KC ®K .@‫א‬O֡K ®K M@OQ®BRI@O QGOLRFGQGDIDFDKC@OVE®FRODLE&֬J®VֹK @KC QGD !UֹJ®QD LEEDKP®SD @F@®KPQ QGD Ά®JV@O®QD H®KF $Gֹ .RT֡P /E M@OQ®BRI@O ®KQDODPQ  CRD QL ®QP @KQ®NR®QV  ®P QGD @BBLRKQ MOLS®CDC AV )AK )P·֡N ®K G®P @I 3֬O@G @I K@A@T®VV@G 4G®P QDUQ  KLT ILPQ  G@P BLJD CLTK QL RP QGOLRFGQGDTO®Q®KFPLE@KRJADOLE@RQGLOP BG®DE@JLKF TG®BG®P)AK(®PG֡JŸPE@JLRPODBDKP®LK4@GCGčA  LE)AK )P·֡NŸP QDUQ 4GD EO@FJDKQ QO@KPJ®QQDC ®K )AK (®PG֡JŸP 4@GCGčA LK #GO®PQ®@K®QV ®K .@DŽOãK PGLTP QG@Q )AK )P·֡N RPDC@T®CDO@KFDLEPLROBDP PRFFDPQ®KFQG@QQGDDSDKQP QG@Q QLLH MI@BD QGDOD TDOD T®CDIV ODMLOQDC ®K QGD BDKQRO®DPMO®LOQL)AK)P·֡NQGB#%  4GD)PI@J®BODBDMQ®LKLEQGDDSDKQP JLODLSDO T@PAV KL JD@KP ODPQO®BQDC QL G®PQLO®LFO@MG®B@I TLOHP ®Q G@C

















D®K®FD BGO®PQI®BGD ,DFDKCDK ®K CDO ®PI@J®PBGDK 4O@C®Q®LK  ,RKC (H@K /GIPPLKP"RBGCORBHDOD®  M@PP®J;MM= 7 ' '2%%.3,!$%  ¡/O®F®K LE #GO®PQ®@K®QV ®K 3LRQG !O@A®@¢  4GD -RPI®J7LOIC MM  )". +!4(Ī2 @I "®C֡V@GT@ I K®G֡V@G DCʚ!I֬-R·@JJ@C-Rʚ@TT@ͯ  ʚĀC®I !·J@C ʚ!AC @I -@T‫ֹא‬C   SLIP  "D®ORQ $֡O @I +RQRA @I ʚ)IJ®VV@G  )) MM  #E&O@KW2/3%.4(!, !(®PQLOVLE-RPI®J(®PQLO®LFO@MGV ,D®CDK%* "O®II KCDC MM  3DDELODU@JMID'LOCLK$.%7"9 ¡!K%U@JMIDLE#LMQ®B,®QDO@OV )KEIRDKBDLK)AK)P·֡NŸP3֬O@G¢ *LROK@ILE.D@O%@PQDOK3QRC®DP  MM 



5HGHILQLQJKLVWRU\RQ3UH,VODPLFDFFRXQWV 

JRBG AOL@CDO DBGLDP  DSDK @MMD@O®KF ®K QGD QDUQ LE QGD 1ROʙ֡K ®QPDIE (DOD  QGD BLKQOLSDOP®@I ®KQDOMODQ@Q®LK LE QGD MGO@PD AΣͥãB AL UͫDŊD žQGD BLJM@K®LKP LE QGD QODKBGŸ  ELRKC ®K QGD SŊRAT AL BURŊDŽ žQGD BLKPQDII @Q®LKPŸ  G@P @Q Q®JDP F®SDK O®PD QL PLJD C®P@FODDJDKQ @JLKF PMDB®@I®PQP ODF@OC®KF ®QP MLPP®AID @IIRP®LK QL QGD J@PP@BODLEQGDJ@OQVOP@Q.@‫א‬O֡K 7®QG ODF@OC QL QGD PMDB®E®B QDOJ RPDC ®K QG®P PֹO@G   QG@QIDCPLJDPBGLI@OPQLPDD®K®Q@ODEDODKBDQL QGDDSDKQP@Q.@‫א‬O֡K ®QPGLRICADPQODPPDCQG@QQGDTLOC R΍CֹCG@PQO@C®Q®LK@IIV ADDK@PPLB®@QDCT®QG@žQODKBGŸ  ®KTG®BGQGD#GO®PQ®@KJ@OQVOPLE.@‫א‬O֡KTDODAROKDCAV



 )FK@W®L'5)$) ,Ÿ!O@A®D@KQ½®PI@J®NRD 0@O®P,®AO@®O®D0@RI'DRQGKDO    M  2DK½ !)'2!).  ¡!O@A®D¢  ®K ! "!5$2),,!24 C®O  $®BQ®LKK@®ODCŸG®PQL®ODDQCDF½LFO@MG®DDBBI½P®@PQ®NRDP 0@O®P,DQLRWDV DQ!K½  ))) BLI   #E -@OH 0(),/.%.+/  ¡5KD DUMODPP®LK NLRJO¹K®DKKD C@KP ID #LO@K¢ ®K!QQ®CDI4DOWL#LKFODPPLC®3QRC®!O@A®D)PI@J®B®2@SDIIL   PDQQDJAOD  .@MIDP)PQ®QRQL5K®SDOP®Q@O®L/O®DKQ@ID  MM     !AO@G@J '%)'%2  7@P G@Q -LG@JJDC @RP CDJ *RCDKQGRJD @REFDKLJJDK  ,D®FW®F -7 +@REJ@KK   KC ODS DC  M  #E 2®BG@OC "%,,  4GD LO®F®K LE )PI@J ®K ®QP #GO®PQ®@K %KS®OLKJDKQ  ,LKCLK&O@KH#@PP#L,QC ODDCLE M3DDLK QG®P®PPRD4GD(®PQLOVLE@I ώ@A@O֬64GD3֡P֡K®CP QGD"VW@KQ®KDP QGD ,@HGJ®CDP  @KC 9DJDK  QO@KPI@QDC AV #% "/37/24(  !IA@KV 3Q@QD 5K®SDOP®QVLE.DT9LOH0ODPP  MM  @KCK#E# *2/"). ¡(®JV@ODQ)PO@¿I¢ !B@C½J®DCDP®KPBO®MQ®LKPDQADIIDP IDQQODP  MM    )3(!($ 4GD-@OQVOPLE.@¯O֡K M   &O$)%42)#( !O@A®PBG CDRQPBGDP(@KCTÉOQDOARBGWRJ+LO@K ,D®MW®F *# (®KO®BGPŸPBGD "RBGG@KCIRKF    M  ! '%)'%2  7@P G@Q -LG@JJDC M#E)".()3(â- @I 3֬O@G ) M



-XDQ3HGUR0RQIHUUHU6DOD 

$Gֹ .RT֡P  ®Q J®FGQ @IPL AD RKCDOPQLLC @P @ žA@KHDC E®DICŸ ®K TG®BG QGD J@OQVOP TDOD @PPDJAIDC  ODI@QDC QL QGDQDOJͫADŊDͫUDŊD 4GDQDUQBLKQ@®KDC®K-33®K@®!O@A®BBLJMO®PDP ELI®LP ELI S O  TGLPD I®KFR®PQ®B ODF®PQDO G@P ADDK BI@PP®E®DC AV "I@R @P ¡-®CCID !O@A®B¢ 4GD ODBDKPLO G@P @QQDJMQDC QL TO®QD ®K #I@PP®B@I !O@A®B  ARQ QGDOD ®P ®KQDOEDODKBD ®K QGD ELOJ LE MPDRCL BLOODBQ®LKP EOLJ QGD BLIILNR®@IODF®PQDO4GDOD®P@IPLC®PBDOK®AIDDS®CDKBDLE QGD ®KEIRDKBD LE QGD @CPQO@QRJ @KC LE QGD I®KFR®PQ®B PRAPQO@QRJ RKCDOIV®KF #GO®PQ®@K !O@A®BQDUQPLEQG®PPLOQ  @K ®KEIRDKBD BID@OIV E@SLRODC ALQG AV QGD !O@J@®B



 #E +@OI !(2%.3  ¡#GO®PQI®BGDP ®J 1LO@K¢  :D®QPBGO®EQ CDO $DRQPBGDK -LOFDKI»KC®PBGD 'DPDIIPBG@EQ    MM   4GLJ@P /Ÿ3(!5'.%339  ¡4GD 3DSDK .@JDP ELO (DII ®K QGD 1ROʙ֡K¢  "RIIDQ®K LEQGD3BGLLILE/O®DKQ@I@KC!EO®B@K3QRC®DP M   2"3%2*%!.4 ¡5HGCֹC¢ "RIIDQ®KLEQGD3BGLLILE/O®DKQ@I@KC!EO®B@K 3QRC®DP  MM    (3Q*"0(),"9 4GD(D@OQLE!O@A®@!ODBLOCLE4O@SDI%UMILO@Q®LK  SLIP ,LKCLKœ"LJA@Vœ3VCKDV#LKPQ@AID@KC#L,QC  )  MM        &LO @ MGLQL LE QGD OR®KP LE 5HGCŊC ELOQ ®K .@DŽRãN SEE(3T*"0(),"9 Ã4HE,ANDOF3HEBAÄ 4HE'EOGRAPHICAL *OURNAL LASTPHOTOBETWEENPP  SEEALSOPFOR ADESCRIPTION   4GD ELI®@Q®LK ®P LROP @KC ®Q CLDP KLQ BL®KB®CD T®QG QG@Q F®SDK AV 3(!($®KQGDCDPBO®MQ®LKGDF@SD®KG®P-@OQVOPLE.@¯O֡K MM    *LPGR@ ",!5  ! 'O@JJ@O LE #GO®PQ®@K !O@A®B "@PDC -@®KIV LK 3LRQG 0@IDPQ®K®@K4DUQPEOLJQGD&®OPQ-®IIDK®RJSLIP ,LRS@®K3½BO½Q@O®@Q CR#LOMRP3#/     +DDP 6%234%%'(  ¡"OD@H®KF QGD 2RIDP T®QGLRQ 7@KQ®KF QL (VMDOBLOODBQ®LK ®K -®CCID !O@A®B 4DUQP¢  ®K !I@@ %,')"!,) DC  )KSDPQ®F@Q®KF !O@A®B #ROODKQ M@O@JDQDOP ®K !K@IVP®P @KC ,D@OK®KF  ,D®CDKœ"LPQLK"O®II  MM 



5HGHILQLQJKLVWRU\RQ3UH,VODPLFDFFRXQWV 

C®@IDBQ@IA@BHFOLRKC@KC DSDKJLOD AVQGD'ODDHLE QGD6LOI@FDLEQGD-33®K!O )KQG®PODPMDBQ QGDQDUQRKCDOPQRCVDUG®A®QPED@QRODP QVM®B@ILEQGD.DL !O@A®BI@KFR@FD)KQDOJPLEQGDJD ®Q MOLS®CDP @ K@OO@Q®SD @BBLRKQ LE QGD J@OQVOCLJ LE QGD #GO®PQ®@KBLJJRK®QVLEQGD3LRQG!O@A®@KB®QVLE.@‫א‬O֡K  ®K QGD MOD )PI@J®B MDO®LC  @Q QGD G@KCP LE QGD Ά®JV@O®QD *DT®PG ORIDO $Gֹ .RT֡P  @ K@JD KLQ JDKQ®LKDC @Q @KV PQ@FD ®K QGD QDUQ  @IQGLRFG ®Q T®II AD RPDC QGOLRFGLRQ QG®P PQRCV ELO QGD P@HD LE BI@O®QV TGDK ODEDOO®KF QL QGD @BQ®LKP@QQO®ARQDCQLQG®PH®KF



 /K QGD ®KEIRDKBD LE QGD !O@J@®B LK -DIH®QD 0@IDPQ®K®@K !O@A®B QDUQP  PDD * ",!5  ¡4GD )KEIRDKBD LE ,®S®KF !O@J@®B LK !KB®DKQ 3LRQG 0@IDPQ®K®@K #GO®PQ®@K !O@A®B¢  ®K -®BG@DI 3/+/,/&& DC  !O@JD@KP  !O@J@®B @KC QGD !O@J@®B ,®QDO@OV 4O@C®Q®LK  2@J@Q '@K "@O )I@K 5K®SDOP®QV    MM   ODDC * ",!5  3QRC®DP ®K -®CCID !O@A®B @KC ®QP*RC@DL !O@A®B 6@O®DQV *DORP@IDJ4GD (DAODT 5K®SDOP®QV  MM  #E3('2)&&)4( ¡&OLJ!O@J@®BQL !O@A®B 4GD ,@KFR@FDP LE QGD -LK@PQDO®DP LE 0@IDPQ®KD ®K QGD "VW@KQ®KD @KC %@OIV )PI@J®B 0DO®LCP¢  $RJA@OQLK /@HP 0@MDOP   MM    0@IDPQ®K®@K JLK@PQDO®DP TDOD  QGD JLPQ @BQ®SD BDKQODP ®K RP®KF QGD'ODDHI@KFR@FDEOLJQGDQGBDKQROVLKT@OCP BE20",!+%  ¡,@I®QQ½O@QRODFODBNRDDK0@IDPQ®KD@R6)))DP®¼BID¢ ,D-RP½LK   MM   #E 3 ( '2)&&)4(  Ã&ROM !RAMAIC TO !RABICÄ  $UMBARTON/AKS0APERS PP    +DDP 6%234%%'(  0®CF®K®W@Q®LK @KC #ODLI®W@Q®LK 4GD #@PD LE !O@A®B  !JPQDOC@Jœ0G®I@CDIMG®@*LGK"DK¯@J®KP  M    *"%!5#!-0 &"2)15%, #(!4/..%4#*2/"). ¡,@MDOP½BRQ®LKCDP BGO½Q®DKPCD.@FO@KDQI@BGOLKLILF®DG®JV@O®QD¢ !2!-  MM 3D@PRJJ@OVLEQGDDSDKQP®K,$5#(%3.% ¡,DP -®PP®LKP#GO½Q®DKKDP¢ -½I@KFDPCŸ@OBG½LILF®DDQCŸG®PQL®OD  MM    #E 6 #(2)34)$%3  ¡4GD Ά®JV@O®QD %QG®LM®@K 7@O¢  !KK@IDP CŸ%QG®LM®D MM 



-XDQ3HGUR0RQIHUUHU6DOD 

!IAD®Q®KC®ODBQIV QGD@BBLRKQQDIIPRPPLJDQG®KF@ALRQ QGD P®QR@Q®LK LE QGD #GO®PQ®@KP ®K 3LRQG !O@A®@  @KC PMDB®E®B@IIV ®K Ά®JV@O  ®K QGD QG B  TGDK QGD QTL FOD@Q MLTDOP LE QGD Q®JD  "VW@KQ®RJ @KC 3ãSãNID 0DOP®@  TDOD E®FGQ®KF LSDO J®CCID 3LRQG !O@A®@  @JLKFPQ LQGDO QDOO®QLO®DP )Q CLDP PL ADB@RPD QGD DPPDKQ®@I @®J LE QGD @BBLRKQ ®P  E®OPQ  QL ODBLOC QGD J@OQVOCLJ LE QGD #GO®PQ®@KP @KC  PDBLKC  QL MO@®PD QGD !UֹJ®QD H®KF %IDPA֡P  TGL PLRFGQ ODSDKFD ELO QGD J@PP@BOD @KC ODPQLODC#GO®PQ®@K®QVQLQGD@OD@ )K QG®P BLKQDUQ  QGD @BBLRKQ ELBRPDP LK QGD P®DFD @KC E@II LE .@‫א‬O֡K  ARQ J@HDP KL C®ODBQ ODEDODKBD QL QGD MLI®Q®B@I @KC G®PQLO®B@I P®QR@Q®LK ®K 3LRQG !O@A®@ @Q QGD Q®JD 4G®P T@P @ ED@QROD KLQ LKIV LE QGD !O@A®B SDOP®LK  ARQ@IPLLELQGDOQDUQP PRBG@PQGD!BQPLE'ODFDKQ®RP



 *29#+-!.3 ¡,DBGO®PQ®@K®PJDDK!O@A®DCR3RCMO½®PI@J®NRDo ®K ,Ÿ/O®DKQD BO®PQ®@KL KDII@ PQLO®@ CDII@ B®S®IQ·  2LJD !BB@CDJ®@ CD® ,®KBD®  MM    6 #(2)34)$%3  ¡4GD Ά®JV@O®QD %QG®LM®@K 7@O¢  !KK@IDP CŸ%QG®LM®D  M/KQG®P@RQGLO PDD!IAODBGQ"%2'%2DC ,®ED@KC 7LOHP LE 3@®KQ 'ODFDKQ®LP  !OBGA®PGLM LE 4@MG@O  e-®IIDKK®RJ 3QRC®DPo   "DOI®K œ .DT 9LOH 7@IQDO CD 'ORVQDO   BE 6 #(2)34)$%3Ÿ ODS®DT ®K #LIIDBQ@KD@ #GO®PQ®@K@ /O®DKQ@I®@  ;=  MM   



 

#LKQDKQP@KC3QORBQROD #LKQDKQP@KC3QORBQROD    !P ®KC®B@QDC D@OI®DO  ®K G®P K@OO@Q®LK LE QGD DSDKQP @Q .@‫א‬O֡KQGD@RQGLOLE-33®K@®!O@A®BELBRPPDPLKQTL BORB®@I@PMDBQPLEQGDžPQLOVŸE®OPQ QGDQO@F®BCD@QGLEQGD J@OQVOPLE.@‫א‬O֡KIDCAV@I Ά֡O®QGLE.@‫א‬O֡K TG®BGQLLH MI@BD ADELOD  #%  QGD C@QD F®SDK ELO QGD J@OQVOCLJ /BQLADO @KCPDBLKC @K@BBLRKQœT®QG@TD@IQGLE KRJDO®B@ICDQ@®IœLEQGDJ®I®Q@OV@BQ®LKI@RKBGDCAVQGD H®KFCLJ LE !UֹJ @F@®KPQ QGD QOLLMP LE QGD *DT®PG ͤ®JV@O®QD ORIDO $Gֹ .RT֡P 'KOPQL QB DCUKNGWL VYP X$OGTKVYP  4GD ORIDOŸP K@JD  @P TD P@T D@OI®DO  ®P KLQ DUMI®B®QIVF®SDK@Q@KVPQ@FD)KCDDC DUBDMQELOQGDRPDLE 

 3DD4G(!).4(!,%2 #GO®PQI®BGD!O@ADOSLOCDJ)PI@J MM   /K QGD BGOLKLILFV LE QGD .@‫א‬O֡K J@OQVOCLJP  PDD & $% ",/)3  ¡4GD $@QD LE QGD -@OQVOP LE .@FO֡K¢  !O@A®@K !OBG@DLILFV @KC %M®FO@MGV  MM TGLG@PPQ@HDC@BI@®JELO #%  @KC )OE@K 3(!($  ¡/K QGD #GOLKLILFV LE QGD 3LRQG !O@A®@K J@OQVOCLJP¢ !O@A®@K!OBG@DLILFV@KC%M®FO@MGV MM   TGL G@P @OFRDC ELO  #% #E 3 3-)4(  ¡%SDKQP ®K !O@A®@ ®K QGD QG #DKQROV !$¢  "RIIDQ®K LE QGD 3BGLLI LE /O®DKQ@I @KC !EO®B@K 3QRC®DP    MM    @KC ', (58,%9  ¡/K QGD 'ODDH -@OQVO®RJ¢  0OLBDDC®KFP LE QGD 2LV@I )O®PG !B@CDJV ;3DBQ®LK #=   M   "®AI®LQDB@ G@F®LFO@MG®B@ LO®DKQ@I®P  DC®CDORKQ 3LB®® "LII@KC®@K®  e3RAP®C®@ (@F®LFO@MG®B@o   "ORPPDIP )JMO®JDO®D B@QGLI®NRD    MM   #E !IA@K "54,%2  ,®SDP LE QGD 3@®KQP .DT &RII %C®Q®LKP  #LIIDFDS®IID  -®K "ROKP  /@QDP    M  )K QGD K K *@BLA®QD -DKLILF®DP žQGD GLIV ͤ®JV@O®QD J@OQVOPŸ  ÀƒÌè ¾ýØÊø PQ ¾ØăÙãÏ  @OD JDKQ®LKDC RKCDO   $DBDJADO  PDD &O@KL®P .!5  ¡5K-@OQVOLILFDDQCLRWD-½KLILFDPPVO®@NRDP¢ ®K2'2!&&).œ& .!5 DCP  0@QOLILF®@ /O®DKQ@I®P 8  0@O®P &®OJ®K $®CLQ    M         #EΆ®JV@O®QDP MI®U EK 

-XDQ3HGUR0RQIHUUHU6DOD 

QGD K@JD &®K·֡P @Q QGD PQ@OQ LE QGD @BBLRKQ  QGD QDUQ P®JMIV®CDKQ®E®DPG®JAVQGDCDE®K®QD@OQ®BIDMIRPQGDKLRK J@I®HžH®KFŸ QLTG®BG@C¯DBQ®SDPœ®K@IIB@PDPMD¯LO@Q®SDœ @OD@CCDC@I J@IʚֹKžQGD@BBROPDC @I H֡E®OžQGD®KE®CDIŸ  @I JRK֡E®NžQGDGVMLBO®QDŸ LOAVDUMODPP®LKPLEQGDP@JD K@QROD  PRBG @P®KP֡KV@GֹC֬ž*DT®PGJ@KŸ LO @I J@I®H@I H֡E®OžQGD®KE®CDIH®KFŸ  "RQ  @P ®K @KV G@F®LFO@MG®B@I QDUQ  QGD @RQGLOŸP LSDOO®C®KF @®J œ QGD O@®PLK CŸ¾QOD LE QGD @BBLRKQ œ ®P QL DC®EV G®P OD@CDO AV BLKE®OJ®KF QGD PRMDO®LO®QV LE QGD LOQGLCLU#GO®PQ®@KE@®QG®K3LRQG!O@A®@ @KC®QPQO®RJMG LSDOQGDMODCLJ®K@KQ*RC@®PJCDPM®QDQGDJ@PP@BOD QGD #GO®PQ®@KPBLRICKLQADMDOPR@CDCQLODKLRKBDQGD®OE@®QG ®K #GO®PQ  ODJ@®K®KF CDSLRQ RKQ®I QGD @OO®S@I LE %IDPA֡P @KCQGDODPQLO@Q®LKLEQGDA®PGLMO®B@Q.@‫א‬O֡K !K @K@IVP®P ®P MOLS®CDC ADILT LE QGD J@®K ED@QRODP LE QGD K@OO@Q®LK BLKQ@®KDC ®K ELI®LP S O LE -3 3®K@® !O@A®B  )K QGD I®FGQ LE LQGDO TLOH ®K MOLFODPP  QG®P M@MDOLEEDOP@PRJJ@OVLEQGDBLKQDKQLEQGD!O@A®BQDUQ  T®QG@CILBRJBLJJDKQ@O®DP@KCBLJM@O@Q®SDODEDODKBDP QL QGD J@¯LO QO@C®Q®LK@I QDUQP CD@I®KF T®QG QGD J@PP@BOD LEQGD#GO®PQ®@KP@Q.@DŽRãN !P ®KC®B@QDC D@OI®DO  LRO J@®K @®J ®P QL G®FGI®FGQ QGD ®JMLOQ@KBD LE QGD #GO®PQ®@K QDUQR@I QO@C®Q®LK  ELBRPP®KF GDODLKQTLODBDKP®LKPEOLJQGD-DIH®QDI@SO@LK-LRKQ 3®K@®  3@®KQ #@QGDO®KD 4G®P !O@A®B SDOP®LK  @P TD PG@II PDD ®P@ODBDKP®LKLEQGD'ODDH-@OQVO®RJLE!ODQG@P T®QG ®KQDOEDODKBDPKLQLKIVEOLJQGD3VO®@BQO@C®Q®LKARQ@IPL ®KGDODKQ ®K QGD TLOH LE QGD !O@A®B QO@KPI@QLO ODBDKPLO 

 4GDMODPDKQTO®QDO®PBROODKQIVMODM@O®KF@KDC®Q®LK@KCPQRCVLE ALQGQGD3®K@®!O@A®B@KC   #E)3(!($ 4GD-@OQVOPLE.@¯O֡K MM 



5HGHILQLQJKLVWRU\RQ3UH,VODPLFDFFRXQWV 

G®JPDIE !IQGLRFG ®K DPPDKBD  GD G@P ODQ@®KDC QGD J@®K DIDJDKQP LE QGD 'ODDH QDUQ  QGD SDOP®LK QG@Q G@P BLJD CLTKQLRPBLKQ@®KPPQORBQRO@IBG@KFDP@KC®KQDOEDODKBDP TG®BG G@SD IDC QL BG@KFDP  @JMI®E®B@Q®LKP @KC @AAODS ®@Q®LKP LE QGD LO®F®K@I QDUQ  ODEIDBQ®KF QGD CDSDILMMJDKQ LEQGD@BBLRKQLEQGDJ@PP@BODLEQGD#GO®PQ®@KP@Q.@DŽRãN INTHE#HRISTIAN!RABICTRADITION



  !QQGDPQ@OQLEQGD@BBLRKQQGDKDDCELO@BLKQDUQ    )Q ®P ®JMLPP®AID QL OD@CT®QG BLJMIDQD BDOQ@®KQV QGD QDUQ LKQGDJ®BOLE®IJ P®KBDQGD®KHœTG®BG@MMD@OPQLADODC œ C®C KLQ BLJD RM BID@OIV ®K QGD AI@BH @KC TG®QD MGLQLFO@MGPQ@HDKAVQGDB@Q@ILFRDOPLEQGDDUMDC®Q®LK (LTDSDO  QGD ELIILT®KF Q®QID @MMD@OP @Q QGD DKC LE QGD QDUQ O  3G@G֡C@G T@ N®υυ@Q @I Ά֡O®QG T@ ‫@א‬J֬ʚ @II@CG֬K@ PG@G@Cֹ A® .@‫א‬O֡K ʚ@I֡ W@J֡K 9ֹPϏ®V@K P®BÑ  @I J@I®H ž-@OQVOCLJ @KC G®PQLOV LE @I ͤãO®QG @KC @II QGLPD TGL TDODJ@OQVODC@Q.@DŽOãK®KQGDC@VPLE+®KF*RPQ®K®@KŸ !IQGLRFG QGD QDUQ CLDP KLQ MOLS®CD @ MODB®PD BGOLKLILFV ELO QGD DSDKQP Q@H®KF MI@BD @Q .@‫א‬O֡K œ ®K BLJMIDQD BLKQO@PQ QL QGD "LLH LE QGD Ά®JV@O®QDP œ QGD LMDK®KF LE QGD @BBLRKQ BID@OIV ODSD@IP QGD ODBDKPLOŸP CDP®ODQLMI@BD®Q®K@BGOLKLILF®B@IBLKQDUQ3LJRBGPL  QG@QGDG@P®KBIRCDC@ C@QD®K@BBLOC@KBDT®QGALQG QGD B@IBRI@QDC!KKRP-RKC®@KCQGD!KQ®LBGDKDDO@ TG®BGœ 

 4GD®KB®M®QLEQGDžPQLOVŸ®KELIS-33®K@®!O@A®B TG®BGT@P TO®QQDK®KODC®KH ®PRKOD@C@AIDLKQGDJ®BOLE®IJ   #E.DT,DQQDO ))) 888))3VO®@BQDUQ  %KFI®PGQO@KP    #E .DT ,DQQDO  888) 3VO®@B QDUQ   %KFI®PG QO@KP  TGDOD QGD C@QDLBBROP@QQGDDKCLEQGDQDUQ   #E 88))3VO®@BQDUQ %KFI®PGQO@KP 3DD@IPL'ODFDKQ®LP M 'ODDHQDUQ %KFI®PGQO@KP    /KQGDC®EEDODKQC@Q®KFPVPQDJPRPDC®K3VO®@B@KC!O@A®B -33  PDD 3DA@PQ®@K "2/#+  ¡4GD 5PD LE (®¯O@ $@Q®KF ®K 3VO®@B -@KRPBO®MQP!0ODI®J®K@OV)KSDPQ®F@Q®LK¢ ®K**S@K').+%,DQ@I DCP 2DCDE®K®KF #GO®PQ®@K )CDKQ®QV #RIQRO@I )KQDO@BQ®LK ®K QGD -®CCID %@PQ P®KBD QGD 2®PD LE )PI@J  e/O®DKQ@I®@ ,LS@K®DKP®@ !K@IDBQ@o   ,DRSDK œ 0@O®P œ $RCIDV  -@ 0DDQDOP œ $DM@OQDJDKQ /LPQDOPD 3QRC®DP  MM 

-XDQ3HGUR0RQIHUUHU6DOD 

@PTDPG@IIPDDœ®PKLQT®QGLRQQDUQR@I®KQDODPQ4GDQDUQ OD@CP@PELIILTP  Ǭ˅˸˧̬̪ߵdzȇ۸̰̄̄˸̜߶̴̪̬̪˸̪˅߭Ǫ̴̰̑˷߆

̬̪ḛ̴̑̑˷‫˷̑ˋ̴̋̉ނ‬ȇ̴̻˅̪̈ˋ̑˷ȇ̘̤Ǫ˶‫̵߱˲˷̴̰̑ݔ‬Ǫ ˲̶˷߆̴̰̑˷ȅ̸˕̧˒ȇ̴˸‫ݔ‬ȇȅ˅؆̴̰̑˷۸̠̾˅̭̄ԳǬ˅˸˧  S  ǷȇǪdzǪǵǪ‫̜˲֣ˋ̴̻ٷ‬ҟԴ̸̵Ȉ߱ǪǷ‫̜̫̄ٸ‬Ǫ O

 e)K QGD E®EQG VD@O LE QGD %JMDOLO #LKPQ@KQ®KD  TG®BG®KQGDB@IBRI@Q®LKLEQGD@FDLEQGDTLOIC®P QGD VD@O  @KC @BBLOC®KF QL QGD B@IBRI@Q®LK LE QGD !KQ®LBGD@KP QGD VD@O   ®K QGD JLKQG LE /BQLADOTG®BG®K'ODDH®P/BQLADOo

 4GDE®EQGVD@OLE#LKPQ@KQ®KD®KOD@I®QVBLOODPMLKCPQL QGD ELROQG VD@O LE *RPQ®K®@K  TG®BG ®P DNR®S@IDKQ QL QGD VD@O  LE QGD 3DIDRB®C LO !KQ®LBGDKD DO@  ®D QGD VD@O  #%  4GD QDUQ G@P ADDK MLLOIV QO@KPJ®QQDC AV QGD BLMV®PQP ®KQG@QQGDVD@OLEQGD!KQ®LBGDKDDO@G@PADDK TO®QQDK TOLKFIV @EQDO QG@JãK LKD TLRIC DUMDBQ J®ʙ@G UGORVQWMCKVTKCMQUVQWQXMVCMQUKQUVQW  4L QG®P DOOLO ®K QO@KPJ®PP®LK TD JRPQ @CC QGD CRBQRP A® I ®NOãNͥ®A@GVKO@OãCãTRP TG®BG®PQLADBLOODBQDCQLA® I ®EOãNDŽ®VV@G VAO;A=@O֡Q֡V®VRP  WBRGTDGTGVCKYL  GDOD  QGD !O@A QO@KPI@QLO LE QGD Q®JD ODMOLCRBDC QGD 'ODDH TLOC T®QGLRQ QGD PM®O®QRP @PMDO  ODEIDBQ®KF @ C®@IDBQ@I RP@FD



 -@OQVO®LK  MM    EK  #E -)#(%, ,% 392)%.  #GOLK®NRD  ))  M  3DD@IPL',(58,%9 ¡/KQGD'ODDH-@OQVO®RJ¢ 0OLBDDC®KFPLEQGD 2LV@I)O®PG!B@CDJV;3DBQ®LK#= MM    -@OQVO®LK M



5HGHILQLQJKLVWRU\RQ3UH,VODPLFDFFRXQWV 

BG@O@BQDO®PDC AV TG@Q ®P HKLTK @P MP®ILP®P 4GD ODBDKPLOŸP CDP®OD QL MOLS®CD BGOLKLILF®B@I C@Q@ ®P J@QBGDCAVG®P®KQDODPQ®KQGDE@BQR@I@PMDBQLEQGDDSDKQP K@OO@QDC  ODF@OC®KF TG®BG GD LEEDOP @ TD@IQG LE ®KELOJ@Q®LK )KQDODPQ®KFIV  ®K QG®P ODPMDBQ  GD JDKQ®LKP O  QGD BROODKQ ®KBRJADKQP LE QGD S@O®LRP 'ODDH /OQGLCLU M@QO®@OBG@QDPLEQGD%@PQ QLTG®BGGDBID@OIVADILKFDC (DPQ@QDP ELODU@JMID QG@QQGD0@QO®@OBGLE*DORP@IDJ@Q QGDQ®JDT@P9ֹ·@KK֡X,QCPPGL)))  #% @KCQG@Q QGD0@QO®@OBGLE!IDU@KCO®@T@Pώ֬JֹQG֡TRP6KOQSGQL  œ K@JDP@HD LE QGD M@QO®@OBG QGDK DKQORPQDC T®QG QGD CDPQ®KV LE QGD BGROBG @Q #LKPQ@KQ®KLMID  TG®ID  QGD 

 .*!..!2)3 !KG®PQLO®B@I'ODDHFO@JJ@O BG®DEIVLEQGD!QQ®BC®@IDBQ@P TO®QQDK @KC PMLHDK EOLJ BI@PP®B@I @KQ®NR®QV CLTK QL QGD MODPDKQ Q®JD  ELRKCDCRMLKQGD@KB®DKQQDUQP ®KPBO®MQ®LKP M@MVO®@KCMODPDKQMLMRI@O 'ODDH  (®ICDPGD®J œ :ÍO®BG œ .DT 9LOH 'DLOF /IJP   ODDC EOLJ,LKCLK-@BJ®II@K#L,®J  MM bb A#E #@OI $@OI®K "5#+  4GD 'ODDH $®@IDBQP 'O@JJ@O  PDIDBQDC ®KPBO®MQ®LKP  FILPP@OV #G®B@FLœ,LKCLK4GD5K®SDOP®QVLE#G®B@FL0ODPP    b   3DD LK QG®P ®PPRD ', (58,%9  ¡/K QGD 'ODDH -@OQVO®RJ¢  0OLBDDC®KFPLEQGD2LV@I)O®PG!B@CDJV;3DBQ®LK#= MM   ! $®BQ®LK@OV LE %@OIV #GO®PQ®@K "®LFO@MGV @KC ,®QDO@QROD QL QGD %KC LE QGD 3®UQG #DKQROV !$ T®QG @K !BBLRKQ LE QGD MO®KB®M@I 3DBQP @KC (DODP®DP  DC AV (DKOV 7!#%  7®II®@J # 0)%2#9  0D@ALCV  -@PP (DKCO®BHPLK   ODDC EOLJ ,LKCLK    MM    PS ž*L@KKDP)))Ÿ;#@KLK%6%.!",%3=   4GD-LKLMGVP®QDM@QO®@OBGLE!IDU@KCO®@ADQTDDK #% BE "%6%443 (®PQLOVLEQGD0@QO®@OBGPLEQGD#LMQ®B#GROBGLE!IDU@KCO®@ ))0DQDO)QL"DK¯@J®K) ®K2'2!&&).œ&.!5DCP 0@QOLILF®@ /O®DKQ@I®P) 0@O®P&®OJ®K $®CLQ  MM    4GD0@QO®@OBGLE#LKPQ@KQ®KLMID@MML®KQDC®KAVQGDDJMDOLO !K@PQ@P®RP  @IQGLRFG GD C®DC ®K   PDD ! $®BQ®LK@OV LE %@OIV #GO®PQ®@K "®LFO@MGV  M  PS ž4®JLQGDRP  M@QO®@OBG LE #LKPQ@KQ®KLMIDŸ;&("I@BALROKD$!.)%,=



-XDQ3HGUR0RQIHUUHU6DOD 

0@QO®@OBG LE !KQ®LBG T@P P®BÑ  !AO֡P®VֹP (WXHTCUKQL  @BBLOC®KFQLQGD!O@AODBDKPLO -DKQ®LKLEQGDBGROBGORIDOP®PELIILTDCAV@PROSDVLE QGDMLI®Q®B@IORIDOPLEQGDQ®JD ELBRPP®KFK@QRO@IIVLKQGD !UֹJ®QD H®KF  ODEDOODC QL ®K QGD QDUQ @P %IDPA֡P  ( X NGUDCL  TGL T@P LE BLROPD QGD %QG®LM®@K .DFRP ɻöLI@ ɻ!υAĕ·֡(DII֦PQGD@®LP 3QO®H®KFIV QG®PODEDODKBDQLQGD %QG®LM®@KH®KF@QQGDPQ@OQLEQGD@BBLRKQ@MMD@OPQLG@SD KL K@OO@Q®SD MROMLPD T@ H֡K@ CG@I®H@ I J@I®H VRN֡I I@GR !I@PA֡P ʚ@I֡ @I Ά@A@PG@G O  QGD H®KF ®P ®KQOLCRBDC P®JMIV @P CG@I®H@ I J@I®H žQG@Q H®KFŸ  TGDOD QGD CD®BQ®B PRFFDPQP@KD@OI®DO@IIRP®LK TG®BG®PKLQQLADELRKC "V BLKQO@PQ  QG®P O@QGDO ®KDUMODPP®SD MLI®Q®B@I ODEDODKBD®PELIILTDCAV@JRBGJLODCDQ@®IDCQOD@QJDKQ LEQGDORIDOLE3@A@ HKLTK@P0®KDG@PO 2@QGDOQG@K QGD MI@®K CG@I®H@ I J@I®H  0®KDG@P &®K·֡P  ®P ®KQOLCRBDC RP®KFQGDPQ@KC@OCELOJRI@ž4GDODOD®FKDC®KQGLPDC@VP LSDOQGDI@KCLE3@A@ŸQ@J@II@H@E֬CG@I®H@@I W@J֡Kʚ@I֡@Oͯ 3@A@  &®K·֡P ®P QGD K@JD RPDC ELO 9ŊPRE  QGD *DT®PG H®KF LE ͤ®JV@O @F@®KPQ TGLJ ɻöIIã ɻ!ΣA÷ͥã FOUGHT THE NAME IS NOT FOUND IN ANY CONTEMPORARY SIXTH CENTURY WRITINGS  SUGGESTING THAT THIS MAY BE AN ERROR OF TRANSMISSION PROMPTED BY THE CONFUSION OF INFORMATION FROM ILL



 "®PGLM @KC M@QO®@OBG LE !KQ®LBG ADQTDDK   #% 3DD ! $®BQ®LK@OV LE %@OIV #GO®PQ®@K "®LFO@MGV  M  PS ž%MGO@®JŸ ;)' 3-)4(=#E-@OQVO®LK M   -@OQVO®LK M   #E&!,4(%)-œ234)%(, $®D!O@ADO®KEDO!IQDK7DIQ 6 M   )KQGD-@OQVO®LK M QG®PH®KF®PODEDOODCQL@P'QWPCCP ®D$Gֹ .RT֡P#E)3(!($ 4GD-@OQVOPLE.@¯O¹K MM 



5HGHILQLQJKLVWRU\RQ3UH,VODPLFDFFRXQWV 

UNDERSTOODSOURCES7G®IDKL®KC®B@Q®LK®PF®SDKLEQGD ODI®F®LRPMODEDODKBDPLE%IDPA֡P TD@ODQLICQG@Q0®KDG@P ®P @ *DT ®KP֡K V@GֹC֬  @P TDII @P @ AILLCQG®OPQV H®IIDO N֡QֹI G@O֡N @I C@J֡ʙ  TGL ORIDC LSDO QGD *DTP LE QGD TGLIDLEQG@QQDOO®QLOV )Q PGLRIC AD KLQDC QG@Q QGD ODBDKPLO GDOD DBGLDP @ KRJADO LE !O@A®B TO®QDOP  TGL E@®IDC QL C®PQ®KFR®PG ADQTDDK QGD H®KFCLJ LE QGD 3@A@D@KP @KC QG@Q LE QGD Ά®JV@O®QDP -LODLSDO  GD ®P HDDK QL J@HD BID@O ®K QGD QDUQ QG@Q QG®P *DT®PG K@Q®SD H®KF C®C KLQ ORID LSDO QGD #GO®PQ®@KΆ®JV@O®QDP 4G®P ®P @ J@QQDO LE PLJD ®KQDODPQ P®KBD  CDPM®QD QGD DS®CDKQ JLKLQGD®W@Q®LK LE 3LRQG !O@A®@ EOLJ QGD QG B LKT@OCP QGDPDΆ®JV@O®QD*DTP@ODCDPBO®ADC@P®JM®LRP ELIHTGLE@®IDCQLLAPDOSD-LP@®B,@TI֡V@·E@ϵֹK@J®K@I .֡JֹP  DUBDMQ ®K KDFI®F®AID C®DQ@OV J@QQDOP  @KC @P TLOPG®MMDOPLE®CLIPJ®KGRJ@υK֡JV@ʚARCֹG֡ #ID@OIV  QG®PI@QQDOQO@®Q@PBO®ADCQLQGD*DTPJRPQAD®CDKQ®E®DC ®K 

 3-5.2/ (!9 ¡!3®UQG#DKQROV+DAO@.@F@PQ¢ !KK@IDPCŸ%QG®LM®D  MM    GBDTCKQP®K-@OQVO®LK M   &O@KB®PBRP 8@S +/24,%)4.%2  $D @KQ®NR®P !O@A®@D ®KBLI®P DLORJNRD BRJ ODI®F®LKD -LP@®B@ O@Q®LK®ARP  e#LJJDKQ@Q®LKDP A®AI®B@Do )))  /DK®MLKQD&2@RBG  M   )TLK@ '!*$!  ¡-LKLQG½®PJD DK !O@A®D CR 3RC MO½®PI@J®NRD¢  #GOÆK®NRDP V½J½K®QDP    $LBRJDKQ LK I®KD P®KBD  !MO®I  @Q 52,GQQMBVODSRDPLOFCLBRJDKQGQJI #LKPRIQDC &DAOR@OV   .֡JֹP ®@K !O@A®B IL@KTLOC EOLJ 3VO®@B K֡JֹPֲ ¾èÍãå  'O PQOQL  TG®BG ®K *DT®PG BLKQDUQP ODEDOP QL (DAODT ʤʸˣʺ #E -@OQVO®LK  M  #E 'ODFDKQ®LP  MM  'ODDH QDUQ   %KFI®PG QO@KP    -@OQVO®LK  M  CDPBO®ADP QGDJ @P VYP WBRQMTKVYP )CTKUCKYP MCK 5CFFQWMCKYP



-XDQ3HGUR0RQIHUUHU6DOD 

QDOJPLEMOD )PI@J®B!O@AM@F@K®PJ ALQGT®QGPQ@QRDP LECD®Q®DP@KCT®QGPQLKD@IQ@OPQDIDPUVJNCK @PLBBROP®K QGD'ODDH-@OQVO®RJLE!ODQG@P "RQQGD!O@AODBDKPLO@IPLMOLS®CDPRPT®QG@CC®Q®LK@I ®KELOJ@Q®LK LK QGD *DTP 7D @OD QLIC QG@Q QGDV TDOD KRJDOLRPœRP®KFQGDG®FGIV CDPBO®MQ®SDDUMODPP®LKH֡K@ @Oͯ3@A@J@·PGRT@G J®KGRJžQGD I@KCLE3@A@T@PE®IIDC T®QG QGDJŸ  œ @KC QG@Q QG®P T@P ADB@RPD QGDV G@C EIDC EOLJ6DPM@P®@K@KC4®QRPH֡KֹG@O@AֹJ®KNRCC֡JJ@I®H !PA֡P®V֡KֹPT@ ®AK®G®ώ֬ϏRP  4G®P PDQQ®KF LE QDOO®QLOV @F@®KPQ DJM®OD  LE 3@A@ ®D Ά®JV@O  @F@®KPQ QGD 2LJ@K %JM®OD  ®P QGD I®QDO@OV DUMODPP®LK LE @ MLI®Q®B@I OD@I®QV QGD *DTP G@C PRMMLOQDC 

 $@K®DI & #!.%2  (®PQLOV @KC (@F®LFO@MGV ELJ ,@QD !KQ®NRD 3®K@®  ®KBIRC®KF QO@KPI@Q®LKP LE 0PDRCL .®IRPŸ .@OO@Q®LKP LE 3®K@® @KC 2@®QGLR  @KC !K@PQ@P®LRP LE 3®K@®ŸP 4@IDP LE QGD 3®K@® &@QGDOP  T®QG BLKQO®ARQ®LKPAV3DA@PQ®@K"OLBH 2®BG@OC-0O®BD@KC+DS®KS@K "I@CDI e4O@KPI@QDC4DUQPELO(®PQLO®@KPo ,®SDOMLLI,®SDOMLLIP 5K®SDOP®QV0ODPP  MM   #E*@K2%43† 4GD!O@AP ®K!KQ®NR®QV4GD®OG®PQLOVEOLJQGD!PPVO®@KPQLQGD5J@VV@CP ,LKCLK œ .DT 9LOH 2LRQIDCFD    MM   /K QGD 0OD )PI@J®B ODI®F®LK ®K 3LRQG !O@A®@  PDD ' 29#+-!.3  ,DP ODI®F®LKP @O@ADP MO½®PI@J®NRDP i"IBLIOTH›QUEDU-USœONu ,EUVEN5NIVERSITœDE ,OUVAIN  PP 3DD@IPL,RCLIE+2%(, ‹ADOC®D2DI®F®LKCDO SLO®PI@J®PBGDK !O@ADO  !JPQDOC@J /O®DKQ@I 0ODPP   ODDC LE ,D®MW®F    @KC !, +!,")  +®Q֡A @I @υK֡J  DC -@·JֹC ʚ!AC @I 1֡C®O !·J@C  !·J@C -R·@JJ@C ʚ5A@VC  #@®OL  -@HQ@A@Q @I .@Gͯ@G@I -®υO®VV@G PC   6 #(2)34)$%3  ¡4GD Ά®JV@O®QD %QG®LM®@K 7@O¢  !KK@IDP CŸ%QG®LM®D  M#E)".()3(â- @I 3֬O@G ) MM    4GD !O@A®B TLOC @Oͯ PNR@ODP T®QG QGD 'ODDH QDOJ EYTC #E *0 -/.&%22%2 3!,! ¡,ÆFLPPMDOJ@Q®HÆPH@ÀIÆFLPQDI®HÆP5K@PKLQ@PPLAOD DI ½Q®JL CDI QDBK®B®PJL eBLO@o¡  ®K *LOC® !'5!$z  rKFDIDP 6)#%.4%  ,DVI@ !"5 3(!-3 DC  3@BORJ !O@AL 3DJ®Q®BRJ (LJDK@¯D @I MOLEDPLO&DCDO®BL#LOO®DKQDDKPR@K®SDOP@O®L :@O@FLW@)%)/0   MM 



5HGHILQLQJKLVWRU\RQ3UH,VODPLFDFFRXQWV 

QGD 3֡P֡K®C@K 0DOP®@KP @F@®KPQ QGD "VW@KQ®KD %JM®OD  GD®O QL QGD 2LJ@K %JM®OD RKCDO QGD QTL 2LJ@K DJMDOLOP JDKQ®LKDC  4®QRP &I@S®RP 6DPM@P®@KRP   #% @KCG®PPLK4®QRP&I@S®RP3@A®KRP6DPM@P®@KRP  #%  4GD ¡EI®FGQ¢ ODEDOP QL QGD *DT®PG C®@PMLO@ @EQDO QGD E@II LE *DORP@IDJ ®K  #%  TGDK QGDV TDOD Q@HDK @P B@MQ®SDPžQL@I@KCŸP@AֹGRJ®I֡@Oͯ 4GDODBDKPLOKLQDP  ®KM@PP®KF QG@QQGD*DTP@IPLEIDCEOLJQGD#GO®PQ®@KPLE 3VO®@J®KNRCC֡J@I K@υ֡O֡@II@CG֬K@H֡KֹA® I 3G@ʙJ @K ®CD@TG®BGJ@VADI®KHDCQLQGDILB@IMODPDKBDLE3VO®@B #GO®PQ®@KP 4G®P ¯L®KQ BLKBDOK T®QG ODI®F®LRP @KC FDLFO@MG®B@I CDQ@®I ®P AV KL JD@KP PRMDOEIRLRP )Q MOLS®CDP QGD ODBDKPLOT®QG@T@VLE®KQOLCRB®KFQGDDPPDKQ®@IJ@QQDO QG@Q QG®P T@P QGD QDOO®QLOV PDQQIDC AV QGD *DTP DUMDIIDC EOLJ 0@IDPQ®KD -LOD ®KQDODPQ®KF  GLTDSDO  ®P QG@Q QGD C@OH P®CD LE QGD JLLK QG@Q TD @OD KLQ PGLTK ®K QGD @BBLRKQ LE QGD EI®FGQ LE QGD *DTP EOLJ 3VO®@  ®P ERIIV ®IIRJ®K@QDC TGDK QGD TO®QDO ®KELOJP RP QG@Q QGD ODPQ LE QGDQDOO®QLOVKLQ.@‫א‬O֡KÑ T@PERIILE#GO®PQ®@KPT@ H֡K@Q @Oͯ N@C ®JQ@I@ʙ@Q J®K @GI @I ֬J֡K A® I -@P֬· ®II֡ @Oͯ 3@A@ T@·C®G֡ 4GDBLKQO@PQ ®K QGD!O@A®BQDUQADQTDDKQGDBLKBDMQP LEK@υ֡O֡@KC@GI@I ֬J֡KA® I -@P֬·žQGDMDLMIDLEQGDE@®QG ®K QGD -DPP®@GŸ  ®P ®KQDODPQ®KF  ®K QG@Q K@υ֡O֡ ®P @ KLJDK BI@PP®BRP ®K #GO®PQ®@K !O@A®B QDUQP  ARQ DPMDB®@IIV ®K QDUQP 

 )Q ®P ®KQDODPQ®KF QL KLQD QG@Q QGD .@‫א‬O֡K®QDP TDOD ELOBDC QL DJ®FO@QDQL3VO®@®KQGDD@OIV)PI@J®BC@VP QG®PAD®KFQGDBDKQOD LEFDKR®KD3LRQG!O@A®@KQO®ADP®KQGD5J@VV@CMDO®LC @PPQ@QDC AV 0@QO®B®@ #2/.%  ¡7DOD QGD 1@VP @KC 9DJDK LE QGD 5J@VV@C MDO®LC MLI®Q®B@I M@OQ®DP¢  $DO )PI@J    M   PDD   ODDC)K0#2/.% &OLJ!O@A®@K4O®ADPQL)PI@J®B%JL®OD!OJV 3Q@QD @KC 3LB®DQV ®K QGD .D@O .D@O %@PQ B    e6@O®LORJ #LIIDBQDC 3QRC®DPo !ICDOPGLQ (@JMPG®OD!PGF@QD  )6 



-XDQ3HGUR0RQIHUUHU6DOD 

EOLJ žD@OIV )PI@JŸ  TGDOD ®Q DS®CDKQIV ODEDOP QL *RCDLBGO®PQ®@K®QV  P®KBD QGD !O@J@®B OLLQ LE K@υ֡O֡  K@υO֡V֦ ¾Ø˜÷å  BE 'O PC\YTCKQK  ID@CP RP QL QGD ž.@WLOD@KPŸ "V BLKQO@PQ  QGD KDLILF®PJ @I ֬J֡K A® I -@P֬·®P@KLQ@AIV®KC®PQ®KBQQDOJ®QPRPDGDODODEIDBQPQGD TDII @QQDPQDCS@O®DQVLECLBQO®K@IMLP®Q®LKPQLADELRKC®K !O@A®@@QQG@QQ®JD )K 3LRQG !O@A®@  QGD !UֹJ®QD @KC "VW@KQ®KD MLTDOP BLDU®PQDC @ILKFP®CD .DPQLO®@KP @KC 3VO®@K -LKLMG VP®QDP 4G®P DUMI@®KP TGV QGD ODBDKPLO G@P LMQDC ELO @ QO@KPM@ODKQ QDOJ I®HD ֬J֡K  T®CDIV RPDC AV -RPI®J TO®QDOP  O@QGDO QG@K @ TLOC PRBG @P @J֡K@G  ELRKC ®K



 -@OQ®K®@KL02/.#!',)! ¡zI½JDKQPzA®LK®QDPDQ%IH@P@ÃQDPC@KPID #LO@K¢ 0OLBGD /O®DKQ#GO½Q®DK MM    #E!OQGRO*%&&%29 4GD&LOD®FK6LB@ARI@OVLEQGD1ROɹ֡K MM    2"DII 4GDLO®F®KLE)PI@J M#E#I@RCD'),,)/4 ¡,DPž®KELOJ@Q DROPŸ ¯R®EP DQ BGO½Q®DKP CD -R·@JJ@C ODMO®PD CŸRK MOLAI¼JD QO@®Q½M@O!ILVP3MODKFDODQ4GDLCLO.ÉICDHD¢ *DORP@IDJ3QRC®DP®K !O@A®B @KC )PI@J    MM   * $/22! (!$$!$  ¡#LO@K  MODC®B@Q®LKK@W@O½DKKD¢ 0OLBGD /O®DKQ#GO½Q®DK MM  &O@KL®P $% ",/)3  ¡.@υO֡K֬ 0C\YTCKQL  @KC ·@K֬E GSPKMQL  PQRC®DPLKQGDODI®F®LRPSLB@ARI@OVLE#GO®PQ®@K®QV@KCLE)PI@J¢  "RIIDQ®KLEQGD3BGLLILE/O®DKQ@I@KC!EO®B@K 3QRC®DP MM    $RO®KF QGD QG @KC QG BDKQRO®DP QGD .DPQLO®@K BGROBG PDDJP QL G@SD QROKDC ®KQL @K ®JMLOQ@KQ ®KPQ®QRQ®LK ®K QGD D@PQDOK M@OQ LE !O@A®@ @KCQGDODELODT®QG@0DOP®@K®KEIRDKBD®KQGD@OD@ BE$4 0/443  4GD !O@A®@K 'RIE ®K !KQ®NR®QV   SLIP  /UELOC #I@ODKCLK 0ODPP  MM !IQGLRFGPLJDM@PP@FDPLEQG®PPMIDKC®C @OQ®BID @OD LMDK QL CDA@QD  PDD @IPL * 7 ()23#("%2'  ¡.DPQLO®@K 3LROBDP LE .LOQG !O@A®@K 4O@C®Q®LKP LK QGD %PQ@AI®PGJDKQ @KC 0DOPDBRQ®LK LE #GO®PQ®@K®QV ®K 9DJDK¢  2LBWK®H /O®DKQ@I®PQVBWKV    MM 



5HGHILQLQJKLVWRU\RQ3UH,VODPLFDFFRXQWV 

-®KD@K 3LRQG !O@A®@K QDUQP LE ODI®F®LRP S@IRD  TG®BG T@P RPDC AV #GO®PQ®@K !O@A TO®QDOP QL ODEDO ALQG QL QGD #GO®PQ®@KE@®QG@KCQGD#GO®PQ®@KBODDC RPR@IIVœ@IQGLRFG KLQDUBIRP®SDIVœQGLPDLEQGD/OQGLCLUBGROBG



 -@OH ,)$:"!23+)  %MGDJDO®P EÍO PDJ®Q®PBGD %M®FO@MG®H     '®DPPDK !IEODC 4ÉMDIJ@KK     QG I®KD  MDKRIQ®J@QD TLOC    #E ' '2!&  6DOWD®BGK®P @O@A®PBGDO H®OBGI®BGDO 4DOJ®K®  ,LRS@®K )JMO®JDO®DLO®DKQ@I®PQD,$ROADBN  #E"@OA@O@2/''%-!  4GD ,DFDKC LE 3DOF®RP "@·֬O֡ %@PQDOK #GO®PQ®@K !MLILFDQ®BP @KC !MLB@IVMQ®B ®K 2DPMLKPD QL )PI@J  e(®PQLOV LE #GO®PQ®@K -RPI®J 2DI@Q®LKPo ,D®CDKœ"LPQLK "O®II M K!0z2)%2 ¡,DQQOD CD 0®PRKQ®LP  ½S¾NRD CD 1DEQ  @ PDP E®C¼IDP¢  2DSRD CD IŸ/O®DKQ #GO½Q®DK M*:)!$z ¡5K4DPQ@JDKQCD. 3¢ 2DSRD CDIŸ/O®DKQ#GO½Q®DK  M



  4GDMDOPDBRQ®LKLEQGD.@‫א‬O֡K®QDP J@OQVOCLJP@KCAROK®KFLEQGDB®QV    (@F®LFO@MG®B@I TO®Q®KFP ®K FDKDO@I  @KC DPMDB®@IIV J@OQVOLILF®DP  S@OV ALQG ®K BG@O@BQDO @KC @P QL M@OQ®BRI@OP  P®KBD QGDV LEEDO @K @BBLRKQ TG®BG PDDHP QL AIDKC G®PQLO®B@I DIDJDKQP T®QG ODI®F®LRP DC®E®B@Q®LK !Q QDUQR@I IDSDI  QG®P PRFFDPQP QGD DU®PQDKBD LE @ žMOLE@KD QO@C®Q®LKŸLKQGDA@P®PLETG®BG@žODI®F®LRPQO@C®Q®LKŸT@P PRAPDNRDKQIVBLKPQORBQDC 4GD E®OPQ DUMI®B®Q JDKQ®LK LE .@‫א‬O֡K @MMD@OP LK ELI®L O TGDOD®Q®PCDPBO®ADC@P@B®QVLE3@A@T@ H֡K@A® 3@A@ J@C֬K@G  ®K TG®BG QGDOD TDOD J@KV ADI®DSDOP @GIRG֡ JRʙJ®KֹK A® I 2@AA 9@Pֹʚ @I -@P֬·  4GD ODBDKPLO ®JJDC®@QDIV®KQOLCRBDPQGDJ®PDDKPB¼KDELOQGDDSDKQPœ @MDOPDBRQ®LKQG@QIDEQKLQ@P®KFID#GO®PQ®@K@I®SD®K3@A@ T@ I@JV@C@ʚA® @Oͯ3@A@K@υO֡K֬ œ@P@JDODMODI®J®K@OV QLTG@QT@PQLG@MMDKKDUQ®KQGDB®QVLE.@‫א‬O֡K TGDOD QGD#GO®PQ®@KPK@υ֡O֡ TDODJROCDODC@KCQGD®OBGROBGDP H@K֡ʙ®P  TG®BG TDOD E@JLRP QGOLRFGLRQ 3LRQG !O@A®@ CDPQOLVDC 4G®P AO®PH  PRBB®KBQ @IIRP®LK QL QGD MDOPDBRQ®LK @KC J@PP@BODLEQGD#GO®PQ®@KMLMRI@Q®LK®PELIILTDC LKELI®L 

 #E33-)4( ¡%SDKQP®K!O@A®@®KQGDQG#DKQROV!$¢ "RIIDQ®KLE QGD3BGLLILE/O®DKQ@I@KC!EO®B@K3QRC®DP M   #E.DT,DQQDO MM))) )63VO®@BQDUQ  %KFI®PGQO@KP    9â1ʼn4!, ͤ!-!7Č -UʚDŽAMAL BULDãN "D®ORQ$ãR)·Vãʙ@I 4ROãTHAL ʚ!O@Ač    ))  M @ #E ǡRO‫ א‬3G®·֡Q@G 1!.!7Ā4Ī  ' !.!7!4)  @I -@P֬·®VV@G T@ I ·@ͯ֡O@G @I ʚ@O@A®VV@G  #@®OL $֡O @I 4G@N֡E@G    M  3DD 4G (!).4(!,%2  #GO®PQI®BGD !O@ADO SLO CDJ)PI@J MM 

-XDQ3HGUR0RQIHUUHU6DOD 

S  AV @ KLQD LK QGD P®WD LE QGD I@KC LE 3@A@ υ®E@Q @Oͯ 3@A@ œC@VPŸJ@OBG®KALQGIDKFQG@KCAOD@CQGœ@KC LKQGD®JMLOQ@KBDLE QG®PQDOO®QLOV@P@KDKBI@SDLK QGD OLRQDQL@KCEOLJQGD)KC®@K/BD@K @KC®QPP®QR@Q®LKT®QG ODPMDBQ QL %QG®LM®@ @KC QL "VW@KQ®KD QDOO®QLOV  @CC®KF QG@Q QGD JD@K®KF LEQGDB®QVŸPK@JD ®K!O@A®B®P J@C֬K@Q @I O@ʚCžB®QVLEQGRKCDOŸ  4G®P DQVJLILFV CDO®SDP KLQ EOLJ QGD TLOPG®M LE @ 3LRQG!O@A®@KCD®QVTG®BGJ®FGQAD2@ɼ@Q ARQEOLJQGD (DAODT !O@J@®B QLMLKVJ®B ODEDODKBD ʤʮʲʸʠʮʲʸ 2@ʚ@J֡G2@ʚJ֡ʙ  BE 3VO ¾Ćãî˜ O@ɼJã  KLQ C®ODBQIV ARQ MDOG@MPQGOLRFGQGD%QG®LM®B‫ܢ‬ᒸ‫ܘ‬O@ɼ֡J žQGRKCDOŸ  4GD!O@A®BODBDKPLOLEEDOP@BLKB®PDCDPBO®MQ®LKLEQGD P®DFD @KC AROK®KF LE QGD B®QV @KC ®QP #GO®PQ®@K ®KG@A®Q@KQP  T®QG I®QQID ®K QGD T@V LE CDQ@®I 4GD K@OO@Q®LK Q@HDP QGD ELOJ LE @ JDOD PQ@QDJDKQ LE E@BQP  DKI®SDKDC AV BLKQ®KRLRP @P®CDP LK QGD QTL E@BQ®LKP QGD *DT ®P I@ADIIDC žQGD @BBROPDCŸ @I J@IʚֹK  TG®IPQ QGD #GO®PQ®@K E@®QG LE QGD ADPD®FDC MLMRI@Q®LK ®P BLKPQ@KQIV DKCLOPDC 3RMMLOQ ELO #GO®PQ®@K CLFJ@ ®P @ ODBROO®KF ED@QROD QGOLRFGLRQ QGD QDUQ ®K S  ELO DU@JMID  QGD ODBDKPLO ®KC®B@QDP QG@Q CDPM®QD QGD CDPQORBQ®LK TOLRFGQ AV $Gֹ .RT֡P  GD KDSDO PRBBDDCDC ®K PG@H®KF QGD ELRKC@Q®LKP LE QGDPD MDLMID  ELRKC@Q®LKP FOLRKCDC LK QGDOLBHLEE@®QGυ@΍O@Q@I ֬J֡K TGLPDELRKCDO®Pž#GO®PQ  QGDPLKLE'LCLRO,LOCŸ@I -@P֬·®AK!II֡G®I֡GRK֡  4GD CDPBO®MQ®LK LE QGD Q@H®KF LE QGD B®QV O S  ®P ®KQOLCRBDCAO®DEIVARQT®QGPRAQIDQ@BQ RP®KFœ@P®KLQGDO



 #E'29#+-!.3 ,DPODI®F®LKP@O@ADPMO½®PI@J®NRDP M  3DD@ALSDEK   #E.DT,DQQDO MM6 6) 6))3VO®@BQDUQ   %KFI®PGQO@KP  



5HGHILQLQJKLVWRU\RQ3UH,VODPLFDFFRXQWV 

QDUQR@IP@JMIDP QGD@BBLRKQLEQGDQGODDVLRQGP®KQGD E®DOVEROK@BD EOLJQGD"LLHLE$@K®DI$K  @P@ CDS®BD QL ®KQOLCRBD QGD DKBLRKQDO ADQTDDK $Gֹ .RT֡P @KCQGD#GO®PQ®@KPS LRQP®CDQGDB®QVT@IIPLE.@‫א‬O֡K GDODTDE®KCQGDE®OPQJDKQ®LKLEQGDID@CDOLEQGLPDTGL @OD ®JJDC®@QDIV QL C®D @P J@OQVOP  @I Ά֡O®QG ®AK +@ʚA ÃïÜûÁÿؘ½ÏšûÏ @IPLHKLTK@P"@I ͤãO®QG !P PLLK @P QGD F@QDP TDOD LMDKDC  ¾îÚ ¾Ïÿñ† N ¿ÿæØÊ⃠ QL $Gֹ .RT֡P AV QGD .@DŽRãNITES  WE ARE TOLD 

 #E4GD&LROQG"LLHLE-@BB@ADDP@KC+®KCODC$LBRJDKQP®K3VO®@B DC 2,"%.3,9T®QG@K®KQOLCRBQ®LK@KCQO@KPI@Q®LKP AV7%"!2.%3  #@JAO®CFD #@JAO®CFD 5K®SDOP®QV MODPP   MM UUU®S %KFI®PG QO@KP NֲE A֦QG3VO®@BQDUQ    -@OQVO®LK M#E)".()3(â- @I 3֬O@G ) M 

 /K QGD .@A@Q@D@K ELOJ WWU[  LE QG®P .LOQG !O@A®@K K@JD  PDD '!#//+% !4DUQ "LLHLE.LOQG 3DJ®Q®B)KPBO®MQ®LKP-L@A®QD (DAODT  0GLDK®B®@K !O@J@®B.@A@QD@K 0@IJVODKD *DT®PG /UELOC#I@ODKCLK 0ODPP    MM   #E *D@K #!.4).%!5  ,D K@A@Q½DK  0@O®P 0ODPPDP RK®SDOP®Q@®ODP CD &O@KBD    ODDC /PK@AOÍBH /QQL :DIIDO    ))  M  ®KCDU  3DD @IPL Ά®JV@O®QDP  M UB® )K QGD -@OQVO®LK M®PODEDOODC@PX$TGSC^LKIV   /K QGD QO®AD LE QGD "@Kֹ I Ά֡O®QG A +@ʚA A ʚ!JO  PDD &DOC®K@KC 7‹34%.&%,$  2DF®PQDO WR CDK FDKD@ILF®PBGDK 4@ADIIDK CDO !O@A®PBGDK 3Q»JJD RKC &@J®I®DK -®Q G®PQLO®BGDK RKC FDLFO@MG®PBGDK "DJDOHRKFDK 'ÉQQ®KFDK$®DQDO®PBGDK"RBGG@KCIRKF  M 3DD@IPL%) ))) MM *3#(,%)&%2    !IQGLRFG@KLQGDOQO@KPI@Q®LKG@PADDKMOLMLPDCELOQGDPVKQ@FJ ʯʸʢʰʢʡʧžQGDP®DFDLE.@‫א‬O֡K BE2RCLIE%OKPQ"2‹../7œ!IEODCS $/-!3:%73+) $®D0OLS®KB®@!O@A®@ 3QO@PPAROF+@OI*4OÍAKDO  ;ODDC (®ICDPGD®J 'DLOF /IJP  =  )))  M   QGD žF@QDP LE .@‫א‬O֡KŸ ORQR‫ א‬.@‫א‬O֡K  @OD @IOD@CV JDKQ®LKDC ®K QGD BDIDAO@QDC ®KPBO®MQ®LKEOLJ@I .@J֡O@G BE*0-/.&%22%2 3!,! %PBO®QRO@PCD !O@A®@®KQOLCRBB®ÆK @ ILPP®PQDJ@P@IE@A½Q®BLP CDI@P IDKFR@PPDJÁQ®B@P  e%PQRC®LPCD&®ILILFÁ@3DJÁQ®B@o '®OLK@5K®SDOP®Q@QCD'®OLK@   MM )K.DT,DQQDO MM 88))3VO®@BQDUQ %KFI®PG QO@KP  @ žKLOQGDOK F@QD LE QGD B®QVŸ ¿ÿæØÊ⃠¾ÙÙÁûÄ ¾î˜š  ®P



-XDQ3HGUR0RQIHUUHU6DOD 

O  QG@Q GD H®IIDC QGD®O ID@CDOP ORʙ@P֡ʙ @I J@C֬K@G  @JLKFQGDJ@I Ά֡O®QG 4G®PAO®KFPRPQLQGDF@QDT@VLEQGDCDPBO®MQ®LKLEQGD QO@FDCV ELO@EQDOK@OO@Q®KFQGDCD@QGLEQGDB®QVŸPID@CDOP  QGDODBDKPLOFLDPLKQLODBLRKQQGDDKPR®KFDSDKQP$Gֹ .RT֡P LOCDODC QG@Q QGDV AD F@QGDODC QLFDQGDO  @PHDC @ALRQ QGD A®PGLM RPNRE  ”Íø êñ~  LE QGD B®QV  0@RI "ֹIRP¾ĆßÍñ @KCT@PQLICQG@QGDG@CC®DCQTLVD@OP D@OI®DO 7GDODRMLK $Gֹ .RT֡P G@C QGD ALKDP LE QGD P@®KQʚRϵ֡J@I N®CC֬P C®P®KQDOODC @KCMOLJMQIVLOCDODC QG@QQGDVADAROKQ®KQGDE®OD@KCPB@QQDODC®KQGDT®KCP 4G®P CDBO®MQ®SD DIDJDKQ ®P KLQ ELRKC ®K D®QGDO LE QGD QTL ,DQQDOP LE 3®JDLK  @IQGLRFG ®Q @MMD@OP ®K QGD -@OQVO®RJ LE !ODQG@P  @KC  M@OQ®@IIV  ®K 4GD #GOLK®BID LE

JDKQ®LKDC @KC®K 886)))3VO®@BQDUQ %KFI®PGQO@KP QGDQDUQ ODEDOPQL…š˜ƒƒ¾î˜šžQGDF@QDLEQGDBLROQV@OCŸ 

 #E,DQQDO MM3VO®@BQDUQ )Q@I®@KQO@KP   GXSPCTEJL®K'ODFDKQ®LP MM'ODDHQDUQ %KFI®PGQO@KP #E )".()3(Ā- @I 3֬O@G ) M   #E Ά®JV@O®QDP  M BUS® )K 'ODFDKQ®LP  MM  'ODDH QDUQ   %KFI®PG QO@KP  !ODQG@P ®P CDPBO®ADC @P @ ž@ FODVG@®ODC J@K Ÿ MCTCPCXRGVGOGP &LOQGDPLB®@IPQORBQRODLEQGDΆ®JV@O®QDP®KQGD !BQP LE 'ODFDKQ®RP  PDD 6 #(2)34)$%3  ¡4GD Ά®JV@O®QD %QG®LM®@K 7@O¢ !KK@IDPCŸ%QG®LM®D MM    4G®P 0@RI T@P QGD A®PGLM 0@RI )  @K !O@A EOLJ .@‫א‬O֡K  PDD ) 3(!($ "VW@KQ®RJ@KCQGD!O@AP®KQGDE®EQGBDKQROV MM    #E,DQQDO MM3VO®@BQDUQ )Q@I®@KQO@KP    /K QGD ALKDP LE A®PGLM 0@RI )  PDD ', (58,%9  ¡/K QGD 'ODDH -@OQVO®RJ¢  0OLBDDC®KFP LE QGD 2LV@I )O®PG !B@CDJV ;3DBQ®LK #=   MM    #E.DT,DQQDO MM6) 6))3VO®@BQDUQ %KFI®PGQO@KP    -@OQVO®LK M 



5HGHILQLQJKLVWRU\RQ3UH,VODPLFDFFRXQWV 

-®BG@DIQGD3VO®@K@KC4GD#GOLK®BIDLE:@BG@O®@GLE-®QVIDKD ®QE®FRODPLKQTLLBB@P®LKP®KQGD#GOLK®BIDLE:RNKčK )K BLKQO@PQ QL QGD ,DQQDO LE 3®JDLK @KC QGD "LLH LE QGD Ά®JV@O®QDP TGDODQGDJ@OQVOP@ODPI@®KAVPTLOC QGDRPD LE E®OD QL DUQDOJ®K@QD QGD #GO®PQ®@KP J@QBGDP QGD K@OO@Q®LK LE QGD DSDKQP ®K QGD "LLH LE QGD ͤ®JV@O®QDP  QGD -@OQVO®RJLE!ODQG@P@KCQGD!BQPLE'ODFDKQ®RP #ILPDRMLKQGDMOLE@K@Q®LKLEQGDALKDPLEQGD"®PGLM 0@RIB@JDQGDLOCDOQG@Q@I@OFDE®ODADAR®IQ @KCQG@Q@P J@KV #GO®PQ®@KP @P MLPP®AID AD AOLRFGQ QLFDQGDO @KC ALRKC ®KBIRC®KFQGDMO®DPQPH@GK@G @KCQGOLTK®KQL QGD E®OD O  &LRO GRKCODC @KC QTDKQV PDSDK PLRIP DPB@MDC QG®P ®K®Q®@I @BQ®LK S  !I Ά֡O®QG  QGD ID@CDOP



 #E:RNK֬K MM :@BG@O®@GLE-®QVIDKD M-)#(%,,%392)%.  #GOLK®NRD )) M   4GD RPD LE E®OD ®K J@OQVOLILF®DP ®P NR®QD BLJJLK  BE %53%")53  (®PQLOV LE QGD -@OQVOP ®K 0@IDPQ®KD $®PBLSDODC ®K @ SDOV @KB®DKQ 3VO®@BJ@KRPBO®MQ DC®QDC@KCQO@KPI@QDC®KQL%KFI®PGAV7®II®@J #52%4/.  ,LKCLK œ %C®KAROFG œ 0@O®P 7®II®@JP @KC .LOF@QD œ # "LOO@K®  MM   ·֦ Ϗ֦Q VֲCG3VO®@BQDUQ DQM@PP®J&LO 0OD )PI@J®B !O@A®@ BLKQDUQ LE QG®P H®KC LE MRK®PGJDKQ  PDD !+ )26).% @CCDKC@ AV !&, "%%34/.  ¡(LJ®B®CD ®K 0OD )PI@J®B 3LRQG !O@A®@¢  "RIIDQ®K LE QGD 3BGLLIP LE /O®DKQ@I @KC !EO®B@K 3QRC®DP  MM    ,DQQDO  MM  3VO®@B QDUQ   )Q@I®@K QO@KP  Ά®JV@O®QDP  M BUS® -@OQVO®LK  M  'ODFDKQ®LP  MM  'ODDH QDUQ   %KFI®PG QO@KP #E6#(2)34)$%3 ¡4GDΆ®JV@O®QD %QG®LM®@K7@O¢ !KK@IDP CŸ%QG®LM®D    MM   3DD @IPL 9â1ʼn4 !, ͤ!-!7Č  -UʚDŽAMAL BULDãN 6 M@   /K QGD K@JD LE QGD J@OQVODC BIDO®BP  BE .DT ,DQQDO  888) 888)) 3VO®@BQDUQ %KFI®PGQO@KP    #E',(58,%9 ¡/KQGD'ODDH-@OQVO®RJ¢ 0OLBDDC®KFPLEQGD2LV@I )O®PG!B@CDJV;3DBQ®LK#= M



-XDQ3HGUR0RQIHUUHU6DOD 

ORʙ@P֡ʙ  @KC QGD KLAIDP LE QGD B®QV @PGO֡E @I J@C֬K@G  TDOD@IIJ@K@BIDCADELODAD®KFJ@OQVODC 4GD RPD LE QGD QDOJ @PGO֡E ®P ®KQDODPQ®KF  ®K QG@Q ®Q ELOJP M@OQ LE QGD QO@C®Q®LK@I KLJ®K@I KLJDKBI@QROD ®K @BBLRKQP LE J@OQVO®@  PLJD LE TG®BG œ @P ®KC®B@QDC D@OI®DO œ @OD C®ODBQIV I®KHDC QL QGD QO@C®Q®LK LE QGD J@OQVOP LE .@‫א‬O֡K !I Ά֡O®QG  QGD ID@CDOP @KC QGD KLAIDP LKBDALRKC TDOD®KPQORBQDC RP®KF@K®JMDO@Q®SD ELOJRI@  QL ODKLRKBD *DPRP RHEROֹ A® I I@CG֬ VRN֡I I@GR 9@Pֹʚ  @KC ADBLJD *DTP Q@G@TT@Cֹ  LK QGD FOLRKCP QG@Q *DPRP T@P KLQ 'LC ARQ @ MOLMGDQ K@A֬  QGD ODBDKPLO J@HDP BID@O QG@Q QGDV TDOD KLQ ODNR®ODC QL ODKLRKBD 'LC  ARQ *DPRP O  "RQ QGD #GO®PQ®@KP ODERPDC ®KSLH®KFQGD#GO®PQ®@KA@PJ@I@GK@·KRKRʙJ®KA® I ĀAT@ I )AKT@ I 2ֹ·1RCRP 0DOG@MP QGD JLPQ BRO®LRP ED@QROD LE QG®P ®P KLQ QG@Q QGDV®KSLHDCQGDA@PJ@I@G ARQQG@QQGDV@BBLJM@K®DC®Q T®QG QGD MGO@PD T@ I֡ K@HEROR A® I -@P֬· @II@CG֬ GRT@ 

 #E-@OQVO®LK MM   #E *0 -/.&%22%2 3!,!  ¡ŝ@G֡C@Q @I N®CC֬P -֡O !KϏֹK®VֹP 2DMI@KQD@J®DKQL CD I@ž@KQ®FÍDC@CŸCD I@PSDOP®LKDPP®K@ÁQ®B@P@ I@ IRWCDI@K¸I®P®PQDUQR@I¢ -®PBDI¸KD@CD%PQRC®LPrO@ADPV(DAO@®BLP  MM!O@A®BQDUQ 3M@K®PGQO@KP    #E 3( '2)&&)4(  ¡4GD !O@A®B @BBLRKQ¢  ,D -RP½LK 8#6)))   MM!O@A®BQDUQ @KC%KFI®PGQO@KP    #E-@OQVO®LK M   /KQGDBLKBDMQLEžMOLMGDBVŸ®K!O@A®@ PDD*@@HL(u-%%. !.44),!  ¡!O@A®@K0OLMGDBV¢ ®K-@OQQ®.)33).%.DC 0OLMGDBV®K®QP!KB®DKQ .D@O%@PQDOK#LKQDUQ-DPLMLQ@J®@K "®AI®B@I@KC!O@A®@K0DOPMDBQ®SDP  e3", 3VJMLP®RJ 3DO®DPo   !QI@KQ@ 3LB®DQV LE "®AI®B@I ,®QDO@QROD    MM    DPMDB MM   @KC   ELO QGD0OD )PI@J®BMDO®LC   #E ,DQQDO  MM  3VO®@B QDUQ   )Q@I®@K QO@KP  3DD @IPL 'ODFDKQ®LP MM'ODDHQDUQ %KFI®PGQO@KP  



5HGHILQLQJKLVWRU\RQ3UH,VODPLFDFFRXQWV 

H@I®J@Q !II֡G žTD PG@II KLQ ODKLRKBD #GO®PQ  TGL ®P QGD TLOCLE'LC H@I®J@Q!II֡GAD®KF@TDII HKLTK1ROʙ֡K®B ELOJRI@   @MMI®DC QL *DPRP ®K @K @KQ® #GO®PQ®@K SDOPD  @IQGLRFG QG®P QGDLILF®B@I DUMODPP®LK ®P BID@OIV I®KHDC QL QGD .DT 4DPQ@JDKQ NQIQL SGQW  @ 'ODDH @C@MQ@Q®LK LE QGD !O@J@®B ELOJRI@ ʤʥʤʩʣ ʠʸʭʮ ž'LCŸP TLOCŸ  4GD DS®CDKQ @KQ® *DT®PG MLIDJ®B ORKK®KF QGOLRFG@IIQG®P®KELOJPQGDTGLIDLEQGD@BBLRKQLEQGD J@OQVOP 4GD#GO®PQ®@KPKLQLKIVODERPDCQLODKLRKBD*DPRP ARQ @IPL CDK®DC QGD @RQGLO®QV LE QGD *DT®PG H®KF  @KC QGDODELOD LE G®P E@®QG !Q QG®P  GD LOCDODC QG@Q QGDV AD AROKQ ®K QGD E®OD @ILKFP®CD @I Ά֡O®QG ®AK +@ʚA  TGL ®P ODEDOODCQL@PPG@V΍S ®DP@VV®C7D@ODQLICQG@Q @I Ά֡O®QG  I®HD @ QORD QO®A@I P@VV®C  IDC @ I@OFD FOLRM LE MDLMIDTGLG@CEIDC®KQLQGDJLRKQ@®KP QGDB@SDP@KC QGDGLIDPLEQGDD@OQG@I ‫®א‬A֡IT@ I J@FG֡ʙ®OT@ @‫®·א‬O@Q@I @Oͯ  @IQGLRFG QGDV MDO®PGDC ®K T®QKDPP LE #GO®PQ ʚ@I֡ 

 #E-@OQVO®LK M  #E+@OI!(2%.3 -RG@JJDC @IP2DI®F®LKPPQ®EQDO  e!AG@KCIRKFDKEÍO C®D +RKCD CDP -LOFDKI@KCDPo   ,D®MW®F $-'   ODDC .DKCDIK+O@RPP2DMO®KQ,QC  MM     #E 3 -5.2/ (!9  ¡! 3®UQG #DKQROV +DAO@ .@F@PQ¢  !KK@IDP CŸ%QG®LM®D M   #E :RNK֬K  MM    :@BG@O®@G LE -®QVIDKD  M  'ODFDKQ®LP  MM 'ODDHQDUQ %KFI®PGQO@KP    #E%) 6)) M)3(!($    &LO ODMODPDKQ@Q®LKP LE Ά֡O®QG @P @ T@OO®LO  PDD #GO®PQLMGDO 7!,4%2 4GD7@OO®LO3@®KQP®K"VW@KQ®KD!OQ@KC4O@C®Q®LK !ICDOPGLQ !PGF@QD    MM   #E 3@J®O !2"!#(%  ¡"®AID DQ I®QROF®D BGDW IDP @O@ADP BGO½Q®DKP 6)D )8D P®¼BID ¢  ®K $@S®C 4(/-!3 DC  4GD "®AID ®K !O@A #GO®PQ®@K®QV  i4HE (ISTORY OF #HRISTIAN -USLIM 2ELATIONSu ,EIDEN¾"OSTON"RILL  M   -)#(%,,%392)%. #GOLK®NRD )) M#E&LOQV-@OQVOP M 



-XDQ3HGUR0RQIHUUHU6DOD 

PG@G֡C@Q@I -@P֬· @EQDOAD®KFAROKQ®KQGDE®OD@KCMRQQL QGD PTLOC QGD ODBDKPLO @CCP QG@Q @JLKFPQ QGD CD@C QGDOD T@P @ MODFK@KQ TLJ@K @I J@Oʙ@ J®KGRJ H֡K@Q Q@·J®IRT@I@C@G֡  4GD ELIILT®KF K@OO@Q®LK O  ODNR®ODP PMDB®@I @QQDKQ®LK ELO®Q®PLKDLEQGDJLPQ®JMLOQ@KQPDBQ®LKPLE QGDTGLID!O@A®BQDUQ DSDKJLODPLQG@KQGD@BBLRKQLE @I Ά֡O®QG®AK+@ʚA)K®Q $Gֹ.RT֡P@CCODPPDPG®JPDIEQL @I Ά֡O®QGŸP T®ED  GDOD B@IIDC $@GO֡O A®KQ !WJ@ʚ  @KC CDPBO®ADC@PžI@CVLEQGDB®QVŸP@VV®C@Q@I J@C֬K@G  

 #E 6 #(2)34)$%3  ¡4GD Ά®JV@O®QD %QG®LM®@K 7@O¢  !KK@IDP CŸ%QG®LM®D M   &LO@BBLRKQPLETLJDKJ@OQVOP®K.@‫א‬O֡K PDD3DA@PQ®@K0"2/#+  3RP@K !PGAOLLH (!26%9  (LIV 7LJDK LE QGD 3VO®@K /O®DKQ  e4O@KPELOJ@Q®LK LE QGD #I@PP®B@I (DO®Q@FDo   "DOHDIDV 5K®SDOP®QVLE#@I®ELOK®@0ODPP  MM    &LO QGD TGLID @BBLRKQ ®K QGD 6LOI@FD LE QGD !O@A®B QDUQ  PDD -@OQVO®LK MM -@OQVO®RJ MMA A'ODDHQDUQ D D,@Q®KQDUQ 4L@SL®CCRMI®B@Q®LKLEQGDNRLQ@Q®LKPEOLJQGD 'ODDH -@OQVO®LK-@OQVO®RJ  ®K QGD MODPDKQ PQRCV  LKIV "L®PLKK@CDŸP DC®Q®LK ®P JDKQ®LKDC ELO QGD P@HD LE BLKSDK®DKBD (LTDSDO  @Q QGD DKC LE QGD MODPDKQ @OQ®BID  RKCDO QGD @AAODS®@Q®LKP PDBQ®LK  @ BLJMIDQD ODEDODKBD ®P MOLS®CDC ELO #@OMDKQ®DOŸPDC®Q®LK@KC,@Q®KQO@KPI@Q®LK   #E .DT ,DQQDO  MM 86)))  88)) 886 3VO®@B QDUQ      %KFI®PG QO@KP  ®K MM 86))) 3VO®@B QDUQ   %KFI®PG QO@KP  TGDOD PGD ®P Ά֡O®QGŸPODI@Q®SD…ÿæÙÏ    )K:RNK֬K MM  @KC:@BG@O®@GLE-®QVIDKD MPGD®PB@IIDC Úↅ˜ ž2ĕGֹJ֬Ÿ  ®K Ά®JV@O®QDP  M  3VO®@B QDUQ  BUS®®® %KFI®PG QO@KP  ®P B@IIDC …†˜ ž2ֹGJŸ  @KC ®K .DT ,DQQDO  MM 86))) 3VO®@B QDUQ   %KFI®PG QO@KP  †…˜ ž2ĕGֹJŸ !O@A®B ̪̈ǶǦ ˑ̱ˈ ǵǪ˲̵dz ®P LAS®LRPIV@KDOOLOELOQGDBLOODBQ ̪̈ǶǦˑ̱ˈȄ̸̵ǵ ðâ‡~šûÁ†…˜  BE .DT ,DQQDO  M 86))) 3VO®@B QDUQ   %KFI®PG QO@KP  3DD @IPL Ά®JV@O®QDP MMI®U IUU® IUUUS UBS®   #EΆ®JV@O®QDP MMA3VO®@BQDUQ BUUS®®%KFI®PGQO@KP TGDOD J ¿šûØÿî ¿ÿÙåûÅå žQGD O®BG TLJ@K EOLJ PGD ®P CDPBO®ADC @P ‹… .@‫א‬O֡KŸ /K QGD PQ@KC@OC®W@Q®LK LE QGD !O@A®B P@VV®C@G EOLJ



5HGHILQLQJKLVWRU\RQ3UH,VODPLFDFFRXQWV 

$Gֹ.RT֡PLOCDOPLKDLEG®PJDKRK֡PJ®KN@TJ®G® QL PQO®HD RM @ MID@P@KQ BLKSDOP@Q®LK T®QG GDO  ®K LOCDO QL MDOPR@CD GDO QL ODKLRKBD *DPRP @KC GDO #GO®PQ®@K MO®KB®MIDPO O (LTDSDO PGDOD@PPDOQPGDOE@®QG @KC @CCODPPDPQGDTLJDKLEQGDB®QV ®KP®PQ®KFQG@QPGD®P@ #GO®PQ®@K®KK֬J@Oʙ@GK@υO֡K®VV@GJ@P֬·®VV@G¿ÿÙæÙÓèûÜ  ¾å~ N   )K GDO @CCODPP QL QGD TLJDK LE .@‫א‬O֡K  PGD DKQDOP ®KQL @ C®@IDBQ®B@I BLKEI®BQ T®QG $Gֹ .RT֡P  TGL DSDKQR@IIVJROCDOPGDOQTDISD VD@O LICC@RFGQDO®K.DT

3VO®@B -@OV@J žI@CVŸ  PDD 4GDLCLO .†,$%+%  $®D '@PP¹K®PBGDK &ÍOPQDK @RP CDJ (@RPD '@EK@ŸP  "DOI®K +ÉK®FI®BGD !H@CDJ®D CDO 7®PPDKPBG@EQDK  MM  EK   /KQGDK@JDPLEQGDTLJDKTGLPREEODCJ@OQVOCLJ@BBLOC®KFQL QGD QO@C®Q®LK  PDD Ά®JV@O®QDP  MM BUU® BUU®® 3DD @IPL ) 3(!($  ¡4GD 7LJDK LE /O®DKP #GO®PQ®@KRP !O@A®BRP ®K 0OD )PI@J®B 4®JDP¢ ®K3@J®O+G@I®I3!-)2DC !BQDPCRD#LKFO¼P®KQDOK@Q®LK@I CŸ½QRCDP @O@ADP BGO½Q®DKKP ,RKC  @LÌQ   )  0@OLID CD IŸ/O®DKQ   MM      #E,DQQDO MM3VO®@BQDUQ )Q@I®@KQO@KP .DT,DQQDO MM886 3VO®@B QDUQ   %KFI®PG QO@KP  :RNK֬K  M  :@BG@O®@G LE -®QVIDKD M-@OQVO®LK M-)#(%, ,% 392)%. #GOLK®NRD )) M  #E Ά®JV@O®QDP  M A 3VO®@B QDUQ  BUU®® %KFI®PG QO@KP  J ¾ÐÙýã߆ ‹ÿØ~ ¿ÿÙæÙÓéØûÜ ž) @J @ #GO®PQ®@K @KC ) ¾å~ ÀÊÅè TLOPG®M #GO®PQŸ  @ PDKQDKBD TG®BG ®P PMLHDK AV @ TLJ@K K@JDC Ά@Aυ֡ )K .DT ,DQQDO  MM 88 3VO®@B QDUQ   %KFI®PG QO@KP  QGD PDKQDKBDÃæÜûÁšûσ¾å~…ÿâ~¾ÐÙýã߆‹ÿØ~¿ÿÙæÙÓéØûÜ ž) @J #GO®PQ®@K  ) @J QGD G@KCJ@®C LE Ά֡O®QG A@O +@ʚAŸ  ®P MOLKLRKBDC AV Ά֡O®QGŸP G@KCJ@®C K@JDC -@·V֡ 4GDOD @OD PDSDO@I DUMODPP®LKP ELO CDPBO®A®KF #GO®PQ®@K !O@A TLJDK ®K QGD 0OD )PI@J®BMDO®LC I®HDELODU@JMIDžG@KCJ@®CDKLE#GO®PQŸ@J@Q @I -@P֬·  PDD *R@K 0DCOL -/.&%22%2 3!,!  %PBO®QRO@P CD !O@A®@ ®KQOLCRBB®ÆK @ ILP P®PQDJ@P @IE@A½Q®BLP CD I@P IDKFR@P PDJÁQ®B@P  e%PQRC®LPCD&®ILILFÁ@3DJÁQ®B@o '®OLK@5K®SDOP®Q@QCD'®OLK@    M  BE .@A®@ !""/44  ¡0OD )PI@J®B !O@A 1RDDKP¢  4GD !JDO®B@K*LROK@ILE3DJ®Q®B,@KFR@FDP@KC,®QDO@QRODP MM  



-XDQ3HGUR0RQIHUUHU6DOD 

K ,DQQDO žK®KD VD@OP LICŸ ðüš çÙæüK  4GD @FD LE QTDISD PGLRIC BID@OIV AD RKCDOPQLLC ®K QG®P BLKQDUQ @P @CRIQGLLC  PL QG@Q QGD F®OIŸP MOLEDPP®LK LE E@®QG ®P IDF@IIV S@I®CRKCDO*DT®PGI@T &LIILT®KF QG®P CD@QG  QTL LE QGD P@®KQŸP C@RFGQDOP @OD MRQ QL QGD PTLOC O  ,®HD LQGDO J@QODP S®Q™ IN THE MARTYROLOGIA  PGD DS®CDKQIV ODMODPDKQP @ S@O®@KQ LK QGD JLCDILEGDOL®KD@PQD@BGDOLET®PCLJ GDODO@QGDOJLOD @PQD@BGDOLEMLIDJ®BP 4GD @BBLRKQ BLKQ®KRDP ®QP CDPBO®MQ®LK LE QG®P J@OQVOCLJ  ®KBIRC®KF @ M@F@K PROS®S@I LE 3DJ®Q®B AILLC O®QR@IP (LTDSDO  QG®P AILLC DSDKQ C®EEDOP PI®FGQIV EOLJ QG@QODBLOCDC®KQGD -@OQVO®RJLE!ODQG@P@KCQGD "LLHLE QGDͤ®JV@O®QDP$Gֹ.RT֡PLOCDOPLKDLEG®PJDKQLBLIIDBQ AILLC ®K G®P BRMMDC G@KCP @KC F®SD ®Q QL QGD JLQGDO QL CO®KH PGD Q@PQDP ®Q @KC DUI@®JP ž4G@KH VLR  JV 'LC  #GO®PQPLKLE'LC ELOIDQQ®KFJDQ@PQDQGDP@BO®E®BDLEQGD LEEDO®KF LE JV C@RFGQDOџ @PGHRORH@ V֡ )I֡G֬ @I -@P֬· )AK !II֡G @II@CG֬ ‫@א‬ʚ@IQ@K֬ @GI@K @K @CGֹN@ J®K CG@A֬·@Q NROA֡K A@K֡Q֬  TGDODRMLK QGD H®KF MOLJMQIV LOCDOP QGD P@®KQŸP QGOL@QQLADBRQ



 #E:RNK֬K MM :@BG@O®@GLE-®QVIDKD MM -@OQVO®LK  MM   -)#(%, ,% 392)%.  #GOLK®NRD  ))  MM   Ά®JV@O®QDP  MMA @3VO®@BQDUQ BUUS®® BUUU®®®%KFI®PGQO@KP (DOI®QQID J C@RFGQDO ®P K@JDC Ìâ†~  ž!TJ@GŸ ®K Ά®JV@O®QDP  MM @ 3VO®@B QDUQ BUUS®®®%KFI®PGQO@KP BEMIUUUS @KC®K.DT,DQQDO MM 8  886) 886))3VO®@BQDUQ  %KFI®PGQO@KP    %I®W@ADQG ! #,!2+  ¡(LIV 7LJDK  (LIV 7LOHP¢  *LROK@I LE %@OIV #GO®PQ®@K3QRC®DP M   ,DQQDO  MM  3VO®@B QDUQ   )Q@I®@K QO@KP  .DT ,DQQDO  MM 886) 3VO®@BQDUQ  %KFI®PGQO@KP Ά®JV@O®QDP MMA A3VO®@B QDUQ  BUUU® BUUU®®® %KFI®PG QO@KP  #E 6 #(2)34)$%3  ¡4GD Ά®JV@O®QD %QG®LM®@K7@O¢ !KK@IDPCŸ%QG®LM®D M



5HGHILQLQJKLVWRU\RQ3UH,VODPLFDFFRXQWV 

)K QGD !O@A®B ODBDKP®LK  QGD D@OI®DO J@OQVOCLJ ®P I®KHDCQLQG@QLEGDOGRPA@KC TG®BGQLLHMI@BDLKQGD ELIILT®KFC@V4GDH®KFLOCDODCQG@Q@I Ά֡O®QG ADMRQQL CD@QG @EQDOQ@IHPT®QGG®J ®KTG®BG®QT@PODB@IIDCQG@Q GD G@C MI@KKDC QL H®II $Gֹ .RT֡P LRQP®CD QGD T@IIP LE .@‫א‬O֡KS O )KQG®PC®@ILFRD !I Ά֡O®QGELODB@PQPQGD H®KFŸP AO®DE OD®FK JRIHRH@ E@ GRT@ V@N@ʚR P@O֬ʚ  @KC QGD @OO®S@I LE @ KDT H®KF  @P M@OQ LE @K @CCODPP QL QGD #GO®PQ®@KJ@OQVOPPROOLRKC®KFG®JS O  4GD Q®QID LE PG@V΍ RPDC D@OI®DO QL CDPBO®AD @I Ά֡O®QG ®AK +@ʚA S  ®P KLT ODMI@BDC AV QG@Q LE !AֹK֡ O  TG®BGJRPQAD®KQDOMODQDCGDOD®K®QP%QG®LM®BBLKQDUQ@P QGD Q®QID LE QGD GD@C M@QO®@OBG  LE QGD %QG®LM®@K BGROBG ģāś@ARK@ģāŠ@ARK 4GDQ®QID®PBLJA®KDCT®QGQTL C®EEDODKQ @C¯DBQ®SDP @I H@O֬J O  @KC @I JRA֡O@H S  T®QGTG®BGQGDODBDKPLOPDDHPQLPQODPPQG@QQG®PT@PQGD GD@CLEQGD#GROBGLE.@‫א‬OãN !IPL LE ®KQDODPQ GDOD ®P QGD QDOJ®KLILFV RPDC AV QGD #GO®PQ®@KP TGL @OD QL AD J@OQVODC T®QG @I Ά֡O®QG  TGL @PPDOQ QG@Q QGDV T®II C®D ®K QGD K@JD LE #GO®PQ I® K@JֹQ@ J@ʚ@H@ ‫@א‬J֬ʚR ʚ@I֡ ®PJ @I -@P֬·  QGRP ®KQOLCRB®KF @ AO®DE #GO®PQLILF®B@I ODEDODKBD QL #GO®PQŸP MLTDO QL ¯RCFD ADQTDDKQGDNR®BH@KCQGDCD@C(@S®KFBLJMIDQDCG®P 

 #E.DT,DQQDO MM8) 8)63VO®@BQDUQ  %KFI®PGQO@KP   #E'ODFDKQ®LP MM'ODDHQDUQ %KFI®PGQO@KP    #E¾ýؘO֬PG֡žBG®DEŸ ®K.DT,DQQDO MM 8)3VO®@BQDUQ %KFI®PG QO@KP    #E7LIE,%3,!5 #LJM@O@Q®SD$®BQ®LK@OVLE'DʚDW#I@PP®B@I%QG®LM®B  7®DPA@CDK/QQL(@OO@PPLT®QW  M@   #E6#(2)34)$%3 ¡4GD-@OQVOCLJLE!ODQG@P@KCQGD!EQDOJ@QG¢  'O@DBL !O@A®B@   M   /K QGD Ά®JV@O®QD MODBDMQ®LK LE #GO®PQ  PDD !ILVP '2),,-%)2 T®QG 4G (!).4(!,%2  #GO®PQ ®K #GO®PQ®@K 4O@C®Q®LK )) &OLJ QGD #LRKB®I LE 



-XDQ3HGUR0RQIHUUHU6DOD 

G@O@KFRD S  AL ͤãRITH @CCODPPDP G®JPDIE @F@®K QL $GŊ .RTãP CDPBO®ADC@PžQGD®KE®CDIH®KFŸAL MALIKAL KãFIR  @ K@JD F®SDK QL LQGDO H®KFP TGL MDOPDBRQDC #GO®PQ®@KP  ®KBIRC®KF QGD JLPQ KLQLO®LRP LE QGDJ @II  QGD DJMDOLO $®LBIDQ®@K )K G®P @CCODPP  @I Ά֡O®QG G®FGI®FGQP QGD ®JMLOQ@KBD LE J@OQVOCLJ  TG®BG GD CDPBO®ADP @P BDIDPQ®@I C@ʚT@G @I P@J֡T®VV@  PQODPP®KF @F@®K O  QG@Q #GO®PQ ®P QGD žTLOC LE 'LCŸ H@I®J@Q !II֡G  @KC BOD@QLO LE @II QG®KFP @II@CG֬ HG@I@N@HRIIPG@Vʙ 4GDCDK®@ILE#GO®PQԭHEARGUESԭID@CP QLC@JK@Q®LK PQODPPDCAVQGDDUMODPP®LKEOLJ.J E@ I V@HֹKR A® J@KW®I@Q® 1ֹO®· T@ $֡QG֡K T@ !A֬OֹJ @I@CG֬ E@Q@·@Q@I @OͯE֡G֡E@ ®AQ@I@ʚ@QGRJ  4GD BILPD LE G®P PMDDBG ®P J@OHDC AV QGD P®FK LE QGD BOLPP  @KC QGD TLOCP ž®K QGD P®FK LE QGD BOLPP  ®K QGD K@JDLEQGD&@QGDO QGD3LK@KCQGD(LIV3M®O®QŸ֡V@Q@I υ@I֬AA® ®PJ@I ĀAT@ I )AKT@ 2ֹ·@I 1RCRPGXPVY^ UJOGKY^

#G@IBDCLK QL'ODFLOVQGD'OD@Q  0@OQ&LRO4GD#GROBGLE !IDU@KCO®@T®QG.RA®@@KC%QG®LM®@@EQDO %KFI®PGQO@KP/#$D@K *O ,LKCLK-LTAO@V  MM    /KQGD0OD )PI@J®BQ®QIDJ@I®HDCUKNGWL PDD)OE@K+!7!2 ¡!ODQG@P  3LKLE*@A@I@G¢ *LROK@ILEQGD!JDO®B@K/O®DKQ@I3LB®DQV  MM    #E2"!33%4 ,D3VK@U@®OD@O@AD¯@BLA®QDO½C@BQ®LKBLMQD ))),DPJL®P QGD ϏLRADG DQ CŸ@JBG®O QDUQD @O@AD MRAI®¼  QO@CR®Q DQ @KKLQ¼  ®K 2 '2!&&). œ & .!5  0@QOLILF®@ /O®DKQ@I®P 8)  0@O®P    MM   !"ŧ τĀ,)Ά  4GD #GROBGDP @KC -LK@PQDO®DP LE %FVMQ @KC 3LJD .D®FGALRO®KF #LRKQO®DP @QQO®ARQDC QL !AÌ τ¹I®·  4GD !OJDK®@K DC®QDC @KCQO@KPI@QDCAV"4! %6%443 T®QG@CCDCKLQDPAV!* "54,%2  /UELOC   ODDC 0®PB@Q@T@V  .*    MM      !O@A®B QDUQ   %KFIQO@KP    #E:RNK֬K M:@BG@O®@GLE-®QVIDKD M



5HGHILQLQJKLVWRU\RQ3UH,VODPLFDFFRXQWV 

VQW UVCWTQW GXP QXPQOCVK 2CVTQL MCK 7KBQW MCK B$IKQW 2PGWOCVQL  4G®PO®QR@I®PMDOELOJDCAV@IIQGDJ@OQVOP@P@ELOJLE E@ODTDII ¯RPQADELODQGDID@CDOP@ODBORB®E®DC@P@T@OK®KF QL LQGDOP  AO®KF®KF QL @ BILPD QGD®O MO@VDOP LK E@B®KF J@OQVOCLJ )K QGD "LLH LE QGD Ά®JV@O®QDP DUDBRQ®LK AV G@KF®KF®P@IPLODEDOODCQL @IQGLRFG®QCLDPKLQLBBRO®K QGD-@OQVO®RJLE!ODQG@PKLO®KQGD!BQPLE'ODFDKQ®RP $Gֹ .RT֡P  PDD®KF QG@Q @I Ά֡O®QG @KC QGD LQGDO #GO®PQ®@KP ODERPD QL ODKLRKBD #GO®PQ @KC QGD®O E@®QG  LOCDOPQG@QQGDVADQ@HDKQLQGDT֡C֬¾Øƒ† TGDODQGD LQGDOP G@C ADDK ADGD@CDC  @KC QGD®O GD@CP @KC ALC®DP PB@QQDODCLSDOQGDI@KCQLADCDSLRODCAVA®OCP@KCT®IC AD@PQP S  4GD @BQ LE PB@QQDO®KF QGD LOF@KP LE QGD CD@C  @ QLMLP BLJJLK ®K G@F®LFO@MG®B@I I®QDO@QROD  ODEIDBQP @ TDII HKLTK 3DJ®Q®B œ @KC M@OQ®BRI@OIV MOD )PI@J®B œ MO@BQ®BD LE C@JK@Q®LK ®K QGD 3DJ®Q®B TLOIC  P®KBD @K RKARO®DC BLOMPD TGLPD LOF@KP G@C ADDK CDSLRODCBLRICKLQDK¯LVDQDOK@IODPQ



 -@OQVO®LK M&LOQGDM@PPP@FD BE,DQQDO MM 3VO®@BQDUQ   )Q@I®@KQO@KP -@OQVO®LK MM    $&#!.%2 (®PQLOV@KC(@F®LFO@MGV MM    'ODFDKQ®LP  MM  'ODDH QDUQ   %KFI®PG QO@KP  #E 6 #(2)34)$%3  ¡4GD Ά®JV@O®QD %QG®LM®@K 7@O¢  !KK@IDP CŸ%QG®LM®D   MM    %) 6)) M)3(!($ &LO@AO®DECDPBO®MQ®LKLEQG®PT֡C֬ PDD (3Q*"0(),"9 ¡4GD,ANDOF3HEBAÄ 4HE'EOGRAPHICAL*OURNAL  P   ,DQQDO  MM   3VO®@B QDUQ    )Q@I®@K QO@KP  :RNK֬K  M  :@BG@O®@G LE -®QVIDKD  M  -@OQVO®LK  M  #E .DT ,DQQDO  MM 86)))3VO®@BQDUQ %KFI®PGQO@KP 3DD@IPL&LOQV-@OQVOP MM     #E&LOQV-@OQVOP MM 



-XDQ3HGUR0RQIHUUHU6DOD 

7GDKQGDV@OO®SD@QQGDMI@BD QGD#GO®PQ®@KPO@®PDRM QGDALC®DPLEQGDJ@OQVOP@IOD@CVIV®KFQGDOD @KCDJA@OH RMLK@PDO®DPLEPRMMI®B@Q®LKPS O LE*DPRP MID@C®KF ELO JDOBV @KC P@IS@Q®LK  @KC @Q QGD P@JD Q®JD T®PG®KF QG@Q QGD ®KE®CDI @I H֡E®O  T®II MDO®PG I®HD LQGDO ®KE®CDIP PRBG@P0G@O@LG&®Oʚ@TK @KCQGD!J@IDH®QDPʚ@J֡I֬N  4GDPDPRMMI®B@Q®LKP@ODELIILTDCAVQGDADGD@C®KFE®OPQLE @I Ά֡O®QGS @KCQGDKLEQGDODJ@®K®KFJ@OQVOPS O  4GD ODBDKPLO PQODPPDP QG@Q QGD J@OQVOCLJ QLLH MI@BD ®K QGD JLKQG LE /BQLADO ֹNϏRAO®VRP  QXMVYDTKQL  CDPBO®ADC®KQGDQDUQ@PžQGDPDBLKCLEQGDJLKQGPLEQGD KLK !O@APŸ @I QGãKč J®K @PGGRO @I ɼ@DŽ@J  4GD OD@C®KFP ֹNϏRJVO®P O  @KC ֹϏRJOV®P O  @OD ®K E@BQ J®POD@C®KFP ELO ֹNϏRAO®VRP  TG®BG @ BLMV®PQ G@P J®PQ@HDKIV QO@KPJ®QQDC QGOLRFG @ JDQ@QGDP®P LE O¿V @P TDII @P QGD DI®J®K@Q®LK LE N ®K O  ®K @II I®HDI®GLLC CRD QL G®P E@®IRODQL®CDKQ®EVQGD'ODDHTLOC 4GD K@OO@Q®SD JLSDP LK QL @K @BBLRKQ LE @ TLJ@K K  žQGODD T®QG @ BG®IC LE ELRO LO E®SD VD@OP LIC ÿߚ  çÙæü VD@OPŸ ®K QGD ,DQQDO LE 3®JDLK  QGD #GOLK®BID LE :RNKčK  @KC QGD #GOLK®BID LE -®QVIDKD  TGL  LK T®QKDPP®KF QGD J@OQVOCLJLE@I ͤãO®QG PJD@OPGDOBG®ICT®QGG®PAILLC  

 #E-@OQVO®LK MM   #E'ODFDKQ®LP MM'ODDHQDUQ %KFI®PGQO@KP    #E-@OQVO®LK MM    -@OQVO®LK M#EΆ®JV@O®QDP MIS®®®   #E33-)4( ¡%SDKQP®K!O@A®@®KQGDQG#DKQROV!$¢ "RIIDQ®KLE QGD3BGLLILE/O®DKQ@I@KC!EO®B@K3QRC®DP M   ,DQQDO  MM  3VO®@B QDUQ   )Q@I®@K QO@KP  .DT ,DQQDO  MM 8)6 86)3VO®@BQDUQ  %KFI®PGQO@KP :RNK֬K M:@BG@O®@GLE -®QVIDKD  M   -@OQVO®LK  M  /KC FG IWPJ 6YP ETKUVKCPYPGEQWUCVQPKFKQPWKBQPYBLGXVYPVGUUCTYPJ RGPVG 



5HGHILQLQJKLVWRU\RQ3UH,VODPLFDFFRXQWV 

TG®IPQ BROP®KF $GŊ .RTãP 4GD H®KF LOCDOP @ M®Q QL AD CRF  @KC QGD TLJ@K QL AD ALRKC @KC QGDK QGOLTK ®KQL QGD M®Q 3DD®KF GDO  QGD ALV PQ@ODP @Q QGD H®KF TGL ®P P®QQ®KF BILPD AV  @KC PQO®HDP RM @BLKSDOP@Q®LK T®QG G®J  MID@C®KF T®QG G®J @F@®K @KC @F@®K  ®K @ ODMDQ®Q®SD C®@ILFRD QLIDQG®JFLQLQGDMI@BDTGDODG®PJLQGDOG@P ADDKQGOLTK@KCKLTI®DPALRKCOD@CVQLADAROKQ®KQGD E®OD &®K@IIV  QGD H®KF LOCDOP LKD LE G®P JDK QL Q@HD QGD ALV@T@V@KC®KPQORBQG®J®KQGD*DT®PGE@®QG ARQQGDALV DSDKQR@IIVQGOLTPG®JPDIE®KQLQGDM®Q@KCC®DP@J@OQVO PG@G֬C AROKQ@I®SDADP®CDG®PJLQGDOO O  4G®P GLOO®AID PBDKD G@TI ʚ@ϵ֬J  BLKQ®KRDP T®QG KDT J@OQVOCLJP ®K QGD KDUQ O S  @ TLJ@K GRFP GDO PDSDK JLKQG LICPLKQLGDOAOD@PQADELODQGDAROK®KFM®Q  TDDM®KF BD@PDIDPPIV  @KC QGD ALV ROFDP G®P JLQGDO QL QGOLT GDOPDIE @KC G®J ®KQL QGD E®OD @EQDO BLJJDKC®KF QGD®O PLRIP QL 'LC RP®KF QGD #GO®PQ®@K A@PJ@I@G  QGD JLQGDO BIRQBG®KFGDOPLK ID@MP®KQLžQGDM®QLEE®ODŸDŽ@TE @I KãO  4GD!O@A®BQDUQQDIIPRPQG@QQGDPLIC®DOP@ODPLJLSDC AVQGDPDPBDKDPQG@QQGDVB@IIQGDH®KF TGLLOCDOPQGDJ QLAO®KFQLFDQGDO@IIQGDBG®ICODKLEQGD#GO®PQ®@KP@TI֡C @I K@υ֡O֡  AD QGDV KLAIDP  LO LE QGD B®QV LO PROOLRKC®KF @OD@PHRT@O ALVP@KCF®OIPLEE®SDVD@OPLOLSDO@QLQ@I LELKDQGLRP@KCQTLGRKCODC@KCK®KDQV PDSDKBG®ICODK @OD AOLRFGQ QLFDQGDO @KC QGDK PG@ODC LRQ  QGRP MRQQ®KF @KDKCQL#GO®PQ®@K®QV®KQG@QMI@BDS O 4GDKRJADO CLDP KLQ J@QBG QG@Q F®SDK AV QGD ,DQQDO LE 3®JDLK  TG®BG 

 )K QG®P M@PP@FD  @P ®K LQGDO BLKQDUQP  J@OQVOŸP AILLC ®P @ P@BODC DIDJDKQTG®BGADILKFPQL'LC BE&LOQV-@OQVOP MM    ,DQQDO MM 3VO®@BQDUQ  )Q@I®@KQO@KP :RNK֬K MM     -@OQVO®LK  MM   -)#(%, ,% 392)%.  #GOLK®NRD  ))  MM  



-XDQ3HGUR0RQIHUUHU6DOD 

PMD@HPLEQTLGRKCODC@KCD®FGQVMDLMID ADQTDDKJLKHP @KCI@VJDK KLO QG@QLEžQTL QGLRP@KCJ@OQVOPŸ çØÚ K çÙòß~ ODBLOCDC®KQGD.DT,DQQDO /KBD QGD J@OQVOCLJP @OD E®K®PGDC  QGD H®KF œ KLT I@ADIIDCQGDDKDJVLE'LCʚ@CRTT!II֡G œDKQDOPQGDB®QV QLQGD@BBI@®JLEQGDBOLTCP @KCPDDPž@E®OD®KQGDPHV ®K QGD 0ID®@CDP TG®BG@OD PDSDKPQ@OPŸK֡OE֬I P@J֡ʙʚ®KC@I QGRO@V֡ @II@Qč G®V@ P@Aɼ KRDŽŊJ  4GD @BBLRKQ BLKQ®KRDP T®QG @ CDPBO®MQ®LK S  LE @ E®OD QG@Q E®IIDC QGD PHV  PQO®H®KFED@O®KQLQGDMDLMID4G®PE®ODT@PPDDKELOELOQV C@VP  EOLJ CRPH RKQ®I J®CK®FGQ  C®P@MMD@O®KF CRO®KF QGD C@V  TGDK BILRCP P@®IDC @BOLPP QGD PHV QGD®O PJLHD ODMODPDKQDC QGD P@BO®E®BD LE QGD D@OQGIV B®QV LE .@‫א‬O֡K  @KCQGDPQ@OP®QPJ@OQVOP 4GDK@OO@QLOM@RPDPELO@EDTI®KDPQLBLJM@ODQGDB®QV LE .@‫א‬O֡K T®QG QGD D@OQGIV *DORP@IDJ S S  @KC QGDKJLSDPLKQL@KDTPBDKD®KTG®BGžQGD®KE®CDIŸTO®QDP QL  QGD 0DOP®@K PG֡G  CDPBO®ADC AV QGD ODBDKPLO @P žQGD PDBLKC 0G@O@LGŸ @I E®Oʚ@TK @I QG֡K֬ @ʚK֬ J@I®H E֡O®P  QB FGWVGTQL)CTCY RTQLVQPDCUKNGCVYP2GTUYP )KG®P 

 #E ,DQQDO  MM  3VO®@B QDUQ   )Q@I®@K QO@KP  :RNK֬K  M  :@BG@O®@G LE -®QVIDKD  M  -@OQVO®LK  M  -)#(%, ,% 392)%.  #GOLK®NRD  ))  M  #E 4G (!).4(!,%2  #GO®PQI®BGD !O@ADO SLO CDJ )PI@J M4GD*@BLA®QD-DKLILF®DPF®SDPžQTLGRKCODC@KCE®EQV K PDD&.!5 ¡5K J@OQVOPͤIMYARITESÁçÙýãφçØÿâ¾ØăÙãÏÀƒÌè -@OQVOLILFD¢ ®K2'2!&&).œ&.!5DCP 0@QOLILF®@/O®DKQ@I®P8 M /KQGDKRJADOLEJDKMRQQLCD@QG PDD@IPL',(58,%9 ¡/K QGD 'ODDH -@OQVO®RJ¢  0OLBDDC®KFP LE QGD 2LV@I )O®PG !B@CDJV ;3DBQ®LK#= MM    #E.DT,DQQDO 888))3VO®@BQDUQ %KFI®PGQO@KP    #E-@OQVO®LK MM    #E-@OQVO®LK M   #E-@OQVO®LK MM    -@OQVO®LK M



5HGHILQLQJKLVWRU\RQ3UH,VODPLFDFFRXQWV 

IDQQDO $HŊ.UWãSASKSTHESHãHTOKILLALLTHE#HRISTIANSIN HIS TERRITORY  @P GD G®JPDIE G@P CLKD(D @IPL TO®QDP QL QGDK@Q®SDH®KFLEQGD!O@APTGLT@P®KQGDPDOS®BDLEQGD 0DOP®@KP T@ H@Q@A@ @Vͯ֡K ®I֡ J@K H֡K@ ʚ@I֡ @I ʚ@O@A J®K Q@·Q@ V@C υ֡·®A @I EROP BE GVK FG MCK RTQL X$NCOQWPFCTQP VQP DCUKNKUMQP RCPVYP VYP WBRQ 2GTUCL 5CTCMJPYP CXRQUVGNNGK RTGUDGKL§  T®QG QGD P@JD ODNRDPQ  ARQ @CC®KF QG@Q GD ®P PDKC®KF QGODD QGLRP@KC C®K@OP ELO QGD #GO®PQ®@KP QL AD H®IIDC QG@I@QG@ @IE CčNãR  FJPCTKQP VTKUEKNKYP  )Q®P@QQG®PML®KQS QG@QQGDE®FRODLE'LC@MMD@OP  CDPBO®ADC AV QGD ODBDKPLO @P žH®KF LE QG®P TLOIC @KC QGD LQGDOŸ J@I®H @I CRKV֡ T@ I ֡HG®O@G  QB %CUKNGWL RCPVYP VYPCKXYPYP @KC®PI®KHDCQL*RPQ®K®@K QGDH®KFLEQGD "VW@KQ®KDP9ֹPϏ®V֡KֹP;P®BÑ=J@I®H@I OŊJ  4G®PAO®DEK@OO@Q®SDQO@KP®Q®LKPDOSDPQL®KQOLCRBDQGD TDII HKLTK®KELOJ@Q®LKODBLOCDC®KQGD,DQQDOLE3®JDLK LE "õQG ɻ!OPGãJ S O  ®K TG®BG *RPQ®K®@K PDKQ QGD MO®DPQ)AOãGčJQLKDFLQ®@QDT®QGQGDID@CDOLEQGD!O@AP @II®DC T®QG QGD 3֡P֡K®C %JM®OD @II@CGč KãNA ɼALã AL ɼARAB MINͥIZBAL FURS QGD,@΍J®CH®KF-RKCG®O ¾Ýàâ˜ÊåÍâ ¿šûÙσ  5KI®HD QGD 3VO®@B @KC 'ODDH QDUQP  QGD !O@A®B 

 3L®K'ODFDKQ®LP MM'ODDHQDUQ %KFI®PGQO@KP   -@OQVO®LK M#E:RNK֬K M   -@OQVO®LK M   -@OQVO®LK M   #E ,DQQDO  MM  3VO®@B QDUQ    )Q@I®@K QO@KP  :RNK֬K  M  :@BG@O®@GLE-®QVIDKD M-@OQVO®LK MM -)#(%,,% 392)%.  #GOLK®NRD )) M   !I N®PP֬P)AO֡G֬J¾ýÙýø…ûÁ~RTGUDWVGTQLX$TCOKQL   #E Ά®JV@O®QDP  M IU®  EK  /K QG®P BORB®@I DM®PLCD  PDD ) 3(!($  ¡"VW@KQ®KL !O@A®B@4GD#LKEDODKBDLE2@JI@ !$¢ *LROK@ILE .D@O%@PQDOK3QRC®DP MM  



-XDQ3HGUR0RQIHUUHU6DOD 

QDUQCO@TP@M@O@IIDIADQTDDKQG®PIDF@QDLEQGD"VW@KQ®KD A@P®IDRP  )AOãGčJ  @KC QGD A®AI®B@I M@OQ®@OBG  RP®KF QGD CDPBO®MQ®LK @I ʚ֡A®C ·@A֬A !II֡G  SGQHKNGUVCVQW X$TCOKQW žQGDPDOS@KQ QGDADILSDCLE'LCŸS BEO  QGRP ELIILT®KF )P   TGDOD 'LC B@IIP G®J '– !”  -!š :š ’  ™  ž!AO@G@J JVEO®DKCŸ  4GDOD  !AO@G@J JDQ T®QG QGD 0DOP®@K DKSLV @KC QGD IDF@QDP LE QGD /OQGLCLU #GO®PQ®@KP @I ROQRCGRHP®VV֬K  LE )O@N !JLKF QGDJ  JDKQ®LK ®P J@CD LE QGD MO®DPQ )AK 4ŊJ@P @:@VCãKWKBQW