Recent Trends in Civil Engineering: Select Proceedings of TMSF 2019 [105, 1 ed.] 9789811582929, 9789811582936

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Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering

Bibhuti Bhusan Das Sreejith V. Nanukuttan Anil K. Patnaik Neena Shekhar Panandikar   Editors

Recent Trends in Civil Engineering Select Proceedings of TMSF 2019

Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering Volume 105

Series Editors Marco di Prisco, Politecnico di Milano, Milano, Italy Sheng-Hong Chen, School of Water Resources and Hydropower Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China Ioannis Vayas, Institute of Steel Structures, National Technical University of Athens, Athens, Greece Sanjay Kumar Shukla, School of Engineering, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia Anuj Sharma, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA Nagesh Kumar, Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Science Bangalore, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India Chien Ming Wang, School of Civil Engineering, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia

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Bibhuti Bhusan Das · Sreejith V. Nanukuttan · Anil K. Patnaik · Neena Shekhar Panandikar Editors

Recent Trends in Civil Engineering Select Proceedings of TMSF 2019

Editors Bibhuti Bhusan Das Department of Civil Engineering National Institute of Technology Karnataka Mangalore, Karnataka, India

Sreejith V. Nanukuttan Civil Engineering Queen’s University Belfast Belfast, UK

Anil K. Patnaik Civil Egineering University of Akron Akron, OH, USA

Neena Shekhar Panandikar Civil Engineering Don Bosco College of Engineering Fatorda, Goa, India

ISSN 2366-2557 ISSN 2366-2565 (electronic) Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering ISBN 978-981-15-8292-9 ISBN 978-981-15-8293-6 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-8293-6 © Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2021 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. The registered company address is: 152 Beach Road, #21-01/04 Gateway East, Singapore 189721, Singapore

Preface

One of the oldest and classical professions is Civil Engineering; however, the same is poised to undergo trending moments in upcoming years, and advancement in research and technology is the steering force behind the innovativeness which construction industry is going to witness. Sustainability, energy efficiency, high-rise buildings, smart structures, intelligent built environment, 3D printing, augmented reality, building information modelling, etc. are equivalently gaining prominence. Keeping all this in mind, this conference aimed to explore innovative applications and recent trends of research in the areas of Structural and Concrete Engineering, Geotechnical Engineering, Transportation Engineering, Environmental Engineering and Construction Technology and Management. “International Conference on Trending Moments and Steer Forces (TMSF-2019)” was organised during 31 October—1 November 2019 at Don Bosco College of Engineering (DBCE), Goa, in association with National Institute of Technology Karnataka (NITK), Surathkal. Selected and peerreviewed papers from the conference are being published in this book, and the papers are categorised under five different themes: Recent Trends in Structural Engineering, Recent Trends in Geotechnical Engineering, Recent Trends in Construction Technology and Management, Recent Trends in Environmental Engineering and Recent Trends in Transportation Engineering. I thank Springer Editorial Management Team, Co-editors, Reviewers, Student Volunteers, DBCE Management, Faculty and Staff for their full support and cooperation at all the stages of this event. Special thanks to Dr. Shivaprasad K. N., Assistant Professor, JSSST University, Mysuru and my research scholar Ms. Snehal Kusumadhar for helping me in the editorial activities starting from the beginning till the end. I do hope that this book will be beneficial to students, researchers and practitioners working in the field of Civil Engineering. Mangalore, India

Bibhuti Bhusan Das

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Contents

Recent Trends in Structural Engineering Assessment of Pushover Response Parameters Using Response Surface Methodology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Neena Panandikar and K. S. Babu Narayan

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Application of Proper Orthogonal Decomposition in Concrete Performance Appraisal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A. Manoj and K. S. Babu Narayan

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Effect of Curing Methods on the Artificial Production of Fly Ash Aggregates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K. N. Shivaprasad, B. B. Das, and S. Krishnadas

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Influence of Incorporating Phase Change Materials on Cementitious System—A Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K. Snehal and Bibhuti Bhusan Das

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Review on Characteristics of Sewage Sludge Ash and Its Partial Replacement as Binder Material in Concrete . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mithesh Kumar, P. Shreelaxmi, and Muralidhar Kamath

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Characterization of Rheological and Mechanical Properties of Self-Compacting Concrete with Indian Standard Gradation and Particle Packing Gradations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Adithya Tantri, Adithya Shenoy, and Gopinatha Nayak A Review on Properties of Sustainable Concrete Using Iron and Steel Slag Aggregate as Replacement for Natural Aggregate . . . . . . . Jagadisha, K. Balakrishna Rao, Gopinatha Nayak, and B. Adithya Shenoy

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Review of Low to High Strength Alkali-Activated and Geopolymer Concrete . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105 Muralidhar V. Kamath, Shreelaxmi Prashanth, and Mithesh Kumar

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Contents

Hydrodynamic Performance of Spar-Type Wind Turbine Platform Combined with Wave Energy Converter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115 Ajay H. Patil and D. Karmakar Study of Dynamic Characteristics of Circular Liquid Storage Tanks Using Acoustic Principles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125 P. Nimisha, B. R. Jayalekshmi, and Katta Venkataramana Repairs and Rehabilitation of Concrete Structures: Case Studies . . . . . . 137 Shekhar Panandiker, Neena Panandikar, and Celestan Braganza Strength and Fire Behaviour of Concrete Reinforced with PET Fibres . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145 Shruti K. Chodankar and P. Savoikar Assessment of Construction and Demolition Waste in Goa for Re-use in New Construction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157 Kohen Duarte, Paraj Fernandes, Nadya Baracho, Roshani Majik, Samantha Dias, and Manisha Dias A Comprehensive Review of Ultra-Fine Materials as Supplementary Cementitious Materials in Cement Concrete . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171 Vinay Mohan Agrawal and Purnanand Savoikar Optimization of Infrared Thermography for Damage Detection in Concrete Structures Using Finite Element Modelling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177 Madhuraj Naik, Ganesh Hegde, and Lalat Indu Giri Evaluation of Pozzolanic Performance of Bagasse Ash and Rice Husk Ash . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189 S. Praveenkumar, G. Sankarasubramanian, and S. Sindhu An Overview of Indian Steel Industry and Its Impact on Construction Sector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197 James Mattom, P. Herrick, and Vinay Mohan Agrawal Partial Replacement of Fine Aggregates with Coconut Shell Ash in Concrete . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207 Aditi Lawande, Areeb Ahmed, Laukik Dessai, Rahul Naik, Tanvi Kavlekar, Gauresh Desai, Starina Dias, and Kaushik Pai Fondekar Brick Manufacturing Using Laterite Soil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217 Satyesh A. S. Kakodkar, Atish Lolienkar, Sajal Kamat, Shwetang Nadkarni, Gaurai Naik Gaunekar, and Vikesh Malik

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Recent Trends in Geotechnical Engineering A Numerical Study on Interference Effects of Closely Spaced Strip Footings on Cohesionless Soils . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231 S. Anaswara and R. Shivashankar The Need for Unsaturated Soil Mechanics: A Brief Review . . . . . . . . . . . . 239 K. Ujwala Shenoy, K. S. Babu Narayan, and B. M. Sunil Seismic Behaviour of Soil Nailed Wall . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251 Amrita, B. R. Jayalekshmi, and R. Shivashankar Design and Development of Efficient Under-Drainage System for Lined Canals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259 Anuj Sharma and Bibhuti Bhusan Das A Correlation Equation on the Influence of Length to Diameter Ratio on the Unconfined Compressive Strength of Lateritic Rocks in Goa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273 Mrudula R. Ingale and Purnanand P. Savoikar Is Global Warming Hampering the Stability of Substructure? . . . . . . . . . 285 K. S. Varun, T. Hari Lokesh, K. Tejas, and S. Shilpa Shet Estimation of Ultimate Bearing Capacity of Soil for Shallow Foundation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 305 Ajay Gaonkar, Shubham Arondekar, Akshay Mungarwadi, Pritesh Gaude, Vishwesh Gaude, Vedant Haldankar, Swaroopa Sail, and Akshata Kudchadkar Recent Trends in Transportation Engineering Experimental Investigations on RBI Grade 81 Stabilized Lateritic Soil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 319 B. A. Chethan, Saswati Das, S. Amulya, and A. U. Ravi Shankar Effect of Ggbs on Strength of Aluminium Refinery Residue Stabilized by Alkali Solution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 331 Nityanand Kudachimath, H. M. Raviraj, and Bibhuti Bhusan Das Laboratory Investigation of Black Cotton Soil Modified with Bioenzyme and Aggregates for Pavement Subgrade . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 341 Srinivas F. Chitragar, C. B. Shivayogimath, and Raviraj H. Mulangi Recent Trends in Environmental Engineering Removal of Pharmaceutical Drug from Water Using Activated Kaolinite–TiO2 Nanocomposite . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 355 Vaibhav R. Chate, Soumya Meti, M. S. Veeresh, M. B. Shivaraj, Utsav Naik, and Raviraj M. Kulkarni

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Green Synthesis of Bioleached Flyash Iron Nanoparticles (GBFFeNP) Using Azadirachta Indica Leaves and Its Application as Fenton’s Catalyst in the Degradation of Dicamba . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 365 S. Bhaskar, Basavaraju Manu, and M. Y. Sreenivasa River Water Resource Management and Flood Control Using GIS . . . . . 373 Jyoti Kumari, Kohima Dessai, Zwegal Wynne Cardozo, Blacinta Pereira, Rhea Fernandes, Annapurna Sakhardande, and Sanford Mascarenhas Recent Trends in Construction Technology and Management Production of Artificial Aggregates Using Industrial By-Products Admixed with Mine Tailings—A Sustainable Solution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 383 B. P. Sharath and Bibhuti Bhusan Das Predicting the Service Life of Reinforced Concrete by Incorporating the Experimentally Determined Properties of Steel–Concrete Interface and Corrosion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 399 E. P. Sumukh, Sharan Kumar Goudar, and Bibhuti Bhusan Das Automation of Curing Using Prefabricated Sensors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 419 Akash Agarwalla and Bibhuti Bhusan Das Inventory Management for Transmission Line Projects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 437 Chandra Kant Singh, Apurva Naik, and Bibhuti Bhusan Das Resource Buffers in Construction Projects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 451 Arun L. Hegde, Aman Jain, and Bibhuti Bhusan Das Productivity Analysis of Shuttering Works for Sewage Treatment Plant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 461 Abhilash Pandey, Praveen Kumar Chaudhary, and Bibhuti Bhusan Das Pre-Engineered Building Design of Gas-Insulated Substation Housed Under Pressurized Ventilation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 473 N. Roopesh, K. A. Swamy, and Bibhuti Bhusan Das Developing a Standard Template for Activity Linkage and Resource Estimation of MEP Works . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 485 Sushant Shekhar, Prince Shukla, and Bibhuti Bhusan Das Multi-criteria Decision-making Approach for Selecting a Bridge Superstructure Construction Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 497 Prabhath R. Upadhya, Mriganka Shekhar Das, and Bibhuti Bhusan Das Safety Stock in Inventory Management and Wastage Analysis at Construction Sites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 509 Bishal Paul, Santosh Tondihal, and Bibhuti Bushan Das

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A Multi-dimensional Study on Impact of Energy Efficiency on Life Cycle Cost of a Single-Family Residential Building . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 519 S. Shifad, Pratikshya Pati, and Bibhuti Bhusan Das Influence of Particle Size of Bottom Ash on Mechanical Properties of M30 Grade Concrete . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 533 Sharan Kumar Goudar and Bibhuti Bhusan Das Experimental Studies on Concrete Using the Partial Replacement of Cement by Glass Powder and Fine Aggregate as Manufactured Sand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 545 Y. Pierce, Sumit Kumar B. Kanaka, and B. Niteen Experimental Investigation of Using Eggshell Powder as Partial Replacement of Cement in Fiber Reinforced Concrete . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 557 Evetta Raneyia Cardoso, Neena Panandikar, and Kaushik V. Pai Fondekar

About the Editors

Dr. Bibhuti Bhusan Das is currently serving as an Associate Professor at National Institute of Technology, Karnataka, Surathkal, India. His research interests include design and development of sustainable construction and building materials, microstructure and durability of concrete, construction planning and practices. Dr. Das has handled a number of research projects sponsored from Department of Science and Technology (DST), Govt. of India; Royal Academy of Engineering (RAEng), UK; Kudremukh Iron Ore Company Limited (KIOCL); Mangalore Refinery and Petro Chemicals Limited (MRPL). The fund generation and research contributions have led to the development of Sustainable Construction and Building Materials Laboratory at NITK Surathkal, a specialized lab that practices the theme of sustainability. He has published over 100 papers in Journals and conferences, and has given several key-note presentations across the world. He has guided four doctoral students and more than sixty master’s thesis. Currently, he has eight students who are doing their doctoral thesis and around fifteen students having their master’s degree. He has been serving as a Post-Doctoral Research Associate from Centre for Innovative Materials Research (CIMR), Lawrence Technological University, Southfield, Michaigan, USA and has obtained Doctorate of Philosophy from Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Bombay, India. He is a Master’s degree holder in Construction Engineering and Management from Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Delhi, India. He has won a number of awards one of the prestigious being the Outstanding Reviewer award from Construction and Building Materials Journal, Elsevier. He has edited number of books entitled Sustainable Construction and Building Materials-Select Proceedings of ICSCBM 2018, Recent Developments in Sustainable Infrastructure-Select Proceedings of ICRDSI 2019, Smart Technologies for Sustainable DevelopmentSelect Proceedings of SMTS 2019 and also guest edited the June-2019 edition of the Indian Concrete Journal and is on the editorial panel of some of the reputed Construction Engineering and Material journals. Dr. Sreejith V. Nanukuttan is currently a senior lecturer in the School of Natural and Built Environment, Queen’s University Belfast. He graduated from Queen’s University Belfast with a Ph.D. in civil engineering in 2007 on development of a nondestructive test for concrete in chloride environments. In 2008, he joined the School xiii

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About the Editors

of Natural and Built Environment as a lecturer and was instrumental in developing MSc in durability of structures and course on whole life management of structures. In 2013–14 he took Royal Academy supported industrial secondment with Roads Service Northern Ireland where he was responsible for structural assessment and subsequent rehabilitation of two transport bridges, projects of over £2m. The insitu test he developed through his Ph.D. for assessing chloride transport through concrete and the instrument is commercialized through Amphora Non-Destructive Ltd., His recently completed EPSRC funded project developed retrofit decision tool for converging energy efficiency measures, this simplified coding is licensed to Energenius for integration with their smart energy management system for social landlords. Through his research he maintains a balance between material technology, building performance and structural efficiency and to date has managed research income of over £1.9m. He has supervised 4 complete Ph.D.s, 6 PDRAs and 2 RAs. He is the immediate past president of Civil Engineering Research Association of Ireland and is a member of RILEM technical committees 230-PSC, 247-DTA and newly formed CIM. He has authored over 75 technical articles including 20 in refereed international journals. Dr. Anil K. Patnaik is a professor of structural engineering at The University of Akron in Ohio, USA. He earned his Ph.D. from the University of Calgary, and master’s degree in structural engineering from the Indian Institute of Technology in Kanpur, and a bachelor’s degree in civil engineering from National Institute of Technology, Rourkela in India. He has over twenty years of experience in academic positions at South Dakota School of Mines and Technology (SDSM&T) in Rapid City, Curtin University in Perth (Australia), the University of Western Australia, and presently is working at the University of Akron in Ohio. His current and recently funded research projects are on corrosion of reinforced concrete and steel structures, reinforced concrete members subjected in impact loads, synthetic and basalt fiber reinforced concrete (FRC), fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) materials for structural concrete applications, repair and strengthening of existing structures, construction and long term performance monitoring of bridge decks, structural slab bridges, prestressed concrete adjacent box-beam bridges, and carbon footprint assessment and life cycle analysis (LCA). He is the author or co-author of over 100 technical papers, and over 100 research and design reports. He edited a book on high volume fly ash concrete and co-edited a book on high performance high strength concrete. He has several years of experience as a practicing engineer in design and construction of large industrial, commercial and offshore structures, and tall buildings. He taught and continues to teach several courses on structural engineering including reinforced and pre-stressed concrete design, FRP reinforced concrete design, senior design, tall building design, steel design and structural analysis at the undergraduate and graduate levels at several universities. Dr. Neena Shekhar Panandikar is principal of Don Bosco College of Engineering, Fatorda Goa, entitled to be the first lady Principal of a technical institution in the state of Goa. She has published twenty research papers in various international

About the Editors

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journals, national and international conferences. As a part of social responsibility, she served as a member and developed curriculum for Rural Health Education Project, a joint project of Agnel Technical Education Complex in association with Algonquin College, Canada sponsored by CIDA (Canadian International Development Agency). She was appointed as an expert member as a part of Affiliation Committee by the Goa University to sanction postgraduate program in structural engineering at Goa College of Engineering. She is a life member of ISTE, Association of Structural Engineers and Indian Concrete Institute. She is a Chartered Engineer and has been conferred with IEI fellow membership. She was among 100 leaders selected from across the country to attend a workshop on leadership under AICTE-UKIERI, jointly organized by AICTE in association with Dudley College, UK and has received CMI certification in management and leadership. She is also on the academic council of Goa University and at present serving as a member of Goa State Innovation Council.

Recent Trends in Structural Engineering

Assessment of Pushover Response Parameters Using Response Surface Methodology Neena Panandikar and K. S. Babu Narayan

Abstract Pushover analysis is a non-linear static method used for the seismic assessment of structures. The simplicity, efficiency in modelling and less computational time make this method popular. Lot of researchers has worked on conventional pushover analysis and after knowing deficiencies of the method have made efforts to improve it. From the literature, it is evident that actual experimental test results carried out so as to verify the analytically obtained pushover results are hardly available. Stress–strain models adopted for modelling of concrete and reinforcement greatly influences both the ultimate load and ultimate displacement for the structure under pushover loads. This paper focuses on assessment of pushover response parameters using response surface methodology (RSM). A three-storied RCC framed structure is tested and the experimental pushover results are available. Uncertain parameters considered include the concrete strength, steel strength, reinforcement cover and hinge location, which are randomly generated by performing stochastic analysis and their effect on responses, which include base shear and displacement is studied. Using Monte Carlo simulation in Sap-2000 design matrix is generated. Modelling and analysis of response parameters are carried out using RSM so as to obtain the characteristics of the pushover curve. The effect of material strength variation, hinge locations and hinge lengths, geometric modelling have been studied, incorporating confined model for concrete. The coefficients and equations that can be used to predict the responses are carried out by performing multiple regression analysis. The validation results demonstrated that the confined model is better than the unconfined. Keywords Base shear · Displacement · Pushover analysis · Monte carlo · Response surface methodology

N. Panandikar (B) Don Bosco College of Engineering, Margao, Goa 403602, India e-mail: [email protected] K. S. B. Narayan National Institute of Technology, Surathkal, Mangalore, Karnataka 575025, India © Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2021 B. B. Das et al. (eds.), Recent Trends in Civil Engineering, Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering 105, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-8293-6_1

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N. Panandikar and K. S. B. Narayan

1 Introduction Pushover analysis is a non-linear static method and is considered as an effective tool for seismic performance evaluation of structures. In this method, increasing loads are applied monotonically to the structure. Lot of researchers has worked on conventional pushover analysis and has made efforts to improve it. However, actual experimental test results to verify analytically obtained pushover results are hardly available as there is lot of expenditure when it comes to experimental investigation. SAP2000 has been used by many researchers to carry out research for seismic evaluation of the existing structures with subsequent suggestions for retrofitting techniques. Certain approximation and simplification are involved in the development of the capacity curve that amount to some variation in seismic demand prediction of pushover analysis. This simple yet powerful technique has scope for further improvement that would result in increase in its reliability as the primary tool for practical seismic analysis [1]. To quantify the effect of modelling uncertainties on the calculated collapse fragilities, they concluded that Monte Carlo method in conjunction with the RSM is proposed as the preferred method to quantify the effects of modelling uncertainties on structural response. Because the results are sensitive to the geometric model adopted, material properties, hinge properties, hinge location, and stress–strain models of concrete (confined and unconfined) and steel, it has been observed that same model can give different results. In the earlier work carried out by the authors, they had considered a three storied (G + 2), reinforced cement concrete framed structure as shown in Fig. 1 and investigated the sensitivity of the pushover curve to modelling. Stochastic analysis was carried out by considering confinement in concrete and uncertain parameters as the concrete strength, steel strength, reinforcement cover, and hinge location, which were randomly generated and incorporated into the analysis. The comparison of the results was done with the unconfined model. User-defined hinges are preferred to

(a) Photograph of the actual test structure Fig. 1 Details of the tested RC framed structure

(b) Section properties

Assessment of Pushover Response Parameters …

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default hinges in reflecting non-linear behaviour. Hence the authors adopted this option, which requires determination of moment–curvature values. Mander’s stress– strain model for confined concrete and British code-recommended (CP 110–1972)— strain curve for steel were adopted. Hinge lengths were determined by using various formulations that are available in literature. Experimental results available were then compared with simulated results.

2 Structural Details The structure is a three storied, RC framed structure. The photograph of actual tested structure is shown in Fig. 1a. The beam and column sections are shown in Fig. 1b. Two-legged, 6 stirrups/ties @150 mm c/c provide the transverse reinforcement for both beams and columns. The slab is 50 mm thick. Actual material properties of the tested structure are as follows: Average value of concrete strength = 35 MPa Average value of reinforcement yield stress = 478 MPa.

3 Experimental Details: Pushover Analysis Results Testing of the reinforced concrete frame model was carried out at SERC, Chennai (Fig. 1a), with section details as shown in Fig. 1b.During testing monotonically increasing pushover loads were applied. Based on the formula in Eq. (1) as per FEMA 356, the lateral load is applied across the height of the building. Along the height of the structure the pattern of the load was kept as parabolic with the load ratio of 1:4:9 for first storey: second storey: third storey. The load calculations were done using Eq. (1). The maximum base shear and corresponding roof displacement were found to be 286.5 kN and 0.11 m, respectively ([2]) as per the experimental results. Considering the experimental values of roof displacement and corresponding base shear as the basis, the authors have conducted a simulation of the same structure in SAP2000. In order to maintain consistency of load application in experimental and numerical studies, the lateral load was applied in same ratio to SAP model as done for experimental testing of RC framed structure. Fx =

Wx h kx V N  k Wi h i

i=1

(1)

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N. Panandikar and K. S. B. Narayan

Cvx =

Wx h kx N  Wi h ik

i=1

Preliminary study When the actual structure is constructed, there is every possibility that there could be variation in the grade of concrete, the grade of steel and reinforcement cover on account of which the experimental results may differ from analytical results. To assess this uncertainty, the authors have earlier carried out stochastic analysis by considering uncertain parameters as the concrete strength, steel strength, reinforcement cover, and hinge location, which were randomly generated and incorporated into the analysis. SAP2000 (version-14) was been used as the general finite element software for modelling and analysis. User-defined hinge properties are incorporated by generating moment curvature data. For this purpose, IS recommended stress– strain model for unconfined concrete, and British code recommended (CP 110–1972) stress–strain curve for steel (Fig. 2) is adopted. Considering lower and upper limit as 15% decrease and 15% increase in reference grade of steel (f y = 478 N/mm2 ), reference grade of concrete (f ck = 35 N/mm2 ), and plus/minus 10 mm variation in cover (20 mm), random numbers were generated and incorporated in the analysis. Randomly generated hinge location was adopted by considering lower and upper limit as 0.0 and 0.2 L, for different hinge length formulations: Sawyer, Mattock, Corley, and Pauley. The programming was carried out in Excel for each hinge length formulation. Simulated results were then compared with experimental results. For considering user-defined hinge lengths following formulations were considered. 1. Corley’s formula [3] √ z l p = 0.5d + 0.2 d d 2. Mattock’s formula [4]

(a) Mander’s model for stress -strain relationship for confined concrete Fig. 2 Material models

(b) Stress-strain model for steel (British code)

Assessment of Pushover Response Parameters …

7

l p = 0.5d + 0.05z 3. Sawyer’s formula [5] l p = 0.25d + 0.075z 4. Pauley-Priestley formula ([6]) l p = 0.08z + 0.022db f y (MPa) db fy Z d

diameter of main reinforcing bars in mm yield strength of reinforcement bars, in MPa Distance of critical section from point of contraflexure effective depth of the member.

Three geometric models were considered, viz; bare frame, rigid and shell frame. Random data generated were incorporated using interactive data base editing feature of SAP 2000 and about 50 iterations were carried out for randomly generated uncertain parameters for each of the above geometric model. From the hypothetical test results carried out, it was evident that Paulay–Priestley’s formulation for geometric model with slab as shell assemblage yields closest results to that obtained from experiments. The analytical mean base shear was 0.96 times the experimental base shear (286.5 kN) and the mean analytical displacement was 0.83 times the experimental roof displacement (0.11 m). Panandikar et al. [7]. This model was further investigated for refinement if any with consideration of confinement of concrete by employing Mander’s model as shown in Fig. 2a and stress–strain model for steel as shown in Fig. 2b.The design matrix was developed by adopting shell model confined concrete and Pauley priestly hinge length formulation ([8]) as shown in Table 1. Considering Mander’s confined model, it is found that though the base shear prediction capabilities of model improve, capability to predict displacement deteriorates slightly. The analytical mean base shear was 0.996 times the experimental base shear and the mean displacement was 0.767 times the experimental displacement. The same design matrix as shown in Table 1 has been used for further progress of the work.

4 Prediction Equations Using RSM Design of Experiment (DoE) has been frequently often used for analysis in the last two decades and been adapted for many applications in different areas. RSM comprises of mathematical and statistical techniques that are used for optimizing the response of input variables [9]. The data generated in Table 1 have been used to develop predicted equations using RSM for geometric model with slab as an assemblage of shell element, Paulay– Priestley hinge length formulation and Mander’s confined model for random material

8

N. Panandikar and K. S. B. Narayan

Table 1 Design matrix (Shell model, confined concrete & Pauley–Priestly hinge length formulation) Run

Factor1 f ck (N/mm2 )

Factor2 f y (N/mm2 )

Factor3 cv (mm)

Factor4 h.l (m)

Response P (kN)

Response  (m)

1

29.11

498.69

14.56

0.049

273.71

0.089

2

35.72

544.46

27.81

0.166

335.7

0.073

3

29.17

409.32

14.68

0.004

231.03

0.094

4

30.33

462.07

13.83

0.085

232.73

0.085

5

39.63

454.16

21.11

0.166

243.52

0.079

6

36.76

537.70

10.62

0.166

351.68

0.069

7

29.71

526.06

11.45

0.069

288.95

0.067

8

30.39

492.98

19.72

0.025

279.12

0.119

9

32.37

435.24

29.86

0.088

235.26

0.079

10

29.51

440.60

17.88

0.182

307.46

0.064

11

29.15

409.34

28.37

0.0007

210.41

0.096

12

37.19

416.90

10.30

0.062

246.16

0.075

13

37.07

467.78

15.63

0.145

297.98

0.067

14

30.66

480.41

18.89

0.0248

273.42

0.079

15

39.94

458.54

10.77

0.096

277.00

0.071

16

29.43

415.22

26.02

0.135

250.889

0.077

17

39.88

515.80

26.52

0.020

270.743

0.108

18

33.44

508.68

12.07

0.033

284.39

0.099

19

36.88

513.60

22.32

0.1176

305.364

0.085

20

39.96

485.43

15.20

0.0479

274.93

0.092

21

37.15

426.21

10.94

0.183

316.68

0.065

22

29.98

537.65

11.80

0.185

381.98

0.076

23

37.27

531.61

14.25

0.005

291.667

0.109

24

32.56

494.08

23.19

0.0271

263.49

0.105

25

29.94

472.79

29.57

0.174

301.468

0.076

26

30.88

535.76

29.81

0.193

356.4

0.080

27

39.94

533.35

13.87

0.109

317.48

0.079

28

38.76

419.81

11.19

0.0986

276.65

0.081

29

39.21

497.91

13.02

0.124

264.42

0.07

30

35.35

471.25

25.94

0.091

274.62

0.089

31

32.45

497.69

10.94

0.082

278.38

0.084

32

29.30

410.01

24.01

0.040

260.24

0.104

33

37.92

435.93

15.30

0.076

243.31

0.08 (continued)

Assessment of Pushover Response Parameters …

9

Table 1 (continued) Response P (kN)

Response  (m)

Run

Factor1 f ck (N/mm2 )

Factor2 f y (N/mm2 )

Factor3 cv (mm)

Factor4 h.l (m)

34

35.14

419.98

26.0

0.054

249.73

0.097

35

36.33

502.48

19.29

0.0966

249.015

0.078

36

39.67

499.16

25.97

0.190

346.62

0.072

37

31.67

411.01

14.71

0.109

297.22

0.083

38

34.86

532.52

20.28

0.146

265.58

0.0703

39

34.35

487.51

11.76

0.0722

304.97

0.0917

40

39.69

462.50

24.91

0.127

289.74

0.074

41

36.35

486.44

11.61

0.167

321.61

0.07

42

28.87

519.07

17.15

0.009

265.39

0.112

43

29.92

485.34

10.57

0.030

288.83

0.103

44

33.46

439.72

13.24

0.173

337.72

0.071

45

34.14

507.41

18.27

0.0627

250.53

0.088

46

32.25

437.14

29.35

0.180

327.34

0.077

47

36.84

535.88

26.31

0.018

266.37

0.124

48

40.19

411.01

16.19

0.197

395.4

0.073

49

28.88

422.31

27.44

0.031

286.06

0.08

50

33.20

517.14

14.72

0.058

234.63

0.084

strength, effective cover and hinge location. A multiple regression analysis is carried out to obtain coefficients and the equations that can be used to predict the responses. The software ‘Design expert’ trial version 8.07.1 of STAT-EASE, USA was used for the analysis. Using the statistically significant model, the correlation between the input parameters and the responses was obtained. The design expert suggested quadratic model for Base shear and linear model for Displacement. For base shear backward regression method was used to eliminate insignificant model terms. The analysis of variance for the reduced quadratic models summarizes the analysis of each response and shows the significant model terms. The analysis of variance results for the base shear and roof displacement are shown in Tables 2 and 3, respectively. The predicted equations developed are given in Eqs. 2 and 3, respectively. These equations are valid for input variables levels ranging from 406.3 to 549.7 N/mm2 for f y , 29.75–40.25 N/mm2 for f ck and 10–30 mm for cover. Base shear (P) = +191.29871 + 0.21610 ∗ f y − 1.15062 ∗ cv − 493.18323 ∗ h.l + 4635.85524 ∗ h.l 2

(2)

Displacement (D) = +0.064282 + 3.65449E − 005 ∗ f ck + 5.64298E − 005 ∗ f y + 5.03181E − 004 ∗ cv − 0.18267 ∗ h.l (3)

10

N. Panandikar and K. S. B. Narayan

Table 2 Analysis of variance for Base shear (confined model) Source

Sum of squares

df

Mean square

F value

P>F

Model

50,683.64

4

12,670.91

21.63