The Pilgrimage of Robert Langton [Reprint 2014 ed.] 9780674430129, 9780674181052

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с THE PILGRIMAGE OF ROBERT LANGTON

LONDON : HUMPHREY MILFORD OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS

THE PILGRIMAGE OF ROBERT LANGTON TRANSCRIBED WITH AN INTRODUCTION AND NOTES BY

E. M. BLACKIE, B.A. CHAPLAIN TO THE KING, ARCHDEACON OF STOW CANON AND PRECENTOR OF LINCOLN CATHEDRAL

CAMBRIDGE HARVARD UNIVERSITY PRESS

1924

COPYRIGHT, 1 9 2 4 B Y HARVARD U N I V E R S I T Y P R E S S PRINTED IN U. S. Α.

NOTE I WISH to express my great indebtedness to Canon Kynaston, Assistant Librarian of Lincob Cathedral, as well as to Dr, A. Hamilton Thompson, for their valuable assistance in the identification of many of the places in the itinerary; and to Canon Christopher Wordsworth, Chancellor of Salisbury Cathedral, who has allowed me to consult him on several matters to which reference is made in the Notes. I am profoundly grateful to the Provost of Eton, Dr. M. R. James, for going through the proofs and for offering most valuable suggestions. Further, I desire to thank the Dean and Chapter of Lincoln for their kindness in allowing me to publish this edition of Langton's "Pilgrimage." E. M. B.

INTRODUCTION N the account of Robert Langton in the " Dictionary of National Biography" a reference is made to his book concerning his pilgrimage to Compostella, and it contains this statement: " B u t no copy seems extant." Now it so happens that a short time ago a copy of the "Pilgrimage" was discovered in the Library of Lincoln Cathedral. In view, therefore, of the above statement, there is a special interest and distinction belonging to this volume. There is no copy in the British Museum, nor is it mentioned in "Hand Lists of Books printed by London Printers," by E. G. DufF and others (Bibliographical Society, 1913). It would therefore seem safe to assume that the Lincoln copy is the only one in existence. The following is a description of the copy. It is bound up with ten other small works, and like several of these it is marked with the monogram M·, which is that of Michael Honywood. He was Dean of Lincoln from 1660 to 1681. He did a great deal in the Cathedral, and particularly in the houses in the Close, to make good the ravages of Cromwell's troops. He caused the Library on the north side of the Cloister to be built by Wren. To this he gave his own priceless collection of printed books. Many of these bear the monogram in the form described, doubtless written by himself.

I

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INTRODUCTION It was printed by Robert Coplande, as is stated in the colophon thus: С Enprynted at London/ in the Fletestrete at the sygne of the Rose garlande/ by Robert Coplande. The yere of our lorde .M.CCCCC. xxii. The .xviii. day of Nouembre. The .xiii. yere of у reygne of ky geHê the .viii. On the last page is Coplande's device, here reproduced, and there are two wood-cuts, also reproduced, on the first and second pages respectively. The former of these represents a pilgrim with a staff and wallet; on the right of the picture is a friar, apparently welcoming the pilgrim on his arrival; on the left is a curious collection of buildings, intended to represent a town, possibly Compostella, of which a church and a castle are the prominent features. Over the head of each of the figures is a scroll, and there is a border above and below the whole picture. The other wood-cut represents St. Peter holding the keys in his right hand and a clasped book in his left. There is a border round the whole of this, and additional ornaments at either side. [ viii ]

INTRODUCTION The book is written in English, with an address to the readers in Latin, as well as a number of phrases and words in that language. Throughout the work there are many abbreviated words. These I have printed in full, underlining the letters omitted in the text. The book is printed throughout in a black-letter type of pica size. The following particulars concerning the author are taken from the "Dictionary of National Biography." He was born at Appleby in Westmoreland, and was a nephew of Thomas Langton, Bishop of Winchester. He held the Prebend of Welton Westhall in Lincoln Minster from 1483 to 1517. This suggests the question whether he was connected with the Lincolnshire Langtons of Langton, but I have been unable to obtain any information on this point. He held the Prebend of Fordington withWindlington in Salisbury Cathedral in 1485; he was Archdeacon of Dorset from i486 to 1514, and Treasurer of York Minster from 1509 to 1514. He died in 1524, but no date of his will is given. He was buried in the Chapel of the Charterhouse. In "Notes and Queries," 2nd series, VI, 347, there appears the following letter written by James Thompson of Leicester: I have lately seen a picture, evidently ancient, representing an elderly man with a white flowing beard, moustache, and hair; the features of a pronounced character; the nose being long and aquiline; and the eye piercing. [ix]

INTRODUCTION The costume of the figure is that of an Ecclesiastic, consisting of a black gown and cap; in the right hand he holds a book, in the left a long staff, from which is suspended what is apparently a pilgrim's scrip, covered with pilgrims' emblems. At the head of the portrait (for such it is) is inscribed: "Robertus Langton, Arch, etc." The painting is on canvas. It is said to have come from Annesley Hall, Nottinghamshire, the residence of the Chaworths. If any of your correspondents acquainted with Annesley Hall and its pictures within the last forty or fifty years, could inform me whether the portrait is remembered to have been seen there, and furnish any further particulars, I should feel much obliged.

No response to this inquiry is to be found in subsequent numbers of "Notes and Queries"; so it may be supposed that the picture no longer exists. A comparison between this and the wood-cut makes it clear that the latter is not a portrait, though there is much similarity between the two in the matter of dress. By the kindness of Mr, E. A. Heelis, a former Mayor of Appleby, I have obtained some information as to the connection of Langton with his birthplace. It is not certain in which of the two parishes in the town, St. Lawrence or St. Michael, he was born. In the latter of these there is a hamlet named Langton, and it is possible that he may have been connected in some way with this. He was a benefactor to Appleby Grammar School. The following is an extract from a paper read by Mr.

[x]

INTRODUCTION Heelis's father before the Cumberland and Westmoreland Archaeological Society in 1885 and published in the Transactions of the Society: An old plan of Appleby shows the boundary walls and the site of "The Little Schole" which, to quote a Report fiirnished by Mr. Jackson, Headmaster in 1681, "Robert Langton and Miles Spenser, Doctors of Civil Law built in the orchard and close before the school," i. е., in front of the School of his day, which, like the present one, faced towards Broad Close. The school was refounded under a Charter of Queen Elizabeth dated 1573, but the names of Langton and Spenser are inscribed upon the school seal. Reginald Bainbrigg, a former Headmaster, by his will left his books and furniture to the school and a burgage to William Lowther, Headboy, and his successors, to make every n t h M a y " d u o paria carminum" in honour of Robert Langton and Miles Spenser, founders of the School, and of him the testator. T h e will was proved in 1613, In view of Langton's association with Queen's College, Oxford, as well as with Lincoln, it is of interest that Dr. Barlow, Provost of that College and afterwards Bishop of Lincoln (1675-1691), left to the School £100 in money, and books from his library, valued at the time at another £100, I now give the plan of the book. On the first page, immediately over the wood-cut, is the title. In this Langton states that he offers an ac[xi]

ΙΝΊ'ΚΟΌυΟΊ'ΙΟΝ count of his pilgrimage to the Shrine of St, James at Compostella, as well as to other holy places, with the name of every town and the distances between them. These he gives in "leyges" or leagues, and, after a certain point, in miles; returning to leagues towards the end. He tells us that his journey took him by France and Spain and other lands as well as by "the dutche way." On page 2, above the wood-cut, is the address in Latin to the readers. It will be noticed that, in the composition of this, Langton has allowed himself some measure of licence. He repeats hunc in the first line either for emphasis or for the purpose of scansion. A t the end of the third line he introduces màis, as an alternative to toia. Either of them scans, and the reader can choose the one he prefers. In this address there is a promise which is scarcely fulfilled in the work itself. Quicquid in europa colitur venerabile tota Hic dabit ante oculos ordine quodque suo, would lead one to expect a great deal in the way of description. As a matter of fact, though he gives the names of a multitude of places, his descriptions, themselves not long, are concerned with only a very few. On the next page appears a second title in Latin. Then comes a short introduction in which he refers to a book by Master Larkes, an account of a pilgrimage to the Holy Land. [xii]

INTRODUCTION He here sets out his plan, namely: an itinerary, followed by a detailed account of some of the places. He explains that the letters A , B, С (that is, on the itinerary) will indicate those places which he wishes more fully to describe in the Notes. In this way he goes through the whole alphabet from A to Y , omitting J, V, and W. Ζ is against Aquila in the Notes, but there is no corresponding letter in the itinerary. A is against Orleans in the itinerary, but there is no letter in the Notes. For the other three names in his list he uses the following signs: 5 if· These, respectively, are the abbreviations, then common, for ety con, and the termination-гатя. Then he starts the alphabet again, going as far as Q, again omitting J. Then follows the itinerary itself. The spelling of the names is very corrupt, but most of them have been identified either in Blaeu or Mercator, or (for Spain) Coello. The modern names will be found here in the right-hand columns of the pages on which the itinerary occurs. His journey is amazing in its length. For the purpose of his book he started from Orleans, Hence he made his way to Bordeaux and Bayonne, and into Spain at Fuenterrabia. From here he moved inland to Tolosa, and then southwest to Burgos, working across to León and up to Oviedo. A t this point some uncertainty presents itself. His simplest course would have been to make direct from Oviedo to his destination, Compostella, and the itinerary points to this with the exception of "Saynt С xiii ]

INTRODUCTION Andre." Where was this place? Was it Santander? It would have been quite natural for such a traveller as Langton to wish to go there. But, if he did, it would have meant an enormous digression eastwards; and the fact that Puente de la Arena is west of Oviedo only increases the improbability of such a digression. Had he wished to turn east, he would have done so from Oviedo without going to Puente de la Arena and then turning back. On the whole it seems not improbable that "Saynt Andre" was the name of some small place that he passed through as he moved west. There is in fact a tiny place called San Andres on the direct line between Oviedo and Luarca. From Compostella he paid a visit to Padrón and back again, then east to Astorga and once more to León. From here his purpose is plain, namely, south to Seville,crossing the Douro at Zamora, and the Tagus at Puente de I'Arzobispo. From Seville he made an excursion to Sanlúcar, Jerez, and Cadiz. Returning to Seville he made Valencia his objective and then moved north, skirting the coast, and back into France. In France he visited a number of important places, notably Toulouse and Avignon. He went to Marseilles and thence north to Chambéry and into Italy, which he entered by the Mt. Cenis, making straight for Milan and Venice. From here he followed the east coast of the Adriatic, as far as Ancona and Loreto. Then he turned landwards to Tolentino and into the Apennines by Visso to Norcia and Aquila, whence back [xiv]

INTRODUCTION to the coast, crossing the Pescara, and down to Manfredonia, keeping near the sea as far as Ostuni. From there inland again to Gallipoli and then to the extreme southern point of Sta Maria di Leuca, which he described as finis terrae. From here he moved back north, this time passing Brindisi, and from Ostuni returning to Barletta by the same route as before. Leaving Barletta, he went through Cannae to Canosa, and thence over the Apennines to Naples. Leaving Naples, he made Rome his next objective. As woiJd be expected, he took Monte Cassino on his way; his interest in St. Benedict and the broken Capistarium, to which he refers in his Notes, would naturally lead him to visit Asili and Subiaco. From Rome he journeyed to Perugia, of course visiting Assisi, and Rimini, and from there back to Venice as before. From this point his itinerary lacks the completeness which up to now has characterized it, as he gives only the names of Düren, Cornelimünster, Aix-la-Chapelle, Diest, Lierre, Antwerp, Bruges, and Calais. After the itinerary come the notes on places of special interest. It is these which call for some comment on Langton himself, as well as on the general character of the book. Practically the only things which really interest him are the relics and places of burial which he saw. It is true that there are references to a few classical objects [xv]

INTRODUCTION of interest, and there is his comment on Petrarch: "No saynt but a grete clerke" — all of which points to his acquaintance with humanist studies. These one would naturally expect from an educated man of the sixteenth century. They are, however, of small importance compared with the many objects of veneration in which his pages abound. He accepts these with the readiness of an uncritical mind. There is nothing surprising in this, and his attitude was only that of most of his contemporaries. At the same time, it must be remembered that relics had always been subject to criticism and question, if not ridicule, in some quarters. Chaucer in his Prologue to the "Pardoner's Tale" indicates what many people must have thought of them in the fourteenth century. It is, however, specially interesting to compare Langton's point of view with that of Erasmus in his Colloquy, "The Religious Pilgrimage."^ This is in the form of a dialogue between Ogygius, a pilgrim lately returned from Santiago, and Mendemus, represented as an honest enquirer, with a sincere desire for information. Me». If you had not performed the Vow, what Risque had you run ? 0¿y. I don't believe the Saint could have laid an Action at Law against me; but he might for the future have I. Translation by N. Bailey, 1733. Edited by the Rev. E. Johnson. Gibbings & Co. Ltd., London, 1900. The second of the excerpts probably refers to Walsingham, and not to Compostella; but this does not affect the argument.

[xvi]

INTRODUCTION

Men. Ogy. Men. Ogy.

Men.

stopp'd hisEarsat my Petitions, or slily have brought some Mischief or other upon my Family: You know the Humour of great Persons. Prithee tell me, how does the good Man St. James do? and what was he doing? Why truly, not so well by far as he used to be. What's the Matter, is he grown old ? Trifler ! You know Saints never grow old. No, but it is this new Opinion that has been spread abroad thro' the World, is the Occasion, that he has not so many Visits made to him as he used to have; and those that do come, give him a bare Salute, and either nothing at all, or little or nothing else; they say they can bestow their Money to better Purpose upon those that want it. An impious Opinion.

Ogy. Under the little Wicket there was an iron Gate, no bigger than what a Man on Foot could just get in at. For it was not fit that any Horse afterwards should tread upon that Place, which the former Knight had consecrated to the Virgin. Men. And very good Reason. Ogy. From hence towards the East, there is another Chapel full of Wonders; thither I went. Another Verger received me. There we pray'd a little; and there was shewn us the middle Joint of a Man's Finger; I kiss'd it, and ask'd whose Relick it was. He told me it was St. Peter's; what, said I, the Apostle? Hesaiditwas. I then took Notice of the Bigness of the Joint, which was large enough to be taken for that of a Giant. [ xvii ]

INrRODUCT'ION

Men. Ogy.

Men. Ogy.

Upon which, said I, Peter must Needs have been a very lusty Man. At this one of the Company fell a-laughing; I was very much vext at it, for if he had held his Tongue, the Verger would have shewn us all the Relicks. However, we pacified him pretty well, by giving him a few Groats. Before this little Chapel stood a House, which he told us, in the Winter-Time when all Things were buried in Snow, was brought there on a sudden, from some Place a great Way off. Under this House there were two Pits Brim-full, that were fed by a Fountain consecrated to the holy Virgin. The Water was wonderful cold, and of great Virtue in curing Pains in the Head and Stomach. If cold Water will cure Pains in the Head and Stomach, in Time Oil will quench Fire. But, my good Friend, you are hearing that which is miraculous; for what Miracle is there in cold Water quenching Thirst? That Shift goes a great Way in this Story. It was positively afErmed, that this Spring burst out of the Ground on a sudden, at the Command of the holy Virgin. I observing everything very diligently, ask'd him how many Years it was since that little House was brought thither? He said it had been there for some Ages. But, said I, methinks the Walls don't seem to carry any Marks of Antiquity in them: He did not much deny it. Nor these Pillars, said I: He did not deny but those had been set up lately; and the Thing shew'd itself plainly. Then, said I, that Straw and Reeds, the whole Thatch of it seems not to have been so long laid. He allow'd it. Nor [ xviii ]

INTRODUCTION do these cross Beams and Rafters, that bear up the Roof, seem to have been laid many Years ago. He confest they were not. And there being no Part of that Cottage remaining, said I to him, how then does it appear, that this is the very Cottage that was brought so far thro' the Air? Men. Prithee, how did the Sexton extricate himself out of this Difficulty? Ogy. He presently shew'd us an old Bear's Skin, tackt there to a Piece of Timber, and almost laught at us to our very Faces, for not having Eyes to perceive a Thing that was so plain. The whole dialogue is used for treating the subject with the most pungent irony. And to the same effect, and in the same Colloquy, is the account Erasmus gives of the old men in the Lazar House on Harbledown Hill who showed him St. Thomas's shoe, and his own indignation at the incident. The difference between all this and the point of view of Langton is plainly as wide as can be. In the amazing collection of relics which he records there must have been very many whose fraudulent character was quite obvious. But he never once suggests that this was the case. Even if he had any doubts, he clearly thought it better not to refer to them. It would seem certain that he was an ecclesiastic of the most conventional type, by whom the asking of questions, where religion was concerned, was regarded as a dangerous practice; who was indiflFerent to those changes which were then taking [xix]

INTRODUCTION place in the minds of thinking men, and quite unmoved by what Erasmus called "this new opinion." In reading through the extraordinary list of wonders and relics that Langton presents in these pages, it is not unnatural to ask why, even if such things were genuine, the mediaeval mind should have attached so much importance to them. Perhaps it is not unreasonable to suggest that the answer may be seen in a characteristic of human nature as modern as it is ancient, as much to be found in a Protestant as in a Catholic atmosphere. This is the view of the perishable body as being the real self not only in life, but even more so after death has taken place. Those who have any acquaintance with the less educated classes (though this view is not confined to them) know that this statement is true. Among such classes there is always a strong tendency to identify the dead body with the individual who has died, to speak of the grave, for example, as the place in which he or she lies. To be in the presence of the body, or even by the place in which it has been laid, seems to them to be an actual drawing near to the person who has departed. It may have been something of this sort that made the mediaeval pilgrim anxious to see the thumb or rib or jawbone of this or that particular saint. In doing so he felt that, in a sense, he was coming close to the saintly person, that he was gaining contact with the holy personality that he reverenced. This seems to me to throw some light upon a form of Cxx]

INTRODUCTION religious devotion which is certainly not prevalent in modern times, and to show that its spirit is not entirely a thing of the past. I am well aware that what I have said is in no sense an adequate explanation of the subject. It does not, for example, account for the belief in the miraculous character of the relics. That is too large a question to be dealt with here. To do so would make it necessary to study the religious development of man in his early states of existence. It is worth while, however, to quote the following passage from a recently published book by Dr. Glover: Then follows the animistic stage, when all things, or nearly all, are credited with soul or something like it, something vague but potent and divisible; for the hair of the animal, the nail of the man, the rag a man has worn, the water he has washed in, the remnant of his dinner, even his shadow, carry something of his soul with them. In many parts of Europe, there survive superstitions which derive directly and not so distantly from such beliefs.^ This statement is profoundly suggestive and points to an origin of the veneration of miraculous relics that certainly dates far behind the Middle Ages. There is nothing in the volume in the way of architectural description. This again suggests a contrast with Erasmus. I refer to the account that he gives of I. Progress in Religion to the Christian Era, chapter ii, "Early Man and his Environment," p. i i , by T . R. Glover, Student Christian Movement, 1922.

[xxi]

INTRODUCTION Canterbury when he and Colet saw it from Harbledown, some ten years before the date of Langton's book: It strikes those that behold it at a great distance, with an Awe of Religion; and now, with its splendour makes the light of neighbouring palaces look dim. There are two lofty turrets, which stand, as it were, bidding Visitants welcome from afar; and a ring of Bells that make the adjacent country echo far and wide with their rolling sound. Langten nowhere approaches this kind of writing, but, though he did not possess the art of description, we might reasonably have expected him to give us some information as to the nature of the roads and the difficulties and perils of the journey. Beyond "Breke backe hyll " we get nothing of the sort. Another instance of the meagre character of the work is the omission of any adequate reference to Santiago itself. Langton specially mentions the place in his title, but, so far as the book is concerned, he might very well have singled out several other places instead, for he says very much more about them. This is all the more noteworthy when we remember the supreme importance of this particular shrine. From the very first it had been a place of pilgrimage, and when, after the death of Almanzor in ioo2,Galiciaceased to be troubled by the Moors, the cult revived. King Veremund "coepit restaurare ipsum locum Jacobi in melius." ^ The I. Quoted in î*he Way of St. J ames, by Miss King. The Hispanic Society of America, 1920. [ xxii 3

INTRODUCTION work of rebuilding the church went on, but by the end of the eleventh century it became clear that it was not adequate, and so the present cathedral was begun. The throng of pilgrims increased in bewildering numbers. The crowds in the city must have been overwhelming. Émile Zola has written a vivid account of the condition of Lourdes during a pilgrimage. The kind of thing that he describes must have been the normal state of Compostella. There was never enough lodging accommodation, and the condition of the narrow streets, particularly in the neighbourhood of the gateways, was not merely uncomfortable, it was dangerous. There could scarcely have been a country in Europe that was not affected by the magnetism of the place. Roads and bridges were made everywhere to facilitate the progress of the pilgrims. These were drawn from every class, from the highest to the humblest. Among the former was Catherine of Aragon, as Langton must have known, and of whom he must have been reminded when he looked at her badge (a pomegranate) which appears in the device of his printer, Robert Coplande. The Wife of Bath is an indication of travellers of a less exalted state. The scenes of religious emotionalism that took place in the Cathedral are easy to be imagined, though it is a question how far the imagination can picture them. All this we know to be true, and Langton had seen it with his own eyes. Yet he says never one word about [_ x x i i i ]

INTRODUCTION these things. It is difficult to resist the conclusion that he was a man of dull mind. It is not unfitting here to refer to the writings of another traveller, William Wey, who some sixty years before (1458-1462) made pilgrimages to the Holy Land and to Compostella. In his account Wey furnishes much useful information of the guide-book type. He gives a list of common English phrases, with their Greek equivalents, and offers suggestions concerning suitable remedies and safeguards in respect of the ailments to which travellers might be subject. Further, he quotes the rates of exchange between various countries, and warns pilgrims against the designs of sharks and harpies, that is, dishonest innkeepers. In the introduction to the edition of his itineraries published by the Roxburghe Club, are these words: " T h e modern traveller who wishes to preserve his health, economise his money, and consult his comfort, might have a worse guide than William Wey." All this is found in his account of his journeys to the Holy Land. What he has to say of his Compostella pilgrimage is of a slighter character, but it is really much fuller than anything in Langton. Wey confines himself to Compostella, which to Langton was merely one of many places in his list, and to which he devotes only eight lines. In Wey we have an account of the preaching of St. James in Spain, of the translation of his body after [ xxiv ]

INTRODUCTION death to Compostella, and of the miracles which attended that event. There is a list of the relics in the churches at Compostella, as well as particulars of the indulgences to be obtained by those who visited them. Also, he gives a full account of the entourage of the Archbishop of Compostella, and of the Cathedral Establishment. In reading all this side by side with Langton's "Pilgrimage," one is struck by the meagreness of the latter as far as real detail is concerned. Nevertheless, the book has an interest of its own; and the unique character of the Lincoln copy makes that interest all the greater.

'Îhis re-print has been set in black-letter to preserve something of the appearance of the original; but exceptfor the woodcuts it is not a facsimile, even in line arrangement. 755 copies were printed under the supervision of Bruce Rogers at the Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, in August, 1924.

СФЬе pplBríma0eof.Jll.3^obcrt1Lanston cïerfee to íapnt f шпей in CompoItcU. anb in otíjcr bolp placee ot Crpítenbome/bJító tôe name of euerp tobrne anb tíieípace bettoenetíiem. aífajellbp jFraunce/çftiapne ай ííje buttiletoapanb otîjer lonbei. ЭпЬ of tfje ttlpktä anbtoonbjeöin certaine totonee 5 platcá/ton4penbíoufïp o^bîieb/ай it apperetíj pïapnlp in ííii¿ p^efent bofee.

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Cléry Saint Laurent (Loir-et-Cher) Blois

χ. ¡ЗтЬорй. Ы. Фоигй. Wbtxt i¿ Capntilïlartî»n. íín. iHounttiaroîÎ. uíí. ä»apnt featíjmn. tíjtrt t¿ a beuout place, bttt. ^batelerao. bíí. ^opípetó. b. Huíínían. xíí. Фпер. bíí. ^o^t íauía. ííí. Rottiti, íííí íHírambefaJ. bíí.

Amboise

Montbazon Ste-Catherine de Fierbois (Indre-etLoire). Châtellerault Poitiers Lusignan Auln ay-de-S ain tonge (Charente-Inférieure). Probably Port-Chauneau. Pons Mirambeau [4]

ííWbmii

Blaye

íapní ^poIpne/bpC ífjop Фигррп/ЗЯоПап be/anb Ф1риег. üü. iSttcb^auä. íx. Pelinße. íítí. iCppoftea.

Bordeaux Belin Liposthey (Landes)

X.

Castets

Caítettó. bú â>aî>nt ШрпсеШ. bí.

SaintVincent-deTyrosse (Landes). Bayonne

ííü. â>apnt íoíjnn be luce, íüt.

St. Jean-de-Luz

Câ>papne.

Í&píktp.

Biscay Fuenterrabía

jfouní rabp. b. Эгпапр. ííí. ÍCoíoíeto. íttt. ftbímíbíum â>eBura. í. ft btmíb. JWount ¡abjpan. íiü.

Hern ani Tolosa Segura Sierra de San Adrian crossed at the Puerto de San Adrian. Vittoria

©íctojía. ítíí.

[5]

HepontSSarmenian. ίί.

Puente de Armiñón, where the road from Vittoria to Miranda crosses the river Zadorra. Miranda de Ebro

iÜtranba. üú

Pancorbo

ütt.

Briviesca

biü. bítú Caítrotertó. btü. Catúm. bit. Jesuit. ЬШ. ütontílta.

Burgos Castrojeriz Carrion. Carrion de los Condes. Sahagún Mansilla. Mansilla de las Muías. León

m.

Eeou. ШсйиШш btabo^aliterberCne (anctumfaluato^m. íttt. На robla.

La Robla La Pola de Gordón

$oIa gojibon. b. ^aleartó. «ít. be lana. b. ©uebo. ¡aiíaeíanctl talttato^te.4
tur0uá. íx. Heou. uí gupra, 3bíflecííturí3íaauC= tralííár 5 occíbenter abnoítrambomínam be 0uaba lupa, bú á>aumelían. bt. iBonauent. b.

Cacabelos Ponferrada

Rabanal Asterga León

San Millán Benavente

[8]

iHtarctal tx. dittero fi. â>amoura. b. Шсоио. b«. â>aïamanca. üü. Ш«а. ill. (gategue. ü. 5 bíatíb. Círranug. t. 5 bímíb. Í@ouelta. í. ©íllía franta, ííú (gargan be belíer. ítí. bel pico.

Burcial Zamora El Cubo

Alba de Tormes Gallegos Serranos Bonilla (de la Sierra) Villafranca (de la Sierra) Garganta del Villar Puerto del Pico

í. Las Cueras del Valle Пай coíuae. í. Colmenar Culminare, ii. Ramacastañas ЗЯата caftaneaí. ( ). ttbimib. Torralba tCouraïuo. ii. Фазнй fíuuittg. Puente del Arzobispo $ont belarc^iuefpo i. ШШа be la petro¿. Villar del Pedroso i. 5 bimib. iSlebace Сафай. (?) bi. С9З

4@uaba lupe. Ш beuotug íocttg et perigrínatío. büí. ¡at jebera. íítt. (guabina flauíttg. Caíwnarío. bíí. Canqíenío. ííít. |@erlanga. ííí. (Suabelacaual. íu. Cattalía.

Guadalupe

Cl^ebtoCo. b. CiSínbalatia. CautíIIana. ^uatbtcamfluuítuf. Cíupa. xb. fi>apnt Ettcae. i, 9 bímíb. ^»ctptona. ttt.

El Pedroso

ítü. ii. Capte, ib eft 6aube¿. Sbí íolumpna Щп· tuIig.Sterumreuertenbo. XX.

Acedera River Guadiana Campanario Campillo Berlanga Guadalcanal Cazalla de la Sierra

Andalusia Cantillana Guadalquivir River Seville Sanlucar de Barrameda. Chipiona Jerez de la Frontera Puerto Real Cádiz

Cpupïl.

Seville

Ы Cannona, b. jFonteí. üit. ^esta. «ü. elim. bí. jpenoK. til. íMatííKa. bit. ìLa öalma. Sbt maria masbalena fecit pcniteníiafflPÉí.xxx.anno¿. ÍÍÍ. iL. â>apnt iHaxtmpn. bi. iH. etaii. bii.

Salon Les Pennes Marseilles La Sainte-Baume (East of Marseilles)

Saint Maximin Aix-en-Provence Apt

mat

bii. Caii>entra¿. Cittita¿papali¿. bi. g)apnt reftitttit. pjo biiu.i b. Φ, áWountek majte. bii. Ша1епш. iti.

Durance River

Carpen tras St. Restitut (near St. Paul-troischâteaux) Montélimar Valence C4D

Romans

ißlomapnsi. ίίί. â>aî»ni antonío. Ш Ь ж й ш т е ш й et cîmx q u a m (olebat

St. Antoine Monastery of St. Antoine, 7 miles northwest of St. Marcellin. Le Grand-Serre

poetare, ίίί. â>erra. ίί.

Beaurepaire

P e a u герар?.. ίί. ®íenna. e l f t e r e befpbetoaô A p l a t e b o j n e / a n b buríeb i n aépIUallebmounte

Vienne

Aplate, íjí. Еропй.

in îjalfe ρ

íaiue of íapnt íoíjnn bapípíí. snereííjere bpínanpleíáagreíe parte of faint Э п п е . xíí. $ o n t 6euuefî>n.

Pon t-de-B eau voisin

üíí.

Savoy

^auoía. ufa. XX. mple. C 3 l í c í n cípíunt m i l i a r i a .

St.-Jean-de-Maurienne. Piedmont Sus a [16]

Turin χ. Cíjetoatc. bui. Ilombarbî» â>plean. ÍX. S)apnt #егшарпс. bu. Merfep. χ. iBtoara. χ. Шйп flttuíuá. iB?ufaIo;ta. xíx. iHeïan. 3bt íanctuá ambjo= iiaö. 5t ín papía eít pauta btcmatanctuä auguítínuá.'' X. áWtaxínían. X. Hobe. X. flUUÍtlíí. Creme. xü. ©дЬеиес^е. xbiíí.

Chivasso Cigliano San Germano Vercelli Novara River Ticino BufFalora Milan

Melegnano Lodi River Adda Crema Orci Vecchi (Blaeu)

iê^tia,

Brescia

xb. îCunabe. χ. ICaßobefloobe. xb. [ 1 7 ]

Lonato Lago di Garda Peschiera

CHabtó fluttráá. Шегопа. xb. ШШа noua. xbíí. ^ímenja. xbttt. xxb. ®cneíía. xxb. Ф. Cbobía. íü. ig^unbub. bü. № jfoítun. b. Jfojnaíc. xbí«.

Adige River Villanuova, southwest of Vicenza. Vicenza

Venice Chioggia fluutoií.

Brondolo Adige River Fossone Fornase (I am not sure of the modern form). It is near the north mouth of the Po. Goro

бо^о.

xbiíL

Шо1апа. xbíii. $00flUUÜM(. ülagnauaca. x. ^jipmare. xbüú Ш. 36laaenna. x.

Volano River Po Magnavacca (near Comacchio). Primaro (southern mouth of Po) Ravenna Savio

b. Ci8]

Cenila, b.

Cervia Cessenatico

Ь.

íielaper.

Bellaria

χ.

Crimno. jcbí. Catíioltca.

Rimini Cattolica

X.

Refero.

Pesaro

Ыи

Fano ttDaníug fluttfag. Metaurus (?). This is just south of Fano, and is the first that he would cross. Sinigaglia denegata, xxb. Э6. Encona, xb. jFano. xb.

xxb. Tolentino.

Tolentino

X.

^luenna. ix. penine. aínbemontcjíapeníne bitte, ííí.

Pieve saveri (Blaeu) Apennine

mtu.

Visso

bit. iSncapatia. iií.

Ancaiano C19]

iBtojíta. Mi natuá ignctuâ bcncbútuíf $ tapíííaríum ® çttfib erat (ractuffî.

Norcia

XXX.

àquila, xxt. ^out iapnt clement, âbtbetn in monaíterío eítb^aííjíumeíusí. tit. ê>apitt ^aletttráo. Ш со^фиб etuä. ííí. jWaíe peí. tíí. ä)apnt Eíberabour SbíoKapaíabíttotmn. ÍJ. ЗЯаррп.

San Clemente. A bridge would certainly cross the river Pescara here. San Valentino, southeast of San Clemente. Manapelle, east of San Valentino. San Liberatore Rapino

X.

, Hanfana. xbííí. (guafía. xbííí. C!apttUa tlTermínoitcI ptíanabo^ xbí. Ha Cerra, xít. â>aî>nt Ceuerp. xbííí. â>aî»nt Síoíiaít. xíí.

Lanciano Vasto Termoli. Serracapriola San Seviero San Giovanni Rotondo С 20]

Monte Sant' Angelo

monte garßatto. bí.

Manfredonia

Л. állaKrabonía. XXX,

Barletta

ψ íSarlete. bí. Фгапе. íx. íWalfcto. íü. jouenato. xíí. Parre. Sfaííanctuá i^ícóolauá (epuUuíf. xbí. iïïole. χ. ^olínían. 3lbícoj= pora bíte/mobette/ et creícentíe.® b. jlonopolo. xxíííí. ä>tounp. xbí. JÍlíífanía. xíí. (guaníana. íííí.

Trani Molfetta Giovinazzo Bari Mola di Bari Polignano

Monopoli Ostuni Messagne (Possibly Guaganno, but if so his mileage is quite wrong, as this place is at least twenty miles from Messagne.) [21]

Ше1ш. Ь. Com&etttno. Sí. ^apnt petto calettno. ь.

(?)

Copertino San Pietro Galatino. Evidently an omission of a distance here; San Pietro Galatino is more than five miles south of Copertino. Galatina

Palatina. íx. antta matta ftntg tette. xxb. ©tttout. xxíüt. ЕесЬе. xxb.

Gallipoli

Sta Maria di Leuca (extreme south) Otranto Lecce

щтьаи XKÍiii.

Brindisi

^tounp t)t йцрга teuettenbo betiue Patlet.

Ostuni: thence by stages as above to Barletta

lüatlet.btÄttpra. bi. Canna, bi. CannoCa.

Cannae Canosa

X.

Cerignola

Cgeteuiola. X.

C"]

Ascoli (perhaps, but uncertain) Lione

^саЬеа. xíü. íHontípon. xíí. (^rotomtnatbe. bíü. Bentecan. «íí.

Grottaminarda Dentecane Prato

b. ^ueltno. b. ülontefoj^t. xí. â>emattno. íx. ^omcííano. bíí. C. i^apleá. btü. button. xbüt. Capua. büí. Caíua. X. â>ancîa ma^a be cureo. xbí. â>aî>nt (hermane. 3bí топй СаШпий. büú Bocafeca. bí. ¡aiatour. xb.Jflttttútó®ei:b.« [23]

Avallino. Avellino Montefiore Cemitino Pomigliano d'Arco (probably) Pozzuoli

Calvi Sta Maria di Aquiro San Germano Monte Cassino Roccasecca Alatri River Garigliano

^oíatro. xbííí. Шрк. Mi r u p t u m eratcapíííaríum. üí. 6 . â>ubea£0. ê>pctuô CanctíPenebictí/ bíttattttícabbuo mííaria. xb. Шио1е. ib ctí tCíburíína ctuttad. xb. JF. B o m a . XXX. С г ш с г и й flumuá.

Asili Subi acó

Tivoli

C í u í í a á Caftellana. 3íbípropeCCC.fabeí ínterfecíí fuere. XXX. â>poIeto. X. íWontfalío. xíííí Щ . á>ancía m a r i a be a n g e l í í. eí bímtb.

Э. feruta b í í í a í ab ê>e5a .χ. m í I a r í a ibi mon= tíratur a n n u l u á beate m a r i e btrBinifi!. lacuä ÍZDrafimenusí. XX. [24]

Cremerà, an affluent of the Tiber; to-dayla Varca. Civita Castellana

Montefalco Sta Maria degli Angeli (Assisi). Perugia

(gubío. xxbtíí. ШгЬш. xíí. Jfltontflour. xííí. afemino bt gupra> Sícrum bcríuá Шепе» ítam ®eneíía. Ixxxííí. H. brenta. bcríue Coloníam beícenbenbo. Colen. bi. M. ЗЭиге. iHicreincipiuntllttce ítcnim. b. á>apní Cornell, ü. (0. ^qutó sraitum ib eft ¡atonJ

Gubbio Urbino Montefiore

Venice Trent Cologne Düren Luce, leagues Cornelimünster (7д miles south of Aix-la-Chapelle). Aix-la-Chapelle Diest

bí. (Û. litvt. ii. ^ntoatTpe. xbí. ü^ustó. xbüí. Calep¿.

Lierre Antwerp Bruges Calais

relpfeeá anb ШопЬ^ей in bpuerá Cíí^Icaunce. i@ibeffî m btCotä^ !9gnt paCcaltò. Ще bnyft ρ it Ott tDítball Wbt tbaìpte ρ Crpft tab at ρ íoupir. ШоГерЬ of ¡a^amat&íaá beeb. Щос in loto canonico^tmt regularium ibibeinbocanturiapnt C©ttebo. JS. C®óíí place i¿ calleb bp pplg^pmcá/Iapnt â>alaabour in ¡áuítuMa. anb (bttt i¿ an arfee o^ tiieCt ntabe bp fbt ЬапЬей of fbt bpfcppleä o^ apoftleä (of tQoob) ítat neuer putrpfieft. ¡ЭпЬ fp^ft it tame in ¡afíritam to Cartage. JSinb fro tôeni to ^plpalp in â>papne. Jfro tíiení to ШеЬо. йпЬ ípi tíiení in aftu^iamtoíjereit i í noto, fcilieet. in ettlefia fantti ^aluato^ii. Эп tbii arfeetoajsfounbe manp srete relpfeei. ftttitet. of tíie {lolp t;toffe. Certapne tiio^e¿. ^iefpnbone' et tunita tb^ifti. ЗЭе panniá.^® p^efepe." 3ie pane Cene bomini. 29e manna. ЛИапий fantti ^t^tiani. Шг tapilliä fantte fWarie maßbalene. â)po^te "¿etri anb anbjiee. ^ar¿pifti¿/affi/"etfauummeni)S."l9enari«¿3rube. Wbtvt i^alfo a troffe mabe bp tbebanbee of аипдеПей. Щеге i¿ aifo bna Sb;iia" tbattoa¿in cana on. Ш о bontô oí (apnt ^Ιίο blobe oí íapnt ^»cbaítpan. ^lío oí tbt íbBtt oí beare ííjat lapní ФЬотай oí Cauntojburp bpbe toeare on. ¡ЩКо а tofte of fapnt â>î>lttciter/ inttîi maní» otj^er xtl^ktä. C^aíjon. СФЬеге í¿ fapnt 3íame¿ bote of itone ρ be Ьоай conttapeö in fro STerufalem. ^ f o ρ mafte of itone bnber ρ auter oí tbe tbptbt hJberin tó tbe meafure of íjtó fote. ЯИо tíjere tó ρ plate toíjere be reíteb btó bob? or beeb. ¡ШГо aboue on ρ ЬрПtóíapnt ЗГатейtoeíle.aifo ρ place ίμιtobenйbetb^etoebíйítaffe orburbon.aííobtónebpn for рр1вгртей to crepe tbojoto." Ш о tbere aboue tó ρ ftone biberon be lap o^ reíteb upon, ^nb aboue tbat a itone lubere be pjiecbeb. ®8S®®88®®S8S(288S C$o:tto bel pico. СЩ^еге cometb tbe bpetoap fro ^игдий to Cpuil bp a totone calleb üMebena Ьесащю/ЬзЬеге iä a grete fap^e perelp/in fefto omnium Íanct0^um.(s8sa®88®e8ss) Gtepíιenй íieeb. C^uenpon. Ü . CtKíjere íojnetí)tíjttnap ío íHarcíKa/hJÍjeretóííje íieelt anb Ьопей of Панагий. ^ífo at fapnt Ший^й in tí)e fame Jllarcílía tó aíabatíniin bnsueníí fancte álMartc maßbalene. anb alfo a fpnser of íjetó. ^nb a toííie of íapnt ^eíer. ^nb fapnt i[nb^eíoeй cjoífe.«88®«88® Câ>apnt JWaxímían. ÌL. C^íjere tó JHarp та0Ьа1епей beeb bjíííj flefífte on it/ ЩкЬг Crpít tóutíjeb. Шfo ííjere tó íjer íjeere. anb an ^mpuípn^^ ííjat fpringeti) eucrp Cefató. M' tó a ppece of ííje íjolp c^offe/^ .íí tíjojnefi : 5 a ppete of fapnt Xpofrefi arme. ^ífo a ppece of fapnt Piafe, anb of áWarp таеЬакпей fpnser. Щ е bíffíje ín íÍjetoíjícíjejUaríba bpbe mpníftre bnto Crpft. й íotíje of fapnt Síoíjan baptpfí. 5 one of íbe .xxx. репй: C^ífat. iBt. С Щ е г е tó a parte of tíje beeb of fapnt ^nne. ¡3n arme anb a fpnser of JWarp magbalene. (SSSS) CiHlountelemajc. Θ, С Щ е г е cometb in ρ rísíjttoaj»f^o ^uíníon to Ишпй. СШа1епс1а. СФЬап tojnetí) tíie toape agapne to fapnt Síntonp be [28]

CCíjamberp tó íbetoeb tíjc .ííü. bap oí JMape tbt Cuitarj» tbat C^pít ЫайЬо^арреЬ ίπ/ίη ptepulcre/toíft íjíá ÍJole ppctttxt/üntz et retro. Slío tbe B«te Cíjarter^ouá 1й nere tíjere atoap (outíjtoarbe toioarbe (@janoüIe. C^abua. íLWbtvt 1й tapnt Jllatí)p tfje appoítie/anb Hufee ρ euangelpít burpeb. ^nb tbere ii a grateb toníbe íníj^re ín tíjep toere b^ougl^í tíjpber. ^lío ín Ccclefía magna 1й íapnt gíntíjonp íMíjítbe Ьоай a grap frere. aifo ín an otter сЬрдЬе Ipetö ЫрЯеЬ Cíepne. ^Ио .ix. mple fro ti^ená ïpetïj ^etrarcl^a jFIojentpne/no iapnt/but a srete clerfee. ШГо on tíjíá (pbe ^et^uë be ЭЬапо a npgromancer Ьзай Ьо^пе/ç Ipetí) at Pabua. ^íío fapnt Síuítpne Ipetí) at íapnt 5uitpneë t^p^cíje/fajíjere tó a pplíer oí marbíe hJÍjertn ííje put íjer íjanbe flepnge tp= ^annp. ^nb tíjere Ipett P^oboxímMfapHbop oí ^abua. ^lío tíjere tó an autertoíjeremanp tí)ouíanbeй oí mar= tp^й toere martpjeb. ^ílío tíjere tó a boelle ρ шartp^й toere put ín. CE^eneíía. ê). tLWbtïz 1й at ρ trpníte cl^pjcíjc a íoote oí íapnt 3ie= metre. Щ г Ipíte íjanbe oí íapnt ^b^tpan bpíííjop. Ш. rpbbe oí íapnt illatíjeto tíje euangeípít. ÍKíje arme oí íapnt Pjocupp. ^ rpbbe oí íapnt JSarbara. a píete oí tíje íponge oí Crpít/anb .íí. 1|)о^пей oí Ы^ trotone. íÉíje clotíje oí tíje Crpbbe o^ Cratcíje. pmage oí our labp tíjattoaйienetoeppngetíj^e Ьарей/й^ап tíie plage repgneb ai Шепрсе. Èlio bnber tíje íjpe auter oí íapnt ¿Магкей сЬргФ Ipetíj íjífi bobp. ^nb ín tíje beí= tíarp aboue íй a rpbfae oí íapnt á>tepíjen. ^ í o a piece [ 2 9 ]

of übt ïjolp crotte, й п pmaße oí our ïabp papnteb bp tapnt Uttfee. a i t o a fpngcr of fapnt JWarte. ШСо a fpnger of i M a r p ntaflbafene. Щ г ííipsí) of íapnt (Scorge. atóoweofCrpfíejsmibjne.ÉrpngeofíapntjlMarftcí/ anb a bofee tojpten toítí) Stó ЬапЬей. íSínb i n fapní ¡ 3 η íonptó с Ь в Ф nortôtoarbe fro ф е п й Ipttí) ρ bobp of fapnt ^ a b a abbot tfiat bab manp m o t ^ t ô bnber bptn/ $ tbere are btó f b o e í / a n b tbe croffe ibat Ы bpbe be^e. à n b m ρ c b ^ e l l tbtrbp no^tbinarbe i s tbt bibp^ebone^® of fapnt (geojge/anb a bone of fapnt p i a f e . ¡aifo at fapnt jacbaríeá cbpjcbe ípeíb btó bobp. ib eft patriäfantti ioanniä b ^ t i f t e / t o L ä manp otber bobpeä 5 jcipbeö. ä l f o i n fapnt üWarpneá^® tbp^tbe Ipetb ber bobp. ¡aifo tbere iö a napïe of € г р И Ш ρ crucigeriá'"' ï p e è íbe bob? of fapnt JUa^bara. Ш о a bone anb a toibe of fapnt Cb^iftofre. ¡aifo a bone of fapnt H a u rence. iKHo fapnt p i a f e о ц ф е . Ш о i n fapnt Hucpeä cbpjcbe Ipetb ber bobp. ¡aifo i n fapnt ЙррШрпагей cbPÌtcbe i ä parte of a fpnger of fapnt ilatberpn. !9nb at fapnt á>pmon¿ сЬряЬе i ¿ b i á arme. Ш fapnt i S p coíaá be E i o tbere i e (ай tbep fape) btó bobp tranflateb from P a r r p % . i i . of b i ¿ tetbe: b i ¿ fenballesí: $ b i ¿ ftaffe paftojaïl. dlWiarp egpptienjï fote. ШЬг pmage of our labp/сфеге mofeico/mabe bp fapnt Eufee. C ^ e of ρ pottesî bab i n C a n a galalee. á í f o i n fapnt Clens! cbittbe i n a n pie on t b i i fpbe ïpetb ber bobp/hjitb a parte of fte bolp croffe on ber biette. ^ .atto Conftantpneö fpnger. ©too tbojneá of C r p f t . ^ a r t e of áUlarp magbaleneäfbolber. Ш о i n fapnt (@eo;ige cbp^tcbe ρ tse i n a n pie isi a ppece of b i ¿ beeb. ü l f o a bole arme of bpm φ .ii. tbojneá of C r p f t . Щг face toitbout ρ ecotone of fapnt 3íame¿ ρ lette, a ppece of tbe ^ o n g e of C r p f t . a i f o i n a cbp^cbe befpbe tbe grap fгегей Ipetb tbe bobp [30]

of íapnt ¡ Э п Ь tbtxt tó a í í i o ^ n e o f C r p f t í b a t p t v t í p f í o i p i i b t t b ' i ^ I f o í n f a í > n t М а ш Ы tbivtbt isi t{ie|^anbeoffapntErobanbaptpft/$at{iebaptpfebCri)ft toíít. ¡ a i f o í n í a p n t S í o í i a n 5 l ^ o u l c « c b p j c j j e tó a b o n e o f f a p n í J o p e ó l a s ! . Ж b o n e o f f a p n t ^ » e ü a f t í a n . gt o p l e o f fapnt í l a f t e r í n . í3nb tn tbt с Ь р и Ы of fapnt é>eníate tótí¡tI p f t ô a n b e totíbottí ф е t r o m b e o f f a î » n t a n b i e t e . ¡ Ш С о Л й а г р C ï e i ç i j e о ? H í a c o b p t ó í i e e í i . a i f o а ftojne o f C j p í t . â » a p n t ( g ^ e s o j p e í e c r e . à>apnt E u b e Ä а щ е . й piece of ρ tröffe. 9 a b o n e of f a i n t nt С е с р 1 р е й b e e b . ^ f o i n a n pit с а П е Ь ^ o e c a I p e t b f a n c t u ä Щ а п afiuif/çtti comgpofuit © u i c u n q u e bult. (288Э®88® CCbobfa. Φ . С Щ ^ е г е iá burieb ¿Felix 5 jForíunatuá.^i

^ ^ ^ ^

CíSlauenna. Ш . С С Ь е г е i ¿ b u r p e b f a p n t © p t a l l i n a toclíe/9 m a n p m a r ¿ > ^ g . Щехе iä 2 S a u n í e ¿ ρ p o e t e ¿ F i o r e n t i n e b u r i e b anb p p c t u r e n a t u r a l i ^ m a b e to^ b e r f e á a b o u e ρ fame.22 ^ gjfo ц ipt^U fpbe b p j F l u u i M rubiconiá. я« Ciäncona. Χ. iff b u r p e b ρ b o b i e í o f f a p n t C i r i a b e / f a p n t i M a r c e l ï p n e / ç l i b e r i . 5 í b e b o b i e í o f ^ a l a t i j çt H a u rentij.^® (SSS¿)(iSSS(¿SSS>(¿SSS)QS8S)(SSSSSSSé> CICoreto. p. i¿ íbe cbapell 5 o?atorp of our labp/Uibere fbe b)a¿ faluteb of tbe a u n g e U (^ab^pell/tbe inbicbe f o m C31]

ípme ííolte at i^tajaretii/ç toafí tranílaíeb tíjpber δρ mp^acle. ^nb tíierc Ьоай C^plt longe ípme norpíífteb. ай íí appereíí) bp leííjeá prpnícb ííjere of p(ame.^$S> esquila. ÍLWbtxt ίύ (apnt Pernarbpneá bobp burpeb/tobúbe Ьоай a srap ftrcrc. ^ífo toíííjout tbe totone (apnt ^cíer CEauíanna. ÍLWbtvt beípbe ín an pie o( tíje íec caííeb ©^tona Ipetfj tíjebobp of í a p n t ^ o m a á í b c a p p o í t l e . ^ ^ ^ ^ í ^ Cülalfrabonía. h aî>nt iC-eonarbeö íá .tíí. mpleá ííjená/bjíicretóíjtó ajme. anb ííjere be ííjeíueb manp шр^ас1ей. CParleíe. Ç . CCanna 1й .bí. шр1ей ííienó/bjíje^e J^anpbaíl íjab bptíojp of tbt Вотарпей. C ^ a p n t ^etro caletíno. Ct!Dí)ere í¿ a fpnger of fapnt Hatíjejpn/j ííje ringe ρ Crpft fpoufeb ber bjítíj : gt ber íoíbe. ^nb fapnt a8a= ííjaeá pappeô. Й(Ио а finger of fapnt Síobnntó Crífof= torn. Én a^me of fapnt ^etronpU. й rpbbe of fapnt Jglafe. â>aî>nt ^пЬ^еШей Crotone. Щ г toíipjíebone of f apnt Cb^fftofre. ^ fpnger of fapnt ^antijelpon. ^nb atotijeoffapntHucp. CCannofa. Щ. C^ijere iй tbe ЬоЬрей of fapnt ё>аЬрпе j fapnt Jfe= Ipte. Шfo rex ^bamunbe^^ йай burpeb tbere. € t ibi [ 3 2 ]

po^ía €nea mirifica.^® ^nb fjo tíjená. bit. mpíenojííjtoarbe tó a totone calleb ^nbjc/bjíiere tó buríeb ¿olp Bpcíjarbe Cnsipíííjeman. Cj^apíeá. C . С J f r o m ííjtó cpte ío J^onauent toíjere íapht í?artpl= mcíuc Ipeíb be .xl. mpleö. ЭпЬ ίο ê)alerne totere Ipett íapntüiaíócto фе e«an0cïift.xxx.mple. ЖпЬ íojUlaKa toíjere Ipetb (apnt 31пЬдЬ» .xxbíí. Sínb fjom tíjená ío ^ í f o U .btít. mple: toíjere pe map fpnbe manp anípquííeesí.aá anínint á>íbíne. 9 ой inferni, anb agrouíe^® Ibjusbaíjpllonítíiáípbeínberbp^pjspuiijaáburpeb. Cá^apnl (hermane. СФЬеге abone in í^e íjpll calíeb топй СаШпий iй а (apje monafterptoíjereíapní Ílenebicíe anb íapní â>co= lattica Ь1йfittertoaйbnrieb bnber ρ íjpe aníer/j ííjere iй Ь»й arme anb íbe ajme of fapní ^eríronpl fl^etoeb. ^nb gopnse bp ίο ppíaceiйííJep^pníeinamarЫefíone of ite rocfee of fapnl penebicíeй fpbe/$ of Ыб affé ρ íje fell toiíb. й1Ио abone ρ placetoíjerea faíй fernanní bpb a bottletoiibtopnetobicíjetoaйfeníe ίο íjpmtoaйpnn= ifíjeb bp mpjacle. ^nb beneííje ρ íjpU toefítoarbe iй fapní ё>со1аГ«сай Câ>ubiaco. (E. C^íjere toaйíÏJe bell b^oben bp ρ beupl. ^nb ibere fapní penebicíe bett íjpffifelfe amonge пе1Йей." Ф п lÍJiйfpbeiйííJepIacetoíIere fapní ^lacííuй28 fell in ííje toaier/ï fapnl ¿1йаишй feícíjeb íjpm oui gopnß on íbe toaíer. í!Díjere 1й alfo a ppece of Ь^й beeren fíjeríe/$ of ífje befípmení of fapní ^oule ρ apofíle. 5 a íoíbe of fapní Жеготе. 9 a íoíbe of fapnl Piafe, ^nb ρ аШегй

[33]

ftere toere bebpcate bp íapnt Jienebicie/(ai»nt Φ Câ>ancta il{{a;tia be angelo. bpeb fapnt ЛГшсерй. ^ n b ttpber toaí parbon gpuen bp доЬЬей obme moutte. Ш tó a rpstt tolp anb beuout

СЩ)еге tó fapnt Jfjancepí burpeb. atto ttere iä a popnte of a tïjo^ne of Crpft. aifo a popnt of a naple of Crpit. a n b fapnt jFrancepi fterte of íjeere/s íjtó cíjal-

[34]

pce. ¡aiío a hj^ptpnge of btó olone banbe. Ш(о a Ьоще of puorp tobertjjiiö be caUeb men to jp^ec^pnae. ШГо tí. гоЬЬеб to ЬрЬ fctleme tottîian. ^пЬ tjiere befpbe iä tfie place tofjere be Ьоай bo^ne/toíjícbe toas! a fiable 9 noto töere tó a cbapeíl. ¡ЭпЬ .íí. mpíe tíjení tó a place calleb %i carcerí/toljere íje bpbe penaunce.Snb at mount ЗЭе lauernía .xí. mple tíjená ¿e tofee ftißmata xpí. Wbtvt tfii alfo ρ table ρ be toaä lapbe on toban be toaä beeb/ tobícbe toμιuflbt ntanp mp^acleí aftertoarbe. СЭп ρ fame cpte tó ρ cbírcbe of fapnt Clare tobere tbe ^pnge tó ρ toast gpuen to ber bp pope innocent tbt .ítít. Шfo tbere iä tbe c;toffe ρ fapnt Jfrancepîi bpbe bere tu btó banbe.¡aifobtó pojtuô/®®boob/5fbone.®^®bere tóalfo ρ fpnger of fapnt tiborna« ρ toaá tn Crpfteá fpbe. ^ f o tbere tó tbe crucpfix tbatfpafee to fapnt jF^ancepá.^fo fapnt ïlatberinô fpnger toitb a rpnge on it. ШГо our »i Coreuta. S.

CtlCberetó blpffeb é>pmon¿'2ί,ρ^Ρ tbattoa¿martpreb toítb Íbe3íetoe¿. @88δ)®88«>®88δ€8δ®®88®(288© CColen СФЬеге Ipetb tbe .ítí. Ьрпвей : in ecclefta maio^i. aifo tn ρ cbpjcbe of fapnt íMarp in Capitolio i í a naple of Crpft.íaifo ρ Ipft arme of fapnt 1í.eonarbe.eb Щ к Ь b i a ä one of ttie .itti. f o n e ¿ of a í p m o n / a n b bufee of üWountafton. Silfo tîiere at ρ fvetea р^есЬегй Ш а й Ш Ь е й и й ш а й п н й burpeb. Sínb i n tíie t ö p ^ i j e of fapnt üMartpn i ¿ ρ toinsple of o u r labp. È l i o a cloiöe p f a p n t I L a u r e n c e hjaô put on afte^ iieЬзай r o f t e b / ^ ^ i n c l e b fomto^at toitíj Íjíá blobe. Ш Г о tíiere a r e Ьопей of fapnt Ф е о г ^ е a n b fapnt Crpftofre. Ш Г о at tbt cíjpjtcíie of fapnt (Seo^ge i á tïie fbserbe toitô Щ х ф í)e fletoe ρ b j a g o n / i t Ы m a b e Ipíie a n a r m p n g e fíaerbe/tíie tröffe gplte/töe p o m c l l e n a m p l e b / a n b tíie b a n b l i n g e g a r n p f f í j e b toitíj of f p l u e r . í l l f o i n tíie g r a p frereá i á ρ bper parte of fapnt J S a r b a r a ö bteb/ toitíj pbjounbe Joto fí)e toaá ftrpfeen i n tíje f a m e . Silfo tbere t s of tíje ш р Ш е ι ople of fapnt H a t í j e r p n . Silfo at tfieSiuftpn frereä iä tfie cfiekebone of fapntâ>ebaftpan / 5 a n arotoe íieeb tobítíJ^ b j a á blobeb i n b i á bobp. CÍSure. i H . С Э п tíiiá cíjp^cbe i ¿ fíielneb ρ fcaft»e of fapnt Sinne. apnt C o j n e l p . fLWbeve ís fapnt C o ^ n e l p á ^ bzeb/biä a r m e / s ot^er boneä i n a tombe aboue ρ auter. Silfo i n a cfiapell efttoarbe iô a (бгррей too o^ a iiorne. Silfo atoelle of ôolfome t o a t e r / ç töe toepgbteö ρ tftep toep f efee m e n toitô. C36]

CiSqutó granum Φ . € Щ т tó of íapnt ílatíierptteá oplc. labpeá (шосЬ/9 btt feeuertíieí ρ CjpCt íjab on ρ erotte. Щ г totoeU tîiat (apnt B^ofian baptptt tiab at tte baptpttnge oí Crpft. ÜIÍO ftere tó foíepfteá íjoíc. â>apni â>p· топй ajtne. ê>apnt foíjaná ïjeere. â>aî»ni ^eter fett e « bjofeen. Crptteá gp^We/s our laitpeá ßp^ble. ^Ifo tíje rq)e ρ Cjpít Ьоай ípeb to tíie ррПег toiíj. ¡v^S^^ííJ^ CÍipít. G^apnt ЖоЬtótoo^iffipppeb npe to tlie fame place totoarbe Houapne a beuout CHere (ñ. СЩеге tó ρ bob? of fapnt áUlaurící in eapfa arsentea. CEauá betur beo. Cê)apnteg anb relpfeeá tofaefenotoenextrao^bínarplp out of mp rpgjjt toap ín tíjtó ppigrpmage feçuuntuj. (2S8®®88S®88®®88®e88®(288® CCícílía iBt tíje pie of СрсрП beponbe i^laples! Ipetíj ρ bobp of fapnt ^gatïja/at Cataniafaefpbeρ mount (Etíjna. ^nb tíjerbp tó an pie calleb Шикап ρ flamee fp^e. Щш tó alto betíuene áiWecena anb Calabre â>plla anb Cajpbba ttoo регрПей of tíje fee. estalla Cíat ®íterfaía tó burpeb fancta l^ofa. C0(t JWountbafcon, tó fapnt áHajsareteá ïjeeb. С Ш Л?опопр tó buríeb fapnt 2&ompnífee/at tíje blatfee f ^ereô. Эп ρ gje grite cíjprcíjefaefpbetfae martet place fapnt ^etronp.

[37]

С Ш З Г а ш а tó of ttie aiijeô of fapnt S o î j a n P a p t p í t / a n b a Pî'ece of b i ä Ь^еЬ. Щ г platter ti^at gob mabe Ы ^ m a u n b p in. á>apnt1Laurcnce tbapnc tíjat îie Ы а tpeb to tbt B t p b p j o n toitball. ^ a ^ t e of tijc Ьопей of fapnt CjFrancía. c a t ^ а ^ р й at fapnt ЗГоЬап l a t e r a n u á bcfpbe tôe colIpcge of ( à ^ m b j e iä a ptnp of Híubaá. iSnb i n ti)e cíjai»· ril befpbc®® t^e palapg t¿ of tiie iiolpcroffe/toift tnanp otijerjieIi»fee.Ca[tajsentpn®4outbtaarbc f r o m i t e n ö tsí tt)e cote inconfutpll of o u r iojbe. ( 2 8 S e X S 8 S ® ® 8 S ® G^lamanta. Cí^ínb alfo tije cote of C ^ p f t tó ííjetoeb at ® r e u e j p ¿ i n Ш т а п р / t b e monbape after toftptfonbape. C ^ i t Ш а п bome befpbe Cöa?,treji tó a teere of € r p ( t . bonutn pro bifu. Comías!.®® Ш eft facies; fancti Síoíianneá Ьарtifte. ¡aifo í b t iatoe S a c o b i Cîlifpania С Ш ^ » a r a s u f a jopnpnse to Nirason i n î l i f t i a r a a Ы а р р Ш г toîje^on our labp aj^pc^eb to fapnt Ж а т е й tíje rao?e. @ 8 8 ® @ 8 8 δ ) ( Ε 3 8 δ ® 8 8 δ ® 8 8 δ ( 2 8 δ ® < 2 8 8 ® ib СГапйНа С Э п CjpftcSp^cÍje i n C a u n t o j b u r p t j e r e i ¿ tíje íjolp bobp of fapnt Ф й о т а й of C a u n t o j b u r p . anb ρ bob? of fapnt JSlafe/toiÓi tíiep^ ^сеЬей to be f^etoeb. Щ е г е iä alfo tèe combe ρ tíje fapb fapnt J i l a f e b j a ¿ tojmenteb toitíjall. lanb atto tbt a r m e of fapnt â ) p m e o n tftat bare C r p f t i n b i á а г т е й . C ^ n b at tbe cbp^cbe of fapnt ¡Suftpn ípttb tíje bobp of fapnt aíuttpn of € n s I o n b e . ([29eo gratiag. C38]

iLWbt mtcto^i.

и щ а Ьоке o( ttplgrpmage to (apnt3ímne¿/anb oti^er bittfiin CrpCtenbomeSmabefor ttieinftructionof goobanbiieuout people of €nslo«be/ibatmapbe ^areb/topllpnae to (e íuiíje bolp platei anb ttlpktä: anb tafee papne on töem for Crjíteáfalie/attb entreafc of töep^merptcö.i

Cíínp^pnteb at Honbon/tn tbe Jfletcftrete at töe fpgne of tíje íRofe ваг1апЬе/Ьр 3^obert Coplanbe. Щ г pere of our lorbe .íWí.CCCC.xxíí. ÎCÔe.xbiit.baî'ofi^o· uemb^e.tE;í)e.xíií. pereofprepgneoffepn geîlen tP tíie.bm.

NOTES 1. SayntRestituii. St. Restitutus was the man born blind (St. John, ix). Pro visu means that he was invoked for the eyesight. 2. Pavia is the ancient Ticinum, afterwards called Ticinum Papia, the name of the tribes who settled there as Roman Colonists. Pavia is the name of a district as well as of a town. Possibly Langton employed different spellings to distinguish between town and district. 3. Capistarium, bath or dish, in this case the latter, ^od eratfractum refers to the miracle worked by St. Benedict in mending the borrowed dish which his nurse had broken. The whole incident is described by St. Gregory in his Dialogues, Lib. ii., Cap. i., De vita et miraculis Sancii Benedicii. The following is the description: " H i e itaque cum jam relictis litterarum studiis petere deserta decrevisset, nutrix quae hunc arctius amabat sola secuta est. Cumque ad locus venisset qui dicitur Enside, multisque honestioribus viris pro charitate se illic detinentibus in beati Petri ecclesia demorarentur, praedicta nutrix illius ad purgandum triticum a vicinis mulieribus praestari sibi capisterium petiit, quod super mensam incaute derelictum, casu accidente fractum est, sic ut in duabus partibus inveniretur divisum. Quod mox rediens nutrix illius, ut ita invenit, vehementissime fiere coepit, quia vas quod praestitum acceperat, fractum videbat. Benedictus autem religiosus, et pius puer cum nutricem suam fiere

C41]

conspiceret, ejus dolori compassus ablatîs secum utrisque fracti capisterii partibus sese cum lacrymis in orationem dedit, qui ab oratione surgens ita juxta sese vas Sanum reperit, ut in eo inveniri fracturae nulla vestigia potuissent, moxque nutricem suam blande consolatus ei sanum capisterium reddidit quod fractum tulerat. Quae res in eodem loco a cunctis est agnita, atque in tanta admiratione habita, ut hoc ipsum capisterium ejus loci incolae in Ecclesiae ingressu suspenderent: quatenus praesentes et secuturi omnes agnoscerent, a quanta Benedictus puer conversationis gratia perfectione coepisset, quod annis multis illic ante omnium oculos fuit, et usque ad hec Longobardorum tempora super fores Ecclesiae pependit." 4. Termine is also used for the same place by Mercator and Blaeu. Pitanado would appear to be a clipped form of Capitanado, a corrupt form of Capitanata, the Neapolitan province. Termino del Capitanado is what Langton meant; della Capitanata would have been more accurate. 5. Ibi Corpora ViteI modeste¡et crescentìe. The reference is clearly to Vitus, Modestus, and Crescentia. Vitus was a Sicilian boy of gentle birth who was secretly instructed in the Christian Faith by his nurse Crescentia and her husband Modestus. All three were martyred in the persecution of Diocletian. 6. Alatri is near the head of a small tributary of the Sacco, itself a tributary of the Garigliano. It would have been natural for him to have mentioned this small tributary. Verd, however, does not refer to it, but to the Garigliano. Therefore this latter river must [42]

have been in his mind, and probably he crossed it about midway between Alatri and Monte Cassino. Dante refers twice to the river by this name. "Or le bagna la pioggia e muove il vento Di fuor dal regno, quasi lungo il Verde, Dove' ei le trasmuto a lume spento." Purg. III. 131. " E quel corno d'Ausonia, che s'imborga Di Bari, di Gaeta e di Crotona, Da ove Tronto e Verde in mare sgorda." Par. V i l i . 63. 7. Aquis Granum id Ы Aeon. Aeon is Langton's word for Aachen. There are two cities, the one within the other, and the inner city is the ancient one. 8. Discus, dish. In is an error. 9. Syndone, linen. 10. Bannis, swaddling clothes. 11. 12. Sporte, baskets. viii, 8, 20.

"Presepe,χίί2ίΆ%ςχ. St. Matt, xv, 37; xvi, 10: St. Mark

13. Assi, cooked, broiled. 14. Fauum mellis, honey-comb. 15. Idria, waterpot. 16. Also his nedyll, etc. Compare St. Wilfrid's Needle at Ripon Cathedral. 17. Ampulyn, phial or vase. 18. Whyrlebone, knee cap.

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ig. Saynt Marynes, St. Marina. Her relics are said to have been brought to Venice in 1 1 1 3 , and to have been placed in the Church of St. Liberalis. ao. Crucigeris. This suggests that Langton may have been thinking of a Crusaders' Church. It is more probable that he was referring to the Church of the religious order known as Cruciferes (Fr., Croisiers). The following extracts are taken from Dictionnaire Universel, Paris, 1759: " I l y a trois ordres religieux qui ont porté ou qui portent encore ce nom; l'un en Italie; l'autre dans les Pays-Bas; le troisième en Bohème." Of the Italian Order it is stated: " C e qui est certain c'est que l'ordre des Croisiers étoit établi avant le pontificat d'Alexandre III. puisque ce Pape fuyant la persecution de l'Empereur Frederic Barberousse trouva un asyle dans les monastères des Croisiers, et qu'après la persécution il protégea cet ordre, lui donnant un règle et des constitutions l'an 1169. " Ils étoient d'abord habillés en gris. Ils portèrent ensuite une tunique ou robe avec un scapulaire. Ils portoient aussi toujours en main une croix d'argent ou de fer. Ils étoient Hospitaliers et Chanoines réguliers, sous le règle de saint Augustin. Ils avoient cinq provinces toutes en Italie, celle de Vologne, de Venise, de Rome, de Milan, et de Naples." αι. There is buried Felix Fortunatus. Cf. Richard Whytford, The Martiloge in englysshe after the use of the chirche of salisbury /and as it is redde in Syon/with addyctons, edited by F. Proctor and E. S. Dewick, H. B. S., 1891, p. 92: C44]

" T h e . xi. day of lune In aquiley ye feest of saynt Felix & saynt Fortunate breder/that by the psecucyon of ye empereurs Dioclecian & Maximian were racked & hote flambynge lampes & cressettes put to theyr bodyes/whiche by ye myght of god were sodeynly quenched/than hote boylyg lede was cast vpon theyr wombes/& at the last after many turmentes they were heded/and so ended theyr martyrdom in Chrystes cofession." Felix and Fortunatus appear to have been specially the protecting saints or patrons of Chioggia in the South of Venice, as were SS. Mark and Peter in the North. Canon Ulysse Chevalier has an article in Repertoire des Sources Historiques du Moyen Age, " B i o Bibliographie," 1877-1886,001. 720, in which he quotes several 17th and i8th century writers who describe these two saints as protettori di Chioggia. Cf. also the following from Historical Guide to Venice, Grant Allen, 1898, pp. 47-48: " N o w Aquileia was the mother city of Venice, and thence was brought the body of St. Mark, and relics of St. Hermagoras whom St. Mark consecrated first bishop of Aquileia. There is a figure of St. Felix over a holy water stoup, introduced in the 4th arch of the arcade supporting the gallery in the South aisle of St. Mark's Church at Venice: also in the South apsidal chapel of St. Mark's, the altar of St. Clement given by Andrea Gritti, doge 1523-38, contains relics of SS. Hermagoras, Fortunatus and others." 22. I t is possible that Langton refers to a portrait of Dante in relief on the tomb; but, as the latter was

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practically rebuilt in the eighteenth century, this can only be a matter of conjecture. 23. There is bury edye bodies, etc. Cf. U. Chevalier, " Biographie," Col. 532. Cyriake(St.) evêque d'Ancone,363: Cenni, Storia de S. Ciriaco, Liberio e Marcellino, protettori dì Ancona, 1856,4°. Corsini (Odoardo), Relazione della scuoprimento e recognizionefatta in Ancona dei sacri corpi di S. Ciriaco, Marcellino, e Liberio, propettori della citta e riflessione sopra la traslazione ed il culto di questi santi; Roma, 1756, 4°, xij. Whytford's Martiloge has the following in the Addycions under 9th January: " T h e feest also of saynt Marcellyne bysshop of aconi tane/ [a mistake for anconitane] an honourable man of holy lyf/that whan he was seke & myght not go/and the cite was all on fyre lyke hooly to haue ben lost/he comauded to set hym in a chayre before the fyre/& dyd no hurte." The Roman Martyrologium, Venice, 1585, hasunder 8th October: "Anconae sanctarum Palatiatis virginis, & Laurentiae, quae in persecutione Diocletiani sub Dione praeside in exilium deportatae, laboribus et erumnis confectae sunt." 24. rex Abamunde, Bohemund, eldest son of Robert Guiscard, a crusader, Prince of Antioch, died A.D. I I I I . 25. A t Canosa, on the south side of the Cathedral, is the mausoleum of Bohemund, son of Robert Guiscard. This has bronze doors, the workmanship of Ruggiero of Amalfi. Holy Rycharde, I have not been able to identify.

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26. Groute, grotto. 27. And there saynt Benedicte kest hym self e amonge nettles. The reference is to St. Benedict's method of resisting carnal temptations (St. Gregory, op. с/Л). 28. The place where saynt Placitus fell. Whytford in the Martiloge gives the following under 15th January: " I n ye terry tory of andogauence (andegauensi; Angers) the feest of saynt Maure an abbot/& discyple vnto saynt Benet/y by his maysters cömaüdement went vpon the water/& toke out of the same a chylde called saynt Placidus/y was in peryll." 29. The Apollo Belvidere was discovered at Frascati in 1455. The Laocoön was discovered among the ruins of the palace of the Emperor Titus at Rome in 1506. Seeing that the Pilgrimage was printed in 1522, this latter discovery must have been fairly fresh in men's minds when Langton visited Rome. He might therefore have been expected to make more than a bare mention of it. But he was not given to much description (see Introduction, pp. xx-xxii). 30. Partus, breviary. 31.

Shone, shoes.

32. Blyssed Symons. He was one of the children supposed to have been killed by Jews,like little St.Hugh of Lincoln. 33. Cucubert. Cunibert is meant. 34. Blyssed Reynawde, See The Right Pleasant and Goodly Historie of the Foure Sounss of Aymon, Englisht from the French by William Caxton and printed by him

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about 1489. Early English Text Society, 1885, edited by Miss Octavia Richardson. Caxton's work is a translation of the French prose romance Les Quatre Filz Aymon, which is itself a rendering of an ancient Chanson de Geste sometimes called Renaud de Montauban. The earliest known text of the chanson is 12th century. None of the prose MSS. are earlier than the 15th century. Renaud was one of the five sons of Aymon, Duke of Dordon. He was allowed by King John of Gascony to build the Castle of Mountaubon. The story is full of accounts of his battles with the Emperor Charlemagne and with his own father. After a time of much warfare Charlemagne makes friends with him on the condition that he goes as a mendicant pilgrim to the Holy Land. This he does and is instrumental in the capture of Jerusalem by the Christians. The narrative concludes with an account of his time at Cologne, where he works as a labourer at the building of the Church of St. Peter. He wins the approval of the chief mason; this leads to the jealousy of his fellow workmen, who kill him and throw his body into the Rhine. His body is miraculously revealed to the Archbishop and his Clergy, and also miraculously conveyed by invisible hands to a cart which carries the body to the little town called Croine. A pilgrim reports the happenings to Renaud's brothers. They go to Cologne and make themselves known to the Archbishop who has the body taken to Cologne and buried there in a tomb "that was ryght ryche."

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35· St. Cornelius is invariably represented in Flemish and French art holding a horn in his right hand, a playon his name (Cornu). Grype is griffin (gryphon) and too, toe. Evidently he means a griffin's claw and is thinking of the similarity between it, in view of its imagined size, and a horn. Cf. the following from Murray's New English Dictionary: "Among these relics they showed me a prodigious claw set in gold which they called the claw of a griffin. (Lady M. W. Montagu to Mrs. T. Thistlethwaite, 30th. August, 1716.)" 36. The chapell besyde, etc. This is La Sainte Chapelle. 37. Argentyn. This is Argenteuil. 38. Clearly some mistake here in placing three of these four towns under the heading Alamania. The Holy Tear was certainly at the Vendôme near Orleans; and Amias is Amiens.