Production of N-containing Chemicals and Materials from Biomass [12] 9789819945795

Table of contents :
Cover
Biofuels and Biorefineries Series: Volume 12
Production of N-containing Chemicals and Materials from Biomass
Copyright
Preface
Acknowledgments
About the Book
Contents
Editors and Contributors
Part I. Production of N-Containing Compounds by Chemical Catalytic Processes
1. Hydrolysis of Nitrile Compounds in Near-Critical Water
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Near-Critical Water
1.3 Nitrile Compounds
1.4 Hydrolysis Reaction of Typical Nitriles in NCW
1.4.1 Hydrolysis Reaction in NCW
1.4.2 Hydrolysis of Nitrile Compounds
1.4.2.1 Hydrolysis of Nitrile Compounds Catalyzed by Acid/Base Catalysts
1.4.2.2 Hydrolysis of Saturated and Unsaturated Nitriles in NCW
1.4.2.3 Hydrolysis of Aliphatic and Aromatic Nitriles in NCW
1.4.2.4 Hydrolysis Reaction of Heterocyclic Nitriles in NCW
1.4.2.5 Hydrolysis Reaction of Dicyan-Nitriles in NCW
1.4.3 Comparison of Hydrolysis Reactions of Different Nitrile Compounds in NCW
1.4.4 Factors Affecting Hydrolysis of Nitrile Compounds in NCW
1.4.4.1 Reaction Temperature and Time
1.4.4.2 Reaction Pressure
1.4.4.3 Catalytic Additives
1.5 Conclusions and Future Outlook
References
2. Major Advances in Syntheses of Biomass Based Amines and Pyrrolidone Products by Reductive Amination Process of Majo...
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Reductive Amination of FUR and HMF
2.3 Reductive Amination of LA
2.4 Conclusions and Future Outlook
References
3. Producing N-Heterocyclic Compounds from Lignocellulosic Biomass Feedstocks
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Five-Membered N-Heterocyclic Compounds
3.2.1 Pyrrolidines
3.2.2 1-Ethyl-2-(Ethylideneamino)-5-Methylpyrrolidin-2-Ol
3.2.3 Pyrrolidones
3.2.4 Bicyclic and Fused Pyrrolidones
3.2.5 Pyrroles
3.2.6 Pyrazoles
3.2.7 Imidazoles
3.2.8 Tetrazoles
3.3 Six-Membered N-Heterocyclic Compounds
3.3.1 Pyridinium Salts
3.3.2 Pyridazin-3(2H)-One
3.3.3 Pyridazines
3.3.4 Pyrazines
3.4 Quinolines
3.5 Benzodiazepinones
3.6 Pyrido[2,3-d]Pyrimidines
3.7 1,2,4-Triazine, Quinoxaline and Pyrazolo[3,4-b]Quinoxaline
3.8 Conclusion and Future Outlook
References
4. Waste Shell Biorefinery: Sustainable Production of Organonitrogen Chemicals
4.1 Waste Shell Biorefinery
4.1.1 Global Shell Waste Generation
4.1.2 The Ocean-Based Chitin Biomass
4.1.3 Chitin Extraction from Shell Waste
4.2 Chitin Hydrolysis into the Amino- or Amide-Sugar Products
4.2.1 Water Solvent Systems
4.2.2 Organic or Co-solvent Systems
4.3 Chitin Oxidation into Amino Acids
4.3.1 Amino Acids
4.3.2 Oxidation of Chitin Monomers to Produce Amino Acid Sugars
4.3.2.1 Oxidative Cleavage of Chitin Monomer to Produce Short-chain Amino Acids
4.3.2.2 Oxidation of Chitin/Chitosan into Amino Acids
4.4 Chitin Dehydration into Furanic Amide (3A5AF)
4.4.1 Potential of 3A5AF as a Building Block Chemical
4.4.2 Chitin Monomer Dehydration to 3A5AF
4.4.3 Chitin Polymer Dehydration to 3A5AF
4.5 Other Transformation Strategies
4.5.1 Hydrothermal Methods
4.5.2 Hydrogenation/Hydrogenolysis Reactions
4.5.3 Condensation Reactions
4.6 Concluding Remarks and Future Outlook
References
5. Sustainable Production of Nitriles from Biomass
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Bio-Based Nitriles Production from Renewable Nitrogen Sources
5.3 Bio-Based Nitriles Production from Renewable Oxygenates
5.3.1 Acrylonitrile
5.3.2 Acetonitrile
5.3.3 Fatty Nitriles
5.3.4 Furan Nitriles
5.3.5 Aromatic Nitriles
5.4 Conclusions and Future Outlook
References
6. Catalytic Upgrading of Bio-Based Ketonic Acids to Pyrrolidones with Hydrogen Donor Sources
6.1 Introduction to Reductive Amination of Levulinic Acid (LA)
6.2 Hydrogen Gas
6.2.1 Noble Metal-Based Catalysts
6.2.2 Non-noble Metal-Based Catalysts
6.3 Formic Acid
6.4 Ammonium Formate
6.5 Hydrosilane
6.6 Boron Hydride
6.7 Conclusions and Outlook
References
Part II. Production of N-Containing Compounds via Biological Processes
7. Microbial Production of Amine Chemicals from Sustainable Substrates
7.1 Metabolic Engineering for the Production of Amino Acids as N-Containing Building Blocks
7.1.1 l-Glutamate
7.1.2 l-Lysine
7.1.3 Production of Other l-Aspartate Family Amino Acids
7.1.4 l-Tryptophan
7.2 Extending the Metabolic Pathways of Amino Acid Biosynthesis
7.2.1 Value-Added N-Containing Chemicals Derived from l-Glutamate
7.2.1.1 Putrescine
7.2.1.2 GABA
7.2.1.3 5-Aminolevulinic acid
7.2.1.4 l-Theanine
7.2.1.5 N-Methylglutamate
7.2.2 Value-Added N-Containing Chemicals Derived from l-Lysine
7.2.2.1 Cadaverine
7.2.2.2 5-Aminovalerate
7.2.2.3 l-Pipecolic Acid
7.2.2.4 Ectoine and Hydroxyectoine
7.2.2.5 l-Carnitine
7.2.3 Value-Added N-Containing Chemicals Derived from l-Tryptophan
7.2.3.1 Violacein
7.2.3.2 Hydroxytryptophan, Serotonin and Melatonin
7.2.3.3 Anthranilate and N-Methylanthranilate
7.2.3.4 Chlorinated Tryptophan
7.2.3.5 Brominated Tryptophane and Tyrian Purple
7.2.3.6 Brominated Indoles and Tryptamines
7.2.4 Value-Added N-Containing Chemicals Derived from l-Isoleucine
7.2.4.1 4-Hydroxyisoleucine
7.3 Microbial Production of N-Containing Compounds from Renewable Substrates
7.3.1 Wood/Plant-Derived Substrates
7.3.1.1 Starch
7.3.1.2 Cellulose
7.3.1.3 Xylose
7.3.1.4 Arabinose
7.3.2 Agricultural Residues
7.3.3 Side Streams from Industrial Processes
7.3.3.1 Glycerol
7.3.3.2 Spent Sulfite Liquor
7.3.3.3 Amino Sugars
7.3.3.4 Residues from Food and Beverage Production
7.3.4 Methanol as Representative C1 Substrate
7.3.5 Marine Resources
7.4 Perspectives for the Microbial Production of N-Containing Compounds
7.4.1 Trending Approaches in Metabolic Engineering
7.4.2 Expanding the Substrate Spectra
7.4.3 Expanding the Product Portfolio
7.5 Conclusion and Future Outlook
References
Part III. Application of N-containing Biomass to Manufacture of Chemicals and Materials
8. Engineering Biochar-Based Materials for Carbon Dioxide Adsorption and Separation
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Recent Advances in Using Biochar as an Adsorbent for Carbon Capture
8.3 Key Engineering Strategies Targeting Biochar for Carbon Dioxide Adsorption and Separation
8.3.1 Strategies for Modifying the Physical Properties of Biochar
8.3.1.1 Increasing the Specific Surface Area
8.3.1.2 Increasing Pore Volume and Optimising Pore Size
8.3.1.3 Developing a Hierarchical Pore Structure
8.3.2 Strategies for Functionalizing Biochar for High-Performance CO2 Adsorption and Separation
8.3.2.1 Introducing Basic Functional Groups
8.3.2.2 Introducing Oxygenated Functional Groups
8.3.2.3 Loading Alkaline and Alkaline Earth Metals
8.3.3 Summary
8.4 Challenges and Perspectives
8.5 Conclusions and Future Outlook
References
9. Producing N-Containing Chemicals from Biomass for High Performance Thermosets
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Overview of Nitrogen-Containing Compounds Derived from Renewable Platform Chemicals
9.2.1 Nitrogenous Compounds Derived from Nitrogen-Free Biobased Platform Compounds
9.2.1.1 From Vanillin
9.2.1.2 From Guaiacol
9.2.1.3 Furan-Derived Nitrogen-Containing Compounds
9.2.2 Nitrogenous Biomass Found in Nature
9.2.2.1 Chitin
9.2.2.2 Amino Acid
9.3 Bio-based Nitrogen-Containing Epoxy Resin
9.3.1 Heat Resistant Bio-based Epoxy Resin
9.3.2 Intrinsically Flame-Retardant Bio-based Epoxy Resin
9.3.3 Toughening of Bio-based Epoxy Resins
9.3.4 Biodegradable and Recycled Bio-based Epoxy Resin
9.3.5 Bio-based Epoxy Resins with Other Functions
9.4 Bio-based Nitrogen-Containing Benzoxazine Resin
9.4.1 Bio-based Benzoxazines with High Thermal Property
9.4.2 Bio-based Benzoxazines with Flame Retardancy
9.4.3 Bio-based Benzoxazines with Antibacterial and Algaecidal Properties
9.4.4 Bio-based Benzoxazine Resins with Other Functions
9.5 Other Bio-based Nitrogen-Containing Thermosetting Resins
9.5.1 Bio-based Phthalonitrile Resin
9.5.2 Bio-based Polyurethane Resin
9.5.3 Bio-based Cyanate Ester Resin
9.6 Conclusions and Perspectives
References
10. Preparation of N-Doped Carbon Materials from Lignocellulosic Biomass Residues and Their Application to Energy Stor...
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Synthetic Routes for the Preparation of N-Doped Carbon Materials
10.2.1 Post-synthesis Strategies
10.2.2 In Situ Strategies
10.3 Nitrogen-Doped Carbon Materials Derived from Lignocellulosic Biomass Residues in Energy-Related Applications
10.3.1 Electrocatalytic and Catalytic Applications
10.3.2 Electrodes in Supercapacitors
10.4 Summary and Outlook
References
11. Preparation of Green N-Doped Biochar Materials with Biomass Pyrolysis and Their Application to Catalytic Systems
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Preparation Methods of Nitrogen-Doped Biochar
11.3 Chemical Activation and Nitrogen Doping During Biomass Pyrolysis for Nitrogen-Doped Biochar
11.3.1 Nitrogen Doping Process During Biomass Pyrolysis
11.3.2 Chemical Activation Process During Biomass Pyrolysis
11.3.3 Simultaneous Pyrolysis, Activation, and Nitrogen Doping of Biomass
11.4 Biomass Catalytic Pyrolysis with Nitrogen-Doped Biochar Catalyst
11.4.1 Effect of the Catalytic Pyrolysis Process
11.4.2 Effect of Active Functional Groups in Catalyst
11.4.3 Effect of Pore Structure in Catalyst
11.4.4 Effect of Biomass Composition
11.5 Conclusions and Future Outlook
References
Part IV. N Transformations During Thermal Processes
12. Evaluating the Role of Gasification Stages on Evolution of Fuel-N to Deepen in Sustainable Production of NH3
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Materials and Methods
12.2.1 Materials: MBM Characterization
12.2.2 Pyrolysis and Gasification Experiments
12.2.3 Characterization of N-Containing Products
12.2.4 Stage Contribution to Final Fuel-N Distribution
12.3 Results
12.3.1 MBM Characterization
12.3.2 Fuel-N Distribution Obtained in Pyrolysis Stage
12.3.3 Characterization of Tar Obtained in Pyrolysis Experiments
12.3.4 Fuel-N Distribution Obtained from Char Gasification Stage
12.3.5 Contribution of Each Stage to Final Fuel-N Distribution
12.4 Conclusions and Future Outlook
12.4.1 Conclusions
12.4.2 Future Outlook
References
Index