Proceedings of the 7th Brazilian Technology Symposium (BTSym’21): Emerging Trends in Systems Engineering Mathematics and Physical Sciences, Volume 2 (Smart Innovation, Systems and Technologies, 295) 3031085442, 9783031085444
This book presents the Proceedings of The 7th Brazilian Technology Symposium (BTSym'21). The book discusses current
109 75 86MB
English Pages 787 [785] Year 2022
Foreword
Preface
Acknowledgements
Contributors
Organizing Committee
Executive Committee
Scientific and Academic Committee
Technical Reviewers Committee
Contents
Internet of Things Using Smartphone Sensors to Track Dangerous Goods
1 Introduction
2 Related Works
2.1 Tracking Devices Embedded in Trucks
2.2 VANETs
2.3 Smartphones
2.4 Smartphones Sensors
2.5 Smartphone Orientation
2.6 Mobile Applications
3 Comparative Analysis: Embedded Modem × Smartphone × VANETs
3.1 Comparative Analysis: Embedded Modem × Smartphone
3.2 Comparative Analysis: Cellular Networks × VANETs
4 The Proposed Solution for Hazardous Cargo Transportation Management
5 Simulation Results
6 Conclusion
References
A Smartphone-Based Solution to Manage Hazardous Materials Transportation: A Review
1 Introduction
2 Review of Relevant Literature
2.1 Mobile Location-Based Solutions Related to the Traffic of Vehicles
2.2 Smartphone-Based Solution for Vehicle Accidents
2.3 Dangerous Goods Solutions with Dedicated In-Vehicle Devices
2.4 Dedicated In-Vehicle Devices to Providing Tracking Solutions
3 Application and Discussion
3.1 Smartphone Application to Manage the Hazmat Transportation
3.2 False-Positive Avoidance
4 Conclusions
References
Industrial Technological Process for Welding AISI 301 Stainless Steel: Focus on Microstructural Control
1 Introduction
2 Experimental
3 Results and Discussions
4 Conclusions
References
A Critical Overview of Development and Innovations in Biogas Upgrading
1 Introduction
2 Fundamentals of Anaerobic Digestion
3 German Scenario of Biogas Production
4 Brazilian Scenario of Biogas Production
5 Biogas Purification
5.1 Water-Washing Systems
5.2 Pressure Swing Adsorption (PSA)
5.3 Membrane Separation
5.4 Amine Scrubbing
6 Production Costs
7 Conclusions
References
Horizontal Curves with Transition. The Use of This Methodology for the Calculation of a Road Project in the City of Campinas/SP - Brazil
1 Introduction
2 Methodology
3 Background Knowledge and Results
4 Conclusion
References
Artificial Neural Network-Based Committee Machine for Predicting the Slag Quality of a Blast Furnace Fed with Metallurgical Coke
1 Introduction
2 Research Method
3 Results and Discussions
4 Conclusions
References
Lean 4.0: Digital Technologies as Strategies to Reduce Waste of Lean Manufacturing
1 Introduction
2 Theoretical Framework
3 Methodology
4 Results and Discussion
5 Conclusion
References
Drying Shrinkage of Fiber Reinforced Concrete Under Restrained Conditions: A Systematic Mapping Study
1 Introduction
2 Methodology
3 Results and Discussions
4 Conclusions
References
NACA 0012 Aeroacoustic Study Using ANSYSFluent
1 Introduction
2 Numerical Procedure
2.1 Software Simulation
2.2 Geometry
2.3 Meshing
2.4 Flow Validation
2.5 Acoustic Validation
3 Results and Conclusions
References
Structural Analysis of Bridges and Viaducts Using the IoT Concept. An Approach on Dom Pedro Highway (Campinas - Brazil)
1 Introduction
2 Theoretical Background
2.1 Building a Bridge
2.2 IoT - Internet of Things
3 Scientific Research
3.1 Investigative Methodology
3.2 Proposed Methodology
4 Field Research
4.1 Manoel Aveiro Viaduct
4.2 Dr. Roberto Rocha Brito Viaduct
5 Final Consideration
References
Analyzing Optimal Operating Points of Air and Water-Cooled Chillers Used in an Office Building
1 Introduction
2 Description of the Mathematical Model of the Cooling Tower
3 Simulation Results
4 Conclusions
References
Prop Walls: A Contextualization of the Theme in a Case Study in the City of Campinas (Brazil)
1 Introduction
2 Theoretical Background
3 Metrics for Wall Construction
3.1 Masonry Walls
3.2 Cyclopian Masonry Walls
3.3 Gabion Walls
3.4 Crib Walls
3.5 Soil-Cement Sacks Walls
3.6 Walls of Tires
3.7 Bending Walls
4 Field Research
4.1 Bending Prop Wall
4.2 Gabion Prop Wall
4.3 Comparisons
5 Conclusion
References
The Adoption of Industry 4.0 Technologies: Its Benefits for Companies in the Brazilian Automotive Sector
1 Introduction
2 Theoretical Foundation
2.1 Industry 4.0 Concepts and Technologies
2.2 Benefits Management and Benefits Dependency Network
2.3 Digital Transformation and Benefits of Adopting Industry 4.0 Technologies in the Automotive Sector
3 Research Method
4 Results Analysis
4.1 Profile of Companies and Their Benefits Dependency Networks (BDNs)
4.2 Comparison Between Toyota and Bosch Elements
4.3 Benefits Analysis
5 Conclusion
References
V4α: A New Method for CNNs Inspired by Trichromacy Perception
1 Introduction
2 Background
3 Methods
3.1 Color Responsiveness
3.2 V4α Method
4 Experiments and Results
4.1 Experiment 1 - Color Responsiveness (CR)
4.2 Experiment 2 – Merging Color Information
4.3 Experiment 3 – Evaluating V4α
4.4 Computational Expenses
5 Conclusion
References
Proposal for a Low-Cost Reader for Chipless RFID Tags Using PLUTOSDR
1 Introduction
2 Literature Review
2.1 Tags and Reader Chipless
2.2 SDR
2.3 ADALM-PLUTO
2.4 GNU Radio
3 Methodology
3.1 GNU Radio Implementation
4 Results
5 Conclusion
References
Telemanagement and Its Benefits to Energy, Environment, and Society: A Case Study in Street Lighting
1 Introduction
2 Theoretical Development
2.1 Remote Management
2.2 Smart City
2.3 Internet of Things
2.4 Smart Grid
3 Contributions to SDGs and the Current Scenario of Public Lighting
4 Analysis and Discussions
5 Conclusion
References
Digital Technologies Adoption to Face COVID-19 Pandemic: An Exploratory Approach
1 Introduction
2 Theoretical Framework
3 Methodology
4 Results and Discussion
5 Conclusion
References
Particle Swarm Optimization in Smart Grid Load Management
1 Introduction
2 System Model and PSO Technique
3 Problem Description
4 Results and Discussions
4.1 Integer Linear Programming
4.2 Particle Swarm Optimization
5 Conclusion
References
Tracking System for Inspection and Analysis Using the ToF Method Supported by Automatic Calibration
1 Introduction
2 Materials and Methods
3 Tracking Development System
4 Conclusion
References
Comparison Between PO, PSO, and FPA Techniques Applied to MPPT of a Low-Power Photovoltaic System for LPWA Devices
1 Introduction
2 Characterization of the Photovoltaic Module
3 Extraction of the Equivalent Circuit Parameters
4 Analyzed MPPT Techniques
4.1 PO Method
4.2 PSO Method
4.3 FPA Method
5 Analyzed MPPT Techniques
6 Conclusion
References
The Integration of Alteryx®and Microsoft Power BI®: A Case Study
1 Introduction
2 The Alteryx Designer®
3 Methodology
4 Results and Discussion
5 Conclusion
References
Monitoring and Control of Electrical Machines Using IoT
1 Introduction
2 Background
3 Development
4 Results
5 Conclusions
References
Institutional Development Index (IDI): Calculation for Municipalities in the Metropolitan Region of Campinas (Brazil)
1 Introduction
2 Theoretical Review
2.1 Sustainable Development Versus Sustainability
2.2 Indicators Versus Indices
2.3 IDI and Institutional Sustainability
3 Methodology
4 Results and Discussion
5 Conclusions
References
Data Security, Privacy, and Regulatory Issues: A Conceptual Approach to Digital Transformation to Smart Cities
1 Introduction
2 Information and Communication Technologies - ICTs
3 Smart Cities
4 Internet Governance
5 Main Bodies Responsible for Regulatory Aspects
6 Brazilian Regulations
7 Final Considerations
References
Outcomes of a Parameter Sensitivity Analysis of a CT Measurement Process Through a Digital Model
1 Introduction
2 Virtual Measurement Scene
2.1 Brief Description of the Digital Model
2.2 Virtual Experimental Setup
3 Virtual Analysis Findings
3.1 Number of Angular Poses
3.2 Detector Noise and Image Averaging
4 Concluding Remarks
References
Applying Data Mining Clustering on Web Server Logs to Identify and Analyze Robots' Behavior
1 Introduction
2 Methodology
3 Results
3.1 Sessions Creation
3.2 Feature Extraction and Session Labeling
3.3 Feature Selection
3.4 K-Means Clustering
3.5 DBSCAN Clustering
3.6 Hierarchical Agglomerative Clustering
4 Discussion
5 Conclusions
References
Adequacy Map for Offshore Wind Farm Implementation in the Campos Basin Region in Brazil
1 Introduction
2 Methodology
3 Results and Discussion
4 Conclusions
References
Optimal Placement of EV Charging Stations Using a Dedicated, Two-Level Teaching-Learning-Based Optimization Algorithm
1 Introduction
2 Theoretical Background
2.1 Facility Placement
2.2 Placement of CSs
2.3 Mathematical Model
2.4 Teaching-Learning-Based Optimization (TLBO)
2.5 Two-Level TLBO
2.6 Teacher Improvement – A Dedicated Approach
2.7 Other Implementation Details
3 Simulation Results
3.1 Case 1
3.2 Case 2
4 Conclusion
References
Economic Dispatch Using an Efficient Teaching-Learning-Based Optimization Algorithm
1 Introduction
2 Theoretical Background
2.1 Economic Dispatch Model
2.2 Teaching-Learning-Based Optimization
3 Simulation Results
3.1 Case 1 – 3-Unit System
3.2 Case 2 – 6-Unit System
3.3 Case 3 – 15-Unit System
4 Conclusion
5 Future Work
References
Early Detection Using a Vision System Integrated to a Die-Casting Equipment
1 Introduction
2 Theoretical Foundations
2.1 Concept of Losses in the Toyota Production System
2.2 Losses from Manufacturing Defective Products
2.3 Computer Vision
3 Methodology
3.1 Test and Simulation Environment
3.2 System Calibration
3.3 CM and CMK Calculating
3.4 Value Determinating of Each Operation
4 Discussion and Results
4.1 FMEA
4.2 Technical Feasibility Test
4.3 Process Modeling
4.4 Data Collection and Stability Calculations
5 Conclusions
References
Numerical Analysis of the TMR Redundancy Method Against Faults by SEU Effect for Space Missions Using FPGA
1 Introduction
2 Related Work
3 Proposed Methodology
3.1 Reference Circuits
3.2 SEU Effect Emulation
3.3 Applied Redundancy Technique: TMR
3.4 Test Scenario
4 Results and Analysis
4.1 Test Bench Implementation
4.2 Results Generated in Phase 2
4.3 Results Generated in Phase 3
4.4 Analysis of the Results Generated in Phases 2 and 3
5 Conclusion
References
Electric Vehicle Recharging and Roaming Protocols: A Brazilian Electromobility Case Study
1 Introduction
2 Methodology
2.1 Literature Review
2.2 Methodology for the Brazilian Reality - Protocols and Variables Study
3 Adaptations for the Brazilian Scenario
3.1 Considered Protocols
3.2 European Interoperability Protocols Analysis and Selection
3.3 Chosen Protocols
4 Conclusion
References
Numerical Simulation of Churn and Annular Transient Flows
1 Introduction
2 Numerical Method
2.1 Transport Equations
2.2 The Courant Number
2.3 Numerical Procedure
3 Numerical Simulations
3.1 Geometry of the Simulations
3.2 Courant Number Analysis
4 Results and Discussion
4.1 Churn Flow
4.2 Transition Flow
4.3 Annular Flow
5 Conclusions
References
The Use of the Elman Preconditioner in the Early Iterations of Interior Point Methods
1 Introduction
2 Linear Programming Problems
3 Primal-Dual Interior-Point Methods
4 Predictor-Corrector Method
5 Problem Description
5.1 Controlled Cholesky Factorization
5.2 Separator Preconditioner
6 Adopted Approach
7 Conclusion
References
A Recomposition Method for Distribution System with DG
1 Introduction
2 Literature Review
2.1 Network Recomposition
2.2 Restoring Methods
3 Recomposition of the Distribution Systems by Current Flow
3.1 Definition of Decision Variables
3.2 Objective Definition
3.3 Definition of Constraints
3.4 MINMAX Problem Formulation
4 Application of the Proposal to Replacement in Distribution Networks
4.1 Base Case: Loss Minimization
4.2 Scenario 1: Minimum Loss Minimization, Shorter Time and Multiobjective Recomposition - Interruption Branch 12
5 Conclusions and Future Work
References
Machine Learning Applied to Harmonic Functions in Music Composition
1 Introduction
2 Related Works
3 Learning Through Inductive Logic Programming
4 Materials and Methods
5 Experiment
5.1 Specification of Modes and Types
5.2 Determinations
5.3 Positive and Negative Examples
5.4 Results
6 Conclusions
References
Dependable I2C Communication with FPGA
1 Introduction
1.1 I2C Communication Review
2 Types of I2C Problems
2.1 Addressing Issues
2.2 Stuck Bus
3 Literature Review and Notable Failures
4 Dependable I2C Communications with FPGA
4.1 Experiment Description
5 Results
6 Conclusion
References
A Simple Approach for Short-Term Hydrothermal Self Scheduling for Generation Companies in Restructured Power System
1 Introduction
2 Problem Formulation
2.1 Objective Function
2.2 System and Unit Constraints
3 Solution Methodology
3.1 TLBO Algorithm
3.2 Improved TLBO Algorithm
4 A Solution of the SHTSS Problem Using ITLBO Algorithm
4.1 Evaluation and Selection of SHTSS Variables
4.2 Implementation of ITLBO Algorithm
5 Results and Discussions
5.1 Test System I
5.2 Test System II
6 Conclusion
References
Admittance Control Study Applied in the Exercise of Proprioception
1 Introduction
2 Methodology
2.1 Definitions
3 Tests and Results
4 Conclusions
References
A Survey on Automatic Inspection for Printed Circuit Board Analysis
1 Introduction
2 Literature Survey
2.1 Traditional Techniques
2.2 AI Techniques
3 Discussion
4 Conclusion
References
Design and Implementation of a X–Z Positioning Control System
1 Introduction
2 The Experimental Set–up
3 Position Control of the DC Servomotors
4 The Control Logic of the Positioning System
4.1 Memory Positions
4.2 The Free Mode
4.3 The Sequence Mode
5 The HMI Design
6 Experimental Results
7 Conclusions and Future Work
References
Control of MIMO Time-Delay Processes Having Disturbances with Time Delays
1 Introduction
2 MIMO PI LQG Controller Design
3 Control Applications
3.1 Example 1
3.2 Example 2
4 Concluding Remarks
References
A Strategy of Potential Fields and Neural Networks in the Control of an Autonomous Vehicle Within Dangerous Environments
1 Introduction
2 Description of the Proposed Method
2.1 3D Map Construction
2.2 Obstacle Identification
2.3 Determine the Goal of the Vehicle
2.4 Path Generation
2.5 Vehicle Movement
3 Results
References
A Thermal Analysis of the Internal Flow in 2 Helical Coils for the Delignification Process of Sugar Cane Bagasse Using Superheated Steam
1 Introduction
2 Description of the Proposed Method
2.1 Parameters for Bagasse Processing
2.2 Mechanical Design of the Reactor
2.3 Mesh Creation
2.4 CFD Simulation
3 Results
4 Conclusions
References
Analysis of an Automated System in a Robotized Cell for the Transport, Control, Classification, and Organization of Heterogeneous Packages
1 Introduction
2 Description of the Proposed Method
2.1 Description of the Proposed Robotic Cell Mechatronic System
2.2 Strategic Description of the Process
2.3 Result and Discussion
3 Conclusions
References
Design of a Pisco Sour Vending Machine Based on an Embedded System (Raspberry Pi)
1 Introduction
2 Description of the Proposed Method
2.1 Integral Machine Control System
2.2 Cooling System
2.3 Liquid Dispensing System
2.4 Lemon Slicing and Squeezing System
2.5 Liquid Mixing System
3 Results
4 Conclusions
References
Design of a Hydrodynamic Profile for an Unmanned Underwater Device Using Numerical Simulation
1 Introduction
2 Description of the Proposed System
2.1 Ali and Mayzar’s Submarine
2.2 Submarine Guanay 2
2.3 Underwater Device Design
3 Results
3.1 Analysis of Hydrodynamic Profiles in ANSYS
4 Conclusions
References
An Algorithm to Obtain the Stained Area Ratio Based on Digital Image Processing Techniques for Organic Straw Classification
1 Introduction
2 Description of the Proposed Method
2.1 Image Acquisition
2.2 Pre-processing
2.3 General Stain Detection
2.4 Detection of Percentage of Stains
2.5 Experimental Conditions
3 Conclusions
References
A Computational Comparative Analysis Between Nvidia Jetson Nano and Raspberry Pi CM4 for the Classification of White Asparagus with SVM
1 Introduction
2 Description of the Proposed Method
2.1 Support Vector Machine
2.2 Single Board Computers
2.3 Experimental Study
3 Results
4 Conclusion
References
A Design of a Spindle and Mathematical Calculations of the Speed Required for HDPE Plastic Extrusion and Recycled PETG Plastic to Obtain 40 kg/h of Filaments 3 mm Thick
1 Introduction
2 Description of the Proposed Method
2.1 Mechanical Spindle Design
2.2 Extrusion Speed
3 Results
4 Conclusions
References
Simulation of a System for Reducing Gases Emitted in a Steel Casting Process by Two-Stage Centrifugal Separation
1 Introduction
2 Description of the Proposed Method
2.1 Cyclone Design
2.2 Mechanical Design of the Filter
2.3 Theoretical Redistribution of Particulate Material
2.4 CFD Simulation
3 Results
4 Conclusions
References
An Optimal Blade Design for Mini Wind Generators Mountable on the Spoiler of a Vehicle
1 Introduction
2 Description of the Proposed Method
2.1 Study of the Work Area
2.2 Proposal Layout
2.3 CFD Processing
2.4 Experimentation
3 Results and Conclusions
3.1 CFD Results
3.2 Experimental Results
References
Large-Scale FDM 3D Printing in 6 Degrees of Freedom on One ARM KUKA KR 60
1 Introduction
2 P&ID Diagram and Printer Pictorial Diagram with 6 Degrees of Freedom
2.1 System P&ID Diagram
2.2 Printing Flow Chart
3 System Approach
3.1 Computer Modeling of the Solid
3.2 Generate and Download the G-Code and KRL
3.3 Synchronize Arm and Card Generate and Download the G-CODE and KRL
4 Results and Statistical Data
References
Changes in Sugars, Dry Matter, and Characteristics Sensory of Chip of Native Potato in the Chopcca Region
1 Introduction
2 Materials and Methods
2.1 Experimental Design
2.2 Potato Chip Preparation
2.3 Quantification of Reducing Sugars
2.4 Quantification of Dry Matter
2.5 Sensory Evaluation
2.6 Statistics
3 Results and Discussion
4 Conclusions
References
Visual Angular Haze Detection Using Focus Metrics
1 Introduction
2 Background
2.1 Brenner Function
2.2 Gaussian Derivative
2.3 Gray Level Local Variance
2.4 Steerable Filters
2.5 Sum of Wavelet Coefficients Function
2.6 Variance of Wavelet Coefficients Function
2.7 Sum-Modified-Laplacian
2.8 Helmil's Mean Method Function
3 Methodology
4 Results
4.1 Low Angular Haze Glass
4.2 Standard Glass
5 Conclusions
References
Visual Angular Haze Detection Using SSIM
1 Introduction
2 Materials and Methodology
2.1 Database and Preprocessing
2.2 SSIM Analysis
2.3 Proposed Metric
3 Results and Discussion
4 Conclusions
References
Synthesis of Planar Linkages Using Optimization Methods
1 Introduction
2 Synthesis Equations of a Four-Bar Linkage
3 Optimization Methods for Mechanism Synthesis
3.1 Cost-Function Gradient for Mechanism Synthesis
3.2 Unconstrained Gradient-Free Optimization: Nelder-Mead
3.3 Gradient-Based Optimization
3.4 Evolutionary Algorithms: Genetic Algorithm and Particle Swarm
4 Experimental Results
4.1 Optimizations Comparison Analysis Using a Four-Bar Linkage
4.2 Another Synthesis Test Using a Six-Bar Linkage
5 Conclusions
References
Modelling of Complex-Structured Events in Protection Against Collisions of Aircraft in Air Navigation
1 Introduction
2 Problem Overview
2.1 Normative Base
2.2 Statistical Research
2.3 The Intensity Problem in Air Traffic Services
2.4 Interaction Problems in Voice Messages
3 Method and Task
3.1 Method
3.2 Task Statement
4 Modeling of ATC Communications
4.1 Properties of Messages in Communication Theory
4.2 Modeling Messages in Qualitative Information Theory
4.3 Psychological Modeling of Communications
4.4 Experimental Model of Distortion of Standard ATC Communications
5 Development of an Air Navigation Flight Safety Complex
5.1 Domain Structuring for a New Template of Air Navigation Standard
5.2 Results
6 Conclusion
References
The Method of Expert Assessment of Pilot Operational Reliability Depending on Workload in the Development of Flight Safety Management Standard
1 Introduction
2 Modeling
2.1 Regulatory Framework Design
2.2 Operational Reliability Resource Management
3 The Method of Expert Assessment
3.1 Matrix Development
3.2 Performance of Expert Assessment
4 Conclusion
References
A Blink Detection Algorithm Based on Image Processing and Convolutional Neural Networks
1 Introduction
2 Description of the Proposed Algorithm
2.1 Image Acquisition
2.2 Conversion to Grayscale
2.3 Rescaling
2.4 CNN Classification
2.5 Blink Detection
3 Results
4 Conclusion
References
A Prototype Equipment for Revelation and Digitization of Periapical Radiographic Plates
1 Introduction
2 Description of Electronic Equipment
2.1 Radiographic Plate Insertion
2.2 Revelation
2.3 Digitization
2.4 Data Register
2.5 Display Stage
3 Operation
4 Results
5 Conclusions
References
A Humidity and Temperature Wireless Monitoring System for Server Rooms Based on the MQTT Protocol
1 Introduction
2 Proposed System Description
2.1 Wireless Sensor Node
2.2 Data Reception Station, Processing, and Alert Transmission
3 Results
4 Conclusions and Future Improvements
References
MPPT Perturb - Observe Algorithm with Fuzzy Logic for a Dual Active Bridge-Series Resonant Converter
1 Introduction
2 Analysis of the Photovoltaic System DAB-SR
2.1 DAB-SR Converter
2.2 PV Panel
2.3 MPPT P&O
2.4 Fuzzy Logic
3 Calculations and Analysis
3.1 DAB-SR Converter
3.2 MPPT Algorithm
4 Simulation and Results
5 Conclusions
References
Decentralized Fuzzy Control for Minimum and Non-minimum Phase of a Coupled Four-Tank System
1 Introduction
2 The Four-Tanks Process
2.1 System Description
2.2 System Modeling
2.3 Zero Location
3 Fuzzy Logic Control
3.1 Knowledge-Driven Approach
3.2 Controller Design
4 Result and Discussions
5 Conclusions
References
Comparative Study of PI and PID Controls with Kalman Filter Implemented for Water Level Control Based on Matlab and Factory I/O
1 Introduction
2 Process Description
3 Controller Design
3.1 Proportional-Integral (PI) Controller
3.2 Proportional-Integral-Derivative (PID) Controller
4 Tuning Methods for PID Controller
5 Kalman Filter
6 Result
6.1 Process Modeling
7 Conclusion
References
Three-Axis Sensor Development for Ground Reaction Forces Measurement with Sports Applications
1 Introduction
2 Triaxial Force Sensor and Plantar Outsole
2.1 Design Requirements for the Triaxial Force Sensor
2.2 Design and Fabrication of the Triaxial Force Sensor
2.3 Fabrication of the Plantar Outsole
2.4 Plantar Outsole Data Acquisition
2.5 Plantar Outsole Data Processing and Transmission
2.6 Plantar Outsole Interface
3 Integration and Experimental Study
3.1 Prototype Calibration
3.2 Experimental Tests
4 Conclusion
References
Prototype of a Data Logger for Monitoring Carbon Dioxide and Particulate Matter Concentrations in Juliaca
1 Introduction
2 Monitoring Point
2.1 Monitoring Parameters and Legal Frame
3 Hardware Description
3.1 Selection Sensor
4 Experimental Results
5 Conclusion
References
Harmonics of the Microinverters for the Operation of the Grid-Connected Photovoltaic Energy System Considering the Uncertainty of Irradiance
1 Introduction
2 Power Quality Aspects of PV Inverters
2.1 Photovoltaic Technology with MPPT
2.2 MPPT Configuration System
2.3 Power Factor and Total Harmonic Distortion of PV Micro Inverters
3 Methodology
4 Result and Discussion
4.1 THDi at the Output of the Microinverters for Connection to the Grid
4.2 Power Factor at the Output of the Microinverters
5 Conclusions
References
Proposed Improvement of the Mining Cycle to Increase Productivity in a Mining Company in La Libertad Region, 2020
1 Introduction
2 Methodology
3 Result
4 Discussion
5 Conclusions
References
Improved IMC for Pressure Control of Oil Wells During Drilling Modeled with an Integrative Term Under Time-Delay
1 Introduction
2 System Modeling
3 Controller Design
3.1 Improved IMC Controller
4 Simulations and Results
5 Conclusions
References
Manufacture of Sensitized Grätzel Solar Cells with NPs-TiO2 and Natural Organic Dye Purple Corn (Zea mays L.) as Potential Use in the Photovoltaic Industry
1 Introduction
2 Materials and Method Implementation
2.1 Categorization of Materials and Tools
2.2 Procedures and Methods
3 Results
3.1 Power Output Using Graphite as a Counter Electrode
3.2 Efficiency of the Incident Photon Conversion Characterization - Generated Current (IPCE)
4 Conclusion
References
Application and Requirements of AIoT-Enabled Industrial Control Units
1 Introduction
2 Background
2.1 Industrial Internet of Things
2.2 Industrial Machine Learning Development
3 Methodology
3.1 Small Size
3.2 Cybersecurity
3.3 Connectivity
3.4 Data Storage
3.5 Data Science
3.6 Modularity of Software Development
3.7 Open-Source
3.8 Virtualization
4 Example Application
4.1 Platform Selection
4.2 Application Description
5 Analysis of the Proposed Application
6 Conclusion
References
IoT - From Industries to Houses: An Overview
1 Introduction
2 Technological Background
3 Applicability and Business Models
4 Security Concerns
5 Conclusion
References
Study of the Feasibility of Implementing Low-Cost Antennas Using Coaxial Cables
1 Introduction
2 3D Modeling and Virtual Simulation
3 Conclusions
References
Proposal MPPT Algorithm Using the Kalman Filter
1 Introduction
2 Photovoltaic Panel
3 MPPT
3.1 Boost Converter
3.2 Kalman Filter
3.3 MPPT Algorithm Using Kalman Filter
4 Results
5 Conclusion
References
Author Index
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Citation preview
Smart Innovation, Systems and Technologies 295
Yuzo Iano · Osamu Saotome · Guillermo Leopoldo Kemper Vásquez · Claudia Cotrim Pezzuto · Rangel Arthur · Gabriel Gomes de Oliveira Editors
Proceedings of the 7th Brazilian Technology Symposium (BTSym’21) Emerging Trends in Systems Engineering Mathematics and Physical Sciences, Volume 2
123
Smart Innovation, Systems and Technologies Volume 295
Series Editors Robert J. Howlett, Bournemouth University and KES International, Shoreham-by-Sea, UK Lakhmi C. Jain, KES International, Shoreham-by-Sea, UK
The Smart Innovation, Systems and Technologies book series encompasses the topics of knowledge, intelligence, innovation and sustainability. The aim of the series is to make available a platform for the publication of books on all aspects of single and multi-disciplinary research on these themes in order to make the latest results available in a readily-accessible form. Volumes on interdisciplinary research combining two or more of these areas is particularly sought. The series covers systems and paradigms that employ knowledge and intelligence in a broad sense. Its scope is systems having embedded knowledge and intelligence, which may be applied to the solution of world problems in industry, the environment and the community. It also focusses on the knowledge-transfer methodologies and innovation strategies employed to make this happen effectively. The combination of intelligent systems tools and a broad range of applications introduces a need for a synergy of disciplines from science, technology, business and the humanities. The series will include conference proceedings, edited collections, monographs, handbooks, reference books, and other relevant types of book in areas of science and technology where smart systems and technologies can offer innovative solutions. High quality content is an essential feature for all book proposals accepted for the series. It is expected that editors of all accepted volumes will ensure that contributions are subjected to an appropriate level of reviewing process and adhere to KES quality principles. Indexed by SCOPUS, EI Compendex, INSPEC, WTI Frankfurt eG, zbMATH, Japanese Science and Technology Agency (JST), SCImago, DBLP. All books published in the series are submitted for consideration in Web of Science.
More information about this series at https://link.springer.com/bookseries/8767
Yuzo Iano Osamu Saotome Guillermo Leopoldo Kemper Vásquez Claudia Cotrim Pezzuto Rangel Arthur Gabriel Gomes de Oliveira •
•
•
•
•
Editors
Proceedings of the 7th Brazilian Technology Symposium (BTSym’21) Emerging Trends in Systems Engineering Mathematics and Physical Sciences, Volume 2
123
Editors Yuzo Iano Faculty of Electrical and Computer Engineering Unicamp Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil Guillermo Leopoldo Kemper Vásquez Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas Santiago de Surco, Lima, Peru Rangel Arthur Faculty of Electrical and Computer Engineering Unicamp Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
Osamu Saotome Divisão de Engenharia Eletrônica Instituto Tecnológico de Aeronáutica São José dos Campos, São Paulo, Brazil Claudia Cotrim Pezzuto Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Campinas Campinas, Brazil Gabriel Gomes de Oliveira Universidade Estadual de Campinas Hortolândia, Brazil
ISSN 2190-3018 ISSN 2190-3026 (electronic) Smart Innovation, Systems and Technologies ISBN 978-3-031-08544-4 ISBN 978-3-031-08545-1 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-08545-1 © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2022 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are solely and exclusively licensed by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors, and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Switzerland AG The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland
Foreword
With great satisfaction, I write this Foreword for the Proceedings of the 7th Brazilian Technology Symposium–Emerging Trends and Challenges in Technology (BTSym’21), held virtually, for the second time, at the PUC Campinas University, Brazil, in November 2021, and the UNAPUNO University, Peru, in January 2022. This event is in its sixth edition and has consolidated to become an excellent opportunity for researchers, professors, and students to present and discuss the results of their research works. In the 2021 edition, the BTSym activities could not be accomplished in person due to the COVID-19 pandemic. However, the event has been characterized since its first edition by the broad scope of the areas exposed and, within a virtual environment, it was possible to expand our network of researchers and encourage them to expose their papers, which deal with current and priority topics for Brazilian and world technological development, including subjects related to the various branches of innovation in industrial processes, robotics, telecommunications, buildings, urban infrastructure, product development, and biomedicines. Events such as BTSym are an essential part of the research and innovation process. Firstly, these events contribute to the promotion of research activities, which are key to a country’s technological development. The dissemination of research results, as promoted by BTSym, contributes to the transformation of research findings into technological innovation. In addition, these events facilitate the sharing of findings, leading eventually to the formulation of research networks, which accelerate the achievement of new results. Therefore, I would like to congratulate the BTSym General Chair, Prof. Dr. Yuzo Iano, and his group of collaborators for the important initiative of organizing the BTSym’21 and for providing the opportunity for authors to present their work to a wide audience through this publication. Finally, I congratulate the authors for the high-quality work presented in these proceedings. Gabriel Gomes de Oliveira Technical Program and Finance Chair of Brazilian Technology Symposium v
Preface
This book contains the Proceedings of the 7th Brazilian Technology Symposium– Emerging Trends and Challenges in Technology, held in Brazil in November 2021 and Peru in January 2022. The Brazilian Technology Symposium is an excellent forum for presentations and discussions of the latest results of projects and development research in several areas of knowledge, in scientific and technological scope, including smart designs, sustainability, inclusion, future technologies, architecture and urbanism, computer science, information science, industrial design, aerospace engineering, agricultural engineering, biomedical engineering, civil engineering, control and automation engineering, production engineering, electrical engineering, chemical engineering, and probability and statistics. This event seeks to bring together researchers, students, and professionals from the industrial and academic sectors, seeking to create and/or strengthen the linkages between issues of joint interest. Participants were invited to submit research papers with methodologies and results achieved in scientific level research projects, completion of course work for graduation, dissertations, and theses. The 75 full chapters accepted for this book were selected from 208 submissions, and, in each case, the authors were guided by an experienced researcher with a rigorous peer-view process. Among the main topics covered in this book, we can highlight machine learning, deep learning, computational vision, generation of super-resolution images, adaptive linear neuron, processors infrastructure and architecture, microelectronics, soft-computing methodologies, state-observer modeling, tracking systems, robotics applications, digital twins, 3D printing, Industry 4.0, industrial processes modeling, industrial machinery assessment, workplace safety, control systems, sensor networks, industrial networks assessment, physical-chemical processes, 5G, antenna studies, signal propagation analysis, photovoltaic systems, renewable energy generation, energy sustainability, harmonic analysis, electrostatic analysis, electromagnetic compatibility, environment analysis, green economy, technologies applied to health, smart cities, material and structural analysis, civil aviation studies, and much more.
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We hope you enjoy and take advantage of this book and feel motivated to submit your papers, in the future, to Brazilian Technology Symposium. Best wishes, Alex Midwar Rodriguez Ruelas Proceedings Chair of Brazilian Technology Symposium
Acknowledgements
Our appreciation goes to a lot of colleagues and friends who assisted in the development of this book, Proceedings of the 7th Brazilian Technology Symposium–Emerging Trends and Challenges in Technology (BTSym’21). First of all, I would like to thank all the members of the organizing and executive committee for the commitment throughout the year. Several meetings were held, and many challenges were overcome for the accomplishment of the BTSym 2021. Also, and with great merit, I would like to thank all the scientific and academic committee and technical reviewers committee members for their excellent work, which was essential to ensure the quality of our peer-review process, collaborating with the visibility and technical quality of the BTSym 2021. The Brazilian Technology Symposium is an event created by the Laboratory of Visual Communications of the Faculty of Electrical and Computer Engineering of the University of Campinas (UNICAMP). In this way, I would like to thank the PUC Campinas and UNAPUNO Universities, especially for supporting and hosting the BTSym’21 and BTSym’21 Satellite, respectively, which was fundamental for the successful accomplishment of the events. Finally, on behalf of Prof. Yuzo Iano, the General Chair of the Brazilian Technology Symposium, I thank all the authors for their participation in the BTSym’21; we sincerely hope to have provided a very useful and enriching experience in the personal and professional lives of everyone. Best wishes, Gabriel Caumo Vaz Institutional Relationship Chair of Brazilian Technology Symposium
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Contributors
Organizing Committee Alex Rodriguez Ruelas (Proceedings Chair) Alysson Gomes de Oliveira (Marketing Chair) Ana Cláudia Seixas (Vice-Associate-General Chair BTSym) Claudia Cotrim Pezzuto (Vice-Associate-General Chair BTSym) David Minango (Institutional Relationship Chair) Gabriel Gomes de Oliveira (Technical Program and Finance Chair) Lisber Arana (Institutional Relationship Chair) Osamu Saotome (Associate-General Chair BTSym) Rangel Arthur (Vice-General Chair BTSym) Yuzo Iano (General Chair BTSym and WSGE)
LCV/DECOM/FEEC/UNICAMP LCV/DECOM/FEEC/UNICAMP UNIFAL
PUC/UNICAMP
LCV/DECOM/FEEC/UNICAMP
LCV/DECOM/FEEC/UNICAMP
LCV/DECOM/FEEC/UNICAMP
ITA
FT/UNICAMP
LCV/DECOM/FEEC/UNICAMP
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Executive Committee Abel Dueñas Rodríguez (Midia Chair) Airton Vegette (Institutional Relationship Chair) Angélica F. G. (Institutional Relationship Chair) Daniel B. Katze (Institutional Relationship Chair) Daniellle Thiago Ferreira (Editorial Committee Chair) Elizangela Santos Souza (Editorial Committee Chair) Gabriel Caumo Vaz (Institutional Relationship Chair) Jennifer Chuin Lee (Designer Chair) João Carlos Gabriel (CampinasVice-AssociateGeneral Chair BTSym) Leticia Cursi (Institutional Relationship Chair) Lucas Alves (Institutional Relationship Chair) Luiz Vicente F. de Mello Filho (Campinas-ViceAssociate-General Chair BTSym) Mariana Melo (Institutional Relationship Chair) Paulo Roberto dos Santos (Vice-Associate-General Chair BTSym)
LCV/DECOM/FEEC/UNICAMP LCV/DECOM/FEEC/UNICAMP
LCV/DECOM/FEEC/UNICAMP
LCV/DECOM/FEEC/UNICAMP
LCV/DECOM/FEEC/UNICAMP
LCV/DECOM/FEEC/UNICAMP
LCV/DECOM/FEEC/UNICAMP
LCV/DECOM/FEEC/UNICAMP Universidade Presbiteriana Mackenzie
LCV/DECOM/FEEC/UNICAMP
LCV/DECOM/FEEC/UNICAMP
Universidade Presbiteriana Mackenzie
LCV/DECOM/FEEC/UNICAMP
UniMetrocamp
Contributors
Raquel J. Lobosco (Vice-Associate-General Chair BTSym) Thais Paiao (Institutional Relationship Chair) Telmo Cardoso Lustosa (Local Arrangements Chair) Ubiratan Matos (Institutional Relationship Chair)
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UFRJ
LCV/DECOM/FEEC/UNICAMP
LCV/DECOM/FEEC/UNICAMP
LCV/DECOM/FEEC/UNICAMP
Scientific and Academic Committee Alessandra Cristina Santos Akkari Ana Cláudia Seixas Angela del Pilar Flores Granados Antonio Carlos Demanboro Celso Iwata Frison Cláudia Cotrim Pezzuto David Bianchini Edgard Luciano Oliveira da Silva Edwin Valencia Castillo Ernesto Karlo Celi Arevalo Erwin Junger Dianderas Caut Fábio Menegatti de Melo Gabriela Fleury Seixas Grimaldo Wilfredo Quispe Santivañez Hugo Enrique Hernandez Figueroa Janito Vaqueiro Ferreira Jessie Leila Bravo Jaico João Carlos Gabriel José Hiroki Saito Lia Toledo Moreira Mota Lucielen Santos Luiz Vicente F. de Mello Filho
Universidade Presbiteriana Mackenzie UNIFAL FEA/UNICAMP PUC CAMPINAS PUC/Minas-Poços de Caldas PUC CAMPINAS LCV/DECOM/FEEC/UNICAMP Universidade Estadual do Amazonas (UEA) Universidad Nacional de Cajamarca UNPRG, Lambayeque, Perú Instituto de Investigaciones de la Amazonía Peruana-IIAP PUC CAMPINAS UEL UERJ DECOM/FEEC/UNICAMP DMC/FEM/UNICAMP UNPRG, Lambayeque, Perú Universidade Presbiteriana Mackenzie UFSCAR PUC CAMPINAS PURG Universidade Presbiteriana Mackenzie
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Marcos Fernando Espindola Maria Thereza de Moraes Gomes Rosa Marina Lavorato de Oliveira Néstor Adolfo Mamani Macedo Paulo Roberto dos Santos Osamu Saotome Rangel Arthur Raquel J. Lobosco Silva Neto Suelene Silva Mammana Talía Simões dos Santos Telmo Cardoso Lustosa Victor A. M. Montalli Victor Murray
Contributors
IFSP São Paulo Universidade Presbiteriana Mackenzie PUC CAMPINAS Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos UniMetrocamp ITA FT/UNICAMP UFRJ UERJ Universidade Presbiteriana Mackenzie FT/UNICAMP LCV/DECOM/FEEC/UNICAMP Faculdade São Leopoldo Mandic Universidad de Ingenieria y Tecnologia–UTEC
Technical Reviewers Committee Abel Alejandro Dueñas Rodriguez Adao Boava Agord de Matos Pinto Júnior Airton José Vegette Alessandra Cristina Santos Akkari Alex R. Ruelas Alex Restani Siegle Alysson Gomes De Oliveira Amilton da Costa Lamas Ana Cláudia Seixas Angela del Pilar Flores Granados Antônio José da Silva Neto Celso Fabrício Correia de Souza Cesar Henrique Cordova Quiroz Cláudia Cotrim Pezzuto Daniel Katz Bonello Daniel Rodrigues Ferraz Izario Daniela Helena Pelegrine Guimarães
LCV/DECOM/FEEC/UNICAMP Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina-UFSC DESIF/FEEC/UNICAMP LCV/DECOM/FEEC/UNICAMP Universidade Presbiteriana Mackenzie LCV/DECOM/FEEC/UNICAMP LCV/DECOM/FEEC/UNICAMP LCV/DECOM/FEEC/UNICAMP PUC CAMPINAS UNIFAL FEA/UNICAMP IPRJ/UERJ LCV/DECOM/FEEC/UNICAMP PUC CAMPINAS PUC CAMPINAS LCV/DECOM/FEEC/UNICAMP LCV/DECOM/FEEC/UNICAMP EEL/USP
Contributors
David Allan Ibarra David Bianchini David Minango Diego Arturo Pajuelo Douglas do Nascimento Edgard Luciano Oliveira da Silva Edson Camilo Euclides Lourenço Chuma Everton Dias de Oliveira Fabiana da Silva Podeleski Fábio Menegatti de Melo Francisco Fambrini Gabriel Caumo Vaz Gabriel Gomes de Oliveira Gabriela Fleury Seixas Guilherme Barbosa Lopes Júnio João Carlos Gabriel Josué Marcos de Moura Cardoso Juan Minango Negrete Jullyane Figueiredo Leonardo Bruscagini de Lima Leticia Dias Gomes Lisber Arana Hinostrosa Lucas Heitzmann Gabrielli Luigi Ciambarella Filho Luis Fernando Gonzalez Luiz Antonio Sarti Junior Luiz Vicente Figueira de Mello Filho Marcelo Jara Marcos Fernando Espindola Maria Cecilia Luna Maria Thereza de Moraes Gomes Rosa Marcius Fabius Henriques de Carvalho Miriam Tvrzska de Gouvea Murilo Cesar Perin Briganti Osamu Saotome Polyane Alves Santos Rangel Arthur
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Universidad de las Fuerzas Armadas ESPE LCV/DECOM/FEEC/UNICAMP LCV/DECOM/FEEC/UNICAMP LCV/DECOM/FEEC/UNICAMP Marie Skłodowska-Curie Actions (MSCA) EST/UEA Eldorado Institute LCV/DECOM/FEEC/UNICAMP UNIMEP UNISAL PUC CAMPINAS UFSCAR LCV/DECOM/FEEC/UNICAMP LCV/DECOM/FEEC/UNICAMP UEL UFPE Universidade Presbiteriana Mackenzie LCV/DECOM/FEEC/UNICAMP LCV/DECOM/FEEC/UNICAMP UFSC LCV/DECOM/FEEC/UNICAMP UDESC LCV/DECOM/FEEC/UNICAMP FEEC/UNICAMP Universidade Veiga de Almeida/Develop Biotechnology KonkerLabs UFSCAR Universidade Presbiteriana Mackenzie Eldorado Institute IFSP São Paulo LCV/DECOM/FEEC/UNICAMP Universidade Presbiteriana Mackenzie PUC CAMPINAS Universidade Presbiteriana Mackenzie LCV/DECOM/FEEC/UNICAMP ITA Instituto Federal Da Bahia INOVA/FT/UNICAMP
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Raquel Jahara Lobosco Ricardo Barroso Leite Roger Prior Gregio Rosivaldo Ferrarezi Suelene Silva Piva Telmo Cardoso Lustosa Victor Angelo Martins Montalli
Contributors
Federal University of Rio de Janeiro LCV/DECOM/FEEC/UNICAMP LCV/DECOM/FEEC/UNICAMP UNIP Universidade Presbiteriana Mackenzie LCV/DECOM/FEEC/UNICAMP Faculdade São Leopoldo Mandic–SLMANDIC
Contents
Internet of Things Using Smartphone Sensors to Track Dangerous Goods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Luiz Antonio Reis, Sergio Luiz Pereira, Eduardo Mario Dias, and Maria Lídia Rebello Pinho Dias Scoton A Smartphone-Based Solution to Manage Hazardous Materials Transportation: A Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Luiz Antonio Reis, Sergio Luiz Pereira, Eduardo Mario Dias, and Maria Lídia Rebello Pinho Dias Scoton Industrial Technological Process for Welding AISI 301 Stainless Steel: Focus on Microstructural Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Wandercleiton Cardoso, Thiago A. Pires Machado, Raphael C. Baptista, André Gustavo de S. Galdino, Flavio A. M. Pinto, and Temistocles de Souza Luz A Critical Overview of Development and Innovations in Biogas Upgrading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Wandercleiton Cardoso, Renzo di Felice, and Raphael C. Baptista Horizontal Curves with Transition. The Use of This Methodology for the Calculation of a Road Project in the City of Campinas/SP - Brazil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Gabriel Gomes de Oliveira, Yuzo Iano, Gabriel Caumo Vaz, Euclides Lourenço Chuma, Pablo David Minango Negrete, and Daniel Rodrigues Ferraz Izario
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Artificial Neural Network-Based Committee Machine for Predicting the Slag Quality of a Blast Furnace Fed with Metallurgical Coke . . . . . Wandercleiton Cardoso, Renzo di Felice, and Raphael C. Baptista
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Lean 4.0: Digital Technologies as Strategies to Reduce Waste of Lean Manufacturing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Luana Spósito Valamede and Alessandra Cristina Santos Akkari
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Drying Shrinkage of Fiber Reinforced Concrete Under Restrained Conditions: A Systematic Mapping Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Nicolas Jorge Vianna, Nádia Cazarim da Silva Forti, Gabriela Paioli de Moraes, and João Batista Lamari Palma e Silva NACA 0012 Aeroacoustic Study Using ANSYSFluent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Diogo Cortez and Guilherme de Souza Papini
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Structural Analysis of Bridges and Viaducts Using the IoT Concept. An Approach on Dom Pedro Highway (Campinas - Brazil) . . . . . . . . . . 108 Gabriel Gomes de Oliveira, Yuzo Iano, Gabriel Caumo Vaz, Euclides Lourenço Chuma, Pablo David Minango Negrete, and Juan Carlos Minango Negrete Analyzing Optimal Operating Points of Air and Water-Cooled Chillers Used in an Office Building . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120 Felipe Yagi Ng, Caique dos Santos, Catarina Gomes dos Santos, Maria Thereza de Moraes Gomes Rosa, and Míriam Tvrzská de Gouvêa Prop Walls: A Contextualization of the Theme in a Case Study in the City of Campinas (Brazil) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128 Gabriel Gomes de Oliveira, Yuzo Iano, Gabriel Caumo Vaz, Euclides Lourenço Chuma, Pablo David Minango Negrete, and Juan Carlos Minango Negrete The Adoption of Industry 4.0 Technologies: Its Benefits for Companies in the Brazilian Automotive Sector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140 Alberto Koda and Cristiane Drebes Pedron V4a: A New Method for CNNs Inspired by Trichromacy Perception . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161 Roberto Otsubo Garcia and Osamu Saotome Proposal for a Low-Cost Reader for Chipless RFID Tags Using PLUTOSDR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169 Robson João Gregório Rodrigues, Marcelo Frate, Luiz Ariovaldo Fabri Junior, and Leonardo Lorenzo Bravo Roger Telemanagement and Its Benefits to Energy, Environment, and Society: A Case Study in Street Lighting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178 Juliana P. da S. Ulian, Luiz Carlos Pereira da Silva, Gabriel Gomes de Oliveira, João Guilherme Ito Cypriano, Yuzo Iano, and Gabriel Caumo Vaz Digital Technologies Adoption to Face COVID-19 Pandemic: An Exploratory Approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188 Luana Spósito Valamede, Gabriel Gomes de Oliveira, Igor Polezi Munhoz, and Alessandra Cristina Santos Akkari
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Particle Swarm Optimization in Smart Grid Load Management . . . . . . 196 Neyla D. dos Ramos and Ivan R. S. Casella Tracking System for Inspection and Analysis Using the ToF Method Supported by Automatic Calibration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207 Glaydson Luiz B. Lima, Osamu Saotome, and Ijar M. da Fonseca Comparison Between PO, PSO, and FPA Techniques Applied to MPPT of a Low-Power Photovoltaic System for LPWA Devices . . . . 216 Celestino Mendes Lopes Junior, Ivan R. S. Casella, Eduardo V. V. Cambero, and Carlos E. Capovilla The Integration of Alteryx® and Microsoft Power BI®: A Case Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229 Felipe Silveira Stopiglia, Caio Covre Sierra, Rafael Jordan Franca de Figueiredo, and Massaki de Oliveira Igarashi Monitoring and Control of Electrical Machines Using IoT . . . . . . . . . . 236 Pedro Vinícius Rafaim de Lima, André Okihara, and Frank Herman Behrens Institutional Development Index (IDI): Calculation for Municipalities in the Metropolitan Region of Campinas (Brazil) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245 Celso Fabricio Correia de Souza, Yuzo Iano, Gabriel Gomes de Oliveira, Gabriel Caumo Vaz, Valéria Sueli Reis, and Josué Mastrodi Neto Data Security, Privacy, and Regulatory Issues: A Conceptual Approach to Digital Transformation to Smart Cities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 256 Leonardo Bruscagini de Lima, Yuzo Iano, Pedro Y. Noritomi, Gabriel Gomes de Oliveira, and Gabriel Caumo Vaz Outcomes of a Parameter Sensitivity Analysis of a CT Measurement Process Through a Digital Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264 Crhistian R. Baldo and Wim Dewulf Applying Data Mining Clustering on Web Server Logs to Identify and Analyze Robots’ Behavior . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 272 Rafael de Almeida Brochado, Ramon Simões Abílio, Robson João Gregório Rodrigues, and Tiago Ferreira Souza Adequacy Map for Offshore Wind Farm Implementation in the Campos Basin Region in Brazil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 280 William Sikorsky Medeiros Albuquerque, Raquel Jahara Lobosco, and Nikolas Lukin Optimal Placement of EV Charging Stations Using a Dedicated, Two-Level Teaching-Learning-Based Optimization Algorithm . . . . . . . . 287 Pablo M. Lima and Carlos A. Castro
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Economic Dispatch Using an Efficient Teaching-Learning-Based Optimization Algorithm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 299 Fernanda L. Silva and Carlos A. Castro Early Detection Using a Vision System Integrated to a Die-Casting Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 311 Reinaldo Eduardo dos Santos and Rômulo Gonçalves Lins Numerical Analysis of the TMR Redundancy Method Against Faults by SEU Effect for Space Missions Using FPGA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 324 Farley Balbino and Osamu Saotome Electric Vehicle Recharging and Roaming Protocols: A Brazilian Electromobility Case Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 334 Jorge Henrique J. G. Matos, Fabio Kenji Taniguchi, Anderson D. Parreira, Marcos de C. Marques, and Eduardo Lacusta Junior Numerical Simulation of Churn and Annular Transient Flows . . . . . . . 343 Vítor Savagnago and Marcus Vinícius Canhoto Alves The Use of the Elman Preconditioner in the Early Iterations of Interior Point Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 355 Ingrid Araújo Sampaio, Yuzo Iano, Aurelio Ribeiro Leite de Oliveira, Lino Marcos da Silva, Rinaldo Vieira da Silva Júnior, Gabriel Gomes de Oliveira, Gabriel Caumo Vaz, Polyane Alves Santos, and Kelem Christine Pereira Jordão A Recomposition Method for Distribution System with DG . . . . . . . . . . 364 Fabiana da Silva Podeleski, Yuzo Iano, Adolfo Blengini Neto, Lia Toledo Moreira Mota, Gabriel Gomes de Oliveira, and Marcius Fabius Henriques de Carvalho Machine Learning Applied to Harmonic Functions in Music Composition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 375 Clenio B. Gonçalves Junior and Murillo R. Petrucelli Homem Dependable I2C Communication with FPGA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 383 Leandro Trujilho, Osamu Saotome, and Johnny Öberg A Simple Approach for Short-Term Hydrothermal Self Scheduling for Generation Companies in Restructured Power System . . . . . . . . . . . 396 Y. Thiagarajan, Baburao Pasupulati, Gabriel Gomes de Oliveira, Yuzo Iano, and Gabriel Caumo Vaz Admittance Control Study Applied in the Exercise of Proprioception . . . 415 Bruno Praça Lacerda and Rangel Arthur
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A Survey on Automatic Inspection for Printed Circuit Board Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 423 Marcos Antônio Andrade, Pedro Carlos Fazolino Pepe, Leandro Ronchini Ximenes, and Rangel Arthur Design and Implementation of a X–Z Positioning Control System . . . . . 432 Pedro Garcia and Arturo Rojas–Moreno Control of MIMO Time-Delay Processes Having Disturbances with Time Delays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 443 Arturo Rojas-Moreno A Strategy of Potential Fields and Neural Networks in the Control of an Autonomous Vehicle Within Dangerous Environments . . . . . . . . . 452 Luisa Chávez, Angel Cortez, and Leonardo Vinces A Thermal Analysis of the Internal Flow in 2 Helical Coils for the Delignification Process of Sugar Cane Bagasse Using Superheated Steam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 461 Juan Carlos Loayza, Julio Ronceros, and Leonardo Vinces Analysis of an Automated System in a Robotized Cell for the Transport, Control, Classification, and Organization of Heterogeneous Packages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 470 Daniel Alejandro, Jair Matos, Leonardo Vinces, and Hermann Mirko Design of a Pisco Sour Vending Machine Based on an Embedded System (Raspberry Pi) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 479 Jesús Achuy, Renzo Arestegui, and Leonardo Vinces Design of a Hydrodynamic Profile for an Unmanned Underwater Device Using Numerical Simulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 488 Axl Tocón, Cristian Vásquez, and Leonardo Vinces An Algorithm to Obtain the Stained Area Ratio Based on Digital Image Processing Techniques for Organic Straw Classification . . . . . . . 497 Carlos Vargas, Bill Guillermo, and Leonardo Vinces A Computational Comparative Analysis Between Nvidia Jetson Nano and Raspberry Pi CM4 for the Classification of White Asparagus with SVM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 506 Edgar Ruiz, Manuel Ortiz, and Leonardo Vinces A Design of a Spindle and Mathematical Calculations of the Speed Required for HDPE Plastic Extrusion and Recycled PETG Plastic to Obtain 40 kg/h of Filaments 3 mm Thick . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 514 Ana Fernanda Robledo, Patsy Gambini, Leonardo Vinces, and Mirko Klusmann
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Simulation of a System for Reducing Gases Emitted in a Steel Casting Process by Two-Stage Centrifugal Separation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 524 Alberto Mulatillo, Carla Sernaque, Julio Ronceros, and Leonardo Vinces An Optimal Blade Design for Mini Wind Generators Mountable on the Spoiler of a Vehicle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 536 Daniel Gonzalez del Riego, Gabriel Gómez, and Leonardo Vinces Large-Scale FDM 3D Printing in 6 Degrees of Freedom on One ARM KUKA KR 60 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 545 Max Uriarte Chicoma, Diego Serrano Escobar, and Leonardo Vinces Changes in Sugars, Dry Matter, and Characteristics Sensory of Chip of Native Potato in the Chopcca Region . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 554 Jovencio Ticsihua-Huamán, Pedro Arteaga-Llacza, Angélica Miranda-Jara, Patricia Quispe-Barrantes, Helí Miranda-Chávez, Miguel Ángel Quispe-Solano, and Roberto Chuquilín-Goicochea Visual Angular Haze Detection Using Focus Metrics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 560 Esteban Centeno, Del Piero Flores, Diego Palma, Renzo Solórzano, and Victor Murray Visual Angular Haze Detection Using SSIM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 569 Cesar Delgado, Oscar M. Castro, Alessandro Giuffra, and Victor Murray Synthesis of Planar Linkages Using Optimization Methods . . . . . . . . . . 577 Manuel Martínez, Sebastian Venero, Sergio Cancán, Gustavo Quino, and Elvis J. Alegria Modelling of Complex-Structured Events in Protection Against Collisions of Aircraft in Air Navigation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 587 Nikolai I. Plotnikov The Method of Expert Assessment of Pilot Operational Reliability Depending on Workload in the Development of Flight Safety Management Standard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 604 Nikolai I. Plotnikov A Blink Detection Algorithm Based on Image Processing and Convolutional Neural Networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 615 Mariel Avalos, Salvatore Binasco, Guillermo Kemper, and Rodrigo Salazar-Gamarra A Prototype Equipment for Revelation and Digitization of Periapical Radiographic Plates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 622 Andrés Figueroa, Leonardo Pereyra, and Guillermo Kemper A Humidity and Temperature Wireless Monitoring System for Server Rooms Based on the MQTT Protocol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 634 David Vilcherrez, Christian Astulla, and Guillermo Kemper
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MPPT Perturb - Observe Algorithm with Fuzzy Logic for a Dual Active Bridge-Series Resonant Converter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 642 James Rolando Arredondo-Mamani, Mario Gaston Borja-Borja, Marco Antonio Quispe-Barra, Jorge Apaza-Cruz, Gabino Vidangos-Ponce, Russel Lozada-Vilca, and Oliver Amadeo Vilca-Huayta Decentralized Fuzzy Control for Minimum and Non-minimum Phase of a Coupled Four-Tank System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 652 Jhon Bayona, Dante I. Narvaez, and Elvis J. Alegria Comparative Study of PI and PID Controls with Kalman Filter Implemented for Water Level Control Based on Matlab and Factory I/O . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 663 Alex M. Rodriguez Ruelas, Jeanette Quiñones Ccorimanya, Yuzo Iano, Marco A. Quispe Barra, Marco A. Ramos Gonzales, and Midwar E. Valencia Vilca Three-Axis Sensor Development for Ground Reaction Forces Measurement with Sports Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 672 Renzo Moscoso, Rocio Callupe, Jose Garcia, and Elizabeth R. Villota Prototype of a Data Logger for Monitoring Carbon Dioxide and Particulate Matter Concentrations in Juliaca . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 680 Russel Allidren Lozada Vilca, Jeanette Quiñones Ccorimanya, and Ivan Delgado Huayta Harmonics of the Microinverters for the Operation of the Grid-Connected Photovoltaic Energy System Considering the Uncertainty of Irradiance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 688 Julio Fredy Chura Acero, Norman Jesus Beltran Castañon, Reynaldo Condori Yucra, Henry Pizarro Viveros, and Alex Mario Lerma Coaquira Proposed Improvement of the Mining Cycle to Increase Productivity in a Mining Company in La Libertad Region, 2020 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 697 Robert Christian Castro Riquez and Miguel Enrique Alcalá Adrianzén Improved IMC for Pressure Control of Oil Wells During Drilling Modeled with an Integrative Term Under Time-Delay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 705 Carlos Alexis Alvarado Silva, Geraldo César Rosário de Oliveira, Víctor Orlando Gamarra Rosado, and Fernando de Azevedo Silva Manufacture of Sensitized Grätzel Solar Cells with NPs-TiO2 and Natural Organic Dye Purple Corn (Zea mays L.) as Potential Use in the Photovoltaic Industry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 713 Ruth Yanina Condori Queque, Maria Esther Quintana Cáceda, Ana Beatriz Alvarez, and Gabino Rey Vidangos Ponce
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Application and Requirements of AIoT-Enabled Industrial Control Units . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 724 Everton Hideo Nishimura, Yuzo Iano, Gabriel Gomes de Oliveira, and Gabriel Caumo Vaz IoT - From Industries to Houses: An Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 734 Gabriel Caumo Vaz, Yuzo Iano, and Gabriel Gomes de Oliveira Study of the Feasibility of Implementing Low-Cost Antennas Using Coaxial Cables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 742 Lucas dos Santos Ribeiro, Polyane Alves dos Santos, Kenedy M. G. Santos, Daniel J. C. Pereira, Tagleorge Marques Silveira, Yuzo Iano, and Domingos Teixeira da Silva Neto Proposal MPPT Algorithm Using the Kalman Filter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 750 Domingos Teixeira da Silva Neto, Jéssica Fernandes Alves, Polyane Alves Santos, Gabriel Gomes de Oliveira, Gabriel Caumo Vaz, Yuzo Iano, and Lucas dos Santos Ribeiro Author Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 761
Internet of Things Using Smartphone Sensors to Track Dangerous Goods Luiz Antonio Reis(B) , Sergio Luiz Pereira , Eduardo Mario Dias , and Maria Lídia Rebello Pinho Dias Scoton University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil [email protected], [email protected], [email protected]
Abstract. Smartphones have had powerful edge computational capabilities at extremely feasible costs that encourage the development of many Internet of Things applications. Smartphone sensors associated with mobile applications support real-time tracking of vehicles and facilitate the detection of abnormal conditions. The integration of smartphone information with databases of vehicle traffic monitoring departments increases the speed of detecting potential accidents and enables interaction with drivers to determine transport schedules, restrictions, and possible route changes. Computational simulation prediction is an effective way of reducing risks and finding the optimal solution with few costs. Models were built by adding complexity and the simulated results are analyzed and compared for real-world traffic performance. The advanced simulation system makes a huge contribution to reducing traffic jams and their consequences. The results show the influence of improvements in traffic management reducing detection time and the effects caused by accidents involving the transport of hazardous materials, such as traffic jams, fuel consumption, and greenhouse gas emissions. Keywords: Smartphones application · Tracking technologies · 5G · IoT · VANET · Hazardous materials
1 Introduction Internet of Things (IoT) has been making devices smarter day after day [1] as well as creating new types of networks, entirely different pathways for data, information, and knowledge to travel [2]. One of its uses is in transportation such as Connected and Autonomous Vehicles (CAV). According to the Public Security Department of the Brazilian state of São Paulo, between 2001 and 2019, there was an annual average of 200 accidents involving dangerous cargo. About 10% of these accidents happened in the city of São Paulo, the biggest city in Brazil, which receives 45,000 annual applications for licenses to transport dangerous goods. In the factual workflow, transport companies need authorization from the government’s Road Traffic Department, which attributes a time slot to execute the transport. There are constrained areas, but the municipality has insufficient staff to surveillance, and many times the drivers are disrespectful to the planned route, endangering many lives. IoT communication is a powerful solution to improve real-time control of dangerous goods transportation. © The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2022 Y. Iano et al. (Eds.): BTSym 2021, SIST 295, pp. 1–22, 2022. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-08545-1_1
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This paper proposes using smartphone sensors for the management, monitoring, and control of hazardous materials road transportation as a non-intrusive and low-cost IoT solution. Section 2 introduces mobile networks, mobile applications, database hosting, and digital maps. Section 3 compares mobile technologies to track trucks: embedded modems × smartphones × vehicular networks. Section 4 proposes a workflow for hazardous cargo transportation. Section 5 simulates the benefits of better tracking control. Finally, Sect. 6 concludes the paper.
2 Related Works There are currently over 9 billion mobile connections worldwide, which have an annual growth of 6.2% [3], and the IoT mobile is an important aspect of this growth. In cellular networks, mobile devices are classified as Mobile Stations (MS) [4]. Figure 1 illustrates the structure of a 3GPP (Third Generation Partnership Project) network where mobile devices are connected to the packet data network by Base Stations (BS). The GPRS System Support Server Node (SGSN) connects the base stations to the Home Location Register system (HLR), and to the Authentication Center (AUC) to get subscriber browsing authorization from the Internet Service Provider (ISP) using username and password. The connection between SGSN and ISP passes through the service access GateWay (GW) for browsing and using internet services [4]. With the evolution of GSM (2G) to WCDMA (3G) networks, the structure of the packet data network has been simplified; base stations no longer need external controllers; therefore, they have direct access to the SGSN. The LTE (4G) architecture is even simpler in terms of IP network elements, where packets transmitted by base stations are routed directly to the Mobility Management Entity/Gateway, giving the system greater autonomy.
2G BTS GSM BTS CONTROLLLER
MS
BTS SGSN
3G
HLR
AUC
WCDMA
HSPA
MS
NodeB ISP NETWORK
4G MME/GW
LTE MS
eNodeB
Fig. 1. The basic structure of the 3GPP network.
The fifth-generation, known as 5G technology, which is an evolution from the current LTE technology, will have more edge independence and greater spectral efficiency by
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working with nonorthogonal code, frequency, and time modulations. There will be more frequency bands available beyond the use of unlicensed frequencies, such as those used for Wi-Fi networks, as well as more efficient use of frequencies above 10 GHz to form high traffic cells and low coverage areas. Figure 2 shows the signaling used in 5G networks, with the highest edge switching capability. The edge node B (eNB) implements great edge autonomy of device-to-device communication (D2D) [3].
eNodeB
D2D Device TX / RX
Mobile Device
Power adjustment and channel selecon D2D Message delivery
Mobile Device
Fig. 2. D2D communication.
2.1 Tracking Devices Embedded in Trucks Tracking systems are often proprietary systems with high costs of acquisition and maintenance, due to being equipped with a dedicated in-vehicle device, so they are expensive to install, difficult to upgrade the software, or make new configurations. Therefore, many tracker systems use short text messages (SMS) and are subject to blockage by carriers. Additionally, embedded modems use AT commands, which come from the word “Attention”, on the TCP/IP layer, thus struggling to establish dedicated connections. Considering 3GPP network architecture to authenticate the user, which is known as Subscriber Identification Mobile (SIM), it is necessary to configure the Access Point Name (APN) between the Packet Data Protocol (PDP) parameters on the respective Subscriber Identification Mobile Card (SIM-CARD) [3]. The tracking modem must be set to the Access Point Name (APN) for addressing the mobile device to the Internet Service Provider (ISP); furthermore, it needs to maintain a permanent connection between the mobile device and the tracking server. There are four technologies to establish dedicated connections on networks using the Internet Protocol (IP): a) The use of public IPV6 addressing, which is not yet available for all modems.
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b) The use of dynamic domain name server, Dynamic Domain Name server (DDNS), with IPV4 addressing and Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP), or Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) communication, usually through TCP/IP port 80 and socket-type connection - a connection between transport and presentation layers-. Because of a failure in public IP addressing, the connection will always be established from the modem to the server. c) The use of intermediate gateway servers, such as used in Voice-over IP (VoIP) services. On the whole, this solution is only interesting for large-scale devices and is difficult to standardize among all transport companies. d) The use of devices with mobile operating systems is a solution that uses the Android operating system and can be configured on a dedicated device. Regardless of the chosen technology, a vehicle-embedded modem is necessary. Figure 3 illustrates the typical connection of these modems, which receive geo-referenced satellite information and transmit them to the central system via the packet data network.
Packet data communicaon
GPS Locaon
Complementary sensors
Embedded modem
Cellular Network
Central Data Base
Applicaons
Fig. 3. Typical connection of a vehicle-embedded modem.
The 5G networks represent an evolution of 4G technology; however, other technologies of mobile devices, including 4G technologies embedded modems have become obsolete and need to be replaced, resulting in new costs of installation and configuration. 2.2 VANETs Vehicular AdHoc Networks (VANETs) consider 5G the IoT generation, which can connect virtually any type of device, including vehicle-embedded modems. 5G promises to transfer core-to-edge functions, so it will significantly reduce latency in critical mission operations such as collision avoidance functionality in autonomous vehicles. Thus, this functionality is described as enhanced Vehicle to Everything (eV2X) within 3GPP LTE. Figure 4 represents two IoT applications classifications [4–6]: a) Massive applications: used in vehicle tracking. They have low cost, low power, small data, and many simultaneous devices. b) Critical applications: used in vehicle crash control. They have high availability, very high reliability, and low latency.
Internet of Things Using Smartphone Sensors to Track Dangerous Goods
Massive IoT
5
Crical IoT
Tracking and fleet management Low cost, low energy, small data volumes, massive numbers
X
Traffic safety and control Ultra reliable, very low latency, very high availability
Fig. 4. Differing classification for massive and critical IoT applications.
Figure 5 shows the V2X connection (vehicles connected to everything) types: V2V vehicle to vehicle, V2I vehicle to Infrastructure, V2P vehicle to pedestrian, and V2N vehicle to network by RSU (Road-Side Unit) or carrier base station to access the internet and the application servers [7].
Internet Applications ITS V2V network V2I
V2P
V2I
RSU
V2V
V2V Fig. 5. V2X connection types
Embedded Systems Use Two Main concepts of intra-car networks: • CAN: Controller Area Network. It connects various vehicle components through internal wiring, ideal for safety applications. The connection speed is 125 kbps and uses an OBU (OnBoard Unit) that connects to V2X for navigation applications and emergency detectors. • MOST: Media Oriented System Transport, which is used for intra-car connections at 25 Mbps speed. It uses an MM (Master Most) to connect the vehicle directly to the V2N network; these connections support applications from audiovisual sources. The vehicular networks are known as Dedicated Short Range Communication/Wireless Access in Vehicular Environments (DSRC/WAVE), they use the IEEE
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802.11p protocol from the frequency band of 5855–5925 MHz. This band is adjacent to the free-use ISM band (Industrial, Scientific, and Medical) used for Wi-Fi and cordless phone, which employ the IEEE 802.11a/n/ac protocol from the band of 5470–5850 MHz; therefore they have a 5 MHz bandwidth. There are studies for the usage of vehicular communications at frequencies above 30 GHz. However, the 5855 to 5925 MHz band allocated in Europe and the US (illustrated in Fig. 6) will be probably be used in Brazil. This bandwidth allows the deployment of 7 channels 10 MHz wide and provides data rates from 3 to 27 Mbps [4].
Fig. 6. VANET channels
2.3 Smartphones The Smartphone is a consolidated technology; moreover, technological developments allow high processing capacity on mobile devices [8]. Despite the large scale of applications developed, smartphone applications are still on the rise. The mobile carriers in Brazil have more than 779 MHz bandwidth, and, with 5G, the total bandwidth will far exceed the order of GHz. So, this will enable greater data transmission and even higher speeds than currently practiced. 2.4 Smartphones Sensors Smartphone sensors are transducers that measure physical quantities and convert them into signals to be interpreted by operational system applications. Hence, these sensors can be used to measure, among other quantities, temperature, sound, proximity, pressure, acceleration, magnetic field, luminosity, and movement. Vehicle applications, then, are high-efficiency solutions for analyzing the growing complexity of urban vehicle traffic and enabling smarter drivability, such as vehicle location [9, 10], increased vehicle safety, driver behavior, and vehicle traffic behavior [11]. These are contributions to intelligent transport systems. For example, self-witness, [12] is a tracking system to restore ownership of the vehicle and can also be used to assist the driver in emergencies by pressing the panic button [13]. Consequently, using smartphones to collect data is a promising solution because mobile applications are easy to use, and they are in constant evolution. For one thing, several algorithm studies enhance the use of acceleration, magnetism, and GNSS sensors to identify vehicle traffic conditions and driver behavior, specifically detecting abrupt accelerations or braking in order to indicate abnormal conditions such
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as rollover or collision. Then, sensor data can be analyzed to find driver behavioral patterns and vehicle traffic conditions; nonetheless, there is no perfect synchronization between the vehicle to be monitored and the source of information in a smartphone. According to Moore’s law [14], the computational efficiency doubles every 18 months; likewise, smartphones have always been updated with new functionalities and sensors improvements. So, with high popularity and scale gain, developers have had an interest in building smartphone applications using embedded sensors [15, 16] as follows: (1) The accelerometer measures the acceleration in m/s2 in three axes, x, y, and z [17]. It is useful to control the driver’s behavior, such as strong acceleration, sudden line change, or abrupt breaks. Although car accidents usually cause an impact higher than six times the gravitational force, some smartphones are limited to three gravitational forces [18]. (2) The gyroscope detects the angular speed of the phone in rad/s and helps the accelerometer to identify the device orientation, increasing accuracy. According to Ballir et al. [19] the combined use of gyroscope, accelerometer, and GNSS sensors reaches a 99,6% accuracy rate of transportation diagnosis. (3) The camera captures visual information, which is helpful for face recognition or environment surveillance. (4) The Microphone captures audio information in dB, which, similar to the camera, is helpful for voice recognition and environment surveillance. So, the combined use with camera and speakers allows interactions between the driver in voice and video calls. (5) The magnetometer detects magnetic fields in micro Tesla (uT). This can be used as a digital compass. Furthermore, combined use with other sensors improves the accuracy of location features. (6) The GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite System) detects the latitude, the georeferenced value concerning the equator line + North-South; longitude, the georeferenced value relative to Greenwich + East-West; altitude or height in relation from sea level, and Speed. (7) The Thermometer measures the device temperature in degrees Celsius and can be used to measure the ambient temperature. (8) The Barometer measures the atmospheric pressure in hPa (1 Atmosphere represents 1013,25 hPa). According to Bhatti et al. [20], the pressure sensor has a combined use with other sensors to enhance the accuracy of the system and to reduce the chances of false accident identification; it is used to detect the pressure of a vehicle in a collision. (9) The cellular signal sensor Network Provider is faster than the GNSS sensors, and the accuracy depends on the quantity of coverage cell overlap. In cellular networks, the mobile station receives the signal from the best server base station. However, the mobility allows other six base stations to be candidates to the best server comparing themselves to the level of RSSI, (Received Signal Strength Indicator). Then, the mobility from cell to cell features the handover process. The signal unit is dBm. Figure 7 shows the process of trilateration, to determine the location, the
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intersection between three or more satellite coverage areas. The more satellites cover a given smartphone area, the greater the accuracy will be [9]. The unit is degrees.
Satellite 2 Coverage area
Satellite 1 Coverage area
Satellite 2
Satellite 1 Intersecon
Satellite 3 Coverage area
Satellite 3
Fig. 7. Trilateration process of the satellite coverage area.
Figure 8 illustrates the location process as a function of the overlapping coverage signal levels of the cellular mobile carrier’s base stations.
Cell A coverage area
Cell B coverage area Cell B
Cell B signal level
Mobile Staon
Cell A
Handover point Cell A signal level
Fig. 8. The location process is presented as a function of the signal levels of the cellular mobile operator’s base stations.
Figure 9 illustrates a real coverage area of fourth-generation base stations, which the mobile station is over point x, the cell site 1 is the best server and the other six base stations are candidates. The map considers the Mobile Country Code of Brazil (MCC = 724), Mobile Network Code carrier Claro (MNC = 5), type = LTE, location (an avenue near USP) latitude = −23.55003881438536, longitude = −46.72997760884627.
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Fig. 9. Real coverage areas of 4G base stations, Source: https://www.cellmapper.net/map
Figure 10 presents the three families of smartphone sensors, GNSS, Radio Frequency, and embedded hardware [21].
GNSS
Radio Frequency
Zs
Microphone
Zv Ys Yv
Xs
Acellerometer Barometer Magnetometer
Xv
Smartphone sensors Gyroscope Thermometer
Fig. 10. The three families of smartphone sensors, GNSS, Radio Frequency, and embedded hardware [22].
The intelligent transport systems’ goal is to minimize traffic congestion, so maximize the traffic flow capacity. One way to get it is the avoidance of accidents, planning, routing, and monitoring traffic. In São Paulo city the main traffic surveillance tool is license plate readers and inductive sensors, but only 5% of the streets have surveillance, and the average time to detect an accident is 15 min. The telemetry has the potential to be included in surveillance activity, and there are many types of applications in this area, (1) users in vehicles are connected by crowdsourcing applications [23], which can estimate traffic conditions in different parts of the city. (2) Custom applications can analyze road traffic patterns, and future traffic conditions can be estimated with dangerous situations avoidance [24]. (3) Insurance companies
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install IoT applications developed to track stolen vehicles, as well as monitor driving behavior, encouraging them to drive safely [25]. Various methods to detect drowsy or tired, and help drivers to cope with it, or suggest rest is presented by Clement et al. [22]. (4) A smartphone application, which estimates the driver’s driving behavior using combined smartphone sensors such as the accelerometer, gyroscope, magnetometer, GNSS, and camera, has been proposed by Johnson et al. [18, 26]. It can classify non-aggressive or aggressive driver behavior and detect an accident. (5) The ADRS Accident Detection and Reporting System: a smartphone application designed by Bhatti et al. [20] detects the occurrence of an accident with the help of acceleration, speed, pressure, GNSS, and sound data. It immediately sends this information along with the location to the nearest hospital, which dispatches an ambulance. 2.5 Smartphone Orientation When the vehicle and the Smartphone are in the same orientation, it is easy to correlate them, but there is no specific place to accommodate the device inside the vehicle, i.e. the vehicle’s x-axis will not always be represented by the Smartphone’s x-axis. Figure 11 shows the three orienting axes of vehicles (V) and smartphones (S) [11]. Zs
Zv
Yv Ys Xv
Xs
Fig. 11. The three orientation axes of vehicles (V) and smartphones (S)
The Smartphone can be placed in multiple locations and with different orientations inside the vehicle at the time of driving such as the driver’s pocket, dashboard, seat, etc. Data collection can be performed with different orientation possibilities; there are relatively simple algorithms to make the treatment and in-depth analysis of the data [10]. One way to solve the orientation problem is to use an algorithm to compare the accelerometer values of the 3 axes from the value of the modules and identify the dominant axis as a speed indicator, and to avoid false alarms the best way to collect acceleration is through Eq. 1 which gives the acceleration module with the square root of the sum of squares of the acceleration values of the three axes [21]. |a| = ax2 + ay2 + az2 (1) Equation 1 gives the value of the acceleration module, but it is not possible to know the direction of the vehicle. The combined use of the acceleration sensors with gyroscope, network provider, and GNSS sensors increases the accuracy and allows detecting position and travel speed. Based on digital maps, route analysis compares the tracked route with the planned route, in which traffic problems can be identified.
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2.6 Mobile Applications There are development platforms used to support applications to collect data from many smartphone sensors, and there are several applications to handle statistical data, capable to collect from smartphones and update data in central servers [27]. Figure 12 represents the data flow between sensors and applications of the Android operating system. The four main data acquisition APIs are described below: a) b) c) d)
SensorApi - Read sensor data RecordingApi - Provides data collection and storage on servers. SessionsApi - Provides the application to manage user activity sessions. HistoryApi - Provides access to the database with data insertion, deletion, and reading capabilities.
Fig. 12. Data flow between sensors and application [28]
The main location application is a digital map, where routes are defined according to restriction areas and can vary depending on the day of the week, the weather, or vehicle flow. Developed cities have georeferenced databases with various layers of interest, streets, avenues, bus corridors, schools, hospitals, restriction zones, etc. Digital maps are cartographic data digitized and stored as images and vectors; they are easily integrated with other applications to estimate routes. The use of geo-referenced maps allows route planning considering the road situation update due to congestion, falling trees, floods, marches, and other physical obstacles that may influence the traffic flow. The first step before using digital map interfaces is to create an authentication key to provide secure access to the service. Once authenticated in web servers, users can use the map app to export in real-time the location of a smartphone. Another function is to calculate the distance and duration of a defined route date from a start address to an end address [29]. The combined use of a planned route and its real-time visualization is a very efficient way to track vehicles.
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3 Comparative Analysis: Embedded Modem × Smartphone × VANETs This section compares the technologies for hazardous cargo tracking considering multiple transport companies, legacy government management systems, and budgetary difficulty to invest in a standardized system. 3.1 Comparative Analysis: Embedded Modem × Smartphone Embedded modems are installed in a fixed position, so the sensors’ orientations will be always in the same directions as the vehicle, but smartphones’ solution represents a non-intrusive solution, easier configuration, and best update. 3.2 Comparative Analysis: Cellular Networks × VANETs On the one hand, the great advantage of VANETs networks is that the frequency band is used for a relatively small number of vehicles compared to mobile networks, on the other hand, smartphones operate over a big range of licensed frequency with higher data transmission rate and larger coverage area [30]. Table 1 presents a comparison between mobile operators’ networks in 5G technology with VANETs. Table 1. Cellular × VANET features. Feature name
Cellular
VANET
Standardization
3GPP LTE-A
IEEE 802.11p/WAVE
Frequency band
Licensed band
5855–5925 MHz
Mobility support
≤350 km/h
≤140 km/h
Data rate
≤300 Mbps
3–27 Mbps
Coverage range
>5 km
300–1000 m
Access method
D2D
Ad hoc
Latency
90 km/h
Highway limit
GNSS/Network_provider Urban area Speed > 60 km/h
Urban area limit
GNSS/Network_provider Difference between planned Considering a planned route and route and tracked route > 200 m real-time tracking, the route analysis compares the location considering the traffic behavior |a| = ax2 + aj2 + az2 > Accelerometer A smartphone drop in free fall means 9,8 m/s2 acceleration 3 ∗ 9,8 m/s2 |ω| = ωx2 + ωy2 + ωz2 > Gyroscope The truck’s stability considers 280 as the maximum side slope π/6 rad/s2 Ambient temperature
Ambient Temperature > 80 °C
A closed vehicle under the Sun reaches 70 °C
Microphone
Noise > 140 dB
An explosion produces high noise, bigger than traffic or engines noises
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According to Reis et al. [31, 32], an alert is triggered as a possible accident. In order to avoid false-positive alarms, it is necessary a well-done calibration considering artificial intelligence techniques [33], as well as bidirectional interaction between drivers and Integrated Operational Center. Table 2 presents the main alerts and their reference calibrations.
5 Simulation Results Considering the more relevant times of obstruction, it is possible to analyze three blocks: • Detection time: Currently, 15 min is the average time for a patrol to detect an accident. It can be reduced to 3 min, considering the online surveillance, tracking vehicles, filtering, and classifying the alerts • Field teams’ displacement time: Currently, 45 min is the average time for field teams to move from headquarter to an affected location. This reduction will be studied in future works. • Removal and release of pathways time: Currently, 90 min is an average time to remove vehicles without complex leaks of hazardous substances. It can be reduced to 45 min, considering the knowledge of substance characteristics, the field team can control the situation with a better approach. The simulation considered the attendance rhythm as 2,000 vehicles/hours/lane, an HCM2000 limitation [34]. Reports from São Paulo Traffic Engineering Company – CETSP [35] present measures of the arrival rate of 1,930 vehicles/hour/lane. IoT technologies can improve traffic management control, so they can promote a reduction from 150 min to 93 min of obstruction time per accident. Figure 15 illustrates a 150-min obstruction time after an accident, in the current situation; and a 93-min obstruction time after an accident, with improvements, in the proposed situation.
Fig. 15. The events of an accident are composed of detection, staff travel, and removal time.
Blocking one of the six lanes of an express urban way the total attendance rate will be lower than the arrival rate, so it will form a queue during the obstruction time, and the queue will be released after the situation is regularized.
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Fig. 16. The scenario that was simulated in Rockwell Arena.
Figure 16 Illustrates the scenario simulated in Rockwell Arena [36]. Figure 17 presents the results of the simulation. Initially a reduction from 12,000 to 10,000 vehicles/hour and the release to the full capacity after the system regularization. The area of the triangle formed by the total queuing time and the maximum number of vehicles in the queue is called total delay, whose unit is veh-min [36, 37]. a) b) c) d)
Graphic of the number of vehicles queued in 150-min obstruction. Graphic of the number of vehicles queued in 93-min obstruction. Graphic of arrival and departure functions in 150-min obstruction. Graphic of arrival and departure functions in 93-min obstruction.
Table 3 presents the results of the simulation considering one of the six lanes obstruction. As a result of simulations is possible to conclude that the total delay reduced from 1,418,269 veh-min to 545,182 veh-min, which is 61% of the reduction in total delay, presented in Fig. 18. It represents savings on fuel consumption, CO2 emission, less time in traffic jams, a better quality of life, and more productivity of urban citizens [33, 38, 39].
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a) 717 minutes of total queuing time.
b) 444 minutes total queuing time
c) maximum queue of 3,954 vehicles
Fig. 17. Graphs with simulation results.
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d) maximum queue of 2,451 vehicles
Fig. 17. continued
Table 3. Results comparison 150-min × 93-min obstruction. Features\Simulation
150-min obstruction
93-min obstruction
Total waiting time
717 min
444 min
The maximum quantity of the vehicles in a queue
3,954 vehicles
2,451 vehicles
Congestion impact or total delay
1,418,269 veh-min
545,182 veh-min
Fig. 18. Graph of total vehicle delay as a function of blocking time.
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6 Conclusion Looking for the best solution to hazardous cargo tracking with multiple mobile carriers, legacy government management systems, and budgetary difficulty to invest in a standardized system, in the biggest city of Brazil, the use of smartphones has five advantages: a) The smartphone does not require vehicle embedded systems installation. b) There are many application development platforms where custom solutions can be built through low-cost hacker marathons c) Smartphone uses recent data transmission technology and has a more economical evolution for future technologies, with the consolidation of fifth-generation networks; smartphones can have new mission-critical functions that require low latency. d) The smartphone is an available technology; it dispenses fleet adaptation or replacement as VANETs do. e) Smartphones have powerful hardware, and several possibilities of sensors application, which brings flexibility and feasibility to adapt to legacy government systems.
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A Smartphone-Based Solution to Manage Hazardous Materials Transportation: A Review Luiz Antonio Reis(B) , Sergio Luiz Pereira , Eduardo Mario Dias , and Maria Lídia Rebello Pinho Dias Scoton University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil [email protected], [email protected], [email protected]
Abstract. Management solutions of hazardous materials transportation use invehicle embedded devices. Smartphones have had powerful edge computational capabilities at extremely feasible costs which encourage the development of many mobile applications, including vehicles accidents detection applications. Smartphone sensors associated with those applications support real-time tracking of vehicles and enable the detection of abnormal conditions. The integration of smartphone information with databases of vehicle traffic monitoring departments increases the speed of detecting potential accidents and allows interaction with drivers to determine transport schedules, restrictions, and possible route changes. So, the objective of this paper is to compare mobile applications using smartphone telemetry information. Results show these applications may reduce the effects caused by accidents involving the transport of hazardous materials, such as traffic jams, human health, and environmental damages. Keywords: Smartphone application · Accident detection · Tracking technologies · Embedded devices
1 Introduction The effects of hazardous materials leaking endanger the human population and the environment [1]. Dangerous goods are necessary for citizens’ lives and must be transported carefully to avoid accidents and mitigate risks [2]. Traditionally, traffic surveillance is conducted with two distinct approaches: a) Road-based technologies: In-road detectors like inductive loop detectors [3], magnetometers [4], piezoelectric detectors, pneumatic tubes, and roadside detectors like video image detectors [5], active or passive infrared detectors, microwave sensors, radar sensors, ultrasonic sensors, and passive acoustic sensors [6]; and b) Vehicle-based technologies: probe vehicles, automatic vehicle location systems, automatic vehicle identification systems, and smartphones. Among those approaches, smartphones deserve more attention, due to their powerful edge computational capabilities at extremely feasible costs that encourage the development of several mobile applications. Smartphone sensors associated with mobile applications support real-time tracking of vehicles and allow the detection of abnormal conditions. The integration of smartphone information with databases of vehicle traffic © The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2022 Y. Iano et al. (Eds.): BTSym 2021, SIST 295, pp. 23–33, 2022. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-08545-1_2
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monitoring departments increases the speed of detecting potential accidents and enables interaction with drivers to determine transport schedules, restrictions, and possible route changes. The reduced detection time and more telemetry information reduce the effects caused by accidents involving the transport of hazardous cargo, such as traffic jams, and human health and environmental damages. A standard procedure to track hazardous cargo is a fleet location tracking solution with in-vehicle sensors, also known as Onboard Terminals (OBT), which communicate by telecommunication networks to send the truck tracking data. Specific systems have been designed, such as Project SCUTUM (SeCUring the EU GNSS adopTion in the dangeroUs Material transport), developed by The European Global Navigation Satellite Systems Agency – GSA [7], to track dangerous materials using Global Navigation Satellite System – GNSS, as the most promising application for European Geostationary Navigation Overlay Service – EGNOS, the precursor of the Galileo European constellation. Another example is the Mitra system, which tracks trucks for the transportation of dangerous goods through an onboard terminal and GNSS receiver [8], which relays information of location, speed, direction, and contents of the vehicle to a central information exchange server by telecommunication operator systems. The server routes the information to a variety of databases, namely those holding road, event, and risk assessment information. The road databases contain detailed information about the road system, such as the time and place where road works are underway or the proximity of schools and hospitals. These databases also provide details about critical infrastructure and the presence of other vehicles transporting dangerous goods. The alerts are provided by OBT sensors, including a panic button that can be triggered by the driver. However, due to the variety of OBT standards, it is not clear whether the use of the Mitra system can be applied worldwide. Despite the importance of surveillance of dangerous goods, between 2001 and 2019, there was an annual average of 200 accidents involving dangerous cargo (according to the Public Security Department São Paulo State of Brazil). About 10% of these accidents happened in the city of São Paulo. This city receives 45,000 annual applications for licenses to transport dangerous goods. In the current workflow, the transport companies need to ask for authorization from the government’s road traffic department, which attributes a date to execute the transport. There are constrained areas, but the municipality has insufficient staff for monitoring traffic, so only 5% of the streets in the city of São Paulo have surveillance; thus, keeping all dangerous goods vehicles under surveillance is impossible, and many times the drivers are disrespectful to the planned route, endangering many citizens lives. The purpose of this paper is to compare tracking technologies through a literature review and propose a smartphone-based app to request, schedule, route, track, and notify the transport of dangerous goods into the city of São Paulo. It offers a solution with easy implementation and a low cost of maintenance. Section 2 presents the review design, Sect. 3 presents results and discussion, and Sect. 4 concludes the research.
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2 Review of Relevant Literature This section is structured in four topics showing the main characteristics of applications that support the use of smartphones as measurement probes as well as dedicated hardware to collect vehicles data: (1) mobile location-based solutions related to the traffic of vehicles; (2) solutions for identifying and notifying vehicle accidents; (3) dangerous goods tracking solutions, all of them using dedicated in-vehicle devices; and (4) general tracking solutions, all of them using dedicated in-vehicle devices. 2.1 Mobile Location-Based Solutions Related to the Traffic of Vehicles There are four technologies that best represent mobile location-based solutions [9]: • Navigation: Crowdsourced data to find the best route and improve transparency in urban transportation. • Bus tracker: Provide travelers with estimated arrival times of buses at a given stop. • Real-time ride-hailing: Provide a complete platform for ordering, procuring, and purchasing rides. The ability to track the location of one’s driver is often claimed as a key benefit of the system since it is an efficient manner of transacting payments. The ability to match demand with supply in real-time, while providing a convenient mechanism for completing the transaction, as well as a platform for tracking and rating one’s experience, is disrupting conventional services such as the taxicab industry. • Parking spot for location and reservation: They are emerging in several urban markets around the world, for both public on-street parking as well as privately operated garages. It is possible to search reserve and route to a parking lot. They save time and fuel searching parking lot, as well as reducing traffic jams. 2.2 Smartphone-Based Solution for Vehicle Accidents Among the significant research in this topic, there are twelve technologies that best represent smartphone-based notifying solutions for vehicle accidents: • Accident detection and disaster response framework utilizing IoT: The system detects accidents using the accelerometer; the threshold value of forces is greater than 10,000 N. After accident detection, it sends the location from the GPS receiver to the nearest emergency service. The user can cancel the false-positive accident occurrence via a smartphone app that was developed using Android Studio and Firebase’s real-time database [10]. • Accident detection system using a combination of multiple smartphone sensors to reduce the false positive - GPS (speed and location), accelerometer, gravitational force, pressure, and sound: The app was developed in Android Studio and reports the incident to the nearest hospital. The user can press the cancel button within 10 s in the case of a false alarm [11]. • Accident detection system using ACN: A proposal for a smartphone-based ACN (Automatic Crash Notification) system to substitute a built-in system, an android app that detects accidents using a combination of smartphone sensors, GPS, and
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accelerometer. The user has 20 s to cancel false-positive alarms. The notifications are sent to an assigned provider [12]. Android application for accident detection and notification: The solution implemented by the accident reporting and guidance system considers detecting the accident through the signal received from the accelerometer and the speed given by GPS. It can use two phones to reduce the false-positive. The algorithm finds the nearest emergency service and sends a notification [13]. Trauma accident detecting and reporting system: The project uses an accelerometer & gyroscope to detect a fall. Its use is broader, but it could be used for the traffic of vehicles. The false positives are avoided by neural network algorithms or using a Support Vector Machine (SVM) algorithm [14]. Car Accident Detection and Notification System Using Smartphone: The solution proposes a Car Accident Detection and Notification System (CADANS). It uses smartphone sensors to detect accidents, mainly the accelerometer, but to differentiate a car accident from a smartphone drop, the GPS receiver contributes with the speed deviation measure, and the microphone contributes to eliminating false positives with high dB measurements. The camera is used to notify an accident using the carrier operator and informs the location based on the GPS position of the vehicle. The user can confirm the accident occurrence via a mobile app that was developed using Eclipse IDE [15]. Utilizing the emergence of Android smartphones for public welfare by providing advanced accident detection and remedy by ambulances: The system detects accidents using the accelerometer. After detection, it sends the location from a GPS receiver and a pre-recorded voice message to the emergency service. The user has 15 s to cancel the false-positive accident occurrence through a smartphone app that was developed using Eclipse IDE [16]. Smartphone application to detect car accidents: The system uses an accelerometer for detection and uses Dynamic Time Warping (DTW) and Hidden Markov Models (HMMs) to reduce false positives. The car accident is reported by existing telecommunication networks and informs the location based on the GPS position of the vehicle [17]. Providing accident detection in vehicular networks through OBD-II devices and Android-based smartphones: The solution of accident detection considers GPS deceleration information provided by an OBD-II interface, such as airbag triggering detection. The communication between the OBD-II and the smartphone is provided by Bluetooth. The smartphone accelerometer sensors were disregarded to avoid false positives in case of a fall. A rescue system sends data with GPS location to an emergency system database. The user has 1 min to cancel a false-positive alarm. The app was developed for the Android platform [18]. Smart vehicle accident detection and alarming system using a smartphone: This accident detection solution uses smartphone sensors that measure accelerometers, pressure sensors, and GPS data to compare the current and the previous speed. The user can cancel a false-positive alarm. An emergency message is sent to the user’s emergency contact number. The app was developed for the Android platform [19]. Mobile phone location determination and its impact on intelligent transportation systems: Location-based services utilize mobile devices to collect GPS and carrier base
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stations trilateration data, including Automatic Vehicle Location (AVL) in case of an accident, crash, or other emergencies. There is no user interaction [20]. • An IoT approach to vehicle accident detection, reporting, and navigation: The solution considers an embedded device with a shock sensor, GPS receiver, and cellular IoT. The in-vehicle device communicates with a smartphone by Near Field Communication (NFC) that sends the passengers identification and vehicle data through the telecommunication networks. The solution detects the accident and determines the shortest path to rescue teams. There is no user interaction [21]. 2.3 Dangerous Goods Solutions with Dedicated In-Vehicle Devices In the literature, a small amount of research addresses the problem of dangerous goods tracking solutions; all of the following three technologies use dedicated in-vehicle devices, pre-installed OBT. • Development and application of real-time monitoring system for dangerous chemicals transport vehicles based on the Internet: The system uses dedicated hardware as a concentrator to collect the real-time vehicle, driver, and dangerous goods data, and transmit it through the mobile network [22]; • Dangerous goods dynamic monitoring and control systems based on IoT and RFID for regulating the road transport of dangerous goods, a framework for a dynamic monitoring system: The systems use an OBT to collect dynamic information from the vehicle (1): speed, engine speed, engine oil pressure/temperature, fuel amount, static electricity, tires pressure/temperature, battery voltage, brakes pressure/temperature; dangerous goods (2): pressure, temperature, humidity, concentration, acceleration, inclination, liquid level; and driver (3): driving time, blood pressure, pulse, breathing, mental state, and fatigue. The data are transmitted via carrier network to a monitoring system, which has more information from the road, weather, the region, and events such as holidays. The systems have an information process layer and an application layer responsible for accident analysis, prediction, and emergency treatment [23, 24]. • Real-time microservices-based environmental sensor system for hazardous materials transportation networks monitoring: a system is proposed to monitor and control the transportation of hazardous materials. This system is based on microservices architecture over a cloud environment that provides eight services: 1) Pre-transportation, 2) Routing, 3) Monitoring and tracking, 4) Data collection, 5) Substance and risk knowledge, 6) Transport documentation, 7) Historical information, and 8) Alert and query information. The solution considers a wireless sensor network – WSN through which in-vehicle sensors (OBT) communicate with telecommunication networks [25]. 2.4 Dedicated In-Vehicle Devices to Providing Tracking Solutions In the literature, a small number of research addresses tracking solutions, all six of them using dedicated in-vehicle devices, pre-installed OBT. • Post-disaster emergency vehicle routing [26]: A constraint-based model for fast post-disaster emergency vehicle routing that uses mixed-integer programming and constraint programming techniques to find the best routing of rescue vehicles.
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• V2V accident avoidance [27]: A proposal to use vehicular ad-hoc networks (VANETs) based on the speed and coordinates of the vehicles and then, sends traffic alerts to drivers. It seems to be an excellent solution when all vehicles are equipped with V2V transponders. It is still a system that needs massive implementation. • Onboard terminal to detect an accident and send notification [28, 29]: Proposals to use a button sensor situated on the vehicle will detect an accident immediately and send a message to a microcontroller. The microcontroller sends an alert message with the help of a GSM modem to a police control room or a rescue team, which will include the location with the help of the GPS. Also, the alert message containing the location of the accident will be sent to the relatives of the victim. In case there is no casualty the driver can terminate the alert message by a switch provided in the vehicle. There is another system for detecting accidents, but this one also considers the speed of a GPS receiver [3]. Moreover, there is a third system, called OnStar, that uses an embedded cell phone that notifies an accident triggered by the air-bag sensors [30]. • IoT-VANET-based systems for quick medical assistance [31]: It is proposed a lowcost hardware prototype application to detect accidents and a testbed to report them providing quick medical assistance at their location [32]. The solution considers a system that collects data from the OBU using data mining techniques to define the severity of the accident. There are projects considering in-vehicle dedicated hardware to detect accidents and send notifications through GSM networks [33, 34]. There are techniques of clustering and prediction to increase the performance of tracking over IoT-VANET systems [35]. • Dynamic route prediction [36]: Using an artificial intelligence algorithm, this system compares the data received from the GPS receiver, such as speed and location, to the traffic data from other systems to predict the traffic flow. • Crowdsourcing for data mining [37]: Using platforms such as Twitter, this solution proposes mining tweet texts to extract incident information on roads as an efficient and cost-effective accident detection solution.
3 Application and Discussion 3.1 Smartphone Application to Manage the Hazmat Transportation High maturity cities such as São Paulo/Brazil have an integrated operations center, a commonplace to host several departments of different areas of expertise: police, civil defense, firefighters, road traffic companies, and medical emergency. The authorities from those areas stay in the same room, but each one has its legacy system without sharing the same data source. Considering that the major problem in hazardous cargo transportation is the lack of surveillance [38, 39] and the difficulty to synchronize the authorization process with the transport tracking. So, the use of mobile apps to track trucks represents a flexible non-intrusive solution, without embedded hardware installation. In this specific case, dangerous cargo transportation must be previously authorized by government authorities, and during the transport can receive new directions, thus, it is feasible when having a bidirectional application in which the driver can send and receive information in real-time. Using smartphones to collect data, the driver behavior
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and traffic conditions can be analyzed for decision-making if abnormal conditions are detected. In case of loss of communication, the smartphone can collect data from its sensors, even being offline, and send it as soon as the communication is reestablished. The location process is supported by the fact that smartphones are equipped with sensors that allow them to be located through calculations and trilateration of signals from the coverage area of satellites or radiofrequency base stations. A relational database is necessary to host the information. (1) Personal Id is the primary key for identifying and distinguishing a smartphone. (2) Vehicle is the number used to identify the vehicle and correlate it to the smartphone. (3) Time records the current date and time. (4) Latitude, (5) longitude, (6) speed, and (7) altitude. (8) Acceleration. (9) Gyroscope. (10) Compass. (11) Pressure. (12) Temperature. (13) Noise. From a web map app, it is possible to track vehicles in real-time and view them graphically. Any route change can be sent from the operations center control room to the truck driver. Figure 1 illustrates a functional diagram for authorization and tracking hazmat cargo. GPS LocaƟon Packet data communicaƟon
Truck driver Smartphone Human Machine sensors Interface
Cellular Network
Central Data Base
ApplicaƟons AuthorizaƟon RouƟng Tracking
Fig. 1. A functional diagram for authorization and tracking hazmat cargo.
3.2 False-Positive Avoidance To avoid false alarms, and unnecessary field teams’ displacement [40, 41], the proposal considers artificial intelligence techniques, as well as, synchronized actions between pre-planned routes and sensors tracking with bidirectional interaction between driver and Center of Integrated Operations. Reis et al. [2, 42], proposed smartphone sensor alarms configuration, considering carrier sensor, satellite sensor, accelerometer, gyroscope, barometer, thermometer, camera, and microphone; and according to simulations the improvements in information technology, telecommunication, and tracking management reduces the time spent in a traffic jam up to 61% [43].
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4 Conclusions Looking for the best solution to hazardous material transportation tracking with multiple mobile carriers, legacy government management systems, and budgetary difficulty to invest in a standardized system, in the biggest city of Brazil, the use of smartphones has five advantages: • A smartphone does not require vehicle embedded systems installation. • Smartphone uses recent data transmission technology and has a more economical natural evolution to future technologies, with the consolidation of fifth-generation networks; smartphones can have new mission-critical functions that require low latency. • A smartphone is an available technology; it dispenses fleet adaptation or replacement in contrast to VANETs. • Smartphones have powerful hardware, and several possibilities of sensors application, which brings flexibility and feasibility to adapt to legacy government systems. • There are many application development platforms that custom solutions can be built through low-cost hackathons (hacker marathons) [44].
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Industrial Technological Process for Welding AISI 301 Stainless Steel: Focus on Microstructural Control Wandercleiton Cardoso1(B) , Thiago A. Pires Machado2 , Raphael C. Baptista2 André Gustavo de S. Galdino2 , Flavio A. M. Pinto2 , and Temistocles de Souza Luz3
,
1 University of Genoa, 16145 Genoa, Liguria, Italy
[email protected]
2 Federal Institute of Espirito Santo, Vitoria, ES 29040-780, Brazil 3 Federal University of Espirito Santo, Vitoria, ES 29075-910, Brazil
Abstract. The aim of this work was to evaluate the effects of the variation of welding energy on the microstructure and mechanical properties of the fusion zone of AISI 301 stainless steel by quantifying delta ferrite and observing its effects on the fusion zone of the AISI 301 weld bead. A Fischer FMP30 Feritscope was used for the quantification of delta ferrite. Five samples with different welding parameters were taken to study the effects of welding energy on the welded zone of the weld bead. The welding process used was single-layer autogenous tungsten inert gas welding (TIG). The results obtained show that the welding energy has a great influence on the amount of delta ferrite in the molten zone of the weld bead. The percentage of delta ferrite decreased with increasing welding energy for the tested values. Keywords: Stainless steel · TIG welding · Welding energy
1 Introduction The extraction and processing of iron and steel have undergone continuous technical progress throughout nearly 5,000 years of history. Despite the great efforts of metallurgists, some problems remained unsolved until the beginning of the last century: objects made of iron and steel were not sufficiently resistant to corrosion [1]. In 1911, in the United States of America, experiments with alloys containing 14– 16%Cr and 0.007–0.015%C led to the discovery of ferritic stainless steels, which are still used today by designers for the manufacture of turbines. In 1912, researchers in England conducted experiments with corrosion-resistant alloys containing 12.8%Cr and 0.24%C, which led to the discovery of martensitic stainless steels. In the same year, a steel containing 7%Ni, 20%Cr, and 0.25%C was introduced in Germany for the production of parts requiring high corrosion resistance, and thus austenitic stainless steels were born [2]. © The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2022 Y. Iano et al. (Eds.): BTSym 2021, SIST 295, pp. 34–41, 2022. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-08545-1_3
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Austenitic stainless steels are the most produced and marketed in the world. Between 1950 and 1980, the production of stainless steel increased 20-fold, and currently 2/3 of this production is accounted for by the manufacture of austenitic stainless steel [3]. This wide use is due to an advantageous combination of properties, such as excellent corrosion and oxidation resistance, mechanical strength at high temperatures, excellent ductility, and weldability [4, 5]. However, it should be kept in mind that most metals, including austenitic stainless steels, undergo various microstructural changes during the welding process, especially intergranular corrosion (sensitization) characterized by the formation of chromium carbides in the contours of the grain. The formation of these carbides leaves chromiumdepleted areas near the grain boundaries that are susceptible to this type of deterioration [3, 6–8]. Welding of stainless steel must be performed very carefully to maintain the mechanical properties and corrosion resistance of the welded area [9, 10]. Numerous researchers have observed the effects of welding on the microstructure and properties of the welded area, so we have a wide range of information on this subject [11–14]. It is well known that the environment of the welded area and even the molten area undergo microstructural changes due to a variety of thermal cycles that occur during a welding process [15–18]. Studies show that welding effects lead to microstructural disturbances in the metal. To minimize such effects, austenite stabilizing elements can be added, either by shielding gas enriched with nitrogen (N) or by post-weld heat treatment or by using filler metal enriched with nickel (Ni) [19–27]. The aim of this article is to evaluate the effects of welding energy on the microstructural changes in the melt by quantifying the delta ferrite and observing its effects on the region, in order to minimize the effects of welding on the properties of AISI 301 stainless steel, thus reducing costs and problems for the industry.
2 Experimental For the determination of chemical composition, the technique of argon plasma optical emission spectrometry was used, which is widely used in environmental analysis because it has a number of characteristics, such as multi-elemental analysis, which allows the simultaneous determination of minor and trace metals, and low susceptibility to interference between elements. Five specimens were fabricated using Inverse 450 as the energy source and different drilling parameters were established for each of the 5 specimens to analyze the effects of the imposed welding energy on the final microstructure and the properties of the fusion zone of the metal due to the variation of heat input into the systems. Table 1 shows the chemical composition of the steel studied. The specimens were prepared in the form of 0.8 mm thick and 50 mm wide laminated plates. For welding, the autogenous technique was used in a single pass TIG as it allows better control of the welding parameters and also produces a weld with a better surface finish [28].
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W. Cardoso et al. Table 1. Chemical composition of the steel.
Chemical element
Steel analyzed
Technical standard
[Cr] Chrome
16.70%
16–18%
[Ni] Nickel
6.90%
6–8%
[C] Carbon
0.05%