Private Pilot Manual Private Pilot Textbook 0884876608, 9780884876601

Citation preview

The Jeppesen Sanderson Private Pilot Textbook, which is a component of the Guided Flight Discovery Pilot Training System, is copyright protected. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means — electronic or otherwise — without the prior permission of Jeppesen Sanderson, Inc.

JS314500—008

II

© Jeppesen Sanderson, Inc., 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2004 All Rights Reserved 55 Inverness Drive East, Englewood, CO 80112-5498 International Standard Book Number 0-88487-333-1 Printed in Canada

PRIVATE PILOT T E X T B O O K

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

This textbook could not have been produced without the tireless commitment of the Guided Flight Discovery (GFD) team members listed below. Special thanks also is extended to the other personnel in Jeppesen's Aviation Courseware Development department who, although not directly involved in the creation of this text, assumed responsibility for other projects so that the GFD team members could fully devote their energies to the project.

Managing Editor Pat Willits Associate Editors/Primary Writers Mike Abbott Liz Kailey Technical Support Jerry Farrell Michelle Gable Judi Glenn Jon Hiles Tanya Letts George McCray Dick Snyder Chuck Stout Anthony Werner

Media Productions Manager Rich Hahn Lead Artists Pat Brogan Dean McBournie Graphic Artists Amy Aguirre Mark Bebernes Cliff Carrillo Jennifer Crowe Paul Gallaway Andy Juarez Larry Montano Rick Patterson Scott Saunders Jay Weets Photographers Dave Chance Gary Kennedy Virgil Poleschook

III

Welcome to Guided Flight Discovery Jeppesen Sanderson has developed the Guided Flight Discovery Pilot Training System to provide the finest pilot training available. Through extensive use of colorful graphics, state-of-the-art computer-based training, and broadcast quality video, Guided Flight Discovery ensures that your training will be enjoyable and exciting. Guided Flight Discovery is totally different than other systems because its entire philosophy of pilot training is a departure from the conventional methods of the past. Rather than just teaching facts, Guided Flight Discovery concentrates on an application-oriented approach to pilot training. The comprehensive and complete system emphasizes the why and how of aeronautical concepts when they are presented. As you progress through your training, you will find that the revolutionary Guided Flight Discovery system leads you through essential aeronautical knowledge and exposes you to a variety of interesting and useful information which will enhance and expand your understanding of the world of aviation. Although each element of the Guided Flight Discovery Pilot Training System may be used separately, the effectiveness of the materials can be maximized by using all of the individual components in a systems approach. To help you efficiently organize your studies and get the most out of your training, Guided Flight Discovery incorporates cross-references which are used to direct you to related Guided Flight Discovery study materials. The main components of the Private Pilot Program are described below.

Core Study Materials Private Pilot Textbook The Private Pilot Textbook is your primary source for initial study and review. The text contains complete and concise explanations of the fundamental concepts and ideas that every private pilot needs to know. The subjects are organized in a logical manner to build upon previously introduced topics. Subjects are often expanded upon through the use of Discovery Insets which are strategically placed throughout the chapters. Periodically, human factors principles are presented in Human Element Insets to help you understand how your mind and body function while you fly. Throughout the textbook, concepts which directly relate to FAA test questions are highlighted by FAA Question Insets. Additionally, you can evaluate your understanding of material introduced in a particular section by completing the associated review questions. A more detailed explanation of this textbook's unique features is contained in the section entitled "How the Textbook Works" starting on page x.

Regulations and Aeronautical Information The Federal Aviation Regulations (FARs) and the Aeronautical Information Manual (AIM) are included in your student kit material as either a CD-ROM or a printed manual. To help you concentrate your study, an FAR Study list is included along with FAR Exercises (and answers). The Aeronautical Information Manual includes the complete AIM with color graphics and the entire Pilot/Controller Glossary. IV

INTRODUCTION

PRIVATE PILOT T E X T B O O K

Private Pilot Maneuvers Textbook This textbook uses colorful graphics and step-by-step procedure descriptions to help you visualize and understand each maneuver which you will perform in the aircraft. Additional guidance is provided through highlighted text which contains helpful hints, and FAA practical test standards.

Private Pilot Syllabus The syllabus provides a basic framework for your training in a logical sequence. Ground and flight lessons are coordinated to ensure that your training progresses smoothly and that you are consistently introduced to topics on the ground prior to being required to apply that knowledge in the airplane.

Private Pilot Maneuvers CD-ROMs These revolutionary CD-ROMs combine art, video, animation, and interactivity to create a dynamic learning experience. From preflight inspection to takeoffs and landings, you will learn how to perform each maneuver step-by-step with an instructor as your guide. The Maneuvers CD-ROMs also examine safety and human factors issues, as well as provide you with a unique opportunity to explore the world of aviation in a fun and exciting new format.

Support Materials In addition to the core study materials described above, a variety of support materials are available to further enhance your understanding of pilot training subject matter. A brief description of these resources is provided below.

Private Pilot Airmen Knowledge Test Guide This valuable study tool provides you with all the FAA questions which may be included on the Private Pilot computerized test. Answers and explanations for each question are provided to allow you to instantly check your understanding of required material.

Private Pilot Test Preparation Software The test preparation software, FliteSchool, is an interactive, multimedia tool designed to help you prepare for the FAA computerized test. It contains information similar to the Private Pilot Airmen Knowledge Test Guide with the added features of question search, simulated test taking, and performance tracking. The software cross-references the Jeppesen Private Pilot Textbook as well as the FARs and AIM.

Private Pilot Online Test Preparation This online program, known as JeppPrep, allows you to study FAA questions, review answers and explanations, and take sample tests that emulate the actual FAA Knowledge test. The question database is updated continuously with the latest FAA questions.

Private Pilot Practical Test Study Guide This study aid combines the requirements of the FAA's Practical Test Standards with background information on each required task for the FAA practical test, including illustrations which show proper performance of maneuvers. Appropriate background information from Jeppesen Sanderson and FAA material is cross-referenced throughout this study guide.

Flight School Support Materials Flight schools which use the Guided Flight Discovery Pilot Training System may provide a variety of additional resources and instructional support materials. Designed specifically to provide you with a well administered, quality training program, Guided v

PRIVATE

PILOT TEXTBOOK

INTRODUCTION

Flight Discovery flight school support materials help foster an environment which maximizes your potential for understanding and comprehension on your way to becoming a fully competent pilot. Some of these resources are described below.

Private Pilot Video Series The Private Pilot Video Series on DVD is an integral part of the Guided Flight Discovery Pilot Training System. The DVD menu follows the Jeppesen syllabus exactly, so you can jump directly to the lesson you are studying, or review lessons that need more work. This series provides you with a high quality video ground school, with quick and easy access to basic aeronautical material and maneuvers analysis. The dynamic Private Pilot Video Series uses state-of-the-art graphics and animation, as well as dramatic aerial photography to help easily explain complex ideas.

PC-Based Aviation Training Device (PCATD) Flight schools may also provide access to a PC-based aviation training device. The PCATD is designed specifically for pilot training and skill enhancement, and can be a great tool for giving you a head start on certain flight maneuvers.

Instructor's Guide The Instructor's Guide is available for use by flight instructors and flight school operators. The Instructor's Guide helps flight training professionals effectively implement the Guided Flight Discovery Pilot Training System. Feeling comfortable with your grasp of aviation concepts and your ability to apply them is fundamental to conducting safe and enjoyable flight operations. Historically, the majority of problems which occur during flight can be traced to a pilot's judgment and decision making. Aeronautical judgment is based primarily on the pilot's ability to apply the knowledge which was learned during training and gained through experience. The information presented in this textbook and the related Guided Flight Discovery materials is designed to provide you with the foundation of knowledge and experience needed to exercise good judgment and make sound decisions throughout your flying experience.

VI

Preface The purpose of the Private Pilot Textbook is to provide you with the most complete explanations of aeronautical concepts in the most effective and easy-to-use manner possible. Through the use of colorful illustrations, full-color photos, and a variety of innovative design techniques, the Private Pilot Textbook and other Guided Flight Discovery materials are closely coordinated to make learning fun and easy. To help you organize your study, the Private Pilot Textbook is divided into five parts:

Part I — Fundamentals of Flight The information needed to begin your aviation journey is introduced in this part. The first chapter, Discovering Aviation, answers many of your questions about the training process. Chapter two introduces you to the basics of airplane systems. In Chapter three you will gain an understanding of aerodynamic principles.

Part II — Flight Operations Part II contains information you need to know about the environment in which you will fly. You will study subjects such as airport facilities, air traffic control services, communication procedures, and sources of flight information.

Part III — Aviation Weather In Part III, you will be introduced to the variable atmosphere and its effect on aircraft operations. A thorough understanding of the information contained in this Part will help you maximize safety by minimizing your exposure to weather-related aviation hazards.

Part IV — Performance and Navigation Aircraft capabilities and limitations in terms of performance parameters are covered in Part IV. You also will learn the basics of navigation using charts and radio aids.

Part V — Integrating Pilot Knowledge and Skills The application of aeronautical decision-making principles and flight-related physiological factors is discussed in Chapter 10. A scenario in Chapter 11 provides insight into how previously learned knowledge and skills can be applied during a cross-country flight.

VII

Table of Contents HOW THE PART I —

TEXTBOOK DISCOVERING

SECTION A

PILOT TRAINING

SECTION B

AVIATION

SECTION C

CHAPTER 2

AIRPLANES

SECTION B

THE

SECTION C

FLIGHT

HUMAN

B

SECTION C

FACTORS

1-5

4 1

2-2

POWERPLANT AND

RELATED

SYSTEMS.2-1 4

INSTRUMENTS.....

2-4

3-2

STABILITY

3-2

AERODYNAMICS

7

PRINCIPLES

FOUR FORCES OF FLIGHT

PART II —

OF

MANEUVERING

2

FLIGHT..3-46

FLIGHT OPERATIONS THE

SECTION A

1-2

SYSTEMS

AERODYNAMIC

SECTION A

FLIGHT

ENVIRONMENT

SAFETY OF FLIGHT

4-2

SECTION B

AIRPORTS

4-1

6

SECTION C

AERONAUTICAL CHARTS

4-4

0

SECTION

AIRSPACE

4-5

6

D

CHAPTER 5

COMMUNICATION INFORMATION

AND

FLIGHT

SECTION A

R A D A R A N D ATC

SECTION B

RADIO PROCEDURES

5-1

8

SECTION C

S O U R C E S OF F L I G H T I N F O R M A T I O N

5-3

7

PART III — CHAPTER 6

SERVICES

5-2

AVIATION WEATHER

METEOROLOGY

FOR

PILOTS

SECTION A

BASIC WEATHER THEORY

SECTION B

WEATHER PATTERNS

6-1

6

SECTION C

WEATHER

6-3

8

CHAPTER 7

VIII

1-2

I N T R O D U C T I O N TO

SECTION A

CHAPTER 3

AVIATION

OPPORTUNITIES

AIRPLANE

CHAPTER 4

x

FUNDAMENTALS OF FLIGHT

CHAPTER 1

SECTION

WORKS

6-2

HAZARDS

INTERPRETING

WEATHER

THE

SECTION B

PRINTED REPORTS AND FORECASTS

7-1

0

SECTION C

GRAPHIC WEATHER

7-3

1

SECTION

SOURCES

7-4

4

D

FORECASTING

DATA

SECTION A

PROCESS

PRODUCTS

OF W E A T H E R

INFORMATION

7-2

PART IV — CHAPTER

8

PERFORMANCE A N D NAVIGATION

AIRPLANE

PERFORMANCE

SECTION A

PREDICTING

PERFORMANCE

SECTION

B

WEIGHT AND

SECTION

C

FLIGHT COMPUTERS

CHAPTER 9

BALANCE

8-2

9 8-5

2

NAVIGATION

SECTION A

PILOTAGE A N D DEAD RECKONING

SECTION

B

VOR

NAVIGATION

SECTION

C

ADF

NAVIGATION

SECTION

D

ADVANCED NAVIGATION

PART V — CHAPTER

8-2

10

APPLYING

HUMAN

FACTORS

AVIATION

SECTION

AERONAUTICAL DECISION MAKING

CHAPTER 1 1

9-3

4

9-4

7

FLYING

PRINCIPLES

PHYSIOLOGY

1 0-2 1 0-2 2

CROSS-COUNTRY

SECTION A

T H E FLIGHT PLANNING PROCESS

SECTION

THE

B

0

INTEGRATING PILOT KNOWLEDGE AND SKILLS

SECTION A B

9-2 9-2

1 1-2

FLIGHT

1 1-15

APPENDICES APPENDIX A APPENDIX B APPENDIX C

QUESTION ANSWERS ABBREVIATIONS GLOSSARY

Q U E S T I O N ANSWER BLANKS NOTAMS INDEX

A-1 B-1 C-1

Q- 1 N-1 I- 1

IX

How the Textbook Works The Private Pilot Textbook is structured to highlight important topics and concepts and promote an effective and efficient study/review method of learning. To get the most out of your textbook, as well as the entire Guided Flight Discovery Pilot Training System, you may find it beneficial to review the major design elements incorporated in this text.

Learning Objectives Learning objectives are provided at the beginning of each part to help you focus on important concepts.

CHAPTER 3 AERODYNAMIC PRINCIPLES

SECTION A FOUR FORCES OF FLIGHT SECTION B STABILITY

3-22

SECTION C

3-46

AERODYNAMICS OF MANEUVERING FLIGHT

Cross-Reference Icon A cross-reference icon is included at the beginning of each chapter to direct you to the corresponding video which supports and expands on introduced concepts and ideas.

x

3-2

SECTION C A E R O D Y N A M I C S OF MANEUVERING FLIGHT

Full-Color Graphics The full-color graphics used throughout the text are carefully designed to make difficult concepts easy to understand.

FAA Question Insets Information which relates directly to FAA test questions appears in tan insets. In addition to highlighting important concepts, the FAA Question Insets provide a good review tool when preparing for the Private Pilot computerized test.

Human Element Insets Human Element Insets are presented in Chapter 2 through Chapter 9 to introduce the human factors aspect of flight. The topics, which can range from physiology tc decision making, are presented with emphasis on flight related applications.

XI

PRIVATE PILOT T E X T B O O K

How

THE

TEXTBOOK WORKS

Discovery Insets Discovery Insets are included throughout the text beginning with Chapter 2 to expand on ideas and concepts presented in the accompanying material. The information presented in each Discovery Inset varies, but is designed to enhance your understanding of the world of aviation. Examples include references to National Transportation Safety Board investigations, aviation history, and thought-provoking questions and answers.

Color Photographs Color photographs are included to enhance learning and improve understanding.

Key Terms For ease of recognition and quick review, key terms are highlighted in red type when they are first introduced and defined. A list of key terms is included at the end of each section.

XII

How

THE TEXTBOOK WORKS

PRIVATE PILOT T E X T B O O K

Summary Checklists Summary Checklists are included at the end of each section to help you identify and review the major points introduced in the section.

Questions Questions are provided at the end of each section beginning with Chapter 2 to help you evaluate your understanding of the concepts which were presented in the accompanying section. Several question formats are provided including completion, matching, true/false, and essay. Perforated answer sheets, which are organized by chapter, are included at the back of the text.

XIII

XIV

PART I

Although we have never been able to duplicate the skill of birds, we have mastered the art of flying in our own unique way. We have built flying vehicles to transport us from town to town, coast to coast, around the world, and into space. As you explore Part I, you will begin to understand not only why we endeavor to fly, but how the goal of flight is achieved. Discovering Aviation answers your questions about the pilot training process and introduces you to the world of aviation. You will discover how the components of the airplane operate in Airplane Systems, and as you examine Aerodynamic Principles, you will gain knowledge of the forces acting on an airplane in flight.

CHAPTER 1 DISCOVERING AVIATION

SECTION A

1-2

PILOT TRAINING

SECTION B AVIATION

1-24 OPPORTUNITIES

SECTION C INTRODUCTION TO H U M A N FACTORS

1-51

SECTION A PILOT TRAINING

WHAT IS FLYING ALL ABOUT? Science, freedom, beauty, adventure — aviation offers it all. — Charles Lindbergh Welcome to the world of aviation. You are about to embark on a journey of adventure, exploration, and discovery. Throughout history, we have dreamed about achieving the freedom and power of flight. We have looked to the sky, marveled at the birds, and wondered what it must be like to escape the bonds of earth to join them.

For once you have tasted flight, You will walk the earth with your eyes turned skyward; For there you have been, And there you long to return. — Leonardo da Vinci, On Flight of Birds One of history's creative geniuses was Leonardo da Vinci; an artist, scientist, and dreamer who was fascinated with flight. He spent countless hours studying the flight of birds and his 15th century manuscripts contained approximately 160 pages of descriptions and sketches of flying machines. One such machine was the ornithopter which was designed to imitate the wing structure of birds and bats. [Figure 1-1] A human-powered

Figure 1-1.... man when he has great wings attached to him, by exerting his strength against the resistance of the air and conquering it, is enabled to subdue it and to raise himself upon it. — Leonardo da Vinci

PILOT

SECTION A

TRAINING

ornithopter is virtually incapable of flight due to the dramatic difference in the strengthto-weight ratio of birds compared to humans. Da Vinci's manuscripts also contained well-developed descriptions of finned projectiles, parachutes, and the helicopter. These ideas could have advanced the course of aviation history and flight may have been achieved centuries sooner, but unfortunately, the manuscripts were not made public until 300 years after da Vinci's death. While the story of aviation has its share of missed opportunities, unrealized dreams, and failures, it is nonetheless a story of unparalleled success. When you learn to fly you become a part of this success story. You may never break a record or have your flying feats recorded in the history books, but as a pilot, you make your mark as one of the unique individuals who has dared to do what others only dream about. At the controls of an airplane, you can experience some of the same magic that the pioneers of aviation realized.

November 21, 1783 — Launched from the garden of the Chateau La Muette near Paris, the first manned flight in history is made by Pilatre de Rozier and the Marquis d'Arlandes in a hot-air balloon designed by the brothers Joseph and Etienne Montgolfier.

We went up on the 21st of November, 1783, at near two o'clock. M. Rozier on the west side of the balloon, I on the east. The machine, say the public, rose with majesty . . . I was surprised at the silence and absence of movement which our departure caused among the spectators, and believed them to be astonished and perhaps awed at the strange spectacle . . . — the Marquis d'Arlandes in letter to a friend from The Saga of Flight, ed. by Neville Duke and Edward Lanchbery

1881 through 1896 — German engineer and inventor, Otto Lilienthal with the help of his brother Gustav proved to the western world that flight in a heavier-than-air machine was achievable. The Lilienthal brothers used their mechanical training to translate conclusions made about the flight of birds into practical air vehicles. From an artificial hill constructed for launching his gliders, Otto Lilienthal made over 2,000 successful glides.

There can be no doubt, in my opinion, that by perfecting our present apparatus, and by acquiring greater skill in using it, we shall achieve still more favorable results with it, and finally succeed in taking long sails even in strong winds . . . Of course it will be a matter of practice to learn how to guide such a flying machine . . . Actual trial alone can decide this question, as we must let the air and the wind have their say in the matter. — Otto Lilienthal 1-3

CHAPTER 1

DISCOVERING

AVIATION

December 17, 1903 — Near Kitty Hawk, North Carolina, Orville and Wilbur Wright achieved the first powered, sustained, and controlled airplane flights in history. Four flights were made; the first for 12 seconds, the last for 59 seconds.

Flight was generally looked upon as an impossibility, and scarcely anyone believed it until he actually saw it with his own eyes. — Orville Wright The flight lasted only twelve seconds, but it was nevertheless the first in the history of the world in which a machine carrying a man had raised itself by its own power into the air in full flight, had sailed forward without reduction of speed, and had finally landed at a point as high as that from which it started. — Orville Wright

May 21, 1927 — Charles Lindbergh lands his airplane, the Spirit of St. Louis, at Le Bourget field in Paris after completing the first solo nonstop transatlantic flight. His total flight time from New York to Paris was 33 hours, 30 minutes and 29.8 seconds.

The Spirit of St. Louis swings around and stops rolling, resting on the solidness of the earth, in the center of Le Bourget. I start to taxi back toward the floodlights and hangars—But the entire field ahead is covered with running figures! — Charles Lindbergh, The Spirit of St. Louis What Lindbergh was the first to do, by an act oj superb intelligence and will, millions of us accomplish regularly with the expenditure of no more intelligence and will than is required to purchase a ticket and pack a bag . . . That first New York — to — Paris flight, with its awesome risk coolly faced and outwitted by a single valorous young man had led to an ever-increasing traffic in the sky above the Atlantic and an ever-decreasing awareness of awe and risk on the part of the army oj non-flyers who have followed him. His valor is hard to keep fresh in our minds when the most we are asked to face and outwit above the Atlantic is boredom. — Brendan Gill, Lindbergh Alone 1-4

PILOT

TRAINING

Courtesy of The Ninety-Nines Inc. International Organization of Women Pilots Archive Collection, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma

May 21,1932 — Amelia Earhart became the first woman to pilot an airplane solo across the Atlantic. Gaining fame for being the first woman passenger in a flight across the Atlantic four years earlier, Earhart was disappointed that pilot Wilmer Stultz did all the flying while she just rode along like "a sack of potatoes" as she phrased it. She was determined to prove that she could accomplish the flight herself, and she did when she landed in Northern Ireland after taking off from Newfoundland 14 hours and 52 minutes earlier. On August 25 of the same year, Earhart completed the first woman's solo nonstop transcontinental flight which covered 2,448 miles from Los Angeles to Newark.

If Amelia wanted to do something, she was going to do it, and there really wasn't much point in saying, "You can't do this." — Mrs. Muriel Morrissey, sister of Amelia Earhart as quoted in The American Heritage History of Flight

October 1, 1942 — Piloted by Robert M. Stanley, the Bell XP-59A Airacomet, the United States' first turbojet aircraft made its inaugural flight at Muroc Dry Lake, California. The Bell XP-59A is the direct ancestor of all American jetpropelled airplanes.

One day in 1945, I landed to refuel at a California base, and I heard a noise, a sound totally new to me, insistent, demanding, permeating the whole revetment area. I tumbled out of my cockpit and joined a group of pilots and crew chiefs beside the strip. And we watched a Bell P59, the first American jet, begin its takeoff. Engines howling, it lumbered forward, then strode, then raced and finally was aloft. We watched it quietly, staying close together as people do when they meet the future. — pilot Edwards Park as quoted in The Smithsonian Book of Flight 1-5

CHAPTER 1

DISCOVERING

AVIATION

October 14, 1947 — Captain Charles E. "Chuck" Yeager becomes the first man to fly | an aircraft beyond the speed of sound. He pilots the airlaunched experimental Bell X-l rocket-propelled research airplane named Glamorous Glennis (after Yeager's wife) at a speed of 700 mph at 42,000 feet over Muroc Dry Lake, California.

Leveling off at 42,000 feet, I had thirty percent of my fuel, so I turned on rocket chamber three and immediately reached .96 Mach. I noticed that the faster I got, the smoother the ride. Suddenly the Mach needle began to fluctuate. It went up to .965 Mach—then tipped right off the scale. I thought I was seeing things! We were flying supersonic!. . . I was thunderstruck. After all the anxiety, breaking the sound barrier turned out to be a perfectly paved speedway. — Yeager: An Autobiography by General Chuck Yeager and Leo Janos In those few moments, the supersonic age was born.

May 25, 1961 — I believe that this nation should commit itself to achieving the goal, before this decade is out, of landing a man on the moon and returning him safely to earth. No single space project in this period will be more impressive to mankind or more important for the long-range exploration of space. And none will be so difficult or expensive to accomplish. — President John F. Kennedy July 20, 1969 — As astronaut Michael Collins maintained orbit in the Apollo 11 Command Module Columbia, astronauts Neil Armstrong and Edwin Aldrin landed the Lunar Module Eagle on the moon and become the first humans to step on another celestial body. HOUSTON: Okay, Neil, we can see you coming down the ladder now. NEIL ARMSTRONG: Okay, I just checked — getting back up to that first step. Buzz, it's not even collapsed too far, but it's adequate to get back up ... It takes a pretty good little jump . . . I'm at the foot of the ladder. The LM footpads are only depressed in the surface about one or two inches. Although the surface appears to be very, very finegrained, as you get close to it. It's almost like a powder. Now and then, it's very fine ...I'm going to step off the LMnow... THAT'S ONE SMALL STEP FOR A MAN, ONE GIANT LEAP FOR MANKIND.

1-6

PILOT

TRAINING

SECTION A

April 12, 1981 — The United States launches the space shuttle Columbia, the world's first reusable manned space vehicle and the most complex flying machine ever built. Pilot Robert L. Crippen describes Columbia's landing by space shuttle commander John W. Young.

We made a gliding circle over our landing site, runway 23 on Rogers Dry Lake at Edwards Air Force Base. On final approach I was reading out the airspeeds to John so he wouldn't have to scan the instruments as closely. Columbia almost floated in. John only had to make minor adjustments in pitch. We were targeted to touch down at 185 knots, and the very moment I called out 185,I felt us touch down. I have never been in any flying vehicle that landed more smoothly. If you can imagine the smoothest landing you've ever had in an airliner, ours was at least that good. John really greased it in. "Welcome home, Columbia," said Houston. "Beautiful, beautiful." "Do you want us to take it up to the hangar?" John asked. — "Our Phenomenal First Flight," by John Young and Robert Crippen in National Geographic

December 23, 1986 — Piloted by Jeana Yeager and Dick Rutan, the aircraft Voyager completes the first nonstopwithout-refueling flight around the world. The flight took 9 days, 3 minutes, and 44 seconds. Voyager was designed by pilot Dick Rutan's brother Burt Rutan. With its 7,011.5 pounds of fuel aboard at take-off amounting to 72.3 percent of the airplane's gross weight, Voyager was literally a flying fuel tank. Voyager's takeoff from the 15,000-foot runway at Edwards Air Force Base took over two minutes as the airplane's wingtips, heavy with fuel, were grinding on the runway. After finally lifting off with only 800 feet of runway remaining, co-pilot Jeana Yeager radioed back, "If it were easy, it would have been done before."

Breaking new ground is never easy. It may be difficult to understand what an incredible achievement Lindbergh's flight from New York to Paris was when thousands of airliners cross the Atlantic nonstop every week and space shuttle flights seem routine. In our quest for flight, we have suffered many defeats but our successes outweigh our failures, for today, what once seemed impossible is commonplace.

1-7

CHAPTER 1

DISCOVERING

THE TRAINING PROCESS In the early days of aviation, there were no certificates and no government regulations to control pilot training or aircraft construction. Little guidance was provided for individuals who desired to fly airplanes and, for most would-be aviators, learning to fly was accomplished by trial and error. As a result, flight training was a risky business which required a tremendous amount of courage and commitment. Although you may never encounter the same obstacles and hazards faced by the early aviators, becoming a pilot still presents a challenge which requires hard work and dedication. However, the time and energy which you invest in flying will yield countless rewards. These rewards are unique to each pilot since individuals learn to fly for different reasons. Some relish the challenge of achieving an extraordinary goal, some yearn to travel and experience the world from a new perspective, some are looking for an exciting career, and still others simply desire the satisfaction and sense of accomplishment which come from mastering a skill. You may be thinking about learning to fly for one or more of these reasons, or you may have an entirely different motivation. Whatever the reason, if you yearn to spread your wings and expand your horizons, this is your chance.

How

Do

I GET STARTED?

The first step is to have your questions answered. The more information you have about the training process, the easier it will be for you to make effective decisions about pilot training, and the more positive your flying experience will be.

WHAT IS THE

FAA?

Aviationn Pilot training today is regulated by an agency called the Federa Federal Aviatio Administration (FAA Administratio (FAA) which governs commercial and general aviation. The Federa Federal Aviatio Aviation Regulation Regulations (FARs) (FARs), which are issued by the FAA, provide rules which apply to all areas of aviation, including flight operations, the construction of aircraft, and the training requirements which must be met to obtain pilot certificates and ratings. The FARs are identified by a specific title number (Aeronautics and Space Title 14) within the larger group of rules contained in the Code of Federal Regulations (CFR). The FARs are divided into numbered parts (FAR Part 61, FAR Part 91, etc.) and regulations are typically identified by the part number, followed by the specific regulation number, for example; FAR 91.106. During your training, you will become familiar with the regulations which apply to you.

1-8

As outlined in the FARs, you must meet specific training requirements to obtain a private pilot certificate. During your course of training you will take a knowledge test and at the completion of your pilot training, you are required to take a practical test to obtain your pilot certificate. Although certain requirements must be met to prepare you for these exams, pilot training is generally very flexible, and to a large degree you have the ability to choose your instructor, the type of training, and the lesson schedule which will best suit your needs.

AVIATION

PILOT

SECTION A

TRAINING

WHERE CAN I OBTAIN PILOT TRAINING?

You usually don't have to travel any further than your local airport to launch your aviation journey. Many pilot training schools are located at airport facilities called fixed fixe base bas operator operators (FBOs) (FBOs). In addition to pilot training, FBOs provide a variety of services to pilots, including aircraft rental, fueling, maintenance, parking, and the sale of pilot supplies. There are two types of pilot training schools; FAA-approved schools governed by FAR Part 141 and schools governed by FAR Part 61. Both schools employ FAA FA certificated certificate d flight fligh instructor instructors (CFIs (CFIs) who can provide dual instruction in the airplane. A Part 141 approved school must meet prescribed standards for equipment, facilities, personnel, and curricula. You can make a more-informed decision about a pilot training school by conducting some research. For example: Does the school's instructional program and lesson schedule fit your needs? How long has the school been operating? What is the school's reputation and safety record? How many, and what type of aircraft are available for flight training? How are aircraft maintenance issues resolved? Most schools offer an introductory flight lesson during which you will be able to operate the controls of the airplane. This flight provides an opportunity for you to become familiar with the flight training process, evaluate the flight school, and get acquainted with a flight instructor. Probably the most important decision you will make regarding your pilot training is the selection of a flight instructor. You may want to speak with several CFIs and ask other pilots for instructor recommendations. If you are uncomfortable or have trouble communicating with a CFI, don't be afraid to select a different instructor. Students learn differently and another CFI may have a teaching style which you find more effective. If you plan to pursue aviation as a career, you may want to consider a large flight school, college, or university which provides highly structured professional pilot training. Pilot instruction also can be obtained from a freelance CFI who is not employed by a school or FBO.

WHAT ABOUT GROUND INSTRUCTION? Ground instruction is an essential part of pilot training. To operate an aircraft safely as a private pilot, you must be knowledgeable in a wide variety of subject areas, such as weather, aerodynamics, aircraft systems, flight planning, and regulations. You can obtain the required ground instruction individually from your flight instructor or through formal ground school classes offered by a school or FBO. In addition, there are home-study courses and self-study material available which include videotapes and computer-based training. However, your instructor still will need to cover certain subject areas with you to determine that you have gained the necessary knowledge to pass your exams and operate safely as a private pilot. Some organizations offer concentrated weekend test preparation courses which focus on passing the knowledge test. Although these courses may help you prepare for the knowledge test, they do not provide the comprehensive ground instruction necessary for you to become a competent and safe pilot.

1-9

CHAPTER 1

DISCOVERING

How Is A SYLLABUS PILOT TRAINING?

AVIATION

USED IN

Typically, both flight and ground lessons are organized by a syllabu syllabus which provides structure to your training and helps ensure that no procedures are overlooked. A syllabus is normally based upon the building-block theory of learning, which recognizes that each item taught must be presented on the basis of previously learned knowledge and skills. Academic support materials are coordinated with the flight lessons so that the material pertinent to a flight lesson is taught prior to the flight. [Figure 1-2]

PRIVATE

PILOT SYLLABUS

STAGE I GROUND LESSON Z LESSON REFERENCES:

•

QUESTIONS

-

CHAPTER 2

RECOMMENDED

SEQUENCE:

1. Lesson Introduction and Video Presentation 2. Class Discussion 3. PCATD

LESSON

OBJECTIVES:

• Gain a basic understanding of the main airplane components and systems. • Become familiar with flight instrument functions and operating characteristics, including errors and common malfunctions. • Emphasize powerplant and related systems.

ACADEMIC

CONTENT:

SECTION A — AIRPLANES • Fuselage • Wings • Empennage • Landing Gear • Engine/Propeller • Pilot's Operating Handbook (POH) SECTION B — THE POWERPLANT AND RELATED SYSTEMS • Reciprocating Engine • Induction Systems • Supercharging and Turbocharging • Ignition Systems • Fuel Systems • Refueling • Oil Systems • Cooling Systems

1-10

Figure 1-2. The items which are to be performed during each lesson are outlined in a training syllabus.

PILOT

SECTION A

TRAINING

• • • •

Exhaust Systems Propellers Propeller Hazards Electrical Systems

COM PLETIO N STANDARDS:

SECTION C — FLIGHT INSTRUMENTS • Pitot-Static Instruments • Airspeed Indicator • Altimeter • Vertical Speed Indicator • Gyroscopic Instruments • Magnetic Compass

STUDY

ASSIGNMENT: •

PRIVATE PILOT MANUAL CHAPTER 3, AERODYNAMIC PRINCIPLES

• Demonstrat Demonstrate underunder standin during standing durin oral ora l quizzing by quizzin b instructor instructo aatt completion completio oof lesson. lesson . • Student Studen complete completess Chapter Chapte 2 questions question fo forr Sections Section A, A B, B an and C wit withh a minimum minimu passin passing scor scoree of 80% 80%. Instructo Instructorr reviews review incorrec incorrectt responses tto ensur response ensure comcom plete student plet studen understandunderstand ing in prio prior to t progression progressio n to Ground Groun Lesso Lesson 3. 3.

WHEN CAN I START TAKING LESSONS? You can begin taking lessons at any time, but you must hold a studen student pilot pilo certificate certificat to solo (fly alone) in the airplane. As required in the FARs, to be eligible for a student pilot certificate you must be at least 16 years of age, be able to read, speak, write, and understand the English language, and hold at least a third-class medical certificate.

HOW DO I GET A THIRD-CLASS MEDICAL CERTIFICATE? To obtain a medical medica certificate, certificate you must pass a physical exam administered by an FAA-authorized aviation medical examiner (AME). You can request to be issued a combination medical certificate and student pilot certificate at the time of your examination. Student pilot certificates also may be issued by FAA inspectors or FAA-designated pilot examiners. [Figure 1-3]

Figure 1-3. The student pilot certificate is actually printed on the same form as the medical certificate. Your instructor will sign the appropriate spaces on the form when you are qualified to fly an airplane solo and to conduct solo cross-countries.

1-11

CHAPTER 1

DISCOVERING

AVIATION

There are three classes of medical certificates: first-class which is designated for the airline transport pilot, second-class which is required for the commercial pilot, and thirdclass for student, recreational, and private pilots. [Figure 1-4] The third-class medical certificate is valid for 36 calendar months if you are less than 40 years of age, and valid for 24 calendar months if you are 40 years of age or older. For example, if you are 25 years old, your third-class medical certificate will expire in 3 years on the last day of the month in which it was issued. Figure 1-4. Each class of medical certificate is valid for a specific time period and allows you to exercise certain privileges as a pilot.

CALENDAR MONTHS

6

12

18

24 (40 years of age and older)

36 (under 40 years of age)

The medical standards for each class of certificate are described by FAR Part 67. Firstclass medical certificates require the highest physical standards, followed by secondclass, and then third-class. Once you have made the decision to begin pilot training, you should obtain a medical certificate as soon as possible to ensure that you meet the required standards. If your future plans include a career as a commercial pilot or your goal is to fly for the airlines, you should consider applying for a second- or first-class medical early in your course of training to confirm your physical suitability for a flying career. There are several serious medical conditions which would require an AME to deny you a medical certificate. However, under certain circumstances such as your current health situation or medical history, the FAA may still grant the certificate. Many FBOs and flight schools furnish information about facilities which provide FAA medical exams. You may want to obtain a recommendation for a medical examiner from your flight instructor or another pilot. Directories which list all FAA-authorized aviation medical examiners by name and address are available at local FAA offices called Flight Standards District Offices (FSDOs). In addition, air traffic control facilities and flight service stations may provide this information.

WHAT ARE THE REQUIREMENTS TO BECOME A PRIVATE PILOT? 1-12

In addition to the student pilot requirements, to be eligible for a private pilot certificate, you must be at least 17 years of age, complete specific training and flight time

PILOT

TRAINING

SECTION A

requirements described in the FARs, pass a knowledge test, and successfully complete a practical test which consists of oral quizzing, performing pilot operations, and executing maneuvers in the airplane. Normally, you will take the knowledge test after you have progressed through a substantial portion of your ground and flight training so that you have gained a sufficient understanding of the subject material. The knowledge test is administered in a computer-based testing format. The questions are presented on the computer screen and your answers are entered using the keyboard. Your test is graded by the computer and the results are available immediately. You must score 70 percent or better to pass. The test results are valid for 24 calendar months. The FARs require that you have received instruction in specific flight operations and maneuvers, as well as ground instruction in certain knowledge areas. In addition, there are minimum flight hour requirements which must be completed to apply for a private pilot certificate. According to FAR Part 61, you must have at least 40 hours of flight time consisting of at least 20 hours of dual instruction and at least 10 hours of solo flight. If you are enrolled at an approved school governed by FAR Part 141, you are required to have at least 35 hours of flight time including 20 hours of dual instruction and at least 5 hours of solo flight. You should remember that these are minimum hour requirements. The average student with no prior flying experience requires approximately 65 to 75 flight hours to meet the proficiency standards necessary to pass the practical test and operate safely as a private pilot.

How MUCH DOES PILOT TRAINING COST? The cost of each flight lesson is based on the price of aircraft rental and your instructor's fee. The aircraft rental charge is normally based on the time spent in the airplane from engine start to engine shutdown. This period is determined by a digital recording clock in the airplane called the hours meter. Your instructor usually charges you for the time recorded by the hours meter, as well as additional time spent conducting preflight and postflight discussion. Your pilot training environment determines the method of payment for instruction. You may be charged separately for each lesson or the school may offer a set number of lessons for a fee paid in advance. The total cost of your flight training largely depends on the number of flight hours which are necessary for you to complete your training program. The number of hours required for you to become proficient depends on several factors, such as your initial comfort level with the airplane, whether you have any previous flying experience, and the frequency of your flight lessons. For example, the longer the time period between lessons, the less information you retain, and the more time you spend reviewing during each lesson. If you are able to fly at least several times a week, your training may be more cost-effective. In addition to the expense of flight lessons, you will have to consider the cost of ground instruction. This cost will depend on which method of ground instruction you have selected; ground school classes, individual lessons with your instructor, home study, or a combination of several methods. The total expense of pilot training also includes the cost of study materials, a logbook, a copy of the pilot's operating handbook for the training airplane, aeronautical charts, a flight computer, and navigational plotter. In addition, fees are charged for the knowledge test, the services of the aviation medical examiner, and the designated examiner who administers your practical test. While the cost of pilot training is significant, you'll find most pilots agree that the benefits of learning to fly are well worth the expense.

1-13

CHAPTER 1

DISCOVERING

AVIATION

WHAT ARE FLYING LESSONS LIKE? A typical flight lesson (excluding cross-country flights) lasts approximately two hours. An hour to an hour and a half is spent in the airplane and the remainder of the period consists of pre- and postflight discussion. Although each flight lesson is unique, a general sequence normally is followed.

The lesson begins with a weather check. Your instructor will teach you how to obtain weather information to determine if the conditions are good for flying.

During a discussion with your instructor, the maneuvers to be performed during the flight lesson are covered and the material which you have studied in preparation for the lesson is reviewed.

1-14

PILOT

TRAINING

SECTION A

Using a checklist, you perform a visual inspection of the airplane to ensure that it is in a safe condition for flight.

During the flight, you will review previously learned procedures, and new maneuvers will be demonstrated by your instructor. As you practice these pilot operations, your instructor will critique your performance and provide guidance to help you execute each maneuver correctly.

After the flight, the lesson is evaluated and your logbook is endorsed. Your instructor points out the procedures which you performed well and also offers constructive criticism and suggestions to improve your future performance. You can discuss how you felt about the lesson and ask any pertinent questions. Finally, you are briefed on the next lesson and assigned study material.

WHAT IS THE TRAINING COURSE SEQUENCE? A private pilot training program can generally be divided into three phases: presolo, cross-country, and practical test preparation. Each phase includes both flight and ground training.

PRESOLD During the presolo phase, your training progresses from the initial flight lesson with your instructor to your first solo flight. Your flight training includes such operations as preflight inspection of the airplane, operation of airplane systems, taxiing, emergency procedures, takeoffs and landings, as well as maneuvers away from the airport area such as climbs, descents, and turns. During ground lessons you learn how to obtain weather information, examine characteristics of the make and model of aircraft in which you will solo, and review pertinent regulations.

CROSS-COUNTRY

1 ST SOLO The FARs state specific knowledge and flight proficiency standards which must be met prior to your first solo flight. Before endorsing your student pilot certificate and logbook for solo flight, your flight instructor will ensure that you are competent to perform the required pilot operations safely. In addition, prior to your solo flight, you must pass a written test administered by your instructor to verify that you understand the necessary ground material. Typically during your first solo, you complete several takeoffs and landings at your local airport while your instructor supervises from the ground. On subsequent solo flights, your instructor assigns specific maneuvers for practice in the local area. 1-16

An introduction to night flying normally is included in the cross-country phase. Although you can obtain a private pilot certificate without meeting all night flying experience requirements, a restriction will be placed on your certificate limiting you to flights during daylight hours.

During the cross-country phase, you learn how to plan flights to airports outside of the local area. You will gain skill in using aeronautical charts, procuring and interpreting weather information, calculating airplane performance, and determining the weight and balance condition of your airplane. At least one cross-country flight to several airports is completed with your instructor and after you have gained the necessary skill and knowledge, you will conduct several solo cross-country flights. In addition to endorsing your student pilot certificate, your instructor will review your preflight planning and preparation for each cross-country to determine if the flight can be made safely under the known circumstances and conditions.

The final ph