Principles & practice of pediatric plastic surgery [2nd ed] 9781626237605, 1626237603

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Principles & Practice of

Pediatric Plastic Surgery

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Director, Editorial Services: Mary Jo Casey International Production Director: Andreas Schabert International Marketing Director: Fiona Henderson International Sales Director: Louisa Turrell Director of Sales, North America: Mike Roseman Senior Vice President and Chief Operating Officer: Sarah Vanderbilt President: Brian D. Scanlan Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data is available from the publisher upon request.

Important note: Medicine is an ever-changing science undergoing continual development. Research and clinical experience are continually expanding our knowledge, in particular our knowledge of proper treatment and drug therapy. Insofar as this book mentions any dosage or application, readers may rest assured that the authors, editors, and publishers have made every effort to ensure that such references are in accordance with the state of knowledge at the time of production of the book. Nevertheless, this does not involve, imply, or express any guarantee or responsibility on the part of the publishers in respect to any dosage instructions and forms of applications stated in the book. Every user is requested to examine carefully the manufacturers’ leaflets accompanying each drug and to check, if necessary in consultation with a physician or specialist, whether the dosage schedules mentioned therein or the contraindications stated by the manufacturers differ from the statements made in the present book. Such examination is particularly important with drugs that are either rarely used or have been newly released on the market. Every dosage schedule or every form of application used is entirely at the user’s own risk and responsibility. The authors and publishers request every user to report to the publishers any discrepancies or inaccuracies noticed. If errors in this work are found after publication, errata will be posted at www.thieme.com on the product description page. Some of the product names, patents, and registered designs referred to in this book are in fact registered trademarks or proprietary names even though specific reference to this fact is not always made in the text. Therefore, the appearance of a name without designation as proprietary is not to be construed as a representation by the publisher that it is in the public domain.

© 2016 Thieme Medical Publishers, Inc. Thieme Publishers New York 333 Seventh Avenue, New York, NY 10001 USA +1 800 782 3488, [email protected] Thieme Publishers Stuttgart Rüdigerstrasse 14, 70469 Stuttgart, Germany +49 [0]711 8931 421, [email protected] Thieme Publishers Delhi A-12, Second Floor, Sector-2, Noida-201301 Uttar Pradesh, India +91 120 45 566 00, [email protected] Thieme Publishers Rio de Janeiro, Thieme Publicações Ltda. Edifício Rodolpho de Paoli, 25º andar Av. Nilo Peçanha, 50 – Sala 2508 Rio de Janeiro 20020-906, Brasil +55 21 3172 2297 eISBN 978-1-62623-760-5

This book, including all parts thereof, is legally protected by copyright. Any use, exploitation, or commercialization outside the narrow limits set by copyright legislation without the publisher’s consent is illegal and liable to prosecution. This applies in particular to photostat reproduction, copying, mimeographing or duplication of any kind, translating, preparation of microfilms, and electronic data processing and storage.

For Kim, Gretchen, Alex, and Eric, who continue to make it hard to be at work, because it is so fun being at home. M.L.B.

• To my wife, Sally, for unwavering support throughout my career, and acceptance of her role as muse for my creative efforts, both surgical and artistic; to my family, Erik and Mandy; and to my grandsons, Carson and Graham, who continue to provide an example of how to keep life in balance. B.S.B.

• To my parents, Philip and Esther, who allowed and encouraged me to pursue my dreams; to my wife, Gail, who keeps me focused and on track; to my children, Jeremy, Andrew, and Philip, for their energy and inspiration; and to my adorable grandchildren, Jack, Ryan, and Luke, for making it all worthwhile. R.M.Z.

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EXECUTIVE EDITOR  Sue Hodgson SENIOR PROJECT EDITING MANAGER  Carolyn Reich SENIOR DEVELOPMENTAL EDITOR  Megan Fennell DEVELOPMENTAL EDITOR  Kathleen Sartori GRAPHICS MANAGER  Brett Stone DIRECTOR OF ILLUSTRATION AND DESIGN  Brenda Bunch ILLUSTRATORS  Brenda Bunch, Christopher Smith, Jennifer N. Gentry, Eric Olson, Morgan Noonan SENIOR MANAGING EDITOR  Suzanne Wakefield PROJECT MANAGER  Glenn Floyd MANUSCRIPT EDITORS  Idelle Winer, Rebecca Sweeney, Glenn Floyd PRODUCTIONISTS  Susan Trail, Debra Clark, Chris Lane PROOFREADER  Linda Maulin INDEXER  Matthew White

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Contributors Lee W.T. Alkureishi, MBChB Pediatric Plastic Surgery and Craniofacial Fellow, NorthShore University HealthSystem, and Shriners Hospital for Children, Chicago, Illinois

Stephen B. Baker, MD, DDS, FACS, FAAP Professor and Program Director, Department of Plastic Surgery, Georgetown University Hospital; Medical Director, Craniofacial Program, Inova Children’s Hospital, Washington, D.C.

Benjamin Alman, MD Chair, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina

Bruce S. Bauer, MD, FACS, FAAP Director of Pediatric Plastic Surgery, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Highland Park Hospital; Clinical Professor of Surgery, Pritzker School of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois

Seth A. Alpert, MD, FACS, FAAP Clinical Associate Professor of Urology, Section of Pediatric Urology, Department of Pediatric Surgery, Nationwide Children’s Hospital and The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio

Michael L. Bentz, MD, FACS, FAAP Layton F. Rikkers, MD, Chair of Surgical Leadership; Professor of Surgery, Pediatrics and Neurology; Chairman, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery; Vice Chairman of Clinical Affairs, Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin

Martin Beldin Anixter, MD Assistant Professor of Anesthesia, Department of Anesthesiology, The Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh of the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania

Brendan Bernhart, DDS, PC Prosthodontic and Maxillofacial Prosthetic Surgeon, Fairfax, Virginia

Jugpal S. Arneja, MD, MBA, FACS, FAAP, FRCSC Clinical Professor, Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of British Columbia; Attending Plastic Surgeon and Associate Chief, Department of Surgery, British Columbia’s Children’s Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada

Gregory H. Borschel, MD, FACS, FAAP Associate Professor, Department of Surgery, The University of Toronto; Consultant Plastic Surgeon, The Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

Kodi Azari, MD, FACS Professor and Chief, Section of Reconstructive Transplantation, Department of Orthopedic Surgery and Plastic Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California

Ashley Buba, MS, CCC-SLP Speech-Language Pathologist, Craniofacial and Reconstructive Plastic Surgery Center, Dell Children’s Medical Center, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas

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Contributors

Reuben A. Bueno, Jr., MD Chief of Pediatric Plastic Surgery, Monroe Carell, Jr. Children’s Hospital at Vanderbilt University; Associate Professor and Residency Program Director, Department of Plastic Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee Fernando D. Burstein, MD, FACS, FAAP  Director, Center for Craniofacial Disorders, Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta; Clinical Professor, Division of Plastic Surgery, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia  Daniel R. Butz, MD Resident, Section of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois

Kristen M. Davidge, MD, MSc, FRCSC Assistant Professor, Department of Surgery, The University of Toronto; Consultant Plastic Surgeon, The Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

Earl Y. Cheng, MD, FACS, FAAP Professor of Urology, Division of Urology, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children’s Hospital of Chicago and Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois

Frederic White-Brown Deleyiannis, MD, MPhil, MPH, FACS Professor and Chief, Department of Pediatric Plastic Surgery, Director of Craniofacial Microsurgery and Trauma, Interim Director of Cleft and Craniofacial Program, Departments of Surgery and Otolaryngology, Children’s Hospital Colorado and The University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado

Brian M. Christie, MD Resident, Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic Surgery, University of Wisconsin Hospitals and Clinics, Madison, Wisconsin

Sandhya Deo, BHB, MBChB, FRACS Clinical Fellow, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, The University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

Franklyn P. Cladis, MD, FAAP Associate Professor of Anesthesiology, Department of Anesthesiology, The Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh of the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania

Sara R. Dickie, MD Clinical Educator, Department of Surgery, Section of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Chicago Hospital, Chicago, Illinois; Surgeon, Pediatric Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Northbrook, Illinois

Howard M. Clarke, MD, PhD, FRCSC, FACS, FAAP Professor of Surgery, Department of Surgery, The University of Toronto; Active Staff Surgeon, The Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada Christopher J. Coombs, MBBS(Hons), FRACS(Plast) Clinical Professor, Department of Plastic and Maxillofacial Surgery, The Royal Children’s Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia

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Julia Corcoran, MD, MHPE Associate Professor of Surgery, Division of Plastic Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine; Attending Surgeon, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children’s Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois

Amir H. Dorafshar, MBChB, FACS, FAAP Clinical Co-Director, Face Transplant Program; Associate Professor, Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Associate Professor of Neurosurgery, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland Gregory A. Dumanian, MD, FACS Chief, Division of Plastic Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois

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Contributors

E. Patricia Egerszegi, MD, CM, CSPQ, FRCSC, MSc, FACS Associate Professor, Department of Surgery, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada

Michael S. Gart, MD Resident in Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Northwestern Memorial Hospital, Chicago, Illinois

Adel Y. Fattah, PhD, FRCS(Plast) Consultant Plastic Surgeon and Director, Facial Nerve Programme; Regional Paediatric Burns and Plastic Surgery Service, Alder Hey Children’s NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, United Kingdom

Mirko S. Gilardino, MD, MSc, FRCSC, FACS Director, H.B. Williams Craniofacial and Cleft Surgery Unit, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Montreal Children’s Hospital; Associate Professor of Surgery, McGill University Health Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada

Jeffrey A. Fearon, MD, FACS, FAAP Director, The Craniofacial Center, Medical City Children’s Hospital, Dallas, Texas Joel Fish, MD Medical Director, Burn Program, The Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, The Hospital for Sick Children; Associate Professor, Department of Surgery, The University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada David M. Fisher, MB, BCh, FRCSC, FACS Medical Director, The Cleft Lip and Palate Program; Consultant Plastic Surgeon, The Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, The Hospital for Sick Children; Associate Professor, Department of Surgery, The University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada Christopher R. Forrest, MD, MSc, FRCSC, FACS Chief, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Medical Director, SickKids Centre for Craniofacial Care and Research, The Hospital for Sick Children; Chair and Professor, The Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, The University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada Ravi K. Garg, MD Resident in Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Wisconsin Hospitals and Clinics, Madison, Wisconsin

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John A. Girotto, MD, MMA, FACS, FAAP Chief, Craniofacial Surgery, Division of Pediatric Plastic Surgery, Helen DeVos Children’s Hospital; Associate Professor, Department of Surgery, Michigan State College of Human Medicine, Grand Rapids, Michigan Jesse A. Goldstein, MD Assistant Professor, Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, The Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh of the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania Arun K. Gosain, MD Professor, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine; Division Head, Division of Pediatric Plastic Surgery, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children’s Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois Lawrence J. Gottlieb, MD, FACS Professor of Surgery, Director of Burn and Complex Wound Center, Department of Surgery, Section of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois Arin K. Greene, MD, MMSc Associate Professor of Surgery, Department of Plastic and Oral Surgery, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts

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Contributors

Devan Griner, MD Craniofacial Plastic Surgeon, University of Tennessee School of Medicine Chattanooga, Chattanooga, Tennessee Thomas M. Grisius, DDS, MS Visiting Assistant Professor, Department of Orthodontics, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Dentistry, Richmond, Virginia Regan Guilfoyle, MD, FRCSC Assistant Professor, Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada Madeleine J. Gust, MD Chief Resident, Plastic Surgery, Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois Raymond J. Harshbarger III, MD, FACS, FAAP Craniofacial and Pediatric Plastic Surgery Fellowship Director and Adjunct Clinical Professor, Craniofacial and Reconstructive Plastic Surgery Center, Dell Children’s Medical Center, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas Robert J. Havlik, MD Chairman and George Korkos Professor, Department of Plastic Surgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin Siba Haykal, MD, PhD Senior Resident, The Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, The University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada Patrick C. Hettinger, MD Assistant Professor, Department of Plastic Surgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin Emily S. Ho, BScOT, MEd Lecturer, Department of Occupational Science and Occupational Therapy, The University of Toronto; Occupational Therapist, The Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

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William Y. Hoffman, MD, FAAP Professor and Chief, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery; Vice Chair, Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California Ronald R. Hollins, DMD, MD Professor and Chief, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska Sevan Hopyan, MD, PhD, FRCSC Division of Orthopaedics and Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children; Associate Professor, The Departments of Surgery and Molecular Genetics, The University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada Jacqueline S. Israel, MD Resident in Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin George Jallo, MD Professor of Neurosurgery and Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland Shao Jiang, MD Director, Frederick J. McCoy Cleft and Craniofacial Center; Vice Chair, Department of Surgery, Children’s Mercy Hospital; Associate Professor of Surgery and Pediatrics, University of Missouri Kansas City School of Medicine, Kansas City, Missouri Philip R. John, MBChB, DCH, FRCR, FRCPC Interventional Radiologist, Diagnostic Imaging; Director, Vascular Anomalies Clinic, The Hospital for Sick Children; Associate Professor, Department of Medical Imaging, The University of Toronto; Associate Staff Physician, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

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Contributors

Donald Brooks Johnson, MD Clinical Research Fellow, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Northbrook, Illinois Perry J. Johnson, MD Professor, Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Nebraska, Omaha, Nebraska Neil F. Jones, MD, FRCS, FACS Chief of Hand Surgery, Professor of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Professor of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California Jonathan Kanevsky, MD, CM Resident, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada Kathleen A. Kapp-Simon, PhD Clinical Professor, Department of Surgery, Craniofacial Clinic, University of Illinois at Chicago; Pediatric Psychologist, Department of Psychology and Plastic Surgery, Shriners Hospitals for Children, Chicago, Chicago, Illinois Henry K. Kawamoto, Jr., MD, DDS Clinical Professor (Emeritus), Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California Patrick K. Kelley, MD Craniofacial Team of Texas; Adjunct Clinical Professor, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas Steve J. Kempton, MD Resident in Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Wisconsin Hospitals and Clinics, Madison, Wisconsin Mark W. Kiehn, MD, FACS Plastic Surgeon, Department of Plastic Surgery, Colorado Permanente Medical Group, Denver, Colorado

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Timothy W. King, MD, PhD, MSBE, FACS, FAAP Associate Professor of Surgery, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Wisconsin; Co-Director, Vascular Anomalies Clinic, American Family Children’s Hospital; Chief of Plastic Surgery, William S. Middleton VA Hospital, Madison, Wisconsin Anand R. Kumar, MD, FACS, FAAP Director, Center for Pediatric Craniofacial Surgery; Director, The Johns Hopkins Craniofacial Surgery Fellowship; Associate Professor of Plastic Surgery and Pediatrics, Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland Andreas M. Lamelas, MD Resident, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Mount Sinai Hospital, New York, New York Steven T. Lanier, MD Resident, Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois W. P. Andrew Lee, MD The Milton T. Edgerton, MD, Professor and Chairman, Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland Alexander Y. Lin, MD, FACS Chief, Pediatric Plastic Surgery, Director, St. Louis Cleft-Craniofacial Center, SSM Health Cardinal Glennon Children’s Hospital at Saint Louis University; Associate Professor of Surgery and Orthodontics, Division of Plastic Surgery, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri Joseph E. Losee, MD, FACS, FAAP Ross H. Musgrave Professor and Executive Vice-Chair, Department of Plastic Surgery; Division Chief, Pediatric Plastic Surgery, Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh of the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania

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Contributors

Denver M. Lough, MD, PhD Resident and Research Fellow, Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, The Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland

Jason J. Miller, MD, DMD, FACS Associate Professor, Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska

Dennis P. Lund, MD, FACS, FAAP Associate Dean of the Faculty for Pediatrics and Obstetrics, Department of Surgery, Stanford Medical School, Stanford, California; Chief Medical Officer, Professor of Surgery, Lucile Packard Children’s Hospital, Palo Alto, California

Brad T. Morrow, MD Resident, Department of Plastic Surgery, Penn State Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, Pennsylvania

Donald R. Mackay, MD, FACS, FAAP William P. Graham III Professor of Plastic Surgery, Professor of Surgery and Pediatrics; Vice Chair, Department of Surgery, Penn State Hershey College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania Christopher L. Madsen, MD Craniofacial Biology Research Fellow, Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland

René P. Myers, MD Assistant Professor of Surgery, Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Craniofacial and Pediatric Plastic Surgery, University of Alabama, Birmingham, Children’s of Alabama, Birmingham, Alabama

Jeffrey R. Marcus, MD Children’s Chief of Surgery, Director, Duke Cleft and Craniofacial Center, Duke University and Duke Children’s Hospital, Durham, North Carolina

Phuong D. Nguyen, MD Assistant Professor of Surgery, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

Alexander Margulis, MD Senior Lecturer, Hebrew University School of Medicine; Chairman, Department of Plastic Surgery, Hadassah Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel

Benjamin Padilla, MD Assistant Professor of Surgery, Division of Pediatric Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California

Aaron Corde Mason, MD, FAAP Assistant Professor of Plastic Surgery and Pediatrics, Program Director, Plastic Surgery Residency, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia Milap Mehta, MD, MS Clinical Assistant Professor of Surgery, Division of Ophthalmology, Department of Surgery, University of Chicago; Attending Surgeon, Division of Ophthalmology, Department of Surgery, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Chicago, Illinois

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Delora L. Mount, MD, FACS, FAAP Associate Professor of Surgery, Pediatrics, and Neurological Surgery, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health; Chief of Plastic Surgery, American Family Children’s Hospital, Madison, Wisconsin

Pravin K. Patel, MD, FACS Professor of Surgery, Chief of Pediatric Plastic and Craniofacial Surgery, Division of Plastic, Reconstructive and Cosmetic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Illinois; Chief of Pediatric Plastic and Craniofacial Surgery, Shriners Hospital for Children, Chicago, Illinois John A. Persing, MD, FACS Irving and Silik Polayes Professor; Chief, Section of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut

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Contributors

John H. Phillips, MD Associate Professor, Department of Surgery, Cleft Lip and Palate Program and Craniofacial Program, The University of Toronto; The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada Erin M. Rada, MD Resident, Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, The Johns Hopkins Hospital/University of Maryland Medical Center, Baltimore, Maryland Patrick L. Reavey, MD, MS Hand Surgery Fellow, Department of Orthopaedics, University of California, Irvine Medical Center, Irvine, California Richard J. Redett, MD, FACS, FAAP Associate Professor and Director, Pediatric Plastic Surgery, Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland

Pundrique R. Sharma, BSc(Hons), MBBS, PhD, FRCS(Plast) Fellow, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada Jaimie T. Shores, MD, FACS Assistant Professor, Clinical Director of Hand and Upper Extremity Transplantation, Director, Hand Surgery Fellowship Program, Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland Darren M. Smith, MD Craniofacial Fellow, The Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada Devon C. Snow-Lisy, MD Fellow of Pediatric Urology, Division of Urology, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children’s Hospital of Chicago; Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois

A. Michael Sadove, MD James Harbaugh Professor of Surgery (Plastic), Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine; Professor of Surgery, Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Indiana University School of Dentistry, Indianapolis, Indiana

Mary C. Snyder, MD Private Practice, Black Hills Plastic Surgery, Rapid City, South Dakota

Rosemary Seelaus, MAMS, CCA Senior Anaplastologist, Craniofacial Center, Department of Surgery, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois

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Yair Shachar, MD Resident, Department of Plastic Surgery, Hadassah Medical Center, Hebrew University School of Medicine, Jerusalem, Israel

Russell R. Reid, MD, PhD Associate Professor, Bernard Sarnat Scholar of Craniofacial Research, Director of Craniofacial Services, Department of Surgery, University of Chicago School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois

Ann R. Schwentker, MD Associate Professor, Department of Pediatric Plastic Surgery, University of Cincinnati; Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio

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Rajiv Sood, MD Dr. Sanford and Thelma E. Glanz Professor of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Division Chief of Plastic Surgery, Program Director of Plastic Surgery, Division of Plastic Surgery; Director, Richard M. Fairbanks Burn Center; Medical Director, Indiana University Burn Team, Indiana University; Chief of Plastic Surgery, Riley Hospital for Children; Indianapolis, Indiana Matthew Reed Swelstad, MD Plastic Surgeon, Grand Junction, Colorado

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Contributors

Peter J. Taub, MD, FACS, FAAP Professor of Surgery, Pediatrics, Dentistry, and Neurosurgery, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York Norma Timoney, FDSRCS, FRCS(Plast) Head, Department of Paediatric Plastic Surgery, Evelina London Children’s Hospital, Guy’s and St Thomas’ Hospital, London, United Kingdom Sami H. Tuffaha, MD Resident, Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland Joseph Upton III, MD Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts John A. van Aalst, MD, MA, FACS, FAAP Professor, Department of Pediatric Plastic Surgery, University of Cincinnati; Professor and Chief of Plastic Surgery, CCHMC/ Director of Research, Shriners Hospital for Children; Department of Pediatric Plastic Surgery, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio Jeremy P. Warner, MD, FACS Division of Plastic Surgery, NorthShore University HealthSystem; Clinical Assistant Professor, Pritzker School of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois

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Gordon H. Wilkes, MD, FRCSC Clinical Professor of Surgery and Co-Director, Institute for Reconstructive Sciences in Medicine (iRSM), Department of Surgery, University of Alberta and Covenant Health Group, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada Daniel J. Wilks, MBChB, FRCS(Plast) Hand and Microvascular Fellow, Department of Plastic and Maxillofacial Surgery, Royal Children’s Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia Karen W.Y. Wong, MD, MSc, FRCSC Assistant Professor, Department of Surgery, Cleft Lip and Palate, Microsurgery, The University of Toronto; The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada Elizabeth B. Yerkes, MD, FAAP Associate Professor of Urology, Division of Urology, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children’s Hospital of Chicago; Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois Elizabeth G. Zellner, MD Chief Resident, Department of Surgery, Section of Plastic Surgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut Ronald M. Zuker, MD, FRCSC, FACS, FAAP, FRCSEd(Hon) Professor of Surgery, Department of Surgery, The University of Toronto; Consultant Plastic Surgeon, The Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

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Preface We are very pleased to present this second edition of Principles and Practice of Pediatric Plastic Surgery. As anyone who has edited a textbook will confi m, it is a labor of love and somewhat analogous to a maternity experience. We are particularly excited to present this updated and expanded edition for your daily use in the clinical practice of pediatric plastic surgery. The fi st edition was successful and well received, based on feedback we have received from practicing pediatric plastic surgeons around the globe. To improve many facets of these two volumes, we worked with our talented author teams and staff at Taylor & Francis/CRC Press, specifi ally expanding its content for your practical utilization. We have added seven new chapters that refl ct the evolving contemporary head-to-toe practice of pediatric plastic surgery, encompassing surgical techniques and nonsurgical approaches to the children in your care. As our subspecialty has evolved, so has this textbook, refl cting truly state-of-the-art contributions from experts in the fi ld. Because 8 years have passed since the fi st edition was published, we believe you will notice substantial changes that will help you care for infants, children, and adolescents. In addition to content expansion and updating, this edition offers several additional features to help you and your patients. The book is now available as an e-book with full text and illustrations, featuring expanded operative video content to help you visualize intricate techniques. We have added new illustrations and expanded photographic examples, as well as colorizing key art from the previous edition. We have deliberately kept the book as a two-volume set to make it easier to transport and use as a reference, whether at your home, hospital, or while providing global health service. With an expanding wealth of cutting-edge information in these pages, we have tried to review the topical problems and solutions for the more common anomalies, and we also present current innovations, offering solutions for defects for which previous solutions may have been accepted but were less than optimal. Perhaps of equal or greater signifi ance is our effort to include the additional years of follow-up (up to 8 years) for cases that have been included in updated contributor chapters, placing emphasis on how important long-term follow-up is to our specialty. Our contributors represent an international cross-section of pediatric plastic surgeons and educators who have committed their best efforts to you on your patients’ behalf. We hope that this book will provide a source of stimulation to those new to our beloved fi ld, while also serving as a source of continued motivation for those more experienced in our specialty. For laypersons reviewing this text, we hope you will feel supported through the challenging times of parenting a child with one of the problems that are treated by pediatric plastic surgeons, and know that the future is bright for your child and the children of others as they pursue their life dreams supported by their pediatric plastic surgeon. Michael L. Bentz Bruce S. Bauer Ronald M. Zuker

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Acknowledgments Although excellence in patient care drives our daily clinical effort, teaching and mentorship of junior colleagues, fellows, residents, and students are our most important educational responsibilities, and the ones that ultimately drive the future of patient care. I have been blessed to be surrounded by superb plastic surgery residents at the University of Wisconsin, Madison and the University of Pittsburgh; they have made the days (and many nights) truly worthwhile. That these junior colleagues are so far better than me in so many ways is a source of great pleasure. For the joy and satisfaction of many wonderful and challenging professional opportunities I will always be grateful to Wallace P. Ritchie, Jr., MD, PhD (Chairman Emeritus, Temple University, Department of Surgery); the late Stuart J. Hulnick, MD (Chief of Plastic Surgery, St. Christopher’s Hospital for Children, Philadelphia), Layton “Bing” Rikkers, MD (Chairman Emeritus, University of Wisconsin, Department of Surgery), K. Craig Kent, MD (Chairman, University of Wisconsin, Department of Surgery), and particularly J. William Futrell, MD (Chief of Plastic Surgery Emeritus, University of Pittsburgh). I also thank my many superb faculty partners from the University of Wisconsin and the University of Pittsburgh. My late parents, Dr. Joe and Peggy Bentz, were phenomenally supportive during my extended educational journey. Of the few things I have accomplished as an academic plastic surgeon, none would have been possible without the love and encouragement of my wife, Kim, daughter, Gretchen, and sons, Alex and Eric. The dedication to them from my fi st book reads “. . . it’s hard to be at work, because it is so fun being home.” Nearly 20 years later, that still could not be any truer. I want to again thank my extremely talented colleagues, friends, and co-editors, Bruce Bauer and Ron Zuker, who are truly scholars, gentlemen, and experts singularly committed to their patients, residents, and the field of plastic surgery. They are amazing role models of academic and personal excellence, and our field is better because of their multiple contributions, as am I personally. Finally, we are indebted to the fi st-class staff at CRC Press, including Sue Hodgson, Megan Fennell, Kathleen Sartori, Suzanne Wakefi ld, Glenn Floyd, Rebecca Sweeney, Carolyn Reich, Brett Stone, Brenda Bunch, Linda Maulin, Chris Lane, Debra Clark, and Cherry Allen. Michael L. Bentz

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Acknowledgments

It is always difficult to decide who, in our personal and professional lives, has had a major influence on bringing us to this point, where some are specifically acknowledged, yet others, who may have been equally influential, are not specifically mentioned. So at the very outset, I apologize to anyone who I may have forgotten, and express my thanks for their help in whatever little accomplishments I have made. Having grown up as the son and grandson of doctors, the choice of pursuing medicine as a career was no surprise. Both my parents, especially my mother, nurtured my artistic side and created an environment in which my sister, Laurie, and I had the tools to experiment and opportunities to reach for perfection in multiple manual crafts. Gradually, the idea of melding the science of medicine with my need to be manually creative led me to surgery. Growing up with a father who was a child psychiatrist, I was also well aware of the potential psychological difficulties that children can face, how their feelings of self-worth are influenced by their parents and peers, and how varied forms of therapy, applied at appropriate points in their development, can profoundly affect their lives. In the early months of medical school at Northwestern University I was introduced to the world of plastic surgery in a dazzling lecture by B. Herold Griffith, the Chief of Plastic Surgery. Approaching him afterward as an eager student, his warmth, enthusiasm, and constant desire to teach led to my decision to train in plastic surgery. He subsequently opened many doors for me: when I was still a medical student, he allowed me to become a regular visitor in the operating room at Children’s Memorial Hospital, “assisting” Dr. Clarence Monroe. Later, as a resident, he connected me with my future Chief, mentor, and then partner, Dr. Desmond A. Kernahan. By the end of my training, I was committed to a career in pediatric plastic surgery. Dr. Kernahan was a role model, with his meticulous attention to detail, innovation in surgical approach, and joy of surgery. Although he was generous in teaching me all of his tricks, he prompted me to seek my own surgical niche. Th s led not only to a concentrated interest in surgery of the ear, but also to a lasting relationship with our Pediatric Dermatology Service. My early work with Dr. Nancy Esterly, then Chief, launched me into the world of giant nevi, and her successors, Dr. Amy Paller and Dr. Tony Mancini, have continued to provide a never-ending supply of dermatologic challenges. Th oughout the inherent ups and downs of all academic careers, the joys of teaching residents and fellows has, I hope, provided as much inspiration for them as it has for me. I thank them all. With my move to NorthShore University HealthSystem since the publication of our fi st edition, I have been blessed with an amazing group of young partners, Drs. Sara Dickie, Michael Howard, Mark Sisco, and Jeremy Warner, each of whom has shown me how enriching a mentorship relationship can be when both old skills and new talents combine to offer ever-advancing reconstructive pathways. My continued close friendship and collaborative work with my former partner, Dr. Pravin Patel, sharing our “soft tissue” and “hard tissue” expertise, continues to be a highlight of my career. All these efforts would not be possible without my exceptional nurses, Susan Hoadley and Mim Tournell, who were brave enough to make the move with me, and without whom I would not be able to accomplish half of what I do. Without all their ongoing support I would not have had the opportunity to co-edit this book with Mike Bentz and Ron Zuker, two individuals whose many skills and accomplishments far exceed

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Acknowledgments

xix

their egos. I am honored to have this opportunity to work with both of them and am confident that our friendship will last throughout our lives. Whatever I may have accomplished in my first three and a half decades as a pediatric plastic surgeon would not have been possible without the unwavering support of my family: Sally, who has been my confidant, muse, and love of my life for almost 40 years; our son Erik, who is now trained in the allied field of pediatric otolaryngology; his wife, Mandy, a radiologist; and our two grandsons, Carson and Graham. They are a constant reminder of the gift of having a child unburdened by many of the problems discussed in this text, and I love them more than I can say. Finally, I must thank the many patients who have placed their trust in me and provided me with the impetus to strive for ever-better solutions to their varied problems. Organizations such as Nevus Outreach have furthered our understanding of specific defects and opened windows for comprehending the impact of that defect, not only on our patients, but also on their entire family. Th s brings me full circle to where I began and underscores why each of us has devoted our professional careers to this incredibly rewarding specialty of pediatric plastic surgery. Bruce S. Bauer

•

As academic surgeons, our lives are so complex and intertwined with so many people and events that selecting milestones, career influences, and mentors can be extremely difficult. First, I would like to acknowledge my first Chief, Dr. W.K. Lindsay, who had the wisdom and foresight to recognize the value and potential of microsurgery in children. He gave me the opportunity and support to use this microsurgical approach to tackle complex clinical problems. I would also like to acknowledge my colleague in pediatric plastic surgery, Dr. H.G. Thomson, whose sensitive and caring manner with children and remarkable technical expertise served as my model in clinical practice. The progress we made in microsurgery in children would not have been possible without the help of my microsurgical partner, Dr. R.T. Manktelow. His constant questioning of the status quo, searching for new solutions, and attention to detail stimulated me to the pursuit of excellence. Th ough the aid of a McLaughlan Traveling Fellowship from the University of Toronto, I was able to train in microsurgery in Japan under the leadership of Dr. Seichi Ohmori and Dr. Kiyonori Harii. I learned to operate using a microscope in the lab from the skilled and very patient microsurgeon, Dr. Shuhei Torii, with whom I remain close friends. Finally I learned to think outside the box and explore new concepts while training with my teacher, colleague, and friend, Dr. G. Ian Taylor. These are the mentors who supported me and allowed me to accomplish whatever small achievements I have made. My plastic surgery colleagues, and especially those working with me at The Hospital for Sick Children, have been extremely supportive of both my clinical and academic pursuits. I would not have been able to do what I did without their help. In particular, the collaboration with my current microsurgical colleague and friend, Dr. Greg Borschel, has allowed for even greater refi ements and advancements in the areas that we cherish.

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Acknowledgments

In addition to my teachers and colleagues, I would also like to acknowledge the students, residents, and clinical fellows whose open minds and delving questions have stimulated me to pursue new concepts in search of better solutions. My career has been punctuated by successes and challenges. However, no matter what, I could always depend on the support of my family as we crossed many bridges together. Although my heavy career commitment forced me to miss many of my children’s milestones, we still had time to enjoy the best that life has to offer together. To my three sons and daughter-in-law, Jeremy, Melissa, Andrew, and Phil: I thank you for your patience and understanding. To my wife, Gail, of 42 years, who promised never to be upset when I was late: You have guided me, supported me, and assisted me at every turn. You are my true life partner. I thank you and will love you forever. Ronald M. Zuker

•

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Contents VOLUME I PART I  General Considerations in Pediatric Plastic Surgery

 1 The Evolution of Pediatric Plastic Surgery 

3

 2 Global Health in Pediatric Plastic Surgery 

9

Bruce S. Bauer, Michael L. Bentz, Ronald M. Zuker

Ravi K. Garg, Timothy W. King, Delora L. Mount

 3 How to Approach, Evaluate, and Treat the Pediatric Patient  Matthew Reed Swelstad, Delora L. Mount

 4 Ethical Issues in Pediatric Plastic Surgery  John A. Persing, Elizabeth G. Zellner

 5 Anesthesia for Pediatric Plastic Surgery  Franklyn P. Cladis, Martin Beldin Anixter

 6 Pediatric and Fetal Wound Healing  Jacqueline S. Israel, Timothy W. King

 7 Fetal Surgery 

37

51

97

115

Benjamin Padilla, William Y. Hoffman

 8 Cutaneous Lesions 

127

Julia Corcoran, Bruce S. Bauer

 9 Acute Pediatric Burn Injury  Sandhya Deo, Joel Fish

151

10 Pediatric Burn Reconstruction 

169

Mirko S. Gilardino, Jugpal S. Arneja, Jonathan Kanevsky

xxi

23

xxii

Contents

11 Vascular Anomalies 

199

Arin K. Greene, John H. Phillips

12 Pediatric Tissue Expansion 

231

Bruce S. Bauer, Sara R. Dickie

13 Radiologic Management of Vascular Anomalies  Philip R. John

14 Conjoined Twins 

271

323

Richard J. Redett, Ronald M. Zuker

15 Soft Tissue Trauma 

351

Andreas M. Lamelas, Peter J. Taub

16 Injections, Infiltrations, and Envenomations  Perry J. Johnson, Jason J. Miller, Ronald R. Hollins

367

PART II  C  ongenital and Acquired Deformities of the Facial Skeleton and Soft Tissues of the Head and Neck

17 Psychological Issues Affecting the Treatment of Children and Adolescents With Cleft and Craniofacial Conditions  379 Kathleen A. Kapp-Simon

18 Craniofacial Syndromes: Genetics, Embryology, and Clinical Relevance  Adel Y. Fattah

19 Unilateral Cleft Lip Repair 

453

William Y. Hoffman, David M. Fisher

20 Bilateral Cleft Lip Repair 

479

Brad T. Morrow, Donald R. Mackay

21 Secondary Deformities of the Cleft Lip and Nose  Jeremy P. Warner, Bruce S. Bauer

22 Cleft Palate Deformities 

535

Alexander Margulis, Yair Shachar, Bruce S. Bauer

499

393

Contents

23 The Surgeon’s Role in Management of Velopharyngeal Dysfunction  René P. Myers, Ashley Buba, Patrick K. Kelley, Raymond J. Harshbarger III

24 Craniosynostosis 595

Christopher R. Forrest, Phuong D. Nguyen, Darren M. Smith

25 Hypertelorism 649

Jeffrey A. Fearon, Devan Griner

26 Atypical Craniofacial Clefts 

663

Pravin K. Patel, Henry K. Kawamoto, Jr.

27 Orthognathic Surgery in Adolescents With Dentofacial Skeletal Deformities 725

Pravin K. Patel, Stephen B. Baker

28 Alveolar Cleft Surgery 

807

Denver M. Lough, Christopher L. Madsen, Anand R. Kumar, Alexander Y. Lin

29 Dental Principles in Maxillofacial Surgery 

825

Brendan Bernhart, Thomas M. Grisius, Stephen B. Baker

VOLUME II

30 Craniofacial Microsomia 

859

Lee W.T. Alkureishi, Rosemary Seelaus, Pravin K. Patel

31 Microtia 909

Gordon H. Wilkes, Regan Guilfoyle

32 Nonmicrotia 941 Bruce S. Bauer

33 Treatment of Major Acquired Ear Deformities  Bruce S. Bauer, Donald Brooks Johnson

977

34 Congenital and Acquired Deformities of the Eyelids  Milap Mehta, Bruce S. Bauer

99