Pottery of the Crusader, Ayyubid and Mamluk Periods 9654061805, 9789654065641, 9789654061803

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IAA Reports, No. 26

POTTERY OF THE CRUSADER, AYYUBID, AND MAMLUK PERIODS IN ISRAEL MIRIAM AVISSAR AND EDNA J. STERN

ISRAEL ANTIQUITIES AUTHORITY JERUSALEM 2005

Publications of the Israel Antiquities Authority Editor-in-Chief: Zvi Gal Volume and Series Editor: Ann Roshwalb Hurowitz

Front Cover: Glazed bowls from Safed (photographer, C. Amit). Back Cover: Glazed and domestic wares from Acre (photographer, H. Smithline).

Typesetting, Layout, and Production: Ann Abuhav Printed at Keterpress Enterprises, Jerusalem

Copyright © 2005, The Israel Antiquities Authority POB 586, Jerusalem, 91004 ISBN 965–406–180–5 eISBN 9789654065641

In Memoriam

AMIR DRORI, 1937–2005 Founder and First Director of the Israel Antiquities Authority (1989–2000)

iv

v

CONTENTS ABBREVIATIONS

vi

PREFACE

vii

INTRODUCTION

1

PART I: GLAZED TABLE WARES I.1 Local, Glazed Wares I.2 Soft-Paste Wares I.3 Egyptian Wares I.4 Byzantine Wares I.5 Aegean Wares I.6 Zeuxippus Wares I.7 Port St. Symeon Wares (‘Al-Mina’ Wares) I.8 Cypriot Wares (Paphos Ware) I.9 Italian Wares I.10 North African Wares I.11 Catalan Wares I.12 Chinese Wares I.13 Unidentified Wares

5 6 25 34 40 45 48 52 57 63 76 77 78 80

PART II: DOMESTIC AND INDUSTRIAL WARES II.1 Bowls II.2 Cooking Vessels II.3 Storage Vessels II.4 Jugs, Table Jars, and Moldmade Vessels II.5 Sphero-Conical Vessels (‘Grenades’)

81 82 91 100 108 119

PART III: OIL LAMPS III.1 Closed Wheelmade Lamps III.2 Moldmade Lamps III.3 Open Wheelmade Lamps

123 124 126 128

COLOR PLATES

129

REFERENCES

173

APPENDIX: UNPUBLISHED EXCAVATIONS CITED IN THIS VOLUME

179

vi

ABBREVIATIONS

AASOR

Annual of the American Schools of Oriental Research

ABSA

Annual of the British School at Athens

‘Atiqot (ES)

English Series

‘Atiqot (HS)

Hebrew Series

BAR Int. S.

British Archaeological Reports International Series

BCH

Bulletin de Correspondence Hellènique

EI

Eretz-Israel

ESI

Excavations and Surveys in Israel

HA–ESI

Hadashot Arkheologiyot–Excavations and Surveys in Israel

IAA Reports

Israel Antiquities Authority Reports

IEJ

Israel Exploration Journal

JARCE

Journal of the American Research Center in Egypt

JRA

Journal of Roman Archaeology

PEQ

Palestine Exploration Quarterly

QDAP

Quarterly of the Department of Antiquities of Palestine

Yoqne‘am

M. Avissar. Yoqne‘am: Excavations on the Acropolis (IAA Reports 25). Jerusalem 2005

Yoqne‘am I

A. Ben-Tor, M. Avissar, and Y. Portugali. Yoqne‘am I: The Late Periods (Qedem Reports 3). Jerusalem 1996

ZDPV

Zeitschrift des Deutschen Palästina-Vereins

Abbreviations Used in This Volume: CP = Cooking Pot DB = Decorated Bowl GLB = Glazed Bowl SJ = Storage Jar H. = Horbat Kh. = Khirbet

vii

PREFACE

This volume originally took the form of an internal handbook for archaeologists of the Israel Antiquities Authority, A Catalogue of Pottery from the Crusader, Ayyubid and Mamluk Periods by Miriam Avissar, Adrian Boas, and Edna J. Stern. It was compiled under the instigation of Vassilios Tzaferis, then director of the Excavations and Surveys Department of the IAA, with the encouragement of Amir Drori, former director of the IAA. The version presented here has been expanded both to incorporate material excavated in Israel through 2004 and to reflect the current state of research. We would like to express our deep gratitude to all those who allowed us to use the still unpublished material from their excavations. We wish to thank Yoram Tzafrir and Gideon Foerster, who permitted the inclusion of thus far unpublished vessels from the excavation of the Hebrew University at Bet She’an. Our thanks also go to all those who permitted us to use unpublished material from the excavations of the Israel Antiquities Authority: Eliezer Stern, Danny Syon, and Ayelet Tatcher—Crusader Acre (‘Akko); Hamoudi Khalaily— Kh. Adasa; Dov Nahlieli, Miki Ein Gedi, and Jumna Masrawi—Ashdod-Yam; Vassilios Tzaferis— Banias; Amos Kloner—Bet Guvrin; Ofer Sion—Bet She’an (1998); Raz Kletter—Kh. Burin; Egon Lass— Giv‘at Titura; Eli Shukrun and Ronny Reich—the City of David, Jerusalem; Amit Re’em—the Kishle, Jerusalem; Shlomit Weksler-Bdolah—Knights’ Palace, Jerusalem; Zubair Adawi—the Muristan, Jerusalem;

Yuval Baruch and Ronny Reich—the Visitors’ Center in the Old City of Jerusalem; Edna Ayash—Jaffa; Howard Smithline—Kabrita; Shlomo Gudovitch— Petah Tiqva; Hagit Torge and Joseph Elisha—Ramla; Hervé Barbé—Kfar Cana and the fortress in Safed; Edna Amos—el-Watā, Safed; Fanny Vitto—Kh. Shari; Nimrod Getzov—H. ‘Uza; and Moshe Hartal—ez-Zuq el-Pauqani. Many vessels from the Yoqne‘am excavations (Ben-Tor, Avissar, and Portugali 1996; Yoqne‘am I) have been included in this volume (we are grateful to the Institute of Archaeology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem for allowing us to incorporate this material). The pottery was drawn by Mika Sarig, Lilia Kirillov, Liora Manievitz, Irina Lidsky, Alina Pikovsky, Hagit Tahan, Carmen Hersch, and Natalie Messika, and was photographed by Gaby Laron, Tsila Sagiv, Clara Amit, and Howard Smithline. The pottery figures were constructed by Carmen Hersch, and the maps by Natalia Zak. Anastasia Shapiro of the IAA analyzed the petrography of the material from Acre. Thanks are due also to Francesca Saccardo, Lucy Vallauri, Joanita Vroom, S. Yona Waksman, and MarieLouise von Wartburg for their assistance in identifying and understanding some of the imported types. Finally we would like to thank Dr. Denys Pringle, who read the draft of the book and provided helpful remarks, Shoshana Israeli, who edited the original handbook, and Dr. Ann Roshwalb Hurowitz, who edited this manuscript.

INTRODUCTION

BACKGROUND During the last years, a considerable number of sites in the modern state of Israel with strata of the late medieval periods—the Crusader, Ayyubid, and Mamluk—have been excavated. These sites yielded a wealth of ceramic material, which is thus far not well known; most archaeologists have difficulty in dating the pottery assemblages of these periods. In this volume, we deal with the time span from the twelfth to the fifteenth centuries. During these centuries the Land of Israel was not always in the hands of one ruler; for this reason one must be careful in defining vessel types as Crusader, Ayyubid, or Mamluk. This is especially true for the post-1187 period, from the fall of the First Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem to Salaha-Din in the battle of the Horns of Hattin, until the final end of the Second Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem in 1291. During the thirteenth century the different parts of the Holy Land were in the hands of various rulers: the Crusaders held mainly the coastal area, while the eastern part was first under Ayyubid, then Mamluk, control. The border between them was very dynamic due to various struggles and treaties. The same vessel types were utilized in all parts of the region, with the only apparent change the relative frequencies of types in each regional assemblage. It should be kept in mind while dealing with pottery from these periods, that some pottery wares (primarily the local types) continued in use, regardless of the political changes. The situation with the imported wares differs, as they reflect commercial connections that changed dramatically with the fall of the Second Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem.

THE CATALOGUE The catalogue is designed to aid the archaeologist in pottery sorting, as well as in the identification and dating of the various types.

Part I presents the glazed table wares. They are represented primarily by bowls and some closed glazed vessels. It includes both locally produced vessels and wares imported mainly from Egypt, Syria, Byzantium, Italy, Spain, and North Africa, and also from China. Part II deals with simple, mostly unglazed, household wares, as well as glazed cooking wares, and also some industrial wares. Part III discusses the common oil lamps. To facilitate the use of the catalogue the various type descriptions have been presented in an abbreviated form, with applicable entries: Type No. Description. Description of the forms and special features of a given type. Fabric: Color of the fired material; the material itself, such as clay, soft-paste, stoneware, or porcelain; added materials such as grits, mica, etc.; firing. Slip: Description of the slip. Glaze: Description of the glaze—quality and colors. Decoration: Description of decoration—incisions, painting, burnishing, etc. Date. The suggested date range for a given type. Occurrences. Main occurrences only are cited. Remarks. Some important remarks about the type. For each type, a description of the fabric, slip, glaze, and decoration, and the primary sites at which each type has been found are cited. Emphasis is on sites excavated under the auspices or license of the IAA. These ‘occurrences’ are listed alphabetically within Israel, followed by those outside the country (see Map 1a–c), and ending with general surveys of pottery of these periods (e.g., catalogues). The type is then followed by drawings of various vessels to illustrate the forms.

2

MIRIAM AVISSAR AND EDNA J. STERN

The Color Plates then demonstrate vividly the colors of the clay, glazes and decorations of the major types. An index provides the documentation of the illustrated vessels—type, site, and figure equivalence, if drawn. The References contains a full list of all the books and periodicals cited in this volume. The Abbreviations

refers to entries in the References, as well as to entries in the text and abbreviations of technical terms used in the catalogue. The Appendix presents the accreditation of all unpublished material cited in the listings or illustrated in the figures/color plates.

a

b Map 1. Sites mentioned in the text: (a) in the Mediterranean Basin and on the Black Sea; (b) in the Eastern Mediterranean.

INTRODUCTION

c Map 1 (cont.). Sites mentioned in the text: (c) in Israel.

3

PART I

GLAZED TABLE WARES

6

MIRIAM AVISSAR AND EDNA J. STERN

I.1 LOCAL, GLAZED WARES I.1.1 Glazed Bowls with Double Slip (Fig. 1; Pl. I) The repertory of glazed bowls at the beginning of the Crusader period was rather restricted. The longlived bowls with gently s-curved walls, fashioned in light clay, so popular during the Abbasid and Fatimid periods, had completely disappeared. At the beginning of the twelfth century all the local glazed bowls were manufactured from dark-brown clay, which was then covered completely with a thick, light, double slip— Types I.1.1.1–I.1.1.3. These types are actually the direct continuation of the eleventh-century Fatimid local glazed ware (see below, ‘Remarks’). Polychrome ‘splashed and mottled’ glazes, the hallmark of the Early Islamic glazed wares, are still found on these types. Description. Bowls with slightly incurved sides and a low, wide ring base. The bowls are divided into three groups according to their rim profile: Type I.1.1.1—bowls with a plain rim Type I.1.1.2—bowls with a ridge on the outside of the vessel Type I.1.1.3—bowls with an everted rim Fabric: Dark reddish-brown or dark brown gritty clay. Slip: Double slip. The bowls are completely coated with a pink, whitish, or buff slip, which extends also over the base, in an attempt to conceal the dark clay. The interior of the bowl is usually covered with additional white slip, which often extends slightly over the rim. Glaze: Generally the bowls are glazed only on the interior. The glaze, mostly a polychrome ‘splashed and mottled’ glaze, barely extends over the rim. Decoration: Sgraffito. Monochrome bowls are often decorated with a simple irregular sgraffito design.

The incisions are mostly very fine and shallow, barely scratching the slip without penetrating the clay body of the vessel. Occasionally the slip was removed in a broad band to produce a shallow champlevé design. Date. This ware first appeared as early as the first half of the eleventh century; it was popular during the first half of the twelfth century but apparently its production ceased towards the middle of the twelfth century. Occurrences. Acre: Unpublished. Ashdod-Yam: Unpublished. Bené Beraq: Finkelstein 1990:39, Fig. 15:13–15. Caesarea: Pringle 1985: Figs. 6:37, 38, 8:48. Jerusalem: Tushingham 1985: Figs. 34:25, 33, 35:12. Kefar Yasif: Aviam 1999: Fig. 16:12, 13. al-Khurrumiya, Kh.: Stern and Stacey 2000:173–174, Fig. 3:1–5. Petah Tiqva: Unpublished. Ramat Yishay: Porat and Stern 1998: Fig. 56:4. ‘Uza, H.: Stern and Tatcher, forthcoming. Yoqne‘am: Avissar 1996a:87–90, GLB Types 25–30, Figs. XIII.16–III.21, Photo XIII.21. Remarks. The beginning of this ware can be securely dated as early as the third decade of the eleventh century, as several bowls of similar forms and material, decorated with champlevé, were recovered from the shipwreck at Serçe Limani, which is dated to 1025 (Jenkins 1992:56–60). These early vessels exhibit a rather elaborate champlevé design, while the later vessels, which can be securely assigned to the twelfth century, have only very simple random designs. This ware is absent from the thirteenth-century assemblages of ‘Atlit (Johns 1934), Tell ‘Arqa (Thalmann 1978), and al-Mina (Lane 1937).

7

PART I: GLAZED TABLE WARES

33

1 1

22

44

55

77

88

66

99

11 11

1010

12 12

Fig. 1. Type I.1.1—glazed bowls with double slip. No.

Site

Description

I.1.1.1 Bowls with plain rim 1

Yoqne‘am I

Brown clay; white slip on the interior, traces of pinkish-buff slip on the exterior, light yellow glaze with dabs of brown inside

2

Yoqne‘am I

Reddish-brown clay; white slip on the interior, pink slip on the exterior, broad bands of shallow sgraffito decoration under light green glaze with touches of yellow inside, dabs of green and yellow glaze on the exterior

3

Ashdod-Yam

Reddish-brown clay; white slip on the interior, pink slip on the exterior, sgraffito decoration under yellow glazes with tinges of green inside

I.1.1.2 Bowls with ridge on exterior 4

Yoqne‘am I

Reddish-brown clay; white slip on the interior and over the rim, pinkish slip on the exterior, light yellow glaze inside, splashed and mottled green, darker yellow and purple-brown

5

Yoqne‘am I

Dark, reddish-brown clay; thick pinkish-buff slip on both surfaces, with sgraffito under very light yellow glaze with touches of dark yellow and green on the interior

6

Petah Tiqva

Dark brown clay; light brown slip on the exterior, white slip on the interior and over the rim, dark yellow glaze and sgraffito on the interior, patches of green glaze on rim

I.1.1.3 Bowls with everted rim 7

Yoqne‘am I

Dark reddish-brown clay; white slip and sgraffito under light and dark yellow glaze with tinges of green on the interior, pinkish-white slip on the exterior

8

Yoqne‘am I

Dark brown clay; white wash on the interior, buff wash on the exterior, fine sgraffito decoration, green glaze on the interior and over the rim

9

Ashdod-Yam

Dark reddish-brown clay; thick white slip, green glaze on the interior and over the rim, sgraffito decoration; thin pinkish slip on the exterior

10

Ashdod-Yam

Reddish-brown clay, white grits; thick, patchy pinkish slip on the interior and over the rim, thin pinkish slip on the exterior, green glaze and sgraffito on the interior

11

Ashdod-Yam

Reddish-brown clay; whitish wash on the interior and over the rim, very thin pale brown slip on the exterior, dark yellow glaze and sgraffito inside

12

Petah Tiqva

Reddish-brown clay, many minute white grits; white slip on the interior, thick pink slip on the exterior, yellow glaze with splashes of green and brown on the interior

8

MIRIAM AVISSAR AND EDNA J. STERN

I.1.2 Bowls with Gritty Glaze (Fig. 2; Pl. II:1–3) During the second half of the twelfth century a completely new type of glazed bowl first made its appearance; it was different from the previous types in form as well as in surface treatment. The bowls have straight or gently out-curved walls, the preferred form being a bowl with a ledge rim. Bowls with an incurved rim do not appear in this group. Slip no longer appears, the bowls having only a thin whitish wash on the interior, applied with a cloth or brush. This treatment leaves parts of the clay uncovered, appearing as darkbrown patches and streaks under the yellow or green glaze, and giving the bowls a dirty appearance. The glaze is usually not well melted, resulting in the gritty appearance of the glazed surface. If there is a sgraffito design, it is always finely and thinly incised, and the patterns consist of random straight or curved lines, barely forming a spiral. Only very few of these bowls have brown-painted streaks under the glaze (Avissar 1996a:91). Description. This type has been divided into two groups according to the glaze color of the bowls: Type I.1.2.1—bowls with yellow glaze Type I.1.2.2—bowls with green glaze The yellow-glazed bowls are conical or have slightly rounded sides, with an everted or a ledge rim; the greenglazed bowls often have strongly incurved or carinated sides and a pronounced ledge rim, often separated from the body by a ridge. The vessels are often smoothed on the exterior. All the bowls have a low ring base. Fabric: Dark reddish-brown or brick red, gritty clay. Slip: On the interior, a thin whitish wash, applied with a brush or a cloth. Glaze: The glaze is always monochrome, in a dirty yellow or green. It covers only the interior and the rim. The gritty appearance is probably the result of inadequate firing.

Decoration: Thin careless sgraffito design. Rarely do the bowls have a painted design. Date. Second half of the twelfth century and the first half of the thirteenth century. At Saranda Kolones– Paphos they are dated between 1191 and the destruction of the site by an earthquake in 1222. Occurrences. Acre: Stern and Waksman 2003:170– 171, Fig. 5; unpublished. Bet She’an: Unpublished. Bet Zeneta, H.: Getzov 2000:87*, Fig. 24:7. Caesarea: Pringle 1985: Figs. 3:12–15, 7:40, 44, 45, 8:46, Pl. XVII:3, 4; Brosh 1986: Fig. 2:9, 11, 14, 20, 21, erroneously assigned here to the Early Islamic period. Jerusalem: Tushingham 1985:143, Figs. 35:23, 39:21. Jerusalem, Kishle: Unpublished. ‘Uza, H.: Stern and Tatcher, forthcoming. Yoqne‘am: Avissar 1996a:90–93, GLB Types 34–37, Figs. XIII.22–XIII.25, Photos XIII.22, XIII.23; 2005; for bowls with painted design see Avissar 1996a: GLB Type 38, Fig. XIII.26. ‘Arqa, Tell: Thalmann 1978:30, Types C, D, Forms 3a, 3b, 4a, 4b, 5, Figs. 33:6–11, 34:1–15, 35:5–7, 9, Pls. LIX.1, LXXII.9. Paphos: Megaw 1971:123, 142–146, Fig. 2:1, 2, Pl. XXXIII:1. Remarks. Bowls with gritty glaze are widespread, as is apparent from the cited occurrences. They are characteristic of the Crusader period and do not continue into the Mamluk period. Chemical and petrographic analyses of bowls with gritty glaze from various excavations in Acre indicate that this type was probably manufactured in Lebanon (Stern and Waksman 2003:173–175).

PART I: GLAZED TABLE WARES

9

22

33

44

11

66

77

55

88

Fig. 2. Type I.1.2—bowls with gritty glaze. No.

Site

Description

I.1.2.1 Bowls with yellow glaze 1

Jerusalem— Kishle

Red clay, white grits; white wash inside and over the rim, decorated with sgraffito under gritty yellow glaze on the interior

2

Yoqne‘am I

Reddish-brown clay; whitish wash inside and over the rim, transparent yellow, gritty glaze with occasional tinge of green on the interior

3

Yoqne‘am I

Dark-brown clay; whitish wash inside and fine sgraffito decoration under transparent yellow, gritty glaze on the interior and over the rim

4

Yoqne‘am I

Brown clay, fired to dark brown on surface; thin white wash inside and fine sgraffito decoration under transparent yellow, gritty glaze on the interior and over the rim

I.1.2.2 Bowls with green glaze 5

Jerusalem— Kishle

Red clay, white grits; traces of white wash and green glaze, as well as traces of sgraffito on the interior; incised mark under base

6

Yoqne‘am

Reddish-brown clay; thin buff wash inside and partly on the exterior, gritty yellow-green glaze with tinges of darker green on the interior and over the rim

7

Yoqne‘am I

Reddish-brown clay, fired to dark red-brown on surface; whitish wash and transparent light green, gritty glaze on the interior and over the rim

8

Yoqne‘am I

Reddish-brown clay; whitish wash and transparent green, gritty glaze on the interior

10

MIRIAM AVISSAR AND EDNA J. STERN

I.1.3 Monochrome Glazed Bowls I The trend of producing mainly monochrome glazed bowls started during the second half of the twelfth century, as is apparent from the previous group, the so-called ‘gritty glazed bowl’. This trend increased during the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries, the much preferred glaze color now being green, and continued even into the Ottoman period (Hayes 1992:271–298). I.1.3.1 Bowls with Molded Rim (Fig. 3:1–3) The bowls with a rounded profile and a molded rim are not very common and do not form a homogeneous group according to their clay and form. Compared to the ‘gritty ware’ these bowls have finer and lighter clay and the glaze is of better quality. These bowls seem to be confined to the Crusader period and do not appear later than about the middle of the thirteenth century. Description. Bowls with slightly incurved sides. The rim is thickened inside and out to a varying extent. Fabric: Fine, light brown, orange-brown, or buff clay. Slip: White wash or slip on the interior and over the rim. Glaze: Various shades of green or yellow. Decoration: None. Date. Late twelfth century and first half of the thirteenth century. Occurrences. Yoqne‘am: Avissar 1996a:94, Type 41, Fig. XIII.29. Remarks. This is a small group, homogeneous in neither form nor ware. I.1.3.2 Bowls with Ledge Rim (Fig. 3:4–6; Pl. II:4, 5) Bowls with a broad ledge or flanged rim were popular during the Crusader period. It seems the form expressed

European taste, for most of the Italian imports—the Proto-maiolica bowls—are vessels with a ledge rim. Although the form continued into the Mamluk period, bowls with incurved walls and carinated forms were then preferred. Bowls with a ledge rim were again popular during the Ottoman period (Hayes 1992: Figs. 107, 108). It is often not easy to distinguish between Ottoman and medieval plain, green-glazed vessels. As a general observation one could say that the Ottoman bowls are made of rather fine orange-brown clay and are glazed inside and out with a smooth, well-adhering glaze. The lip of the ledge rim is usually slightly upturned. Description. Bowls often have an exaggerated broad ledge rim, set off from the body by a ridge. Fabric: Reddish-brown or orange-brown clay. Slip: White slip on the interior and over the rim. Glaze: Green glaze of various shades, which frequently tends to flake off. Less common is yellow glaze, sometimes splashed with green. The bowls are glazed on the interior and over the rim. Decoration: None. Date: Thirteenth to fourteenth centuries. Occurrences. Bet Zeneta, H.: Getzov 2000:87*, Fig. 24:7. Burin, Kh.: Kletter and Stern, forthcoming. Al-Burj al-Ahmar: Pringle 1986b: Fig. 49:58. Caesarea: Pringle 1985: Fig. 3:12. Yoqne‘am: Avissar 1996a:93, Type 39, Fig. XIII.27. ‘Arqa, Tell: Thalmann 1978: Fig. 35:2, 3. Remarks. Bowls of orange-brown clay, covered with a green glaze that tends to flake off, should be dated to the Mamluk period, the late thirteenth and fourteenth centuries.

PART I: GLAZED TABLE WARES

11

11

22

33

55

44

66

Fig. 3. Type I.1.3—monochrome glazed bowls I. No.

Site

Description

I.1.3.1 Bowls with molded rim 1

Yoqne‘am I

Light orange-brown clay; white wash and very light green glaze on the interior and over the rim

2

Yoqne‘am I

Light brown clay; buff slip inside and out, transparent yellow, slightly gritty glaze on the interior and over the rim

3

Yoqne‘am I

Buff clay; thin white wash and light green glaze on the interior and over the rim

I.1.3.2 Bowls with ledge rim 4

Yoqne‘am I

Orange-brown clay; whitish slip inside and over the rim, deep green glaze on the interior

5

Yoqne‘am I

Orange-brown clay; white slip on the inside and over the rim, poor light green glaze, which tends to flake, on the interior

6

Yoqne‘am I

Brown clay; buff wash and transparent yellow glaze on the interior and over the rim

12

MIRIAM AVISSAR AND EDNA J. STERN

I.1.4 Monochrome Glazed Bowls II Two main types of monochrome, mostly green-glazed bowls—Types I.1.4.1 and I.1.4.2—can be assigned to the Mamluk period. They differ from each other in form, as well as in glaze quality. The largest group comprises the rounded and carinated bowls classed under Type I.1.4.1. These bowls do not form a homogeneous group; there is a clear variety in form, ranging from simple incurved profiles to sharply carinated vessels. Most of the bowls have a well-adhering glaze of many different shades of green. Yellow-glazed vessels are by far less common; usually their glaze has patches and splashes of green. The bowls of Type I.1.4.2 are very homogeneous in both form and glaze. The glaze is nearly always of a beautiful deep green, which tends to flake easily. So far, no yellow-glazed vessels of this type have been found. Together these bowls form the largest group of Mamluk glazed wares besides the slip-painted wares— Type I.1.6. It is possible that their production continued into the Ottoman period. The bowls with an everted or bevelled rim—Type I.1.4.3—are another type grouped under monochrome glazed wares. These bowls are not well known, and thus far not many have been recovered. They are distinguished from the other glazed wares by their light clay. I.1.4.1 Bowls with Rounded or Carinated Profile (Fig. 4; Pl. III) Description. Bowls with a slightly curved or carinated profile and a plain, rounded and often somewhat thickened rim. They have a low ring base.

Fabric: Mostly orange-brown clay. Slip: Thick white slip on the interior and over the rim. Glaze: Various shades of green, usually well-adhering glaze. Yellow glaze, sometimes with splashes of green, is less common. The bowls are glazed on the interior and over the rim. Decoration: None. Date. Second half of the thirteenth century to the fifteenth century and later. Occurrences. ‘Afula: Dothan 1955: Fig. 7:13, 14. Banias: Unpublished. Bet Zeneta, H.: Getzov 2000:87*, Fig. 24:2–4. Burin, Kh.: Kletter and Stern, forthcoming. Al-Burj al-Ahmar: Pringle 1986b:147–149, Fig. 49:52, 54. Capernaum: Loffreda 1982: Fig. 9:5. Giv‘at Dani: Lazar 1999:128*, Fig. 2:1–6. Kanaf, Kh.: Avissar, forthcoming (a). Qazrin: Avissar, forthcoming (c). St. Mary of Carmel: Pringle 1984:103, Fig. 7:42–44. Yoqne‘am: Avissar 1996a:100, GLB Type 48, Fig. XIII.36; 2005. Damascus: Toueir 1973:210–12, Pls. IB: a–g, VI:6–9. Remarks. These simple monochrome glazed bowls were most popular during the Mamluk period. Simple monochrome green-glazed bowls also appeared during the Ottoman period, but those vessels are usually larger and cruder, often with a grooved and thumb-indented base ring.

Fig. 4. Type I.1.4—monochrome glazed bowls II. ► No.

Site

Description

I.1.4.1 Monochrome glazed bowls with rounded or carinated profile 1

Banias

Brick-red clay, exterior fired to dark-brown, well fired; white slip on the interior and over the rim, green glaze inside, dripping over the rim

2

Yoqne‘am

Orange-brown clay; many minute and small white grits, whitish slip and light greenish-yellow glaze with a few splashes of green on the interior and over the rim

3

Yoqne‘am I

Orange-brown clay; thick white slip and yellow glaze on the interior and over the rim, tinges of green on the rim

4

Yoqne‘am I

Orange-brown clay; white slip on the interior and poorly melted green glaze and over the rim

5

Yoqne‘am I

Light brown clay; white slip and green glaze on the interior and over the rim

6

Yoqne‘am I

Light brown clay; light pinkish wash on the interior and over the rim, traces of green glaze on the interior

13

PART I: GLAZED TABLE WARES

22

11

44

33

66

55

88

77

9

1010

11 11

12 12

13 13

14 14

15 15

Fig. 4 (cont.). Type I.1.4—monochrome glazed bowls II. No.

Site

Description

7

Banias

Orange-brown clay; white slip inside and down to carination outside, yellow-green glaze on the interior and over the rim

8

Yoqne‘am I

Brown clay; white slip inside and over the rim, yellow-green glaze on the interior Brick-red clay; white slip inside and down to carination outside, green glaze on the interior and over the rim

9

Banias

10

Banias

Brown clay; white wash and green glaze on the interior and over the rim

11

Qazrin

Orange-brown clay; white wash inside and out down to carination, yellow-green glaze on the interior and over the rim

12

Yoqne‘am

Orange-brown clay; thick white slip and yellow glaze on the interior and over the rim, tinges of green on the rim

13

Banias

Orange-brown clay; white slip inside and over the rim down to carination, green glaze on the interior and over the rim

14

Banias

Light brown clay; white slip inside and down to carination outside, green glaze on the interior and over the rim

15

Qazrin

Light brown clay; light pinkish wash on the interior and over the rim, traces of green glaze inside

14

MIRIAM AVISSAR AND EDNA J. STERN

I.1.4.2 Bowls with Thickened, Out-Turned Rim (Fig. 5:1–6; Pl. IV:1)

I.1.4.3 Bowls with Out-Folded or Everted Rim (Fig. 5:7–10; Pl. IV:2)

Description. Bowls with slightly curved sides and a thickened, out-turned, flattened rim and a low ring base. The bowls differ in size; some may be quite large. Fabric: Orange-brown clay. Slip: Thick white slip on the interior and over the rim. Glaze: Deep green, well-melted glaze that tends to flake off. The bowls are glazed on the interior and over the rim. Decoration: Only a few vessels are decorated with sgraffito.

Description. Rounded and carinated bowls with a small ledge rim and a ring base. Fabric: Light, pinkish-brown or reddish-brown clay, fired to buff on the surface. Slip: Usually white slip on the interior and exterior, but there are bowls without any slip. Glaze: Bright yellow or bright green glaze. The vessels are glazed on the interior and over the rim. Decoration: Some bowls are decorated with different colored glaze-painted design.

Date. Fourteenth to fifteenth centuries.

Date. Probably the late thirteenth century to the fifteenth century.

Occurrences. ‘Afula: Dothan 1955: Fig. 7:8, 12, 16. Burin, Kh.: Kletter and Stern, forthcoming. Al-Burj al-Ahmar: Pringle 1986b:147–149, Fig. 49:50, 51. Kanaf, Kh.: Avissar, forthcoming (a). St. Mary of Carmel: Pringle 1984:103, Fig. 7:4.1 Yoqne‘am: Avissar 1996a:100, GLB Type 49, Fig. XIII.49, Photo XIII.49 (for bowls decorated with sgraffito see Avissar 1996a:100, Type 50, Fig. XIII.38); 2005. Remarks. These bowls are abundant at all sites with Mamluk occupation levels, mainly in the northern part of the country. This type is absent from the assemblage of Mamluk pottery from Cistern E in the Armenian Garden in Jerusalem.

Occurrences. Abu Gosh: de Vaux and Stève 1950: Fig. 32:6. Acre: Edelstein and Avissar 1997:130, Fig. 1:1. ‘Afula: Dothan 1955: Fig. 7:14. Bet Zeneta, H.: Getzov 2000:87*, Fig. 24:8. Jerusalem, Knights’ Palace: Avissar, forthcoming (b). Ramla: Torge, forthcoming. Yoqne‘am: Avissar 1996a:102, GLB Type 53, Fig. XIII.41. Remarks. This type is thus far not well known.

Fig. 5. Type I.1.4—monochrome glazed bowls II (cont.). ► No.

Site

Description

I.1.4.2 Bowls with thickened, out-turned rim 1

Yoqne‘am I

Orange-brown clay; whitish slip and green glaze on the interior and over the rim, glaze tends to flake

2

Yoqne‘am I

Orange-brown clay; whitish slip and deep green glaze on the interior and over the rim, glaze tends to flake

3

Yoqne‘am

Orange-brown clay; white slip and green glaze on the interior and over the rim, glaze tends to flake

4

Yoqne‘am I

Orange-brown clay; whitish slip and deep green glaze on the interior and partly over the rim, glaze tends to flake

5

Yoqne‘am

Orange-brown clay; whitish slip and deep green glaze on the interior and over the rim, glaze tends to flake

6

Yoqne‘am

Orange-brown clay; whitish slip and deep green glaze on the interior and over the rim, glaze tends to flake

15

PART I: GLAZED TABLE WARES

11

3

2 2

44

3

6 6

55

77

99

1010

88

Fig. 5 (cont.). Type I.1.4—monochrome glazed bowls II (cont.). No.

Site

Description

I.1.4.3 Bowls with out-folded or everted rim 7

Jerusalem— Knights’ Palace

Very light, yellow-brown clay; yellow-green glaze on the interior and partly on the exterior

8

Ramla

Very light brown clay, white grits and lime inclusions; white wash and yellow glaze on the interior, decorated with vertical streaks in dark-green and brown

9

Yoqne‘am I

Pinkish-buff clay; white slip inside and out, bright green glaze on the interior and over the rim

Jerusalem— Knights’ Palace

Yellow-buff clay; yellow glaze on the interior and over the rim

10

16

MIRIAM AVISSAR AND EDNA J. STERN

I.1.5 Glazed Bowls with Sgraffito Decoration Three distinctive groups of sgraffito wares could be discerned. The bowls with fine sgraffito form the first group—Type I.1.5.1. They started to appear at about the beginning of the thirteenth century (Mt. Tabor, Battista and Bagatti 1976). Thus far, the duration of use of this group is unclear. As opposed to the earlier gritty ware bowls, their incised designs are executed with care and are well planned. Many of these bowls have a ledge rim and may be compared to the monochrome bowls of Type I.1.3.2, while bowls of the second group—bowls with gouged sgraffito, Type I.1.5.2—always have incurved or carinated sides, similar to the monochrome bowls of Types I.1.4.1 and I.1.4.2. It seems the gouged ware developed from the former, since some of the incised designs appear on both types (compare Figs. 4:2 and 4:5). The third group, bowls with external sgraffito—Type I.1.5.3—is thus far not well known, as only a few examples have been found. It seems these bowls were inspired by metal vessels in both form and design. I.1.5.1 Bowls with Fine Sgraffito (Fig. 6:1–4; Pl. V:1–3) Description. Conical, rounded, or carinated bowls, as well as bowls with a ledge rim. All vessels have a low ring base. Fabric: Orange-brown to reddish-brown clay. Slip: Whitish slip on the interior and over the rim. Glaze: Monochrome green or yellow glaze, as well as yellow-glazed vessels with touches and splashes of green. The bowls are glazed on the interior and over the rim. Decoration: Fine sgraffito decoration, penetrating the clay body of the vessel. The designs are geometric: criss-cross patterns, spirals, wavy lines, and stylized vegetal designs. Date. Thirteenth century. Occurrences. Banias: Unpublished. Bet Zeneta, H.: Getzov 2000:87*, Fig. 24:5, 9. Burin, Kh.: Kletter and Stern, forthcoming. Caesarea: Pringle 1985: Figs. 10:54, 11:53. Capernaum: Loffreda 1982: Fig. 9:1. Giv‘at Dani: Lazar 1999:128*, Fig. 2:11. Jerusalem: Tushingham 1985: Fig. 44:8. Mount Tabor: Battista and Bagatti 1976: Pl. 28:2, 3.

Ramla: Torge, forthcoming. Safed, Fortress: Unpublished. Shema, Kh.: Meyers, Kraabel, and Strange 1976:215– 216, Fig. 18:23, Pl. 7.1. Yesud Ha-Ma‘ala: Biran and Shoham 1987: Figs. 8: 2; 12. Yoqne‘am: Avissar 1996a:93–95, GLB Types 40, 43, Figs. XIII.28, XIII.31; 2005. ‘Arqa, Tell: Thalmann 1978: Fig. 35:1. Remarks. The earliest dated appearance of this material is at Mount Tabor, 1212–1218 CE. It seems this ware was more popular in areas that fell under Ayyubid rule after the battle of Hattin. Only a few sherds of this ware have been found at the Crusader site of Yoqne‘am, where imported sgraffito ware was preferred. This ware is absent from the late fourteenth-century assemblage of Cistern E in Jerusalem (Tushingham 1985:147–151). I.1.5.2 Bowls with Gouged Sgraffito (Fig. 6:5–7; Pl. V:4–8) Description. Mainly conical, rounded, or carinated bowls. All vessels have a low ring base. Fabric: Orange-brown or reddish-brown clay. Slip: Whitish slip on the interior and over the rim. Glaze: Monochrome yellow glaze, with touches and splashes of green. The bowls are glazed on the interior and over the rim. Decoration: Gouged sgraffito designs, which appear sometimes together with fine sgraffito. Most of the designs are composed of straight, as well as wavy, lines and spirals. Date. Fourteenth to fifteenth centuries. Occurrences. Banias: Unpublished. Burin, Kh.: Kletter and Stern, forthcoming. Caesarea: Pringle 1985:186, Fig. 11:55. Capernaum: Loffreda 1982: Fig. 9:2. Giv‘at Yasaf: Stern 1999:125–126, Fig. 1:5–9. Kanaf, Kh.: Avissar, forthcoming (a). Nazareth: Bagatti 1984: Fig. 56:7. Safed: Unpublished. St. Mary of Carmel: Pringle 1984:106–107, Fig. 8:69–71. Ez-Zuq el-Pauqani: Unpublished. Damascus: Toueir 1973: Pl. IA. Kerak Plateau: Brown 1991:236, Fig. 278:451. Tripoli: Salamé-Sarkis 1980: Pl. 52:2.

17

PART I: GLAZED TABLE WARES

1 1

33

2 2

44

66

5 5

88

7 7

99

Fig. 6. Type I.1.5—glazed bowls with sgraffito decoration.

18

MIRIAM AVISSAR AND EDNA J. STERN

Remarks. This ware does not appear in Crusader assemblages. It seems to be well represented in Syria and the northern part of Israel. It is absent, however, at Yoqne‘am, and from the Mamluk pottery assemblage of Jerusalem, dated to the last quarter of the fourteenth century (Tushingham 1985:147). I.1.5.3 Bowls with External Sgraffito (Fig. 6:8, 9; Pl. V:9) Description. Bowls with straight walls with a low carination. Usually there is a ridge about 2 cm below the outer rim. Fabric: Orange-brown clay. Slip: White slip on the interior and exterior. Glaze: Green glaze on the interior and exterior. The glaze is usually well melted and firmly adhering. Decoration: Fine, combed sgraffito, sometimes combined with gouged sgraffito. Designs consist of straight and wavy lines.

Date. Probably the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries. Occurrences. Banias: Unpublished. Capernaum: Loffreda 1982: Fig. 9:6. Giv‘at Yasaf: Stern 1999:132, Fig. 3:30. Safed: Unpublished. Yoqne‘am: Avissar 1996a:98, GLB Type 47, Fig. XIII.35. Ez-Zuq el-Pauqani: Unpublished. Remarks. Few examples of this type are known thus far. They seem to be somewhat later than the gouged sgraffito bowls, though no exact date can be provided. At Yoqne‘am there were several examples of these externally decorated bowls, but no gouged sgraffito ware has been found.

◄ Fig. 6. Type I.1.5—glazed bowls with sgraffito decoration. No.

Site

Description

I.1.5.1 Bowls with fine sgraffito 1

Banias

Orange-brown clay; white slip and yellow glaze on the interior, sgraffito decoration

2

Yoqne‘am

Orange-brown clay; white slip on the interior and over the rim, yellow glaze with patches of green inside, sgraffito decoration

3

Ramla

Orange-brown clay, some white grits; whitish slip on the interior and on upper half of the exterior, inside yellow glaze with splashes, sgraffito decoration

4

Banias

Orange-brown clay; white slip and green glaze on the interior and over the rim, sgraffito decoration

I.1.5.2 Bowls with gouged sgraffito 5

Banias

Orange-brown clay; white slip on the interior and over the rim, yellow glaze with splashes of green inside, sgraffito and gouged decoration

6

Kh. Kanaf

Orange-brown clay; whitish slip and yellow glaze with splashes of green on the interior and over the rim, sgraffito and gouged decoration

7

Kh. Kanaf

Orange-brown clay; whitish slip and yellow glaze with splashes of green on the interior and over the rim, sgraffito and gouged decoration

I.1.5.3 Bowls with external sgraffito 8

Banias

Reddish-brown clay; white slip and green glaze on both surface, sgraffito decoration on the exterior

9

Yoqne‘am I

Light brown clay; white wash and green glaze on both surface, sgraffito decoration on the exterior

PART I: GLAZED TABLE WARES

I.1.6 Bowls with Slip-Painted Decoration Slip-painted wares are one of the most popular glazed wares over the centuries. Two main groups can be distinguished. The first and main group—Types I.1.6.1—I.1.6.3—consists of vessels with geometric designs. The designs are painted in white slip on the clay body and then covered with a transparent yellow or green glaze, which renders the painted design in yellow or green on the dark background of the unslipped clay. The painted designs of the local wares are mostly simple linear patterns, while the imported Byzantine and Cypriot wares (Types I.4 and I.8, respectively, see below, pp. 40 ff., 57 ff.) are decorated mainly with spirals. The second group—Types I.1.6.4 and I.1.6.5— represents the so-called ‘reserved slip ware’. These bowls are decorated with irregular patches of white slip, deliberately leaving parts of the interior of the vessel undecorated. The bare areas appear dark brown under the transparent glaze. This group is less common than the former. I.1.6.1–I.1.6.2 Bowls with Slip-Painted Decoration (Fig. 7:1–8; Pl. VI:1–7) Description. Conical, rounded, or carinated bowls with a plain or thickened rim, as well as bowls with a ledge rim. The bowls have been divided into two groups according to their glaze color: Type I.1.6.1—yellow-glazed slip-painted bowls Type I.1.6.2—green-glazed slip-painted bowls Fabric: Reddish-brown or orange-brown clay. Slip: White slip was used to paint designs on the clay, instead of forming a background. Glaze: Monochrome yellow or transparent green glaze. The bowls are glazed on the interior only. Green-glazed wares seem to be less popular. Decoration: White slip-painted geometric designs. Irregular abstract and net patterns, five- or six-pointed stars with a central mark, seldom spirals. Date. Slip-painted ware started to appear in this area at about the second half of the twelfth century. It was especially popular during the Mamluk period. Slippainted wares continued in production during the Ottoman period but in different clay and shapes, and the painted designs were reduced to mere vertical streaks (François 1995:203–217; Avissar 1997: Fig. 1:9).

19

Occurrences. Abu Gosh: de Vaux and Stève 1950:137– 38, Fig. 32:8, 9, 112, 14, 16, 17, Pl. XVIII:2. Banias: Unpublished. Bet She’an: Unpublished. Bet Zeneta, H.: Getzov 2000:87*, Fig. 24:12, 13. Burin, Kh.: Kletter and Stern, forthcoming. Al-Burj al-Ahmar: Pringle 1986b:149–150, Fig. 50: 64–69. Caesarea: Pringle 1985:179, 183, Fig. 6:34–36, Pl. XVII:2. Emmaus-Qubeibeh: Bagatti 1993: Fig. 31:10–13. Giv‘at Dani: Lazar 1999:128*, Fig. 2:12, 13. Jerusalem: Tushingham 1985: Figs. 35:27, 28, 30, 31, 37:5, 38:7, 40:2, 4, 15, 44:5, 7. St. Mary of Carmel: Pringle 1984:103, Figs. 6:48–50, 7:51. Yoqne‘am: Avissar 1996a: 96, GLB Types 44–45, Figs. XIII.32, XIII.33. ‘Arqa, Tell: Thalmann 1978: Fig. 33:1–3. Hama: Poulsen 1957:236–239, Figs. 821–831. Pella: Smith 1973: Pl. 72:494, 1019. Remarks. The slip-painted bowls of the Crusader period appear in varied shapes, such as rounded or carinated, as well as with a ledge rim. The slip-painted bowls of the Mamluk period are incurved or carinated; they correspond in shape to the monochrome glazed bowls of Type I.1.4. I.1.6.3 Regional Slip-Painted Bowls (Fig. 7:9–11; Back Cover: bottom row, left) Description. Bowls with a ledge or a simple rim, or a variant of a smaller bowl with a very wide ledge rim. A low ring base. Fabric: Coarse red clay with grits and occasionally large white inclusions. Slip: White slip was used to paint designs on the clay, instead of forming a background. Glaze: Transparent glaze that occasionally is not preserved. Decoration: Creamy white slip-painted design that usually consists of broad, straight, intersecting lines. Circle designs appear as well, but are less common. Date. Twelfth to thirteenth centuries. Occurrences. Acre: Stern 1997:47–48, Fig. 74:64– 66; Stern and Waksman 2003:170–171, Fig. 5; unpublished.

20

MIRIAM AVISSAR AND EDNA J. STERN

Caesarea: Pringle 1985:179–183, Fig. 5:26–29, Pl. XVII:2. ‘Uza, H.: Stern and Tatcher, forthcoming. ‘Arqa, Tell: Hakimian and Salamé-Sarkis 1988:19–20, Fig. 10:1–3, Pl. V:1. Paphos: Rosser 1985:89, Fig. F:3, Pl.15. Remarks. This type was found mainly at sites in the Mediterranean coastal area, while Types I.1.6.1 and I.1.6.2 were discovered in all geographical areas

in Israel. A variation of the latter continued to be manufactured in the Mamluk period, while the coastal type is not known in contexts later than the thirteenth century. Petrographic analysis of a bowl from the courthouse site in Acre shows that it was probably manufactured in southern Lebanon (Goren 1997:72). Other bowls examined by chemical and petrographic analyses from various excavations in Acre yielded the same result (Stern and Waksman 2003:173–175).

Fig. 7. Type I.1.6—bowls with slip-painted decoration. ► No.

Site

Description

I.1.6.1 Yellow-glazed slip-painted bowls 1

Banias

Reddish-brown clay; slip-painted decoration under transparent yellow glaze on the interior, glazed inside and over the rim

2

Banias

Reddish-brown clay; slip-painted decoration under transparent yellow glaze on the interior

3

Yoqne‘am I

Brown clay; slip-painted decoration under transparent yellow glaze on the interior

4

Yoqne‘am I

Orange-brown clay; slip-painted decoration under transparent yellow glaze on the interior

I.1.6.2 Green-glazed slip-painted bowls 5

Bet She’an 1988

Reddish-brown clay; slip-painted decoration under transparent green glaze on the interior

6

Yoqne‘am I

Reddish-brown clay; slip-painted decoration under transparent green glaze on the interior

7

Banias

Dark brown clay; slip-painted decoration under transparent green glaze on the interior

8

Yoqne‘am I

Orange-brown clay, fired to red-brown on surface; slip-painted decoration under transparent green glaze on the interior

I.1.6.3 Regional slip-painted bowls 9

Acre

Red clay, many small white and black grits, many large white inclusions; white slip-painted lines and circles on the interior under a thin transparent glaze, most of which is eroded

10

Acre

Red clay, many small white and black grits, many large white inclusions; white slip-painted lines on the interior under a thin transparent glaze, most of which is eroded

11

Acre

Red clay, many small white and black grits, some grog; white slip-painted lines on the interior under a thin transparent glaze, most of which is eroded

21

PART I: GLAZED TABLE WARES

33

11

44

22

55

77

88

66

99

10 10

Fig. 7. Type I.1.6—bowls with slip-painted decoration.

11 11

22

MIRIAM AVISSAR AND EDNA J. STERN

I.1.6.4 Reserved Slip Bowls of the Crusader Period (Fig. 8:1, 2; Pl. VI:8) Description. Shallow bowls with a ledge rim and a low ring base. Fabric: Coarse red clay with grits and occasionally large white inclusions. Slip: White slip on part of the interior of the bowl. Glaze: Yellowish glaze on the interior of the bowl. Decoration: Parts of the interior of the vessel were coated with slip, and part was left intentionally without slip. After the application of the glaze, the areas with the slip appear to be yellow, and those without the glaze appear to be brown. Occasionally dabs of green glaze were added. Date. Twelfth to thirteenth centuries. Occurrences. Acre: Stern and Waksman 2003:170–171, Fig. 5; unpublished. Caesarea: Pringle 1985:179, Figs. 23–25. Remarks. The clay and shape of this type are similar to Types I.1.2.1, I.1.2.2, and I.1.6.3; it seems that they were all manufactured in one area. Chemical and petrographic analyses of bowls from various excavations in Acre showed that this type was probably manufactured in Lebanon (Stern and Waksman 2003:173–175). It is not found in contexts later than the thirteenth century. I.1.6.5 Reserved Slip Bowls of the Mamluk Period (Fig. 8:3–7; Pl. VI:9, 10)

Kanaf, Kh.: Avissar, forthcoming (a). Safed, Fortress: Unpublished. Yoqne‘am: Avissar 1996a:96, GLB Type 46, Fig. XIII.34. Tripoli: Salamé-Sarkis 1980: Pls. LIV–LVI, LXXII.5. Remarks. This ware is less popular than the slippainted wares. It is probable that this is the type that was manufactured in the Mamluk period, since the vessel shapes correspond to those of Type I.1.4. I.1.7 Bowls with Molded Decoration (Fig. 8:8–11; Pl. VII) The moldmade bowls appear in different sizes and glaze colors but the general shape is always the same. They were made with care, and their glaze is well melted and well adhering. Unlike the rest of the Mamluk glazed wares, these moldmade vessels are glazed inside and out. The larger bowls are decorated in two registers: the upper, broad one carries an inscription of blessings, while the lower, narrow register bears a vegetal or geometric design. The smaller bowls have an overall vegetal or geometric design. A bowl found at Hama (see below) has been attributed to Egypt, but since a kiln site excavated in the Jewish Quarter of Jerusalem (Avigad 1980:255, Fig. 302; Ben-Dov 1982:365, see remarks there) has yielded several complete vessels, it seems secure to assume that these moldmade bowls were produced in Jerusalem.

Date. Probably the second half of the thirteenth century and the fourteenth century.

Description. Bowls with gently curved sides and a thickened, incurved rim. The bowls have a high trumpet base, which is sometimes left unglazed: Type I.1.7.1—bowls decorated with inscriptions Type I.1.7.2—bowls with vegetal or geometric decoration Fabric: Orange or pinkish-buff clay. Slip: White slip on the interior and exterior. Glaze: Monochrome green, purple, or yellow glaze on the interior and exterior. Occasionally the bowls are glazed in two colors, for example yellow on the interior, green on the exterior. Decoration: Molded decoration on the exterior of the vessel.

Occurrences. Bet Zeneta, H.: Getzov 2000:87*, Fig. 24:1. Giv‘at Yasaf: Stern 1999:126–127, Fig. 1:10.

Date. Probably fourteenth century; a date at the end of the fourteenth century is attested by the finds from Jerusalem.

Description. Hemispherical, incurved, or carinated bowls. The shapes of this group correspond to the monochrome and slip-painted wares of the Mamluk period, Type I.1.4. Fabric: Orange-brown clay. Slip: Irregular patches of white slip on the interior. Glaze: Yellow glaze with patches and splashes of green. Decoration: Irregular patches of white slip.

23

PART I: GLAZED TABLE WARES

11

22

4 4

33

7 7 66 55

88

10 10

11 11

99

Fig. 8. Type I.1.6—bowls with slip-painted decoration (cont.); Type I.1.7—bowls with molded decoration.

24

MIRIAM AVISSAR AND EDNA J. STERN

Occurrences. Burin, Kh.: Kletter and Stern, forthcoming. Giv‘at Dani: Lazar 1999:128*, Fig. 2:9. Jerusalem: Tushingham 1985: Figs. 39:12, 41:31, 36, 41, 44:13, 15; Avigad 1980:255, Fig. 302; Ben-Dov 1982:365; Wightman 1989:76–77, Pls. 43:11, 12, 64:9–13, 65:1, 2. Nazareth: Bagatti 1984:194–196, Fig. 68, Pl. 78. Ramla: Torge, forthcoming. Yoqne‘am: Avissar 1996a:102, GLB Type 55, Fig. XIII.43, Photo XIII.26.

Hama: Poulsen 1957:130, No. 398, Class IVA, for the inscription see p. 290, No. 4. Remarks. The bowl from Hama has been dated to the twelfth century, which seems to be far too early. No vessel of this type has thus far been found in preMamluk contexts. It is not known until when they were made, but it seems the production does not extend into the Ottoman period.

◄ Fig. 8. Type I.1.6—bowls with slip-painted decoration (cont.); Type I.1.7—bowls with molded decoration. No.

Site

Description

I.1.6.4 Crusader-period reserved-slip bowls 1

Acre

Red clay, many small white and black grits, many large white inclusions; white slip, yellow glaze, dabs of green glaze on the interior and over the rim

2

Acre

Red clay, many small white and black grits, many large white inclusions; white slip, yellow glaze on the interior and over the rim

I.1.6.5 Mamluk-period reserved-slip bowls 3

Yoqne‘am I

Reddish-brown clay; white reserved slip under green glaze

4

Kh. Kanaf

Orange-brown clay, patches of white slip under transparent yellow glaze with splashes of green

5

Kh. Kanaf

Orange-brown clay; patches of white slip under transparent yellow glaze with splashes of green

6

Yoqne‘am I

Orange-brown clay; whitish reserved slip on the interior and over the rim, poor green, gritty glaze inside

7

Yoqne‘am I

Orange-brown clay; whitish reserved slip on the interior and over the rim, poor green, gritty glaze inside

I.1.7.1 Bowls with molded decoration—inscriptions 8

Yoqne‘am I

Pinkish-buff clay; white slip and green glaze on both surfaces

9

Ramla

Orange-brown clay; white slip, purple-brown glaze on both surfaces

I.1.7.2 Bowls with molded decoration—vegetal or geometric decorations 10

Yoqne‘am I

Orange-buff clay; white slip, poor green glaze on both surfaces, glaze tends to flake

11

Yoqne‘am I

Pinkish-buff clay; white slip and yellow glaze on both surfaces

PART I: GLAZED TABLE WARES

25

I.2 SOFT-PASTE WARES

I.2.1 Soft-Paste Wares Imitating Chinese Porcelain

The twelfth century is a turning point in the production of fine tableware. The Egyptian, as well as the Syrian, potters began employing an artificial soft-paste body, often called faience or frit—a mixture of crushed quartz mixed with white clay and glass-frit—for the production of fine wares. A description of the technique and the material can be found in the famous manuscript treatise written in 1301 by Abulqasim of Kashan (Ritter et al. 1935:16–68; Allan 1973). This artificial fabric was used for luster ware, under- and over-glaze-painted wares and various other fine wares (Porter and Watson 1987). During the twelfth century Egyptian potters arrived in Syria, establishing new production centers. According to Mason this happened c. 1075 (Mason 1997b:176–180), but such an early date for the appearance of soft-paste ware in this area is not supported by any archaeological finds. The earliest finds can be dated no earlier than the second half of the twelfth century. Soft-paste ware appeared in all probability only towards the end of the twelfth century. Only a small quantity of this ware is known in Crusader assemblages of the late twelfth century and the first half of the thirteenth. century. The ware is more common at sites that are by then under Ayyubid rule, as, for example, Jerusalem (Tushingham 1985:143–145; Mason 1997b:185). In Crusader Stratum IIIa at Yoqne‘am only one soft-paste bowl was found. The earliest workshop in Syria was probably near Ma‘arrat al-Nu‘man, and produced the so-called ‘Tell Minis Ware’ (see Porter and Watson 1987), mainly bowls decorated in late Fatimid style, painted in luster on alkaline glaze. From the twelfth century onwards all the Syrian fine wares were fashioned in soft-paste. During the twelfth–fourteenth centuries new decorative styles developed—the various groups of under-glaze-painted ware (see Lane 1971:15–20). Syrian under-glaze-painted wares were produced at Raqqa, which was sacked by the Mongols in 1259, and at Damascus. There were probably additional, so far unknown, production centers. A local workshop may have existed at Bet She’an, where various excavations have yielded large assemblages of under-glaze-painted wares. Many of those vessels showed the same designs, probably executed by the same hand. The production of soft-paste wares continued throughout the Mamluk and the Ottoman periods.

I.2.1.1 Imitation Celadon Ware (Fig. 9:1) Description. Rounded bowls with a ledge rim and a ring foot. The sides of the bowls often have fluted ribbing. Fabric: Whitish soft-paste. Slip: None. Glaze: Greenish glaze on the interior and exterior. Decoration: Moldmade decorations such as fish and floral rosettes in relief on the bottom of the bowls. Date. Second half of the twelfth century to the beginning of the fifteenth century. Occurrences. Banias: Unpublished. Jerusalem: Johns 1950: Pl. LXIII:1. Fustat: Scanlon 1970:88–90, Fig. 10, Pls. XVa, XVIa. Hobson 1932:60–61, Fig. 77. Remarks. Imitation Celadon ware made of soft-paste probably should not be dated before the beginning of the thirteenth century. The piece illustrated here may be an Egyptian import. However, it is possible that this ware was also imitated in Syria (see Porter and Watson 1987:199). I.2.2 Soft-Paste Monochrome Glazed Wares I.2.2.1–I.2.2.2 Undecorated and Incised Wares (Fig. 9:2, 3; Pl. VIII) Description. Conical bowls, conical bowls with a low carination, and bowls with a ledge rim. All bowls have a ring base, often perforated. Type I.2.2.1—undecorated, monochrome glazed bowls Type I.2.2.2—bowls with incised designs and pierced transparencies Fabric: Whitish soft-paste. Slip: None. Glaze: Transparent turquoise or colorless glaze, sometimes with touches of blue. Decoration: Incised designs, sometimes additional pierced transparencies. Date. Twelfth to thirteenth centuries. Occurrences. Banias: Unpublished. Jerusalem: Tushingham 1985:143–144, Figs. 37:14, 38:9, Pls. 134, 135.

26

MIRIAM AVISSAR AND EDNA J. STERN

Yoqne‘am: Avissar 1996a:113, 115, Fig. XIII.61:1. Hama: Poulsen 1957: Figs. 431–433, 458–461. Minis, Tell—Ma‘arrat al-Nu‘man: Porter and Watson 1987:185–186; Pls. B9, B23 for incised and pierced designs on conical bowls, dated to the second half of the twelfth century. Raqqa: Sauvaget 1948:42, Fig. 10:67. Hobson 1932:15–17, Fig. 23. Remarks. Conical bowls with low carination appear only during the first half of the thirteenth century (Philon 1985:115–118). A metal bowl of this shape is dated between 1210 and 1259 (see Rice 1953:232–238). No carinated conical bowls were found among the socalled ‘Tell Minis’ wares from Ma‘arrat al-Nu‘man. The vessels illustrated here must come from a different production center, possibly Raqqa. They are fashioned after Persian prototypes. I.2.3 Under-Glaze-Painted Soft-Paste Wares From c. 1175 onwards all Islamic fine wares were made of soft-paste. The most common soft-paste vessels, produced in Syria as well as in Egypt, are the under-glaze-painted bowls and jars. Four groups can be distinguished; they are presented here in chronological order of their appearance: I. Type I.2.3.1—wares painted in black under transparent turquoise or colorless glaze II. Type I.2.3.2—wares painted in black, blue, and red under transparent colorless glaze III. Type I.2.3.3—wares painted in black and blue under transparent colorless glaze IV. Type I.2.3.4—wares painted in blue under transparent colorless glaze—‘blue-and-white ware’ Groups I and II were in use at the end of the twelfth century, while Group III appeared about the middle of the thirteenth century and was popular during the fourteenth century. Group IV, vessels with blue-painted decoration on a white ground, started to appear at the end of the fourteenth century, with its floruit during the fifteenth century.

I.2.3.1 Soft-Paste Ware Painted in Black or Blue under Transparent Turquoise or Colorless Glaze (Fig. 9:4– 11; Pl. IX:1, 2) Description. Bowls of varied shapes: rounded, conical, or carinated, as well as bowls with a flaring rim and bowls with a ledge rim. Incurved bowls are less common. The bowls always have a ring base, which is often perforated. Other popular forms in this ware are jars and albarelli with a high neck and a thickened, slightly everted rim. Fabric: Whitish soft-paste. Slip: None. Glaze: Transparent turquoise or colorless glaze. Vessels are glazed on the interior and exterior while the base remains unglazed. Decoration: The painted decorations can be geometric, vegetal, or figural designs, as well as animals, arabesques, and inscriptions. They are painted in black under transparent glaze. Vessels with dark blue-painted decoration under turquoise glaze are uncommon. Date. Approximately the second quarter of the twelfth century and the thirteenth century (Mason 1997b; Tonghini 1998:46–51). Occurrences. Acre: Pringle 1997: Fig. 9:32; Stern 1997: Fig. 17:120–123; unpublished. Banias: Unpublished. Bet She’an: Unpublished. Burin, Kh.: Kletter and Stern, forthcoming. Al-Burj al-Ahmar: Pringle 1986b:153, Fig. 51:80, 81. Giv‘at Dani: Lazar 1999:130*, Fig. 3:5. Jerusalem: Tushingham 1985:143–44, Figs. 34:34, 35:32, 38:12, 40:19, 44:1, 2, 4. Yoqne‘am: Avissar 1996a:115, Type 78, Fig. XIII.61, Photos XIII.47–XIII.50; 2005. Hama: Poulsen 1957:157–182, Figs. 492–594. Qal‘at Ja‘bar: Tonghini 1998:46–51, Fritware 2, Figs. 65–69. Bahgat and Massoul 1930:72–73, Pls. XXXIV– XXXVII. Remarks. Raqqa was probably the main production center of this ware, until the Mongols destroyed the city in 1259. Later this under-glaze-painted ware was manufactured in Damascus and perhaps elsewhere in Syria (Lane 1971:44–45; Tonghini 1998:50–51). These wares were also produced in Egypt (see Philon 1985).

27

PART I: GLAZED TABLE WARES

33

22

11

5 5 66

44

77

9

88

10 10

11 11

Fig. 9. Type I.2—soft-paste wares.

9

28

MIRIAM AVISSAR AND EDNA J. STERN

◄ Fig. 9. Type I.2—soft-paste wares. No.

Form

Site

Description

I.2.1.1 Imitation celadon ware 1

Bowl

Banias

Whitish soft-paste; green glaze on both surfaces

I.2.2.1 Undecorated, monochrome glazed bowls 2

Bowl

Banias

Whitish soft-paste; transparent turquoise glaze on the interior and exterior down to base

I.2.2.2 Bowls with incised designs and pierced transparencies 3

Bowl

Banias

White soft-paste; incised and pierced decoration under transparent turquoise glaze, glazed on the interior and exterior down to base

I.2.3.1 Wares painted in black or blue under transparent turquoise or colorless glaze 4

Bowl

Yoqne‘am I

Whitish soft-paste; black-painted decoration under transparent turquoise glaze on both surfaces, base perforated and unglazed

5

Bowl

Banias

Whitish soft-paste; black-painted decoration under transparent turquoise glaze on both surfaces

6

Bowl

Yoqne‘am

Whitish soft-paste; black-painted decoration under transparent turquoise glaze on both surfaces, base perforated and unglazed

7

Bowl

Yoqne‘am I

White soft-paste; black-painted decoration under transparent turquoise glaze

8

Bowl

Banias

White soft-paste; black-painted decoration under transparent turquoise glaze

9

Bowl

Bet She’an 1988

White soft-paste; dark blue-painted decoration under transparent turquoise glaze, glazed on the interior and exterior down to base

10

Bowl

Banias

White soft-paste; dark blue-painted decoration under transparent turquoise glaze, glazed on the interior and exterior down to base

11

Closed vessel

Yoqne‘am I

White soft-paste; black-painted decoration under transparent turquoise glaze, glazed on both surfaces

I.2.3.2 Soft-Paste Ware Painted in Black, Blue, and Red under Transparent Colorless Glaze (Fig. 10; Pl. IX:3–5) Description. Bowls of various shapes, jars, and jugs. Most of the bowls have a flaring rim or a ledge rim. Less common are hemispherical bowls or cups with vertical sides and a handle. All bowls have a ring base. The jars are piriform with a slightly tapering neck and a thick rounded rim; albarelli also appear. Jugs are not common; they are small and squat, with a straight neck and a simple rim. Fabric: Whitish paste. Slip: None. Glaze: Transparent colorless glaze on the interior and exterior; the base usually remains unglazed. Decoration: Under-glaze-painted decoration in black, blue, and red. There are vessels with figurative patterns as well as non-figurative, geometric, and stylized vegetal patterns. Date. Probably the last quarter of the twelfth century to the fourteenth century (Poulsen 1957:196).

Occurrences. Acre: Unpublished. Banias: Unpublished. Bet She’an: Unpublished. Jerusalem: Tushingham 1985: Figs. 34:42, 38:6, 40:7, 11. Hama: Poulsen 1957:182–198, Figs. 595–665. Lane 1971:15–20. Porter 1981:29–35. Remarks. The main center of manufacture of this ware was in northern Mesopotamia, probably at Raqqa or Rusafa. After the sack of Raqqa by the Mongols in 1259, production of this ware continued in Damascus at Fustat. However, no kiln wasters have been found thus far there (Bahgat and Massoul 1930:71–72; Scanlon 1984:119). This ware is known in Ayyubid contexts in Jerusalem and is absent from the late fourteenth-century Mamluk assemblage from Jerusalem’s Cistern E. I.2.3.3 Soft-Paste Ware Painted in Black and Blue under Transparent Colorless Glaze (Figs. 11, 12:1–4; Pl. X) Description. Bowls of various shapes—carinated, conical, rounded, nearly hemispherical—and bowls

PART I: GLAZED TABLE WARES

with a ledge rim; all the forms usually have a ring base. Jars—piriform and albarelli—also occur. Fabric: Whitish paste. Slip: None. Glaze: Transparent colorless glaze. The vessels are glazed on the interior and exterior, the base usually remains unglazed. Decoration: Under-glaze-painted decoration in black and blue. The blue was apt to run in the glaze; therefore, it was mainly applied as a wash to fill in patterns outlined in black, or as linear patterns to enhance the design. Most of the vessels show non-figurative, floral, vegetal, and geometric designs. Among the figurative designs are animals, birds, fish, and human faces. Jars are often decorated in registers. Some vessels bear large inscriptions (Lane 1971:17–20, Pls. 10–12). At Hama the ware has been divided into several sub-types, based on stylistic elements (see Poulsen 1957:202–224). Date. The earliest examples of black- and blue-painted vessels appeared in Persia at the end of the twelfth century (Poulsen 1957:202). In Syria this ware gained popularity during the thirteenth century. The floruit of this ware was during the fourteenth century, continuing into the fifteenth century (Lane 1971: Pl. 16A). Various types of under-glaze-painted wares made of soft-paste were produced in Damascus until the sixteenth– seventeenth centuries (Lane 1971:31; Porter and Watson 1987:205, Pls. 12, 13). Occurrences. Banias: Unpublished. Bet She’an: Unpublished. Burin, Kh.: Kletter and Stern, forthcoming. Al-Burj al-Ahmar: Pringle 1986b:150–153, Fig. 51:82–86. Giv‘at Dani: Lazar 1999:130*, Fig. 3:1–4. Jerusalem: Tushingham 1985:143–144, Fig. 40:8, 17. Ramla: Unpublished. St. Mary of Carmel: Pringle 1984:107, Fig. 9:74–76. Yoqne‘am: Avissar 1996a:116, GLB Type 79, Fig. XIII.62, Photos XIII.51–XIII.54. Fustat: Scanlon 1984: Pl. 10. Hama: Poulsen 1957:202–224, Figs. 685–776. Lane 1971:15–20. Remarks. This is the most popular group of Syrian under-glaze-painted wares. One production center was probably in Damascus; it was active until the sixteenth–

29

seventeenth centuries (Porter and Watson 1887:205, Pl. 13). A similar ware was also produced in Egypt, where by the fifteenth century the black under-glaze color had been replaced with manganese purple (Scanlon 1984:118–121, Fig. 11). I.2.3.4 Soft-Paste Ware Painted in Blue under Transparent Colorless Glaze (Fig. 12:5, 6; Pl. XI) Description. Bowls with an everted or ledge rim; often lobed, rounded, or hemispherical bowls, incurved bowls with fluted sides, jars, and albarelli, as well as hexagonal wall tiles. Fabric: Whitish paste. Slip: None. Glaze: Transparent colorless glaze. Decoration: These vessels imitate in form and decorative designs the Chinese blue-and-white Ming porcelain (Type I.12.2). The patterns are mainly nonfigurative patterns, the most common being lotuses growing in water and other floral or vegetal patterns. There are also some figurative patterns such as birds. Motifs adapted from porcelain also appear on hexagonal wall tiles. Date. The end of the fourteenth century through the fifteenth century. Occurrences. ‘Akko (Acre), Hammam: Unpublished. Banias: Unpublished. Al-Burj al-Ahmar: Pringle 1986b: Fig. 5:87. Capernaum: Loffreda 1982: Fig. 14. Jerusalem, Kishle: Unpublished. Qazrin: Avissar, forthcoming (c). St. Mary of Carmel: Pringle 1984:107, 109, Fig. 9: 78–79. Fustat: Scanlon 1970:91–92. Hama: Poulsen 1957:224–30, Figs. 777–798. Abel 1930. Bahgat and Massoul 1930:74–80, Pls. XXXIX–VLVII. Remarks. The most important production centers were in Egypt (Scanlon 1984:118, Pl. 7) and Syria (Lane 1971:29–30, Pls. 13–15). The artists now signed their works (Abel 1930). The ware is only sparsely represented among excavated material in Israel.

30

MIRIAM AVISSAR AND EDNA J. STERN

1 1

2 2

33

44

55

Fig. 10. Type I.2.3—under-glaze-painted soft-paste wares. No.

Form

Site

Description

I.2.3.2 Wares painted in black, blue, and red under colorless transparent glaze 1

Bowl

Bet She’an 1998

White soft-paste; black-, blue-, and red-painted decoration under transparent colorless glaze

2

Bowl

Bet She’an 1998

White soft-paste; black-, blue-, and red-painted decoration under transparent colorless glaze

3

Bowl

Bet She’an 1988

White soft-paste; black-, blue-, and red-painted decoration under transparent colorless glaze

4

Jar

Bet She’an 1998

White soft-paste; black- and red-painted decoration under transparent turquoise glaze

5

Jar

Bet She’an 1998

White soft-paste; black- and red-painted decoration under transparent colorless glaze

31

PART I: GLAZED TABLE WARES

33

11 22

44

55

6 6

88 77

Fig. 11. Type I.2.3—under-glaze-painted soft-paste wares.

32

MIRIAM AVISSAR AND EDNA J. STERN

◄ Fig. 11. Type I.2.3—under-glaze-painted soft-paste wares (cont.). No.

Form

Site

Description

I.2.3.3 Wares painted in black and blue under colorless transparent glaze 1

Bowl

Bet She’an 1998

White soft-paste; black- and blue-painted decoration under transparent colorless glaze

2

Bowl

Bet She’an 1998

White soft-paste; black- and blue-painted decoration under transparent colorless glaze

3

Bowl

Yoqne‘am I

White soft-paste; black- and blue-painted decoration under transparent colorless glaze

4

Bowl

Bet She’an 1988

White soft-paste; black- and blue-painted decoration under transparent colorless glaze

5

Bowl

Bet She’an 1998

White soft-paste; black- and blue-painted decoration under transparent colorless glaze

6

Bowl

Bet She’an 1998

White soft-paste; black- and blue-painted decoration under transparent colorless glaze

7

Jar

Banias

White soft-paste; black- and blue-painted decoration under transparent colorless glaze

8

Jar

Banias

White soft-paste; black- and blue-painted decoration under transparent colorless glaze

Fig. 12. Type I.2.3—under-glaze-painted soft-paste wares (cont.). ► No.

Form

Site

Description

I.2.3.3 Wares painted in black and blue under colorless transparent glaze (cont.) 1

Bowl

Bet She’an 1998

White soft-paste; black- and blue-painted decoration under transparent colorless glaze

2

Bowl

Bet She’an 1998

White soft-paste; black- and blue-painted decoration under transparent colorless glaze

3

Bowl

Bet She’an 1998

White soft-paste; black- and blue-painted decoration under transparent colorless glaze

4

Bowl

Bet She’an 1998

White soft-paste; black- and blue-painted decoration under transparent colorless glaze

I.2.3.4 Wares painted in blue under colorless transparent glaze 5

Bowl

Jerusalem—Kishle

White soft-paste; blue-painted decoration under transparent colorless glaze

6

Bowl

Qazrin

White soft-paste; blue-painted decoration under transparent colorless glaze

33

PART I: GLAZED TABLE WARES

11

2 2

33

6 6

44

55

Fig. 12. Type I.2.3—under-glaze-painted soft-paste wares (cont.).

34

MIRIAM AVISSAR AND EDNA J. STERN

IMPORTED WARES In addition to all the types of ceramic vessels produced locally during the Crusader, Ayyubid, and Mamluk periods, a considerable amount of pottery was imported to the Land of Israel from various areas. Most of these imported wares were glazed bowls. Since they differ from the local wares in glazes and designs, they are easily distinguishable. A small part of these imports, such as tableware, cooking ware, and small containers, may have arrived as the personal property of sea travelers. However, the majority of the imports arrived as part of the international maritime trade. The latter primarily includes glazed tableware and the amphorae that served as containers for various liquid goods such as oil or wine. In the eleventh century, pottery had been imported from early Fatimid Egypt. After the arrival of the Crusaders at the end of the eleventh century, the import of Fatimid Egyptian pottery continued, although in lesser quantities. With the establishment of the Crusader states in the eastern Mediterranean in the twelfth century, a new maritime trade pattern developed between the western communities in the Levant and other Mediterranean ports. The main contributors to this trade network were the Italian merchants. Their goods, destined for the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem, reached the markets of the port cities, such as Acre (‘Akko), Caesarea, and Jaffa (Yafo). From the mid-twelfth century and during the thirteenth century, glazed wares were imported mainly from various sites in the Mediterranean basin. These wares included the Byzantine Wares, ‘Aegean Wares,’ and ‘Zeuxippus Wares’ that were manufactured in the Byzantine territories, ‘Port St. Symeon Wares’ that were produced in northern Syria, and Paphos Ware from Cyprus. Various types of wares were brought from different parts of Italy: from southern Italy and Sicily, the various groups of Proto-maiolica and spiral ware, and from northern Italy, the Venetian lead-glazed types. Other rare types are wares from North Africa and Spain. Chinese import wares such as celadon and Ming porcelain are exceptional. In ceramic assemblages from the Crusader period, mainly at coastal sites, the imported glazed wares outnumber the local glazed wares. This extensive import of ceramic wares, mainly during the thirteenth century, illustrates the sailing trade routes that were in use at that time. The geographical

origins of these imported wares are a silent testimony to the wide range and character of maritime commercial activity in the Crusader period. The large quantities of the imported pottery found in Acre reflect the large number of ships that anchored at this port. Upon the fall of the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem in 1291, the import of wares from the Mediterranean basin immediately ceased. During the Mamluk period the under-glaze-painted soft-paste wares were preferred, a trend that could be observed in areas under Ayyubid occupation. Soft-paste ware was produced in Egypt, Syria, Persia, and probably also in Palestine, where there may have been a production center in the vicinity of Bet She’an (see Type 1.2, above). Only at the end of the fourteenth century were some types of glazed pottery once again imported from Italy, probably through trade with Venetian merchants. It seems the Venetians brought these ceramic wares along with other products as exchange for agricultural goods. Some Chinese celadon, as well as blue-and-white Ming porcelain, was also imported from the thirteenth to the fifteenth centuries.

1.3 EGYPTIAN WARES During the twelfth century, various Egyptian wares, such as luster-painted ware, under-glaze-painted wares, and incised, as well as plain, alkaline glazed wares, reached this area. The decorations of the underglaze-painted wares seem to have been inspired by the luster-painted wares. All these vessel types appeared in this area only in small numbers. Some might have arrived here as spoils and souvenirs of the Crusader campaigns to Egypt, and others, as commercial imports. I.3.1 Late Fatimid Luster Ware Luster-painted ware was one of the greatest achievements in Islamic ceramic technology. During the Fatimid period the production center of this ware was in Fustat (Caiger-Smith 1985:38–50). The designs were painted in pigment on an already glazed and fired vessel. This pigment consisted of a mixture of silver and copper oxides, mixed with red or yellow ocher and diluted with vinegar. The vessel was then lightly refired in a reducing kiln. Upon its removal from the kiln, the ocher was rubbed off, and the metallic elements adhered to the surface of the glaze—producing luster decoration in

PART I: GLAZED TABLE WARES

a metallic sheen of gold and various shades of yellow, orange, or brown (Caiger-Smith 1985:198–220). Luster-painted ware is only sparsely represented on twelfth-century sites in this area. It probably was brought here through the Crusader campaigns to Egypt, more as spoils or souvenirs than as a commercial import. I.3.1.1 Bowls with Luster Decoration on Opaque White Glaze (Fig. 13:1–3; Pl. XII:1–3) Description. Bowls of various shapes with curving sides and a plain, thickened, out-turned, or ledge rim; conical bowls, cups, and jars. The bowls have ring bases. Fabric: Light brown, pinkish-brown, or buff clay. Slip: None. Glaze: Opaque white glaze, on the interior and exterior, while the base is left unglazed. Vessels decorated with luster on transparent glazes are rare (see Bahgat and Massoul 1930:52; Philon 1980:176). Decoration: Figural and non-figural designs in different shades of luster, gold, yellow, greenish-yellow, and light brown. The late Fatimid vessels, which reached this area, are mostly decorated with stylized vegetal designs. Date. Late eleventh and twelfth centuries. With the fall of the Fatimid dynasty in 1171 these wares probably ceased to be produced in Egypt, while production continued in Syria. Occurrences. Banias: Unpublished. Bet She’an: Unpublished. Caesarea: Pringle 1985:196, Figs. 14:78–80. Bahgat and Massoul 1930:65–66, Pl. XXX. Philon 1980:225–262. Remarks. The late Fatimid Egyptian wares were fashioned in clay and decorated over opaque white glaze. However, the atelier of Sa‘ad was already experimenting with luster on transparent alkaline glaze over a clay body (see Bahgat and Massoul 1930:52; Avissar 1996a:102, Type 60, Fig. XIII.44). Towards the end of the Fatimid regime and after the fall of Fustat in 1171, Egyptian potters moved to Syria, where they continued to produce luster ware decorated in late Fatimid style (‘Tell Minis’ Ware, see Porter and Watson 1987:181–185). All the Syrian wares

35

were fashioned in soft-paste, and the decoration was painted on a transparent, siliceous glaze, occasionally opacified.

I.3.2 Bowls Imitating Late Fatimid Luster Ware I.3.2.1 Bowls Decorated with Over- or Under-Glaze Painting (Fig. 13:4–9) Description. Bowls with rounded sides and a flaring rim; bowls with a ledge rim are less common; cups. The vessels usually have a wedge-shaped ring base with inner flared walls. The bowls have been divided into two groups according to the color of their painted decoration: Type I.3.2.1—bowls with purple-painted decoration Type I.3.2.2—bowls with black- or brown-painted decoration Fabric: Very light brown or buff clay. Slip: White or buff slip on the interior and usually only on the upper half of the exterior. Glaze: Most of the bowls have a transparent colorless lead-alkaline glaze. Bowls with transparent turquoise glaze are less common. Rarely are there bowls with opaque white glaze. Usually the bowls are glazed only inside and over the rim. Decoration: Decoration painted in purple or black under transparent colorless or turquoise glaze. Less common are vessels with designs painted in purple over opaque white glaze. The designs are the same as those on late Fatimid luster ware (Bahgat and Massoul 1930:65–66, compare Pls. XXX and XXXI). Small bowls or cups are decorated on the exterior (Fig. 13:4). Manganese purple painting under turquoise glaze is rare. Date. From the last quarter of the eleventh century to about 1175 and not later than the end of the twelfth century (Mason 1997a:224–225). Occurrences. Bowls with purple paint: Banias: Unpublished. Bet She’an: Fitzgerald 1931: Pl. XXVII:3. Caesarea: Brosh 1986: Pl. VI:2a, b, 3, 4, 6; Arnon 1999: Fig. 9: g, h. Yoqne‘am: Avissar 1996a:103–104, GLB Type 61, Fig. XIII.45. Fustat: Bahgat and Massoul 1930:65–66, Pl. XXXI. Hama: Poulsen 1957:128, Fig. 393. Philon 1980:259–261, Nos. 577–580.

36

MIRIAM AVISSAR AND EDNA J. STERN

1 1

22

33

55

44

77

88

66

99

Fig. 13. Type I.3—imported Egyptian wares.

Bowls with brown or black paint: Acre: Pringle 1997:140, Figs. 7:24–26, 8:27–31, erroneously designated here as Syrian products; unpublished. Ashdod-Yam: Unpublished. Caesarea: Pringle 1985: Fig. 15:81–82, 84–86. Jerusalem: Tushingham 1985: Fig. 35:11, 14. Yoqne‘am: Avissar 1996a:104–105, GLB Type 62, Fig. XIII.46. ‘Arqa, Tell: Thalmann 1978: Fig. 37:9.

Mason 1997a:224–225, Fig. 17. Philon 1980: Figs. 581–583. Remarks. This ware was most likely made as an inexpensive substitute for luster ware; it was probably produced in the same workshops and decorated by the same painters (Bahgat and Massoul 1930:65–66, Pls. XXX, XXXI; Philon 1980:180; Mason and Keal 1990:176–177).

PART I: GLAZED TABLE WARES

37

◄ Fig. 13. Type I.3—imported Egyptian wares. No.

Form

Site

Description

I.3.1.1 Bowls with luster decoration on opaque white glaze 1

Bowl

Bet She’an 1988

Light brown clay; opaque white glaze on both surfaces, yellow-brown luster decoration on the interior

2

Bowl

Bet She’an 1988

Light brown clay; opaque white glaze and yellow-gold luster decoration on the interior

3

Bowl

Bet She’an 1988

Yellow-brown clay; opaque white glaze on both surfaces, yellow-brown luster decoration on the interior

I.3.2.1 Bowls decorated with over- or under-glaze painting 4

Bowl

Bet She’an 1988

Very light brown clay; decoration painted in manganese on opaque white glaze

5

Bowl base

Yoqne‘am I

Buff clay; thick white slip on the interior, thin white slip on the exterior, dark purple-brownpainted decoration under transparent colorless glaze

6

Bowl

Banias

Light brown clay; white slip on the interior and on the upper exterior half of bowl, reddish-brown painted decoration under transparent colorless glaze

7

Bowl base

Bet She’an 1988

Light brown clay; white slip and reddish-brown painted decoration under transparent colorless glaze on the interior

8

Bowl

Ashdod-Yam

Light pinkish-brown clay, exterior fired to very pale brown; white slip on the interior and over the rim, black-painted decoration under transparent turquoise glaze, glazed inside and over the rim

9

Bowl

Ashdod-Yam

Light brown clay, many white grits and some lime inclusions; white slip and transparent colorless glaze on the interior and over the upper half of the exterior, dark brown under-glaze painted decoration inside

I.3.3 Egyptian Incised Wares I.3.3.1 Bowls Decorated with Fine Sgraffito (Fig. 14:1, 2; Pl. XII:4, 5) Description. Bowls with flaring sides, bowls with a ledge rim, small jars, and jugs. The bowls have shallow, wedge-shaped ring bases with flared inner walls. Fabric: Soft, pale yellow clay, or soft-paste. Slip: None. Glaze: Mainly transparent yellow, green, purple, or turquoise glaze. Decoration: Incised stylized vegetal designs. The patterns seem to be inspired by luster ware, as well as by Chinese imports.

with a wedge-shaped base are to be dated to the twelfth century, while bowls fashioned in soft-paste are to be assigned to the thirteenth century.

I.3.4 Egyptian Bowls with Alkaline Glaze I.3.4.1 Bowls with Monochrome Alkaline Glaze (Fig. 14:3–6; Pl. XII:6)

Occurrences. Bet She’an: Unpublished. Yoqne‘am: Avissar 2005. Hama: Poulsen 1957: Fig. 437. Bahgat and Massoul 1930:69–70, Pl. XXXIII. Mason 1997a:228–230, Figs. 22, 23. Philon 1980:263–266, Fig. 584, Pl. XXIX: A.

Description. Shallow bowls with rounded sides and flaring rims, hemispherical bowls with a ledge rim, cups with straight walls and fluting on the exterior. The bowls have shallow, wedge-shaped ring bases with flared inner walls. Fabric: Light brown, light reddish-brown, or pinkish clay with some white grits. Slip: None. Glaze: Opaque white, light blue, light greenish-blue, or purplish-brown glaze. Usually the bowls are glazed only on the interior and over the rim, and the cups are glazed on the exterior as well. Decoration: Occasionally there are splashes of light blue and manganese glaze over the white glaze.

Remarks. Many wasters of this ware came to light in Fustat (Bahgat and Massoul 1930:69). Clay vessels

Date. End of the eleventh century and the twelfth century.

Date. Twelfth century to early thirteenth century.

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MIRIAM AVISSAR AND EDNA J. STERN

Occurrences. Acre: Unpublished. Bet She’an: Unpublished. Caesarea: Boas 1992:165–166, Fig. 78:10–11. ‘Uza, H.: Stern and Tatcher, forthcoming. Fustat: Scanlon 1974: Pl. XXI:2, 3.

blazons outlined in sgraffito and filled in with different colored glazes or colored slip. Although the exterior is often undecorated, some bowls do have sgraffito decoration there. The decorations recall metal work of the same period.

Remarks. This is the monochrome variant of Types I.3.2.1 and I.3.2.2. It seems that this type originated in Egypt.

Date. Mid-thirteenth century to about the end of the fourteenth century.

I.3.5 Mamluk Wares I.3.5.1 Mamluk Sgraffito Bowls (Fig. 14:7; Pl. XII:7) Description. Large bowls with a rounded body or a conical body with a low carination. High and narrow ring bases, a sort of ‘trumpet base’. Fabric: Dark reddish-brown clay. Slip: White slip on the interior and exterior. Glaze: Interior and exterior covered with glazes of various colors. Decoration: The interior is decorated with sgraffito; often there are large inscriptions, medallions, and

Occurrences. Jerusalem, Jewish Quarter: Avissar 2003: Pl. 19.2:7; Photo 19.1. Safed, el-Watā: Unpublished. Fustat: Scanlon 1971:224–229. Atıl 1981:183–189, Cat. Nos. 93–95. Remarks. These bowls were mass-produced, possibly for specific clients, as attested by the inscriptions and blazons. Some bowls bear the name of the workshop. They are very rare in Israel, and until now have been found only in important Mamluk administrative centers such as Jerusalem and Safed.

Fig. 14. Type I.3—imported Egyptian wares (cont.). ► No.

Form

Site

Description

I.3.3.1 Bowls decorated with fine sgraffito under transparent yellow or green glaze 1

Bowl

Yoqne‘am

Very soft yellow-buff clay; green glaze on both surfaces, sgraffito decoration on the interior

2

Bowl

Bet She’an 1988

Light brown clay; turquoise glaze, sgraffito decoration on the interior

I.3.4.1 Bowls with monochrome alkaline glaze 3

Bowl

H. ‘Uza

Light reddish-brown clay; light greenish-blue glaze on the interior

4

Bowl

H. ‘Uza

Light reddish-brown clay, some white grits; light greenish-blue glaze on the interior

5

Bowl

H. ‘Uza

Pink clay; manganese glaze on both surfaces; fluting on the exterior

6

Bowl

H. ‘Uza

Light reddish-brown clay, some white grits; manganese glaze on the interior

I.3.5.1 Mamluk sgraffito bowls 7

Bowl

Jerusalem— Jewish Quarter

Dark reddish-brown clay; white slip and irregular transparent yellowish glaze on both surfaces, designs on the interior outlined with sgraffito and filled in with light brown, dark brown, and white glaze

39

PART I: GLAZED TABLE WARES

2 2

11

4 4

33

66

55

7 7

Fig. 14. Type I.3—imported Egyptian wares (cont.).

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MIRIAM AVISSAR AND EDNA J. STERN

I.4 BYZANTINE WARES This group of wares was imported to the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem from the Byzantine Empire. The area of distribution of Byzantine Wares was primarily in the Byzantine Empire—in modern Greece, Turkey, Romania, northern Italy, and Cyprus—but also in the Levant—Syria, Lebanon, and Israel (François 1997b:233, Fig. 2). Recently a number of production centers within the Byzantine Empire have been identified. It seems that all these centers manufactured similar vessels (Nicaea, Ganos, Pergamon, Thebes, and Corinth; for references see Armstrong 1997:6). Four shipwrecks, investigated in the Aegean Sea with Byzantine Wares in their cargo, demonstrate the volume of production and trade of this type of ware (Armstrong 1997:5–6). The vessels are occasionally coarsely potted, and the wall thickness uneven, indicating this mass production. Byzantine Glazed Wares were discovered in excavations in Corinth, and C.H. Morgan established a classification of types according to chronological development (Morgan 1942). New evidence from shipwreck cargoes (Armstrong 1997) and current research on pottery from Corinth by G.D.R. Sanders (Sanders 1999; 2000) show that Morgan’s dating system is no longer relevant. Until recently the typology and terminology that Morgan established were used to describe the different groups of Byzantine glazed wares. Here we have adopted a more up-to-date terminology based mainly on Hayes 1992, Armstrong 1997, Papanikola-Bakirtzi 1999, Sanders 1999, and Papanikola-Bakirtzi, Mavrikiou, and Bakirtzis 1999. I.4.1 Byzantine Slip-Painted Ware (Fig. 15:1, 2; Pl. XIII:1) Description. Bowls and dishes with plain, vertical rims, and a straight or slightly curving body, or an angle at the base or near the rim. Low ring base. Fabric: Red to reddish-yellow clay with white grits. Slip: White slip was used to paint designs on the clay, instead of forming a background. Thin layer of white slip on the exterior. Glaze: Yellow or green transparent lead glaze on the interior of the vessel. Occasionally the glaze extends over the rim.

Decoration: After the application of the glaze, the clay background becomes darker and the slip-painted motifs appear in the color of the glaze; they stand in contrast to the background. The painted motifs are somewhat similar to those on the fine sgraffito ware (Type I.4.3)—mainly spirals, scrolls, and curved lines and circular elements. Date. Approximately the second half of the twelfth century. Occurrences. Acre: Unpublished. Caesarea: Arnon 1999:227, Fig. 10: g. ‘Uza, H.: Stern and Tatcher, forthcoming. Yoqne‘am: Avissar 1996a:106, GLB Type 65, Fig. XIII.49, Photo XIII.28. Corinth: Morgan 1942:95–103. Paphos: Megaw 1972:342, Fig. 22. Remarks. This type is quite rare in Israel. I.4.2 Byzantine Green- and Brown-Painted Ware (Fig. 15:3, 4) Description. Bowl shapes as Type I.4.1. Fabric: Red, reddish-brown to yellowish-red clay with white grits and inclusions. Slip: Interior covered with a layer of white slip, occasionally a thinner layer on the exterior. Glaze: Transparent lead glaze in the interior of the vessel. Occasionally the glaze extends over the rim. Decoration: Decoration painted by brush in green and brown matte or glossy paint over white slip and under transparent glaze. The decorations consist of rows of green and brown stripes, triangles, diamonds, pointed ovals, spirals, concentric circles, and broad bands, sometime looped, used as borders near the rim. Less common are figural subjects. Date. The matte-painted variation of this type dates from the beginning to the mid-twelfth century. The glossy-painted variation dates from the mid- to late twelfth century (Armstrong 1993:332). Occurrences. Acre: Unpublished. ‘Uza, H.: Stern and Tatcher, forthcoming.

41

PART I: GLAZED TABLE WARES

11

22

44

33

55

66

77

88

Fig. 15. Type I.4—imported Byzantine wares. No.

Form

Site

Description

I.4.1 Slip-painted 1

Bowl

Acre

Yellowish-red clay with air bubbles, white and gray grits, and inclusions; slip-painted design on the interior with green glaze

2

Bowl

H. ‘Uza

Yellowish-red to reddish-brown clay, a few coarse sand and white inclusions; spiral designs painted in white slip under yellow glaze on the interior, white slip on the exterior

I.4.2 Green- and brown-painted 3

Bowl

Acre

Brown to light brown clay, small amount of coarse quartz sand; spiral design painted by brush in green and brown paint over white slip and under transparent glaze

4

Bowl

H. ‘Uza

Yellowish-red to reddish-brown clay, with grits and inclusions; white slip over the entire vessel under white glaze on the rim and interior, green and brown stripes painted with glaze on the interior below the rim

I.4.3 Fine sgraffito 5

Bowl

Acre

Yellowish-red clay, some white grits and some mica; pale slip and yellowish glaze on the interior, fine sgraffito decoration

6

Bowl

Yoqne‘am I

Light brown clay; thick white slip on the interior, thin white slip on the exteroir, fine sgraffito decoration under transparent colorless glaze

7

Bowl

H. ‘Uza

Yellowish-red clay, small grits; white slip on both surfaces, yellow glaze on the interior and splashes of transparent glaze on the exterior, incised decoration on the interior of the vessel

I.4.4 Green- and brown-painted sgraffito 8

Bowl

H. ‘Uza

Red clay with a reddish-brown core, sand and other grits; white slip on the interior and traces of slip on the exterior, white glaze and painting in green and brown glaze, incised decoration on the interior

42

MIRIAM AVISSAR AND EDNA J. STERN

Yoqne‘am: Avissar 1996a:105–106, GLB Type 64, Fig. XIII.48:1, 2, Photo XIII.27. Corinth: Morgan 1942:75–83, Groups II–V. Paphos: Megaw 1972:342, Fig. 22. Remarks. In Greece, this type existed for quite a long time span, from the eleventh to the thirteenth centuries. It seems that only types dating to the twelfth century were imported to Israel; they relate to Morgan Types II and III (Morgan 1942:75–80). This type is quite rare in Israel. I.4.3 Byzantine Fine Sgraffito Ware (Fig. 15:5–7; Pl. XIII:2–4) Description. Bowls and dishes with plain, vertical rims, and a straight or slightly curving body, or an angle at the base or near the rim. Low ring base. Fabric: Red, reddish-brown, reddish-yellow, orange to buff-orange clay with white grits. Slip: Interior covered with a layer of white slip, with a thinner layer on the exterior. Glaze: Transparent lead glaze, colorless, yellow, or green. The interior of the vessel is covered with glaze, which occasionally extends over the rim. Decoration: Fine incision (sgraffito) of two main decoration groups, both with a predominance of spiral motifs. The first group consists of concentric bands arranged around a central medallion. The lines were incised with the aid of a compass, leaving a scar in the center. The bands and the medallion were filled with decorative motifs such as stylized foliage, scrolls, spirals, semicircles, wavy lines, or pseudo-Kufic script. The second group consists of finely incised human figures, animals, and birds. Date. From c. 1140 to c. 1190 (Sanders 1999:163). Occurrences. Acre: Pringle 1997:143, Fig. 11:54; Stern 1997:65, Fig. 124; unpublished ‘Uza, H.: Stern and Tatcher, forthcoming. Yoqne‘am: Avissar 1996a:106–108, GLB Types 66–67, Figs. XIII.50, XIII.51, Photos XIII.29–XIII.31.

Corinth: Morgan 1942:127–135. Al-Mina: Lane 1937:42, 43, Pl. XX,1: A–D. Paphos: Megaw 1972:342, Fig. 22. Remarks. In Israel, this is the most common group of Byzantine wares. The first decorative group is more common than the second. Boas has suggested, on the basis of Neutron Activation Analysis, that the fine Byzantine sgraffito ware (mid-twelfth-century Byzantine Ware) that was imported to the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem was produced in Cyprus (Boas 1994:111–122). In Cyprus no evidence for local production has been found. Boas’ results may be inaccurate, due to the limited number of vessels that he sampled. I.4.4 Byzantine Green- and Brown-Painted Sgraffito Ware (Fig. 15:8; Pl. XIII:7) Description. Bowl shapes as Type I.4.1. Fabric: Red, reddish-brown to yellowish-red clay with white grits and inclusions. Slip: Interior covered with a layer of white slip, occasionally with a thinner layer on the exterior. Glaze: Transparent lead glaze on the interior of the vessel. Occasionally the glaze extends over the rim. Decoration: The decoration here is a combination of the Green- and Brown-Painted (Type I.4.2) and Fine Sgraffito (Type I.4.3) decorations. Date. Mid-twelfth century. Occurrences. ‘Uza, H.: Stern and Tatcher, forthcoming. Athens: Frantz 1938:442–445; Figs. 5, 6. Corinth: Morgan 1942:140–142. Paphos: Megaw 1972:342, Fig. 22. Southeastern Greece, various sites: Armstrong 1989:42. Remarks. This type is quite rare in Israel.

PART I: GLAZED TABLE WARES

I.4.5 Byzantine Incised Sgraffito Ware (Fig. 16:1, 2; Pl. XIII:5, 6) Description. Mainly hemispherical bowls with a low ring base and a vertical rim. Less common are plates with a slightly curved wall and a simple rim. Fabric: Red to brown clay with white inclusions. Sometimes the clay is coarse. Slip: Interior covered with a layer of white, off-white, or pinkish slip, and occasionally with a thinner layer on the exterior. Glaze: Transparent yellow, yellowish, or light green lead glaze. The interior of the vessel is covered with glaze, which occasionally extends over the rim. Sometimes a thin layer of transparent glaze appears on the exterior. Decoration: Designs executed with a gouge to produce a broad and deep incision. Occasionally it is combined with fine sgraffito. Two main styles of decoration appear: ‘Medallion Style’ (Morgan 1942:146–150) and ‘Free Style’ (Morgan 1942:150–157). The ‘Medallion Style’ consists of a central medallion on the bottom of the bowl with bands of decoration surrounding it. Sometimes smaller medallions interrupt the bands surrounding the central medallion. The ‘Free Style’ comprises decoration that spreads freely on all the space of the interior of the vessel. The main motifs are human figures in the guise of warriors, hunters, musicians and dancers, and representations of very characteristic water birds. Other animals, such as lions, appear as well. Around this main motif are vegetal or geometric motifs. Date. Mid-twelfth century and the early thirteenth century. Occurrences. Acre: Edelstein and Avissar 1997:130, Fig. 1:4; unpublished. Caesarea: Brosh 1986:70, Fig. 3:8. Jerusalem: Tushingham 1985:143, Fig. 38:4, 5, 11. ‘Uza, H.: Ben-Tor 1963:23, Pl. III:6, 7; Stern and Tatcher, forthcoming.

43

Yoqne‘am: Avissar 1996a:108, GLB Types 68, 69, Figs. XIII.52, XIII.53, Photos XIII.32–XIII.36. ‘Arqa, Tell: Thalman 1978:21, 26, 27, Fig. 36:5–7, 10, 11; Hakimian and Salamé-Sarkis 1988:5–6, Fig. 1:6, 7, Pl. 1:2. Corinth: Morgan 1942:146–147. Remarks. This group is correlated with the Aegean Wares (see Type I.5, p. 45 and Type I.5.3). I.4.6 Byzantine Champlevé Ware (Fig. 16:3, 4) Description. Bowls and plates. The bowls are hemispherical, deep or shallow with a plain rounded or slightly incurved rim, and a very high, occasionally flaring, base or a low ring base. The plates are shallow, with a plain rounded rim or a small ledge rim and a low ring base. Very typical for this group is the mark of the compass point at the center of the interior of the bowl. Fabric: Red, brown, or yellowish-red clay with white or black grits. The fabric is very coarse and the vessels are occasionally potted very crudely. Slip: White slip on the interior, occasionally a thinner layer on the exterior. Glaze: Yellow glaze is most common, but green glaze may occur on these vessels as well. On most of the vessels the glaze extends over the exterior, almost to the base. Decoration: A thin layer of the slipped surface was removed from the background of the central pattern, and the details of this pattern were incised. Thus the decorative subjects appear in low relief (in French champlevé = champ ‘the field’, lever ‘to remove’). The different patterns are of human or animal figures, or vegetal motifs. These patterns may consist of a central medallion on the bottom of the interior or of a design spread freely over the interior of the vessel, somewhat relating to the ‘Medallion Style’ and the ‘Free Style’ of Type I.4.5 (Incised Sgraffito). The central medallion usually bears a hare, but may contain a lion or a deer, or, more rarely, a human depiction. Bands of decorations are organized around the central medallion. These bands are broadly gouged, occasionally with squares in reserve. After the vessel was glazed, the central

44

MIRIAM AVISSAR AND EDNA J. STERN

pattern took on the lighter shade of the glaze, and the background, which was lower and without slip, became darker. Date. Late twelfth century and the early thirteenth century. Occurrences. Acre: Unpublished. ‘Uza, H.: Stern and Tatcher, forthcoming. Yoqne‘am: Avissar 1996a:109–110, GLB Type 70, Fig. XIII.54, Photos XIII.37, XIII.38. Corinth: Morgan 1942:162–166. Skopelos Shipwreck: Armstrong 1991:339–340, Nos. 6–12, Figs. 4, 5.

11

Sparta: Sanders 1993:260–261, Figs. 2:7, 10, 3:8, 9, 4:11, 5:6, Pl. 23. Remarks. Armstrong (1991:339–340) notes some bowls in the Ashmolean Museum that have this type of decoration and were probably found in a shipwreck in the Aegean. She suggests they be attributed to the group of Aegean Wares due to their common fabric, coarse potting technique, and forms. These characteristics seem to point to a shared provenance for the Aegean Wares and the champlevé decorated bowls of this type. It is quite rare in Israel.

22

33

44

Fig. 16. Type I.4—imported Byzantine wares (cont.). No.

Form

Site

Description

I.4.5 Incised sgraffito 1

Bowl

Acre

Yellowish-red clay, rare white grits; white slip all over the vessel, yellow glaze and coarse sgraffito decoration on the interior

2

Bowl

Yoqne‘am I

Light brown clay, hard and rather coarse with large lime inclusions; whitish slip on both surfaces, sgraffito decoration under transparent very light green glaze on the interior

I.4.6 Champlevé 3

Bowl

Acre

Brown to yellowish-red clay, white grits and chaff negatives; champlevé design of a rabbit under a yellowish-brown glaze on the interior, glaze also on the exterior

4

Bowl

Yoqne‘am I

Light brown clay; white slip on both surfaces, champlevé decoration under transparent light green glaze on the interior

PART I: GLAZED TABLE WARES

I.5 AEGEAN WARES A.H.S. Megaw was the first to distinguish this type and name it ‘Early Thirteenth Century Aegean Ware’ based on the finds from Saranda-Kolones at Paphos, Cyprus (Megaw 1975). Since Megaw’s first definition of this type, similar vessels have been found in surveys, excavations, and shipwrecks (Armstrong 1991:340– 346). These vessels appear to be related to the original ‘Early Thirteenth Century Aegean Ware’, and for this reason P. Armstrong has suggested renaming the type ‘Aegean Wares’ (Armstrong 1989:45). Megaw (1975:38) states that this type has close affinities with some Byzantine wares, and Morgan (1942:150–155) groups similar bowls in his ‘Free Style Incised-Sgraffito’. Although in this publication we use the traditional groupings of these types, we believe that ‘Byzantine Wares’ and ‘Aegean Wares’ belong to one large family and that the latter should be added to a new definition of ‘Byzantine Wares’. However, we cannot make a firm commitment to this change until further analytical studies of the clays of the different types have been conducted, which should then enable us to understand the connection between the types. The distribution of Aegean Wares was mainly in the Byzantine Empire—modern Greece, Turkey, Crimea, Italy, and Cyprus—and also in the Levant—Lebanon and Israel (François 1997b:234, Fig. 4). A.J. Boas has suggested, on the basis of Neutron Activation Analysis, that the ‘Early Thirteenth Century Aegean Glazed Ware’ that was imported to the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem was produced in Cyprus (Boas 1994:111–122). However, in Cyprus, no evidence for local production has been found. Boas’s results may be inaccurate, due to the limited number of vessels that he sampled. I.5.1 Aegean Monochrome Ware (Fig. 17:1) Description. Mainly shallow or deep bowls with variously shaped rims and usually a low, wide ring base. Some shallow bowls have either an inturned rim ending with a point or a flat horizontal ledge rim, and a low, wide ring base. Other shallow bowls have a curved body wall or a carinated shoulder, a simple rim, and a higher ring base. A deep hemispherical bowl has a wide, flat horizontal ledge rim and a low, wide ring base. A less common type has an out-flaring rim, a carinated shoulder, and a ring base. Fabric: Light reddish-brown to red or light purple-red clay with white inclusions. The fabric is coarse and is coarsely potted, with wheel ridges on the exterior.

45

Slip: Interior covered with a layer of white slip, with a thinner layer on the exterior. Glaze: A transparent yellow lead glaze. The interior of the vessel is covered with glaze, which occasionally extends over the rim. Decoration: None, apart from the monochrome yellow glaze. Date. End of the twelfth century and the early thirteenth century. Occurrences. Acre: Stern 1997:45, 58, Figs. 6:47, 13:99; unpublished. Istanbul: Hayes 1992:48, Fig. 89:19. Paphos: Megaw 1975:37. Remarks. This type is generally quite rare and is infrequently cited, since it is impossible to identify it from just a sherd. A sherd of this type can be thought to be an unincised part of a coarse incised vessel (Types I.5.3, I.5.4). Consequently, this type can be identified only if a complete or nearly complete vessel is found. I.5.2 Aegean Green-Splashed Ware (Fig. 17:2) Description. As Type I.5.1. Fabric: As Type I.5.1. Slip: As Type I.5.1; in addition, the slip may be pinkish or beige in color. Glaze: A transparent yellow lead glaze as a background with splashes of light green glaze. The interior of the vessel is covered with glaze, which occasionally extends over the rim. Decoration: Splashes of light green glaze over a yellow glaze. Date. End of the twelfth century and the early thirteenth century. Occurrences: Acre: Pringle 1997:141, Fig. 9:37; Stern 1997:46, Fig. 6:62, 63; unpublished. Al-Burj al-Ahmar: Pringle 1986b:149, Fig. 49:61, 62. Caesarea: Pringle 1985:177, Fig. 3:17, 19; Brosh 1986:69, Fig. 2:16, 18, 19. ‘Uza, H.: Stern and Tatcher, forthcoming. Paphos: Megaw 1975:37, Figs. 1: c, 2: b, Pl. 15:1. Remarks. This type is generally quite rare, although not as rare as Type I.5.1.

46

MIRIAM AVISSAR AND EDNA J. STERN

1 1

22

33

44

Fig. 17. Type I.5—imported Aegean wares.

I.5.3 Aegean Coarse Incised Ware (Fig. 17:3, 4; Pl. XIV:1) Description. As Type I.5.1. Fabric: As Type I.5.1. Slip: As Type I.5.1. Glaze: Usually a transparent yellow lead glaze. A green glaze may appear also, but it is rarer. The interior of the vessel is covered with glaze, which occasionally extends over the rim. Decoration: A repertoire of coarsely incised motifs that can appear singly or in groups: various combinations of circles, cross-cancelled squares, knots, serpentine motifs, water birds, and stylized marine organisms. Date. End of the twelfth century and the early thirteenth century.

Occurrences. Acre: Stern 1997:58, Fig. 13:100, 101; unpublished. Caesarea: Pringle 1985: 185–190, Fig. 11:55, 56; Brosh 1986:70, Fig. 3:4. Jerusalem: Tushingham 1985:143, Figs. 38:2, 3, 44:11. ‘Uza, H.: Stern and Tatcher, forthcoming. Yoqne‘am: Avissar 1996a:110–111, Types 71, 72, Figs. XIII.55, XIII.56, Photos XIII.39, XIII.40. ‘Arqa, Tell: Thalman 1978:21, 26, 27, Fig. 36:1–4, 8; Hakimian and Salamé-Sarkis 1988:5, 6, Fig. 1:4, Pl. 1:2, top left. Istanbul: Hayes 1992:48, Figs. 89:19, 91:2. Paphos: Megaw 1975:38–39, Figs. 1: a, b, 2: a, c, Pls. 15, 16. Skopelos Shipwreck: Armstrong 1991:339–340, Nos. 1–5, Figs. 1–3. Remarks. This is the most common type of the Aegean Wares.

PART I: GLAZED TABLE WARES

47

◄ Fig. 17. Type I.5—imported Aegean wares. No.

Form

Site

Description

I.5.1 Monochrome 1

Bowl

Acre

Brown clay, some white grits and large gray inclusions, small amount of mica; very pale brown exterior, pale slip and pale yellow glaze on the interior

I.5.2 Green-splashed 2

Bowl

Acre

Reddish-yellow clay with a brown core, rare white and mica grits, and occasional large limestone inclusions; pink slip and yellow glaze with splashes of green on the interior

I.5.3 Coarse incision 3

Bowl

Acre

Reddish-yellow clay, white inclusions; white slip and light yellow glaze on the interior, coarse incised decoration

4

Bowl

Acre

Yellowish-red clay, white grits and some sand; white slip and yellowish glaze on the interior, coarse incised decoration of a water bird, thin slip layer on the exterior

I.5.4 Aegean Coarse Incision with Green Splash (Fig. 18; Pl. XIV:2) Description. As Type I.5.3. Fabric: As Type I.5.3. Slip: As Type I.5.3. Glaze: As Type I.5.3, with the addition of splashes of green glaze. Decoration: As Type I.5.3. Date. As Type I.5.3. Occurrences. Caesarea: Pringle 1985:185–190, Fig. 12:57. Kabrita: Unpublished. Paphos: Megaw 1975:38, Pl. 16:5. Remarks. This type is rare in Israel.

Fig. 18. Type I.5—imported Aegean wares (cont.). Type 1.5.4— coarse incision with green splash. Kabrita. Reddish-yellow clay, white inclusions; white slip and light yellow glaze with splashes of green on the interior, coarse incised decoration.

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MIRIAM AVISSAR AND EDNA J. STERN

I.6 ZEUXIPPUS WARES ‘Zeuxippus Ware’ was the name Megaw (1968) gave to a distinguished type of Late Byzantine vessels that were first found in the excavations in the baths of Zeuxippus at Constantinople in 1927–1928. Megaw classified this ware, presented examples from different sites, and posited conclusions regarding its chronology (the last decades of the twelfth century to the first years of the thirteenth century) and its origin (Constantinople). He later published a second article (Megaw 1989), updating his original study, expanding the chronology of the type (until the end of the thirteenth century), seeking a different origin (Aegean), and connecting its distribution in the Mediterranean and the Black Sea to the Italian mercantile republics. In the latter he states that Zeuxippus Ware is a family “… for Zeuxippus ware has many related branches, differing as regards decoration, glaze color and firing technique, not to mention its imitations” (Megaw 1989:259). Megaw divides Zeuxippus Ware into two main classes. Class I is monochrome and is subdivided into three subgroups: IA, with a colorless or slightly green or yellow transparent glaze; IB, with an orange-brown glaze; and IC, with a dark green glaze. Class II exhibits the same glaze as Class IA, but also has splashes of additional colors of glaze. Tripod stilts were used in the process of firing the thirteenth-century bowls in order to separate them; they left scars on the glaze inside the bowl (Megaw 1968:87). Since Megaw’s revised definition of this type, much has been written about this large family of wares and new evidence regarding it has come to light. It is now clear that Zeuxippus Ware is not a homogeneous group, produced in one geographical area, but is, in fact, a mixture of products manufactured in different centers around the Mediterranean, not only in Byzantine territories (Sanders 1993:257; Berti and Gelichi 1997:85). Scientific analysis of this type by different scholars emphasizes the difficult questions it poses. Megaw and Jones (1983:263) suggest an Aegean origin. Boas (1994:118) observed two distinct groups in the seven sherds of Class II that he analyzed; he posits one was manufactured in Cyprus, and the other at an

unknown site (his data should be treated cautiously due to the small size of his sample). Finds from Italy of Class II that were analyzed seem also to yield an Aegean origin (Berti and Gelichi 1997:91–93). Recent analysis of pottery that was found in excavations in Acre determined three main origin groups (Waksman et al. 1997:1498; Stern and Waksman 2003:176–178). A large-scale project, analyzing pottery from many different sites, is ongoing by S.Y. Waksman and V. François of the Centre Nationale de Recherche Scientifique, France. The results will hopefully answer some of the questions regarding the provenance and diffusion of Zeuxippus Ware. In summary we will cite here the methodological criteria and suggestions made by Berti and Gelichi (1997:94) regarding Zeuxippus Ware. There is no doubt that a production tradition of Zeuxippus Ware existed. It included products of Class II, a large majority of Class IA, and perhaps some of Class IB–C. These wares were manufactured at the end of the twelfth century, and their production perhaps continued until the second decade of the thirteenth century. It seems that these wares were produced in the Aegean area. Zeuxippus Ware had great success in the Mediterranean area, as indicated by imitations in the Aegean and in Italy. These were of Class I (mainly IB), and were made throughout the thirteenth century, with local variations and evolutions. This situation creates difficulties in naming and defining these products, as well as in identifying their origin. In order to simplify the presentation of this type here, we will present three main groups, two of the ‘genuine’ type (Classes IA and II), and one encompassing the other wares, termed here ‘Zeuxippus influenced wares’. The latter is in fact a heterogeneous group of vessels that may come from different provenances. Since the research on these types is in its preliminary stage, we will present them for now as one group. Future research on the pottery found in Israel should attempt to identify the provenience of these wares. One group that was made in Italy in fact belongs to the ‘influenced’ wares, and is named ‘Spirale-Cerchio Ware’. However since it has been characterized in Italy and is well identified, it will be presented in this book with the Italian groups (Type I.9.3.1).

PART I: GLAZED TABLE WARES

Zeuxippus Ware was distributed throughout the Byzantine Empire—in modern Greece, Albania, Cyprus, southern Russia, and Turkey—as well as in northern Italy, Syria, Lebanon, Israel, and Egypt (Pringle 1986a: Fig. 1, notice the exchange of symbols between the Zeuxippus and Aegean wares; François 1997b:234, Fig. 3). I.6.1 Zeuxippus Ware (‘Genuine’, Class II) (Fig. 19:1–4; Pl. XV) Description. Mainly delicate hemispherical bowls with extremely thin walls. They have a simple, occasionally slightly everted or ledge rim, and hollowed base with the foot slightly everted, which may be low or high. Fabric: Red, orange, or purple clay with occasional white grits. The fabric is very fine, hard, and well fired. Slip: Interior covered with a thick layer of white slip. Occasionally the upper part of the exterior is decorated with loops or tongues of slip. Glaze: Transparent colorless, pale yellow, or pale green lead glaze. The glaze is fine and shiny. The interior of the vessel is covered with glaze, which occasionally extends over the rim, to half of the exterior, or almost to the base. On the interior splashes of brown glaze enhance the incised decoration. Decoration: Thin and wide incisions create different patterns on the interior. The decoration usually consists of a combination of the following elements: parallel lines near the rim that have different incised motifs between them, or below them; concentric circles on the base, executed in thin incisions or wide gouging; or a central medallion decorated with circular and triangle motifs, with crosses, dots, s-shaped motifs, and heartshaped leaves. Some have a slip-painted design on the exterior. Date. End of the twelfth century to the mid-thirteenth century. Occurrences. Acre: Edelstein and Avissar 1997:130, Fig. 1:3; Pringle 1997:144, Fig. 11:61, 62; Stern and Waksman 2003:171–172, Fig. 6; unpublished.

49

Caesarea: Pringle 1985:190, Fig. 11:60. Jerusalem: Tushingham 1985:147, Fig. 40:5. St. Mary of Carmel: Pringle 1984:104, Fig. 8:57. Alexandria: François 1999:110, Fig. 25, Pls. 12:258, 262, 265, 267, 13:268. Cherson: Romanchuk 1999:198, 199, Fig. 11:1. Corinth: MacKay 1967:258–261, Fig. 1:27, 28. Istanbul: Megaw 1968:71–77, Pl. 16:12–23. Al-Mina: Lane 1937:43–45, Pl. XX, 1, top row, left. Paphos: Megaw 1972:341, Fig. 38. Remarks. Elaborate examples of bowls with human and animal representations of this type were found in the excavations at Cherson on the Crimean peninsula (Chichurov 1991:176, 177, 178, 186, 187, 219; Romanchuk 1999: Pl. 10, 11:3). Bowls of these types have not yet been discovered in Israel. I.6.2 Zeuxippus Ware (‘Genuine’, Class IA) (Fig. 19:5) Description. As Type I.6.1. Fabric: As Type I.6.1. Slip: As Type I.6.1. Glaze: Transparent colorless, pale yellow, or pale green lead glaze. The glaze is fine and shiny. The interior of the vessel is covered with glaze, which occasionally extends over the rim, to half of the exterior, or almost to the base. Decoration: As Type I.6.1. Date. As Type I.6.1. Occurrences. Acre: Pringle 1997:144, Fig. 11:63; Stern 1997:52–54, Fig. 11:81–86; Stern and Waksman 2003:171–172, Fig. 6; unpublished. Caesarea: Pringle 1985:190, Fig. 11:59; Arnon 1999:227, Fig. 10:b. Istanbul: Megaw 1968:69–71, Pl. 16:14, 16.

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MIRIAM AVISSAR AND EDNA J. STERN

3 3

2 2

1 1

44

55

Fig. 19. Type I.6—imported Zeuxippus wares. No.

Form

Site

Description

I.6.1 Zeuxippus ware (‘Genuine’, Class II) 1

Bowl

Acre

Reddish-brown clay, rare white grits and large white inclusions; thick white slip with light yellow glaze and fine sgraffito designs with brown glaze spots on the interior, slip-painted rings and green glaze on the exterior

2

Bowl

Acre

Yellowish-red clay, rare white grits; white slip under transparent glaze on the upper half of the exterior and on the interior, sgraffito decoration

3

Bowl

Acre

Red clay, some white inclusions; white slip under the transparent glaze on the interior, incised bands and triangular design

4

Bowl

Acre

Red clay, some white inclusions; white slip under the transparent glaze on the interior, incised circular designs on the interior

I.6.2 Zeuxippus ware (‘Genuine’, Class IA) 5

Bowl

Acre

Yellowish-red to dark gray clay, rare white inclusions and some mica; white slip under light yellow glaze and sgraffito on the interior, slip-painted circles on the upper exterior; tripod marks

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PART I: GLAZED TABLE WARES

I.6.3 ‘Zeuxippus Influenced Ware’ (Fig. 20; Pl. XVI) Description. Similar to Type I.6.1, but more coarsely potted. Fabric: Similar to Type I.6.1, but coarser and softer, and occasionally the fabric is of a slightly different color, according to the different workshops. Slip: Interior covered with a thick layer of white slip. Occasionally the upper part of the exterior is decorated with tongues of slip. Glaze: Transparent lead glaze, colorless, yellow, pale yellow or yellow-orange, pale green, or dark green. The glaze is occasionally fine and shiny, and sometimes of lower quality. The interior of the vessel is covered with glaze, which occasionally extends over the rim, to half of the exterior, or almost to the base. Decoration: Incisions of concentric circles or spirals on the base and parallel lines near the rim. Occasionally

11

44

other designs may appear, according to the different production centers, e.g., an incised sign or monogram on the base’s interior or incised wavy lines bordered by two horizontal lines. Date. Thirteenth century. Occurrences. Acre: Stern 1997:54–56, Fig. 12:87– 94; Stern and Waksman 2003:171–172, Fig. 6; unpublished. St. Mary of Carmel: Pringle 1984:104, Fig. 8:58. ‘Uza, H.: Stern and Tatcher, forthcoming. Corinth: MacKay 1967:252–254, Fig. 1, Pls. 62, 63: 7–10. Istanbul: Hayes 1992:47–48, Fig. 17:16, 17, 19, 22–24, Pls. 11: h–j, n, o, 12: a. Sparta: Armstrong 1992; Sanders 1993:256–257. Troy: Hayes 1995:201–205, Figs. 2, 3.

22

55

Fig. 20. Type I.6—imported Zeuxippus wares (cont.).

33

66

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MIRIAM AVISSAR AND EDNA J. STERN

◄ Fig. 20. Type I.6—imported Zeuxippus wares (cont.). No.

Form

Site

Description

I.6.3 ‘ Zeuxippus influenced ware’ 1

Bowl

Acre

Yellowish-red clay, some small white grits; brownish-yellow glaze over pale slip all over the bowl except the base, sgraffito decoration of concentric circles on the interior of the base

2

Bowl

Acre

Reddish-yellow to brown clay; green glaze over white slip on the interior and upper half of the exterior, sgraffito decoration of concentric circles on the interior of the base, groups of vertical incised lines on the exterior; tripod marks

3

Bowl

Acre

Light reddish-brown clay; green glaze over white slip on the interior and the upper two-thirds of the exterior, sgraffito decoration of concentric circles on the interior of the base

4

Bowl

Acre

Brown clay with white, gray and brown grits, very small and rare flakes of mica; yellowish-brown glaze over pale slip on on the interior, sgraffito decoration of concentric circles on the interior of the base

5

Bowl

Acre

Light yellowish-brown clay; yellowish-brown glaze over white slip on the interior, sgraffito decoration of concentric circles and a symbol on the interior of the base

6

Bowl

Acre

Yellowish-red to brown clay, rare white and dark brown grits, many very fine mica; green glaze over white slip on the interior, sgraffito decoration of concentric circles and a symbol (shield?) on the interior of the base

Remarks. Other scholars have named members of the ‘Zeuxippus Family’ that we define here in the general term ‘Zeuxippus Influenced Ware’ differently. Some of the terms are: ‘Glossy Ware’ (MacKay 1967:252–254); ‘Zeuxippus Derivative’ (Armstrong 1992); ‘Thick Zeuxippos Ware’ (Hayes 1992:47); ‘Orange-Brown Glazed Ware’ (Hayes 1992:48); ‘Regional Zeuxippos Derivative’ (Hayes 1995:201); ‘Late Sgraffito’ (Sanders 1993:256–257); ‘Zeuxippus Ware Imitation’ (Waksman and Spieser 1997:106, n. 9); ‘Spirale-Cerchio’ (Berti and Gelichi 1997:87–88); and ‘Zeuxippus Subtype’ (Stern 1997:54–56). Production centers of some of these wares were identified at Sparta (Armstrong 1992), Pergamon (Waksman and Spieser 1997), Nicaea (François 1997a:418–428), and Venice (Berti and Gelichi 1997). We will treat the Italian production in the group of wares from Italy (Type I.9.3.1).

I.7 PORT ST. SYMEON WARES (‘AL-MINA WARES’) A. Lane was the first to distinguish this type, naming it ‘Port St. Symeon Ware’ based on the finds from an excavation at al-Mina (the port at Antioch). St. Symeon is the Crusader name of the port, occupied by the Franks from the beginning of the twelfth century until 1268. Large quantities of this ware, as well

as a few wasters found in the Crusader levels of the excavation, led Lane to conclude that this type was manufactured there, by native Syrians, under Islamic influence (Lane 1937:45–53). D. Pringle called this type “the ‘Crusader’ pottery par excellence”, and gave it a defined ethnic association (Pringle 1986a:458). Recent research points to the fact that Polychrome Sgraffito Ware identical to Port St. Symeon Ware was not manufactured in a single center at al-Mina, nor was it exclusively distributed to Crusader sites. Rather, it shows that the ware was also produced at sites in Anatolia, Cilicia, northern Syria, and western Mesopotamia and thus cannot be seen exclusively as ‘Crusader pottery’. Production sites were identified at Antioch (Waagé 1948:101–102, Type VIF5, Fig. 92), Sardis (Scott and Kamilli 1981:685–687), Misis (Hild and Hellenkemper 1990:358, Figs. 312–315), Kinet and Epiphaneia (Redford et al. 2001:71, 97, Fig. 8), and at other sites in Turkey (J. Vroom, pers. comm.). Polychrome graffita ware that is connected to the ‘St. Symeon Ware’ was popular in western Mesopotamia in the Mamluk period (fourteenth century) and may have been produced in the Euphrates Valley and elsewhere (Tonghini 1998:61–62). The definition of the different workshops producing pottery in the St. Symeon style awaits further investigation. For this reason we use here the term ‘Port St. Symeon Wares’ to indicate a group of wares from various production sites, made in

PART I: GLAZED TABLE WARES

the same style as the ware that was discovered at Port St. Symeon. Nonetheless, it seems that the examples of this family found in Israel originated in the Port St. Symeon area, i.e., Antioch, since scientific analysis of Port St. Symeon wares that were imported to the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem have demonstrated that they were manufactured in the area of Antioch (Boas 1991:208–210; Goren 1997:72–73; Stern 1997:56). Islamic and western motifs can be seen in the repertoire of designs of this type (see decoration of Type I.7.4). Lane was the first to notice that western and eastern elements had been merged in the style (Lane 1937:48–52). Since then many scholars have debated the origins of the Port St. Symeon Ware style as being Syrian, Cilician, Georgian, or Iranian (PattersonŠevčenko 1974:358–360; Djobadze 1986:188–191; Pringle 1986a:458; François 1999:114). But, as Patterson-Ševčenko (1974:360) points out, it seems that this ware was made to meet the local and the Latin tastes. This hybrid character of the decoration of Port St. Symeon Wares produced a very unique style. This ware has a wide distribution in Syria, Turkey, Greece, Cyprus, Egypt, and Israel, mainly at Frankish sites, but also at sites that were under Muslim control during this period (Pringle 1986a:458–459; Map 1; Tonghini 1998:61, Fig. 153).

53

Occurrences. Acre: Unpublished. Remarks. The first three types represented here (Types I.7.1, I.7.2, I.7.3) have not been reported from excavations elsewhere. We think they belong to Type I.7 since the shapes, fabric, and glaze are identical to that of Type I.7.4, as confirmed by recent petrographic analyses of vessels found in Acre (A. Shapiro, pers. comm.). It seems that these specific types were overlooked because they are simpler. However, they were identified in the excavations at Acre, where large quantities of pottery, some in large pieces, were unearthed. I.7.2 Port St. Symeon Polychrome Ware (Fig. 21:3, 4) Description. As Type I.7.1. Fabric: As Type I.7.1. Slip: As Type I.7.1. Glaze: As Type I.7.1, with the addition of green and yellow glaze. Decoration: Over a pale yellow glaze, streaks of darker yellow and green glaze from the rim to the interior of the bowl. Date. Thirteenth century.

I.7.1 Port St. (Fig. 21:1, 2)

Symeon

Monochrome

Ware

Occurrences. Acre: Unpublished.

Description. Hemispherical bowls or shallow plates with a wide ledge rim, a slight ridge at the joint between the body and the ledge rim, and a low ring base. The outer edge of the rim is sometimes decorated with piecrust impressions. Fabric: Pinkish buff, light orange buff, or light brown buff clay with white grits and occasionally white inclusions. The fabric is coarse. Slip: Interior covered with a layer of white slip, which occasionally extends over the rim. Glaze: Transparent lead glaze, colorless, or tinted in light yellow or light green. The interior of the vessel is covered with glaze, which occasionally extends over the rim. The glaze is usually very bright. Decoration: None apart from the monochrome glaze.

Remarks. As Type I.7.1.

Date. Thirteenth century.

Remarks. As Type I.7.1.

I.7.3 Port St. Symeon Monochrome Sgraffito Ware (Fig. 21:5; Pl. XVII:1) Description. As Type I.7.1. Fabric: As Type I.7.1. Slip: As Type I.7.1. Glaze: As Type I.7.1. Decoration: An incision of a monogram or symbol on the interior of the base. Date. Thirteenth century. Occurrences. Acre: Unpublished.

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MIRIAM AVISSAR AND EDNA J. STERN

22

11

5 5

44

33

Fig. 21. Type I.7—imported Port St. Symeon wares. No.

Form

Site

Description

I.7.1 Monochrome 1

Bowl

Acre

Pale yellow clay, white inclusions; dark yellow glaze on the interior

2

Bowl

Acre

Reddish-yellow clay, some white grits and rare inclusions, some mica; pale slip all over the vessel, green glaze on the interior

I.7.2 Polychrome 3

Bowl

Acre

Pink to light brown clay, rare white inclusions; white slip under a pale yellow glaze; streaks of darker yellow and green glaze from the rim to the interior of the bowl

4

Bowl

Acre

Light brown clay, rare white grits and inclusions; white slip under a pale yellow glaze, streaks of darker yellow and green glaze from the rim to the interior

I.7.3 Monochrome sgraffito 5

Bowl

Acre

Pink to very pale brown clay, tiny flakes of mica; white slip and light greenish glaze on the rim and interior, incision of a monogram or symbol on the interior of the base

I.7.4 Port St. Symeon Polychrome Sgraffito Ware (Fig. 22; Pl. XVII:2–4) Description. Mainly bowls and plates; basins and jugs also appear but are less common. The most typical bowls are hemispherical with a wide ledge rim. Bowls with a carinated shoulder and a thickened rim are less frequent. Shallow plates with a wide ledge rim also occur. All the bowls have a low ring base, and a slight ridge at the joint between the body and the ledge rim; the outer edge of the rim is sometimes decorated with pie-crust impressions. The basins are deep, with thick walls, a carinated shoulder, and a simple rim. The jugs

are globular shaped, with a cylindrical neck and a simple rim. The basins and the jugs have the same typical low ring base. All the vessels are thickly potted. Fabric: As Type I.7.1. Slip: As Type I.7.1. Glaze: Transparent lead glaze, colorless, or tinted in light yellow or light green. Dabs, splashes, or painted lines of green, brown, and yellow glaze. The interior of the vessel is covered with glaze, which occasionally extends over the rim. The glaze is usually very bright. Decoration: Incisions of different motifs in a repertoire that repeats itself. The incised decorations are usually on the interior of the vessel, but in some cases are on

55

PART I: GLAZED TABLE WARES

11

22

3 3

66 4 4

77

55

88

99

Fig. 22. Type I.7—imported Port St. Symeon wares (cont.).

56

MIRIAM AVISSAR AND EDNA J. STERN

the exterior. The geometric or floral motifs are arranged within concentric bands, mainly on the wide ledge rim, or distributed over the whole interior. They consist of spirals, guilloches, zigzags, triangles, circles, fish scales, stylized floral motifs, and pseudo-Kufic inscriptions. Radial patterns or a central motif that occupies all the interior of the bowl are also known. These central motifs comprise figures of animals, birds, hybrid creatures, and humans. Most of the motifs seem to be of an eastern origin, but some western motifs occur as well. For example, these may be human depictions in an eastern, Islamic style (Poulsen 1957:243, No. 805, Pl. 5) or in a western, Latin style (Stern 1997:56–57, Fig. 13:95) on bowls of this type. Another western motif is the triangular shield (Pl. XVII:3; Lane 1937: Pl. XXIII, 2A). Dabs, splashes, or painted lines of green, brown, and yellow glaze are added to the incised designs. Date. Thirteenth century. Occurrences. Acre: Pringle 1997:144–145, Fig. 11:65; Stern 1997:56–58, 65, Figs. 13:95–97, 17:126; unpublished. ‘Atlit: Johns 1934: Pls. LIV, LVI. Caesarea: Pringle 1985:193, Fig. 13:66–69; Brosh 1986:69, Fig. 3:1; Arnon 1999:227, Fig. 10: d–f.

Nazareth: Bagatti 1984:186, Fig. 65:1. St. Mary of Carmel: Pringle 1984:106, Fig. 8:66. ‘Uza, H.: Stern and Tatcher, forthcoming. Yoqne‘am: Avissar 1996a:113, Type 75, Fig. XIII.59, Photos XIII.43–XIII.45. Alexandria: François 1999:114, Fig. 30:322–328, Pls. 322–328. Antioch: Waagé 1948:96, Type VIF5, Figs. 72, 73. ‘Arqa, Tell: Hakiman and Salamé-Sarkis 1988:7, Fig. 2:7, Pl. II.1.3. Beirut: El-Masri 1998:109, Fig. 9:1, 4. Fustat: Kubiak 1970a. Kinet: Redford et al. 2001:71, 103–110, Figs. 14–21. Al-Mina: Lane 1937:45–53, Fig. 8, Pls. XXI–XXIV. Misis: Hild and Hellenkemper 1990:358, Figs. 312– 315. Sardis: Scott and Kamilli 1981:685, Fig. 6. Tripoli: Salamé-Sarkis 1980:161–166, Figs. 9–11, Pls. XLIV–XLVI. Remarks. This is the most common type in this group. Glazed tiles, apparently wall tiles, with a similar polychrome sgraffito decoration, were recently found in Acre. A fragment of such a tile was recovered at Kinet as well (Redford et al. 2001:111, Fig. 22:1).

◄ Fig. 22. Type I.7—imported Port St. Symeon wares (cont.). No.

Form

Site

Description

I.7.4 Polychrome sgraffito 1

Bowl

Acre

Light brown clay, some white grits and inclusions; white slip under a light yellow glaze, sgraffito decoration of flowers and shields on the rim, splashes of green and darker yellow glaze

2

Bowl

Acre

Light brown clay, some white grits and inclusions; white slip under a pale green glaze, sgraffito decoration of a bird, splashes of green and darker yellow glaze

3

Bowl

Acre

Light brown clay, small amount of tiny flakes of mica, rare white grits; white slip under a green glaze, geometric sgraffito decoration, splashes of green and darker yellow glaze

4

Bowl

Acre

Pink to reddish-yellow clay, rare white grits and large inclusions; white slip under a yellow glaze, geometric sgraffito decoration, splashes of green and darker yellow glaze

5

Bowl

Acre

Light brown clay, some white grits and rare large inclusions; white slip under a pale green glaze, sgraffito decoration of a bird, splashes of green and darker yellow glaze

6

Bowl

Acre

Light brown clay, many white grits and rare inclusions; white slip under a yellow glaze, geometric sgraffito decoration, splashes of green and darker yellow glaze

7

Bowl

Acre

Light brown clay, rare white grits and inclusions, some tiny flakes of mica; white slip under a yellow glaze, floral sgraffito decoration, splashes of green and darker yellow glaze

8

Bowl

Acre

Reddish-yellow clay, many light grits and large white inclusions; white slip under a yellow glaze, sgraffito decoration of seated person, splashes of green and darker yellow glaze

9

Basin

Acre

Very pale brown clay, some tiny flakes of mica; white slip under a pale yellow glaze, sgraffito decoration under the rim, splashes of green and darker yellow glaze

PART I: GLAZED TABLE WARES

I.8 CYPRIOT WARES (PAPHOS WARE) This type was manufactured in southwestern Cyprus, in the Paphos region, as attested by several kiln sites that were excavated and surveyed in Paphos, Lemba, and Kouklia (Papanikola-Bakirtzi 1996:215–216; von Wartburg 1997:336). Pringle suggested that some of the vessels of these types found in the Levant were not imported from Cyprus, but were made locally because of the variety in the fabrics (Pringle 1984:104–106; 1985:190–192). Following scientific analyses (Megaw and Jones 1983:241; Boas 1994:118) and further research of this type, this suggestion can be overruled. At Paphos-Lemba these vessels were produced from the beginning of the thirteenth century until the early fourteenth century (von Wartburg 1997:340), or the end of that century (Papanikola-Bakirtzi 1996:218). It seems that after the fall of the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem this type of pottery ceased to be imported to Israel. However, pottery production continued in Cyprus at other sites until the sixteenth century (Papanikola-Bakirtzis 1993:116–120; PapanikolaBakirtzi 1996:218–220). Thus far, no Cypriot glazed bowls dating after the Crusader occupation have been found in Israel—it seems that they were imported only during the Crusader period (as opposed to the case in Alexandria, where later Cypriot pottery was uncovered [see François 1999:112–113]). This evidence, as well as the distribution of this type (see below), may suggest that the floruit of the Paphos region pottery workshops may be connected to the demand of the Crusader states for it. Cyprus’ position on the maritime route from Europe to the Levant helped in the distribution of this type; once the Crusaders left the Levant, there was no longer a market for Paphos Ware in the Levant. It may be concluded that for this reason the Paphos workshops gradually ceased to manufacture pottery.

57

Cypriot pottery seems to be a local continuation of Byzantine Wares (Type I.4), with influences of Zeuxippus Wares (Type I.6), St. Symeon Wares (Type I.7), and Islamic wares (Papanikola-Bakirtzis 1993:122–123; Papanikola-Bakirtzi 1996:213; von Wartburg 1997:336–339). Tripod stilts were used in the process of firing these vessels, enabling mass production (Papanikola-Bakirtzis 1993:123; von Wartburg 1997:324–325, Fig. 1, Pl. LXIV). Scars of the tripod feet may be seen occasionally on the base of the open vessels. The distribution of this type outside Cyprus is in areas occupied by the Franks in the thirteenth century—the Syrian coast and Israel—as well as in Egypt (Pringle 1986a:460, Map 2). To this some sites in southeastern Asia Minor can be added (von Wartburg 1997:337, n. 22). In Israel this is one of the most common imports during the Crusader period. At Arsuf (Apollonia) it comprises 90% of the imported ware (Boas 1994:108). The distribution of these vessels in Israel is not limited to the coastal Frankish sites; it also reached sites inland that were not necessarily settled by the Franks (Stern 1995:327, Fig. 4). It had been believed that the different decorative groups formed a chronological sequence, but recently published material from the kiln sites at Lemba point to the fact that they were all produced at the same time (von Wartburg 1997:339). We employ here the recent classification of the Cypriot types based mainly on Papanikola-Bakirtzi 1996 and von Wartburg 1997 and not an earlier one (du Plat Taylor and Megaw 1939; Dikigoropoulos and Megaw 1948). The earlier classification was used by Pringle to describe finds from Israel (Pringle 1984:103– 106; 1985:190–192; 1986a:459–460; 1986b:150; 1997:143–145).

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MIRIAM AVISSAR AND EDNA J. STERN

I.8.1 Cypriot Slip-Painted Ware (Fig. 23; Pl. XVIII) Description. Bowls, plates, and jugs. The bowls are hemispherical with variously shaped rims or carinated with slightly concave vertical walls and a simple rim. The latter and the hemispherical bowl with a wide ledge rim are the most characteristic. Less common are bowls with a vertical or a simple rim. The shallow plates have a wide ledge or a simple rim. The bases are high ring bases with an out-turned, slightly angular or flat foot. The jugs have a simple rim, a high cylindrical neck, a handle pulled from the middle of the neck to the shoulder, a globular body, and a high ring base similar to those of the open forms, or a low ring base. Fabric: Red to red-brown clay, rarely orange-brown or buff-brown with white grits and inclusions. The core or part of the surface may be gray due to firing conditions. The fabric is well levigated and may be soft, well fired, or metallic. Slip: White slip was used to paint designs on the clay, instead of forming a background. Glaze: Translucent lead glaze, thick and glossy, in yellow, yellow-brown, or green. The interior of open shapes is covered with glaze; occasionally it extends over the rim and may spill down to the base. In rare cases glaze may appear over the entire exterior, and it may be a different color. The exterior of closed shapes is covered with glaze; occasionally spills of glaze can be seen on the interior. Decoration: After the application of the glaze, the clay background became darker and the slip-painted motifs appeared in the color of the glaze and stand in

contrast to the background. The painted motifs on the bowls and plates consist of loops and zig-zags arranged concentrically around the bowl, as well as spirals in various combinations. The decoration is usually inside the bowl or plate, but the bowls with the carinated, slightly concave vertical walls usually have a running zig-zag line on the exterior of the concave wall. The motifs on the jugs utilize the same family of motifs as the bowls with an addition of vertical painted lines, circles surrounded by dots, and a fish-scale design. Date. Thirteenth century. Occurrences. Acre: Pringle 1997:145, Fig. 12:70; Stern 1997:48–51, Figs. 8:67–72, 9:73–76; unpublished. ‘Aqav, H.: Boas 2000:220, Fig. 3c, Pl. V:2. ‘Atlit: Johns 1934: Pl. LVII, Fig. 2. Caesarea: Arnon 1999:227, Fig. 10: j. Nazareth: Bagatti 1984:183–184, Fig. 64:8, 9, 14. ‘Uza, H.: Stern and Tatcher, forthcoming. Yoqne‘am: Avissar 1996a:112, Type 74, Fig. XIII.58, Photo XIII.42. Alexandria: François 1999:112–113, Fig. 29:312, 313, Pl. 14:312. Lemba: von Wartburg 1997:328, Fig. 3, Pls. LXVI:1– 3, LXVIII:1, 2. Paphos-Lemba Region: Papanikola-Bakirtzi 1996:217, Figs. I, II, Pls. II–V. Tripoli: Salamé-Sarkis 1980:184–186, Pl. LVIII:11. Remarks. In Israel, the jugs are less widely distributed than the bowls and plates.

Fig. 23. Type I.8—imported Cypriot wares. ► No.

Form

Site

Description

I.8.1 Slip-painted 1

Bowl

Acre

Yellowish-red to brown clay, some gray and white grits and inclusions; white slip-painted decoration on the interior under transparent yellow glaze

2

Bowl

Acre

Yellowish-red clay, many white grits and inclusions; slip-painted spiral decoration on the interior and exterior, running zigzag line on both sides of the rim, transparent yellow glaze

3

Bowl

Acre

Red to brown clay, rare white grits and flakes of mica; spiral decoration painted in white slip under transparent yellow glaze

4

Bowl

Acre

Dark gray to reddish-brown clay; spiral decoration painted in white slip under yellowish glaze

5

Jug

Acre

Reddish-brown clay; spiral decoration painted in white slip under transparent yellow glaze on the exterior

6

Jug

Acre

Red to brown clay, rare white grits; white slip-painted decoration under light yellowish glaze on the exterior, greenish glaze inside

PART I: GLAZED TABLE WARES

11

33

55

22

44

66

Fig. 23. Type I.8—imported Cypriot wares.

59

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MIRIAM AVISSAR AND EDNA J. STERN

I.8.2 Cypriot Monochrome Ware (Fig. 24:1)

Date. Thirteenth century.

Description. Hemispherical bowls and plates, both with a wide ledge rim or a simple rim. The bases are the typical high ring bases with an out-turned, slightly angular or flat foot. Fabric: As Type I.8.1. Slip: The interior is covered with a layer of white slip, which occasionally extends to the exterior of the rim. Glaze: As Type I.8.1. Decoration: None apart from the monochrome glaze.

Occurrences. Acre: Edelstein and Avissar 1997:130, Fig. 1:2; Pringle 1997:144, Fig. 11:56, 58; Stern 1997:51, Fig. 10:767–780; unpublished. ‘Aqav, H.: Boas 2000:220, Fig. 3d, Pl. V:3, 4. ‘Atlit: Johns 1934: Figs. 1–3, Pl. LVI; 1936:53, Fig. 13:2, 3. Caesarea: Pringle 1985:190, Fig. 12:61. Giv‘at Yasaf: Stern 1999:125, Fig. 1:1, 2. St. Mary of Carmel: Pringle 1984:104, Figs. 7:60–62, 8:59. ‘Uza, H.: Stern and Tatcher, forthcoming. Yoqne‘am: Avissar 1996a:111–112, Type 73, Fig. XIII.57, Photo XIII.41. Alexandria: François 1999:112–113, Figs. 27:296–298, 28:299, 302, 304–306, Pl. 13:296, 299. Lemba: von Wartburg 1997:329–331, Figs. 2:1.50A, 51A, 4, 5, Pl. LXVI:4, 5. Al-Mina: Lane 1937:43–45, Fig. 7: F, Pl. XX, 1 unlettered. Paphos-Lemba Region: Papanikola-Bakirtzi 1996:216, Fig. III, Pls. VI–VIII. Tripoli: Salamé-Sarkis 1980:160, 169–170, 173–175, Figs. 8:2, 3, 13, 15; Pls. L, LII.

Date. Thirteenth century. Occurrences. Acre: Pringle 1997:139, Fig. 7:20; unpublished. Lemba: von Wartburg 1997:329. Paphos-Lemba Region: Papanikola-Bakirtzi 1996:216, Fig. IX, Pls. XXVIII–XXIX. Remarks.This type is quite rare in Israel and Cyprus. It is designated as ‘Plain Glazed Ware’ in the classification of the Cypriot types by Papanikola-Bakirtzi 1996 and von Wartburg 1997. However we prefer to use the term ‘monochrome’. I.8.3 Cypriot Monochrome (Fig. 24:2–7; Pl. XIX:1)

Sgraffito

Ware

Description. Bowls and plates. The bowls are hemispherical with variously shaped rims, or carinated, with a slightly concave vertical wall and a simple rim. The latter and the hemispherical bowl with a wide ledge rim are the most common. Less common are a vertical rim and a simple rim. The shallow plates have a wide ledge or a simple rim. The bases are high ring bases with an out-turned, slightly angular or flat foot. Fabric: As Type I.8.1 Slip: As Type I.8.2 Glaze: As Type I.8.1. Decoration: Incisions in a thick or thin line of various motifs in a repertoire that repeats itself on the interior of the vessel, with no added color. Concentric parallel lines are incised on the rim. Different motifs occur on the base, among them concentric circles, spirals, hatched medallions, keys, or a combination of these motifs. Rarely do human, animal, or bird figures appear. A slip-painted zigzag may occur on the exterior of the concave wall.

Remarks. This is the most common type amongst the Cypriot Wares. I.8.4 Cypriot One-Color Sgraffito Ware (Fig. 25:1; Pl. XIX:2) Description. As Type I.8.3. Fabric: As Type I.8.1. Slip: As Type I.8.2. Glaze: As Type I.8.1. Decoration: As Type I.8.3, with the addition of dabs, splashes, or painted lines in green or yellow-brown glaze, contrasting with the background. Decorative patterns reminiscent of the Zeuxippus Wares (Type I.6) appear on this bowl. In this group, figures of humans, animals, and birds occur more often. Date. Thirteenth century. Occurrences. Acre: Pringle 1997:144, Fig. 11:55; Stern 1997:65, Fig. 125; unpublished. Al-Burj al-Ahmar: Pringle 1986b:150, Fig. 50:73. Caesarea: Pringle 1985:190, Fig. 12:62–65.

61

PART I: GLAZED TABLE WARES

11

22

33

66

55

44

77

Fig. 24. Type I.8—imported Cypriot wares (cont.). No.

Form

Site

Description

Acre

Dark gray to brown clay, hard clean fabric with some tiny flakes of mica; green glaze all over the bowl except the base

I.8.2 Monochrome 1

Bowl

I.8.3 Monochrome sgraffito 2

Bowl

Acre

Dark reddish-gray to reddish-brown clay; white slip and light yellow glaze on the inside of the bowl and outside the rim, sgraffito design of a hatched circle on the interior of the base

3

Bowl

Acre

Red to brown clay, some white and dark grits; white slip and transparent yellow glaze on the rim and inside; sgraffito design of a hatched circle on the interior of the base

4

Bowl

Acre

Light brown to brown clay, some white grits and inclusions; thin pink slip and yellowish brown glaze on the rim and inside, sgraffito decoration of concentric circles on the interior of the base

5

Bowl

Acre

Reddish-yellow to light reddish-brown clay, many fine white grits and rare white inclusions; thin pink slip under yellowish-brown glaze on the rim and interior, sgraffito decoration of concentric circles on the rim

6

Bowl

Acre

Red to brown clay; some white grits and flakes of mica; white slip and yellow glaze on the inside, sgraffito design of a hatched circle on the interior of the base

7

Bowl

Acre

Reddish-brown clay, some tiny flakes of mica; white slip and yellowish glaze on the inside, sgraffito design of a key on the interior of the base

62

MIRIAM AVISSAR AND EDNA J. STERN

Nazareth: Bagatti 1984:186, Fig. 65:5, 8. ‘Uza, H.: Stern and Tatcher, forthcoming. Alexandria: François 1999:112–113, Fig. 28:303, Pl. 13:303. Lemba: von Wartburg 1997:329–331, Figs. 2:1.64; 6; Pl. LXVIII:5. Paphos-Lemba Region: Papanikola-Bakirtzi 1996:216– 217, Fig. IV, Pls. IX–XIV. I.8.5 Cypriot Green- and Brown-Sgraffito Ware (Fig. 25:2, 3; Pl. XIX:3) Description. As Type I.8.3. Fabric: As Type I.8.1. Slip: As Type I.8.2. Glaze: As Type I.8.1. Decoration: As Type I.8.3, with the addition of dabs, splashes, or painted lines in green and yellow-brown glaze, contrasting with the background. Decorative patterns reminiscent of the Port St. Symeon Wares (Type I.7) appear on these bowls. In this group, figures of humans, animals, and birds occur more often. The incised line sometimes appears to be thinner.

11

Date. Thirteenth century. Occurrences. Acre: Pringle 1997:144, Fig. 11:64; unpublished. ‘Atlit: Johns 1934: Fig. 4, Pl. LVI; 1936:53, Fig. 13:4. ‘Uza, H.: Stern and Tatcher, forthcoming. Alexandria: François 1999:112–113, Fig. 28:307, 311, Pls. 13:307, 14:311. Lemba: von Wartburg 1997:331–335, Figs. 2:1.60; 7; 8; Pls. LXVII:3, 4 A.B, LXVIII. Paphos-Lemba Region: Papanikola-Bakirtzi 1996:217, Figs. V, VI:1–6, Pls. XV–XVII. Remarks. According to Papanikola-Bakirtzi (1996:217) this ware is transitional between the earlier wares of the Cypriot glazed pottery (Types I.8.1–I.8.4) that were produced under the influence of the Byzantine Wares and the later groups (of the fourteenth- and fifteenthcentury ware that was not imported to Israel). In this group, the influence of the Latin presence in Cyprus and the East is evident in the decorative themes.

22

33

Fig. 25. Type I.8—imported Cypriot wares (cont.). No.

Form

Site

Description

I.8.4 One-color sgraffito 1

Bowl

Acre

Red clay, some white grits; white slip and yellow glaze, sgraffito design with streaks of green glaze on the interior, running slip-painted zigzag line on exterior of the rim

I.8.5 Green- and brown-sgraffito 2

Bowl

Acre

Dark grayish-brown to reddish-yellow clay, rare white grits and inclusions and some mica; white slip under greenish-yellow glaze inside, sgraffito design on the interior with streaks of green and yellow glaze

3

Bowl

Acre

Reddish-brown to brown clay, tiny flakes of mica; white slip under yellow glaze inside, sgraffito design of a fish on the interior with streaks of green and yellow glaze

PART I: GLAZED TABLE WARES

I.9 ITALIAN WARES Various Italian pottery types were imported to Israel during the Crusader and the Mamluk periods. It seems that this importation is connected to the activities of the Italian merchants, mainly those of Venice. Two main phases of the importing of Italian pottery to Israel are discernible: The first phase occurred during the Crusader period (the thirteenth century), when large quantities of different types of pottery (Types I.9.1– I.9.3) were imported. The fall of the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem brought an end to this trade in ceramics from southern and northern Italy. The second phase was during the Mamluk period, after a gap of nearly 100 years, when fewer ceramics from northern Italy (Types I.9.4– I.9.7) appear; they date mainly from the end of the fourteenth century and later. During part of the Crusader period there is a distinction between southern Italy and Sicily, which were for some time in Islamic hands, and for some, in Latin hands, and between northern Italy, which was in Latin hands only. In the former, mainly tin-glazed vessels with light fabric bodies and decorated with painted designs were produced (the Spiral Ware is an exception); in the latter, lead-glazed vessels with red fabric bodies and sgraffito designs were manufactured. The Italian productions are presented here. We begin with the southern Italian ceramics, which seem to be the first types that were imported to Israel during the Crusader period. We then proceed to the northern Italian products, which were imported to the Crusader kingdom at the end of the thirteenth century, and have thus far been identified only in Acre. Glazed pottery from northern Italy was brought to Israel during the Mamluk period as well, illustrating the connections with the Venetian merchants who came to Israel in order to export agricultural goods.

63

and that the name ‘Proto-maiolica’ in fact represents many different groups of similar wares, produced in various production sites in Sicily and southern Italy. These wares differ in fabric, color, shape, motifs, and the color palettes use to paint their designs. These different wares have been studied intensively in the past few years by archeologists from Italy and from places where Proto-maiolica was imported (Whitehouse 1980b; Sanders 1987:166–173; Patitucci Uggeri 1990; Riavez 1998). The typology and terminology used for describing the different ware groups of Proto-maiolica vary in these different publications, and it seems that one general terminology appropriate for all the findspots of these wares has not yet been established. For this reason we have employed here a typology/ terminology that is adjusted to the finds from Israel. This typology/terminology, on the one hand, is general and does not go into too much detail; on the other hand, it is less general than that used until now to describe Proto-maiolica finds from Israel (for example: Pringle 1982, 1984:102, 1985:200; Boas 1994:111; Avissar 1996a:113; Stern 1997:58–59). We have taken into consideration that this typology/terminology is adjusted to the currently known finds from Israel and a new terminology may soon be established; other members of the Proto-maiolica family may yet be discovered in excavations in Israel as well. In addition, we have grouped these different wares together and have continued to use the general terminology ‘Protomaiolica’ to unify them, despite knowing that they represent different ware groups. We have done so, both because this term is still in common use, and due to the inclusive similarity in the general appearance of shapes, fabric, glaze, and decoration that sets these vessels apart from the other imported glazed wares. Proto-maiolica has been found in the eastern Mediterranean in Syria, Israel, Egypt, and Cyprus (Pringle 1982:110–111, Fig.1).

I.9.1 Proto-Maiolica Proto-maiolica wares were first found in the excavations at Corinth and ‘Atlit; it was thought to be an eastern product that later influenced Italian maiolica. Since then, large quantities of this type have been unearthed at sites in southern Italy. It has now been ascertained that it was produced in Italy and exported to the eastern Mediterranean (Whitehouse 1980b:77–78; Sanders 1987:166–167; Patitucci Uggeri 1990). Today it is recognized that Proto-maiolica is not one type of ware,

I.9.1.1 Proto-Maiolica from Apulia I.9.1.1.1 Proto-Maiolica from Apulia: Grid-Iron (Fig. 26; Pl. XX:1) Description. Mainly small hemispherical bowls with a thickened, inward-sloping rim and a low, small ring base. Other shapes of vessels that bear a grid-iron decoration include very small bowls with the same shape mentioned above, a hemispherical bowl with a wide ledge rim, and a shallow small dish with a

64

MIRIAM AVISSAR AND EDNA J. STERN

thickened, inward-sloping rim and a low, small ring base. Fabric: Buff or beige clay that is coarse and sandy. Slip: None. Glaze: Interior of open shapes covered with an opaque white tin glaze; occasionally it extends over the rim. Painted designs are executed in a colored glaze— brown, blue, and yellow—over this background. Decoration: The most common design is of a central medallion filled with a brown crosshatched design (grid-iron) and defined by a thick brown line. On the walls there is a band of chevrons in blue. On the lip is a series of loops in brown. The grid-iron and the chevrons are occasionally executed in different colors (brown, blue, or yellow). On some occasions, there are simple blue lines on the lip, instead of the loops. Date. Second half of the thirteenth century. Occurrences. Acre: Pringle 1997:146, Fig. 12:79, 80; Stern 1997:58–63, Fig. 14:102, 103; unpublished.

11

22

‘Atlit: Johns 1934: Fig. 2, Pl. LII; Pringle 1982:106– 107, Nos. 12–13; Riavez 1998 I:83–136, 1998 II:3–47, Pls. 1, 3, 4, 13, 14. Caesarea: Pringle 1985:200, Fig. 17:91. Giv‘at Yasaf: Stern 1999:125, Fig. 1:3, 4. St. Mary of Carmel: Pringle 1984:109, Fig. 9:80, 83. Corinth: Sanders 1987:167–170, Fig. 3, Pl. 22. Al-Mina: Lane 1937:54–58, Fig. 7: A–D, Pl. XXVII, 2 lettered. Remarks. Although the grid-iron and the other designs are usually grouped together, we decided to separate them here due to the marked difference in the central painted motif. The grid-iron decorated bowls were thought to be one of the earliest productions of Protomaiolica, produced in the Apulia region (Brindisi) and dated from the last quarter of the twelfth century onwards (Whitehouse 1980b:81). Sanders (1989:189– 194), however, suggests, on the basis of bowls found in the eastern Mediterranean, that they were manufactured only in the second half of the thirteenth century.

33

44

Fig. 26. Type I.9—imported Italian wares—Proto-maiolica. No.

Form

Site

Description

I.9.1.1.1 Proto-maiolica from Apulia: grid-iron 1

Bowl

Acre

White clay, rare tiny flakes of mica; opaque white tin glaze under a dark yellow-painted crosshatched design (grid-iron) defined by a thick brown line, on the walls there is a band of chevrons in blue, and on the lip there is a series of loops in brown

2

Bowl

Acre

Pale yellow clay, rare tiny flakes of mica; opaque white tin glaze under a brown-painted crosshatched design (grid-iron) defined by a thick brown line, vertical blue lines on the rim

3

Bowl

Acre

Pale yellow clay, rare tiny flakes of mica; opaque white tin glaze under a brown-painted crosshatched design (grid-iron) defined by a thick brown line, on the walls there is a band of chevrons in blue

4

Bowl

Acre

Grayish-brown clay; opaque white tin glaze under a brown-painted crosshatched design (grid-iron) defined by a thick brown line, on the walls there is a band of chevrons in blue, and on the lip there is a series of loops in brown

PART I: GLAZED TABLE WARES

65

I.9.1.1.2 Proto-Maiolica from Apulia: Other Designs (Fig. 27; Pl. XX:2–4)

geometric composition, such as loops, slanting lines, chevrons, etc.

Description. Primarily bowls and plates; jugs are rare. The bowls are hemispherical with variously shaped rims: simple, thickened, or a wide ledge. The shallow plates have a thickened rim, a wide ledge rim or a simple rim. The open vessels have low ring bases. The jugs have a simple pinched rim, a wide cylindrical neck, a handle pulled from the middle of the neck to the shoulder, a globular body, and a flat base. Fabric: As Type I.9.1.1.1. Slip: None. Glaze: Interior of the open shapes covered with an opaque white tin glaze; occasionally it extends over the rim. The exterior of closed shapes is covered with glaze. Painted designs are executed in differently colored glaze—purple/brown, blue/green, and yellow—over this background. Decoration: The central part of the bowl is decorated with a variation of designs that includes vegetal or geometric arrangements, or human or zoomorphic figures. On the lip or the rim there is usually a repeating

Date. Second half of the thirteenth century. Occurrences. Acre: Edelstein and Avissar 1997:130, Fig. 1:5; Pringle 1997:146, Fig. 12:76–78; Stern 1997:58–63, 65, Figs. 14:104–106, 15:107–110, 112, 16:113–117, 17:127; unpublished. ‘Atlit: Johns 1934: Pls. XLIX, L, LI:2; Pringle 1982:105–106, Nos. 1–8; Riavez 1998 I:83–136, 1998 II:3–47, Pls. 2, 5, 6–13, 15–20. Caesarea: Pringle 1985:200, Figs. 16:94–99, 17:92, 93; Brosh 1986:70, Fig. 3:7; Arnon 1999:227, Fig. 11:b, e–h. St. Mary of Carmel: Pringle 1984:109, Fig. 9:84, 85. ‘Uza, H.: Ben-Tor 1963:23, Pl. III:7; Stern and Tatcher, forthcoming. Alexandria: François 1999:72–73, Fig. 16:154, 155, 156, Pls. 7:154, 8:155, 156. Al-Mina: Lane 1937:54–58, Fig. 7: A–D, Pl. XXVII, 2. Remarks. See Type I.9.1.1.1

Fig. 27. Type I.9—imported Italian wares–Proto-maiolica (cont.). ► No.

Form

Site

Description

I.9.1.1.2 Proto-maiolica from Apulia: other designs 1

Bowl

Acre

White clay; opaque white tin glaze under a painted design of a fish, on the lip there is a series of loops in brown

2

Bowl

Acre

Light reddish-brown clay and light gray core, sandy fabric with many white grits; opaque white tin glaze under a painted design of a flower, on the lip there is a series of loops in blue

3

Bowl

Acre

Pale yellow clay; opaque white tin glaze under a painted design of a bird, on the lip there is an interlacing design

4

Bowl

Acre

Light brown clay, soft sandy fabric with some flakes of light mica; opaque white tin glaze under a painted design of a band of chevrons in blue on the rim

5

Bowl

Acre

Light gray clay; opaque white tin glaze under a painted design of a stylized decorative tree on the interior and a band of brown chevrons on the rim

6

Bowl

Acre

Pink to light brown clay, white grits and inclusions; opaque white tin glaze under a painted design of a stylized decorative tree on the interior

7

Bowl

Acre

Very pale brown clay, rare flakes of light mica; opaque white tin glaze under a painted design of a knight holding a shield and sword

66

MIRIAM AVISSAR AND EDNA J. STERN

11

33

22

44

66

55

7 7

Fig. 27. Type I.9—imported Italian wares—Proto-maiolica (cont.).

PART I: GLAZED TABLE WARES

I.9.1.2 Proto-Maiolica from Sicily I.9.1.2.1 Proto-Maiolica from Sicily: Polychrome (Gela Ware) (Fig. 28:1, 2; Pl. XXI:1) Description. Hemispherical bowls, occasionally slightly carinated at the shoulder and having a wide ledge rim that ends with a flattened, slightly molded lip. There is a high ridge where the ledge rim joins the body. Low ring base. Fabric: Light brown to pink clay with a pinkish or light yellow core and rare dark inclusions. The fabric is finer and harder than the Apulian Proto-maiolica. Slip: None. Glaze: Interior covered with an opaque white tin glaze; occasionally it extends over the rim. Painted designs are executed in a differently colored glaze—brown, yellow, and green or rarely blue—over this background. Decoration: The ledge rim is decorated with a band of interlaced patterns or intersecting arcades painted in brown and filled with glazed dots in yellow or green or rarely blue. The interior of the bowl contains one central motif: most commonly it is a bird or a fish, or different types of zoomorphic and vegetal or geometric designs. The outlines of these central motifs are painted in dark brown, with a filling of colored glaze. Date. Thirteenth century. Occurrences. Acre: Stern 1997:58–63, Fig. 15:108; unpublished. ‘Atlit: Johns 1934: Pl. LIII; Riavez 1998 I:141–155, 1998 II:48–54, Pls. 21–23. Caesarea: Pringle 1985:200, Fig. 17:101. Alexandria: François 1999:73, Fig. 16:157–159, Pls. 8:159, 17:160. Al-Mina: Lane 1937:55, Fig. 7: E, Pl. XXVII, 2: B (3 examples). Remarks. Different production sites have been identified in Sicily as producing Proto-maiolica pottery (D’Angelo 1997). The ware that is described here

67

seems to have been manufactured in Gela, and is thus known as ‘Gela Ware’. I.9.1.2.2 Proto-Maiolica from Sicily: Monochrome (Fig. 28:3–7; Pl. XXI:2) Description. Hemispherical bowls and plates, both having a similar low ring base. The bowls are occasionally slightly carinated at the shoulder and have a wide ledge rim that ends with a flattened, slightly molded lip. There is a high ridge where the ledge rim joins the body. The plates have straight walls that end with a flattened, slightly molded lip, similar to that of the ledge rims. This type also includes globular jugs. Fabric: As Type I.9.1.2.1. Slip: None. Glaze: Interior covered with an opaque white tin glaze; occasionally it extends over the rim. Painted designs are executed in brown glaze over this background. Decoration: The rims of the vessels have arched, triangular, or slanted repeating motifs that are filled with crosshatching. The interior of the open vessels contains zoomorphic or human figures, and vegetal or geometric designs. The outline of these central motifs is painted in dark brown, with a crosshatched filling. Date. Late thirteenth century and the fourteenth century. Occurrences. Acre: Unpublished. ‘Atlit: Pringle 1982:106, No. 10; Riavez 1998 I:156– 162, 1998 II:55–57, Pl. 24. Remarks. This ware is rare in Israel and has been identified only at ‘Atlit and Acre. For this reason, it seems that this ware will be found in Israel only at sites that were in Frankish hands until the fall of the Second Latin Kingdom in 1291. Another type of monochrome ware was found in Sicily, with simple decorations (Whitehouse 1980b:79). This type has not yet been discovered in Israel.

68

MIRIAM AVISSAR AND EDNA J. STERN

11

33

22

55

44

66

77

Fig. 28. Type I.9—imported Italian wares—Proto-maiolica (cont.).

PART I: GLAZED TABLE WARES

69

◄ Fig. 28. Type I.9 Imported Italian wares—Proto-maiolica (cont.). No.

Form

Site

Description

I.9.1.2.1 Proto-maiolica from Sicily: Polychrome (Gela ware) 1

Bowl

Acre

Pink clay, pale yellow core, rare reddish-brown inclusions; opaque white tin glaze under a painted design in green and brown

2

Bowl

Acre

Very thin pale brown clay, pink to light brown thick core, rare dark inclusions; opaque white tin glaze under a painted design in green and brown

I.9.1.2.2 Proto-maiolica from Sicily: Monochrome 3

Bowl

Acre

Brown clay, light yellowish-brown core, rare reddish inclusions; opaque white tin glaze under a painted design in brown, a human figure on the interior of the bowl and diamond-shaped crosshatched motifs on the rim

4

Bowl

Acre

Grayish-brown clay, some tiny flakes of mica; opaque white tin glaze under a painted design in brown, a geometric design on the interior of the bowl and diamond-shaped crosshatched motifs on the rim

5

Bowl

Acre

Reddish-yellow clay, yellow core; opaque white tin glaze under a painted design in brown, a human figure holding a shield on the interior of the bowl and triangular crosshatched motifs on the rim

6

Bowl

Acre

Light brown clay and core; opaque white tin glaze under a brown-painted design, a floral design on the rim

7

Jug

Acre

Light brown to brown clay, rare reddish grits; opaque white tin glaze under a brown-painted design, decorative painting on the exterior

I.9.1.3 Proto-Maiolica: RMR (Fig. 29:1; Pl. XXI:3) Description. Bowls only, of mainly two types: a bowl with a carinated shoulder and a vertical rim with a flattened out-turned lip; and a bowl with a wide ledge rim. The base of both types is a low ring base with a projection from the center. Fabric: Light brown to buff soft clay. Slip: None. Glaze: Interior covered with a thin white glaze, with designs painted on it in variously colored glazes. Decoration: The decoration is limited to very simple designs, painted mainly in brown and red; green also may appear. The most common decoration is bands on the lip and the wall, painted in brown and red. A floral design may appear on the walls as well. The central medallion is occasionally empty, or may contain a triangular motif made of horizontal lines or a grid-iron design. Date. Last decades of the thirteenth century Occurrences. Acre: Unpublished. ‘Atlit: Riavez 1998 I:167–174; 1998 II:60–62, Pls. 26, 27. Corinth: Sanders 1987:170–171, Fig. 3:5, 6, Pls. 22:5, 23:7.

Remarks. D. Whitehouse defined this type of ware and named it ‘RMR’ (‘Ramina, Manganese, Rosso’), describing the colors used in this ware. He argues that glaze analysis shows that tin is not present in significant quantities, and therefore the term ‘maiolica’ is not appropriate to describe this ware (Whitehouse 1980b:82–83). We have presented this type together with the Proto-maiolica group since it seems to be a related ware and is usually grouped with the Protomaiolica wares. This ware has only been identified in Israel at ‘Atlit and Acre. At Corinth it was dated to the last decades of the thirteenth century (Sanders 1989:193) and to the fourteenth century. For this reason, it seems that this ware will be found in Israel only in sites that were in Frankish hands until the fall of the Second Latin Kingdom in 1291. I.9.2 Spiral Ware (Fig. 29:2; Pl. XXI:4) Description. Hemispherical deep bowls with a simple rim. The base is a low, thick ring base. The walls of the bowls are thick. The vessels are coarsely potted and occasionally have ridges from the potter’s wheel on the exterior. Fabric: Coarse buff to light pink clay, with a gray core, inclusions and grits, and occasionally mica flecks. Slip: None.

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MIRIAM AVISSAR AND EDNA J. STERN

Glaze: Painting in green and brown (or black) glaze under a thin transparent lead glaze that appears dark yellow in color; it occurs only on the interior. Decoration: Four spirals, painted alternately in green and brown, arranged around the interior of the bowl. The ends of all the spirals meet in the center of the bowl. Date. Late eleventh century to the fourteenth century. Occurrences. Acre: Pringle 1997:141, Fig. 9:34; unpublished.

11

Carthage: Vitelli and Riley 1979: Fig. 2. Lazio Region: Whitehouse 1980a:74, Fig. 5:2–4. Remark. This type is rare in Israel and has thus far been found at Acre, in Crusader-period contexts. Petrographic analysis indicates that it was manufactured and imported here from several workshops that produced the same type of pottery; they were situated in central and southern Italy and Sicily. Although this group includes jugs as well, in Acre only bowls of this type have been found (Vitelli and Riley 1979; Whitehouse 1980a:74, Fig. 5:2–4).

2 2

Fig. 29. Type I.9—imported Italian wares—Crusader period. No.

Form

Site

Description

I.9.1.3 Proto-maiolica: RMR 1

Bowl

Acre

Pale yellow clay, rare reddish-brown grits; opaque white tin glaze under a painted design in brown and red

Acre

Very pale brown clay, rare flakes of mica and many white inclusions; yellowish glaze on the rim and the interior, spiral decoration in brown and green glaze

I.9.2 Spiral ware 2

Bowl

I.9.3 Venetian Lead-Glazed Wares The products of Venice’s workshops have only recently been identified. They had previously been defined as Late Byzantine types, since the first examples of this type were discovered in Greece. It seems that they were manufactured under the inspiration of Late Byzantine ceramic types, mainly Zeuxippus Ware (Gelichi 1984; Berti and Gelichi 1997). Some vessels bear the decorative attributes of both Spirale Cerchio Ware and Roulette Ware. This attests

that these two sub-types probably belong to the same manufacturing tradition in Venice and may have been produced in the same workshops. I.9.3.1 Spirale Cerchio Ware (Fig. 30:1–4; Pl. XXII:1–4) Description. Small hemispherical bowls with a thin, simple rim and a small, high ring base. Occasionally the bowls are slightly carinated at the bottom part of the body. Bowls with short ledge rims or plates with simple, vertical rims also appear.

PART I: GLAZED TABLE WARES

Fabric: Reddish-yellow to reddish-brown clay with white grits and occasionally mica. Slip: White slip on the interior of the bowl. Occasionally there is slip on the exterior of the bowl. Glaze: Yellowish-brown or green (less common) lead glaze on the interior of the bowl. Occasionally the exterior of the bowl is glazed as well. Decoration: Incised spirals or concentric circles on the interior of the base of the bowl. Incised parallel lines near the rim. Date. Approximately the second half of the thirteenth century. Occurrences. Acre: Unpublished. Venice: Saccardo 1993:212–214, Figs. 5, 6, 8, Pl. II. Remarks. This type of vessel was regarded as Zeuxippus Ware Class IB–C. However, L. Lazzarini has recently defined this type as Spirale Cerchio. It has a cruder incised decoration than the Zeuxippus Ware and a different type of fabric. Chemical and petrographic analyses of the clays show that they were produced in Venice (see Saccardo 1993:212–214; Berti and Gelichi 1997:87–89). I.9.3.2 Roulette Ware (Fig. 30:5–7; Pl. XXII:5–8) Description. Bowls of two main forms: a deep carinated bowl with a thin upright rim, which may be out-turned, and a high ring base. On the exterior of the shoulder is a rouletted decoration. Or it may appear as a hemispherical bowl with a wide ledge rim. On the ledge rim is a rouletted decoration. Another shape is an albarello with a rouletted decoration on the exterior of the neck and shoulder. Fabric: Red to reddish-brown or reddish-yellow clay with occasional mica flecks and grits. Slip: White or pinkish-white slip on the interior and exterior of vessel. Glaze: Yellowish-brown or green lead glaze on the interior and exterior of the vessel.

71

Decoration: A roller-stamped decoration on the exterior of the vessel, made with a rotating instrument that produces a series of well-arranged indentions in parallel lines. Occasionally there may be an incised spiral in the interior of a bowl. Date. Last quarter of the thirteenth century to the middle of the fourteenth century. Occurrences. Acre: Unpublished. ‘Uza, H.: Stern and Tatcher, forthcoming. Corinth: Morgan 1942:173–174, Fig. 156; MacKay 1967:254–255, Fig. 1, Pl. 62; Sanders 1987:174, Fig. 4:12; Williams and Zevros 1992:151–156, Figs. 7, 9. Northern Italy: Gelichi 1984:49, Fig. 2:2–11. Venice: Saccardo 1993:214, Fig. 2:34, 36. Remarks. Morgan was the first to distinguish this type, naming it ‘Roulette Ware’ and attributing it to the Turkish period, based on the finds from Corinth (Morgan 1942:173–174). T.S. MacKay, who studied the pottery from Corinth, dates it to the end of the thirteenth to the beginning of the fourteenth centuries; she also points to the fact that not all the bowls of the same ware are decorated with rouletting (MacKay 1967:254–255). Later, this ware was identified in northeastern Italy as well and was described by S. Gelichi, who subdivides this ware, on the basis of decoration, into five sub-groups (Gelichi 1984). He points out that Roulette Ware should not be considered a type of pottery, rather, a decoration that is applied to various types of pottery. These types of pottery can be assigned as a result of their forms and fabrics to a single area of manufacture. Kiln wasters have been found in the Venetian lagoon area, and mineralogical analyses of this ware have confirmed a Venetian origin for these products. This type is rare in Israel and has thus far been discovered only at Acre, in Crusader-period contexts. In Italy, the carinated bowl is the only form of this type described. The additional two shapes (ledge-rim bowl and albarello) known from Acre share the same fabric and glaze as the carinated bowl; for this reason we have included them in this type.

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MIRIAM AVISSAR AND EDNA J. STERN

55

44

33

22

11

66

77

Fig. 30. Type I.9—imported Italian wares—Venetian glazed wares. No.

Form

Site

Description

I.9.3.1 Spirale Cerchio (‘Zeuxippus influenced’) wares 1

Bowl

Acre

Reddish-yellow clay, some white grits and a large amount of mica; thin slip under brownish-yellow glaze all over the vessel except the base, sgraffito spiral on the interior of the base

2

Bowl

Acre

Reddish-yellow clay, rare white grits and a large amount of mica; white slip on the interior and brown glaze all over the bowl, sgraffito spiral on the interior of the base

3

Bowl

Acre

Red clay, small white and black grits; white slip on the rim and interior, yellowish-brown glaze all over the bowl except the base, sgraffito spiral on the interior of the base

4

Bowl

Acre

Reddish-brown clay, many white grits; white slip under yellowish-brown glaze all over the bowl, sgraffito spiral on the interior of the base

I.9.3.2 Roulette ware 5

Bowl

Acre

Yellowish-red clay, white grits and sand; sgraffito on the interior and rouletted decoration on the exterior of the body, green glaze all over the vessel

6

Bowl

Acre

Light yellowish-brown clay and very pale brown core, rare small flakes of mica; rouletted decoration on the rim, thin layer of white slip on the exterior, green glaze on the rim and interior

7

Albarello

Acre

Yellowish-red clay, rare inclusions and a large amount of mica; yellowish glaze on the interior, green glaze and rouletted decoration on the exterior

I.9.4, I.9.5, I.9.6, I.9.7 Italian Imports—Mamluk Period I.9.4 Graffita Arcaica (Fig. 31:1–3; Pl. XXIII:1, 2) Description. Hemispherical bowls and shallow plates, both with a plain or ledge rim and a ring base. Fabric: Red to reddish-yellow or pink to light pink clay with limestone grits and occasionally mica flecks or grog. Slip: Interior covered with a layer of white slip; occasionally it extends over the rim.

Glaze: Transparent lead glaze that appears white or light yellow, on the interior. Splashes of green, brown, and yellow glaze. Decoration: Incised decorations in the interior of the bowl, of geometric, stylized vegetal, or rarely, zoomorphic motifs, in a repertoire that repeats itself. Usually there is a central motif in the center of the bowl, and on the ledge rim or the sides are pairs of concentric lines filled with continuous or occasional crosshatching, chevrons, arcs, or interlaced or oblique lines.

PART I: GLAZED TABLE WARES

Date. Mid-thirteenth century to fifteenth century. Occurrences. Acre: Stern and Shalvi-Abbas 1999:12*, Fig. 17:61. Burin, Kh.: Kletter and Stern, forthcoming. Giv‘at Yasaf: Stern 1999:131–132, 174*, Fig. 2:26–28. Jerusalem: Johns 1950:189, Pl. 63:3. Kfar Cana: Unpublished. Latrun: Stark 1999:217, Fig. 3. Alexandria: François 1999:74, 75, Fig. 17. Italy (various sites): Blake 1986: Pls. 2, 3. Liguria Region: Whitehouse 1980a:76, Fig. 9. Venice: Saccardo 1993:221, Fig. 16:72, 74, 75. Remarks. Graffita arcaica is a general name for redbodied pottery with incised decorations manufactured in northern Italy, where production centers have been defined, mainly in Savona and Pisa (Whitehouse 1980a:75–77; Blake 1986:321–341, 347). This type began to appear from the middle to end of the thirteenth century, but became popular in the fourteenth century. Production of polychrome sgraffito pottery continued in Italy during the second half of the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries and has been found in Israel as well. Graffita arcaica is divided into different types, according to the production centers; the two main types are Graffita arcaica tirrenica (western coast of Italy) and Graffita arcaica padana (of the Po plain). We employ here the general name Graffita arcaica to describe the vessels of this type found in Israel. Since only few small sherds have thus far been found in Israel, it is currently difficult to identify the different Italian manufacturing centers, a task that may be possible in the future. I.9.5 Italian Monochrome Sgraffito (Fig. 31:4–6) Description. Hemispherical bowls with ridges on the upper exterior up to the rim, where impressions were made with a straight-edged implement. Low ring base. Less common, but appearing, are bowls with a frilled flaring rim. Fabric: Light red, reddish-yellow, or pink clay. Some of the bowls contain limestone inclusions and some also have mica flecks. Slip: Some of the bowls have a white slip on the interior. Glaze: Dark green glaze on the interior and over the rim, occasionally covering the ridges on the exterior.

73

Decoration: Thin sgraffito incisions of carelessly drawn floral designs. Date. Fourteenth to fifteenth centuries. Occurrences. Giv‘at Yasaf: Stern 1999:131, 174*, Fig. 2:22–25. Jerusalem: Johns 1950:189, Pl. 63:5. Ramla: Unpublished. St. Mary of Carmel: Pringle 1984:103, Figs. 6:56, 7:55. Split: Buerger 1979:69–70, Pls. 9: GV6–8, 10: GV27. Venice: Saccardo 1996:365, Pl. III:42. Remarks. This type is thus far not well known. It appears that this general bowl shape was manufactured in more than one production center, as demonstrated by the various fabrics. The fabrics, mainly those with the mica flecks, indicate that they are imports to our area, most possibly from Italy. The same exterior decoration appears on later northern Italian polychrome sgraffito, also suggesting that its origin is most likely to be north Italian. I.9.6 Italian Glazed Carinated Bowls (Fig. 31:7, 8; Pl. XXIII:3) Description. Carinated bowls with an extending ridge at the shoulder and a ring base. This type varies from small to large vessels with identical profiles. Fabric: Red or reddish-yellow or orange-red clay with limestone inclusions. Some of the bowls contain mica flecks. Slip: Thick white slip under green glaze, or no slip under dark yellow or brown glaze. Glaze: Two types of glaze appear: green glaze on the interior and over the rim; or dark yellow or light brown glaze on the interior, in some bowls on the exterior as well. On both types, the glaze is shiny and of a high quality. Decoration: No decoration. Date. Thirteenth to fifteenth centuries. Occurrences. Burin, Kh.: Kletter and Stern, forthcoming. Giv‘at Dani: Lazar 1999:128*, Fig. 2:7. Giv‘at Yasaf: Stern 1999:129–30, 174*, Fig. 2:18, 19. Ramla: Unpublished.

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MIRIAM AVISSAR AND EDNA J. STERN

Safed: Unpublished. St. Mary of Carmel: Pringle 1984:99, Figs. 6:31, 32, 7:33, 34. Split: Buerger 1979:67, Pl. 8: GIV22, 23. Tripoli: Salamé-Sarkis 1980: Fig. 29. Venice: Saccardo 1996:365, Pl. III:35. Remarks. This type is thus far not well known. It appears that this general bowl shape was manufactured in more than one production center, as can be seen by the different fabrics. The fabrics, mainly those with the mica flecks, indicate that they are imports to our area, most possibly from northern Italy. I.9.7 Italian Glazed Basins (Fig. 31:9, 10) Description. Basins with a squared rim, thick, vertical walls, carinated in the middle, and a flat base. This type varies with smaller and larger sized vessels with an identical profile. Fabric: Reddish-yellow clay with limestone grits and many small mica flecks. Slip: None. Glaze: Dark green glaze on the interior and exterior of the vessels. Rarely dark yellow may occur.

Decoration: None. Date. End of the fourteenth century and the beginning of the fifteenth century. Occurrences. Burin, Kh.: Kletter and Stern, forthcoming. Giv‘at Yasaf: Stern 1999:129, 174*, Fig. 2:15–17. Split: Buerger 1979:66–67, Pl. 7: GIV8, 9. Venice: Saccardo 1996:365, Pl. III:45. Remarks. This type is thus far not well known. It is rare in Israel, and until now has been identified only at Giv‘at Yasaf and Kh. Burin. It is possible that this type was found in other excavations but not identified as an import, since its appearance is not unique, unlike the decorated types. The dating of this type here is according to Buerger 1979. This agrees well with the finds in Israel, since it is here absent from Crusaderperiod contexts and found only in Mamluk-period contexts. The fabric and the existence of this type at Venice, as well as in the Venetian occupation phase at Split, suggest that this is a north Italian import.

Fig. 31. Type I.9—imported Italian wares—Mamluk period. ► No.

Form

Site

Description

I.9.4 Graffita arcaica (north Italian sgraffito) 1

Bowl

Giv‘at Yasaf

Reddish-yellow clay, many mica grits; white slip under whitish glaze with splashes of yellowish, green and brown glaze on the interior, incised design of arches on the rim

2

Bowl

Giv‘at Yasaf

Light reddish-brown clay, white material; white slip under green glaze on the interior, incised design of arches on the rim

3

Bowl

Giv‘at Yasaf

Yellowish-red clay and red core, some white grits; white slip under whitish glaze with splashes of green glaze on the interior, incised design of arches on the rim

I.9.5 Monochrome sgraffito 4

Bowl

Ramla

Orange brown clay, many mica inclusions and air bubbles; white slip under green glaze on the interior, incised design

5

Bowl

Giv‘at Yasaf

Yellowish-red to reddish-brown clay, many mica inclusions and air bubbles; white slip under green glaze on the interior, incised design

6

Bowl

Giv‘at Yasaf

Red clay, many mica inclusions and air bubbles; green glaze on both surfaces

I.9.6 Glazed carinated bowls 7

Bowl

Giv‘at Yasaf

Reddish-yellow well-fired clay with a yellowish-red core, limestone grits, some mica and air bubbles; thick white slip under green glaze on the interior and over the rim

8

Bowl

Giv‘at Yasaf

Yellowish-red fine soft clay, many limestone grits and some mica; dark yellow glaze on both surfaces

I.9.7 Glazed basins 9

Basin

Giv‘at Yasaf

Yellowish-red clay, some limestone grits and many small mica grits; green glaze on both surfaces

10

Basin

Giv‘at Yasaf

Yellowish-red clay, some limestone grits and many small mica grits; green glaze on both surfaces

75

PART I: GLAZED TABLE WARES

2 2

11

33

55

66

44

88

77

99

10 10

Fig. 31. Type I.9—imported Italian wares—Mamluk period.

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MIRIAM AVISSAR AND EDNA J. STERN

I.10 NORTH AFRICAN WARES I.10.1 North African Blue and Brown Ware (Cobalt and Manganese Ware) (Fig. 32; Pl. XXIII:4–10) Description. Bowls, basins, and closed vessels with thick walls. The bowls are hemispherical or carinated with a ledge rim or a vertical, slightly everted rim. The bases are low ring bases, occasionally with one or two holes through the ring, to hang the vessel. The basins have sloping walls, out-folded rims, and flat bases. Closed vessels occur as well; their shape is not well known in Israel, since only small fragments have been found. The vessels are coarsely potted. Fabric: Buff to light brown clay with a sandy texture. Occasionally there is a pink or light brown core and/or small brown grits. Slip: None. Glaze: Blue, brown, and white tin glaze. Decoration: Patterns painted in blue and brown glaze on the white background. The patterns are mainly linear, geometric, or vegetal, and they are placed between parallel lines. Date. End of the twelfth century and the thirteenth century.

1 1

Occurrences. Acre: Unpublished. Caesarea: Pringle 1985:199–200, Fig. 16:90; Arnon 1999:227, Fig. 11: a. ‘Uza, H.: Stern and Tatcher, forthcoming. Alexandria: François 1999:82, Fig. 20:211–218. Liguria, Region: Whitehouse 1980a:81, Fig. 12. Marseille: Marchesi and Vallauri 1997:83, Fig. 57. Remarks. This type was imported to the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem from Tunis, where it was dated from the twelfth to the fifteenth centuries; mineralogical analyses show that this type was produced in the Maghreb (Whitehouse 1980b:81). It has been found in southern France and Italy as well. Whitehouse suggests a connection between the importation of this ware to Italy and the appearance of Proto-maiolica there. It appears that this type was imported to Israel together with Proto-maiolica during the thirteenth century (Whitehouse 1980b:81; Pringle 1985:199–200). In Israel this type is quite rare and has been identified thus far only in Crusader-period levels in Acre, H. ‘Uza, and Caesarea. It appears that this type was imported to Israel only during the Crusader period (as opposed to the case in Alexandria, where later North African ware was found; see François 1999:99–101).

22

3 3

Fig. 32. Type I.10—imported North African ware. No.

Form

Site

Description

I.10.1 Blue and brown ware 1

Bowl

Acre

Pale yellow clay, large amount of quartz sand, soft fabric; white tin glaze under blue- and brown-painted glaze

2

Basin

Acre

Pale yellow clay, pink core, some sand and chaff negatives; white tin glaze under blue- and brown-painted glaze

3

Bowl

Acre

Pale yellow to pink clay, fine sand and some white grits; white tin glaze under blue- and brown-painted glaze

PART I: GLAZED TABLE WARES

I.11 CATALAN WARES I.11.1 Catalan Green- and Brown-Glazed Ware (Fig. 33:1–3; Pl. XXIV:1–5) Description. Open vessels with thick walls. The main type is of a plate with a low ring base, straight sloping walls, and a simple rim. Two other types are a hemispherical bowl with a ledge rim and a low ring base, and a large basin with an out-folded thickened rim and sloping straight walls; the latter is less common. Fabric: Reddish-brown to yellowish-red clay with white and quartz grits and inclusions. Slip: None. Glaze: White, green, and brown tin glazes. Decoration: The green and brown glazes are painted over the white glaze. The decoration consists mainly of broad bands situated near the rim and filled with geometrical or floral motifs.

11

77

Date. End of the thirteenth century and the first half of the fourteenth century. Occurrences. Acre: Unpublished. Nazareth: Bagatti 1984:198, Fig. 69.2, Pl. 79.4. Alexandria: François 1999:82, Fig. 20:211–218. France, Mediterranean coast (various sites): Démians d’Archimbaud and Picon 1980:34, Pl. IX. Marseille: Marchesi and Vallauri 1997:86, Figs. 59:13, 60, 61. Remarks. This type was imported to the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem from the area of Catalonia (Barcelona) in northeastern Spain, where it is dated to the first half of the fourteenth century. In Israel it is very rare and has been identified thus far only in a Crusader-period level in Acre. A sherd from Nazareth, classified by Bagatti as Italian, was later identified as a Catalonian import (D. Pringle, pers. comm.). Apparently, this type was imported to Israel in the last years of the Crusader Kingdom, no later than 1291.

33

22

44

Fig. 33. Type I.11—imported Catalan wares. No.

Form

Site

Description

I.11.1 Green- and brown-glazed ware 1

Bowl

Acre

Yellowish-red clay, sand, reddish and white inclusions, some chaff negatives; white tin glaze under greenand brown-painted glaze

2

Bowl

Acre

Reddish-yellow to yellowish-red clay, white and quartz inclusions and chaff negatives; white tin glaze under green- and brown-painted glaze

3

Basin

Acre

Reddish-brown to yellowish-red clay, white and quartz grits and inclusions and chaff negatives; white tin glaze under green- and brown-painted glaze

Acre

Light brown outer and yellowish-red inner clay, coarse fabric contains mica; not-glazed surface is light yellowish-brown, yellowish-brown glaze on the interior and over the rim

I.11.2 Glazed basin 4

Basin

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MIRIAM AVISSAR AND EDNA J. STERN

I.11.2 Catalan Glazed Basins (Fig. 33:4) Description. Basins with an out-folded thickened rim, sloping straight walls, and a flat base. Ware: Light brown to yellowish-red clay. Coarse fabric contains mica. Untreated surface is light yellowish brown. Slip: None. Glaze: Dark yellow glaze on the interior and extending to the rim. Decoration: None. Date.Thirteenth century. Occurrences. Acre: Unpublished. Marseille: Marchesi and Vallauri 1997:86, Fig. 59:12. Remarks. This type was imported to the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem from the area of Catalonia in northeastern Spain. In Israel it is very rare and has been identified thus far only in a Crusader-period level in Acre. It is possible that this type was found in other excavations but was not recognized as an import, since its appearance is not unique, unlike the decorated types.

I.12 CHINESE WARES I.12.1 Chinese Celadon (Fig. 34:1–4; Pl. XXIV:6, 7) Description. Small hemispherical bowls, with a simple or wavy rim, plain or fluted sides, and a small ring base; or bowls with ledge rim and a wider ring base. Fabric: Light gray, heavy and compact stoneware. Slip: None. Glaze: Opaque green-gray glaze, translucent where thin. In color and texture the glaze resembles jade. The glaze covers the entire vessel, except the base. Decoration: Most predominant are carved lotus petals; a carved vegetal decoration may occur as well. Date. Thirteenth to fourteenth centuries. Occurrences. Acre: Unpublished. Burin, Kh.: Kletter and Stern, forthcoming Jerusalem: Tushingham 1985:151, Fig. 41:23 (may be of a different type of celadon). Safed: Unpublished. Alexandria: François 1999:145–146, Fig. 34:356–358, 360–364, 368. Antioch: Waagé 1948:104, Sherd O.

Remarks. Chinese Celadon, distinctive in its fabric and jade-colored glaze, is a rare find in Israel; only open vessels have been identified at the sites listed above. This type of celadon was first manufactured under the Sung dynasty in the southern part of China and is known as ‘southern celadon’ or as ‘Lung-ch’üan celadon’ (or ‘Longquan Ware’). More than fifty kilns have been identified in the vicinity of the city of Longqaun, where bowls and dishes were manufactured for everyday use. Most of their produce was distributed throughout China and exported abroad. The kilns in this area flourished as a result of this trade, which was mainly seaborne. These types arrived in Egypt through the Red Sea (Mikami 1988; Medley 1989:145–146; Vainker 1991:108–109). It seems that the Chinese celadon arrived in the Holy Land via Egypt with the Italian merchants who served as important agents in the international trade in these periods. I.12.2 Blue-and-White Ming Porcelain (Fig. 34:5; Pl. XXIV:8) Description. Mostly large bowls—38 to 46 cm in diameter—with a flat ledge rim and a wide ring base; and smaller bowls with gently out-curved sides. Closed forms are less common. The earlier bowls, dated from the first half of the fourteenth century, are made by using two molds. These bowls have flat rims with bracket foliation. The later pieces, introduced about 1350, are made on a fast wheel and have plain flat rims (Medley 1989:179–180). Fabric: White porcelain. Slip: None. Glaze: Colorless transparent glaze on the interior and exterior. Decoration: Blue under-glaze-painted floral and vegetal decorations. The earlier moldmade type has white floral decorations in low relief against a blue background, while only the central field is decorated in blue on white. The later type has floral and vegetal designs painted freely in blue on white ground. The preferred flowers are peony, lotus, and chrysanthemum. Vegetal designs, such as vine leaves with bunches of grapes, were widely copied on local under-glaze-painted ware. Various animals, mainly birds, were added to the vegetal decorations; preferred birds are phoenix, peacock, pheasant, and duck (Medley 1989:178–182). Date. From the first half of the fourteenth century to the end of the fifteenth century.

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PART I: GLAZED TABLE WARES

2 1

3

4

6

5

Fig. 34. Type I.12—imported Chinese wares; Type I.13—unidentified imported ware. No.

Form

Site

Description

I.12.1 Chinese Celadon 1

Cup

Acre

Light gray stoneware that is heavy and compact; greenish-gray glaze all over the vessel, fluting on the exterior

2

Bowl

Acre

Light gray stoneware that is heavy and compact; greenish-gray glaze all over the vessel, fluting on the exterior

3

Bowl

Acre

Light gray to gray stoneware that is heavy and compact; light olive-gray glaze all over the vessel, incisions on the interior

4

Bowl

Safed

Light gray to gray stoneware that is heavy and compact; light olive-gray glaze all over the vessel, incisions on the interior

I.12.2 Blue-and-white Ming porcelain 5

Bowl

Safed

White porcelain, blue painting under colorless glaze

I.13.1 Thin wash under monochrome glaze 6

Bowl

Acre

Red clay, sandy fabric, some white grits, mica and rare white inclusions; light brown exterior, thin beige wash under an olive-green glaze on the interior

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MIRIAM AVISSAR AND EDNA J. STERN

Occurrences. Safed, Fortress: Unpublished. Alexandria: François 1999:146, Fig. 35:378, Pl. 15:78, 79. Fustat: Scanlon 1970:90–92, Pl. XIV:c. Medley 1989:176–186.

Slip: Thin beige or white wash. Glaze: Olive green or dark mustard yellow lead glaze on the interior and over the rim. Decoration: Monochrome glaze. Date. Thirteenth century.

Remarks. Chinese blue-and-white Ming porcelain is rarely found in excavations. Two large collections of this ware are preserved, one in the Topkapi Serai in Istanbul; the second was deposited in the shrine of Sheikh Safi at Ardebil, and part of it is now in the Iran Bustan in Teheran (Lane 1971:27–29, Medley 1989:176–186).

I.13 UNIDENTIFIED WARES I.13.1 Thin Wash under Monochrome Glaze (Fig. 34:6) Description. Hemispherical bowls with a low, wide ring base and a ledge rim, with a protruding ridge in the middle. Fabric: Red to light reddish-brown clay with white and black grits and large white inclusions. Occasionally mica appears in the fabric as well.

Occurrences. Acre: Stern 1997:43, Fig. 6:42–44; unpublished. Caesarea: Brosh 1986:69, Fig. 2:8. Jaffa: Unpublished. ‘Uza, H.: Stern and Tatcher, forthcoming. Tripoli: Salamé-Sarkis 1980: Fig. 30:14, 15. Remarks. This very simple monochrome bowl was imported to Israel, as attested by a petrographic analysis performed on a bowl from Acre. Its place of manufacture is still unknown (Goren 1997:72–72; Stern 1997:43). This type is quite rare in Israel. It is possible that this type was found in other excavations but not identified as an import, since its appearance is not unique, unlike the decorated types.

PART II

DOMESTIC AND INDUSTRIAL WARES

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II.1 BOWLS II.1.1 Small Plain Bowls Small plain bowls are always found in every pottery assemblage, at every site and in all periods. During earlier periods this was one of the most common vessel shapes. During the medieval period, however, glazed wares were far more popular. Plain bowls are locally made and differ in shape at every site. Bowls from four sites are illustrated here (Fig. 35): bowls of the Crusader period from Yoqne‘am and Acre, and bowls dated to the Mamluk period from Banias and Ramla. II.1.1.1 Shallow Bowls, Rounded or Carinated (Fig. 35:1–3) Description. A rather shallow, rounded or carinated form with a plain, vertical rim, and sometimes rather thick-walled. Fabric: Brown, light brown, or buff clay; well fired. Date. Probably the twelfth century and the first half of the thirteenth century. Occurrences. Emmaus-Qubeibeh: Bagatti 1993:127, Fig. 31:2–6. Yoqne‘am: Avissar 1996a:123–124, PLDB-Type 14, Fig. XIII.77. Remarks. This is the sole type of a small plain bowl that could be assigned to the Crusader period at Yoqne‘am. II.1.1.2 Acre Bowls and Plates (Fig. 35:4–6) Description. Hemispherical bowls with a narrow or wide ledge rim, and a flat or disk string-cut base; plates are shallow. Fabric: Light red clay with some white and black grits. Slip: Light colored self-slip.

analyses of ‘Acre bowls’ from various excavations in Acre have indeed defined its place of manufacture as in the region of Acre (Stern and Waksman 2003:173– 175). Other vessels also found in this fabric include Types II.3.2.4, II.4.1.1, and II.4.1.2. II.1.1.3 Deep, Crude Bowls (Fig. 35:7–10) Description. Hemispherical, conical, and carinated bowls with a ring base. Some bowls have a simple rim and others parallel in form the glazed bowls of the Mamluk period, Types I.1.4.1–I.1.4.3. All base forms can be found: flat, disk, and ring. Fabric: Reddish-brown clay with many white grits. Date. The forms illustrated in Fig. 35:7–10 should be dated to the Mamluk period, according to their context, but simple crude, plain bowls have also been found in Ottoman assemblages. Occurrences. Banias: Unpublished. Burin, Kh.: Kletter and Stern, forthcoming. Giv‘at Dani: Lazar 1999:130*, Fig. 4:1–6. Jerusalem: Tushingham 1985:148, Fig. 41:1–6. Ramla: Unpublished. Safed: Unpublished. Remarks. Simple plain wares should primarily be dated according to their archaeological context, less by their morphology. II.1.1.4 Kraters of the Mamluk Period (Fig. 35:11) Description. A classical krater form with a wide straight or slightly flaring neck, and a triangular rim. The handles spring from under the rim and descend to the widest point of the shoulder. They have a ring base. Fabric: Light brown or reddish-brown clay. Date. About the second half of the thirteenth century to the fifteenth century.

Date. Twelfth(?) to thirteenth centuries. Occurrences. Acre: Stern 1997:37–39, Fig. 4:1–7; Stern and Waksman 2003:168, Fig. 2; unpublished. Manot, H.: Stern 2001:286, Fig. 6:4–7. ‘Uza, H.: Stern and Tatcher, forthcoming. Remarks. This type appears also in a smaller version. It has been discovered only at Acre and its close surroundings. It seems to be local to Acre, connected to the Hospitaller Order. Chemical and petrographic

Occurrences. Jerusalem, Visitors’ Center: Unpublished. Safed: Unpublished. Yoqne‘am: Avissar 2005. Remarks. This is not a common form; thus far it has been discovered only at Safed, Yoqne‘am, and Jerusalem. In the Crusader period, a similarly shaped vessel was found in Acre only, made from the local fabric, i.e., that used for the ‘Acre Bowls’. (For a drawing of this type of vessel see Stern and Shalvi-Abbas 1999: Fig. 17:2.)

83

PART II: DOMESTIC AND INDUSTRIAL WARES

22

11

33

55

44

77

66

99

88

1010

1111

Fig. 35. Type II.1.1—small plain bowls and kraters. No.

Form

Site

Description

II.1.1.1 Shallow bowls, rounded and carinated 1

Bowl

Yoqne‘am I

Brown clay, hard

2

Bowl

Yoqne‘am I

Buff clay, hard

3

Bowl

Yoqne‘am I

Light brown clay

II.1.1.2 Acre bowls and plates 4

Bowl

Acre

Reddish-brown clay, light reddish-brown surface, large quantities of sand, limestone grits and inclusions, and air bubbles

5

Bowl

Acre

Red clay, reddish-brown core, mostly light red exterior, many limestone grits and inclusions, and black grits

6

Plate

Acre

Red clay, dark grayish-brown core, pink exterior, sandy fabric, some limestone grits, and rare inclusions

II.1.1.3 Deep, crude bowls 7

Bowl

Banias

Light reddish-brown clay, many grits

8

Bowl

Banias

Reddish-brown clay, grits

9

Bowl

Ramla

Reddish-brown clay, white grits and some lime inclusions

10

Bowl

Ramla

Reddish-brown clay, fired to greenish-buff on the surface, white grits, and lime inclusions

II.1.1.4 Mamluk-period kraters 11

Krater

Jerusalem— Visitors’ Center

Reddish-brown clay, partly fired to grayish-buff on the exterior, gray core, many white grits, and lime inclusions

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MIRIAM AVISSAR AND EDNA J. STERN

II.1.2 Large Bowls From the end of the Byzantine period until the end of the eleventh century, large bowls were one of the most common vessels. However, during the Crusader and Mamluk periods, they were not common, and usually only few such vessels occur in the assemblages. Three shapes could be assigned to the long period from the beginning of the twelfth century to the end of the fifteenth century. II.1.2.1 Large, Decorated Local-Ware Bowls (Fig. 36:1, 2) Description. Bowls with straight, conical sides and a flat base. The rim is flattened and usually protrudes on the inside. Often there is a thumb-indented band attached to the outer rim. Some of these bowls are handmade, often with a wheel-turned rim; there are also wheelmade bowls. Fabric: Dark brown, reddish-brown, or light brown clay. Decoration: Combed and incised decoration on the exterior and on the rim. The combed decoration is often placed on the lower part of the exterior. Usually there are plastic thumb-indented bands attached to the outer rim. Date. Approximately the twelfth century and the first half of the thirteenth century. Occurrences. Emmaus-Qubeibeh: Bagatti 1993: Fig. 30. Jerusalem: Tushingham 1985: Fig. 35:10. Yoqne‘am: Avissar 1996a:127–128, PLDB-Types 30– 31, Figs. XIII.83, XIII.84. Remarks. The vessels of this group are not homogeneous in fabric. There are regional differences in their shapes. Some of the bowls of this group could easily be mistaken for Byzantine ware. II.1.2.2 Large Handmade Basins (Fig. 36:3 ) Description. Handmade vessels with thick walls. The rim is thick and flattened, the straight walls slant inwards, and the base is flat.

Fabric: Light reddish-brown clay, very coarse with small lime grits, and lime and flint pebbles; dark core. Decoration: Combed decoration on the lower part of the outer wall, and sometimes a wavy combed band on the flattened rim. Date. Twelfth to thirteenth centuries. Occurrences. Acre: Stern and Shalvi-Abbas 1999: Fig. 17:1; unpublished. Bet Zeneta, H.: Getzov 2000:87*, Fig. 22:1. Caesarea: Brosh 1986, Fig. 4:21. ‘Uza, H.: Stern and Tatcher, forthcoming. Yoqne‘am: Avissar 1996a:127–128, Fig. XIII.84:1. Remarks. This type was found only in the northern part of Israel in Crusader-period assemblages. According to petrographic analysis, the fabric is local to northern Israel (A. Shapiro, pers. comm.). II.1.2.3 Large Plain Bowls of the Mamluk Period (Fig. 36:4, 5) Description. Bowls with slightly in-curved walls and a thickened, slightly flattened rim, protruding inside and out. The vessels have a very smooth surface. Fabric: Pinkish-brown clay, well fired. Date. From about the middle of the thirteenth century to the middle of the fifteenth century, and perhaps even later. Occurrences. Jerusalem: Tushingham 1985: Fig. 34:21. Safed: Unpublished. Yoqne‘am: Avissar 1996a:128, PLDB-Type 32, Fig. XIII.85; 2005. Ez-Zuq el-Pauqani: Unpublished. Remarks. At Yoqne‘am this ware appears only in Mamluk levels, while a somewhat similar bowl from Jerusalem is dated to the Ayyubid period.

PART II: DOMESTIC AND INDUSTRIAL WARES

11

22

33

4 4 55

Fig. 36. Type II.1.2—large bowls. No.

Form

Site

Description

II.1.2.1 Large, decorated bowls, local wares 1

Bowl

Yoqne‘am I

Dark brown clay, gray core; indented rim, handmade

2

Bowl

Yoqne‘am I

Light brown clay; combed decoration

II.1.2.2 Large handmade basins 3

Basin

Acre

Light reddish-brown clay, small and large grits; handmade

II.1.2.3 Mamluk-period large plain bowls 4

Bowl

Yoqne‘am I

Pinkish-brown clay, some large white grits, well fired, very smooth surface

5

Bowl

Yoqne‘am

Pinkish-brown clay, well fired

85

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MIRIAM AVISSAR AND EDNA J. STERN

II.1.3 Sugar Pots

Date. Twelfth to thirteenth centuries.

These crude, wheelmade, conical vessels have a wide mouth and a narrow base with a single hole—an industrial vessel made for one use only, the production of crystallized sugar from sugar cane. After the sugar cane was crushed, pressed, and boiled, the liquid was transferred to sugar pots that were set upon molasses jars (Types II.3.1.5 and II.3.1.6). The juice crystallized in the sugar pots, and the molasses drained to the jars. The crystallized sugar loafs were then removed from the sugar pots for marketing. During this process many sugar pots were broken. For this reason, a large quantity of sugar pots found at a site may identify it as a sugarproduction site (Stern 2001). Sugar pots first appear in small numbers in Israel from the late Fatimid period (Smithline 2004:5*), in larger quantities in the Crusader and Mamluk periods, and in small numbers again in the Ottoman period (Stern 2001). The general shape of the sugar pot is the same in all production sites. In various parts of the world the vessels may differ slightly from those from Israel in detail (for example see Kouklia, Cyprus [Maier and von Wartburg 1983:307–314, Pls. LI, LII] and Susa, Persia [Kervran 1979:180, Fig. 64, Pl. XVII]).

Occurrences. Acre: Stern and Shalvi-Abbas 1999: Fig. 17:3; Stern 2001:303, Fig. 19; unpublished. Manot, H.: Stern 2001:286–287, Fig. 7:1–9. Qasila, Tell: Ayalon, Gilboa, and Harpazi 1987– 1989:20–22, Figs. 16:1–3, 6, 7; 17. Yesud Ha-Ma‘ala: Biran and Shoham 1987:203, Figs. 4:1–6, 8:3–4; 9, 10.

II.1.3.1 Sugar Pots of the Crusader Period (Fig. 37:1–3) Description. Conical vessels with a large outwardfolded rim, a smaller outward-folded rim, or a rim with a rounded top. The base is narrow, rounded, or ending with a tip, and has a single hole (diam. 1–2 cm). Ribbed on the exterior and the interior of the vessel. Fabric: Light brown to gray clay with limestone grits and sand.

Remarks. The description of this type is based mainly on the vessels from Acre and H. Manot. II.1.3.2 Sugar Pots of the Mamluk Period (Fig. 37:4–6) Description. Conical vessels with a large outwardfolded rim, a smaller outward-folded rim, or a rim with a flattened top. The base is narrow, rounded, ending with a tip or a flat base. The base has a single hole (diam. 1.5–2.5 cm). Ribbed on the exterior, less on the interior; the interior is sometimes smoothed. Fabric: Reddish clay with lime grits and inclusions. Date. Fourteenth to fifteenth centuries. Occurrences. Manot, H.: Stern 2001:291, Fig. 13. Rehov, Tel: Ayalon, Gilboa, and Harpazi 1987–1989: Fig. 18:4. Abu Sarbut, Tell: LaGro and de Haas 1989/1990. Remarks. The volume of these vessels is greater than that of the Crusader period.

Fig. 37. Type II.1.3—sugar pots. ► No.

Site

Description

II.1.3.1 Crusader-period sugar pots 1

H. Manot

Reddish-brown clay, reddish-yellow core, lime grits

2

H. Manot

Dark grayish-brown clay, brown core, light gray surface, stone inclusions, air bubbles with lime grits

3

H. Manot

Light gray clay, light gray core, coarse sand and limestone inclusions

II.1.3.2 Mamluk-period sugar pots 4

H. Manot

Yellowish-red clay, light yellowish-brown core, limestone grits and inclusions

5

H. Manot

Reddish-gray clay, reddish-brown core, light brown surface, limestone grits and inclusions

6

H. Manot

Red surface, rare lime grits and stone inclusions

87

PART II: DOMESTIC AND INDUSTRIAL WARES

11

22

33

44

66

55

Fig. 37. Type II.1.3—sugar pots.

88

MIRIAM AVISSAR AND EDNA J. STERN

II.1.4 Plain and Painted Handmade Bowls Plain and painted handmade pottery occasionally appears in late eleventh-century assemblages (Stern and Stacey 2000:175, Fig. 4:11, 12), when they are usually undecorated. Later, handmade pottery becomes abundant in every Mamluk occupation level. The main vessel forms in use during the thirteenth–fourteenth centuries were bowls of various sizes, cooking pots, and closed vessels such as jugs, table jars, and large amphora-shaped jars. Handmade painted pottery continued to be produced until the beginning of the twentieth century in two villages in the Ramallah district (Einsler 1914), where during July and August the women of the villages would make their own household vessels. The clay was mixed with ground ‘old’ sherds and very fine straw (Einsler 1914:253). The vessels were coil-formed, left to dry for several days, and then painted. They were positioned in a pit for open firing, dung cakes and other waste material serving as fuel (Einsler 1914:256–257; Rye 1988:96–98, 104–105). Some skilled women would also travel to other villages and lend their services to households to make the needed vessel on the spot. These late Ottoman practices demonstrate that this ware was neither manufactured in a professional workshop nor sold in the market. One could imagine similar practices in Mamluk times. II.1.4.1 Plain Handmade Bowls (Fig. 38:1–5) Description. Small to large bowls. The rims are rounded or flattened. Bases are sometimes flat, but more often are hollowed disk bases. Fabric: Usually light brown, sometimes buff clay, often mixed with straw; frequently poorly fired. Slip: Some bowls have a red, orange, light brown, or buff slip. Decoration: Often burnished; many adorned with plastic decorations such as thumb-indented bands.

Date. This ware first appeared in the twelfth century but was more popular during the Mamluk period and later. Occurrences. Banias: Unpublished. Bet Zeneta, H.: Getzov 2000:87*, Fig. 20:1–6. Burin, Kh.: Kletter and Stern, forthcoming. Al-Burj al-Ahmar: Pringle 1986b:139–140, Fig. 41:2–4. Emmaus-Qubeibeh: Bagatti 1993: Fig. 32:11–16. Jerusalem: Tushingham 1985: Figs. 41:47, 42:1, 3. St. Mary of Carmel: Pringle 1984: Fig. 3:1. ‘Uza, H.: Stern and Tatcher, forthcoming. Yoqne‘am: Avissar 1996a:128–132, PLDB-Type 33, Fig. XIII.86; 2005. Remarks. Simple handmade vessels continued to be made during the Ottoman period. They cannot be dated according to form, only by stratigraphic context. II.1.4.2 Geometric Painted Handmade Bowls (Fig. 38:6–10; Pl. XXV) Description. Small to large bowls. The bowls usually have curved sides and a squared, flattened, or plain rounded rim. There are bowls with flat bases, but more often with hollowed disk bases. Ring bases are rather uncommon. Some bowls have straight or bent ledge handles, small ear handles, or other plastic additions. Fabric: Usually light brown or buff clay, often mixed with straw; frequently poorly fired. Slip: White, buff, or orange slip and burnish. Decoration: Geometric painted decoration in red, purple, black, orange, or white over a burnished surface. Date. From the second half of the twelfth century with a floruit in the Mamluk period. Handmade painted wares continued in production during the Ottoman period until the beginning of the twentieth century.

PART II: DOMESTIC AND INDUSTRIAL WARES

11

22

4

33

4 55

66 7

7

88

99

10 10

Fig. 38. Type II.1.4—plain and painted handmade bowls.

89

90

MIRIAM AVISSAR AND EDNA J. STERN

Occurrences. Abu Gosh: de Vaux and Stève 1950:133– 37, Pls. F: 6–9, 11, 14, 16, 23–26, 32, 36, XIX:2. ‘Afula: Dothan 1955: Figs. 5:9, 6:6. Banias: Unpublished. Bet Guvrin: Unpublished. Bet She’an: Unpublished. Al-Burj al-Ahmar: Pringle 1986b: Fig. 43:8. Emmaus-Qubeibeh: Bagatti 1993: Fig. 32:9–10. Jerusalem: Tushingham 1985: Fig. 45:13; Avissar 2003: Pl. 19.2:10–12, 14. St. Mary of Carmel: Pringle 1984: Fig. 4:21, 22. Yoqne‘am: Avissar 1996a:132, PLDB-Type 34, Fig. XIII.87; 2005. ‘Arqa, Tell: Thalmann 1978: Fig. 31:1.

Hama: Poulsen 1957:1036. Pella: Smith 1973:239–242, Group D, Pls. 74:800, 936, 940, 75:935, 1017, 1018. Remarks. The painted motifs of the late Ottoman wares are different from those of earlier vessels. The stylized vegetal patterns popular on the late Ottoman wares (Einsler 1914: Pls. XV: B, XVI: A–C, E) never occur on Mamluk vessels. At Yoqne‘am, a small group of handmade vessels came to light that had white-painted decorations (Fig. 38:10). So far no such vessels have been reported from other sites.

◄ Fig. 38. Type II.1.4—plain and painted handmade bowls. No.

Site

Description

II.1.4.1 Plain handmade bowls 1

Banias

Reddish-brown clay, gray core, grits and straw imprints; indented ridge and ledge handle, interior smoothed

2

Yoqne‘am I

Light reddish-brown clay, white grits, gray core, straw imprints, poorly fired; burnished on the interior

3

Yoqne‘am I

Grayish-buff clay, many dark and white grits; traces of red slip on the interior and exterior, burnished inside and partly outside

4

Yoqne‘am

Reddish-brown clay, small dark and large white grits; reddish-brown slip on the interior and upper half of the exterior, well burnished on the interior and on the rim

5

Yoqne‘am

Light brown clay, thick black core, large amount of mica; orange slip on the interior and exterior, partly fired to black, red-painted and incised decoration on the rim, both surfaces burnished

II.1.4.2 Geometric painted handmade bowls 6

Yoqne‘am

Buff clay, large white grits; orange slip on both surfaces, dark purple-painted decoration on the interior and over the rim, interior burnished

7

Yoqne‘am I

Reddish-brown clay, gray core, poorly fired; white slip on both surfaces, decorated with geometric patterns painted on the interior in black and on the exterior in red

8

Bet She’an 1988

Light brown clay, white grits; purple-red decoration painted over buff slip inside, burnished on the interior and over the rim

9

Yoqne‘am I

Light brown clay, dark and white grits, straw imprints; burnished over light orange brown slip on both surfaces, decorated with geometric patterns painted in dark red and black over burnish; heavy, partly pierced ledge handle

10

Yoqne‘am

Reddish-brown clay, gray core, white grits; both surfaces burnished, white-painted decoration over burnish

PART II: DOMESTIC AND INDUSTRIAL WARES

II.2 COOKING VESSELS II.2.1 Globular Cooking Pots During the twelfth century and the first half of the thirteenth century, the wheelmade, thin-walled cooking pots, Types II.2.1.1–II.2.1.3, continued the shape of the Early Islamic cooking pots with only minor changes in the form of the rim. It is observable that the horizontal strap handles of the Crusader cooking pots are narrower and more pulled-up than the handles of the earlier cooking pots. A major change in form and material can be observed during the second half of the thirteenth century, when the deep, thick-walled cooking pots of Type II.2.1.4, produced from sandy brown clay, first made their appearance. This shape was probably soon replaced by the thin-walled cooking pots of Type II.2.1.5, of a light brown clay. The same changes in material can be observed for the cooking bowls and frying pans. II.2.1.1 Globular Cooking Pots with Thickened Rim (Fig. 39:1) Description. Globular cooking pots without a neck. This form has a slightly thickened inward-slanting rim and slightly carinated shoulders. These vessels probably have the same horizontal, pulled up strap-handles that are so characteristic of all medieval cooking pots. Fabric: Reddish-brown or purple brown clay. Glaze: Inside of the base covered with dark purplebrown glaze. Splashes of glaze are found on all parts of the vessels. Date. Probably from the beginning to about the third quarter of the twelfth century. Occurrences. Acre: Unpublished. Caesarea: Brosh 1986: Fig. 4:9. Yoqne‘am: Avissar 1996a:135, CP-Type 6, Fig. XIII.93. Remarks. This cooking pot is the only type common at the beginning of the Crusader period. The form continues the latest Early Islamic cooking-pot type, which has a slightly thickened, erect rim. It is often not easy to distinguish between the two types.

91

II.2.1.2 Globular Cooking Pots with Out-Turned Rim (Fig. 39:2, 3; Pl. XXVI:1) Description. Globular cooking pots without a neck. This form has a small out-turned rim, beveled inward, and two high, horizontal strap handles. Vessels with a thickened out-turned rim are less common. The small triangular ledge handles, placed at the broadest point of the body, are a characteristic feature of these vessels. The same feature also appears on the glazed frying pans, Type II.2.3.1. The function of these ledge handles is obviously to hold the vessel upright in a cooking stand. Often there is also a short, plastic, thumb-indented band. Fabric: Reddish-brown or dark brown clay. Glaze: Usually only the inner base is glazed dark purple-brown, with fine splashes of glaze on other parts of the vessel. Decoration: A broad, glaze-painted band on the shoulder is a characteristic feature. Less common are glaze-painted loops and additional combed decoration (see Fig. 38:3). Date. Approximately the second half of the twelfth century and the first half of the thirteenth century. Occurrences. Acre: Stern 1997:40–42, Fig. 5:22–26; unpublished. Banias: Unpublished. Al-Burj al-Ahmar: Pringle 1986b:146, Fig. 48:39–43. Caesarea: Brosh 1986: Fig. 42:3, 8. Emmaus-Qubeibeh: Bagatti 1993: Fig. 29:6, 7. Jerusalem: Tushingham 1985: Figs. 36:2, 37:15. ‘Uza, H.: Stern and Tatcher, forthcoming. Yoqne‘am: Avissar 1996a:135, CP-Type 7, Fig. XIII.94. ‘Arqa, Tell: Thalmann 1978: Fig. 32:2, 6, 7. Paphos: Megaw 1971: Fig. 3:5, Pl. XXXIII:3; 1972: Fig. D, Photo 24. Remarks. Chemical and petrographic analyses of cooking ware from various excavations in Acre show that this type was probably manufactured in Lebanon (Stern and Waksman 2003:173–175).

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MIRIAM AVISSAR AND EDNA J. STERN

II.2.1.3 Globular Cooking Pots with Plain Rim (Fig. 39:4–6; Pl. XXVI:2) Description. Globular cooking pots without a neck. The slightly inward-slanting rim is completely plain and a mere extension of the walls; pulled-up horizontal strap handles. In addition to the regular-sized vessels, very small cooking pots with the same form have been found. Fabric: Brown to dark brown clay. Glaze: Usually only the inner base is glazed dark purple-brown, with fine splashes of glaze on other parts of the vessel. Decoration: Broad band of glaze on the shoulder. Date. Approximately the second half of the twelfth century and the first half of the thirteenth century. Occurrences. Acre: Stern and Waksman 2003:169– 170, Fig. 3; unpublished. Banias: Unpublished. Al-Burj al-Ahmar: Pringle 1986b:146, Fig. 48:36–38. Caesarea: Brosh 1986: Fig. 4:9. Emmaus-Qubeibeh: Bagatti 1993: Fig. 29:9. Yoqne‘am: Avissar 1996a:136, CP-Type 8, Fig. XIII.95. ‘Arqa, Tell: Thalmann 1978: Fig. 32:3. Remarks. This form is less popular than the previously described Type II.2.1.2, but has the same geographical and chronological range.

Burin, Kh.: Kletter and Stern, forthcoming. Caesarea: Pringle 1985:176–77; Arnon 1999: Fig. 12:d. Capernaum: Loffreda 1982: Fig. 9:9. Manot, H.: Stern 2001:286, Fig. 6:8. Shari, Kh.: Unpublished. St. Mary of Carmel: Pringle 1984:99, Fig. 5:30. ‘Uza, H.: Stern and Tatcher forthcoming. Yoqne‘am: Avissar 1996a:136, CP-Type 9, Fig. XIII.96. Tripoli: Salamé-Sarkis 1980: Fig. 37:5–8. Remarks. The cooking pots with a gutter rim seem to be designed to hold a lid, but no matching lids have thus far been discovered. Chemical and petrographic analyses of cooking ware from various excavations in Acre show that this type was probably manufactured in Lebanon (Stern and Waksman 2003:173–175). II.2.1.5 Globular Cooking Pots of the Mamluk Period (Fig. 39:9–11) Description. Cooking pots with a globular body, a short neck, and a ledge rim. Occasionally these cooking pots have a ledge rim but the neck is missing (see Fig. 43:10). They have horizontal strap handles, pulled up and attached to the shoulder of the vessel. The exterior of the cooking pots is always wet smoothed. Fabric: Usually light brown or orange-brown clay. Glaze: Glazed on the interior, sometimes only on the inner base. Splashes of glaze can be found on all parts of the vessels.

II.2.1.4 Deep Cooking Pots (Fig. 39:7, 8; Pl. XXVI:3)

Date. Fourteenth century and probably also the fifteenth century.

Description. Deep, thick-walled cooking pots with a wide mouth and a ledge-, gutter- or plain- thickened rim. The cooking pots have pulled-up horizontal strap handles; some vessels with gutter rims have vertical loop handles. Fabric: Reddish-brown, sandy clay. Glaze: Brown glaze on the interior and on the rim. Splashes of glaze also on the exterior.

Occurrences. Giv‘at Yasaf: Stern 1999:132, Fig. 3:37– 39, 40. ‘Uza, H.: Ben-Tor 1963: Fig. 12:3. Yoqne‘am: Avissar 1996a:136–137, CP-Type 10, Fig. XIII.97; 2005. Ez-Zuq el-Pauqani: Unpublished.

Date. Second half of the thirteenth century. Occurrences. Acre: Stern 1997:40–42, Fig. 5:27– 33; Stern and Waksman 2003:169–170, Fig. 3; unpublished. ‘Atlit: Johns 1936: Fig. 14:4. Bet Zeneta, H.: Getzov 2000:87*, Fig. 23:3–11.

Remarks. These cooking pots appear only in clear Mamluk contexts. Apparently, they are a northern type. In the south, it seems, mainly handmade cooking pots were in use during the Mamluk period (Type II.2.2.2). Type II.2.1.5 is not found in Acre or ‘Atlit, which stayed in Crusader hands until the end of the thirteenth century.

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PART II: DOMESTIC AND INDUSTRIAL WARES

1

1

33

22

44

66

55

7

7

88

99

10 10

11 11

Fig. 39. Type II.2.1—globular cooking pots.

94

MIRIAM AVISSAR AND EDNA J. STERN

◄ Fig. 39. Type II.2.1—globular cooking pots. No.

Site

Description

II.2.1.1 Globular cooking pots with thickened rim 1

Yoqne‘am I

Dark reddish-brown clay

II.2.1.2 Globular cooking pots with out-turned rim 2

Yoqne‘am I

Dark brown clay; bottom of vessel glazed on the interior

3

Banias

Light brown clay; glaze-painted and combed decoration on the shoulder

II.2.1.3 Globular cooking pots with plain rim Yoqne‘am I

Brown clay; patches of purple-brown glaze on the exterior

5

Banias

Dark brown clay; bottom of vessel glazed on the interior

6

Yoqne‘am I

Dark brown clay; patches of brown glaze on the interior and exterior

4

II.2.1.4 Deep cooking pots 7

Acre

Reddish-brown clay; brown glaze on the interior and on the rim

8

Kh. Shari

Weak red clay, small dark red grits; dark brown glaze on the interior, splashes of glaze on the exterior

II.2.1.5 Globular cooking pots of the Mamluk period 9

Yoqne‘am I

Orange-brown clay, many dark and white grits; exterior smoothed

10

Yoqne‘am

Light yellow-brown clay, well fired; patches of yellow-brown glaze on the interior and on the rim

11

Yoqne‘am I

Orange-brown clay; exterior smoothed

II.2.2 Handmade Cooking Pots During the Crusader period, handmade cooking pots, Type II.2.2.1, seem to have been imported from Cyprus. These vessels thus far appear only in the coastal area— Acre and its vicinity, and ‘Atlit. The rather crude, local handmade cooking vessels, Type II.2.2.2, are abundant during the Mamluk and Ottoman periods. II.2.2.1 Handmade Cooking Pots of the Crusader Period (Fig. 40:1) Description. A globular cooking pot without a neck. The rim is thickened and everted. Broad strap handles are pulled from the rim to the shoulder. Fabric: Dark brown clay with many grits. Date. Probably twelfth and thirteenth centuries. Occurrences. Acre: Edelstein and Avissar 1997: Fig. 1:6; Stern 1997:42, Fig. 5:37; unpublished. ‘Atlit: Johns 1934: Pl. 57:3. ‘Uza, H.: Stern and Tatcher, forthcoming. Kouklia: Maier and von Wartburg 1997:188, 191, Figs. 11:11, 15:25.

Nicosia: Flourentzos 1994:12–13, Pls. 22:46, 51, 24:52, 53. Paphos: Megaw 1971:124, Fig. 3:6. Remarks. These cooking pots were probably imported from Cyprus (see Goren 1997:72–73; Stern 1997:42). II.2.2.2 Handmade Cooking Pots of the Mamluk Period (Fig. 40:2–7) Description. Globular cooking pots with a simple, slightly everted rim of varying height. The vessels have horizontal, pulled-up, pointed ear handles or pulled-up strap handles decorated with incisions. Fabric: Buff or light brown clay mixed with straw, quartz sand, and crushed quartzite. Slip: Some vessels have a red slip. Decoration: Occasionally there is some plastic decoration. Incised decoration is usually confined to the handles only. Cooking pots with combed and incised decoration are uncommon. The vessels are usually burnished on the interior and exterior. Date. From about the middle of the thirteenth century to the end of the fifteenth century.

PART II: DOMESTIC AND INDUSTRIAL WARES

Occurrences. Bet She’an: Unpublished. Burin, Kh.: Kletter and Stern, forthcoming. Al-Burj al-Ahmar: Pringle 1986b: Fig. 41:1. Giv‘at Dani: Lazar 1999:130*, Fig. 5:2–9. Jerusalem: Tushingham 1985: Fig. 45:16, 17. Yoqne‘am: Avissar 1996a:138–139, CP-Type 11, Fig. XIII.98; 2005. Pella: Smith 1973:242–243, Figs. 59:1024, 172, 397, 76:909–913, 916, 77:821.

95

Remarks. Globular handmade cooking pots continued in production until the beginning of the twentieth century with only minor changes in form. While the Mamluk vessels always have an everted rim, the Ottoman vessels are holemouths with horizontal strap handles, often also decorated with simple incisions. Those of the Mamluk period seem to be less common in the Galilee.

11

33 22

44

66 55

77

Fig. 40. Type II.2.2—handmade cooking pots.

96

MIRIAM AVISSAR AND EDNA J. STERN

◄ Fig. 40. Type II.2.2—handmade cooking pots. No.

Site

Description

II.2.2.1 Handmade cooking pots of the Crusader period 1

Acre

Dark brown clay, many large black and brown grits

II.2.2.2 Handmade cooking pots of the Mamluk period 2

Yoqne‘am

Very light brown clay, thick gray core, white lime grits and crushed shells; reddish-brown slip on the interior and over upper half of the exterior, both surfaces burnished, plastic, thumb-indented band on the exterior

3

Yoqne‘am

Light brown clay, gray core quartz inclusions; orange-red slip and burnish on both surfaces

4

Yoqne‘am

Very light brown clay, gray core, white grits and crushed quartzite; burnished on both surfaces

5

Bet She’an 1988

Reddish-brown clay, gray core, many grits

6

Yoqne‘am I

Light brown clay, black core; applied thumb-indented plastic band on the shoulder of the vessel

7

Yoqne‘am

Light brown clay, thick gray core, white grits and crushed quartzite; burnished on both surfaces

II.2.3 Frying Pans and Cooking Bowls The glazed frying pan is a new shape; it first appeared during the second half of the ninth century or the beginning of the tenth century. These vessels were in use until about the middle of the thirteenth century, with only minor changes in form and glaze. The wide, flat-bottomed vessels of Type II.2.3.1 probably served as frying pans, while the deeper vessels of Type II.2.3.2 likely were cooking bowls or might even have been used as baking dishes (Stern 1997:42–43). During the Mamluk period there was a variety of open cooking vessels—Types II.2.3.3–II.2.3.6. The clay and glaze used for their production is much finer and lighter than those of the previous periods. The wide, flat-bottomed dish (Fig. 41:8) might have functioned as a frying pan, while the rest may be called cooking bowls. Frying Pans II.2.3.1 Frying Pans of the Crusader Period (Fig. 41:1, 2; Pl. XXVII:1) Description. Cooking bowls with a simple, sometimes flattened rim and a wide, flat bottom. The bowls have thin, straight sloping walls and horizontal handles. There are additional small triangular ledge handles, similar to those on the cooking pots, Type II.2.1.2. These cooking bowls probably served as frying pans. Fabric: Dark reddish-brown to dark brown clay; very well fired. Glaze: The vessels are covered on the interior up to the rim with a dark brown or dark purple-brown glaze.

Date. Approximately the second half of the twelfth century and the first half of thirteenth century. Occurrences. Acre: Unpublished. Banias: Unpublished. Caesarea: Pringle 1985: Fig. 3:9; Brosh 1986: Fig. 4:16. Capernaum: Loffreda 1982: Fig. 9:13. Emmaus-Qubeibeh: Bagatti 1993: Fig. 29:16. Jerusalem: Tushingham 1985:146, Figs. 34:23, 35:15, 36:12, 14, 37:4. ‘Uza, H.: Stern and Tatcher, forthcoming. Yoqne‘am: Avissar 1996a:142, CP-Type 15, Fig. XIII.102. ‘Arqa, Tell: Thalmann 1978: Fig. 31:2–6. Paphos: Megaw 1971:125, Fig. 2:7. Remarks.These cooking bowls are similar in clay and glaze to the cooking pots, Type II.2.1.2. It seems safe to suggest that they also have the same geographical distribution and chronological range. Cooking Bowls II.2.3.2 Cooking Bowls of the Crusader Period (Fig. 41:3; Back Cover, middle) Description. Cooking bowls with rather thick, straight sloping walls and a thickened or flattened rim, protruding inside and out. The vessels have horizontal handles. Fabric: Reddish-brown to dark brown sandy clay. Glaze: Entire interior covered with a brown glaze. Date. Approximately from the late twelfth century to the end of the thirteenth century.

PART II: DOMESTIC AND INDUSTRIAL WARES

Occurrences. Acre: Stern 1997:40–43, Fig. 5:38–40; Stern and Waksman 2003:169–170, Fig. 3; unpublished. Bet Zeneta, H.: Getzov 2000:87*, Fig. 23:1, 2. ‘Uza, H.: Stern and Tatcher, forthcoming. Yoqne‘am: Avissar 1996a:142, CP-Type 16, Fig. XIII.103; 2005. Tripoli: Salamé-Sarkis 1980:214–216, Fig. 38:4–10. Remarks. These cooking bowls are made of the same sandy clay as cooking pots of Type II.2.1.4. This type appears at Yoqne‘am in Crusader Stratum IIIa, which is dated to the late twelfth century and the first half of the thirteenth century, and was in use at Crusader Acre until the end of the thirteenth century. II.2.3.3 Cooking Bowls of the Mamluk Period—Vessels with Rounded or Flattened Rim (Fig. 41:4, 5) Description. These cooking bowls have straight sloping walls with a plain, thickened, rounded, or flattened rim and a flat base. The vessels have horizontal handles, which are attached to the walls. Wet smoothed on the exterior. Fabric: Light brown, orange-brown, or brown clay. Glaze: Entire interior covered with yellowish, greenishbrown, brown, or dark brown glaze. Date. Probably throughout the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries and perhaps even later. Occurrences. ‘Atlit: Johns 1936: Fig. 14:5. Banias: Unpublished. Capernaum: Loffreda 1992: Fig. 9:11, 12. Giv‘at Yasaf: Stern 1999:132, Fig. 3:43, 44. Kanaf, Kh.: Avissar, forthcoming (a). Yoqne‘am: Avissar 1996a:142–143, CP-Type 18, Fig. XIII.105. Ez-Zuq el-Pauqani: Unpublished. Remarks. These cooking bowls are made of the same fabric as the cooking pots, Type II.2.1.5. II.2.3.4 Cooking Bowls of the Mamluk Period—Vessels with Out-Turned Rim (Fig. 41:6, 7; Pl. XXVII:2) Description. Cooking bowls with slightly curved sides and an out-turned, drooping rim. The vessels have vestigial horizontal strap handles, attached to the sides, and a flat base. Wet smoothed on the exterior.

97

Fabric: Light brown or orange-brown clay. Glaze: Yellow-brown, greenish-brown, or brown glaze. Some of the vessels are glazed over the entire interior, while others are only partly glazed, usually on the inner base, with splashes of glaze on the inner walls. Date. Probably throughout the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries and perhaps even later. Occurrences. Giv‘at Yasaf: Stern 1999:132, Fig. 3:42. Kanaf, Kh.: Avissar, forthcoming (a). Safed: Unpublished. St. Mary of Carmel: Pringle 1984:99, Fig. 5:29. Yoqne‘am: Avissar 1996a:142–143, CP-Type 17, Fig. XIII.104. Ez-Zuq el-Pauqani: Unpublished. Remarks. These cooking bowls are made of the same fabric as the cooking pots, Type II.2.1.5. II.2.3.5 Frying Pans/Cooking Bowls of the Mamluk Period—Vessels with Gutter Rim (Fig. 41:8, 9) Description. Cooking bowls with either slightly flaring or incurved sides. There is a deep groove on the rim, seemingly a lid device. The base is wide and flat. There are vestigial horizontal strap handles attached to the sides. Wet smoothed on the exterior. Fabric: Most of the vessels are made of pinkish-brown or orange-brown clay. Glaze: Entire interior and rim covered with transparent yellowish or light brown, even, and well-melted glaze. Date. Probably from the end of the thirteenth century to about the end of the fourteenth century. Occurrences. Burin, Kh.: Kletter and Stern, forthcoming. Al-Burj al-Ahmar: Pringle 1986b:146, Fig. 48:45, 46. Giv‘at Dani: Lazar 1999:130*, Fig. 5:1. Kanaf, Kh.: Avissar, forthcoming (a). St. Mary of Carmel: Pringle 1984:99, Fig. 5:27, 28. Yoqne‘am: Avissar 1996a:144, CP-Type 19, Fig. XIII.106. Ez-Zuq el-Pauqani: Unpublished. Remarks. This type is the most popular of all the Mamluk cooking bowls. However, no matching lid fragments have been recovered thus far.

98

MIRIAM AVISSAR AND EDNA J. STERN

II.2.3.6 Cooking Bowls of the Mamluk Period—Small Carinated Vessels (Fig. 41:10, 11) Description. Small, slightly carinated cooking bowls, with a plain, slightly thickened or inward-slanting rim, and a flat or rounded base. Wet smoothed on the exterior. Fabric: Light brown or pinkish-brown clay. Glaze: Entire interior covered with a transparent yellowish or light brown glaze. Greenish-brown glaze is less common. Date. Probably throughout the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries and perhaps even later. Occurrences. Al-Burj al-Ahmar: Pringle 1986b: Fig. 48:48. Emmaus-Qubeibeh: Bagatti 1993: Fig. 30:13. Yoqne‘am: Avissar 1996a:144, CP-Type 20, Fig. XIII.107.

Remarks. Most of these cooking bowls are made of the same clay as those of Type II.2.3.5. II.2.3.7 Handmade Cooking Bowls of the Mamluk Period (Fig. 41:12, 13) Description. The bowls have in-curved sides, a flattened or thickened rim, and a flat base. There are small pushed-up ledge handles. Fabric: Buff, orange-brown, or reddish-brown clay mixed with straw and grits. Slip: Burnished on the interior. Date. Throughout the Mamluk period and later. Occurrences. Yoqne‘am: Avissar 1996a:144–146, CPType 21, Fig. XIII.108:2, 3. Remarks. These vessels can be identified as cooking bowls by their fire-blackened state. They are a handmade substitute for the wheelmade vessels.

Fig. 41. Type II.2.3—frying pans and cooking bowls. ► No.

Form

Site

Description

II.2.3.1 Frying pans of the Crusader period 1

Frying pan

Yoqne‘am I

Brown clay, exterior fired to dark gray-brown; dark brown glaze on the interior

2

Frying pan

Banias

Reddish-brown clay, exterior fired to dark purple-brown; purple-brown glaze on the interior and splashes of glaze on the exterior

II.2.3.2 Cooking bowl of the Crusader period 3

Cooking bowl

Yoqne‘am

Brown, sandy clay, exterior fired to dark brown; dark-brown glaze on the interior

II.2.3.3 Cooking bowls of the Mamluk period: vessels with flattened rim 4

Cooking bowl

Banias

Light brown clay; yellowish glaze on the interior and on the rim

5

Cooking bowl

Kh. Kanaf

Light reddish-brown clay; greenish-brown glaze on both surfaces

II.2.3.4 Cooking bowls of the Mamluk period: vessels with out-turned rim 6

Cooking bowl

Kh. Kanaf

Light brown clay; yellow-brown glaze on the interior and on the rim

7

Cooking bowl

Yoqne‘am I

Orange-brown clay; yellow-brown glaze on the interior and on the rim

II.2.3.5 Cooking bowls of the Mamluk period: vessels with gutter rim 8

Cooking bowl

Yoqne‘am I

Pinkish-brown clay; transparent yellowish glaze on the interior and on the rim, exterior smoothed, attached vestigial strap handles

9

Cooking bowl

Kh. Kanaf

Orange-brown clay; transparent brownish glaze on the interior and on the rim

II.2.3.6 Cooking bowls of the Mamluk period: small carinated vessels 10

Cooking bowl

Yoqne‘am I

Light brown clay, many dark grits; transparent yellowish glaze on the interior, exterior smoothed

11

Cooking bowl

Yoqne‘am I

Pinkish-brown clay; yellowish transparent glaze on the interior

II.2.3.7 Handmade cooking bowls of the Mamluk period 12

Cooking bowl

Yoqne‘am I

Reddish-brown clay, straw and white grits; burnished on the interior, bent ledge handle

13

Cooking bowl

Yoqne‘am I

Buff clay, gray core, many white grits; burnished on the interior and over the rim, pushed-up ledge handle

99

PART II: DOMESTIC AND INDUSTRIAL WARES

22

11

33

55

44

77

66

88

9

9

1111

10 10

12 12

13 13

Fig. 41. Type II.2.3—frying pans and cooking bowls.

100

MIRIAM AVISSAR AND EDNA J. STERN

II.3 STORAGE VESSELS II.3.1 Storage Jars Variants of the long-lived Palestinian bag-shaped storage jars continued into the late medieval period. Three main storage-jar types were in use during the Crusader period—Types II.3.1.1–II.3.1.3. Jars with white-painted decoration (Type II.3.1.1) disappeared about the middle of the thirteenth century. Most popular were the Type II.3.1.3 jars, which remained in use until the end of the fourteenth century. Characteristic features of the late bag-shaped jars are a tapering neck, steeply sloping shoulders, and handles placed close to the base of the neck. During the Mamluk period, the jar handles were often situated at the junction of the neck and shoulder (Fig. 42:5, 6). A characteristic feature of Mamluk storage jars is the very long neck, occasionally more than 20 cm in length. The rims are usually molded, and the neck is often decorated with thumb-indented ridges. II.3.1.1 Storage Jars with White-Painted Decoration and Gutter Rim (Fig. 42:1, 2; Pl. XXVIII) Description. Jars with a strongly tapered neck with a pronounced inward-drooping rim and a shallow gutter. The sloping shoulders lack any carination. The handles are placed very close to the base of the neck. Fabric: Reddish-brown or orange-brown clay; well fired. Slip: Sometimes there is a buff self-slip. Decoration: White-painted decoration, usually wavy lines painted at random. Date. Eleventh century, probably to the mid-thirteenth century. Occurrences. Bet She’an: Unpublished. Al-Burj al-Ahmar: Pringle 1986b:142, Fig. 14:16, 18. al-Khurrumiya, Kh.: Stern and Stacey 2000:173, Fig. 4:13. Yoqne‘am: Avissar 1996a:151, SJ-Type 10, Fig. XIII.17. Remarks. These storage jars represent the final development of the white-painted storage jars, which first appeared in the Byzantine period and continued to be produced, with minor variations in form, during the Early Islamic period. While the white-painted decoration on Early Islamic storage jars is always

arranged vertically, the painted decoration on these late vessels is often horizontal. II.3.1.2 Storage Jars with Triangular Rim (Fig. 42:3) Description. Bag-shaped, rather thin-walled storage jars with a high, slightly tapering neck and a triangular rim. The sloping shoulders lack any carination. The handles are placed very close to the base of the neck. Fabric: Orange-brown clay, fired to purple-brown or dark brown on the surface of the vessel; excellent, almost metallic, firing. Date. Second half of the twelfth century and the first half of the thirteenth century. At Yoqne‘am this type did not appear in Mamluk contexts. Occurrences. Al-Burj al-Ahmar: Pringle 1986b:142, Fig. 44:15, 17. Yoqne‘am: Avissar 1996a:151, SJ-Type 12, Fig. XIII.119. Remarks. According to their fabric and firing these jars can easily be mistaken for Byzantine vessels, but the tapering neck and the sloping shoulders are characteristic features of medieval storage jars. II.3.1.3 Storage Jars with Thickened Rim and Ridged Neck (Fig. 42:4) Description. Bag-shaped storage jars with a high, straight, occasionally slightly bulging or out-turned neck. The rim is folded outwards. A low ridge occurs slightly above the base of the neck or at the middle of the neck. The sloping, usually ribbed shoulders lack any carination. The handles are placed very close to the base of the neck. Fabric: Reddish-brown or brown clay fired to buff or light greenish-brown on the surface. Slip: Self-slip. Date. Second half of the twelfth century to the end of the fourteenth century. Occurrences. Bireh, Kh.: Avissar 1997. Burin, Kh.: Kletter and Stern, forthcoming. Emmaus-Qubeibeh: Bagatti 1993: Fig. 25:1, 4–8.

101

PART II: DOMESTIC AND INDUSTRIAL WARES

22

33

11

44 66

55

88

99

77 10 10

Fig. 42. Type II.3.1—storage jars.

102

MIRIAM AVISSAR AND EDNA J. STERN

Jerusalem: Tushingham 1985: Fig. 42:12; Avissar 2003: Pl. 19.2:16. Yoqne‘am: Avissar 1996a:153, SJ-Type 13, Fig. XIII.120. ‘Arqa, Tell: Hakimian and Salamé-Sarkis 1988: Fig. 16:3.

Fabric: Light brown, buff, orange-brown, or reddish clay. Decoration: There are no decorations except the thumb-indented ridge under the rim.

Remarks. At Emmaus, these storage jars are dated from the middle of the twelfth century to the middle of the thirteenth century. The latest examples of this type were found in Cistern E in the Armenian Garden, Jerusalem (Tushingham 1985:149), where they are dated to the last quarter of the fourteenth century. The storage jars of Type II.3.1.3 seem to be the most popular jar form during the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries. They are abundant in the central and southern parts of the country, while in the north they are less common.

Occurrences. Abu Gosh: de Vaux and Stève 1950: Pl. G:31. Capernaum: Loffreda 1982: Fig. 10:6–8. Nazareth: Bagatti 1984: Fig. 59:2. Qazrin: Avissar, forthcoming (c). Ramla: Unpublished. Safed: Unpublished. Yoqne‘am: Avissar 1996a:153–155, SJ-Type 15, Fig. XIII.122; 2005. Ez-Zuq el-Pauqani: Unpublished.

II.3.1.4 Storage Jars of the Mamluk Period (Fig. 42:5–10) Description. Jars with a long neck and plain, thickened, or triangular rim. Two sub-types can be discerned: jars with a plain neck and a thickened rim, usually offset by an undecorated ridge (Fig. 42:5–8); and jars with a thumb-indented ridge under the rim (Fig. 42:9, 10). The body is rounded with an omphalos base. Some jars have ear handles placed at the junction of the body and neck; on some the handles are placed on the shoulder.

Date. Probably from the second half of the thirteenth century to the fifteenth century.

Remarks. These jars have not been found in Crusader assemblages. This form seems to break with the traditional Palestinian bag-shaped storage jars that had been popular since the Roman period and had an upright neck usually not exceeding 5 cm in height, as well as handles placed on the shoulder of the vessel. On this new type of storage jar, the handles are located at the base of the neck. This feature was characteristic of all the storage vessels of the following period until about the beginning of the twentieth century, when storage vessels fashioned in clay gradually were replaced by vessels made of other materials.

◄ Fig. 42. Type II.3.1—storage jars. No.

Site

Description

II.3.1.1 Storage jars with white-painted decoration and gutter rim 1

Bet She’an 1988

Orange-brown clay, fired partly to buff on the surface, white grits, well fired; white-painted decoration

2

Yoqne‘am I

Reddish-brown clay, fired to dark brown on the surface, hard; white-painted decoration

II.3.1.2 Storage jars with triangular rim 3

Yoqne‘am I

Orange-brown clay, fired to dark brown on the surface, metallic

II.3.1.3 Storage jars with thickened rim and ridged neck 4

Kh. Bireh

Reddish-brown clay, white grits; light brown self-slip

II.3.1.4 Storage jars of the Mamluk period 5

Ramla

Light brown clay, white grits

6

Yoqne‘am

Reddish-brown clay, fired to buff on the surface, white grits

7

Yoqne‘am

Orange-brown clay, brown grits; surface smoothed

8

Yoqne‘am

Reddish-brown clay, gray core, white grits, very well fired

9

Qazrin

Reddish-brown clay, gray core, well fired

Yoqne‘am

Reddish-brown clay, gray core, small white grits, very well fired

10

103

PART II: DOMESTIC AND INDUSTRIAL WARES

II.3.1.5 Molasses Jars of the Crusader Period (Fig. 43:1–7) Description. Ovoid-shaped jars with no handles. The opening is narrow and the shape of the rim may vary from a simple thickened rim to an outward-folded rim. An omphalos base. Ribbings may occur on the body. Fabric: Light brown to gray clay with limestone grits and sand. Date. Twelfth to thirteenth centuries.

1

1

Occurrences. Acre: Stern 2001:303, Fig. 19. Bet She’an: Unpublished. Manot, H.: Stern 2001:287, Fig. 7:10–13. Qasila, Tel: Ayalon, Gilboa and Harpazi 1987–1989: 20–22, Figs. 16:4, 5; 17. Yesud Ha-Ma‘ala: Biran and Shoham 1987:203, Figs. 8:5, 6; 9. Remarks. This description is based mainly on the vessels from Acre and Horbat Manot. See Type II.1.3; these two types were utilized together in the sugar industry.

22

44

33

55

66

77

99

88

10 10

Fig. 43. Type II.3.1—molasses jars and Antiliya jars.

11 11

104

MIRIAM AVISSAR AND EDNA J. STERN

II.3.1.6 Molasses Jars of the Mamluk Period (Fig. 43:8–10)

II.3.1.7 Antiliya Jars (or Nuria Jars) (Fig. 43:11)

Description. Tall, ovoid-shaped jars with no handles. The opening is narrow, the rim is folded outward. The base is an omphalos type. Pronounced ribbings on the exterior of the jar. Fabric: Reddish or reddish-brown clay with lime grits and inclusions. Date. Fourteenth to fifteenth centuries. Occurrences. Bet She’an: Unpublished. Manot, H.: Stern 2001:291: Fig. 12:4–8. Abu Sarbut, Tell: LaGro and de Haas 1991/1992. Remarks. This description is based mainly on the vessels from Acre and Horbat Manot. See Type II.1.3.2; both types were used together in the sugar industry.

Description. Cylinder-shaped vessels with a simple rim, a groove below the neck, a rounded body, and a pointed base. Fabric: Reddish-brown clay with some white grits. Date. Twelfth to thirteenth centuries. Occurrences. Acre: Unpublished. ‘Atlit: Johns 1936: Fig. 14:12. Al-Burj al-Ahmar: Pringle 1986b:144, Fig. 44:25. ‘Uza, H.: Stern and Tatcher, forthcoming. Remarks. These vessels were used on a water-wheel installation, termed antiliya in Hebrew sources (Tosefta Mikva’ot 4:2; from Greek ’αντλέω: to draw water [Bailly 1988: s.v.]), nuria (in Arabic, in the area of Palestine, Transjordan, and Syria), or sāqiya (in Arabic, in Egypt; Ayalon 2000:218–220). The antiliya jar from the Crusader period continues a type from the Early Islamic period (Ayalon 2000: 221–225).

◄ Fig. 43. Type II.3.1—molasses jars and Antiliya jars. No.

Form

Site

Description

II.3.1.5 Molasses jars of the Crusader period 1

Molasses jar

H. Manot

Brown clay, sand and lime grits

2

Molasses jar

H. Manot

Yellowish-red clay, brown–dark brown core, coarse sand and limestone inclusions

3

Molasses jar

Bet She’an 1988

Very light brown clay, minute gray and white grits, well fired

4

Molasses jar

Bet She’an 1988

Very light brown clay, minute gray grits, well fired

5

Molasses jar

Bet She’an 1988

Very light brown clay, some minute gray and white grits, very well fired

6

Molasses jar

Bet She’an 1988

Very light brown clay, very well fired

7

Molasses jar

H. Manot

Yellowish-brown clay, very dark brown core, red exterior, small amount of lime grits

II.3.1.6 Molasses jars of the Mamluk period 8

Molasses jar

Bet She’an 1988

Light brown clay, small and large gray grits

9

Molasses jar

H. Manot

Yellowish-brown clay, red exterior

10

Molasses jar

Bet She’an 1988

Very light brown clay, fired to orange-brown on the surface, small gray grits

Acre

Yellowish-red clay, yellowish-red to light brown exterior, large amount of sand, limestone grits, and inclusions

II.3.1.7 Antiliya jar 11

Antiliya jar

PART II: DOMESTIC AND INDUSTRIAL WARES

II.3.2 Amphorae Four types of amphorae could be discerned. The two types—II.3.2.1 and II.3.2.2—with a long, narrow neck and pointed base, are imported. Their shape, designed to contain liquid goods such as wine or oil and to fit in the hull of a ship, continues that of the maritime transport amphorae of the Hellenistic and Roman periods. The narrow-necked amphora of Type II.3.2.3 is of local production and, according to its base, is probably a table amphora. Other locally made table amphorae—Type II.3.2.4—have a long, wide neck and a rounded body with an omphalos base. II.3.2.1 High-Handled Amphorae (Fig. 44:1; Pl. XXIX:1) Description. Amphorae with a simple and slightly everted rim. The neck is high and narrow. Two ovalsectioned handles are attached to the rim. The handles rise above the rim, turn back down, and join the shoulder of the vessel. The body is carrot shaped, and the base is rounded. The upper part of the body has a crude, combed pattern. The handles are pitted, evidence of an organic material, probably burnt straw. The walls are thick. In general, the workmanship of these vessels is very careless. This type of amphora can be found in two sizes, with the same shape: a smaller version, c. 30 cm in height; and a larger version, c. 60 cm in height. Fabric: Light reddish-brown clay with white inclusions.

105

Remarks. It seems that this type of amphora was imported to Israel, where it appears only in Crusaderperiod assemblages. Its distribution is through the eastern Mediterranean—the Israeli, Lebanese, and Syrian coasts, Turkey, Cyprus, Greece, and Italy—and sites on the Black Sea in Bulgaria, Romania, and the Ukraine. II.3.2.2 Small Imported Amphorae (Fig. 44:2; Pl. XXIX:2) Description. Amphorae with a simple rim, and a high, narrow cylindrical neck. The handles are attached from under the rim to the shoulders of the vessel. The body is elongated and the base is rounded. The upper part of the body is ribbed. Fabric: Light brown clay with some white and black grits. Date. Twelfth to thirteenth(?) centuries. Occurrences. Acre: Unpublished. Nazareth: Bagatti 1984: Fig. 58:6, Pl. 69:1. ‘Uza, H.: Stern and Tatcher, forthcoming. Istanbul: Hayes 1992:76, Fig. 26:6. Kinet: Redford et al. 2001:71, Fig. 37:2. Ras: Popović 1989:128–130, Fig. 6:1, 2. Remarks. This type of amphora is not very well known, and not many examples have been published. For this reason it is difficult to determine the exact range of dates for this type. It has been found in Turkey, Serbia, and Israel, where it appears to be an import.

Date. Twelfth to thirteenth centuries. Occurrences. Acre: Stern 1997:38, 39, Fig. 4:10–12. ‘Atlit: Pringle 1986b: Pl. 4. Bet Zeneta, H.: Getzov 2000:87*, Fig. 22:3. ‘Uza, H.: Stern and Tatcher, forthcoming. Yoqne‘am: Avissar 2005. ‘Arqa, Tell: Hakimian and Salamé-Sarkis 1988:26–28, Pl. VIII:1. Paphos: Megaw 1972:334, Fig. 27. Shipwreck off Tartous: Tanabe, Yoshizaki, and Sakata 1988:38, Pls. 8–17. Sparta: Sanders 1993:281–283, Fig. 15. Turkey: Günsenin 1989:271–274, Fig. 8–11; Hayes 1992:76, Fig. 26:10, 11, Pl. 13: b, c.

II.3.2.3 Narrow-Necked Amphorae (Fig. 44:3–5) Description. Amphorae with a thick rim and a ridge below it, and a high, narrow neck that widens downward. Occasionally two parallel lines are incised below the ridge. Two thick, long handles start from below the ridge and connect to the shoulder. The body tapers from the shoulder to a low ring base with a protruding disc in the center. Fabric: Light reddish-brown clay with some white and black grits. Exterior occasionally very pale brown. Date. Twelfth to thirteenth centuries.

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MIRIAM AVISSAR AND EDNA J. STERN

Occurrences. Acre: Stern 1997:39–40; Fig. 4:13, 14; unpublished. Caesarea: Stern 1997:39. Manot, H.: Stern 2001:286, Fig. 6:10, 11. ‘Uza, H.: Stern and Tatcher, forthcoming. Yoqne‘am: Avissar 2005. Kinet: Redford et al. 2001:71, Fig. 36: although a onehandled jug, the body shape, neck, and rim are identical to our Fig. 44:3–5. Remarks. Petrographic analysis of an amphora of this type from the Courthouse Site excavation at Acre indicates that it was produced in the area of southern Lebanon (Goren 1997:72). This amphora type has been identified thus far only in the northern part of Israel. II.3.2.4 Table Amphorae (Fig. 44:6–11; Pl. XXIX:3) Description. Amphorae with a thick out-turned or folded rim, and a high and wide cylinder neck with ribbings. The handles are attached from the lower part of the neck to the shoulder of the vessel. The body is pear shaped, with an omphalos base.

Fabric: Reddish-brown clay, sandy fabric with quartz and lime grits. Slip: Occasionally a slip in a shade lighter than the vessel. Date. Twelfth to thirteenth centuries. Occurrences. Acre: Stern and Waksman 2003:168, Fig. 2; unpublished. ‘Atlit: Johns 1936, Fig. 14:11. Banias: Unpublished. Manot, H.: Stern 2001:286, Fig. 6:9. ‘Uza, H.: Stern and Tatcher, forthcoming. Yoqne‘am: Avissar 1996a:155, Fig. XIII.125; 2005. ‘Arqa, Tell: Hakimian and Salamé-Sarkis 1988: Fig. 13:1, Pl. VII:2:1, 2. Remarks. This table amphora appears in two sizes: small (from Acre; Fig. 44:6) and large (Fig. 44:7–11). The amphora from Acre is made of the local ‘Acrebowl’ clay. Distribution is in Israel and along the Lebanese coast.

Fig. 44. Type II.3.2—amphorae. ► No.

Site

Description

II.3.2.1 High-handled amphorae 1

Acre

Light reddish-brown clay, some lime grits, coarse limestone inclusions, quartz, many straw negatives in handle; pinkish wash

II.3.2.2 Small imported amphorae 2

Acre

Light brown clay, small black and white grits, large limestone inclusions, some mica

II.3.2.3 Narrow-necked amphorae 3

Yoqne‘am

Light brown clay, fired to buff on surface, white grits

4

Acre

Light reddish-brown clay, very pale brown exterior, white and black grits

5

Acre

Yellowish-red clay, very pale brown exterior, white and black grits

II.3.2.4 Table amphorae 6

Acre

Reddish-brown, sandy clay, lime and quartz grits; light brown slip

7

Yoqne‘am I

Red-brown clay, greenish-yellow on the surface

8

Yoqne‘am

Very light brown clay

9

Banias

Reddish-brown clay, purplish-gray on the surface, white grits

10

Banias

Orange-brown clay, well fired

11

Banias

Orange-brown clay, well fired

107

PART II: DOMESTIC AND INDUSTRIAL WARES

3

3 55

44 11

22

99

66

10 10

88 11 11

77

Fig. 44. Type II.3.2—amphorae.

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MIRIAM AVISSAR AND EDNA J. STERN

II.4 JUGS, TABLE JARS, AND MOLDMADE VESSELS

II.4.1.2 Small Table Jars (Fig. 45:2, 3)

Only two types of small table vessels could be assigned to the Crusader period: the simple jug with a wide neck—Type II.4.1.1—and the small table jars—Type II.4.1.2. It seems that twelfth-century vessels have broad flat bases, while the thirteenth-century and later jugs have ring bases. During the thirteenth century a variety of jugs made their appearance: plain jugs with a swollen neck, with or without stamped decoration— Types II.4.2.1 and II.4.2.2; and jugs with a wide or narrow straight neck—Type II.4.2.3. There are also two types of decorated jugs that could be assigned to the Mamluk period: jugs with irregular painted decoration—Type II.4.3.1; and jugs with pinpricked decoration—Type II.4.3.2. Besides these wheelmade vessels, many handmade painted jugs and table amphorae—Type II.4.4.1—were found in the medieval assemblages.

Description. Vessels with a rather wide, conical or slightly flaring neck and a simple rim. Usually there are grooves or a ridge under the rim. The handles descend from the middle of the neck to the shoulder. A strainer is placed at the base of the neck, often perforated with simple slits only. Jugs with strainers should also be included in this group, for they are basically of the same form. Fabric: Dark brown or reddish-brown clay, fired to light brown or greenish-buff on surface. Slip: Light brown or greenish-buff self-slip.

II.4.1 Plain Jugs and Table Jars with Wide Neck II.4.1.1 Simple Jugs (Fig. 45:1; Pl. XXX:1) Description. Vessels with a wide, flaring funnel-shaped neck and a cut, inward beveled rim. The body is pear shaped, the base flat. The handle is pulled from the middle of the neck to the shoulder of the vessel. Some ribbing appears on the upper part of the vessel. Fabric: Reddish-brown clay with some white grits. Slip: Occasionally a slip in a shade lighter than the vessel.

Date. Late twelfth century and the first half of the thirteenth century. Occurrences. Acre: Unpublished. Banias: Unpublished. Bet Zeneta, H.: Getzov 2000:87*, Fig. 22:8. Jerusalem: Tushingham 1985: Fig. 39:1, 2, 4, 6, 7 (jugs with strainers). Nazareth: Bagatti 1984: Fig. 61:1. Yoqne‘am: Avissar 1996a:168, Jug-Type 27, Fig. XIII.153. Remarks. The vessels from Jerusalem are depicted as jugs with a strainer; some may be table jars. They were dated there to the Ayyubid period. A variant of this type, with three handles and made of local fabric, as the ‘Acre Bowls’ (Type II.1.1.2), is known from Acre and its close vicinity.

Date. Twelfth to thirteenth centuries. Occurrences. Acre: Stern and Waksman 2003:168, Fig. 2; unpublished. ‘Atlit: Johns 1936: Fig. 14:6. Bet Zeneta, H.: Getzov 2000:87*, Fig. 22:9. ‘Arqa, Tell: Hakimian and Salamé-Sarkis 1988: Fig. 11:9. Remarks. The proportions and size of these jugs may change from site to site, and some may be defined as juglets. In Acre and its close vicinity these vessels were made from the local fabric that was used for the ‘Acre Bowls’ (above, Type II.1.1.2).

II.4.2 Jugs with Swollen Neck II.4.2.1 Jugs with Plain Swollen Neck (Fig. 45:4, 5; Pl. XXX:2, 3) Description. Jugs with a bulging, rather narrow neck with a plain, slightly thickened or everted rim. The handle is pulled either from the rim or from the middle of the neck down to the shoulder. The body of the jug is somewhat squat, and a long spout is placed on the shoulder of the vessel. Usually the jugs have a wide ring base.

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PART II: DOMESTIC AND INDUSTRIAL WARES

22 33 11

44

7

5

7

88

5

66

9 9

Fig. 45. Types II.4.1 and II.4.2—jugs and table jars of the Crusader and Mamluk periods.

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◄ Fig. 45. Types II.4.1 and II.4.2—jugs and table jars of the Crusader and Mamluk periods. No.

Form

Site

Description

Acre

Reddish-brown clay, few white grits

II.4.1.1 Simple jugs 1

Jug

II.4.1.2 Small table jars 2

Table jar

Yoqne‘am I

Reddish-brown clay, fired to greenish-buff on surface

3

Table jar

Banias

Buff clay

II.4.2.1 Jugs with plain swollen neck 4

Jug

Bet She’an 1988

Light orange-brown clay

5

Jug

Banias

Light reddish-brown clay, fired to light brown on surface

II.4.2.2 Jugs with swollen neck and stamped decoration 6

Jug

Giv‘at Titura

Buff clay

II.4.2.3 Jugs with straight neck 7

Jug

Ramla

Reddish-brown clay, white grits; green glaze on the interior

8

Jug

Jerusalem—Visitors’ Center

Orange-brown clay, fired partly to buff on the surface, many small white grits, well fired

9

Jug

Jerusalem—Visitors’ Center

Reddish-brown clay, fired to very light gray on the surface, white grits and lime inclusions

Fabric: Orange-brown, light brown, or pinkish-brown clay, often fired to buff or greenish-buff on the surface. Darker clay is less common. Slip: Often there is a buff or greenish-buff self-slip. Date. Thirteenth to fifteenth centuries and probably later. Occurrences. Abu Gosh: de Vaux and Stève 1950: Pl. G:23, 24, 26, 27, 32, 33. Banias: Unpublished. Bet She’an: Unpublished. Burin, Kh.: Kletter and Stern, forthcoming. Al-Burj al-Ahmar: Pringle 1986b: Fig. 43:13. Jerusalem: Tushingham 1985:145, 150; Fig. 40:26, 28, dated to the Ayyubid period; Figs. 41:37, 42:13, dated to the Mamluk occupation, the last quarter of the fourteenth century. Manot, H.: Stern 2001:289, Fig. 12:1. Nazareth: Bagatti 1984: Figs. 58:8, 59: 4, Pl. 68:6. Safed: Unpublished. Yoqne‘am: Avissar 1996a:167, Jug-Type 25, Fig. XIII.151. Remarks. This type is uncommon in Crusader assemblages.

II.4.2.2 Jugs with Stamped Neck (Fig. 45:6) Description. Spouted jugs with a swollen neck, similar to Type II.4.2.1. Fabric: Buff or greenish-buff clay. Decoration: Stamped decoration at the base of the neck. Some jugs may also have stamps on their handle, but they are less common—they are reported from Kh. Burin and Petah Tiqva. The stamped patterns are either a net pattern or five-, six- or eight-pointed stars. Date. Probably thirteenth century only. Occurrences. Abu Gosh: de Vaux and Stève 1950:141– 142, Pl. G: 27–30. ‘Adasa, Kh.: Unpublished. Burin, Kh.: Kletter and Stern, forthcoming. Emmaus-Qubeibeh: Bagatti 1993:115–116, Fig. 28:6– 9, Pl. 52:1–9. Giv‘at Titura: Unpublished. Jerusalem: Tushingham 1985:150, Fig. 35:35; Avissar 2003: Pl. 19.2:18. Nazareth: Bagatti 1984: Fig. 60:1, Pl. 68:4, 5. Yoqne‘am: Avissar 1996a:167–168, Jug-Type 26, Fig. XIII.26.

PART II: DOMESTIC AND INDUSTRIAL WARES

Remarks. These jugs probably first appeared at the beginning of the thirteenth century. They are not found in Crusader assemblages; they occur only in Ayyubid–Mamluk contexts and are absent from the late fourteenth-century assemblage from Jerusalem. II.4.2.3 Jugs with Straight Neck (Fig. 45:7–9; Pl. XXX:4) Description. Rather large jugs with a rounded body. The neck is straight with an out-turned triangular rim, which is sometimes trefoil, or there may be an externally thickened rim. The neck may be wide or narrow. Often there is a ridge at the base of the neck. The handle is placed at the junction of body and neck. Some jugs have a flat, slightly pushed-up base; others, a ring base. Some large jugs from the Armenian Garden, Jerusalem (Tushingham 1985), have slightly hollowed necks. Fabric: Orange-brown or reddish-brown clay, fired to light brown or buff on the surface. Glaze: Some jars covered with glaze, mostly green, on the interior. Date. Thirteenth to fifteenth centuries. Occurrences. Jerusalem: Tushingham 1985:145, 149, Figs. 37:10, 38:29–30, 39:18, 29, 42:14. Jerusalem, Visitors’ Center: Unpublished. Ramla: Unpublished. Safed: Unpublished. Ez-Zuq el-Pauqani: Unpublished. Remarks. It seems the earlier, Ayyubid jugs have flat or disk bases while the later, Mamluk jugs have ring bases. A characteristic feature of these jugs is the pinched handle junction, pressed against the shoulder of the vessel. II.4.3 Decorated Jugs and Table Jars II.4.3.1 Jugs with Painted Decoration (Fig. 46:1, 2) Description. Jugs with a rounded body, a straight neck, and an omphalos base. There are jugs with a narrow neck and a trefoil rim, as well as jugs with a straight, ridged neck and an everted rim. Some jugs have a spout.

111

Fabric: Light pinkish-brown clay, well levigated. Decoration: Irregular bands painted in red or black. Date. Second half of the thirteenth century to the fifteenth century. Occurrences. Bet She’an: Unpublished. Pella: Smith 1973: Pl. 71:479, 480, 928. Remarks. This ware was probably produced in Jordan, since similar vessels have been found only at Pella. It also appeared at Bet She’an in varied shapes, such as kraters and jugs with a narrow or broad neck. II.4.3.2 Jugs and Table Jars with Incised and PinPricked Decoration (Fig. 46:3–6; Pl. XXX:5) Description. Jugs and table jars with a long neck, often with a strainer. The neck might be bulging, straight, or flaring. The vessels have a pear-shaped, rounded, or carinated body. The handles are usually pulled from the middle of the neck to the shoulder. Fabric: Light greenish-gray, very light brown, or pinkbuff clay. Decoration: Pinpricked, incised, and gouged decoration on the neck and body of the vessel. The pinpricked patterns serve as a background for the incised decorations, which are abstract designs or inscriptions. Date. Thirteenth to fifteenth centuries and probably also later. Occurrences. Banias: Unpublished. Jerusalem: Tushingham 1985:149, Fig. 43:1–3, 5–8. Jerusalem, City of David: Unpublished. Jerusalem, Visitors’ Center: Unpublished. Safed: Unpublished. Damascus: Toueir 1973:216, Pl. II:b. Hama: Poulsen 1957:258–260, Figs. 943–947. Remarks. It is thus far not clear where these vessels were made. There probably were local workshops, as the vessels are not homogeneous in fabric.

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MIRIAM AVISSAR AND EDNA J. STERN

11

3

22

3

44

55

66

Fig. 46. Type II.4.3—decorated jugs and table jars.

PART II: DOMESTIC AND INDUSTRIAL WARES

113

◄ Fig. 46. Type II.4.3—decorated jugs and table jars. No.

Form

Site

Description

II.4.3.1 Jugs with painted decoration 1

Jug

Bet She’an 1988

Orange-brown clay, well levigated, well fired; red-painted decoration

2

Jug

Bet She’an 1988

Orange-brown clay, well levigated, well fired; black-painted decoration

II.4.3.2 Jugs and table jars with incised and pinpricked decoration 3

Table jar

Jerusalem—City of David

Grayish-buff clay; incised and pinpricked decoration, remains of strainer

4

Table jar

Jerusalem—City of David

Grayish-buff clay; incised and pinpricked decoration, remains of strainer

5

Jug

Jerusalem—Visitors’ Center

Grayish-buff clay; incised and pinpricked decoration, remains of strainer

6

Jug

Jerusalem—Visitors’ Center

Grayish-buff clay; incised and pinpricked decoration, remains of strainer

II.4.4 Handmade Jugs and Jars with Geometric Painted Decoration II.4.4.1 Jugs and Table Jars (Fig. 47; Pl. XXXI:1, 2) and II.4.4.2 Large Jars (Fig. 48; Pl. XXXI:3, 4) Description. Large and small jars, and jugs. Handles are usually pulled from the middle of the neck to the shoulder of the vessel; they may also have handles that descend from the rim to the shoulder. Two neck forms can be discerned: vessels with a bulging neck (Figs. 47:1–3, 9, 10; 48:1); and those with a straight or outturned neck (Figs. 47:4–8; 48:2). The rims are always simple. Jugs and table jars often have a strainer placed in the neck. The vessels have flat bases or slightly hollow disk bases. The pots were often modeled over a sack filled with wet sand. Several layers of clay with cloth impressions are often still visible. Fabric: Light brown clay, usually with a gray core. The clay is often mixed with straw and many grits and even lime inclusions. Slip: Whitish or buff; orange slip is less common. Sometimes part of the vessel has a red or orange slip. Decoration: The vessels are nearly always burnished on the exterior and inside the neck. The geometric decoration is applied over the burnished surface. The designs are painted in red, purple, or black. Vessels decorated in two colors, such as red and black, are less common.

Date. This ware first appeared at the end of the twelfth century. Its floruit was during the Mamluk period, when the pots were decorated with the most delicate and elaborate patterns; the technique deteriorated during the Ottoman period (de Vaux and Stevè 1950:133–137, Pl. F). Simple, handmade painted pottery was still produced at the beginning of the twentieth century (Crowfoot 1932; Einsler 1914:249–258, Pls. XIV–XVII). Occurrences. Abu Gosh: de Vaux and Stève 1950:133– 137, Pl. F. Banias: Unpublished. Bet She’an: Unpublished. Bet Zeneta, H.: Getzov 2000:87*, Fig. 21:8, 9. Burin, Kh.: Kletter and Stern, forthcoming. Nazareth: Bagatti 1984: Fig. 62:3–5, 7, 8. Yoqne‘am: Avissar 1996a:168–169, Jug-Type 28, Fig. XIII.154, Photo XIII.60; 2005. Hama: Poulsen 1957:270–274, Figs. 1000–1035. Pella: Smith 1973:239–242, Pl. 73:24. Remarks. Several handmade vessels with a different decorative scheme were recovered during the 1993 excavation season at Yoqne‘am. They were made of reddish-brown clay, well fired and well burnished, but without slip. They were then decorated with simple geometric designs painted in white over the burnished surface. So far, there are no parallels for this ware (Avissar 2005).

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MIRIAM AVISSAR AND EDNA J. STERN

33

22

11

44

5 5

88

66

99

77

Fig. 47. Type II.4.4—handmade jugs and table jars with geometric painted decoration.

10 10

PART II: DOMESTIC AND INDUSTRIAL WARES

1

1

2

2

Fig. 48. Type II.4.4—large handmade jars with geometric painted decoration.

115

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MIRIAM AVISSAR AND EDNA J. STERN

◄ ◄ Fig. 47. Type II.4.4—handmade jugs and table jars with geometric painted decoration. No.

Form

Site

Description

II.4.4.1 Jugs and table jars 1

Table jar

Yoqne‘am

Very light brown clay, gray core, white grits; yellow-buff slip on the exterior, burnished, black decoration painted over burnish

2

Table jar

Yoqne‘am I

Light brown clay; white slip on the exterior, burnished, decorated with geometric patterns painted in dark red over burnish, light red slip inside neck and on lower part of body outside

3

Table jar

Bet She’an 1988

Light brown clay, straw imprints; buff slip and burnish inside neck and outside, dark red decoration painted on the exterior over burnish

4

Jug

Banias

Light brown clay; buff slip on the exterior, burnished, red decoration painted over burnish

5

Jug

Bet She’an 1988

Light brown clay, straw imprints; very light brown slip and burnish on the exterior and inside the neck, dark purple-red decoration painted over burnished exterior

6

Jug

Yoqne‘am

Very light brown clay, gray core, white grits; beige slip on both surfaces, burnished on the exterior and inside the neck, red decoration painted over burnish; remains of strainer inside neck

7

Jug

Yoqne‘am

Light brown clay, gray core; orange slip, burnished, purple-red decoration painted over burnish

8

Jug

Yoqne‘am

Reddish-brown clay, gray core; buff slip and burnish on the exterior, red slip on the interior, dark purple-red decoration painted over burnish

9

Jug

Yoqne‘am

Very light brown clay, gray core, white grits; buff slip on the exterior, burnished, red decoration painted over burnish; remains of strainer inside neck

10

Jug

Yoqne‘am

Very light brown clay, gray core, white grits; white slip and burnish on the exterior, black decoration painted over burnish

◄ Fig. 48. Type II.4.4—large handmade jars with geometric painted decoration. No.

Site

Description

II.4.4.2 Large jars 1

Yoqne‘am

Buff clay, gray core, many brown grits; buff slip and burnish on the exterior, reddish-brown decoration painted over burnish

2

Bet She’an 1988

Light brown clay, gray core; buff slip and burnish on the exterior, red and black decoration painted over burnish

PART II: DOMESTIC AND INDUSTRIAL WARES

II.4.5 Moldmade Vessels II.4.5.1 Jugs and Jars with Moldmade Decoration (Fig. 49:1, 2) Description. Jugs with a globular or squat, carinated body. They usually have a bulging neck. The handle springs from the base of the neck and descends to the shoulder of the vessel. They have narrow ring bases. All the vessels are fashioned in three parts. The upper half of the body is moldmade, while the lower half and the neck are wheel-turned. Fabric: Fine, well-levigated, light greenish-buff clay. Some vessels are fashioned in a light brown, less delicate ware. Decoration: Mold-formed decorations placed on the shoulder of the vessel, sometimes even on the lower part of the body. The molded decorations consist of vegetal and geometric designs, animals, and inscriptions. Date. These vessels are dated at Hama from the twelfth to the fourteenth centuries. Occurrences. Banias: Unpublished. Bet Guvrin: Unpublished. Damascus: Abu l’Faraj al-‘Ush 1960: Pls. 15, 16. Hama: Poulsen 1957:244–248, Figs. 856–869. Remarks. The jugs seem to imitate metal vessels. The ware probably originated in northern Mesopotamia, but a similar ware, although more robust, was also produced during the fourteenth century in Syria, in the Damascus kilns (Sauvaget 1932:2–8; see also Abu l’Faraj al-‘Ush 1960:157–158, Figs. 7, 8, Pl. 9:37). This group is very uncommon in Israel. II.4.5.2 Flasks with Elaborate Moldmade Decoration (Fig. 49:3, 4; Pl. XXXII) Description. Two flask types can be distinguished according to their form: flasks with a rounded body; and flasks with a flat body and a broad, flat shoulder. The handles emerge from the base of the neck. This is a characteristic feature of the flasks from the Mamluk period. The neck usually has several prominent ridges.

117

Fabric: Very light brown, buff, or greenish-buff clay. Decoration. Moldmade decorations, mostly geometric, but there might also be floral, faunal, and figurative designs, as well as inscriptions. Date. Thirteenth to fourteenth centuries. Occurrences. Acre: Unpublished. Banias: Unpublished. Bet She’an: Unpublished. Burin, Kh.: Kletter and Stern, forthcoming. Giv‘at Dani: Lazar 1999:133*, Fig. 6:10. Jerusalem, Visitors’ Center: Unpublished. ‘Uza, H.: Stern and Tatcher, forthcoming. Yoqne‘am: Avissar 1996a:169, not illustrated. Damascus: Sauvaget 1932. Hama: Poulsen 1957:248–258, Figs. 875–933. Flasks of similar form and ware but without decoration: Abu Gosh: de Vaux and Stève 1950: Pl. G:34. Emmaus-Qubeibeh: Bagatti 1993: Fig. 28:2, 3, 16, Photo 51:2, 3. Jerusalem: Tushingham 1985: Figs. 42:8, 44:22, 23. Yoqne‘am: Avissar 1996a:169, Type J 31, Fig. XIII.157. Remarks. This ware is only sparsely represented in local excavations. Probably all the material came from Syria. A kiln site, excavated in Damascus, produced a large number of these flasks adorned with elaborate designs: geometric, floral, faunal, and figurative, as well as blazons and inscriptions (Sauvaget 1932; see also Day 1935). Since these flasks are often decorated with Mamluk blazons (Atıl 1981:190–191, Nos. 96, 97) and are mainly found in Mamluk assemblages, they were regarded as an exclusively Mamluk vessel. However, a flask of this type was recently discovered in the thirteenth-century Crusader-period assemblage at Acre, thus indicating that the Franks used moldmade flasks as well.

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MIRIAM AVISSAR AND EDNA J. STERN

22

11

33

44

Fig. 49. Type II.4.5—moldmade vessels. No.

Form

Site

Description

II.4.5.1 Jugs and jars with moldmade decoration 1

Jug

Bet Guvrin

Very light brown clay

2

Jar

Banias

Very light brown clay

II.4.5.2 Flasks with elaborate moldmade decoration 3

Flask

Bet She’an 1988

Light pinkish-brown clay, fired to buff on surface

4

Flask

Jerusalem—Visitors’ Center

Light greenish-grayish clay, white grits

PART II: DOMESTIC AND INDUSTRIAL WARES

II.5 SPHERO -CONICAL VESSELS (‘GRENADES’) The exact purpose of these vessels is thus far unclear; several suggestions have been made as to their function: 1. As containers for mercury. A vessel still containing mercury was discovered in the Umayyad level at Bet She’an in a goldsmith’s shop under the destruction level of the earthquake of 749 CE (we thank the excavators, Y. Tzafrir and G. Foerster, for this information). 2. As aeolipiles—fire-blowers (Hildburgh 1951). 3. As containers for intoxicating liquids—‘beer’ gourds (Ghouchani and Adle 1992). 4. As containers for material that could be used for striking fire (Brosh 1980). II.5.1–II.5.2 ‘Grenades’ of the Crusader–Ayyubid– Mamluk Periods (Figs. 50, 51; Pl. XXXIII) Description. Small, closed container with a short, narrow neck, a thickened rim, a pear-shaped body, and a pointed base. These vessels are heavy, with about onecentimeter-thick walls. Some grenades are facetted. There seem to be two clearly distinguishable groups that occur together, but probably come from different workshops: Type II.5.1—‘grenades’ fashioned in dark, grayish clay, which developed a purplish surface with a ‘glazed’ appearance through firing at a high temperature. These ‘grenades’ are always decorated with a ‘pine-cone’ pattern (see Fig. 50). Type II.5.2—‘grenades’ fashioned in a light, grayish, greenish or yellowish fabric. These have plastic decorations, even large molded applications (see Fig. 51:5), as well as stamped geometric motifs or even inscriptions. Fabric: Dark grayish clay, or light grayish, greenish, or yellowish clay; well levigated; excellent firing.

119

Slip: Some ‘grenades’ have a light self-slip. The inner surface is often very smooth and covered with a light self-slip. ‘Grenades’ of dark clay may have a light brown self-slip, while ‘grenades’ fashioned in a light material may develop a very light, grayish-white inner surface. Glaze: Some ‘grenades’ show a partial ‘glaze’, obtained through firing at very high temperature. Decoration: Most ‘grenades’ have elaborate molded or impressed decoration. Sometimes both techniques are applied together. Occasionally there are inscriptions. Date. Decorated medieval ‘grenades’ seem to be confined to Crusader, Ayyubid, and Mamluk contexts and may be dated from about the second half of the twelfth century to the end of the fourteenth century. They have not yet been found in Ottoman contexts. Occurrences. Acre: Unpublished. Banias: Unpublished. Jerusalem: Tushingham 1985: Figs. 38:18, 19, 43:18, 19, 45:6–10, 25–28. Mount Tabor: Battista and Bagatti 1976:119–142, Figs. 7–10, Pls. 21–23. Hama: Poulsen 1957:274–278, Nos. 1047–1058. Remarks. Undecorated vessels appear as early as the Umayyad period. Fragments of ‘grenades’ with simple incised decoration have been found in Fatimid assemblages at Ramla (unpublished). Sphero-conical vessels with elaborate decorations seem to appear during the second half of the twelfth century and are still in use during the fourteenth century. Several fragments come from the late fourteenth-century Cistern E in the Armenian Garden excavations in Jerusalem. They might continue even later (Tushingham 1985:150– 151).

120

MIRIAM AVISSAR AND EDNA J. STERN

11

22

33

Fig. 50. Type II.5—sphero-conical vessels (‘grenades’). No.

Site

Description

II.5.1 ‘Grenades’ with ‘pine-cone’ decoration 1

Banias

Dark gray clay, partly fired to purple on the surface; reddish-brown self-slip on the interior, stamped ‘pinecone’ decoration

2

Banias

Dark gray clay, partly fired to purple on the surface; light brown self-slip on the interior, deep vertical incisions and stamped ‘pine-cone’ decoration

3

Banias

Dark gray clay, partly fired to purple on surface; brown self-slip on the interior, stamped ‘pine-cone’ decoration

Fig. 51. Type II.5—sphero-conical vessels (‘grenades’) (cont.). ► No.

Site

Description

II.5.2 ‘Grenades’ with various molded and stamped decorations 1

Banias

Greenish-buff clay with thick gray core; decorated with deeply incised vertical lines and impressed medallions

2

Banias

Greenish-gray clay; decorated with deep vertical grooves and incisions

3

Banias

Yellowish-greenish buff clay; plastic and stamped decorations on the shoulder, spirally incised line on the lower part of the vessel

4

Banias

Greenish-gray clay; very light grayish self-slip on the interior, decorated with deep vertical grooves and stamped motifs

5

Banias

Greenish-gray clay; decorated with plastic applications and stamped motifs

121

PART II: DOMESTIC AND INDUSTRIAL WARES

22 11

44

3 3

55

Fig. 51. Type II.5—sphero-conical vessels (‘grenades’) (cont.).

PART III

OIL LAMPS

124

MIRIAM AVISSAR AND EDNA J. STERN

III.1 CLOSED WHEELMADE LAMPS III.1.1 Saucer Lamps During the Crusader period all lamps are wheelmade, with most of them being saucer lamps—Types III.1.1.1 and III.1.1.2. They seem to be made of cooking-pot material and are often covered with what appears to be the same brown glaze used for cooking pots. They were probably made in the same workshops. Some saucer lamps—Type III.1.1.2—have slip-painted decoration. III.1.1.1 Unglazed Saucer Lamps (Fig. 52:1, 2; Pl. XXXIII:1) Description. The lamps are composed of two separately turned parts. The lower part has a rather narrow disk base and a pinched nozzle. The upper, rounded part of the lamp is much smaller, so as to fit deeply into the saucer. The rim of the filling hole is simple, erect, or slightly out-turned. The wick-hole is placed at the base of the upper container opposite the pinched nozzle. The handle is pulled from the rim of the filling hole to the rim of the saucer. Fabric: Reddish-brown clay, reminiscent of cookingpot fabric. Glaze: Some lamps have brownish glaze, similar to that found on cooking pots. Often there are only patches of glaze. Date. Approximately the second half of the twelfth century and the thirteenth century. Occurrences. Unglazed lamps: Acre: Unpublished. Banias: Unpublished. Caesarea: Brosh 1986: Figs. 5:13–15, 6:1. Jerusalem: Tushingham 1985: Fig. 35:41. St. Mary of Carmel: Pringle 1984: Fig. 7:39. Yoqne‘am: Avissar 1996b:196–197, Nos. 41–44. ‘Arqa, Tell: Thalmann 1978:28, Figs. 5; 37:1–3. Fustat: Kubiak 1970b: Type J, Text Fig. 12a–b, Pl. 3: Figs. 15, 16. Glazed lamps: Acre: Unpublished ‘Atlit: Johns 1934:144, Pl. LVII: c. Caesarea: Brosh 1986: Figs. 6:1.

Nazareth: Bagatti 1984: Fig. 61:12. ‘Arqa, Tell: Thalmann 1978:28. Remarks. Saucer lamps first appeared in the Early Islamic period, these early lamps having a large container and a rounded or a large, flat base. The lamps were especially popular during the Crusader period, these later lamps having a smaller container and a narrow disk, or even a stump, base. During the Mamluk period these lamps were widely replaced by the moldmade slipper lamps, Type III.2.1. Some degenerate forms of saucer lamps, which have a very small container, could still be found. Some lamps even lack the container completely and the handle is attached to the bottom of the saucer (see Jerusalem: Tushingham 1985: Fig. 38:15; Hama: Poulsen 1957: Figs. 1064, 1066, 1067; Fustat: Kubiak 1970b:16, Type K, Text Fig. 13a–b, Pl. 3: Fig. 17). III.1.1.2 Glazed Saucer Lamps with Slip-Painted Decoration (Fig. 52:3, 4; Pl. XXXIII:2) Description. As Type III.1.1.1. Fabric: Reddish-brown clay. Glaze: Transparent yellow or green glaze. Decoration: Slip-painted decoration. Date. Approximately the second half of the twelfth century and the thirteenth century. Occurrences. Acre: Unpublished. Banias: Unpublished. Jerusalem: Tushingham 1985: Figs. 34:40, 35:42; Avissar 2003: Pl. 19.21. ‘Arqa, Tell: Thalmann 1978:28, Fig. 37:4. Remarks. The slip-painted saucer lamps were probably a by-product in workshops that were producing slippainted bowls. III.1.2 Lamps with a Long Nozzle This type is less common in this area, although it is very popular in Egypt (Kubiak 1970b: Types F–I, Pl. 2:9–12). Its predecessors started to appear there in the second half of the eleventh century, replacing the Early Islamic moldmade lamps (Kubiak 1970b:11). All lamps of this type are at least partly glazed.

125

PART III: OIL LAMPS

22

11

33

55

44

6 6

Fig. 52. Type III.1—wheelmade lamps.

126

MIRIAM AVISSAR AND EDNA J. STERN

III.1.2.1 Glazed Lamps with Long Nozzle (Fig. 52:5, 6) Description. Lamps with a rounded or slightly squat body. The neck is often narrow and flaring and rather high. The handle descends from the neck to the body of the lamp. The bases are usually flat or slightly concave. The earlier lamps can have a long, thin, and pointed nozzle, with an open, oval wick-channel. The later examples have a heavier nozzle, often with a squared wick-channel. Fabric: The earlier examples (twelfth century) are made of buff clay, while lamps of the Mamluk period are of reddish-brown or orange-brown clay. Slip: Whitish slip, of which there are often only irregular patches. Glaze: The later lamps are covered with green or yellow glaze. Often there are only patches of glaze. Decoration: Some early lamps may have slip-painted decoration. Date. Lamps of this type, made of buff clay, started appearing in twelfth-century Crusader levels. Lamps of reddish clay continued to be produced throughout the Mamluk period. Occurrences. Acre: Stern 1997:46, Fig. 6:60, 61; unpublished. ‘Atlit: Johns 1934: Pl. LVII:1a. Banias: Unpublished. Jerusalem: Tushingham 1985: Figs. 34:39, 38:16. Yoqne‘am: Avissar 1996b:195–196, Type 4, Figs. XV.29–XV.34, Cat. Nos. 32–38. Fustat: Kubiak 1970b:11–15, Types G, H, I, Figs. 8a–b, 9a–b, 10a–b, Pl. 2:10–12.

Remarks. This lamp type is far less common than Types III.1.1.1 and III.1.1.2 or the slipper lamps, Types III.2.1.1 and III.2.1.2. Lamps with a long nozzle, as well as glazed, pinched lamps (Type III.3.1.1), may also occur with a high base, or on a high stem placed in a shallow bowl (Rosenthal and Sivan 1978: Cat. Nos. 635–637, 639).

III.2 MOLDMADE LAMPS III.2.1 Slipper Lamps The almond-shaped ‘slipper-lamps’ of the Ayyubid– Mamluk periods are reminiscent of the Early Islamic channel-nozzle lamps. However, they are larger and less sharply carinated in section than their Early Islamic predecessors. Their top is rounded and the base is flat or slightly rounded. The filling-hole is small without any surrounding ridges; the pronounced channel between the filling-hole and the wick-hole, another characteristic feature of the Early Islamic moldmade lamps, is either completely missing or only indicated by a band of linear patterns. These lamps can be divided into two groups, according to their decorations and handle form. III.2.1.1 Lamps with a High Tongue Handle (Fig. 53:1) Description. Almond-shaped lamp with a pointed nozzle. The top of the lamp is rounded, the base either flat or rounded. Small, round filling hole. High, pointed tongue handle, which is slightly curved forward; the base of the handle is often encircled by ridges. Fabric: Buff, light brown, or pinkish-brown clay.

◄ Fig. 52. Type III.1—wheelmade lamps. No.

Site

Description

III.1.1.1 Unglazed saucer lamps 1

Banias

Reddish-brown clay

2

Yoqne‘am I

Reddish-brown clay

III.1.1.2 Glazed saucer lamps with slip-painted decoration 3

Banias

Reddish-brown clay; slip-painted decoration under yellow glaze

4

Banias

Reddish-brown clay; slip-painted decoration under yellow glaze

III.1.2.1 Glazed lamps with long nozzle 5

Banias

Orange-brown clay; patches of white slip and green glaze

6

Banias

Orange-brown clay; patches of white slip and green glaze

127

PART III: OIL LAMPS

1

22

1

4

33

4

55

Fig. 53. Type III.2—slipper lamps; Type III.3—open wheelmade lamps. No.

Site

Description

III.2.1.1 Lamps with high tongue handle 1

Jerusalem—Knights’ Palace

Very light brown clay

III.2.1.2 Lamps with bent handle 2

Yoqne‘am

Greenish-buff clay

3

Yoqne‘am I

Buff clay

4

Yoqne‘am

Greenish-buff clay

III.3.1.1 Glazed pinched lamps 5

Banias

Orange-brown clay, patches of green glaze

128

MIRIAM AVISSAR AND EDNA J. STERN

Decoration: Lamps with a high handle are mostly decorated with calligraphic or arabesque designs, sometimes also linear patterns. Date. Lamps started to appear during the first half of the thirteenth century and perhaps even earlier. They seem to be confined to the Ayyubid period only and were soon replaced by slipper lamps with a bent handle—Type III.2.1.2. Occurrences. Abu Gosh: de Vaux and Stève 1950: Pl. XIX:1. Acre: Unpublished. Emmaus-Qubeibeh: Bagatti 1993: Fig. 34:3, Photo 60:12, 20 and additional pieces. Jerusalem: Tushingham 1985:151, Figs. 34:41, 37:6, 38:14, 17. Jerusalem, Knights’ Palace: Unpublished. Remarks. These lamps were less popular than the contemporaneous wheelmade saucer lamps of Type III.1.1 and mainly appeared in areas under Ayyubid rule. However, they were also found in Crusader-period contexts in Acre. III.2.1.2 Lamps with Bent Handle (Fig. 53:2–4; Pl. XXXIII:3) Description. Almond-shaped lamp with a pointed nozzle. The top of the lamp is rounded, the base is either flat or rounded. Small round filling hole. These lamps have a pulled up and folded-over tongue handle. The tip of the handle is attached to the top of the lamp. Fabric: Buff, light brown, or pinkish-brown clay. Decoration: These lamps are always decorated with simple linear patterns. Date. According to the finds from Jerusalem, it seems that lamps decorated with geometric patterns are dated from about the mid-thirteenth century to the end of the fourteenth century and perhaps even later. Occurrences. Al-Burj al-Ahmar: Pringle 1986b:145, Fig. 47 Emmaus-Qubeibeh: Bagatti 1993:157, Photo 60:1, 12. Jerusalem: Tushingham 1985:151, Figs. 43:17, 45:1–3; Avissar 1992: Fig. 13:4, 5, Photos 106, 107.

Jerusalem, Muristan: Unpublished. St. Mary of Carmel: Pringle 1984: Fig. 5:9. Yoqne‘am: Avissar 1996b:194–195, Type 3, Fig. XV.27, Photo XV.12, Cat. Nos. 28, 29; 2005. Fustat: Kawatoko 1987: Fig. 5:4 (erroneously assigned to the Early Islamic period). Remarks. The linear patterns and their distribution seem to be copied from the late Samaritan lamps (Sussman 1983: Pl. 12:90).

III.3 OPEN WHEELMADE LAMPS III.3.1 Pinched Lamps The earliest lamp form—a simple bowl with a rim pinched to form a nozzle that would hold the wick in place—reappeared during the Mamluk period. It then continued in use until the late Ottoman period (Gichon and Linden 1984). These late examples are not glazed. III.3.1.1 Glazed Pinched Lamps (Fig. 53:5; Pl. XXXIV:4) Description. Simple bowl with a pinched rim to form a nozzle. Bases are flat or slightly concave, disk bases are less common. Fabric: Orange-brown, reddish-brown, or pinkish clay. Slip: Whitish slip inside and dripping down the exterior. Most lamps are without slip. Glaze: Most are covered with green or yellow glaze. Some have only patches of glaze. Date. Mamluk period and later. Occurrences. ‘Atlit: Johns 1934: Pl. LVII:1a. Banias: Unpublished. Jerusalem: Tushingham 1985: Fig. 43:16; Avissar 2003: Pl. 19.1:22. Safed: Unpublished. Fustat: Kubiak 1970b:16–17, Type L, Fig. 14a–b, Pl. 3:18. ‘Amr 1986:155–161. Remarks. Pinched lamps were popular during the Ottoman period, but most of these late lamps are larger than their Mamluk predecessors and are unglazed.

COLOR PLATES

130

MIRIAM AVISSAR AND EDNA J. STERN

INDEX TO COLOR PLATES*

Pl. I. Glazed Bowls with Double Slip

Pl. V. Glazed Bowls with Sgraffito Decoration

No.

Type

Site

Figure

No.

Type

Site

1

I.1.1

Yoqne‘am I

1:2

1

I.1.5.1

Banias

6:4

2

I.1.1

Yoqne‘am I

2

I.1.5.1

Yoqne‘am

6:2

3

I.1.1

Yoqne‘am I

3

I.1.5.1

Safed—Fortress

4

I.1.1

Yoqne‘am I

4

I.1.5.2

Safed—Fortress

5

I.1.1

Yoqne‘am I

5

I.1.5.2

Safed—Fortress

6

I.1.1

Yoqne‘am I

6

I.1.5.2

Safed—Fortress

7

I.1.1

Yoqne‘am I

7

I.1.5.2

Kh. Kanaf

8

I.1.5.2

Kh. Kanaf

9

I.1.5.3

Banias

Pl. II. Bowls with Gritty Glaze; Monochrome Glazed Bowls I No.

Type

Site

Figure

1

I.1.2

Jerusalem—Kishle

2:1

2

I.1.2

Jerusalem—Kishle

3

I.1.2

Acre

4

I.1.3.2

Yoqne‘am I

3:6

5

I.1.3.2

Yoqne‘am I

3:4

1

6:7

Pl. VI. Bowls with Slip-Painted or Reserved Slip Decoration No.

Pl. III. Monochrome Glazed Bowls II No.

Figure

Figure

Type

Site

Figure

1

I.1.6.1

Banias

7:1

2

I.1.6.1

Banias

7:2

3

I.1.6.1

Banias

4

I.1.6.1

Banias

5

I.1.6.1

Banias

6

I.1.6.2

Banias

Type

Site

I.1.4.1

Banias

7

I.1.6.2

Banias

8

I.1.6.4

Acre

7:7

2

I.1.4.1

Banias

3

I.1.4.1

Banias

9

I.1.6.5

Safed—Fortress

4

I.1.4.1

Banias

10

I.1.6.5

Safed—Fortress

5

I.1.4.1

Banias

6

I.1.4.1

Banias

7

I.1.4.1

Banias

No.

Type

Site

Figure

8

I.1.4.1

Banias

1

I.1.7.1

Yoqne‘am I

8:8

9

I.1.4.1

Banias

2

I.1.7.1

Ramla

8:9

10

I.1.4.1

Banias

3

I.1.7.2

Yoqne‘am I

8:10

4

I.1.7.2

Yoqne‘am I

8:11

Pl. VII. Bowls with Molded Decoration

Pl. IV. Glazed Bowls with Thickened Out-Turned Rim; Bowls with Out-Folded or Everted Rim

Pl. VIII. Soft-Paste Wares: Bowls with Incised Designs and Pierced Transparencies

No.

Type

Site

Figure

1

I.1.4.2

Yoqne‘am I

5:4

No.

Type

Site

Figure

2

I.1.4.3

Ramla

5:8

1

I.2.2.2

Banias

9:3

2

I.2.2.2

Banias

3

I.2.2.1

Banias

* Photographs not to scale

9:2

131

INDEX COLOR TO COLOR PLATES PLATES

Pl. IX. Under-Glaze-Painted Soft-Paste Wares

Pl. XIII. Byzantine Wares

Site

Figure

No.

Type

Site

Figure

I.2.3.1

Yoqne‘am

9:6

1

I.4.1

H. ‘Uza

15:2

I.2.3.1

Banias

2

I.4.3

Acre

15:5

3

I.2.3.2

Bet She’an 1998

10:1

3

I.4.3

H. ‘Uza

15:7

4

I.2.3.2

Bet She’an 1998

10:2

4

I.4.3

H. ‘Uza

5

I.2.3.2

Bet She’an 1988

10:3

5

I.4.5

Acre

6

I.4.5

Acre

7

I.4.4

H. ‘Uza

No.

Type

1 2

Pl. X. Under-Glaze-Painted Soft-Paste Ware No.

16:1 15:8

Type

Site

Figure

1

I.2.3.3

Bet She’an 1998

11:2

2

I.2.3.3

Bet She’an 1998

No.

Type

Site

Figure

3

I.2.3.3

Bet She’an 1998

1

I.5.3

Acre

17:3

4

I.2.3.3

Bet She’an 1998

2

I.5.4

Kabrita

18

5

I.2.3.3

Bet She’an 1998

6

I.2.3.3

Bet She’an 1998

12:2

7

I.2.3.3

Bet She’an 1998

12:3

No.

Type

Site

Figure

8

I.2.3.3

Ramla

1

I.6.1

Acre

19:1

9

I.2.3.3

Bet She’an 1998

2

I.6.1

Acre

19:4

10

I.2.3.3

Bet She’an 1988

3

I.6.1

Acre

11

I.2.3.3

Bet She’an 1988

12

I.2.3.3

Bet She’an 1988

13

I.2.3.3

Bet She’an 1988

14

I.2.3.3

Bet She’an 1988

15

I.2.3.3

Banias

11:6

11:5

Pl. XIV. Aegean Wares

Pl. XV. Zeuxippus Ware

Pl. XVI. ‘Zeuxippus Influenced’ Ware

11:7

No.

Type

Site

Figure

1

I.6.3

Acre

20:1

2

I.6.3

Acre

20:3

Pl. XI. Under-Glaze-Painted Soft-Paste Ware No.

Type

Site

Figure

1

I.2.3.4

Jerusalem— Kishle

12:5

2

I.2.3.4

‘Akko (Acre)— Hammam

3

I.2.3.4

‘Akko (Acre)— Hammam

Pl. XVII. Port St. Symeon Wares No.

Type

Site

Figure

1

I.7.3

Acre

21:5

2

I.7.4

Acre

22:7

3

I.7.4

Acre

4

I.7.4

Acre

Pl. XVIII. Cypriot Slip-Painted Ware

Pl. XII. Egyptian Wares No.

Type

Site

22:9

Figure

No.

Type

Site

I.8.1

Acre

Figure

1

I.3.1.1

Bet She’an 1988

13:2

1

2

I.3.1.1

Bet She’an 1988

13:1

2

I.8.1

Acre

23:4

Bet She’an 1988

13:3

3

I.8.1

Acre

23:5

3

I.3.1.1

4

I.3.3.1

Yoqne‘am

14:1

5

I.3.3.1

Bet She’an 1988

14:2

6

I.3.4.1

Bet She’an 1988

7

1.3.5.1

Jerusalem—Jewish Quarter

14:7

Pl. XIX. Cypriot Sgraffito Wares No.

Type

Site

Figure

1

I.8.3

Acre

24:2

2

I.8.4

Acre

25:1

3

I.8.5

Acre

25:3

132

MIRIAM AVISSAR AND EDNA J. STERN

Pl. XX. Italian Wares: Proto-Maiolica from Apulia

Pl. XXIV. Catalan Green- and Brown-Glazed Ware; Chinese Wares

No.

Type

Site

Figure

1

I.9.1.1.1

Acre

26:1

No.

Type

Site

Figure

I.11.1

Acre

33:3 33:2

2

I.9.1.1.2

Acre

27:3

1

3

I.9.1.1.2

Acre

27:5

2

I.11.1

Acre

27:7

3

I.11.1

Acre

4

I.11.1

Acre

5

I.11.1

Acre

6

I.12.1

Acre

34:1

7

I.12.1

Safed—Fortress

34:4

8

I.12.2

Safed—Fortress

34:5

4

I.9.1.1.2

Acre

Pl. XXI. Italian Wares: Proto-Maiolica from Sicily, RMR and Spiral Ware No.

Type

Site

1

I.9.1.2.1

Acre

Figure

2

I.9.1.2.2

Acre

28:4

3

I.9.1.3

Acre

29:1

4

I.9.2

Acre

29:2

Pl. XXII. Venetian Lead-Glazed Wares Figure

33:1

Pl. XXV. Geometric Painted Handmade Bowls No.

Type

Site

1

II.1.4.2

Bet Guvrin

2

II.1.4.2

Yoqne‘am I

3

II.1.4.2

Bet She’an 1998

Figure

No.

Type

Site

1

I.9.3.1

Acre

2

I.9.3.1

Acre

3

I.9.3.1

Acre

30:2

No.

Type

Site

4

I.9.3.1

Acre

30:1

1

II.2.1.2

Banias

5

I.9.3.2

Acre

30:7

2

II.2.1.3

Banias

39:5

6

I.9.3.2

Acre

30:6

3

II.2.1.4

Acre

39:7

7

I.9.3.2

Acre

8

I.9.3.2

Acre

Pl. XXVI. Globular Cooking Pots

30:5

Pl. XXIII. Graffita Arcaica and Italian Glazed Carinated Bowls; North African Blue and Brown Ware No.

Type

Site

Figure

1

I.9.4

Giv‘at Yasaf

31:1

2

I.9.4

Kfar Cana

3

1.9.6

Giv‘at Yasaf

31:7

4

I.10.1

Acre

32:2

5

I.10.1

Acre

6

I.10.1

Acre

7

I.10.1

Acre

8

I.10.1

Acre

9

I.10.1

Acre

10

I.10.1

Acre

Figure

Pl. XXVII. Frying Pan and Cooking Bowl No.

Type

Site

1

II.2.3.1

Banias

2

II.2.3.4

Banias

Figure

Pl. XXVIII. Storage Jar with White-Painted Decoration No.

Type

Site

Figure

1

II.3.1.1

Bet She’an 1988

42:1

No.

Type

Site

Figure

1

II.3.2.1

Acre

44:1

2

II.3.2.2

Acre

44:2

3

II.3.2.4

Acre

44:6

Pl. XXIX. Amphorae

32:1 32:3

133

INDEX COLOR TO COLOR PLATES PLATES

Pl. XXX. Jugs

Pl. XXXIII. Sphero-Conical Vessels (‘Grenades’)

No.

Type

Site

Figure

No.

Type

Site

Figure

1

II.4.1.1

Acre

45:1

1

II.5.1

Banias

50:2

2

II.4.2.1

Banias

45:5

2

II.5.1

Banias

50:1

3

II.4.2.1

Banias

3

II.5.2

Banias

51:4

4

II.4.2.3

Safed

4

II.5.2

Banias

51:1

5

II.4.3.2

Jerusalem— Visitors’ Center

46:6

Pl. XXXIV. Oil Lamps

Pl. XXXI. Handmade Jugs and Jars with Painted Geometric Decoration No.

Type

Site

Figure

1

II.4.4.1

Yoqne‘am I

47:2

2

II.4.4.1

Banias

47:4

3

II.4.4.2

Yoqne‘am

48:1

4

II.4.4.2

Yoqne‘am

Pl. XXXII. Flasks No.

Type

Site

Figure

1

II.4.5.2

Jerusalem— Visitors’ Center

49:4

2

II.4.5.2

Banias

3

II.4.5.2

Banias

No.

Type

Site

1

III.1.1.1

Banias

2

III.1.1.2

Banias

3

III.2.1.2

Jerusalem— Muristan

4

III.3.1.1

Banias

Figure 52:4

53:5

134

MIRIAM AVISSAR AND EDNA J. STERN

1 1

2 2

33

44

55

6

6

7

7

Pl. I. Type I.1.1—glazed bowls with double slip.

135

COLOR PLATES

11

2

2

33

4

5

Pl. II. (1–3) Type I.1.2—bowls with gritty glaze; (4, 5) Type I.1.3.2—monochrome glazed bowls I, bowls with ledge rim.

136

MIRIAM AVISSAR AND EDNA J. STERN

1

1 2 2

33

55 4 4

Pl. III. Monochrome glazed bowls II: Type I.1.4.1—rounded or carinated profile.

COLOR PLATES

6 6

7 7

8 8

9 9

10 10

Pl. III (cont.). Monochrome glazed bowls II: Type I.1.4.1—rounded or carinated profile.

137

138

MIRIAM AVISSAR AND EDNA J. STERN

1 1

22

Pl. IV. Monochrome glazed bowls II: (1) Type I.1.4.2—thickened, out-turned rim; (2) Type I.1.4.3—out-folded or everted rim.

2 2

11

33

Pl. V. Glazed bowls with sgraffito decoration: (1–3) Type I.1.5.1—fine sgraffito.

139

COLOR PLATES

4

5

4

5

7 7

6 6

88

99

Pl. V (cont.). Glazed bowls with sgraffito decoration: (4–8) Type I.1.5.2—gouged sgraffito; (9) Type I.1.5.3—external sgraffito.

140

MIRIAM AVISSAR AND EDNA J. STERN

1 1

2

2

33

4 4 5 5

Pl. VI. Slip-painted wares: (1–5) Type I.1.6.1—yellow glazed slip-painted bowls.

141

COLOR PLATES

77

6 6

88

9 9 10 10

Pl. VI (cont.). Slip-painted wares: (6, 7) Type I.1.6.2—green glazed slip-painted bowls; (8) Type I.1.6.4—Crusader-period reserved-slip bowl; (9, 10) Type I.1.6.5—Mamluk-period reserved-slip bowls.

142

MIRIAM AVISSAR AND EDNA J. STERN

1 1

2 2

33

44

Pl. VII. Bowls with molded decoration: (1, 2) I.1.7.1—inscriptions; (3, 4) I.1.7.2—vegetal or geometric designs.

143

COLOR PLATES

1 1

22

3

3

Pl. VIII. Soft-paste wares: (1, 2) Type I.2.2.2—incised designs and pierced transparencies; (3) Type I.2.2.1—undecorated.

144

MIRIAM AVISSAR AND EDNA J. STERN

1

1

2 2

Pl. IX. Soft-paste wares: (1, 2) Type I.2.3.1—painted in black under transparent turquoise or colorless glaze.

145

COLOR PLATES

33

44

5 5

Pl. IX (cont.). Soft-paste wares: (3–5) Type I.2.3.2—painted in black, blue, and red under transparent colorless glaze.

146

MIRIAM AVISSAR AND EDNA J. STERN

22

11

33

Pl. X. Soft-paste ware: Type I.2.3.3—painted in black and blue under transparent colorless glaze.

147

COLOR PLATES

55

44

5

7 7

66

88

Pl. X (cont.). Soft-paste ware: Type I.2.3.3—painted in black and blue under transparent colorless glaze.

148

MIRIAM AVISSAR AND EDNA J. STERN

11 11 10 10

9 9 13 13

12 12

14 14

15 15

Pl. X (cont.). Soft-paste ware: Type I.2.3.3—painted in black and blue under transparent colorless glaze.

COLOR PLATES

1 1

22

33

Pl. XI. Soft-paste ware: Type I.2.3.4—painted in blue under transparent colorless glaze.

149

150

MIRIAM AVISSAR AND EDNA J. STERN

1 1

2 2

3 3

Pl. XII. Egyptian wares: (1–3) Type I.3.1.1—bowls with luster decoration on opaque white glaze.

151

COLOR PLATES

5 5

4 4

6 6

7 7

Pl. XII (cont.). Egyptian wares: (4, 5) Type I.3.3.1—bowls decorated with fine sgraffito; (6) Type I.3.4.1—bowl with monochrome alkaline glaze; (7) Type I.3.5.1—Mamluk sgraffito bowl.

152

MIRIAM AVISSAR AND EDNA J. STERN

22

33

11

4 4

5

6

6

5

77

Pl. XIII. Byzantine wares: (1) Type I.4.1—slip-painted ware; (2–4) Type I.4.3—fine sgraffito; (5, 6) Type I.4.5—incised sgraffito; (7) Type I.4.4—green- and brown-painted sgraffito.

COLOR PLATES

1 1

2 2

Pl. XIV. Aegean wares: (1) Type I.5.3—coarse incised ware; (2) Type I.5.4—coarse incised ware with green splash.

153

154

MIRIAM AVISSAR AND EDNA J. STERN

2 2

1 1

3 3

Pl. XV. Type I.6.1—Zeuxippus ware (‘Genuine’, Class II).

1 1

2 2

Pl. XVI. Type I.6.3—‘Zeuxippus influenced’ ware.

155

COLOR PLATES

11

22

3

3

4

4

Pl. XVII. Port St. Symeon wares: (1) Type I.7.3—monochrome sgraffito; (2–4) Type I.7.4—polychrome sgraffito.

156

MIRIAM AVISSAR AND EDNA J. STERN

11

2

2

33

Pl. XVIII. Cypriot ware: Type I.8.1—slip-painted ware.

COLOR PLATES

1

1

33 2

2

Pl. XIX. Cypriot wares: (1) Type I.8.3—monochrome sgraffito; (2) Type I.8.4—one-color sgraffito; (3) Type I.8.5—green- and brown-splashed sgraffito.

157

158

MIRIAM AVISSAR AND EDNA J. STERN

1

3 3

1 2

2

4 4

Pl. XX. Italian wares: (1) Type I.9.1.1.1—Proto-Maiolica from Apulia: grid-iron; (2–4) Type I.9.1.1.2—Proto-Maiolica from Apulia: other designs.

159

COLOR PLATES

1 1

2 2

4 4

3 3

Pl. XXI. Italian wares: (1) Type I.9.1.2.1—Proto-Maiolica from Sicily: polychrome (Gela ware); (2) Type I.9.1.2.2—Proto-Maiolica from Sicily: monochrome; (3) Type I.9.1.3—Proto-Maiolica: RMR; (4) Type I.9.2—spiral ware.

160

MIRIAM AVISSAR AND EDNA J. STERN

2 2

1 1

3 3

4 4

6 6 5 5

7

7

88

Pl. XXII. Italian wares, Venetian lead glaze: (1–4) Type I.9.3.1—Spirale Cerchio; (5–8) Type I.9.3.2—roulette ware.

161

COLOR PLATES

1 1

23 3 2

5

5

44

77

6

8 8

6

99

10 10

Pl. XXIII. (1, 2) Type I.9.4—Italian graffita arcaica; (3) Type I.9.6—Italian glazed carinated bowl; (4–10) Type I.10.1—North African blue and brown ware.

162

MIRIAM AVISSAR AND EDNA J. STERN

1 1 3 3

2 2

5 5

4 4

7 7

6 6

8 8

Pl. XXIV. (1–5) Type I.11.1—Catalan green- and brown-glazed ware; Chinese wares: (6, 7) Type I.12.1—celadon; (8) Type I.12.2—blue-and-white Ming porcelain.

COLOR PLATES

1 1

22

33

Pl. XXV. Type II.1.4.2—geometric painted handmade bowls.

163

164

MIRIAM AVISSAR AND EDNA J. STERN

1 1

22

33

Pl. XXVI. (1) Type II.2.1.2—globular cooking pot with out-turned rim; (2) Type II.2.1.3—globular cooking pot with plain rim; (3) Type II.2.1.4—deep cooking pot.

COLOR PLATES

1 1

2 2

Pl. XXVII. (1) Type II.2.3.1—Crusader-period frying pan; (2) Type II.2.3.4—Mamluk-period cooking bowl with out-turned rim.

3 3

Pl. XXVIII. Type II.3.1.1—storage jar with white-painted decoration and gutter rim.

165

166

MIRIAM AVISSAR AND EDNA J. STERN

22

11

33

Pl. XXIX. (1) Type II.3.2.1—high-handled amphora; (2) Type II.3.2.2—small imported amphora; (3) Type II.3.2.4—table amphora.

167

COLOR PLATES

1

33

1

2

44

2

5

5

Pl. XXX. (1) Type II.4.1.1—simple jug; (2, 3) Type II.4.2.1—jugs with plain swollen neck; (4) Type II.4.2.3—jug with straight neck; (5) Type II.4.3.2—jug with incised and pinpricked decoration.

168

MIRIAM AVISSAR AND EDNA J. STERN

11

33

2

2

44

Pl. XXXI. (1, 2) Type II.4.4.1—handmade jugs and table jars with geometric painted decoration; (3, 4) Type II.4.4.2—large handmade jars with geometric painted decoration.

169

COLOR PLATES

2 2

11

33

Pl. XXXII. Type II.4.5.2—flasks with elaborate moldmade decoration.

170

MIRIAM AVISSAR AND EDNA J. STERN

1 1 2 2

3 3

4 4

Pl. XXXIII. (1, 2) Type II.5.1—‘grenades’ with ‘pine-cone’ decoration; (3, 4) Type II.5.2—‘grenades’ with various molded and stamped decorations.

171

COLOR PLATES

1

33

1

22

4

4

Pl. XXXIV. (1) Type III.1.1.1—unglazed saucer lamp; (2) Type III.1.1.2—glazed saucer lamp with slip-painted decoration; (3) Type III.2.1.2—lamp with bent handle; (4) Type III.3.1.1—glazed pinched lamp.

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APPENDIX

UNPUBLISHED EXCAVATIONS CITED IN THIS VOLUME

Site

Sponsor

License No./Year

Excavator

‘Adasa, Kh.

Israel Antiquities Authority

A-2117/1994

Hamoudi Khalaily

‘Akko (Acre)— Hospitaller Compound

Israel Antiquities Authority

G-14/96, G-14/98, G-10/99

Eliezer Stern

‘Akko (Acre)— Hospitaller Compound and Hammam

Israel Antiquities Authority

G-102/92, G-52/93, G-30/95

Miriam Avissar and Eliezer Stern

‘Akko (Acre)— ‘Knights’ Hotel’

Israel Antiquities Authority

A-2244/1995

Danny Syon and Ayelet Tatcher

‘Akko (Acre)—Messika Plot

Israel Antiquities Authority

A-2218/1994

Danny Syon

Ashdod-Yam

Israel Antiquities Authority

A-2658/1997

Dov Nahlieli, Miki Ein Gedi, and Jumna Masrawi

Banias

Department of Antiquities and Museums, Israel Antiquities Authority

G-8/88, G-7/89, G-36/90–91, G-32/92, G-58/94, G-80/95

Vassilios Tzaferis

Bet Guvrin

Israel Antiquities Authority

G-3/95

Amos Kloner

Bet She’an 1988

The Hebrew University of Jerusalem

G-46/88

Gideon Foerster

Bet She’an 1998

Israel Antiquities Authority

A-2885/1998

Ofer Sion

Burin, Kh.

Israel Antiquities Authority

A-2957/1998

Raz Kletter

Giv‘at Titura

Israel Antiquities Authority

A-2369/1995

Egon Lass

Jaffa

Israel Antiquities Authority

A-2626/1997

Edna Ayash

Jerusalem—City of David

Israel Antiquities Authority

A-2599/1997

Ronny Reich

Jerusalem—Kishle

Israel Antiquities Authority

A-3320/2000

Amit Re’em

Jerusalem—Knights’ Palace

Israel Antiquities Authority

A-3170/1999–2000

Shlomit Weksler-Bdolah

Jerusalem—Muristan

Israel Antiquities Authority

A-4211/2004

Zubair Adawi

Jerusalem—Visitors’ Center

Israel Antiquities Authority

A-2597/1997

Ronny Reich and Yuval Baruch

Kabrita

Israel Antiquities Authority

A-3217/2000

Howard Smithline

Kfar Cana

Israel Antiquities Authority

A-3549/2004

Hervé Barbé

Kanaf, Kh.

Department of Antiquities and Museums

A-1360/1985

Zvi Ma‘oz

Petah Tiqva

Israel Antiquities Authority

A-2147/1994

Shlomo Gudovitch

Qazrin

Israel Antiquities Authority

A-2404/1995

Zvi Ma‘oz

Ramla

Israel Antiquities Authority

A-3224/2000

Joseph Elisha

Ramla—Central Bus Station

Israel Antiquities Authority

A-2794/1997

Hagit Torge

Safed—el-Watā

Israel Antiquities Authority

A-4210/2004

Edna Amos

Safed—Fortress

Israel Antiquities Authority

A-3611/2002

Hervé Barbé

Shari, Kh.

Israel Antiquities Authority

A-2440/1996

Fanny Vitto

‘Uza, H.

Israel Antiquities Authority

G-75/91

Nimrod Getzov

Ez-Zuq el-Pauqani

Israel Antiquities Authority

A-4002/2003

Moshe Hartal

IAA REPORTS No. 1 G. Avni and Z. Greenhut, The Akeldama Tombs: Three Burial Caves in the Kidron Valley, Jerusalem, 1996, 129 pp. No. 2 E. Braun, Yiftah’el: Salvage and Rescue Excavations at a Prehistoric Village in Lower Galilee, Israel, 1997, 249 pp.

No. 14 R. Frankel, N. Getzov, M. Aviam and A. Degani, Settlement Dynamics and Regional Diversity in Ancient Upper Galilee: Archaeological Survey of Upper Galilee, 2001, 175 pp. + color distribution maps and foldout map. No. 15 M. Dayagi-Mendels, The Akhziv Cemeteries: The BenDor Excavations, 1941–1944, 2002, 176 pp.

No. 3 G. Edelstein, I. Milevski and S. Aurant, Villages, Terraces and Stone Mounds: Excavations at Manahat, Jerusalem, 1987– 1989, 1998, 149 pp.

No. 16 Y. Goren and P. Fabian, Kissufim Road: A Chalcolithic Mortuary Site, 2002, 97 pp.

No. 4 C. Epstein, The Chalcolithic Culture of the Golan, 1998, 352 pp. + plans. Hardcover.

No. 17 A. Kloner, Maresha Excavations Final Report I: Subterranean Complexes 21, 44, 70, 2003, 183 pp.

No. 5 T. Schick, The Cave of the Warrior: A Fourth Millennium Burial in the Judean Desert, 1998, 137 pp.

No. 18 A. Golani, Salvage Excavations at the Early Bronze Age Site of Qiryat ‘Ata, 2003, 261 pp.

No. 6 R. Cohen, Ancient Settlement of the Central Negev: The Chalcolithic Period, the Early Bronze Age and the Middle Bronze Age I (Hebrew, English Summary), 1999, 396 pp.

No. 19 H. Khalaily and O. Marder, The Neolithic Site of Abu Ghosh: The 1995 Excavations, 2003, 146 pp.

No. 7 R. Hachlili and A. Killebrew, Jericho: The Jewish Cemetery of the Second Temple Period, 1999, 202 pp. No. 8 Z. Gal and Y. Alexandre, Horbat Rosh Zayit: An Iron Age Storage Fort and Village, 2000, 247 pp. No. 9 U. Dahari, Monastic Settlements in South Sinai in the Byzantine Period: The Archaeological Remains, 2000, 250 pp. + map.

No. 20 R. Cohen and R. Cohen-Amin, Ancient Settlement of the Negev Highlands II (Hebrew, English Summary), 2004, 258 pp. No. 21 D. Stacey, Exavations at Tiberias, 1973–1974: The Early Islamic Periods, 2004, 259 pp. No. 22 Y. Hirschfeld, Excavations at Tiberias, 1989–1994, 2004, 234 pp. No. 23 S. Ben-Arieh, Bronze and Iron Age Tombs at Tell Beit Mirsim, 2004, 212 pp.

No. 10 Z. Yeivin, The Synagogue at Korazim: The 1962–1964, 1980–1987 Excavations (Hebrew, English Summary), 2000, 216 pp.

No. 24 M. Dothan and D. Ben-Shlomo, Ashdod VI: The Excavations of Areas H and K (1968–1969), 2005, 320 pp.

No. 11 M. Hartal, The al-Subayba (Nimrod) Fortress: Towers 11 and 9, 2001, 129 pp.

No. 25 M. Avissar, Tel Yoqne‘am: Excavations on the Acropolis, 2005, 142 pp.

No. 12 R. Gonen, Excavations at Efrata: A Burial Ground from the Intermediate and Middle Bronze Ages, 2001, 153 pp.

No. 26 M. Avissar and E.J. Stern, Pottery of the Crusader, Ayyubid, and Mamluk Periods in Israel, 2005, 187 pp., 53 figs., 34 color plates.

No. 13 E. Eisenberg, A. Gopher and R. Greenberg, Tel Te’o: A Neolithic, Chalcolithic and Early Bronze Age Site in the Hula Valley, 2001, 227 pp.