Table of contents : Contents Figures, Maps, and Tables Acknowledgments Introduction 1. Literacy in Early Tokugawa Villages 2. Signatures, Ciphers, and Seals 3. Rural Culture and the Rise of Provincial Literati in the Eighteenth Century 4. The Expansion of Popular Literacy in the Nineteenth Century 5. Direct Measures of Popular Literacy in the Nineteenth Century Epilogue: Illiteracy in Meiji Japan Appendix Notes Bibliography Index About the Author