Political Left and Right since Antigone [1 ed.] 9781527535046, 9781527534483

Why do we use the terms "left" and "right" to characterize political matters? Left and right in them

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Political Left and Right since Antigone [1 ed.]
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Political Left and Right since Antigone



Political Left and Right since Antigone By

Frits Bienfait

Political Left and Right since Antigone By Frits Bienfait This book first published 2019 Cambridge Scholars Publishing Lady Stephenson Library, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE6 2PA, UK British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Copyright © 2019 by Frits Bienfait All rights for this book reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the copyright owner. ISBN (10): 1-5275-3448-0 ISBN (13): 978-1-5275-3448-3

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