Point of Pines Pueblo: a mountain Mogollon aggregated communit 9781607817482

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Point of Pines Pueblo Stone, Tammy

Published by University of Utah Press Stone, Tammy. Point of Pines Pueblo: A Mountain Mogollon Aggregated Community. 1 ed. University of Utah Press, 2020. Project MUSE.

https://doi.org/10.1353/book76645.

For additional information about this book https://muse.jhu.edu/book/76645

[169.236.78.20] Project MUSE (2024-03-14 19:24 GMT) University of California, Merced

[169.236.78.20] Project MUSE (2024-03-14 19:24 GMT) University of California, Merced

UNIVERSITY OF UTAH ANTHROPOLOGICAL PAPERS

Point of Pines Pueblo A Mountain Mogollon Aggregated Community

Tammy Stone

#133

Point of Pines Pueblo

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Point of Pines Pueblo A Mountain Mogollon Aggregated Community

Tammy Stone

The University of Utah Press Salt Lake City

Copyright © 2020 by The University of Utah Press. All rights reserved. The Defiance House Man colophon is a registered trademark of The University of Utah Press. It is based on a four-foot-tall Ancient Puebloan pictograph (late PIII) near Glen Canyon, Utah. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Stone, Tammy, 1961– author. Title: Point of Pines Pueblo : a mountain Mogollon aggregated community / Tammy Stone. Other titles: University of Utah anthropological papers ; 132. Description: Salt Lake City : The University of Utah Press, [2019] | Series: University of Utah anthropological papers ; 132 | Includes bibliographical references. | Identifiers: lccn 2019040639 (print) | lccn 2019040640 (ebook) | isbn 9781607817475 (paperback) | isbn 9781607817482 (ebook) Subjects: lcsh: Mogollon culture. | Point of Pines Site (Ariz.) | Graham County (Ariz.) — Antiquities. Classification: lcc e99.M76 s76 2019 (print) | lcc e99.M76 (ebook) | DDc 979.1/54 — dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2019040639 LC ebook record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2019040640 Errata and further information on this and other titles available online at UofUpress.com Printed and bound in the United States of America.

To all of those who worked on the Point of Pines Excavation including students, instructors, and the professional staff who made camp life possible. •

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Contents

List of Figures and Tables Acknowledgments

ix

xiii

1. Setting the Stage: Research Goals, Environmental and Cultural Context, and Dating 2. Early Tularosa Phase, aD 1150–1200

14

3. Late Tularosa Phase, aD 1200–1250

47

4. Pinedale/Maverick Mountain Phase, aD 1250/1265–1300 5. Canyon Creek Phase, aD 1300–1350

150

6. Point of Pines Phase, aD 1350–1400

201

72

7. Possible Ritual Artifacts Recovered from Point of Pines Pueblo 8. Conclusions and a Look Forward

Index of Rooms Index of Excavators References

279

281 285

287

vii

264

1

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Figures and Tables

Figures 1.1. 1.2. 1.3. 1.4. 1.5. 1.6. 2.1. 2.2. 2.3. 2.4. 2.5. 2.6.

2.7. 2.8. 2.9. 2.10. 2.11. 2.12. 2.13. 2.14. 3.1. 3.2. 3.3. 3.4.

Location of Point of Pines Pueblo Circle Prairie in relation to surrounding landforms Location of test excavation units East–west profiles North–south profiles Distribution of dendrochronological cutting dates Excavated structures dated to Early Tularosa phase Pithouse structures under W:10:51 Pueblo, Early Tularosa phase Pithouse structures north of W:10:51 Pueblo, Early Tularosa phase North Pithouse Group at W:10:50, Early Tularosa phase Central Pithouse Group at W:10:50, Early Tularosa phase Pithouses between the Central and Southern Pithouse Groupings at W:10:50, Early Tularosa phase Southern Pithouse Group at W:10:50, Early Tularosa phase Map of Room 3, Floor 5, Room block B Room Block D, Room 89, Floor 1 Room Block D, Room 95, Floor 2 Floors in Room Block E, Early Tularosa phase Communal Structures, Early Tularosa phase Extramural features, Early Tularosa phase Extramural features from subfloor tests, Early Tularosa phase Excavated architectural structures, Late Tularosa phase Excavated rooms in Room Block B, Late Tularosa phase Excavated rooms in Room Block D, Late Tularosa phase Northern half of Room Block E, Late Tularosa phase

2

3.5.

4 8 10 12

3.6. 3.7. 4.1.

13

4.2. 4.3.

15

4.4.

15

4.5.

16

4.6.

23

4.7. 4.8.

24 4.9. 27 4.10. 28 33 34 36

4.11. 4.12. 4.13.

38 4.14. 40 44

4.15.

44

4.16.

48

4.17.

49 4.18. 54 4.19. 60

ix

Southern half of Room Block E, Late Tularosa phase Isolated rooms, Late Tularosa phase Communal space, Late Tularosa phase Excavated rooms, Maverick Mountain/ Pinedale phase Floors in Room Block B, Pinedale phase North half of Room Block D, Maverick Mountain phase South half of Room Block D, Maverick Mountain phase One- and two-story rooms, Pinedale/ Maverick Mountain phase Kayenta style ceramics, Pinedale/ Maverick Mountain phase Artifacts, Room 50, Floor 1 Artifacts and ecofacts, Room 51/61, Floor 2 Map of material left on the floor of Room 52 when it was burned, end of the Maverick Mountain phase Artifacts and feature placement Floor 2, Room 66/67 beneath burned roof fall Artifacts and ecofacts, Floor 2, Room 70 Material recovered from the Floor 1, Room 71, beneath burned roof fall Material from floor beneath burned roof fall, Room 86, Floor 2 Material from Floor 1, Room 110, beneath burned roof fall Southern half of Room Block E, Pinedale phase Northern half of Room Block E, Pinedale phase Pinedale phase rooms overlying Tularosa phase rooms, northern half of Room Block E Location of excavated isolated rooms, Room Block C, Pinedale phase Communal structures dated, Pinedale/ Maverick Mountain phase

61 69 70 73 74 78 79 80 81 106 107

109 110 112 114 119 126 128 129

130 143 146

x

Figures and Tables

Map of excavated rooms and communal structures, Canyon Creek phase 5.2. Excavated rooms, Room Block B, Canyon Creek phase 5.3. Excavated rooms, northern half of Room Block D, Canyon Creek phase 5.4. Excavated rooms, southern half of Room Block D, Canyon Creek phase 5.5. Excavated rooms, southern half of Room Block E (area surrounding the Great Kiva), Canyon Creek phase 5.6. Excavated rooms, northern half of Room Block E (area surrounding Kiva 2), Canyon Creek phase 5.7. Rooms built adjacent to the Great Wall in the southern portion of the Pueblo 5.8. Room 111, Floor 1, Room Block C 5.9. Great Kiva and Plaza Complex, Canyon Creek phase 5.10. The Great Wall, Canyon Creek phase 6.1. Excavated rooms, Point of Pines phase, Point of Pines Pueblo 6.2. Architectural map of Point of Pines phase floors, Room Block A 6.3. Architectural map of Point of Pines phase rooms, Room Block B 6.4. Map of excavated rooms, Room Block C, Point of Pines phase 6.5. Excavated rooms, Room Block D, occupied during Point of Pines phase, Point of Pines Pueblo 6.6. Excavated rooms occupied during Point of Pines phase, southern half of Room Block E (around now-abandoned Great Kiva) 5.1.

Excavated rooms occupied during Point of Pines phase, northern half of Room Block E (west of now-abandoned Kiva 2) 6.8. Excavated rooms, Point of Pines phase adjacent to the Great Wall 6.9. Location of excavated rooms in areas of limited excavation, Point of Pines phase 6.10. Map of Room Block W:10:51 6.11. Communal structures, Point of Pines phase 7.1. Location of macaw remains found in architectural features, Point of Pines Pueblo 7.2. Distribution of figurines and effigies in architectural structures, Pinelawn/ Maverick Mountain phase 7.3. Distribution of figurines and effigies in architectural structures, Canyon Creek phase 7.4. Distribution of figurines and effigies in architectural units, Point of Pines phase 7.5. Distribution of minerals found in architectural structures, Early Tularosa phase 7.6. Distribution of minerals in architectural structures, Late Tularosa phase 7.7. Distribution of minerals in architectural structures, Pinedale/Maverick Mountain phase 7.8. Distribution of minerals in architectural structures, Canyon Creek phase 7.9. Distribution of minerals in architectural structures, Point of Pines phase 6.7.

151 152 155 156

175

176 189 197 198 199 202 203 211 220

225

227 241 255 260 262

266

269

270 271

276 276

277 277 278

226

Tables 1.1. 2.1. 2.2. 2.3.

2.4. 2.5. 2.6.

Ceramics used to date phases in the Point of Pines area Summary of W:10:51 Pithouse data Sherds from fill and floor/floor-fill context from pithouses, Early Tularosa phase Ceramics from fill and floor/floor-fill context of the masonry rooms, Early Tularosa phase Artifacts identified in fill and floor/floor-fill context, Room 89, Floor 1 Datable dendrochronological samples, Level 6, Room 95, associated with Floor 2 Ethnobotanical material from the fill and floor contexts associated with Floor 2, Room 95

Postholes recorded in Kiva 2, Point of Pines Pueblo 2.8. Artifacts in the excavation notes for Kiva 2 2.9. Ceramics recovered from fill, bench, and floor/floor-fill contexts, Kiva 3 2.10. Extramural features, Early Tularosa phase 3.1. Sherds recovered from fill, floor/floor-fill, and subfloor contexts, Room Block B 3.2. Sherds from fill and floor/floor-fill context, Room Block D, not tied to the Maverick Mountain phase abandonment 3.3. Datable dendrochronology samples, Room 52 3.4. Ceramics from fill and floor/floor-fill contexts, Room Block E 2.7.

5 17 18

31 35 37

37

41 42 44 46 50

56 57 62

Figures and Tables

4.1.

4.2.

4.3.

4.4.

4.5. 4.6. 4.7. 4.8. 4.9. 4.10. 4.11. 4.12. 4.13. 4.14. 4.15. 4.16.

4.17.

4.18.

Ceramics counted in the field associated with floor/floor-fill deposits, Room Block B Artifacts identified by the excavators from fill, roof fall, floor/floor-fill deposits, Room Block D Painted ceramics recovered from the roof fall, floor, and subfloor fill, Room Block D, Maverick Mountain phase Whole vessels identified by the excavators from fill, roof fall, floor/floor-fill deposits, Room Block D, Maverick Mountain phase Dendrochronological samples from Room 50, analyzed by Parker Dated dendrochronological samples, Room 51/61, identified by Parker Dendrochronological dates, Room 70 Dendrochronological dates, Room 71, Floor 1 Dated dendrochronological samples, Room 73 Dendrochronological samples, Room 84 Description of ceramics, Floor 2, Room 86 Dendrochronological samples from roof fall and floor, Room 86 Dendrochronological samples, Room 90 Dendrochronological samples, Floor 2, Room 96 Artifacts mapped directly on the floor of Room 110 Sherds recovered from fill and floor fill, Room 39, Floor 1, and Room 94, Floor 2, Room Block E Sherds associated with Floors 2 and 3 and subfloor deposits for Rooms 75 and 107, Floor 2 Sherds from fill and floor/floor-fill context, Kiva 5

xi

4.19. Posthole dimensions, Pinedale phase 76

5.1. 5.2.

82 5.3. 93

5.4. 5.5.

99 5.6. 105 5.7. 108 113

5.8.

115

6.1.

117 118 120

6.2.

121 123

6.3. 6.4. 6.5.

125 6.6. 127 6.7. 130

7.1. 7.2.

144 7.3. 148

Great Kiva Ceramics from floor/floor fill and fill, Room Block B, Canyon Creek phase Painted ceramics from fill and floor/floor-fill contexts, Room Block D Artifacts noted in the fill and floor/ floor-fill context, Rooms 51 and 61, Floor 1 Dated dendrochronology samples, Room 61, Floor 1, Level 3 Dated dendrochronological samples from roof fall, Room 98 Artifacts and ceramics from fill and floor/floor-fill context, Room 98 Painted ceramics from the fill and floor/ floor-fill contexts of rooms, Room Block E Ceramics from rooms adjacent to the Great Wall and in Room Block C Sherds identified in the fill, floor/floor fill, and subfloor deposits, Room Block A Ceramics identified in the fill and floor/floor-fill deposits, Room Block B Sherds from Room Block C Sherds noted in the fill, floor/floor-fill, and subfloor context, Room Block E Painted ceramics for the fill, floor/floor-fill, and subfloor context of rooms adjacent to the Great Wall Sherds identified from the fill, floor, and subfloor contexts of isolated rooms Summary of architectural features, Room Block W:10:51 Macaws recovered from Point of Pines Pueblo Figurines recovered from Point of Pines Pueblo Minerals and geological specimens recovered from Point of Pines Pueblo

148 152 157 162 163 173 174 178 190 204 212 222 228

242 256 261 267 268 272

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Acknowledgments

The information contained in this volume is pulled directly from the archived field notes, field forms, profiles, and maps associated with the excavation of architectural features at Point of Pines Pueblo. The field notes are housed in the Archives of the Arizona State Museum, University of Arizona — Tucson. Alan Ferg’s help in accessing the field notes was invaluable. When appropriate, information from the field notes is supplemented with information from publications, MA theses, and PhD dissertations based on material at the site. Because the field notes form the basis for this report, their authors deserve acknowledgement. The excavators’ names are given as part of the description of the archaeological remains presented here and are in the Excavator’s Index at the end of this volume. All of the participants (including those who worked on sites other than Point of Pines Pueblo) are listed in Appendix B of Emil Haury’s (1989) year-by-year report on activities tied to the project. The Point of Pines Project was conceived and executed by Haury and included excavation at Point of Pines Pueblo and a number of other sites in the region. Emil Haury, Edward Danson, and Raymond Thompson

served as field directors on the project. David Breternitz, Rex Gerald, James Gifford, Alfred Johnson, Donald Lehmer, Alexander Lindsay Jr., Alan Olson, Raymond Thompson, Arnold Withers, and Richard Woodbury served as dig foremen. The grayscale map in Figure 1.2 was created by McKinzie Froese. Many thanks to her for her technical expertise. Special thanks to Reba Rauch at the University of Utah Press for help with the submission and production of both this volume and the previous volume (Stone 2015) on Point of Pines Pueblo. These also are extended to Jeff Grathwohl for his wonderful copyediting and to all of the production staff at the press who made the volume look so good. Thanks also go to my aunts Jean Hill and Mary Francis Ruddick, for opening their homes to me while I did research in Tucson. Your hospitality is much appreciated. Finally, thanks to my husband Carroll Reichen, for patiently listening to me talk about Point of Pines for the last two decades.

xiii

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1

Research Goals, Environmental and Cultural Context, and Dating

From 1947 to 1960, the University of Arizona’s Department of Anthropology, under the direction of Emil Haury, led an archaeological field school on the San Carlos Apache Reservation, east of Globe, Arizona (Figure 1.1). Geographically, this area is referred to as the Point of Pines region of the Mogollon Highlands. Fieldwork on the project included reconnaissance surveys and excavation at a number of sites (see Haury 1989 and Stone 2015 for reviews), the largest of which is Point of Pines Pueblo (AZ W:10:50, W:10:51 [ASM]). The Pueblo contains approximately 800 rooms organized into several room blocks that grew through time, at least one large plaza and Great Kiva, as well as several smaller kivas and a wall that encircled much of the site. It was occupied from the Tularosa through the Point of Pines phases (aD 1250–1400). The Pueblo has long held the imagination of the archaeological community not only as a representative of a late Mogollon aggregated community but also as the location of a multiethnic community due to the presence of a room block that housed a migrant community from the Kayenta region. As such, it has been an important site in discussions of migration and ethnic interaction both in the Southwest and for nonstratified societies in general (Haury 1958; Lindsay 1987; Stone 2015). Aggregate data from the site have been presented (Stone 2015), as have detailed descriptions of individual room blocks dated to the very end of the occupation sequence (Morris 1957; Wasley 1952; Wendorf 1950) and the Great Kiva (Gerald 1957). A complete description, however, has not been undertaken, and much of the architectural and excavation data remains only in field notes.

This volume combines data from these reports with information contained on the original excavation forms (held in the Arizona State Museum Archives) in an attempt to present a complete description of the site from its founding in the Tularosa phase (aD 1250) through its abandonment at the end of the Point of Pines phase (aD 1400). Because the burials are reported in depth elsewhere (Bennett 1967, 1973; Merbs 1967; W. Robinson and Sprague 1965; Rodrigues 2008), they are not discussed here. However, data from previously published studies on dendrochronological samples (Bannister and Robinson 1971; Parker 1967) from the site are included. Before describing individual components, it is important to understand the importance of the site for ongoing research questions. This is followed by a discussion of the cultural and ecological setting of the pueblo, including the environmental setting, culture history of the area, and excavation strategy.

The Importance of Point of Pines Pueblo in Southwestern Archaeology The data from Point of Pines Pueblo is important for understanding a number of important research questions. Paramount among these is the nature of interaction between migrant populations and their hosts and the nature of aggregated communities in the highlands. Early on, Point of Pines Pueblo was recognized as a complex community that housed not only a substantial indigenous population but also a migrant room block (Haury 1958; Lindsay 1987). More recently, the nature of the interaction between the migrant and host populations at Point of Pines Pueblo has been a focus of interest. 1

2

Chapter 1

Figure 1.1. Location of Point of Pines Pueblo

These studies have concentrated both on the dynamics of ethnic interaction at the pueblo itself (Stone 2015) and on comparison with other communities, seeking to better understand how different initial conditions affected the highly variable nature of host-migrant interaction in the American Southwest (Stone 2003; Stone and Lipe 2011). Of equal interest is the community organization of aggregated Mogollon communities in the highlands south of the Mogollon Rim. We know of a number of these sites, and two to the west (Grasshopper Pueblo and Kinishba Pueblo) have been well documented (Reid and Whittlesey 1999; Riggs 2001; Welch 2013). To the east, in the Pine Lawn Valley, there are at least two large aggregated communities: Foote Canyon Pueblo and W. S. Ranch Pueblo. Excavation at Foote Canyon Pueblo is limited (Rinaldo 1959). W. S. Ranch Pueblo was extensively excavated by the University of Texas Austin archaeological field school under the direction of James Neely. The late components of the site and the Great Kiva have been described in a PhD dissertation and MA thesis (D. Robinson 1992; Tomka 1988). In the Point of Pines Region, there are three late-

aggregated communities. Turkey Creek Pueblo is a pueblo of more than 300 rooms that was founded before Point of Pines Pueblo during the Tularosa phase (Johnson 1965; Lowell 1991) and abandoned during the early occupation of Point of Pines Pueblo. Based on surface ceramics, Willow Creek Pueblo was founded during the Pinedale phase. It is estimated to have 100 rooms, but testing was limited to the late reoccupation of the site by Apache groups (Asch 1961). The third is Point of Pines Pueblo itself. The two most extensively excavated mountain Mogollon sites, Grasshopper and Turkey Creek pueblos (Lowell 1991; Reid and Whittlesey 1999; Riggs 2001) began as a series of room blocks with subsequent accretion over time. Both possessed a large Great Kiva and, in the case of Grasshopper Pueblo, multiple plazas. Point of Pines Pueblo is estimated to have 800 rooms, a Great Kiva and several small kivas, a formal plaza, and possibly several other small plazas that were not tested (Haury 1989). As such, it is a very large aggregated community that can tell us much about community organization in the area (Stone 2015).

Setting the Stage

Environmental Setting of Point of Pines Pueblo Point of Pines Pueblo is situated at 6,000 feet in the highlands of central Arizona in a parkland area known as Circle Prairie (Figure 1.2). Circle Prairie has an average elevation of 6,200 feet and is bounded on the south by a ridgeline rising to 7,600 feet known as Nantack Ridge or Nantack Plateau (Bohrer 1973; Parker 1967; Stein 1963; Wendorf 1950; Woodbury 1961). Fingers of the higher elevation extend north from the ridge into the Circle Prairie. These fingers are heavily forested with Ponderosa pine, which gives the area its name and served as a timber source for the major posts and beams used in roof construction at the pueblo (Parker 1967). Circle Prairie itself is a broad, flat plain approximately 20 miles long and 10 miles wide. It is dominated by grasses, especially blue gramma and hairy gramma, some yucca, and stands of juniper, oak, and pinyon pine (Bohrer 1973; Wendorf 1950). Wendorf (1950) examined climatic records from three weather stations in the region and concluded the area has between 165 and 170 frost-free days, providing a sufficiently long growing season for squash, beans, and corn, as well as cotton. Remains of all four of these domesticates were recovered from the pueblo (Bohrer 1973). Ethnobotanical remains from Point of Pines indicate the diet was supplemented with walnuts, amaranth, mesquite, and cacti (specifically cholla and prickly pear), all of which were available either in Circle Prairie or on the ridgetop and south face of Nantack Ridge. Buckwheat was also recovered and may have been used as a flavoring (Bohrer 1973). Faunal remains at the site are dominated (50% of identified bones) by artiodactyls, especially deer (Odocoileus) and pronghorn (Antilocapra), with smaller amounts of bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis), bison (Bison bison), and elk (Cervus) (Stein 1963). Also present in sufficient numbers to indicate they served as a food source are rabbit (Lepus sp. and Sylvilagus sp.), prairie dogs (Cynomys gunnisoni), and pocket gophers (Thomomys sp.). Animal burials containing turkey, parrot, and macaws (see Chapter 7) are also present. Precipitation is dominated by midwinter snows and midsummer rains, averaging between 18 and 19 inches per year (Wendorf 1950). The prehistoric inhabitants of the area retained runoff for domestic use by constructing reservoirs near most large sites in the area (Wheat 1952). One near Point of Pines Pueblo still held water after heavy rains at the time of excavation (Wendorf 1950). These reservoirs overlap and succeed the use of walk-in wells in the area in time. The wells consist of

3

deep pits dug adjacent to, but not in, shallow channels in the area. The pits are surrounded by a gentle ramp circling the well. Several wells were tested in 1948 with trenches bisecting them (Wheat 1952). Water seeped into the wells at the base of the ramp even during the driest summer months. The area is also cut by numerous intermittent streams that drain into the Black River to the north (a tributary of the Gila River). Other streams drain into Willow and Eagle Creeks, part of the Salt River drainage system.

Culture History of the Point of Pines Region Circle Prairie was surveyed in 1945 by Emil Haury and Edwin Sayles to determine the viability of the area as a long-term permanent field school (Haury 1945, 1989). Approximately 200 sites spanning a long history were identified on the survey. The field school was established in 1946 and continued until 1960. During that time, testing and excavation occurred at 30 sites, as well as numerous agricultural and water features. (See Haury 1989 for a year-by-year description of field school activities.) Excavation was supplemented by a series of reconnaissance surveys in areas surrounding excavated sites (Stone 2002a). Based on this work, a culture history was developed (Haury 1989). The basic phase designations and descriptions have stood the test of time, but settlement pattern and calendar dates have been updated using the survey data and more recent ceramic cross-dating information (Stone 2002a, 2015). Specifically, ceramics dated with dendrochronology in other regions (Breternitz 1966; Breternitz et al. 1957; Carlson 1970, 1982; Heckman et al. 2000; Herr 2002; LeBlanc 1982; Mills and Herr 1999; Rinaldo and Bluhm 1956; Stone 1992) were used to date the phases. The earliest occupation of the Point of Pines region is evident by 2000 bc, and architectural remains are present by around aD 400. The period from aD 400 through the abandonment of the area in 1400 is divided into eight phases. Because absolute dates are relatively rare for the excavated sites, the phase designations become crucial. The dates for these phases rely heavily on ceramic cross dating (Table 1.1). Some locally manufactured ceramics (e.g., McDonald Corrugated, Tularosa White-on-Red, and Tularosa Fillet Rim) may have longer production spans in the Point of Pines area than elsewhere (Breternitz et  al. 1957), but the dates for imported ceramics, particularly Cibola White Wares and White Mountain Red Wares, are of importance in dating the sites in the region. The culture history, ceramic cross dating, and dendrochronology dates that do exist are detailed below.

4

Chapter 1

Figure 1.2. Circle Prairie in relation to surrounding landforms (mapped in ArchView 10.5 by McKinzie Froese)

Circle Prairie Phase (??? – AD 600)

Two sites date to the Circle Prairie phase. The first is a rock shelter on the south face of Nantack Ridge that was identified on survey (Stone 2002a). The second is the early component of Crooked Ridge Village (AZ W:10:15 [ASM]), which was excavated as part of the Point of Pines project (Wheat 1954). No dendrochronology dates

were collected at the site. Rather, the date of the phase is based on the ceramics. More accurately, the phase is dated by the lack of painted ceramics, ceramics in the Alma textured series, or corrugated ceramics. Ceramics were dominated by brown and red-slipped wares (both plain and smudged). Based on the excavation at Crooked Ridge Village, Circle Prairie phase sites have

Table 1.1. Ceramics used to date phases in the Point of Pines area (all dates AD) Ceramic

Date aD

Reference

Textured Wares Alma Textured series (Incised, Knobby, Rough, Scored) McDonald Corrugated series Point of Pines Corrugated series Prieto Corrugated Reserve Corrugated series Tularosa Pattern Indented Corrugated Tularosa Fillet Rim

775–925 1150–1280 post-1325 post-1325 1000–1375 1050–1250 1100–1300

Breternitz 1966 Mills and Herr 1999 Breternitz, Gifford, and Olson 1957 Breternitz, Gifford, and Olson 1957 Breternitz, Gifford, and Olson 1957 Rinaldo and Bluhm 1956 Breternitz 1966

Red-on-Brown Dos Cabezas Red-on-Brown Encinas Red-on-Brown Mogollon Red-on-Brown Nantack Red-on-Brown San Carlos Red-on-Brown

650–800 950–1200 650–750 950–1200 1275–1400

Heckman et al. 2000 Heckman et al. 2000 LeBlanc 1982 Breternitz 1959 Breternitz 1966

Red-on-White and White-on-Red Three Circle Red-on-Brown Tularosa White-on-Red

750 1100–1200

LeBlanc 1982 Breternitz 1966

Red-on-Buff Gila Butte Red-on-Buff Sacaton Red-on-Buff Santa Cruz Red-on-Buff Snaketown Red-on-Buff

700–900 850–1150 Late 700–850 700–800

Heckman et al. 2000 Heckman et al. 2000 Heckman et al. 2000 Heckman et al. 2000

Black-on-White Kayenta Black-on-White Mangus Black-on-White Mimbres Classic Black-on-White Pinedale Black-on-White Reserve Black-on-White Snowflake Black-on-White Tularosa Black-on-White

1260–1330 775–927 1000–1140 1250–1350 940–1100 1100–1200 1175–1350

Christenson 1994 Breternitz 1966 LeBlanc 1982 Stone 1992 Breternitz 1966 Breternitz 1966 Stone 1992

Black-on-Red Gila Black-on-Red Maverick Mountain Black-on-Red St. Johns Black-on-Red

1350 1265–1290 1150–1325

Mills and Herr 1999 Mills and Herr 1999 Stone 1992

Polychromes Cedar Creek Polychrome Fourmile Polychrome Houck Polychrome Gila Polychrome Kayenta Polychrome Kiet Siel Polychrome Maverick Mountain Polychrome Pinedale Polychrome Pinto Polychrome Point of Pines Polychrome Springerville Polychrome St. Johns Polychrome Springerville Polychrome

1300–1350 1330–1390 1200–1250 1350 1250–1320 1250–1320 1265–1290 1290–1330 1280–1330 1400–1450 1250–1300 1150–1325 1250–1300

Mills and Herr 1999 Mills and Herr 1999 Carlson 1970 Mills and Herr 1999 Christenson 1994 Christenson 1994 Mills and Herr 1999 Mills and Herr 1999 Mills and Herr 1999 Carlson 1970, 1982 Carlson 1970, 1982 Stone 1992 Carlson 1970, 1982

6

Chapter 1

been characterized as a pithouse village with a large number of pithouses (survey description estimates approximately 100), though not all were occupied at the same time. Twenty-three pithouses were excavated. The pithouses are large (mean 21 m2), square-shaped, with ramp entrances, annexes, and clay-lined hearths (Wheat 1954; Stone 2005). Roofs were supported by two to 12 posts. Two kivas also were excavated. These were identified as kivas by their size (81.2 and 112.3 m2) and the presence of foot-drums (Wheat 1954; Stone 2002b). Stove Canyon Phase (AD 600–900) The Point of Pines project identified 16 sites on reconnaissance survey dated to the Stove Canyon phase (Stone 2002a). Additionally, two sites were excavated: Stove Canyon (AZ W:9:83 [ASM]) and Lunt (AZ W:9:10 [ASM]; Neely 1974). No dendrochronology dates were recovered, and dating of the phase is based on the ceramics. Specifically, the ceramic assemblage of Stove Canyon phase sites is dominated by brown and red-slipped wares (both plain and smudged). Ceramics in the Alma textured series (dated 775–925) are present, along with a very small number of corrugated ceramics. The sites identified on survey include rock shelters, lithic/sherd scatters, and small villages. Based on the excavated sites, they are smaller than the villages of the previous phase (17 pithouses at the Stove Canyon site and 14 pithouses at the Lunt site). Pithouses are square with ramp entrances, clay-lined hearths, and of similar size to the previous phase (mean 21 m2 and 30 m2 respectively) but lack annexes (Stone 2005). No kivas were identified at the Lunt site, but one was present at the Stove Canyon Site. The kiva is a large (62 m2) rectangular kiva with foot drums. A Hohokam ballcourt (Johnson 1961; Neely 1974) is also present at Stove Canyon. Nantack Phase (AD 900–1000) Reconnaissance surveys identified 41 sites dated to the Nantack phase in the region, all located on tributaries of the region’s major drainages. These sites are dominated by pithouse villages, but some also contain a small number of masonry rooms (Stone 2002a). Nantack Village (AZ W:10:111 [ASM]) is a small pithouse village (10 pithouses and two kivas) and was excavated as the type site for the phase (Breternitz 1959). The pithouses at Nantack Village resemble those of the previous phase in shape (square with ramp entrances), size (21 m2), and post-supports (between two and eight). Hearths become somewhat more varied, with both clay-lined and stonelined hearths present. The kivas are large (152.8 and 60 m2) with foot drums (Breternitz 1959; Stone 2002b). No dendrochronology dates were recovered, and

the phase is dated based on ceramics. The ceramic assemblages continue to be dominated by brown and redslipped wares (both plain and smudged). Small numbers of neck-banded and textured ceramics in the Alma series are present. Temporally important types include the Reserve Corrugated series (1000–1375), present in both plain and smudged varieties. Painted ceramics include Mangus Black-on-White (775–927), Encinas and Nantack Red-on-Brown (950–1200), Sacaton Red-on-Buff (850–1150), and small amounts of Mimbres Black-onWhite (1000–1140). Absent, however, are the Cibola white wares and White Mountain red wares securely dated to the 1000s. Therefore, an ending date of aD 1000 is warranted. Reserve Phase (AD 1000–1150) The Reserve phase witnesses the conclusion of the pithouse-to-pueblo transition begun during the Nantack phase. Masonry structures dominate the 61 sites dated to the Reserve phase identified on the reconnaissance survey, though a few pithouse villages remain (Stone 2002a). Most of the masonry sites are relatively small, with fewer than 25 rooms. The project excavated the Dry Prong site (AZ W:6:5 [ASM]) as the type site for the phase (Haury 1989; Olson 1960). The site has 18 rooms and a large (204 m2) Great Kiva with benches and foot drums (Olson 1960; Stone 2002b). No dendrochronology dates were recovered at the Dry Prong site and the phase is dated based on ceramic cross dates. Specifically, ceramics in the Reserve phase include plain and red-slipped wares (both plain and smudged), the Reserve Corrugated series (1000–1375), and Tularosa Pattern Indented Corrugated (1050–1250). Among the painted wares, small amounts of Encinas Red-on-Brown (950–1200), Nantack Red-on-Brown (950–1200), and Mimbres Black-on-White (1000–1140) are present. Conversely, Reserve Black-on-White (940– 1100) dominates the painted assemblage. Tularosa Phase (AD 1150–1250) The reconnaissance survey demonstrates that small masonry sites (fewer than 20 rooms) continue to be used (Stone 2002a), but very large pueblos are also established, two of which were subject to excavation. Specifically, Turkey Creek Pueblo (AZ W:9:123 [ASM]) contains over 300 rooms, a large Great Kiva (192 m2), and two plazas (Johnson 1965; Lowell 1991). Point of Pines Pueblo has an estimated 800 rooms, several small kivas, and one Great Kiva. At least one plaza also is established at this time, though it continues to be used into subsequent phases (Haury 1989; Stone 2015). Both large pueblos started as a series of room blocks that grew

Setting the Stage

through accretion. The Great Kivas and plazas were surrounded by rooms as the room blocks grew. Thirteen dendrochronology samples were recovered from Turkey Creek Pueblo, with cutting dates clustering between 1238 and 1243 (Bannister and Robinson 1971; Lowell 1991). The dating of the Tularosa phase between 1150 and 1250 was confirmed by ceramic cross dating. Ceramic assemblages contain brown and red-slipped wares (both plain and smudged), the Reserve Corrugated series (1000–1375), Tularosa Pattern Indented Corrugated (1050–1250), McDonald Corrugated (1150–1280), and Tularosa Fillet Rim (1100–1300). Painted wares are dominated by Reserve Black-on-White (1100–1200), Tularosa Black-on-White (1175–1350), and Tularosa White-on-Red (1100–1200). Mimbres Black-on-White is rare to absent. Maverick Mountain/Pinedale Phase (AD 1250–1300) Most of the 67 sites dated to the Pinedale phase by the reconnaissance survey remain relatively small (fewer than 14 rooms but in a few cases as large as 60 rooms). This includes masonry sites and rock shelters. Turkey Creek Pueblo appears to have been abandoned very early in the phase (Lowell 1991), but two other large aggregated sites are present. Willow Creek Pueblo (AZ  W:10:105 [ASM]) has approximately 300 rooms, and Point of Pines Pueblo continues to be occupied. Willow Creek Pueblo was occupied by Apache groups after its initial abandonment (Asch 1961), and these remains were investigated but the pueblo period material was not. Based on surface indications, Willow Creek Pueblo contains massed room blocks similar to Turkey Creek Pueblo and Point of Pines Pueblo, along with possible plazas and a Great Kiva. The Maverick Mountain phase designation is restricted to Room Block D of Point of Pines Pueblo and represents architectural remains associated with a migrant group from the north, probably from the Kayenta region (Haury 1989; Stone 2015). In addition to dendrochronology dates from Point of Pines Pueblo (see below), two noncutting dates were recovered from Pine Flat Cave (AZ W:10:42 [ASM]) of 1263vv and 1264++vv (Gifford 1980; Parker 1967). Ceramic assemblages are characterized by brown and redslipped wares (both plain and smudged), the Reserve Corrugated series (1000–1375), Tularosa Pattern Indented Corrugated (1050–1250), McDonald Corrugated (1150–1280), and Tularosa Fillet Rim (1100–1300). Painted wares include Tularosa White-on-Red (1100–1200), Tularosa Black-on-White (1175–1350), and Pinedale Black-on-White (1250–1300). The presence of Tularosa White-on-Red suggests this type may have a longer

7

production period in this area. Also present in considerable numbers are polychromes and their equivalent Black-on-Red types. Specifically, Kayenta Polychrome (1250–1320), Kiet Siel Polychrome (1250–1320), Maverick Mountain Polychrome (1265–1290), Pinedale Polychrome (1290–1330), St. Johns Polychrome (1150–1325), and Springerville Polychrome (1250–1300) are present. Canyon Creek Phase (AD 1300–1350) Both Willow Creek Pueblo and Point of Pines Pueblo continue to be occupied during the Canyon Creek phase. Additionally, three small masonry sites were identified on reconnaissance survey, and two rock shelters, Tule Tubs Cave (AZ W:9:69 [ASM]) and Red Bow Cliff Dwelling (AZ W:9:72 [ASM]) were excavated (Gifford 1980). Neither rock shelters produced dendrochronology dates. Rather, the ceramic assemblages indicate the date of the phase. Brown and red-slipped wares (both plain and smudged) continue to be manufactured. Corrugated ceramics include the Reserve (1000–1375) and Point of Pines (post-1325) Corrugated series, along with Prieto Corrugated (post-1325). Painted bichromes include San Carlos Red-on-Brown (1275–1400), Pinedale Black-on-White (1250–1350), St. Johns Black-on-Red and small amounts of Tularosa White-on-Red (1100–1200), suggesting a longer production period for this type in the Point of Pines area. Polychromes are dominated by Cedar Creek Polychrome (1300–1350), Fourmile Polychrome (1330–1390), and Pinedale Polychrome (1290– 1330), with smaller amounts of Gila Polychrome (1350), Pinto Polychrome (1280–1300), and Point of Pines Polychrome (1400–1450). Point of Pines Phase (AD 1350–1400) Point of Pines Pueblo, and possibly Willow Creek Pueblo, continue to be occupied during the Point of Pines phase, though it appears to be abandoned at the end of the phase. The small room block of AZ W:10:51 (ASM) is constructed directly next to the pueblo ( Wendorf 1950) and is considered part of the Point of Pines community here. A number of other small masonry sites (fewer than 25 rooms) were identified on reconnaissance survey, and two of these, AZ W:10:47 ([ASM]; Wasley 1952) and AZ W:10:52 ([ASM]; Smiley 1952), were tested. No cutting dates are evident in the dendrochronology samples, and the dating of the phase relies on ceramic cross dating. Brown and red-slipped wares (both plain and smudged) continue to be used. Corrugated ceramics are dominated by the Point of Pines series (post-1325) and Prieto Corrugated (post-1325). Painted bichromes include San Carlos Red-on-Brown (1275–1400) and Pinedale Blackon-White (1250–1350). Most telling in terms of the date of

Figure 1.3. Point of Pines Pueblo showing the location of test excavation units

Setting the Stage

the phase are the polychromes. Specifically, Cedar Creek Polychrome (1300–1350) continues to be found in small amounts. In greater numbers are Fourmile Polychrome (1330–1390) and Point of Pines Polychrome (1400–1450). Pinto Polychrome (1280–1330) is present in small numbers, but Gila Polychrome (post-1350) is more common.

Excavation anD Dating of Point of Pines Pueblo When it was first identified on survey, Point of Pines Pueblo consisted of a large rubble mound with no walls evident on the ground and an adjacent smaller room block (W:10:51). Excavation at W:10:51 began on June 12, 1946, plus six test units excavated between this room block and the main ruin (Haury 1989:15). These units went down 2 m before hitting sterile, comprising deep deposits, a ceramic assemblage indicative of long occupation, masonry walls, and pithouses with polychrome ceramics. Because of the lack of wall alignments on the surface, it was decided to conduct a series of trenches of various lengths across the site to better understand both the stratigraphy and the location of the rooms that could then serve as natural excavation units (Haury 1989:30). The field notes and maps indicate this testing process was facilitated by the use of a grid system for the site based on 15 m × 15 m units (Figure 1.3). The test trenches were initially aligned with the grid system. Large-scale stripping (known as broadsides) was conducted outside the main rubble mound to determine the spatial extent of the remains. When architecture, features, or burials were encountered, the test trenches and broadsides were expanded using standardized excavation methods to further investigate the finds. Excavation methods are extensively discussed in Stone 2015 and only summarized here. When a masonry room or kiva was encountered, a trench (usually 0.50 m deep) was dug next to the wall following the turn where a corner was encountered. The purpose of this exercise was to define the room dimensions. Once all four walls were defined, the room was excavated in arbitrary levels. The most common depth for a level was 0.50 m, though initial levels could be as thick as 1.50 m. Excavation into subsequent levels was undertaken first in a sounding of the entire thickness of the level, usually in one corner. Excavators then worked out from this point. Occasionally, poorly defined floors were missed in this way until a hearth was encountered in the expansion from the sounding. In most instances, however, the floor was indicated in the sounding by the presence of a compact layer of mud/clay, reinforced by the coving of plaster from the wall onto the floor. When this occurred, a distinction was made between the general level and the

9

floor/floor-fill level. As was the custom of the day, the floor-fill level was dug as a single level and interpreted as the floor assemblage, rather than the first 10–25 cm of post-abandonment trash. On occasion, a designation of floor contact was used for some classes of artifacts, but not others. The floor/ floor fill-level was usually 10 cm thick, but on occasion it was 25 cm thick. Often, the thickness of this level is not specified. Additionally, it must be remembered that concepts of formation processes were not in the forefront during the 1950s. Thus, the integrity of the floor and its assemblage was considered in a different way. For example, there are frequent mentions of gopher holes and “gophering” in the field forms, but the impact of this bioturbation on the distribution of the remains was unnoted. Once the floor was cleared, the features and artifacts designated as floor contact were mapped, and a standardized form was completed. As can be expected with any field school excavation, the quality of the information recorded on individual unit forms varies from student to student and through time as individual excavators gained more experience. For rooms with particularly dense and/or complicated fill levels (for example, where roof fall or second stories could be defined), running day logs and level descriptions were recorded. This was particularly true of Room Block D, which burned catastrophically at the end of the Maverick Mountain/ Pinedale phase, preserving roof fall and floor assemblages in place (Haury 1989; Stone 2015). Unfortunately, such detailed notes are somewhat rare outside of these rooms. Following floor mapping, subfloor tests were conducted in most rooms and extended through either trash or earlier occupation to sterile. In the 1950s, it was uncommon to screen soil from room fill — except for floor fill. Excavations were conducted with shovel and trowel; artifacts were saved as they were encountered. Sherds were typed and counted by level in the field and left in the field. In most cases, exact counts of painted pottery were recorded (though occasionally the sherd analysis notes consist only of a list of the most common painted types without counts). In some rooms, tables of counts including nonpainted types were recorded. The collection of other types of artifacts was more variable. Whole vessels were almost always saved and transported back to the Arizona State Museum at the University of Arizona, where they are currently housed. Adams (1994, 1995) has conducted one of the most extensive analyses of nonceramic artifacts at the Arizona State Museum in recent times, concentrating on ground stone. Fragmented material was frequently left in the field with minimal or no information recorded.

Figure 1.4. East–west profiles at Point of Pines Pueblo

[169.236.78.20] Project MUSE (2024-03-14 19:24 GMT) University of California, Merced

Setting the Stage

Stone catalogue cards were filled out for whole artifacts that were not taken back to Tucson. Adams estimates somewhere between 25 and 50% of the ground stone artifacts were retrieved, depending on the site, but the types that were saved were not a representative sample. For example, manos and metates were “less apt to have been brought to ASM than any other artifact type” (Adams 1994:53), and the ground stone collections at the museum are dominated by axes, shaft straighteners, and stone balls. As a result, the information recorded in the field is the most complete record of the archaeological remains we have for the site and is the source of data considered here. Architectural structures (pithouses, masonry rooms, and kivas) were numbered in the field as they were encountered. Additionally, four room blocks that appeared to be late occupations at the site based on the surface remains (W:10:51 and W:10:50A–C) were treated separately. These were excavated (or, in the case of W:10:50C, tested) as coherent units with their own number sequence. Therefore, a certain amount of duplication in structure numbers exists, and it is important to specify room block for a structure as well. For example, there are four masonry rooms designated Room 1 (1 each in W:10:51, W:10:50A, W:10:50B, and one in Room Block E of the main pueblo). A total of 130 masonry rooms, 36 pithouses, six small kivas, and one Great Kiva were excavated at the site, and one plaza and the Great Wall were tested. Many of the masonry rooms, as well as the Great Kiva, have multiple floors representing both maintenance through replastering and considerable remodeling. In all, 204 floors in masonry rooms and two floors (as well as an underlying plaza) in the Great Kiva were excavated. Haury (1989) estimates the pueblo contains 800 masonry rooms. As such, the excavations at Point of Pines Pueblo represent approximately 16% of the architectural structures at the site. The excavated remains are discussed in this volume in order of their assigned dates, rather than the order of excavation. Dates were assigned to individual floors based on stratigraphy, bonding and abutting patterns, and temporally diagnostic artifacts in floor contact or subfloor context (Stone 2015). The first step was reliant on stratigraphy. Specifically, architectural structures that sat directly on or were excavated into sterile are dated to the earliest phase of construction. Subsequent stratigraphic analysis was aided by a number of trenches that extended across the pueblo, or a large portion of the pueblo (Figures 1.4, 1.5). Based on the datable ceramics on the floor (particularly whole vessels and sherds embedded in the floors as metate bin baffles) and in subfloor context, initial assignments were made for later periods

11

of construction. These were further refined through an examination of bonding and abutting patterns of the room construction. Bonded walls and walls with long, straight runs were assumed to represent a single construction episode. Abutted walls may represent the same phase or walls that were added to existing construction at a later time. These two possibilities were distinguished by subfloor deposits, particularly surfaces (extramural or earlier floors) that continued underneath wall segments or that coved with wall plaster on wall segments. Radiocarbon dates do not exist for the site, but 1,817 tree-ring samples were collected in the field. Of these, 435 could be dated (Bannister and Robinson 1971; Parker 1967). The datable sample is dominated by Ponderosa pine (n = 356, 81.8%), followed by Pinyon pine (n = 56, 12.9%), Douglas Fir (n = 21, 4.8%) and juniper (n = 2, 0.5%). However, only 204 are cutting dates (Figure 1.6). Cutting dates come from 15 masonry rooms (13 from the burned layer of Room Block D), one pithouse and one broadside test. As a result, the sample is highly skewed to a single building episode in one room block in a site with multiple room blocks that was occupied for 150 years. All of the dendrochronological dates (cutting and noncutting) are reported in the descriptions of the rooms from which they were recovered.

Structure of This Volume This volume presents a detailed reporting of archaeological remains at Point of Pines Pueblo with emphasis on the architectural structures and information recorded on the field forms. Many of the artifacts, including ceramic sherds, chipped stone tools, and ground stone, were recorded in the field and not transported back to the lab and are unavailable for analysis. Therefore, the artifact information contained on the field sheets is discussed for each room. When an identification of a type is warranted, based on the description of an artifact or ceramic, it is included. For example, the excavators may talk about “Fish Scale Corrugated” sherds. When this occurs, it is recorded with the type name added in brackets and appears as follows: “Fish Scale (Prieto) Corrugated” sherds. Whole vessels from architectural structures and burials went back to Tucson. A discussion of the whole vessels is included in the description of individual rooms. Chapter 7 is a discussion of items noted on the field forms that might be tied to ritual activity, including dedicatory items, minerals and pigments, and animal burials in the rooms. Chapters 2 through 6 contain detailed information on the various structures that were excavated. Chapters are arranged by their date of occupation as defined in Stone 2015, so that all material dating to a particular

Figure 1.5. North–south profiles at Point of Pines Pueblo

Setting the Stage

13

Figure 1.6. Distribution of dendrochronological cutting dates at Point of Pines Pueblo

temporal phase is contained in each chapter. Each chapter begins with an overview of the time period in terms of community layout and the domestic and communal structures excavated. Information about a single room may be included in multiple chapters if it offers evidence of a long period of use and remodeling. If the same floor level is dated to more than one phase, the reader may be referred to a previous chapter for detailed description. If the same room but a different floor is present, a new description is provided. It should be noted that there are occasional contradictions among different sources of information (overall site map, room excavation form, running field notes). When this occurs, the contradiction is noted, as is the explanation of how the contradiction is resolved. Additionally, on field maps associated with room excavation, it is sometimes unclear whether the masonry represented on the maps outlining the room is an exact representation or an idealized representation. Adjacent rooms

that share a wall may have different field drawings of the masonry; at other times the room is outlined with only straight lines. As such, the reader should reference the description of the wall construction in the text rather than relying on the image in the maps. Extramural features were encountered during excavation and they are included in the chapters to which they date when that could be determined. In addition to the architectural details, information is included regarding artifacts encountered in the room fill, on the floor, and where subfloor tests were undertaken. Chapter 7 contains information on specialized analysis. This includes a discussion of ritual artifacts recovered from the site as well as current interpretation of these artifacts in Southwestern archaeology. Special attention is paid to the macaw/parrot burials, other animal burials, dedicatory kiva offerings, and minerals recovered from the site.

2

Early Tularosa Phase, aD 1150–1200

The earliest evidence of occupation at Point of Pines Pueblo is during the Early Tularosa phase. Architectural structures and extramural features are assigned to this phase because they sit directly on sterile soil. Excavated structures and features dated to this phase include the 35 pithouses, 11 masonry rooms, three small kivas, and a number of extramural features including borrow pits, more generalized pits, postholes, hearths, and a walking surface. Use of the pithouses ceases at the end of this phase, but many of the masonry rooms continue to be used. At this time, the basic layout of the site is established (Figure 2.1), stretching in a north–south direction over the top of a ridge to the west of a stream channel that flows into Point of Pines Creek. The pithouses appear to cluster in several groupings, although this may be the result of the testing strategy for the masonry rooms, as the pithouses were discovered in subsurface tests of later structures. The earliest masonry rooms were constructed in what became three separate room blocks as the site grew, creating a foundational structure for architectural growth and the social organization that structured the site (Stone 2015). The pueblo was established by a combination of indigenous peoples (Room Block B and E) and migrants from the Kayenta region (Room Block D and pithouses). The identity of the inhabitants is established based on burial patterns, architectural style, and ceramic manufacture (Haury 1958, 1989; Stone 2015).

in the region and are believed to represent temporary structures while the more permanent, masonry structures were constructed (Stone 2005). Details of each structure are listed below. The presentation of the data is based on the location of the pithouse at the site. The first groups are under W:10:51 (Figures 2.2, 2.3) on the west side of the site, labeled the W:10:51 pithouse group in Figure 2.1. Data for the W:10:51 pithouses are contained in Table 2.1. This is followed by a description of the pithouses located adjacent to Room Block E (Figure 2.4), the central pithouse group (Figure 2.5), the two structures directly south of this group (Figure 2.6), and the southern pithouse group (Figure 2.7). The ceramics recovered from the fill and floor/floor-fill context of the pithouses from W:10:50 are presented in Table 2.2.

Pithouse Structures

North Pithouse Group The North Pithouse Group consists of four pithouses, Pithouses 1–4 (Figure 2.4). The sherds recovered from the excavation were typed and counted in the field and not transported to Tucson.

W:10:51 Pithouse Group Fifteen pithouses are in this group. Most of the structures in this group are located in a tight cluster (Figure 2.2). Two pithouses (W:10:51 Pithouse 14 and 15) are adjacent to each other, slightly to the north of this main cluster (Figure 2.1). These pithouses are discussed in detail in the original site report for W:10:51 (Wendorf 1950), and the reader is directed there. The data is not repeated here but is summarized in Table 2.1. When the data in the description and the pithouse map disagree, the data from the map is used.

Pithouse structures at the site appear to date to the Early Tularosa phase, based on their stratigraphic position, dendrochronological dates, and the ceramics found there. These structures postdate the use of pithouses

14

Figure 2.1. Excavated structures at Point of Pines Pueblo dated to the Early Tularosa phase (compiled from field maps)

Figure 2.2. Pithouse structures dated to the Early Tularosa phase lying directly underneath W:10:51 Pueblo (after Wendorf 1950)

16

Chapter 2

floor in the northeast corner of the pithouse, and a turquoise pendant was found along the eastern wall. Pithouse 2

Figure 2.3. Pithouse structures lying just north of the main pueblo of W:10:51 dating to the Early Tularosa phase (after Wendorf 1950)

Pithouse 2 was excavated from 6/30–7/5/1948 by Hiroshi Daifuku and Elisabeth Tooker. It is underneath the western wall of the Great Kiva and Rooms 53 and 58. Shape: It is rectangular with a north–south axis of 2.4 m and an east–west axis of 2.1 m. Walls: The walls are excavated from native soil with no plaster and are approximately 30 cm in height. Entry: No entry is evident. The notes indicate it is possible that a roof entrance was used, but no ladder holes are present. Floor: Floor plaster is present in patches. Hearth: No hearth is evident. Posthole: There are a total of 13 postholes. All but one of the postholes are inside the body of the house, though three are embedded in the walls. One posthole is just outside the southern wall. Storage Pits: Two storage pits are present. One is in the center of the room, and one is in the northwest corner. Artifacts: One mano was recovered from the floor adjacent to the western wall.

Pithouse 1

Pithouse 3

Pithouse 1 was excavated 6/26–7/8/1948 by Barton Wright and Wilma Kaemlein. It is under masonry Rooms 10, 11, and 13. Shape: It is roughly rectangular with rounded corners. The north–south axis is 3.6 m long; the east–west axis is 3.0 m long. Walls: The walls are unplastered native soil, approximately 40 cm in height. Entry: There is a step entry in the northwest corner. Floor: There are some patches of plaster over sterile soil on the floor. Hearth: There are two possible hearths. The first hearth is under the wall that divides masonry Rooms 10 and 11. The second hearth is under the wall that divides masonry Rooms 10 and 13. No description of the hearths is contained in the notes but the map indicates they are round pit hearths with no stone or clay lining. Hearth 1 has a diameter of 60 cm. Hearth 2 has a diameter of 50 cm. Posthole: Three postholes are present on the outer edge of the wall along the eastern side of the pithouse (outside the pithouse). A fourth posthole is present inside the pithouse near the north wall. Storage Pits: No storage pits are evident. Artifacts: One half of a shell bracelet was found on the

Pithouse 3 was excavated in 1948 by Wilma Kaemkin. The original form is missing. The information presented here was from the site file review form recorded in 1990. Pithouse 3 is underneath the Great Kiva. Shape: The pithouse is rectangular with rounded corners. The east–west axis measures 1.9 m long, and the north–south axis measures 2.8 m long. Walls: Walls are of native soil and approximately 37 cm in height. Entry: No entry is evident. Floor: The floor sits on native soil; no plaster is noted. Hearth: The hearth is rectangular and shallow. It contained ash when excavated, but no additional information was recorded on the site file review form in 1990. Posthole: Four postholes are present: two on the east wall and two on the west wall. All four are embedded in the walls. Storage Pits: No storage pits are present. Burials: Cremations 1 and 2 were found in the fill of the pithouse. Because they are not dug into the floor of the pithouse, they appear to postdate the use of the pithouse as a structure. Artifacts: One metate fragment and one mano were found on the floor.

Early Tularosa Phase, aD 1150–1200

17

Table 2.1. Summary of W:10:51 pithouse data, as recorded in Wendorf 1950 (note: PH 13 is a kiva) Pithouse Shape

Size (m2)

Entrance

Hearth

1

square

7.425

none

clay- and stonelined, rectangular

0

0

1

2

rectangular

4.675

step on east side

slab-lined, rectangular

0

3

2

3

irregular

3.63

step on clay-lined, circular southwest side

0

0

1

4

square

5.29

possible step slab-lined, square on north side

5

1

0

5

rectangular

4.14

none

clay- and slab-lined, rectangular

0

0

0

6

rectangular

9.0

none

slab-lined, oval

0

6

0

possible mealing bin

7

rectangular

9.0

none

slab-lined, circular

3

0

2

mealing bin

8

irregular to oval 9.61

none

clay-lined, oval

0

0

2

9

rectangular

6.648

none

clay- and slab-lined, circular

2

0

2

clay-lined ash pit

10

rectangular

4.575

possible roof

clay-lined, circular

8

0

3

two possible ladder holes

11

rectangular

7.4715 none

irregular oval pit

6

0

0

stone reinforced wall

12

rectangular

5.978

step on south side

circular pit

3 (in entrance)

0

0

mealing bin

14

rectangular

7.50

step on east side

clay-lined, circular

2

34

1

15

rectangular

6.0

none

clay-lined, square

0

0

0

Pithouse 4

Pithouse 4 was excavated 6/30–7/10/1949 by Stanley Hamper, George Morris, and Alphonso Troncone. It is beneath masonry Rooms 33 and 32. Shape: Pithouse 4 has an irregular shape with dimensions of roughly 3.0 m × 3.0 m. Walls: The walls are made of native soil and rise to a height of 60 cm. Entry: No entry is evident. Bench: What appears to have been a bench is located along the east side of the pithouse. It sits 20 cm above the floor and averages approximately 30 cm in width. Floor: The floor is native soil with no evidence of plaster. Hearth: A hearth is present in the center of the room. However, it is located under the wall between masonry Rooms 33 and 32 and was not excavated, thus no details on its shape or construction were recorded. Posthole: Four postholes are present in the subfloor fill

Interior Exterior Storage Posthole (n) Posthole (n) Pits (n) Other possible side annex

burials postdating use of pithouse

from Room 22 outside the pithouse, but none are actually associated with the pithouse itself. Storage Pits: One small pit is in the bench on the east side of the house. Artifacts: No artifacts were recovered from the pithouse. Central Pithouse Group The Central Pithouse Group consists of seven pithouses (Figure 2.5). Included are Pithouses 5–7, and 11–14. The ceramics recovered from the Central Pithouse Group were typed and counted in the field and not transported to Tucson (Table 2.2). Pithouse 5

Pithouse 5 was excavated 7/17–7/19/1951 by Cornelia Brusse and Lilac Shapiro. It is underneath the western half of Room 59. Only the eastern half of the pithouse was excavated.

Fillet Rim and White-on-Red Reserve Fillet Rim Tularosa Fillet Rim Tularosa Fillet Rim White-on-Red Tularosa White-on-Red

Plain, Red, and Textured plain (combined smudged and unsmudged) plain plain, smudged red red, smudged Gila Plain Alma Scored Neck Banded Three Circle Neck Banded corrugated (type unspecified) plain corrugated indented corrugated pattern indented corrugated zoned corrugated incised corrugated tooled corrugated grooved corrugated Reserve Plain Corrugated Reserve Indented Corrugated Reserve Finger Indented Corrugated Point of Pines Plain Corrugated Point of Pines Indented Corrugated Point of Pines Obliterated Corrugated Point of Pines Pattern Indented Corrugated Tularosa Pattern Indented Corrugated Red-slipped indented corrugated McDonald Corrugated Prieto Corrugated Red-slipped punctate

Type

179 420 51 5 10 1

35 108 6

5

32

4 55 7 3

3

23

7 5

199 205 62 50

Fill

259 34 35

Floor

PH 1

PH 2

1 3

2 2

11 30 4

18 45 7 4

Floor

1

24

228

1 pot

118

Fill

PH 3

93

23

Floor

8

2

3

14 4

15

1 2

5 18 12 25

Fill

PH 4

1

2

6 10

Floor

3

Fill

PH 5 Fill

PH 7 Floor

4

131 37 15 33

Fill

PH 8

11 1 2

Floor

Table 2.2. Sherds in fill and floor/floor-fill context from pithouses dated to the Early Tularosa phase. Only painted ceramics were recorded for Pithouse 5 and 7 (P = present).

1

Black-on-Red Gila Black-on-Red Maverick Mountain Black-on-Red Nantack Black-on-Red Pinedale Black-on-Red Pinto Black-on-Red Puerco Black-on-Red Wingate Black-on-Red

Polychrome Cedar Creek Polychrome Fourmile Polychrome Gila Polychrome Heshotauthla Polychrome Maverick Mountain Polychrome Nantack Polychrome Pinedale Polychrome

2

1

12 36 8

2 3

28

24

2

1

2

1

Black-on-White Mimbres Boldface Mimbres Classic Black-on-White Pinedale Black-on-White Reserve Black-on-White Showlow Black-on-White Tularosa Black-on-White unidentified Kayenta Black-on-White unidentified black-on-white

Red-on-Buff Casa Grande Red-on-Buff Sacaton Red-on-Buff unidentified Hohokam Red-on-Buff

Red-on-Brown Encinas Red-on-Brown San Carlos Red-on-Brown unidentified red-on-brown

Red-on-Cream unidentified red-on-cream

1

3

1

2

9

2

2

1

1

2

3

8

2

2 1 13 5

11

2

2

2

4

1

1 3

2

1

3

4 1

5

7

1

1

6

1

Plain, Red, and Textured plain (combined smudged and unsmudged) plain plain, smudged red red, smudged Gila Plain Alma Scored Neck Banded Three Circle Neck Banded corrugated (type unspecified) plain corrugated indented corrugated pattern indented corrugated zoned corrugated incised corrugated tooled corrugated grooved corrugated

Type

Pinto Polychrome Point of Pines Polychrome Prieto Polychrome Showlow Polychrome Showlow Polychrome St. Johns Polychrome Tonto Polychrome Tucson Polychrome unidentified polychrome “Kayenta Plate”

Type

P

P P

P P P

Floor

P P P P

PH 9

4

10

Fill

P P P P

Fill

Floor

PH 1 Floor

1 jar

10 3

Fill

PH 12a&b

PH 2

1

117 58 31 22

Fill

Fill

Floor

37 5 9 4

Floor

PH 13

PH 3

PH 4 Floor

10

Fill

1

Floor

PH 14a&b

Fill

1

1

11 6 13 3

Floor

PH 15/16

5

Fill

PH 5

1

1 2 3

Floor

Floor

1

10 2 3 18

Floor

PH 18

PH 7

PH 17

Fill

PH 8

42 1 16 2

Floor

PH 20

1

Fill

Floor

Table 2.2. (cont’d.) Sherds in fill and floor/floor-fill context from pithouses dated to the Early Tularosa phase. Only painted ceramics were recorded for Pithouse 5 and 7 (P = present).

Black-on-White Mimbres Boldface Black-on-White Mimbres Classic Black-on-White Pinedale Black-on-White Reserve Black-on-White Showlow Black-on-White Tularosa Black-on-White unidentified Kayenta Black-on-White unidentified black-on-white

Red-on-Buff Casa Grande Red-on-Buff Sacaton Red-on-Buff unidentified Hohokam Red-on-Buff

Red-on-Brown Encinas Red-on-Brown San Carlos Red-on-Brown unidentified red-on-brown

Red-on-Cream unidentified red-on-cream

Fillet Rim and White-on-Red Reserve Fillet Rim Tularosa Fillet Rim Tularosa Fillet Rim White-on-Red Tularosa White-on-Red

Reserve Plain Corrugated Reserve Indented Corrugated Reserve Finger Indented Corrugated Point of Pines Plain Corrugated Point of Pines Indented Corrugated Point of Pines Obliterated Corrugated Point of Pines Pattern Indented Corrugated Tularosa Pattern Indented Corrugated Red-slipped indented corrugated McDonald Corrugated Prieto Corrugated Red-slipped punctate

3 2

19 1 6 1 1

3

3 3

8

P

P P P

7

2 7

6

2

20 27

3

1 19

31 1

3

20 30 2 23 35 10

1

1

3

1

1

3 14

15 2

1

5 4

6 3

1

2 2 2

4

2

11 21 6

8 2

1

2

1

1

4 2

2 2

22 29

4 3

1

13 86 31 3

1

1 2

4 9 1 1 2

13 1

15 34 17

11 12 10 12

Black-on-Red Gila Black-on-Red Maverick Mountain Black-on-Red Nantack Black-on-Red Pinedale Black-on-Red Pinto Black-on-Red Puerco Black-on-Red Wingate Black-on-Red

Polychrome Cedar Creek Polychrome Fourmile Polychrome Gila Polychrome Heshotauthla Polychrome Maverick Mountain Polychrome Nantack Polychrome Pinedale Polychrome Pinto Polychrome Point of Pines Polychrome Prieto Polychrome Showlow Polychrome Springerville Polychrome St. Johns Polychrome Tonto Polychrome Tucson Polychrome unidentified polychrome “Kayenta Plate”

Fill

Type

PH 9

1

4

3

4 3

Floor

2 1

2

3

1

Fill

PH 12a&b

1

2

2

Fill

Floor

PH 13

2

Fill

1

Floor

PH 14a&b

1

1

6

2 3 1

3

2

Floor

PH 15/16

1

1

1

2

Floor

PH 17

1

1

1 1

1

1

1

Floor

PH 18

13

1

4 1

1

1

1

44

Floor

PH 20

Table 2.2. (cont’d.) Sherds in fill and floor/floor-fill context from pithouses dated to the Early Tularosa phase. Only painted ceramics were recorded for Pithouse 5 and 7 (P = present).

Early Tularosa Phase, aD 1150–1200

23

Figure 2.4. North Pithouse Group at W:10:50 dating to the Early Tularosa phase (compiled from field notes)

Shape: The pithouse is rectangular. Complete measurements of the pithouse cannot be determined based on the excavated portion. The north–south axis that was excavated measures 2.25 m, and the east–west axis that was excavated averages 1.65 m. Walls: The walls are native soil. There is no evidence of plaster on the excavated walls. The average wall height is 0.5 m. Entry: No entry is evident. Floor: The floor is excavated into native soil. There is no plaster evident in the excavated portion of the pithouse. Hearth: No hearth is evident in the excavated portion of the pithouse. Posthole: The field form states that four postholes are “on the E and W sides” and 45 cm from the corners. However, the field map of Pithouse 5 shows only two postholes, both embedded in the east wall. Storage Pits: No storage pits are evident in the excavated portion of the pithouse. Additional comments: Four burials were between the floor of Room 59 and the floor of Pithouse 5, with an infant burial (burial number 177) found on the floor. However, the excavators argue that they date

between the occupation of Pithouse 5 and Room 59 rather than associated specifically with either structure. Artifacts: No artifacts were recovered in floor context, though a bone awl was present in the fill. Pithouse 6

Pithouse 6 was excavated 7/12–7/13/1951 by Eileen Boecklin and Mary Clyde. It is underneath Room 54. The masonry rooms adjacent to Room 54 were not excavated, thus only the northwest corner of Pithouse 6 was excavated. Shape: The shape cannot be determined from the excavated portion of the pithouse. Walls: The walls were excavated into native soil, and 25 cm of the walls remain. No plaster is evident on the excavated portion of the walls. Entry: No entry is evident in the excavated portion of the pithouse. Floor: The floor consists of native soil with no evidence of plaster in the excavated portion of the pithouse. Hearth: No hearth is evident in the excavated portion of the pithouse.

24

Chapter 2

Figure 2.5. Central Pithouse Group dated to the Early Tularosa phase at W:10:50 (compiled from field notes)

Posthole: No postholes are evident in the excavated portion of the pithouse. Storage Pits: No storage pits are evident in the excavated portion of the pithouse. Artifacts: Only three sherds are noted from the fill of the pithouse: one black-on-white sherd and two black-on-red sherds (types not specified). No other artifacts are noted. Pithouse 7

Pithouse 7 was excavated 7/16–7/22/1951 by Barbara MacCaulley and Eloise Richards. The room is underneath masonry Room 57. The pithouse was completely excavated.

Shape: Pithouse 7 is rectangular. The north–south axis measures 3.1 m, and the east–west axis measures 2.6 m. Walls: The walls of the pithouse are dug into native soil and are 36 cm in height. Some evidence for plaster does exist. Entry: No entry is evident. Floor: The floor is dug into native soil and is plastered. Hearth: A square, slab-lined hearth exists near the center of the room. Based on the map, it measures 50 cm across. Some stones lining the hearth were removed postoccupation. Postholes: The field form states one posthole is present in southwest quarter of the pithouse and a second

Early Tularosa Phase, aD 1150–1200

possible posthole is present in the northeast corner of the room. The map suggests these are different locations, with the noted posthole in the northeast quarter of the room and the possible posthole in the southwest quarter of the room. The possible second posthole is not on the field map, but a very small storage pit is noted, which may represent the possible second posthole. The diameter of the posthole is 10 cm, and the depth is 13 cm. Storage Pits: The field form states there are no storage pits, but the field map suggests there may be one. Alternatively, this pit may represent the possible second posthole noted above. It has a diameter of 18 cm and a depth of 4 cm. Metate Bin: The field form notes a plaster-lined metate bin against the north wall, but the field map indicates it is along the west wall. Artifacts: One mano fragment and one bone awl were recovered from floor/floor-fill context of Pithouse 7. Pithouse 11

Pithouse 11 was excavated 7/30–7/31/1956 by William J. Robinson. It is adjacent to and underneath the western section of the Great Wall in the southern portion of the site. Shape: The pithouse is rectangular with rounded corners. The north–south axis measures 1.7 m and the east–west axis measures 1.3 m. Walls: The walls are approximately 0.5 m deep and are dug into the sterile soil. The walls are not plastered. Entry: No entry is evident. Floor: The floor is cut into sterile soil; no plaster is evident. Hearth: No hearth is present. Posthole: On the field form it states there is one posthole. However, according to the map and profile there is not a posthole in the pithouse. Rather, there is one above it cut through the compact trash fill to the pithouse floor but not extending beyond that floor. Therefore, it appears that the posthole is associated with a later occupation. Storage Pits: No storage pits are present. Artifacts: No ceramics or other artifacts are listed from either the fill or floor/floor fill. Pithouse 12

The original field form for Pithouse 12 is missing as of 3/15/1999. Data reported here are from the Maverick Mountain Project form filled out by Alexander J. Lindsay Jr in May 1983. The field map is present, and the information presented here is a compilation of these two data sources. Pithouse 12 is just outside the southwest cor-

25

ner of the Great Wall and appears to represent a longer occupation span than other pithouses at the site, with evidence of remodeling. Specifically, there are two pithouses superimposed on top of each other. Pithouse 12a was occupied first and Pithouse 12b sits on top of and cuts into the earlier structure. Shape: Pithouse 12a and 12b are both rectangular. The north–south axis of each measures 1.8 m. The form records the east–west axis of Pithouse 12a as 4.4 m and the east–west axis of 12b as 3.0 m. However, based on the map and profile it appears these were reversed on the 1983 form. Walls: The walls are 75 cm in height and cut into sterile soil. The walls of Pithouse 12a are earthen; Pithouse 12b is earth with a clay coating. A masonry wall is present at the west end of Pithouse 12b. Entry: No entry is noted for either structure. Floor: The floor of Pithouse 12b is plastered, but the floor of Pithouse 12a is not. Hearth: Pithouse 12b has a circular hearth with a rock/ clay rim. No hearth is known for Pithouse 12a. Bench: A portion of a bench is left on the east wall of Pithouse 12a. Vent: The form states there is a possible vent in the middle of the north wall of Pithouse 12b (note, on the map this appears to be the east wall). Posthole: Pithouse 12a has five known postholes, one in the north wall and four just outside and adjacent to the east wall. Pithouse 12b has two known postholes. These are embedded into the pithouse wall on either side of the masonry wall. Storage Pits: No storage pits are noted in either pithouse. Artifacts: Artifacts from the fill level include one mano and one bone tool. From the floor/floor-fill level, the 1983 form lists one slab metate, one hoe fragment, two polishing stones, one scraper [uniface?], one knife [biface?], and one bone scraper. Pithouse 13

Pithouse 13 was excavated 7/17/1957–7/26/1957 by J. Montague Freeman. It is underneath masonry Room 97, inside the Great Wall of the pueblo. The pithouse was not completely excavated but was excavated enough to understand some of the features present. Shape: Based on the excavated portion of the pithouse, it appears rectangular. However, none of the axis was completely excavated, and therefore there are no estimates of the size. Walls: The walls of Pithouse 13 were excavated into native soil to a depth of 0.6 m. No plaster is evident on the walls. Entry: The entry is a long ramp on the west wall.

26

Chapter 2

Floor: The floor is well defined and sits on sterile soil with no evidence of plaster. Hearth: A round, unlined fire pit is present in what appears to be the center of the pithouse in line with the ramp entrance. There is a deflector between the hearth and the entrance ramp and a possible second, small, unlined hearth to the east. Posthole: The field form states that there are 21 postholes evident in the excavated portion of Pithouse 13, but the field map contains only 19. Three pairs (n = 6) are located inside the ramp, and one additional pair (n = 2) is embedded in the ramp wall near the entrance to the structure. Five postholes are embedded in the walls of the main structure, and the remaining six are inside the structure. Storage Pits: No storage pits are evident in the excavated area. Artifacts: No artifacts were reported on the field form. Pithouse 14

The original field form for Pithouse 14 is missing. The data presented here is from the Maverick Mountain Project data form completed in May 1983 by Alexander J. Lindsay Jr. The pithouse is under the southwest corner of the Great Wall and only the southwest corner of the pithouse was excavated. Despite the limited extent of excavation, the pithouse has a complex occupational history similar to Pithouse 12. Specifically, there are two superimposed structures (14a and 14b) present, with 14a being constructed first and then 14b superimposed. Shape: Based on the excavated portion of the pithouse, it was probably rectangular. Because no axis was completely excavated, room size information is not available Walls: The walls were cut into native clay and are 50 cm in height. Entry: There is a possible step entrance in the northeast edge of the excavated portion of wall of Pithouse 14b. No entrance is evident in the excavated portion of Pithouse 14a. Floor: The floor of Pithouse 14b is well plastered. No information was recorded for the floor of Pithouse 14a. Hearth: Pithouse 14a has a circular hearth evident. No further data is available. No hearth is evident in Pithouse 14b. Posthole: In Pithouse 14b there are eight postholes present along the walls of the excavated portion of the structure. No postholes are evident in the interior of the excavated portion of Pithouse 14a, but one posthole is present on the map just outside the western wall. Storage Pits: No storage pits are evident in the excavated portion of the structures.

Artifacts: The data form states there were two bone tools and one projectile point present on the floor of the structure but does not specify whether the floor belongs to Pithouse 14a or 14b. Pithouses Located between the Central and Southern Pithouse Groups Two pithouses (9 and 10) are between the Central and Southern Pithouse groups (Figure 2.6). Both pithouses were completely excavated. Ceramics recovered from Pithouse 10 were typed, but no counts were made in the field. These types are listed with the artifact list for Pithouse 10. Ceramics from Pithouse 9 were typed and counted. Because there is only one pithouse with a ceramic count, this information is included in Table 2.2 with the material from the Southern Pithouse Group. Pithouse 9

Pithouse 9 was excavated from 6/20–7/7/1955 by James Murphy and Christy Turner. It is just south of the southern extension of the pueblo beyond the Great Wall. No masonry rooms are above the pithouse, rather it is covered with trash and was encountered in test excavations. Shape: the field form states Pithouse 9 is the shape of a parallelogram, though based on the field map rectangular would be appropriate. The north–south axis measures 3.425 m in length and the east–west axis measures 3.35 m in length. Walls: The walls are cut through the trash into the sterile and are approximately 25 cm in height. The clear presence of trash in the profile along the wall suggests the trash was there first; then the pithouse was dug into it. This suggests that Pithouse 9 was constructed late in the initial building phase (Early Tularosa phase) at the site. There are small patches of plaster on the east and north walls of the pithouse. Entry: There is an entry ramp present. It is on the north wall and faces northeast. Floor: The floor is cut into sterile and is plastered. Hearth: There are two circular hearths present in Pithouse 9. One is burned and clay-lined; the other is unlined. Posthole: Four postholes are present in Pithouse 9: two are embedded into the south wall, and two are embedded in the north wall. Storage Pits: There are two very shallow pits present in the floor of Pithouse 9. These pits are so shallow they may not be storage pits but floor depressions used for some other purpose. Artifacts: Two projectile points, one bone awl, and a possible nose plug were recovered from the floor. Ceramics were typed and counted in the field and

Early Tularosa Phase, aD 1150–1200

27

Figure 2.6. Pithouses located between the Central and Southern Pithouse Groupings at W:10:50 dated to the Early Tularosa phase (compiled from field notes)

are listed with the pithouses in the Southern Group (Table 2.2). Pithouse 10

Pithouse 10 was excavated 7/7–7/14/1955 by Christy Turner and James Murphy. It is south of the southern extension of the pueblo beyond the Great Wall, adjacent to Pithouse 9. No masonry rooms are above it. Shape: The field form describes Pithouse 10 as a trapezium, though the field map indicates it is nearly square. The north–south axis averages 2.0 m in length, and the east–west axis averages 1.875 m in length. Walls: The walls are dug into sterile soil and are relatively short, averaging 18.75 cm in height. There is a small patch of plaster on the north wall. Entry: There is no formal step or ramp entrance, but there is an apparent break in construction in the east wall of the pithouse superstructure that could have served as an opening. Floor: The floor is dug into sterile soil and patches of plaster are present. The excavators’ notes state they believe Pithouse 10 was burned because of a charcoal layer above the floor that might represent a

burned roof and because of the burned condition of the floor. Hearth: There is a rectangular, rock-lined hearth on the east side of the pithouse. Posthole: One posthole is present, embedded near the center of the east wall. Storage Pits: No storage pits are present but there is a circular depression in the northwest corner that contained burned corn, yucca fiber, burned jasper, a Kayenta plate, and three broken manos. The excavators interpreted this as a storage area. Artifacts: Ceramics recovered from the pithouse were typed in the field and not transported to Tucson. The field notes do not contain counts but do list the types that are present. Specifically, the notes state Maverick Mountain sherds, Kayenta White Ware and Corrugated sherds were present. In addition to the artifacts noted in the depression in the northwest corner above, one metate, one bone awl, and one shell disk were evident on the floor. Additionally, the notes state a restorable Maverick Mountain bowl was recovered, but they do not state where or if the bowl is black-on-red or polychrome.

28

Chapter 2

Figure 2.7. Pithouses in the Southern Pithouse Group dated to the Early Tularosa phase at W:10:50 (compiled from field notes)

Southern Pithouse Group

The Southern Pithouse Group consists of seven pithouses (Figure 2.7). None were excavated completely, though two were nearly so. This group consists of Pithouse 8, and Pithouses 15–20. The ceramics encountered in the fill and floor/floor-fill context of these pithouses were typed and counted in the field (Table 2.2) and not transported to Tucson. Pithouse 8

Pithouse 8 was excavated 7/10–7/17/1953 by Deborah Jordon and Patty Jo Anderson. It is at the southern end of the pueblo underneath Kiva 4. The excavation was confined to the area under the kiva. As a result, the northern corner is the only portion of the pithouse excavated. Shape: Pithouse 8 is likely rectangular with rounded cor-

ners. There was not enough of the pithouse excavated to determine size. Walls: The walls are cut into native soil. They have a height of ca. 50 cm and have occasional patches of plaster. Entry: The field notes state there is a possible ramp or step entrance on south wall, but the map demonstrates this portion of the pithouse was not excavated. Floor: The floor of the pithouse was cut into sterile soil; no plaster is evident. Hearth: No hearth is evident in the excavated portion of the pithouse. Posthole: The field form states 12 postholes were recorded in the excavated area, but the field map shows 13. One posthole is embedded in the wall of the struc-

Early Tularosa Phase, aD 1150–1200

ture, six are inside the structure, and the remaining postholes are just outside the structure wall. Storage Pits: No storage pits were recorded in the excavated portion of the pithouse. Artifacts: The field forms do not record any artifacts recovered from the floor. Pithouse 15

Pithouse 15 was excavated 7/12–7/18/1958 by Sherilla Hatch. It is underneath masonry Room 103. All but a small trench in the southeastern part of the pithouse was excavated. Pithouse 15 sits 10 cm below and slightly north of Pithouse 16, and therefore predates Pithouse 16. Pithouses 15 and 16 were treated as a single unit by the excavators. Shape: Pithouse 15 is circular to slightly D-shape. Its diameter measures 2.5 m. Walls: The pithouse walls are excavated into sterile soil. They are 10 cm in height and no plaster is evident. Entry: No entry is present. Floor: The floor is excavated into sterile. No plaster is present. Hearth: A circular hearth with fire-baked edges is present near the center of the pithouse. Posthole: Four postholes are present inside the pithouse. Storage Pits: No storage pits are present. Artifacts: The field forms do not record any artifacts recovered from the floor of Pithouse 15. Pithouse 16

Pithouse 16 was excavated 7/12–7/21/1958 by Sherilla Hatch at the same time as Pithouse 15. Pithouse 16 is underneath masonry Room 103 and above and slightly south of Pithouse 15. As such, Pithouse 16 appears to postdate Pithouse 15. Pithouse 16 itself may have had an extended occupation with some remodeling. The primary evidence for this is two hearths, one superimposed above the other. The southern edge and southeastern corner of Pithouse 16 are underneath the masonry walls of Room 103 and were not excavated. Shape: Pithouse 16 is circular with a diameter of 3.0 m. Walls: The walls were excavated into native and stand approximately 18 cm in height. No plaster is evident. Entry: No entry is present. Floor: The floor is excavated in the fill above Pithouse 15; no plaster is evident. Hearth: The field form notes the presence of a single, circular, fire-baked pit that served as the hearth. The field notes recorded for Masonry Room 103 (which sits above Pithouse 16) state there are two hearths,

29

one superimposed above the other, in the same location in the pithouse, though this is not evident on the field map. Metate Bin: There is a metate bin in the southwest corner of the pithouse. Posthole: Two postholes are evident inside Pithouse 16. They are in an east–west line near the walls. Storage Pits: No storage pits are present. Artifacts: The field forms do not record any artifacts recovered from the floor of Pithouse 16. Pithouse 17

The southern edge of Pithouse 17 is under masonry Room 103. Only the very southern edge of the pithouse was excavated. Work was done 7/12–7/21/1958 by JudithMaria Hess. Shape: Less than half of the structure was excavated, so shape and size are difficult to determine. It appears to be circular. The largest diameter reading available is 1.75 m, though this is probably not the maximum. Walls: The walls were excavated into native soil. Areas of plaster are present. Entry: No entry is evident in excavated area of the pithouse. Floor: The floor was excavated into native soil and covered with a thin coat of plaster. The height of the walls is not recorded on the form, but the running notes associated with masonry Room 103 state they are 56 cm high. Hearth: No hearth is evident in excavated area. Posthole: No postholes are evident in excavated area. Storage Pits: No storage pits are evident in excavated area. Artifacts: The field forms do not record any artifacts recovered from the pithouse floor. Pithouse 18

Pithouse 18 was excavated from 7/15–8/1/1958 by Donald P. Morris. It is underneath masonry Room 107. Shape: The excavator states the shape of Pithouse 18 is unclear because only the area under Room 107 was excavated. Based on the field map, it appears to be rectangular. The east and west walls are present near the edge of the excavations. This suggests a width of 2.5 m. The north wall is under the next masonry room, which was not excavated. The south wall is difficult to trace because it is very shallow. Walls: The west wall is lined with upright stone slabs. These slabs are not substantial enough to be load bearing. In the running notes, the excavator

30

Chapter 2

speculates they may be the base of a jacal wall. In contrast, the east wall is dug into the native soil and lined with plaster. The field form notes the east wall is 15 cm deep, but in the accompanying running notes it is characterized as 25 cm deep. The field notes further state a “very crude ‘incipient wall’ of roughly shaped boulders” was present at the top of the east wall. The south wall is very shallow and marked only by a row of depressions. Entry: No entry is evident in the excavated area. Floor: The floor is excavated into native. No plaster is evident. Hearth: The hearth is an ovoid depression containing ash. A second hearth is indicated on the map near the southwest corner, but this could be mislabeled and may represent the posthole noted below. Metate Bin: A metate bin is present in the eastern portion of the room. The bin lacks metates, which were likely removed during abandonment. Posthole: There is one posthole embedded into the southwest corner noted in the field form, the field map, and the running notes. The field form also notes one posthole in the southeast corner and one near the southwest corner. The field map identifies a hearth feature near the southwest corner, which may be the same as the posthole noted on the form. Storage Pits: No storage pits are evident in excavated area. Artifacts: Artifacts noted on the floor of Pithouse 18 on the field form are three manos, one worn-out basalt metate, one sandstone rubbing stone, one scoriaceous basalt cylinder, and one basalt hammerstone. The field form notes that all but one of the manos are extensively worn and/or broken. Pithouse 19

Pithouse 19 was excavated 7/29–8/1/1958 by Don P. Morris. The pithouse was encountered in a subfloor test of masonry Room 107, and the excavation was restricted to the area of the subfloor trench. Shape: The exact shape of Pithouse 19 is unclear, but the excavator believes it is rectangular. Only the east and west walls were identified in the subfloor test. They are parallel to each other and 2.58 m apart. Walls: The lower part of both walls is dug into native soil 16–30 cm; the upper part is roughly coursed with tough masonry two to four courses high and 25 cm thick. A coat of plaster is present on both walls. Entry: No entry is evident in the excavated area. Floor: The floor is excavated into native soil and is hard packed. Hearth: No hearth is evident in the excavated area. Posthole: No postholes are evident in excavated area.

Storage Pits: No storage pits are evident in excavated area. Artifacts: No ceramics or other artifacts are evident in excavated area. Pithouse 20

Pithouse 20 was excavated on 8/1/1958 by C. Mike Asch and Loren Haury. The west half of Pithouse 20 is under the eastern half of masonry Room 111. Only this portion was dug. Shape: The pithouse is rectangular with an indentation in the east wall. The east–west axis is 2.28 m long. The north–south dimension is unknown. Walls: The walls are excavated into sterile soil with an average height of 22.5 cm. No plaster is evident. Entry: No entry is evident in excavated area. Roof: Burned plaster and reeds from the roof are present on the floor. Tree ring samples were collected, and one sample could be dated. Based on data contained in Parker (1967), it is Ponderosa pine and produced a cutting date of aD 1285. The running field notes state burned corn and yucca fibers are also present. Floor: The floor is excavated into native soil. No plaster is evident in the excavated area. Hearth: A rectangular, slab-lined hearth is present near the indented section of the east wall. The slabs are sandstone. Posthole: Two postholes are evident, embedded into the wall. The first is embedded in the east wall, and the second is embedded in the west wall. Storage Pits: No storage pits are evident in the excavated area. Artifacts: Artifacts that were noted on the floor/floor fill are one mano, one three-quarter grooved axe/maul, and one piece of unfired pottery.

Masonry Rooms Masonry rooms are dated to the Early Tularosa phase based on their stratigraphic position and ceramics. Specifically, Early Tularosa phase rooms sit directly on sterile soil. Nine masonry rooms date to this phase, spread between three room blocks (Room Blocks B, D, and E). All of the masonry rooms dated to this phase become the core of a room block that grows in the next phase. Some of the rooms continue to be used, with modification and remodeling, throughout the entire occupation of the pueblo (rooms in Room Blocks B and E). Others are abandoned at the end of the Pinedale/Maverick Mountain phase (Room Block D) and later reoccupied by a different group. Each of these rooms is described in detail below. Sherds recovered during excavation from masonry rooms were typed and counted in the field (Table 2.3) and not transported to Tucson.

Table 2.3. Ceramics recovered from the fill and floor/floor-fill context of the masonry rooms dated to the Early Tularosa phase Room Block B Type Plain, Red, and Textured brown brown, smudged red red, smudged smudged ware brown with a corrugated bottom brown with a punctate rim neck corrugated plain corrugated plain corrugated, smudged indented corrugated indented corrugated, smudged obliterated corrugated Reserve Plain Corrugated Reserve Indented Corrugated Point of Pines Plain Corrugated Point of Pines Indented Corrugated Point of Pines Obliterated Corrugated Pattern Indented Corrugated Point of Pines Pattern Indented Corrugated Tularosa Pattern Indented Corrugated zoned corrugated Fingernail Incised Corrugated incised corrugated plain corrugated, smoothed and red-slipped grooved corrugated unidentified corrugated rims McDonald Plain Corrugated McDonald Pattern Indented Corrugated McDonald Grooved Corrugated Prieto Corrugated Punctuated Fillet Rim and White-on-Red Reserved Fillet Rim Tularosa Fillet Rim Tularosa Fillet Rim White-on-Red Tularosa White-on-Red Red-on-Brown Encinas Red-on-Brown Broadlined Smudged Red-on-Brown “Kayenta unidentified Red-on-Brown”

Room Block D

15 6 3

567 204

72 14

121 170 95 104

27 27 6 19

2

20 11 12 6 8

1 1 23

1394

131

46

748

86

88

6

4

75

7

422 265 391 1637 17

21 58 4 16 1

132 8

3

26 106 234 5 27

1 3 6

6

6 3 10 23 22

1

3 2 3

3 3

1

11 6

1

4

3

1 20

11

177

2

19

1 1

124 10

1 16

7

1

3

1

2 1 1

Red-on-Buff Sacaton Red-on-Buff Black-on-White Mimbres Black-on-White

Room Block E

Room B3, Room 89, Floor 1 Room 95, Floor 2 Room 9 Room 46 Fill Floor Roof Fall Floor Subfloor Floor 4 Floor 5

1 1

1

32

Chapter 2

Table 2.3. (cont’d.) Ceramics recovered from the fill and floor/floor-fill context of the masonry rooms dated to the Early Tularosa phase Room Block B

Room Block D

Room Block E

Room B3, Room 89, Floor 1 Room 95, Floor 2 Room 9 Room 46 Fill Floor Roof Fall Floor Subfloor Floor 4 Floor 5

Type Kayenta Black-on-White Pinedale Black-on-White Reserve Black-on-White Tularosa Black-on-White unidentified white ware (black-on-white) Black-on-Red Fourmile Black-on-Red Gila Black-on-Red Maverick Mountain Black-on-Red Pinedale Black-on-Red Pinto Black-on-Red Springerville Black-on-Red White Mountain Red Ware body sherds unidentified black-on-red Polychrome Cedar Creek Polychrome Fourmile Polychrome Gila Polychrome Maverick Mountain Polychrome Maverick Mountain Polychrome with a white exterior Nantack Polychrome Pinedale Polychrome Pinto Polychrome Pinto Polychrome with a white exterior Point of Pines Polychrome Prieto Polychrome Showlow Polychrome Springerville Polychrome St. Johns Polychrome Tucson Polychrome Willow Mountain Polychrome unidentified Northern Polychrome unidentified burned

1

1 3

1

1

1 2

Room Block B

The floor of one room is dated to this phase (Figure 2.8) in Room Block B. The floor is associated with a room that is larger than later rooms and extends beyond the area contained in the excavation of the last occupation of the room. Room B3, Floor 5

Many of the architectural details of Room 3, Floor 5 are difficult to determine because excavation was confined to the area of rooms from the last occupation of the pueblo. A separate form was not filled out for this floor by the

2 3 11

13

1

8

1

4

18

9 4 194

149 142 31 2 2 66 10

1 7 1 43

12 17 1

2 4

9 24 1 3 4 1

13 1 5

53 6 5 13 2

7 34 5 110 12 4 6 17 1 2 1 6

1 1

4

1

10 14 1 107

1

1

3

excavator, and information is restricted to the running notes, a map, and the north–south profile of the room. Floor 5 was excavated 7/29–30/1954 by Barbara Breternitz. The excavator’s description of the floor states: “A plastered wall was found on the south side [of the room] in direct line with the upper south Point of Pines [phase wall]. A Pinedale [redated to Early Tularosa in the current excavation] [wall] was found 3.25 m below surface.” The map of Floor 5 states that the location of the north wall is not determined, though it is actually drawn on the map for Room 2. There may be confusion in the compass direction

Early Tularosa Phase, aD 1150–1200

33

Figure 2.8. Map of Room 3, Floor 5, Room Block B (compiled from field notes)

during the mapping process, and actually it is the south wall that is not known. The east wall extends 90 cm to the east and is under Room 4. Similarly, the west wall extends 80 cm to the west and is located under Room 2. No mention is made of this floor in the Room 4 notes. The Room 2 notes state that a wall stub of basalt boulders and a very thin floor is present directly on native. No further information is provided. Artifacts in the fill between Floor 4 and Floor 5 were identified in the field as a fragment of a vesicular basalt mano, a fragment of a bone scraper, a fragment of a bone ring, and a piece of unfired, red-slipped, plain corrugated pottery that was smoothed. On the floor/floor-fill level was one mano fragment, one whole mano, one maul, one saw, two quartz hammerstones, one worked flake, half of a bone ring, a bear humerus, one piece of specularite [specular hematite] and a piece of unfired, red-slipped, plain corrugated pottery that was smoothed.

Room Block D

Two rooms were constructed in Room Block D during the Early Tularosa Phase (Figures 2.9, 2.10). The data presented below is a compilation of information contained on the room excavation form, the running notes, the map, and profiles. Room 89, Floor 1

Floor 1 of Room 89 was constructed during the Early Tularosa Phase and continued to be used through the Canyon Creek Phase. It was excavated 6/28–7/19/1956 by James Hester and Adrienne Hester. The excavators believe Room 89 was originally longer and then subdivided with an east–west-running wall in the south portion of the excavated room (the south portion of the proposed larger room was not excavated). In this regard, they cite the facts that the east and west walls continue for 6.5 m and the south wall is less well executed than the others.

34

Chapter 2

Figure 2.9. Room Block D, Room 89, Floor 1 (compiled from field notes)

An alternative interpretation is that Room 89 and the room to the south were constructed at the same time. The room to the south was not excavated, so this cannot be presently determined. Room Dimensions: The excavators report the following measurements for each wall: north wall = 5.03 m; east wall = 2.97 m; south wall = 4.88 m; west wall = 3.0. Wall construction: Wall construction consists of banded masonry of large, shaped tuff blocks. Each row of large blocks is separated by five rows of small tuff spalls. The size of large blocks is roughly 60 cm × 20 cm × 12 cm. The spalls average 10 cm × 10 cm × 4 cm. Adobe mud is used as mortar. Condition of east wall is good. The other walls are 1.0 m below surface. The north wall abuts east and west walls. The south wall abuts east and west walls and is slumped to the north. Door: The excavators suggest a door is in the south wall, though the south wall is too fragmentary to determine the exact location and size. The primary evidence for a door is two large lintel stones that appear to have fallen into the room. However, a note in the margin from Alexander J. Lindsay Jr., May 1982, states that it is doubtful a door is present. Other Wall Openings: There are no other openings, but there are two beam holes in the east wall 1.6 m above the floor and 50 cm in diameter. The excavators note there is a third possible beam socket. Specifically,

there is a possible opening in the top of the east wall for a large roof beam 40 cm in diameter. It is 1.10 m north of the southeast corner, and the bottom of the opening is 1.30 m above the floor. The top of the opening is not present. Wall Plaster: Wall plaster occurs in sheltered areas. In particular, the northeast and northwest corners of the room have plaster to a height of 1 m above the floor. The plaster is neither burned nor painted. Floor: The floor is an uneven yellow plaster 5.0–6.0 cm thick. The plaster coves upward in corners onto the walls. Hearth: No hearth is present. There is a shallow depression along the center of the south wall that may have been a fire area, but it is very poorly defined. Storage Pits: No storage pits are present. Postholes: There are three postholes present. Two postholes (numbers 1 and 3) are in line with the beam holes in the east wall. Posthole 1 is 20 cm deep and has a diameter of 23 cm. Posthole 2 is 13 cm deep with a diameter of 17 cm. Posthole 3 is 42 cm deep and has a diameter of 10 cm. Roof: Based on the postholes and beam holes, it is probable that a large central beam was laid east–west in the wall sockets, with the two postholes in floor containing posts used as beam supports. Smaller beams would have been laid in a north–south orientation. The excavators uncovered a pine beam lying in a

Early Tularosa Phase, aD 1150–1200

north–south orientation with a 7 cm diameter. There are also pieces of plaster with impressions suggesting an overlay of pine beams. The roof fall is a thick layer, ranging from 6–30 cm above the floor. The roof is not burned, and no datable tree ring samples were taken. Artifacts: Artifacts noted in the fill and floor/floor fill are contained in Table 2.4. Ceramics are recorded in Table 2.3.

[169.236.78.20] Project MUSE (2024-03-14 19:24 GMT) University of California, Merced

Room 95, Floor 2

Room 95 was excavated 6/17–8/3/1957 by Bente Lie, Dorothy Miner, and Ann Stofer. Floor 2 was constructed during the Early Tularosa phase and used through the Pinedale/Maverick Mountain phase when it was burned and abandoned. The room was later subdivided and reoccupied during the Canyon Creek phase. Floor 2 is approximately 2.5 m below the surface and 50 cm below the later Canyon Creek phase floor (Floor 1). The excavators suggest that Floor 2 of Room 95 served as a storage room at the time of its abandonment, due to the large amount of plant material on the floor. However, the presence of a hearth, storage bin, and artifacts also on the floor call this interpretation into question. Based on the large amount of material in the Roof Fall level, some of the storage likely occurred in the roof structure or was suspended from the roof. Room Dimensions: The length of the walls associated with Floor 2 were not recorded in the notes and are derived from the scaled field map: north wall = 2.35 m; east wall = 1.90 m; south wall = 2.20 m; west wall = 1.85 m. Wall Construction: The walls are made of banded tuff masonry with shaped tuff blocks in courses separated by courses of small tuff stones. The walls rest directly on the native soil, and the excavators state there is no evidence of footing blocks. Door: There are two doors. The first is in the south wall, 0.49 m west of the southeast corner. It starts 0.22 m above the floor and is .51 m high. Door 2 is in the east wall, approximately 2.51 m from the southeast corner. Door 2 begins 0.67 m above the floor and is 0.48 m wide. Other Wall Openings: No other openings are present. Wall Plaster: The wall plaster is in very good condition in most places. It is burned except for the interior of the storage bin. The outside wall of the storage bin was burned. Floor: Floor 2 is in very good condition with no evidence of rodent runs. The edges of the floor cove up onto the wall to form a continuous surface. Hearth: Floor 2 has a rectangular hearth with rounded

35

Table 2.4. Artifacts identified in fill and floor / floor-fill context of Room 89, Floor 1 Artifact Ground and Pecked Stone manos metates basin metate grinding slabs axe, type unspecified three-quarter grooved axe axe sharpener arrow shaft straightener “phallic” symbol / basalt basalt hoe stone trowel [?] Chipped Stone projectile point hammerstone blades knife / cleaver [biface?] scraper [uniface?] chopper drill graver Bone Artifacts awl ulna awl hair ornament bone ring bone tube antler flaker bone scraper

Fill

22 4 1

1

5 1 1 1

1 3 1 1

3

1 2 1 1 fragment

2 1 15 1 1 1

2 1 1 1 fragment 3 1 1

Ornaments and Pipes shell pendant Conus tinkler turquoise pendent

1 1 1

Effigies Bird-shaped concretion

1

Ceramic Artifacts pottery disc miniature bowl Pinto Polychrome bowl fragment

Floor / Floor Fill

1 1 1

corners lined with six tuff stones and one sandstone stone. The sandstone stone has a notch on the bottom edge. The bottom of the hearth is excavated into sterile soil. Storage Pits: No storage pits are present.

36

Chapter 2

Figure 2.10. Room Block D, Room 95, Floor 2, dated to the Early Tularosa phase (compiled from field notes)

Postholes: Three postholes present in Floor 2. Posthole 1 has a diameter of 25 cm and a depth of 48 cm. Posthole 2 has a diameter of 19 cm and a depth of 33 cm. Posthole 3 has a diameter of 12 cm and a depth of 47 cm. Other Floor Features: Associated with Floor 2 is a storage bin in the northeast corner of the room. The storage bin is 1.51 m long and 1.31 m wide. The walls of the storage bin are 0.53 m high. The storage bin walls are built using large building blocks in a vertical position with smaller rocks in between. There is a sealed doorway into the storage bin between the furthest east block and the next one. The running notes state there is a scattering of corn cobs on the floor of the storage bin. Roof: Evidence of the roof includes burned clay pieces with impressions of reeds and shakes, along with burned reeds, shakes, and charcoal. Several datable

tree ring samples were recovered from Level 6 (roof fall-to-floor contact) of Room 95 Floor 2 (Table 2.5). Plant Material Preserved on the Floor: According to the running notes, there are several concentrations of organic material recovered from Floor 2. In the eastern part of the room, matting was found in five main groups, three of which had corn cobs and corn kernels piled on top of them. The matting pattern is a three-over-three-under pattern. Just southwest of the hearth was a concentration of yucca fiber bundles and whole yucca leaves, some of which were lying on large pieces of matting. On these pieces of matting were bundles of material that the excavators suggest were parts of string bags, pockets of beans, and loose corn. The excavators also note the recovery of burned worked and unworked wood cane, matting, bone tool, a sandal fragment, coiled basketry, fiber knots and bundles, grass or reed bundles, braided

Early Tularosa Phase, aD 1150–1200

or twisted cordage, Apocynum fiber, walnuts, squash stem, corn cobs and kernels, amaranth and other seeds, beans, part of a prickly pear, and cholla buds from the roof fall. The notes also note that coiled basketry fragments and the toe of a sandal were found on the floor. The ethnobotanical material was identified by Bohrer (1973). Her findings are summarized in Table 2.6. Artifacts noted in the fill and floor/floor fill: In the roof fall, the excavators note four manos, one handstone, several (no count) metates, one palette, two abrading stones and one feather plume holder. From the floor/floor fill, the excavators identify seven manos, two metates, one three-quarter grooved axe, one fullgrooved axe, and one notched stone. Room Block E The floors of five rooms are dated to the Early Tularosa phase for Room Block E (Figure 2.11). Assignment of these floors to this phase is based on the ceramics and stratigraphy identified by the excavators. Specifically, the floors sit directly on sterile soil. Most of the floors associated with this time phase are in a different alignment from later phase rooms that dictate the excavation units. As such, many of the rooms are incompletely excavated. Room 9, Subfloor Tests, and Room 10, Floor 2

Room 9 was excavated in two separate years. Initial excavation occurred 7/25–8/6/1947 by Robert L. Stigler when the room floor was excavated. The second year of excavation was conducted by Stephan F. de Borhegyi and Hiroshi Daifuku 6/24–30/1948 when subfloor tests occurred. These subfloor features also are associated with the floor evident in the north edge of Room 10, Floor 2, and are treated as a single unit here. Room 10 was also excavated over two years. The first-year excavation was 7/23–8/6/1947 by Edwin Sayles and consists of Floor 1. Room 10, Floor 2 was excavated 7/1–8/1948 by Barton Wright and Wilma Kaemlein. Floor 2 begins in the very eastern edge of Room 10, and its excavation is constrained by the later architectural structure. Unfortunately, with the exception of the field map, all notes and forms reference Floor 1 with limited information for Floor 2. Room Dimensions: Cannot be determined from available data. Wall Construction: Cannot be determined from available data. Door: Cannot be determined from available data. Other Wall Openings: Cannot be determined from available data. Wall Plaster: Cannot be determined from available data.

37

Table 2.5. Datable dendrochronological samples recovered from Level 6 (roof fall-to-floor contact) of Room 95 associated with Floor 2 (Parker 1967:54–56) Species Douglas fir Ponderosa Ponderosa Pinyon Ponderosa Pinyon Pinyon Ponderosa Ponderosa Ponderosa Ponderosa Ponderosa Pinyon Pinyon Pinyon

Cutting date

Dates

X X

1203p–1249r 1243–1272r 1248–1272vv 1209p–1275v 1239–1280v 1198±–1284r 1238–1284v 1240–1284r 1240±p–1284r 1243–1284vv 1250–1284r 1255p–1284r 1207±p–1285r 1209p–1285rB 1251–1284r

X X X X X X X X

p = pith ring; B = Bark date; r = less than full section present, but the outermost ring is continuous around the circumference; v = a subjective judgement but probably within a few years of the cutting date; vv = no way of estimating how far the last ring is from the true outside of the tree.

Table 2.6. Ethnobotanical material recovered from the fill and floor contexts associated with Floor 2, Room 95 (summarized from Bohrer 1973) Context

Description

roof fall (Level 4)

parallel stems of carbonized grass (Gramineae) forming a 3 cm × 6 cm × 2 cm mass. The stems were bound with beargrass ( Nolina sp.) and probably represent a coarse-coiled basket. Embedded in the mass was one cotyledon of a common bean. Also present in the sample was a corn cob segment, a grass node (9 mm dia.), and several twigs.

roof fall (Level 4)

1 walnut ( Juglans major )

roof fall (Level 6)

1 node (11 mm dia.) of carbonized grass ( Gramineae ), probably of reedgrass ( Phragmites communis )

roof fall / floor (Level 6)

3 walnuts ( Juglans major )

Floor (Level 6)

carbonized cacti (Cactaceae) pieces including 3 cholla buds, 1 prickly pear bud, and 1 prickly pear stem.

38

Chapter 2

Figure 2.11. Floors dated to the Early Tularosa phase in Room Block E at Point of Pines Pueblo (compiled from field notes)

Floor: Cannot be determined from available data. Hearth: One hearth is present in the subfloor features of Room 9 in the northeast quadrant of the room. It is 21 cm deep, rectangular, with a north–south axis of 84 cm and an east–west axis of 50 cm. There is no evidence of clay or stone lining, but it contains an ash lens in its fill. Storage Pits: Three pits are present in the subfloor area of Room 9. Pit 1 is in the southwest corner of the Room 9 area. It is oblong and 66 cm wide north– south, 75 cm wide east–west, and 50 cm deep. The pit is filled with soft dirt and some black-on-white and corrugated sherds. Pit 2 is slightly north and east of the center of the room and oblong. It measures 55 cm on the north–south axis, 40 cm on the east– west axis, is 34 cm deep, and has five strata of earth. The strata are differentiated by varying amounts of pebbles and black earth. One mano was recovered from the pit. Pit 3 is in the northeast corner of the room and round. It has a 38 cm diameter and is 22 cm deep. The fill consists of soil, ash, and corrugated sherds. Pit 3 appears to extend under the northeast corner of Room 9. Postholes: Two postholes are evident in the field map of the subfloor test of Room 9. Posthole 1 is near the south wall and has a diameter of 22 cm. Posthole 2 had a diameter of 40 cm. These measures are similar to what excavators have identified as pits elsewhere at the site. Roof: Cannot be determined from available data. Artifacts: Sherds recovered from the subfloor features of Room 9 were typed and the counts were recorded in the field (Table 2.3 above). The sherds were not

transported to Tucson. Sherds from Room 10, Floor 2, were not counted except for two types. The presence of other ceramic types is noted in the running notes of Room 10. Overall, the assemblage is characterized as “representative.” Additionally, one mano was found in Room 9 (note description of Pit  2 above). Room 46, Floor 4

Room 46 was excavated 6/20–7/18/1950 by Paul E. MacCready. All four floors of the room were recorded on a single room excavation form, and most of the information for Floor 4 comes from field maps, profiles, and the running notes. The southern wall of the room sits underneath the wall of later construction directly on sterile. The floor extends under the western wall of the later construction and ends in a wall stub in the eastern edge of Room 49. This wall consists of unshaped stone (type unspecified). The northern and eastern walls were not identified in excavation but may correspond with construction of Kiva 2 (see below). Room Dimensions: Cannot be determined from available data. Wall construction: Cannot be determined from available data. Door: Cannot be determined from available data. Other Wall Openings: Cannot be determined from available data. Wall Plaster: Cannot be determined from available data. Floor: The running notes state that Floor 4 was likely slab lined. This description is supported by the large number of slabs in place underlying the walls of later structures.

Early Tularosa Phase, aD 1150–1200

Hearth: The running notes state there is a clay-lined hearth (shape uncertain) underlying the wall dividing Rooms 46 and 49. Storage Pits: None are evident on the maps or in the running notes. There is a pit directly east of the room, but no further information is given. Postholes: None are evident on the maps or in the running notes. Roof: Cannot be determined from available data. Artifacts: The field notes state that no artifacts are associated with Floor 4. Room 94, Floor 3

Floor 3 of Room 94 has a different footprint from later floors and the excavation unit is constrained to the confines of the later structure. Room 94 was excavated 6/17– 7/5/1957 by Keith Otterbein and Alfred Hoerth. Room Dimensions: The room was too incomplete to determine its dimensions. Wall Construction: The north, south, and west walls were unexcavated. The east wall was constructed of large, coursed boulders with smaller chinking stones. Door: There is an opening in the east wall that may represent a door. Other Wall Openings: No other openings are noted for the excavated portion of the floor. Wall Plaster: The wall plaster is thick and finger streaked but well bonded to the wall. Floor: The floor is hard, paper thin, and laid directly on top of native. Hearth: Near the center of the excavated portion of the room are two hearths, one atop the other, indicating the room was occupied long enough to remodel the hearth. The lower hearth is clay-lined and filled with ash. The upper hearth is square to rectangular and lined with tuff slabs. According to the running notes, the top hearth is blackened and contained ash. Storage Pits: There are no storage pits mentioned in the field notes. Postholes: The field notes state there are between 14 and 16 postholes in the west half of the excavation unit. They form a north–south line with an east–west extension at its midpoint. The purpose of these is unclear but may represent an area room that was separated from the rest of the room. Other Floor Features: A storage bin is present in the northwest corner of the excavation area. It is formed with masonry walls. No further information is contained in the field notes. Roof: No evidence of the roof construction is present in the excavated area. Artifacts: Sherds recovered from Floor 3 are not discussed in the field notes or listed on the sherd count

39

forms. However, the following artifacts were recovered from Floor 3: one mano, one rubbing stone, one projectile point, one chert scraper [uniface?], one shell bracelet fragment, one turquoise bead, one quartz crystal, one piece of gypsum, three fragments of wood with a slight incrustation of copper salts, and six sherd disks. Room 104, Floor 3

Information from all three floors of Room 104 is recorded on a single form, and most of the information refers to Floors 1 and 2. The room was excavated 7/3–17/1958 by C. Mike Asch and Robert Nichols. Floor 3 is constructed in a different footprint from the later floors, but excavation is constrained to the confines of the later room. A wall, with good plaster on both sides, was found in the northern edge of the room, running parallel to the north wall of the later structure. A floor associated with this wall continues under the north wall. This construction sits on native, but the running notes state that no ceramics or other diagnostic objects are connected with it.

Communal Structures Three communal structures were constructed at the founding of the site (Figure 2.12). The first is Kiva 2, which is associated with Room Block D and shares some of its wall with the early masonry rooms in this area. The second is Kiva 3, a D-shaped, semisubterranean kiva believed to be associated with Room Block E. The third is PH13 in W:10:51, located just north of the main concentration of pithouses in that area of the site. Each is detailed below. Kiva 2 Kiva 2 was constructed during the Early Tularosa phase and continued in use until the end of the Canyon Creek phase. The kiva was excavated 6/20–7/17/1950 by Louis H. Quayle and Galen H. Sayler. It was originally designated Room 47 but interpreted as a kiva as the floor features were encountered. During the Early Tularosa phase, masonry Room 46 was directly south of it and Room 94 to the northwest. Kiva 2 is above ground and sits directly on sterile soil but was not excavated into sterile. Shape: Kiva 2 is rectangular. Size: Field notes record the following lengths for each of the walls: north wall = 6.85 m; east wall = 4.25 m; south wall = 6.50 m; west wall = 4.05 m. Wall construction: The field notes state the walls are made of heavy, roughly coursed masonry using large, loaf-shaped blocks of tuff with a large amount of mud and small chinking stones filling the spaces between the courses. The walls are each faced with

Figure 2.12. Communal structures dated to the Early Tularosa phase at Point of Pines Pueblo (compiled from field notes and Wendorf 1950)

Early Tularosa Phase, aD 1150–1200

small stones forming a veneer. The standing walls at the time of excavation were of unequal height, ranging from 1.25–2.20 m. Door: A total of three doors are present. Two doors are in the north half of the east wall; the third is in the center of the west wall. Door 1 in the east wall is 35 cm wide, and the sill is 45 cm above the floor. Door 2 in the east wall is 30 cm wide, and the sill is 45 cm above the floor. Door 3 (west wall) is 35 cm wide, and the sill is 45 cm above the floor. Other Wall Openings: A ventilator is in the center of the north wall directly in line with Hearth 2. Wall Plaster: The wall plaster is well preserved and was applied over the veneer of small stones. At least two coats of wall plaster are evident, indicating maintenance and replastering of the walls through time. The two layers are separated by carbon deposits. The plaster on the north wall has evidence of sweeping marks and the excavators proposed the wall was smoothed with a “bunch of grass.” Floor: The floor is plastered but in poor and uneven condition. The running notes state there is evidence for replastering of the floor, indicating maintenance through time. Hearth: Two hearths were identified during excavation. Hearth 1, in the center of the kiva, is rectangular and slab lined. Because floor plaster appears to run under this hearth, the excavators suggest it is associated with a later use of the kiva and is part of the maintenance and remodeling that occurred through time. Hearth 2 is rectangular, slab lined, and associated with the initial construction of the kiva. It is directly north of Hearth 1. The excavators suggest the large, flat stone on the north edge of Hearth 2 acted as a deflector for the ventilator in the north wall directly in line with Hearth 2. Fine ash is present in Hearth 2. Ash Pit: An ash pit is directly north of the deflector stone for Hearth 2, between the hearth and the ventilator opening in the north wall. No charcoal was present in the pit but there was a large quantity of fine ash. Storage Pits: Three larger, circular pits are present. All are located in the eastern half of the room and “vary in diameter from 20 to 55 cm and in depth from 15 to 45 cm.” Postholes: A large number of postholes are present. Three clearly begin at the top of the last replastering and have detailed information. The remainder may have begun at the initial plastered floor or may represent an earlier occupation. The field map and profiles indicate they are in the initial floor of the kiva. For ease of discussion, the information on these postholes is summarized in Table 2.7. Ladder Holes: Two holes are in the northeast section

41

Table 2.7. Postholes recorded in Kiva 2, Point of Pines Pueblo Posthole Number Location 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 29

50 cm east of Hearth 1 75 cm west of Hearth 1 in front of Door 3 20 cm east of Hearth 2 70 cm east of Hearth 2 northeast quadrant northeast quadrant northeast quadrant northeast quadrant center of east half of room center of east half of room center of east half of room center of east half of room center of east half of room center of east half of room southeast quadrant southeast quadrant, near south wall southeast quadrant, near south wall southeast quadrant, near south wall southeast quadrant, near south wall southeast quadrant, near south wall center of south wall southwest quadrant southwest quadrant center of west wall northwest corner west of ventilator west of ventilator

Diameter

Depth

20 cm 25 cm 18 cm 20 cm 10 cm 20 cm 10 cm 15 cm 10 cm 20 cm 10 cm 20 cm 15 cm 20 cm 15 cm 17 cm 25 cm

50 cm 60 cm 20 cm 10 cm 5 cm 20 cm 10 cm 10 cm 25 cm 30 cm 10 cm 25 cm 20 cm 25 cm 15 cm 20 cm 20 cm

17 cm

25 cm

20 cm

10 cm

15 cm

15 cm

20 cm

35 cm

25 cm 30 cm 20 cm 10 cm 20 cm 20 cm 20 cm

25 cm unknown unknown 15 cm 20 cm 15 cm 20 cm

of the room, west of the ash pit and hearths. The holes are shallow (no depth specified) and “irregular oval-shape . . .approximately 15 to 20 cm in diameter.” The presence of ladder holes is interesting given the presence of three doors. The excavators suggest it is possible that the kiva was two stories high. In support of this, they state that “two hatchway stones” were found 1.3 m below the surface (see section on roof construction, below), and an area with burned clay, ash, and griddle stones was evident in the roof fall. The latter, however, is found at 1.6 m below the surface, placing it below the roof fall and calling into question a second story. Foot Drum: There is no foot drum present. Sipapu: There is no sipapu present.

42

Chapter 2 Table 2.8. Artifacts in the excavation notes for Kiva 2 from the fill, floor/floor fill, and features that extend into sterile Artifact Type Ground and Pecked Stone mano grinding stone grinding palette pestle axe arrow shaft smoother shaft straightener abrading stone rubbing stone polishing stone worked stone stone object (no details available) pitted stone oblong-shaped stone shaped building block with grinding depression stone slab/hatchway Chipped Stone projectile point hammerstone knife [biface?] scraper [uniface?] chopper digging Tool Bone awl bone disc worked bone

Human Burial: One burial was found in a shallow pit (15 cm below the highest plastered floor) near the east wall. Field identification lists it as a nine-month-old infant on its side in a flexed position with its head to the east and face toward the south. The skeletal material is in a highly fragmentary condition. Grave goods are limited to the sherds of a broken corrugated vessel “scattered over the skeleton.” Parrot Burial: Adjacent to and directly north of the human burial is a parrot burial. It is also buried in a shallow pit. Evidence of Roof Construction: The running notes state, “At 1.3 m below the surface [0.9 m above the floor] there occurred a stratum of highly compacted material, possibly the remains of a roof covering.” Artifacts: Ceramic artifacts were typed in the field but not counted; they were not transported to Tucson. Their presence in the fill and floor/floor-fill contexts, as well as the artifacts, are detailed in Table 2.8.

Fill

Floor

Features

3 1 1 fragment

2

1

1 1 3 1 2

1 1 1 1 10 1 1 1

1 1 1 1 1

3 1

2

3 1

4 1 1 2 1

2 2 3

1

Kiva 3 Kiva 3 is a semisubterranean, D-shaped kiva at the southern end of the site. It is believed to be associated with Room Block D and is used through the end of the Pinedale/Maverick Mountain phase. Kiva 3 was excavated 7/27–8/9/1950 by John T. McGee, Dwight Heath, and Allan Haury. Shape: Kiva 3 is D-shaped and semisubterranean. Size: The excavators’ notes state the kiva measures 3.89 m on the north–south axis and 3.21 m on the east–west axis. The depth varies between 2.32 and 1.23 m below surface. Wall construction: The kiva was excavated approximately 84 cm into sterile soil. Door: No door is evident. Ventilator: A ventilator 33 cm wide is cut into the east wall underneath the bench. The opening is a circular pit that would have been at ground surface at the time of construction.

Table 2.8. (cont’d.) Artifacts in the excavation notes for Kiva 2 from the fill, floor/floor fill, and features that extend into sterile Artifact Type Ornaments and Minerals pendant quartz crystal Ceramic Artifacts pottery disc miniature vessel Sherds Plain, Red, and Textured plain plain, smudged red red, smudged unidentified gray ware plain corrugated indented corrugated obliterated corrugated pattern indented corrugated incised corrugated McDonald Corrugated Fish Scale [Prieto] Corrugated Point of Pines Punctate

Fill

Floor

1 1

1

1 1 bowl

1 jar

1 jar

Present Present Present

Present Present Present Present

Present Present Present

Present Present Present Present Present Present Present

Present Present

Present Present Present

Present Present Present

Present Present

Fillet Rim and White-on-Red Tularosa Fillet Rim Tularosa Fillet Rim White-on-Red Tularosa White-on-Red

Present Present Present

Red-on-Brown Encinas Red-on-Brown

Present

Black-on-White Pinedale Black-on-White Reserve Black-on-White Tularosa Black-on-White unidentified black-on-white wares

Present Present Present

Black-on-Red Gila Black-on-Red Pinedale Black-on-Red Wingate Black-on-Red

Present Present

Polychrome Cedar Creek Polychrome Fourmile Polychrome Gila Polychrome Maverick Mountain Polychrome Nantack Polychrome Pinedale Polychrome St. Johns Polychrome Tucson Polychrome

Features

Present Present Present

Present Present

Present Present Present

Present Present

Present Present

Present Present Present Present Present Present Present Present

Present Present

Present Present Present

44

Chapter 2

Table 2.9. Ceramics recovered from fill, bench, and floor / floor-fill contexts of Kiva 3 Type Plain, Red, and Textured plain plain, smudged plain, coiled red rim perforated plate incised indented corrugated pattern indented corrugated McDonald Plain Corrugated McDonald Pattern Indented Corrugated Fish Scale [Prieto] Corrugated Fluted [no further description] Tusayan Corrugated Kayenta Corrugated unidentified corrugated Fillet Rim and White-on-Red Tularosa Fillet Rim Tularosa Fillet Rim White-on-Red Red-on-Brown Encinas Red-on-Brown San Carlos Red-on-Brown Black-on-White Kayenta Black-on-White Tularosa Black-on-White unidentified black-on-white Black-on-Red Gila Black-on-Red Maverick Mountain Black-on-Red Pinedale Black-on-Red Polychrome Cedar Creek Polychrome Fourmile Polychrome Gila Polychrome Kayenta Polychrome Maverick Mountain Polychrome Nantack Polychrome Pinedale Polychrome Point of Pines Polychrome St. Johns Polychrome Tucson Polychrome

Fill 10 5 5 8 5 2 29 4 3 3 3

Bench Floor 30 6 5 12 7

37 8 11

63

61 3

1

6

4

3 12 18

5 1

1 2

15 8 15

2

2 1

3 13

3

14

6

9 4 10

4 4 2

1 16

1 17 12 10 7 8 7 2 1

1 13 14 3

1 57 8

Bench: A bench is present on all walls. The bench averages 0.50 m wide. Wall Plaster: Thick plaster (1 cm) is present on all walls. Only one plaster layer is present. Floor: The floor is hard-packed, native clay topped by two, very thin clay levels (2 cm each) indicating the

kiva was used long enough to require replastering of the floor. Hearth: A clay-lined, circular hearth is present directly east of the foot drum, in line with the ventilator. Deflector: A deflector is present in line with and between the ventilator and hearth. Two stones of the deflector remain, and a spot for a third stone is evident. Storage Pits: There are no storage pits. Postholes: In addition to the six small postholes associated with the foot drum (see below), four main post supports are present. These are embedded in the bench wall of the kiva. Ladder Holes: No ladder holes are evident. Foot Drum: There is a long, deep trench running in a north–south line through the center of the room. The trench has two postholes at each end. Two additional postholes are directly west, in line with the postholes in the foot drum. Sipapu: A sipapu, 10 cm in diameter, is directly west of the foot drum. Evidence of Roof Construction: Roof evidence is restricted to the postholes and some burned clay. Artifacts: Sherds were typed and counted in the field (Table 2.9) and not transported to Tucson. Additionally, three artifacts are in floor contact. A metate is directly east of the southern end of the foot drum, a quartz crystal was in the small posthole adjacent to the north end of the foot drum, a sheep horn was found on the floor, and a projectile point was fond on the bench. A deer vertebra was found at the base of the postholes on either side of the foot drum. All may represent dedicatory items. PH 13 PH13 is a semisubterranean kiva on the western edge of the site adjacent to the pithouses in the W:10:51 clusters. Its occupation is limited to this phase. PH 13 is described in detail in Wendorf (1950:115). This information is repeated here. Shape: PH 13 is square with sharp, defined corners. The kiva is semisubterranean. Size: The east–west axis measures 3.3 m and the north– south axis measures 3.2 m. Wall construction: The kiva was excavated into sterile soil. The walls are lined with unshaped tuff boulders of varying size. Door: No door is evident. Ventilator: A ventilator is present in the center of the east wall. It is lined with stone and plaster. The entrance to the ventilator is an oval, stone-lined hole, directly east of the kiva at what would have been surface level at the time of use. Wall Plaster: No wall plaster is identified.

Figure 2.13. Location of extramural features at Point of Pines Pueblo dated to the Early Tularosa phase (compiled from field notes)

Figure 2.14. Extramural features identified in subfloor tests of masonry Room 101/102 dated to the Early Tularosa phase (compiled from field notes)

46

Chapter 2

Table 2.10. Extramural features dated to the Early Tularosa phase Location

Description

Size

Borrow Pits west edge of site, under Room 83 Room Block D, under Room 86 Room Block D, under Room 98 Room Block A, under Room 108 Room Block D, under Room 110 Room Block C, under Room 1

borrow pit borrow pit borrow pit borrow pit borrow pit borrow pit

1.75 m diameter (no depth recorded) no dimensions recorded 55 cm dia., 15 cm deep 1.2 m dia., 65 cm deep 1 m dia. (no depth recorded) 2 m dia., 20 cm deep

Generalized Pits west side of site, under Room 80 Room Block D, under Room 85

round pit 4 pits in a west–east line

southern end of site, under Room 88

round pit

50 cm dia., 25 cm deep A = round, 53 cm diameter; B = rectangular depression with a round pit in the southwest edge. Pit diameter 36 cm, 17 cm deep; C = round, 34 cm diameter, 15 cm deep; D = shallow, holds a pot, no dimensions 55 cm diameter, 15 cm deep

Postholes near Pithouse 13, under Room 91 Room Block E, under Room 101/102 between Room Blocks A and E, under Room 109 Room Block B, under Room 5

4 postholes in a square 13 postholes 3 postholes “many” postholes

no dimensions recorded no dimensions recorded no dimensions recorded no count or dimensions recorded

Hearths Room Block E, under Room 101/102 between Room Blocks A and E, under Room 109

5 round pit hearths rectangular slab lined hearth

see Figure 2.14 40 cm × 60 cm

smoothed surface of yellow, sandy clay

continues under room walls

Walking Surface room Block B, under Room 8

Floor: The floor is sterile soil; no evidence of plaster is noted. Hearth: A square hearth is directly west of the ventilator opening. There is no mention of clay or stone lining the hearth. An ash pit lies between the ventilator opening and the hearth. Deflector: No deflector is present. Storage Pits: There are no storage pits. Postholes: There are two postholes in PH 13. Both postholes are along the east wall, one on either side of the ventilator opening. Ladder Holes: No ladder holes are evident. Foot Drum: There is no foot drum present. Sipapu: A possible sipapu is west of the hearth. It has a diameter of 25 cm and is 20 cm deep. Evidence of Roof Construction: Evidence of the roof is restricted to the postholes. Additional remarks: The kiva deposits were disturbed by four burials that occurred post abandonment. These burials are not dated to the Early Tularosa phase.

Extramural features Extramural features were found throughout the pueblo in subfloor tests (Figure 2.13). Extramural features were assigned to the Early Tularosa Phase if they were excavated into or sat directly on top of sterile soil. Borrow pits are the most common extramural feature, followed by generalized pits, postholes, and hearths. A single walking surface was also identified. There was a particularly heavy concentration of extramural surfaces underneath masonry Room 101/102 (Figure 2.14). Specifically, 13 postholes and five hearths were identified. No criteria for distinguishing borrow pits used to harvest clay and plaster for construction purposes versus pits used for other criteria are stated in the field notes. These are arranged in Table 2.10 based on their manner of reference in the notes. Essentially, when dimensions are recorded, generalized pits are smaller than borrow pits. As such, the pit under Room 98 may have been misclassified in the field and should be considered a generalized pit.

3

Late Tularosa Phase, aD 1200–1250

Structures are assigned to the Late Tularosa phase based on the ceramics present (Tularosa and Reserve Black-onWhite, Tularosa White-on-Red, McDonald Corrugated, Reserve Corrugated series, Tularosa Pattern Indented Corrugated, St. Johns Polychrome, and small amounts of Kayenta, Kiet Siel, and Maverick Mountain Polychrome) and their stratigraphic position with minimal sheet trash evident in the subfloor tests. The Late Tularosa phase is a time of social change (Figure 3.1). Specifically, the pithouses, which were used as temporary housing (Stone 2005, 2015) during the Early Tularosa phase are abandoned and filled in. In contrast, masonry rooms expand in the area of the three-room blocks established during the previous period. Additionally, a number of rooms are built in other areas of the site, though their associated room blocks are less well understood. In total, 33 of the 130 rooms excavated at the site demonstrate evidence of occupation at this time, representing 32 living structures (Rooms 64 and 65 represent a single structure at this time) and 36 floors. In many instances, masonry rooms are built over the filled-in pithouses of the previous phase. Two of the kivas (Kiva 2 and Kiva 3) continue to be used; the remaining kiva (PH 13) is abandoned and filled in. Additionally, an unroofed plaza area is added to the eastern edge of Room Block E. Further, the differences noted in architectural structures at the site (pithouses versus masonry rooms, surface versus subsurface kivas) are reinforced during this time period, with rooms in Room Block D demonstrating a number of differences compared to rooms in other parts of the site (Stone 2015) and at other sites in the region (Stone 2009). Specifically, several of the rooms

in Room Block D are two stories, whereas one-story construction predominates in the other room blocks. Additionally, Kayenta and Maverick Mountain ceramic types in primary context are largely restricted in their distribution to Room Block D. Each of the architectural structures dated to this time is detailed below.

Room Block B Room Block B is on the east side of the site. Floors in eight rooms in Room Block B are dated to the Late Tularosa phase (Figure 3.2). One of these (Room 3, Floor 5) continues from the previous phases. Because detailed information for these rooms was provided in Chapter 2, it is not repeated here. Details on the other seven rooms are presented below. Excavation units conform to architectural structures from a later time period, which are oriented in a different footprint. As a result, some rooms are not completely excavated, and others are spread over several units. The ceramics recovered from the fill and floor/floor-fill deposits of Room Block B were typed and counted in the field (Table 3.1) and not transported to Tucson. Room B2, Floor 3 Room 2 is directly west of Room 3. It was excavated 6/14–8/2/1954 by Robert M. Wallace and Abdul Jalil Jawad. Excavation of Floor 3 is constrained by the excavation unit defined by the later construction that does not match the construction of this phase. Specifically, it appears two rooms are present, Rooms 2a and 2b. The northern edge of Room 2a continues under Room 6 and appears to be completely excavated. Floor 3 of Room 2b

47

48

Chapter 3

Figure 3.1. Excavated architectural structures dated to the Late Tularosa phase

continues beyond the excavation unit to the north and west and is only partially excavated. Formal room forms were not filled out for this floor. Thus, the information presented here was gleaned from the running field notes, maps, and profiles. Room Dimensions: The lengths of the walls associated with Floor 3 are derived from the scaled field map. Room 2a has the following dimensions: north wall = 1.8 m; east wall = 2.6 m; south wall = 1.9 m; west wall = 2.4 m. Room 2b has only one complete wall: south wall = 3.0 m Wall Construction: The walls are made of well-shaped, large sandstone slabs. Door: No doors are recorded on the field maps or noted for either room. Other Wall Openings: No other wall openings are noted. Wall Plaster: Wall plaster is present. Floor: No details are given about the floor in the field notes. Hearth: No hearths are present on the field map. Storage Pits: No storage pits are present on the field map. Postholes: No postholes are present on the field map. Other Floor Features: No other floor features are noted in the field notes. Roof: No information is provided in the field notes. Artifacts: Artifacts noted in the fill include one tuff ball, one stone saw, one “Mortal” fragment, one hammerstone, one bone ring fragment, one broken antler flaker, and one miniature pot. In the floor/floor-fill level of Room 2a, a mano and a grinding stone were

identified. In the subfloor fill of Room 2b and 2a one mano and one quartz nodule were identified. The field notes also mention four broken pots associated with Floor 3 in Room 2a but do not give a stratigraphic location. These items are not on the artifact lists. Three jars are noted on the floor map near the east wall. All three are identified as corrugated, and one contains “hematite paint” with no further description. Room B3, Floor 5

See Chapter 2. Room B4, Floor 2 Room 4 is directly east of Room 3. Excavation was confined to architectural structures of later periods. Therefore, Floor 2 is not completely excavated. Room 4 was excavated 7/5–30/1954 by Linda McIlvain. In the artifact and ceramic lists, a third floor is noted, but there are no maps of a Floor 3 nor is it present on any of the profiles. Additionally, there is no information on the field forms or notes. Thus, it is assumed here that Floor 3 listed on the artifact lists is actually subfloor fill, and Floor 2 is the earliest occupation of this room. Room Dimensions: Floor 2 of Room 4 was not completely excavated on any axis. Therefore, room dimensions do not exist. Wall Construction: One partial wall, the west wall, does exist. The field notes state the wall is of “sturdy boulder construction with a straight face.”

Figure 3.2. Excavated rooms in Room Block B dated to the Late Tularosa phase (compiled from field notes)

Red-on-Buff Sacaton Red-on-Buff

Red-on-Brown San Carlos Red-on-Brown unidentified red-on-brown

Fillet Rim and White-on-Red Tularosa Fillet Rim Tularosa White-on-Red unidentified white-on-red

Plain, Red, and Textured plain plain, smudged red red, smudged red ware bowls red ware jars plain corrugated indented corrugated Reserve (Plain and Indented) Corrugated obliterated corrugated pattern indented corrugated finger pattern indented corrugated zoned corrugated grooved corrugated finger marked corrugated incised corrugated red-slipped plain corrugated red-slipped indented corrugated red-slipped pattern indented corrugated red-slipped zoned corrugated McDonald Plain Corrugated McDonald Indented Corrugated McDonald Pattern Indented Corrugated McDonald Grooved Corrugated Fish Scale [Prieto] Corrugated

Type

1

1

22 30 3

1

6 1

7

28 7

1

1

1

1 1 3

9

36 62

5 1

3

25 111

2 1

35 17 31

6 12

113 55

5 4

27 3 5 3 10 12 16 34

1

104 38

883 295

1

5 2

Fill

1

1

16 10

1

10

6 6 1

1 196 6 2 2 10 4 15 2 18

29 1

6 10

207 200

287 215 20 26

Floor Subfloor

Room B4, Floor 2

17

10 7 16 11

Floor 3 Subfloor

164 79 87 103

Fill

Room B2, Floor 3

2 1

29 5 2

93

53

42 27

3

26 6

822 1172

278 140 187

Fill

5

1

5

1

1

21 6

5 4 1

23 12

74 2 28

6 1

3

15

143 347

182 46 10

Floor Subfloor

Room B5, Floor 2

26 2

4 5 4

3

33 1 6 17 37 26

4

178 94

63 3 26 22

Fill

1 2

2

3 6 1

1

1

77 31

1 5

11

2 3

1

Floor Subfloor

Room B6, Floor 2

11

Fill

Room B9, Floor 2

8 3

6

2

67 94 10 4

62 55

Fill

5

7

4

39 80

20 28

5

7

1

23 19

6 19

Floor Subfloor

Room B12, Floor 3

Table 3.1. Sherds recovered from fill, floor/floor-fill, and subfloor contexts for Room Block B. Only painted wares were counted for Room B9, Floor 2. Plain wares (smudged and unsmudged) were present in Room B12, Floor 3, but not counted.

Polychrome Cedar Creek Polychrome Cedar Creek Polychrome Bowl Cedar Creek/Pinedale Polychrome Transitional Fourmile Polychrome Fourmile Polychrome, Point of Pines variety Fourmile Polychrome bowls Fourmile series, red ware body sherds Fourmile series, miscellaneous red ware sherds Gila Polychrome Hauck Polychrome Heshotauthla Polychrome Maverick Mountain Polychrome Maverick Mountain Polychrome body sherds Nantack Polychrome Pinedale Polychrome Pinedale Polychrome, Point of Pines variety Pinto Polychrome Point of Pines Polychrome Showlow Polychrome Springerville Polychrome St. Johns Polychrome Tonto Polychrome Tucson Polychrome unidentified polychrome unidentified White Mountain Red Ware

Black-on-Red Cedar Creek Black-on-Red Fourmile Black-on-Red Gila Black-on-Red Maverick Mountain Black-on-Red Pinedale Black-on-Red Pinedale Black-on-Red, Point of Pines Variety Pinto Black-on-Red Wingate Black-on-Red

Black-on-White Holbrook Black-on-White Kayenta Black-on-White Mimbres Boldface Black-on-White Pinedale Black-on-White Tularosa Black-on-White Showlow Black-on-White unidentified white ware 4

4

8

8

2 6 1 8 1 3

2

12

6 5

18

2

1

1

1

1

1

2

5

1

3 10 3 11

5 1

12

5 4

31

2

5 16

12

8

5

2

1

6

1

2

1 1 2

1 1

2 4

1 2

1 1

10 1

2 49 13 10 4

1

4

5

2

4 2

1 1 36

11 4 6

9 19

6 15

12

175

230

2 1 2 216 5 13

31

2

4

1

2

1

4

1 6

2

6 8

7

8

9 1

2 1 11

7

1 1

5

5

6

1

7

2

20

1

4 1

2 1

18 24 5

35

1 1

14

25

44

4

2 57

2

7

2

1

20

4

8

33

3

4

1

2

1

16

11

2

1

2

52

Chapter 3

Door: No door is noted. Other Wall Openings: No other openings are noted. Wall Plaster: Wall plaster is present. Floor: The field notes state “the floor is in good condition only along the east wall” but do not give details. Hearth: A rectangular, slab-lined hearth is present. The floor of the hearth is lined with a flat stone slab. The hearth contains ash. Storage Pits: No storage pits are noted. Postholes: No postholes are noted. Other Floor Features: No other floor features are noted. Roof: No information about the roof is provided. Artifacts: Artifacts were noted in the fill and floor/floorfill deposits. In the fill between Floors 1 and 2 the following artifacts were noted: three manos, three basin metates, one trough metate, one lapstone, two rubbing stones, one hammerstone, five pieces of malachite, one mineral specimen, and one piece of opalescent quartz. On Floor 2, there was one shaped slab. The following subfloor artifacts are noted: three manos, one handstone, one abrader, one rubbing stone, one polishing stone, one awl fragment, and pieces of azurite, hematite, and obsidian (counts not provided). Room B5, Floor 2 Room 5 is west of Room 2 and directly east of Room 12. The excavation of Floor 2 was constrained to the area defined by later construction (i.e., Floor 1). As a result, the far eastern end of the room is not present. The room was excavated 7/5–7/28/1955 by Tom D. Bell and Loren R. Haury. Room Dimensions: The only wall that was completely evident in the excavation was the west wall with a measurement of 3.3 m. Wall Construction: The east wall is not present, but the west wall and the sections of the north and south walls that are present consist of banded, coursed masonry (bands of large stones alternating with bands of smaller stones). Door: No doors are present in the excavated portion of the room. Other Wall Openings: No other openings are evident in the excavated portion of the room. Wall Plaster: Plaster that is present but weathered on the west and south walls. Floor: No description of the floor exists. Hearth: A rectangular, slab-lined hearth is present. It measures 50 cm east–west, 47 cm north–south and is 27 cm deep. Storage Pits: No storage pits are present in the excavated portion of the room.

Postholes: The field notes state there is one posthole 58 cm deep near the center of the room, but it is not shown on the field map or profile. Other Floor Features: The field notes state there is a small depression 20 cm deep near the north wall, but it is not on the field map or profile. Roof: There is no information recorded about the roof. Artifacts: Artifacts that were noted in the fill are two handstones, two bone awls, one rib scraper, and one antler flaker. Room B6, Floor 2 Room 6 is directly north of Room 2a. Its excavation occurred within the confines of later architectural structures and revealed two rooms, 6a and 6b, underneath Floor 1. The east wall of Room 6a is underneath a later wall, but enough is present to calculate accurate wall lengths. The north wall of Room 6b extends into Room 8 to the north. The room was excavated 6/20–7/29/1955 by Jackie Adams and Elizabeth Morris. It should be noted that two field maps exist, one turns the orientation 90°. The orientation shown above is based on one field map associated with Room 6 and the field map for Room 8. Additionally, the field notes discuss five floors that are not evident on the room profiles. These floors are relatively close to each other, and it appears Floors 1–4 discussed in the running notes represent episodes of replastering the first floor. The fifth floor is designated Floor 2 and may also have evidence of replastering. Room Dimensions: The lengths of the walls associated with Floor 2 were not recorded in the notes and are derived from the scaled field map. For Room 6a the following wall lengths are present: north wall = 2.1 m; east wall = 1.6 m; south wall = 2.3 m; west wall = 1.8 m. For Room 6b the following wall lengths are present: north wall = 3.3 m; east wall = 1.4 m; south wall = 3.3 m; west wall = 1.25 m. Wall Construction: Walls of both rooms are constructed of coursed tuff stone and adobe mortar. According to the field notes and the field maps, the wall dividing Rooms 6a and 6b is a double wall (56 cm wide). The field notes do not discuss it, but the field map indicates the west wall of Room 6a may also be a double-wide wall. Door: There are no doors in either room. Other Wall Openings: There are no other wall openings of either room. Wall Plaster: The field notes state there is no plaster on the walls. Floor: According to the running field notes, the floor is smooth and made of a yellow sandy clay. The floor may have been replastered several times.

Late Tularosa Phase, aD 1200–1250

Hearth: The field form and field map indicate a claylined, circular fire pit in Room 6a. The running notes suggest it may be slab lined. Storage Pits: There are no storage pits in either room. Postholes: There is one posthole in Room 6a with a diameter of 18 cm and a depth of 64 cm. Other Floor Features: There are no other floor features in either room. Roof: The field notes mention a possible collapsed roof just above the floor. The roof fall was identified by a thick layer of clay and gravel. In Room 6a, there is an unfired pot, ceramic sherds, and manos in the roof fall level. In Room 6b, there is black and burned yellow clay scattered above the floor. Artifacts: Artifacts were noted in the fill and floor/floor fill. Specifically, in the fill above the floor in Room 6b are a number of basalt polishing stones, two projectile points (count not provided), one stone blade, two bone awls, one bone ring fragment, two antler flakers, one bone marked for cutting, three quartz crystals, a number of seeds or nuts, and one miniature bowl. In the fill above the floor in Room 6a were two manos, one metate, one projectile point, two bone awls, and one unfired corrugated red-slipped pot. On the floor of Room 6a were three manos, one handstone, one three-quarter grooved axe, and one projectile point. On the floor of Room 6b were one grinding stone and one hoe. Room B8, Floor 4 Room 8 is directly north of Room 6 and directly south of Room 9. Four floors were identified during the excavation of the room. Floor 4 dates to the Late Tularosa phase. The room was excavated 6/29–7/27/1955 by Jackie Adams and Elizabeth Morris. Floor 4 is slightly larger than the later floors, but excavation extended to adjacent rooms allowing a view of the entire room. Room Dimensions: The lengths of the walls associated with Floor 4 are not recorded in the notes and are derived from the scaled field map: north wall = 3.1 m; east wall = 3.9 m; south wall = 2.9 m; west wall = 2.7 m. Wall Construction: No information about the wall construction is recorded. Door: No doors are noted on the field forms. Other Wall Openings: No other openings are noted on the field forms. Wall Plaster: No information about wall plaster is included in the field forms. Floor: No information about the floor is provided on the field forms. Hearth: No hearth is noted on the field forms or map

53

but the running notes state there is a possible hearth present near the center of the room. However, no information is given about the possible hearth. Storage Pits: No storage pits are noted on the field forms. Postholes: No postholes are noted on the field form. Other Floor Features: No other features are noted on the field form. Roof: No information about the roof is present in the field forms. Artifacts: Ceramic counts were not recorded for Floor 4. No additional artifacts are noted for Floor 4 of Room 8. Room B9, Floor 2 Room 9 is directly north of Room 8. Field forms were filled out for Floor 1, and what little information about Floor 2 is given appears to contradict the field map. This discrepancy may be due to the fact that the floor was examined through a series of small test trenches rather than as single, complete excavation. The north wall extends to the north of the later Room 9 structure and is under the southern edge of Room 7. The information presented here comes from the maps included with Room 9. The room was excavated 7/11–7/16/1955 by Sue Nuttall and Patricia Thompson. Room Dimensions: The lengths of the walls associated with Floor 2 were not recorded in the notes and are derived from the scaled field map: north wall = 3.7 m; east wall = 2 m; south wall = 3.7 m; west wall = 2.0 m. Wall Construction: No information about the wall construction is included in the field forms. Door: No door is evident on the field maps. Other Wall Openings: No other openings are evident on the field maps. Wall Plaster: No information about wall plaster is included in the field forms. Floor: No information about the floor is included in the field forms. Hearth: No evidence of a hearth is present on the field map. Storage Pits: No evidence of storage pits is included on the field maps. Postholes: No evidence of postholes is included on the field maps. Other Floor Features: No evidence of other floor features is present on the field maps. Roof: No information about the roof is included in the field forms. Artifacts: Artifacts noted in the fill above Floor 2 are two bone awls, one scapula scraper, one bone scraper, and two bone gaming pieces.

54

Chapter 3

Figure 3.3. Excavated rooms in Room Block D dated to the Late Tularosa phase (compiled from field notes)

Room B12, Floor 3

Room 12 is directly west of Room 5. The eastern edge of Floor 3 extends under the wall separating Rooms 5 and 12, which is dated to a later period. Room 12 was excavated 6/22–7/19/1956 by Prudence Ann Goulding and Meredith Treene. Room Dimensions: The lengths of the walls associated with Floor 3 were not recorded in the notes and are derived from the scaled field map: north wall = 4.05 m; east wall = 4.45 m; south wall = 3.65 m; west wall = 4.45 m. Wall Construction: All walls are coursed construction of tuff. Door: No door is present. Other Wall Openings: There is a possible ventilator opening at floor level. The opening is 25 cm above Floor 3 and 25 cm × 45 cm in size. Wall Plaster: Plaster is present on all four walls. Floor: No description is present for Floor 3. Hearth: A sandstone, slab-lined, rectangular hearth is present. The floor of the hearth is burned. Storage Pits: No storage pits are present.

Postholes: The field form does not mention postholes, but they are present on the field map. These postholes extend through Floors 2 and 3 and may be associated with both floors. They both have a diameter of 10 cm with no depth recorded. Other Floor Features: No other floor features are present. Roof: No evidence of the roof is discussed in the field notes. Artifacts: Artifacts are noted in the fill and floor/floor-fill deposits. In the fill above Floor 3 are one chipped axe, one projectile point, one blade, two awls, and one rib scraper. The notes are somewhat contradictory, but, conservatively, there are two handstones and one blade on Floor 3.

Room Block D Room Block D grows during the Late Tularosa phase. Six rooms are founded at this time, one of which (Room 64/65) is later subdivided and recorded as a lower floor for two different excavation units (Figure 3.3). Two of these rooms (Room 89 and Room 95) were initially con-

Late Tularosa Phase, aD 1200–1250

structed during the Early Tularosa phase and continue to be occupied at this time. Because they are detailed in Chapter 2, their description is not repeated here. The rooms in Room Block D are different from the other room blocks in that they appear larger, are connected through doors to more spaces (Stone 2009, 2015), and one room (Room 52) dated to this phase is two stories (see Chapter 4 for comparison of the distribution of multistoried construction and ceramics at the pueblo). Additionally, they contain large amounts of imported ceramics from the Kayenta region and local ceramic pastes decorated in Kayenta style (the Maverick Mountain ceramic series). As such, these rooms have been identified as representing a Kayenta (Ancestral Hopi) room block within the larger Mogollon (Ancestral Zuni) pueblo of Point of Pines (Haury 1958, 1989; Lindsay 1987; Stone 2009, 2015). The four rooms constructed at this time are detailed below. All six rooms continue to be occupied in the Pinedale/Maverick Mountain phase (Chapter 4). Sherds not contextually tied to the floor during the Maverick Mountain phase abandonment (Chapter 4) were typed and counted in the field and not transported to Tucson. They are reported in Table 3.2.

Room 52, Floor 1 Room 52 is constructed directly west of Room 68. Due to the height of its standing walls at the time of excavation (2.25 m) and the presence of a slab-lined hearth in the roof fall, the excavators argue it was constructed as a twostory room. The room was excavated 6/19–7/26/1951 by Alan P. Olson and John W. Cosgriff. Room Dimensions: The lengths of the walls associated with Floor 1 were not recorded in the notes and are derived from the scaled field map: north wall = 3.33 m; east wall = 6.6 m; south wall = 3.5 m; west wall = 6.1 m. Wall Construction: The walls are made from banded rows of shaped tuff blocks that are fairly regularly spaced. The large blocks are chinked with tuff spalls and mud mortar. Door: There is a door in the south wall (1.57 m from the southeast corner) that leads to the outside during this phase and Room 50 in the next phase. The door was sealed at some point prior to abandonment at the end of the next phase. The base of the door is 35 cm above the floor; it is 50 cm in width and stands 65 cm high. Other Wall Openings: There are numerous beam sockets in the east and west walls lined up for roof stringers. The field forms state there is a window in the west wall, but it is not evident in the map of the west wall.

55

Wall Plaster: Plaster is present on all four walls. According to the wall and floor map, at least four layers are present, indicating repeated plastering probably as a maintenance issue. Floor: No description of the floor exists on the field form. Hearth: There is a slab-lined hearth measuring 65 cm east–west and 60 cm north–south with an attached ash bin. The ash bin is lined with a flat sandstone slab. There is a second-floor hearth in the roof fall that appears to be directly above the hearth on the ground floor. The second-story hearth is slab-lined. Storage Pits: There are no storage pits present. Postholes: There are two main postholes along the north–south axis of the room. They have a diameter of 22 cm, but no depth is recorded. Other Floor Features: There are two ladder holes present in the room. Additionally, the field form notes a metate bin, but no details are given, is not mentioned in the running notes and is not present on the floor map. Roof: Roof fall is present. The roof was held up by the two main support posts. The roof fall consists of a main beam (running north–south) overlain with supporting stringers held in the beam sockets in the east and west walls. The timbers are dominated by Ponderosa pine with some Pinyon pine. Over the stringers are a series of reeds, covered by pine needles and shakes. The entire layer is covered with mud. Thirty-two datable dendrochronology samples were recovered and are reported in Table 3.3. Based on the cutting date, the room was likely built in aD 1275, with some modification to the roof in the 1280s. Artifacts: Numerous artifacts (including whole vessels) were on the floor of the room and in the fill. Their presence appears to be due to the abandonment sequence at the end of the Pinedale/Maverick Mountain phase (Chapter 4). The artifacts in direct contact with the floor and the fill are specified in Chapter 4 in the discussion of the burning and abandonment of Room Block D. There is no note of the subfloor artifacts on the form or in the running notes. Room 64/65, Floor 2 Room 64/65 is on the northern edge of excavated portion of Room Block D. It is constructed during the Late Tularosa phase and burned and abandoned at the end of the Pinedale/Maverick Mountain phase. The room is remodeled into two rooms and reoccupied during the subsequent Canyon Creek phase (Floor 1). Based on the height of the walls and the lack of evidence of features in the roof fall, the excavators argue it is a one-story room.

Table 3.2. Sherds from fill and floor / floor-fill context of Rooms in Room Block D not tied to the Maverick Mountain phase abandonment. Only painted sherds were recorded for Room 69. Room 52, Floor 1 Type Plain, Red, and Textured plain, red, and corrugated sherds San Carlos Red McDonald Corrugated Fillet Rim and White-on-Red Tularosa Fillet Rim Tularosa Fillet Rim White-on-Red Tularosa White-on-Red Red-on-Brown San Carlos Red-on-Brown

Room 68, Floor 1

Fill

Floor

Fill

Present 1

Present

Present

Black-on-Red Fourmile Black-on-Red Gila Black-on-Red Maverick Mountain Black-on-Red Pinedale Black-on-Red Pinedale/Fourmile Black-on-Red Pinto Black-on-Red Pinto Black-on-Red with white interior design Wingate Black-on-Red Polychrome Cedar Creek Polychrome Fourmile Polychrome Fourmile Polychrome pot Gila polychrome Heshotauthla Polychrome Kayenta Polychrome Maverick Mountain Polychrome Nantack Polychrome Pinedale Polychrome Showlow Polychrome Springerville Polychrome St. Johns Polychrome Tonto Polychrome Tucson Polychrome Willow Mountain Polychrome Wingate Polychrome Zuni Glaze Ware unidentified polychrome

Fill

Floor

Present

Present Present Present

63

5

Red-on-Buff San Carlos Red-on-Buff Black-on-White Kayenta Black-on-White Mimbres Black-on-White Pinedale Black-on-White Reserve Black-on-White Tularosa Black-on-White unidentified Kayenta type

Room 69, Floor 2

1

Present 1 5 Present

1 1

3

1

48 14 126 26

2 13

1 2

33

3

Present Present 2

3 178

Present

142 1 Present Present Present

64 3 8 10 2 8

33 1

1

11 50 1 19

2 13 1

30 3

3

2 11

2

Present Present Present

1 3

Late Tularosa Phase, aD 1200–1250

57

Table 3.3. Datable dendrochronology samples recovered from Room 52 (from Parker 1967) Level Below Surface

Species

Cutting Date

Dates

unknown 1.75–2.00 m, roof fall 1.75–2.00 m, roof fall 1.75–2.00 m, roof fall 1.75–2.00 m, roof fall 1.75–2.00 m, roof fall 1.75–2.00 m, roof fall 1.75–2.00 m, roof fall 1.75–2.00 m, roof fall 1.75–2.00 m, roof fall 2.00–2.25 m, floor fill 2.00–2.25 m, floor fill 2.00–2.25 m, floor fill 2.00–2.25 m, floor fill 2.00–2.25 m, floor fill 2.00–2.25 m, floor fill 2.00–2.25 m, floor fill 2.00–2.25 m, floor fill 2.00–2.25 m, floor fill 2.00–2.25 m, floor fill 2.00–2.25 m, floor fill 2.00–2.25 m, floor fill 2.00–2.25 m, floor fill 2.00–2.25 m, floor fill 2.00–2.25 m, floor fill 2.00–2.25 m, floor fill 2.00–2.25 m, floor fill 2.00–2.25 m, floor fill 2.00–2.25 m, floor fill unspecified fill unspecified fill unspecified fill

Ponderosa Ponderosa Ponderosa Ponderosa Ponderosa Ponderosa Ponderosa Ponderosa Ponderosa Ponderosa Ponderosa Ponderosa Ponderosa Ponderosa Pinyon Ponderosa Ponderosa Ponderosa Ponderosa Ponderosa Ponderosa Ponderosa Ponderosa Ponderosa Pinyon Ponderosa Ponderosa Ponderosa Ponderosa Ponderosa Ponderosa Ponderosa

X X X X X X

1240–1275r 1230±p–1274r 1234p–1274r 1236±p–1274r 1228–1275r 1234–1275r 1239–1275vv 1249p–1275vv 1254–1275r 1241–1283r 1209±p–1263vv 1240–1269r 1242–1269r 1241p–1270vv 1215–1275r 1234–1275r 1243±p–1275r 1244–1275r 1244p–1275r 1245p–1275r 1245p–1275rB 1247–1275r 1249–1275r 1250–1275r 1217p–1278+vv 1212p–1282+r 1227p–1282r 1235–1282r 1227p–1283+r 1231p–1264r 1241p–1275r 1239p–1283r

X X X X X X X X X X X X X X

X X X X X

p = pith ring; B = Bark date; r = less than full section present, but the outermost ring is continuous around the circumference; v = a subjective judgment but probably within a few years of the cutting date; vv = no way of estimating how far the last ring is from the true outside of the tree.

It was excavated 6/16–7/9/1952 by Randolph Raynolds and George S. Cattanach Jr. Based on the information recorded for this room, it appears to have been only partially burned, unlike adjacent rooms in the room block. Additionally, it appears to have been completely cleaned out during the Canyon Creek phase, the floor replastered, and a dividing wall constructed separating the structure into two rooms. Specifically, the dividing wall that separates the rooms during the Canyon Creek occupation is constructed 5 cm above the hearth associated with the Pinedale/Maverick Mountain phase occupation. Room Dimensions: The lengths of the walls associated with Floor 2 are recorded in the notes as follows:

north wall = 2.60 m; east wall = 4.70 m; south wall = 2.70 m; west wall = 4.45 m. Wall Construction: The walls are semicoursed masonry with a layer of tuff block every third or fourth tier interspersed by rows where coursing was more sporadic. The walls range from 26–30 cm in width and have evidence of heavy chinking with tuff spalls and moderately heavy use of mortar. Door: The field notes state there are no doors, but the map indicates there is a break in the west wall suggesting a door into Room 66/67. This door is described in the field notes for Room 66/67. Therefore, the map information is given primacy over the field notes here.

58

Chapter 3

Other Wall Openings: There are no other openings noted in the walls. Wall Plaster: There is thick (6 mm) plaster on all four walls, with a few patches on the east wall near the floor bearing evidence of burning. Floor: No description of the floor is present in the field notes. Hearth: A roughly circular, slab-lined hearth is present. Storage Pits: No storage pits are present. Postholes: No postholes are present. Other Floor Features: No other floor features are present. Roof: There are clay “slab” fragments present in the roof fall. The clay slabs are 3–5 cm thick, smooth on one side, with reed or wood impressions on the other. Some of these are burned. Artifacts: No artifacts or ceramics are identified as associated with Floor 2. Room 68, Floor 1 Room 68 is directly south of Room 64/65. It was excavated 7/1–7/24/1952 by Carol A. Gifford and Kathleen S. Scheifele. The room was burned at the end of the Pinedale/Maverick Mountain phase, and a considerable number of whole pots and ethnobotanical material was recovered from the roof fall and floor. Although the excavators suggest a second floor is possible, based on the location of the material, the lack of features in the roof fall, and the profile information it is more likely this material was suspended from the roof. The highest standing section of the wall is in the northeast corner and measures 2.3 m. Room Dimensions: The excavators measured and recorded the lengths of the walls as follows: north wall = 2.82 m; east wall = 4.85 m; south wall = 2.80 m; west wall = 4.90 m. Wall Construction: Walls are of coursed, banded masonry with bands of shaped tuff blocks separated by bands of irregular tuff chinking stones. Door: There is a door in the east wall 50 cm wide. Other Wall Openings: Wall sockets are present for roof beams. Wall Plaster: Plaster is present on all four walls. Floor: The floor is hard baked but not burned. Hearth: There is no hearth. Storage Pits: There are no storage pits. Postholes: The field form notes the presence of two postholes along the center north–south axis of the room. The average diameter is 22 cm with an average depth of 30 cm. On the map, a third posthole is indicated midway between the two discussed on the form.

Other Floor Features: The field form and map agree there are two pairs of small holes of unknown function in the floor in the southeast quadrant of the room. There is also a small, circular, plastered and lipped hole directly west of the most southern posthole of the room. Roof: Evidence for the roof is found in the remains of two supporting posts, two cross beams, and a series of stringers, reeds, pine needles, and clay in the roof fall. Five dendrochronological samples that could be dated were recovered (Parker 1967). Three samples were Douglas fir and produced cutting dates (1215p– 1276c, 1235p–1279r, 1229p–1287r). The remaining two samples were Ponderosa pine: one produced a cutting date (1226+p–1282r) and one a noncutting date (1172–1287v). Artifacts: Numerous artifacts (including whole vessels) were on the floor of the room and in the fill. Their presence appears to be related to the abandonment sequence at the end of the Pinedale/Maverick Mountain phase (Chapter 4). The artifacts in direct contact with the floor and the fill are specified in Chapter 4 in the discussion of the burning and abandonment of Room Block D. There is no note of the subfloor artifacts on the form or in the running notes. Room 69, Floor 2 Room 69 is south of Room 68. It was excavated 6/15– 7/8/1953 by Susanne Dunbar and Maxine Kleindienst. The excavators note that there is evidence for only one story, and 2.25 m of the wall still stands. Room Dimensions: The lengths of the walls associated with Floor 2 were not recorded in the notes and are derived from the scaled field map: north wall = 2.80 m; east wall = 5.00 m; south wall = 2.85 m; west wall = 4.80 m. Wall Construction: Walls are made of coursed masonry with one row of large tuff blocks alternating with three or four rows of small stones. In addition to the tuff blocks, there are a few basalt blocks present. The mortar used in the wall is a mixture of the native clay and trash; the running notes indicate small sherds, bone fragments, charcoal flecks, and corn cobs were present in the clay. The base course is of large, rounded stones, with small stones leaning against the exterior of the walls. A wall trench was excavated through trash to native soil. Door: A door is in the center of the east wall. The sill is 20 cm above the floor, and the door is 1.1 m high. At the base, it was 0.75 m wide and at the top 0.70 m wide.

Late Tularosa Phase, aD 1200–1250

Other Wall Openings: Four main beam holes are evident in the walls: two in the east wall and two in the west wall. There are also two niches in the south wall and two niches in the north wall. The niches in the north wall were sealed during the occupation associated with Floor 2. The running field notes indicate there are three areas in the north wall that may have been the seats for the roof stringers. The running field notes indicate there are six “butt sockets” and six stringer holes in the south wall. There are three, possibly four, stringer holes in the west wall. Wall Plaster: Wall plaster is evident on all four walls. Floor: A thick (5 cm) layer of floor plaster consisting of a mixture of clay and a small amount of trash is present. The excavators suggest there is evidence of at least one episode of replastering. Hearth: The field forms note there is a circular pit hearth in the center of the room. Storage Pits: There is one possible storage pit in the floor. The excavators note that the pit has been disturbed and altered by animal burrows. They estimate its diameter at 30 cm and depth at 60 cm extending down at an angle. A second possible pit is noted in the excavators’ notes. It is either triangular or asymmetrical (both terms are used in the description). The running notes state it has a length on each side of about 25 cm and a depth of 10 cm. Both pits are within the range of variability of postholes. Postholes: There are four postholes evident. Two are clearly identified, the first with a diameter of 25 cm and a depth of 38 cm and the second with a diameter of 30 cm and depth of 50 cm. The two others are more problematic: the excavators suggest that they may have been filled and “plugged with mixed native [soil]” while Floor 2 was still in use. The first of these is 20 cm in diameter, 25 cm in depth, and the second is 20 cm in diameter, 12 cm in depth. Other Floor Features: There are two ladder holes present in the floor. There is also a trench along the east wall directly in front of the door. The purpose of the trench is unknown. The running field notes indicate there is an oval hole in the edge of the trench containing two fetal skeletons “separated by a ridge of hard-mixed native grading to all native material as you go down. The skeletons were both lying on dark material.” There were no grave goods. These are labeled burials 216 and 217. Finally, an oval hole is present in the northern half of the room, near the northern posthole. It is filled with loose trash with the floor plaster covering

59

and lipping up around the edges of the hole suggesting it was made in the floor while the room was being occupied. Burial 215 is at the base of the hole, lying on native soil. Roof: In addition to the support post associated with the postholes and the beam holes in the east and west walls, there is considerable roof fall consisting of clay with rounded pebbles. There are impressions of shakes and stringers in the clay. Artifacts: Numerous artifacts were on the floor of the room and in the fill. Their presence appears to relate to the abandonment sequence at the end of the Pinedale/Maverick Mountain phase (Chapter 4). The artifacts in direct contact with the floor and the fill are specified in Chapter 4 in the discussion of the burning and abandonment of Room Block D. There is no note of the subfloor artifacts on the form or in the running notes. Room 89, Floor 1

See Chapter 2. Room 95, Floor 2

See Chapter 2.

Room Block E Room Block E is at the northern end of the community during the Late Tularosa phase and grows considerably at this time (Figures 3.4 and 3.5). Specifically, it grows from 6 rooms of the previous phase to 16 rooms representing 18 floors during this phase (Room 32 has three floors dated to this period). Most of this growth occurred around the western edge of a prepared plaza floor (see communal structures below) that becomes a roofed Great Kiva in the next phase (Figure 3.5). During the Late Tularosa phase, it remains unroofed but is increasingly defined by the domestic rooms built around it. Five of the 16 occupied rooms/floors were constructed during the Early Tularosa phase. Their information is not repeated here. Sherds encountered during excavation were typed and counted in the field (Table 3.4) and not transported to Tucson. Room 8, Floor 2 Room 8 was excavated in 1947 and 1948. There is a note in the file from Alexander Lindsay dated 4/1999 stating that the 1947 report and forms are missing. The 1948 excavation was 7/2–7/9/1948 by Roderick Smith and Stanley R. Hamper. The 1948 excavations uncovered portions of three rooms found in the area of Room 8, underneath Floor 1. Collectively these are known as Room 8, Floor 2

[169.236.78.20] Project MUSE (2024-03-14 19:24 GMT) University of California, Merced

Figure 3.4. Northern half of Room Block E (area centered on Kiva 2) dated to the Late Tularosa phase (compiled from field notes)

Figure 3.5. Southern half of Room Block E (on the western edge of the Formal Plaza) dated to the Late Tularosa phase (compiled from field notes)

Fillet Rim and White-on-Red Fillet Rim Reserve Fillet Rim Tularosa Fillet Rim Tularosa White-on-Red unidentified white-on-red

Plain, Red, and Textured plain plain, smudged other plain red red, smudged Gila Plain Gila Red Alma Scored Rough Scored Pine Flat Neck Corrugated Three Circle Neck Corrugated plain corrugated indented corrugated Reserve Plain Corrugated Reserve Indented Corrugated Reserve Incised Corrugated Point of Pines Plain Corrugated Point of Pines Indented Corrugated Point of Pines Obliterated Corrugated pattern indented corrugated incised corrugated grooved corrugated punctuated corrugated red-slipped corrugated corrugated (type unspecified) corrugated bowl with an interior slip McDonald Corrugated Prieto Corrugated Point of Pines Punctate other textured

Type

2

23 326

2 19

2

9

6 2

2

2

24 5

1

1 2

1

7 28

9 3

Sub#7 Fill

10 8

1

Sub#5 Sub#5 Fill and Floor Subfloor

Room 8

1 1

5

1

2 1

6 3

Sub#7 Floor

1

2

3

1 1

2

Sub#6 Fill

Table 3.4. Ceramics recovered from fill and floor / floor-fill contexts in Room Block E

2

1 5

4

2

4

2 4

Fill

1

5

1

3

1

Subfloor

Room 23

1

2

2

1

1

2

2

6 9 15

Floors 5-7

Room 32

1 1

4

1 42

1

2 4

7 9

Sub#9 Fill

1

1 3

2

1 61

3

3

10 13

Sub#9 Floor

4

1 100 1 1

3

1 1

6 11

1

8 1 2 7

148

1 2

1 1

10 13

14 39

Sub#10 Sub#10 Fill Floor

Room 33, Floor 3

13

2

3 4

4

4

2

4 3

Fill

Room 34

2

3

8 38 1 3 8 1

1 1

9 15 5

23 23

Floor and Postholes

Room 94, Floor 3

Polychrome Cedar Creek Polychrome Cedar Creek Transitional Polychrome Fourmile Polychrome Gila Polychrome Heshotauthla Polychrome Pinedale Polychrome Point of Pines Polychrome St. Johns Polychrome Tucson Polychrome

Black-on-Red Cedar Creek Black-on-Red Fourmile Black-on-Red Gila Black-on-Red Maverick Mountain Black-on-Red Pinedale Black-on-Red Point of Pines Black-on-Red Wingate Black-on-Red unidentified black-on-red

Black-on-White Mimbres Black-on-White Mimbres Boldface Black-on-White Mimbres Classic Black-on-White Northern Arizona Black-on-White Reserve Black-on-White Tularosa Black-on-White unidentified Late PIII black-on-white unidentified glazed black-on-white unidentified black-on-white

Red-on-Buff Sacaton Red-on-Buff

Red-on-Brown Encinas Red-on-Brown Pankyville Red-on-Brown San Carlos Red-on-Brown

8 2

6

2

30

1

1

1

3

1

2

1

1

11

8 8 5

9

1

3

2

1

1

1

1 2

3

1

1

1

3

1

1

1

1

1

1

5

1

1

14

2 1

1

4

1 1

7

5

14

3

6

7

1

2 5

64

Chapter 3

and are further differentiated as Subfloor #5, Subfloor #6, and Subfloor #7. Subfloor #5 extends to the west, under an unexcavated room. Almost all of Subfloor #6 is contained within the later Room 8 structure, though the southern edge extends into Room 11 and is reported here. Subfloor #7 extends to the east, under Room 25 and is also reported here. Room 25 was excavated 7/21– 7/30/1948 by Stanley R. Hamper and Roderick Smith. Unfortunately, there are no field forms for the subfloor rooms, and the running notes from Room 8 do not describe the subfloor rooms except to say they are present. As such, information is limited to the maps and profiles. Information on Subfloor #5 is extremely limited. A floor is evident slightly above the native soil, and the eastern edge of the wall is defined by a masonry wall stub. The footing of the floor appears to sit on native soil. The western wall at the southern end of the unit is almost under the western wall of the later construction. The northern edge of the wall is 0.7 m to the east of the western wall of the later construction. A posthole appears to exist in the very northern edge of the excavated section of the room. In addition to the ceramics listed in Table 3.4, a crushed pot that the excavators argue contained burned corn, fish vertebrae, burned bean, and squash seeds is recorded. Also present are fiber matting and cotton yarn. In the fill, a wood scraper, charred corn, woven fiber, and burned corn in fiber matting were recovered. Subfloor #6 is better understood. The room extends south into Room 11. The field map includes the eastern, southern, and western wall stubs. Wall construction appears to be a combination of masonry and mud mortar. The northern wall is missing, and the northern meter of the unit is highly disturbed by a combination of animal burrows and a borrow pit. Based on the map, the east and west walls are approximately 4.9 m long, and the interior of the south wall is 1.85 m wide. There are two postholes embedded in the east wall and one in the center of the room. A shallow depression is present in the center of the room. The function of this depression is unclear, but it may have served as a hearth. No artifacts other than the ceramics are noted. Subfloor #7 starts in Room 8 and extends east under Room 25. There is no form or running field notes for subfloor #7, thus the map and profile are the only sources of information. The west wall appears complete, but only a partial east wall remains. The locations of the north and south walls are unclear. As a result, it is not possible to provide room dimensions. On the floor, a metate bin with room for two metates is present. The bin is defined by two curved walls on the western edge. No metates are still in place. Two small postholes (10 cm diameter) are present on the western edge of the metate bin. A slablined, rectangular hearth is present in what appears to

be the center of the room. In addition to the ceramics listed in Table 3.4, excavators identified yucca and cotton fibers, as well as a comale griddle. Room 9, Floor 1

See Chapter 2. Room 10, Floor 2

See Chapter 2. Room 11, Floor 2 See Room 8, Floor 2, Subfloor #6, above. Room 15, Floor 1 Room 15 is in the southern section of Room Block E, directly west of the unroofed, plastered plaza that becomes a Great Kiva in the next phase. It was excavated 6/30– 8/2/1948 by Theodore de la Torre Bueno. This room was occupied throughout the rest of the occupation of the site within the same architectural footprint and apparently with a single floor. The west wall of the room was slightly modified during the Canyon Creek phase when the Great Kiva was remodeled and expanded. The excavator notes that Room 15 was built before the Great Kiva, basing this conclusion on the wall abutment pattern. Room Dimensions: The lengths of the walls associated with Floor 1 were not recorded in the notes and are derived from the scaled field map: north wall = 4.3 m; east wall = 3.0 m; south wall = 4.3 m; west wall = 3.0 m. Wall Construction: The north, south, and west walls are constructed of banded masonry in which bands of large blocks alternate with bands of smaller stones. The east wall is coursed masonry, mainly of large, shaped tuff blocks. The nature of construction on the east wall is likely due to the remodeling of the Great Kiva during the Canyon Creek phase. Door: A door is in the south wall, 1.81 m from the southeast corner. A note on the form indicates that it was sealed at some point during the occupation of the room. Other Wall Openings: A window is in the north wall, 94 cm from the northeast corner. The bottom of the window is 12 cm above the floor; it is 47 cm high and 38 cm wide. There is also a small hole in the south wall 93 cm above the floor. Wall Plaster: Patches of plaster are present on the south wall, including some covering the sealed door. Floor: The floor is described as in fair condition where present, though discontinuous in some areas. It is made of gray clay. Hearth: The hearth is rectangular and slab-lined with sandstone. There also are two sandstone slabs form-

Late Tularosa Phase, aD 1200–1250

ing the base of the hearth, one of which has a notch in the edge. Six cm of white ash and two manos were recovered from the hearth. One Tularosa Fillet Rim White-on-Red sherd was plastered into the upright stones of the hearth. Storage Pits: There are no storage pits. Postholes: There are no postholes. Other Floor Features: A two-bin metate bin is in the southeast corner. It is clay lined, and the metates have been removed. One bin has two sherds plastered in place (one McDonald Corrugated and one plain); the other has a sandstone slab in place. The bin butts up against the east wall. Roof: No evidence for the roof was reported. Artifacts: Ceramics were typed but not counted. Present in the fill and floor/floor-fill levels are plain (smudged and unsmudged), red (smudged and unsmudged), plain corrugated, incised corrugated, McDonald Corrugated, Prieto Corrugated, Tularosa Fillet Rim, Cedar Creek Black-on-Red, Fourmile Black-on-Red, Pinedale Black-on-Red, Point of Pines Black-on-Red, Wingate Black-on-Red, Cedar Creek Polychrome, Fourmile Polychrome, Gila Polychrome, Pinedale Polychrome, Point of Pines Polychrome, St. Johns Polychrome, Tucson Polychrome, and one sherd each of Gila Black-on-Red and Heshotauthla Polychrome. From the subfloor levels, the following ceramic types were noted: red (smudged and unsmudged), plain corrugated, incised corrugated, indented corrugated, punctuated corrugated, McDonald Corrugated, Tularosa Fillet Rim, Tularosa Black-on-White, and one sherd each of an unidentified glazed black-on-white, Wingate Black-on-Red, and Gila Polychrome. The excavators noted a number of artifacts in the fill and floor/floor fill. From the fill level they note the following: six manos, one slab metate, one stone bowl, one abrading stone, three rubbing stones, one polishing stone, one spheroid (material not specified), two tuff slabs with pits, one digging tool, two bone awls, one bone tube, one shell bracelet, and one piece of pigment (type unspecified). From the floor, the excavators noted the following: four manos (two from the metate bin and two from the hearth), one slab metate (from the hearth), one axe, one unfinished axe, one hammerstone (from the metate bin), one chopper, and one bone awl. One abrading stone was identified in the subfloor deposits. Room 21, Floor 1 Room 21 is in the southern section of Room Block E, at the southwest corner of the unroofed, plastered plaza that becomes a Great Kiva in the next phase. It was

65

excavated 7/13–8/2/1948 by David M. Hart. This room was occupied throughout the rest of the occupation of the site within the same architectural footprint, apparently with a single floor. The west wall of the room was slightly modified during the Canyon Creek phase when the Great Kiva was remodeled and expanded. Room Dimensions: The lengths of the walls associated with Floor 1 were not recorded in the notes and are derived from the scaled field map: north wall = 3.1 m; east wall = 3.6 m; south wall = 3.6 m; west wall = 3.4 m. Wall Construction: The north, south, and west walls were constructed of banded masonry. The east wall was composed of large, shaped tuff blocks. This is likely due to the remodeling of the Great Kiva during the Canyon Creek phase. Door: No doors are present. Other Wall Openings: There is a window in the west wall. It is 40 cm wide, 55 cm high and 30 cm above the floor. The lintel stone is present but broken due to overburden pressure. Wall Plaster: Plaster is present on all the walls and in very good condition on the west and north walls. Floor: The floor is made of packed clay. Hearth: A rectangular hearth is present just east of the center of the room. It is lined with basalt slabs and measures 52 cm × 65 cm. The floor of the hearth is excavated down to native soil, which is baked to a red color. The hearth contains a layer of white ash approximately 7.0 cm in depth. Storage Pits: No storage pits are present. Postholes: Two postholes are present in the center of the room. They average 15 cm in diameter. The first is 26 cm deep, the second is 33 cm deep. Other Floor Features: No other floor features are present. Roof: No evidence of the roof exists. Artifacts: Sherds recovered from the room were typed in the field and not transported to Tucson. Counts were not recorded, but the painted wares are listed in order of abundance for both the fill and the floor: Fourmile Polychrome with a hard paste; Cedar Creek Polychrome; Gila Polychrome; Pinedale Black-onRed; two San Carlos Red-on-Brown sherds; and one Chupadero Black-on-White sherd. Additionally, Kinishba Red smudged and corrugated sherds are present and also listed in order of abundance. Additional artifacts were noted in the fill and floor/floor fill. The field notes state the presence of one paint mortar, two arrow shaft straighteners, two flakers (details not given), one piece of worked bone, and one miniature pot from the fill. On the floor, the excavators note the presence of quartz crystals, number unknown.

66

Chapter 3

Room 23, Floor 1 Room 23 is in the southern section of Room Block E, at the southern edge of the unroofed, plastered plaza that becomes a Great Kiva in the next phase. It was excavated 6/17–6/28/1949 by Donald T. Slutes. This room was occupied throughout the rest of the occupation of the site within the same architectural footprint and apparently with a single floor. Room Dimensions: The lengths of the walls associated with Floor 1 were recorded by the excavator on the field form: north wall = 1.92 m; east wall = 3.08 m; south wall = 1.85 m; west wall = 2.9 m. Wall Construction: The walls are of coursed masonry, with bands of small, angular fragments set in mortar. The north wall is more irregular in its coursing, with wall stones projecting into the room. The walls stood 1.68 m high at the time of excavation. Door: There is a T-shaped door in the south wall, 28 cm from the southwest corner. The sill of the door is 36 cm above the floor. The wide or cross part of the T is 50 cm, and the narrow or vertical section is 33 cm wide. The door is 1.05 m high. Other Wall Openings: There are no other wall openings. Wall Plaster: The walls have traces of plaster. Floor: The floor is hard packed in some areas but irregular and uneven in others. Hearth: The form states no hearth is present, but the field map shows two fire pits, one near the east wall (30 cm deep) and one near the south wall (20 cm deep). It is possible these were in the fill or date to postoccupation use, but they are not present on the profiles. Storage Pits: No storage pits are present. Postholes: No postholes are present. Other Floor Features: No other features are present. Roof: No evidence for the roof is recorded. Artifacts: Artifacts are noted in the fill and floor/floor fill. Specifically, from the fill, one stone axe, one digging tool, one projectile point, two scrapers, one bone awl, and one pendant are noted. From the floor/ floor fill, one mano/polishing stone is noted. Room 25, Subfloor See Room 8, Floor 2, Subfloor #7, above. Room 32, Floors 5, 6, and 7 Room 32 is directly north of Room 8 and west of Room 33. It was excavated 6/17–7/13/1949 by George Morris and Alphonso Troncone. The excavated portions of Floors 5, 6, and 7 were constrained by the outline of the room in later periods, and, unfortunately, most of the information on the field forms and in the notes relates to these later occupations. Thus, most of the information about these

floors comes from field maps and profiles. Two walls are evident on the field map, but the eastern of these appears to be related to material in Substructure #10, Room 33, and is discussed below. The data reported here is restricted to Room 32, Floors 5–7 west of the eastern wall stub. Room Dimensions: The lengths of the walls associated with Floors 5, 6, and 7 cannot be determined from the field notes or the field maps Wall Construction: The footings for the two walls evident on the map and profile extend through a thin layer of trash into native soil. The walls themselves are made up of a series of aligned postholes (see Postholes below). The map implies, and it is stated in the running field notes, that there also are remnant wall stubs and rocks, but they are not described in the notes beyond their possible presence. Door: No door is evident in the excavated portion of the room. Other Wall Openings: No other openings are evident in the excavated portion of the room. Wall Plaster: No wall plaster is evident. Floor: There is no description of the floor on the field form, but the running field notes state that none of the floors are well defined due to later construction and extensive animal burrowing. Hearth: No hearth is evident in the excavated portion of the room on either the field form or field map. There is a brief mention in the notes of a disturbed half-circular, clay-lined fire pit on Floor 6. Storage Pits: No storage pits are evident in the excavated portion of the room. Postholes: The walls consist of two lines of postholes. Data is recorded for five postholes, but it is not clear where in the wall remnants they are located. PH 1 is 18 cm in diameter and 13 cm deep. PH 2 is 19 cm in diameter and 18 cm deep. PH 3 is 14 cm in diameter, 15 cm deep, and is filled with rock fragments. PH 4 is 9 cm in diameter and 7 cm deep. PH 5 has a measurement of 11 cm but whether this is diameter or depth is unspecified. Other Floor Features: No other floor features are evident in the excavated portion of the room. Roof: No evidence of the roof is present. Artifacts: The base of a projectile point was found between Floors 5 and 6. Room 33, Floor 3, Substructure #9 Room 33 is directly east of Room 32 and north of Room 25. Its subfloor deposits (Floor 3) are a continuation of the rooms found under adjacent rooms. Specifically, two rooms (Substructures #9 and #10) are present and are discussed separately here. The excavation is defined by

Late Tularosa Phase, aD 1200–1250

the later structures overlying these deposits. The unit was excavated 5/17–7/6/1949 by Stanley Hamper and William Wasley. Room Dimensions: The interior lengths of the walls associated with Floor 3 were not recorded in the notes and are derived from the scaled field map. For Substructure #9, the following lengths are derived: north wall = 1.25 m; east wall = 2.45 m; south wall = 1.4 m; west wall = 2.45 m. Wall Construction: Only the bottom 20 cm of the walls remain, but they are constructed of large, unshaped basalt and tuff boulders for a base held together with adobe. Door: No doors are evident in the excavated portion of the room. Other Wall Openings: No other openings are evident in the excavated portion of the room. Wall Plaster: A layer of plaster is present on the wall remnant. It is a very thin (0.2 cm), very fine smoothed yellow-brown clay. Floor: No description of the floor is present. Hearth: No hearth is evident in the excavated portion of the room. Storage Pits: No storage pits are identified in the excavated portion of the room, but note the comment in other floor features below. Postholes: No postholes are evident in the excavated portion of the room. Other Floor Features: On the field map, there are four bins, but the description is limited. Based on the size and location, it is assumed they are metate bins. However, in the running field notes it is suggested that one may be a storage bin, and the other three may be clay-mixing bins instead. The excavators suggest this because there are fine layers of clay deposits in some of them that resemble the clay from which ceramics were made. It is also possible that these layers are due to depositional histories that were not considered at the time of excavation. Additionally, a depression for a possible metate bin is present near the north wall. Roof: Several pieces of fire-smudged clay were identified. Some have charred reeds clinging to them, and one has the impression of a pine shake. Artifacts: A knife [biface?] was recovered on the floor. Room 33, Floor 3, Substructure #10 Room 33 is directly east of Room 32 and north of Room 25. Its subfloor deposits (Floor 3) are a continuation of the rooms found under adjacent rooms. Specifically, two rooms (Substructures #9 and #10) are present. Substructure #10 continues to the west, under Room 32. The excavation is defined by the later structures overlying these

67

deposits. The unit was excavated 5/17–7/6/1949 by Stanley Hamper and William Wasley. Room Dimensions: The interior lengths of the walls associated with Floor 3 were not recorded in the notes and are derived from the scaled field map. Based on the field maps, it appears the north and south walls are the same as those for later rooms, but the east and west are in a different location. For Substructure #10, the following wall lengths are present: north wall = 3.4 m; east wall = 2.2 m; south wall = 3.1 m; west wall = 2.5 m. Wall Construction: Only the bottom 20 cm of the wall remain. Construction is of large, unshaped basalt and tuff boulders and adobe mud. Door: No door is evident in the remaining walls. Other Wall Openings: No other wall features are evident. Wall Plaster: Very fine (0.2 cm) plaster of smoothed yellow-brown clay is present. Floor: The field notes state the floor is in good condition but provide no additional information. Hearth: A slab-lined fireplace is present with shaped sandstone slabs on three sides. The fourth (north) side is lined with a basalt boulder and a small metate. Storage Pits: No storage pits are evident. Postholes: No postholes are evident. Other Floor Features: No other features are evident. Roof: Several pieces of fire-smudged clay with charred reeds clinging to them are present. One piece of clay with the impression of a pine shake is also present. Artifacts: Artifacts noted in the fill are one drill, one scraper, and one hair ornament. On the floor is a possible broken pot and there is a projectile point in the subfloor fill. Room 34, Floor 1 Room 34 is founded in this phase and continues to be used with only minor replastering of the floor until the site is abandoned at the end of the Point of Pines phase. It is at the southwest corner of the Plaza that became a roofed Great Kiva in the next phase. It was excavated 6/17–7/1/1949 by Robert Lauver, Earl Swanson, and Edwin B. Sayles. Room Dimensions: The excavators recorded the lengths of the walls as follows: north wall = 2.30 m; east wall = 3.35 m; south wall = 1.7 m; west wall = 3.30 m. Wall Construction: The base of the south wall (0.5 m in height) is rubble construction and projects into the room. The upper section is narrower, made of coursed masonry, and sits on this base. The east and west walls are masonry, with at least some of the stones roughly shaped. The north wall is constructed of rubble and appears to have been remodeled when

68

Chapter 3

the Great Kiva was built. This is particularly noticeable in the northwest corner and extends into the west wall. Door: No door is present. Other Wall Openings: No other openings are present. Wall Plaster: All but the north wall retain evidence of plaster. Floor: The floor is tan, pebbly clay. It is compact but uneven in places. Some rocks are embedded in the floor; in particular, three shaped slabs may have been part of a slab-lined floor. Hearth: No hearth is present. Storage Pits: No storage pits are present. Postholes: No postholes are present. Other Floor Features: No other features are present. Roof: Evidence of the roof consists of hard clay with brush impressions in the fill. Artifacts: Artifacts are noted in the fill and floor/floor-fill deposits. Specifically, the notes state two stone axes, one obsidian projectile point, one scraper [uniface?], one stone knife [biface?], two bone awls, one bone chisel, one antler flaker, one stone pendant, one charred handle, and one jar stopper. Beans and corn were recovered from the fill. On the floor, one mano, one full-grooved axe, and two pieces of gypsum were noted. Room 46, Floor 4

See Chapter 2. Room 49, Floor 2

See Chapter 2. Room 58, Floor 2 Room 58 is on the west side of the Plaza that became a roofed Great Kiva in the next phase. It was excavated 7/12–7/25/1951 by Carol Abell and M. Virginia Gould. Room Dimensions: The lengths of the walls associated with Floor 2 were not recorded in the notes and are derived from the scaled field map: north wall = 3.8 m; east wall = 2.5 m; south wall = 3.7 m; west wall = 2.5 m. Wall Construction: The north, south, and west walls are of banded masonry. The east wall is rubble construction of unshaped tuff rocks with a basalt boulder base and is original to the room. In the next phase, a second wall is appended to the east to smooth out the wall face during the construction of the Great Kiva. Door: One door is present in the north wall; it opens into Room 15 and was sealed at some point. It is 53 cm wide, and the sill is 14 cm above the floor. Other Wall Openings: No other openings are noted on the form, but the running notes indicate a 9.0 cm ×

10.0 cm hole in the north wall 0.3 cm above the floor. Its purpose is unclear, but it may be a ventilation hole or wall niche. Wall Plaster: Plaster is present and in good condition. It also covers the sealed doorway, indicating the room was replastered at least once. The wall plaster coves onto Floor 2 from the north and west walls. Floor: The floor is in poor condition and rests on the fill over Pithouse 2. It was plastered during use, as the wall plaster coves onto the floor. Hearth: There is a rectangular, slab-lined hearth. Sandstone slabs remain on three sides, and the channels into which they fit are evident. Approximately 6 cm of ash is present in the hearth. Storage Pits: No storage pits are present. Postholes: No postholes are associated with Floor 2. Other Floor Features: There is a metate bin and claylined scooping area to the west of the hearth. Roof: Roofing plaster is present in the fill, with some large clumps resting directly on Floor 2. These contain shake impressions and a small amount of charcoal. Artifacts: Sherds recovered from the room were typed in the field and not transported to Tucson. Counts were not made, only presence/absence noted. The following ceramics were noted as associated with Floor 2: plain brown ware, plain brown smudged interior ware, plain corrugated, indented corrugated, McDonald Corrugated, McDonald Grooved Corrugated, Tularosa Fillet Rim, Tularosa White-on-Red, San Carlos Red-on-Brown, Tularosa/Reserve Blackon-White, Puerco Black-on-Red, Wingate Black-onRed, Cedar Creek Polychrome, possible Fourmile Polychrome, Pinedale Polychrome, and St. Johns Polychrome. Room 94, Floor 3 Room 94 is in the northern section of Room Block E, northwest of Kiva 2. It was excavated 6/17–7/5/1957 by Keith Otterbein and Alfred Hoerth. Portions of two rooms are present in Floor 3, but the construction is constrained to the outline of the later structure. The southern structure is a continuation of the floor located under Room 46, and information on this room is contained there (Chapter 2). The north and south walls of the northern room are present (with the northern wall just into Room 101/102). Room Dimensions: the lengths of the walls associated with Floor 3 are difficult to determine because none of the walls is complete (having been disrupted by later construction). Based on the field map, the north and south walls are 3.15 m apart. Wall Construction: Masonry that is present consists of large, coursed tuff boulders with smaller chinking

Late Tularosa Phase, aD 1200–1250

69

Figure 3.6. Isolated rooms at the south end of the pueblo dated to the Late Tularosa phase (compiled from field notes)

stones. Only a portion of the south wall is masonry; two postholes are present in the eastern end of the wall trench. Door: No door is evident in the excavated portion of the room. Other Wall Openings: No wall openings are evident in the excavated portion of the room. Wall Plaster: There is thick, finger-streaked plaster present on the remaining walls. Floor: The floor is a mixture of trash and native soil. It is hard and level. Hearth: There is a slab-lined, rectangular hearth near the center of the room. The slabs are made of tuff. Storage Pits: There are no storage pits evident in the excavated portion of the room. Postholes: There are numerous postholes. Two are in line with the southern wall and may be wall supports. There are 12 additional postholes in the northern section of the room of numerous widths, but depths are not recorded. Other Floor Features: A storage bin is present in the northeast quarter of the excavated portion of the room. It is defined by masonry construction. Roof: No evidence of the roof associated with Floor 3 is present.

Artifacts: Artifacts noted in the floor/floor fill of Floor 3 are one mano, one rubbing stone, one projectile point, one scraper [uniface?], one shell bracelet fragment, one turquoise bead, one quartz crystal, one piece of gypsum, three fragments of wood with a “slight incrustation of copper salts,” and six sherd disks. Room 101/102, Floor 2 The northern wall of Room 94, Floor 3 is at the very southern edge of Room 101/102, Floor 2. Its description is contained in the description of Room 94 above. Room 104, Floor 3

See Chapter 2.

IsolateD Rooms Two rooms representing three floors dated to the Late Tularosa phase that were not tied to a well-defined/ excavated room block were excavated: Room 57, Floor 4, and Room 60, Floors 1 and 2 (Figure 3.6). Both rooms are at the south end of the pueblo and are connected to each other, sharing a portion of one wall. In both cases, only a portion of the floor dated to this period was excavated.

70

Chapter 3

Figure 3.7. Communal space dated to the Late Tularosa phase at Point of Pines Pueblo (compiled from field notes)

Room 57, Floor 4

The information for Floor 4 of Room 57 is limited to the field map and profile because it is demolished by later construction, including the construction of the Great Wall in the Canyon Creek phase. Only a wall stub on the eastern edge of the excavation unit and two floor features were identified. The room as a whole was excavated 6/26–7/10/1951 by Barbara MacCaulley and Eloise Richards. Evident in the profiles recorded in the field is a hearth, but no information about its form is present. Additionally, a metate bin is evident in the field profiles in the northeast corner of the wall stub. Several ethnobotanical remains were recovered in the fill between Floors 3 and 4. They were identified by Bohrer (1973). Specifically, six walnuts (Juglans major), four fragments of immature prickly pear stems or joints (Platyopuntia) and about 100 flower buds and stems of cholla (Cylindropuntia) were recovered. Ceramic sherds are noted in the fill and floor/floor fill associated with Floor 4. These were identified in the

field but not counted. Only the painted ceramics are listed in the field notes. In the fill between Floors 3 and 4 are Tularosa Black-on-White, Pinedale Black-on-Red, Gila Polychrome, and Nantack Polychrome. In the floor/ floor-fill level are San Carlos Red-on-Brown, Tularosa Black-on-White, Maverick Mountain Polychrome, and Nantack Polychrome. No other artifacts are noted. Room 60, Floors 1 and 2 Room 60 is to the southwest of Room 57. The room was only partially excavated, with a test trench along the west wall (less than half of the room). It was excavated 7/27–7/28/1951 by Eloise Richards. A 30-cm layer of trash separates the two floors. Room Dimensions: The only wall that was completely excavated is the west wall. Based on the field map, it is 2.35 m long. This wall was disturbed during later construction in Room 57 when it was bisected by the end of the south wall of Room 57. Wall Construction: The portion of the north wall that

Late Tularosa Phase, aD 1200–1250

was excavated has coursed and banded tuff blocks. Bands of large, pecked blocks (15 cm × 20 cm) alternate with three courses of smaller blocks. The footing consists of unworked tuff boulders 30 cm × 30 cm in size. No information is given on the west wall, but the wall profile indicates coursed masonry. Door: No doors are present in the excavated portion of the room. Other Wall Openings: No other openings are present in the excavated portion of the room. Wall Plaster: Wall plaster is present. It is approximately 1.0 cm thick and of a gray granular clay. Floor: Floor 2 is a compact mixture of trash and native soil approximately 5.0 cm above sterile. Floor 1 is fine, homogeneous yellow-brown clay. Hearth: No hearth is present in the excavated portion of the room. Storage Pits: No storage pits are present in the excavated portion of the room. Postholes: No postholes are present in the excavated portion of the room. Other Floor Features: No other floor features are present in the excavated portion of the room. Roof: A layer of gray, granular clay is present directly above Floor 1 and may represent roof fall. Artifacts: Sherds were identified in the field and not

71

transported back to Tucson. No counts are recorded, and for the sherds directly above Floor 1, only the painted sherds are noted. Specifically, the field forms state both Fourmile and Point of Pines Polychrome are present. In the fill between the two floors and in contact with Floor 2, are plain brown smudged wares, two Tularosa Black-on-White sherds, and one Nantack Black-on-Red sherd. No other artifacts are discussed.

Communal Structures Three communal spaces are associated with the Late Tularosa phase (Figure 3.7). The first two, Kivas 2 and 3, are described in detail in Chapter 2. The third is a prepared Plaza to the east of the southern portion of Room Block E. The Plaza is encompassed by more rooms, and the floor consists of a compacted surface (Gerald 1957). During the Late Tularosa phase, there is no evidence of postholes, indicating it was unroofed. Thus, activities in the Plaza could be seen from the rooftops of the rooms that bound the area at this time, as well as from the ground on the north and west sides. It is assumed this Plaza is approximately the same size as the Great Kiva that is constructed over it in the next phase, but this is difficult to assess given the disturbance of latter construction.

4

Pinedale/Maverick Mountain Phase, aD 1250/1265–1300

Room Block B

The Pinedale/Maverick Mountain phase is one of dynamic social change. The changes are so profound that Haury (1989) gave two different designations to the phase. The Maverick Mountain phase refers specifically to the events in Room Block D; Pinedale phase refers to the remainder of the pueblo. In general, the phases are periods of considerable growth at the pueblo (Figure 4.1). Sixty-five of the 130 rooms excavated at the pueblo (50%) have evidence of occupation (Stone 2015). Very limited testing at the north and south ends of the site indicate construction of room blocks in these areas, but it is difficult to characterize the architecture due to the limited amount of testing. Room Blocks B, D, and E continue to be occupied, and the number of rooms occupied increases. Some remodeling of rooms in the southern half of Room Block E is evident and is related to the conversion of the Plaza to an enclosed Great Kiva, as well as to rooms directly south of Kiva 2. A new, small semisubterranean kiva (Kiva 5) is constructed and is associated with Room Block B. Kiva 2 (associated with Room Block E) and Kiva 3 (associated with Room Block D) continue to be used during this phase. At the end of the phase, Room Block D and Kiva 3 are largely burned and abandoned. The abandonment appears unplanned, and numerous artifacts and ecofacts are evident on the floors of the rooms underneath the burned roof fall. These remains are discussed in the section of this chapter on Room Block D. Based on quantity and type of ethnobotanical remains recovered, Bohrer (1973:435) argues the rooms were burned in late May or early June. Studies conducted on the abandonment of the Room Block and its burning are detailed in the section of this chapter describing Room Block D.

The floors of 10 rooms excavated in Room Block B are dated to the Pinedale phase (Figure 4.2). The excavations of these floors are constrained by the construction of later rooms. That is, because natural excavation units were used, and these were defined by the presence of rooms on the surface, excavation of earlier structures is constrained to subfloor tests. This is particularly noticeable in Room B-11. Seven of the 10 rooms dated to this period were also occupied in the Tularosa phase. Because the architectural details of these seven rooms are contained in earlier chapters, the reader is directed there for detail. Ceramics encountered during excavation were typed and counted in the field and not transported to Tucson. Data from field analysis for Room Block B are presented in Table 4.1. Room B1, Floor 4 Room 1 is situated in the middle of the east–west run of rooms for Room Block B. Room 2 is directly east, and Room 5 is to the west. There is a discrepancy between the field map tied to the form and the site map on its orientation. Specifically, the map on the room form is turned 90 degrees to the east from the orientation on the site map. The orientation on the site map more closely matches the information from the adjacent rooms, therefore was given primacy. The data listed here has been adjusted accordingly. The room was excavated 7/7–8/6/1953 by Joan Steffens (Floor 1), and Stewart L. Peckham and J. Earl Ingmanson (Floors 2, 3, 4). Room Dimensions: The lengths of the walls associated with Floor 4 were not recorded in the notes and are derived from the scaled field map: north wall =

72

Pinedale/Maverick Mountain Phase, aD 1250/1265–1300

73

Figure 4.1. Excavated rooms at Point of Pines Pueblo dated to the Maverick Mountain/Pinedale phase

2.9 m; east wall = 2.93 m; south wall = 4.3 m; west wall = 4.1 m. Wall Construction: All four walls are present, but no details are provided on the form or the field map. In addition to the four walls that define the room, the base of a wall running north–south is present in the center of the room. It extends approximately one third of the way across the room. The wall is only one course high and made of basalt boulders. Door: No door is associated with Floor 4. Other Wall Openings: No other openings are present. Wall Plaster: No plaster is noted for the walls associated with Floor 4. Floor: The running field notes indicate the floor is plastered. The room map and profile indicate that the floor in the south half of the room (south of the partial wall) is 10 cm lower than the floor in the north half of the room. Hearth: The hearth consists of a small circular depression. The running field notes indicate that charred beans and corn cobs are present in the hearth. Storage Pits: No storage pits are present.

Postholes: The running field notes indicate a single posthole is present in the center of the room. A portion of the post, approximately 75 cm long, is present in the posthole. Other Floor Features: No other floor features are present. Roof: No details are provided on the roof associated with Floor 4. Artifacts: The running field notes indicate several large pieces of yellow ocher, along with a few pieces of red hematite and malachite are present in floor contact. Additionally, several manos and a metate that contained red staining are present. A polishing stone and a large sherd with red stains were also recovered, suggesting to the excavators that the processing and use of pigments occurred in the room. The artifact list for level 10, Floor 4, is as follows: seven manos, one handstone, one open-ended metate, one grinding slab, two axes, one mano that was reworked into an axe, one arrow shaft straightener, one abrading stone, one polishing stone, one chopper, one bone awl, and one piece of limonite.

74

Chapter 4

Figure 4.2. Floors of excavated rooms in Room Block B dated to the Pinedale phase (compiled from field notes)

Room B2, Floor 3

See Chapter 3. Room B3, Floor 5

See Chapter 2. Room B4, Floor 1 Room 4 is at the eastern end of the east–west spine of Room Block B. Floor 2 is discussed in Chapter 2. Floor 1 was founded during the Pinedale phase and continued to be occupied through the Point of Pines phase. Floor 1 is associated with a remodeled room with new dimensions and features. Room 4 was excavated 7/5–7/30/1954

by Linda McIlvain. It should be noted that in some places on the form there is reference to three floors, but there is no information given, and only two floors appear on the map and profiles. Room Dimensions: The lengths of the walls associated with Floor 1 are recorded in the field notes and are as follows: north wall = 3.38 m; east wall = 2.80 m; south wall = 3.60 m; west wall = 2.90 m. Wall Construction: The south, east, and west walls are footed on large basalt boulders that are set vertically upright. Above this, the south wall has irregular courses of shaped block masonry and smaller fragments. The wall averages 28 cm wide. The west wall

Pinedale/Maverick Mountain Phase, aD 1250/1265–1300

has flat tuff slabs above the footing layer. They are set upright so that the eastern edge of the upper wall is footed on the western edge of the lower level. The west wall averages 26 cm wide. Only the footing layer remains of the east wall, and it averages 32 cm. The north wall has large, square footing rocks. Above this is masonry that is a mix of larger stones and smaller chinking stones. The north wall averages 34 cm wide. Door: There is a sealed door 54 cm wide in the center of the west wall. Other Wall Openings: No other openings are present in the wall, but the running field notes indicate the presence of a stone slab roof hatchway cover. (It is unclear whether this is on the floor or in the fill above the floor.) Wall Plaster: Plaster is present on all four walls with an average thickness of 4.0 cm. The east wall has very little plaster left, since only the footing stones are present. Floor: No description of the floor is present. Hearth: A rectangular, slab-lined hearth (51 cm × 39 cm) is present. Storage Pits: No storage pits are evident. Postholes: No postholes are evident. Other Floor Features: A large corrugated jar (type unspecified) is embedded into the floor. Roof: No evidence of the roof remains. Artifacts: Several pieces of hematite and malachite are associated with Floor 1. The running field notes state a saw and a three-quarter grooved axe are present but do not state whether they are in the fill above the floor or on the floor itself. Additionally, three handstones, two lap stones, one maul, and two hammerstones are in the fill approximately 15 cm above the floor. Room B5, Floor 2

See Chapter 3.

architectural boundaries of a later room. Floor 2 is not a complete room but is represented by the intersection of several walls indicating construction in a footprint different from the later room. Room 11 was excavated 6/18– 7/20/1956 by Ruth Blumenfeld and Wilda Anderson. Room Dimensions: A complete room, or even wall, associated with Floor 2 was not excavated. Room dimensions cannot be estimated. Wall Construction: No information is provided on the field form about the wall construction evident on the field map for Floor 2. Door: No doors are evident in the excavated portion of the room. Other Wall Openings: No other openings are evident in the excavated portion of the room. Wall Plaster: No information about wall plaster is given on the room form. Floor: No information about the floor is given on the room form. Hearth: No hearth is evident in the excavated portion of the room. Storage Pits: No storage pits are evident in the excavated portion of the room. Postholes: No postholes are evident in the excavated portion of the room. Other Floor Features: No other floor features are evident in the excavated portion of the room. Roof: No evidence of the roof associated with Floor 2 is evident in the excavated portion of the room. Artifacts: In the fill between Floors 1 and 2 the following artifacts were recovered: one “phallic” stone, one stone hoe blade, two projectile points, one bone whistle, one deer pelvis scraper, one hair ornament, one bone ornament, and one miniature clay jar. On Floor 2, one notched tuff building stone was recovered. Beneath Floor 2, two pieces of chert were recovered.

Room B6, Floor 2

See Chapter 3.

75

Room B12, Floor 3

See Chapter 3. Room B8, Floor 4

See Chapter 3. Room B9, Floor 2

See Chapter 3. Room B11, Floor 2 Room 11 is on the far southern end of Room Block B. Rooms exist between Room 11 and the remainder of the room block but were not tested. The exploration of Room 11, Floor 2, is restricted to the space defined by the

Room Block D Room Block D was founded during the Early Tularosa phase, and rooms were added during the Late Tularosa phase. These rooms continue to be occupied during this phase (Pinedale/Maverick Mountain) and more rooms are added (Figures 4.3, 4.4). The inhabitants of Room Block D from the Early Tularosa through the end of the Pinedale/Maverick Mountain phase have been interpreted as Kayenta migrants. This argument is made because the architecture and artifacts in these rooms is considerably different from other Room Blocks at the

Table 4.1. Ceramics counted in the field associated with floor / floor-fill deposits for rooms in Room Block B Room B1, Floor 4 Type Plain, Red, and Textured plain plain, smudged red red, smudged red jars red bowls plain and red plain corrugated indented corrugated obliterated corrugated “Truck-Tire” Corrugated pattern indented corrugated zoned corrugated plain corrugated, grooved tooled corrugated plain corrugated, smoothed, red-slipped plain corrugated, red-slipped, smudged indented corrugated, red-slipped obliterated corrugated, red-slipped pattern indented corrugated, red-slipped red-slipped corrugated (no type stated) McDonald Corrugated McDonald Pattern Indented Corrugated McDonald Grooved Corrugated Prieto Corrugated “Prieto spaced” Corrugated Fillet Rim and White-on-Red Reserve Fillet Rim Tularosa Fillet Rim Tularosa White-on-Red

Room B4, Floor 1

Fill

Floor

Subfloor

Fill

Floor

267 60 153 80

68 6 31 7

5

15 21 13 2 81 10

5

954 863

71 37

3 9

94 447 81

73

4 5

2

1 53

3

Black-on-White “Laemtua” Black-on-White Mimbres Boldface Black-on-White Mimbres Classic Black-on-White Pinedale Black-on-White Tularosa Black-on-White white ware body unidentified black-on-white Black-on-Red Fourmile Black-on-Red Gila Black-on-Red Maverick Mountain Black-on-Red

Fill

Floor

Subfloor

4

21 11 3

485 272 525 97

68 122 65 12

150 130 78 7

20

2

13

11

8

8

2 18 2 10 2

2 1

14 3

5 1 3 1 2 1 276 91

2 6

77

3

47 8

5

1

1 6 84

2 2

2 2

Red-on-Brown San Carlos Red-on-Brown Red-on-Buff unidentified red-on-buff

Room B11, Floor 2

5

1 3

2

2 3

26 3

7 8

2 6

3 5

1 1 2

4

2

3

2

1 1 37

1 23 4

1

3

1

2 7

Pinedale/Maverick Mountain Phase, aD 1250/1265–1300

77

Table 4.1. (cont’d.) Ceramics counted in the field associated with floor / floor-fill deposits for rooms in Room Block B Room B1, Floor 4 Type

Fill

Floor

Pinedale Black-on-Red Pinedale Black-on-Red worked sherd Pinedale Black-on-Red, local variety Pinto Black-on-Red St. Johns Black-on-Red Showlow Black-on-Red Wingate Black-on-Red

258

29

Polychrome Cedar Creek Polychrome Cedar Creek Polychrome, local variety Fourmile Polychrome Fourmile Polychrome, local variety Gila Polychrome Maverick Mountain Polychrome Nantack Polychrome Nantack Polychrome pot Pinedale Polychrome Pinto Polychrome Point of Pines Polychrome Prieto Polychrome Showlow Polychrome St. Johns Polychrome Tonto Polychrome Tucson Polychrome Willow Mountain Polychrome unidentified polychrome unidentified red ware body sherds, Fourmile series unidentified painted ware

14 10 2

Subfloor

Room B4, Floor 1 Fill

Floor

8 1 1

1

Room B11, Floor 2 Fill

Floor

99

Subfloor 4

1

41

2

4

1

59

6 1 16 1 17

28 28 5 4 1 94

1

24 81 31 1

5

1 3 3

1 1 5

1 1

4 1

6 6 18

1

1 5 1 2

3

3

69 1 43

pueblo (Haury 1958, 1989; Stone 2015) and elsewhere in the Mountain Mogollon region (Stone 2003, 2009, 2015; Stone and Lipe 2011). Specifically, room construction differs, with a higher proportion of two-story rooms in Room Block D than elsewhere at the pueblo during the Pinedale/Maverick Mountain phase (Figure 4.5). Additionally, the rooms in Room Block D are significantly larger (t-score = 4.12; p-value = .000; difference = 8.059 m2) and have significantly more doors (t-score = 1.891; p-value = .066; mean difference = .333 doors) compared to other rooms at the Pueblo (Stone 2015:75; see also Stone 2009). Haury (1958, 1989) originally made this argument based on the distribution of Kayenta-style ceramics (both sherds and whole vessels) in floor context. However, when the site was excavated, issues of formation processes had not yet become a topic of discussion in archaeology, and the floor was actually floor and floor fill (fill 10–25 cm above the floor). Based on current understanding of postabandonment deposition, we know

2 1

that this is not a reliable indicator of room use. However, when examined, the distribution of sherds and whole pots in secure context (baffles, embedded metate bins, and whole pots on the floor) from the Kayenta area or in Kayenta-style ceramics (Maverick Mountain Blackon-Red and Maverick Mountain Polychrome) is concentrated in Room Block D (Figure 4.6). Haury (1958, 1989) used the designation “Maverick Mountain phase” for this room block due to these differences and it is retained here. The end of the Maverick Mountain phase is signified by the burning and abandonment of Room Block D and Kiva 3. Specifically, 20 of the 24 excavated rooms in the room block occupied during the Maverick Mountain phase were catastrophically burned while still in use. Conversely, burning is relatively rare elsewhere at the pueblo, with only two other masonry rooms showing evidence of complete burning (as opposed to occasional charcoal and ash) during the entire occupation of the pueblo. The result was rapid,

78

Chapter 4

Figure 4.3. North half of Room Block D showing rooms occupied during the Maverick Mountain phase (compiled from field notes)

unplanned abandonment of the rooms in Room Block D at the end of the Maverick Mountain phase (Stone 2015). The rooms were not salvaged or cleaned out after the fire. Materials left on the floor below roof fall are detailed below. The fires in Room Block D burned relatively hot. Experimental work by Robert McKusick in 1952 (contained in Room 68 field report) on a sample of unburned pottery and wall plaster from elsewhere in the site is illustrative of the intensity of the heat that destroyed the room block. Specifically, he attempted to determine the temperature required to fuse fired ceramics and wall plaster. In both cases this occurred at 1125°C (2057°F) in his experiment. Considering the recovered ethnobotanical remains,

Bohrer (1973) suggests the rooms were burned in late May or early June (i.e., after summer crops were planted but before they were harvested). She bases this conclusion on several factors. First, although there was evidence of considerable amounts of stored corn in storage rooms in Room Block D (as much as 25 bushels in one room), she argues this is the amount you would expect at the beginning of the growing season rather than the end (Bohrer 1973:435). Specifically, it is not enough stored corn to feed the average family through the remainder of the year. This is supported by the relatively small volume of walnuts as well as Amaranthus and Cycloloma seeds in the storage rooms, remnant stores from harvest the previous fall. The second indication of a late May/early June date

Pinedale/Maverick Mountain Phase, aD 1250/1265–1300

79

Figure 4.4. South half of Room Block D showing rooms occupied during the Maverick Mountain phase (compiled from field notes)

lies in the stored mesquite pods recovered. Specifically, many of the pods had “numerous holes from the emerged Brucus larvae” (Bohrer 1973:435), which does not occur until after several months of storage. Mesquite pods are available in the surrounding area from August to midOctober. The third indication of a late-May to early-June time period is the condition of the stored cholla buds and prickly-pear joints. Neither had any indication of shriveling or drying, indicating they were recently harvested. It should be noted that there is one room, Room 98, whose dating is confusing. It is in Room Block D at the southeastern edge of the southern half of the room block. The room is burned, and there is a dendrochronological sample that Parker (1967) gives a cutting date of aD 1287 on the floor, so it could be very late Maverick Mountain

phase. However, the ceramics on the floor under the burned roof fall are dominated by Prieto Corrugated, Pinedale, Fourmile, and Point of Pines Polychromes and Pinto Black-on-Red, suggesting a later date. Because of the ceramics, it is proposed here that the room may have been built at the very end of the Maverick Mountain phase or the beginning of the Canyon Creek phase with a reused post but that the majority of its occupation is Canyon Creek and Point of Pines phase. Therefore, it is not discussed in this chapter. To ease the discussion of the ceramic and artifact material recovered from the rooms, they are treated in two ways: (1) materials found in situ on the burned floors under burned roof fall are discussed in the room summaries; (2) sherds and artifacts identified by the excavators in the fill, roof fall, and in floor contact are presented in

80

Chapter 4

Figure 4.5. Distribution of one- and two-story rooms occupied during the Pinedale/Maverick Mountain phase

the summary tables 4.2 (artifacts) and 4.3 (ceramics). Table 4.4 lists the whole vessels found in the fill, roof fall, and floor deposits. Room 50, Floor 1 Room 50 is in the northern half of Room Block D, directly south of Room 52. It was constructed during the Maverick Mountain phase and not reoccupied after it was burned and abandoned at the end of the phase. Based on the height of the standing wall and the presence of a hearth in the roof fall, this room is believed to be two stories high. The details of the floor relate to the lower floor. The room was excavated 7/17–8/8/1950 by Carl “Tod” Rosnek and Kenneth Stewart. Room Dimensions: The lengths of the walls associated with Floor 1 were not recorded in the notes and are derived from the scaled field map: north wall = 3.50 m; east wall = 3.75 m; south wall = 3.35 m; west wall = 3.75 m. Wall Construction: The walls stand 2.4 m high and are made of coursed masonry using tuff building stones and mud mortar. Chinking stones are also of tuff.

There is a shallow construction trench evident along the entire length of the north wall. It averages 0.15 m in width and 0.14 m in depth. Another shallow trench is evident for the southern 0.65 m length of the east wall; it averages 0.11 m in depth and 0.13 m in width. Door: A sealed door is present in the north wall. The sill is 45 cm above the floor; it is 49 cm wide and 53 cm high. Other Wall Openings: There is a break in the west wall approximately one meter above the floor. It is 72 cm high and 58 cm wide. There is no interpretation of this opening by the excavators, but it may have served as a window. Additionally, according to the field profiles of the room walls, there is a sealed window in the south wall, though this is not discussed by the excavators. Finally, the profile indicates beam sockets in the east and west walls. Wall Plaster: All four walls have adobe plaster that is burned to a reddish-brown color from the fire at the time of abandonment. Floor: No description of the floor is present. Hearth: There is no hearth on the floor, but there is evi-

Pinedale/Maverick Mountain Phase, aD 1250/1265–1300

81

Figure 4.6. Distribution of Kayenta-style ceramics in the form of whole pots or sherds embedded in the floor during the Pinedale/Maverick Mountain phase

dence of a hearth (fire-blackened stone, plaster floor and lip of the fire box, and an associated lens of ash) in the roof fall indicating the existence of a second story. Storage Pits: One pit exists but no details are provided. Postholes: Under the main roof beam is a single posthole, 18 cm deep with a diameter of 30 cm. A portion of the main support post is in place and stands 76 cm height with a diameter of 18 cm. Other Floor Features: No other floor features are evident. Roof: Room 50 appears to be two-stories high. The notes state there are beam holes in the north and south walls, though the profiles indicate they are in the east and west walls. The main beam support is evident on the floor, as are reeds, pine shaking, and shake impressions in clay. Most of the burned roof is in the roof fall used for dendrochronological dates (Table 4.5). Artifacts: Because the room was burned while in use, there are a considerable number of artifacts identi-

fied on the floor (Figure 4.7). In addition to whole vessels found on the floor, artifacts are identified in the fill, roof fall and floor/floor-fill context (Table 4.2, 4.4). Additionally, numerous sherds are found in the fill and on the floor, but information on these are not included in the field notes. Additional Excavators’ Notes: In the running notes, the excavators note the presence of corn, corn cobs with kernels intact, charred walnuts, squash rinds, and beans. They also note charred thread, pine needles, and “a great mass of scorched human hair.” Room 51/61, Floor 2 Room 51/61 is in the northern portion of Room Block D to the west of Room 50 and 52. The room was constructed during the Maverick Mountain phase and burned and abandoned at the end of the phase. A large amount of material was left on the floor and sealed by the burned roof fall (Figure 4.8). It was remodeled during the Canyon Creek phase. Specifically, the original walls were used but a new floor was put down over the roof fall,

Table 4.2. Artifacts identified by the excavators from fill, roof fall, floor / floor-fill deposits in Room Block D (P = present) Room 50 Artifact Ground and Pecked Stone mano handstone metate basin metate grinding slab lap stone stone palette pigment grinding slab pestle mortar ¾-grooved axe ¾-grooved bouble-bit axe full-grooved axe axe ¾-grooved maul full-grooved maul maul ¾-grooved adze axe sharpener arrow shaft straightener stone bowl stone donut/ring stone cylinder stone ball “phallic” stone abrading stone rubbing stone smoothing stone polishing stone whetstone stone hoe file tubular stone with grinding and notches grooved stone “cuttingbase or sharpener” “roughly shaped picks” unidentified ground/pecked stone hafted digging tool worked stone Chipped Stone projectile point hammerstone scraper [uniface?] knife [biface?] drill flaked tool

Fill 14

Room 51/61

Room 52

Room 62

Room 68

Room 69

Roof Fill and Fill and Roof Fill and Fall Floor Roof Fall Floor Roof Fall Floor Fill Fall Floor Roof Fall Floor Fill 1 1

1

2

4

12

9

1

2

17

12

1

3

7

6 1

1

1

6 1

2

7

13

Roof Fall 1

1 1 2 2 1

2

1

4

1

1

1

1

2

5

1

2 1 1

3 2

1

1

3 1 1 1

2

1

1

4 1

6 20

2 1

3

2

9

1

2

1 1 1 1

1

1

1 2 1

1 1 2

1

1

1

1

2

1 2

3

1 1

1 1

7

6

3

5

1

3 2

1

1 1

1

3 1 2

1 1 1

3

1

1

4 3 2

1 3 1 1

10 3 7 7 2

1 1 1

6 2 7 2 1

2 3 6 1 1

12 1 3 2

1 2 1 6 1

1

2 2 1 1

Table 4.2. (cont’d.) Artifacts identified by the excavators from fill, roof fall, floor / floor-fill deposits in Room Block D (P = present) Room 50 Artifact retouched flake chopper core saw chipped stone flake blade obsidian nodule anvil Bone and Antler bone awl bone needle bone hair ornament bone ring bone ring blank bone die/disc bone bead bone tube (bead blanks) bone whistle bone scraper bone knife bone flesher/flaker bone chisel rib knife antler/antler flaker antler shaft wrench antler projectile point beveled antler tine antler scraper worked antler elk antler worked bone rib worked Long bone worked bone deer pelvis polisher bird claw bear claw bone joint small bird skeleton animal skull fragment rodent tooth turkey caller with red and white paint macaw skeletons Stone Ornaments and Pipes stone pipe stone pendant

Fill

Room 51/61

Room 52

Room 62

Room 68

Room 69

Roof Fill and Fill and Roof Fill and Fall Floor Roof Fall Floor Roof Fall Floor Fill Fall Floor Roof Fall Floor Fill 1 1

Roof Fall

1 1 4

1 3

3

1

1

4

7

6

1 1

3 1

1 9

1 2

1

1

6

5

2

2

2 1

1 1 1

1

16 1 2 2 1 1 2

1

2

1 2

1 1 2 2

1

1 1

2

2

2 4 1

7 2

2 1

1

8 1 1 1

4 4 3

1 5

1

1 1

1 3

2

Table 4.2. (cont’d.) Artifacts identified by the excavators from fill, roof fall, floor / floor-fill deposits in Room Block D (P = present) Room 50 Artifact

Fill

Room 51/61

Room 68

Room 69 Roof Fall

1 5

Shell shell pendant stylized bird shell pendant shell bead shell bracelet shell needles Cardium shell Conus tinkler Olivella shell bead bivalve perforated shells shell trumpet fragments (Strombus galeatus) Turritella shell

Organic Material basket fragments textile fragments twilled matting sandals “grass skirt”

Room 62

Roof Fill and Fill and Roof Fill and Fall Floor Roof Fall Floor Roof Fall Floor Fill Fall Floor Roof Fall Floor Fill

stone ring stone bead turquoise pendant turquoise bead

Minerals and Concretions quartz crystal turquoise azurite malachite hematite hematite cake orange pigment friable red pigment (possibly hematite) bentonite calcite gypsum chalcedony rose fossiliferous limestone stalactite fragment white pigment unworked prismatic fractured basalt “chunk” of prepared paint concretion chalcedony nodule worked stone “stone medicine charm”

Room 52

1

2

5

1 3

2 1 2

1

1 1

1

1

3

1 2

1

2 3

1

1 3

2

1 12 1 1 1

1

1 3

1 2

1

1

1 1

2

2 14 1

1

2 1

1

Table 4.2. (cont’d.) Artifacts identified by the excavators from fill, roof fall, floor / floor-fill deposits in Room Block D (P = present) Room 50 Artifact

Fill

Room 51/61

[169.236.78.20] Project MUSE (2024-03-14 19:24 GMT) University of California, Merced

1 1 1

Room 69 Roof Fall

14 1

1 1 8 P

2

2

1 1

2

2

1 1 1

4 1

3

2

Room 71

Room 72

Roof Wall Roof Roof Fall Floor Fall Fall Floor Fall Floor 17 1

3

2

Room 70

Ground and Pecked Stone mano handstone metate basin metate grinding slab lap stone stone palette pigment grinding slab pestle

Room 68

1

Spindle Whorls and Ceramic Artifacts stone spindle whorl/disc worked ceramic tools worked sherd ceramic spindle whorl/disc 1 perforated clay ball ceramic gaming piece unidentified ceramic object lump of prepared clay

Artifact

Room 62

Roof Fill and Fill and Roof Fill and Fall Floor Roof Fall Floor Roof Fall Floor Fill Fall Floor Roof Fall Floor Fill

yucca fiber cord bundles cotton yarn cotton fabric general textiles woven pot rest weaving sword (material unknown) hair seeds/plant food samples carbonized corn, beans, walnuts corn kernels and cobs beans wild plant foods gourd ladle handle crinoid stem wooden “pillow” painted shaft (bands of red and green) [prayer stick?] worked wood Effigies effigy head, bird fired clay effigy/figurine

Room 52

3

15

1

3 1 9

12 20 1 3 4 1

3 1

Room 73 Fill 4

Room 84

Roof Fall Floor 23 7 5

3

3 1

Room 86

Fill

2nd Roof Story Fall Floor

7

4

1

1

4

1 1

2

1 2

1

Table 4.2. (cont’d.) Artifacts identified by the excavators from fill, roof fall, floor / floor-fill deposits in Room Block D (P = present) Room 70 Artifact

Room 72

Roof Wall Roof Roof Fall Floor Fall Fall Floor Fall Floor

mortar ¾-grooved axe ¾-grooved double-bit axe full-grooved axe axe ¾-grooved maul full-grooved maul maul ¾-grooved adze axe sharpener arrow shaft straightener stone bowl stone donut/ring stone cylinder stone ball “phallic” stone abrading stone rubbing stone smoothing stone polishing stone whetstone stone Hoe file tubular stone with grinding and notches grooved stone “cutting base or sharpener” “roughly shaped picks” unidentified ground/pecked stone hafted digging tool worked stone Chipped Stone projectile point hammerstone scraper [uniface?] knife [biface?] drill flaked tool retouched flake chopper core saw chipped stone flake blade obsidian nodule anvil

Room 71

3

1

3

Room 73 Fill

Room 84

Roof Fall Floor

Fill

Room 86

2nd Roof Story Fall Floor

2

1 1

1

5

1

1

2 1 2

1

1 2 1

4 1

1

1 1 4 1 7 1

1

2

8

4

7

2

3

6

5 6 1 2 1

4

9 18

1 1 5

3 1

3

2

1 1

1

7

1

2

2

3 4 3 3

4 1 1

1 1 3 1

1 2 1

1 2 2

6 2 6 3 2

1 1 2 3 2

1 3

1

1

1

2 3

1

1 1

1 1 1

1 1 1

1

6 19 4 1

1

4 1 8 2

1

1

1

Table 4.2. (cont’d.) Artifacts identified by the excavators from fill, roof fall, floor / floor-fill deposits in Room Block D (P = present) Room 70 Artifact Bone and Antler bone awl bone needle bone hair ornament bone ring bone ring blank bone die/disc bone bead bone tube (bead blanks) bone whistle bone scraper bone knife bone flesher/flaker bone chisel rib knife antler/antler flaker antler shaft wrench antler projectile point beveled antler tine antler scraper worked antler elk antler worked bone rib worked long bone worked bone deer pelvis polisher bird claw bear claw bone joint small bird skeleton animal skull fragment rodent tooth turkey caller with red and white paint macaw skeletons

Room 72

Roof Wall Roof Roof Fall Floor Fall Fall Floor Fall Floor 2

8

1

12

3

1

2

Room 73 Fill

Roof Fall Floor

3

13

1

1 2

Room 84 Fill 3

Room 86

2nd Roof Story Fall Floor 2

2 2

1

1 1 1

1 2

1 1

1

1

1

6

1

8

1

2

1

1 2 1 1

1

1 1

Stone Ornaments and Pipes stone pipe stone pendant stone ring stone bead turquoise pendant turquoise bead Shell shell pendant stylized bird shell pendant shell bead shell bracelet

Room 71

1 1

1 1

1

1 1 2

1 3

1

1

3

Table 4.2. (cont’d.) Artifacts identified by the excavators from fill, roof fall, floor / floor-fill deposits in Room Block D (P = present) Room 70 Artifact

Organic Material basket fragments textile fragments twilled matting sandals “grass skirt” yucca fiber cord bundle cotton yarn cotton fabric general textiles woven pot rest weaving sword (material unknown) hair seeds/plant food samples

Room 72

Roof Wall Roof Roof Fall Floor Fall Fall Floor Fall Floor

shell needles Cardium shell Conus tinkler Olivella shell bead bivalve perforated shells shell trumpet fragments (Strombus galeatus) Turritella shell Minerals and Concretions quartz crystal turquoise azurite malachite hematite hematite cake orange pigment Friable Red pigment (possibly hematite) bentonite calcite gypsum chalcedony rose fossiliferous limestone stalactite fragment white pigment unworked prismatic fractured basalt “chunk” of prepared paint concretion chalcedony nodule worked stone “stone medicine charm”

Room 71

Room 73 Fill

Roof Fall Floor

Room 84 Fill

Room 86

2nd Roof Story Fall Floor

1 1

1

1

2

1 1 16 5

1 2

1 4

1

1 1 1

1 1 1 1 1

1 1

2

P P

1

1

1

3 1

1

1

Table 4.2. (cont’d.) Artifacts identified by the excavators from fill, roof fall, floor / floor-fill deposits in Room Block D (P = present) Room 70

Room 71

Room 73

Roof Wall Roof Roof Fall Floor Fall Fall Floor Fall Floor

Artifact carbonized corn, beans, walnuts corn kernels and cobs beans wild plant foods gourd ladle handle crinoid stem wooden “pillow” painted shaft (bands of red and green) [prayer stick?] worked wood

P P

P P

Fill

Room 84

Roof Fall Floor

Fill

Room 86

2nd Roof Story Fall Floor

P P P 1

1 1 1

2

1

Effigies effigy head, bird fired clay effigy/figurine

1

1

Spindle Whorls and Ceramic Artifacts stone spindle whorl/disc worked ceramic tools worked sherd ceramic spindle whorl/disc 1 2 perforated clay ball ceramic gaming piece unidentified ceramic object lump of prepared clay

Room 87 Artifact

Room 72

1

1

1

1 1 5

3 2

1

5

2

1

1

1

1

2

1

Room 90

Room 92

Room 96

Room 99

Room 110

Fill and Roof Roof Fill Floor Roof Fall Floor Fill Floor 1 Floor 2 Subfloor Fall Floor Fill Floor Subfloor Fall Floor

Ground and Pecked Stone mano 9 handstone metate 1 basin metate grinding slab sap stone stone palette pigment grinding slab pestle mortar 1 ¾-grooved axe ¾-grooved double-bit axe full-grooved axe axe 1 ¾-grooved maul full-grooved maul

2

10 1

3

1

1

2 3 2

1 1

3 1

1 1

11 2 1

1

23 5 9

2

20 17 3 1 3

1

1

5

8 1

1 2

1

2

3 1

1

1

5

1 many

3

Table 4.2. (cont’d.) Artifacts identified by the excavators from fill, roof fall, floor / floor-fill deposits in Room Block D (P = present) Room 87 Artifact maul ¾-grooved adze axe sharpener arrow shaft straightener stone bowl Stone donut/ring stone cylinder stone ball “phallic” stone abrading stone rubbing stone smoothing stone polishing stone whetstone stone hoe file Tubular stone with grinding and notches grooved stone “cutting base or sharpener” “roughly shaped picks” unidentified ground/ pecked stone hafted digging tool worked stone Chipped Stone projectile point hammerstone scraper [uniface?] knife [biface?] drill flaked tool retouched flake chopper core saw chipped stone flake blade obsidian nodule anvil Bone and Antler bone awl bone needle bone Hair ornament bone ring ring blank

Room 90

Room 92

Room 96

Room 99

Room 110

Fill and Roof Roof Fill Floor Roof Fall Floor Fill Floor 1 Floor 2 Subfloor Fall Floor Fill Floor Subfloor Fall Floor 2 1 2

2

1

2

1

3 1

3 1 1 1 1

3 1 18

1

1

1 1 1

1

1

2 11

4 1

1

3 5 1 4

2

5

1

2

1 1 2

14

11

2

2

1

1

2

3 5 2

2 16

1 1

1 1 2

3 1

1 1

1

1 1

1 3

1 1

5 4 3

1

1 1 1

1

1

14 1 5

1 1

1 1

1

2

6

17

36

1 1

5 2 1

5

2

5

Table 4.2. (cont’d.) Artifacts identified by the excavators from fill, roof fall, floor / floor-fill deposits in Room Block D (P = present) Room 87 Artifact bone die/disc bone bead bone tube (bead blanks) bone whistle bone scraper bone knife bone flesher/flaker bone chisel rib knife antler/antler flaker antler shaft wrench antler projectile point beveled antler tine antler scraper worked antler elk antler worked bone rib worked Long bone worked bone deer pelvis polisher bird claw bear claw bone joint small bird skeleton animal skull fragment rodent tooth turkey caller with red and white paint macaw skeletons

Room 92

Room 96

Room 99

Room 110

Fill and Roof Roof Fill Floor Roof Fall Floor Fill Floor 1 Floor 2 Subfloor Fall Floor Fill Floor Subfloor Fall Floor 1 2 1

2

1

1

4

1

1 1

1

3 1

2

5 2

13

1 6 2

3

1

1

1

3

2 4 5 1

1

2

1 13

1

1

2

1

1

1

1 1 1

Stone Ornaments and Pipes stone pipe stone pendant stone ring stone bead turquoise pendant 1 turquoise bead Shell shell pendant stylized bird shell pendant shell bead shell bracelet shell needles Cardium shell Conus tinkler Olivella shell bead bivalve perforated shells

Room 90

2

1 1 1 2 1

1

1

1

1

1 2

2 1

1

2 1 1

Table 4.2. (cont’d.) Artifacts identified by the excavators from fill, roof fall, floor / floor-fill deposits in Room Block D (P = present) Room 87 Artifact

Room 90

Room 92

Room 96

Room 99

Room 110

Fill and Roof Roof Fill Floor Roof Fall Floor Fill Floor 1 Floor 2 Subfloor Fall Floor Fill Floor Subfloor Fall Floor

shell trumpet fragments (Strombus galeatus) Turritella shell Minerals and Concretions quartz crystal turquoise azurite malachite hematite 1 hematite cake orange pigment friable red pigment (possibly hematite) bentonite calcite gypsum chalcedony rose fossiliferous limestone stalactite fragment white pigment unworked prismatic fractured basalt “chunk” of prepared paint concretion chalcedony nodule worked stone “stone medicine charm” Organic Material basket fragments textile fragments twilled matting sandals “grass skirt” yucca fiber cord bundle cotton yarn cotton fabric general textiles woven pot rest weaving sword (material unknown) hair seeds/plant food samples carbonized corn, beans, walnuts corn kernels and cobs beans

1

3

2 4

1

1

1

2 1 1

2

1 1

4

1 1

Table 4.2. (cont’d.) Artifacts identified by the excavators from fill, roof fall, floor / floor-fill deposits in Room Block D (P = present) Room 87 Artifact wild plant foods gourd ladle handle crinoid stem wooden “pillow” painted shaft (bands of red and green) [prayer stick?] worked wood

Room 90

Room 92

Room 96

Room 99

Room 110

Fill and Roof Roof Fill Floor Roof Fall Floor Fill Floor 1 Floor 2 Subfloor Fall Floor Fill Floor Subfloor Fall Floor

1

2

Effigies effigy head, bird fired clay effigy/figurine Spindle Whorls and Ceramic Artifacts stone spindle whorl/disc worked ceramic tools 1 worked sherd ceramic spindle whorl/ 1 1 disc perforated clay ball ceramic gaming piece 1 unidentified ceramic object lump of prepared clay

1 1 1

1

1

4

1

Table 4.3. Painted ceramics recovered from the roof fall, floor, and subfloor fill associated with the Maverick Mountain phase in Room Block D Room 51/61, Floor 2 Type White-on-Red Reserve Fillet Rim White-on-Red Tularosa Fillet Rim White-on-Red Tularosa White-on-Red Possible Maverick Mountain White-on-Red [?] Red-on-Brown Casa Grande Red-on-Brown unidentified red-on-plain/brown

Fill/Roof Fall Floor

9 7

Room 62, Floor 2 Fill

Roof Fall

Floor

Roof Fall

23

57

5

13

Floor

Room 69, Floor 2 Roof Fall

1

Red-on-Buff [Note: this might be a typo in the field notes and relate to Red-on-Brown rather than Red-on-Buff.] San Carlos Red-on-Buff Black-on-White Kayenta Black-on-White Mimbres Black-on-White

Room 66/67, Floor 2

123

1

16

1

Floor

Table 4.3. (cont’d.) Painted ceramics recovered from the roof fall, floor, and subfloor fill associated with the Maverick Mountain phase in Room Block D Room 51/61, Floor 2 Type Northern Black-on-White Pinedale Black-on-White Reserve Black-on-White Tularosa Black-on-White miscellaneous black-on-white Black-on-Red Cedar Creek Black-on-Red Fourmile Black-on-Red Gila Black-on-Red Maverick Mountain Black-on-Red Pinedale Black-on-Red Pinedale Black-on-Red, Point of Pines variety Pinto Black-on-Red St. Johns Black-on-Red Wingate Black-on-Red miscellaneous Red/Fourmile series Polychrome Cedar Creek Polychrome Cedar Creek Polychrome, Point of Pines variety Chihuahua Polychrome El Paso Polychrome pot Fourmile Polychrome Fourmile Polychrome pot Fourmile Polychrome, local variety Fourmile/Cedar Creek Polychrome Gila Polychrome Heshotauthla Polychrome Houck Polychrome Kiatuthlana Polychrome Maverick Mountain Polychrome Nantack Polychrome Pinedale Polychrome Pinedale Polychrome, Point of Pines variety Pinto Polychrome Point of Pines Polychrome Showlow Polychrome Springerville Polychrome St. Johns Polychrome Tonto Polychrome Tucson Polychrome Willow Mountain Polychrome unidentified polychrome Jeddito Black-on-Yellow Zuni Glaze Ware unidentified painted ware

Fill/Roof Fall Floor

Room 62, Floor 2 Fill

Roof Fall

Room 66/67, Floor 2 Floor

Roof Fall

Floor

3 3

12

13 1 4

13 3

5

Roof Fall 5

14

8

Room 69, Floor 2

2 30

65

42

119

284

85

4

8

1

1

Floor 1 1

3

2 13

1 2

33

3

14 2

2

73

163

32

11

2

6

5

8

1 1 128

127

6

8

50 1

13

17 1

10

5 4

4

19

1

43

38 4 10

84

30

14

48 4 17

1 5

22

2

18

14

29

2

4 2

133 10

121 3 1

3

3

1

47

23

8 1 3

5

10 2 11

2 3

Table 4.3. (cont’d.) Painted ceramics recovered from the roof fall, floor, and subfloor fill associated with the Maverick Mountain phase in Room Block D Type White-on-Red Reserve Fillet Rim White-on-Red Tularosa Fillet Rim White-on-Red Tularosa White-on-Red possible Maverick Mountain White-on-Red [?]

Room 70, Floor 2

Room 71, Floor 1

Room 72, Floor 2

Roof Fall

Roof and Wall Fall

Roof Fall

Floor

14

1

7 4

Floor

15

Red-on-Brown Casa Grande Red-on-Brown unidentified red-on-plain/brown Red-on-Buff [Note: this might be a typo in the field notes and relate to Red-on-Brown rather than Red-on-Buff.] San Carlos Red-on-Buff Black-on-White Betatakin Black-on-White Kayenta Black-on-White Mimbres Black-on-White Northern Black-on-White Pinedale Black-on-White Reserve Black-on-White Tularosa Black-on-White miscellaneous black-on-white Black-on-Red Cedar Creek Black-on-Red Fourmile Black-on-Red Gila Black-on-Red Maverick Mountain Black-on-Red Pinedale Black-on-Red Pinedale Black-on-Red, Point of Pines variety Pinto Black-on-Red Springerville Black-on-Red St. Johns Black-on-Red Wingate Black-on-Red miscellaneous Red/Fourmile series Polychrome Cedar Creek Polychrome Cedar Creek Polychrome, Point of Pines variety Chihuahua Polychrome El Paso Polychrome pot Fourmile Polychrome Fourmile Polychrome pot Fourmile Polychrome, local variety Fourmile/Cedar Creek Polychrome Gila Polychrome Heshotauthla Polychrome Houck Polychrome

1 18

45

Room 73, Floor 1 Fill Roof Fall Floor

2 5

4 36

2

5

1

15

13 2

1

9 11 1

1

10

40

36 1

8

2

2

7

73

4

10

3

2

2 5 2

3 66

16 60 6

8

3

1

4

2

8

5

3

4

218 18

12

17

4

11

102 29

72 13

3

11

7

46

50

1

1

1

5 4

1 11 1

1

Table 4.3. (cont’d.) Painted ceramics recovered from the roof fall, floor, and subfloor fill associated with the Maverick Mountain phase in Room Block D Type

Room 70, Floor 2

Room 71, Floor 1

Room 72, Floor 2

Roof Fall

Roof and Wall Fall

Roof Fall

Floor 2

52

2 6 8

11 10 15 5

35 48 19 1

2

1

4 2

5

27

39 1 7

Kiatuthlana Polychrome Maverick Mountain Polychrome Nantack Polychrome Pinedale Polychrome Pinedale Polychrome, Point of Pines variety Pinto Polychrome Point of Pines Polychrome Prieto Polychrome Showlow Polychrome Springerville Polychrome St. Johns Polychrome Tonto Polychrome Tucson Polychrome Willow Mountain Polychrome Zuni Glaze Ware unidentified polychrome Jeddito Black-on-Yellow unidentified painted ware

Floor

1

1 2 7

3

1 1 13

1

18 14

16

3 1

Fill

White-on-Red Reserve Fillet Rim White-on-Red Tularosa Fillet Rim White-on-Red Tularosa White-on-Red possible Maverick Mountain Whiteon-Red [?]

2nd Story Fill

1st Story Fill

2 9

1 9

Room 86, Floor 2 Floor Fill

Roof Fall

1

Red-on-Brown Casa Grande Red-on-Brown San Carlos Red-on-Brown 1 unidentified red-on-plain/brown Red-on-Buff [Note: this might be a typo in the field notes and relate to Red-on-Brown rather than Red-on-Buff.] San Carlos Red-on-Buff Black-on-White Betatakin Black-on-White Kayenta Black-on-White Mimbres Black-on-White Northern Black-on-White Pinedale Black-on-White Reserve Black-on-White Tularosa Black-on-White miscellaneous black-on-white

Fill Roof Fall Floor

1 3

Room 84, Floor 1

Type

Room 73, Floor 1

Floor

Room 87, Floor 2 Subfloor

Fill and Roof Fall Floor Floor

11

10

6 5 4

1 1

2

2 2

2 2 2 3 2 6

Fill

Room 90, Floor 1

4

1 6 1

2

91 18 8

2

1 8

13 11 7 9

1 1

2

Table 4.3. (cont’d.) Painted ceramics recovered from the roof fall, floor, and subfloor fill associated with the Maverick Mountain phase in Room Block D Room 84, Floor 1

Type Black-on-Red Cedar Creek Black-on-Red Fourmile Black-on-Red Gila Black-on-Red Maverick Mountain Black-on-Red Pinedale Black-on-Red Pinedale Black-on-Red, Point of Pines variety Pinto Black-on-Red St. Johns Black-on-Red Springerville Black-on-Red Wingate Black-on-Red miscellaneous Red/Fourmile Series Polychrome Cedar Creek Polychrome Cedar Creek Polychrome, Point of Pines variety Chihuahua Polychrome El Paso Polychrome pot Fourmile Polychrome Fourmile Polychrome pot Fourmile Polychrome, local variety Fourmile/Cedar Creek Polychrome Gila Polychrome Heshotauthla Polychrome Houck Polychrome Kiatuthlana Polychrome Maverick Mountain Polychrome Nantack Polychrome Pinedale Polychrome Pinedale Polychrome, Point of Pines variety Pinto Polychrome Point of Pines Polychrome Prieto Polychrome Showlow Polychrome Springerville Polychrome St. Johns Polychrome Tonto Polychrome Tucson Polychrome Willow Mountain Polychrome unidentified polychrome Jeddito Black-on-Yellow Zuni Glaze Ware unidentified painted ware

Fill

2nd Story Fill

1st Story Fill

Room 86, Floor 2 Floor Fill

Roof Fall

Floor

Room 87, Floor 2 Subfloor

2

1 13 8 268

1 47

4 37

1

17

Fill

5

4

Fill and Roof Fall Floor Floor

3 3 9

9 37

Room 90, Floor 1

129

2

5

3 1

38 45

13 13

3

8

1

7

24

1

177

5

47

213

1

31

13 2 1 1 14

1

37

38

3

14 16 62

1

2 13

2

9 13 3

1

3

6 45

13

38

5

7

4

5

2

1

1 2

4

1

27 6 1

2 1

2

58

3

19

2 3

2 2

1 1 4

4 4

6

59

3

18 12 1 8 6 6 1 19

1 1

1 3 3

1

2

Table 4.3. (cont’d.) Painted ceramics recovered from the roof fall, floor, and subfloor fill associated with the Maverick Mountain phase in Room Block D Room 92 Type

Fill

Floor 1

White-on-Red Reserve Fillet Rim White-on-Red Tularosa Fillet Rim White-on-Red Tularosa White-on-Red possible Maverick Mountain Whiteon-Red [?]

Room 96, Floor 2 Floor 2

Roof Fall

1

2

Floor

Room 110, Floor 1

Subfloor

Roof Fall

1

5 7

Floor 2 9 36

Red-on-Brown Casa Grande Red-on-Brown San Carlos Red-on-Brown unidentified red-on-plain/brown Red-on-Buff [Note: this might be a typo in the field notes and relate to Red-on-Brown rather than Red-on-Buff.] San Carlos Red-on-Buff Black-on-White Betatakin Black-on-White Kayenta Black-on-White Mimbres Black-on-White Northern Black-on-White Pinedale Black-on-White Reserve Black-on-White Tularosa Black-on-White miscellaneous black-on-white Black-on-Red Cedar Creek Black-on-Red Fourmile Black-on-Red Gila Black-on-Red Maverick Mountain Black-on-Red Pinedale Black-on-Red Pinedale Black-on-Red, Point of Pines variety Pinto Black-on-Red St. Johns Black-on-Red Springerville Black-on-Red Wingate Black-on-Red miscellaneous Red/Fourmile series Polychrome Cedar Creek Polychrome Cedar Creek Polychrome, Point of Pines variety Chihuahua Polychrome El Paso Polychrome pot Fourmile Polychrome Fourmile Polychrome pot Fourmile Polychrome, local variety Fourmile/Cedar Creek Polychrome Gila Polychrome Heshotauthla Polychrome Houck Polychrome

6

5

7 1

1

1 3

3

3 45

5

2 1

1

1

1 1

6 5 14 11

5 5 1

2 3 46

6 2

4

1

1 5

1

2

33

37

4

24

1

35

42

2

5

Table 4.3. (cont’d.) Painted ceramics recovered from the roof fall, floor, and subfloor fill associated with the Maverick Mountain phase in Room Block D Room 92 Type

Fill

Kiatuthlana Polychrome Maverick Mountain Polychrome Nantack Polychrome Pinedale Polychrome Pinedale Polychrome, Point of Pines variety Pinto Polychrome Point of Pines Polychrome Prieto Polychrome Showlow Polychrome Springerville Polychrome St. Johns Polychrome Tonto Polychrome Tucson Polychrome Willow Mountain Polychrome unidentified polychrome Jeddito Black-on-Yellow Zuni Glaze Ware unidentified painted ware

Floor 1

Room 96, Floor 2 Floor 2

Roof Fall

Floor

1

3

1

Room 110, Floor 1

Subfloor

5

3 2

2

1

1

1 3

Roof Fall

Floor

22

136

39

1

7

1 1

3

2

12

Table 4.4. Whole vessels identified by the excavators from fill, roof fall, floor/floor-fill deposits in Room Block D dated to the Maverick Mountain phase Room 50 Type

Fill

Miniature Vessels, Ladles, and Lids miniature vessel 2 1 miniature ladle miniature effigy pot ladles jar lid Plain, Red, and Textured plain ware pot red ware pot finger-incised jar finger-incised corrugated plate corrugated pot indented corrugated pot red-slipped corrugated bowl, smudged pattern indented corrugated jar corrugated jar, redslipped McDonald Corrugated bowl

Room 51/61

Room 52

Roof Fill and Fill and Fall Floor Roof Fall Floor Roof Fall Floor 1

1

Room 62 Fill

Room 68

Roof Fill and Fall Floor Roof Fall Floor 2

1

2

2

5 1 1

1

2

Room 69 Fill

Roof Fall

4

1

Table 4.4. (cont’d.) Whole vessels identified by the excavators from fill, roof fall, floor/floor-fill deposits in Room Block D dated to the Maverick Mountain phase Room 50 Type

Fill

Room 51/61

Room 52

Roof Fill and Fill and Fall Floor Roof Fall Floor Roof Fall Floor

Room 62 Fill

Room 68

Roof Fill and Fall Floor Roof Fall Floor

Room 69 Fill

McDonald Corrugated jar McDonald Corrugated pot Prieto Corrugated jar Fillet Rim and White-on-Red Tularosa Fillet Rim bowl Tularosa White-onRed bowl white-on-red jar with appliquéd knobs

1 1

Red-on-Brown San Carlos Red-onBrown bowl Black-on-White Kayenta Black-onWhite jar Tularosa Black-onWhite jar Tularosa Black-onWhite pitcher Tularosa Black-onWhite effigy pot black-on-white bowl black-on-white jar

1

1

Black-on-Red Maverick Mountain Black-on-Red bowl Pinedale Black-onRed bowl Pinedale Black-onRed jar Pinto Black-on-Red bowl Springerville Blackon-Red bowl St. Johns Black-onRed bowl black-on-red ladle Polychrome Cedar Creek Polychrome bowl Houck Polychrome bowl Maverick Mountain Polychrome bowl Maverick Mountain Polychrome bowls and jars

1

Roof Fall

Table 4.4. (cont’d.) Whole vessels identified by the excavators from fill, roof fall, floor/floor-fill deposits in Room Block D dated to the Maverick Mountain phase Room 50 Type

Fill

Maverick Mountain effigy vessel Nantack Polychrome bowls Pinedale Polychrome Prieto Polychrome bowl Springerville Polychrome bowl St. Johns Polychrome bowl St. Johns Glaze Paint Polychrome bowl Tucson Polychrome bowl Tucson Polychrome jar “three ball pot” [?] effigy pot ceramic bowl ceramic jar other ceramic vessels pot rest unfired clay

Room 51/61

Room 62

Roof Fill and Fill and Fall Floor Roof Fall Floor Roof Fall Floor

Fill

Room 68

Room 69

Roof Fill and Fall Floor Roof Fall Floor

Roof Fall

Fill

2 1 10

4 2 3 1 1

Room 70 Artifact

Room 52

Roof Fall

Floor

Miniature Vessels, Ladles, and Lids miniature vessel 1 miniature ladle miniature effigy pot ladles jar lid Plain, Red, and Textured plain ware pot Red Ware pot finger-incised jar finger-incised corrugated plate corrugated pot indented corrugated pot red-slipped corrugated bowl, smudged pattern indented corrugated jar

Room 71 Wall Fall

Roof Fall 3

Room 72 Roof Fall

Floor 4

5

Room 73

Floor 1 1

Roof Fall

Fill 2

3

Room Room 84 86

Room 87

Fill and Roof Floor Floor Fall 5

Fill

Floor

2

1 2 1

1

P P

7

P 1

1

1

1

1 1

1

Table 4.4. (cont’d.) Whole vessels identified by the excavators from fill, roof fall, floor/floor-fill deposits in Room Block D dated to the Maverick Mountain phase Room 70 Artifact

Roof Fall

corrugated jar, redslipped McDonald Corrugated bowl McDonald Corrugated jar McDonald Corrugated pot Prieto Corrugated jar

Floor

Roof Fall

Floor

Roof Fall

Room 73

Floor

Roof Fall

Fill

Room Room 84 86 Fill and Roof Floor Floor Fall

1 2

1

1

Red-on-Brown San Carlos Red-onBrown bowl

1

Black-on-White Kayenta Black-onWhite jar Tularosa Black-onWhite jar Tularosa Black-onWhite pitcher Tularosa Black-onWhite effigy black-on-white jar black-on-white bowl

Polychrome Cedar Creek Polychrome bowl Houck Polychrome bowl

Wall Fall

Room 72

1

Fillet Rim and White-on-Red Tularosa Fillet Rim bowl Tularosa White-onRed bowl White-on-Red with appliquéd knobs

Black-on-Red Maverick Mountain Black-on-Red bowl Pinedale Black-onRed bowl Pinedale Black-onRed jar Pinto Black-on-Red bowl Springerville Blackon-Red bowl St. Johns Black-onRed bowl black-on-red ladle

Room 71

1

1 1

1

2 2 1 1 3 1 1

1

Room 87 Fill

Floor

Table 4.4. (cont’d.) Whole vessels identified by the excavators from fill, roof fall, floor/floor-fill deposits in Room Block D dated to the Maverick Mountain phase Room 70 Artifact Maverick Mountain Polychrome bowl Maverick Mountain Polychrome bowls and jars Maverick Mountain effigy vessel Nantack Polychrome bowls Pinedale Polychrome bowl Prieto Polychrome bowl Springerville Polychrome bowl St. Johns Polychrome bowl St. Johns Glaze Paint Polychrome bowl Tucson Polychrome bowl Tucson Polychrome jar “three ball pot” [?] effigy pot ceramic bowl ceramic jar other ceramic vessel pot rest unfired clay

Roof Fall

Floor

Room 71 Wall Fall

Roof Fall

7

Room 72 Roof Fall

Floor

Room Room 84 86

Room 73

Floor

Roof Fall

Fill

1

Fill and Roof Floor Floor Fall

Room 87 Fill

Floor

1

18

1

1 3 1

1

8

3

4 2 1 1

Room 90 Artifact Miniature Vessels, Ladle, Lids miniature vessel miniature ladle miniature effigy pot ladles jar lid Plain, Red, and Textured plain ware pot red ware pot finger-incised jar finger-incised corrugated plate corrugated pot indented corrugated pot red-slipped corrugated bowl, smudged pattern indented corrugated jar

Fill

Floor

2 1

Room 96 Roof Fall

Room 99

Floor

Room 110

Fill

Floor

Roof Fall

2

2

3

Floor

1 1 1

2 1 1 3–4 1–2 2

1 1

1 1

Table 4.4. (cont’d.) Whole vessels identified by the excavators from fill, roof fall, floor/floor-fill deposits in Room Block D dated to the Maverick Mountain phase Room 90 Artifact

Fill

corrugated jar, red-slipped McDonald Corrugated bowl McDonald Corrugated jar McDonald Corrugated pot Prieto Corrugated jar Fillet Rim and White-on-Red Tularosa Fillet Rim bowl Tularosa White-on-Red bowl white-on-red with appliquéd knobs red-on-brown San Carlos Red-on-Brown bowl

Floor

Room 96

Room 99

Roof Fall

Floor

3

1

Fill

Room 110

Floor

5 2

1

1

1

1 1

1

Black-on-White Kayenta Black-on-White jar Tularosa Black-on-White jar Tularosa Black-on-White pitcher Tularosa Black-on-White effigy black-on-white jar black-on-white bowl

1

Black-on-Red Maverick Mountain Black-on-Red bowl Pinedale Black-on-Red bowl Pinedale Black-on-Red jar Pinto Black-on-Red bowl Springerville Black-on-Red bowl St. Johns Black-on-Red bowl black-on-red ladle Polychrome Cedar Creek Polychrome bowl Houck Polychrome bowl Maverick Mountain Polychrome bowl Maverick Mountain Polychrome bowls and jars Maverick Mountain effigy vessel Nantack Polychrome bowls Pinedale Polychrome bowl Prieto Polychrome bowl Springerville Polychrome bowl St. Johns Polychrome bowl St. Johns Glaze Paint Polychrome bowl Tucson Polychrome bowl Tucson Polychrome jar “three ball pot” [?] effigy pot ceramic bowl ceramic jar other ceramic vessels pot rest unfired clay

Floor 1

2

1

Roof Fall

1 1

1 1 1

Pinedale/Maverick Mountain Phase, aD 1250/1265–1300

and a dividing wall was added, resulting in two separate rooms. Unfortunately, a standardized room form was not filled out for Floor 2, but extensive running field notes and a map do exist. The running field notes are dated 1952 (Floor 1 was excavated in 1951) and are recorded by M. Jane Lindsay and Alexander J. Lindsay Jr. Room Dimensions: The lengths of the walls associated with Floor 2 were not recorded in the notes and are derived from the scaled field map: north wall = 3.70 m; east wall = 6.45 m; south wall = 3.60 m; west wall = 6.35 m. Wall Construction: The standing height of the walls is 2.25 m, leading to the conclusion that the room was two stories high. Walls are made of coursed tuff masonry blocks. Eight stringer holes are present in the east wall, and three holes are present in the north wall. Door: The running notes indicate a sealed door is present in the east wall (into Room 50). Because the plaster covering the seal is burned, it indicates the door was sealed before the end of the phase. Other Wall Openings: The field map states no other openings are in the walls, but the notes indicate the presence of holes in the east and north walls for primary and secondary beams. Wall Plaster: The field notes state the walls are covered in plaster that is well burned. Floor: The running notes state the floor is plastered and was burned hard during the fire. Hearth: No hearth is present on the map or noted in the running notes. Storage Pits: No storage pits are present on the map or noted in the running notes. Postholes: The map and running notes indicate one posthole. Other Floor Features: No other floor features are noted on the map or in the field notes. Roof: The roof was apparently supported by a post associated with the posthole noted above. The holes in the east wall suggest the main roof beams ran east– west. The holes in the north wall suggest secondary roof beams running north–south. Burned roofing plaster is present in the roof fall. Dendrochronological samples were recovered, and results of the analysis by Parker (1967) are presented in Table 4.6. Artifacts: The running notes indicate a large amount of burned twilled matting, coiled basketry, cotton cloth and fiber, yucca fiber, corn, beans, sandal fragments, and reeds in the fill directly above the floor. Later in the running field notes, mention is made of “cakes of food material,” juniper berries, walnuts, and saguaro cactus seeds. Bohrer (1973) investigated the ethnobotanical material and identified cotton seeds

105

Table 4.5. Dendrochronological samples recovered from Room 50 and analyzed by Parker (1967) Level

Species

Levels 1, 2, 3 Level 1 Level 1 Level 1 Level 1 Level 1 Level 2 Level 2 Level 2 Level 2 Level 2 Level 2 Level 2 Level 2 Level 2 Levels 2, 3 Level 3 Level 3 Floor Floor

Pinyon Ponderosa Pinyon Ponderosa Pinyon Ponderosa Ponderosa Ponderosa Ponderosa Pinyon Pinyon Ponderosa Ponderosa Ponderosa Ponderosa Ponderosa Ponderosa Ponderosa Ponderosa Ponderosa

Cutting date

Dates

X X

1239–1271r 1244–1271r 1201–1275vv 1227p–1282vv 1222–1285rB 1241–1286r 1205±p–1248vv 1222p–1270rB 1233P–1271r 1238–1271r 1239–1271r 1243–1271vv 1247–1281r 1261–1282r 1222–1284vv 1239–1284v 1225–1259r 1244–1267vv 1242–1282r 1247–1282r

X X X X X X X X

X X X

p = pith ring; B = Bark date; r = less than full section present, but the outermost ring is continuous around the circumference; v = a subjective judgment but probably within a few years of the cutting date; vv = no way of estimating how far the last ring is from the true outside of the tree.

(Gossypium hirsutum), carbonized juniper berries (Juniperus sp.), and walnuts (Juglans major), the latter of which appear to be stored in a large corrugated jar. Additional artifacts and sherds are identified in the field notes and reported in the summary tables for the Room Block D (Tables 4.2–4.4). Room 52, Floor 1 Room 52 was constructed in the previous phase and continued to be occupied through the Maverick Mountain phase. A complete description of the room construction and its wall and floor features, as well as the sherd analysis, can be found in Chapter 3. The discussion in this chapter concentrates on the artifacts in the roof fall and those left on the floor when the room burned. Figure 4.9 illustrates the material on the floor, and a list of the artifacts in the roof fall and floor are in the summary tables for Room Block D (Tables 4.2, 4.4). Room 62, Floor 1 Room 62 is on the eastern edge of the northern half of Room Block D. It was excavated 7/21–8/4/1952 by Alexander Lindsay Jr. and Paul Bronson with additional remarks by James C. Gifford. Based on the height of the

106

Chapter 4

Figure 4.7. Artifacts mapped on the floor of Room 50, Floor 1 (compiled from field notes)

walls and lack of evidence of features in the roof fall, the excavators suggest this is a one-story room. In one place, Gifford notes that the room may have been reoccupied during the Canyon Creek phase (hence the designation of Floor 2), but no evidence is provided, and the other excavators do not suggest this possibility. Additionally, there are no notes or field forms for Floor 1, nor is it evident in the profiles. Therefore, it is assumed here that there was no subsequent occupation of this room, and the fill is a result of room collapse (Level 3) and subsequent postabandonment fill (Level 1 and 2) associated with adjacent rooms. Room Dimensions: The lengths of the walls associated with Floor 2 were not recorded in the notes and are derived from the scaled field map: north wall =

4.0 m; east wall = 4.8 m; south wall = 4.0 m; west wall = 4.8 m. Wall Construction: The standing height of the walls at excavation is approximately 1.9 m. The walls consist of alternating bans of coursed masonry using tuff building blocks. The banding consists of three or four bands of smaller material with one of large, tuff rectangular blocks. The chinking stones in all of the courses are of tuff spalls. The walls extend below the floor and are footed on native soils. The south wall abuts the east wall, but all other corners have “alternating abutment” [bonded?]. Door: There is a door in the west wall, leading into Room 68. The sill of the door in the west wall is 40 cm above the floor; it is 45 cm wide, and the top lintel is 130 cm

Pinedale/Maverick Mountain Phase, aD 1250/1265–1300

107

Figure 4.8. Artifacts and ecofacts found on Floor 2 of Room 51/61 (compiled from field notes)

above the floor. There is also a sealed door in the east wall. The sealed door is 130 cm tall and ranges in width from 45 to 60 cm. Other Wall Openings: The room form notes two niches in the north wall, but there is no additional information. The maps of the walls demonstrate a possi-

ble niche in the south wall, and there are a series of stringer holes on the south wall for the roof. Corresponding stringer holes are not present in the north wall, but it does not stand as high as the other walls. Wall Plaster: Thick (4–6 cm) plaster is present on all four walls. It is burned to reddish brown on all of the

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Table 4.6. Dated dendrochronological samples from Room 51/61 identified by Parker (1967) Level

Species

51-5 (floor fill) 51-5 (floor fill) 51-5 (floor fill) 51-5 (floor fill) 51-5 (floor fill) 51-5 (floor fill) 51-5 (floor fill) 51–5 (floor fill) 51-5 (floor fill) 51-6 (floor 2) 51-6 (floor 2) 51-6 (floor 2) 51-6 (floor 2) 51-6 (floor 2) 51-floor [2] 51-floor, SE corner 51-floor, SE corner 61-level 4, floor 2 61-level 4, floor 2 61-level 4, floor 2 61-level 4, floor 2 61-level 4, floor 2 61-level 4, floor 2 61-level 4, floor 2 61-level 4, floor 2 61-level 4, floor 2 61-level 4, floor 2 61-level 4, floor 2 61-level 4, floor 2 61-level 4, floor 2 61-level 4, floor 2 61-level 4, floor 2 61-level 4, floor 2 61-level 4, floor 2

Ponderosa Ponderosa Ponderosa Ponderosa Ponderosa Ponderosa Ponderosa Ponderosa Ponderosa Ponderosa Ponderosa Ponderosa Ponderosa Ponderosa Ponderosa Ponderosa Ponderosa Ponderosa Ponderosa Ponderosa Ponderosa Ponderosa Ponderosa Ponderosa Ponderosa Ponderosa Ponderosa Ponderosa Ponderosa Ponderosa Ponderosa Ponderosa Ponderosa Ponderosa

61-level 4, floor 2 61-level 4, floor 2 61-level 4, floor 2 61-level 5 (subfloor)

Ponderosa Ponderosa Ponderosa Ponderosa

Cutting date

Dates

X

1164–1204vv 1176–1206vv 1158–1213vv 1233p–1265vv 1242–1268r 1220±–1275vv 1245–1275vv 1237p–1282r 1239–1286r 1130±–1189vv 1177–1228vv 1250 p–1271vv 1243–1284v 1241–1286+v 1167–1253v 1237p–1270r 1249–1290r 1172–1214vv 1234p–1266vv 1192–1270r 1234p–1271r 1242–1271vv 1245–1275vv 1245–1276vv 1244p–1279vv 1245–1280+vv 1253–1280+vv 1242–1281vv 1242–1281v 1217±p–1282r 1240p–1282r 1242–1282r 1247p–1282vv 1249–1282r

X X X X

1261–1284r 1245–1285r 1247p–1286r 1240p–1282r

X

X

X X

X X

X X X

p = pith ring; B = Bark date; r = less than full section present, but the outermost ring is continuous around the circumference; v = a subjective judgment but probably within a few years of the cutting date; vv = no way of estimating how far the last ring is from the true outside of the tree.

walls, with black, sooty deposits on the lower third of the west and south walls. The excavators suggest that, based on its appearance, the walls were plastered starting at the floor and working up the walls “in shingle fashion.”

Floor: The floor is built on a layer of black [charcoal stained?] soil with no artifacts overlying sterile soil. The running notes and level descriptions suggest the floor may have been replastered several times. Hearth: A stone-lined, oval-shaped hearth is present (70 cm × 50 cm). It is excavated into the soil beneath the floor level and sits on sterile clay. Storage Pits: No storage pits are present. Postholes: Two postholes are present, in a north–south alignment. Other Floor Features: No other features are evident. Roof: The roof is supported by two main support posts associated with postholes noted above. The alignment of the postholes and the stringer holes in the south wall indicates the roof beams ran north–south for Room 62. Artifacts: The field artifact list states five macaw skeletons were found in Level 3 of the fill of the room, and two additional macaw skeletons are on the floor. However, no further information is provided, and they are not drawn on any map. Hargrave’s (1970:45– 47) study indicates there is a minimum of eight individuals in Levels 3 and 4 of the roof fall and two on the floor (Chapter 7). Additional artifacts and sherds are listed in the summary tables (Tables 4.2–4.4). Room 64/65, Floor 2 Room 64/65 is on the northern edge of the excavated portion of Room Block D. It is constructed during the Late Tularosa phase. The room is burned and abandoned at the end of the Maverick Mountain phase. The room is remodeled into two rooms and reoccupied during the subsequent Canyon Creek phase (Floor 1). Based on the height of the walls and the lack of evidence of features in the roof fall, the excavators argued it was a one-story room. It was excavated 6/16–7/9/1952 by Randolph Raynolds and George S. Cattanach Jr. Based on the information recorded for this room, it appears to have been only partially burned, unlike adjacent rooms in the room block. Additionally, it appears to have been completely cleaned out during the Canyon Creek phase, the floor replastered, and a dividing wall constructed to separate the structure into two rooms. Specifically, the dividing wall that separates the rooms during the Canyon Creek occupation is constructed 5 cm above the hearth associated with the Maverick Mountain phase occupation. See Chapter 3 for details. Room 66/67, Floor 2 Room 66/67 is at the northern end of the excavated rooms in Room Block D. It is directly west of and connected by a door to Room 64/65 and directly north of

Figure 4.9. Floor map showing material left on the floor of Room 52 when it was burned at the end of the Maverick Mountain phase (compiled from field notes)

[169.236.78.20] Project MUSE (2024-03-14 19:24 GMT) University of California, Merced

110

Chapter 4

Figure 4.10. Artifacts and feature placement on Floor 2, Room 66/67 underneath the burned roof fall (compiled from field notes)

and connected by a door to Room 52. It was burned and abandoned at the end of the Maverick Mountain phase, with considerable material left on the floor (Figure 4.10). During the Canyon Creek phase, the room was subdivided, the wall features (door niches and beam sockets) were sealed and plastered, and a new floor was placed above the roof fall associated with Floor 2. The Canyon Creek phase plaster can be distinguished from the Maverick Mountain phase plaster by the absence of burning. It was excavated 7/12–7/31/1952 by Loren R. Haury and William C. Frances. Floor 2 was recorded and mapped by Raymond H. Thompson. Room Dimensions: The lengths of the walls associated with Floor 2 were recorded in the notes: north wall = 3.25 m; east wall = 4.40 m; south wall = 3.45 m; west wall = 4.73 m. Wall Construction: The walls are made of coursed and

banded masonry; specifically, courses of dressed tuff stones were alternated with bands of smaller stones. In both cases, the chinking stones were tuff spalls. The east and north walls were bonded; all other walls abutted. Footings on all of the walls were excavated to sterile soil. The walls range from 22–26 cm in thickness. At the very base of the wall are a small set of tuff spalls on all four walls that are plastered over and result in a coved join between floor and walls. Based on the height of the walls and the lack of features in the roof fall, the room appears to be one-story. Door: Two doors are present. The first is in the south wall and measures 75 cm high and 50 cm wide. The second is in the east wall. Its height is unknown due to the incomplete nature of the wall and it is 50 cm wide.

Pinedale/Maverick Mountain Phase, aD 1250/1265–1300

Other Wall Openings: There are five wall niches present. All are rectangular with rounded corners. All were plastered over with unburned plaster when the room was remodeled during the Canyon Creek phase. Niche 1 is at the north end of the east wall 1.36 m above the floor. Niche 2 is at the east end of the north wall. The notes state it is 0.1 m above the floor, but the wall profile indicates it is 1.1 m above the floor. Niche 3 is at the west end of the north wall, 1.41 m above the floor. It has a diameter of 16 cm. Niche 4 is in the center of the north wall, 1.34 m above the floor. It is 15 cm in diameter. Niche 5 is in the center of the east wall only 0.15 M above the floor. It has a diameter of 23–25 cm. Wall Plaster: A thick (4–6 cm) layer of plaster is present on all walls. Finger smoothing marks are common. The plaster is burned to a red color with smudging/ blacking from fire on the lower one third of the walls. Floor: Depressions in the native surface under the floor were leveled with trash and then the floor was plastered. Hearth: A rectangular, slab-lined hearth is present. The hearth slabs were removed prehistorically, but the slots in the floor plaster remain. The hearth measures 50 cm wide, 65 cm long, and 17 cm deep. There is an ash deposit in its center. Storage Pits: No storage pits are evident. Postholes: Two large postholes are present on a north– south axis. They are dug into native soil and contain the ends of juniper logs used as the main post supports for the roof. The postholes are 45 cm deep and 35–40 cm in diameter. Chinking stones were used to stabilize the post. Other Floor Features: There are no other floor features present. Roof: The roof was supported by two large posts. Based on the alignment of the postholes, the main beam of the roof ran north–south. Secondary beams ran east–west, a contention supported by the presence of beam holes in the west wall. The roofing material found in the roof fall includes burned roofing clay with the impressions of beams and shakes, burned stringers, shakes and reeds. The presence of burned roof material resulted in datable dendrochronological samples. Five samples of Ponderosa pine produced the following cutting dates: 1229–1266B, 1229p–1267B, 1229p–1267B, 1247p–1275r, and 1246– 1279r. Artifacts: As illustrated in Figure 4.10, numerous pots, manos, metates, and other artifacts are present on the floor. Additionally, the excavators’ notes commented on the very large amount of burned corn that was present, particularly in the north end. In the

111

center of the room (under the Canyon Creek phase dividing wall), the notes mention “several” metates and “a number of manos,” but counts are not given. Additionally, 25 ml of cotton seed (Gossypium hirsutum) were recovered (Bohrer 1973). Painted ceramics recovered from the room are listed in Table 4.3. Room 68, Floor 1 Room 68 is west of Room 62 in the northern half of Room Block D. It was constructed during the Late Tularosa phase. Details of the room are given in Chapter 3. It was occupied through the end of the Maverick Mountain phase, when it was burned and abandoned. It was not reoccupied during a later phase. There are a considerable number of artifacts in the roof fill, suggesting material was stored here and/or that activity using the artifacts occurred on the roof of the one-story structure (Tables 4.2, 4.4). Additionally, the excavators estimate 300,000 sherds were present in the room, but these were not counted. Included are plain wares, a variety of corrugated types that lack painting or slips, and McDonald corrugated. Fifty-four restorable vessels were recovered; all but seven were burned, making it difficult to type some. Included in the burned vessels that could be typed are Point of Pines Punctate, Tularosa White-onRed, Tularosa Fillet Rim White-on-Red, Tularosa Blackon-White, Pinto Black-on-Red, Pinto Black-on-Red with white interior design, St. Johns Polychrome, Springerville Polychrome, Maverick Mountain Polychrome, Showlow Polychrome, Kayenta Black-on-White, and Kayenta Polychrome. The location of these vessels is not given, nor are they drawn on the floor map of the room. They may be located throughout the roof fall as would occur if they were suspended from the ceiling in a storage room or on the rooftop if it were used as an activity area. Room 69, Floor 2 Room 69 is in the middle of the northern half of Room Block D between Rooms 86 (to the east) and 52 (to the west). It was constructed during the Late Tularosa phase. Details of its construction and floor features are in Chapter 3. It was burned and abandoned at the end of the Maverick Mountain phase with material left in the roof fall and floor. A new floor was constructed over the top of the burned roof fall during the Canyon Creek phase. Room 70, Floor 2 Room 70 is at the southern end of the north half of Room Block D (in the center of the room block itself ). Room 73 is to the south and Room 51/61 is to the north. Rooms to the east and west were not excavated. Room 70 was constructed during the Maverick Mountain phase and burned and abandoned at the end of that phase. As a

Figure 4.11. Artifacts and ecofacts on Floor 2, Room 70 (compiled from field notes)

Pinedale/Maverick Mountain Phase, aD 1250/1265–1300

result, a considerable amount of material was left in the roof fall and on the floor (Figure 4.11; Tables 4.2– 4.4). It was reoccupied, with a new floor placed above the burned roof fall and new plaster applied over the burned plaster during the Canyon Creek and Point of Pines phases (Floor 1). It was excavated 6/15–7/20/1953 by Lloyd Green. Room Dimensions: The lengths of the walls associated with Floor 2 were not recorded in the notes and are derived from the scaled field map: north wall = 2.6 m; east wall = 5.5 m; south wall = 2.6 m; west wall = 5.5 m. Wall Construction: The walls are constructed of banded, coursed masonry with alternating rows of one large and three small rows of partially shaped tuff stones. There is abundant use of small tuff spalls as chinking. The west wall appears to have had some repair work on it with use of basalt boulders in the repair. Door: There is a door in the east wall, 2.49 m from the northeast corner. The sill is 49 cm above the floor; it is 52 cm wide and has a height of 89 cm. Other Wall Openings: There are four beam holes in the walls, two in the west wall and two in the east wall. There are niches in the north and west walls, but the notes do not provide further description. Finally, the field form notes the presence of a window in the west wall but does not provide further description. Wall Plaster: The wall plaster ranges from very thin to 4 cm but averages 1.5 cm thick. There is evidence of burned plaster throughout the room. Floor: Details of the floor were not recorded. Hearth: A large, roughly circular hearth is present in the center of the room. It is not slab lined. Storage Pits: No storage pits are present. Postholes: The field form states there are two main postholes, but the map shows three in a north–south alignment. The field form states there are two additional postholes in the room but does not provide any additional information, nor are they located on the map. Other Floor Features: There are two ladder holes directly west of the hearth. Roof: Evidence for the roof includes the presence of the main support post in a north–south alignment, suggesting the main beam ran in this direction. This is supplemented by the presence of beam holes in the east and west walls for the secondary stringers. The ladder holes indicate a roof entrance into the room. Finally, the roof was covered with pine shakes, reeds, and pine needles and then coated in mud. Evidence for this final stage of roofing is found in the burned

113

Table 4.7. Dendrochronological dates for Room 70 (Parker 1967) Level

Level 4 (roof fall) Level 4 (roof fall) Level 4 (roof fall) Level 4 (roof fall) Level 4 (roof fall) Level 4 (roof fall) Level 4 (roof fall) Level 4 (roof fall) Floor 2 Floor 2 Floor 2 Floor 2 Floor 2 Floor 2 Floor 2 Floor 2 Floor 2 Floor 2

Species Ponderosa Ponderosa Ponderosa Ponderosa Ponderosa Ponderosa Ponderosa Ponderosa Ponderosa Ponderosa Ponderosa Ponderosa Ponderosa Douglas fir Douglas fir Ponderosa Ponderosa Ponderosa Ponderosa Ponderosa Ponderosa

Cutting Date X

X

Dates 1250–1281vv 1251±p–1282rB 1246p–1283v 1173–1232vv 1183–1238vv 1207–1255vv 1242–1266vv 1252–1272vv 1236p–1275r 1246p–1281v 1242–1284vv 1165–1215vv 1208–1251vv 1205–1259v 1233–1259vv 1245p–1275vv 1250–1275vv 1257p–1276vv 1245–1281vv 1247–1283vv 1251p–1284v

p = pith ring; B = Bark date; r = less than full section present, but the outermost ring is continuous around the circumference; v = a subjective judgment but probably within a few years of the cutting date; vv = no way of estimating how far the last ring is from the true outside of the tree.

reeds and stringers on the floor as well as burned roof clay with the impressions of the pine shakes and reeds. Sufficient roof material was present in the roof fall and on the floor to allow dendrochronological dating (Table 4.7). Artifacts: A large number of artifacts are associated with the roof fall and floor of Room 70 (Figure 4.11, Tables 4.2–4.4). Additionally, ethnobotanical material was recovered and identified by Bohrer (1973). Beans, corn, squash, and walnuts were recovered from the room. Additionally, the following material was recovered from the floor: parallel stems of carbonized grass (Gramineae) that may represent a basket; within the possible basket was a common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris); 150 ml of walnuts (Juglans major) inside a corrugated jar; resting on a cloth or matting were the burned seeds of Mentzelia sp. (type of chenopodium); and finally there was 20 ml of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) seed on top of a reed mat. Pine needles (Pinus sp.) were used as matting for the beans, walnuts, and possibly the jars on the floor.

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Chapter 4

Figure 4.12. Material recovered from the Floor 1, Room 71, underneath burned roof fall (compiled from field notes)

Room 71, Floor 1

Room 71 is in the southern half of Room Block D, on the western edge of the excavated rooms. It is directly south of Room 72, connected to it by a window and a vent. The room was constructed during the Maverick Mountain phase and was burned and abandoned at the end of the phase. There is no evidence of reoccupation at a later date. The roof burned and collapsed onto the floor of the room resulting in a large amount of material being recovered in situ (Figure 4.12). The room was ex-

cavated 7/2–8/1/1953 by Shirley K. Deshon, Loren Haury, and Jane Powell. The excavators suggest that this may be a two-story room because there are metates in the roof fall. However, the standing wall height is only 1.4 m, with no clear second floor identified and no other indication of a second floor (e.g., a hearth). Therefore, the metates may have been used on the roof rather than evidence of a metate bin on a second floor. Room Dimensions: The excavators recorded the wall lengths on the form as follows: north wall = 6.15 m;

Pinedale/Maverick Mountain Phase, aD 1250/1265–1300

east wall = 4.50 m; south wall = 6.15 m; west wall = 4.60 m. Wall Construction: The walls are constructed of banded masonry. Specifically, there are alternating bands of large, shaped tuff stones with three or four rows of smaller tuff spalls. All four walls are footed on irregular tuff stones below the floor, sitting on sterile. The northeast corner of the room is bonded, all other corners abut. Door: There is a sealed T-shaped door in the east wall, 55 cm wide at the top and 30 cm wide at the bottom. The sill sits on the room floor. There is a questionable sealed door in the west wall with its sill 70 cm above the floor. The field notes state it is round with a 25 cm diameter, indicating it is more likely a window or a vent. Additionally, an apparent hatch cover was found in the roof fall. Other Wall Openings: There is a sealed window in the north wall, approximately 25 cm square. Additionally, there are three vents in the east wall, each 30 cm × 20 cm, 1.15 m above the floor. The excavators also note six small wall niches (no size given). Four are located in the north wall, one in the east wall, and one in the south wall. Some of these may be for roof stringers. Wall Plaster: The plaster appears to be made of local clay with small amounts of midden included. It ranges from 0.5–1.5 cm thick and has evidence of a repair patch on the east wall. Floor: The floor is of hard-packed earth with a slight downward slope on the east end of the room. Hearth: One clay-lined, oval-shaped hearth is present, excavated below the main floor level approximately 15 cm. Storage Pits: No storage pits are present. Postholes: Two postholes are present. The notes suggest they align north–south but the map shows an east– west alignment. They average 39 cm in diameter and extend 70 cm below the floor into sterile soil. Other Floor Features: There is a molded clay metate bin for two metates in the northwest corner of the room. Against the west wall are two clay rims with basketry impressions to catch the ground grain. Roof: The roof was supported by two main supports, as evidenced by the two postholes. The main roof beam extended in an east–west direction. Stringers cross these north–south, possibly using the niches in the north and south walls for support. These were then covered with pine shakes, reeds, and clay. Charred roof clay, stringer sections, and posts are present on the floor and yielded dendrochronology dates (Table 4.8). A single dendrochronology sample was

115

Table 4.8. Dendrochronological Dates for Room 71, Floor 1 (Parker 1967) Level Level 2 Level 2 Level 3 Level 3 Level 3 Level 3 Level 3 Level 3 Level 3 Level 3 Level 3 Level 3 Level 3 Level 3 Level 3 Level 3 Level 3 Level 3 Level 3 Level 3 Level 3 Level 3 Level 4 Level 4 Level 4 Level 4 Level 4 Level 4 Level 4 Level 4 Level 4 Level 4 Level 4 Floor Floor Floor Floor Floor Floor Floor Floor Floor Floor 2 [? subfloor?]

Species

Cutting date

Dates

Ponderosa Ponderosa Ponderosa Ponderosa Ponderosa Ponderosa Ponderosa Ponderosa Ponderosa Ponderosa Ponderosa Douglas fir Ponderosa Ponderosa Ponderosa Pinyon Pinyon Ponderosa Ponderosa Ponderosa Ponderosa Pinyon Pinyon Ponderosa Ponderosa Ponderosa Ponderosa Ponderosa Ponderosa Ponderosa Ponderosa Ponderosa Ponderosa Ponderosa Ponderosa Ponderosa Ponderosa Ponderosa Ponderosa Ponderosa Ponderosa Ponderosa Ponderosa Ponderosa

X

1236p–1280r 1229±p–1280vv 1235–1280v 1248p–1270v 1233p–1271r 1233–1274vv 1249–1275vv 1252–1275v 1253–1275v 1246–1277vv 1251p–1277vv 1239p–1280v 1248–1280v 1248–1280r 1249–1280r 1226p–1281r 1229–1281r 1234p–1281r 1249–1283r 1255–1283r 1224p–1284r 1222–1285r 1228–1285r 1216–1247vv 1223–1249vv 1172–1262v 1239–1270vv 1244–1270v 1249–1270vv 1244–1274vv 1248p–1284r 1256–1284v 1257p–1284r 1258–1284v 1246–1280r 1248–1280rB 1248–1280r 1254p–1280r 1256p–1280r 1256–1280vv 1248p–1281vv 1253–1282r 1250±–1283r 1126–1201vv

X

X X X X X X X X X X

X X

X X X X

X X X

p = pith ring; B = Bark date; r = less than full section present, but the outermost ring is continuous around the circumference; v = a subjective judgment but probably within a few years of the cutting date; vv = no way of estimating how far the last ring is from the true outside of the tree.

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recovered from subfloor deposits, but its relation to the room floor is unclear. Artifacts: In addition to the building materials used for dendrochronology noted above, a number of wild plants were recovered from the floor context in Room 71 (Bohrer 1973). Specifically, cotton seeds and cloth (Gossypium hirsutum) were found in a red ware jar on the floor. Cholla buds (Opuntia sp.) and a pinecone (Pinus sp.) that had been stripped of its scales were found in another jar on the floor. A third jar (pattern indented corrugated) contained buckwheat seeds (Erigonum sp: probably Eriogonum pharnaceoides). Mentzelia seeds and walnuts (Juglans major) were found on the floor. Numerous artifacts and ceramics were found in the wall fall, roof fall, and in floor context (Tables 4.2–4.4). Room 72, Floor 2 Room 72 is on the western edge of the excavated rooms in the southern half of Room Block D. It is directly north of Room 71 and connected to it by a window and a vent. It is directly west of Room 99 and connected to it by a vent. Floor 2 of Room 72 was constructed during the Maverick Mountain phase. At the end of the phase it was burned and abandoned. During the subsequent Canyon Creek phase, the room was subdivided to form two rooms and new floors (Floor 1) were placed on top of the burned roof fall. The room was excavated 6/14–7/18/1954 by Philip G. Olson and Charles W. Ferguson. Room Dimensions: The excavators recorded the lengths of the walls on the field form: north wall = 6.00 m; east wall = 4.85 m; south wall = 6.08 m; west wall = 4.68 m. Wall Construction: The walls are made of coursed masonry with bands of large tuff blocks alternating with three bands of smaller tuff fragments. The average wall thickness is 26 cm. Door: Three sealed doors are present. The first is in the west wall and because the plaster covering the seal is burned, was likely sealed during the Maverick Mountain phase. The door is 50 cm wide and stands 80 cm high. A second door is present in the north wall. The plaster is not burned on this wall, indicating it was sealed as part of the Canyon Creek remodeling. The second door is 40 cm wide and stands 60 cm high. The third door also lacks burned plaster. It is located behind the wall that divides the room in half during the Canyon Creek phase, and its sealing is associated with the Canyon Creek phase remodeling. It is 80 cm wide. The height of the door cannot be determined. Other Wall Openings: There are vents in the south and east walls, but no details exist in the field notes.

According to the map, the vent in the east wall was sealed. The notes from Room 71 indicate there is a sealed window between Room 71 and Room 72 in Room 72’s south wall. However, this is not mentioned in the field notes or on the maps for Room 72. On the wall details of the map, there is an indication of five beam holes in the south wall and two in the north, but these are not discussed in the notes. Wall Plaster: All four walls associated with Floor 2 are plastered and show evidence of burning. The excavators suggest the south wall had the most intense evidence of burning. Floor: The field notes state a floor is present and burned but provide no other information. The floor is built over an abandoned borrow pit that was filled and leveled prior to construction. Hearth: In some places the notes state there are two slab-lined, rectangular hearths. In others, it states Floor 2 has only one, and the second is associated with Floor 1. There is only one hearth graphed on the floor map, and this source of information is given primacy here. Storage Pits: No storage pits are present. Postholes: There are two postholes in Floor 2 in an east– west alignment. Other Floor Features: The field notes list an infant burial in the southeast corner of the room underneath Floor 2. The burial is listed under uncatalogued artifacts and notes that the bones are very crumbly, and the skeleton is incomplete and appears to represent a newborn. The burial is not indicated on the field maps. Additionally, a door/hatch cover was recovered in the roof fall. Roof: The two postholes indicate the main beam ran east–west for the room. Secondary stringers ran north–south and may be associated with the beam holes indicated on the field map. Within the roof fall, lying directly above Floor 2 is roof clay with reed and beam impressions. A single dendrochronological sample was recovered from the roof fall (Parker 1967). This sample is of Ponderosa Pine and produced a noncutting date of 1240–1275v. Artifacts: A large number of artifacts (Table 4.2), sherds (Table 4.3), and whole pots (Table 4.4) were found in the roof fall and floor of the room and are summarized in the tables for the Room Block. Room 73, Floor 1 Room 73 is on the western end of the excavated rooms in the northern half of Room Block D. It is directly south of Room 70 and east of Room 89. It was first constructed during the Maverick Mountain phase. At the end of the phase, it burned and was abandoned and never reoccu-

Pinedale/Maverick Mountain Phase, aD 1250/1265–1300

pied. It was excavated 6/14–7/16/1954 by Paul A. Buss Jr. and Loren R. Haury. Room Dimensions: The lengths of the walls were recorded on the field form as follows: north wall = 3.03 m; east wall = 4.09 m; south wall = 3.08 m; west wall = 4.17 m. Wall Construction: The walls are constructed of banded, coursed masonry with a row of large, shaped tuff blocks followed by several rows of smaller tuff spalls. The north and west walls are 23 cm wide and the south and east walls are 25 cm wide. Door: There is a sealed door in the east wall. The door was sealed prior to the burning of the room as the plaster covering the seal is burned. The sill of the door is 32 cm above the floor; the door is 52 cm wide and 65 cm high. Other Wall Openings: There is a vent in the south wall 36 cm above the floor. The vent is 22 cm high and 22 cm wide. Wall Plaster: Plaster is present on all four walls, and there is evidence of replastering prior to burning in the form of a complete second coat on the south and west walls. The average thickness of the plaster is 3.0 cm. Floor: The floor consists of a clay plaster. The native surface dips under the floor toward the southeast corner of the room such that it sits almost on sterile at the north end but overlies midden at the south side. The profiles indicate that there might be an abandoned borrow pit under the southeast corner that was filled and leveled prior to construction. Hearth: There is no hearth in the room. Storage Pits: There are no storage pits in the room. Postholes: The notes state there are six postholes in the room, though a seventh small posthole is evident on the map. Based on the floor map, there are two parallel alignments on a north–south axis. The three postholes near the west wall are larger than those toward the center of the room. Other Floor Features: No other floor features are noted on the field form or map, but the artifact list states there is round clay coping from a circular fire pit or metate bin near the floor. The lack of information makes this clay coping difficult to interpret. Roof: The postholes suggest that the main beam of the room was on a north–south axis. This was covered with smaller stringers, reeds, sticks, shakes, and clay. Burned roof clay with the impression of roofing material is present, and a large number of roof beams were recovered and submitted for dendrochronological dating (Table 4.9). Artifacts: A large number of artifacts were recovered from the burned roof fall and floor of Room 73

117

Table 4.9. Dated dendrochronological samples recovered from Room 73 (Parker 1967) Level 3, roof fall 3, roof fall 3, roof fall 3, roof fall 4, roof fall 4, roof fall 4, roof fall 4, roof fall 4, roof fall 4, roof fall 4, roof fall 4, roof fall 4, roof fall 4, roof fall 5, roof fall 5, roof fall 5, roof fall 5, roof fall 5, roof fall 5, roof fall 5, roof fall 5, roof fall 5, roof fall floor floor floor floor backdirt

Species Ponderosa Ponderosa Ponderosa Ponderosa Ponderosa Ponderosa Ponderosa Ponderosa Ponderosa Ponderosa Ponderosa Ponderosa Ponderosa Ponderosa Ponderosa Ponderosa Ponderosa Ponderosa Ponderosa Ponderosa Ponderosa Ponderosa Ponderosa Ponderosa Ponderosa Ponderosa Douglas fir Ponderosa

Cutting Date

X X

X

X X X

X

Dates 1232±p–1277vv 1230p–1279vv 1247–1280r 1260–1287r 1205–1242vv 1229p–1264vv 1222–1275vv 1236–1277vv 1240p–1280v 1245p–1280+v 1245–1280+v 1229±p–1284v 1249–1284vv 1222–1288v 1248–1275r 1232p–1276v 1216p–1278+r 1256–1280r 1239–1281B 1240–1281rB 1249–1282vv 1225–1285vv 1252–1286vv 1218±p–1274v 1217p–1279rB 1247–1280+vv 1252–1280vv 1161–1260++vv

p = pith ring; B = Bark date; r = less than full section present, but the outermost ring is continuous around the circumference; v = a subjective judgment but probably within a few years of the cutting date; vv = no way of estimating how far the last ring is from the true outside of the tree.

( Tables 4.2, 4.4). Painted sherds are detailed in Table 4.3. Of these, the excavators noted the presence of the following: plain (smudged and unsmudged); red (smudged and unsmudged); corrugated (plain, indented, obliterated, pattern indented, zoned, finger incised, incised, finger grooved, truck-tire, punctuated, red-slipped); McDonald Corrugated; Prieto Corrugated; and Tularosa Fillet Rim. Additionally, the excavators note a large amount of burned corn on and near the floor. Room 84, Floor 1 Room 84 is on the northwest edge of the northern half of Room Block D, directly north of Room 51/61 and west of Room 66/67. The room was constructed during the Maverick Mountain phase. It was burned and abandoned at the end of the phase and not reoccupied. Based on the

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amount of wall fall and what appeared to be two clear levels of roof fall with plaster and artifacts between, the excavators suggest this is a two-story room. The room was excavated 7/18–8/3/1955 by Marian L. Dinstel and Joan Gaede. Room Dimensions: The following wall lengths were recorded by the excavators: north wall = 3.75 m; east wall = 2.55 m; south wall = 3.75 m; west wall = 2.45 m. Wall Construction: Walls are constructed of banded, coursed masonry. Door: There is a sealed door in the north wall. The door is 0.45 m wide and 1.15 m high. Other Wall Openings: The field form states there are no other opening in the walls. However, the profile of the walls shows a vent in the west wall that is 15 cm × 25 cm in size. Additionally, the running notes state there are six beam holes at the top of the east wall. The diameter of the beam holes is 10 cm–15 cm Wall Plaster: Two coats of wall plaster are evident; the second/last coat is burned. Floor: No description of the floor was provided on the form. In the running notes, the excavators state the floor is on top of a thin layer (10–15 cm) of trash but do not describe the floor. Hearth: The field form states there is a small, circular hearth. However, the map and the running notes indicate the hearth is only 15 cm in diameter and contains no ash or signs of fire. Based on this information, it is likely this is not a hearth but a posthole and is discussed below. Storage Pits: There are no storage pits. Postholes: There are six possible postholes, but they are not in alignment. The posthole noted above is shallow (7 cm) with a diameter of 15 cm. Directly east of this hole is a posthole that is 18 cm deep with a diameter of 10 cm that contains a post. A posthole to the west of the first hole is 30 cm deep with a diameter of 17 cm. Details on the remaining six postholes are not provided by the excavators. Other Floor Features: There are no other floor features. Roof: Evidence for the roof is presented in the six postholes, the beam holes in the east wall, and the abundant amount of burned roof material on the floor. The burned roof material was submitted for dendrochronological dating (Table 4.10). Artifacts: Artifacts and whole pots were recovered from the fill (Levels 1 and 2), the second-story roof fall and floor (Level 4), the first-story roof fall (Level 4), and the floor/floor fill. These are detailed in the summary tables for the room block (Tables 4.2, 4.4). In addition to the painted sherds listed in Table 4.3, the excavators note the presence of the following: plain

Table 4.10. Dendrochronological samples recovered from Room 84 (Parker 1967) Level 2, fill 3, second-story roof fall 3, second-story roof fall 3, second-story roof fall 3, second-story roof fall 3, second-story roof fall 3, second-story roof fall 3, second-story roof fall 3, second-story roof fall 4, first-story roof fall 4, first-story roof fall 4, first-story roof fall 4, first-story roof fall floor floor floor floor floor floor

Species Pinyon Douglas fir Ponderosa Ponderosa Ponderosa Ponderosa Ponderosa Ponderosa Ponderosa Douglas fir Ponderosa Ponderosa Ponderosa Ponderosa Ponderosa Ponderosa Ponderosa Ponderosa Ponderosa

Cutting date

X X X X X X X X X X X X

Dates 1229±–1283v 1210p–1259vv 1245p–1267c 1224p–1270vv 1244p–1274r 1245–1282r 1247±p–1282r 1251±p–1282r 1253±p–1284v 1231p–1271r 1255±p–1281r 1245p–1283B 1247p–1287v 1243–1269r 1243–1277v 1245p–1282c 1246p–1282rB 1240p–1283rB 1240–1285vv

p = pith ring; B = Bark date; r = less than full section present, but the outermost ring is continuous around the circumference; v = a subjective judgment but probably within a few years of the cutting date; vv = no way of estimating how far the last ring is from the true outside of the tree.

(smudged and unsmudged); red (smudged and unsmudged); corrugated (plain, indented, obliterated, fingernail, pattern indented, zoned, red-slipped); McDonald Corrugated; Prieto Corrugated; and Tularosa and Reserve Fillet Rim. Room 86, Floor 2 Room 86 is on the northeastern edge of the excavated rooms in the northern half of Room Block D, directly east of Room 69 and north of Room 62. Room 86 was constructed during the Maverick Mountain phase and burned and abandoned at the end of the phase, which left a large amount of material on the floor and in the roof fall (Figure 4.13; Table 4.11). The room was subdivided and reoccupied during the Canyon Creek phase (Floor 1). Based on the height of the standing walls and the presence of two layers of roof fall separated by a clay layer, the excavators suggest it is two-stories high. It is difficult to determine from the running notes whether this is true. It is not noted on the field form, but the field notes state there may be a hearth on the upper story, lending support to this conclusion. The room was excavated 7/12–7/24/1956 by Frank Hole and Barbara Hole.

Pinedale/Maverick Mountain Phase, aD 1250/1265–1300

119

Figure 4.13. Material found on the floor underneath burned roof fall of Room 86 Floor 2 (compiled from field notes)

Room Dimensions: The lengths of the walls associated with Floor 2 were not recorded in the notes and are derived from the scaled field map: north wall = 4.2 m; east wall = 5.2 m; south wall = 4.0 m; west wall = 5.6 m. Wall Construction: The walls are constructed of banded, coursed material, with a course of large, shaped tuff blocks separated by several courses of small, unshaped tuff stones. Door: There is a door in the east wall 60 cm wide and 1.2 m from the floor to the bottom of the lintel (the height of the sill was not recorded). Other Wall Openings: There is a vent or beam hole in the west wall, 1.15 m above the floor with a 25 cm diameter. According to the wall drawings, there may be a second vent or beam hole approximately 35 cm in diameter in the east wall. Its height above the floor

is not recorded, and the field form actually calls this a floor feature. Wall Plaster: Wall plaster is found on all four walls and burned to a height of 1.2 m above the floor on the south wall and 0.75 m above the floor on the east wall. Floor: Floor 2 is hard clay and sits on top of trash. Hearth: A square, slab-lined hearth is present in the east half of the center of the room. The slab lining and the bottom of the hearth are sandstone. Storage Pits: No storage pits are present. Postholes: Six postholes are present. The two largest are in a north–south alignment and likely served as post supports for the main roof beam. The northern hole is 35 cm deep with a diameter of 25 cm; the southern is 50 cm deep with a diameter of 20 cm. The other four postholes are south of these two. From north to

Table 4.11. Description of the ceramics found on Floor 2, Room 86 (* indicates the jar is too broken to determine contents) Pot Type 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57

Contents

corrugated jar corrugated jar corrugated jar corrugated jar corrugated jar corrugated jar corrugated jar corrugated jar corrugated jar corrugated jar corrugated jar corrugated jar corrugated jar corrugated jar corrugated jar corrugated jar corrugated jar corrugated jar corrugated jar corrugated jar corrugated jar corrugated jar corrugated jar corrugated jar

corn empty Tepary beans, cotton cloth bag, string empty corn corn beans corn Tepary beans corn corn * corn Tepary beans corn Tepary beans shelled corn * * * Tepary beans, squash, cotton cloth (bag?) corn nested with jar 24 corn, beans, Tepary beans, yucca fiber, broken scraper, quartz crystal, string, prickly pear corrugated jar corn corrugated jar beans corrugated jar * corrugated jar beans corrugated jar Tepary beans Tularosa Fillet Rim bowl empty, nested under jar 27 corrugated jar * corrugated jar Tepary beans corrugated jar Tepary beans corrugated jar corn, 2 nested Maverick Mtn. Polychrome bowls Maverick Mountain Polychrome empty corrugated jar Tepary beans corrugated jar corn corrugated jar corn corrugated jar Tepary beans Buff Plain Ware vessel * corrugated jar Tepary beans red-slipped plain ware vessel * corrugated jar Tepary beans red-slipped plain ware vessel * corrugated jar * corrugated jar * corrugated jar corn Tularosa Fillet Rim empty, nested under jar 47 Tularosa Black-on-White bowl empty, nested under jar 47 corrugated jar corn Tularosa Black-on-White jar empty Maverick Mountain Polychrome vessel empty Tularosa Fillet Rim bowl empty Tularosa White-on-Red bowl corn Maverick Mountain Polychrome vessel corn, nested under jar 34 Maverick Mountain Polychrome vessel nested under jar 34 corrugated jar empty

* jar too smashed to show contents Note: 25 manos, 1 arrow shaft straightener, 1 blade, 1 hematite hammerstone, 1 full-grooved axe, 1 pottery disk, and 1 ¾-grooved axe also found on the floor.

Pinedale/Maverick Mountain Phase, aD 1250/1265–1300

south they have the following dimensions: the first is 15 cm deep with a diameter of 20 cm; the posthole to the southwest of this is 20 cm deep with a diameter of 20 cm; the next the hole and farthest west is 20 cm deep and 15 cm in diameter; and the farthest south and smallest is 15 cm deep with a diameter of 10 cm. Because the latter four postholes do not align, their function is unclear. Other Floor Features: There are no other floor features listed on the field form or discussed in the notes, but the map indicates a metate bin defined by a raised clay rim in the southeast corner. Inside the bin are a mano and a large St. Johns Polychrome sherd to act as a baffle, but no metate. Roof: The main roof beam ran north–south and was supported by two posts. The roof consists of roofing clay with shake impressions and numerous burned stringers that provided dendrochronological dates (Table 4.12). Artifacts: In addition to the large number of artifacts found on the floor (Tables 4.2 and 4.4), the following wild floral material was identified (Bohrer 1973): one mass of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) seed and fiber; a small amount of carbonized grass (Gramineae); loose buckwheat seeds (Erigonum sp.); a single walnut (Juglans major); and 30 immature stems of prickly pear (Opuntia sp.). Throughout the roof fall, additional artifacts and sherds were recovered and are listed in the summary tables for the room block. In addition to the sherds listed in Table 4.3, the excavators note the presence of plain, red, corrugated (plain, indented, pattern indented, fingernail incised, and incised), McDonald Corrugated, Prieto Corrugated, and Tularosa Fillet Rim. Room 87, Floor 1 Room 87 is on the western edge of the excavated rooms in the southern half of Room Block D. The rooms on all four sides were not excavated. The room was constructed during the Maverick Mountain phase, and Floor 1 continued in use into the Canyon Creek and Point of Pines phases. There is no evidence of burning in this room. The room was excavated 6/18–7/12/1956 by Ethel Genessen and Suzanne Holmes. Room Dimensions: The excavators recorded the following dimensions for the walls: north wall = 6.20 m; east wall = 2.79 m; south wall = 6.20 m; west wall = 2.60 m. Wall Construction: All four walls are banded tuff masonry. On the west wall, additional small tuff chinking stones are present at the base of the wall and embedded into the plaster to form the cove.

121

Table 4.12. Dendrochronological samples recovered from the roof fall and floor of Room 86 (Parker 1967) Level 5, roof fall 5, roof fall 5, roof fall 5, roof fall 5, roof fall 5, roof fall 5, roof fall 5, roof fall 5, roof fall 5, roof fall 6, floor 6, floor 6, floor 6, floor 6, floor

Species Ponderosa Ponderosa Ponderosa Ponderosa Ponderosa Pinyon Ponderosa Pinyon Ponderosa Ponderosa Ponderosa Pinyon Pinyon Pinyon Ponderosa

Cutting Date

X X X X X X X X X

Dates 1163–1210vv 1206p–1259v 1206±p–1259v 1241p–1270vv 1237±–1278vv 1235–1279r 1243p–1279vv 1234±–1283r 1241p–1285r 1242±–1285r 1217p–1245r 1269+p–1246r 1201p–1246r 1201p–1246r 1224p–1246r

p = pith ring; B = Bark date; r = less than full section present, but the outermost ring is continuous around the circumference; v = a subjective judgment but probably within a few years of the cutting date; vv = no way of estimating how far the last ring is from the true outside of the tree.

Door: There is a door in the east wall that is 0.55 m wide and 0.65 m high. There is also a door in the north wall that is 0.55 m wide. The height could not be determined due to the absence of the top of the wall. Other Wall Openings: There are no other wall openings. Wall Plaster: The plaster on the south wall is well preserved. The plaster on the other walls is poorly preserved and found only near the base of the walls. Floor: No description of the floor is provided other than it sits on top of trash. Hearth: The hearth is an ill-defined shallow basin in the center of the room with a fire-baked bottom and 2–3 cm of ash. It has a diameter of 50 cm. Storage Pits: There are no storage pits. Postholes: There are two postholes aligned on an east– west axis. The eastern hole is oval and measures 22 cm north–south, 16 cm east–west, and 32 cm deep. The western posthole is 18 cm in diameter and 41 cm deep. Other Floor Features: There is a mortar-mixing basin adjacent to the north wall that is 50 cm in diameter and 7 cm deep. The material inside the basin resembles mortar in color and texture. Roof: The main post-supports align east–west, suggesting the location of the main beam. Most of the information from the roof consists of fragments of broken plaster. One dendrochronological sample was recovered from the fill (Level 3). It is of Ponderosa pine

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and produced a noncutting date of 1239–1278vv (Parker 1967). Artifacts: Artifacts are found throughout the fill of the room (Tables 4.2–4.4), but it is difficult to differentiate roof fall from postabandonment fill and associated levels. Room 89, Floor 1 Room 89 is on the western edge of the northern half of Room Block D, directly west of Rooms 70 and 73. The room was originally constructed during the Early Tularosa phase. Details of the room and features are in Chapter 2. Floor 1 is occupied through the Canyon Creek phase. The room does not have evidence of burning. Room 90, Floor 1 Room 90 is in the center of the southern half of Room Block D. It was constructed during the Maverick Mountain phase as two separate rooms (east and west). However, the dividing wall is only 80 cm high and appears to have been only a partial wall during occupation. Both rooms were burned and abandoned at the end of the phase and the rooms were not reoccupied. On the floor, large amounts of burned corn, walnuts, and groups of pots were found in place, particularly in the west half of the room. Based on the presence of a hearth in the roof fall, the excavators believed the room was two stories. Excavation was 6/30–8/3/1956 by Katherine Major and William Lipe. Room Dimensions: The excavators recorded the following wall dimensions: north wall = 3.34 m; east wall = 4.00 m; south wall = 3.50 m; west wall = 3.88 m; dividing wall = 3.42 m. Wall Construction: Walls are made of banded tuff courses. Specifically, a band of large, well-shaped tuff stone alternates with two or three bands of small, unshaped tuff stones. Copious amounts of mortar are evident in all of the bands. Door: Two doors are present. In the west wall is a door 42 cm wide and 43 cm high, with the sill 50 cm above the floor. In the east wall is a door 47 cm wide, 37 cm high, with a sill 33 cm above the floor. Other Wall Openings: There are no other wall openings. Wall Plaster: Wall plaster is present on all three walls. It is between 1 and 2 cm thick. In some areas, the plaster is burned a bright red, and in others it shows evidence of smoke smudging. Floor: The floor is clay and sits on top of trash. The excavators state most of the floor is covered by a thin layer of pine needles. Bohrer (1973) identified the pine needles as (Pinus sp.). She states that above this is stacked corn and walnuts (Juglans major). Hearth: No hearth is present on Floor 1. However, ap-

proximately one meter below the surface, within the roof fall, are indications of a hearth. The excavators do not give additional details, but on this basis they argue the room is two stories high. Storage Pits: No storage pits are present. Postholes: There are eight postholes. Six of the eight hold burned posts that were used for dendrochronological dating (Table 4.13). Their measurements are as follows: (1) 12 cm wide, 20 cm deep; (2) 13 cm wide; 15  cm deep; (3) 15 cm wide, 10 cm deep; (4) 12 cm wide, 9 cm deep; (5) 12 cm wide, 12 cm deep; (6) 12 cm wide, 18 cm deep; (7) 10 cm wide, 12 cm deep; (8) 14 cm wide, 35 cm deep (probably main support beam). Other Floor Features: There are three other features in the floor. The first is a hole in the northwest corner where the wall and floor meet. The hole has a diameter of 10 cm and dips down approximately 30° from the floor until it runs into the footing course of the room. The second appears to be two wooden partitions. The partitions are composed of two supporting posts and a wall made of shakes. The partition wall is three shakes high (40 cm). The third is a clay ridge on the floor 20 cm from the south wall. The ridge stands 3–5 cm high. Roof: Based on the roof fall, roof composition appears to consist of a 15-cm thick main beam, followed by rafters placed at a right angle that are 5–8 cm thick. This is covered with shakes and reed mats (2–3 cm), which are then covered with clay (2–4 cm) and packed dirt (15–25 cm). The second-story floor sits on top of the packed dirt. Because the roof was burned and collapsed in place, a large number of dendrochronological samples were submitted for dating (Table 4.13). Artifacts: A large number of artifacts were recovered from the roof fall and floor of Room 90 (Table 4.2), including a large number of whole vessels that were broken when the roof fell (Table 4.4). The breakage sometimes makes it difficult to determine how many pots are represented so the excavators give an estimate. In addition to the painted sherds listed in the summary table (Table 4.3) for the room block, the excavators note the presence of the following types: plain; red; corrugated (plain, indented, obliterated, pattern indented, grooved); McDonald Corrugated; Prieto Corrugated; and Reserve and Tularosa Fillet Rim. Room 92, Floors 1 and 2 Room 92 is at the southeastern edge of the southern half of Room Block D. The rooms adjacent to Room 92 were not excavated, though wall clearing shows an obvious connection of this room to others in the room block.

Pinedale/Maverick Mountain Phase, aD 1250/1265–1300 Table 4.13. Dendrochronological samples from Room 90 (Parker 1967) Level 3, roof fall 3, roof fall 3, roof fall 3, roof fall 3, roof fall 3, roof fall 3, roof fall 3, roof fall 3, roof fall 3, roof fall 3, roof fall 3, roof fall 3, roof fall 4, east floor 4, east floor 4, east floor 4, east floor 4, east floor 4, east floor 4, east floor 4, east floor 4, east floor 4, east floor 4, east floor 4, east floor 4, east floor 4, east floor 4, east floor 4, east floor 4, east floor 4, east floor 4, east floor 4, east floor 4, east floor 4, east floor 4, east floor 4, east floor 4, east floor 4, east floor 4, west floor 4, west floor 4, west floor 4, west floor 4, west floor 4, west floor

Species

Cutting Date

Dates

Pinyon Ponderosa Pinyon Pinyon Ponderosa Ponderosa Ponderosa Pinyon Pinyon Pinyon Ponderosa Pinyon Pinyon Ponderosa Ponderosa Ponderosa Ponderosa Ponderosa Ponderosa Ponderosa Ponderosa Ponderosa Ponderosa Ponderosa Ponderosa Pinyon Ponderosa Ponderosa Ponderosa Ponderosa Douglas fir Douglas fir Ponderosa Ponderosa Ponderosa Ponderosa Ponderosa Ponderosa Ponderosa Ponderosa Ponderosa Ponderosa Ponderosa Ponderosa Ponderosa

X X

1202–1231rB 1171–1245r 1180±–1245v 1207–1267v 1242±–1273r 1244p–1273r 1242–1275vv 1228–1280+vv 1242±–1286+v 1231–1287r 1261–1287r 1210–1288r 1246–1292v 1218–1240vv 1221–1260vv 1230–1265vv 1219–1271vv 1248–1273vv 1230–1275v 1237–1275vv 1242–1275vv 1242–1275vv 1209–1276vv 1183p–1282rB 1230p–1283vv 1238p–1283r 1222–1284v 1242–1284vv 1242–1284r 1246±p–1284r 1247–1284vv 1251±–1284r 1225–1285v 1228–1285r 1241p–1285r 1245p–1285v 1240±p–1286r 1212–1288r 1216±–1288r 1170–1215vv 1172–1229vv 1166–1232vv 1213±–1248r 1217p–1248r 1224–1255vv

X X

X X X

X X

X X X X X X X X

X X

p = pith ring; B = Bark date; r = less than full section present, but the outermost ring is continuous around the circumference; v = a subjective judgment but probably within a few years of the cutting date; vv = no way of estimating how far the last ring is from the true outside of the tree.

123

Two floors are present, and both are dated to the Maverick Mountain phase. The space between Floor 1 and Floor 2 is approximately 10 cm. The room sits over Pithouse 13. The room was expanded with the construction of Floor 1, as demonstrated by the room dimensions below. The upper floor was burned (though not the roof or wall plaster). The room was abandoned at the end of the Maverick Mountain phase and not reoccupied at a later date. The room was excavated 7/1–4/1956 by Donald H. Morris. Room Dimensions: The lengths of the walls associated with Floors 1 and 2 were not recorded in the notes and are derived from the scaled field map and differ due to the expansion of the room for Floor 1. Floor 1 measurements are: north wall = 1.4 m; east wall = 3.0 m; south wall = 1.5 m; west wall = 3.0 m. Floor 2 measurements are: north wall = 1.5 m; east wall = 0.7 m; south wall = 1.6 m; west wall = 0.7 m. Only one course of the original north wall associated with Floor 2 remains. Wall Construction: The excavator suggests that the room was cobbled together rather than planned. Specifically, he argues the room is “the final result of a number of walls being relatively close together and enclosing walls built as a second thought.” This is particularly evident in the west wall associated with the larger Floor 1 where there is a break in the wall that is filled in with different masonry. Door: There is a sealed door in the south wall. It measures 38 cm wide and 50 cm high. Other Wall Openings: In the west wall there is a sealed window (no dimensions given). In the north wall there is a niche backed by two shaped-tuff slabs. The niche measures 60 cm wide, 50 cm high, and 20 cm deep. Wall Plaster: Wall plaster is present but not burned. Floor: The field form gives no description of the floor, but the running field notes indicate Floor 1 is of burned plaster over trash fill. Hearth: No hearths are present on either floor. Storage Pits: No storage pits are present on ither floor. Postholes: No postholes are present on either floor. Other Floor Features: No other features are present on either floor. Roof: There is no evidence of the roof. Artifacts: A small number of artifacts were found in the fill above Floor 1, and ceramics were found in the fill and associated with Floor 2 and the subfloor remains (Table 4.2). In addition to the painted sherds in the summary table (Table 4.3), the excavator notes the presence of the following sherds: plain; red; neck banded; corrugated (plain, indented, obliterated, pattern indented); McDonald Corrugated; Prieto

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Corrugated; and Tularosa Fillet Rim. Additionally, he identifies one miniature bowl and one miniature ladle in the fill. The lack of a burned roof makes it impossible to distinguish roof fall from postabandonment fill. Room 95, Floor 2 Room 95 is in the middle of the southern half of Room Block D. The room was originally constructed during the Early Tularosa phase and is one of the foundational rooms of this Room Block. For details on construction, wall features, and floor features, see Chapter 2. The room was burned and abandoned at the end of the Maverick Mountain phase. It was then remodeled and reoccupied during the Canyon Creek and Point of Pines phases. Details on the artifacts found on Floor 2 and dendrochronological samples recovered are presented in Chapter 2. Room 96, Floor 2 Room 96 is in the southern half of Room Block D, directly north of Room 110 and east of Room 90 east. Room 96 is connected to both Rooms 110 and 90 east by doors. The room was constructed during the Maverick Mountain phase and burned at the end of the phase. It was remodeled with a new floor during the Canyon Creek phase. The room was excavated 6/17–7/23/1957 by C. Mike Asch and Hattula Bray. Room Dimensions: The excavators did not record the room dimensions in their field notes. The following wall lengths are derived from the scaled field map: north wall = 4.375 m; east wall = 4.6 m; south wall = 4.1 m; west wall = 4.1 m. Wall Construction: Walls are made of coursed tuff masonry, with courses of large, worked-tuff building stones separated by three courses of smaller tuff rock. The notes state that a single vesicular basalt boulder was included in the footing stones on the east wall, but no other information about the footing course is provided. The walls were 2.1 m high at the time of excavation. Door: Three doors are present, though one may be a window. The field form states a T-shaped door is present in the north wall, though the wall profile indicates it is rectangular. The sill is 70 cm above the floor, 38 cm wide and 59 cm high. The door in the south wall (into Room 110) is 48 cm wide, and the sill is 22 cm above Floor 2. There is a rectangular door 90 cm wide in the west wall, and the sill is 20 cm above the floor, according to the wall profile. Other Wall Openings: There are no other possible wall openings. Wall Plaster: Wall plaster is present. At least two epi-

sodes of plastering are evident prior to the burning of the room, with one additional plastering during the Canyon Creek phase remodel. Floor: Floor 2 is plastered. Hearth: There is a sandstone slab-lined hearth in the center of the room. The bottom of the hearth is lined in stone. Storage Pits: No storage pits are present in Floor 2. Postholes: Three postholes are present. Posthole 1 is in the southwestern quarter of the room, 9.0 cm deep with a diameter of 9.0 cm. Posthole 2 is near the south wall, 12 cm in diameter and 16 cm deep. Posthole 3 is in the northeastern quadrant, 15 cm deep and 10 cm in diameter. Other Floor Features: A milling bin with room for two metates is present. Both bins are lined with clay. Roof: Evidence of the room includes the three postholes noted above, along with burned plaster, shakes, and roof stringers. The roof material was complete enough to provide a number of dendrochronology dates (Table 4.14). Artifacts: Ethnobotanical material and artifacts were found sealed between the burned roof fall and Floor 2. The ethnobotanical material was analyzed in Bohrer (1973). In the roof fall are remains of carbonized grass: probably reed grass (Phragmites communis). There were also four large bags of charred corn cobs and kernels along with reed fragments on the floor. Within a small McDonald Corrugated Bowl on the floor, were a small number of beans and squash seeds. In addition to the painted ceramics listed in the summary table (Table 4.3), the excavators note the presence of the following types: plain (smudged and unsmudged); red (smudged and unsmudged); corrugated (plain, indented, pattern indented, obliterated); McDonald Corrugated; and fingernail incised. Artifacts and whole pots were also found in the roof fall and floor/floor-fill context (Tables 4.2, 4.4). Room 99, Floor 1 Room 99 is just east of Room 72 in the southern half of Room Block D. It is connected to Room 72 with a vent. Room 99 was founded during the Maverick Mountain phase. Unlike most of the room block, there is no evidence of burning in the room. It was occupied through the Canyon Creek phase. The room was excavated 6/16– 7/8/1958 by Carolyn Kline and Irene Winter. Room Dimensions: The excavators recorded the following room lengths in the notes: north wall = 3.88 m; east wall = 3.03 m; south wall = 3.93 m; west wall = 3.23 m. Wall Construction: The walls are made of coursed ma-

Pinedale/Maverick Mountain Phase, aD 1250/1265–1300 Table 4.14. Dendrochronological Samples Recovered from Floor 2 of Room 96 (Parker 1967) Level 5, roof fall 5, roof fall 5, roof fall 5, roof fall 5, roof fall 5, roof fall 5, roof fall 6, roof fall 6, roof fall 6, roof fall 6, roof fall Floor 2 Floor 2 Floor 2 Floor 2 Floor 2 Floor 2 Floor 2 Floor 2 Floor 2 Floor 2 Floor 2

Species Pinyon Pinyon Ponderosa Pinyon Pinyon Ponderosa Ponderosa Ponderosa Pinyon Pinyon Ponderosa Pinyon Pinyon Pinyon Pinyon Pinyon Ponderosa Douglas fir Juniper Pinyon Pinyon Pinyon

Cutting Date X X

X X X

X

X X

Dates 1203±p–1267vv 1235p–1279r 1251–1284r 1244–1286vv 1248p–1288+vv 1246p–1289r 1246p–1290r 1254±p–1283r 1230±p–1288v 1231p–1290vv 1254±p–1291r 1210±p–1261vv 1213–1274+vv 1206–1280vv 1210±p–1281vv 1228±p–1282v 1256±p–1282rB 1255p–1288v 1218±p–1290v 1226–1292v 1230–1292r 1227–1293r

p = pith ring; B = Bark date; r = less than full section present, but the outermost ring is continuous around the circumference; v = a subjective judgment but probably within a few years of the cutting date; vv = no way of estimating how far the last ring is from the true outside of the tree.

sonry with a row of large tuff blocks separated by three rows of smaller pieces. Most of the walls are in good shape, but the south wall is caved in at 0.46 m above the floor. Door: The form states there is a door in the west wall, but it is not marked on the map (rather, only a vent is marked in the west wall). It also states the door stands 66 cm high, 41 cm wide at the bottom and 35 cm wide at the top. Forms and maps for Room 72 (to the west) do not mention a door in this room but do state there is a vent between the two rooms. Other Wall Openings: The form notes the presence of four post niches/beam holes in the west wall and four in the east wall. All are 0.93 m above the floor and range in diameter from 6–13 cm. Their location suggests they are likely niches not related to roof construction. No mention of the vent noted on the map is made, so it may be that the door noted above and the niche in the west are the same feature. Wall Plaster: Wall plaster is present on all four walls and has evidence of fingerprints from the smoothing of the plaster.

125

Floor: The excavators describe the floor as hard-packed adobe of a yellowish-brown color that is lumpy in spots. Hearth: A stone-lined, rectangular hearth is present in the center of the room. It measures 55 cm east–west and 65 cm north–south. Storage Pits: There are no storage pits in the room. Postholes: There are two postholes in the north half of the room. Both are 44 cm deep, and one has wood fragments in it. Other Floor Features: There are no other floor features. Roof: The eight holes in the west and east walls (four in each) are low for beam holes. However, evidence for the roof consists of hard adobe with the imprints of reeds, twigs, and roof beams. Artifacts: A large number of artifacts (Tables 4.2, 4.4) and sherds (Table 4.3) were found in the fill and floor/floor fill of the room and in the subfloor test trenches. Based on the mix of ceramics from different time periods, the excavators indicate the material in the fill is related to postabandonment fill. In addition to the painted sherds listed in the summary tables for the room block, the excavators note the presence of the following types: plain (smudged and unsmudged); red (smudged and unsmudged); Three Circle Neck Corrugated; Reserve Corrugated sequence (plain, indented, incised); Point of Pines Corrugated sequence (plain, indented, obliterated, pattern indented); Tularosa Pattern Indented Corrugated; Prieto Corrugated; McDonald Corrugated; fingernail incised, and Reserve and Tularosa Fillet Rim. Room 110, Floor 1 Room 110 is on the southeastern edge of the excavated rooms in the southern half of Room Block D. It was constructed during the Maverick Mountain phase and burned and abandoned at the end of the phase. It was not reoccupied at a later date. Based on the height of the standing walls (2.35 m) and the amount of material present above and mixed in the roof fall, the excavators argue that it is a two-story room. A large amount of material was indeed found on the room floor, underneath the burned roof fall (Figure 4.14; Table 4.15). The room was excavated 7/19–8/2/1958 by Loren Haury, James King, and Bernard Mergen and recorded by Elizabeth Colvin and E. J. Sherilla Hatch. Room Dimensions: The lengths of the walls associated with Floor 1 were not recorded in the notes and are derived from the scaled field map: north wall = 5.15 m; east wall = 4.80 m; south wall = 5.00 m; west wall = 5.30 m.

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Figure 4.14. Material found on the Floor 1 of Room 110, under the burned roof fall (compiled from field notes; see Table 4.15 for detailed descriptions)

Wall Construction: The walls are constructed of coursed masonry with rows of large, shaped blocks separated by one to four rows of smaller, unshaped spalls. Door: According to the form there is a door in the east wall, but the map and running notes indicate it is in the west wall. Because two sources of data (the running notes and map) indicate it is the west wall, this location seems more likely. The sill of the door is 45 cm above the floor, and it stands 63 cm from the sill to the lintel. The top of the door is 43 cm wide, and the bottom is 45 cm wide. Other Wall Openings: There are no other wall openings. Wall Plaster: Plaster is present on all four walls and has evidence of burning. According to the running notes, there are a series of short white lines, 3–10 cm in length, about 3 cm apart on the north and south walls 20–35 cm above the floor. The white marks start in the middle of the south wall, continue to the southwest corner, and then along the west wall for 35 cm. Floor: A description of the floor is missing from the field

form, but in the running notes it is described as “well constructed, hard, flat, and even.” Hearth: There is a rectangular, slab-lined hearth, 58 cm east–west, 78 cm north–south, and 16 cm deep. Storage Pits: No storage pits are present, but there is a possible borrow pit under the floor. Postholes: There are six postholes present. Two are very large (20–25 cm diameter) in a north–south line in the center of the room. There are two small postholes next to the southern large postholes and two additional small postholes in the southeast corner of the room. Other Floor Features: There is a stone masonry storage bin in the northwest corner of the room 1.98 m long north–south and 1.44 m wide. The walls may have stood 1.2 m high or more. There is a 30-cm-wide door into the storage bin in the south wall. Two ladder holes are also present near the door in the west wall. Roof: The two main post supports aligned on a north– south axis and likely supported the main beam.

Pinedale/Maverick Mountain Phase, aD 1250/1265–1300

127

Table 4.15. Artifacts mapped directly on the floor of Room 110 Artifact Description

Count

Ground and Pecked Stone mano pestle axe quartzite ball stone donut rubbing stone

7 2 2 1 1 1

Chipped Stone projectile point

1

Bone and Antler bone awl

1

Stone Ornaments and Pipes stone pipe

1

Minerals and Concretions mica pendant bead malachite polished edged agate white egg-shaped limestone (fossiliferous) Painted Sticks

1 1 1 1 1 1

Organic Material fragments of an unidentified thin wooden artifact ashy white fiber hair-like fiber textile fine textile pieces of textile [type unspecified] fiber knot bundles of string grass bundles basket basket tray with beans deer hair scrapings fur between matting, overlain by grasses in bundles matting unidentified fiber unidentified material

2 1 2 1 1 3 2 12 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1

Crossbeams were covered with sticks and plaster, both of which were recovered in the roof fall. The burned crossbeams that were recovered were 10 cm in diameter. The smaller sticks were 2.5 cm in diameter. Three dendrochronology samples were recovered from the roof fall. All three are Ponderosa pine and produced cutting dates of 1244–1283r, 1249– 1283r, 1251p–1283r (Parker 1967). Artifacts: Recovered ethnobotanical material from the floor includes corn, beans, squash, amaranth seeds, and the following plants identified by Bohrer (1973):

Artifact Description unidentified lump of seeds squash seeds gourd fragments cholla buds beans walnuts burned pine/pinyon cones Spindle Whorls and Ceramic Artifacts spindle whorl large sherd [type unspecified] covered with a mat pot [type and form unspecified] covered with a mat containing corn pottery fragments [type and form unspecified] containing beans bowl [type unspecified] jar [type unspecified] plain bowl Red Ware bowl corrugated bowl with beans corrugated bowl with corn corrugated bowl corrugated jar embedded in floor indented corrugated pot [form unspecified] indented corrugated jar with cotton textile inside Tularosa Pattern Indented Corrugated jar half full of amaranth seeds red-slipped corrugated bowl with beans McDonald Corrugated bowl Tularosa [type unspecified] bowl with corn and tiny seeds Tularosa White-on-Red bowl Tularosa Black-on-White jar burned Maverick Mountain bowl [type unspecified] with matting and charred corn Maverick Mountain bowl [type unspecified] Maverick Mountain Polychrome bowl whole, small, painted pot with handles [type unspecified] tiny pot with handle [type unspecified]

Count 2 2 1 1 group 10 groups 2 groups 1

2 1 1 3 2 1 1 1 2 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 3 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1

cotton seed (Gossypium hirsutum); buckwheat seed (Erigonum sp.); a carbonized pinecone (not identified as pinyon with any assurance) with scales removed, two walnuts (Juglans major); six poorly carbonized stem joints or buds of cholla; and carbonized mesquite pods (Prosopis juliflora). In addition to this plant material and the artifacts identified directly in floor contact, a number of artifacts and sherds were recovered from the roof fall and floor/floor fill (Tables 4.2, 4.4). In addition to the painted sherds listed in the ceramic summary

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Figure 4.15. Southern half of Room Block E during the Pinedale phase (compiled from field notes)

table (Table 4.3), the excavators noted the presence of the following types: plain (smudged and unsmudged); red (smudged and unsmudged); Reserve Indented Corrugated (plain and indented); Point of Pines Corrugated (plain, indented, fingernail indented, obliterated); coarse corrugated (incised and grooved); Tularosa Pattern Indented Corrugated, McDonald Corrugated; Prieto Corrugated; and Reserve and Tularosa Fillet Rim.

Room Block E Room Block E continues to be occupied during the Pinedale phase. The number of rooms with floors dated to the Pinedale phase increases over the previous phase, and the area around the Tularosa phase Plaza is further defined. Specifically, rooms are constructed around the entire exterior, and a roof is constructed (as evidenced by large postholes), transforming the former Plaza into an enclosed Great Kiva (Figure 4.15). This Great Kiva

is expanded in the next phase (Canyon Creek phase), resulting in some remodeling of rooms in the area and the destruction of three rooms on its eastern edge. In the northern part of the room block, the rooms around Kiva 2 underwent a considerable amount of remodeling (Figure 4.16). Specifically, the Tularosa phase rooms to the south and west of Kiva 2 were leveled, and new rooms were built on new footings (Figure 4.17). In many of the rooms, the artifacts recovered from fill and floor/floorfill context are somewhat limited. They are given in list form with each room. For those rooms with a large number of sherds (Rooms 39 and 94), ceramics are compiled in a single table (Table 4.16). Room 8, Floor 2

See Chapter 3. Room 9, Floor 1

See Chapter 2.

Pinedale/Maverick Mountain Phase, aD 1250/1265–1300

129

Figure 4.16. Northern half of Room Block E during the Pinedale phase (compiled from field notes)

Room 10, Floor 2

See Chapter 2. Room 15, Floor 1

See Chapter 3. Room 16, Floor 1 Room 16 is on the northwest corner of the Great Kiva in the southern half or Room Block E, directly east of Room 10 and west of Room 31 and connected to both rooms by a door. It lies directly north of Room 9. Floor 1 was constructed during the Pinedale phase and continued in use

without remodeling until the end of the Point of Pines phase. The excavator suggests there is the possibility the room was two stories, based on the wall height. A more compelling argument for a second floor is the presence of a well-defined hearth in the fill of the room. The room was excavated 7/2–7/22/1948 by Charles W. Winston. Room Dimensions: The lengths of the walls associated with Floor 1 were recorded by the excavator in the notes: north wall = 2.40 m; east wall = 4.03 m; south wall = 2.55 m; west wall = 4.15 m. Wall Construction: The walls are made of coursed masonry with alternating courses of large and small tuff

Figure 4.17. Pinedale phase rooms overlying Tularosa phase rooms in the northern half of Room Block E (compiled from field notes) Table 4.16. Sherds recovered from the fill and floor fill of Room 39, Floor 1, and Room 94, Floor 2, Room Block E Room 39, Floor 1 Type Plain, Red, and Textured brown, smudged brown, unsmudged red, smudged red, unsmudged Pine Flat Neck Corrugated Three Circle Neck Corrugated Reserve Plain Corrugated Reserve Indented Corrugated Reserve Indented Corrugated, fingernail incised Reserve Punched Corrugated Point of Pines Plain Corrugated Point of Pines Indented Corrugated Point of Pines Obliterated Corrugated Tularosa Pattern Indented Corrugated Point of Pines Patterned Indented Corrugated Reserve Incised Corrugated plain corrugated

Room 94, Floor 2

Fill

Floor

Fill

Floor

Features

274 244 112 141

44 26 11 5

56 67 49 36 2 1 81 160 19 5 56 141 9 18 10 7

31 38 17 17 2

1 3

42 72 1 2 28 67 9 6 3 4

6 7

639

51

1

10 3

1

Table 4.16. (cont’d.) Sherds recovered from the fill and floor fill of Room 39, Floor 1, and Room 94, Floor 2, Room Block E Room 39, Floor 1 Type

Fill

Floor

indented corrugated obliterated corrugated pattern indented corrugated incised corrugated punctate corrugated grooved corrugated red glaze [slipped?] corrugated McDonald Corrugated McDonald Pattern Indented Corrugated unidentified black-on-red with a Reserve Indented Corrugated exterior Fish Scale [Prieto] Corrugated base whirl and unidentified corrugated Point of Pines Punctate

578 70 75 12 2 23 135 112

80 9 10 1 1

Fillet Rim and White-on-Red Tularosa Fillet Rim Tularosa Fillet Rim White-on-Red Tularosa White-on-Red Red-on-Brown San Carlos Red-on-Brown Red-on-Buff Casa Grande Red-on-Buff Rio Grande Red-on-Buff Sacaton Red-on-Buff Black-on-white Mimbres Black-on-White Pinedale Black-on-White Reserve Black-on-White Tularosa Black-on-White unidentified Northern Black-on-White unidentified black-on-white Black-on-Red Gila Black-on-Red Maverick Mountain Black-on-Red Pinedale Black-on-Red Puerco Black-on-Red Wingate Black-on-Red Polychrome Cedar Creek Polychrome Fourmile Polychrome Gila Polychrome Hauck Polychrome Maverick Mountain Polychrome Nantack Polychrome Pinedale Polychrome Pinto Black-on-Red interior, Black-on-White exterior Prieto Polychrome St. Johns Polychrome Tonto Polychrome Tucson Polychrome

85 17

12 32

Room 94, Floor 2 Fill

Floor

Features

12 20 1

7 4

1

1 4

20

9

1

9

3

4

13 1 4

6

1

5

1 2

1 1

13 32 1 6

56

15 6 168

24

5 1 4

57 160 62

2 3 3 2 5 2

2

1 2

1

14

1 1

1 2 1 17

1 1 4

1 1 14

3

132

Chapter 4

rocks and occasional basalt boulders. The southwest corner of the room is bonded; all others abut. Door: There are two doors. The door in the east wall was sealed at one point. The sill of the door is 25 cm above the floor; it is 40 cm wide. The wall height does not allow for an estimation of door height. The second door is in the west wall. The height of the sill above the floor is not recorded, but it is 50 cm wide. Other Wall Openings: There are no other wall openings. Wall Plaster: Wall plaster 3–5 cm thick is present on the north and east walls. Floor: The adobe floor is poorly preserved and difficult to follow in places. Hearth: No hearth is present on Floor 1. However, 46 cm above the floor is a well-defined, slab-lined, rectangular hearth 58 cm long north–south and 25–22 cm wide east–west. Storage Pits: No storage pits are present. Postholes: No postholes are present. Other Floor Features: No other floor features are present. Roof: The roof fall contains large amounts of plaster but no other material. Artifacts: Very few artifacts and ceramic sherds are recorded from the fill or floor of the room, suggesting the room was cleaned out at abandonment. In the fill was one mano, one metate, one axe, three rubbing stones, one bone awl, and one piece of worked bone. The excavator states the sherds in the fill included various corrugated types and Fourmile Polychrome (hard paste variety), along with small amounts of Sacaton Red-on-Buff; Encinas Red-on-Brown; Wingate Black-on-Red; Cedar Creek Polychrome; Gila Polychrome; Tucson Polychrome; and St. Johns Polychrome. No counts were recorded. Room 17, Floor 1 Room 17 is on the south edge of the Great Kiva in the southern half of Room Block E, directly west of Room 23 and east of Room 19/30. Floor 1 was constructed during the Pinedale phase and continued to be occupied through the end of the Point of Pines phase. The room was excavated from 7/9–7/15/1948 by Bryant Bannister. Room Dimensions: The lengths of the walls associated with Floor 1 were recorded by the excavator in the notes: north wall = 3.50 m; east wall = 1.55 m; south wall = 3.42 m; west wall = 1.74 m. Wall Construction: The north wall of the room is part of the south wall of the Great Kiva. It has a footing course of large blocks of shaped (some roughly, some well-shaped) tuff. There is one basalt boulder in this lowest course. The second course is 25 cm thick and

composed of small, shaped stones. This was topped by a course of large, shaped tuff blocks suggesting alternating coursed bands. The west wall is footed on basalt boulders topped with banded courses of tuff stones. The south wall appears to lack the alternation of small and large courses, consisting only of courses of large tuff blocks. The east wall is made of tuff. The wall has slumped and bulges 45 cm above the floor. A veneer of small tuff chinks is present in some areas, possibly to shore up the wall while the room was still in use. Door: The notes state there is a door in the center of the south wall, though it does not appear on the field map. The sill of the door is 25 cm above the floor, and the door is 40 cm wide. Other Wall Openings: There are no other wall openings. Wall Plaster: Wall plaster is present in patches on all four walls and well preserved on the south wall. Floor: The floor is clay, built over 10 cm of trash. The excavator states it is irregular and badly preserved. Hearth: No hearth is present. Storage Pits: No storage pits are present. Postholes: No postholes are present. Other Floor Features: The notes state no other floor features are present, but the field map indicates two ladder holes. Roof: The roof fall consists of clay with pine shake imprints. Artifacts: There is no information recorded on artifact location, though the ceramic sherds from the fill are distinguished from those of the floor fill (10 cm above the floor). Artifacts recorded are two manos; one metate; two axes; one tuff ball; one abrading stone; one rubbing stone; one polishing stone; one hammerstone; one drill; one flesher; one jar stopper; and two miniature pottery bowls. In the fill, the excavator states corrugated sherds predominate (plain and indented corrugated; McDonald Corrugated; pattern indented corrugated; and Fish Scale [Prieto] Corrugated), followed by painted wares that include Pinedale Black-on-Red; Cedar Creek Polychrome; Fourmile Polychrome; Pinedale Polychrome (in approximately equal amounts); and less commonly Tularosa Black-on-White; Gila Black-onRed; Gila Polychrome; Point of Pines Polychrome; and a single sherd of Santa Cruz Red-on-Buff. The third most common types were plain brown wares (smudged and unsmudged), red wares (smudged and unsmudged), and a few sherds of Tularosa Fillet Rim. Finally, there is one “nubby” sherd and three incised sherds. In the floor fill, corrugated wares (McDonald, plain, indented, and pattern indented)

Pinedale/Maverick Mountain Phase, aD 1250/1265–1300

predominate, followed by plain wares (smudged and unsmudged, red wares, and Tularosa Fillet Rim) and painted wares (white-on-red with a tooled rim, Cedar Creek Polychrome, Gila Polychrome, and St. Johns Polychrome). The subfloor deposits include corrugated ceramics (McDonald, pattern indented, plain, and indented), plain wares (brown smudged and unsmudged, red smudged), and painted wares (Encinas Red-on-Brown, Tularosa Black-on-White, Gila Black-on-Red, and Point of Pines Polychrome). Room 19/30, Floor 1 Room 19/30 is on the southern edge of the Great Kiva in the southern half of Room Block E. Room 17 is directly west; Room 26 is directly east. The room was founded during the Pinedale phase. It was subdivided during the Canyon Creek phase, and only the section labeled Room 30 was used from the Canyon Creek phase on. The room was excavated 7/12–7/16/1948 by Therese Dawson and Emily W. Schupp. Room Dimensions: The lengths of the walls were recorded by the excavators in the field notes: north wall = 3.40 m; east wall = 1.64 m; south wall = 3.50 m; west wall = 1.57 m. Wall Construction: All four walls are banded, coursed masonry with alternating courses of large and small stones. There is marked bowing in both the south and west walls. Door: No doors are present. Other Wall Openings: No other wall openings are present. Wall Plaster: Wall plaster is present on all four walls. Floor: A clay plaster floor is present. Hearth: A slab-lined, rectangular hearth is present just south of the center of the room. The hearth is 45 cm long on the east–west axis and 40 cm wide on the north–south axis. The floor of the hearth is plaster lined and ash is present. Storage Pits: No storage pits are present. Postholes: No postholes are present. Other Floor Features: No other features are present on the floor. Roof: Roof fall consists of mortar and clay. Artifacts: There are no artifacts or ceramic sherds found on the floor. In the fill the following artifacts were noted: one axe, one grooved stone, one chert knife [biface?], one “discoidal,” two bone awls, one rib scraper, one “spike flaker,” one antler flaker. Sherds found in the fill were typed but not counted. No sherds were found on the floor. Corrugated sherds (plain, indented, McDonald, Prieto) predominate, followed by plain sherds (brown smudged and unsmudged,

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red smudged, and unsmudged, Tularosa Fillet Rim) and painted sherds (Fourmile Polychrome dominates, followed by Pinedale Polychrome, Pinedale Black-on-Red, and Tularosa Black-on-White). Room 21, Floor 1

See Chapter 3. Room 22, Floor 1 Room 22 is on the northern edge of the Great Kiva in the southern half of Room Block E. It is directly west of Room 39 to which it is connected by a door. The room was constructed and used during the Pinedale phase and not reoccupied during subsequent phases. It was excavated 7/23–8/13/1948 by Stephan F. de Borhegyi. Room Dimensions: The excavator recorded the following wall lengths: north wall = 3.71 m; east wall = 3.54 m; south wall = 3.99 m; west wall = 3.36 m. Wall Construction: The wall height is approximately 1.09 m. All four walls are constructed of banded masonry. On the east wall, there is an additional veneer of small stones on the wall interior. Door: There is a a sealed door on the north wall. Two disparate sets of measurements are given for the door, nor is the wall profile sufficiently detailed to determine which is correct. The sill is either 19 cm or 24 cm above the floor, and the door is either 59 cm or 49 cm wide. The field notes do not list a second door, but the map indicates a door in the east wall. The measurements for this wall are recorded for Room 39 (into which it opens). The form for Room 39 states this door is sealed and is 49 cm wide. Other Wall Openings: There is a window in the west wall whose sill is 9 cm above the floor; it is 43 cm wide and 52 cm high. Wall Plaster: Wall plaster is present. Floor: The floor is clay over a layer of trash. Hearth: The field form states a large, L-shaped pit filled with ash is present in the center of the room, but the floor map indicates it is an irregularly shaped fire pit. Storage Pits: No storage pits are present. Postholes: The field form identifies two postholes just east of the center of the room in a north–south alignment. Both have a diameter of 21 cm and a depth of 11 cm. Other Floor Features: The notes mention a pot rest near the hearth (drawn as a posthole on the field map) that is clay lined with a 21 cm diameter and 11 cm depth. Additionally, three metate bins are present in the northwest corner. They are defined by clay ridges. The metates and manos are missing, but a sherd baffle (McDonald Corrugated) is present in

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the bin closest to the west wall. Finally, Burial 36 (an infant) is in a pit below the floor. Roof: No evidence of the roof structure remains other than the postholes. Artifacts: A number of artifacts were recovered from the fill, floor/floor fill and subfloor fill of the room. From the fill, the following artifacts were noted: four manos, one grinding slab, two arrow shaft straighteners, one stone bowl, one rubbing and pecking stone, three rubbing stones, one polishing stone, and three hammerstones. From the floor/floor fill, the following artifacts were identified: two manos, one handstone, two metates, three axes, one arrow shaft straightener, three stone balls, one stone bowl, one abrading tool, 14 rubbing stones, one polishing stone, six hoe blades, one projectile point, three hammerstones, two knives [bifaces?], one scraper [uniface?], “discoidal,” one stone chopper, one bone tube, one concretion, one shell bracelet, one Conus tinkler, shell beads (count not given), and one spindle whorl. From the subfloor fill, one drill was identified. Sherds were also encountered in the fill, floor/ floor fill and subfloor fill. The field notes mention their presence and specify the painted wares that were encountered in the floor/floor fill and subfloor but do not provide counts. The floor/floor fill had corrugated (variety of types); McDonald Corrugated; Point of Pines Punctate; Tularosa White-on-Red; Pinedale Black-on-White; Pinedale Black-on-Red; Maverick Mountain Polychrome; and Pinedale Polychrome. The subfloor fill contained corrugated sherds (types unspecified); Alma Scored; McDonald Corrugated; Tularosa Black-on-White; Wingate Black-on-Red; and St. Johns Polychrome. Room 23, Floor 1

See Chapter 3. Room 24, Floor 2 Room 24 is on the east side of the Great Kiva in the southern half of Room Block E. When constructed during the Pinedale phase, it would not have abutted the Great Kiva directly, as an unnumbered room that was razed during the Canyon Creek phase to expand the Great Kiva is to its west. Room 24 appears not to have been used during the Canyon Creek phase but may have been used during the Point of Pines phase (Floor 1) after the Great Kiva was abandoned. While there is little written about Floor 1, it is evident in the profile. It is possible that due to the poor quality of the floor, the excavator went through the floor without realizing it and only recognized it in profile after excavation was complete. The notes are more com-

plete for Floor 2. The room was excavated 7/19–7/26/1948 by Bryant Bannister. Room Dimensions: The lengths of the walls associated with Floor 2 were recorded by the excavator in the field notes: north wall = 3.10 m; east wall = 2.46 m; south wall = 2.91 m; west wall = 2.33 m. Wall Construction: The walls are constructed using banded masonry except for the west wall, which is rubble masonry with a bottom course of basalt boulders. Walls are present to a height of 1.02 m. Door: A sealed door is present in the east wall. The bottom of the sill is 40 cm above the floor, and it is 38 cm wide and 62 cm high. Other Wall Openings: No other openings are present in the wall. Wall Plaster: Wall plaster is present. Floor: The floor is plastered with coving in the corners where it meets the wall plaster. Hearth: A clay-lined, circular fire pit is present slightly south of the center of the room. Storage Pits: No storage pits are present. Postholes: No postholes are present. Other Floor Features: No other floor features are present. Roof: No evidence for the roof exists. Artifacts: Artifacts were recovered from both the fill (this includes the area around Floor 1) and from the floor fill. In the fill, one blade and one worked piece of bone were recovered. In the floor fill of Floor 2, one basalt mano, three pieces of chert, and half of a tuff stone ring were recovered. In terms of sherds, types were identified but not counted. In the fill, corrugated ceramics dominate especially plain and indented corrugated sherds, with smaller amounts of pattern indented corrugated, red-slipped, McDonald, and Prieto Corrugated. Plain wares are dominated by brown wares with smaller amounts of plain smudged, red, and Tularosa Fillet Rim sherds. The painted wares are dominated by Pinedale Polychrome, with smaller amounts of Pinedale Blackon-Red and one sherd each of Gila Black-on-Red, Heshotauthla Polychrome, and Kintiel Polychrome. The ceramics in the floor fill (20 cm) are similar. The same types of corrugated sherds dominate, and the same types of plain ware sherds are present. Painted wares are dominated by Gila Black-on-Red and Pinedale Polychrome, with a few sherds of Pinedale Black-on-White and Pinedale Black-on-Red, one sherd of Pinto Polychrome, and two sherds of Tucson Polychrome. The subfloor ceramics are corrugated (indented and plain), plain brown and red, and one sherd of Pinedale Black-on-White.

[169.236.78.20] Project MUSE (2024-03-14 19:24 GMT) University of California, Merced

Pinedale/Maverick Mountain Phase, aD 1250/1265–1300

Room 25, Floor 2 Room 25 lies where the north and south ends of Room Block E come together. It is directly south of Room 33, to which it is connected by a door, and east of Room 8. The floor designations are not always clear in the field notes. The lowest level is referred to as Subfloor #7 (see Late Tularosa phase). Designations for Floors 1 and 2 appear to be used interchangeably in the notes, and it is sometimes difficult to determine what characteristics are associated with Floor 2. It appears that these two floors are in the same footprint. This new footprint (relative to Subfloor #7) has a floor constructed and used during the Pinedale phase (Floor 2). The room is reoccupied — possibly reusing the same floor or replastering the same floor — during the Point of Pines phase. Most of the notes about the room and the field form refer to Floor 1. The information for Floor 2 is gathered mostly from the field map. The room was excavated 7/21–7/30/1948 by Stanley Hamper and Roderick Smith. Room Dimensions: Based on the excavators’ notes, the lengths of the walls are as follows: north wall = 4.48 m; east wall = 3.70 m; south wall: 4.17 m; west wall = 4.21 m. Wall Construction: The walls are made of banded masonry. The south wall has an added rubble veneer to the interior of the wall. The north wall is 35 cm wide; the east wall is 25 cm wide; the south wall is 25 cm wide; and the west wall is 26 cm wide. Door: There is a door in the north wall connecting to Room 33. The sill of the door is 34 cm above the floor; the door is 42 cm wide and 51 cm high. Other Wall Openings: There are no other openings evident in the walls. Wall Plaster: Thick wall plaster (2–3 cm) is present. Floor: The floor is lined with a hard, gravely clay. Hearth: A slab-lined, rectangular hearth is present that measures 49 × 49 cm. Ash is present in the hearth. Storage Pits: No storage pits are present. Postholes: There are two postholes in an east–west alignment. The postholes are 19 cm in diameter and 60 cm in depth. Other Floor Features: Two clay-lined metate bins are present in the southeast corner. One parallels the south wall (63 cm long, 35 cm wide, 19 cm deep), and the other is perpendicular to the south wall (63 cm long, 23 cm wide, 15 cm deep). There is a clay partition between the two bins that is 7.0 cm thick. Roof: No evidence of the roof is present. Artifacts: There are no artifacts in direct contact with the floor, but a number of artifacts were recorded in the fill: three manos, one mortar, one three-quarter grooved axe, one arrow shaft straightener, two stone

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balls, five rubbing stones, one hand digging tool, 16 hammerstones, one stone drill, seven bone awls, one bone tube, four [antler?] flakers, one pronged antler flaker, one pelvis knife, one pottery disc, and one pottery spindle whorl. In the floor fill (10 cm) were one drill, one flake, one flaker, one bone tube, and one bird effigy. In terms of sherds, only sherds in the floor fill (10 cm) were recorded: 10 red smudged; eight red unsmudged; 59 corrugated sherds (type unspecified); six pattern indented corrugated; one Prieto Corrugated; one McDonald Corrugated; one Tularosa Fillet Rim; one Encinas Red-on-Buff; 14 Tularosa Black-on-White; one Maverick Mountain Blackon-Red; two Pinedale Black-on-Red; one Gila Polychrome; two Maverick Mountain Polychrome; and six St. Johns Polychrome. Room 26, Floor 1 Room 26 is at the southeast corner of the Great Kiva, directly east of Room 19/30. The room is founded during the Pinedale phase and occupied through the end of the Point of Pines phase. It was excavated 7/20–8/13/1948 by David M. Hart and Theresa Dawson. Room Dimensions: The excavators recorded the lengths of the walls: north wall = 3.60 m; east wall = 3.08 m; south wall = 3.66 m; west wall = 3.18 m. Wall Construction: Walls are constructed of banded masonry and stand 1.41 m high. Door: There is a T-shaped door in the west wall. Its sill is 19 cm above the floor, with the shoulder of the T-shape 76 cm above the floor. The door is 58 cm wide at the top and 34 cm wide at the bottom. The door is 1.22 m in height. Other Wall Openings: There are no other wall openings. Wall Plaster: Wall plaster is present. Floor: The floor is hard-packed earth. Hearth: No hearth is present. Storage Pits: No storage pits are present. Postholes: No postholes are present. Other Floor Features: No other floor features are present. Roof: Roof fall consists of clay with reed impressions. Artifacts: Artifacts and ceramic sherds were recorded for the fill and subfloor but none for the floor itself. The following artifacts were listed for the fill: one projectile point, one scraper [uniface?], one chopper, and one pelvic knife. The following artifacts were listed for the subfloor fill: four metates, one polishing stone, one projectile point, one bone awl, one bone hairpin, one Conus tinkler, one pendant, and one pottery scraper.

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Sherds were recorded for the room fill and subfloor fill, with no ceramic sherds found on the floor. The following types (no counts) were recorded for the fill: unsmudged plain wares; corrugated (plain, indented, pattern indented, McDonald); and painted wares (Tularosa Black-on-White, Pinedale Black-on-Red, Cedar Creek Polychrome, Fourmile Polychrome, Gila Polychrome, and Pinedale Polychrome). Only painted wares were recorded for the subfloor fill: Fourmile Polychrome, as well as one Sacaton Red-on-Buff sherd, one Wingate Black-onRed sherd, and one early Glazed Black-on-White. Room 27, Floor 2 Room 27 is on the east side of the Great Kiva in the southern half of Room Block E, to the east of the middle unnumbered rooms that were leveled to expand the Great Kiva during the Canyon Creek phase. The room is directly north of Room 24 and south of Room 22. It appears to be abandoned when the Great Kiva is expanded but then remodeled with a new floor and reoccupied (possibly as a two-story room) during the Point of Pines phase, when the Great Kiva is no longer in use. However, the excavator did not always distinguish between Floors 1 and 2 and sometimes combined them. The room was excavated 7/29–8/13/1948 by Bryant Bannister. Room Dimensions: The excavator recorded the following wall lengths: north wall = 3.13 m; east wall = 4.57 m; south wall = 3.19 m; west wall = 4.44 m. Wall Construction: Walls are constructed of banded masonry. Door: Two doors are present. A rectangular door is present in the east wall. The door is 50 cm wide and 1.15 m high. The second door is T-shaped in the west wall. It is 0.97 m high. At the bottom, it is 46 cm wide, and at the top it is 63 cm wide. Other Wall Openings: There are no other wall openings. Wall Plaster: Wall plaster is present. Floor: The floor is hard-packed earth over fill. Hearth: A slab-lined, rectangular hearth is present near the center of the room. This hearth is unusual because most of the slab-lined hearths have their hearth stones removed (leaving only the clay impressions) or are sandstone. The hearth stone slabs in Room 27 are basalt. Storage Pits: No storage pits are present. Postholes: No postholes are present. Other Floor Features: No other floor features are present. Roof: No evidence of the roof associated with Floor 2 is present. Artifacts: The following artifacts were recorded for the

fill above Floor 2: one polishing stone, one digging stone, one scapula scraper, one shaped piece of turquoise, and one miniature bowl. In the area that includes both Floors 1 and 2 (with no distinction made), the following artifacts are recorded: one handstone, two shaped stone balls, one rubbing stone, one digging tool, one hammerstone, one scraper [uniface?], two bone awls, one flaker, and one piece of shaped turquoise. From subfloor context, a rubbing stone and a digging tool were noted. In terms of sherds, corrugated types predominate in the fill (plain, indented, Prieto, McDonald, red-slipped, pattern indented, Tularosa Fillet Rim, and one incised corrugated). The next most common are painted wares (Fourmile Polychrome followed by Cedar Creek Polychrome and Pinedale Blackon-Red, with a small amount of Tularosa Black-onWhite, Pinedale Black-on-White, Gila Black-on-Red, Gila Polychrome, Heshotauthla Polychrome, Nantack Polychrome, and Pinedale Polychrome). Plain wares (brown, brown smudged, red, red smudged, Kinishba red) are the least common. The material that includes both Floors 1 and 2 is dominated by corrugated (indented, plain, McDonald, pattern indented, red-slipped, and Tularosa Fillet Rim) followed by painted wares (Fourmile Polychrome, then Pinedale Black-on-Red, Gila Black-on-Red, and Cedar Creek Polychrome). Plain (brown, red, red smudged, brown smudged and Kinishba Red) was the least common. The subfloor assemblage is relatively small and dominated by corrugated ceramics, with Tularosa Fillet Rim being the most common, followed by indented, pattern indented, plain, and McDonald Corrugated. Plain wares (brown smudged and unsmudged, red smudged and unsmudged) are present but painted wares are absent. Room 31, Floor 2 Room 31, Floor 2 is on the north side of the Great Kiva, directly east of Room 16 to which it is connected by a door. Floor 2 was constructed and used during the Pinedale phase. The room is remodeled and reoccupied (Floor 1) during the Point of Pines phase. However, based on the information recorded on the field form, it is occasionally difficult to tell whether floor features are associated with Floor 1 or Floor 2. The room was excavated 6/17–7/25/1949 by Frances S. Olson and  M.  Virginia Gould. Room Dimensions: The excavators recorded the following wall lengths: north wall = 4.80 m; east wall = 3.65 m; south wall = 5.05 m; west wall = 3.80 m. All walls are 20 cm wide.

Pinedale/Maverick Mountain Phase, aD 1250/1265–1300

Wall Construction: The north and south walls are banded masonry with three sizes of tuff. The east and west walls are banded with two sizes of tuff. Door: The field form states there are no doors, but the field map shows a door in the west wall into Room 16. Other Wall Openings: There is a sealed window in the north wall that is 45 cm high and 35 cm wide. Wall Plaster: Plaster is present on all walls and is 3–4 cm thick. Floor: No details are provided in the notes, but additional remarks address the complicated construction history of the room. Hearth: There is a sandstone-lined, rectangular hearth, but it is unclear from the notes whether it is associated with Floor 1 or 2. Storage Pits: There are no storage pits in Floor 2. Postholes: There are two postholes, but based on the field notes, it is unclear whether they are associated with Floor 1 or Floor 2. Other Floor Features: There is a possible metate bin in the southwest corner of the room. Additionally, the running field notes state there are two parrot burials. The first is in the fill between Floor 1 and 2, but there is no sign of the pit in Floor 1. Thus, the excavators suggest the parrot burial occurred during the Canyon Creek phase, after Floor 2 was abandoned but before Floor 1 was constructed. The second burial was dug into the subfloor fill beneath Floor 2. The excavators suggest both parrots are Military Macaws, though subsequent analysis indicates they are Scarlet Macaws (Hargrave 1970; see Chapter 7). Roof: There is no evidence for the roof associated with Floor 2 except possibly the two postholes. Additional Notes: Based on both the wall profiles and the excavators’ notes, the construction history of Room 31 appears more complicated than originally suspected, which may account for some of the confusion regarding association of features with floors. Specifically, there appear to be several east–westrunning wall stubs between Floors 1 and 2. One is 20 cm south of the north wall and sits directly on Floor 2. There is another wall stub 1.7 m north of the south wall. The footing for this wall stub sits on Floor 2 in some locations and extends below it in others. The wall stubs are constructed of shaped tuff, diorite, and basalt and have some evidence of wall plaster. It is unclear whether these are short walls used to divide space within the room or if they were added latter to help support the construction associated with Floor 1. Artifacts: In the fill between Floors 1 and 2, the following artifacts are noted: one basin metate, one trough

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metate, three stone axes, one arrow shaft straightener, one stone sphere, one abrading stone, one worked stone, one scraper [uniface?], one stone chopper, and one bone awl. For sherds, counts are not present. The following types are noted in the fill between Floors 1 and 2: plain wares (brown smudged and unsmudged, red smudged and unsmudged); corrugated wares (indented, plain, pattern indented, grooved corrugated, incised corrugated, McDonald Corrugated, Tularosa Fillet Rim, Point of Pines Punctate, and Prieto Corrugated); Encinas Red-on-Brown; Sacaton Red-on-Buff; Reserve Black-on-White; Tularosa Black-on-White; Pinedale Black-on-Red; Wingate Black-on-Red; Fourmile Polychrome; Gila Polychrome; and Querino Polychrome. In the subfloor fill of Floor 2 are plain wares (brown smudged and unsmudged, red smudged and unsmudged), corrugated wares (plain, indented, pattern indented, incised corrugated, McDonald Corrugated); Encinas Red-on-Brown; Sacaton Red-on-Buff; Reserve Black-on-White; and Tularosa Black-on-White. Room 32, Floors 3 and 4 Room 32 is on the southwest corner of Kiva 2 in the north end of Room Block E. It is south of Room 46, west of Room 33, and directly north of Room 8. Room 8 is connected to Room 32 through a door. Floors 5 and 6 in this room are constructed during the Late Tularosa phase, but in a different footprint (see Chapter 3) and a pithouse that is occupied during the Early Tularosa phase (Chapter 2). This earlier construction is leveled (Figure 4.16) and Room 32 rebuilt in a new configuration during the Pinedale phase. It is abandoned at the end of this phase, but the room is again reoccupied during the Point of Pines phase. The room was excavated 6/17–7/13/1949 by George D. Morris and Alphonso Troncone. Room Dimensions: The lengths of the walls associated with Floors 3 and 4 were not recorded in the notes and are derived from the scaled field map: north wall = 2.1 m; east wall = 2.7 m; south wall = 2.2 m; west wall = 2.9 m. Wall Construction: The walls associated with Floors 3 and 4 are constructed of unshaped tuff boulders and occasional basalt boulders in a rubble masonry construction with heavy use of mortar. Door: From the notes, it is unclear whether the door in the south wall is restricted in use only to Floors 1 and 2 or if it is also associated with Floors 3 and 4, but the map suggests it is present for both phases. The door sill is 30 cm above Floor 4, and it is 40 cm wide. Other Wall Openings: There are no other wall openings.

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Wall Plaster: Wall plaster is not evident on the walls associated with these floors. Floor: No information is provided about Floors 3 and 4 in the notes, but on the map and profiles they are designated as a line of compacted, silty earth. The running field notes do state that rodent burrows are ubiquitous, rendering the stratigraphy very difficult to define. Hearth: In the field notes, it states there is no hearth. But on the field map, there is the outline of a possible round, ash area. The exact association with a floor, however, is unclear. It may be associated with previous occupation rather than the Pinedale phase. Storage Pits: No storage pits are mentioned in the notes or evident on the field maps. Postholes: There is one 20 cm diameter posthole associated with Floor 3 but none with Floor 4. Other Floor Features: There are no other floor features in the notes or on the field maps. Roof: There is no indication of the roof construction associated with Floors 3 and 4. Artifacts: Artifacts and ceramics associated with Floors 3 and 4 and the fill between Floors 3 and 2 are limited and not separated by level, matrix, or floor. The notes state a spindle whorl is found in this range of excavation but does not specify location. On the floor map for Floor 4 (though it is unclear whether they are actually on the floor or in the floor fill), is one mano and two broken pots. The sherds assigned to Floors 3 and 4 are not separated by level. Present are two smudged plain; 12 unsmudged red; 15 smudged red; 68 “other plain”; 167 corrugated (type not specified); 20 plain corrugated; 16 incised corrugated; 15 Tularosa Pattern Indented Corrugated; McDonald Corrugated (no count); two Tularosa Fillet Rim; 13 Tularosa White-on-Red; four Encinas Red-on-Brown; one Sacaton Red-on-Buff, two Mimbres Classic Black-on-White, 17 Tularosa Black-on-White; one unidentified black-on-white; one Pinedale Black-on-Red; and four Wingate Blackon-Red (no polychromes).

Room Dimensions: The excavators did not measure the walls for Floor 2 directly. The following measurements are derived from the floor map: north wall = 1.25 m; east wall = 2.45 m; south wall = 1.40 m; west wall = 2.45 m. Wall Construction: Only the bottom 20 cm of the walls associated with this room remain. They are constructed of large, unshaped basalt and tuff boulders for a base mixed with adobe and plaster. Door: There is no door associated with this floor. Other Wall Openings: There are no other wall openings associated with this floor. Wall Plaster: A very fine, thin (2 mm) layer of smooth yellow-brown clay is present. Floor: No description of the floor exists. Hearth: No hearth was evident in the excavation of this floor. Storage Pits: No storage pits are evident in the excavation of this floor. Postholes: No postholes are evident in the excavation of this floor. Other Floor Features: No other floor features are evident in the excavation of this floor. Roof: There are several pieces of clay with reeds clinging to them and impressions of pine shanks in the associated roof fall. Artifacts: No artifacts are noted in direct floor contact but in the fill between Floors 1 and 2 the following artifacts are identified: one stone axe, one projectile point, and one knife [biface?]. Similarly, no sherds are noted in direct floor contact, but in the fill between Floors 1 and 2 the following ceramics are identified: nine plain smudged; seven plain unsmudged; four red smudged; two red unsmudged; 43 corrugated (type unspecified); one red-slipped corrugated (type unspecified); one incised corrugated; four McDonald Corrugated; one Point of Pines Punctate; one Pankyville Red-on-Brown; two Tularosa Blackon-white; and one St. Johns Polychrome. Room 34, Floor 1

See Chapter 3. Room 33, Floor 2 Room 33 is directly south of Kiva 2 (the north wall of the room is the south wall of the kiva) in the northern end of Room Block E. Construction occurred in this area during previous periods (Chapters 2 and 3). The earlier construction was leveled, and a new room was built in the area (Figure 4.16). The room is east of Room 32 and north of Room 25. A door connects Rooms 33 and 25. Room 33 was excavated 5/17–7/6/1949 by Stanley Hamper and William Wasley.

Room 35, Floor 1 Room 35 is at the northeast corner of the Great Kiva in the southern half of Room Block E, directly east of Room 39, west of Room 22, and north of the unnumbered rooms demolished by later expansion of the Great Kiva. The room was constructed during the Pinedale phase and continues to be occupied through the Point of Pines phase. It was excavated 6/20–7/14/1949 by Clare Williams.

Pinedale/Maverick Mountain Phase, aD 1250/1265–1300

Room Dimensions: The lengths of the walls were recorded by the excavator: north wall = 2.20 m; east wall = 3.35 m; south wall = 2.45 m; west wall = 3.35 m. Wall Construction: The walls vary in width from 20– 35 cm, with the west wall being the widest and the east wall the narrowest. The north and east walls are in poor condition, but the north wall appears to be banded masonry in which bands of large, worked stones are separated by layers with smaller, unshaped stones. The east wall appears to be missing the banding and consists of masonry rubble. The south wall is well preserved and appears to be rubble masonry made of large building stones. The west wall of Room 35 has banding at the base but rubble with a smaller stone veneer on the inside wall. Door: There is a sealed, T-shaped door in the west wall. Only the ascending portion of the T (55 cm in height) could be measured. Thus, the width at the top is 35 cm; in the middle it is 40 cm. Other Wall Openings: No other openings are evident in the walls. Wall Plaster: Wall plaster is present and in particularly good condition on the west wall. Floor: The floor is a hard, pebbly adobe but very uneven. The floor sits on trash. Hearth: No hearth is present. Storage Pits: No storage pits are present. Postholes: The excavator identifies one posthole, 20 cm deep and 30 cm in diameter. Other Floor Features: There are no other floor features present. Roof: No evidence of the roof other than the posthole is present. Artifacts: In the fill, the following artifacts are identified: one mano, one hammerstone, and one miniature pottery ladle. On the floor one mano is identified, and in the subfloor fill one projectile point is identified. Exact counts of the ceramic sherds are not provided. The notes state corrugated wares predominate, with very little McDonald Corrugated in the room fill. Additionally, some Tularosa Fillet Rim sherds are present as are plain (smudged and unsmudged) and red-slipped (smudged and unsmudged) sherds. Painted ceramics are dominated by Fourmile Polychrome, with smaller amounts of Pinedale Black-on-Red, Cedar Creek Polychrome, Gila Polychrome, and Pinedale Polychrome. Tularosa Black-on-White and one piece each of Mimbres Classic Black-on-White and Point of Pines Polychrome are identified. No sherds are identified as floor context, but in the subfloor fill the following types are identified: plain wares; corrugated (plain,

139

indented, pattern indented, fillet rim but no incised); McDonald Corrugated; Encinas Red-on-Brown (n = 2); Tularosa Black-on-White (n = 8); Gila Black-onRed (n = 2); Maverick Mountain Black-on-Red (n = 1); and Wingate Black-on-Red (n = 3). Room 39, Floor 1 Room 39 is on the northern edge of the Great Kiva in the southern half of Room Block E. It is directly east of Room 22 and west of Room 35 and connected to both by sealed doors. The room does not appear to be occupied past the Pinedale phase. There is also a sealed door into the Great Kiva. The room was excavated 6/20–7/27/1949 by Herbert H. Williams. Room Dimensions: The excavator recorded the following wall lengths: north wall = 2.65 m; east wall = 3.35 m; south wall = 2.65 m; west wall = 3.40 m. Wall Construction: The wall height is 1.00 m, and all of the walls are 25 cm wide and of masonry construction. The south, east, and west walls have a veneer of tuff rubble. Door: There are three sealed doors. In the east wall, the sill of the door is 35 cm above the floor, with a width of 35 cm at its base, 40 cm at the midpoint, and 55 cm at the top. In the west wall, the door is 49 cm wide and 1.09 m high. In the south wall, the sill of the door is 25 cm above the floor, and the door is 65 cm wide. Other Wall Openings: There are no other wall openings. Wall Plaster: Wall plaster is present, approximately 2.0 cm thick and very hard. Floor: The floor is uneven and hard to follow in the center of the room. The description of the floor material is not given, but the profile demonstrates it sits on a thin layer of trash. Hearth: An oblong pit hearth (50 × 60 cm) is in the center of the room; it lacks clay or slab lining. Storage Pits: No storage pits are present. Postholes: Two postholes are in the room in a north– south alignment. The northern posthole has a 15 cm diameter and is 15 cm deep. The southern posthole is 27 cm deep and contains evidence of a decaying wood post. Other Floor Features: No other floor features are present. Roof: In addition to the posthole, clay plaster from the roof is present in the fill, many showing impressions of shakes. Artifacts: A large number of artifacts are identified in the fill: one mano, one circular handstone, two shaft smoothers, one shaped grooved stone, one abrading stone, one rubbing stone, one polishing stone, three projectile points, one hammerstone, two knives

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[ biface?], three scrapers [uniface?], one “spokeshave” scraper, two bone awls, one bone ring, one rib scraper, one bone flaker, two broken antler flakers, two (hematite and limonite) paint stones, one clay bottle stopper, and one dog figurine. In the floor fill, the following artifacts are identified: one mano, one three-quarter grooved axe, two projectile points, one scraper [uniface?], one antler flaker, and two bone awls. Sherds were also recovered from the fill and floor fill (Table 4.16). These were typed and counted in the field and not transported to Tucson. Room 43, Floor 1 Room 43 is northeast of the Great Kiva in the southern half of Room Block E. It is directly west of Room 35, east of Room 44, and north of Room 27. The room was excavated 6/21–6/29/1949 by Joan Wohlenberg. Room Dimensions: The excavator recorded the lengths of the walls on the map: north wall = 1.50 m; east wall = 3.15 m; south wall = 1.50 m; west wall = 3.50 m. Wall Construction: The lowest course of all four walls is adobe, with rubble masonry above this level. Door: The field form records a door in the east wall, though it is absent on the field map. The notes state that only one side of the door is still standing. The sill is 51 cm above the floor. Door width cannot be determined. Other Wall Openings: The notes state there is a possible opening in the west wall (70 cm wide), but this is not indicated on the field map. Wall Plaster: Plaster is present on all four walls. Floor: The floor is in poor shape, extremely eroded and uneven. Hearth: No hearth is present. Storage Pits: No storage pits are present. Postholes: There are two postholes drawn on the map in an east–west alignment, but no details are provided. Other Floor Features: There is a large, burned, broken corrugated jar on the floor. There is also a possible bench along the north side of the room. Roof: There is no indication of roof construction other than the postholes. Artifacts: A small number of artifacts and sherds are noted on the field form. In the fill, the following artifacts are noted: one projectile point, one scraper [uniface?], one piece of worked stone, one bone awl, one worked sherd, and one spindle whorl. On the floor are the broken remains of the burned, corrugated jar noted above. In terms of sherds, a detailed type list and counts are absent. The field notes state that Fourmile Polychrome, Gila Polychrome, and Pinedale Polychrome are present in the fill. In the subfloor tests, only cor-

rugated (types not specified) and plain wares are present. Room 44, Floor 1 Room 44 is northeast of the Great Kiva, directly east of Room 43. It was constructed and occupied during the Pinedale phase and not reoccupied during later phases. The room was excavated 6/21–7/15/1949 by Ida Olin. Room Dimensions: The excavator recorded the following wall lengths: north wall = 4.25 m; east wall = 3.05 m; south wall = 4.33 m; west wall = 2.65 m. Wall Construction: The north wall stood 2.15 m high in 1949; the remainder of the walls stood only 0.75– 1.15 m. All four walls are made of banded masonry with alternating rows of large, shaped tuff blocks alternating and smaller tuff pieces. Door: There is a sealed door in the east wall. The sill is 35 cm above the floor; it is 50 cm wide. Other Wall Openings: There are no other wall openings. Wall Plaster: Plaster is present on all four walls. The plaster is smoke stained in one area of the west wall. Floor: The floor is moderately hard and sits above a layer of trash. Hearth: There is a slab-lined, rectangular hearth with a thin layer of ash. Storage Pits: No storage pits are present. Postholes: No postholes are present. Other Floor Features: Two metate bins are in the southwest corner of the room. The bins have a stone slab on the bottom and clay sides. A sherd baffle is present in each bin (one Alma Plain smudged and one Maverick Mountain Polychrome). Roof: No evidence of the roof is present in the fill. Artifacts: A number of artifacts are identified in the fill and floor/floor fill of the room. In the fill are: one handstone, one grinding stone, one “phallic” stone, one abrading stone, one hammerstone, one bone awl, and three “non-restorable, large vessels of Tularosa Black-on-White, one with the neck of an animal effigy.” In the floor fill (10–20 cm above floor) the following artifacts are identified: two metates, one axe, three shaft smoothers, one stone donut fragment, one stone effigy, one abrading stone, one polished stone fragment, one digging tool, one piece of worked stone, one worked flake, four chopping tools, one chalky chunk, and one pottery disc. In contact with the floor, the following artifacts are identified in the notes but not on the floor map: one mano, one stone axe, two shaft smoothers, one projectile point, two chert “coves,” one scraper [uniface?], one chunk of chalcedony [chipped stone raw material?], one bone awl, one piece of worked bone, one chalcedony concretion, two quartz crystals, two pot-

Pinedale/Maverick Mountain Phase, aD 1250/1265–1300

tery discs, one Tularosa Fillet Rim bowl, and three spindle whorls. In terms of sherds, the presence of the following diagnostic types is noted on the floor, but a complete type and count list does not exist: San Carlos Redon-Brown and Maverick Mountain Polychrome. Room 46, Floor 3 Room 46 is directly west of Kiva 2 (northern half of Room Block E) and has an exterior door. Building occurred in this area during previous phases (Chapters 2 and 3). During the Pinedale phase, previous construction in the area is leveled, and a new room (Floor 3) is constructed. The room continues to be occupied, with modifications to the floor, through the Point of Pines phase. The room was excavated 6/20–7/18/1950 by Paul E. MacCready. Room Dimensions: The lengths of the walls associated with Floor 3 were not recorded in the notes and are derived from the scaled field map: north wall = 2.00 m; east wall = 4.95 m; south wall = 1.95 m; west wall = 3.90 m. Wall Construction: The notes state that all four walls are of banded masonry alternating layers of large stone with layers of smaller stones. In contrast, the profile of the walls illustrates rubble masonry construction with no banding. Large amounts of mortar and chinking stones are present. The material is predominantly tuff. Door: There is a door in the east wall into Kiva 2, 40 cm wide and 85 cm high. Other Wall Openings: The notes mention a possible door in the west wall but also state the wall is absent above the base course, so whether this actually exists is unclear. Wall Plaster: Mud plaster is present on the walls, with evidence of at least two replastering episodes. Floor: The notes state Floor 3 is in very poor condition and difficult to follow. Hearth: There is a round-to-irregularly shaped hearth in the center of the room. The notes and maps do not indicate the presence of either slab or clay lining. Storage Pits: No storage pits are present. Postholes: The notes state there are no postholes in Floor 3, but the floor map suggests one in the southern half of the room. Other Floor Features: There are no other floor features. Roof: There is no information about the roof construction associated with Floor 3. Artifacts: No artifacts are identified in the field notes, but the types and counts of the following ceramic sherds are associated with Floor 3 (though it is unclear whether they are floor or fill context): 19 plain (11 smudged, eight unsmudged); 10 red unsmudged;

141

three plain corrugated (smudged interior); six plain corrugated (unsmudged interior); 22 indented corrugated (smudged interior); 17 indented corrugated (unsmudged interior); two neck corrugated (type unspecified); two incised corrugated; one Fish Scale [Prieto] Corrugated; one Tularosa Black-on-White; three Gila Black-on-Red; one Pinedale Black-onRed; one Maverick Mountain Polychrome; and one Nantack Polychrome. Room 58, Floor 1 Room 58 is on the west side of the Great Kiva in the southern half of Room Block E. It is directly south of Room 15, to which it is connected by a door. Floor 2 of Room 58 is constructed during the Late Tularosa phase (Chapter 3); and Floor 1 is constructed during the Pinedale phase. Floor 1 continues to be occupied, with slight modification, until the end of the Point of Pines phase. The room was excavated 7/12–7/25/1950 by Carol E. Abell and M. Virginia Gould. Room Dimensions: The lengths of the walls associated with Floor 1 were not recorded in the notes and are derived from the scaled field map: north wall = 3.80 m; east wall = 2.50 m; south wall = 3.70 m; west wall = 2.50 m. Wall Construction: Construction is banded masonry. The east wall predates the Great Kiva and consists of a rubble face, with the Great Kiva wall of large, unshaped tuff rocks and a basalt boulder base behind it. Door: There is one sealed door into Room 15 in the north wall. Based on the data from the Room 15 form, the sill of the door sits 15 cm above the floor; it is 53 cm wide. Other Wall Openings: There is a 9 cm × 10 cm hole or niche in the north wall, near the bottom of the wall. Its purpose is unclear. Wall Plaster: Plaster is present on all four walls and covers the sealed doorway, suggesting at least one replastering. Plaster on the north and west walls cove onto the floor. Floor: The field notes state Floor 1 is in fair condition but provide no details. Hearth: The field notes state there is a slab-lined, rectangular hearth. However, the profile drawn through the room suggests the hearth may have been associated more with Floor 2 than Floor 1. Storage Pits: No storage pits are present. Postholes: There is some confusion in the notes regarding the presence of postholes in Floor 1. Specifically, a posthole exists with four stones plastered into place around its edges, but its floor association is unclear, and the map and profile do not clarify the situation.

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Other Floor Features: There is a clay-lined metate bin to the west of the hearth. Roof: In the fill above Floor 1, there is roofing plaster. Artifacts: A number of artifacts are identified in the field notes as present in the fill and floor/floor fill associated with Floor 1. From the fill, the following artifacts are identified: one shaft straightener, one abrading stone, one rubbing stone, one hoe blade, three projectile points, one worked flake, two drills, one core/ chopper, one bone ring, one piece of worked bone, one pottery disc of Fourmile Polychrome, one zoomorphic effigy, and one unidentified effigy. From the floor/floor fill the following artifacts are identified: three manos, one mortar, and one paint grinding stone. The following ceramic types are identified in association with Floor 1, though their exact context and counts are not stated: plain corrugated; pattern indented corrugated; Tooled Tularosa Fillet Rim; Tularosa Fillet Rim White-on-Red; Tularosa Whiteon-Red; Pinedale Black-on-Red; and Fourmile Polychrome. Room 94, Floor 2 Room 94 is northwest of Kiva 2 (northern half of Room Block E), north of Room 46 and south of Room 101/102. Building has occurred in this area during previous phases (Chapters 2 and 3). During the Pinedale phase, previous construction in the area is leveled and a new room (Floor 3) constructed on new footings. The room continues to be occupied, with modifications to the floor, through the Point of Pines phase. The room was excavated 6/17–7/5/1957 by Keith Otterbein and Alfred Hoerth. Room Dimensions: The lengths of the walls associated with Floor 2 were not recorded in the notes and are derived from the scaled field map: north wall = 4.60 m; east wall = 3.50 m; south wall = 4.55 m; west wall = 3.70 m. Wall Construction: Walls are masonry construction. The predominant building material is tuff with occasional basalt. The south and west walls have alternating bands of large building blocks separated by courses of small material. However, the other two walls do not follow this pattern and lack banding. Door: No doors are associated with this floor. Other Wall Openings: No other wall openings are associated with the walls. Wall Plaster: Wall plaster is well bonded and thick, with occasional finger streaks evident. Floor: The floor is a level, hard surface. Hearth: There is a shallow fire pit toward the north end of the room.

Storage Pits: There is a storage pit near the hearth. Postholes: There are no postholes present on this floor. Other Floor Features: There is a walled storage bin in the northwest corner of the room. Additionally, there is a short wall in the southeast corner of the room whose function is unclear. Roof: No evidence for the roof exists for Floor 2. Artifacts: A number of artifacts are identified by the excavators from the fill and floor/floor fill associated with Floor 2. From the fill between Floors 2 and 1 are the following artifacts: six manos, one handstone, one maul, one worked stone cylinder, one piece of worked stone (perhaps grinding), three abrading stones, one hoe fragment, four projectile points, two scrapers [uniface?], one obsidian nodule, three bone awls, one bone ring, one antler flaker, one antler tip, one animal rib with scoring, one azurite fragment, one malachite fragment, one volcanic/magma fragment, one burned clay ring fragment, and a portion of a human cranium (no further details given). In the floor fill, the excavators note the presence of one mano, one projectile point, and one scraper [uniface?]. In direct contact with Floor 2, the excavators note two manos and one maul. There are also sherds from the fill and floor/floor fill associated with Floor 2 (Table 4.16). Room 101/102, Floor 2

See Chapter 3. Three Unnumbered Rooms under Canyon Creek Phase Great Kiva Remodel Subfloor test of the northeast corner of the Great Kiva revealed three rooms dated to the Pinedale phase. The subfloor tests were conducted 7/12–7/15/1948 by Elisabeth Tooker. Room Dimensions: The lengths of the walls associated with the three rooms were not recorded by the excavator and are derived from the scaled field map. For the southernmost room: north wall = 2.15 m; east wall = 2.125 m; south wall = 2.15 m; west wall = 2.125 m. For the central room: north wall = 2.30 m; east wall = 2.50 m; south wall = 2.20 m; west wall = 2.50 m. For the northernmost room: north wall = 2.30 m; east wall = 1.20 m; south wall = 2.30 m; west wall = 1.20 m. Wall Construction: For the southernmost room, the north and west walls are banded masonry, with bands of large, tuff stone between bands of smaller tuff. The east and south walls are rubble masonry of tuff on a basalt footing. For the central room, all four walls had banded masonry. No information exists for the northernmost wall.

Pinedale/Maverick Mountain Phase, aD 1250/1265–1300

143

Figure 4.18. Excavated isolated rooms in Room Block C, dating to the Pinedale phase (compiled from field notes)

Door: For the southernmost room, there is a break in the wall in the southeast corner suggesting a door. In the center room, there are breaks in the east and west walls suggesting doors. There is no door in the northernmost room. Other Wall Openings: No other wall openings are evident in any of the rooms. Wall Plaster: All three rooms have remnants of wall plaster. Floor: The floor is not described for any of the three rooms but is assumed to be packed earth. Hearth: No hearths are present in any of the rooms. Storage Pits: No storage pits are present in any of the rooms. Postholes: No postholes are present in any of the rooms. Other Floor Features: No other features are present in any of the rooms. Roof: No evidence for the roof is present in any of the rooms. Artifacts: In the southernmost room, one axe was recovered. In the central room and northernmost room, a number of artifacts are identified, though their exact context (fill versus floor, central or northern room) is unspecified: 21 manos, two metates, one paint palette, two axes, one maul, one arrow shaft straightener, two tuff balls, nine polishing stones, eight digging

tools, one knife [biface?], two choppers, one bone awl, one shell bracelet, one turquoise bead, two “wads” of pitch, one corrugated jar full of hematite, additional pieces of hematite, pieces of azurite, malachite, and limonite, pieces of asbestos, one quartz crystal, one piece of specular hematite, and one Tucson Polychrome bowl. The following sherds are identified for the fill between the floor and the Canyon Creek phase Great Kiva without the room designation: unsmudged plain (15); smudged plain (17); unsmudged red (4); smudged red (7); plain corrugated (24); indented corrugated (34); pattern indented corrugated (19); rim tooled corrugated (2); incised corrugated (3); McDonald Corrugated (5); Prieto Corrugated (6); Pinedale Black-on-Red (13); St. Johns Black-on-Red (1); Transitional Black-onRed (1); unidentified black-on-red (4); Early Fourmile Polychrome (1); Fourmile Polychrome (9); Gila Polychrome (3); Heshotauthla Polychrome (1); and Zuni Glaze Ware (1).

IsolateD Rooms anD Room Block C Two isolated rooms (rooms in room blocks that lack additional excavated units) are dated to the Pinedale phase, one of which has two floors occupied during the Pinedale phase. There is also one room excavated in Room Block C (as it was later known; see Room 107 below) dated to

Table 4.17. Sherds associated with Floors 2 and 3 and subfloor deposits for Rooms 75 and 107, Floor 2 Room 75, Floors 2 & 3 Type Plain, Red, and Textured brown brown, smudged red red, smudged Reserve Plain Corrugated Reserve Indented Corrugated Reserve Punched Corrugated Point of Pines plain Corrugated Point of Pines Indented Corrugated Tularosa Patterned Indented Corrugated Point of Pines Pattern Indented Corrugated plain corrugated plain smudged corrugated indented corrugated indented smudged corrugated fingernail indented corrugated obliterated corrugated pattern indented corrugated fingernail pattern corrugated zoned corrugated incised corrugated plain smoothed red slip corrugated McDonald Corrugated McDonald Pattern Indented Corrugated McDonald Grooved Corrugated Fish Scale [Prieto] Corrugated Point of Pines Punctate Fillet Rim and White-on-Red Tularosa Fillet Rim Tularosa White-on-Red

Floor 2

Floor 3

Subfloor

41 14 9 2

54 6 4 2

5 5 2

Fill

Floor

15

5 1

1 50 67 1 2 31 11 146 19 1 10 3

57 6 86 11

11 2 25 1

4 2

1

11 8

5

1

2 3

1 13 1 1

2 1 2

1 4 3 1

1

2

1

9 5 10 13 1

7

Red-on-Brown San Carlos Red-on-Brown

1

Black-on-White Kayenta Black-on-White Pinedale Black-on-White Tularosa Black-on-White unidentified white ware

11 4 2

Black-on-Red Maverick Mountain Black-on-Red Pinedale Black-on-Red Pinto Black-on-Red St. Johns Black-on-Red Wingate Black-on-Red unidentified black-on-red

Room 107, Floor 2

4 3 1

1 3 10 10 4 3 1

3 1

2 5 3 2

3 3 1 2

1

1 4

Pinedale/Maverick Mountain Phase, aD 1250/1265–1300

145

Table 4.17. (cont’d.) Sherds associated with Floors 2 and 3 and subfloor deposits for Rooms 75 and 107, Floor 2 Room 75, Floors 2 & 3 Type

Floor 2

Polychrome Fourmile Polychrome Maverick Mountain Polychrome Nantack Polychrome Pinto Polychrome Point of Pines Polychrome Prieto Polychrome St. Johns Polychrome Tucson Polychrome unidentified White Mountain Red Ware series

the Pinedale phase (Figure 4.18). Although these rooms are adjacent to others in the pueblo, excavation was limited to individual rooms to test the distribution and date of occupation in these areas. Room 57, Floor 4

See Chapter 3. Room 75, Floors 2 and 3 Room 75 is the northernmost excavated room dated to the Pinedale phase. Floors 2 and 3 are constructed and occupied during the Pinedale phase. The room is remodeled and reoccupied during the Point of Pines phase. The room was excavated 6/18–7/2/1954 by Herbert S. Lewis. Room Dimensions: The exact dimensions of the room are difficult to determine because the northern portion of the room was demolished in the building of the Great Wall during the Canyon Creek phase. Floors 2 and 3 continue beneath the wall, but it is unclear for how far. As a result, the lengths of the north, east, and west walls cannot be determined. The length of the south wall (based on the map) is 2.6 m. Wall Construction: The walls are constructed of shaped tuff stone. There are no wall profiles, so it cannot be determined whether they are banded or rubble masonry construction. The walls associated with Floors 2 and 3 are footed on sterile soil, but there is a layer of trash under the lowest floor. Door: No doors are evident in the walls. Other Wall Openings: No other openings are evident in the walls. Wall Plaster: Plaster is present on the walls. Floor: Each floor appears to be 1–2 cm thick but is badly disturbed by animal burrows. Floor 3 sits on a layer of trash. Hearth: The notes do not distinguish the three floors well. It appears there is no hearth associated with

Floor 3

Room 107, Floor 2

Subfloor

Fill

Floor

1 1 1 1

2 1

1 1

1 4 2 1

Floors 2 or 3 (but there is with Floor 1, dated to the Point of Pines phase). Storage Pits: No storage pits are present. Postholes: No postholes are present. Other Floor Features: No other floor features are present. Roof: No evidence of the roof construction for Floors 2 and 3 is present. Artifacts: The excavator does not identify any artifacts from Floor 2 and 3. Sherds were typed and counted for the floor/floor fill for Floors 2 and 3 and in the subfloor deposits (Table 4.17) in the field and not transported to Tucson. Room 107, Floor 2 Room 107 is at the southern end of the pueblo, in an area that would become known as Room Block C in later times. Pithouse 18 and 19 underlie Room 107. Floor 2 is constructed and used during the Pinedale phase and apparently abandoned at the end of the phase. The room is remodeled, and Floor 1 is constructed and used during the Point of Pines phase on new footings. The room was excavated 7/14–8/3/1958 by Don P. Morris. Room Dimensions: The lengths of the walls associated with Floor 2 were not recorded in the notes and are derived from the scaled field map: north wall = 3.2 m; east wall = 1.9 m; south wall = 3.9 m; west wall = 1.9 m. Wall Construction: The wall construction of Room 107, Floor 2, is fairly complex, with several walls converging in one location. The walls containing the room itself are coursed masonry of small, shaped tuff blocks with tuff and basalt footings. In addition to these walls, however, are two additional walls to the west and a very large/wide wall to the south. An opening in the west wall containing the room results in a hall or alleyway to the west of the room. The wall backing the southern wall of the room is 70 cm thick

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Figure 4.19. Communal structures, dated to the Pinedale/Maverick Mountain phase (compiled from field notes)

and made of roughly shaped tuff and basalt boulders. This wall is only two courses high and only found here. The excavator suggests it may be the remnants of a very early compound wall in this area of the site. Alternatively, the excavator suggests it may be an area in which shaped footing stones were stockpiled for later planned construction in this area, with the short wall height due to later stone robbing. The remodel of Room 107 during the Point of Pines phase extends over this construction. Door: No doors are evident, but an opening in the west wall leads into the hall/alleyway to the west of the room. Other Wall Openings: No other openings are evident in the walls. Wall Plaster: Small patches of plaster are present on the interior of the walls. Floor: The floor is very fragmentary and broken by numerous rodent burrows. Hearth: No hearth is present. Storage Pits: No storage pits are present. Postholes: The field form and running notes state there are no postholes, but the field map shows three. The first is in the southeast corner of the room with a diameter of 20 cm. The second is adjacent to the south-

ern wall and has a diameter of 20 cm. The third is in the center of the room east–west and just south of the center of the room north–south. It has a diameter of 30 cm. Other Floor Features: There are no other floor features present. Roof: Other than the postholes, there is no evidence of roof construction. Artifacts: A number of artifacts are identified by the excavator in the fill between Floors 1 and 2 and in the floor/floor fill associated with Floor 2. In the fill, the following items are noted: one mano, one abrading stone, one rubbing stone, one polishing stone, one hoe fragment, one Conus-shell tinkler, and one animal figurine. In the floor/floor fill the following artifacts are noted: one rubbing stone, one blade fragment, and one Conus-shell tinkler. Additionally, sherds were typed and counted in the field (Table 4.17).

Communal Structures Four communal structures are dated to the Pinelawn/ Maverick Mountain phase (Figure 4.19). Two of these (Kivas 2 and 3) were built during the Early Tularosa phase (Chapter 1). Kiva 2 continues to be used through

Pinedale/Maverick Mountain Phase, aD 1250/1265–1300

the Canyon Creek phase, but Kiva 3 is abandoned at the end of the Maverick Mountain phase. Two new communal structures are constructed during the Pinedale/ Maverick Mountain phase. Kiva 5 (in Room Block B) is built and continues to be used into the Canyon Creek phase. The Great Kiva (Room Block E) is built also and continues to be used into the Canyon Creek phase but undergoes considerable remodeling. Kiva 2

See Chapter 2. Kiva 3

See Chapter 2. Kiva 5 Kiva 5 is at the northern end of Room Block B. It is underneath Room B9 (Point of Pines phase) and filled with postabandonment fill. The kiva was excavated 7/10– 7/26/1956 by Elizabeth A. Morris, Sandy F. McCaw, and Edward D. Jahns. Shape: Kiva 5 is semisubterranean and circular. Size: The depth of Kiva 5 is 2.25 m. It has a diameter that ranges from 3.18–3.52 m. Wall Construction: Kiva 5 is dug into sterile soil. There is no masonry lining or plaster on the walls. Door: There is no door in the kiva wall. Ventilator: There is no ventilator. Wall Plaster: There is no wall plaster. Floor: The floor is hard-packed native soil. Hearth: There is no hearth. Deflector: No deflector is present. Storage Pits: There are no storage pits. Postholes: There is one posthole in the center of the room, with a diameter of 31 cm and a depth of 22 cm. There are possible socket holes in the east and west walls. Ladder Holes: No ladder holes are evident. Foot Drum: There is no foot drum present. Sipapu: A Sipapu is present. It has a diameter of 13.5 cm and a depth of 6.0 cm. It is covered by a large stone. Evidence of Roof Construction: There are beam sockets in the walls at the top of the kiva and a single posthole in the floor. There are burned shakes and beans in the fill. Artifacts: A number of artifacts are identified by the excavators in the fill and floor/floor fill. In the fill, the following artifacts are noted: one projectile point, one drill, one blade, seven bone awls, one bone hair ornament, one bone ring, four antler flakers, one bone scraper, one piece of worked bone, and one animal figurine. The following artifacts are identi-

147

fied for the floor/floor fill: one mano. Sherds are also noted in the fill and the floor/floor fill (Table 4.18). These were typed and counted in the field and not transported to Tucson. Great Kiva 1 The Great Kiva was extensively reported on by Virginia Gerald (1957). Her work is a major source of information reported here, supplemented with the field notes and field maps. The kiva is in the southern half of Room Block E above what was a formal plaza in the previous phase. The Plaza was transformed into a roofed Great Kiva by completely enclosing it with rooms and installing large postholes to support the roof. Shape: The Great Kiva is above ground and rectangular. Size: Based on the map, the Great Kiva has an area of slightly more than 220 m2. Measurements of each wall are as follows: north wall = 14.30 m; east wall = 15.6 m; south wall = 14.15 m; west wall = 15.6. Wall construction: The walls are constructed of banded, coursed masonry held with adobe mortar. Specifically, bands of large masonry blocks of tuff are separated by bands of smaller tuff blocks. The footing course is constructed of large basalt boulders. Door: The entrance into the Great Kiva is on the east side through a wide (3.0 m) opening in the east wall. There are no paving stones, steps, or dips into the kiva. The door from the Great Kiva exits to extramural space with houses in the vicinity. North of the entrance, the east wall is formed by the exterior wall of three rooms; one (center) opens directly into the kiva and another (southern) to the entrance. In the southwest corner of the Great Kiva, there is a partition wall. This wall was dismantled in a subsequent remodel, so it is unclear how high it stood. Gerald (1957) suggests it may have served as a screen for a staging area for ceremonies held in the Great Kiva. Alternatively, this area, as well as the three rooms in the north east corner, may have served as storage areas for religious paraphernalia. No data exists to evaluate either of these possibilities. Ventilator: There is no ventilator. Wall Plaster: Mud plaster is present on the walls. Floor: Details on the floor are somewhat lacking, but it appears to have been plastered. Hearth: There is no hearth. Deflector: No deflector is present. Storage Pits: There are no storage pits. Postholes: There are 13 postholes. All but one of the postholes are in alignment. The remaining posthole (Posthole 3) breaks the pattern. It is very near Posthole 4. Posthole 4 has a series of chinking stones

Table 4.18. Sherds recovered from the fill and floor / floor-fill context of Kiva 5 Type

Fill

Plain, Red, and Textured brown, unsmudged 1373 brown, smudged 984 red, unsmudged 410 red, smudged 288 plain brown with knobs/bumps 3 plain corrugated 3605 indented corrugated 4003 Pattern Indented Corrugated 166 plain corrugated, fingernail marked 8 plain corrugated, red slip 682 indented corrugated, red slip 274 plain corrugated, fingernail marked, red slip 1 pattern indented corrugated, red slip 15 incised corrugated 13 incised corrugated, red slip 30 McDonald Corrugated 29 McDonald Pattern Indented Corrugated 106 McDonald Grooved Corrugated 51 Fish Scale [Prieto] Indented Corrugated 131 Point of Pines Punctate 1 Fillet Rim and White-on-Red Pseudo Fillet Rim Reserve Fillet Rim Reserve Incised Fillet Rim Tularosa Fillet Rim Tularosa White-on-Red

9 39 3 101 76

Red-on-White Possible Cerros Red-on-White

1

Red-on-Brown unidentified red-on-brown

2

Red-on-Buff unidentified red-on-buff

1

Floor 131 110 33 55 217 156 2 94 19

1 9 13 11 5

2 11 6

1

Type

Fill

Black-on-White Pinedale Black-on-White Reserve Black-on-White Tularosa Black-on-White unidentified black-on-white Black-on-Red Fourmile Black-on-Red Gila Black-on-Red Maverick Mountain Black-on-Red Pinedale Black-on-Red Pinto Black-on-Red Pinto Black-on-Red with white paint on the exterior Wingate Black-on-Red unidentified black-on-red Polychrome Cedar Creek Polychrome El Paso Polychrome Fourmile Polychrome Gila Polychrome Maverick Mountain Polychrome Nantack Polychrome Pinedale Polychrome Pinto Polychrome Point of Pines Polychrome Prieto Polychrome Showlow Polychrome Springerville Polychrome St. Johns Polychrome Tonto Polychrome Tucson Polychrome unidentified White Mountain Red Ware series unidentified polychrome

Floor

94 2 29 14

10 3

29 19 15 353 61 2

9 9 4 3

2 11

2

140 1 260 66 44 3 80 143 5 1 34 9 4 5 14 22

9

1

5

6

1

Table 4.19. Posthole dimensions (cm), Pinedale phase Great Kiva (from Gerald 1957:48) Posthole Number 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Width

Length

Depth

80 70 90 85 60 70 115

100 130 90 155 80 90 150

75 101 111 115 116 107 122

Posthole Number 8 9 10 11 12 13

Width

Length

Depth

100 80 60 80 80 60

155 95 75 140 140 130

129 not fully excavated 117 121 118 111

Pinedale/Maverick Mountain Phase, aD 1250/1265–1300

around the edges and is above an Early Tularosa phase pithouse (the posthole extends through the pithouse fill to sterile soil). Gerard (1957) argues that Posthole 3 appears to have been added after the structure had been roofed and may have been used to help stabilize or buttress Posthole 4. The dimensions of the postholes are presented in Table 4.19.

149

Ladder Holes: No ladder holes are evident. Foot Drum: There is no foot drum present. Sipapu: No sipapu is present. Evidence of Roof Construction: Evidence of the roof is based on the presence of the postholes. No other evidence is present.

5

Canyon Creek Phase, aD 1300–1350

Room B1, Floors 2, 3, and 4 Floor 4 was constructed during the Pinedale phase and is detailed in Chapter 4. Floors 2 and 3 are an expansion of the room and are reported here. The compass points on the room map conflict with the master site map, field form; and notes and maps from adjacent rooms. Therefore, the room map is rotated 90 degrees. The overall site map and running field notes are followed here, and all notes are corrected accordingly. Room B1 is at the western end of Room Block B, directly east of Room B5. The room was excavated 7/7– 8/6/1953 by Joan Steffens, Stewart L. Peckham; and J. Earl Ingmanson. Room Dimensions: The lengths of the walls associated with Floors 2 and 3 were recorded in Steffens’s running notes: north wall = 5.15 m; east wall = 2.75 m; south wall = 5.2 m; west wall = 2.10 m. Wall Construction: Walls are constructed of coursed masonry using shaped tuff stones. Door: The running notes mention a sealed door in the south wall associated with Floors 2 and 3, but it does not appear on the map and is not included on the form. The notes state the sill of the door is 10 cm below Floor 1. Based on the room profile, this would result in the sill of the door being 5 cm below Floor 2 (and likely not associated with Floor 2) and 20 cm above Floor 3. Other Wall Openings: No other openings are evident in the walls. Wall Plaster: Wall plaster is present, though spotty.

The Canyon Creek phase is a period of considerable change at Point of Pines Pueblo (Figure 5.1). Most of the rooms in Room Block D were burned at the end of the previous phase, and the burned roof fall landed on the floors, sealing the floor assemblages in place (Chapter 4). Kiva 3 is abandoned and filled. New construction occurs in Room Block D during the Canyon Creek phase as fill is placed over the burned roof fall to level the floors and new floors are laid. The rooms are often subdivided, making them more consistent in size with others at the site (Stone 2009, 2015). In addition, a compound wall (referred to as the Great Wall [Haury 1989]) is constructed around the main portion of the site. New rooms are built adjacent to and inside the walled portion of the pueblo, though at least one room is occupied outside the Great Wall. The Great Kiva is expanded, and new floor features are added. It is connected to a formal plaza with a continuous plastered floor. In addition to the occupation in the remodeled rooms of Room Block D and the rooms built adjacent to the Great Wall, occupation continues in Room Blocks B and E.

Room Block B Occupation continues in Room Block B and the kiva associated with this room block (Kiva 5), originally built during the Pinedale phase, continues in use (Figure 5.2). In most cases, floors established in the previous phase continue to be used, but some floors are remodeled. Sherds recorded by the excavators for Room Block B are noted in Table 5.1.

150

Canyon Creek Phase, aD 1300–1350

151

Figure 5.1. Map of excavated rooms and communal structures dated to the Canyon Creek Phase (compiled from field notes)

Floor: The running field notes suggest that Floor 3 was replastered several times. A layer of trash then accumulated, and Floor 2 was laid and also replastered several times. Hearth: A hearth is present on Floor 2. Descriptions of its shape vary from circular to roughly rectangular, but all of the notes agree it is slab lined. It is unclear whether a hearth is present on Floor 3, as few details are given on the field form or the running field notes. Storage Pits: No storage pits are present. Postholes: A single posthole is present in the center of the room for Floor 4 and possibly Floors 2 and 3. Other Floor Features: No other floor features appear to be present. Roof: No evidence of the roof associated with Floors 2, 3, and 4 is present. Artifacts: Artifacts and ceramics are identified by the excavators for the fill between the floors and for floor/floor-fill context. The ceramics were typed and counted in the field and are listed in Table 5.1. No artifacts are noted by the excavators for the fill between Floors 2 and 1, but the following artifacts are noted for Floor 2 floor/floor-fill context: one axe,

two projectile points, one drill, one chopper/scraper, two bone awls, one bone ring, one bone tube, one perforator, one “deer bone beaming tool,” four deer pelvis knives, one pipe fragment, one dog effigy, one lump of hematite, and one sherd [paint] palette. In Floor 3 floor/floor-fill context, the following artifacts are noted: one arrow shaft straightener, two polishing stones, two projectile points, three bone awls, one rib-bone knife, one rib scraper, and two turquoise pendants. In the fill between Floors 3 and 4 the following artifacts are noted: one stone bowl fragment, one hoe fragment, seven projectile points, one stemmed stone, one chopper, one planing stone, four bone awls, two bone tubes, one bone flesher, one scapula scraper, one pelvis knife, one antler scraper, one stone pendant, and one piece of stalagmite/ stalactite. Room B3, Floor 4 Room B3 was established during the previous phase with Floor 5. The Canyon Creek occupation represents a remodeling of this room. Room B3 is at the east end of the room block, directly west of Room B4, to which it is

Figure 5.2. Excavated rooms in Room Block B dated to the Canyon Creek phase (compiled from field notes)

Table 5.1. Ceramics recovered floor/floor fill and fill from rooms in Room Block B dated to the Canyon Creek phase Room B1 Type Plain, Red, and Textured plain ware, unsmudged plain ware, smudged red ware, unsmudged red ware, smudged incised plain ware plain corrugated indented corrugated obliterated corrugated pattern indented corrugated zoned corrugated fingernail incised corrugated incised corrugated

Room B3

Fill between Fill between Floors 3 and 4 Floors 3 and 4

Floor 2

Floor 3

68 18 51 5 1 102 138

299 37 64 7

267 60 153 80

411 555

954 863

8

29

73

1

Room B6 Fill

Floor 1

56 39 37 17

76 27 50 22

2 1 1

297 111 19 9 7

217 109

6

2 1 1

1 2

3

Table 5.1. (cont’d.) Ceramics recovered floor/floor fill and fill from rooms in Room Block B dated to the Canyon Creek phase Room B1 Type grooved corrugated red-slipped corrugated (type unspecified) plain corrugated, red-slipped indented corrugated, red-slipped McDonald Corrugated McDonald Pattern Indented Corrugated McDonald Grooved Corrugated Fish Scale [Prieto] Corrugated Fillet Rim and White-on-Red Tularosa Fillet Rim Tularosa White-on-Red “miscellaneous white-on-red”

Floor 2

Floor 3

26

2 84

5

23

Black-on-Red Fourmile Black-on-Red Gila Black-on-Red Pinedale Black-on-Red Pinto Black-on-Red Showlow Black-on-Red St. Johns Black-on-Red “unidentified red ware, Fourmile series” Polychrome Cedar Creek Polychrome Fourmile Polychrome Fourmile Polychrome, Point of Pines variety Gila Polychrome Maverick Mountain Polychrome Nantack Polychrome Pinedale Polychrome Pinto Polychrome Point of Pines Polychrome Prieto Polychrome Showlow Polychrome Tonto Polychrome Tucson Polychrome Wallace Polychrome Willow Mountain Polychrome miscellaneous White Mountain Red Ware series unidentified polychrome

Fill between Fill between Floors 3 and 4 Floors 3 and 4

Room B6 Fill

Floor 1

30 1 7 17 3

21 9

1 2

8

3 2 1

5 276

91

7

63

77

5 1

9 5

47 8

Red-on-Buff unidentified red-on-buff Black-on-White Laemtua [sic] Black-on-White Late Degenerate Black-on-White Pinedale Black-on-White Tularosa Black-on-White

Room B3

7 2 2

2

1 5

2

6 7 2

21 2 115

37 3

1 7 258 14 2 10

13

15

1

6 113

52 219

59 28

14

10

27

2

1 3

16

28 5 4, 1 pot 94

3

7 1 3

1 1

7 6

18 28 12 11 4 1 1 26

1

2

1 1

69 1 1 43

1 1

154

Chapter 5

connected by a door. Excavation was constrained by the outlines of later rooms constructed in a different footprint. The room was excavated 7/5–8/3/1954 by Barbara Breternitz. Room Dimensions: It is difficult to determine the dimensions of the room because the walls are not completely excavated. The east wall, which is shared with Room 4, is completely excavated and is 2.9 m long. Wall Construction: The east wall for this floor is the only wall complete enough to describe. It is made of coursed masonry with tuff slabs and a footing row of basalt. Door: There is a sealed door in the center of the east wall 54 cm wide, and the sill is 38 cm above the floor. Other Wall Openings: There are no other openings in the excavated portions of the walls associated with this floor. Wall Plaster: Wall plaster is present. Floor: No information is contained in the running field notes or field form on the nature of Floor 4. Hearth: No hearth is evident on Floor 4. Storage Pits: No storage pits are evident on Floor 4. Postholes: A posthole is present. It is 22 cm in diameter and extends 1.68 m down, through Floor 5 and into sterile soil. Other Floor Features: No other floor features are evident on Floor 4. Roof: No information is available about the roof associated with Floor 4 other than the posthole. Artifacts: The excavator states that no artifacts were found directly associated with Floor 4, but in the fill between Floors 3 and 4 the following artifacts are noted: one mano, two grooved stones, one rubbing stone, one sandstone file [abrading stone?], one saw, one scraper [uniface?], one bone ring, one bone scraper, and one unfired red-slipped piece of corrugated pottery. Ceramics were also noted as present (Table 5.1). The sherds were typed and counted in the field and not transported to Tucson. Room B4, Floor 1

See Chapter 4. Room B5, Floor 1 Room B5 is at the west end of Room Block B, directly west of Room B1. Floor 2 was occupied in the previous phase. Floor 1 represents a considerable remodel of the space. Floor 1 continues to be occupied into the Point of Pines phase. The room was excavated 6/20–7/28/1955 by Tom D. Bell and Loren R. Haury. Room Dimensions: The excavators did not record the lengths of the walls, and the information here is de-

rived from the field map: north wall = 4.25 m; east wall = 4.5 m; south wall = 4.1 m; west wall = 4.8 m. Wall Construction: The construction is dominated by banded masonry of varying quality. The south part of the east wall has upright tuff slabs at the base. Door: There is a door in the north wall. The sill is 5 cm above the floor, 50 cm wide. Other Wall Openings: There is a window in the south wall. It is 38 cm wide, but the height above the floor is not recorded. Wall Plaster: Wall plaster is present. Floor: There is no description of the floor on either the field form or in the running notes. Hearth: A rectangular, slab-lined hearth and an ash pit are present and adjacent to each other. The hearth is 45 cm wide and 49 cm long. The ash pit is 38 cm wide and 17 cm long. Storage Pits: There are no storage pits present. Postholes: There are two postholes present. The northern posthole is 32 cm wide, 48 cm long, and 32 cm deep. The southern posthole has a diameter of 33 cm and a depth of 18 cm. Other Floor Features: There are no other floor features. Roof: In addition to the two postholes, there is considerable roof clay on and above the floor. Artifacts: A number of artifacts are identified by the excavators in the field. Sherds are not identified for the fill or floor/floor-fill context of Floor 1. The artifacts noted in the fill above Floor 1 are: two metates, one grinding stone, two axes, one maul, two arrow shaft straighteners, two abrading stones, one rubbing stone, four smoothing stones, one polishing stone, two pieces of worked stone, eight projectile points, four blades, one scraper [uniface?], one chopper, one drill, one “discoidal stone,” three bone awls, one antler awl, one antler wrench, one stalagmite, one quartz crystal, four turquoise fragments, one effigy, one Kinishba Polychrome bowl, and one corrugated bowl. In the floor/floor fill, the excavators noted one mano, one handstone, one metate, one grinding stone, two axes, three arrow shaft smoothers, one hoe blade, three smoothing stones, one projectile point, one blade, one drill, five awls, one flaker, one rib scraper, one gaming piece, two shells (type unspecified), two Conus tinklers, one quartz crystal, four Point of Pines Polychrome bowls, and one corrugated bowl. Room B6, Floor 1 Room B6 is at the north end of the room block. The room was established during the previous phase (Floor 2) but considerable remodeling (including a realignment of the walls) occurs during the Canyon Creek phase associated

Canyon Creek Phase, aD 1300–1350

155

Figure 5.3. Excavated rooms in the northern half of Room Block D dated to the Canyon Creek phase (compiled from field notes).

with Floor 1. The room was excavated 6/20–7/29/1955 by Jackie Adams and Elizabeth Morris. Room Dimensions: The excavators did not record the lengths of the walls, but the following measurements are derived from the map: north wall = 3.5 m; east wall = 2.15 m; south wall = 3.3 m; west wall = 1.8 m. Wall Construction: The walls are made of banded masonry using tuff boulders and small stones and mud adobe. Door: There is a door in the west wall and in the north wall (though they are not designated on the field map). The door in the west wall is 46 cm wide, and the door in the north wall is 45 cm wide. Other Wall Openings: There are no other wall openings. Wall Plaster: Wall plaster is present. Floor: No description of the floor is present on the field form or in the running field notes. Hearth: A slab-lined, rectangular hearth is present in the center of the room. It is 30 cm long and 24 cm wide. Storage Pits: One storage pit is present in the southwest corner of the room. It is 30 cm north–south, 31 cm east–west, and 29 cm deep. Postholes: No postholes are present.

Other Floor Features: No other floor features are present. Roof: Layers of laminated brown and black clay are present in the fill of the room. The excavators state this may be roofing clay. Artifacts: The excavators note the presence of a number of artifacts in the fill and in floor/floor-fill context for Room B6, Floor 1. Sherds are also identified by type and counted (Table 5.1) in the field. The artifacts noted in the fill are six manos, two handstones, one metate, three grinding slabs, one worked basalt cylinder, one “basalt fire dog,” one effigy fragment (quadruped), two restorable indented corrugated jars, and one restorable plain corrugated jar. The excavators note the following items in the floor fill: three manos, one handstone, and one Kinishba Red jar.

Room Block D Room Block D was burned at the end of the previous phase (Chapter 4). During the Canyon Creek phase, a number of rooms in Room Block D are reoccupied (Figures 5.3, 5.4). Specifically, the roof fall is leveled, and a

156

Chapter 5

Figure 5.4. Excavated rooms in the southern half of Room Block D dated to the Canyon Creek phase (compiled from field notes)

new floor is laid on top of the burned remains. In several cases, single rooms are divided to form two rooms. Additionally, four new rooms (Rooms 77, 78, 85, and 98) are constructed and added onto existing construction. Sherds recovered from the fill and floor/floor-fill context of the rooms in Room Block D were typed and counted in the field (Table 5.2) and not transported to Tucson. Room 51, Floor 1 Room 51 is on the western edge of the northern half of Room Block D. It was created by subdividing room 51/61 with a wall and laying down a new floor over the roof fall associated with Room 51/61, Floor 2. It is directly south of Room 61 and connected to it by a break in the western end of the dividing wall. The room was excavated 7/26–8/6/1951 by Robert Hastings and Thomas Hughes. Room Dimensions: The excavators did not record the dimensions of the room in their notes, but based on

the field map the following measurements are derived: north (dividing) wall = 3.80 m; east wall = 3.25 m; south wall = 3.80 m; west wall = 3.15 m. Wall Construction: The walls are constructed of coursed masonry using tuff building stones set in mud mortar and leveled with tuff chinking stones. Door: There is a sealed door in the western edge of the north wall. The sill is 44 cm above the floor, and it is 45 cm wide. Other Wall Openings: There are no other wall openings. Wall Plaster: Plaster is present on all four walls. The plaster on the north wall is light brown, but the plaster on the other three walls is burned from the fire at the end of the Maverick Mountain phase and ranges in color from black to red brown. Floor: According to the running field notes, Floor 1 is reasonably level and plastered with a mixture of trash and clean mud.

Table 5.2. Painted ceramics noted by the excavators from the fill and floor / floor-fill contexts of rooms in Room Block D

Type

Room 51, Floor 1

Room 61, Floor 1

Room 66, Floor 1

Room 67, Floor 1

Room 69, Floor 1

Room 70, Floor 1

Fill

Fill

Fill

Floor

Fill

Fill

Floor

Fill

3

1

5

2

1

Floor

Fillet Rim and White-on-Red Tularosa Fillet Rim White-onRed Tularosa White-on-Red unidentified white-on-red

Floor

8

Red-on-Plain and Red-on-Brown Casa Grande Red-on-Brown Encinas Red-on-Brown San Carlos Red-on-Brown Three Circle Red-on-Brown unknown red-on-plain

Floor

Floor

10 1 1

Red-on-Buff Casa Grande Red-on-Buff San Carlos Red-on-Buff unknown red-on-buff

1

1 2

Black-on-Plain unknown black-on-plain Black-on-White Kayenta Black-on-White Mimbres Black-on-White Northern Black-on-White Pinedale Black-on-White Reserve Black-on-White Tularosa Black-on-White miscellaneous white ware unidentified black-on-white Black-on-Red Cedar Creek Black-on-Red Fourmile Black-on-Red Heshotauthla Black-on-Red Gila Black-on-Red Maverick Mountain Blackon-Red Pinto Black-on-Red Pinedale Black-on-Red Pinedale Black-on-Red, Point of Pines variety Pinto Black-on-Red Springerville Black-on-Red St. Johns Black-on-Red Wingate Black-on-Red Polychrome Cedar Creek Polychrome Cedar Creek Polychrome, Point of Pines variety El Paso Polychrome

1

1

11 13

present present 1 present present

3

1

1

present present

11 1 1

4

1 3 7

2

12

1 2 1 11

2

2 14

14

1

15

1 1

9 12

4 2

4

1

1

38

28

35

8

1

1

1

44

22

31

1 19

1

16

4

8 183

3

3

1

3

12 2

47 21

2

2

4

2

7

Table 5.2. (cont’d.) Painted ceramics noted by the excavators from the fill and floor / floor-fill contexts of rooms in Room Block D

Type

Room 51, Floor 1

Room 61, Floor 1

Room 66, Floor 1

Room 67, Floor 1

Room 69, Floor 1

Room 70, Floor 1

Fill

Fill

Fill

Floor

Fill

Fill

Fill

24

66

19

4

125

83

127

58

13

12

6

2

169

112

57

2

3

16

3

22

4

3

4, 1 pot

1

Fourmile Polychrome 29 Fourmile Polychrome, Point of Pines variety Gila Polychrome Heshotauthla Polychrome Maverick Mountain 10 Polychrome Nantack Polychrome 3 Pinedale Polychrome 4 Pinedale Polychrome, Point of Pines variety Pinto Polychrome Point of Pines Polychrome 5 Prieto Polychrome Ramos Polychrome Showlow Polychrome 13 Springerville Polychrome St. Johns Polychrome 3 St. Johns Polychrome, Point of Pines variety Tonto Polychrome Tucson Polychrome Willow Mountain Polychrome miscellaneous White Mountain Red Ware body sherds unidentified Northern Polychrome

Floor 4

Fillet Rim and White-on-Red Tularosa Fillet Rim White-onRed Tularosa White-on-Red unidentified white-on-red Red-on-Plain, Red-on-Brown Casa Grande Red-on-Brown Encinas Red-on-Brown San Carlos Red-on-Brown Three Circle Red-on-Brown unknown red-on-plain/brown

160 53

1

74 6

89

3 3

21 37

6

Floor

1

Floor

Floor

4

1 2

9 6

1

7 1

2

1

3 1

1

1 5

1 3

2

Fill

Fill

72 East Fill

3

77

Floor

1

1

2

72 West and 72 East West Type

Floor

10

78

86

Fill

Floor Fill

Fill

Floor Fill

8

1

6

18

1

1

Fill

1 3 1

86A Fill

86B

Floor

Fill

Floor

1 8

2

1

5

3 1 4

1

1

2

1 1

Table 5.2. (cont’d.) Painted ceramics noted by the excavators from the fill and floor / floor-fill contexts of rooms in Room Block D 72 West and 72 East West Type

Fill

Fill

Red-on-Buff Casa Grande Red-on-Buff San Carlos Red-on-Buff unknown red-on-buff

72 East Fill

Black-on-Red Cedar Creek Black-on-Red Fourmile Black-on-Red Heshotauthla Black-on-Red Gila Black-on-Red Maverick Mountain Blackon-Red Pinedale Black-on-Red Pinedale Black-on-Red, Point of Pines variety Pinto Black-on-Red Springerville Black-on-Red St. Johns Black-on-Red Wingate Black-on-Red Polychrome Cedar Creek Polychrome Cedar Creek Polychrome, Point of Pines variety El Paso Polychrome Fourmile Polychrome Fourmile Polychrome, Point of Pines variety Gila Polychrome Heshotauthla Polychrome Maverick Mountain Polychrome Nantack Polychrome Pinedale Polychrome Pinedale Polychrome, Point of Pines variety

Floor

Fill

78

Floor Fill

Fill

86

Floor Fill

Fill

86A Fill

86B

Floor

Fill

Floor

1

Black-on-Plain unknown black-on-plain Black-on-White Kayenta Black-on-White Mimbres Black-on-White Northern Black-on-White Pinedale Black-on-White Reserve Black-on-White Tularosa Black-on-White miscellaneous white ware unidentified black-on-white

77

3

1 1 14

1

1 7

1 1

5

7

6

11 2 1

7

1 1

6

5

1

7 5

1

5 1

1 1

1

13

4

4

18

10

136

14

5 6

4 9

62

3

6

4

5

1

21

1

1

6

1

1

1 3

1

81

64

28

5

4

14

15

5 1

1 2

59

1 84 12

12

2 8

49

8

24 13

13 13

38 9

38

9

17

66

18

30

15

40

6

5

3 4

1

11

2

7

1

11

12

14

13

1

14

10

1

3

3

5

2 17 4

15

3

8

1

4

7

2 1 8

4

6 4 5

9 2

13

1 7 3 72

2

8

1

7

4

Table 5.2. (cont’d.) Painted ceramics noted by the excavators from the fill and floor / floor-fill contexts of rooms in Room Block D 72 West and 72 East West Type Pinto Polychrome Point of Pines Polychrome Prieto Polychrome Ramos Polychrome Showlow Polychrome Springerville Polychrome St. Johns Polychrome St. Johns Polychrome, Point of Pines variety Tonto Polychrome Tucson Polychrome Willow Mountain Polychrome miscellaneous White Mountain Red Ware body sherds unidentified Northern Polychrome

Fill

Fill

72 East Fill

6 12

77

78

Floor

Fill

Floor Fill

1 4 1

5

1

86

Fill

Floor Fill

10

13

[169.236.78.20] Project MUSE (2024-03-14 19:24 GMT) University of California, Merced

Fillet Rim, White-on-Red Tularosa Fillet Rim White-on-Red Tularosa White-on-Red unidentified white-on-red Red-on-Plain, Red-on-Brown Casa Grande Red-on-Brown Encinas Red-on-Brown San Carlos Red-on-Brown Three Circle Red-on-Brown unknown red-on-plain/brown

1

1 1 3

Fill

2

1

Floor

Fill

Floor

4 2

4

1 1

1

1

2

1 7 32

3 4

2

1 13

3

Fill

Fill 5 10

22

1

1

1

Black-on-Plain unknown black-on-plain

2 21

3

96 Floor

Red-on-Buff Casa Grande Red-on-Buff San Carlos Red-on-Buff unknown red-on-buff

Black-on-White Kayenta Black-on-White Mimbres Black-on-White Northern Black-on-White Pinedale Black-on-White

Fill

86B

1 3

95 Type

86A

2

3

Floor

Table 5.2. (cont’d.) Painted ceramics noted by the excavators from the fill and floor/floor-fill contexts of rooms in Room Block D 95 Type Reserve Black-on-White Tularosa Black-on-White miscellaneous white ware unidentified black-on-white Black-on-Red Cedar Creek Black-on-Red Fourmile Black-on-Red Heshotauthla Black-on-Red Gila Black-on-Red Maverick Mountain Black-on-Red Pinedale Black-on-Red Pinedale Black-on-Red, Point of Pines variety Pinto Black-on-Red Springerville Black-on-Red St. Johns Black-on-Red Wingate Black-on-Red Polychrome Cedar Creek Polychrome Cedar Creek Polychrome, Point of Pines variety El Paso Polychrome Fourmile Polychrome Fourmile Polychrome, Point of Pines variety Gila Polychrome Heshotauthla Polychrome Maverick Mountain Polychrome Nantack Polychrome Pinedale Polychrome Pinedale Polychrome, Point of Pines variety Pinto Polychrome Point of Pines Polychrome Prieto Polychrome Ramos Polychrome Showlow Polychrome Springerville Polychrome St. Johns Polychrome St. Johns Polychrome, Point of Pines variety Tonto Polychrome Tucson Polychrome Willow Mountain Polychrome miscellaneous White Mountain Red Ware Body sherds unidentified Northern Polychrome

Fill

96 Floor

32 6 10

1

6

1

15

8

272

43

25 1 1

Fill

Floor

10 2 1

1

1 4 92 3

109

17

60

242

5

102

38

1

22

10 5 64

1 6

4 1 13

31 12 1

4

29 4 3

3

3 44 1 63 3

22

12 6 2

1 1

1 1 28

1

1

1

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Table 5.3. Artifacts noted in the fill and floor/floor-fill context for Rooms 51 and 61, Floor 1 Rm 51 Artifact Ground and Pecked stone mano metate paint pallet pestle mortar ¾-groove axe full-groove axe full-groove maul arrow shaft straightener rounded stone/stone ball stone ring shaped stone, “phallic symbol” abrading stones rubbing stone polishing stone worked stone grooved sandstone slab stone hoe/digging blade Chipped Stone projectile point hammerstone blade scraper [uniface?] Bone and Wood bone awl bone needle bone ring blank bone ring bone point

Fill

Floor 1

3 1

Rm 61 Fill 31 5

Rm 51

Floor 1 3

1 2 2 3

2 1 1 1

1 1 1 1 2

1

1 1

1 3 1 1 2 32 9 8 1 2 4

3 21

1

1

3

1

14

1 1

22

die/bone disc worked bone scapula worked bone rib unspecified worked bone antler flaker worked wood

Fill

1

1 3 1

Hearth: No hearth is present. Storage Pits: No storage pits are present. Postholes: Four postholes may be present. They are not on the field map, but the running notes state one is present in each quadrant of the room. However, no measurements or exact locations are provided. Other Floor Features: The running notes suggest there may be a pit or depression present, but no details are provided nor is it on the field map. Roof: The excavators’ notes indicate the roof is made of a main beam, followed by a series of stringers, pine shakes, and possibly reeds covered by mud plaster. Artifacts: The excavators note the presence of artifacts in the fill and floor/fill context in both table form and in their running notes. These two sources of information are combined, and the artifacts identified in the field for Rooms 51 and 61, Floor 1, are presented

Floor 1

Fill

1

1 1 2 1 1

1 1 1

Ornaments and Pipes stone pendant turquoise pendant shell bracelet Conus shell steatite Pipe

Minerals and Pigments prayer stick holder, scoriaceous basalt concretions quartz crystal calcite crystal malachite black pigment Ceramic Vessels and Artifacts worked sherd miniature vessels effigy pot handle indented corrugated jar St. Johns Polychrome bowl unfired vessel

Floor 1

8 1 2 1 1

Effigies effigy

1 3

Artifact

Rm 61

1

1

1 3 1 1 1 1

3 8 1 1 1 rim 1

in Table 5.3. Sherds were also present in the fill and floor/floor fill. Only the painted ceramics were typed and counted. These are presented in Table 5.2, along with the sherds from other rooms in the Room Block. Room 61, Floor 1 Room 61 is on the western edge of the northern half of Room Block D. It was created by subdividing room 51/61 with a dividing wall and laying a new floor over the roof fall associated with Room 51/61, Floor 2. It is directly north of Room 51 and connected to it by a break in the western end of the dividing wall. Seven dendrochronology samples were dated from Floor 1, three of which are cutting dates (Table 5.4). These dates are earlier than the phase dates and may represent reuse of timbers from the previous phase. The room was excavated 7/26–8/6/1951 by Robert Hastings and Thomas Hughes.

Canyon Creek Phase, aD 1300–1350 Table 5.4. Dated dendrochronology samples from Room 61, Floor 1, Level 3 (Parker 1967) Species Ponderosa Pinyon Pinyon Ponderosa Ponderosa Ponderosa Ponderosa

Cutting Date X X

X

Dates 1183–1223vv 1221p–1275r 1228–1275r 1241–1276v 1259–1280v 1245–1282+r 1244–1284r

Room Dimensions: The excavators did not record the lengths of the walls in their notes, but the following measurements are derived from the field map of the room: north wall = 3.85 m; east wall = 3.8 m; south (dividing) wall = 3.80 m; west wall = 3.9 m. Wall Construction: The walls are constructed of banded, coursed masonry of shaped tuff blocks with tuff spalls used as chinking stones. Door: There is a sealed door in the western end of the south (dividing) wall. The sill is 44 cm above the floor, 45 cm wide. Other Wall Openings: There are no other wall openings associated with Floor 1. Wall Plaster: Adobe plaster is present on all four walls. The plaster on the north, east, and west walls is burned, probably during the fire in the Maverick Mountain phase. Floor: The excavators state the floor is very difficult to follow and thus to distinguish the fill, floor, and subfloor fill until the burned remains associated with Floor 2 are encountered. The location of the floor is defined by the location of features. Hearth: The excavators note a hearth is present in Room 61. Based on the field map, its shape is irregular, though there are dashed lines on the map suggesting it may have been rectangular. There are stones lining the western edge. Storage Pits: No storage pits are present. Postholes: The excavators state there is one posthole, 23 cm deep, in the southwest quarter of the room, but it is not drawn on the map. Other Floor Features: No other features are drawn on the map, but the excavators’ notes suggest there may be a mealing bin in the northwest corner of the room. The bin’s presence is suggested by clay ridge/floor on the west and north sides and a slab-lining on the south side. No further information is provided by the excavators. Roof: The excavators suggest the roof consisted of one main beam support (based on the posthole), a main

163

beam crossed by a series of stringers, pine shakes, and clay. Artifacts: Artifacts and sherds noted by the excavators in the field are recorded with Room 51 and given in Tables 5.3 and 5.2 above. Room 64, Floor 1 Room 64 is on the north end of the northern half of Room Block D. It was formed by subdividing Room 64/65 with a wall above the burned roof fall associated with Floor 2. Room 64 is directly south of Room 65, and there is a sealed door and an open window between the two rooms. The room was excavated 6/16–7/7/1952 by Randolph Raynolds and George S. Cattanach Jr. Room Dimensions: The excavators recorded the following dimensions for Room 64: north wall = 2.60 m; east wall = 1.85 m; south wall = 2.70 m; west wall = 1.85 m. (Note: the excavators’ measurements for the dividing/north wall, do not match for Rooms 64 and 65.) Wall Construction: The north (dividing) wall is 22 cm wide; the remainder of the walls range from 26–30 cm wide. All of the walls are banded tuff masonry, with a band of large tuff blocks separated by three or four bands of smaller tuff stones. Stones are cemented in place with mortar. Walls stood approximately 2.3 m in height at the time of excavation. Door: There is a sealed door in the north (dividing) wall that connects Room 64 with Room 65. The sill of the door is 35 cm above the floor, and it is 40 cm wide and 70 cm high. The door was sealed except for a small window at the top that is 13 cm high and 30 cm wide. Other Wall Openings: There are no other openings in the wall except for the window that was left when the door was sealed (see above). Wall Plaster: A 6.0-mm-thick layer of plaster is present on the walls. Floor: No information on Floor 1 is provided by the excavators, but it is very close to Floor 2, suggesting the room was not as badly burned as those adjacent to it and it was cleaned out: at least to some degree. Hearth: No hearth is present. Storage Pits: No storage pits are present. Postholes: No postholes are present. Other Floor Features: No other floor features are present. Roof: No information on the roof associated with Floor 1 is present. Artifacts: Artifacts are noted by the excavators in the fill and floor/floor-fill context, though no distinction is made between fill and floor. No ceramics are discussed in the excavation notes for this room. The

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following artifacts are noted by the excavators in the fill and floor/floor fill: one metate, one projectile point, one knife [biface?], three scrapers [uniface?], one bone awl, one ring fragment, one dice/worked bone, and one turquoise piece. Room 65, Floor 1 Room 65 is on the north end of the northern half of Room Block D. It was formed by subdividing Room 64/65 with a wall above the burned roof fall associated with Floor 2. Room 65 is directly north of Room 64, and there is a sealed door and an open window between the two rooms. The room was excavated 6/16–7/7/1952 by Randolph Raynolds and George S. Cattanach Jr. Room Dimensions: The excavators recorded the following dimensions for the room: north wall = 2.60 m; east wall = 2.55 m; south wall = 2.10 m; west wall = 2.3 m. (Note: the excavators’ measurements for the dividing/south wall do not match for Rooms 64 and 65.) Wall Construction: Wall construction is banded, coursed masonry with bands of large, shaped tuff blocks separated by three or four bands of smaller tuff stone. A large amount of mortar is used in the wall construction. Door: There is a sealed door in the south (dividing) wall that connects Room 64 with Room 65. The sill of the door is 35 cm above the floor, and it is 40 cm wide and 70 cm high. The door was sealed, except for a small window at the top that is 13 cm high and 30 cm wide. Other Wall Openings: There are no other wall openings, except for the window noted above. Wall Plaster: Wall plaster (6 mm thick) is present on all four walls. Floor: No information on Floor 1 is provided by the excavators, but it is very close to Floor 2, suggesting the room was not as badly burned as those adjacent to it. It was cleaned out, at least to some degree. Hearth: The field notes provide no information about a hearth associated with Floor 1, but the field map indicates a hearth is present near the south wall. Storage Pits: No storage pits are present. Postholes: No postholes are present. Other Floor Features: No other floor features are present. Roof: No information about the roof associated with Floor 1 is present. Artifacts: Artifacts are noted by the excavators in the fill and floor/floor-fill context, though no distinction is made between fill and floor. No ceramics are discussed in the excavation notes for this room. The following artifacts are noted by the excavators in the fill

and floor/floor fill: one three-quarter grooved axe, one projectile point, and one bone ring. Room 66, Floor 1 Room 66 is near the northern edge of the northern half of Room Block D. It was formed when the burned roof fall of Room 66/67, Floor 2, was leveled and a dividing wall between Rooms 66 and 67 was built. Room 66 is directly north of Room 67. In addition to the dividing wall, all of the doors, niches, and beam sockets were sealed and plastered over during the remodeling of Room 66/67. The room was excavated from 7/12–7/31/1952 by Loren Haury, William C. Francis and Raymond H. Thompson. Room Dimensions: The excavators recorded the following dimensions in their notes: north wall = 3.35 m; east wall = 2.45 m; south (dividing) wall = 3.4 m; west wall = 2.65 m. Wall Construction: Walls range from 22–26 cm wide and are built of banded masonry. Specifically, bands of large, pecked tuff stones are separated by several bands of smaller tuff chinks and spalls. The south (dividing) wall is built on trash fill and has a footing level of large and small tuff blocks with abundant mortar. Door: There are no doors associated with Floor 1. Other Wall Openings: There are no other wall openings associated with Floor 1. Wall Plaster: Plaster ranging from 4.0–6.0 mm in thickness is present. On all but the south (dividing) wall and over the sealed doors and niches, the plaster color ranges from brick red to fire blackened due to the fire in the previous phase. Plaster associated with the remodeling is brown. Floor: Floor 1 is 0.60 m above Floor 2 and is plastered. Hearth: There is a round, slab-lined hearth. Storage Pits: The field form and field map state there are no storage pits present. The running notes reference an unlined pit in Room 66, Floor 1, but they do not provide any details. Postholes: There are no postholes present. Other Floor Features: There are no other features. Roof: There is no evidence of the roof associated with Floor 1. Artifacts: The excavators note the presence of a small number of artifacts in the fill associated with Floor 1. Sherds also are present but only typed and counted the painted sherds (Table 5.2), though they note that plain and corrugated sherds are common throughout. Artifacts noted in the field notes for the fill above Floor 1 are as follows: one three-quarter grooved axe, one piece of ground slate, one chopper, and a small amount of burned corn. In the floor/floor

Canyon Creek Phase, aD 1300–1350

165

fill the following items are noted in the excavators’ notes: one three-quarter grooved axe, one piece of stone shaped like a thick round plug 19 cm long and tapered slightly at one end, two choppers, one plane [uniface/scraper?], one bone awl, and a small amount of burned corn.

Artifacts noted in the field notes for the fill above Floor 1 are as follows: one mano, one scraper [uniface?], one bone scraper, and one deer leg bone. In the floor/floor fill the following items are noted in the excavator’s notes: one abrading stone and burned corn.

Room 67, Floor 1 Room 67 is near the northern edge of the northern half of Room Block D. It was formed when the burned roof fall of Room 66/67, Floor 2 was leveled and a dividing wall between Rooms 66 and 67 was built. Room 67 is directly south of Room 66. In the remodeling of Room 67 during the Canyon Creek phase, all the doors, niches, and beam sockets were sealed and plastered over. The room was excavated 7/12–7/31/1952 by Loren Haury, William C. Francis, and Raymond H. Thompson. Room Dimensions: The excavators recorded the following dimensions in their notes: north (dividing) wall = 3.40 m; east wall = 1.72 m; south wall = 3.45 m; west wall = 1.8 m. Wall Construction: Walls range from 22–26 cm wide and are built of banded masonry. Specifically, bands of large, pecked tuff stones are separated by several bands of smaller tuff chinks and spalls. The north (dividing) wall is built on trash fill and has a footing level of large and small tuff blocks with abundant mortar. Door: There are no doors associated with Floor 1. Other Wall Openings: There are no other wall openings associated with Floor 1. Wall Plaster: Plaster averaging 4–6 mm in thickness is present. On all but the north (dividing) wall and over the sealed doors and niches, the plaster color ranges from brick red to fire blackened color due to the fire in the previous phase. Plaster associated with the remodeling is brown. Floor: Floor 1 is 0.60 m above Floor 2 and is plastered. Hearth: There is a round, slab-lined hearth present. Storage Pits: The field form and field map state there are no storage pits present. Postholes: There are no postholes present. Other Floor Features: There are no other features present. Roof: There is no evidence of the roof associated with Floor 1. Artifacts: The excavators note the presence of a small number of artifacts in the fill associated with Floor 1. Sherds also are present but only the painted sherds were typed and counted (Table 5.2), though the excavators note that plain and corrugated sherds are common throughout.

Room 69, Floor 1 Room 69 is in the northern half of Room Block D, directly south of Room 67. Unfortunately, no field form was filled out for Floor 1, so information presented here is gleaned from the field map and running field notes. Floor 1 is laid on top of the burned roof fall associated with Floor 2, with no change in room dimensions. The doors, niches, and beam holes associated with Floor 2 are filled and covered with unburned plaster. The room was excavated 6/15–7/8/1953 by Susanne Dunbar and Maxine Kleindienst. Room Dimensions: The excavators did not record the room dimensions in their notes, but the following measurements are derived from the field map: north wall = 2.80 m; east wall = 5 m; south wall = 2.85 m; west wall = 4.8 m. Wall Construction: Walls are made of banded, coursed masonry with a row of large tuff blocks separated by three or four rows of small stones. Occasionally, basalt blocks are used instead of tuff. Door: No door is associated with Floor 1. Other Wall Openings: No other wall openings are associated with Floor 1. Wall Plaster: Wall plaster is present on all four walls. It is in good repair and burned except over the sealed doors, niches, and beam sockets that represent the remodeling of the room associated with Floor 1. Floor: Floor 1 is difficult to follow and overlays the burned roof fall of the previous phase. Hearth: Floor 1 has a slab-lined, rectangular hearth in the center of the room. Storage Pits: No storage pits are present. Postholes: No postholes are present. Other Floor Features: No other floor features are associated with Floor 1. Roof: No evidence of the roof associated with Floor 1 is present. Artifacts: Artifacts are noted by the excavators. Sherds are present throughout, but only the painted sherds are typed and counted (Table 5.2). From the fill above Floor 1, the following artifacts are noted: one mano, one lap stone, one shaft straightener, one tuff ball, three rubbing stones, three polishing stones, two ground stone fragments (type unspecified), three hoe blades, five hammerstones,

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eight bone awls, one bone awl/flaker, two bone rings, one antler flaker, two pottery discs, one smudged red ware ceramic scraper, two animal effigies, one Pinedale Polychrome pot, and one rifle cartridge. From the floor/floor fill, the excavators note the following artifacts: three manos, one pestle, one lap stone, one miniature three-quarter grooved axe, one partially worked axe, four rubbing stones, three hoe fragments, two projectile points, one scraper, one knife/ hoe blade, one drill, two bone awls, one worked bone, two antler flakers, five worked/grooved bone fragments, one bone whistle, one shell necklace, one Conus tinkler fragment, two shell bracelet fragments, two cakes of hematite, one piece of malachite, two plain ware ceramic scrapers, one Fourmile Polychrome scraper, and some unfired pottery fragments. Room 70, Floor 1 Room 70 is on the western edge of Room Block D, directly south of Room 51. Floor 1 is built on top of the burned roof fall associated with Floor 2. The door, niches, beam holes, and window are filled in with a mixture of tuff and basalt stones. The room is completely replastered over the burned walls associated with the end of the Maverick Mountain phase. The room was excavated 6/15–7/20/1953 by Nancy Lloyd and Elizabeth Green. Room Dimensions: The excavators did not record the room dimension in their notes, but the following measurements are determined from the field map: north wall = 2.6o m; east wall = 5.5 m; south wall = 2.6 m; west wall = 5.5 m. Wall Construction: Walls are constructed of banded, coursed masonry where one row of large, shaped blocks alternates with three rows of small stones. Door: No doors are associated with Floor 1. Other Wall Openings: No other wall openings are associated with Floor 1. Wall Plaster: Two layers of plaster are present on the walls (only one layer over the sealed doors, niches, and windows). The first is burned and associated with the Maverick Mountain phase occupation (Floor 2). The second is unburned. Floor: Floor 1 is soft and somewhat ashy and indistinct from the fill in several places. Hearth: A clay-rimmed, circular hearth is present. Storage Pits: No storage pits are present. Postholes: No postholes are present. Other Floor Features: No other floor features are present. Roof: No evidence for the roof associated with Floor 1 is present. Artifacts: Two corrugated jars were recovered from Floor 1, as were a number of ceramic sherds. How-

ever, only the painted ceramics sherds are typed and counted (Table 5.2). The excavators also note a number of artifacts in the fill and floor/floor-fill context of the room. From the fill, the excavators note the presence of the following artifacts: four manos, two metates, one rubbing stone, one basalt digging tool, two projectile points, one knife [biface?], two scrapers [unifaces?], one small flake tool, several utilized flakes, one bone flesher, one deer skull (in fragments), the bones of a large animal, and two restorable corrugated jars. From the floor/floor fill, the excavators note the following artifacts: one worked piece of pumice (“phallic symbol”), one stone cylinder, three rubbing stones, one hoe blade, two hammerstones, one chopping tool, one bone awl, one grooved bone ring, one bone fragment with scraping marks, and fragments of ribs. In the hearth are burned pieces of corn and walnut and one small, flaked tool. Room 72 East, Floor 1 Room 72 east is in the northwest corner of the southern half of Room Block D. It was formed by remodeling an existing room. Specifically, the burned roof fall associated with Floor 2 of Room 72 was leveled; the vent in the east wall and door in the north wall were sealed; the room was subdivided to form east and west rooms; the walls were replastered; and a new floor was laid. Unfortunately, the information for both Floors 1 and 2 is recorded on the same form, and it is sometimes difficult to tell what features and characteristics are specifically related to Floor 2 or Floor 1. Additionally, both east and west are recorded on the same form, which makes it more difficult to tell what features belong to east or west. When in conflict, the field map became the paramount source of information. The room was excavated 6/14–7/18/1854 by Philip G. Olson and Charles W. Ferguson. Room Dimensions: The excavators recorded the overall dimensions of Room 72 associated with Floor 2 but not the divided room associated with Floor 1. From the field map, the following measurements are determined for Room 72 east: north wall = 2.90 m; east wall = 4.85 m; south wall = 2.90 m; west (dividing) wall = 4.75 m. Wall Construction: Walls are constructed of banded, coursed masonry with one band of large tuff blocks separated by three bands of smaller tuff stones. Average wall thickness is 26 cm. Door: No doors are associated with Floor 1. Other Wall Openings: No other wall openings are associated with Floor 1. Wall Plaster: The burned wall plaster is present and covered by one or two unburned replasterings.

Canyon Creek Phase, aD 1300–1350

Floor: The floor is sometimes difficult to follow, generally identified by the presence of features and the bottom of the west (dividing) wall. Hearth: A rectangular hearth is present near the center of the room. Based on the notes and the field map it is difficult to tell whether this hearth is slab lined. Storage Pits: No storage pits are present in Floor 1. Postholes: Three postholes are present. One posthole (diameter 15 cm) is north of the hearth, and two (diameters 20 cm) are south of the hearth. Other Floor Features: No other floor features are present on Floor 1. Roof: No evidence of the roof associated with Floor 1 is present. Artifacts: A large number of artifacts are noted in the fill and floor/floor-fill context of the room. Additionally, plain (smudged, unsmudged, incised, and hobnail), red-slipped (smudged and unsmudged), and corrugated (plain, indented, obliterated, pattern indented, zoned, grooved, fingernail incised, incised, grooved, red-slipped, McDonald, Prieto, and Tularosa Fillet Rim) ceramics are found throughout the fill and on the floor. Painted ceramics were typed and counted in the field (Table 5.2). The excavators note the following artifacts in the fill of Room 72 east above Floor 1: five manos, one metate, one arrow shaft straightener, one tuff cylinder, one reed-drilling stone, one worked (“phallus”) stone, three rubbing stones, one hammerstone, three quartz pecking stones, one saw, two bone awls, one bone ring blank, one antler flaker, one shell bracelet fragment, two pieces of malachite, one obsidian nodule, one magnetite nodule, and one limonite nodule. From the fill of Room 72 without distinguishing east or west, the excavators noted three scrapers, several chert and obsidian flakes, hematite pigment, yellow pigment, one Willow Mountain Polychrome bowl, one indented corrugated pot (vessel form not stated), and one bowl-jar combination (type not stated). From the floor/floor fill of Room 72 east, Floor 1, the excavators recorded the following: seven manos, one mano/pecking stone, seven handstones, one [trough?] metate, two shallow basin grinding stones, two slab grinding stones, one shallow-basin metate, one grinding stone [no type specified], one three-quarter groove axe, one chipped stone axe, three arrow shaft straighteners, one tuff ball, one shaped (“phallus”) stone, four abrading stones, six rubbing stones, one smoothing stone, one polishing stone, one stone file, one whetstone, four pecking stones, three projectile points, three knives [bifaces?], six scrapers [unifaces?], one core scraper, two saws, one core chopper, two stone

167

drills, seven bone awls, one bone ring, five antler flakers, one worked antler, one bear claw, one scapula scraper, one tibia bone awl blank, three shell bracelet fragments, one Turritella shell, one piece of calcite, four pieces of hematite, miscellaneous lumps of friable red pigment (ground hematite), 15 malachite lumps, seven ceramic disks/spindle whorls, one miniature bowl, and two miniature pots [vessel form not specified]. Room 72 West, Floor 1 Room 72 west is in the northwest corner of the southern half of Room Block D. It was formed by remodeling an existing room. Specifically, the burned roof fall associated with Floor 2 was leveled; the vent in the east wall and door in the north wall were sealed; the room was subdivided to form an east and west room; the walls were replastered; and a new floor was laid. Unfortunately, the information for both Floors 1 and 2 is recorded on the same form, and it is sometimes difficult to determine which features and characteristics are related to which floor. Likewise, both east and west are recorded on the same form, presenting the same problem. When in conflict, the field map became the paramount source of information. The room was excavated 6/14–7/18/1854 by Philip G. Olson and Charles W. Ferguson. Room Dimensions: The excavators recorded the overall dimensions of Room 72 associated with Floor 2 but not the divided room associated with Floor 1. From the field map, the following measurements are determined for Room 72 west: north wall = 2.85 m; east (dividing) wall = 4.75 m; south wall = 2.80 m; west wall = 4.68 m. Wall Construction: Walls are constructed of banded, coursed masonry with one band of large tuff blocks separated by three bands of smaller tuff stones. Average wall thickness is 26 cm. Door: No doors are associated with Floor 1. Other Wall Openings: No other wall openings are associated with Floor 1. Wall Plaster: The burned wall plaster is present and covered by one or two unburned replasterings. Floor: The floor is sometimes difficult to follow, generally identified by the presence of features and the bottom of the east (dividing) wall. Hearth: A rectangular, slab-lined hearth is present near the center of the room. Storage Pits: No storage pits are present in Floor 1. Postholes: Two postholes are present. One posthole (diameter 20 cm) is north of the hearth, and one (diameter 15 cm) is south of the hearth. Other Floor Features: No other floor features are present on Floor 1.

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Roof: No evidence of the roof associated with Floor 1 is present. Artifacts: A large number of artifacts are noted in the fill and floor/floor-fill context of the room. Additionally, plain (smudged, unsmudged, incised, and hobnail), red-slipped (smudged and unsmudged), and corrugated (plain, indented, obliterated, pattern indented, zoned, grooved, fingernail incised, incised, grooved, red-slipped, McDonald, Prieto, and Tularosa Fillet Rim) painted wares were typed and counted in the field (Table 5.2). The excavators noted the following artifacts in the fill of Room 72 west: nine manos, seven handstones, two metates, one grinding stone, one mortar, one three-quarter grooved axe, two axe sharpeners, one notched slab, two rubbing stones, two stone files, seven polishing stones, one stone saw, two hammerstones, two scrapers [uniface?], six bone awls, one antler wrench, one bone beamer, one bone polisher, three antler flakers, one incised stalactite, one piece hematite, one piece azurite, one ceramic disc/whorl, one plain corrugated vessel (form not stated), one plain ware jar, one plain ware bowl, and one Cedar Creek Polychrome bowl. From the floor/floor fill the excavators identified the following artifacts: five manos, 13 handstones, one grinding slab, one lap stone, two three-quarter grooved axes, one arrow shaft straightener, one shaped (“phallus”) stone, one abrading stone, one polishing stone, one stone sharpener, three stone saws, three projectile points, two hammerstones, one stone discoid, seven bone awls, one bone tube, one antler flaker, bone joint, one stone pipe, one stone pendant, two pieces of shell bracelet, one piece of hematite pigment, one piece of azurite, one piece of malachite, one piece of orange pigment, one wooden artifact, one pottery disc, one miniature pot, half of a miniature plain ware bowl, one plain ware jar, and one Pinedale Polychrome bowl. Room 77, Floor 1 Room 77 is at the southern end of the northern half of Room Block D and represents new construction for this time period, rather than a remodeling of an existing room. It is directly north of and connected to Room 78 (also new construction) by a door. The occupation of the room is limited to the Canyon Creek phase. The room was excavated 7/19–7/27/1954 by William J. Beeson and David A. Breternitz. Room Dimensions: The excavators recorded the following dimensions for Room 77 on the field form: north wall = 4.25 m; east wall = 2.82 m; south wall = 4.20 m; west wall = 2.70 m.

Wall Construction: The walls are constructed of banded, coursed masonry with one band of large tuff blocks followed by four or five courses of small tuff stones. The north and south walls are 23 cm wide, the west wall is 24 cm wide, and the east wall is 27 cm wide. Door: There is a door in the center of the south wall 43 cm wide. Other Wall Openings: There are no other wall openings. Wall Plaster: Wall plaster is present but not well preserved. Floor: No description of the floor is present on the field form or in the running notes other than to say fill was used to level the native surface. Hearth: Two hearths are superimposed one on top of the other. Both are rectangular, slab-lined hearths. The excavators state they appear to represent remodeling and possible replastering of the floor rather than a second story. Storage Pits: No storage pits are present. Postholes: There are two postholes in an east–west alignment with one posthole on either side of the hearth. Other Floor Features: No other floor features are present. Roof: Roof clay is present in the fill of the room, but no other material is reported. Artifacts: The excavators identified artifacts from the fill and floor/floor-fill context during excavation. Ceramics are as follows: plain (smudged and unsmudged), red-slipped (smudged and unsmudged), and corrugated (plain, indented, obliterated, pattern indented, zoned, grooved, red-slipped, McDonald, Prieto, and Tularosa Fillet Rim). Painted ceramics were typed and counted in the field (Table 5.2). Artifacts identified from the fill by the excavators are: four manos, three metates, three grinding stones, two arrow shaft straighteners, one shaped limestone cylinder, one stone donut, two projectile points, two hammerstones, three knives [bifaces?], one charred bone awl tip, one pendant, and one hematite tube. The excavators listed one projectile point and one Glycymeris shell bracelet fragment from the floor/ floor fill. Room 78, Floor 1 Room 78 is at the southern end of the northern half of Room Block D, directly south of Room 77. It represents new construction for this time period, rather than remodeling of an existing room. It is connected to Room 77 (also new construction) by a door. The occupation of the room is limited to the Canyon Creek phase. It was excavated 6/20–7/11/1955 by Joan Gaede and Marian Dinstel. Room Dimensions: The excavators recorded the follow-

Canyon Creek Phase, aD 1300–1350

ing dimensions for the room on the field form: north wall = 4.18 m; east wall = 3.30 m; south wall = 4.13 m; west wall = 3.21 m. Wall Construction: All walls are made of banded, coursed masonry. They range in thickness from 20 to 25 cm. Door: There is a door in the center of the north wall 40 cm wide. Other Wall Openings: There are two sealed doors in the room, one in the west wall and one in the south wall. Based on the wall profiles, the door in the west wall is 55 cm wide. No information is available for the wall in the south wall beyond its presence. Wall Plaster: Plaster is present on all four walls. Floor: The floor is plastered. Hearth: A round fire pit with no lining is present. Its maximum depth is 15 cm with a diameter of 50 cm. The running field notes state there is also a shallow (depth 8 cm) depression directly south of the hearth (east–west = 57 cm; north–south = 75 cm) that may be a secondary hearth or an ash pit. Additionally, the notes state that there is a semiflexed infant burial (Burial 240) in the hearth but give no further information. Storage Pits: There are no storage pits. Postholes: There are two postholes. The first is southwest of the hearth with a diameter of 38 cm and a depth of 39 cm. The second is southeast of the hearth and has a diameter of 42 cm and a depth of 37 cm. Other Floor Features: The running notes state that loose infant bones are present in the floor fill and suggest that an infant burial may be present in the room. However, the notes do not state the location of the burial nor is it marked on the floor map. A second infant burial is in the hearth (see above). Roof: The field form states there is slightly burned roof clay in the fill. Artifacts: The excavators note the presence of a large number of artifacts in the fill and floor/floor-fill context of the room. Additionally, a large number of sherds are identified throughout the fill and floor/ floor fill level: plain (smudged and unsmudged), red-slipped (smudged and unsmudged), corrugated (plain, indented, obliterated, pattern indented, zoned, McDonald, Prieto, and Tularosa Fillet Rim). Painted ceramics were typed and counted in the field (Table 5.2). The excavators list the following artifacts in the fill from the room: three metates, one stone bowl, one cylinder-shaped work stone, two abrading stones, one piece of worked stone, three projectile points, two blades, one scraper [uniface?], two choppers, two bone awls, one hair ornament, one bone

169

rasp, one antler wrench, two antler flakers, one scapula scraper, one group of turquoise fragments, one Conus tinkler, and half of a Tularosa Fillet Rim bowl. The excavators note the following artifacts from the floor/floor fill: two metates, one axe, one arrow shaft smoother, two abrading stones, 12 projectile points, one blade, five bone awls, two bone rings, one rib scraper, two antler wrench/flakers, three antler flakers, one crinoid stem, one turquoise pendant, one piece of shell, one shell pendant, one effigy, six pottery disc/spindle whorls, and one miniature bowl. Room 85, Floor 1 Room 85 is at the northern end of the northern half of Room Block D, directly north of Room 66. It represents new construction for this time period, rather than remodeling of an existing room. Room 85 was burned upon abandonment but is assigned to the Canyon Creek phase rather than the Maverick Mountain phase here because subfloor tests produced Pinto Black-on-Red sherds. Room 85 was excavated 6/15–8/7/1956 by James S. Griffith and Jerry Gerald. Room Dimensions: The excavators did not record the dimension of the room on the form. The following lengths are derived from the field map: north wall = 3.75 m; east wall = 3.8 m; south wall = 3.85 m; west wall = 3.7 m. Wall Construction: All four walls are constructed of banded, coursed masonry using tuff building stones. Door: No doors are present. Other Wall Openings: There is a square opening in the south corner of the east wall. The opening measures 62 cm × 64 cm, and the bottom is 24 cm above the floor. The opening is filled in with rocks but not plastered. Wall Plaster: Wall plaster is present and burned on all four walls. The average thickness is 1.4 cm. Floor: The floor is well defined but slopes slightly to the east. Hearth: There is no hearth associated with Floor 1. However, there is a possible hearth in the subfloor level sitting on sterile (see Chapter 2). Storage Pits: There are no storage pits present. Postholes: There are no postholes associated with Floor 1, but there is one subfloor posthole (see Chapter 2). Other Floor Features: There are three depressions in the floor that contain bowls set into the floor (though the ceramics are not listed in the artifact list in the notes). Roof: Roofing clay is present in the fill of the room to approximately 10 cm above the floor. Artifacts: a large number of artifacts are described by the excavators from fill, floor/floor-fill, and subfloor

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contexts. Ceramics are also found throughout these layers, but the excavators only provide a list of types, not counts. In the fill, they note the following artifacts: six manos, five handstones, one grinding stone, two “soap dish” mortars, three axes, one chipped axe, one full-grooved maul, one arrow shaft straightener, five abrading stones, two whet stones, three projectile points, one blade, one drill, 12 bone awls, one needle/ awl, one blank for bone rings, one bone pendant, one antelope skull with horn cores, one Conus tinkler, two Conus shells, one Glycymeris shell fragment, one effigy fragment, one lignite button, one rose quartz polishing stone, one ceramic bead, and one ceramic plate fragment. Additionally, the excavators note the presence of the following ceramic sherd types: plain, red, Reserve (Plain, Indented and Obliterated), corrugated, and Prieto Corrugated. McDonald Grooved Corrugated and Tularosa Fillet Rims are present in small but consistent numbers in all fill levels. The predominant painted wares in the fill are Pinedale Blackon-Red, Cedar Creek Polychrome, Gila Polychrome, and Fourmile Polychrome, with small but consistent numbers of Pinedale Black-on-White, Tularosa Black-on-White, and White Mountain Red ware. A few sherds of Maverick Mountain Black-on-Red and Maverick Mountain Polychrome also are present. In the floor/floor-fill levels, the following artifacts are noted: 25 manos, 12 handstones, four three-quarter grooved axes, one seven-eighths grooved axe, one axe (type not specified), one chipped axe, one threequarter grooved maul, two arrow shaft straighteners, one small “soap dish” [stone bowl or mortar?], one grooved abrading stone, seven abrading stones, one rubbing stone, one piece of worked stone, one saw, one projectile point, one scraper [uniface?], two drills, nine bone awls, one ring, two pieces worked bone, two large deer antler flakers, two small deer antler flaker fragments, one five-hole antler wrench (in three pieces), four Glycymeris fragments, two Conus tinklers, one Olivella shell bead, one piece of asbestos, and one Pinto Black-on-Red bowl fragment. The excavators note that the sherds in the floor/floor-fill context are the same as the fill but with an increase in both Tularosa and Pinedale Black-onWhite, Black-on-White body sherds, and Maverick Mountain Black-on-Red. The excavators note that the subfloor tests produced one mano, Pinto Blackon-Red sherds, corrugated and plain sherds, blackon-white body sherds (type not specified), and White Mountain red ware sherds.

Room 86A, Floor 1 Room 86A is at the northeast end of the northern half of Room Block D. Room 86, Floor 2, is a two-story room destroyed by fire at the end of the Maverick Mountain phase (Chapter 4). The roof fall of the second floor was leveled; the room was divided roughly in half with a dividing wall footed on the roof fall; and Floor 1 was laid. Room 86A, Floor 1, is the southern of the two rooms. The room was excavated 7/12–7/24/1956 by Frank Hole and Barbara Hole. Room Dimensions: The excavators did not record the dimensions of Room 86A in their notes. The following measurements are derived from the field map: north (dividing) wall = 4.10 m; east wall = 2.50 m; south wall = 4.00 m; west wall = 2.75 m. Wall Construction: Walls are constructed of banded, coursed masonry using bands of large, shaped tuff blocks separated by bands of smaller tuff chinking stones. The north (dividing) wall is footed on basalt blocks. Door: No doors are associated with Floor 1. Other Wall Openings: There is a vent in the west wall 25 cm in diameter. Wall Plaster: Evidence of burned plaster (from the fire of the previous phase) is present. A second coat of plaster was applied over the burned layer. Floor: The floor is in poor condition, with evidence of settling in the center of the room. Hearth: There is a rectangular, slab-lined hearth present. The hearth is approximately 40 cm × 45 cm. Storage Pits: No storage pits are present. Postholes: No postholes are present. Other Floor Features: No other floor features are present. Roof: Roof plaster with shake impressions is in the floor fill. Artifacts: The excavators note the presence of a small number of artifacts in the fill and floor/floor-fill context. Additionally, the following ceramics are present in both fill and floor/floor-fill context: plain (smudged and unsmudged); red-slipped (smudged and unsmudged); and corrugated (plain, indented, obliterated, pattern indented, McDonald, Prieto, and Tularosa Fillet Rim). Painted sherds were typed and counted in the field (Table 5.2). The excavators note the following artifacts in the fill: four manos, one grinding stone, one threequarter grooved axe, one worked (“phallus”) stone, two smoothing stones, two scrapers [unifaces?], two bone awls, one bone needle, one Glycymeris shell bracelet, one lump red ocher, one slab stained with

Canyon Creek Phase, aD 1300–1350

red paint, and one spindle whorl. On the floor/floor fill, the excavators note the following artifacts: 11 manos, four metates, two hoes, one rasp, one miniature maul, one rubbing stone, one smoothing stone, one sharpening stone, one knife [biface?], three bone awls, one hair ornament, two pieces of worked bone, one antler flaker, one bodkin, one Olivella shell, one Cardium shell, and one Pinedale Black-on-White jar. Room 86B, Floor 1 Room 86B is at the northeast end of the northern half of Room Block D. Room 86, Floor 2, is a two-story room destroyed by fire at the end of the Maverick Mountain phase. The roof fall of the second floor was leveled; the room was divided roughly in half with a wall footed on the roof fall; and Floor 1 was laid. Room 86B, Floor 1, is the northern of the two rooms. The room was excavated 7/12–7/24/1956 by Frank Hole and Barbara Hole. Room Dimensions: The excavators did not record the dimensions of Room 86B in their notes. The following measurements are derived from the field map: north wall = 3.60 m; east wall = 2.45 m; south (dividing) wall = 4.10 m; west wall = 2.10 m. Wall Construction: Walls are constructed of banded, coursed masonry using bands of large, shaped tuff blocks separated by bands of smaller tuff chinking stones. The north (dividing) wall is footed on basalt blocks. Door: No doors are associated with Floor 1. Other Wall Openings: No other wall openings are associated with Floor 1. Wall Plaster: Evidence of burned plaster (associated with the end of the Maverick Mountain phase) is present. A second coat of plaster was applied over the burned layer. Floor: The floor is in poor condition, with evidence of settling in the center of the room. Hearth: There is a rectangular, slab-lined hearth present. The hearth is approximately 40 cm × 50 cm. Storage Pits: No storage pits are present. Postholes: No postholes are present. Other Floor Features: No other floor features are present. Roof: Roof plaster with shake impressions is in the floor fill. Artifacts: The excavators note the presence of a small number of artifacts in the fill and floor/floor-fill context. Additionally, ceramics are present. The following sherds are present in the fill and floor/floor-fill context: plain (smudged and unsmudged); red-slipped (smudged and unsmudged); and corrugated (plain,

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indented, obliterated, pattern indented, McDonald, Prieto, and Tularosa Fillet Rim). Painted sherds were typed and counted in the field (Table 5.2). The excavators note the following artifacts in the fill: one hematite axe, one hammerstone, three bone awls, one bear claw, one shell fragment (Cardium?), and one spindle whorl. On the floor/floor fill, the excavators note the following artifacts: six manos, one metate, one hoe, five bone awls, one bone knife, one rib knife, two turkey bones, one nassa shell (Nassarius sp.), one sulphur incrustation, and one red ware lug. Room 87, Floor 1 Room 87 is in the southeast end of the southern half of Room Block D. Floor 1 was established in the Maverick Mountain phase and continues to be occupied in the Canyon Creek phase. See Chapter 4 for details of the room. Room 89, Floor 1 Room 89 is in the southwest end of the northern half of Room Block D. Floor 1 was established in the Maverick Mountain phase and continues to be occupied in the Canyon Creek phase. See Chapter 4 for details of the room. Room 95, Floor 1 Room 95 is at the southern end of the southern half of Room Block D. It was formed when the roof fall from the Maverick Mountain phase fire (Floor 2) was leveled and a new floor was laid. Occupation in Room 95, Floor 1 continues into the Point of Pines phase, but the room is remodeled to accommodate the construction of Kiva 6 (see Chapter 6). The result is that some of the occupation associated with the Canyon Creek phase may be obscured. The room was excavated 6/17–8/3/1957 by Bente Lie, Dorothy Miner, and Ann Stofer. Room Dimensions: The excavators did not record the dimensions of the room. The following wall lengths are derived from the field map: north wall 1.75 m; east wall = 1.9 m; south wall 2.2 m; west wall = 1.12 m. Wall Construction: Walls are constructed of banded, coursed masonry set in mortar. Bands of large, shaped tuff blocks alternate with courses of smaller tuff stones. Door: There are two doors. The door in the south wall is sealed. The sill is 22 cm above the floor, and the door is 43 cm wide. The second door is in the east wall. The sill of the second door is 17 cm above Floor 1 and is 48 cm wide.

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Other Wall Openings: There are no other wall openings. Wall Plaster: Plaster is present on the walls. Floor: According to the running notes, Floor 1 is in good condition and hard. It is a yellow-to-brown color. Hearth: No hearth is present. Storage Pits: No storage pits are present. Postholes: No postholes are present in Floor 1. Other Floor Features: There is a groove in the floor about 1.30 m from the east wall extending approximately halfway into the room from the north wall. The function of the groove is unclear, but the excavators thought it might represent the base of a partition wall or storage bin. Roof: There is no evidence of the roof associated with Floor 1. Artifacts: The excavators note the presence of artifacts in the fill and floor/floor-fill contexts associated with Floor 1. Additionally, they note the presence of the following sherd types in the fill and floor/floor-fill context: plain (smudged and unsmudged); redslipped (smudged and unsmudged); and corrugated (Reserve and Point of Pines sequence, Tularosa Pattern Indented, McDonald Corrugated series, Prieto Corrugated, and Reserve and Tularosa Fillet Rim). Painted sherds were typed and counted in the field (Table 5.2). The excavators note the following artifacts in the fill: one metate, two stone balls, one projectile point, two drills, one piece of worked stone, one bone ring, two pieces of malachite, and one unrestorable Point of Pines Indented Corrugated jar. On the floor/floorfill level the excavators note the following artifacts: one mano, one arrow shaft smoother, one flanged drill, one shell bead, one quartz crystal, one clay dog effigy, and one miniature jar. Room 96, Floor 1 Room 96 is on the eastern edge of the southern half of Room Block D. Room 96, Floor 2, was burned at the end of the Maverick Mountain phase (Chapter 4). During the Canyon Creek phase, the burned roof fall is leveled; a new northern wall to the room is constructed on top of the roof fall (resulting in a smaller room); and Floor 1 is laid. The room was excavated 6/17–7/23/1957 by C. Mike Asch and Hattula Bray. Room Dimensions: The excavators did not record the room dimensions in their notes. The following wall lengths are derived from the field map: north (new) wall = 4.25 m; east wall = 2.30 m; south wall = 4.10 m; west wall = 2.175 m. Wall Construction: The walls are constructed of banded, coursed masonry with a band of large tuff stones followed by three courses of small tuff rock.

Door: There is a sealed, T-shaped door in the north (new) wall associated with Floor 1. The sill is on the floor. The door is 59 cm wide at the top and 38 cm wide at the bottom. Other Wall Openings: No other wall openings are associated with Floor 1. Wall Plaster: The north (new) wall has one layer of plaster that is unsmudged/unburned and soft. The other three walls have three layers of plaster. The bottom two layers are very hard and smudged/burned. The third layer is soft and unsmudged/unburned, similar to the north wall. Floor: The floor is uneven and disturbed by animal burrows. It is clearest along the south and east walls where it is hard. Hearth: The notes mention a rectangular hearth with no clay or stone lining, but the field map indicates it is oval. Storage Pits: No storage pits are present. Postholes: No postholes are present. Other Floor Features: No other floor features are present. Roof: Evidence of the roof associated with Floor 1 is absent. Artifacts: The excavators note a small number of artifacts in the fill and floor/floor-fill context of the room. Additionally, they note the following sherds in the fill and floor/floor-fill context: plain (smudged and unsmudged); red-slipped (smudged and unsmudged); and corrugated (Reserve and Point of Pines series, Tularosa and Point of Pines Pattern Indented Corrugated, McDonald series, Prieto Corrugated, and Tularosa Fillet Rim). Painted sherds were typed and counted in the field (Table 5.2). Artifacts the excavators identified in the fill above Floor 1 are as follows: four manos, two three-quarter grooved axes, one axe sharpening tool, one rubbing stone, one projectile point, one Glycymeris shell bracelet fragment, one stone pendant, one piece of malachite, one piece of red ocher, and one clay jar stopper. The excavators identify the following artifacts from the floor/floor fill: three manos, one hoe, and two bone awls. Room 98, Floor 1 Room 98 is in the southeast corner of the southern half of Room Block D. Room 98 represents new construction in Room Block D. The excavators suggest it is two stories high because of the remains of what appears to be a hearth in the middle of the roof fall. The plaster in the room is burned. The excavators originally assigned this room to the Maverick Mountain phase because of its location, it is two stories, and it is burned.

Canyon Creek Phase, aD 1300–1350 Table 5.5. Dated dendrochronological samples recovered from the roof fall of Room 98 (after Parker 1967) Level 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4

Species Ponderosa Ponderosa Ponderosa Ponderosa Ponderosa Ponderosa Ponderosa Ponderosa Ponderosa Ponderosa Ponderosa Ponderosa Ponderosa Ponderosa Ponderosa Ponderosa Ponderosa Ponderosa Ponderosa Ponderosa Ponderosa Ponderosa Ponderosa Ponderosa Ponderosa Ponderosa

Cutting Date

X

X

X

X

X X X X X

Dates 1242±p–1273vv 1242p–1273vv 1240–1267v 1234±p–1269vv 1244–1269vv 1240±p–1271vv 1241–1274r 1229–1276vv 1231–1279vv 1235p–1282r 1255–1282v 1238–1286vv 1210–1249vv 1195–1258r 1208–1258vv 1245–1265v 1223±p–1268vv 1242p–1272r 1243p–1272vv 1243p–1273v 1240–1274vv 1240±p–1274r 1240–1274r 1244–1274r 1254p–1282r 1261p–1287r

p = pith ring; B = Bark date; r = less than full section present, but the outermost ring is continuous around the circumference; v = a subjective judgment but probably within a few years of the cutting date; vv = no way of estimating how far the last ring is from the true outside of the tree.

However, the latest cutting dates of dendrochronological samples found in the fill is aD 1287 (Parker 1967; Table 5.5), suggesting that if Room 98 was built in the Maverick Mountain phase, it was late in that phase. The Canyon Creek phase is favored here because of the late polychromes, and Prieto Corrugated found on the floor, underneath the burned roof fall. As a result, the interpretation here is that the room may have been built very late in the Maverick Mountain phase but was occupied during the Canyon Creek and Point of Pines phases. The room burned while still in use. The room was excavated 6/16–7/18/1958 by Mary Sewell and Elizabeth Colvin. Room Dimensions: The excavators recorded the following wall lengths in their notes: north wall = 5.49 m; east wall = 2.60 m; south wall = 5.49 m; west wall = 2.60 m. Wall Construction: The walls are made of banded,

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coursed masonry with bands of large building blocks separated by three to five rows of small rocks/spalls. Door: There are three doors. The first is in the middle of the east wall and is 43 cm wide at the top, 40 cm wide at the bottom, and 56 cm high. The second is a sealed door in the west wall. Its sill is on the floor; it is 64 cm wide and 1.45 m high. The third door is also a sealed door in the west wall. Its sill, also on the floor, is 52 cm wide and 98 cm high. Other Wall Openings: There are no other wall openings listed on the field form but the running notes state there are two beam holes in the east wall and two beam holes in the west wall, all 1.6 m above the floor. Wall Plaster: Wall plaster is present on all four walls and is burned. Floor: The floor is in good condition and sits above a layer of trash. Hearth: No hearth is present on the floor. Storage Pits: No storage pits are present. Postholes: The field notes state there is one posthole in the northeast quadrant of the room. Additionally, there are two ladder holes in the center of the room. Other Floor Features: Four human skeletons were encountered in the excavation of the room consisting of one adult female, one adult male, one adult of indeterminate sex, and one child age 12–15. All four skeletons have evidence of burning. The field map of the room indicates they are on the floor, but the running field notes indicate they are actually in Level 3 of the fill. They do not appear to represent purposeful burials. The field notes also discuss a concentration of carrizo cane, plaster, and beams in alignment in the southeast corner of the room. This feature may represent a storage bin using timber construction rather than masonry. Roof: The burned roof fall indicates the roof consists of layers of burned cane and matting over mortar that covered beams. Dendrochronological sampling indicates the beams are primarily Ponderosa pine. Most of the beams are burned but some are only partially charred. The excavators suggest the incomplete burning was due to the smothering of the fire when the roof collapsed. The hearth noted in the introductory paragraph of this room is within this burned roof fall. Artifacts: The excavators note a large number of artifacts and sherds in the fill and floor/floor-fill context of the room (Table 5.6). The excavation notes state that the subfloor deposits consist of trash containing artifacts and ceramic sherds but do not list what artifacts or ceramics are present. According to the running field notes, a large amount of burned corn and matting, possibly representing storage trays/baskets,

Table 5.6. Artifacts and ceramics found in the fill and floor/floor-fill context of Room 98 Artifact

Fill

Ground and Pecked Stone mano handstone metate lap stone axe maul loaf-shaped tuff object stone ring/donut abrading stone rubbing stone smoothing stone floor polisher hoe corn sheller

9 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 1 1 4

Chipped Stone hammerstone blade flakes scraper [uniface?] cores Bone bone awl bone ring bone ring blank bird bone tube bone pendant scapula musical rasp antler flaker bone spatula tool fragments of sawed cannon bone

4 1 “a fair number” 3 “a few dozen”

2 1

Minerals and Pigments chalcedony rose paint stone (red and green)

1 1

Organic Material walnut textile fragment

1 1

Ceramics Plain, Red, and Textured brown, unsmudged brown, smudged red, unsmudged red, smudged plain ware with knobs

4

1

1 1 2

1

9 1 3 1 1 1 7 8 “several”

Ornaments shell bracelet Conus tinkler

Effigy ceramic animal effigy Ceramic Vessels plain ware bowl

Floor

1 1

228 202 222 55 2

97 76 110 36 0

Artifact

Fill

Floor

37 19 4 728 856 49

70 25 0 436 541 38

102 48 18

101 20 28

99 209 4 38 0

22 160 11 32 1

12 49 16 93

2 26 3 41

Red-on-Brown San Carlos Red-on-Brown

2

0

Red-on-Buff unidentified red-on-buff

0

2

Black-on-White Mimbres Boldface Black-on-White Pinedale Black-on-White Reserve Black-on-White Tularosa Black-on-White unidentified black-on-white Fourmile Black-on-Red

1 13 3 17 13 2

0 6 0 9 0 0

Black-on-Red Maverick Mountain Black-on-Red Pinedale Black-on-Red Pinto Black-on-Red Showlow Black-on-Red Wingate Black-on-Red

29 21 5 1 5

31 35 7 0 0

Polychrome Cedar Creek Polychrome Fourmile Polychrome Gila Polychrome Maverick Mountain Polychrome Nantack Polychrome Pinedale Polychrome Pinto Polychrome Point of Pines Polychrome Prieto Polychrome Showlow Polychrome St. Johns Polychrome Tucson Polychrome White Mountain body sherds

18 9 3 93 4 7 4 4 4 2 35 7 3

0 50 3 7 1 14 3 14 0 3 0 3 0

Reserve Plain Corrugated Reserve Indented Corrugated Tularosa Indented Corrugated Point of Pines Plain Corrugated Point of Pines Indented Corrugated Point of Pines Finger Indented Corrugated Point of Pines Obliterated Corrugated Tularosa Patterned Indented Corrugated Point of Pines Patterned Indented Corrugated McDonald Plain Corrugated McDonald Pattern Indented Corrugated McDonald Grooved Corrugated Prieto Corrugated Point of Pines Punctate Fillet Rim and White-on-Red Reserve Fillet Rim Tularosa Fillet Rim Tularosa Fillet Rim, White-on-Red Tularosa White-on-Red

Canyon Creek Phase, aD 1300–1350

175

Figure 5.5. Excavated rooms in the southern half of Room Block E (area surrounding the Great Kiva) dated to the Canyon Creek phase (compiled from field notes)

are present throughout the room, in addition to the material on the artifact lists. Room 99, Floor 1

See Chapter 4.

Room Block E Room Block E, including the rooms surrounding the Great Kiva, continues to be occupied during the Canyon Creek phase, though the walls move slightly on some rooms as the Great Kiva expands (Figure 5.5). Additionally, rooms around Kiva 2 continue to be occupied (Figure 5.6). When rooms continue from a previous phase without modification, the reader is referred to the chapter where they are initially reported. New rooms are constructed in both of these areas and to the west of Kiva 2, adjacent to the Great Wall.

Room 2, Floor 1 Room 2 is a newly constructed room in Room Block E near the southern end of the northern half of Room Block E. It is directly east of, and appended to, the Great Wall and directly south of Room 55. The excavation notes state some of the walls are only one course high, which may affect the ability to identify openings in the wall, but the floor and floor features are in good condition. The room was excavated 7/15–7/21/1947 by Alberto R. Gonzales. Room 2 subfloor was excavated 6/30–7/1/1948 by Hiroshi Daifuku and Stephan De Borhegyi. Room Dimensions: The excavator recorded the following wall lengths on the field form: north wall = 1.56 m; east wall = 3.40 m; south wall = 1.95 m; west wall = 3.40 m. Wall Construction: The excavator states the west wall (against the Great Wall) is crudely laid and consists of a small number of stones and a few boulders. The

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Chapter 5

Figure 5.6. Excavated rooms in the northern half of Room Block E (area surrounding Kiva 2) dated to the Canyon Creek phase (compiled from field notes)

other three walls consist of dressed tuff bocks. The south wall is double-course wide for a width of approximately 60 cm. Door: There is a door in the north wall. The sill is 32 cm above the floor 43 cm wide. Other Wall Openings: There are no other openings evident in the walls. Wall Plaster: Wall plaster, the same color as the mortar

used in wall construction, is present on all four walls. The plaster ranges from 1–2 cm thick. Floor: The field form states the floor is in good condition, but no description is provided. The floor sits above 50 cm of trash. Hearth: A rectangular, slab-lined hearth is present. The bottom of the hearth is lined with a flat sandstone slab.

Canyon Creek Phase, aD 1300–1350

Storage Pits: No storage pits are present. Postholes: No postholes are present. Other Floor Features: Burial 15 is below the floor at the south end of the room. The burial pit is dug through the floor but not plastered over. Therefore, the excavator argues the burial postdates the abandonment of the room, likely dating to the Point of Pines phase. Roof: No evidence of the roof is present. Artifacts: The excavator notes the presence of a small number of artifacts in the fill and in the subfloor deposits. Additionally, he notes the presence and counts of ceramics encountered. Artifacts noted in the fill are as follows: one axe, one arrow shaft polisher, and one stone bowl. The sherds noted in the fill are as follows: 11 corrugated (type not specified); five black-on-white (type not specified); six Fourmile Polychrome; one Zuni (Heshota [sic]) Polychrome; one unidentified polychrome; and one handle (type not specified). The excavator does not note any artifacts from the floor/floor-fill context but does list the following ceramic types: four red-slipped sherds; eight corrugated (type not specified); and three black-on-red (type not specified). Finally, the excavator lists the following artifacts and ceramic types for the subfloor excavation: one drill, one bone ring, one shell bead, one ceramic bead, one half of a large Pinedale Polychrome bowl, and one Pinedale Polychrome sherd. Room 3, Floor 1 Room 3 represents new construction in the Canyon Creek phase and is the southernmost room adjacent to the Great Wall, though it is not in direct contact with it. The room was excavated 7/16–7/30/1947 by Mary Chandler. Room Dimensions: The excavator did not record the room dimension on the field form. The following wall lengths are derived from the field map: north wall = 3.20 m; east wall = 2.2 m; south wall = 3.325, west wall = 2.3 m. Wall Construction: The excavator states that none of the corners is bounded, and all are constructed of banded, coursed masonry of tuff. Door: There is a sealed door in the north wall. The sill is 50 cm above the floor, 55 cm wide. Other Wall Openings: There is a sealed vent in the east wall. The bottom of the vent is 32 cm above the floor, and the vent is 28 cm × 28 cm. Wall Plaster: Adobe plaster is present on all four walls, approximately 1.0 cm thick. Floor: The floor is unplastered, packed earth and very irregular.

177

Hearth: A rectangular hearth (55 cm × 45 cm) is present. It is not slab-lined and is filled with ash. Storage Pits: No storage pits are present. Postholes: No postholes are present. Other Floor Features: No other floor features are present. Roof: There is approximately 10 cm of roof adobe/ mortar lying above the floor imprinted by split pine slabs approximately 4 cm in width. Artifacts: The excavator notes a single mano in the floor/floor fill. In the subfloor test, one mano and one polishing stone are present. Also present in the fill, floor/floor fill, and subfloor matrix are a number of ceramic sherds that were typed and counted in the field (Table 5.7). Hargrave’s (1970) analysis of macaw remains from the site indicates the presence of the left humerus in the fill. Room 9, Floor 1

See Chapter 2. Room 10, Floor 1 Room 10 is on the northwest corner of the Great Kiva. It is directly west of Room 16, to which it is connected by a door. The information on the field form is limited and, in some cases, contradicts the field map drawn by the excavators. When this occurs, the field map is given primacy over the field form because of its greater level of detail. The room was excavated 7/23–8/6/1947 by Edith Sykes. Room Dimensions: The excavator recorded the following lengths for the room walls: north wall = 4.40 m; east wall = 3.60 m; south wall = 4.05 m; west wall = 3.58 m. Wall Construction: The excavator states the walls are made of a combination of tuff blocks, smaller stones, and mud mortar. Door: The field form states there is no door, but the field map shows a door in the east wall. Other Wall Openings: There are no other wall openings. Wall Plaster: A tan plaster, 1 cm thick, is present on the walls. Floor: There is no description of the floor in the field notes. Hearth: A rectangular, slab-lined hearth is present. The hearth is 17 cm deep and 58 cm × 55 cm. Storage Pits: There are no storage pits present. Postholes: There are no postholes present. Other Floor Features: There are no other floor features present. Roof: Roof clay with impressions of reeds and grass is in the roof fall. Artifacts: The excavator notes that one axe and one pot (type not specified) are present on the floor.

Table 5.7. Painted ceramics noted by the excavators from the fill and floor / floor-fill contexts of rooms in Room Block E Room 3, Floor 1 Type Plain, Red, and Textured plain brown plain brown, smudged red red, smudged red, incised Tularosa Red other plain ware “Red Hammered” Pine Flat Neck Corrugated Pine Flat neck Punched Corrugated Three Circle Neck Corrugated corrugated (type unspecified) plain corrugated plain corrugated, smudged indented corrugated indented corrugated, smudged obliterated corrugated pattern indented corrugated incised corrugated grooved corrugated tooled rim corrugated red-slipped corrugated red-slipped corrugated, smudged Point of Pines Plain Corrugated Point of Pines Indented Corrugated Point of Pines Obliterated Corrugated Point of Pines Patterned Indented Corrugated Reserve Plain Corrugated Reserve Indented Corrugated Reserve Punched Corrugated Reserve Incised Corrugated Tularosa Patterned Indented Corrugated McDonald Corrugated McDonald Patterned Indented Corrugated McDonald Grooved Corrugated Prieto Corrugated Point of Pines Punctate unidentified painted corrugated Fillet Rim and White-on-Red Reserve Fillet Rim Tularosa Fillet Rim Tularosa Fillet Rim White-on-Red Tularosa White-on-Red unidentified white-on-red

Fill

Floor

55 46 5 10

3 33 16 2

Subfloor 18

15

Room 10, Floor 1 Fill

Floor Fill

25 32 88 43

4 11 2 11

Floor 9 3 4 127

Room 30, Floor 1 Fill

Floor Fill

2 2

3 4

Room 33, Floor 1 Fill

1 1 1

Room 46, Floor 2

Floor Fill Fill/Floor 10 17 3 5

33 18 11 1

1 10

109 80

75 22

360

140

127

10

3

1

10

25 95

10

8

3

12

3

1

7 1

1 16

5

7

3

11

11

8

1

2

68

1 1

5 2

4

7

1

8 16 41 44 4 4 4

7

2

1 1

1 2

1

11

2

4

1

1

Table 5.7. (cont’d.) Painted ceramics noted by the excavators from the fill and floor / floor-fill contexts of rooms in Room Block E Room 3, Floor 1 Type

Fill

Floor

Subfloor

Room 10, Floor 1 Fill

Red-on-Plain and Red-on-Brown Encinas Red-on-Brown San Carlos Red-on-Brown

1 1

Red-on-Buff Sacaton Red-on-Buff

1

Black-on-White Kayenta Black-on-White Mimbres Black-on-White Pinedale Black-on-White Reserve Black-on-White Tularosa Black-on-White unidentified black-on-white Black-on-Red Fourmile Black-on-Red Gila Black-on-Red Maverick Mountain Black-on-Red Pinto Black-on-Red Pinedale Black-on-Red Pinto Black-on-Red Wingate Black-on-Red Polychrome Cedar Creek Polychrome Fourmile Polychrome Gila Polychrome Heshotauthla Polychrome Maverick Mountain Polychrome Nantack Polychrome Pinedale Polychrome Pinto Polychrome Prieto Polychrome Querino Polychrome Showlow Polychrome St. Johns Polychrome Tonto Polychrome Tucson Polychrome Willow Mountain Polychrome miscellaneous White Mountain Red Ware body sherds unidentified polychrome

Floor Fill

Floor

Room 30, Floor 1 Fill

Floor Fill

Room 33, Floor 1 Fill

Room 46, Floor 2

Floor Fill Fill/Floor

2

1

6

5

1

8 1

10

1

1

9

3

19

1

70

60 84 23

3

2 2 2

6

1

2 1

1

2

1 3 3

1

5 1

1

5 1 4

1

1 1

20

1

4

2

1

4 5

1

3

2

3 9

2

1

6 22 5

4

3

1

1 4

Table 5.7. (cont’d.) Painted ceramics noted by the excavators from the fill and floor/floor-fill contexts of rooms in Room Block E Room 94, Floor 1 Type Plain, Red, and Textured plain brown plain brown, smudged red red, smudged red, incised Tularosa Red other plain ware “Red Hammered” Pine Flat Neck Corrugated Pine Flat Neck Punched Corrugated Three Circle Neck Corrugated corrugated (type unspecified) plain corrugated plain corrugated, smudged indented corrugated indented corrugated, smudged obliterated corrugated pattern indented corrugated incised corrugated grooved corrugated tooled rim corrugated red-slipped corrugated red slipped corrugated, smudged Point of Pines Plain Corrugated Point of Pines Indented Corrugated Point of Pines Obliterated Corrugated Point of Pines Patterned Indented Corrugated Reserve Plain Corrugated Reserve Indented Corrugated Reserve Punched Corrugated Reserve Incised Corrugated Tularosa Patterned Indented Corrugated McDonald Corrugated McDonald Patterned Indented Corrugated McDonald Grooved Corrugated Prieto Corrugated Point of Pines Punctate unidentified painted corrugated Fillet Rim and White-on-Red Reserve Fillet Rim Tularosa Fillet Rim Tularosa Fillet Rim White-on-Red Tularosa White-on-Red unidentified white-on-red

Room 104, Floor 2

Room 105, Floor 1

Fill

Floor

Floor

Fill

Floor

Subfloor

188 120 105 148

2 1 1 1

61 69 41 15

81 62 47 23

54 56 67 47 2

24 7 7 3 1

1 2 1 4 8

1

5

1 1 1

321 518 21 22 105 161 3 9 18 55 39 12 53 5 19

16 11

138 143 28 2 74 102

125 223 6 1 25 71

130 231 10 3 13 20

13 60

7 36 9 14 1 16 1

3 4 10 10 2 11

1 8 17 39 1 14

1 1 11 4

7 38

8 5

1 8 6

5

2

2 2

1 7 11

8 10

1

14 2 1

1 3

Table 5.7. (cont’d.) Painted ceramics noted by the excavators from the fill and floor/floor-fill contexts of rooms in Room Block E Room 94, Floor 1 Type

Fill

Red-on-Plain, Red-on-Brown Encinas Red-on-Brown San Carlos Red-on-Brown

1

Red-on-Buff Sacaton Red-on-Buff

1

Black-on-White Kayenta Black-on-White Mimbres Black-on-White Pinedale Black-on-White Reserve Black-on-White Tularosa Black-on-White unidentified black-on-white Black-on-Red Fourmile Black-on-Red Gila Black-on-Red Maverick Mountain Black-on-Red Pinedale Black-on-Red Pinto Black-on-Red Wingate Black-on-Red Polychrome Cedar Creek Polychrome Fourmile Polychrome Gila Polychrome Heshotauthla Polychrome Maverick Mountain Polychrome Nantack Polychrome Pinedale Polychrome Pinto Polychrome Prieto Polychrome Querino Polychrome Ramos Polychrome Showlow Polychrome St. Johns Polychrome Tonto Polychrome Tucson Polychrome Willow Mountain Polychrome miscellaneous White Mountain Red Ware body sherds unidentified polychrome

Room 104, Floor 2

Floor

Floor

Room 105, Floor 1 Fill

2

Floor

1

Subfloor

2

1 22 40 20 6

3

10 11

6

4

3 5

13 6

36 8

12 2

1 4 16 41 5

1 6 65 23

53 1 1

27

19 45 39

13 15 2

25 44 21

23 45 21

28 1 5

3

1 7 10 13

24 3 45 13 1

1

12 1

7

1

3

1 1 1

1 1 2

2 1 1

1 17

5 15

1 9

1 2

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Additionally, ceramics are present in the fill, floor fill (20 cm above the floor), and floor context. These were typed and counted in the field (Table 5.7). Room 12, Floor 1 Room 12 is on the west side of the north end of Room Block E. Its west wall is appended to the Great Wall of the pueblo, and it is the farthest north of the rooms in this area. Room 12 is directly north of Room 56. The room was excavated 7/25–8/2/1947 by Alberto Rex Gonzalez. Room Dimensions: The excavator did not record the dimensions of the room in his notes, but the following wall lengths are derived from the field map: north wall = 2.25 m; east wall = 3.60 m; south wall = 2.10 m; west wall = 3.875 m. Wall Construction: The walls are made of coursed masonry. The east wall is dominated by large, shaped stones but no shaped stones are in the north wall. The south and west walls consist of a mixture of small and large stones, some of which are shaped. Door: There is a door in the north wall. The sill of the door is 45 cm above the floor, and the door is 1.09 m wide. The room map indicates a sealed door is present in the west wall, but it is not discussed in the field notes or on the field form. Other Wall Openings: There are no other wall openings. Wall Plaster: Wall plaster is present on the east wall and is 2 cm thick. Floor: Plaster is present on the floor, but it is very irregular and missing in several places. Hearth: A rectangular, slab-lined hearth is present in the center of the room. The hearth measures 49 cm × 41 cm and is 10 cm deep. Three of the slab liners are manos. The bottom of the hearth is burned clay. Storage Pits: No storage pits are present. Postholes: No postholes are present. Other Floor Features: No other features are present on the floor. However, Burial 21 is in the postabandonment fill 1.5 m above the floor and likely dates to the Point of Pines phase. Roof: No evidence of the roof exists. Artifacts: The field notes do not discuss any ceramics present in the fill, floor/floor-fill, or subfloor context other than to say that pottery was present. The excavator notes the following artifacts from the fill: four manos, two axes, one arrow shaft polisher, one ball, one rubbing stone, one unspecified piece of ground stone, two hoes, two projectile points, one hammerstone, two stone drills, one notched blade, one bone awl, one bone flaker, one antler flaker, one shell bead, one figurine ladle handle, and one Kinishba bowl.

Room 14, Floor 1 Room 14 is on the east side of the Great Kiva; the south wall of Room 14 forms the entrance into the Great Kiva from the formal Plaza. The room was constructed and occupied during the Canyon Creek phase and appears to be abandoned at the end of this phase. The room was excavated in 1947 and 1948, though the dates within these years are not clear. Excavation and notes were compiled by Fred Wendorf, Barton Wright, Elisabeth Tooker, Wilma Kaemlein, Amos Pike, Bryant Bannister, and Ted Danson. Room Dimensions: The excavators did not record the room dimensions. The following wall lengths are derived from the 1948 room map: north wall = 3.50 m; east wall = 3.74 m; south wall = 3.9 m; west wall = 3.625 m. Wall Construction: The walls of the room have largely collapsed but appear to have been constructed of banded, coursed masonry. The building material appears to be largely tuff, though the west wall appears to be footed on basalt stones. The south face of the south wall (facing the passage from the formal Plaza to the Great Kiva) is banded masonry, but the north side of the wall (facing into the room) has a veneer of small tuff stones. Door: No doors are present. Other Wall Openings: No other openings are in the walls. Wall Plaster: Wall plaster is present. Floor: The excavators state the floor is hard-packed soil and may represent several floors superimposed upon each other with no fill between. This condition would indicate maintenance and repair of the floor during the period of its use. Hearth: A rectangular, slab-lined hearth is present. A basalt slab is used on the south side of the hearth, and sandstone slabs are used elsewhere. The hearth is filled with ash. Storage Pits: No storage pits are present. Postholes: No postholes are present. Other Floor Features: No other floor features are present. Roof: No evidence of the roof exists. Artifacts: The excavators note the presence of several artifacts in the fill and floor/floor-fill context of the room. Ceramics are also present, but the presence of diagnostic types is listed with no counts. No subfloor or floor/floor-fill context types are listed. The excavators note the following artifacts from the fill: three axes, one shaped (“phallic”) stone, three stone balls, six polishing stones, one digging tool, one projectile point, one hammerstone, two

Canyon Creek Phase, aD 1300–1350

chipped blades, one bone needle, one worked bone, and one “nature pot.” One projectile point is noted in floor/floor-fill context. The following painted ceramic types are noted in the fill: McDonald Corrugated; Tularosa Blackon-White; Pinedale Black-on-Red (common); Cedar Creek polychrome; Fourmile Polychrome; and Pinedale Polychrome. Room 15, Floor 1

See Chapter 3. Room 16, Floor 1

See Chapter 4. Room 17, Floor 1

See Chapter 4. Room 21, Floor 1

See Chapter 3. Room 23, Floor 1

See Chapter 3. Room 26, Floor 1

See Chapter 4. Room 30, Floor 1 Room 30 is on the south side of the Great Kiva. It is directly south of Room 9 and connected to it by a door. The excavators originally suggested that Room 30 represents a remodeling that divided Room 9 in half. They do not provide data to support this contention, but it may be that the north wall of Room 30 abuts both the east and west wall. However, no data supports this conclusion, and the stratigraphic profile and wall construction indicate new construction. The room was abandoned at the end of the Canyon Creek phase. Excavation in the room occurred 8/17–8/19/1948 by Donald Lehmer, Charles DiPeso, and Harry Pike. Room Dimensions: The excavators recorded the following wall lengths in their notes: north wall = 3.52 m; east wall = 1.05 m; south wall = 3.58 m; west wall = 1.37 m. Wall Construction: Walls are constructed of banded, coursed masonry, except the north wall where it is a mixture of banded and nonbanded/rubble masonry. The building material is dominated by roughly shaped tuff stones. The footings of the south and west wall are of basalt rather than tuff stones. Door: There is a door 36 cm wide in the north wall.

183

Other Wall Openings: There are no other wall openings. Wall Plaster: Wall plaster is present. Floor: The floor consists of adobe plaster. Hearth: No hearth is present. Storage Pits: No storage pits are present. Postholes: No postholes are present. Other Floor Features: No other floor features are present. Roof: No evidence of the roof is present. Artifacts: A small number of artifacts are noted by the excavators from the floor/floor-fill context. Additionally, a small number of ceramic sherds are noted from the fill and floor/floor-fill context; these were typed and counted in the field (Table 5.7). The excavators note the presence of the following artifacts from the floor/floor fill: one bone ring, one bone needle, one bone spatula, and one pottery polisher. Room 33, Floor 1 Room 33 is on the southern edge of Kiva 2 in the northern half of Room Block E. It was constructed during the Canyon Creek phase and continues to be occupied into the Point of Pines phase. Beneath Floor 1 are a series of structures built on a different footprint. The room was excavated 5/17–7/6/1949 by Stanley Hamper and William Wasley. Room Dimensions: The excavators recorded the following wall lengths for the room: north wall = 4.75 m; east wall 2.40 m; south wall = 4.4 m; west wall = 2.56 m. All walls except the south wall stood 1 m high at the time of excavation. Wall Construction: The south and west walls consist of banded, coursed masonry and are 35 cm and 25 cm thick respectively. The north and east wall are coursed masonry but more irregular in their banding; their thickness ranges from 20–25 cm. Door: There may have been a door in the south wall. Specifically, Room 25 (directly to the south) was excavated in 1948 and had a door in its north wall. The sill was 34 cm above the floor, and it was 42 cm wide and 51 cm high. However, this wall crumbled over the winter and was not present in 1949 when Room 33 was excavated. Room 25 is not occupied during the Canyon Creek phase but is occupied during the Point of Pines phase (Room 33 continues to be occupied during this phase). Other Wall Openings: There are no other wall openings. Wall Plaster: A layer of plaster 3–4 cm thick is present on all four walls. Floor: No description of the floor is provided by the excavators other than to say that the wall plaster on the

184

Chapter 5

west wall coves out to the floor, suggesting the floor was plastered as well. Hearth: No hearth is present. Storage Pits: No storage pits are present. Postholes: Two large postholes are present. The posthole at the east end of the room is 70 cm in diameter and 20 cm in depth. The posthole at the west end of the room is 50 cm in diameter and 22 cm in depth. Other Floor Features: No other floor features are present. Roof: No evidence of the roof other than the postholes is present. Artifacts: The excavators note a small number of artifacts in the fill but state there are none on the floor or in the floor fill. They also typed and counted the sherds present in the fill and floor/floor-fill context of the room (Table 5.7). The excavators note the following artifacts in the fill: two grooved handstones, one abrading tool, one projectile point, three scrapers [uniface?], one bone, and one piece of worked bone. Room 34, Floor 1

See Chapter 3.

Door: There is a door 40 cm wide in the middle of the east wall opening into Kiva 2. According to the running notes, plaster from the walls wraps around the edges of the door, indicating the connection between Kiva 2 and Room 46 was deliberate and maintained. Other Wall Openings: The excavator’s notes state there is a possible door in the west wall, but that the wall is missing above the base course. Therefore, it is difficult to evaluate this suggestion. Wall Plaster: Mud plaster is present on the walls. The excavator states there is evidence of at least two replasterings (three levels in total), indicating ongoing room maintenance. Floor: The running notes state the floor is plastered. Hearth: No hearth is present. Storage Pits: No storage pit is present. Postholes: No postholes are present. Other Floor Features: No other floor features are present. Roof: No evidence of the roof exists. Artifacts: The excavator states that no artifacts are associated with Floor 2. Ceramics were identified in the fill/floor fill and typed and counted in the field (Table 5.7). The amount of fill between Floors 1 and 2 is minimal, thus the fill and floor are combined.

Room 35, Floor 1

See Chapter 4. Room 46, Floor 2 Room 46 is on the west side of Kiva 2 in the northern end of Room Block E. It is connected to Kiva 2 by a door in the east wall. The room was originally established during the Early Tularosa phase (Chapter 2), occupied through the Late Tularosa phase, and remodeled with a new floor (Floor 3) during the Pinedale phase (Chapter 4). The Canyon Creek phase occupation represents another remodel with another new floor (Floor 2). The excavator suggests that during the Canyon Creek and subsequent Point of Pines phases Room 46 may have served as either an entry way or storage/staging room for Kiva activity. The room was excavated 6/20–7/18/1950 by Paul E. MacCready. Room Dimensions: The excavator did not record the lengths of the walls. The following wall lengths are derived from the field map: north wall = 2.00 m; east wall = 3.95 m; south wall = 1.95 m; west wall = 3.90 m. Wall Construction: The excavator states walls are made of banded, coursed masonry with considerable amounts of mud mortar. Specifically, there are alternating bands of large and small stones. However, the room map of the wall profiles indicates rubble masonry rather than banded masonry. The primary building material is tuff, and the large stones are often shaped.

Room 53, Floor 1 Room 53 is on the western edge of the Great Kiva. The room was built during the Canyon Creek phase and continues to be occupied through the Point of Pines phase. It was excavated 6/18–7/9/1951 by Carol Abell and M. Virginia Gould. Room Dimensions: The excavators did not record the lengths of the walls in their notes. The following measures are derived from the room map: north wall = 3.80 m; east wall = 2.90 m; south wall = 3.80 m; west wall = 2.80 m. Wall Construction: The east wall (which abuts the Great Kiva) consists of a tuff block veneer with a rubble core between the veneer and the Great Kiva wall. The other three walls are banded, coursed masonry. Door: No door is present. Other Wall Openings: No other wall openings are present. Wall Plaster: Wall plaster is present with coving of the plaster from the walls onto the floor. Floor: The condition of the floor is poor, but the coving of the plaster from the wall onto the floor suggests the floor was plastered. Hearth: No hearth is present. Storage Pits: No storage pits are present. Postholes: The field notes state two postholes are present, both in the western part of the room. The room map, however, indicates there is one posthole (depth

Canyon Creek Phase, aD 1300–1350

[169.236.78.20] Project MUSE (2024-03-14 19:24 GMT) University of California, Merced

46 cm, diameter 23 cm) and one depression (no measurements given, floor map suggests a diameter of 50 cm). Other Floor Features: No other floor features are present. Roof: Roofing plaster is present in the fill and has impressions of shakes. It is made of a brown, silty clay. Artifacts: The excavators note the presence of a number of artifacts in the fill and floor/floor-fill context (subfloor is Pithouse 2, see Chapter 2). In terms of ceramic sherds, a complete list and counts were not recorded, but the excavators state both the fill and floor are dominated by Fourmile Polychrome and Gila Polychrome, with smaller amounts of Tularosa/ Reserve Black-on-White present on the floor. The following artifacts are noted by the excavators in the fill: five manos, one grinding stone, one grooved stone, one rubbing stone, one digging stone, four projectile points, one hammerstone, one worked flake, two scrapers [unifaces?], two drills, one anvil, one piece of worked bone, one pottery foot figurine, one miniature bowl, and one miniature jar. In the floor/floor-fill context, the following artifacts are noted: two manos, one polishing stone, one projectile point, one scraper [uniface?], one chopper, one bone awl, one cake of hematite, one quartz crystal, one animal effigy, one miniature vessel, and one base of a pot. Room 55, Floors 1 and 2 Room 55 was constructed and occupied during the Canyon Creek phase and is in the middle of the line of rooms adjacent to the Great Wall. It is directly south of Room 56, north of Room 2, and its west wall is built against the Great Wall. The information on Floor 1 is minimal — one paragraph in the running notes — and somewhat contradictory. Specifically, in the running field notes, the excavators state that Rooms 2 and 55 may have originally been one room (Floor 2 of both rooms) that was then subdivided, with original construction and remodeling all occurring during the Canyon Creek phase. However, the wall between the two rooms extends to the same level as the other walls of the room, and the room report for Room 2 does not mention this possibility. No information other than artifact distribution is available for Floor 2, and all aspects of the construction and features noted below are associated with Floor 1. It is possible, that Floor 2 was an extramural space, but it is interpreted here as an early floor in Room 55 that was replastered to form Floor 1 during the Canyon Creek phase. The room was excavated 6/18–6/21/1951 by Pat M. Wheat. Room Dimensions: The excavator did not record the

185

wall lengths in the notes. The following wall lengths are determined from the field map of the room: north wall = 1.70, east wall = 1.50 m; south wall = 1.70 m; west wall = 1.40 m. Wall Construction: The east wall is described as banded masonry, with the lowest/footing course made of large basalt boulders. The second and third courses are of roughly shaped tuff blocks. It is not stated but implied that they are smaller in size. The fourth course is large, shaped tuff blocks. The other three walls are rubble masonry that lack banding. Door: The excavator states there is a door in the south wall, but, “Exact position indeterminate because of prior wall collapse.” No dimensions are given nor is it present on the wall profiles. As such, it is unclear whether a door is present. The conservative approach is to assume no door is present. Other Wall Openings: No other openings in the wall are present. Wall Plaster: A pebbly mortar plaster is present on the walls. Floor: Floor 1 is uneven and in very poor condition. What is present appears to be packed earth. Floor 2 is also in poor condition and highly disturbed by animal burrows. Hearth: A burned area is near the center of the room. The excavator interprets this as a circular, unlined (with clay or stone slabs) hearth. Storage Pits: No storage pits are present. Postholes: No postholes are present. Other Floor Features: No other floor features are present. Roof: Clay, interpreted as roofing clay, is present in the roof/wall fall. No impressions are present in the clay. Artifacts: The excavator notes the presence of artifacts in the fill above Floor 1, in the fill between Floors 1 and 2, and beneath Floor 2. The map of Floor 1 also notes the presence of artifacts. Ceramics were present but not counted. Diagnostic types are listed in the field notes. From the fill above Floor 1, the excavator notes the following artifacts: one piece of shaped stone, three grooved stones, one abrading stone, one grinding or polishing stone, two polishing stones, two projectile points, hammerstones, one scraper [uniface?], two choppers, one shell bracelet fragment, and four fragmentary pottery discs. The following ceramic types are noted (most to least common): corrugated wares (types unspecified); Fourmile Polychrome; Gila Polychrome; plain red ware; plain brown ware; black-on-white (type not specified); Tularosa Fillet Rim; Gila Black-onRed; Point of Pines Punctate; Maverick Mountain Black-on-Red; and Heshota [sic] (Zuni glaze ware).

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On the map, the following artifacts are noted in contact with Floor 1: three manos, one unfired clay pot plug, and a cluster of sherds (types not stated). In the fill between Floors 1 and 2 and in contact with Floor 2, the following artifacts are noted: three manos, one polishing stone, one chopper, one piece of specular hematite, one ceramic quadruped figurine, one unfired clay plug, and one black-on-white pottery handle. Ceramics noted for the area between Floors 1 and 2 are plain brown ware; smudged red wares; unsmudged red ware; corrugated wares (types unspecified); Tularosa Fillet Rim; smudged white-onred; black-on-white (types unspecified); Nantack Polychrome; and St. Johns Polychrome. Beneath Floor 2 but above the deposits associated with Pithouse 2, the following artifacts are noted: one hoe, one piece of worked stone, one projectile point, one scraper [uniface?], one lump of clay with matting impressions, and charred corn and beans. The ceramics noted in the sub-Floor 2 deposits are plain brown ware; smudged red ware; unsmudged red wares; corrugated wares (types unspecified); Tularosa Fillet Rim; unsmudged white-on-red; smudged white-on-red; unidentified polychromes; black-on-white (types unspecified); Pinedale Blackon-Red; Fourmile Polychrome; Maverick Mountain Polychrome; Nantack Polychrome; St. Johns Polychrome; Pinedale Polychrome; Willow Mountain Polychrome; and unidentified polychromes. Room 56, Floor 1 Room 56 was constructed and occupied during the Canyon Creek phase and is in the middle of the line of rooms adjacent to the Great Wall. Room 56 is directly south of Room 12, north of Room 55, and its west wall is built against the Great Wall. It should be mentioned that at times the excavator notes several floors and at others only one floor. The room profiles show only one floor, and this evidence is given primacy here. The room was excavated 6/18–6/21/1951 by Janet Kessinger. Room Dimensions: The excavator does not list the wall lengths in the notes, but the following measures are derived from the field map: north wall = 1.50 m; east wall = 2.75 m; south wall = 1.65 m; west wall = 2.20 m. Wall Construction: The east wall is made of banded basalt and tuff block. The remaining three walls are rubble masonry largely lacking a banded pattern. All of the walls use large amounts of mud mortar. The northeast corner is bonded, rather than abutted. Door: A sealed door is present in the east wall. The sill is 17 cm above the floor, 49 cm wide.

Other Wall Openings: No other wall openings are present. Wall Plaster: A pebbly plaster, approximately 3 cm thick, is present on the walls. Floor: The floor is made of clay plaster. Hearth: The notes state there is no hearth, but the field map indicates a rectangular, slab-lined hearth near the center of the room. Storage Pits: No storage pits are present. Postholes: No postholes are present. Other Floor Features: No other floor features are present. Roof: Roofing clay, some with shake impressions, is found throughout the fill. Artifacts: The excavator notes a small number of artifacts in the fill and in the floor fill, further stating that only a “sample” of the sherds encountered during excavation was examined for type. The following artifacts are noted in the fill: one mano, one arrow shaft straightener, three abrading stones, and two hammerstones. The artifacts noted in the floor fill are as follows: two manos, one arrow shaft straightener, one hoe blade, and one turquoise bead. The subfloor deposits contain the following artifacts: one mano, one basin metate, one arrow shaft straightener, one bone ring, and one pottery polisher. Ceramic types noted in the fill and floor/floor fill are as follows: plain wares (smudged and unsmudged); red ware (smudged and unsmudged); corrugated (type not specified); McDonald Corrugated; Point of Pines Punctate; Tularosa Fillet Rim; Tularosa Red-on-White; Encinas Red-on-Brown; Tularosa Black-on-White; Pinedale Black-on-Red; Fourmile Polychrome; Gila Polychrome; Pinedale Polychrome; St. Johns Polychrome; and Tucson Polychrome. Room 58, Floor 1

See Chapter 4. Room 94, Floor 1 Room 94 is on the northeast corner of Kiva 2. It is directly south of Room 101/102, to which it is connected by a door, and north of Room 46. There is also a door in the east wall. There has been a room in this area of Room Block E since the Early Tularosa phase, though it has gone through several remodels. Floor 1 is the latest remodel, is constructed during the Canyon Creek phase, and continues to be occupied into the Point of Pines phase. The room was excavated 6/17–7/5/1957 by Keith Otterbein and Alfred Hoerth. Room Dimensions: The excavators did not list the wall

Canyon Creek Phase, aD 1300–1350

lengths in their notes but the following measurements are derived from the field map: north wall = 4.60 m; east wall = 3.5 m; south wall = 4.55 m; west wall = 3.7 m. Wall Construction: Only two building stones in the room are basalt, all others are tuff. The south wall has a break in the center of the wall where the construction changes from rubble masonry to banded, coursed masonry. The other three walls are made of banded, coursed masonry, with alternating bands of large stones and smaller stones in an irregular sequence. Door: There are two doors. The first is a sealed door 39 cm wide in the east wall. There is a door 48 cm wide in the north wall. Other Wall Openings: There are six niches in the walls: one in the south wall, two in the west wall, and three in the east wall. Wall Plaster: Plaster is present on the walls. Floor: The floor is level and hard, but there is some disturbance due to animal burrows. Hearth: There is a roughly rectangular, slab-lined hearth with flat stones lining the bottom. There is also a circular burned/ash area just west of the hearth. The burned area has a 40 cm diameter. Storage Pits: No storage pits are present. Postholes: Two postholes are present, one on either side of the hearth. Other Floor Features: No other floor features are present. Roof: There is no evidence of the roof other than the postholes. Artifacts: The excavators note the following artifacts on the floor on the field map: eight manos, three axes, one arrow shaft straightener, one abrading stone, one rubbing stone, two worked stones, one piece of worked quartzite, one small brown ware pot, and one small corrugated pot. The excavators typed and counted the sherds recovered from the fill and floor/ floor fill associated with Floor 1 (Table 5.7). Room 101/102, Floor 2

See Chapter 3. Room 104, Floor 2 Construction in Room 104 during the Canyon Creek phase represents considerable remodeling of the structure and occupation during the Early and Late Tularosa phases. The Canyon Creek phase construction is laid on a new footprint, with new walls footed on overlying trash. This new room is occupied, with a new floor, into the Point of Pines phase. The room is in the center of

187

the northern portion of Room Block E, directly west of Rooms 94 and 46. Unfortunately, all three occupation floors are recorded on a single room excavation form, which can make it difficult to relate descriptions to specific floors. When there is confusion in the description, or when descriptions contradict the floor map for the room, the map is given primacy. The room was excavated 7/13–7/17/1958 by C. Mike Asch and Robert Nichols. Room Dimensions: The excavators did not record the dimensions of the room. Based on the field map, the wall lengths are as follows: north wall = 3.80 m; east wall = 4.75 m; south wall = 3.80 m; west wall = 4.75 m. Wall Construction: The walls are made of banded, coursed masonry. The footing layer is of basalt boulders followed by a band of large, shaped tuff blocks and then three bands of smaller tuff stones. The northwest corner is bonded; the rest abut. Door: No door is present. Other Wall Openings: A small ventilation hole is in the east wall, into Room 94. The hole is 33 cm wide, 25 cm high, and its base is 45 cm above the floor. Wall Plaster: One layer of gray wall plaster in good condition is present. Floor: The excavators describe Floor 2 as hard, uneven packed earth with a layer of ash covering it. Hearth: No hearth is present. Storage Pits: No storage pits are present. Postholes: No postholes are present in Floor 2. Other Floor Features: No other floor features are present. Roof: No evidence of the roof is present. Artifacts: The excavators note the presence of a number of artifacts associated with Floor 2. They also identify and count ceramic sherds associated with Floor 2 (Table 5.7). The Floor 2 artifacts are as follows: four manos, one handstone, one bell-pestle-shaped stone, one axe, two stone balls (one tuff, one basalt), one stone cylinder, two rubbing stones, one smoothing stone, one piece of worked stone, one worked quartz pebble, one hoe fragment, one hammerstone, one chipped blade, seven bone awls, one bone ring fragment, two sawed long-bone fragments, one bone ring blank, one flaker fragment, one scapula scraper, two red paint lumps, three shell bracelet fragments, one ceramic animal effigy, and two spindle whorls. Room 105, Floor 1 Room 105 represents new construction at the north end of Room Block E during the Canyon Creek phase. It is abandoned at the end of the phase. The room is at the northeast corner of Room 101/102. The field notes

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Chapter 5

consist of the room excavation form, the floor map, running notes describing day to day activities, and a room summary. The field forms, running notes, and floor map are in agreement regarding the features found, but the summary discussion in the field notes directly contradicts and is not supported by the field documentation. Therefore, information from the room summary is not included here. The room was excavated 7/7–7/19/1958 by Bernard Mergen and David Taggart. Room Dimensions: The excavators recorded the following measurements for the walls of Room 105: north wall = 3.31 m; east wall = 3.68 m; south wall = 3.37 m; west wall = 3.58 m. Wall Construction: The walls are constructed of banded, coursed masonry in which bands of large tuff building stones alternate with bands of small stones. Door: No door is present. Other Wall Openings: The notes state there is a vent in the east wall but provide no details. Wall Plaster: Plaster is present on the walls. Floor: No description of the floor is given. Hearth: A rectangular hearth is near the center of the room. It is 19 cm deep and measures 48 cm × 60 cm. Storage Pits: No storage pits are present. Postholes: Two postholes are present, one in the north half of the room and one in the south half of the room. Other Floor Features: A metate bin with room for three metates is in the southeast corner of the room. Roof: Roofing clay is present in the roof/wall fall of the room. Artifacts: The excavators note a large number of artifacts in the fill, floor/floor-fill, and subfloor context. Ceramics encountered were typed and counted in the field (Table 5.7). The excavators note the following artifacts in the fill: 12 manos, five handstones, two metates, one piece of stone with grinding present, seven three-quarter grooved axes, one axe bit, four arrow shaft straighteners, one stone bowl fragment, one shaped stone cylinder, one elbow-shaped tuff piece, three abrading stones, one rubbing stone, two smoothing stones, two projectile points, two hammerstones, three blades, one scraper [uniface?], 19 bone awls, one bone needle, one hair ornament, one bone ring, four bone ring blanks, one bone ring blank with five rings prepared for cutting, one polished bird bone, two bone tools, one two-point antler, eight antler flakers, one cut deer scapula, one piece of worked cannon bone, four shell bracelet fragments, one shell pendent, one turquoise bead, one piece of malachite, three fragments of red paint, two pieces of specular hematite, two pieces limonite,

one pottery animal effigy, one worked sherd, one pottery disc, one spindle whorl, and one miniature bowl. In the floor/floor fill, the excavators note the following artifacts: three manos, five handstones, one shaft straightener, one cobble with grinding on the edge, 22 stone artifacts (types and descriptions not specified), five abrading stones, one rubbing stone, one smoothing stone, two hoe fragments, two hammerstones, one bear ulna, one dipper handle, and one deer-shaped ceramic figurine.

Rooms ADjacent to the Great Wall anD in Room Block C At the beginning of the Canyon Creek phase, a wall creating a compound is built around the main portion of the pueblo (see discussion on communal structures below). The excavators refer to this as the Great Wall. Before the end of the Canyon Creek phase, several rooms are built within and adjacent to the wall and in the gaps left during its initial construction for entrance into the pueblo. Additionally, rooms are built outside the wall to the south of the Pueblo in what was designated Room Block C. Seven rooms built along the southern portion of the Great Wall dated to this phase were excavated (Figure 5.7), as was one room (Room 111) in Room Block C. Room 74, Floor 1 Room 74 is on the south end of the site, at the eastern edge of the southern opening in the Great Wall. The south wall of the room is the Great Wall. Combined with Room 76, the two rooms block the south entrance. Room 74 has one floor and sits above a thick layer of ash. It was excavated 6/14–6/30/1954 by Barbara B. Breternitz and Linda B. McIlvain. Room Dimensions: The excavators did not record the size of the room in their field notes. The following wall lengths are derived from the scaled field map: north wall = 4.74 m; east wall = 1.73 m; south wall = 4.74 m; west wall = 1.78 m. Wall Construction: The south wall is the Great Wall of the pueblo and discussed below. The other three walls are of masonry construction, with bands of large tuff blocks and smaller tuff fragments. Door: No door is present. Other Wall Openings: There is a wall niche near the center of the north wall. The niche is framed by small tuff blocks and two manos. It is 51 cm high, 38 cm wide, and the edge and interior are plastered. The excavators note that the niche extends into the next room, so it is possibly a vent or window rather than a niche. Wall Plaster: The excavators state the plaster on the walls averages 6 cm in thickness.

Canyon Creek Phase, aD 1300–1350

189

Figure 5.7. Rooms built adjacent to the Great Wall in the southern portion of the Pueblo (compiled from field notes)

Floor: The floor is poorly defined but appears to represent several layers of clay. This suggests the room was  subject to periodic repair/replastering while in use. Hearth: A round/oval ash pit is in the center of the room and may have served as a hearth. Storage Pits: No storage pits are present. Postholes: No postholes are present. Other Floor Features: No other floor features are present. Roof: Large amounts of compact pieces of clay are present above the floor and may represent roofing clay. Artifacts: The excavators note the presence of several artifacts, in addition to the two manos used to form the wall niche. Also present are sherds (Table 5.8) that were typed and counted in the field. The artifacts noted from the general fill are as follows: one trough metate, two three-quarter grooved axes, two polishing stones, one drill, one bone awl, one bone rasp, one cut animal bone, one quartz crystal, one desert rose, one turquoise pendant, and one Pinto (type unspecified) bowl. In the roof clay, the following artifacts are noted: four manos, one basin metate, and two pumice stones. One projectile point is noted in the subfloor deposits. Room 76, Floor 1 Room 76 is at the south end of the site, at the eastern edge of the southern opening in the Great Wall. The north wall of the room is the Great Wall. Combined with Room 74, the two rooms block the south entrance. The excavators suggest there is a walking surface and storage pit

beneath the floor, but details are limited. The walking surface is 8 cm below the floor, and the excavators suggest it is associated with the entrance in the Great Wall. The running field notes state the pit is below the walking surface, but it is not evident on the field maps or profiles. Room 76 was excavated 7/12–8/3/1954 by Star Miller and Patricia Dunbar. Room Dimensions: The excavators recorded the following wall lengths on the room excavation form: north wall = 3.33 m; east wall = 3.75 m; south wall = 3.52 m; west wall = 3.82 m. Wall Construction: The north wall of the room is the Great Wall of the pueblo discussed below. The other three walls are made of coursed masonry using shaped and unshaped irregular tuff stones. Door: A door is present in the center of the west wall. The sill of the door is 90 cm wide, 24 cm above the floor. Other Wall Openings: There is a vent in the south wall, 36 cm high and 30 cm wide. Wall Plaster: Wall plaster is present and approximately 4 cm thick. Floor: There is no description of the floor on the room excavation form or in the running field notes. Hearth: No hearth is present. Storage Pits: No storage pits are present. Postholes: No postholes are present. Other Floor Features: According to the running field notes, there is a large amount of hematite paint embedded in the floor in the southern area of the room. Roof: Large amounts of clay are in the fill, possibly representing roofing clay.

Table 5.8. Ceramics that were typed and counted in the field from rooms adjacent to the Great Wall and in Room Block C Room 74, Floor 1 Type Plain, Red, and Textured plain brown plain brown, Smudged red red, smudged neck corrugated (type unspecified) plain corrugated plain corrugated, smudged indented corrugated indented corrugated, smudged obliterated corrugated zoned corrugated pattern indented corrugated incised corrugated grooved corrugated “Spaced” corrugated “Truck Tire” corrugated punctuated corrugated red-slipped corrugated red-slipped corrugated, smudged Point of Pines Plain Corrugated Point of Pines Indented Corrugated Point of Pines Obliterated Corrugated Point of Pines Patterned Indented Corrugated Reserve Plain Corrugated Reserve Indented Corrugated Tularosa Patterned Indented Corrugated McDonald Corrugated McDonald Patterned Indented Corrugated McDonald Grooved Corrugated Prieto Corrugated Point of Pines Punctate unidentified painted corrugated Fillet Rim and White-on-Red Reserve Fillet Rim Tularosa Fillet Rim Tularosa Fillet Rim White-on-Red Tularosa White-on-Red unidentified white-on-red Red-on-Plain and Red-on-Brown Encinas Red-on-Brown San Carlos Red-on-Brown unidentified red-on-brown

Fill

Room 76, Floor 1

Floor Subfloor

41 30 40 6

30

185

51

165

169

31

166

27 25 10

1 9 1

9 7 15 2

18

107 26 48 5

Room 80, Floor 1

Walking Surface Subfloor

Fill

Floor

142 23 31 2 1 155 2 100 2 36 4 9 6

37 16 10

46 18 3 1

437 120 44 14

89 94 120 111

7 3 6

373 148 172 132

25

406 82 462 39 59 24 67

365

31

934

353

22

679

100 1 10

17

4 1

50 14 40 5 22 5 5

842 11 4

1

1

2

28

Fill

Floor Subfloor

1

4 112

3

3 325

6

1

1 42

53

19

329

9

1

12 53

1

9

2

1

9 6

7 6

6 9

15

6

1

1

1

24 27

3 13

6

7 8

20 94

6

4 3

1

3 1

18 9

10

6

2

1

1

67 3 27

22 3 2 10

1 1

3

2 504 46 1

Table 5.8. (cont’d.) Ceramics that were typed and counted in the field from rooms adjacent to the Great Wall and in Room Block C Room 74, Floor 1 Type

Fill

Room 76, Floor 1

Floor Subfloor

Fill

Floor

Walking Surface Subfloor

Red-on-Buff Sacaton Red-on-Buff unidentified red-on-buff Black-on-White and Red-on-White Kayenta Black-on-White Mimbres Black-on-White Northern white ware Pinedale Black-on-White Pinto Black-on-White Reserve Black-on-White Tularosa Black-on-White unidentified black-on-white Three Circle Red-on-White Black-on-Red Fourmile Black-on-Red Gila Black-on-Red Maverick Mountain Black-on-Red Pinedale Black-on-Red Pinedale Black-on-Red, Point of Pines variety Pinnawa Black-on-Red Pinto Black-on-Red St. Johns Black-on-Red Wingate Black-on-Red Polychrome Cedar Creek Polychrome Cedar Creek Polychrome, Point of Pines variety Fourmile Polychrome Fourmile Polychrome, Point of Pines variety Gila Polychrome Heshotauthla Polychrome Kayenta Polychrome Maverick Mountain Polychrome Nantack Polychrome Pinedale Polychrome Pinto Polychrome Point of Pines Polychrome Prieto Polychrome Showlow Polychrome Springerville Polychrome St. Johns Polychrome Tonto Polychrome Tucson Polychrome miscellaneous White Mountain Red Ware body sherds unidentified polychrome

Room 80, Floor 1 Fill

Floor Subfloor

1

3

1

18

6 1 3

3

1

3 1

3

2 2

1 1 4

6 5

7

3

4 18 1

1 14 5

3 2

11 1

2 46

10

1 2

5

1 6 1

80 3

5 15

1 62

1 9

12

9 1

12

5

1

1 1

16 3

25 24

8 22

2 1

19

9

11

3

2 1 16 10

1

1 1 1

1 17 9

1 3 9

1

4 2

45

60

1

33 31

5

54

2 12 15 20

2 3 62 15 4

2 2

1 1

6 1 1

1 12

19

1

4

41 1 7

4 1 3

3 31

Table 5.8. (cont’d.) Ceramics that were typed and counted in the field from rooms adjacent to the Great Wall and in Room Block C Room 74, Floor 1 Type Other Ceramic Types ladle handle (type unspecified) plain ladle red ware, bowl of miniature ladle Kayenta Plate Rim

Fill

Room 76, Floor 1

Floor Subfloor

Fill

1 1 1

Fill

Plain, Red, and Textured plain brown 94 plain brown, smudged 8 red 202 red, Smudged 177 neck corrugated (type not specified) plain corrugated 630 plain corrugated, smudged indented corrugated 1062 indented corrugated, smudged obliterated corrugated zoned corrugated 22 pattern indented corrugated 56 incised corrugated 2 grooved corrugated “Spaced” corrugated 31 “Truck Tire” corrugated punctuated corrugated red-slipped corrugated 68 red-slipped corrugated, smudged Point of Pines Plain Corrugated Point of Pines Indented Corrugated Point of Pines Obliterated Corrugated Point of Pines Patterned Indented Corrugated Reserve Plain Corrugated Reserve Indented Corrugated Tularosa Patterned Indented Corrugated McDonald Corrugated 2 McDonald Patterned Indented Corrugated 1 McDonald Grooved Corrugated Prieto Corrugated 27 Point of Pines Punctate unidentified painted corrugated Fillet Rim and White-on-Red Reserve Fillet Rim Tularosa Fillet Rim Tularosa Fillet Rim White-on-Red

Walking Surface Subfloor

Fill

Floor Subfloor

1

1

Room 82, Floor 1 Type

Floor

Room 80, Floor 1

2 50

Floor Subfloor 18

Room 83, Floor 1

Room 91, Floor 2

Fill

Floor Subfloor

Fill

Floor

Fill

Floor

111 45 147 18

17

145 125 179 71

9 25 9 9

18 11 5 5

49 66 15 37

15 27 10 20

204

170 92 162 117 3 369

746

47

32

189

28

122

621

482

20

20

115

22

2

9

31 29 4

42 13 1 7 7

1

6

8 12

2

9

Room C111, Floor 1

9 2

2

82

26

1

12 1

6 106 357 51 8 29 23 1

20 76 11 4

28 2 18

4 3

8

9

3

4 40 16 5 1

2 9 3

4 21

2 1

3 3 7

18 22 2 2 2

3

4

4

5 57

3 15

5

3

3 11

Table 5.8. (cont’d.) Ceramics that were typed and counted in the field from rooms adjacent to the Great Wall and in Room Block C Room 82, Floor 1 Type Tularosa White-on-Red unidentified white-on-red Red-on-Plain and Red-on-Brown San Carlos Red-on-Brown unidentified red-on-brown

Fill

Floor Subfloor

1

1

21

17

4

3

Room 83, Floor 1 Fill

Floor Subfloor

Room 91, Floor 2 Fill

Floor

5

1

Room C111, Floor 1 Fill

Floor

1

Red-on-Buff unidentified red-on-buff Black-on-White and Red-on-White Kayenta Black-on-White Mimbres Black-on-White Northern white ware Pinedale Black-on-White Pinto Black-on-White Reserve Black-on-White Tularosa Black-on-White unidentified black-on-white Three Circle Red-on-White Black-on-Red Fourmile Black-on-Red Gila Black-on-Red Maverick Mountain Black-on-Red Pinedale Black-on-Red Pinedale Black-on-Red, Point of Pines variety Pinnawa Black-on-Red Pinto Black-on-Red St. Johns Black-on-Red Wingate Black-on-Red Polychrome Cedar Creek Polychrome Cedar Creek Polychrome, Point of Pines variety Fourmile Polychrome Fourmile Polychrome, Point of Pines variety Gila Polychrome Heshotauthla Polychrome Kayenta Polychrome Maverick Mountain Polychrome Nantack Polychrome Pinedale Polychrome Pinto Polychrome Point of Pines Polychrome Prieto Polychrome Showlow Polychrome Springerville Polychrome St. Johns Polychrome Tonto Polychrome

1 1 12

1

1

26

4

1

6 6

12

43 9

14 85

2

10

12

2

7

5 3

3

4

5 1 62

3

2 2

4

2

2 4

1 28

11

2

2

1

59

6

179

4

198

14

2 2

44

1 1 2

45 27 8

5 6 6

5 7 18 3

1

78

4

4 1

3

1

21

4

23

3 2

19 3 3

2 1 7

38

4 10

2

30 1

1

7

5

3 24 1

1 1 1

1

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Table 5.8. (cont’d.) Ceramics that were typed and counted in the field from rooms adjacent to the Great Wall and in Room Block C Room 82, Floor 1 Type Tucson Polychrome miscellaneous White Mountain Red Ware body sherds unidentified polychrome

Fill

Floor Subfloor

Room 83, Floor 1 Fill

Floor Subfloor

Room 91, Floor 2 Fill

Floor

Room C111, Floor 1 Fill

Floor

1 10 3

2

2

2

3

Other Ceramic Types ladle handle (type unspecified) plain ladle red ware, bowl of miniature ladle Kayenta Plate Rim

Artifacts: The excavators identify artifacts in the fill, floor/floor-fill, and subfloor context of the room. Sherds were typed and counted in the field (Table 5.8). In the fill, the excavators note the following artifacts: 11 manos, two axes, one arrow shaft straightener, one rubbing stone, one polishing stone, two hammerstones, one scraper [uniface?], one paintgrinding slab, one piece of hematite paint, and two sheets of gypsum. From the floor/floor fill, the excavators note the following: five manos, two handstones, one abrading stone, one rubbing stone, one scraper [uniface?], one drill, one deer hoof, three bone awls, one Conus shell, one zoned corrugated jar, and one pot [no type noted]. From subfloor contexts, the excavators note the following: three manos, one handstone, one arrow shaft straightener, one polishing stone, one projectile point, one drill, two bone awls, one bone pin, one ring blank, two bone rasps, one bone beamer, one Glycymeris shell bracelet, one red ware bowl with looped handle, one McDonald Grooved Corrugated jar, one McDonald Pattern Indented Corrugated bowl, and one Kayenta Black-on-White ladle.

Room 80, Floor 1 Room 80 is at the south end of the pueblo, adjacent to the south entrance to the Great Wall. Its south wall is the Great Wall, and the room is directly north of Room 76 and south of Room 82. The room is built directly on trash above a walking surface that extends beyond the walls of the room. Based on the profile, the walking surface is 40 cm below Floor 1. It lies above a layer of trash. The room was excavated 6/20–7/15/1955 by Oskar Grunow.

Room Dimensions: The excavator did not record the room dimensions on the form. The following wall lengths are derived from the field map: north wall = 2.3 m; east wall = 3 m; south wall = 2.33 m; west wall = 2.8 m. Wall Construction: The south wall of the room is the northern veneer of the Great Wall. The other three walls are made of banded, coursed masonry, 19–24 cm thick. Doors: There are two sealed doors. The sealed door in the east wall is 50 cm wide, and its sill is 20 cm above the floor. The sealed door in the north wall is not recorded on the room excavation form but is evident on the wall profile and discussed in the running field notes. Based on the wall profile, the door is 45 cm wide, and the sill is 40 cm above the floor. The door may have been wider originally but is now truncated by the east wall of the room. As such, the door may be more closely associated with Room 82 than Room 80. The field notes state that though both doors are filled in, they were not plastered over. Other Wall Openings: There are four holes in the north wall approximately 1.0 m above the floor. The holes are in alignment. The south wall does not stand high enough to determine whether corresponding holes exist. These holes are too low to be stringer holes and may have been used for a storage rack. Wall Plaster: Plaster is present on the walls. Floor: The excavator describes the floor as irregular, but it is plastered. Hearth: A rectangular, slab-lined hearth is present. Storage Pits: No storage pits are present. Postholes: No postholes are present but note the comment in Other Floor Features. Other Floor Features: The excavator’s notes state there is

Canyon Creek Phase, aD 1300–1350

a small hole in the floor between the hearth and the north wall. The excavator suggests it is a storage pit, but its diameter (based on the field map) is 20 cm, indicating it is more likely a posthole. However, the hole is only 5 cm deep, leading the excavator to suggest it is not a posthole. Roof: A large number of flat, clay plaster slabs are present in the fill and may represent roof plaster. Artifacts: The excavator lists a number of artifacts present in the fill, on the floor, and in the subfloor context. The sherds recovered from the fill, floor/ floor-fill, and subfloor context were typed and counted in the field and are listed in Table 5.8. In terms of the artifacts and ceramics recovered from subfloor context, the excavator does not distinguish between those associated with the walking surface and general subfloor fill. The excavator lists the following artifacts in the fill above the floor: one mano, one paint-grinding slab with red stain, one arrow shaft smoother, one abrading and polishing stone, one unidentified worked stone, one projectile point, one blade, one drill, one bone awl, one pelvic scraper, one Glycymeris shell bracelet fragment, three Olivella shells, one turquoise pendant, one piece of yellow ocher, one “cave formation,” one piece of unfired clay, and one broken pot (type unspecified). From the floor/ floor fill, one mano is listed. From the subfloor context, the excavator notes the following: two bone awls, three antler flakers, one piece of graphite, and one miniature ladle. Room 82, Floor 1 Room 82 is in the south portion of the pueblo, near but inside the Great Wall. It is directly north of Room 80 and connected to it by a sealed door. The room sits above an 80-cm-thick trash deposit. It was excavated 6/20– 7/20/1955 by Robert L. Loud. Room Dimensions: The excavator did not record the room dimensions on the room excavation form or in his running notes. The following wall lengths are determined from the field map: north wall = 3.8 m; east wall = 2.8 m; south wall = 3.6 m; west wall = 2.8 m. Wall Construction: The walls are constructed of banded, coursed masonry with adobe mortar. No further details are recorded. Door: There is a sealed door 50 cm wide in the south wall. Other Wall Openings: There is a hole/vent 10 cm in diameter in the south wall. Wall Plaster: Wall plaster is present.

195

Floor: The floor is made of clay over a thick trash deposit. It is in poor condition. Hearth: A rectangular, slab-lined hearth, 40 cm × 50 cm, is present. Storage Pits: No storage pits are present. Postholes: No postholes are present. Other Floor Features: No other floor features are present. Roof: Pieces of clay with the impressions of beams and reeds are in the fill. Artifacts: The excavator lists a number of artifacts in the fill, on the floor, and in the subfloor context. The sherds recovered from the fill, floor/floor-fill, and subfloor context were typed and counted in the field and are listed in Table 5.8. The excavator lists the following artifacts present in the fill: four manos, one metate, one arrow shaft smoother, one rubbing stone, one rubbing stone/pocket pestle, one stone file, one hoe, one saw, three projectile points, one hammerstone, obsidian and chert flakes (no count), one scraper [uniface?], one chert core, several quartzite cores (number not given), one projectile point/ drill, five bone awls, one hair ornament, one scapula scraper, two pieces of worked bone, one piece of burned bone with high polish, two awls/flakers, one antler flaker, one antler wrench/flaker, one rib scraper, one turquoise pendant, one piece of azurite, one piece of petrified wood, one quartz crystal, one Glycymeris shell, one shell (type not specified), one disc bead, and one miniature jar. The excavator notes the following artifacts from floor/floor-fill context: nine manos, one metate, one stone file, one three-quarter grooved axe, one fullgrooved axe/maul, one abrading stone, one rubbing stone, two hammerstones, one piece of hematite, and one red ware jar containing organic material. From subfloor context, the excavator notes the following artifacts: three manos, one rubbing stone, one three-quarter grooved axe, one hammerstone, four bone awls, three antler flakers, one bone ring, one crinoid stem, and one piece of azurite. Room 83, Floor 1 Room 83 is in the southeast portion of the pueblo. It is adjacent to and inside the Great Wall. The west wall of Room 83 is the Great Wall. Floor 1 sits on a thick deposit of trash that was exposed in a test pit. The north and south walls abut the Great Wall. The room was excavated 7/5–7/20/1955 by Takey Dabbagh. Room Dimensions: The excavator did not record the room dimensions. The following wall lengths are

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derived from the field map: north wall = 2.9 m; east wall = 3.5 m; south wall = 3.0 m; west wall = 3.5 m. Wall Construction: The west wall is the Great Wall and made of basalt boulders and tuff spalls. The other three walls are banded, coursed masonry of tuff with occasional basalt stones. The footing of the south wall consists of vertically placed basalt stones. Door: A door is present in the south wall. The sill is 35 cm wide and 48 cm above the floor. Other Wall Openings: No other openings are in the walls. Wall Plaster: Plaster is present on the walls. Floor: The floor is slightly basin shaped and roughly plastered. It is irregular in consistency due to animal burrows. Hearth: The hearth consists of an oval-shaped depression containing charcoal that is 65 cm long and 55 cm wide. Storage Pits: No storage pits are present. Postholes: No postholes are present. Other Floor Features: There are no other floor features. Roof: Roofing clay is present in the fill. Artifacts: The excavator notes the presence of artifacts in the fill, floor/floor-fill, and subfloor context. Sherds encountered in the room were typed and counted in the field (Table 5.8). The artifacts noted in the fill are: 11 manos, three handstones, two metates, five axes, four arrow shaft smoothers, one shaped (“phallic”) stone, one stone saw, one cylindrical piece of worked tuff, six abrading stones, three rubbing stones, three smoothing stones, two polishing stones, one hoe, one projectile point, three hammerstones, one blade, one knife [biface?], one vesicular basalt biface, four bone awls, one bone needle, one bone ring, five antler flakers, one bone flake fragment, animal ribs (number unspecified), animal bones (type and number unspecified), gopher jaw and teeth, one painted jaw (species unspecified), one bone whistle, one quartz crystal, pieces of hematite and azurite (number unspecified), pieces of malachite (number unspecified), two Conus tinklers, two shells (type unspecified), one shell ring, one effigy, and one spindle whorl. The excavator noted the presence of one rubbing stone from floor/floor-fill context. In the subfloor trench, the excavator noted the presence of one hammerstone and one smoothing stone. Room 84, Floor 1 Two rooms were labeled Room 84. The first is a Maverick Mountain phase room in Room Block D. This room is described in Chapter 4. The second is a Canyon Creek phase room in the southwest portion of the site inside and adjacent to the Great Wall. The west wall of Room

84 is the Great Wall. No field notes exist for this room beyond the master site map. Its placement in this time period is based on the wall abutment with the Great Wall. Room 91, Floor 2 Room 91 is inside the Great Wall in the southwest portion of the site. Though not attached to the Great Wall itself, it is near rooms that are. It overlies trash fill and Pithouse 13 (see Chapter 2). The room was excavated 7/17–7/23/1956 by Lloyd Rogers and T. Patrick Culbert. Room Dimensions: The dimensions of Room 91, Floor 2 are unclear, as excavation was constrained to the area defined by Floor 1. Floor 2 extends beyond the north and east walls of Floor 1. Wall Construction: Two walls of the room (west and south) are associated with Floor 2. They are constructed of banded, coursed masonry. Both walls are 24 cm wide. Door: No doors are present in the excavated portion of the room. Other Wall Openings: No other wall openings are present in the excavated portion of the walls. Wall Plaster: No information is recorded about wall plaster. Floor: No description of the floor exists other than it is 2.15 m below ground surface. Hearth: No hearth is present in the excavated portion of the floor. Storage Pits: No storage pits are present in the excavated portion of the floor. Postholes: No postholes are present in the excavated portion of the floor. Other Floor Features: No other floor features are present in the excavated portion of the floor. Roof: No evidence of the roof is present. Artifacts: The excavators noted the presence of a number of artifacts in the fill between Floors 1 and 2 and the floor/floor fill of Floor 2. Sherds encountered during excavation were typed and counted in the field (Table 5.8). In the fill, the excavators note the following artifacts: one metate, one stone with three holes, one plummet-shaped stone, and two bone awls. In the floor/floor fill, the excavators note a single bone awl fragment. Room Block C, Room 111, Floor 1 Room 111 is south of the main part of the pueblo contained within the Great Wall. Other rooms are present in Room Block C, but excavation was limited in this area of the site. The room was constructed during the Canyon Creek phase and continues to be occupied into the Point of Pines phase (Figure 5.8). Floor 1 is built on a thick deposit of trash, and it is underlain by Pithouse

Canyon Creek Phase, aD 1300–1350

197

Storage Pits: No storage pits are present. Postholes: One posthole 35 cm deep with a diameter of 14 cm is in the south end of the room. Other Floor Features: There is a niche in the northeast corner of the room. It is semicircular, formed by masonry construction. The wall forming it is 58 cm high with a radius of 58 cm. There is a small opening/ door into the niche at the center of the masonry wall at floor level. Roof: At 10–20 cm above the floor, there are numerous pieces of roofing clay. Artifacts: The excavator notes artifacts in the fill and floor/floor-fill context of the room. Sherds encountered in the fill and floor/floor-fill context were typed and counted in the field (Table 5.8). Artifacts identified by the excavator in the fill are as follows: one metate, one three-quarter groove stone axe, one abrading stone, one arrow shaft smoother, one polishing stone, stone drill, one flake with retouch, one piece of worked obsidian, one piece of worked stone, eight bone awls, one worked long-bone tube, one shell tinkler, two pieces of red pigment, and one pottery effigy foot. From the floor/floor-fill context, the excavator notes the following artifacts: four manos, one handstone, two metate blanks, one stone donut, one arrow shaft smoother, one axe/maul, one bone bodkin, one hammerstone, and one piece of unfired clay.

Figure 5.8. Room 111, Floor 1 in Room Block C (drawn from the field notes)

20 (see Chapter 2). It was excavated 7/24–8/2/1958 by C. Mike Ash. Room Dimensions: The excavator recorded the following wall lengths: north wall = 4.7 m; east wall = 4.93 m; south wall = 4.23 m; west wall = 4.91 m. Wall Construction: The walls are made of coursed masonry. The base/footing of the walls is one layer of basalt boulders. These are overlain with layers of small tuff stones. Door: No doors are present. Other Wall Openings: No other wall openings are present. Wall Plaster: A 2-cm layer of gray plaster is present on the walls. Floor: The floor is fairly even and hard but disturbed in areas by animal burrows. Hearth: A circular pit hearth is present near the center of the room.

Communal Structures Four communal structures are dated to the Canyon Creek Phase. Two of these, Kiva 2 and Kiva 5, were constructed in earlier periods and are discussed in previous chapters (Chapters 2 and 4, respectively). The Great Kiva, originally constructed during the Pinedale phase (Chapter 4), is remodeled and connected to a plaza located to the east by a continuous plaster floor. Additionally, the Great Wall is constructed around the main portion of the pueblo at the beginning of the phase, though it is modified with the addition of rooms before the end of the phase. Each of these is discussed below. Great Kiva II/Plaza Complex The Great Kiva, constructed during the Pinedale phase (Great Kiva I), is enlarged by 44 m2 by tearing down and building new walls for rooms on the slightly further on the west side and tearing down rooms on the east side (Figure 5.9). As a result, it was renamed Great Kiva II. The expanded Great Kiva II is 264 m2. Additionally, floor features are added. Specifically, a pit is added in the northwest quadrant and a hearth placed in the center. Radiating from the hearth are four areas of depressions ranging in depth from 40–55 cm. Some

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Figure 5.9. Great Kiva and Plaza Complex dated to the Canyon Creek phase (compiled from field notes)

are partially covered with flat stones near the hearth end of the depressions. These have been interpreted as foot drums (Gerald 1957; Stone 2002b, 2015). Finally, the entrance into the Great Kiva on the east side is formalized and narrowed. The entire floor of the Great Kiva is plastered, and that plastered floor continues out, through the entrance, and into the Plaza. Based on Gerald (1957) the following details exist for the Great Kiva: Shape: The Great Kiva is above ground and rectangular. Size: The wall lengths are not recorded on any of the field forms or in Gerald 1957, though the overall size is (264 m2). Based on the field map, the following wall lengths are derived: north wall = 16.85 m; east wall (including entrance) = 15.6 m; south wall = 16.7 m; west wall = 15.8 m. Entrance: The entrance into the Great Kiva is restructured during the Canyon Creek phase. Specifically, the wall on the southern edge is removed and a new one built slightly further south and to the east of Room 26. The three unnumbered rooms on the east side are removed completely, but their eastern wall

remains. Room 14 is built at the end of this wall and defines the entrance as a break in the walls/rooms surrounding the Great Kiva at the southeast corner of the structure. The entrance is 1.85 m wide. Wall Construction: The original walls of Great Kiva I (north wall and parts of the south wall) are made of coursed masonry construction, with bands of shaped tuff blocks separated by bands of smaller, unshaped tuff spalls. The new sections of the east wall (Rooms 15, 21, 58, and 53) are thick masonry walls with a rubble core and a veneer of irregularly shaped, small tuff stones with occasional pieces of shaped tuff and basalt. The east wall is rubble-filled masonry core with bands of tuff slabs on either side as a veneer. The footing course for all four walls is large, unshaped basalt boulders. Ventilator: No ventilator is present. Wall Plaster: Remnants of wall plaster are found only on the original sections of the north and south walls. Floor: A clay floor extends across Great Kiva II, out through the entrance, and into the Plaza.

Canyon Creek Phase, aD 1300–1350

199

Figure 5.10. The Great Wall constructed during the Canyon Creek phase (compiled from field notes)

Hearth: The hearth consists of two parts. The first is an ash-filled round depression 65 cm deep, 1.3 m north– south, and 1.7 m east–west. The second part of the hearth is 70 cm × 60 cm. It consists of a two-part basin with small rocks dividing a square hearth from an ash area. The ash area is in the southwestern end of the basin. Deflector: No deflector is present. Storage Pits: One storage or barrow pit is present. The pit is 65 cm deep, 1.9 m north–south and 1.5 m east– west. Postholes: The postholes remain the same as in the Pinedale phase (Chapter 4). Ladder Holes: No ladder holes are evident. Floor Trenches/Foot Drums: Four floor trenches radiate from the hearth, roughly in the cardinal directions. They are at their narrowest closest to the hearth and expand to a larger shape at the end. The halves of the trenches closest to the hearth (the narrowest sections) are covered by flat, shaped tuff slabs. The remainder of the trenches may have been covered by wood, but none remains. These have been interpreted as foot drums (Stone 2002, 2015). Sipapu: No sipapu is present. Evidence of Roof Construction: Evidence of the roof is based on the presence of the postholes. No other evidence is present.

The Plaza, located southeast but connected to the Great Kiva by a continuous floor, is a large, open area with three entrances. The first is from the Great Kiva to the northeast. The second is a plastered corridor 6.5 m long through rooms and out an opening in the Great Wall. The final is to the southwest, through a plastered alley. The Plaza is surrounded by domestic structures, with Room Block B to the south, Room Block D to the southwest, and Room Block E to the northwest and north. The perimeter of the Plaza was examined with wall trenches on the outside walls of the surrounding domestic structures and with several test pits in the center. Other than a plastered floor, no features were encountered in the tests, though several pits, hearths, and walking surfaces are present below the plastered floor. Great Wall A large wall, approximately 1.23 m high and 0.73 m wide at its base was constructed around the main occupation of the pueblo. The fact that rooms dated to the Canyon Creek phase are appended to the wall with abutting walls suggests the Great Wall was built early in the phase. When first built, there were four breaks in the wall that allowed entrance into the main part of the pueblo (Figure 5.10), only two of which remain open by the end of the phase. The largest is at the north end of the pueblo.

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The next is in the east wall and leads, by way of a plastered corridor, into the formal Plaza of the pueblo. The remaining two openings, one at the south end and one in the west wall, were blocked before the end of the phase by the construction of domestic rooms. The Great Wall was tested in a number of locations to investigate its construction. Unlike the domestic rooms and kivas, where the building material is dominated

by tuff building blocks, its predominant construction material appears to be shaped basalt boulders, though shaped tuff boulders are present in some locations. In all the tests, the masonry is coursed but lacks the distinctive banding (large blocks separated by rows of small stones) found in the domestic rooms. Plaster is present in the sections of the wall where it forms a room wall. Plaster is not consistently present in other test units.

6

Point of Pines Phase, aD 1350–1400

The Point of Pines phase is the final phase of occupation at Point of Pines Pueblo. As with the previous phase, it represents a time of considerable building and reorganization of the community. In fact, of the 130 excavated masonry rooms, 107 (82.3%) have a floor dated to the Point of Pines phase. In addition to the continued occupation of rooms built in previous phases, new room blocks (Room Block A and W:10:51) are constructed at this time, expanding the occupation into new areas (Figure 6.1). Existing room blocks, particularly Room Blocks B and E, are expanded in size, and new rooms are built outside the Great Wall. Details on the room block designated AZ W:10:51 (ASM) have been published previously (Wendorf 1950), thus the data are summarized here, and the reader is referred to in the more detailed report. Initial descriptions of Room Blocks A and B were the subject of master’s theses from the University of Arizona shortly after their excavation (Wasley 1952; Morris 1957). Current interpretation of the field notes and details of architectural features of these room blocks are presented below. There also are changes in the communal space of the community, as the Great Kiva, Plaza, and small kivas of the previous phase cease to be used. Three new small kivas are constructed. The site and region are abandoned at the end of the phase, and a large amount of material is left on the floor of some of the excavated rooms dated to this phase.

tion in this area of the pueblo. An initial report of Room Block A is included in Wasley’s (1952) master’s thesis. The information here is pulled directly from the field notes and includes an updated interpretation of the features. In some rooms, the number of artifacts and sherds is limited and listed in the room descriptions. For others, the number of recovered sherds dictates presentation in table form (Table 6.1). Room A1, Floor 1 Room A1 is toward the eastern end of the room block. It is directly east of Room A6, to which it is connected by a door, and west of Room A4 and south of Room A2. According to the profiles, the floor sits above 70 cm of trash. The excavators note the presence of four burials in the subfloor trash (though only two, Burials 79 and 82, are marked on the floor profiles). All of the burials predate the construction of the room. The information on the excavation form appears to be rotated from the floor map of Room A1 and master site map by 180 degrees. The maps are given primacy here and the information adjusted accordingly. The room was excavated 6/20–6/30/1950 by Peter Formo and Jonathan Gell. Room Dimensions: The excavators recorded the following wall lengths on the floor map: north wall = 2.0 m; east wall = 3.35 m; south wall = 1.9 m; west wall = 3.5 m. Wall Construction: The excavators do not discuss the wall construction on the field forms, but the wall profiles indicate they are rubble masonry construction without banding. All four walls are footed on a mortar pad sitting on trash. Door: Two doors are present. The one in the west wall has a sill 20 cm above the floor, 45 cm wide. A sealed

Room Block A Room Block A is at the northern end of the pueblo and is close but unconnected to the Great Wall (Figure 6.2); it was excavated in 1950. The room block is built over a thick layer of trash and appears to be the first occupa201

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Figure 6.1. Excavated rooms dated to the Point of Pines phase at Point of Pines Pueblo

door is in the east wall. The sill of the sealed door is 41 cm above the floor, and the door is 75 cm wide. Other Wall Openings: No other openings are in the walls. Wall Plaster: No wall plaster is evident. Floor: No information on the floor is recorded. Hearth: No hearth is present. Storage Pits: No storage pits are present. Postholes: No postholes are present. Other Floor Features: The floor map notes the presence of a turkey burial in the floor. However, there is no information about the burial in the field notes nor is it on the artifact lists for the room. Roof: No evidence of the roof is present. Artifacts: The excavators note the presence of artifacts and sherds in the fill, floor, and subfloor deposits. The sherds were typed in the field (but not counted); these are listed below. In the fill, the excavators note the presence of the following artifacts and ceramic types: one axe, one abrading stone, one grooved stone, one shell pendant, one quartz crystal, plain sherds, neck corrugated sherds, corrugated sherds (plain, indented, pattern indented, tooled, and incised), Point of Pines Punctate, Tularosa Whiteon-Red, unidentified black-on-white, Fourmile

Polychrome, Gila Polychrome, transitional polychrome, and Pinedale Polychrome. The excavators note the following artifacts and ceramic types in the floor/floor fill in their notes and on the field map: one mano, two axes, one large corrugated jar, plain sherds, corrugated sherds (plain, indented, pattern indented, incised), Point of Pines Punctate, Fourmile Polychrome, and Gila Polychrome. The excavators note the following artifacts and ceramic types in the subfloor fill: one projectile point, one pendant (material unknown), one shell pendant, one shell bracelet, one jar (type not specified), one corrugated bowl, plain sherds, neck banded sherds, corrugated sherds (plain, indented, pattern indented, incised, tooled), Point of Pines Punctate, Tularosa Fillet Rim, Encinas Red-on-Brown, Sacaton Red-onBuff, Tularosa and Reserve Black-on-White, Wingate Black-on-Red, and Pinedale Polychrome. Room A2, Floor 1 Room A2 is at the northeastern end of Room Block A, directly west of Room A3, to which it is connected by a door. Room A1 is on the south, and Room A5 is to the west. There is no discussion of subfloor deposits or tests

Figure 6.2. Architectural map of the Point of Pines phase floors in Room Block A (compiled from field notes)

Table 6.1. Sherds identified in the fill, floor/floor-fill, and subfloor deposits of Room Block A (P = type is present, but no count was made) Room A3, Floor 1

Type Plain, Red, and Textured plain and red (smudged and unsmudged) corrugated (type unspecified) incised [on plain?] San Carlos Red plain corrugated indented corrugated grooved corrugated incised corrugated pattern indented corrugated fingernail patterned [corrugated?] punctate/punched corrugated McDonald Corrugated Fish Scale [Prieto] Corrugated Point of Pines Punctate Fillet Rim and White-on-Red Tularosa Fillet Rim Tularosa Fillet Rim White-on-Red

Fill P P

Floor SubFloor P P

P P

Room A4, Floor 1

Fill

Floor

P P

P P

Polychrome Fourmile Polychrome Fourmile Polychrome, Point of Pines variety Gila Polychrome Kinishba Polychrome Nantack Polychrome Pinedale Polychrome Point of Pines Polychrome St. Johns Polychrome Tonto Polychrome Transitional Polychrome Tucson Polychrome

Floor

Fill P P

P

3

5

Room A12

Between Fill above Floors Floor Floor 1 1 and 2 P P

70

30

45 60

30 25 1 2 6

2

2

2

1

4

3

6 1 1 1

4 2

2

1 2 3

1

1

8 8

1

1

1 2 3

1

1 2

4 1

3

2

3

15

7

10 8 3

1 3

1

Red-on-Buff Sacaton Red-on-Buff unidentified red-on-buff

Black-on-Red Gila Black-on-Red Gila Black-on-Red Corrugated Pinedale Black-on-Red Wingate Black-on-Red black-on-red (type unspecified)

Fill

Room A8, Floor 1

1

Red-on-Brown San Carlos Red-on-Brown

Black-on-White “Tularosa?/Pinedale?” Black-on-White black-on-white (type unspecified)

Room A6, Floor 1

1

3

2

1

1 1

1

13

2

P

1

6

3

1 1 1

21 4 2

2

7 1

7

12

1

1

4

7 3 1

10 1

4 1

3

6 1

1 3 1

8 2

1 2

1

2 1

5

1

2

8 2 4 1 1 1

3 1 3

3 1 2 1 8

1

1 2 2

3

1 1

1 1

3

1

Point of Pines Phase, aD 1350–1400

for this room. The room was excavated 6/23–6/26/1950 by John Hartman, Kenneth Sharp, and William Wasley. Room Dimensions: The excavators did not record the room dimensions. The following wall lengths are derived from the scaled field map: north wall = 1.4 m; east wall = 3.15 m; south wall = 1.5 m; west wall = 3.15 m. Wall Construction: Based on the wall profile maps, the base courses of all four walls are large (50 cm) vertical stones above which is a course of square blocks. Above the second course, masonry construction is used, but no pattern is evident in the rock placement. The northwest corner is bonded, all others abut. Door: The excavation notes state no door is present but that there are stones missing from the east wall. The field notes for Room A3 state there is a door in the wall connecting rooms A2 and A3 (the east wall of Room A2) that is 40 cm wide. Other Wall Openings: There are no other openings in the walls. Wall Plaster: The excavators state there is plaster on the south wall; it is very irregular but hard. Floor: The floor is thin and hard packed. Hearth: No hearth is present. Storage Pits: No storage pits are present. Postholes: No postholes are present. Other Floor Features: No other floor features are present. Roof: Two pieces of burned plaster with reed impressions are present and may represent roof plaster. Artifacts: The excavators provide no information on ceramics in the fill or floor/floor-fill context. The field form notes a single projectile point in the floor/floor fill. The map indicates a sandstone griddle was also present in the floor/floor-fill level. Room A3, Floor 1 Room A3 is in the northeast corner of Room Block A, directly east of Room A2, to which it is connected by a door. Room A4 lies to the south. The excavation notes state no room is to the east of A3, but a packed walking surface is present. The excavator does not discuss subfloor tests nor is there evidence of these on the profiles or floor map. However, in the sherd lists, the excavator assigns sherds to “Floor II.” Because there is no other mention of a second floor, it is assumed here that these sherds should be assigned to subfloor deposits. The room was excavated 7/3–4/14/1950 by Patricia Delks. Room Dimensions: The excavator did not record room dimensions on the field form. The following wall lengths are derived from the scaled field map: north

205

wall = 3.9 m; east wall = 3.45 m; south wall = 4.1 m; west wall = 3.25 m. Wall Construction: Only 50 cm of the walls remain so the wall construction method is difficult to determine. In the wall profiles, construction appears to be rubble masonry. All walls abut each other. Door: There are two doors. The door in the west wall (opening to Room A2) is 40 cm wide. The door in the east wall (opening to extramural space) is 40 cm wide. The excavator states there is a packed layer of ash through the door and onto the walking surface in the extramural space. Other Wall Openings: No other openings are in the walls. Wall Plaster: No wall plaster is present. Floor: The excavator states there is no definite packed layer present for the floor. The location of the floor was established by the position of the artifacts and features. Hearth: No hearth is present. Storage Pits: No storage pits are present. Postholes: No postholes are present. Other Floor Features: Four metate bins are present in the western half of the room. Three of the bins are lined with clay and the fourth with stone. Bins 1 and 2 are in the southwest corner of the room and are D-shaped. The walls and edges of the floor are defined with clay ridges, and a small, flat stone slab is in the middle. A number of lumps of unworked clay are inside Bin 1. Bin 3 is perpendicular to Bins 1 and 2 and near the door in the west wall. It is formed of upright stone slabs and an earthen floor. Plain ware sherds are present in the bin. Bin 4 is described in the field notes but not drawn on the map. The notes state it abuts the north wall of the room, but the west side of the bin is incomplete. The floor near the north wall is clay lined. Roof: Roof plaster with impressions of wood is present in the fill. Artifacts: The excavator notes the presence of sherds in the floor/floor-fill, and subfloor levels. Painted sherds were typed and counted for fill, floor/floorfill, and subfloor context (Table 6.1); plain and corrugated sherds are noted as present. The excavator lists the following artifacts for the floor/floor-fill level: eight manos, one axe, a concentration of griddle fragments, two rubbing stones, one projectile point, one awl, one broken plain ware jar, one broken plain ware bowl, one broken indented corrugated pot, and one polychrome bowl (type unspecified). The excavator states an animal effigy (no further description) was recovered from the subfloor deposits.

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Room A4, Floor 1 Room A4 is in the southeast corner of Room Block E. It is directly south of Room 3 and north of Room 1. There is no mention of subfloor tests in the field notes nor are they present on the profiles. The field form and notes describe a door in the west wall (into Room A1), but it is not located on the map and not discussed in the Room A1 notes. The room was excavated 7/11–7/18/1950 by Wilma Kaemlein. Room Dimensions: The excavator did not record the room dimensions. The following wall lengths are derived from the scaled map: north wall = 3.55 m; east wall = 3.99 m; south wall = 3.2 m; west wall = 3.7 m. Wall Construction: The north, west, and east walls have a footing layer of large basalt boulders separated by smaller stones. Upper courses are of rubble masonry using irregular tuff stones, chinking stones, and thick, closely packed mortar. The south wall lacks the footing layer of the other walls. It is made of rubble masonry but with consistently smaller tuff stones than the other three walls. Door: Information on the presence of a door is contradictory. The notes state there is a door in the west wall (into Room A1), but the notes from A1 do not mention a door connecting it to A4, and no doors are evident on the floor map. The field notes state there is a large flat slab that would serve as a sill 55 cm above the floor and 40 cm wide. Other Wall Openings: No other Wall Openings are noted. Wall Plaster: A thick, pebbly layer of wall plaster is present. Floor: The excavator states the floor is poorly defined and difficult to follow. Hearth: A slab-lined, rectangular hearth is present (45 cm × 28 cm). One stone contains a notch in the top edge. Storage Pits: No storage pits are present. Postholes: No postholes are present. Other Floor Features: Two metate bins and a possible third bin are present in the northwest corner of the room. Based on the excavator’s running notes, these appear to be slab-lined and have slab floors. Metates are present in both bins, and manos are nearby. Bin 1 has a portion of a Fourmile Polychrome bowl as a scoop. No scoop is present in Bin 2. The possible third bin is indicated by an additional slab where a third bin would be, but no other evidence is present. Roof: No evidence of the roof is present. Artifacts: The excavator noted the presence of a large number of artifacts in the floor/floor-fill level but not elsewhere. Sherds are present in both the fill and

floor/floor-fill levels. The painted sherds were typed and counted in the field but not transported to Tucson (Table 6.1). The excavator notes the following artifacts in the floor/floor-fill level: eight manos, one handstone, three metates, two axes, one threegrooved stone [shaft straightener?], one stone paint dish, one chert projectile point, one bone awl, one bone ring, one tibia (species unspecified), one “group of pot sherds” (type unspecified), one oblong bowl (type unspecified), four corrugated jar fragments, one Prieto Corrugated bowl, one Jeddito B Orange ladle handle, and one Fourmile Polychrome bowl fragment. Room A5, Floor 1 Room A5 is in the center of Room Block A, north of Room A6, west of Room A2 and east of Room A9. With the exception of determining the base courses of the walls, subfloor tests were not conducted. The wall exploration does indicate the floor is laid over midden. The room was excavated 7/17–7/23/1950 by Susanne Leppman and Kathleen Scheifele. Room Dimensions: The excavators did not record the room dimensions. The following wall lengths are derived from the scaled excavation map: north wall = 4.8 m; east wall = 3.0 m; south wall = 5.05 m; west wall = 3.25 m. Wall Construction: Walls are made of coursed masonry, though alternating bands of large and small stones are absent. Building material is consistently made of large, shaped tuff blocks with small tuff chinking stones. The north and west walls begin 20 cm below the floor with a 10-cm-thick footing of clay. The south wall also sits on a 10-cm footing of clay, but the wall itself starts at floor level. The east wall begins 15 cm below the floor and sits on a clay footing 10 cm thick. Door: A sealed door is in the west wall, 40 cm wide. Other Wall Openings: No other openings are in the walls. Wall Plaster: Wall plaster is present and approximately 1.5 cm thick. Floor: A clear floor is present, particularly in the west half of the room. The floor is somewhat disturbed in the east half of the room. The excavators suggest that pots were embedded into the floor in the east half of the room (see Other Floor Features below), which might account for some of the disturbance. Hearth: A slab-lined, rectangular hearth is in the center of the room. The slab in the southwest corner of the hearth is notched. Storage Pits: No storage pits are present.

Point of Pines Phase, aD 1350–1400

Postholes: No postholes are present. Other Floor Features: A metate bin is present in the northeast corner of the room. A metate is set in the bin at a 20-degree angle, and a mano is present on the metate. In addition to the metate bin, there are several concentrations of artifacts on the floor. Specifically, five metates are stacked against the north wall and two against the south wall. Several broken pots are present in the floor level, which the excavators suggest may have been sunk into the floor. Roof: No evidence of the roof is present. Artifacts: The excavators note a number of artifacts in the fill and floor/floor-fill level. In discussing the artifacts on the floor level, they state that they are including the floor as well as the fill for 10 cm above the floor; the fill level is the 20 cm thick. Sherds are present in both the fill and floor/floor-fill levels. Ceramic types are listed in the notes, but no counts are provided. In the fill level, the excavators note the following artifacts and ceramic types: one mano, one maul, one projectile point, one shell (type unspecified), one bracelet fragment, one mother-of-pearl fragment, a “good number” of plain and red wares (both smudged and unsmudged), “large numbers of corrugated ware, predominantly indented,” Santa Cruz Red-on-Buff, “relatively large numbers of Black-onWhite,” Pinedale Black-on-Red, Wingate Black-onRed, Fourmile Polychrome, Fourmile Polychrome local variety, Gila Polychrome, Pinedale Polychrome, and St. Johns Polychrome. Including the seven metates noted above, the following artifacts were present in the floor/floor-fill deposits: 12 manos, nine metates, one palette, one abrading stone, one bone awl, one storage jar (type unspecified), four broken pots (type unspecified), one “big pot” (type unspecified), one “pot kept” (storage jar noted above), plain sherds, red sherds, corrugated sherds, McDonald Corrugated, transitional sherds (type unspecified), Pinedale Black-onRed, Fourmile Polychrome, Fourmile Polychrome local variety, Gila Polychrome, and Tonto Polychrome. Room A6, Floor 1 Room A6 is in the middle of Room Block A. It is west of Room A1, to which it is connected by a sealed door; east of Room A7, to which it is connected by a door; and south of Room A5. Subfloor tests indicate the room is built above a thick trash layer. The room was excavated 7/17–7/19/1950 by Keith Dixon and John McGee. Room Dimensions: The excavators did not record the

207

room dimensions on the field form. The following wall lengths are derived from the scaled field map: north wall = 3.75 m; east wall = 2.9 m; south wall = 3.9 m; west wall = 3.2 m. Wall Construction: Walls are made of rubble masonry using slab and unshaped rocks, along with abundant chinking stones and mortar. The north, east, and west walls are footed on basalt boulders. The southeast corner is bounded, all others abut. Door: Two doors are present. The door in the center of the west wall is 41 cm wide, and the sill is 40 cm above the floor. A sealed door is present in the center of the east wall. It is 49 cm wide, and the sill is 25 cm above the floor. Other Wall Openings: No other openings are in the walls. Wall Plaster: One layer of plaster (2.0 cm thick) is present. The plaster is of finer texture than the mortar used in wall construction. Floor: No information on the floor is included on the form. The running field notes indicate it is highly disturbed by animal burrows. Its position is identified by the presence of floor features. Hearth: A slab-lined, rectangular hearth is present in the center of the room. Storage Pits: One possible storage pit containing five three-quarter grooved axes is present. The field notes state, “The outline [of the pit] was destroyed,” but the excavators estimate it was 11 cm deep and 50 cm × 30 cm in size. Postholes: No postholes are present. Other Floor Features: No other floor features are present. Roof: No evidence of the roof exists. Artifacts: The excavators note a large number of artifacts in the floor/floor fill and typed and counted decorated ceramics in both the fill and floor/floor-fill levels (Table 6.1). They note the following artifacts on the floor/floor-fill level: six manos, one metate, one grinding slab, two paint slabs/palettes (one with purple and red pigment, one with yellow ocher stains), one pestle, one pestle with polishing facets, nine three-quarter grooved axes (five in the storage pit, four elsewhere), four shaft straighteners, one abrading stone with several grooves, two abrading stones, one rubbing stone, one polishing stone, four hoe blades, three scrapers [unifaces?], one chopper, seven pieces of chalcedony, one bone awl, one unmodified deer bone, one cluster of red sherds from a jar, one red-slipped corrugated bowl, one large redslipped indented corrugated jar, and one Fourmile Polychrome (local variety) bowl.

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Room A7, Floor 1 Room A7 is in the center of Room Block A. It is directly south of Room A8, east of Room A9, and west of Room A6, to which it is connected by a door. Subfloor tests are not recorded, but the excavators state the floor sits directly over trash. The room was excavated 7/17–7/21/1950 by Virginia Pullen and Marjorie Gardner. Room Dimensions: The excavators did not record the size of the room on the field form. The following wall lengths were derived from the scaled excavation map: north wall = 3.3 m; east wall = 3.2 m; south wall = 3.2 m; west wall = 3.35 m. Wall Construction: The walls are of masonry construction. The field notes state partial banding is present using stones cut into long, flat blocks with smaller stones between. Basalt boulders are used in the footing course and occasionally throughout the construction, but most of the building material is tuff. The mortar is friable dark clay. The walls average 32 cm in width. Door: There is an open door in the center of the east wall (opening to Room A6). The notes state the stone slab used as a sill is in place, 35 cm above the floor. The door is 35 cm wide. Other Wall Openings: No other openings are in the walls. Wall Plaster: Wall plaster is present and is approximately 3.0 cm thick. Floor: No description of the floor is present other than stating it is disturbed by animal burrows. Hearth: No hearth is present. Storage Pits: No storage pits are present. Postholes: No postholes are present. Other Floor Features: No other floor features are present. Roof: No evidence of the roof is present. Artifacts: The excavators state three manos, one metate, and one abrading stone are present in the room fill. From the floor/floor-fill context, they note the presence of two manos, five three-quarter grooved axes, one full grooved axe, one hoe, four storage jars (type not specified), two plates made from smudged corrugated bowls, and one Fourmile Polychrome bowl. The excavators list sherd types in the floor/floorfill level but do not provide counts: plain (smudged and unsmudged); red (smudged and unsmudged); plain corrugated; indented corrugated; smoothed corrugated; incised corrugated; McDonald Corrugated; Point of Pines Punctate; Tularosa Fillet Rim; Encinas Red-on-Brown; Casa Grande Red-on-Buff; Sacaton Red-on-Buff; black-on-white; Pinedale Black-on-Red; Wingate Black-on-Red; Fourmile Polychrome; Fourmile Polychrome, Point of Pines

variety; Gila Polychrome; Nantack Polychrome; Pinedale Polychrome; St. Johns Polychrome; and transitional polychrome. Room A8, Floor 1 Room A8 is in the center of Room Block A. It is directly north of Room A7, west of Room A5, and east of Room A11, to which it is connected by a door. Subfloor tests were not conducted. The room was excavated 7/18–7/22/1950 by Patricia Delks and Helen Sweet. Room Dimensions: The excavators did not record the room dimensions in their notes. The following wall lengths are derived from the scaled excavation map: north wall = 2.2 m; east wall = 3.25 m; south wall = 2.0 m; west wall = 3.25 m. Wall Construction: Walls are made of rubble masonry. The north and south walls of Rooms 8A and 5A were built in one construction episode. The east and west walls abut these. Door: A sealed door is present in the east wall (leading to Room A11). The door is 45 cm wide. Other Wall Openings: There is a small, circular opening (size not given) in the west wall. A large stone forms the lintel, with small stones on the other sides. Wall Plaster: Wall plaster is present. Floor: Two layers of floor plaster are present. Hearth: A rectangular hearth is present in the center of the room, but no other details are given in the field notes. Storage Pits: No storage pits are present. Postholes: No postholes are present. Other Floor Features: No other floor features are present. Roof: Roof plaster is in large pieces on the floor. Artifacts: A small number of artifacts are noted by the excavators for the floor/floor-fill level and in the hearth. Painted sherds from the fill and floor/floorfill level were typed and counted in the field (Table 6.1). The excavators note three manos, two abrading stones, and five corrugated jars on the floor. In the ash in the hearth, they identify one projectile point, one pendant, and two pieces of shell. Room A9, Floor 1 Room A9 is near the western end of Room Block A. It is directly south of Room A11, west of Room A7, and east of Room A10. At one point in the running field notes, the excavator states this is a two-story room due to the presence of two floors 10 cm apart. Elsewhere in the notes, the excavator states it is one-story and there is one floor. The wall profiles support one-story, and this interpretation is given primacy here. The profiles also indicate only one floor. It is assumed here that the 10 cm in question

Point of Pines Phase, aD 1350–1400

represents the bottom of roof fall through floor fill to the floor. The room was excavated 7/19–7/26/1950 by Dwight Heath. Room Dimensions: The excavator does not record the room dimensions in his notes. The following wall lengths are derived from the scaled excavation map: north wall = 3.15 m; east wall = 3.25 m; south wall = 3.05 m; west wall = 3.25 m. Wall Construction: Walls are constructed of rubble masonry using tuff boulders, many well shaped, supplemented with chinking stones and clay mortar. The base course is made of vertically placed tuff boulders, with smaller stones between each boulder. The north and south walls continue beyond Room A9; the east and west walls abut. The average thickness of the wall is 30 cm. Door: A door is present in the west wall (opening to Room A10). The sill is 50 cm wide and 75 cm above the floor. However, the walls stand only 90 cm high. Given the height of the sill, this may represent a window instead of a door. Other Wall Openings: No other openings are in the walls. Wall Plaster: No wall plaster is evident. Floor: A hard-packed earth floor is present. It sits above trash. Hearth: A rectangular depression with slots for sandstone slabs is present, suggesting a slab-lined, rectangular hearth. A volcanic stone is present in the ash deposit in the depression, which the excavator suggests may represent a post rest. Storage Pits: No storage pits are present. Postholes: No postholes are present. Other Floor Features: No other floor features are present. Roof: No evidence of the roof is present. However, a lens of clay (possibly roofing plaster) is present in the fill. Artifacts: A limited number of sherds and artifacts are evident in the fill and floor/floor fill deposits of the room. In the fill, one maul is identified. In the floor/floor-fill deposit (approximately 10 cm thick), there are seven manos, one slab metate, four grinding stones, two axes, one paint-grinding stone, one “stone bowl for grinding paint,” two hammerstones, and one bone awl. The excavator lists sherds found in the fill and on the floor but does not provide counts, though he states the total is under 100. In the fill, the excavator lists the following ceramic types: plain and red wares; plain corrugated; indented corrugated; incised corrugated; Tularosa White-on-Red; Reserve Black-on-White; Pinedale Black-on-Red; Gila Polychrome; and Tucson Polychrome.

209

On the floor, the excavator identifies plain and red wares; plain corrugated; indented corrugated; pattern indented corrugated; Reserve Black-onWhite; and Gila Polychrome. Room A10, Floor 1 Room A10 is at the western end of Room Block A. It is west of Room A9 and south of Room A12. There are artifacts on the floor. Two metates in the fill are interpreted by the excavator as having been used on the roof. A 1.0 m × 1.35 m subfloor test was excavated and indicates the floor sat above 1.16 m of trash. The room was excavated 7/20–7/26/1950 by Galen H. Sayler. Room Dimensions: The excavator did not record the room dimensions. The wall lengths are derived from the scaled field map: north wall = 1.9 m; east wall = 3.275 m; south wall = 1.9 m; west wall = 3.275 m. Wall Construction: The walls are made of coursed masonry but lack alternating bands of large and small stones. The construction material is shaped blocks, with chinking stones and mortar between the courses. Door: The notes and field map state there is a door in the east wall into Room A9. The door sill is 40 cm wide and 80 cm above the floor. A shallow groove is present in the fill, and a “door cover” (32 cm wide, 45 cm long, 3.0 cm thick) is present in front of the door. Given the height of the sill, this may represent a window rather than a door into Room A9. Other Wall Openings: No other openings are in the walls. Wall Plaster: Wall plaster is present. Floor: A hard-packed floor is present. Hearth: No hearth is present. Storage Pits: No storage pits are present. Postholes: No postholes are present. Other Floor Features: No other floor features are present. Roof: No evidence of the roof is present. Excavator’s notes: In the running field notes, the excavator states, “A layer of hard water-laid material was found in the northern section of the room a few centimeters above the floor. On the underside of this material were to be found the impressions of grass. The grass seemed to be laid in a matted, mixed up manner and may at one time have lain on the roof of the room.” Artifacts: The excavator notes the following artifacts in the fill: 10 manos, one metate, one grinding palette, one three-quarter grooved axe, one arrow shaft straightener, and one stone anvil. The excavator states the following artifacts are present in the floor/ floor-fill level: 10 manos, two slab metates, three

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[169.236.78.20] Project MUSE (2024-03-14 19:24 GMT) University of California, Merced

grinding palettes (with red pigment), two rubbing stones, and six corrugated jars. The field notes state there were few sherds encountered in the excavation of the room and subfloor deposits, and they were mostly corrugated. The following painted types were noted, but their location was not stated: Encinas Red-on-Brown; Sacaton Red-on-Buff; Puerco Blackon-White; Tularosa/Reserve Black-on-White; Fourmile Black-on-Red; and Heshotauthla Polychrome. Room A11, Floor 1 and 2 Room A11 is at the western end of Room Block A. It is directly north of Room A9, west of Room A8 (to which it is connected by a window/vent), and east of room A12 (to which it is connected by a door). Floors 1 and 2 are 5.0 cm apart. Tests below Floor 2 are not mentioned. The room was excavated 7/22–7/27/1950 by Louis H. Quayle. Room Dimensions: The excavator did not record the room dimensions. The following wall lengths are derived from the scaled excavation map: north wall = 2.95 m; east wall = 3.25 m; south wall = 3.25 m; west wall = 3.45 m. Wall Construction: Walls are made of rubble masonry using shaped stones. A facing of small, unshaped stones is present on the interior of the walls. The walls average 30 cm thick. Door: One door is present in the west wall. The sill of the door is 45 cm wide and 35 cm above Floor 1. Other Wall Openings: A circular window/vent 20 cm in diameter is in the east wall. The sill is 45 cm above the floor. Wall Plaster: Wall plaster is present. Floor: Two floors are present. Floor 1 (highest) is plastered; Floor 2 (lower) is packed earth. The floors are 5.0 cm apart. Hearth: A single, slab-lined hearth is present in both floors. It is 15 cm in depth and measures 37.5 cm × 47.5 cm. A notch is in the slab on the east edge of the hearth. Storage Pits: No storage pits are present. Postholes: No postholes are present. Other Floor Features: A metate bin is present in the southwest corner. One metate is present in the bin. Roof: No evidence of the roof is present. Artifacts: The excavator notes the presence of a small number of artifacts. In the floor/floor-fill level deposits associated with Floor 1, are two manos, one metate, one palette, one arrow shaft straightener, one anvil, and one Kinishba Red bowl. Between Floors 1 and 2 are one projectile point, one figurine (no information on material time or form given), and one pottery disc. The sherd analysis for the room states,

“Sherds recovered are representative of every phase from Tularosa through Point of Pines.” Room A12, Floors 1 and 2 Room A12 is on the western edge of Room Block A. It is directly north of Room A10 and west of Room A11, to which it is connected by a door. Floors 1 and 2 are less than 10 cm apart. No mention is made of tests below Floor 2. The room was excavated 7/22–7/28/1950 by Keith Dixon. Room Dimensions: The excavator did not record the room dimensions. Wall lengths are derived from the scaled excavation map: north wall = 1.85 m; east wall = 3.4 m; south wall = 1.9 m; west wall = 3.6 m. Wall Construction: Walls are made of masonry with irregular coursing and boulder footings. Door: A door is present in the east wall. The sill is 40 cm wide and 30 cm above Floor 1. Other Wall Openings: No other openings are in the walls. Wall Plaster: Wall plaster is present. Floor: Floor 1 is highly polished plaster. Floor 2 is packed earth disturbed by animal burrows. Hearth: No hearth is present. Storage Pits: No storage pits are present. Postholes: No postholes are present. Other Floor Features: No other floor features are present. Roof: Roof clay is in the fill. Artifacts: Sherds were identified in the floor/floor-fill deposits associated with Floor 1 and between Floors 1 and 2. These were typed and counted in the field (Table 6.1). The excavator notes one smudge bowl in the fill, 50 cm below the surface, and one large indented corrugated jar on Floor 1. Additional artifacts in the floor/floor fill deposits of Floor 1 are two manos, one stone bowl, one polishing stone/hammerstone, two knives [bifaces?], and one bone awl.

Room Block B Room Block B is on the eastern edge of the pueblo, inside the Great Wall (Figure 6.3), and was excavated from 1953 through 1956. Masonry rooms were constructed during the Early Tularosa phase. Remodeling, as well as demolition and construction of new rooms over the fill, occurs several times thereafter. An initial description of the Point of Pines phase occupation of Room Block B is included in Morris’s (1957) master’s thesis. The information here is obtained directly from the field notes and includes current dating and interpretation. In some rooms, the excavators record large numbers of sherds that were typed and counted in the field (Table 6.2). In others, the

Figure 6.3. Architectural map of Point of Pines phase rooms in Room Block B (compiled from field notes)

Plain, Red, and Textured brown brown, smudged red red, smudged plain and red combined Reserve Plain Corrugated Reserve Indented Corrugated plain corrugated indented corrugated indented corrugated, smudged interior fingernail corrugated obliterated corrugated pattern indented corrugated zoned corrugated incised corrugated Truck Tire Corrugated grooved corrugated punched corrugated plain corrugated, red-slipped plain corrugated, red-slipped and smudged indented corrugated, red-slipped indented corrugated, red-slipped and smudged pattern indented corrugated, redslipped zoned corrugated, red-slipped McDonald Plain and Indented `Corrugated McDonald Pattern Indented Corrugated McDonald Grooved Corrugated Fish Scale [Prieto] Corrugated “Prieto Spaced Corrugated”

Type

2 3 4

2 3

2

2

23 154

106 374

5 8 8 2

2

19 5

47

31

21

4

91 27 72

37 45

22

27 19 32

8

259 92 28

2034 807

541 131 230 14

Floor 2

3

158 7 10 3

430 663

142 14 62 9

Fill

Room B2 Floor 1

73 37 32 9

Fill

2

1

5

96 23 7 83 1

62 251

8 3 74 1

Fill

1

2 1

2

2

6

14 9

6 1

12

Floor 1

4

7 1

5

3

33

70 86 1

26 4 19 6

Fill

Room B3

Table 6.2. Ceramics identified in the fill and floor/floor-fill deposits from rooms in Room Block B

2 3

1

1

13 6

2 33 19 5

124 109

44 7 19 4

Floor 2

2 3

1

2

6

4 2

60 38

21 2 6 6

Floor 3

7 7 32 41

24

203 19

633 1001

779

Fill

37

9

43

Floor

Room B11, Floor 1

17

1

163 13

39 49 132 365

459

Floor 1

15 5 95

42

7 2

48

9 212 57

1101

1082

564 327

Fill

Room B12

9

8

10

15 9

139

209

99 57

Floor 2

Polychrome Cedar Creek Polychrome Cedar Creek polychrome, Point of Pines variety Cedar Creek/Pinedale Transitional Polychrome Fourmile Polychrome Fourmile Polychrome, Point of Pines variety Gila Polychrome

Black-on-Red Cedar Creek Black-on-Red Fourmile Black-on-Red Gila Black-on-Red Maverick Mountain Black-on-Red Pinedale Black-on-Red Pinedale Black-on-Red, Point of Pines variety Pinto Black-on-Red St. Johns Black-on-Red

Black-on-White Kayenta Black-on-White Mimbres Black-on-White Pinedale Black-on-White Tularosa Black-on-White unidentified white ware

Red-on-Buff Casa Grande Red-on-Buff Sacaton Red-on-Buff, Safford variety

Red-on-Brown San Carlos Red-on-Brown

Fillet Rim and White-on-Red Tularosa Fillet Rim Tularosa White-on-Red unidentified white-on-red

1 5

7

2

71

16

1

2

15 1

5

1 1 70

1

6

4

14

24 29

46 8

2 2

90 5

6

10 3 2

1

13 6

59

144 35

114 16

23

254 31

13

38 13 4

1

1

31 14

54

7

1

1

1

1

1

3

31

21

1

6

1

5

2

41

63

7 3

15

5

3

2

4 1

3

4 17

1 2 1

1

104

107

56

4

106

30

3

5

13

5

1

2

21

46

25

37

1

27

163

281

9

405

7

44 19

21 7 1

5

3

5

42

75

1

3

10 1

Heshotauthla Polychrome Houck Polychrome Maverick Mountain Polychrome Nantack Polychrome Pinedale Polychrome Pinedale Polychrome, Point of Pines variety Pinto Polychrome Point of Pines Polychrome Prieto Polychrome Reserve Polychrome Showlow Polychrome Showlow Polychrome, Point of Pines variety Springerville Polychrome St. Johns Polychrome Tonto Polychrome Tucson Polychrome Willow Creek Polychrome White Mountain red ware unidentified intrusive polychrome

Type

9 1

2

73

7 2

10 5

2 1

1 1

10

1 4

Fill

Room B2 Floor 1

23

Fill

22

33

17

19 33

3 5 14

Floor 2

1

1 1 1

Fill

Floor 1

10

1

2

14

Fill

Room B3

Table 6.2. (cont’d.) Ceramics identified in the fill and floor / floor-fill deposits from rooms in Room Block B

11

8

1 1 20 5

Floor 2

4

2

Floor 3

16

5

5 41

13

Fill

1 2

Floor

Room B11, Floor 1

2

114

1

1 91

Floor 1

2

3 8

17

4 2 1

14 4 310

1

Fill

Room B12

3

1

5 1

1

29

4

Floor 2

Point of Pines Phase, aD 1350–1400

number of sherds is small, or counts were not provided. They are listed in the artifact section of the description. Room B1, Floor 1 Room B1 is in the southern edge of Room Block B, directly west of Room B2 and east of Room B5. A large number of pots are present on the floor. The excavator notes that no trash was dumped into the room. Because of this, she suggests the room was abandoned at the end of the phase. This is contradicted in the notes: a large number of artifacts are listed in the fill above Floor 1, suggesting postabandonment fill. Floor 1 was excavated 7/7–7/24/1953 by Joan Steffens. Room Dimensions: The excavator recorded the following wall lengths on the field form: north wall = 5.15 m; east wall = 2.75 m; south wall = 5.3 m; west wall = 2.1 m. Wall Construction: Walls are masonry using shaped tuff blocks; the walls average 39 cm in width. Door: No doors are associated with Floor 1. Other Wall Openings: No other wall openings are present. Wall Plaster: Wall plaster is present. Floor: No description of the floor is present. Hearth: A slab-lined, rectangular hearth is present; the hearth is filled with ash. Storage Pits: No storage pits are present. Postholes: No postholes are present. Other Floor Features: No other features are present. Roof: Roof plaster with reed impressions is in the fill. Artifacts: The excavator notes a large number of artifacts from the fill and from floor contact for Floor 1, Room B1. The artifact list states that sherds are present without identifying types. The excavator lists the following artifacts for the fill deposits: 22 manos, five trough metates, two lap stones, two grinding stones, two axes, one arrow shaft smoother, one arrow shaft straightener, one abrading tool, two polishing stones, one pumice “saw,” two projectile points, one hammerstone, one knife [biface], one scraper [uniface], one chopper, two bone awls, one rib scraper, one shell ring, three shell tinklers, 17 turquoise beads, one worked calcite, and one worked sherd. In the field notes, the excavator states the following artifacts are present in floor contact: three manos, two trough metates, one pestle, three threequarter grooved axes, one arrow shaft straightener, one hafted knife [biface], one plain ware jar, two red ware pots, one Kinishba Red jar, 11 indented corrugated pots, four indented corrugated smoothed pots, one indented corrugated obliterated pot, one indented corrugated pot with red slip, one McDonald

215

Pattern Indented Corrugated pot with red slip, one Silver Creek Corrugated pot, one Gila Polychrome jar, and one Gila Polychrome bowl. Room B2, Floors 1 and 2 Room B2 is at the southern edge of Room Block B. It is directly south of Room B6, east of Room B1 and west of Room B3, to which it is connected by a door. This part of the Room Block was occupied during previous phases. During the Point of Pines phase, earlier constructions are leveled, and there is new construction on new footing stones. Floors 1 and 2 are approximately 7.0 cm apart. There are 80 cm of trash between Floors 2 and 3. The room was excavated 6/14–7/8/1954 by Robert M. Wallace and Abdul Jalil Jawad. Room Dimensions: The excavators recorded the following wall lengths on the excavation form: north wall = 4.5 m; east wall = 2.9 m; south wall = 4.6 m; west wall = 2.5 m. Wall Construction: Walls are masonry construction using large tuff blocks, small tuff chinking stones, and clay mortar. Door: A door is present in the east wall. The sill is 10 cm above the floor, 75 cm wide. Based on the field map, there is a groove in the sill of the door. Other Wall Openings: No other wall openings are present. Wall Plaster: Wall plaster is present. Floor: The floor is made of hard-packed clay. Hearth: A slab-lined, circular hearth is present. Storage Pits: No storage pits are present. Postholes: Six postholes are present. Two are in alignment in the western half of the room and are 20 cm in diameter. Two are in alignment northwest of the hearth; the southern is 10 cm in diameter and the northern is 15 cm in diameter. The final two are at the east end of the room and 10 cm in diameter. Other Floor Features: No other floor features are present. Roof: Roofing clay with the impressions of reeds and small poles is present above Floor 1. Artifacts: The excavators note the presence of a large number of artifacts and sherds (Table 6.2). In the fill above Floor 1, the excavators list the following artifacts: 22 manos, four metates, two lap stones, one palette, three axes, one axe sharpener, one arrow shaft straightener, one stone bowl, three abraders, eight rubbing stones, one polishing stone, one sandstone slab, two hammerstones, two quartz crystals, and one calcite crystal. In the floor/floor-fill deposits associated with Floor 1, the excavators note the following artifacts:

216

Chapter 6

five manos, one lap stone, three axes, one maul, one arrow shaft straightener, three rubbing stones, one polishing stone, two saws, one bone awl, one antler flaker, one shell pendant, one shell tinkler, and one quartz pendant. The excavators note the following artifacts in the fill between Floors 1 and 2: one stone drill, one bone awl tip, one bone ring blank, one antler flaker, one bone scapula (species not identified), one shell bracelet, one calcite crystal, and one human effigy. Room B3, Floors 1, 2, and 3 Room B3 is at the eastern end of Room Block B. It is directly south of Room B4 and north of Room B2, to which it is connected by a door. There is a sealed door between Rooms B3 and B4. There have been domestic structures in this area of the room block since the Early Tularosa phase with several remodeling episodes and several sets of superimposed walls. The most recent remodeling is in the Point of Pines phase. Based on the wall profiles, there is 20 cm of fill between Floors 1 and 2 and between 2.5 cm and 10 cm of fill between Floors 2 and 3 due to the slope of Floor 3. Floor 3 is approximately 1.2 m above Floor 4. The room was excavated 7/5–8/3/1954 by Barbara Breternitz. Room Dimensions: The excavator records the following wall lengths on the field form: north wall = 1.75 m; east wall = 2.95 m; south wall = 1.53 m; west wall = 2.84 m. Wall Construction: The walls are made of rubble masonry with no banding of layers of larger and smaller stones. Shaped tuff blocks are present in the north, west, and south walls. The footings of all walls are formed with vertically placed tuff blocks. The north and west walls and the north wall of room B2 form a T-shaped bond. The following wall widths are recorded on the field form: north wall = 27 cm; east wall = 29 cm; south wall = 28 cm; west wall = 33 cm. Door: An open door is in the west wall. The sill is 54 cm wide and 38 cm above Floor 1. A sealed door 78 cm wide is in the east wall. Other Wall Openings: No other openings are in the walls. Wall Plaster: Wall plaster is present. Floor: No description exists for the floors other than to say Floor 1 is in good condition. The floors dip in the north half of the room, especially Floor 3. Hearth: No hearth is present on any of the floors. Storage Pits: No storage pits are present in any of the floors. Postholes: The field notes state no postholes are present in any of the floors, but the profile indicates a posthole in the center of Floor 3. The posthole is 20 cm in

diameter and 20 cm deep. It sits directly above a very large posthole in Floor 4 but is not in contact with it. An alternative interpretation is that this is a dip in the floor due to shifting subfloor deposits between Floors 3 and 4. Other Floor Features: No other floor features are present in any of the floors. Roof: No evidence of the roof associated with Floors 1–3 is present. Artifacts: Ceramics were typed and counted in the field for Room B3 (Table 6.2). The excavator identified artifacts in the fill levels above Floor 1, in the floor/ floor-fill level of Floors 1, 2, and 3, and in the fill between Floors 1 and 2. In the fill above Floor 1, the excavator lists the following artifacts: six manos, two three-quarter grooved axes, one tuff ball, one rubbing and pecking stone, one rubbing stone, one polishing stone, three projectile points, one hammerstone, one flake scraper [uniface?], one cut bone tube, one shell tinkler, one shell fragment, one piece of malachite, and numerous sherds from one fingernail indented corrugated pot. In the floor/floor-fill deposits associated with Floor 1, the excavator notes the following artifacts: one bone awl, one bone ring fragment, one bone tube, one bone bracelet fragment, one lump of tallow with red paint, one quartz crystal, one piece of malachite, and one miniature pot. In the fill between Floors 1 and 2, the excavator notes the following: three manos, three projectile points, and blue paint. In the floor/floor-fill deposits associated with Floor 2, the excavator notes the following: blue paint and one animal effigy. In the floor/floor-fill deposits associated with Floor 3, the excavator notes the following: one projectile point, one flake knife [biface?], and one bone awl fragment. Room B4, Floor 1

See Chapter 4. Room B5, Floor 1

See Chapter 5. Room B6, Floor 1

See Chapter 5. Room B7, Floor 1 Room B7 is in the northeast corner of Room Block B. It is directly east of Room B10 and north of Room B9, to which it is connected by a door (possibly sealed). Sub-

Point of Pines Phase, aD 1350–1400

floor tests indicate the floor sits above a layer of trash. The room was excavated 6/20–7/2/1955 by Patricia Thompson and Sue Nuttall. Room Dimensions: The excavators did not record the room dimensions in the notes. The following wall lengths are derived from the scaled floor map: north wall = 3.9 m; east wall = 3.6 m; south wall = 3.6 m; west wall = 3.5 m. Wall Construction: Rubble masonry is evident in the walls with no coursing. Walls are made of unshaped tuff blocks. The south wall has a base course of vertically set rectangular stones separated by smaller stones. On the field map, a short wall is present in the southeast corner of the room, east of the hearth. This wall segment is not discussed in the notes. Door: A door is present in the south wall. The running notes suggest it may have been sealed, but the wall profile indicates it is open. The sill is 60 cm wide and 30 cm above the floor. Other Wall Openings: No other openings are in the walls. Wall Plaster: Wall plaster is present, 1.5–2.0 cm thick. Floor: The floor is very uneven. Near the hearth, there appear to be two floors less than 10 cm apart. This seems to be a case of replastering, suggesting the floor plaster was used. Hearth: A slab-lined, rectangular hearth is present; it contains ash. Storage Pits: The notes state a small pit (15 cm diameter) is present and that it contains one mano, one threequarter grooved axe, one hammerstone, and corrugated sherds. Its small size suggests it may actually be a posthole. Postholes: The excavation notes state one posthole is present near the center of the room. It has a diameter of 30 cm and a depth of 25 cm. Other Floor Features: A metate bin is present in the southwest corner of the room. It has positions for three metates. Roof: Roofing clay is widely distributed above the floor. Artifacts: The excavator notes the presence of a number of artifacts in the fill and floor/floor fill of the room. Additionally, ceramics are present, though only the painted wares were typed and counted from the floor/floor-fill level. In the fill, the excavator records the following artifacts: one handstone, three three-quarter grooved axes, one arrow shaft smoother, one abrading stone, one polishing stone, two hoes, one projectile point, one hammerstone, one knife [biface?], one scraper [uniface?], three bone awls, one bone tube, and one piece of hematite. In the floor/floor-fill level, the excavator notes

217

the following: 12 manos, three metates, four handstones, three pestles, seven three-quarter grooved axes, three arrow shaft smoothers, one abrading stone, one hoe, two hammerstones, one flake knife, one scraper [uniface?], one bone awl, and one quartz crystal. The running notes also state, “Between 12 and 14 crushed whole pots was found [sic] just west of the center of the room” on the floor. These are not on the artifact list or plotted on the floor map. The following painted types (and counts) are listed for the floor/floor-fill level: unidentified blackon-white (2); Gila Black-on-Red sherd (1); Gila Black-on-Red jar with a Kayenta bird wing design (1); Maverick Mountain Black-on-Red (3); Pinedale Black-on-Red (3); Cedar Creek Polychrome (8); Fourmile Polychrome (9); Gila Polychrome (6); Point of Pines Polychrome (23); Showlow Polychrome (2); and Tonto Polychrome (23). Room B8, Floors 1 and 2 Room B8 is in the center of Room Block B, south of Room B9 and north of Room B6. Construction has occurred in this area of the room block since the Late Tularosa phase. The Point of Pines phase work represents a leveling of previous structures and construction of Room B8 on new footings in a new footprint. All four floors are listed on a single field form, which occasionally makes it difficult to associate features with a particular floor. Therefore, the running field notes are used as an arbiter. At one point, the field notes state this may be a two-story room, due to a layer of clay above the floor. However, no other data is presented in support nor is it drawn on the room profiles. The layer of clay is interpreted here as roof plaster from one-story construction. The room was excavated 6/29–7/27/1955 by Jackie Adams and Elizabeth Morris. Room Dimensions: The excavators did not record the room dimensions in their notes. The following wall lengths are derived from the scaled field map: north wall = 3.6 m; east wall = 3.25 m; south wall = 3.5 m; west wall = 3.1 m. Wall Construction: Walls are made of coursed masonry using shaped stones. Consistent banding of large stones separated by several bands of smaller stones is absent, though some stones are shaped. The following wall widths were recorded by the excavators on the field form: north wall = 32 cm; east wall = 34 cm; south wall = 35 cm; west wall = 31–39 cm. Door: Information about a sealed door is confusing. It is unclear whether the door is associated with Floors 1 and 2 or with earlier occupation. The field form states the bottom of the lintel is 28 cm above the floor, suggesting it is likely associated with earlier floors. However, the notes also state the door is 42 cm wide

218

Chapter 6

and 62 cm high, which suggests it may be the sill rather than the lintel that is 26 cm above the floor. A drawing of the sealed door is present, but it does not contain a floor reference. As a result, it is difficult to interpret the nature of the door. Other Wall Openings: No other openings are noted in the walls. Wall Plaster: Wall plaster is present. Floor: No description of the floor is on the field form or in the running notes. The notes do state Floors 1 and 2 are 8.0 cm apart, and both are badly disturbed. Hearth: A hearth is reported on the field form, but its floor association is unclear. At one point, the notes state it is associated with Floor 2; elsewhere, they state the hearth is 13 cm below the floor, suggesting an association with Floor 3. The hearth is described as a “saucer-shaped depression, lined with baked clay.” Elsewhere, the notes state the hearth may have been slab lined. No hearth is drawn on the floor map for the room. Therefore, it is assumed to be associated with an earlier occupation. Storage Pits: No storage pits are present. Postholes: No postholes are present. Other Floor Features: No other floor features are present. Roof: Roof plaster is present. Artifacts: The excavators note the presence of artifacts in the fill and floor/floor-fill deposits associated with Floors 1 and 2. The field notes state the sherds in the fill are dominated by Fourmile Polychrome but do not provide a full list or counts of other types that may be present. For the fill above Floor 1, the excavators list the following artifacts: three manos, two metates, one palette, one three-quarter grooved axe, one axe fragment, one arrow shaft straightener and one “smoother.” In deposits labeled as floor fill, the excavators list the following: one handstone, one metate, one arrow shaft straightener, two polishers/smoothers, one “fire dog,” one projectile point, one scraper [uniface?], one chopper, one graver, one bone awl, and one Point of Pines Polychrome bowl fragment. For the level designated as Floor 1, the following artifacts are listed: two manos, two shaped handstones with no grinding, two trough metates, two slab metates, one grinding stone, one three-quarter grooved axe, one hoe, two hammerstones, and one duck effigy bowl fragment. For Floor 2, the excavators state the following artifacts are associated: one bone ring fragment, one antler flaker, and one miniature bowl.

Room B9, Floor 1 Room B9 is at the north end of Room Block B. It is directly north of Room B8 and south of Room B7, to which it is connected by a door. Construction in this area of the room block occurs as early as the Late Tularosa phase, but this early room is abandoned during the Pinedale phase. The Point of Pines phase construction levels the earlier construction and builds a new room using new footings in a new footprint. The room was excavated 7/11–7/16/1955 by Sue Nuttall and Patricia Thompson. Room Dimensions: The excavators recorded the following wall lengths on the field form: north wall = 3.65 m; east wall = 1.55 m; south wall = 3.60 m; west wall = 1.60 m. Wall Construction: Walls are made of unshaped tuff boulders with no evidence of coursing. Door: A door is present in the north wall. The sill is 23 cm above the floor. The door is 32 cm wide at the bottom and 63 cm wide at the top. Other Wall Openings: No other openings are in the walls. Wall Plaster: Wall plaster is present and is approximately 2.0 cm thick. Floor: The floor is made of packed clay and is well preserved. Hearth: No hearth is present. Storage Pits: No storage pits are present. Postholes: No postholes are present. Other Floor Features: No other floor features are present. Roof: Roofing clay is present in the fill. Some of the clay has impressions of reeds. Artifacts: The excavators note the following artifacts in the floor/floor-fill level: nine manos, two handstones, one metate, one grinding stone, one mortar, two three-quarter grooved axes, five whetstones, one polishing pebble, one hammerstone, and two flake knives. The excavators note plain and corrugated ceramics are present in the floor/floor-fill level. They also list the following types and counts: McDonald Corrugated (3); Tularosa White-on-Red (1); Pinedale Black-on-Red (20); Cedar Creek Polychrome (12); Fourmile Polychrome (1); Gila Polychrome (3); Maverick Mountain Polychrome (1); Pinedale Polychrome (3); Point of Pines Polychrome (4); and Tonto Polychrome (6). Room B10, Floor 1 Room B10 is on the northern edge of the room block, directly west of Room B7. The room has three doors, all of which are sealed. It overlies Kiva 7, used from the Pinedale through Canyon Creek phases. The room was

Point of Pines Phase, aD 1350–1400

excavated 6/18–6/29/1956 by Elizabeth Morris, Sandy McCaw, and Edward Johns. Room Dimensions: The excavators did not record the room dimensions. The following wall lengths are derived from the scaled field map: north wall = 3.5 m; east wall = 4.0 m; south wall = 3.7 m; west wall = 4.0 m. Wall Construction: Walls are made of shaped tuff blocks with no clear banding. Door: Three sealed doors are present. Door 1 is in the west wall. The sill is 25 cm above the floor, 40 cm wide. Door 2 is in the south wall; its sill is 55 cm above the floor, 55 cm wide. Door 3 is in the west wall; its sill is 40 cm above the floor, 45 cm wide. Other Wall Openings: No other openings are present in the wall. Wall Plaster: Wall plaster is present. Floor: The floor is in good condition, but no other description is given in the notes. Hearth: A slab-lined, rectangular hearth is in the center of the room. The hearth is 44 cm wide and 50 cm long. Storage Pits: No storage pits are present. Postholes: No postholes are present. Other Floor Features: A storage bin is in the southeast corner of the room. The bin is defined with masonry walls and measures 1.60 m east–west and 1.50 m north–south. Roof: Roof plaster is present in the fill. Some of the roof plaster has impressions of shakes and saplings on one side. Artifacts: The excavators provide no ceramic analysis. The field forms list the following artifacts from the floor/floor-fill level: 13 manos, two handstones, one small axe, one maul, two shaft straighteners, seven rubbing stones, six polishing stones, two projectile points, one hammerstone, two pieces of turquoise, four sherds (type unspecified), and three pots (type unspecified). Room B11, Floor 1 Room B11 is at the far eastern area designated as Room Block B. It is not connected to the rest of the room block nor was the area between Room B11 and the remainder of the room block tested. The room was excavated 6/18– 7/20/1956 by Ruth Blumenfeld and Wilda Anderson. Room Dimensions: The excavators record the following wall lengths in the notes: north wall = 3.3 m; east wall = 3.5 m; south wall = 3.4 m; west wall = 3.3 m. Wall Construction: The walls are made of coursed masonry using both shaped and unshaped tuff blocks. Coursing is somewhat irregular. The lowest course of the north wall and the lowest two courses of the

219

west wall use vertically placed tuff blocks separated by smaller stones. No corners are bonded. Door: A door is present in the west wall. The sill is 25 cm above the floor, 75 cm wide. Other Wall Openings: No other openings are in the walls. Wall Plaster: Wall plaster is present, 2.0–2.5 cm thick. Floor: The floor is clay and very uneven. Hearth: A slab-lined, rectangular hearth is near the center of the room. A second, unlined hearth is also present. Storage Pits: No storage pits are present. Postholes: No postholes are present. Other Floor Features: Two metate bins are present in the northeast corner. A Tularosa Fillet Rim scoop and a metate are present in the eastern bin. A sandstone slab lines the bottom of the western bin, and a sherd scoop is present. Two baffles are present. Roof: Roofing plaster with grass impressions is in the fill. Artifacts: A large number of artifacts are noted by the excavators for the fill and floor/floor-fill levels. The excavators typed and counted the sherds in the fill and floor/floor-fill levels in the field (Table 6.2) and did not transport any to Tucson. For the fill level, the excavators note the following artifacts: 17 manos, two abrading stones, one polishing stone, 12 sandstone slabs (one notched), one hoe blade, two hammerstones, one scraper [uniface?], one bone tool, one rock with a ridge and fire mark, one stone concentration, one quartz crystal, and five pottery vessels (types unspecified). In the floor/floor-fill level, the excavators note the following: two manos, one handstone, one metate, one arrow shaft straightener, one “phallic” stone, two projectile points, two scrapers [unifaces?], one bone awl, one bird leg bone bead, three quartz crystals, and one restorable indented corrugated jar. There are also six unrestorable indented corrugated pots, two plain corrugated pots, one obliterated corrugated pot, and one to three red-slipped vessels. Room B12, Floors 1 and 2 Room B12 is at the western end of Room Block B, directly west of Room B5. Earlier construction occurs in this location during the Pinedale phase. The Point of Pines phase construction levels this earlier work and constructs a new room in a new footprint. Information on all three floors is recorded on a single form. The room was excavated 6/22–7/19/1956 by Prudence Ann Goulding and Meredith Treene. Room Dimensions: The excavators did not record the dimensions of the room in their notes. The following

Figure 6.4. Map of excavated rooms in Room Block C dated to the Point of Pines phase (compiled from field notes)

Point of Pines Phase, aD 1350–1400

wall lengths are derived from the scaled field map: north wall = 4.1 m; east wall = 3.6 m; south wall = 3.75 m; west wall = 3.6 m. Wall Construction: Walls are masonry with rough coursing in some areas. Building material is tuff with large unshaped and shaped blocks. The west end of the south wall has upright slabs at the base. The excavators recorded the following wall widths: north wall = 30 cm; east wall = 25 cm; south wall = 35 cm; west wall = 35 cm. Door: No doors are present. Other Wall Openings: No other openings are in the walls. Wall Plaster: No wall plaster is present. Floor: Floors are formed of mud plaster. Floors 1 and 2 are approximately 10 cm apart. Hearth: A sandstone slab-lined, rectangular hearth is present for both floors. The hearth measures 36 cm north–south and 43 cm east–west. Storage Pits: No storage pits are present. Postholes: A central posthole is present in both floors. Its diameter is 26 cm. Other Floor Features: The wall stub of a north–south trending wall tied to Floor 3 projects 10–15 cm above Floor 1 on the east side of the room. Roof: Roof plaster is present in the fill. Artifacts: The excavators list artifacts associated with fill deposits as well as the floor/floor-fill level for Floor 1 and the material between Floors 1 and 2. Ceramics were noted throughout these levels. The sherds were typed and counted in the field (Table 6.2) and not transported to Tucson. In the fill, the excavators note the following artifacts: one circular pallet and one arrow shaft straightener. For the floor/floor-fill level associated with Floor 1, the excavators list the following: one grinding stone, one arrow shaft straightener, one bone awl, and one bird effigy fragment. For the deposits between Floors 1 and 2, the excavators list the following: one miniature axe, one piece of worked stone, one projectile point, one blade, two stone drills, two bone awls, one hair ornament, two bone rings, one incised bone ring fragment, one rib scraper, one turquoise bead, one turtle effigy, and two spindle whorls. The excavators state one piece of worked stone was found on Floor 2.

Room Block C Four excavated rooms in Room Block C (located at the far southern end of the pueblo, outside the Great Wall) date to the Point of Pine phase (Figure 6.4), as does a possible walking surface next to Room 107. Excavation

221

in this area of the site is fairly limited, but the presence of four rooms dated to this phase suggests there may be an increase in occupation of this portion of the site during this phase. Ceramics recovered from rooms in Room Block C are presented in Table 6.3. Room C1, Floor 1 Room C1 is the northernmost room excavated in the cluster. None of the rooms adjacent to Room C1 were excavated. Floor 1 is the only floor evident and sits on a layer of trash 5–12 cm thick, except for the south wall, which sits above a borrow pit. It was excavated 6/16– 7/14/1952 by Barbara Gandee and Liss Christophersen. Room Dimensions: The excavators recorded the following wall lengths in their notes: north wall = 4.95 m; east wall = 3.45 m; south wall = 5.1 m; west wall = 3.45 m. Wall Construction: The footings for all but the south wall are dug through the subfloor trash and sit directly on native soil. The footings of the south wall sit on a trash-filled borrow pit. The construction method is masonry of tuff with no evidence of banding. The stones are roughly dressed or lack pecking completely. The base course of the south wall is vertically set basalt boulders; the rest are tuff walls set horizontally. Wall thickness are 28–30 cm. Door: No doors are present. Other Wall Openings: No other openings are in the walls. Wall Plaster: Plaster is present on all four walls 2–4 cm thick. Floor: The floor is packed soil. Hearth: A slab-lined (basalt and sandstone), rectangular hearth is present. Storage Pits: No storage pits are present. Postholes: No postholes are present. Other Floor Features: The excavators note a concentration of metates and manos in the fill of the northeast corner of the room and suggest there may have been a mealing bin on the roof in that location. They also indicate there may have been another in the southwest corner of the roof but do not state why. Roof: Large chunks of roofing clay are present in the fill. The excavators state that “generally above the roofing clay” are 16 whole/restorable corrugated storage jars (type unspecified). Artifacts: The excavators note the presence of a number of artifacts in the fill, floor-fill, on the floor, and in the subfloor levels of the rooms. They also note a number of different ceramic types but do not provide counts. In the fill, the excavators note the following artifacts in addition to those noted above: three manos, two metates, one paint-grinding stone, seven axes,

Table 6.3. Sherds from Room Block C that were typed and counted in the field Room C1 Type Plain, Red, and Textured brown brown, smudged brown, smudged with decoration red red, smudged Kinishba Red brown ware patterned [?] brown ware worked [?] brown neck banded Three Circle Neck Banded corrugated (type not specified) corrugated (type not specified), red slip Reserve Plain Corrugated Reserve Indented Corrugated Reserve Incised Corrugated Point of Pines Plain Corrugated Point of Pines Indented Corrugated Point of Pines Obliterated Corrugated Point of Pines Pattern Indented Corrugated Tularosa Patterned Indented Corrugated fingernail indented corrugated fingernail incised corrugated McDonald Plain Corrugated McDonald Pattern Indented Corrugated McDonald Grooved Corrugated Prieto Corrugated Fillet Rim and White-on-Red Reserve Fillet Rim Tularosa Fillet Rim Tularosa Fillet Rim White-on-Red Tularosa White-on-Red

Room 103

Room 107

Fill

Subfloor

Fill

Floor

Fill

Floor 1

Present Present

Present

108 99 1 256 46

16 38

129 28

46 36

3 1

130 15

33 10

7 5 3 107 293 17 2

3 3

Present Present Present

2 1 2 1 Present Present

1

Present

Present

79 45 1 207 576 82 29 19

Present

11 3 2 1 38

16

24 13 6 1 2 6

2 4

1 11 2 1

1 Present

5 1 6

1

7

Red-on-Buff and Red-on-Cream Sacaton Red-on-Buff unidentified red-on-cream

1 1

Black-on-White Kayenta Black-on-White Mimbres Black-on-White Pinedale Black-on-White Tularosa Black-on-White unidentified white ware Black-on-Red Gila Black-on-Red Maverick Mountain Black-on-Red Pinedale Black-on-Red Pinto Black-on-Red Wingate Black-on-Red unidentified black-on-red

70 107 7 3 2 3

1 1 1 2 1

3 1

Present

Present

44 1

2 10

1 1 9

2

1 6

1 2

Point of Pines Phase, aD 1350–1400

223

Table 6.3. (cont’d.) Sherds from Room Block C that were typed and counted in the field Room C1 Type Polychrome Cedar Creek Polychrome Cibecue Polychrome El Paso Polychrome Fourmile Polychrome Gila Polychrome Maverick Mountain Polychrome Pinedale Polychrome Pinto Polychrome Point of Pines Polychrome Ramos Polychrome Showlow Polychrome Showlow Polychrome, Point of Pines variety Tonto Polychrome Tucson Polychrome White Mountain Red Ware body sherds

Fill

4 Present Present

Room 103

Subfloor

Present 2

Floor

Fill

Floor 1

17

3

5

7 1

53 41 15 20 7 37 1 3

5 1 3 3

34 14

10 6

2 2 20

6 5

2

Present Present

Fill

Room 107

2

2 Present Present

three arrow shaft straighteners, one tuff ball, one pecked (“phallic”) stone, one abrading stone, two polishing stones, one polished basalt slab, one slate hoe blade, one “basalt grinder,” one piece of worked stone, one projectile point, one hammerstone, two knives [bifaces?], one scraper [uniface?], one drill, one bone awl, one piece of worked bone, and one piece of perforated shell. In the floor fill, the excavators note one piece of gypsum and one quartz crystal. On the floor, the excavators note the following: 14 manos, four metates, one mortar, one paint-grinding stone, one axe, one arrow shaft straightener, two shaped (“phallic”) stones, three abrading stones, two rubbing stones, two polishing stones, one piece of worked stone, one piece of grooved stone, one hammerstone, one digging tool [material not specified], one piece of worked bone, one piece of malachite, one animal effigy (material not stated), and one pottery disk. In the subfloor level they note one awl and one unidentified clay object. The excavators did not count the different ceramic types or divide them by level, with the exception of the subfloor level. The types present above the floor and in the subfloor level are noted in Table 6.3. Room 103, Floor 1 Room 103 is in the center of the Room Block C cluster and is directly east of Room 111. It overlies a layer of trash and portions of three trash-filled pithouses. The Point

8 4 4

1 4

1

of Pines phase floor is the only floor associated with the masonry construction of the room. It was excavated 6/26–7/12/1958 by Sherilla Hatch and Judith-Maria Hess. Room Dimensions: The excavators recorded the following wall lengths: north wall = 5.4 m; east wall = 3.35 m; south wall = 5.5 m; west wall = 3.55 m. Wall Construction: The west wall has banded, coursed masonry. The other three walls have masonry construction without banding. Door: The room excavation form notes a door in the east wall, but no measurements are given nor is it drawn on the field map. Other Wall Openings: The room excavation form states there is a window in the south wall 45 cm above the floor 24–28 cm wide. Wall Plaster: One layer of plaster is present on the walls. Floor: The floor is uneven and made of a mixture of native soil and mortar similar to that used in the wall construction. Hearth: A hearth is present, but it is not located on the floor. The excavators suggest it may be a hearth from the roof or an extramural hearth used above the fill after the room was abandoned. Storage Pits: No storage pits are present. Postholes: No postholes are present. Other Floor Features: The excavators note a fetus burial in the subfloor fill below the southeast corner of the floor but above the underlying pithouse (Pithouse 35). They provide the following description: “Although the bones were in the same general area, they were not in place. This was probably due to animal

224

Chapter 6

activity. Found some badly burned Point of Pines corrugated pottery in conjunction with it.” Roof: Hard packed roof adobe is found overlying the floor. Artifacts: The excavators note the presence of a number of artifacts in the fill and floor/floor-fill context. They also typed and counted the sherds they encountered (Table 6.3). In the fill, the excavators note the following: 13 manos, two handstones, two metates, one paint palette, one tuff building block with a concave grinding surface, one lap stone with a long narrow groove, two axes, two arrow shaft straighteners, one stone bowl, four rubbing stones, three polishing stones, one hoe blade, two projectile points, five hammerstones, one chert core, one drill, four bone awls, one antler flake, one quartz crystal, three obsidian nodules, one chrysocolla paint stone, one Cardium shell fragment, and one Conus shell tinkler. In the floor/floor-fill level, the excavators note the following: one mano, one axe, one rubbing stone, one polishing stone, one hoe blade, one hammerstone, one drill, and one bone hair pin.

Floor: The floor is compacted soil and very disturbed by animal burrows. Hearth: A slab-lined, rectangular hearth is in the center of the room. Storage Pits: No storage pits are present. Postholes: No postholes are present. Other Floor Features: A low, east–west-running partition wall is present in the room. Roof: No evidence of the roof is present. Artifacts: The excavator notes the presence of a small number of artifacts in the fill and floor/floor-fill context associated with Floor 1. Sherds encountered during excavation were typed and counted (Table 6.3) in the field and not transported to Tucson. In the fill, the excavator notes the following artifacts: one projectile point, one knife [biface?], one bone awl, and one quartz crystal. In the floor/floor fill context, the excavator notes the following: four manos, one trough metate, one handstone, one abrading stone, three rubbing stones, one polishing stone, one hammerstone, and one quartz crystal. Room 111, Floor 1

See Chapter 5. Room 107, Floor 1 Room 107 is at the western edge of the Room Block C cluster of excavated rooms. The Point of Pines phase floor (Floor 1) is built over a Pinedale phase floor as well as an Early Tularosa phase pithouse (Pithouse 18). The room associated with Floor 1 represents new construction over these earlier occupations. Floor 1 is overlain by three layers of fine, water-washed sand. The south and west walls associated with Floor 1 were destroyed by early trenching activity in the area. As a result, their location and lengths are estimated based on the trenching notes. The room was excavated 7/14–8/3/1958 by Don P. Morris. Room Dimensions: The excavator did not record the lengths of the walls on the field excavation form or in his notes. The following wall lengths are derived from the field map of the room: north wall = 3.2 m; east wall = 4.1 m; south wall = 3.3 m (estimated); west wall = 4.15 m (estimated). Wall Construction: The walls are constructed of medium-sized tuff stones, smaller filling stones, and mortar without banding. The footing course uses larger boulders. Door: There is a door 50 cm wide in the east wall. The break in the west wall is due to trenching activity disturbance and is not a door. Other Wall Openings: There are no other wall openings. Wall Plaster: No plaster is evident on the walls.

Room Block D Unlike the other areas of the pueblo, where occupation appears to increase, occupation in Room Block D decreases. Only 10 of the excavated rooms show evidence of occupation during the Point of Pines phase (Figure 6.5). This can be compared with the 21 rooms occupied in Room Block D during the previous phase (see Chapter 5). Floor 1 of all of the rooms dates to the Point of Pines phase (Rooms 64, 65, 66, 67, 70, 76, 85, 95, 98). All except one were constructed during the Canyon Creek Phase and are detailed in Chapter 5. Room 87, Floor 1, was founded during the Maverick Mountain phase and is detailed in Chapter 4. Room Block E Unlike Room Block D, occupation in Room Block E expands during the Point of Pines phase (Figures 6.6 and 6.7). Floors in rooms occupied during the Canyon Creek phase (Chapter 5) continue to be used in 14 rooms. Additionally, floors in 20 additional rooms are constructed during the Point of Pines phase. The Great Kiva and Kiva 2 are no longer used, but construction of rooms in the vicinity of the Great Kiva expands (Figure 6.6). Additional construction occurs on the west side of Kiva 2 (Figure 6.7). Sherds encountered during excavation were typed in the field and counted for some rooms (Table 6.4). They were not transported to Tucson.

Point of Pines Phase, aD 1350–1400

225

Figure 6.5. Excavated rooms in Room Block D with occupation during the Point of Pines phase at Point of Pines Pueblo (compiled from field notes)

Room 1, Floor 1 Room 1 is on the far western edge of the north half of Room Block E. Specifically, its west wall is the Great Wall of the pueblo. The room’s north and south walls are appended to the existing Great Wall structure during the Point of Pines phase. The room was excavated 7/9– 7/19/1947 by Edith Sykes and reinvestigated 6/3–7/1/1948 by Roderick Smith and Stanley Hamper. Room Dimensions: The excavators recorded the following wall lengths: north wall = 1.57 m; east wall = 3.56 m; south wall = 2.1 m; west wall = 3.8 m. Wall Construction: The Great Wall forms the west wall of the room and is constructed of large basalt boulders. The north and south walls, which abut the west wall, are made of a combination of small and large tuff blocks with adobe mortar. The east wall has two different building styles. The north 1.5 m of the wall is banded masonry with bands of large, shaped blocks separated by several bands of smaller material. The remainder of the wall is masonry and adobe mortar

that lacks banding of small and large tuff blocks. The footings of the north and east walls are large basalt boulders, while the footing of the south wall is small pieces of tuff. Door: No door is present. Other Wall Openings: No other wall openings are present. Wall Plaster: Plaster is evident on three walls. On the north and south walls, it is 1.00 cm thick and on the east wall it is 1.75 cm thick. Floor: No information is provided about the floor. Hearth: A slab-lined, rectangular hearth with a clay floor is in the center of the room. Storage Pits: There are no storage pits, but there is a pot sunk in a rough, “unimproved” hole in the southwest corner of the room to a depth of 26 cm. Postholes: No postholes are present. Other Floor Features: No other floor features are present. Roof: Two types of roof fall are evident. There are burned sticks, possibly stringers, in the northwest

226

Chapter 6

Figure 6.6. Excavated rooms occupied during the Point of Pines phase in the southern half of Room Block E (around the now abandoned Great Kiva). Map compiled from field notes.

corner and grass-impressed clay in the southwest corner of the room. Artifacts: The excavators note a small number of artifacts but do not specify their context. These are 13 manos (six in the hearth), one arrow shaft straightener, one abrading stone, one polishing stone, one hammerstone, and one pot (embedded in the pit discussed above). In the subfloor fill, the excavators note the following: one mano, one knife [biface?], one bone awl, one shell fragment, and one miniature pot. The excavators also note the presence of ceramics in the fill, floor/floor-fill and subfloor context. These sherds were typed and counted in the field (Table 6.4) for fill, floor/floor-fill, and subfloor context. Room 4, Floor 1 Room 4 is on the western side of the north end of Room Block E. It is directly west of Room 5 and directly east of Room 3 (occupied during the Canyon Creek phase but not the Point of Pines phase). The room was excavated

6/6–7/17/1947 by Elizabeth Albro and Mary Chandler. Subfloor tests were conducted 7/1/1948 by Barton Wright and Wilma Kaemlein. Room Dimensions: The excavators did not record the length of the walls on the field form. The following wall lengths are derived from the field map: north wall = 3.0 m; east wall = 4.3 m; south wall = 2.95 m; west wall = 4.4 m. Wall Construction: All four walls are made of banded masonry. Specifically, rows of large, dressed stones are separated by three or four rows of small stones. Door: A sealed door 41 cm wide is in the west wall. Other Wall Openings: There are two niches in the west wall, both sealed. The niches have a diameter of 20 cm. Wall Plaster: A 1.0-cm-thick layer of gray plaster is present on all but the east wall. Floor: The floor is made of packed earth. Hearth: No hearth is present. Storage Pits: No storage pits are present.

Figure 6.7. Excavated rooms occupied during the Point of Pines phase in the northern half of Room Block E (to the west of the now-abandoned Kiva 2). Map compiled from field notes.

Table 6.4. Sherds noted in the fill, floor / floor-fill, and subfloor context of rooms in Room Block E Room 1, Floor 1 Type Plain, Red, and Textured plain plain, smudged red red, smudged Kinishba Red San Carlos Red smudged ware brown, reed impressed neck corrugated corrugated, various types plain corrugated indented corrugated pattern indented corrugated incised corrugated grooved corrugated corrugated, various types redslipped plain corrugated, red-slipped indented corrugated, redslipped Reserve Plain Corrugated Reserve Indented Corrugated Reserve Incised Corrugated Tularosa Pattern Indented Corrugated Point of Pines Plain Corrugated Point of Pines Indented Corrugated Point of Pines Obliterated Corrugated Point of Pines Pattern Indented Corrugated “King Size Coil” McDonald Corrugated Fish Scale [Prieto] Corrugated [Point of Pines] Punctate Fillet Rim and White-on-Red Reserve Fillet Rim Tularosa Fillet Rim Tularosa Fillet Rim White-on-Red Kinishba White-on-Red Salado White-on-Red Tularosa White-on-Red unidentified white-on-red Red-on-Brown Encinas Red-on-Brown San Carlos Red-on-Brown unidentified red-on-brown

Fill 60 7 35 24

Floor Subfloor 26 24 12 13

119 51 18 11

Room 8, Floor 1

Room 11, Floor 1

Fill

Fill

10 6 58 42

28 45 53 20

Floor Subfloor 62 45 43 24

Room 13, Floor 1

Room 18, Room Floor 1 25

Fill

Floor

Fill

321

1

16 14 28 9 3

Floor 1

8 10

1

10 34 115 10 2

64 47 15 1

90 229 20 11

19 34

6 9

2 1

1 5 2

8

23 10

7

4

130 187 139 12 27

1060

17

14

11

14 1 pot

12

17

8

552

Present 1055

29 63 72 4 2

15

11

10 49 6

12

8

2

4

1

1

1

12

8

11 10

1 1

1

1 2 1

2

2

1

1 4 6

1

1 1

1 2

Table 6.4. (cont’d.) Sherds noted in the fill, floor / floor-fill, and subfloor context of rooms in Room Block E Room 8, Floor 1

Room 1, Floor 1 Type

Fill

Black-on-White early PII black-on-white Mimbres Black-on-White Pinedale Black-on-White Reserve Black-on-White Reserve-Tularosa Black-on-White Tularosa Black-on-White unidentified PII black-on-white unidentified black-on-white

Floor Subfloor

Fill

Room 13, Floor 1

Room 11, Floor 1 Fill

Floor Subfloor

Fill

Floor

49

4

Room 18, Room Floor 1 25 Fill

Floor 1

1 1 3

3

Black-on-Red Fourmile Black-on-Red Gila Black-on-Red Maverick Mountain Black-on-Red Pinedale Black-on-Red Pinto Black-on-Red Wingate Black-on-Red unidentified Type 1 black-on-red unidentified Type 2 black-on-red

8

2 10

10

2

5

23

14

10

1

3

10

14

15

8

16

83

77

20

7

8 2

14

34

1 2

2 2

2 1

Polychrome Cedar Creek Polychrome Fourmile Polychrome Gila Polychrome Maverick Mountain Polychrome Nantack Polychrome Pinedale Polychrome Pinto Polychrome Point of Pines Polychrome Prieto Polychrome Showlow Polychrome Springerville Polychrome St. Johns Polychrome Tonto Polychrome Tucson Polychrome Type “X” Polychrome unidentified polychrome Maverick Mountain body sherds parts of painted jars [types unspecified]

19

8 29 10

5 3 8

2 2 1

8 52 15

24 167 75

8 90 9

4

2

0

4

11

5

11 125 104

1

26 25 4

7 2

10

1 2

5

3

1

7

3 2

1

1

6

2

6 5 3 14

3 4 7 2

2

Room 32 Type

Fill

Plain, Red, and Textured plain brown plain brown, smudged

54

Room 46

Floors 1 & 2 Floor 1 14

11 15

Room 48, Floor 1 Fill

Floor Subfloor

Present Present Present Present Present Present

Room 101, Floor 1

Room 102, Floor 1

Room 104, Floor 1

Fill

Floor

Fill

Floor

Fill

Floor

10 32

5 10

11 21

7 10

41 31

78 44

Table 6.4. (cont’d.) Sherds noted in the fill, floor/floor-fill, and subfloor context of rooms in Room Block E Room 32 Type

Fill

plain red 30 plain red, smudged 54 Kinishba Red San Carlos Red smudge ware brown, reed impressed/ punctate neck corrugated corrugated, various types plain corrugated 40 indented corrugated 120 pattern indented corrugated incised corrugated grooved corrugated 3 corrugated, various types, red-slipped plain corrugated, red-slipped indented corrugated, redslipped Reserve Plain Corrugated Reserve Indented Corrugated Reserve Incised Corrugated Tularosa Pattern Indented Corrugated Point of Pines Plain Corrugated Point of Pines Indented Corrugated Point of Pines Obliterated Corrugated Point of Pines Pattern Indented Corrugated “King Size Coil” McDonald Corrugated 16 Fish Scale [Prieto] Corrugated 2 [Point of Pines] Punctate Fillet Rim and Red-on-White Reserve Fillet Rim Tularosa Fillet Rim Tularosa Fillet Rim White-onRed Kinishba White-on-Red Salado White-on-Red Tularosa White-on-Red unidentified white-on-red Red-on-Brown Encinas Red-on-Brown San Carlos Red-on-Brown unidentified red-on-brown

6

Room 46

Floors 1 & 2 Floor 1 3 9

6 1

Room 48, Floor 1 Fill

Floor Subfloor

Present Present Present Present Present Present

Room 101, Floor 1

Room 102, Floor 1

Room 104, Floor 1

Fill

Floor

Fill

Floor

Fill

Floor

34 9

11 7

28

3

32 10

50

8 1

1

2 35 57 6 1 1

17

17 72 3 1

1 8

17

4

1

10 40 4

9 12

7 60

8 44

87

4

14 26 1

6 1

12

2 1

1

3

2

1

Common 1

2

4

3 5

20 41 2 14

30 27 14 4

27 18

89 134

153 252

28

19

7

17

6 2

21 12

37 26

2

7

7 2

4

5

6 2

24

2

2 2

5 4

4

1 2

1

10

1 1

1 2 1

5

Table 6.4. (cont’d.) Sherds noted in the fill, floor/floor-fill, and subfloor context of rooms in Room Block E Room 32 Type Black-on-White early PII black-on-white Mimbres Black-on-White Pinedale Black-on-White Reserve Black-on-White Reserve-Tularosa Black-onWhite Tularosa Black-on-White unidentified PII black-on-white unidentified black-on-white

Fill

Floors 1 & 2 Floor 1

1

Room 48, Floor 1 Fill

Floor Subfloor

Room 101, Floor 1

Room 102, Floor 1

Room 104, Floor 1

Fill

Fill

Floor

Fill

2

2 12

Floor

1 1

Floor

1

8 7

1

Black-on-Red Fourmile Black-on-Red Gila Black-on-Red Maverick Mountain Black-onRed Pinedale Black-on-Red Pinto Black-on-Red Wingate Black-on-Red unidentified Type 1 black-onred unidentified Type 2 black-onred Polychrome Cedar Creek Polychrome Fourmile Polychrome Gila Polychrome Maverick Mountain Polychrome Nantack Polychrome Pinedale Polychrome Pinto Polychrome Point of Pines Polychrome Prieto Polychrome Showlow Polychrome Springerville Polychrome St. Johns Polychrome Tonto Polychrome Tucson Polychrome Type “X” polychrome unidentified polychrome Maverick Mountain body sherds parts of painted jars [types unspecified]

Room 46

7

31

2

20–25

10

7

3

2

10 1

8

6

2

7

2

1

39

58

1 5

1 1

15 15 11 1

25 23 12 8

13 2 3

24 3

1 16

2

1 1

2

85

2

3 1

6 18 6

3 1

1 2 1

40 50 26 4

8

4

1

27 2 16

1 1

5 1

1

24 3

6

7

1 2 5

8 1 6

1

6 14 12

1

6

2

5 1 1

1 3

6

1 3

3

1 2

4

1 1

3 2 10

1

6 1 1 1 2

7

1

12

232

Chapter 6

Postholes: The field form and notes state no postholes are present, but the field map indicates one posthole 25 cm deep in the center of the room. Other Floor Features: No other floor features are present. Roof: Roof clay/adobe with the impressions of beams is present just above the floor level. Artifacts: The excavators note the presence of artifacts and ceramics in the fill and subfloor fill of the room. In the fill above the floor of the room, they list the following: 11 manos, one stone with a hole in it, one arrow shaft straightener, one abrading stone, three rubbing stones, one polishing stone, one hoe blade, and four hammerstones. The sherds in the room were not typed or counted, but the excavators state the predominant types in the fill above the floor are plain, red, and corrugated, with little McDonald Corrugated present. Polychromes are dominated by Fourmile Polychrome. No artifacts are noted for the subfloor deposits, but the following ceramic types are listed: corrugated (plain, indented, pattern indented, tooled, McDonald, and Prieto); plain brown and red (smudged and unsmudged); incised; Tularosa Fillet Rim; Tularosa White-on-Red; Tularosa/Reserve Black-on-White; Pinedale Black-on-Red; and Gila Polychrome. Room 5, Floor 1 Room 5 is on the western side of the north end of Room Block E. It is directly east of Room 4 and directly west of Rooms 8 and 11. Floor 1 represents new construction in this area and sits on trash. The southeast corner is missing. Its location is extrapolated on the map, based on the location of other rooms in the area. The room was excavated 7/22–8/6/1947 by Robert Manners, and subfloor tests were conducted 7/1/1948 by Stanley R. Hamper and Roderick M. Smith. Room Dimensions: The excavators did not record the room dimensions on the field form. The following wall lengths are derived from the field map: north wall = 4.2 m; east wall = 3.6 m (estimated); south wall = 4.2 m (estimated); west wall = 3.6 m. Wall Construction: Walls are masonry with tuff blocks and smaller stones. The 1947 notes state no banding is evident in the masonry, but in the 1948 notes all four walls have banded masonry with alternating layers of large and small stones. The south and west walls are footed on large basalt boulders; the east wall has no footing layer; and the north wall has small footing stones.

Door: No door is present. Other Wall Openings: No other openings are in the walls. Wall Plaster: A light tan wall plaster is present, 1.0– 2.0 cm thick. Floor: The floor is uneven and soft in some areas and hard in others. In some locations, a smooth clay plaster is present and appears to represent episodes of replastering. Hearth: No hearth is present. Storage Pits: No storage pits are present. Postholes: No postholes are present. Other Floor Features: There is a possible mealing bin in the northeast corner. Roof: There is a large amount of hard roof plaster of varying thickness showing clear impressions of reeds. Artifacts: The excavators note only the presence of a trough metate in the possible mealing bin area on the floor. In the subfloor deposits, the excavators note one mano and one arrow shaft smoother. Sherds are in the fill, floor/floor-fill, and subfloor deposits. The field notes state that corrugated ceramics of all kinds dominate, followed by Fourmile Polychrome and Pinedale Black-on-Red. Plain brown and red sherds are also present in large amounts in the fill, as is Gila Black-on-Red. In lesser numbers, the following types are noted: Tularosa Fillet Rim; Gila Black-on-Red; Cedar Creek Polychrome; Gila Polychrome; and Pinedale Polychrome. In the subfloor deposits, the following types are noted: plain and red (smudged and unsmudged); corrugated (plain, indented, pattern indented, red-slipped, McDonald, Prieto); Neck Banded; Tularosa Black-on-White Gila Polychrome; and St. Johns Polychrome. Room 8, Floor 1 Room 8 is in the northern end of Room Block E. It is directly south of Room 32, to which it is connected by a door, directly north of Room 11, and east of Room 5. Room 8 is built over previous occupation in the area but in its own footprint using new footings. A tree-ring sample from subfloor context in the southwestern corner of the room has a cutting date of aD 1207r (Parker 1967). The field excavation form states the room was excavated in 1947, but the form is missing. It was reexcavated 7/2– 7/9/1948 by Roderick Smith and Stanley Hamper. The information from the 1948 form is presented here. Room Dimensions: The excavators recorded the following wall lengths: north wall = 3.63 m; east wall = 4.36 m; south wall = 3.62 m; west wall = 4.6 m. Wall Construction: All four walls are of banded masonry construction. Wall thickness ranges from 15–20 cm.

Point of Pines Phase, aD 1350–1400

Door: A door is present in the north wall. The sill is 7 cm above the floor, and the door is 43 cm wide. Other Wall Openings: There are no other wall openings. Wall Plaster: A very thin layer of adobe mud plaster approximately 2.0 mm thick is present on all four walls. Floor: No description of the floor is provided. Hearth: No hearth is present. Storage Pits: No storage pits are present. Postholes: No postholes are present. Other Floor Features: No other features are present. Roof: No evidence of the roof is provided. Artifacts: The excavators note the presence of a number of artifacts in the fill and floor/floor-fill context of Room 8, Floor 1. The sherds recovered from the fill above Floor 1 were typed and counted in the field (Table 6.4). In the fill, the excavators note the presence of the following: two axes, four arrow shaft smoothers, four abrading stones, three rubbing stones, two polishing stone, one digging tool, four bone awls, two antler tools, one bone pendant, two worked bones, one piece of perforated bone, one piece of carved bone, one Conus shell tinkler, one marine-shell pendant, one piece of carved quartz, six ceramic discs, and two ceramic jar lids. From floor/floor-fill context, the excavators note one bone awl, one antler tool, and one miniature bowl. Room 9, Floor 1

See Chapter 2. Room 10, Floor 1

See Chapter 5. Room 11, Floor 1 Room 11 is at the transition between the southern and northern end of Room Block E. It is directly south of Room 8 and west of Room 10. The Point of Pines phase is the first phase in which masonry construction occurred in the location of Room 11, though Pithouse 1 underlies the southeastern corner of the room. A tree-ring date from one of the roof beams produced a cutting date of 1294r (Parker 1967). It is placed in the Point of Pines phase due to the presence of Pinedale Polychrome and Tularosa Black-on-White in the subfloor deposits, suggesting the reuse of an old roof beam. The room was excavated to the floor 7/24–8/4/1947 by Laura A. Bohannan and Rose Lilien. Subfloor tests were conducted 6/28/1948 by Rex E. Gerald and Elisabeth Tooker. Room Dimensions: The excavators did not record the room dimensions on the field form. The following wall lengths were derived from the field map: north

233

wall = 3.5 m; east wall = 3.625 m; south wall = 3.2 m; west wall = 3.6 m. Wall Construction: Walls were made of irregular coursed masonry containing combinations of large and small stones. Door: No door is present. Other Wall Openings: There is a possible sealed vent in the north wall. Wall Plaster: Wall plaster is present and approximately 1.0–2.0 cm thick. Floor: The floor is clay lined. Hearth: A slab-lined, rectangular hearth is present. It measures 51 cm × 38 cm. Storage Pits: No storage pits are present. Postholes: No postholes are present. Other Floor Features: No other floor features are present. Two burials are in the fill above Floor 1 (and above roof fall). Burial 19 was near the south wall and 0.89 m above the floor. Burial 18 was near the southwest corner 1.96 m above the floor. One complete macaw burial was also in Room 11, in the fire pit. Hargrave’s (1970) analysis indicates a minimum number of two individuals. Associated with the macaws are one large Fourmile Polychrome sherd, two plain smudged sherds, and four corrugated sherds. In the fill of the room are a stray parrot beak and one macaw claw. Roof: Roofing clay is present in the fill. Some pieces show impressions of split sticks approximately 1.5 cm in width. Above the clay, four beams are also in the roof fall. On top of the beams and at right angles to them are traces of reed matting. The field notes indicate Richard Woodbury identified the reeds as Phragmites communis. Artifacts: In addition to the macaw and human burials, the excavators note a number of artifacts in the floor/floor-fill and subfloor context. The excavators also typed and counted sherds found in the fill, floor/ floor-fill, and subfloor context in the room (Table 6.4). In the floor/floor fill, the excavators note the following: four manos, one axe, one turquoise bead, one quartz crystal, one corrugated pot lid, and one plain ware jar. In the subfloor context, the excavators note one knife [biface?] and one ceramic disc. Room 13, Floor 1 Room 13 is in the northwest end of the southern half of Room Block E. It is directly south of Room 10 (to which it is connected by a sealed door) and directly west of Room 9. The Point of Pines phase floor is the first masonry construction in this location, though it overlies a portion of Pithouse 1 in the northeast quadrant of the room.

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Additionally, Burial 22 is located in the subfloor fill. The room was excavated 7/24–8/6/1947 by Paul J. Bohannan. Subfloor tests were conducted 6/28–7/8/1948 by Barton Wright and David Hart. Room Dimensions: The excavators did not record the room dimension on the field form or in their notes. Wall lengths are derived from the field map: north wall = 3.5 m; east wall = 5.2 m; south wall = 3.2 m; west wall = 5.2 m. Wall Construction: All four walls are of banded masonry construction. Door: The field form and notes indicate there is no door, but a sealed door is shown on the map in the north wall. It is possible that the door is associated with Room 10, which was initially occupied prior to Room 13, and the door was sealed when Room 13 was built. Other Wall Openings: No other openings are in the walls. Wall Plaster: Mud plaster 3–5 cm thick is present on the walls. Floor: The floor is rough and uneven but clear during the excavation. The excavators suggest there may be evidence of multiple periods of replastering present. Hearth: No hearth is present. Storage Pits: No storage pits are present. Postholes: No postholes are present. Other Floor Features: No other floor features are present. Roof: Roofing clay with reed and shake impressions are present in the fill. Artifacts: The excavators note the presence of a large number of artifacts in the fill but do not list them. In the subfloor fill, a walnut fragment identified as Juglans major (Bohrer 1973) was recovered. The excavators also state there are three manos, one stone ball, one bone awl, one antler fragment, and one pottery disc in the subfloor fill. Ceramics from the fill and floor/floor-fill deposits were typed and counted in the field (Table 6.4). Room 15, Floor 1

See Chapter 3. Room 16, Floor 1

See Chapter 4. Room 17, Floor 1

See Chapter 4. Room 18, Floor 1 Room 18 is in the northern portion of the southern half of Room Block E. It is directly east of Room 31 to the north of what was the Great Kiva during the Canyon

Creek phase. The room was excavated 7/18–7/21/1948 by Stephan F. de Borhegyi. Room Dimensions: The excavator recorded the following wall lengths: north wall = 1.7 m; east wall 3.35 m; south wall = 1.69 m; west wall = 3.35 m. Wall Construction: All four walls consist of banded masonry. Door: The field form states a window is present in the east wall. Its sill is even with the floor and 42 cm wide. These measurements are consistent with openings identified as doors elsewhere in the pueblo. The excavator also notes there may be a sealed door in the north wall but provides no details nor is it located on the map. Other Wall Openings: The excavator states a window is present in the east wall, but its size is consistent with a door (see above). Wall Plaster: Wall plaster is present. Floor: The excavator notes the presence of a clay floor. Hearth: No hearth is present. Storage Pits: No storage pits are present. Postholes: One posthole is present, but it may be subfloor. The description is unclear. Other Floor Features: Two subfloor pits are present, but no other features are on Floor 1. Roof: No evidence of the roof is present. Artifacts: The excavator notes a limited number of artifacts in the fill above Floor 1: one mano, one rubbing stone, two hammerstones, and one miniature bowl. The excavator also notes the presence of sherds in the fill above Floor 1, which were typed and counted in the field (Table 6.4). Room 20, Floor 1 Room 20 is on the southeastern end of Room Block E. There is some confusion in the subfloor deposits in the field notes and profiles. Specifically, in some places the notes state the room is a higher stratum than the Great Kiva and in others that it is below it. The profiles show a similar confusion. Given the presence of late ceramic types (including Gila Black-on-Red) in the subfloor deposits of Room 20, it is interpreted as postdating the Great Kiva here. From this perspective, in the northeast quadrant of the room, Floor 1 overlies the remnants of the southeastern corner of the Great Kiva. The remainder of the room sits above a layer of trash. The room was excavated 7/12–7/23/1948 by Elisabeth Tooker and Hiroshi Daifuku. Room Dimensions: The excavators do not record the room dimensions. From the field map, the following wall lengths are derived: north wall = 3.7 m; east wall = 3.0 m; south wall = 3.7 m; west wall = 3.0 m. Wall Construction: The walls are constructed of banded

[169.236.78.20] Project MUSE (2024-03-14 19:24 GMT) University of California, Merced

Point of Pines Phase, aD 1350–1400

masonry over footings of mixed basalt and tuff stones. The banding consists of bands of large, shaped tuff blocks separated by bands of smaller stones. Door: There is a sealed door in the south wall. The door is 46 cm wide at the top and 40 cm wide at the bottom. Other Wall Openings: There are no other wall openings. Wall Plaster: Wall plaster is present. Floor: The floor is in poor condition and intermittent. No further description is provided. Hearth: A slab-lined, rectangular hearth is present. Storage Pits: No storage pits are present. Postholes: One posthole is present, but it may be subfloor rather than associated with Floor 1. Other Floor Features: No other floor features are present. Roof: Roof clay with impressions of reeds is in the fill. Artifacts: The excavators note the presence of artifacts in the fill, floor/floor-fill, and subfloor context of Room 20. They also note some (though not all) of the ceramic types present, though do not provide counts. From the fill, the excavators note five manos, one piece of worked stone, one piece of worked quartz pebble, two projectile points, seven pieces of worked bone, and the following ceramic types: predominantly Cedar Creek Polychrome; some sherds of Gila Black-on-Red and Gila Poly; Tularosa Blackon-White; Heshotauthla Polychrome; Kinishba Red Corrugated; and McDonald Corrugated. From the floor/floor-fill context, they note three manos, two axes, two pieces of shaped stone, one polishing stone, and one hammerstone. Identified ceramic types are identical to those listed for the fill. From subfloor context, the excavators note an arrow shaft straightener, a blade, a chopper, a figurine, a fetish, and the following ceramic types: a variety of black-on-whites; white-on-reds; Maverick Mountain Black-on-Red; Gila Black-on-Red; and McDonald Corrugated. Room 21, Floor 1

See Chapter 3. Room 23, Floor 1

See Chapter 3. Room 24, Floor 1 Room 24 is on the eastern edge of the southern half of Room Block E, directly south of Room 27. Floor 1 sits above a Pinedale phase floor in the same room. The room was excavated 7/19–7/26/1948 by Bryant Bannister. Room Dimensions: The excavator recorded the following wall lengths in the field notes: north wall =

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3.10 m; east wall = 2.46 m; south wall = 2.91 m; west wall 2.33 m. Wall Construction: The walls are constructed of banded coursed masonry. The footing stones of the west wall are large basalt boulders. Door: A sealed door is present in the east wall, but the excavator believes it is associated with Floor 2 rather than Floor 1. Other Wall Openings: There are no other wall openings. Wall Plaster: There is plaster on the walls. Floor: Floor 1 is made of soft-packed, consolidated material and is generally in poor condition. Hearth: No hearth is present. Storage Pits: No storage pits are present. Postholes: There is one posthole, near the south wall 12 cm deep. Other Floor Features: There are no other floor features. Roof: No evidence of the roof exists. Artifacts: The excavator did not record any artifacts in the fill or floor/floor fill associated with Floor 1. The artifacts listed for fill on the form appear to be associated with the fill above Floor 2. This room is placed in the Point of Pines phase because of the presence of Gila Black-on-Red, Pinto Polychrome, and Tucson Polychrome in the fill between Floor 1 and 2, though exact counts and a full ceramic type list are not provided. Room 25, Floor 1 Room 25 is in the northern half of Room Block E, directly east of Room 8 and south of Room 33. The room sits on trash fill above Floor 2. Room 25 was excavated 7/21–7/30/1948 by Stanley Hamper and Roderick Smith. Room Dimensions: The excavators recorded the following wall lengths in their notes: north wall = 4.48 m; east wall = 3.70 m; south wall = 4.17 m; west wall = 4.21 m. Wall Construction: All four walls are constructed of banded, coursed masonry ranging in thickness from 25–35 cm. The south wall has a rubble veneer of small stones on its interior side. Door: There is a door in the north wall (opens to Room 33). The sill of the door is 34 cm above the floor, and the door is 42 cm wide. Other Wall Openings: There are no other wall openings. Wall Plaster: A 2–3-cm-thick layer of plaster is present on the walls. Floor: The floor is made of a hard clay and gravel mix. Hearth: A slab-lined, rectangular hearth is present. The hearth measures 49 cm × 49 cm. Storage Pits: No storage pits are present. Postholes: Two postholes are present. Both postholes have a diameter of 19 cm and a depth of 60 cm.

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Other Floor Features: Two mealing bins are present in the southeastern corner of the room. One is parallel to the south wall and is 63 cm long, 35 cm wide, and 19 cm deep. The second is perpendicular to the south wall and is 63 cm long, 23 cm wide, and 15 cm deep. Roof: No evidence of the roof exists. Artifacts: The excavators list a number of artifacts associated with the fill and the floor/floor fill of Room 25. From the fill the excavators note the following artifacts: three manos, one mortar, one axe, one arrow shaft straightener, two stone balls, five rubbing stones, two “hand digging tools,” 16 hammerstones, one drill, seven bone awls, one bone tube, four flakers, one pronged antler flaker, one pelvis knife, one pottery disc, and one spindle whorl. From the floor/floor fill, the excavators note one drill, one blade, one flaker, one bone tube, and one bird effigy. The excavators also note the presence of sherds from floor/floor fill context, which were typed and counted in the field (Table 6.4). Room 26, Floor 1

See Chapter 4. Room 27, Floor 1 Room 27 is on the eastern edge of the southern half of Room Block E. It is directly north of Room 24 and southeast of Room 35. The room appears to be two stories high due to the presence of a hearth in the fill. The room was excavated 7/29–8/13/1948 by Bryant Bannister. Room Dimensions: The excavator recorded the following wall lengths: north wall = 3.13 m; east wall = 4.57 m; south wall = 3.19 m; west wall = 4.44 m. Wall Construction: The walls are made of banded, coursed masonry. Door: Two sealed doors are present. The door in the east wall is rectangular and measures 50 cm in width. The door in the west wall is T-shaped, 46 cm wide at the bottom, 63 cm wide at the top. Other Wall Openings: No other wall openings are present. Wall Plaster: There is plaster on the walls. Floor: The floor is hard-packed earth and in fair condition. Hearth: A slab-lined, rectangular shaped hearth is present. The hearth in the roof fall/fill is also slab-lined and rectangular. Storage Pits: No storage pits are present. Postholes: No postholes are present. Other Floor Features: No other floor features are present.

Roof: No evidence of the roof exists beyond the presence of the hearth in the fill. Artifacts: The excavator notes a number of artifacts in the fill, floor/floor-fill, and subfloor context. The excavator also notes the presence of sherds and lists the predominant types. In the fill, the excavator notes the following artifacts and ceramic types: one polishing stone, one digging tool, one scapula scraper, one piece of shaped turquoise, and one miniature bowl. The following ceramic types are present: plain brown and red (smudged and unsmudged); Kinishba Red; corrugated (plain, indented, pattern indented, Prieto, McDonald, red-slipped); Tularosa Fillet Rim; Cedar Creek and Fourmile Polychrome; Pinedale Black on Red. There are also a few sherds of the following: Pinedale Polychrome; Gila Polychrome; Gila Blackon-Red; Tularosa Black-on-White; Heshotauthla Polychrome; Nantack Polychrome; and Pinedale Black-on-White. From the floor/floor-fill context the excavator notes the presence of one mano, one handstone, two shaped balls, one digging tool, one hammerstone, one scraper, pieces of two awls, one flaker, one piece of shaped turquoise, and ceramics of the following types: plain brown and red (smudged and unsmudged); Kinishba Red; corrugated (indented, plain, McDonald, pattern indented, red-slipped); Tularosa Fillet Rim; and Fourmile Polychrome. There are also a few sherds of the following: Gila Black-on-Red; Pinedale Black-on-Red; and Cedar Creek Polychrome. From the subfloor deposits, the excavator notes one rubbing stone and one digging tool, along with the following ceramic types: plain brown and red (smudged and unsmudged); corrugated (plain, indented, pattern indented, McDonald); and Tularosa Fillet Rim. Room 31, Floor 1 Room 31 is in the southern half of Room Block E, on the northern edge of what was the Great Kiva in the previous phase. It is directly east of Room 16 and west of Room 18. Floor 1 sits on fill above an earlier floor (Floor 2) associated with a room inhabited when the Great Kiva was in use. Floor 1 is assigned a Point of Pines phase occupation because of the presence of Gila Polychrome in the subfloor deposits. The room was excavated 6/17–7/25/1949 by Frances S. Olson and M. Virginia Gould. Room Dimensions: The excavators recorded the following wall lengths in their notes: north wall = 4.80 m;

Point of Pines Phase, aD 1350–1400

east wall = 3.65 m; south wall = 5.05 m; west wall = 3.80 m. Wall Construction: All four walls are made of banded, coursed masonry. The north and south walls use three different bands, each with different sizes of shaped tuff building stones. The east and west wall use two bands, again with different sizes of shaped tuff stones. Door: The field excavation form states no doors are present. The field notes from Room 16 note a door in the east wall linking it to Room 31. However, the running field notes for Room 31 state that by 1949, the western wall of Room 31 where this door would have been was badly slumped, and there was no evidence of a door when Room 31 was excavated. Other Wall Openings: There is a window 35 cm wide and 45 cm high in the north wall. Its sill sits on Floor 1. Wall Plaster: Plaster 3–4 cm thick is present on all four walls. Floor: The only description of the floor in the field notes state that it is in good condition. Hearth: A slab-lined, rectangular hearth is near the center of the room. Storage Pits: No storage pits are present. Postholes: Two postholes are present in an east–west alignment. Other Floor Features: There is a storage bin in the southwest corner of the room. The north wall of the storage bin is 1.35 m long, the east wall is 1.1 m, the south wall is 1.47 m, and the west wall is 1.1 m. There is also a burial pit (Burial 55) starting in the postabandonment fill and extending through Floor 1. Roof: Roof plaster with impressions of shakes is present in the fill above Floor 1. Artifacts: The excavators note several artifacts in the fill above Floor 1 as well as in the floor/floor-fill level. In the fill, the excavators note the following: one metate, three axes, one arrow shaft smoother, three abrading stones, one unidentified shaped stone, three projectile points, one scraper [uniface?], one bone awl, one hair ornament, four bone rings, one antler flaker, one shell bead, one shell pendant, one malachite pendant, and one turquoise pendant. In the floor/floor-fill level, the excavators note the following: several broken manos (no count given), one turquoise pendant, three large indented corrugated sherds, and two groups of unfired pottery. In the fill above Floor 1, the excavators note the following ceramic painted ceramic types (no counts given): McDonald Corrugated; San Carlos Red-on-Brown; Sacaton Red-on-Buff; Mimbres

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Black-on-White; Reserve Black-on-White; Tularosa Black-on-White; Gila Black-on-Red; Pinedale Blackon-Red; Cedar Creek Polychrome; Fourmile Polychrome; Gila Polychrome; and Pinedale Polychrome. Room 32, Floors 1 and 2 Room 32 is in the northern half of Room Block E. It is directly north of Room 8, to which it is connected by a door. It is directly west of Room 33 and south of Room 46. Both Floors 1 and 2 are assigned to the Point of Pines phase. The floors are very close together, and the excavators state in their running field notes that they could not always distinguish them. As such, Floor 1 appears to be a refurbishing and replastering of Floor 2, with little to no time between occupations. The floors sit above a series of earlier structures (Floors 3 through 7) in the area dating to Pinedale and Tularosa phases. The room was excavated 6/17–7/13/1949 by George Morris and Alphonso Troncone. Room Dimensions: The excavators did not record the room dimensions in their notes. The following wall lengths are derived from the field map: north wall = 3.6 m; east wall = 2.7 m; south wall = 3.6 m; west wall = 3.0 m. Wall Construction: The north wall is made of irregular tuff blocks and boulders and faced with rubble. The other three walls are made of banded masonry, with the bands consisting of variously sized tuff blocks. All three walls have a tuff rubble veneer. Door: A door is present in the south wall (opening to Room 8). The sill of the door is 30 cm above Floor 1 and 40 cm wide. Other Wall Openings: No other openings are in the walls. Wall Plaster: Wall plaster 1.0 cm thick is present. Floor: No description of the floor exists beyond noting occasional difficulty in distinguishing the two floors. Hearth: No hearth is present. Storage Pits: No storage pits are present. Postholes: No postholes are present. Other Floor Features: No other floor features are present. Roof: No evidence of the roof exists. Artifacts: The excavators note a number of artifacts in the fill above the floors and on the floor (though they do not distinguish which floor or whether the level includes floor fill). From the fill, the excavators note the following: one palette, one axe, one digging tool, one hammerstone, one bone awl, one bone ring, one bone needle, one antler flaker, one shell bracelet, and two ceramic discs.

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From the floor, the excavators note the following: one piece of worked bone, two turquoise pendants, one miscellaneous clay object, and one corrugated pot (noted on the floor map). In the fill and floor/floor-fill levels, the excavators also note the presence of a number of sherds (Table 6.4).

Artifacts: The excavator notes a number of artifacts in the fill above Floor 1 and the floor/floor-fill context of the room. Specifically, the fill holds one axe, two projectile points, two awls, one piece of worked bone, and a grouping of seeds. On Floor 1, the excavator notes a miniature jar. The excavator also notes ceramics that were typed and counted in the field (Table 6.4).

Room 33, Floor 1

See Chapter 5. Room 34, Floor 1

See Chapter 3. Room 35, Floor 1

See Chapter 4. Room 46, Floor 1 Room 46 is in the northern half of Room Block 46, west of what was Kiva 2 in the previous phase. It is directly south of Room 94, west of Room 49 and north of Room 32. Room 46 was originally built during the Early Tularosa phase (Chapter 2) and appears to have had a close relation with Kiva 2 while the kiva was in use. Floor 1 sits over three previous floors. There is a small amount of fill containing ceramics and artifacts between Floor 1 and 2. The room was excavated 6/20–7/18/1950 by Paul E. MacCready. Room Dimensions: The excavator did not record the room dimensions. The following wall lengths are derived from the field map: north wall = 2.0 m; east wall = 3.95 m; south wall = 1.95 m; west wall = 3.9 m. Wall Construction: The excavator’s notes state that the walls are made of banded masonry with bands of large, shaped tuff stones separated by rows of smaller unshaped stones and mud mortar. However, the wall profiles show rubble masonry with no banding. Door: There is a door 40 cm wide in the east wall. Other Wall Openings: There are no other openings evident in the walls, though the excavator does note the west wall has very few courses remaining. Wall Plaster: Wall plaster is present with evidence of at least two episodes of replastering. Floor: No description of Floor 1 is included in the field notes. Hearth: No hearth is present. Storage Pits: No storage pits are present. Postholes: No postholes are present. Other Floor Features: No other floor features are present. Roof: Roofing clay with impressions of burned charcoal is in the fill.

Room 48, Floor 1 Room 48 is on the eastern edge of the southern half of Room Block E. It is located along what would have been the passage from the Great Kiva to the formal Plaza during the previous phase. At the time of excavation, the north and south walls stood 1.6 m in height; the east and west walls were buckled and fallen. There is only one floor, which sits above midden. The room was excavated 6/20–6/28/1950 by Marjorie Gardner and Wilma Kaemlein. Room Dimensions: The excavators did not provide the room dimensions in their notes. The wall lengths are determined from the field map: north wall = 3.0 m; east wall = 3.5 m; south wall = 3.1 m; west wall = 3.5 m. Wall Construction: The north and south walls are banded masonry with bands of large, shaped tuff stones separated by bands of smaller, unshaped tuff stones. The north wall has a footing layer of basalt boulders. The construction method of the east and west walls is difficult to determine because they have buckled and fallen. Door: A sealed, T-shaped door is in the north wall. The sill of the door is 50 cm above the floor, extending 1.10 m in height. The door is 60 cm wide at the top and 50 cm wide at the bottom. Other Wall Openings: No other openings are in the walls. Wall Plaster: Wall plaster is present. Floor: The floor is uneven and poorly defined, recognized by a layer of charcoal flecks and a change in soil color and texture. Hearth: No hearth is present. Storage Pits: There are no storage pits present in Floor 1. In the subfloor, there is a small, oval-shaped pit dug into native soil. It measures 30 cm × 50 cm and is 20 cm deep. Postholes: No postholes are present. Other Floor Features: No other floor features are present. Roof: A layer of roofing clay is in the fill. The clay has pine shake impressions in it. Artifacts: The excavators note a small number of artifacts in the fill, floor/floor-fill, and subfloor deposits.

Point of Pines Phase, aD 1350–1400

They also note a number of ceramic sherds, which were typed and counted in the field (Table 6.4). The excavators note the following artifacts in the fill: one abrading stone, one projectile point, one drill, one bone awl, and one miniature bowl. For the floor/ floor-fill level, the excavators note the following: one mano, one broken elk antler, several mammal bones, and an animal effigy in two pieces (minus the head). The excavators note the presence of a mano, an abrading stone, a Tularosa Fillet Rim Bowl, and a Tularosa Fillet Rim White-on-Red bowl.

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Polychrome and Cedar Creek Polychrome. Also present are Pinedale Black-on-White, Gila Blackon-Red, various black-on-white intrusives, and plain and red wares. Room 53, Floor 1

See Chapter 5. Room 58, Floor 1

See Chapter 4. Room 94, Floor 1

Room 49, Floor 1 Room 49 is in the northern half of Room Block E, directly west of Room 46 and south of Room 104. Floor 1 overlies a thick layer of trash and an earlier floor dated to the Early Tularosa phase, which sits directly on sterile. Floor 1 is assigned a Point of Pines phase date based on the presence of Gila Polychrome in the subfloor deposits. The room was excavated 6/20–7/1/1950 by James Gifford. Room Dimensions: The excavator did not record the room dimensions in his notes. The following wall lengths are derived from the field map: north wall = 3.9 m; east wall = 2.0 m; south wall = 4.1 m; west wall = 2.1 m. Wall Construction: The walls are made of coursed masonry using tuff stones, small chinking stones, and adobe mud. Door: The field form states there is an open door in the north wall and a sealed door in the east wall. Neither of these is marked on the floor map of the room. The notes state the sill of the door in the north wall is 45 cm above the floor and 40 cm wide. According to the notes, the sealed door in the east wall cannot be measured because only the first course of stones is present. The field map does not show a break in the stones, so it is difficult to evaluate the presence of a possible door. Other Wall Openings: There are no other openings evident in the walls that remain. Wall Plaster: Wall plaster is present. Floor: No description of the floor is in the field notes. Hearth: A circular, unlined hearth is present. Storage Pits: No storage pits are present. Postholes: No postholes are present. Other Floor Features: No other floor features are present. Roof: Reed-impressed roof plaster is in the fill. Artifacts: The excavator notes that a “bone pottery tool” and an axe are on Floor 1. Additionally, the field notes state the ceramic sherds in the fill are dominated by Fourmile Polychrome, with smaller amounts of Gila

See Chapter 5. Room 101, Floor 1 Room 101 is at the northern end of Room Block E. Room 102 is directly to the north and Room 94 to the south. It overlies an earlier occupation in which Rooms 101 and 102 were a single room. The room was excavated 6/16– 6/24/1958 by Thomas Lynch and Robert Smith. Room Dimensions: The excavators recorded the following wall lengths for Room 101 in their notes: north wall = 2.95 m; east wall = 2.1 m; south wall = 2.8 m; west wall = 2.1 m. Wall Construction: Wall construction is banded masonry, with a course of large stones followed by three to five courses of small stones. Door: There is a door in the south wall opening to Room 94. It is trapezoidal, 30 cm wide at the bottom and 40 cm wide at the top. Other Wall Openings: No other openings are in the walls. Wall Plaster: Wall plaster is present. Floor: Floor 1 consists of clay plaster. Hearth: No hearth is present. Storage Pits: No storage pits are present. Postholes: No postholes are present. Other Floor Features: No other floor features are present. There are three stones (one outside the room, two inside the room) at floor level in an east–west alignment. The purpose of these stones is unclear. Roof: No evidence of the roof associated with Floor 1 is present. Artifacts: The excavators note a small number of artifacts in the fill and floor/floor-fill level of Room 101, Floor 1. These are one projectile point, one bone awl, one antler flaker, and one plain ware bowl in the fill. In the floor/floor-fill level, they note one piece of worked bone and one bone tool. The ceramics in the fill and floor/floor-fill context were recorded together with those of Room 102, Floor 1, and are listed in Table 6.4.

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Room 102, Floor 1 Room 102 is at the far northern end of Room Block E. Room 101 is directly to the south. Floor 1 overlies an earlier occupation in which Rooms 101 and 102 formed a single room. Room 102 was excavated 6/18–6/24/1958 by Thomas Lynch and Robert Smith. Room Dimensions: The excavators recorded the following wall lengths in their notes: north wall = 3.1 m; east wall = 3.8 m; south wall = 2.95 m; west wall = 3.75 m. Wall Construction: The walls are made of banded, coursed masonry with one layer of large tuff stones followed by three to five rows of small stones. Door: There is no door. Other Wall Openings: There are no other wall openings. Wall Plaster: At least two layers of plaster are present on the walls. Floor: The floor is plastered with clay. Hearth: No hearth is present. Storage Pits: No storage pits are present. Postholes: No postholes are present. Other Floor Features: No other floor features are present. Roof: No evidence of the roof is present. Artifacts: The excavators note a small number of artifacts in the fill and floor/floor-fill levels for Room 102. They also note the presence of sherds, which were counted and typed in the field and recorded with the ceramics for Room 101 (Table 6.4). In the fill, the excavators note two manos, one shaped cylindrical stone, and one miniature bowl. In the floor/ floor-fill context, the excavators note one mano, one scapula scraper, one hematite ball, one quartz crystal, two spindle whorls, one red ware jar, and one brown ware bowl. Room 104, Floor 1 Room 104 is at the north end of Room Block E, directly north of Room 49 and west of Rooms 46 and 94. It sits above two earlier floors and is dated to the Point of Pines phase due to the presence of Pinto and Gila Black-on-Red Polychrome and Tucson Polychrome in the fill between Floors 1 and 2. The room was excavated 7/3–7/17/1958 by C. Mike Asch and Robert Nichols. Room Dimensions: The excavators did not record the dimensions of the room in their notes. Based on the field map, the walls lengths are as follows: north wall = 3.80 m; east wall = 4.75 m; south wall = 3.80 m; west wall = 4.75 m. Wall Construction: Walls are made of banded, coursed masonry of tuff stones above a footing of basalt boulders. For the banding, a band of large, worked tuff blocks is followed by three bands of tuff spalls.

Door: No door is present. Other Wall Openings: There is a small ventilation hole in the east wall 45 cm above the floor. The hole is 33 cm high and 25 cm wide. Wall Plaster: One layer of hard, gray plaster is present. Floor: The excavators state Floor 1 is in poor condition due to animal burrows. Hearth: No hearth is present. Storage Pits: No storage pits are present. Postholes: One posthole is present. It is 18 cm in diameter and 35 cm deep, extending through all three floors that are present. Other Floor Features: No other floor features are present. Roof: Roof clay with reed impressions is present above Floor 1. Artifacts: The excavators note a large number of artifacts in the fill and floor/floor-fill context associated with Floor 1. They also note the presence of sherds, which they typed and counted in the field (Table 6.4). In the fill, the excavators note the following: three manos, one metate, one stone cylinder, one smoothing stone, one hoe blade, one knife [biface?], one drill, two bone awls, one cut avian long bone, one bone tool, and one turquoise pendant. From the floor/floor-fill context, the excavators note the following: seven manos, two handstones, one metate, one maul, two stone balls, one rubbing stone, three hoe blades, one projectile point, two bone awls, two bone rings, one bone spatula fragment, one cut scapula, one bone fragment with one complete hole and parts of three others, one antler tip, four antler flakers, one piece of malachite, one stone pendant, two shell bracelets, two spindle whorls, one miniature bowl, and one restorable Point of Pines Plain Corrugated jar.

Rooms ADjacent to the Great Wall Construction of rooms adjacent to and near the Great Wall begins during the Canyon Creek phase and continues and increases in density in the Point of Pine phase. Rooms are now found along the western side of the pueblo outside the Great Wall, as well as inside the wall in the north and southwest area of the pueblo (Figure 6.8). Fourteen excavated rooms adjacent to the Great Wall date to the Point of Pines phase. These rooms represent the first occupation in their specific location, with one exception: Room 91 has an earlier floor (Floor 2) dated to the Canyon Creek phase (Chapter 5). One room (Room 79) could equally be classified as an isolated room (see below) but is included here because it sits on the edge of the formal Plaza of the Canyon Creek phase whose plastered floor is continuous with the Great

Point of Pines Phase, aD 1350–1400

241

Figure 6.8. Excavated rooms dated to the Point of Pines phase adjacent to the Great Wall (compiled from field notes)

Kiva and the eastern entrance through the Great Wall. Ceramics found in fill and floor/floor-fill context of some of the rooms were typed and counted in the field and not transported to Tucson. This data is compiled in Table 6.5. In other cases, the ceramic types present are noted with no counts and are given in the artifacts section of the room description. Room 28, Floor 1 Room 28 is in a cluster of excavated rooms on the eastern edge of the pueblo, outside the Great Wall. It was first identified by a test trench that cut through and destroyed sections of the walls in the northeast corner of the room. Room 28 is directly east of Room 36, to which it is connected by a door, and south of Room 40. Subfloor tests indicate the room is built over trash. Room 28 was excavated 8/9–8/16/1948 by Donald Lehmer, Harry Pike, Hiroshi Daifuku, and Stanley Hamper. Room Dimensions: The excavators recorded the following wall lengths in their field notes: north wall

= 2.81 m; east wall = 3.31 m; south wall = 2.6 m; west wall = 3.27 m. Wall Construction: Remaining wall height was relatively low (50–60 cm) at the time of excavation. The walls are made of rubble masonry with a mixture of small and large tuff stones. Some of the building stones were shaped and others not. The footing course of the south wall is made of basalt boulders, the remainder is tuff stones. Door: A door is in the west wall. The sill is 54 cm wide and sits on the floor. Other Wall Openings: There are no other wall openings. Wall Plaster: There is no evidence of plaster on the walls. Floor: No description is provided of the floor in the field notes. Hearth: A slab-lined, rectangular shaped hearth is present. One basalt and three sandstone stones are used, along with a scoria mano. The north and south slabs are notched. The floor of the hearth is earth, filled with ash.

Table 6.5. Painted ceramics identified by the excavators for the fill, floor/floor-fill and subfloor context of rooms adjacent to the Great Wall. For Rooms 59 and 63, the excavators only recorded painted types. Room 59, Floor 1 Type

Fill

Floor Fill

Subfloor

Room 63, Floor 1 Fill

Floor

Sub- Barrow floor Pit

Plain, Red, and Textured coarse brown brown, smudged brown patterned plain creamy brown ware plain ladle handle red red, smudged red ware jars red ware bowls Kinishba Red fingernail impressed incised plain brown, punched rim neck corrugated finger indented neck corrugated finger incised rim corrugated plain corrugated indented corrugated obliterated corrugated finger pattern indented corrugated pattern indented corrugated zoned corrugated incised corrugated grooved corrugated punched corrugated “Truck Tire” Corrugated plain corrugated, red-slipped indented corrugated, red-slipped zoned corrugated, red-slipped McDonald Plain Corrugated McDonald Pattern Indented Corrugated McDonald Grooved Corrugated Fish Scale [Prieto] Corrugated Point of Pines Punctate Fillet Rim and White-on-Red Reserve Fillet Rim Tularosa Fillet Rim Reserve Fillet Rim White-on-Red Tularosa Fillet Rim White-on-Red Tularosa White-on-Red unidentified broad line whiteon-red

Room 75, Floor 1

Room 79, Floor 1

Fill

Floor

Fill

205 43

61 28

13 5

13 5

2 54 10

15 1

3 7 4

1 2 3

3 4

1

291 417 80

99 124 12

19 59 8 4

5 15 2 6

2 6

1 1

1 1

5

2

2

16 16 6 10 13

4 2

Floor

2 3 5 2

1

1

3

3

1

3

3

1

5 7

1 3

1 39 3

16

3

15

5

1

1 5

1 5

Subfloor

14 36 13

1

2 4 1 1

2 3 3

Table 6.5. (cont’d.) Painted ceramics identified by the excavators for the fill, floor/floor-fill and subfloor context of rooms adjacent to the Great Wall. For Rooms 59 and 63, the excavators only recorded painted types. Room 59, Floor 1 Type

Fill

Floor Fill

Subfloor

Room 63, Floor 1 Fill

Floor

Sub- Barrow floor Pit

Red-on-Brown and Red-on-Black Encinas Red-on-Brown San Carlos Red-on-Brown unidentified red-on-brown unidentified red-on-black

Room 79, Floor 1

Fill

Floor

Fill

4

1

10

6

Floor

Subfloor

2

Red-on-Buff Sacaton Red-on-Buff Sacaton Red-on-Buff, Safford variety unidentified red-on-buff Black-on-White Mimbres Black-on-White Pinedale Black-on-White Tularosa Black-on-White unidentified black-on-white unidentified Flagstaff area blackon-white unidentified Northern Black-onWhite

Room 75, Floor 1

1

11

2 3

1

17 3

1

9

Black-on-Red Fourmile Black-on-Red Gila Black-on-Red 6 Maverick Mountain Black-on-Red Pinedale Black-on-Red 38 Pinto Black-on-Red Puerco Black-on-Red St. Johns Black-on-Red Wingate Black-on-Red unidentified black-on-red Polychrome Carrizo Polychrome Cedar Creek Polychrome 20 Cedar Creek Polychrome, local paste Fourmile Polychrome 120 Fourmile Polychrome, local paste Gila Polychrome 36 Heshotauthla Polychrome Maverick Mountain Polychrome Nantack Polychrome Pinedale Polychrome Pinto Polychrome Point of Pines Polychrome Showlow Polychrome Springerville Polychrome

1

5 5 5

21 1 1

14

46 4

1

1 2

4 1 1

16

24

1

52 4

18 1

2 8

10

30

3

52

22

10

32 1 1 4 8

4

29

1

1

2 1 13 5

8 1

11 1 1 1

7 4

1

4

2 3 6 13 3 4

1 1 2 5

4 3

3

3

Table 6.5. (cont’d.) Painted ceramics identified by the excavators for the fill, floor/floor-fill and subfloor context of rooms adjacent to the Great Wall. For Rooms 59 and 63, the excavators only recorded painted types. Room 59, Floor 1 Type

Fill

Floor Fill

St. Johns Polychrome St. Johns Transitional Polychrome Tonto Polychrome Tucson Polychrome White Mountain Red Ware unidentified white-on-red bowl into jar (type unknown)

Subfloor

Room 63, Floor 1 Fill

Plain, Red, and Textured coarse brown brown, smudged brown patterned plain creamy brown ware plain ladle handle red red, smudged red ware jars red ware bowls Kinishba Red fingernail impressed incised plain brown, punched rim neck corrugated finger indented neck corrugated finger incised rim corrugated plain corrugated indented corrugated obliterated corrugated finger pattern indented corrugated pattern indented corrugated zoned corrugated incised corrugated grooved corrugated punched corrugated “Truck Tire” Corrugated plain corrugated, red-slipped indented corrugated, red-slipped zoned corrugated, red-slipped Reserve Plain Corrugated Reserve Indented Corrugated Reserve Incised Corrugated

Room 79, Floor 1

Fill

Fill

Floor

Floor

Subfloor

5

2 2

1

4 1

Room 88, Floor 1 Type

Floor

Sub- Barrow floor Pit

Room 75, Floor 1

Fill

2 2

1

Room 91

Floor Subfloor

83 37

52 32

48 44

95

26

23

Room 97

Fill

Floor

90 37

29 32

15 56 13

25 13 13

Fill

Floor 1 Floor 2 Floor 3 Subfloor

6 128 105

10 6

128 86

5 6

8 290 230 1 33

1 101 130 4

49 73

177 157

126 104

24 32

1 5 1 3

1 5

4 345 555 132

141 199 34

107 207 13

238 228 23

106 97 18

1

9 34 12

20

17

15

10

1

6

1

1

4 45

22 2 1

476 313 2

7

2 1

89 47 4

238 70

59 97

Table 6.5. (cont’d.) Painted ceramics identified by the excavators for the fill, floor/floor-fill and subfloor context of rooms adjacent to the Great Wall. For Rooms 59 and 63, the excavators only recorded painted types. Room 88, Floor 1 Type Tularosa Pattern Indented Corrugated Point of Pines Plain Corrugated Point of Pines Indented Corrugated Point of Pines Obliterated Corrugated Point of Pines Pattern Indented Corrugated McDonald Plain Corrugated McDonald Pattern Indented Corrugated McDonald Grooved Corrugated Fish Scale [Prieto] Corrugated Point of Pines Punctate Fillet Rim and White-on-Red Reserve Fillet Rim Tularosa Fillet Rim Reserve Fillet Rim White-on-Red Tularosa Fillet Rim White-on-Red Tularosa White-on-Red unidentified broad line white-on-red Red-on-Brown and Red-on-Black Encinas Red-on-Brown San Carlos Red-on-Brown unidentified red-on-brown unidentified red-on-black

Fill

Room 91

Floor Subfloor

Fill

Room 97

Floor

2 495 544 83 38 7 11

15 3

14 14

7 30

5 29

12 44

3 9

5 4

2 1

13 21 2

7 2 1

22 64

2 13

20

1 29

2 12

7 8

4 12

3

3 21 3

3 7

1

2

Black-on-Red Fourmile Black-on-Red Gila Black-on-Red Maverick Mountain Black-on-Red Pinedale Black-on-Red Pinto Black-on-Red Puerco Black-on-Red St. Johns Black-on-Red Wingate Black-on-Red unidentified black-on-red

Floor 1 Floor 2 Floor 3 Subfloor 10 17 9

19 4

3

37 536 393 129 50

11 199 200 32 1

3 15 65 4 2

90 363

76 89

3 23

71 22 1

17 17

2

12 59 6 29 97 1

2 30

1 29

11 11

6 7

3 4 2

2 1

1

1

Red-on-Buff Sacaton Red-on-Buff Sacaton Red-on-Buff, Safford variety unidentified red-on-buff Black-on-White Mimbres Black-on-White Pinedale Black-on-White Tularosa Black-on-White unidentified black-on-white unidentified Flagstaff area black-onwhite unidentified Northern Black-on-White

Fill

1 9 1 8 1

1

1 2

13 3 7

1 37 7 13

2 7

10

1 1

5 20

1 8

1

2

1 2 10 67 2

5 1 15 16

7 40 3

1 13 1

5 117 14

2

9 1 1

5 12 48

6

6

2

38

1

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Chapter 6

Table 6.5. (cont’d.) Painted ceramics identified by the excavators for the fill, floor/floor-fill and subfloor context of rooms adjacent to the Great Wall. For Rooms 59 and 63, the excavators only recorded painted types. Room 88, Floor 1 Type Polychrome Carrizo Polychrome Cedar Creek Polychrome Cedar Creek Polychrome, local paste Fourmile Polychrome Fourmile Polychrome, local paste Gila Polychrome Heshotauthla Polychrome Maverick Mountain Polychrome Nantack Polychrome Pinedale Polychrome Pinto Polychrome Point of Pines Polychrome Showlow Polychrome Springerville Polychrome St. Johns Polychrome St. Johns Transitional Polychrome Tonto Polychrome Tucson Polychrome White Mountain Red Ware unidentified red-on-white bowl into jar (type unknown)

Fill

Floor Subfloor

29 100 5 76

7 3 18

2 1 9

1 2 1

5

6

2

3

2

1

1

Room 91 Fill

Floor

Fill

20

2

1 78

1

8

86

29

260

4

6

11

1

36

11 3

9 2

Storage Pits: No storage pits are present. Postholes: No postholes are present. Other Floor Features: No other floor features are present. Roof: No evidence of the roof is present. Artifacts: The excavators do not note any artifacts in the fill, floor/floor-fill, or subfloor context. Ceramics are present; the excavators state there is a preponderance of indented corrugated and Tularosa Fillet Rim and that there is not enough painted ware for dating. No specific types or counts are given. Room 29, Floor 1 Room 29 is in a cluster of excavated rooms on the eastern side of the pueblo, outside the Great Wall. It is the westernmost room of this cluster, and the western wall of the room is the Great Wall. The northern wall is abutted to the Great Wall. Room 29 was first uncovered in a test trench, which destroyed part of the east wall. Only the northern third of the room was excavated and no subfloor tests were conducted. The room was excavated in the summer of 1948 (no specific dates given) by Theodore de la Torre Bueno and Hiroshi Daifuku and again 6/20–6/27/1950 by Richard Carpenter. The notes of these

Room 97

5

10 6 49

Floor 1 Floor 2 Floor 3 Subfloor

2

2 29 9 1 1

8

11

3

1

26 3 4

10 8

1 1

1 1 1

5

8 27 1

3 4 4

1 1

two excavations are somewhat contradictory. A field map exists from the 1948 excavations only. Room Dimensions: Because the room was not completely excavated, it is difficult to determine the dimensions of the room, and the excavators do not record any wall lengths. Based on the field map, the only wall complete enough to measure is the north wall, which is 4.225 m. Wall Construction: The west wall is the Great Wall and is built of large basalt boulders. The 1948 notes state the remaining walls are masonry, constructed of a mixture of small and large tuff blocks. Some of the tuff blocks are shaped; others are not. Some of the stones in the footing courses are basalt, others tuff. The notes from 1950 state the north wall stones are all roughly the same shape, but the other three walls (including the west wall) are banded masonry with bands of large and smaller stones. Door: There is no door in the excavated walls. Other Wall Openings: There are no other openings in the excavated portion of the room. Wall Plaster: Plaster approximately 1.0 cm thick is present on the walls. Floor: The floor is hard-packed earth.

Point of Pines Phase, aD 1350–1400

Hearth: A slab-lined, rectangular hearth is present. It is approximately 20 cm deep and filled with ash. Storage Pits: There are no storage pits, but there is a small storage bin against the north wall. Postholes: There are no postholes in the excavated portion of the room. Other Floor Features: There are no other floor features in the excavated portion of the room. Roof: No evidence of the roof is present. Artifacts: No artifacts are noted in the field notes. Ceramics noted are plain (smudged and unsmudged, n = 9); corrugated (no types specified, n = 12); McDonald Corrugated (n = 2); Tularosa Fillet Rim (n = 2); Tularosa Black-on-White (n = 1); Pinedale Black-on-Red (n = 1); Fourmile Polychrome (n = 2); and Pinedale Polychrome (n = 1). Room 36, Floor 1 Room 36 is part of a cluster of rooms on the east side of the pueblo, outside the Great Wall. It is directly west of Room 28, to which it is connected by a door, southwest of Room 40 and east of an unnumbered room lacking features. This unnumbered room west of Room 36 is filled with ash, but no artifacts or ceramics are noted. The excavator considered this unnumbered room part of Room 36 and that information is included here. It was excavated 6/21–7/6/1949 by Donald H. Hiser. Room Dimensions: The excavator recorded the following information on wall lengths in his notes: north wall = 2.65 m; east wall = 3.69 m; south wall = 2.61 m; west wall = 3.51 m. He recorded the following wall lengths for the unnumbered room: north wall = 0.92 m; east wall = 3.41 m; south wall = 1.1 m; west wall = 3.41 m. Wall Construction: In describing the wall construction, the excavator considered Room 36 and the unnumbered room a single room separated by a cross wall. Construction methods are variable for the walls. The south and west walls have a footing course of basalt boulders spaced about 15–20 cm apart, with smaller tuff stones and mortar between them. The upper courses of the south wall are bands of roughly shaped tuff stones separated by bands of large basalt and tuff stones. The west wall has upper courses of tuff bands with thick layers (2–5 cm) of mortar between the bands. The east wall is rubble construction with large amounts of mortar. The north wall has a footing layer of shaped basalt boulders followed by bands of shaped tuff stones separated by thick layers (2–3 cm) of mortar. The cross wall is made of larger tuff stones. There is no information on the footing course or whether banding is present.

247

Door: There is a door 51 cm wide in the west wall of Room 36 opening to Room 28, and the sill is at floor level. The field map indicates a possible door in the west wall of the unnumbered room, but no information is present in the field notes. Other Wall Openings: There are no other wall openings. Wall Plaster: Plaster is present on the walls. Floor: The floor is hard-packed earth. Hearth: Room 36 has a slab-lined, rectangular hearth with a slab bottom. The unnumbered room has no hearth. Storage Pits: No storage pits are present in either room. Postholes: No postholes are present in either room. Other Floor Features: No other floor features are present in either room. Roof: Thick layers of roofing clay are in the fill above the floor. Artifacts: Artifacts are noted by the excavator in the fill, floor/floor-fill, and subfloor contexts of Room 36. Ceramics are also present. These were typed in the field, but only a general overview is presented rather than a complete type list and counts. In the fill, the excavator notes the following: one mano, one handstone, four metates, one arrow shaft smoother, one digging tool, one scraper [uniface?], one bone scraper, and one shell bead. The excavator does not note the presence of any ceramic types. In the floor/floor-fill context, the excavator notes the following: six manos, one metate, one piece of worked stone, one piece of shaped stone, one projectile point, one scraper [uniface?], one chopper, two rib scrapers, two pieces of worked bone, and one ceramic metate baffle. The excavator also notes the predominance of Fourmile Polychrome; Gila Polychrome; Kinishba Red; and corrugated ware in the floor/floor-fill level ceramics. In the subfloor deposits, the excavator notes one stone drill, one bone needle, one bone rasp, one bone ring, and one shell bead. The excavator also notes a predominance of McDonald corrugated and small amounts of white-on-red and Tularosa Blackon-White in the subfloor fill. One sherd of Wingate Black-on-Red, one sherd of Nantack Polychrome, and two of Maverick Mountain Polychrome are present. Plain wares, red wares, and corrugated wares are also present. Room 37, Floor 1 Room 37 is part of a cluster of rooms on the east side of the pueblo, outside the Great Wall. It was identified initially in a test trench that destroyed the southwest corner of the room. Room 37 is directly south of Room 38,

248

Chapter 6

east of Room 29, and north of Room 40. The room was excavated 6/20–6/27/1949 by Earl Swanson. Room Dimensions: The excavator did not record the room dimensions in his field notes. The following wall lengths are derived from the field map: north wall = 3.6 m; east wall = 1.8 m; south wall = 3.6 m (estimated); west wall = 1.8 m (estimated). Wall Construction: The excavator records information for the footing course for the south and west walls (no information is recorded for upper courses). The footing course consists of shaped blocks (material not identified), including the occasional metate, placed on end with tuff between them. The north and east walls are rubble masonry construction. Door: No doors are present. Other Wall Openings: No other wall openings are present. Wall Plaster: Wall plaster is present. Floor: The floor is made of light tan clay with the occasional patch of ash. Hearth: A slab-lined, rectangular hearth is present. Storage Pits: No storage pits are present. Postholes: No postholes are present. Other Floor Features: No other floor features are present. Roof: No evidence of the roof is present. Artifacts: The excavator notes the presence of a small number of artifacts in the fill, floor/floor-fill, and subfloor context, along with diagnostic ceramics. In the fill, the excavator notes the following artifacts and ceramic types: one mano, one hammerstone, two bone awls, and Fourmile Polychrome sherds. In the floor/floor-fill context, the excavator notes the following artifacts and ceramic types: 10 manos, one metate, one rubbing stone, one projectile point, one blade, one core, two bone awls, one bone hair pin, one bone ring, one piece of hematite with a groove, one calcined lozenge-shaped item, one piece of smoothed red quartz, four tall stones found in pairs, one “unusual pottery fragment,” one worked sherd of Gila Polychrome and sherds of Fourmile and Gila Polychrome. In the subfloor tests, the excavator notes one projectile point and sherds of Tularosa Fillet Rim, white-on-red types, Cedar Creek Polychrome, and Nantack Polychrome. Room 38, Floor 1 Room 38 is part of a cluster of rooms on the east side of the pueblo, outside the Great Wall. It is the northernmost of the excavated rooms in the cluster and is directly north of Room 37. Room 38 was excavated 6/22–6/25/1949 by James Hall.

Room Dimensions: The excavator recorded the following wall lengths in his field notes: north wall = 2.15 m; east wall = 4.44 m; south wall = 2.28 m; west wall = 4.52 m. Wall Construction: The inner surfaces of the north and south walls and the outer surfaces of the east wall have collapsed, leaving only the base stones. The portions of the walls that remain appear to be of rubble masonry construction. Based on the width of the base course, the walls are 25–31 cm wide. Door: No door is present. Other Wall Openings: There is a possible opening in the  east wall, 1.1 m from the southeast corner. However, the wall is too incomplete to describe the opening. Wall Plaster: No wall plaster is evident. Floor: No description of the floor is present in the field notes. Hearth: A slab-lined, rectangular hearth is present. It measures 38 cm wide east–west and 60 cm long north–south. The field notes state there is a large amount of oak charcoal in the fire pit and a charred walnut just east of the hearth. Storage Pits: No storage pits are present. Postholes: The notes state one possible posthole is present with three stone chinking-slabs set in clay mortar, but it is not drawn on the field map. Other Floor Features: The field notes state there is a rock pile on the floor between the hearth and the west wall that contains three manos, one metate, one building block and one “man hole”-shaped stone (smooth, oval-shaped, with a slightly convex top). The notes state this cluster is both under and on top of the metate drawn on the map (Figure 6.8). The floor map also notes the presence of a metate in the northeast quadrant of the room. Roof: No evidence of the roof exists. Artifacts: The excavator notes the presence of a small number of artifacts and lists diagnostic ceramic types in the fill, floor/floor-fill, and subfloor context. From the fill, the excavator notes the following artifacts and ceramic types: two manos, two hammerstones, one drill, one bone awl, one bone die, and sherds of the following polychromes: Cedar Creek; Fourmile; Gila; Maverick Mountain; Nantack; Pinedale Point of Pines; and Tucson. Also present were corrugated sherds of various types: McDonald Corrugated; Point of Pines Punctate; Encinas Red-on-Brown; Sacaton Red-on-Buff; Mimbres Boldface Black-onWhite; Reserve Black-on-White; and Wingate Blackon-Red. The excavator notes the presence of the following artifacts from the floor/floor-fill level (no ceramics

Point of Pines Phase, aD 1350–1400

are noted): three manos, two metates, one manholeshaped stone, one digging blade, and one chopper. From the subfloor tests, the excavator notes the following artifacts: one projectile point, one knife [biface?], and one chopper. For ceramics, he notes the following polychrome types: Fourmile; Maverick Mountain; Nantack; and Pinedale. He also notes the presence of plain and red (smudged and unsmudged) corrugated of various types; McDonald Corrugated; Tularosa Fillet Rim; Tularosa Whiteon-Red; Tularosa-Reserve Black-on-White; Gila Black-on-Red; and Pinedale Black-on-Red. Room 40, Floor 1 Room 40 is in a cluster of rooms on the eastern side of the pueblo, outside the Great Wall. It is in the center of the cluster and was first identified by two test trenches (a diagonal one in 1948 and a second one through the east half of the room in 1949) that destroyed portions of all four walls and resulted in limited information from excavation. The room was excavated 6/29/1949 by Stephen Williams. Room Dimensions: The excavator did not record room dimensions in the field notes. The following wall lengths are estimated from the field map: north wall = 3.9 m; east wall = 1.5 m; south wall = 3.9 m; west wall = 1.5 m. Wall Construction: The south and west walls have a footing course of large basalt slabs, set upright with the interstices filled with tuff slabs. The upper courses of these two walls are rubble masonry of tuff. The north and east walls are rubble masonry with small tuff stones. Door: No door is evident in the remaining walls. Other Wall Openings: No other openings are evident in the remaining walls. Wall Plaster: No wall plaster is present in the remaining walls. Floor: The floor is described as rough, gray, and gravelly. Hearth: No hearth is evident. Storage Pits: No storage pits are evident. Postholes: No postholes are evident. Other Floor Features: No other floor features are evident. Roof: No evidence of the roof is present. Artifacts: One metate is noted by the excavator. It is set on end in the wall (which wall is not stated). No analysis of ceramics was conducted. Room 54, Floor 1 Room 54 is in the southwestern quadrant of the pueblo, inside the Great Wall. The west wall of the room is the Great Wall of the pueblo, and the north and south walls

249

abut it. The room is directly north of Room 59, to which it was connected at some point by two sealed doors. Pithouse 6 underlies the southeastern corner of the room, and the floor of the room dips in this area, suggesting unstable fill. Room 54 is dated to the Point of Pines phase due to its location and the presence of Fourmile and Gila Polychrome in the subfloor fill above the pithouse. The room was excavated 6/27–7/13/1951 by Eileen Boecklin and Mary Clyde. Room Dimensions: The excavators did not record the room dimensions in their notes. The following wall lengths are derived from the field map: north wall = 2.9 m; east wall = 2.6 m; south wall = 3.3 m; west wall = 2.5 m. Wall Construction: The west wall is the Great Wall of the pueblo. It is of rubble masonry construction and consists of large tuff and basalt boulders with small chinking stones. The east wall is made of banded masonry in which bands of large, dressed stones alternate with bands of small stones. The wall is bowed outward 1.43 m from the southeast corner. The north and south walls abut the west wall (Great Wall). They are made of banded masonry in which bands of large, shaped tuff stones alternate with bands of smaller, unshaped stones. The footing layer of the south wall is 25 cm higher than the east wall at the southeast corner but is at the same level in other sections of the wall. Door: The excavators state there are two sealed doors in the south wall. The first has no plaster over the rubble seal; it is 46 cm wide at the bottom and 47 cm wide at the top. The notes state the second door was not evident in the excavation of the room and only came to light when Room 59 was excavated. However, the field notes for Room 59 make no mention of a second door. Other Wall Openings: There is a niche in one of the boulders in the north wall that is 10 cm high, 10 cm wide, and 9.0 cm deep. It is conical but too low in the wall to be used for roof construction. The excavators suggest it is a reused stone from an abandoned room where the niche likely held a roof support in the wall. Wall Plaster: Wall plaster is present. Floor: The excavators do not provide a description of the floor. Hearth: There is a circular/oval, clay-lined fire pit. The pit is 52 cm long, 47 cm wide, and 14 cm deep. Storage Pits: No storage pits are present. Postholes: No postholes are present. Other Floor Features: No other floor features are present. Roof: There is roof plaster throughout the fill of the room.

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Artifacts: The excavators note the presence of artifacts in the fill and the floor/floor fill of the room. Ceramics also are present, but the excavation notes state there was no attempt to save sherds. and that only diagnostic (painted) sherds were pulled for later examination. As such, a list of diagnostic sherds is presented after the identified artifacts here. In the fill of Room 54, the excavators note the following artifacts: one mano, one metate, one arrow shaft smoother, two stone balls, one plaster smoother, one cylindrical pecked stone, one piece of worked stone, two projectile points, one drill, one scraper [uniface?], two bone awls, one deer pelvis knife, two antler flaking tools, one antler arrow shaft wrench, one clay figurine, one Hohokam-type scoop handle, and one miniature jar. Painted ceramic types in the fill include (in rough order of frequency) Fourmile Polychrome; Cedar Creek Polychrome; Wingate Black-on-Red; Maverick Mountain Black-on-Red; Gila Polychrome; Pinedale polychrome; Heshotauthla Polychrome; Tularosa/Reserve Black-on-White; Point of Pines Polychrome; Transitional Tucson Polychrome; St. Johns Polychrome; Pinnawa Black-on-Red; Maverick Mountain Polychrome; Showlow Polychrome; Pinedale Black-on-Red; Tularosa White-on-Red; and Gila Black-on-Red. In the floor/floor-fill context, the excavators note the following artifacts: eight manos in the southeast corner, one mano near the hearth, one rubbing stone, one piece of worked stone, one sandstone scraper, one “awl sharpener,” one bone awl, one deer pelvis knife, one deer femur, and one sherd pendant. Painted ceramic types in the floor/floor fill include (in rough order of frequency) Wingate Black-on-Red; Cedar Creek Polychrome; Fourmile Polychrome; and Gila Polychrome. Room 57, Floors 1, 2, and 3 Room 57 is in the southwest corner of the pueblo, inside the Great Wall but not touching it. It sits above a Pinedale phase occupation (see Chapter 4) and the Early Tularosa phase Pithouse 7 (see Chapter 2). Floor 3 is a smaller room than later occupations. The east wall of the room is reduced to a partial wall stub, and Floors 1 and 2 are expanded. All three floors are dated to the Point of Pines phase due to the presence of Gila Polychrome beneath Floor 3. The room was excavated 6/26–7/10/1951 by Barbara MacCaulley and Eloise Richards. Room Dimensions: The excavators did not record the room dimensions. The following wall lengths are determined based on the field map for Floor 3: north

wall = 3.35 m; east wall = 3.1 m; south wall = 2.6 m; west wall = 3.3 m. Wall lengths for Floors 1 and 2 are as follows: north wall = 3.8 m; east wall = 3.0 m; south wall = 4.0 m; west wall = 3.4 m. Wall Construction: The footing course of the walls for all floors is basalt. Upper levels are banded masonry in which bands of large, shaped tuff alternate with two or three layers of smaller, unshaped tuff. Door: The excavators state no doors are associated with Floor 3, but there is a door in the south wall associated with Floors 1 and 2. The sill of the door is 50 cm wide and 25 cm above Floor 2. Other Wall Openings: There are no other wall openings. Wall Plaster: A 3.0-cm-thick layer of plaster is present on the walls; on the west wall there is a possible second layer. Floor: Floor 1 is uneven and soft and consists of a 3.0-cm-thick compacted layer of earth (no plaster). Floor 2 is immediately under Floor 1 and has a clay layer. Floor 3 is also plastered. Hearth: No hearth is present on Floor 3 but there is a clay-lined circular hearth on Floor 2 and a slab-lined, rectangular hearth on Floor 1. Storage Pits: No storage pits are present in any of the floors. Postholes: No postholes are present in any of the floors. Other Floor Features: No other features are present in any of the floors. Roof: There are pieces of roofing clay with reed and shake impressions in the fill above Floors 1 and 3 but not Floor 2. Artifacts: The excavators note the presence of a small number of artifacts in the fill above Floor 1, but none are in direct association with any of the floors. The fill artifacts include one paint slab/palette, one axe, one obsidian core, one bone awl, one ceramic disc, and one spindle whorl. However, the excavators note the presence of temporally diagnostic ceramics from the fill and associated with each of the floors. In the fill above Floor  1, the following types are noted: Tularosa Red-on-White; Mimbres Boldface Black-on-White; Tularosa Black-on-White; and polychromes (Cedar Creek, Fourmile, Gila, Pinedale, Point of Pines, and Showlow). In the floor/floor fill associated with Floor 1 are Pinedale Black-on-Red and polychromes (Cedar Creek, Fourmile, and Gila). In the floor/floor fill associated with Floor 2 are polychromes (Gila, Pinedale, St. Johns), and Pinedale Black-on-Red. In the floor/floor fill associated with Floor 3 are Tularosa White-on-Red, Pinedale and Tularosa Black-

Point of Pines Phase, aD 1350–1400

on-White, and polychromes (Cedar Creek, Maverick Mountain, Nantack). Room 59, Floor 1 Room 59 is in the southwestern section of the site inside the Great Wall. The room’s west wall is the Great Wall. The room is directly south of Room 54 and sits on fill above Pithouse 5. Beneath the floor are three burials (Burials 132, 133, and 134). The room was excavated 7/27– 8/3/1951 by Cornelia Brusse and Lilac Shapiro. Room Dimensions: The excavators did not record the room dimensions. The following wall lengths are derived from the field map: north wall = 3.1 m; east wall = 3.5 m; south wall = 3.7 m; west wall = 3.6 m. Wall Construction: The west wall of the room is the Great Wall of the pueblo and made of large, unshaped basalt boulders. The east wall is banded masonry with bands of long, shaped tuff blocks separated by five bands of small, unshaped stones. The footing course of the east wall is basalt. The south and north walls are rubble masonry with a tuff rubble veneer that is “very well mortared.” Door: There are two sealed doors. The first is in the north wall. The sill is 47 cm above the floor and 42 cm wide. The second is in the south wall. The sill of the second door is 40 cm above the floor; it is 33 cm wide at the base and 60 cm wide at the top. It should be noted that the field notes for Room 54 (to the north) state there are two sealed doors in their shared wall, but no mention of the second door is made in the notes for Room 59. Other Wall Openings: No other openings are in the walls. Wall Plaster: No plaster is evident on the walls. Floor: The floor is plastered in a gray-to-yellowish gray clay. Hearth: A clay-lined, oval hearth is present. The east– west axis measures 35 cm, the north–south axis is 45 cm, and it is 6.0 cm deep with a clay rim 8.0 cm wide. Storage Pits: No storage pits are present. Postholes: Three stone-lined postholes are present. They are 50 cm deep and 20 cm in diameter. Other Floor Features: There is an ash staining (possible ash pit) 20 cm west of the hearth. Roof: Roof clay with pine shake impressions is present in the fill. Artifacts: The excavator notes the presence of several artifacts in the fill, floor/floor-fill, and subfloor (above the top of the pithouse) context. Ceramics are present throughout, but only the painted ceramics were typed and counted (Table 6.5). The excavators noted

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the following artifacts in the fill above Floor 1: one bone awl and one worked shoulder bone (species unknown). The excavators note the following artifacts in the floor/floor-fill context: one axe, one bone hair ornament, one shoulder bone scraper, and one antler flaking tool. The following artifacts are noted for the subfloor fill but above the fill for the pithouse: one axe, one projectile point, one bone awl, one rib scraper, three beads, and one turquoise fragment. In Burial 132 (subfloor), the excavators note a bone ring, an antler flaking tool, a San Carlos Red-on-Brown bowl, and a Tularosa White-on-Red jar. Room 63, Floor 1 Room 63 is on the east side of the Pueblo near the eastern opening to the Great Wall, north of the Canyon Creek phase Plaza (Chapter 5). The east wall of the room is the Great Wall of the pueblo. The room is built on top of fill and a borrow pit that was dug into the native soil (see Chapter 2). The room was excavated 6/16–6/27/1952 by James C. Gifford and Carol A. Gifford. Room Dimensions: The excavators did not record the room dimensions in their field notes. The following wall lengths are derived from the field map: north wall = 5.3 m; east wall = 2.3 m; south wall = 5.3 m; west wall = 2.4 m. Wall Construction: The east wall of the room is the Great Wall of the pueblo and made of roughly coursed basalt boulders with unshaped tuff chinking stones. The south and north walls abut the east wall and are formed of roughly coursed masonry of shaped and unshaped tuff blocks, small tuff chinking stones, and the occasional large basalt boulder. The west wall is also roughly coursed masonry using irregular, unshaped tuff rocks. The footing course of the west wall is basalt boulders interspersed with smaller tuff stones. Door: The excavators state there is an open door in the south wall 65 cm wide. However, the lower sill is 1.4 m above the floor, so it may be a window instead. Other Wall Openings: In the north wall, there is a sealed, roughly circular opening, possibly a communication hole or vent. It is 20 cm above the floor, 30 cm × 30 cm. It was sealed and plastered over. Wall Plaster: Wall plaster is present. Floor: The floor is hard and in good condition except for the occasional animal burrow. Hearth: A clay-lined, circular hearth is present. A few small basalt rocks are “irregularly spaced around the edge.” Storage Pits: No storage pits are present. Postholes: No postholes are present.

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Other Floor Features: No other floor features are present. Roof: Roofing clay with reed, stick, and shake impressions is in the fill. Artifacts: The excavators note a large number of artifacts in the fill and floor/floor-fill levels of the room. Ceramics are present throughout the fill, floor, and subfloor context. The painted ceramics were typed and counted in the field (Table 6.5). In the fill, the excavators note the following artifacts: one polished limestone pebble, three obsidian projectile points, three chert projectile points, one drill, one chopper, three side scrapers [unifaces?], one scraper [uniface?], one knife [biface?], one chert flaking tool, one perforated bone, one deer pelvis knife, one ceramic disc, one perforated disc fragment, one worked pottery handle, one miniature plain ware dipper, and one miniature plain ware bowl with smudged interior. In the floor/floor-fill context, the excavators note the following: two manos, one abrading stone, five projectile points (two obsidian and three chert), one scraper [uniface?], two worked deer long bones, and one perforated shell pendant. Room 75, Floor 1 Room 75 is at the northern end of the pueblo. Its north wall is the Great Wall, and it is just inside the northern entrance to the interior of the pueblo — as defined by the Great Wall. Room 75 was first built as an isolated room at the north end of the pueblo during the Pinedale phase (Floors 2 and 3, Chapter 4). The north wall is torn down during construction of the Great Wall, and the room is reoccupied during the Point of Pines phase. It is assigned to the Point of Pines phase because of its location and the presence of Pinto Polychrome between Floors 1 and 2. The room was excavated 6/18–7/2/1954 by Herbert S. Lewis. Room Dimensions: The excavator did not record the room dimensions. The following wall lengths are reconstructed from the field map: north wall = 2.675 m; east wall = 4.25 m; south wall = 2.7 m; west wall = 4.4 m. Wall Construction: The north (Great) wall is rubble masonry of large basalt boulders. The other three walls are rubble masonry of tuff. Door: No door is present. Other Wall Openings: No other openings are in the walls. Wall Plaster: Wall plaster is present. Floor: The floor is 1–2 cm thick and in good condition. Hearth: A slab-lined, rectangular hearth is present. Corn is found on top of the hearth, as is well-packed ash.

Storage Pits: No storage pits are present. Postholes: No postholes are present. Other Floor Features: There are no other floor features in the room. Roof: Roofing clay is present in the fill. Artifacts: The excavator notes the presence of artifacts in the fill and floor/floor-fill context of the room. Also present are sherds, which were typed and counted in the field (Table 6.5). The excavator notes one basin metate, one maul, one rubbing stone, one hammerstone, and one bone awl in the fill. In the floor/floor-fill (40 cm) level, the following artifacts are noted: four manos, one tuff cylinder, two shaped-stone “phallic symbols,” two rubbing stones, one polishing stone, one saw, five bone awls, two bird bone awls, one rib scraper, one piece of azurite, one piece of red paint, and one piece of hematite. Room 79, Floor 1 Room 79 is at the southern end of the Canyon Creek phase Plaza. This room could equally be grouped with the isolated rooms but is placed in this section because of the continuous floor from the Great Kiva, through the Plaza, and out the eastern entrance in the Great Wall. The excavator states the stratigraphic position of the room suggests it was built after the Plaza was abandoned. There is a clear walking surface beneath the floor; this may represent part of the Plaza complex. The room was excavated 7/20–8/3/1954 by Loren Haury. Room Dimensions: The excavator recorded the following wall lengths on the room excavation form: north wall = 2.41 m; east wall = 3.22 m; south wall = 2.52 m; west wall = 3.44 m. Wall Construction: The walls range in thickness from 25–30 cm and consist of roughly coursed tuff blocks on basalt boulder footings. Door: No door is present. Other Wall Openings: No other openings are in the walls. Wall Plaster: No plaster is evident on the walls. Floor: The floor is in very poor condition. The excavator’s notes state it was identified by the change in the texture of the soil, particularly near the hearth and walls. Hearth: A slab-lined, rectangular hearth is present. The bottom of the hearth is lined with sandstone slabs, and there is ash present. Storage Pits: No storage pits are present. Postholes: No postholes are present. Other Floor Features: No other floor features are present. Roof: Roofing clay with reed impressions is in the fill. Artifacts: The excavator notes the following artifacts in

Point of Pines Phase, aD 1350–1400

the fill: two manos, one basin metate, one trough metate, one stone axe, one stone ball, one abrading stone, one rubbing stone, one scraper [uniface?], one knife [biface?], and one worked flake. In the subfloor fill, the excavator notes one hammerstone. Sherds are also present in the fill, floor/floor-fill, and subfloor context. These were typed and counted in the field (Table 6.5). Room 88, Floor 1 Room 88 is at the southern end of the pueblo, just north of the southern entrance through the Great Wall. Subfloor deposits include Pinto Polychrome, indicating a Point of Pines phase date. The room was excavated 6/18–7/7/1956 by Ann Robertson and Elinor Mills. Room Dimensions: The excavators recorded the following wall lengths in their field notes: north wall = 4.10 m; east wall = 2.10 m; south wall = 4.02 m; west wall = 3.12 m. Wall Construction: The east, south, and west walls are made of banded masonry with bands of large, shaped tuff blocks separated by bands of smaller, irregular stones. The north wall has a wall seam 1.4 m from the west wall. West of the seam, the masonry consists with upright tuff slabs; east of the seam, the wall is banded masonry. Door: There are two sealed doors. A T-shaped door is in the west wall; it is 65 cm wide at the top. There is a second sealed door in the east wall; it is 40 cm wide. Other Wall Openings: The wall profiles indicate beam holes in the south, north, and west walls about 1.3– 1.5 m above the floor. The excavators suggest these may be for storage racks. Wall Plaster: Plaster 2.0 cm thick is present on the walls. Floor: The floor is packed earth and disturbed by animal burrows. Hearth: A shallow, circular, unlined hearth is present near the center of the room. Storage Pits: No storage pits are present. Postholes: No postholes are present. Other Floor Features: No other floor features are present. Roof: Roofing clay with reed imprints is in the fill. Artifacts: The excavators note a number of artifacts in the fill, floor/floor-fill, and subfloor context of Room 88. Sherds are found throughout and were typed and counted in the field (Table 6.5). In the fill, the excavators note the following artifacts: one mano, one grinding stone, one paint palette, one axe, one arrow shaft straightener, two abrading stones, two rubbing stones, one smoothing stone, two polishing stones, one projectile point, three hammerstones, one drill, five awls, one hair ornament, one stone pendant,

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one large piece of gypsum, one fragment of burned cloth, and one restorable Point of Pines Plain Corrugated pot. In the floor/floor-fill level, the excavators note the following artifacts: one mano, one axe, two abrading stones, one projectile point, one hammerstone, one scraper [uniface?], two scraper/gravers, two bone awls, one flaker, one piece of worked hematite, and one miniature bowl. In the subfloor deposits, the excavators note one scraper [uniface?] and one bone awl. Room 91, Floor 1 Room 91 is in the southwestern portion of the site, inside the Great Wall. It is directly west of Room 97, to which it is connected by an open door. The room was initially established during the Canyon Creek phase (Floor 2, Chapter 5). Floor 1 overlies a layer of trash and Floor 2, which in turn overlies a layer of trash and Pithouse 13. The walls associated with Floor 1 represent a remodeling of the room, shifting the location of the north and east walls. The room was excavated 7/17–7/23/1956 by Lloyd Rogers and T. Patrick Culbert. Room Dimensions: The excavators recorded the following wall lengths in the field notes: north wall = 1.05 m; east wall = 3.25 m; south wall = 1.0 m; west wall = 3.15 m. Wall Construction: The walls are made of banded masonry with bands of large, shaped tuff blocks separated by bands of smaller, unshaped stones. The wall thickness ranges from 23–34 cm. Door: A door 40 cm wide is in the east wall. Other Wall Openings: There are no other wall openings. Wall Plaster: No information is recorded about wall plaster. Floor: The floor is difficult to follow and was identified from the bottoms of the east and north walls. Hearth: No hearth is present. Storage Pits: No storage pits are present. Postholes: No postholes are present. Other Floor Features: No other floor features are present. Roof: No evidence of the roof is present. Artifacts: The excavators note artifacts in the fill and floor/floor fill associated with Floor 1. Ceramics are noted throughout and were typed and counted in the field (Table 6.5). The excavator notes the following artifacts in the fill: one rubbing stone, two scrapers [unifaces?], two bone awls, one bone hair ornament, one antler flaker, and one bone blank. The excavators state that a trough metate, a cut deer femora (distal end), and a miniature bowl containing pigment are present in the floor/floor-fill level.

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Room 97, Floors 1, 2, and 3 Room 97 is in the southwest quarter of the site inside the Great Wall. It is directly east of Room 91, to which it is connected by an open door. Floor 3 overlies fill and Pithouse 13. Floors 1 and 2 are separated by 41 cm of trash; Floors 2 and 3 are separated by 35 cm of trash. The accumulation of trash between the floors suggests the room may have been occupied, abandoned, and reoccupied twice during the Point of Pines phase. Additionally, remodeling occurs with the occupation of Floor 1, resulting in the movement of all but the south wall. (The location of a portion of the south wall is the only known wall for Floors 2 and 3, based on the excavation.) All three floors are believed to date to the Point of Pines phase because of the presence of Pinto Black-on-Red and Gila Polychrome in the fill beneath Floor 3. The room was excavated 6/17–7/17/1957 by J. Montague Freeman and Charles F. Cleland. Room Dimensions: The excavators did not record the room dimensions in the field notes. The following wall lengths for Floor 1 are derived from the field map: north wall = 3.2 m; east wall = 2.15 m; south wall = 3.3 m; west wall = 2.3 m. Wall Construction: The walls are constructed of banded masonry, with a band of large tuff blocks followed by two or three rows of small stones. Door: A door is present in the west wall. The sill is 40 cm wide and 30 cm above Floor 1. Other Wall Openings: No other openings are evident in the walls. Wall Plaster: Wall plaster is present. Floor: No description of the floors is given in the field notes. Hearth: A hearth is present in the northeast corner of the room on Floor 1 only. There is no description of the hearth in the field notes. Based on the field map, it appears to be a clay-lined, circular hearth with a circular ash pit on the west side of the hearth. Storage Pits: No storage pits are present. Postholes: No postholes are in the floor, but there is a juniper post in a niche in the north wall. Other Floor Features: No other floor features are present. Roof: Roofing clay is in the fill above Floor 3. No evidence of the roof is present for the other floors. Artifacts: The excavators note a large number of artifacts in the fill, floor/floor-fill, and subfloor context of Room 97. Ceramics are present throughout and were typed and counted in the field (Table 6.5). The excavators note the following artifacts in the fill above Floor 1: one trough metate, one grinding stone, two axes, two pestle-shaped objects, one piece of worked

stone, one hammerstone, two bone awls, one scapula scraper, one spatula tip, one bone bead, one piece of specular hematite, one hematite paint cake, and one restorable Point of Pines Plain Corrugated jar. In the floor/floor-fill deposits for Floor 1, the excavators note the following: five manos, two arrow shaft smoothers, two axes, two tuff cylinders, one tuff ball, two abrading stones, one polishing stone, one hoe blade, two projectile points, three hammerstones, one knife [biface?], five bone awls, three bone ring blanks, three antler flaker tips, one burned bone ring fragment, one ceramic effigy, one miniature jar, one miniature ladle, and four miniature bowls. In the floor/floor-fill deposits associated with Floor 2, the excavators note the presence of the following artifacts: one mano, one lap stone, one miniature axe, one axe, one maul, one tuff cylinder, three pestle-shaped objects, two polishing stones, one projectile point, two hammerstones, one scraper [uniface?], one knife [biface?], 11 bone awls, four bone ornaments, one carved antler, three bone hair ornaments, six bone ring blanks, five bone rings, one fleshing tool, one piece of flat-worked bone, two antler flakers, one rib scraper, five antler chisels, one hematite cake, one spindle whorl, two ceramic effigies, one sherd pendant, two indented corrugated jars, one St. Johns Polychrome bowl, one Pinedale Black-on-White jar, one broad line white-on-red jar (exotic form), one Point of Pines Polychrome jar (sunburst design), one Pinto Black-on-Red bowl, one white-slipped brown ware jar, one brown applique jar, two miniature ladles, three miniature bowls, and one miniature seed bowl. In the fill/floor-fill deposits associated with Floor 3, the excavators note the following: four manos, one axe, two pieces of worked stone, one stone cylinder, four abrading stones, one polishing stone, three hammerstones, one drill, one scraper [uniface?], one bone awl, one scapula scraper, one bone tube, one piece of cut long bone, one antler chisel, one antler flaker, and one McDonald Pattern Corrugated jar.

IsolateD Rooms Four rooms (six floors) that could not be assigned to room blocks dated to the Point of Pines phase were tested. These rooms are not isolated in their location but are the only rooms excavated in their portion of the pueblo (Figure 6.9). They are all at the north end of the pueblo, two inside the Great Wall and two north of the Great Wall and Room Block A. Sherds were present in these rooms and are tabulated in Table 6.6.

Point of Pines Phase, aD 1350–1400

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Figure 6.9. Excavated rooms in areas of limited excavation dated to the Point of Pines phase (map compiled from field notes)

Room 93, Floors 1 and 2

Room 93 is inside the Great Wall at the north end of the pueblo. The Point of Pines phase is the first occupation of the room, and both floors are dated to this phase. The excavator suggests all artifacts were removed from Floor 2. Floor 1 was then laid on top of it (less than 10 cm separate the two floors), but the excavator does list artifacts on Floor 2. A large number of artifacts are on Floor 1, and the excavator suggests they were left in situ at the time of abandonment of the room and pueblo. Both rooms are dated to the Point of Pines phase because of the presence of Pinto Black-on-Red and Gila Polychrome in the subfloor deposits. The room was excavated 6/15–8/7/1957 by Faye Temple. Room Dimensions: The excavator did not record the room dimensions in the field notes. The following wall lengths are derived from the field map: north wall = 2.7 m; east wall = 4.3 m; south wall= 2.7 m; west wall = 4.4 m.

Wall Construction: The walls are masonry and constructed with large, roughly shaped tuff slabs and smaller unshaped stones. No information is provided on whether it is rubble masonry or banded masonry, and there are no wall profiles in the notes. Door: The field notes state a door is present in the north wall, but it is not marked on the map. The door is 39 cm wide. Other Wall Openings: No other openings are in the walls. Wall Plaster: A 2.0-cm-thick layer of plaster is present on the walls. Floor: No description of the floors is provided, other than to state both are in good condition. Hearth: The maps indicate there is no hearth on either floor, and the running field notes confirm this. However, the room excavation form states there is a slight rectangular depression in the center of the rooms with ash in the vicinity though the base of the depression is not burned.

Table 6.6. Sherds identified from the fill, floor, and subfloor contexts of isolated rooms Room 106, Floor 1

Room 93 Type

Fill

Brown, Red, and Textured brown 126 brown, smudged 120 plain with an interior red rim 1 band red 201 red, smudged 76 brown, rim decorated 2 weathered Northern ware fingernail incised on plain ware brown incised reed punched red with neck decoration Pine Flat Neck Corrugated Three Circle Neck Corrugated Reserve Plain Corrugated 52 Reserve Indented Corrugated 69 Reserve Incised Corrugated 1 Reserve Punched Corrugated 2 Tularosa Patterned Indented 2 Corrugated Point of Pines Plain Corrugated 415 Point of Pines Indented 364 Corrugated Point of Pines Obliterated 48 Corrugated Point of Pines Pattern Indented 11 Corrugated fingernail incised corrugated 21 rim fingernail incised corrugated grooved corrugated 2 McDonald Plain Corrugated 6 McDonald Pattern Indented 34 Corrugated McDonald Grooved Corrugated 6 Prieto Corrugated 52 Point of Pines Punctate

Floor 1 Floor 2 Subfloor

Fill

Fill

Floor

Fill

Floor 1 Floor 2 Subfloor

17 68

85 131

34 52

11 8

17 3

28 39

11 32

15 35

19 28

84 50 1 4 7

65 47

74 74 2

65 64

2

2

24 17

12 10

9 12

14 12

1 1

1 1

1

8 30

1 2 9 21

45 63 6

2

30 31 1 1 7

11

3

390 282

104 181

191 426

74 267

41

31

34

14

19

3

4

2 20 60

5 1 10 56 91

59

16 23 3 141 1

1 1

Room 109

60 86

Fillet Rim, White-on-Red, and Red-on-White Reserve Fillet Rim 2 Tularosa Fillet Rim 15 6 Reserve Fillet Rim White-on-Red Tularosa Fillet Rim White-onRed Tularosa White-on-Red 2 4 unidentified red-on-white Red-on-Brown San Carlos Red-on-Brown unclassified Red-on-Brown

Room 108, Floor 1

12

10 1 2 7

3 1

3 33

55 1

16 33 1

1 9

9

5

131 296

88 255

71 209

23 309

7

36

5

4

11

4

3

4

5

6

2

32 27

33 15

11 28

1 2

12 38

2

10 27 1 1 8

8 11

9 22

3

4

1

3 23

1

24

3

1 14

1 1

4 1

2 1

1 2

1

2 14 18

2 73

1 48

1 54

9

3

14

7

7

3 3

1

2

4

1

2

3

1

Table 6.6. (cont’d.) Sherds identified from the fill, floor, and subfloor contexts of isolated rooms Room 106, Floor 1

Room 93 Type Buff Wares Sacaton Red-on-Buff unidentified red-on-buff Hohokam (unpainted) Black-on-White Mimbres Black-on-white Pinedale Black-on-White Reserve Black-on-White Reserve-Tularosa Black-onWhite Tularosa Black-on-white black-on-white body sherds unidentified black-on-white Black-on-Red Gila Black-on-Red Maverick Mountain Black-onWhite Maverick Mountain Black-onRed with a white exterior Pinedale Black-on-Red Pinto Black-on-Red Puerco Black-on-Red St. Johns Black-on-Red Wingate Black-on-Red White Mountain Red Ware body unidentified black-on-red Polychrome Cedar Creek Polychrome Fourmile Polychrome Gila Polychrome Houck Polychrome Maverick Mountain Polychrome Nantack Polychrome Pinedale Polychrome Pinto Polychrome Point of Pines Polychrome Point of Pines Polychrome, Showlow variety Prieto (possible) Polychrome Querino Polychrome Showlow Polychrome Springerville Polychrome St. Johns Polychrome Tonto Polychrome Tucson Polychrome weathered sherds burned painted sherds

Fill

Floor 1 Floor 2 Subfloor

Fill

Room 108, Floor 1 Fill

Floor

Room 109 Fill

Floor 1 Floor 2 Subfloor 2

1 28

1

1 2 4

7 4

10

1

1 3

2

9 3 8

5

3

1

1

1

2

1

1 1

2

1 2

5 11

23 15 6

8

5 9

2

2 62 9

2 1

1 18

18

24

52 8

1

5 6

17 1

3

1 2 3

6

2

1 1

29 27 16

5 14 6 2

5 10 7

1 3 7 1 1 2

14 3

1 1 1

1 6

7

3 3

1

58 44 24

15 5

2

3 14

1

111 2

1

1 1 20 9 1 2

19 17 25 2 1 12 2 16 2

1 4 1

2 2

3

20 15 6 1 4 1 6

8 1 1 1 4 5

1 2 1 2

1

1

2 1 6 1 1 8 9 4

3

1 1 4 1

1 1

1 2 23

1 3 1

24

2

4

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Storage Pits: No storage pits are present. Postholes: No postholes are present. Other Floor Features: No other floor features are present. Roof: No evidence of the roof is present. Artifacts: The excavator notes a large number of artifacts in the fill/floor-fill, and subfloor context, particularly in contact with Floor 1. Sherds are present throughout the room deposits. The sherds were typed and counted in the field (Table 6.6). In the fill, the excavator notes the following artifacts: one shaped stone cylinder, two hoe blades, one stone saw, one hammerstone, three projectile points, one piece of unifacially worked stone, one knife [biface?], one antler chisel, one quartz crystal, one piece of red ocher, one piece of malachite, two turquoise pendants, three Conus shell tinklers, and two spindle whorls. One spindle whorl was noted by the excavator in the floor fill of Floor 1. In contact with Floor 1, the excavator notes the following artifacts: 17 manos, one metate, four handstones, one palette/smoothing stone, one axe, two arrow shaft smoothers, one stone ball, one piece of shaped stone, 12 abrading stones, two smoothing stones, five polishing stones, seven hoe blades, one pestle, one hammerstone, one drill, one obsidian nodule, one obsidian scraper [uniface?], one obsidian biface, four chalcedony cores, one knife [biface?], four bone awls, four bone rings, one bone ring blank, one flaked antler, three antler chisels, one antler wrench, one sharpened bone splinter, two reamedout animal long bones, one stone pendant, two Cardium shells, one Olivella shell, three quartz crystals, one piece of malachite, a large amount of red ocher, one figurine, four spindle whorls, and one miniature corrugated pot. In contact with Floor 2, the excavator notes the following: two manos, two bone awls, one bone spatula, one reamed-out animal bone with a cutting grove on the shaft, one Cardium shell, one effigy, and one turquoise pendant. In the subfloor deposits, the excavator notes one worked paint stone, two bone rings, one greenstone pendant, and one ceramic disc. Room 106, Floor 1 Room 106 is north of Room Block A. It has one floor and is in the center of a larger room block. The floor sits on a layer of midden. There are no artifacts in the floor/ floor-fill level. A cremation contained within a Reserve Corrugated jar capped with a McDonald Plain Corru-

gated bowl is in the subfloor trash deposit. The room was excavated 7/7–7/14/1948 by J. Cameron Greenleaf and Jagatri Lal Dhawan. Room Dimensions: The excavators did not record the room dimensions. The following wall lengths are derived from the field map: north wall = 3.725 m; east wall = 2.95 m; south wall = 3.9 m; west wall = 3.075 m. Wall Construction: The footing courses of each wall are detailed in the field notes. The east wall has a footing course of tuff blocks. The remainder of the walls have footing courses of large basalt boulders separated by small pieces of tuff. The south wall has 11 basalt boulders, the west wall has nine, and the north wall has only two. Upper courses of all four walls are of tuff blocks, but it is unclear from the field notes and map whether they are banded or rubble masonry. Door: There is a door in the east wall. The sill is 48 cm wide, 22 cm above the floor. Other Wall Openings: No other openings are in the walls. Wall Plaster: There is no evidence of any wall plaster. Floor: The floor is compacted earth with no plaster. Hearth: There is an unlined circular hearth near the center of the room. Storage Pits: No storage pits are present. Postholes: No postholes are present. Other Floor Features: No other floor features are present. Roof: No evidence of the roof is present. Artifacts: The excavators note artifacts in the fill above the floor but state there are no artifacts on the floor. Artifacts that may be present in the subfloor deposits are not mentioned. The excavators recorded the types and counts of sherds in the fill above the floor but in no other deposits (Table 6.6). The excavators note the following artifacts in the fill above the floor: two manos, one mortar (worn through) with paint stain, four axes, one arrow shaft smoother, two basalt cobbles with rubbing surfaces, one small anvil with pecking, one large animal effigy made of tuff, one rubbing stone, one scraper [uniface?], one bone awl, one small animal effigy made of clay, one lump of [unfired?] clay, and one miniature ladle. Room 108, Floor 1 Room 108 is north of Room Block A and is the northernmost room excavated at the pueblo. It was identified by test trenches in the area. Tonto Polychrome was found in the trench, but its associated level is unclear. The room was excavated 7/7–7/9/1958 by Loren Haury. Room Dimensions: The excavator did not record the

Point of Pines Phase, aD 1350–1400

room dimensions. The following wall lengths are derived from the field map: north wall = 1.2 m; east wall = 4.6 m; south wall = 2.55 m; west wall = 4.65 m. Wall Construction: The footing course of the room is large basalt boulders with irregular courses of small, unshaped tuff blocks above it. Door: No door is present. Other Wall Openings: No other wall openings are present. Wall Plaster: No wall plaster is evident. Floor: The floor is very irregular and badly disturbed by animal burrows. Hearth: A slab-lined, rectangular hearth is present. The slabs are a combination of sandstone and basalt. Storage Pits: No storage pits are present. Postholes: No postholes are present. Other Floor Features: No other floor features are present. Roof: Roof clay is present in the fill. Artifacts: The excavator notes two manos in the fill. In the floor/floor-fill level, he notes three manos, one abrading stone, and one pot lid. Ceramics are noted for the fill and floor/floor-fill levels in Table 6.6. These were typed and counted in the field. Room 109, Floors 1 and 2 Room 109 is inside the Great Wall, near the north end of the pueblo. It is part of a larger room block but the only room excavated in the area. Floor 2 is occupied, the room is remodeled, and then Floor 1 is laid, all during the Point of Pines phase. Floor 2 has a wall stub of a north–south crossing wall that divides the room in half. It is unclear how high this wall was during the use of Floor 2, but the floor on the east side of the wall appears slightly lower than on the west side. For Floor 1, the crossing wall is absent, and only one room is present. The room was excavated 7/10–7/29/1958 by Edward Jahns and James Sciscenti. Room Dimensions: The excavators did not record the room dimensions. The following wall lengths are derived from the field map. For Floor 1, the wall lengths are: north wall = 4.8 m; east wall = 3.65 m; south wall = 4.525 m; west wall = 3.6 m. The room dimensions for Floor 2 are the same, with the crossing wall 1.9 m south of the east wall. Wall Construction: The walls are made of banded masonry, with a band of large tuff blocks followed by a layer of small tuff stones. Door: A door 38 cm wide is present in the south wall. At some point during the occupation, it is converted to a window by partially filling in the door.

259

Other Wall Openings: No other openings are present. Wall Plaster: Plaster is present on the walls (including the crossing wall). Floor: The floors are hard-packed earth with no evidence of plaster. Hearth: A slab-lined, rectangular hearth is present for Floor 1. A slab-lined, rectangular hearth is present on Floor 2 as well, east of the crossing wall. Storage Pits: No storage pits are present. Postholes: No postholes are in Floor 1. Four postholes are east of the crossing wall on Floor 2, three of which are along the south wall in a curved pattern. The fourth posthole is next to the east wall. The notes state there is also one small posthole west of the crossing wall, but its location is unclear from the map. Other Floor Features: There is a shallow (10 cm), circular depression (58 cm diameter) on the west side of the crossing wall. Its function is unclear. Roof: The field notes state charred logs and shakes are present, but it is unclear whether these are associated with Floor 1 or 2. Artifacts: The excavators note a large number of artifacts in the fill, floor/floor-fill, and subfloor context of the room. Sherds are present throughout. The ceramics were typed and counted in the field (Table 6.6). The excavators note the following artifacts in the fill above Floor 1: seven manos, two trough metates, one basin metate, five grinding stones, two paint pallets with red paint, one handstone, two axes, three abrading stones, one smoothing stone, one polishing stone, two tuff building stones with grinding surfaces, one tuff stone with hematite stains, one hoe fragment, three hammerstones, one core, one quartzite nodule, one flake with cortex, one scraper [uniface?], one obsidian flake, six bone awls, one rib scraper, two antler fragments, one antler flaker, one bone chisel, one bone tube, one shell pendant, two pieces of specular hematite, one piece of azurite, two pieces of malachite, one drilled turquoise bead, one undrilled turquoise bead, and one spindle whorl. In the floor/floor fill of Floor 1, the excavators note the following: three manos, one abrading stone, one smoothing stone, two hoe blades, four bone awls, one bone ring blank, two antler chisels, two antler wrench fragments, one shell bracelet, one quartz crystal, and one Point of Pines Knobby bowl. In the floor/floor fill of Floor 2, the excavators note the following: two manos, one metate, one hammerstone, two bone awls, and one piece of malachite. In the subfloor deposits, the excavators note the following: two basalt manos, two metates, one

260

Chapter 6

[169.236.78.20] Project MUSE (2024-03-14 19:24 GMT) University of California, Merced

Figure 6.10. Map of Room Block W:10:51 (after Wendorf 1950, Figure 68)

handstone, one basalt boulder with grinding, one rubbing stone, one hoe blade, one hammerstone, and one miniature pottery scoop.

W:10:51 W:10:51 is at the western edge of the pueblo, outside the Great Wall (Figure 6.1) and was excavated in 1946. Because it is located outside the Great Wall of the pueblo and investigated early in the project when chronological relationships were unclear, it was given a separate site number. But its close proximity indicates it was part of the greater Point of Pines pueblo community. The room block has 21 rooms (Figure 6.10) and is built over a thick layer of trash and a series of pithouses (see Chapter 2). A detailed report of W:10:51 was published by Wendorf (1950). As such, the data from the rooms is only summarized here (Table 6.7). To simplify the table, some of the characteristics reported in detail for other rooms in this report are eliminated from the

table. Specifically, because wall plaster is evident in all of the rooms it is not included on the table. All of the rooms are made of roughly coursed masonry construction with large amounts of mortar. No storage pits are evident in any of the rooms, though masonry storage bins are present in Rooms 7, 15, and 18. Postholes are present in only three rooms. A post is embedded into the cross-wall in Room 19. Postholes are present also in Rooms 2 and 5, but no details are available. The only niches present are in Room 3 in the north wall. Finally, all floors are constructed of adobe clay that is 2.0–5.0 cm thick. There is evidence of replastering of the floors in Rooms 2 and 19. Artifacts recovered from W:10:51 are detailed in Wendorf 1950. One artifact deserves special attention because there is no similar artifact from the rest of the pueblo. Specifically, a painted stone slab with the face of a masked figure in black, white, green, and red paint was recovered from the floor of Room 19 east (1950:75–76,

Point of Pines Phase, aD 1350–1400

261

Table 6.7. Summary of architectural features in Room Block W:10:51 (based on information in Wendorf 1950) Room #

Doors / Windows

Hearth

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19E 19W 20 21

none none none sealed door to Room 11 none none none none sealed door to Room 10 open door to Room 13; sealed door to Room 9 sealed door to Room 4 window to 16 open door to Room 10; sealed window to Room 16 none sealed door to Room 16 sealed door to Room 15; window to Room 12; sealed window to Room 13 window to Room 18 window to Room 17 none none sealed door to Room 21 sealed door to Room 20

slab-lined, rectangular slab-lined, rectangular slab-lined, rectangular slab-lined, rectangular slab-lined, rectangular slab-lined, rectangular none slab-lined, rectangular slab-lined, rectangular none none none slab-lined, rectangular slab-lined, rectangular slab-lined, rectangular slab-lined, rectangular slab-lined, rectangular slab-lined, rectangular none slab-lined, rectangular slab-lined, rectangular slab-lined, rectangular

Figure 35). The mask image covers the entirety of one face of the stone. The slab is sandstone, 29.5 cm long, 25 cm wide, and 3.0 cm thick. Wendorf states it is similar to mask images used today in Zuni (1950:75).

Communal Structures All of the communal structures of the previous phases are abandoned by the end of the Canyon Creek phase, including the Great Kiva and the Plaza. During the Point of Pines phase, the Great Wall continues to influence daily movement through the pueblo (see Chapter 5 for details of construction). Two small kivas are built (Kivas 4 and 6), and an extramural ramada (W:10:51, Structure 1) is used during this time (Figure 6.11). Kiva 4 Kiva 4 is at the southern end of the pueblo, beyond the Great Wall and in the vicinity of Room Block C. The structure was excavated through accumulated trash to sterile in the northwest corner. The southern half of the kiva sits above Pithouse 8 (see Chapter 2). Kiva 4 was excavated 6/24–7/17/1953 by Patty Jo Anderson and Deborah Jordon. Shape: Kiva 4 is rectangular and semisubterranean. Size: The excavators did not record the size of the kiva.

Metate Bin 2 1 1

2

4 1 3 2

2 2

The following wall lengths are derived from the field map: north wall = 3.5 m; east wall = 3.75 m; south wall = 3.2 m; west wall = 3.75 m. Wall Construction: The kiva is semisubterranean. The earth walls are lined with irregular masonry. The masonry is covered with a layer of plaster. Door: There is no door present. Ventilator: There is a ventilator shaft. The ventilator opening is to the south of the room, and the shaft runs under the bench that lines the south wall. Floor: There appear to be two floors, both plastered. This indicates the kiva was used long enough to be refurbished with a new floor directly above the original one. Hearth: There are two hearths, one for each floor. Both are slab-lined and rectangular. The earlier (Floor 2) hearth is slightly north of the later (Floor 1) hearth and was covered with flat stones when the floor was replastered and the new hearth established. Deflector: A sandstone-slab deflector is on the southern edge of the hearth. Storage Pits: The excavation notes state no storage pits are present, but there is a possible cache pit in the northwest corner of the room built into the wall (this is not present on the field map). The cache contains 12

262

Chapter 6

Figure 6.11. Communal structures dated to the Point of Pines phase (map compiled from field notes).

sherds, one Cedar Creek Polychrome, five smudged red wares, and six smudged plain wares. Postholes: No postholes are present. Ladder Holes: No ladder holes are present. Bench: A bench is along the south wall of the kiva. Its face is masonry lined, and the top is compacted soil. Both the face and the top are plastered. A piece of specular hematite is embedded in the wall above the bench. Foot Drum: No foot drums are present. Sipapu: A sipapu is located directly north of the hearth. The inside of the sipapu is plastered and contains a single plain ware sherd. Evidence of Roof Construction: There is no evidence of the roof construction. Kiva 6 Kiva 6 is in the southern half of the pueblo, inside the Great Wall in the vicinity of Room Block D. Its construction required the dismantling and remodeling of earlier domestic rooms. For example, the remnants of Room 100 are the “alley way” or enclosed space on the west end of the kiva. The northeast corner of the room is formed by dismantling the northwest corner of Room 95. The floor of the kiva is 50 cm above sterile soil. The kiva was excavated 6/16–7/12/1958 by Martha Tempelhoff and Judith Treistman. Shape: The kiva is rectangular and semisubterranean. Size: The excavators recorded the following wall lengths

in their notes: north wall = 4.35 m; east wall = 3.40 m; south wall = 4.0 m; west wall = 3.80 m. Wall construction: The kiva is semisubterranean. The earthen walls are lined with regular courses of worked tuff slabs above vertically placed footing stones. The footing stones are separated by irregular shaped small stones. The masonry walls are then plastered. Door: There is no door. Ventilator: There is a ventilator shaft. The opening of the shaft is directly west of the kiva. The shaft runs under the bench on the west wall. Floor: The floor is hard and in good condition. It is covered in plaster and shows at least two layers of plaster. Hearth: A slab-lined, rectangular hearth is present. Deflector: No evidence of a deflector is present, but the hearth is situated off-center from the ventilator shaft (but see discussion of ladder holes below). Storage Pits: No storage pits are present. Postholes: No postholes are present. Ladder Holes: There are two holes between the hearth and the ventilator. They are spaced 36 inches apart and are 11–13 cm deep. The excavators suggest these may be ladder holes or holes to hold a deflector. Bench: A bench is along the east wall. Its face is masonry; both the face and top are covered in plaster. The bench is 1.18 m wide and 66 cm above the floor level. Foot Drum: No foot drum is present. Sipapu: No sipapu is present.

Point of Pines Phase, aD 1350–1400

Evidence of Roof Construction: No evidence for the roof construction is present. Additional remarks: The excavators list the following artifacts in contact with the floor (though it may also include floor fill): one mano, one grinding stone, one stone bowl, one arrow shaft straightener, two axes, one antler flaker, one bone ring, one “worked penis bone,” one piece of Glycymeris shell, one piece of red paint, and one plain ware bowl. W:10:51, Structure A Structure A is an extramural ramada dated to the Point of Pines phase, adjacent to Room Block W:10:51 on the southwest side of the site. It is the only ramada excavated

263

at Point of Pines Pueblo. The ramada is reported in detail by Wendorf (1950), and the information reported here is drawn from his report. Structure A has a hard-packed earth floor covered in clay overlying midden. It appears to be sunk into the trash deposits approximately 45 cm. A single course of upright, dressed stones outline the ramada. Eight postholes are present, three along both north and south walls and one in the center of both east and west walls. An irregularly shaped hearth is in the center of the ramada, and two metates are on the floor.

7

Possible Ritual Artifacts Recovered from Point of Pines Pueblo

Items of potential ritual importance reported in the excavation forms and notes of the architectural structures at Point of Pines Pueblo fall into three categories. The first is dedicatory items placed in kivas. Second is the ritualization of animals through animal burials and figurines. Third is minerals and crystals. Human burials and cremations also are present and represent ritual activity. These are discussed in other studies (Bennett 1967, 1973; Merbs 1967; Robinson and Sprague 1965; Rodrigues 2008). The dedicatory items in kivas have been described previously (Stone 2015) and are summarized only here. One type of animal burials (macaws) has been described previously (Hargrave 1970:45–47) and are summarized below along with the turkey and parrot burials recovered. The figurines, minerals, and crystal are described for the first time here.

Kiva. This find does not appear to be incorporated into the construction of the Great Kiva itself. Therefore, it is discussed in the section on macaws below but not here. Kiva 2 Kiva 2 is in Room Block E. It is above ground and connected to other rooms through doors. It is surrounded by rooms, though those to the east were not excavated. Kiva 2 was founded during the Early Tularosa phase and used through the Canyon Creek phase. The longevity of use is an indication of its importance to the room block and possibly the community. When constructed on sterile soil, three artifacts were placed beneath the floor (lying on sterile) and encapsulated in the floor plaster: one bone awl, one miniature vessel, and one piece of worked stone. Additionally, two interments were present, each in a pit that started at the floor, extended into sterile, and was then plastered over. The first is an infant, approximately nine months old. The remains are highly fragmentary. According to the excavation notes, the infant was laid on its side in a tightly flexed position with its head toward the east and the face turned toward the south. A corrugated pot (form and type not specified) was broken and the sherds scattered across the body. Near the infant burial is what the excavator describes as a “parrot burial.” This included a complete bird. This burial does not appear in Hargrave’s (1970) review of macaw burials known at the time, so it is assumed here that the excavators were correct in their identification of a parrot rather than a macaw. The parrot was placed in a prepared grave with no grave goods. The parrot burial is discussed in greater detail below.

DeDicatory Items To be considered a dedicatory item here, it must be embedded in the floor or wall plaster or found in pits or at the base of postholes associated with the initial construction of the kiva. Following these criteria, three of the small kivas found at the site have dedicatory items recorded in the field notes. Two of the kivas (Kivas 2 and 3) were constructed during the Early Tularosa phase (Chapter 2). The third (Kiva 4) was constructed and used during the Point of Pines phase (Chapter 6). It should be pointed out that in Hargrave’s (1970) survey of macaw remains recovered from the American Southwest he notes the presence of a right ulna of a macaw in the subfloor fill of the northwest quadrant of the Great 264

Possible Ritual Artifacts

Kiva 3 Kiva 3 was constructed during the Early Tularosa phase (Chapter 2) and abandoned at the end of the Pinedale/ Maverick Mountain phase (Chapter 4). It is a semisubterranean, D-shaped kiva. Although not incorporated within a room block, its features and construction indicate it was used by the Kayenta migrants occupying Room Block D (Haury 1958, 1989; Stone 2003, 2015). A series of postholes are present in the kiva near the foot drum. A quartz crystal was at the base of the posthole north of the foot drum and deer vertebrae were at the base of the postholes to either side of the foot drum. Lying on the floor beneath the roof fall were one metate, one projectile point, and one sheep horn. Although not dedicatory items, they are noted as items of potential ritual importance and use here, given the nature of the abandonment of the Kayenta structures at the end of the Pinedale/Maverick Mountain phase (Chapter 4). Kiva 4 Kiva 4 is in Room Block C, at the south end of the site, outside the Great Wall. It was constructed and used during the Point of Pines phase (Chapter 6). Kiva 4 is rectangular and above ground, surrounded by rooms that were not excavated. Entrance to the kiva was through the roof, as demonstrated by the presence of ladder holes. Specular hematite was embedded in the plaster above the bench. Embedded in the plaster at the base of the sipapu was a single plain ware sherd. Finally, a floor cache in the northwest corner of the kiva contained 12 sherds — one Cedar Creek Polychrome and 11 smudged wares (five red and six plain). The use of smudging on the inside of bowls has been argued to be a decorative element tied to Mountain Mogollon identity (Stone 2018).

Ritual Treatment of Animals Ritual treatment of animals is evident in two forms. The first is animal burials and the second is figurines. Animals, in both live and figural form, are found in varying amounts in other areas of the Mountain Mogollon (McKusick 1982, 2001) and remain important to the Zuni for ritual purposes today (Bunzel 1932). Animal Burials A number of animal burials are discussed in the field forms and excavation notes from the architectural structures at Point of Pines Pueblo (Table 7.1, Figure 7.1). This information is supplemented here by Hargrave’s (1970) inventory of macaw remains. All of the animals were birds (one turkey, one parrot, 27 macaws) with one exception. One fragmentary animal jaw (species not identi-

265

fied) was found in the fill above Floor 1, Room 83, which was built adjacent to the Great Wall during the Canyon Creek phase. The animal jaw was painted, suggesting ritual importance. The parrot burial was in Kiva 2 in a formal grave with no grave goods. The turkey burial was in a formal pit in Floor 1, Room 1, of Room Block A (Point of Pines phase, Chapter 6). No grave goods were present. According to McKusick (1982:92) this is one of an MNI of 43 turkeys recovered from Point of Pines Pueblo. Turkey burials have been found elsewhere in the highlands. For example, an articulated turkey burial was recovered from Hough’s Great Kiva in the Silver Creek area to the northeast (Horner 1999:443) and from Grasshopper Pueblo to the west (McKusick 1982: 88). There was also a turkey burial recovered from Turkey Creek Pueblo in the Point of Pines area (Hargrave 1970:44). Macaws have been found throughout the Southwest in the form of skeletal remains, feathers, and images (Crown 2016; Hargrave 1970). Both historically and prehistorically, macaws are valued for their bright plumage. Their feathers are used on prayer sticks, ritual paraphernalia, and ceremonial dress (Creel and McKusick 1994; Crown 2016; Olsen and Olsen 1974; Vokes and Gregory 2007). Hargrave’s (1970) analysis indicates a minimum number of individual macaws at Point of Pines as 27. Fifteen (55%) could be identified to the species level; all are scarlet macaws. Most of the remains (n = 18, 66.7%) were between 11 and 12 months of age. Four additional individuals were between four and 11 months; one is between one and three years; and two were four years or greater in age. Only 6 individuals appear to have been whole (or nearly so) when buried. These 6 individuals possessed tracheal rings, indicating they were buried in the flesh. One macaw had grave goods in the form of 7 sherds (one Fourmile Polychrome, two plain smudged, and four corrugated). This individual was recovered from the hearth of Floor 1, Room 11, Room Block E. Macaw remains dated from the Pinedale/Maverick Mountain phase are restricted in distribution to a single room (Room Block D, Room 62). Portions of 2 macaws were recovered from the floor (both containing wings), and the other 8 are from the roof fall. At least 3 in the roof fall represent whole or nearly whole birds that died in the flesh. These birds may not represent intentional burials, however, given the destruction of Room 62 at the end of the Pinedale/Maverick Mountain phase. This distribution is likely related more to the abandonment process of Room Block D than culture use or control of macaws at the pueblo during the Pinedale/Maverick Mountain phase.

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Chapter 7

Figure 7.1. Location of macaw remains found in architectural features at Point of Pines Pueblo

The remains of two macaws were recovered from Canyon Creek phase context, both in Room Block E. The macaw recovered from Room 31 is a complete bird, found in a pit in Floor 2. This appears to represent a formal burial. The remains of six individuals were recovered from Point of Pines phase context in Room Block E. Two of these appear to be intentional burials of birds in flesh. The first was in the hearth of Room 11 and contained grave goods. Specifically, one large Fourmile Polychrome sherd, two plain smudged sherds, and four corrugated sherds were found in the burial. The second formal burial is a nearly whole bird found in a formal pit in Floor 1 of Room 31. No grave goods were present, but this is the same room in which a macaw burial dated to the Canyon Creek phase was found. The remainder of the finds was partial in nature. Fragmentary remains may be due to the harvesting of particular body parts for ceremonial use such as wing fans (Creel and McKusick 1994). In addition to wing

fans and whole birds, feathers were likely harvested from birds that were not scarified/buried whole. Regional surveys of macaws found in the American Southwest/Mexican Northwest (Crown 2016; Gilman et  al. 2014) indicate the number of parrots, macaws, and their images have two periods of increased occurrence. Specifically, between aD 1000 and 1150 there is an increase in skeletons and images in the Mimbres area. Gilman and colleagues (2014) suggest this is related to a number of changes that occurred with the transition from the Preclassic to Classic periods in the Mimbres area, including the replacement of Great Kivas with Plazas, changes in ceramic design (Mimbres Boldface to Mimbres Classic Black-on-White), and the incorporation of aspects of the hero twin tradition from Mesoamerica in the religious ideology. The second phase (which encompasses the period of concern here) is after 1275/1300 (Crown 2016). With the exception of Paquimé, where macaws were likely bred (Minnis et al. 1993), it is the western Mountain Mogollon

Possible Ritual Artifacts

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Table 7.1. Macaws recovered from Point of Pines Pueblo (compiled from Hargrave 1970 and field notes) Location

Species

Age

Treatment

Unknown Phase test fill (#15) test fill (#158) test fill (#94) test fill (#130) test fill (#10)

Ara sp. Ara sp. Ara sp. Ara sp. Ara macao

no age 11–12 months 11–12 months 11–12 months 11–12 months

general fill

Ara macao

11–12 months

test fill (#123A) general fill

Ara macao Ara macao

11–12 months 11–12 months

1 damaged left humerus left tibiotarsus left tibiotarsus damaged cranium and mandible partial skeleton, buried in flesh (tracheal ring present) right femur, tibiotarsus and tarsometatarsus cranium and premaxilla cranium, right humerus, left tibiotarsus

Early or Late Tularosa Phase subfloor fill, northwest quarter of Great Kiva

Ara sp.

no age estimate

right ulna

Pinedale/Maverick Mountain Phase Room Block D, Room 62, roof fall

Ara sp.

11–12 months

Ara sp. Ara sp. Ara macao

11–12 months 4–11 months 11–12 months

Ara macao Ara macao

4+? Years 11–12 months

Ara macao

11–12 months

Ara macao

11–12 months

Ara sp.

1–3 years

Ara sp.

11–12 months

head, neck, axial body, one wing and legs right ulna, Left radius and tibiotarsus fragments of sternum and radius Heah, neck, tail, tongue, trachea, axial body, left wing, and leg right tibiotarsus, right tarsometatarsus 49 elements present, buried in flesh (tracheal rings present) entire bird present, buried in the flesh (tracheal rings present) entire bird present, buried in the flesh (tracheal rings present) head, neck, axial body, wings, and right leg right wing

Canyon Creek Phase Room Block E, Room 3 Room Block E, Room 31, pit in Floor 2

Ara macao Ara macao

No age estimate 4–11 months old

left humerus entire bird (71 elements), buried in flesh (tracheal rings present)

Point of Pines Phase Room Block E, Room 4, Fill Room Block E, Room 11, floor hearth

Ara macao Ara macao

4–11 months 11–12 months

Ara macao Ara sp. Ara sp. Ara macao

11–12 months 4–? years 4–11 months 11–12 months

cranium entire bird, buried in flesh (tracheal rings present); grave goods present. premaxilla 3 mandible fragments right tibiotarsus 18 elements, buried in flesh (tracheal rings present)

Room Block D, Room 62, Floor 2

Room Block E, Room 31, fill between Floors 1 and 2 Room Block E, Room 31, pit in Floor 1

and Sinagua areas that have the highest concentration of macaw skeletons (Crown 2016:338–339). The site of Wupatki (Sinagua) has the remains of 41 macaws and 4 parrots. Among the Mountain Mogollon, the concentration of macaws is greatest in the Grasshopper and

Point of Pines areas (but note there is a lack of published data on excavated late-period sites in the Pinelawn/ Reserve area). The remains of 23 macaws were recovered at Grasshopper Pueblo. A minimum of 5 macaws (500 elements)

Table 7.2. Figurines recovered from Point of Pines Pueblo (compiled from field notes). Note: this table does not include effigy pots and ornaments. Room Block

Context

Description

Material

Pinedale/Maverick Mountain Phase D Room 50, Floor 1 Room 52, Floor 2 Room 62, Floor 2 Room 70, Floor 2 Room 73, Floor 1 Room 73, Floor 1 Room 89, floor 1 Room 95, Floor 2 E Room 25, Floor 1–2 Room 39, Floor 1 Room 44, Floor 1 Room 58, Floor 1

fill above roof fall floor floor floor roof fall roof and wall fall fill roof fall floor fill fill floor fill fill

clay clay not identified clay stone clay stone not identified not identified not identified stone not identified

isolated rooms

Room 107, Floor 2

fill

effigy 2 figurines bird effigy, head only effigy effigy bowl fragmfnt 2 Figurines bird-shaped concretion feather plum holder bird effigy dog figurine effigy zoomorphic effigy and unidentified effigy animal figurine

Room 1, Floor 2 Room 5, Floor 1 Room 6, Floor 1 Room 111, Floor 1 Room 51, Floor 1 Room 78, Floor 1 Room 85, Floor 1 Room 95, Floor 1 Room 98, Floor 1 Room 53, Floor 1 Room 104, Floor 2 Room 105, Floor 1 Room 55, Floor 1 Room 83, Floor 1

floor/floor fill floor/floor fill fill fill floor/floor fill floor/floor fill fill floor/floor fill fill floor/floor fill floor/floor fill fill floor/floor fill floor/floor fill fill

Dog effigy effigy quadruped effigy effigy foot effigy effigy effigy dog effigy animal effigy animal effigy animal effigy animal effigy deer figurine quadruped figurine effigy

not identified not identified not identified clay not identified not identified not identified clay clay not identified clay clay clay clay not identified

Room 3, Floor 1 Room 11, Floor 2 Room 2, Floor 2 Room 3, Floor 2 Room 12, Floor 1 Room 12, Floor 2 Room 1, Floor 1 Room 20, Floor 1 Room 25, Floor 1 Room 48, Floor 1 Room 54, Floor 1 Room 97, Floor 1 Room 93, Floor 2 Room 93, Floor 1 Room 106, Floor 1

subfloor fill fill floor fill fill floor/floor fill subfloor floor/floor fill floor/floor fill fill floor/floor fill floor/floor fill floor contact fill

animal effigy figurine human effigy animal effigy bird effigy turtle effigy animal effigy figurine, fetish bird effigy animal effigy (headless) figurine effigy effigy figurine large animal effigy, small animal effigy

not identified not identified not identified not identified not identified not identified not identified not identified not identified not identified clay clay not identified not identified stone (tuff), clay

Canyon Creek Phase B

C D

E

adjacent to the Great Wall

Point of Pines Phase A B

C E

adjacent to the Great Wall isolated rooms

Room, Floor

not identified

Possible Ritual Artifacts

269

Figure 7.2. Distribution of figurines and effigies in architectural structures during the Pinelawn/ Maverick Mountain phase at Point of Pines Pueblo

were recovered from the Great Kiva (Olsen 1990:57–60). Four of the macaws in the Great Kiva were buried in the flesh. Four macaws were found in child burials at Grasshopper Pueblo. Of the 13 macaws that could be aged at Grasshopper Pueblo, 6 (46%) were between 11 and 12 months of age, and 4 (30%) were adults (Olsen 1990:60). In the Point of Pines area, 12 macaws were recovered from Turkey Creek Pueblo and 27 from Point of Pines Pueblo. These remains show an age distribution similar to Grasshopper Pueblo, with 11–12 months the most common age. McKusick (2001:77) argues a likely source for at least some of the macaws found in the Point of Pines area is Paquimé in northern Chihuahua. Paquimé is known as a center for macaw breeding (Minnis et al. 1993). McKusick argues for the connection between the two areas, based on the fact that “macaws at Point of Pines and at Paquimé share cranial abnormalities which do not occur among specimens from any other sites” (2001:77). Further evidence of a connection between the two areas is the presence at Paquimé of “Large Indian Domestic Turkeys which were raised only at Point of Pines” (McKusick 2001:77).

Figurines Animals are also represented as figurines or effigies at Point of Pines Pueblo (Table 7.2). Animal figurines are common both historically and prehistorically. Bunzel (1932:492) argues modern Zuni ceremonial life often incorporates clay images of animals. Because the archaeological deposits at the site were largely unscreened during excavation, a statistical analysis of the distribution of figurines at the pueblo is not possible. What information is present indicates they are widely distributed throughout the pueblo (Figures 7.2– 7.4). Quadrupeds and birds are both present. Figurines/ effigies are made of stone and clay.

Minerals The excavation forms and notes of the architectural structures list a large number of minerals, concretions, and cave formations recovered at Point of Pines Pueblo (Table 7.3; Figures 7.5–7.9). Some of these were used for jewelry, as the beads, pendants and mosaic pieces of turquoise, mica, and other stones attest. The presence of slipped and painted ceramics, paint palettes, and

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Chapter 7

Figure 7.3. Distribution of figurines and effigies in architectural structures during the Canyon Creek phase at Point of Pines Pueblo

paint-stained abrading and polishing stones indicate that some minerals were used in the ceramic manufacturing process. The minerals in Table 7.3 would provide pigments as follows: hematite, graphite (black); hematite (red); malachite (green); copper salts, azurite, and turquoise (blue); limonite (yellow); specular hematite (shiny/iridescent black); and gypsum (white). Painted items other than ceramics were recovered. For example, a decorated turkey caller with red and white paint was recovered (Pinedale/Maverick Mountain phase, roof fall, Room 68, Floor 1, Room Block D). Additionally, the walls of Room 110, Floor 1 (Pinedale/ Maverick Mountain phase, Room Block D) have a white stripe painted on them. There are also items of ritual importance with evidence of paint. For example, in addition to the painted walls, a prayer stick was found in Room 110. A prayer stick with red and green bands of paint was also recovered from Room 70, Floor 2 (Pinedale/Maverick Mountain phase, Room Block D). The presence of sticks with encrustations of copper salts from the Early and Late

Tularosa phase context (Room Block E, Room 94, Floor 3, n = 3) indicates the longevity and widespread nature of the use of prayer sticks at Point of Pines Pueblo. A sandstone slab (29.5 cm long × 25 cm wide) was found with a masked figure in Point of Pines phase context in W:10:51 (Wendorf 1950:75). Two similar masked paintings were found at the Point of Pines phase site of AZ W: 10:47 (ASM). All three were analyzed and described by DiPeso (1950). Nonpigment related minerals and crystals were also found. For example, 52+ (+ because counts were not always provided) quartz crystals are recorded in the excavation notes. A quartz crystal was used as a dedicatory item in Kiva 3, and quartz crystals are common grave goods at sites in the Forestdale Valley to the east (Haury 1985). Bunzel (1932) notes that small pebbles with unusual forms or colors are believed to have magical powers by many Zuni today, and quartz crystals may fit into this category. Other crystals recovered at Point of Pines Pueblo that may fit into this category are calcite crystals (n = 6) and chalcedony roses (n = 5).

Possible Ritual Artifacts

271

Figure 7.4. Distribution of figurines and effigies in architectural units dated to the Point of Pines phase at Point of Pines Pueblo

Finally, cave formations (stalagmites and stalactites) are present. Caves play an important role in Zuni beliefs about their emergence into this world. Specifically, the Zuni believe their ancestors lived in four enclosed

caves called “the four wombs of earth mother” (Bunzel 1932:487) prior to emerging into this world. The presence of cave formations may relate to these beliefs.

Table 7.3. Minerals and geological specimens recovered at Point of Pines Pueblo (compiled from field notes). Note: jewelry is included only if the raw material was identified in the field notes; pigment-stained pallets and grinding stones are not included. Room Block

Context

Description

Early Tularosa Phase B Room 3, Floor 5 D Room 89, Floor 1 E Room 94, Floor 3

floor/floor fill fill floor/floor fill

specular hematite (n = 1) turquoise pendant (n = 1) quartz crystal (n = 1)

Late Tularosa Phase B Room 2, Floor 3 Room 4, Floor 2

floor fill between Floors 1 and 2

ground hematite paint in corrugated jar malachite (n = 5), opalescent quartz (n = 1), “mineral specimen” (n = 1) azurite and hematite (no count) quartz crystals (n = 3) quartz crystals (no count) gypsum (n = 2) quartz crystal (n = 1), turquoise bead (n = 1), gypsum (n = 1)

E

Room, Floor

Room 6, Floor 2 Room 21, Floor 1 Room 34, Floor 1 Room 94, Floor 3

Pinedale/Maverick Mountain Phase B Room 1, Floor 4

D

subfloor fill between Floors 1 and 2 floor/floor fill Floor fill floor/floor fill

floor contact

Room 4, Floor 1 Room 50, Floor 1 Room 51/61, Floor 2

floor/floor fill roof fall roof fall Floor

Room 52, Floor 2

roof fall

Room 62, Floor 2

postabandonment fill roof fall floor

Room 66/67, Floor 2 Room 68, Floor 1 Room 69, Floor 2

floor/floor fill roof fall roof fall floor floor

Room 70, Floor 2 Room 71, Floor 1

Room 72, Floor 2

wall fall roof fall floor roof fall

floor Room 73, Floor 1 Room 84, Floor 1 Room 86, Floor 2 Room 87, Floor 1

roof fall 2nd story floor roof fall floor fill floor

limonite (n = 1), yellow ocher (several large pieces), red hematite (a few pieces), malachite (several pieces) hematite (several pieces), malachite (several pieces) polished quartz crystal (n = 1) quartz crystal (n = 1) quartz crystal (n = 3), malachite (n = 1), hematite cake (n = 1), “chunk of prepared paint” (n = 1) turquoise (n = 2), hematite (n = 3), malachite (n = 2), quartz crystal (n = 1) hematite (n = 3), malachite (n = 1) quartz crystal (n = 1), hematite (n = 2) hematite (n = 1), malachite (n = 1), azurite (n = 1), turquoise pendant (n = 5) unspecified mineral types (n = 2) quartz crystal (n = 1), turquoise mosaic pieces (n = 12) hematite (n = 1), malachite (n = 2) hematite (n = 1) quartz crystals (n = 2), hematite (n = 2), malachite (n = 1) turquoise ornaments (1 pendant, 1 bead) gypsum (n = 1) bentonite (n = 1), white pigment (n = 1) calcite (n = 1), hematite (n = 5), friable red pigment possibly ground hematite (n = 1), orange pigment (n = 1), azurite (n = 1), malachite (n = 16) turquoise pendant (n = 1), hematite (n = 4), malachite (n = 1) azurite (n = 1), malachite (n = 1), hematite (n = 1) quartz crystal (n = 1) chalcedony crystal (n = 1) quartz crystal (n = 2), hematite hammerstone (n = 1) turquoise pendant (n = 1), hematite (n = 1) mass of red pigment (n = 1), turquoise bead (n = 1), turquoise pendant (n = 2)

Table 7.3. (cont’d.) Minerals and geological specimens recovered at Point of Pines Pueblo (compiled from field notes). Note: jewelry is included only if the raw material was identified in the field notes; pigment-stained pallets and grinding stones are not included. Room Block

Room, Floor

Context

Description

Room 90, floor 1

fill

Room 99, Floor 1

fill floor

Room 110, Floor 1

roof fall

turquoise jewelry (n = 1), gypsum (n = 2), malachite (n = 2), hematite (n = 4) quartz crystal (n = 1) quartz crystal (n = 3), calcite crystal (n = 2), gypsum (n = 1), chalcedony rose (n = 1), stalactite fragment (n = 4), turquoise pendant (n = 1) gypsum (n = 1), chalcedony rose (n = 1), quartz crystal (n = 1), malachite (n = 1) mica pendant (n = 1), malachite (n = 1), fossiliferous limestone (n = 2), polished agate (n = 1) shaped turquoise (n = 1) shaped turquoise (n = 1) chalcedony concentration (n = 1), quartz crystal (n = 2) zzurite (n = 1), malachite (n = 1), volcanic magma fragment (n = 1) turquoise bead (n = 1), one jar full of hematite, quartz crystal (n = 1), specular hematite (n = 1); several pieces of the following: hematite, azurite, malachite, limonite, asbestos,

floor E

Rom 27, Floor 2 Room 27, Floor 1 Room 44, Floor 1

fill fill floor contact

Room 94, Floor 2

fill

room under Great Kiva

floor

Canyon Creek Phase B Room 1, Floor 2 Room 1, Floor 3 Room 1, Floor 4 Room 5, Floor 1

C D

Room 111, Floor 1 Room 51, Floor 1

Room 61, Floor 1 Room 64, Floor 1 Room 69, Floor 1 Room 72 east, Floor 1

fill between Floors 1 and 2 floor/floor fill fill between Floors 3 and 4 fill

fill

hematite (n = 1) turquoise pendants (n = 2) stalagmite/stalactite (n = 1) stalagmite (n = 1), quartz crystal (n = 1), turquoise (n = 4) quartz crystal (n = 1) red pigment (n = 2) concretions (n = 3) quartz crystal (n = 1), calcite crystal (n = 1), malachite (n = 1) black pigment (n = 1) malachite (n = 1), turquoise pendant (n = 1) turquoise (n = 1) hematite cakes (n = 2), malachite (n = 1) malachite (n = 2), magnetic nodule (n = 1), limonite nodule (n = 1) calcite (n = 1), hematite (n = 4), malachite (n = 15); miscellaneous lumps of friable red pigment (possibly ground hematite). incised stalactite (n = 1), hematite (n = 1), azurite (n = 1) hematite (n = 1), azurite (n = 1), malachite (n = 1), orange pigment (n = 1) hematite (n = 1), yellow pigment (n = 1)

fill fill floor/floor fill fill floor/floor fill

hematite tube (n = 1) turquoise fragments (count unknown) turquoise pendant (n = 1) lignite button (n = 1) asbestos (n = 1)

floor/floor fill fill fill floor/floor fill fill floor/floor fill fill floor/floor fill fill floor/floor fill

Room 72 west, Floor 1

fill floor/floor fill

Room 72 (no distinction east or west), Floor 1 Room 77, Floor 1 Room 78, Floor 1 Room 85, Floor 1

Table 7.3. (cont’d.) Minerals and geological specimens recovered at Point of Pines Pueblo (compiled from field notes). Note: jewelry is included only if the raw material was identified in the field notes; pigment-stained pallets and grinding stones are not included. Room Block

Room, Floor

Context

Description

Room 86A, Floor 1 Room 86B, Floor 1

Room 96, Floor 1 Room 98, Floor 1 Room 53, Floor 1 Room 55, Floor 2 Room 56, Floor 1 Room 104, Floor 2 Room 105, Floor 1

fill fill floor/floor fill fill floor/floor fill fill fill floor/floor fill floor/floor fill floor/floor fill floor/floor fill fill

Room 74, Floor 1

fill

red ocher (n = 1) hematite axe (n = 1) sulphur incrustation (n = 1) malachite (n = 2) quartz crystal (n = 1) malachite (n = 1), red ocher (n = 1) chalcedony rose (n = 1) hematite cake (n = 1), quartz crystal (n = 1) specular hematite (n = 1) turquoise bead (n = 1) red paint lumps (n = 2) turquoise bead (n = 1), malachite (n = 1), red paint fragments (n = 3), specular hematite (n = 2), limonite (n = 2) quartz crystal (n = 1), desert rose (n = 1), turquoise pendant (n = 1)

Room 76, Floor 1 Room 80, Floor 1

fill floor fill

Room 82, Floor 1

subfloor fill

Room 83, Floor 1

floor/floor fill subfloor fill

Room 95, Floor 1

E

adjacent to the Great Wall

Point of Pines Phase A Room 1, Floor 1 B Room 1, Floor 1 Room 2, Floor 1 Room 3, Floor 1

Room 7, Floor 1 Room 10, Floor 1 Room 11, Floor 1

C

Room 12, Floor 2 Room 1, Floor 1 Room 103, Floor 1 Room 107, Floor 1

E

Room 8, Floor 1 Room 11, Floor 1 Room 20, Floor 1 Room 27, Floor 1

fill fill fill floor/floor fill fill floor/floor fill fill fill fill floor fill floor fill floor contact fill fill floor/floor fill fill floor/floor fill fill fill

hematite (n = 1), gypsum slab (2 sheets) hematite embedded in the floor yellow ocher (n = 1), “cave formation” (n = 1), turquoise pendant (n = 1) graphite (n = 1) azurite (n = 1), petrified wood (n = 1), quartz crystal (n = 1), turquoise pendant (n = 1) hematite (n = 1) azurite (n = 1), quartz crystal (n = 1), and pieces of hematite, malachite, and azurite (no count given)

quartz crystal (n = 1) worked calcite (n = 1), turquoise beads (n = 17) quartz crystal (n = 2), calcite crystal (n = 1) quartz pendant (n = 1), calcite crystal (n = 1) malachite (n = 1) malachite (n = 1), quartz crystal (n = 1), lump of tallow with red paint (n = 1) hematite (n = 1), quartz crystal (n = 1) turquoise (n = 2) quartz crystal (n = 1) quartz crystal (n = 3) turquoise bead (n = 1) gypsum (n = 1), quartz crystal (n = 1) malachite (n=1) quartz crystal (n = 1), chrysocolla (n = 1) quartz crystal (n = 1) quartz crystal (n = 1) carved quartz (n = 1) turquoise bead (n = 1), quartz crystal (n = 1) worked quartz pebble (n = 1) shaped turquoise (n = 1)

Table 7.3. (cont’d.) Minerals and geological specimens recovered at Point of Pines Pueblo (compiled from field notes). Note: jewelry is included only if the raw material was identified in the field notes; pigment-stained pallets and grinding stones are not included. Room Block

Room, Floor

Context

Description

floor/floor fill fill floor/floor fill floor/floor fill floor/floor fill fill floor/floor fill floor/floor fill

shaped turquoise (n = 1) malachite pendant (n = 1), turquoise pendant (n = 1) turquoise pendant (n = 1) turquoise pendant (n = 2) hematite ball (n = 1), quartz crystal (n = 1) turquoise pendant (n = 1) malachite (n = 1) hematite with a groove (n = 1), smooth red quartz (n = 1), calcined lozenge-shaped item (n = 1)

Room 91, Floor 1 Room 97, Floor 1 Room 97, Floor 2 Room 93, Floor 2

subfloor fill above Pithouse 5 floor/floor fill fill floor/floor fill floor/floor fill fill floor/floor fill floor/floor fill

turquoise fragment (n = 1) azurite (n = 1), red paint (n = 1), hematite (n = 1) gypsum (n = 1) worked hematite (n = 1) miniature bowl containing pigment (n = 1) specular hematite (n = 1), hematite cake (n = 1) hematite cake (n = 1) turquoise pendant (n = 1)

Room 93, Floor 1

subfloor fill

greenstone pendant (n = 1) quartz crystal (n = 1), red ocher (n = 1), malachite (n = 1), turquoise pendants (n = 2) quartz crystals (n = 3), malachite (n = 1), large amount of red ocher specular hematite (n = 2), azurite (n = 1), malachite (n = 2), turquoise beads (1 drilled, 1 undrilled) quartz crystal (n = 1) malachite (n = 1) specular hematite, argillite, limonite, malachite

Room 31, Floor 1 Room 32, Floor 1 Room 102, Floor 1 Room 104, Floor 1 adjacent to the Great Wall

Room 37, Floor 1

Room 59, Floor 1 Room 75, Floor 1 Room 88, Floor 1

isolated rooms

floor/floor fill

W:10:51*

Room 109, Floor 1

fill

Room 109, Floor 2 unspecified

floor/floor fill floor/floor fill unspecified

* Source: Wendorf 1950:77

Figure 7.5. Distribution of minerals found in architectural structures dated to the Early Tularosa phase at Point of Pines Pueblo

Figure 7.6. Distribution of minerals in architectural structures dated to the Late Tularosa phase at Point of Pines Pueblo

Figure 7.7. Distribution of minerals in architectural structures dated to the Pinedale/Maverick Mountain phase at Point of Pines Pueblo

Figure 7.8. Distribution of minerals in architectural structures dated to the Canyon Creek phase at Point of Pines Pueblo

Figure 7.9. Distribution of minerals in architectural structures dated to the Point of Pines phase at Point of Pines Pueblo

8

Conclusions and a Look Forward

The Point of Pines project, led by Emil Haury, conducted surveys and excavations ranging from limited testing to extensive excavation at 29 sites and numerous agricultural and water control features on the San Carlos Apache Reservation, east of Globe Arizona (Haury 1989) from 1947 to 1960. Excavation occurred at Point of Pines Pueblo (AZ W:10:50 and AZ W:10:51 [ASM]) every year of the project. The pueblo contains approximately 800 rooms organized into several room blocks that grew through time, at least one large plaza and Great Kiva complex, several small kivas, and a wall that encircles much of the site (referred to as the Great Wall). During the 13 years of excavation, 36 pithouses, 130 masonry rooms containing 204 floors, six small kivas, and the Great Kiva were excavated, and the Plaza and Great Wall were tested. Haury’s goals for the project were twofold: (1) train students in the field techniques essential to their education and future career goals and (2) further define the Mogollon culture area (Haury 1989; Reid and Whittlesey 2010). Though these goals are no longer at the forefront of archaeological research in the American Southwest, and field methods have changed in the nearly six decades since the last field season, the field data still hold potential for issues of importance today. Unfortunately, most of this data has never been compiled in a single publication. This volume is an attempt to rectify this situation. Point of Pines Pueblo is a long-lived aggregated site (aD 1250–1400) in the Mogollon Highlands. As such, it has the potential to inform us regarding a number of issues of concern today, including the growth and abandonment of large aggregated communities in middle-

range societies in general and the nature of community life among the Mountain Mogollon in particular. The multiethnic nature of its first 50 years of occupation increases the number of questions it can address to include questions of identity formation and transformation, factionalism, migration, and host-migrant interaction. By compiling data from existing master’s theses (Gerald 1957; Morris 1957; Wasley 1952), a published report on one Point of Pines phase room block (Wendorf 1950), and the field forms and notes from the excavation housed at the Arizona State Museum Archives, this volume forms a foundation from which these questions can be investigated and possible future fieldwork can be launched. Point of Pines Pueblo is not the only late aggregated Mogollon community in the Highlands. Within the Point of Pines region itself, two other large communities have been identified. Turkey Creek Pueblo (AZ W:9:123 [ASM]) is dated to the Tularosa phase and is contemporaneous with the founding of Point of Pines Pueblo (Lowell 1991). Excavated as part of the Point of Pines project between 1958 and 1960 (Haury 1989; Johnson 1965), Turkey Creek Pueblo consists of an estimated 335 rooms (314 of which were excavated) and a Great Kiva connected to a formal plaza (Lowell 1991). Like Point of Pines Pueblo, it started with a series of foundational room groups that grew through time by accretion, resulting in a massed pueblo. Unlike Point of Pines Pueblo, its occupation appears to be restricted to the Tularosa phase. Lowell (1991:63–64) argues for a gradual abandonment of Turkey Creek Pueblo, cleaning the floors of the rooms in the process. The transport of existing domestic artifacts at the time of abandonment indicates it

279

280

Point of Pines Pueblo

was planned, and movement to a new community was of limited distance. The fact that Point of Pines Pueblo was founded and grew at the same time Turkey Creek Pueblo was abandoned suggests it was the likely destination. The second large site in the area contemporaneous with Point of Pines Pueblo is Willow Creek Pueblo (AZ: W:10:105 [ASM]). Willow Creek Pueblo was first identified through aerial reconnaissance in 1952 and visited later that same year (Haury 1989:66). It was originally assigned a Canyon Creek phase but recent reevaluation of the collected surface ceramics with current ceramic cross dates (Stone 2002a) indicates a Pinedale through Canyon Creek phase occupation is more likely. Estimates of the size of the site range from 60–100 rooms (Asch 1961; Haury 1989; Stone 2002a) arranged in two room blocks separated by a formal, walled plaza. Within the rooms of the pueblo were a series of rock rings interpreted as Apache occupation. The Apache phase occupation was investigated during the 1956 season (Asch 1961). Late Mogollon aggregated sites have been excavated in other areas of the Highlands. Kinishba Pueblo is located to the northwest, on the White River, and is dated aD 1200–1400. It is estimated to have 600 rooms, with several room blocks and plazas and at least one Great Kiva (Welch 2013). Grasshopper Pueblo (aD 1200–1400) is also to the northwest, on Salt River Draw. Grasshopper pueblo contains several room blocks, with an estimated 447 rooms, some of which are two stories high, several plazas, and a Great Kiva (Reid and Whittlesey 1999; Riggs 2001). Both pueblos appear to be multiethnic, with an indigenous population and a smaller migrant population. Lyons (2013) argues the migrants at Kinishba Pueblo are from the Kayenta region. Researchers at Grasshopper Pueblo argue the migrant populations on the Grasshopper Plateau are from a variety of locations including the Mogollon Rim, the Tonto Rim, the Chevlon Region, and Walnut Canyon (Ezzo and Price 2002; Lowell 2007). East of the Point of Pines region, in the Pine Lawn/ Reserve area, two aggregated communities dated between 1200 and 1400 have been identified. Unlike Point of Pines, Kinishba, and Grasshopper Pueblos, however, there is no evidence of migrant populations in the Pine Lawn/Reserve area. Additionally, the aggregated pueblos in this area are smaller than those to the west, though still representing a process of aggregation relative to the settlement pattern of the area.

Foote Canyon Pueblo is on the Blue River and is dated aD 1245–1350. The pueblo consists of “several house masses or room blocks” (Rinaldo 1959:164). Excavation of 12 rooms and a plaza occurred at “the largest of a group of five of these blocks, clustered in the vicinity of a large rectangular kiva” (1959:164). Testing was more extensive at the WS Ranch site. The pueblo component of the site (aD 950–1350) overlies a pithouse component (Robinson 1992; Tomka 1988). Six room blocks representing at least 150 rooms are present, as are plazas and possibly two Great Kivas, though it is not known whether the Great Kivas are contemporaneous. At least some of the room blocks are two stories. Point of Pines Pueblo remains an important site in the exploration of aggregation among the Mountain Mogollon. In particular, a comparison of site layout, house construction, placement of plazas, and Great Kivas relative to domestic structures and the internal features of the Great Kivas at these sites could shed light on the process of aggregation in the Highlands. Preliminary work of this nature has occurred for house structures in these late sites (Stone 2009). Additionally, a comparison of Great Kivas from the pithouse period throughout the Mogollon region has occurred, indicating increasing differences through time (Gilman and Stone 2013) that could serve as a model for late-period comparisons (see Riggs 2013 and Stone 2015 for preliminary comparisons of the Pueblo period Great Kivas). Analysis of differences in the nature of migrant host interaction for the Highlands has been done (Stone 2003). This study could be expanded with the inclusion of data from communities in the Pine Lawn/Reserve area that lack migrants to better understand social dynamics and identity formation and expression in the region. Finally, more work could be undertaken in the Point of Pines region itself. Specifically, testing in the unexcavated portions of the pueblo could clarify the nature of the relationship between groups in different room blocks of the site. Excavation at Willow Creek Pueblo would also help to clarify regional dynamics. It is hoped that this volume will serve as a launching point for future studies both within the Point of Pines region and for the Mogollon Highlands in general.

Index of Rooms

The following index provides the page location of the start of the description for the room and floor designated. It begins with the communal structures, followed by the pithouse structures, and finishes with the masonry rooms.

Extramural Features 46 Great Kiva 1 147 Great Kiva 2 197 Great Wall 199, 261 Kiva 1, designation not used, see Great Kiva above Kiva 2 (Room Block E) 39, 71, 147, 197, 264 Kiva 3 (Room Block D) 42, 71, 147, 265 Kiva 4 (Room Block C) 261, 265 Kiva 5 (Room Block B) 147, 197 Kiva 6 (Room Block D) 262 PH13/Kiva (W:10:51) 44 Plaza below Great Kiva 1 (Room Block E) 71 Plaza connected to Great Kiva 2 197 Structure A, W:10:51 263 Pithouse 1 16 Pithouse 2 16 Pithouse 3 16 Pithouse 4 17 Pithouse 5 17 Pithouse 6 23 Pithouse 7 24 Pithouse 8 28 Pithouse 9 26 Pithouse 10 27 Pithouse 11 25 Pithouse 12 25 Pithouse 13 25 Pithouse 14 26 Pithouse 15 29 Pithouse 16 29 Pithouse 17 29 Pithouse 18 29 Pithouse 19 30 Pithouse 20 30 Pithouses at W:10:51 14 Rooms at W:10:51 260 Room 1 (Room Block E) Floor 1 225 Room 2 (Room Block E)

Floor 1 175 Room 3 (Room Block E) Floor 1 177 Room 4 (Room Block E) Floor 1 226 Room 5 (Room Block E) Floor 1 232 Room 6 number not used Room 7 number not used Room 8 (Room Block E) Floor 1 232 Floor 2 (Subfloors 5, 6, 7) 59, 128 Room 9 (Room Block E) Floor 1 177, 233 Floor 1 Subfloor tests 37, 128 Room 10 (Room Block E) Floor 1 177, 233 Floor 2 37, 129 Room 11 (Room Block E) Floor 1 233 Floor 2 (Subfloor 6) 64 Room 12 (Room Block E) Floor 1 182 Room 13 (Room Block E) Floor 1 233 Room 14 (Room Block E) Floor 1 182 Room 15 (Room Block E) Floor 1 64, 129, 183, 234 Room 16 (Room Block E) Floor 1 183, 234 Room 17 (Room Block E) Floor 1 132, 183, 234 Room 18 (Room Block E) Floor 1 234 Room 19/30 (Room Block E) Floor 1 133 Room 20 (Room Block E) Floor 1 234

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Index of Rooms

Room 21 (Room Block E) Floor 1 65, 133, 183, 235 Room 22 (Room Block E) Floor 1 133 Room 23 (Room Block E) Floor 1 66, 134, 183, 235 Room 24 (Room Block E) Floor 1 235 Floor 2 134 Room 25 (Room Block E) Floor 1 235 Floor 2 135 Subfloor 7 66 Room 26 (Room Block E) Floor 1 135, 183, 236 Room 27 (Room Block E) Floor 1 236 Floor 2 136 Room 28 (adjacent to the Great Wall) Floor 1 241 Room 29 (adjacent to the Great Wall) Floor 1 246 Room 30 (Room Block E) see also Room 19/30 Floor 1 183 Room 31 (Room Block E) Floor 1 236 Floor 2 136 Room 32 (Room Block E) Floor 1 237 Floor 2 237 Floor 3 137 Floor 4 137 Floor 5 66 Floor 6 66 Floor 7 66 Room 33 (Room Block E) Floor 1 183, 230 Floor 2 138 Floor 3, Substructure 9 66 Floor 3, Substructure 10 67 Room 34 (Room Block E) Floor 1 67, 138, 184, 238 Room 35 (Room Block E) Floor 1 138, 184, 238 Room 36 (adjacent to the Great Wall) Floor 1 247 Room 37 (adjacent to the Great Wall) Floor 1 247 Room 38 (adjacent to the Great Wall) Floor 1 248 Room 39 (Room Block E) Floor 1 139

Room 40 (adjacent to the Great Wall) Floor 1 249 Room 41 (north of the Plaza) — room not excavated Room 42 (north of the Plaza) — room not excavated Room 43 (Room Block E) Floor 1 140 Room 44 (Room Block E) Floor 1 140 Room 45 (possibly adjacent to the Great Wall) It is unclear exactly where this room is. It may be the unnumbered room on the field map directly south of Room 36 — Room 46 (Room Block E) Floor 1 238 Floor 2 184 Floor 3 141 Floor 4 38, 68 Room 47 — number not used Room 48 (Room Block E) Floor 1 238 Room 49 (Room Block E) Floor 1 239 Floor 2 (continuation of Room 46) 38, 68 Room 50 (Room Block D) Floor 1 80 Room 51/61 (Room Block D) Floor 1 (Room 51) 156 Floor 1 (Room 61) 162 Floor 2 81 Room 52 (Room Block D) Floor 1 55, 105 Room 53 (Room Block E) Floor 1 184, 239 Room 54 (adjacent to the Great Wall) Floor 1 249 Room 55 (Room Block E) Floor 1 185 Room 56 (Room Block E) Floor 1 186 Room 57 (isolated room adjacent to the Great Wall) Floor 1 250 Floor 2 250 Floor 3 250 Floor 4 70, 145 Room 58 (Room Block E) Floor 1 141, 186, 239 Floor 2 68 Room 59 (adjacent to the Great Wall) Floor 1 251 Room 60 (isolated room) Floor 1 70 Floor 2 70

Index of Rooms

Room 61 (see Room 51/61) Room 62 (Room Block D) Floor 1 105 Room 63 (adjacent to the Great Wall) Floor 1 251 Room 64/65 (Room Block D) Floor 1 (Room 64) 163, 224 Floor 1 (Room 65) 164, 224 Floor 2 55, 108 Room 66/67 (Room Block D) Floor 1 (Room 66) 164, 224 Floor 1 (Room 67) 165, 224 Floor 2 108 Room 67 (see Room 66/67) Room 68 (Room Block D) Floor 1 58, 111 Room 69 (Room Block D) Floor 1 165 Floor 2 58, 111 Room 70 (Room Block D) Floor 1 166, 224 Floor 2 111 Room 71 (Room Block D) Floor 1 114 Room 72 (Room Block D) Floor 1 (Room 72 east) 166 Floor 1 (Room 72 west) 167 Floor 2 116 Room 73 (Room Block D) Floor 1 116 Room 74 (adjacent to the Great Wall) Floor 1 188 Room 75 (isolated room and adjacent to the Great Wall) Floor 1 252 Floor 2 145 Floor 3 145 Room 76 (adjacent to the Great Wall) Floor 1 189, 224 Room 77 (Room Block D) Floor 1 168 Room 78 (Room Block D) Floor 1 168 Room 79 (adjacent to the Great Wall) Floor 1 252 Room 80 (adjacent to the Great Wall) Floor 1 194 Room 81 (Room Block D) On the master site map, Room 81 is located between rooms 71 and 87 at the southwest end of Room Block D. No notes exist for the room. Room 82 (adjacent to the Great Wall)

Floor 1 195 Room 83 (adjacent to the Great Wall) Floor 1 195 Room 84 (Room Block D) Floor 1 117, 196 Room 85 (Room Block D) Floor 1 169, 224 Room 86 (Room Block D) Floor 1 (Room 86A) 170 Floor 1 (Room 86B) 171 Floor 2 118 Room 87 (Room Block D) Floor 1 121, 171 Room 88 (adjacent to the Great Wall) Floor 1 253 Room 89 (Room Block D) Floor 1 33, 122, 171 Room 90 (Room Block D) Floor 1 122 Room 91 (adjacent to the Great Wall) Floor 1 253 Floor 2 196 Room 92 (Room Block D) Floor 1 122 Floor 2 122 Room 93 (isolated Room) Floor 1 255 Floor 2 255 Room 94, (Room Block E) Floor 1 186, 239 Floor 2 142 Floor 3 39, 68 Room 95 (Room Block D) Floor 1 171, 224 Floor 2 35, 124 Room 96 (Room Block D) Floor 1 124, 172 Room 97 (adjacent to the Great Wall) Floor 1 254 Floor 2 254 Floor 3 254 Room 98 (Room Block D) Floor 1 172, 224 Room 99 (Room Block D) Floor 1 124, 175 Room 100 Renumbered to Kiva 6 Room 101/102 (Room Block E) Floor 1 (Room 101) 239 Floor 1 (Room 102) 240 Floor 2 39, 69, 142 Room 103 (Room Block C) Floor 1 223

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Index of Rooms

Room 104, (Room Block E) Floor 1 240 Floor 2 187 Floor 3 39, 69 Room 105 (Room Block E) Floor 1 187 Room 106 (isolated room) Floor 1 258 Room 107 (Room Block C) Floor 1 224 Floor 2 145 Room 108 (isolated Room) Floor 1 258 Room 109 (isolated room) Floor 1 259 Floor 2 259 Room 110 (Room Block D) Floor 1 125 Room 111 (Room Block C) Floor 1 196, 224 Three unnumbered rooms under Great Kiva 2 (Room Block E) 142 Room Block A, Rooms A1–A12 201 Room B1, Room Block B Floor 1 215 Floor 2 150 Floor 3 150 Floor 4 7 Room B2, Room Block B Floor 1 215 Floor 2 215 Floor 3 47, 74 Room B3, Room Block B

Floor 1 216 Floor 2 216 Floor 3 216 Floor 4 151 Floor 5 32, 48, 74 Room B4, Room Block B Floor 1 74, 154, 216 Floor 2 48 Room B5, Room Block B Floor 1 154, 216 Floor 2 52, 75 Room B6, Room Block B Floor 1 154, 216 Floor 2 52, 75 Room B7, Room Block B Floor 1 216 Room B8, Room Block B Floor 1 217 Floor 4 53, 75 Room B9, Room Block B Floor 1 218 Floor 2 53, 75 Room B10, Room Block B Floor 1 218 Room B11, Room Block B Floor 1 219 Floor 2 75 Room B12, Room Block B Floor 1 219 Floor 2 219 Floor 3 54, 75 Room C1, Room Block C Floor 1 221

Index of Excavators

[169.236.78.20] Project MUSE (2024-03-14 19:24 GMT) University of California, Merced

The information reported in this volume is pulled directly from the architectural field forms recorded during excavation. As such, the excavators are included with the room descriptions. Additionally, an alphabetical list is provided here, along with the rooms they helped to excavate and record. Abell, Carol E — Room 53, 58 Adams, Jackie — Room B6, B8 Albro, Elizabeth — Room 4 Anderson, Patty Jo — Pithouse 8, Kiva 4 Anderson, Wilda Z. — Room B11 Asch, C. Mike — Pithouse 20, Room 96, 104, 111 Bannister, Bryant — Room 14, 17, 24, 27 Beeson, William J. — Room 77 Bell, Tom — Room B5 Blumenfeld, Ruth — Room B11 Boecklin, Eileen J. — Pithouse 6, Room 54 Bohannan, Laura — Room 11 Bohannan, Paul J. — Room 13 Bray, Hattula M. — Room 96 Breternitz, Barbara — Room 74, B3 Breternitz, David A. — Room 77 Bronson, Paul E — Room 62 Brusse, Cornelia — Pithouse 5, Room 59 Bueno, Theodore de la Torre — Room 15, 29 Buss, Paul Jr. — Room 73 Carpenter, Richard — Room 29 Cattanach, George S., Jr. — Room 64/65 Chandler, Mary E — Room 3, 4 Christophersen, Liss — Room C1 Cleland, Charles F. — Room 97 Clyde, Mary V. — Pithouse 6, Room 54 Colvin, Elizabeth A. — Room 98, 110 Cosgriff, John W. — Room 52 Culbert, T. Patrick — Room 91 Dabbagh, Takey — Room 83 Daifuku, Hiroshi — Pithouse 2, Room 2, 9, 20, 28, 29 Danson, Ted — Room 14 Dawson, Therese — Room 19, 26 de Borhegyi, Stephan F. — Room 2, 9, 18, 22 Delks, Patricia J. — Room A3, A8 Deshon, Shirley K. — Room 71 Dhawan, Jagatri Lal — Room 106 Dinstel, Marian L. — Room 84 DiPeso, Charles C. — Room 30 Dixon, Keith A. — Room A6, A12

Dunbar, Patricia L. — Room 76 Dunbar, Susanne — Room 69 Ferguson, Charles Wesley — Room 72 Francis, William C — Room 66/67 Freeman, James — Pithouse 13, Room 97 Gaede, Joan — Room 84 Gandee, Barbara — Room C1 Gardner, Marjorie — Room 48, A7 Genessen, Ethel — Room 87 Gerald, Jerry — Room 85 Gerald, Rex — Room 11 (subfloor) Gerald, Virginia — Great Kiva I and II Gifford, Carol A — Room 63, 68 Gifford, James — Room 49, 62, 63 Gonzalez, Alberto — Room 2, 12 Gould, M. Virginia — Room 31, 53, 58 Goulding, Prudence — Room B12 Green, Elizabeth — Room 70 Greeen, Loyd — Room 70 Greenleaf, J. Cameron — Room 106 Griffith, James — Room 85 Grunow, Oskar — Room 80 Hall, James — Room 38 Hamper, Stanley — Pithouse 4, Room 1 (subfloor), 3 (subfloor), 5 (subfloor), 8, 25, 28, 33 Hart, David M — Room 13 (subfloor), 21, 26 Hartman, John — Room A2 Hastings, Robert E — Room 61/51 Hatch, E. J. Sherilla — Pithouse 15, 16, Room 103, 110 Haury, Allan — Kiva 3 Haury, Loren — Pithouse 20, Room 66/67, 71, 73, 79 108, 110, B5 Heath, Dwight — Room A9, Kiva 3 Hess, Judith-Maria — Pithouse 17, Room 103 Hester, Adrienne — Room 89 Hester, James — Room 89 Hiser, Donald — Room 36, 45 Hoerth, Alfred — Room 94 Hole, Barbara — Room 86 Hole, Frank — Room 86 285

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Index of Excavators

Holmes, Suzanne — Room 87 Hughes, Thomas — Room 61/51 Ingmanson, J. Earl — Room B1 Jahns, Edward D. — Room 109, Kiva 5 Jawad, Abdul Jalil — Room B2 Johns, Edward — Room B10 Jordon, Deborah — Pithouse 8, Kiva 4 Kaemlein, Wilma — Pithouse 1, Room 4 (subfloor), 10, 14, 48, A4 Kessinger, Janet — Room 56 King, James — Room 110 Kleindienst, Maxine — Room 69 Kline, Carolyn — Room 99 Lauver, Robert — Room 34 Lehmer, Donald — Room 28, 30 Leppman, Susanne — Room A5 Lewis, Herbert — Room 75 Lie, Bente — Room 95 Lilien, Rose — Room 11 Lindsay, Alexander J., Jr. — Room 51/61, 62 Lindsay, M. Jane — Room 61/51 Lipe, William — Room 90 Lloyd, Nancy — Room 70 Loud, Robert — Room 82 Lynch, Thomas — Room 101, 102 MacCaulley, Barbara — Pithouse 7, Room 57 MacCready, Paul — Room 46 McCaw, Sandy — Room B10, Kiva 5 McGee, John — Room A6, Kiva 3 McIlvain, Linda — Room 74, B4 Major, Katherine — Room 90 Manners, Robert — Room 5 Mergen, Bernard — Room 105, 110 Miller, Star — Room 76 Mills, Elinor — Room 88 Miner, Dorothy — Room 95 Morris, Don P. — Pithouse 18, 19, Room 107, Great Wall tests Morris Donald H. — Room 92 Morris, Elizabeth — Room B6, B8, B10, Kiva 5 Morris, George — Pithouse 4, Room 32 Murphy, James — Pithouse 9, 10 Nichols, Robert — Room 104 Nuttall, Sue — Room B7, B9 Olin, Ida — Room 44 Olson, Alan — Room 52 Olson, Frances — Room 31 Olson, Philip — Room 72 Otterbein, Keith — Room 94 Peckham, Stewart — Room B1 Pike, Amos — Room 14 Pike, Harry — Room 28, 30

Powell, Jane — Room 71 Pullen, Virginia — Room A7 Quayle, Louis — Room A11, Kiva 2 Raynolds, Randolph, Room 64/65 Richards, Eloise — Pithouse 7, Room 57, 60 Robertson, Ann — Room 88 Robinson, William — Pithouse 11 Rogers, Lloyd — Room 91 Rosnek, Carl — Room 50 Sayler, Galen — Room A10, Kiva 2 Sayles, Edwin B. — Room 34 Scheifele, Kathleen — Room 68, A5 Schupp, Emily — Room 19 Sciscenti, James — Room 109 Sewell, Mary — Room 98 Shapiro, Lilac — Pithouse 5, Room 59 Sharp, Kenneth — Room A2 Slutes, Donald — Room 23 Smith, Robert E — Room 101, 102 Smith, Roderick — Room 1 (subfloor), 3 (subfloor), 5 (subfloor), 8, 25 Steffens, Joan — Room B1 Stewart, Kenneth — Room 50 Stigler, Robert L. — Room 9 Stofer, Ann — Room 95 Swanson, Earl — Room 34, 37 Sweet, Helen — Room A8 Sykes, Edith — Room 1, 10 Taggart, David — Room 105 Temple, Faye — Room 93 Tempelhoff, Martha — Kiva 6 Thompson, Patricia — Room B7, B9 Thompson, Raymond — Room 66/67 Tooker, Elisabeth — Pithouse 2, Room 11 (subfloor), 14, 20 Treene, Meredith — Room B12 Treistman, Judith — Kiva 6 Troncone, Alphonso — Pithouse 4, Room 32 Turner, Christy G. II — Pithouse 9, 10 Wallace, Robert — Room B2 Wasley, William — Room 33, A2 Wendorf, Fred — Room 14 Wheat, Pat — Room 55 Williams, Clare — Room 35 Williams, Herbert — Room 39 Williams, Stephen — Room 40 Winston, Charles — Room 16 Winter, Irene — Room 99 Wohlenberg, Joan — Room 43 Wright, Barton — Pithouse 1, Room 4 (subfloor), 10, 13 (subfloor), 14

References

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