Plato, Apology of Socrates and Crito: With Extracts from the Phaedo and Symposium and From Xenophon's Memorabillia 9781463208127

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PLATO

C O L L E G E SERIES O F GREEK

AUTHORS

J O H N W I L L I A M S W H I T E A N D T H O M A S D A Y S E Y M O U R , EDITORS C H A R L E S B U R T O N G U L I C K , ASSOCIATE EDITOR

PLATO APOLOGY OF SOCRATES AND CRITO WITH

EXTRACTS

FROM THE PHAEDO AND

AND FROM XENOPHON'S

MEMORABILIA

EDITED BY

LOUIS DYER REVISED BY

THOMAS DAY SEYMOUB

& ÖP G O R G I A S PRESS

2003

SYMPOSIUM

First Gorgias Press Edition, 2002. The special contents of this edition are copyright €> 2002 by Gorgias Press LLC. All rights reserved under International and Pan-American Copyright Conventions. Published in the United States of America by Gorgias Press LLC, New Jersey. This edition is a facsimile reprint of the original edition published by Blaisdell Publishing Company, 1885.

ISBN 1-59333-007-3

GORGIAS PRESS

46 Orris Ave., Piscataway, NJ 08854 USA www.gorgiaspress.com

Printed and bound simultaneously in the United States of America and Great Britain.

PREFACE This book was first published in 1885 and contained Plato's Apology and Grito. Its editor, Professor Louis Dyer, subsequently removed his residence to England. When the editors of the College Series of Greek Authors determined last year to issue a new edition, Professor Dyer felt that he was not sufficiently acquainted with the changes in conditions of collegiate instruction in Greek that have occurred in America during the past twenty years to undertake the task, and committed it to Professor Seymour. The new edition contains, in addition to the Apology and Grito, extracts from Plato's Fhaedo and Symposium and from Xenophon's Memorabilia. Professor Seymour rewrote the introduction and the commentary on the first two dialogues, and added a commentary on the extracts and a vocabulary. The book was practically finished and nearly all in type before his death. The editors of the College Series had hoped that Professor Dyer, who had long known Professor Seymour intimately, would write the preface to the new edition. His illness and sudden death prevented this, and the sad duty has fallen to me, the friend of both these scholars for many years, to make this simple record of the part bome by each of them in the authorship of this book. JOHN WILLIAMS WHITE

iii

INTRODUCTION 1. Socrates stands at the very head and source of the history of philosophy in the modern sense. Not that all the ideas and the results of the researches of the earlier sages have come to naught, but for the most part they affect the later world only mediately, through Socrates and Plato.1 Socrates was the first to introduce scientific inductive argumentation, to form universal conceptions,2 to require precise definitions, and to study the principles of ethics. Formal logic began with him. Not that men before Socrates did not observe and reason, and define or describe, and take thought for virtue, but they had not studied carefully the laws of thought or the rational foundations of virtuous actions. Socrates was far from simply preaching the morality of his age and city. He insisted on an intellectual basis for moral principles. He would not separate knowledge from right action. The man who knows what is right, according to Socrates, will always do what is right. He who does what is right, however, without clear knowledge, is in danger at any moment of going wrong, and Socrates compares him to a blind man. going along the right path. So Socrates contrasted knowledge («rioTiJ/i.17) with right opinion (aArjOrjs 8o£a). Before Socrates, thinkers confused many matters which ought to be separated, and vainly hoped to gain one general solution for all problems. 1 See Zeller's Geschichte der griechischen PhUosophie. The English translation is convenient: Zeller's Pre-Socratic Philosophy, London, 1881,2 vols. ; Socrates and the Socratic Schools, 1885; Plato and ike Older Academy, 1876. See also Burnet's Early Greek Philosophy and Bakewell's Source Book in Ancient Philosophy, 1907. The most complete collection of the remains of the works of the pre-Socratic philosophers is Diels's Fragmente der Vorsokraiiker, Berlin, 1908, of which a second edition is appearing. Convenient is Fairbanks's The First Philosophers of Greece, an edition and translation of the remaining fragments of the pre-Socratic philosophers, N.Y., 1898. See also Pater's Plato and Platonism, a Aristotle, Met. 1078 b. 1893.

o

INTRODUCTION

2. Only by a severe effort can to put ourselves approximately in the place of the pre-Socratio philosophers, so as in a measure to have their point of view and understand their problems. Most of them had no schools and made no propaganda for their beliefs, and left no writings, and we have little definite knowledge of their systems. Many of their sayings which have been preserved seem to us darkly enigmatical, and, as they are stated, most of their investigations and theories appear to us futile, although in some matters they have curiously anticipated the very latest scientific thought. I n general, the results of their speculations seem strange to modern minds. Fortunately we do not need to know and understand the views of the pre-Socratic philosophers in order to understand Plato's report of Socrates's defense before his judges. Plato seldom refers distinctly to his predecessors, — not to speak of quoting from them, — and Socrates introduced no philosophical questions in his speech to the court. To determine the indebtedness of Socrates and Plato to their predecessors is an interesting problem, but it does not concern us here. At present we need to remember only that the germs of all later systems of philosophy appear in the thoughts of the Platonic Socrates. 3. The Seven Sages 1 or Wise Men of Greece were not philosophers at all, in the modern sense. They were men of affairs, not of speculation. The traditions which we have in regard to them do not agree in every point, but are harmonious in representing them as rulers filled with practical wisdom. The wise Solon himself was neither a metaphysician nor a psychologist. l i e was a law-giver, and his thoughts were directed primarily toward means for securing a law-abiding and united spirit in the minds of the people of Athens. All the others of the Seven, according to Cicero, were rulers of their states, with the single exception of Thales, and he also, as Herodotus tells us, gave attention to political measures. The Seven Sages were said to have dedicated to Apollo at Delphi wise sayings, as an offering of their thoughts, — as Know thyself {yvStBi aavrov), Moderation 1

Tofrrwv Kal 6aAijs i MtXjjirtos xal IIiTTa/cit 6 JIuTiXijvatbs xal Bias o nptt/neis *al S i \ u v 6 iifiirtfios xal K\eipov\os o AlvSios Kal MAatov i Xijfedi, xal tpSo/tos iv TO6TOIS ¿\FYERO AaxtBain&vios Xl\uv, Plato, Prat. 343 a. Cf. I l i o m i i e s p r a e t e r M l l e s i u m T h a l e i u c i v i t a t i b u s s u i s p r a e f u e r u n t , Cicero, de Orat. iii. 34.

INTRODUCTION

8

in all things, Nothing to excess (nySikv ayav), Ruin is near to suretyship (tyyva, irapa 8' ara). Of these tlie last is as severely practical as " He that is surety for a stranger shall smart for it, and he that hateth suretyship is sure" (Proverbs xi. 15). The first two seem particularly Athenian, and were attributed to Solon. yvS>0i a-avrov appears to have been the favorite maxim of Socrates: every man should learn what are his true powers and capacities, in order that he may undertake the work which is best fitted to his nature,— turning aside both from inferior occupations and from undertakings which are beyond his strength. Few faults seemed to Socrates worse than that of thinking one's self to know what he does not know (Ap. 21 c, 29 b). When a man has learned what he can do, and what he cannot do, he is already well on the way to become most useful and most happy. These precepts clearly were not philosophical maxims in the modern sense, but wholly practical. 4. The term •philosopher, lover of wisdom (iAo ireiróvOare OVK o I S a • èycù S' ovv

¿ireXadá/njv

tus « r o s

èdav[iacra

tus XPV

real aVTO 8' : not ifiets ivJr, iyò 5", because the clauses as wholes, not V/MIS and fytfi, are contrasted. — io avSpes 'A0r|vaioi : instead of the more technical a dvSpes 8ucatrTai, which Socrates reserves for his closing -words (40 a, to the end), addressed to those who voted for his acquittal. Cf. 26 d, Xen. Mem. init. —No hiatus was felt here, for by crasis v eieat. 6. TOVTIOV 7ap KT\. : the ironical 11. Iirel KaloXXos: " t h e men just surprise of Socrates is reproduced by named are not the only ones, for aiso," the anacoluthon in this sentence. With etc. oMs T lariv the speaker apparently 12. 'Qir0i|ii)v !mSi)|MvvTa: for the leads up to vtWeiv, but the emphatic supplementary participle, cf. -go-dipii» rotrovs (in which the clause rods Wovs, ohfiivwv 22 e. oti . . . fioffkavrai is summed up) is 13. KoXXCq: at Callias's house forfollowed by TTSWOWI instead. (The eigners, and particularly foreign Sophplural after foaaros is not uncommon.) ists, were welcomed. Callias's fondThen comes the statement of a fact ness for Sophists ishumorously brought which is surprising, they pay these men, out in the Protagoras (314 d), where he and finally the climax is capped by is almost crowded out of house and their giving them thanks to boot. T o home by them. The indulgence of make this last point, irpareiStvat, which this and of other tastes exhausted his might be a participle like SiS&rras, is resources, and he died in poverty. put on a par with auvcivai by being 15. " Who can do for Callias's sons made an infinitive. what a farmer would do for his calves ?

48

UAATONOS AllOAOriA 2ji2KPATOYS"

+ V P^X0*

» ¿yevecr$T)i>,

20a

v et^o/iev

av

airrolv

iiriaraTqv

/cat fiLcrdtoa'afrdaL, os e/ieXAev avrat /caXtu re •tronja-eiv

rrjv

LTTTTLKOIV

20 Tiva

TL KT\. : of virtue. The smallness of his charge KaXis Kd.ya.66s was a frequent Athenianfor instruction probably measures acdesignation for a gentleman. Cf. Xen. curately the value attached to it by his Mem. i. 1. 16. contemporaries, and places him and 1 8 . d p e r f j v : a cognate accusative, his teaching in the second rank. Prowhich was becoming an accusative of tagoras charged 100 minas. — Attempts specification. Cf. piya o-o^As ¿v 21 b, have been made to distinguish a Kakbv elSivai 21 d, tratfiis aiav 22 e; younger and an older Euenus, both of bat T& FITYUTTA (ro0iiraros 22 a. whom came from Paros and wrote 19. vfiv: logical, rather than tem- elegiacs. If there were two, allusion poral, — "as it is." — Cf. ?7r£iTtt 20 c. is here made to the elder.—irrftrou: 21. av0pa>ir[vT)s KT\. : the excellence genitive of price. of a man and a citizen naturally is 26. ct ex.oi Kal SiSda-KEi: in the different from that befitting (-rrpoariKov-original statement which Socrates may trav, 1. 18) a calf. —This clause explains be supposed to have in mind, both of the preceding rota.Arris. these were in the indicative. Both 24. E6i)vos KTX. : not a word is might change to the optative after wasted in this answer. Euenus is i/icucdpura. elsewhere mentioned as a teacher of 27. Kal avrds : implies that Euenus oratory and a writer of elegiac verses. prided himself on his teaching.

P L A T O ' S A P O L O G Y OF SOCRATES i9 20 d V . VTToXdfioi av ovv ns vpaiv ureas • " 'AW', tu %ù)Kpare yap, riva iarrìv

rovro

ovSev rS>v aXXcov

erre i r a roaavrr)

irpaypareuopévov

nàcrav

SIGA KT\. In 21 a hypothetical relative clause with inand 30 c the less precise present is definite antecedent. — aguSxpavv ktX. ; used, make no disturbance. — ii^ya equivalent to ¿£i6xpe a i > S p e s •) aveikev

Kal

ovv

rj

O~uve(f>VYE

Lcrre

8r}

ofos

Kal

BTJ

irore

p.avreva'aa'dax rjpero Uvdia

TTJV VYR}v

yap

r^v Xaipe(f>u>v, eis

Kal

• (Kal, ST) e i r i s

firjBeva

ravrrjv

AE\(f>ovs

ovep

\eyo),

PRQ

cro^xa-

i f i o v eirj

ou/c rjTTKTTdjxrjv,

Kai

fiov

26. ijirOj|»|v avruv olojivav: cf. by {grace o f ) nature. Here used to exaKovovrts i^era^onivuv 23 c. The accupress what Plato elsewhere means by tfefp /iotpq., by the grace of heaven. Acts sative occurs in oi> •ga-Binriv ¿iriS-qpjovvra done Qfoa are done unconsciously, are 20 a. — For tlie supplementary partiinspired by something below the sur- ciple, cf. also 21 b. face of our every-day selves, whereas 27. a>TaT«9v: predicate agreeing conscious acts, if right, are guided by with oio/iivwv, which contains the subrixm7 and (ro0/a, art and wisdom. Cf. ject of elvat. Cf. TU>V SoKoivruv » crocpiav.

TQ)V

TT}V

¿XX' iv irevia

OIK&XÛV,

fivpia

eifil

59

Sià

TTJV

TOV

deoi

Xarpeiav. X . irpos fiaXurra povtriv

Se

rourotç e c r r t v , ol

A~\O\T}

aKovovreç

TToXXcLKiÇ ifiè 6 KoiireiT, >5 / eioevai n

ol

véoi

¡JLOL

eiraKoXovûovvTeç,

TrXovcruoraTcov,

TCJV

è£eral,op.év(ov

avrofxaroL

T&V avOpanroiv,

icat

¡ILfiOVVTaL, €tT ¿TTLJ^LpOVCTLV aXXoUS

oî/xai, * Q

evpicrKovcri ' >f /

avuponrtov,

TroXXrjv à$oviav )\ / * >5'

eiooToiv

o e ohvya.

evrevoev

ow

è£erat,6p.(.voi

K.AL Xeyovcnv

alç " S a j / c / a a n j ? r i s è V/JLMV ravrrjv XPÓVCP ovrai

'Afajvaioi,

ari

ciSóre?

Xéyeiv,

kéyovres

iraXai

virò KpeÌTTù)

eìSévat,

ovreq

m9avcì>

¡JLOL

OVK ¿SI*

So/cet

• o Se Kal iv r o t s

aireydeia

yeyove

Kal

irpos

iroXXoiis,

Kal tout' e t r n v o e/xe alprjo-eL, a X X ' rj

"AVVTOS,

TCOV

irok\a>v

enrol

• ovSev Ci >

Tt? •

idv

>

¿mrr)Sev

ov

Kal ravra

8e »cal alprjaav f *

10 t o i o S t o v ¿TTiTijhevfjLa davelv

UT«, ct ovv &4»(ot-re (34), íkoelv • ¿av 8 ' cÍXújs ERI TOVTO eí ovv > I ' TTp(XTT(üv, » ) airodavéí • « « » • "ÍÍ'T5 * « fie, " oirep » 5 ¿ITTOV, ) > ú EIRL « TOV- & r o í ? aEmyevov0€ÌpovTL,

aXXà

iravras

MeX^ros

/cai * A i > v r o s .

25. 0cd.Y>|S: this brother of Paralius is known through Rep. vi. 496 b, where Plato uses the now proverbial expression, & rov Qe&yovs fie bridle of Tkeages, i.e. ill health. Such Was the providential restraint which made Theages, in spite of political temptations, faithful to philosophy; otherwise, like Demodocus, his father, he would have gone into pblitics. Demodocus is one of the speakers in the Theages, a dialogue attributed to Plato, but now regarded as spurious. 26. 'ASctfiavros : son of Aristo and brother of Plato and of Glauco ; (Xen. Mem. iii. 6. 1); both of Plato's brothers were friends of Socrates. Glauco and Adimantus are introduced in the Republic, as the chief actors, after Socrates. 27. 'AiroXXdSotpos: surnaraed 0 ¡Mvutbi because of his excitability. Cf. Symp. 173 d. This is nowhere better shown than in the Phaedo, 117 d, where he gives way to uncontrollable grief as soon as Socrates drinks the fatal hemlock. In the Symposium, 172 c, he describes with almost religious fervor

aSeX^osI l X a - 34

aSe\épov » \ \

tpavrat

tùs ¿yta (f)r)pL, ivravBa

ireideiv

¿TTipeXiiadcu,

pr)

irpórepov

irplv èavrov

rrjs iroXetas, Tail/ t ' akXtav

¿mptkeurOai

• ri ovv eipi

TI, Spes

'Atfrjvaioi,

a£ioq

pyre

iradeiv

eì Sei ye Kara

c

epeWov evepyereìv

rja,

èm^ei-

TWV

èavrov

oirw? tus ySeX-

¿mptkrjdevq

OVTÙÌ Kara

Kal ¿pawov

ètri Sè t o iSia CKOO-TOV [ì jection, which answers the question

ll)2

IIAATONOi

AllOAOl-iA

SUKPATOYS 37 c

a X X a TCLVTOV ¡xoi

¿CTTLV oirep

XpyjfjiaTa oirodev

e/

fcat ey, >* \ — vr a u r ai 8>' e/r i / T¡TTOV í ireúretrdé • s

S

TOVTI

T i m s vfiaiv. éáv r e y a p » f \ n 1 16/

Aeyo) o n Tea f/ew airciPeii' t o o t e t m «at o i a t o u t 5 7¡crv)(útv

r¡cru\íav

TC¿V

¿¡lavTov

/Sios ov JBICUTOS fioi //) irtiutiv Kaxov

XeyovTi. fi > I / í o ov ovSevós.

ra

paotov. el

yap 7¡v fioi xPVfiaTa> ^TifLr) uyxti' 20 epoj • KLvBvveveL yap ¡lol to crvp^e^rjKO^ tovto ayaOov yeyovevai, Kal ovk iaO' oir&>? tj/acis op8a>s viro\ap^dvop,ev otroi oiofxeda KaKov eh/OL t o redvavaL. ¡xeya ¡lol TeKjLrjpLov tovtov c yeyovev ov yap £: not subjunctive, since there is no question of doubt. The irap iXiyov 36 a. 13. oti|0cCi), vo|iC{«Tav: change of question is only a vivid fashion of voice and of mood, — from possibility speech, of which Plato is fond. to actuality, — vofilfcrai being almost 21. ripcts: to be connected immea correction of olr/dclri. diately with &roi, all we, — even though 14. i£i6vri kt\ Socrates did not strictly Socrates was not included in suSer the indignity of a technical this number. The first person gives a "arrest," but was simply summoned courteous color to the whole. In Engto appear before the court. If he had lish we might use a partitive expreschosen to leave the court-room at the sion. all of us. close of the first division of his speech 24. 2|u\Xov: refers definitely to (38 d), -without waiting for the ver- past time but still contains the idea of dict, probably no officer of the law continued action.

110

HAATQNOS AÜOAOriA 2Í2KPATOY2

X X X I L ¿vvo"qcT(í)fxev Se icaì r ^ S e

iv

i S e i v , /cat r a s a X X a s vvKra airbs them. They deserve blame for their KT\. Cf. Crito 50 e. malicious intention. — a|iov: it is fair. 20. ¿XXa -yap KTX. : serves to close —roa-iv&t (livroi: "although they the speech, giving at the same time the reason for coining to an end. certainly are far from wishing me well, yet I ask so much as a favor," 2 2 . irXV { j : cf. d\X' v 203.

nAATHN'OS KPITiOT 20KPATH2,

KPITON

P-

43 b I. en

SiiKPATHS.

T i rqviKaSe

alijai,

&> KpCrcjv;

vj ov

7rp

5 incftpaivev idiovro. Here SpOpos means the dark before the dawn. Cf. also TJJ dt T&V atffriv, I might III. Crito not only mourns the loss have saved you, if I had wished. of his best friend but also fears the 7. Vj Sokclv . . . iXovs: explains shameful repute of not caring to use his TOI/7-JJS. Atque ego cum Graeeos facerem, natus mare citra, Versículos, vetuit me tali voce Quiriuus Post medium nucteni visus,cuni s jnmia vera.

PLATO'S (.'ETTO 44 e \(ì)p Sófijs

fiikei;

povTÌ£,eiv,

61 yàp

7)yi)(rovTai

119

imeucéoraToi,

avrà

ovrca

&v fiàWov

mirpa^dai

a£iov

ao-trep

àv

irpaX0y. 15

K P . ' A U ' 6pas TTOXXÙJV

otoL

T

8ógr)V

èav

TTJS

TU>V

vvvi,

ori

KOKOIV

rts

cv

aùrois

y.

Sii. Eì yàp

y à p pópü)v;

KP.

8' ov ;

YII.

épe STj, ira) s av TO, r o t a v r a eAeycro;

oLvrjp /cat

fievos

TOVTO

icaí xjjóya) Kal $ó£r¡ os av Txrf)(ávr¡ 5

irpárrcav

TOV

lar pos

VOVV

rj iraihoTpifias

K P . 'Evo?

fiávov.

2íi.

(ftofielcrdaL

TOVS

OVKOVV

e V a í v o v s rows

TOV

irórepov irpocré^ei,

vavros

avhpbs

rj evos

irraíva)

¡xóvov

t

¿KCLVOV

OJV ;

^pr¡ rows xfióyovs

evos iiceívov,

yvp.vaX,6r

aXXa FIRJ

Kal TOVS

acrirát^crdai TCJV

iroWatv.

KP. Aij\a 817. S i l . Tavrr¡

apa

avrtp

irpaKréov

VII. If a man devotes himself to gymnastics, he must fear the blame and ivelcome the praise of the physician or the gy mnastic trainer, and disregard the opinions of the masses, — or he will ruin his body. So in questions of what is just and honorable and good, a man must disregard the opinions of the masses, or he will ruin his soul. 1. irfis aS IXiycro: the imperfect because the new question (ai) involves a matter which has already been discussed. — rd TOiavra: refers to what follows. The definite instance given is only one of many possible illustrations of the kind. For further examples of the inductive method, cf. Ap. 25 b. Cf. also Laches 184 c-185 b, where the same example is elaborated to establish the same principle, that approval and instruction alike, if we are to heed them, should come from the one man who has made himself

« a i yvp.va