Peripartum Cardiomyopathy: From Pathophysiology to Management 0128176679, 9780128176672

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PERIPARTUM CARDIOMYOPATHY

PERIPARTUM CARDIOMYOPATHY

From Pathophysiology to Management

Edited by

KAREN SLIWA Hatter Institute for Cardiovascular Research in Africa, Department of Medicine and Cardiology, Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa

Academic Press is an imprint of Elsevier 125 London Wall, London EC2Y 5AS, United Kingdom 525 B Street, Suite 1650, San Diego, CA 92101, United States 50 Hampshire Street, 5th Floor, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States The Boulevard, Langford Lane, Kidlington, Oxford OX5 1GB, United Kingdom © 2021 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Details on how to seek permission, further information about the Publisher’s permissions policies and our arrangements with organizations such as the Copyright Clearance Center and the Copyright Licensing Agency, can be found at our website: www.elsevier.com/permissions. This book and the individual contributions contained in it are protected under copyright by the Publisher (other than as may be noted herein). Notices Knowledge and best practice in this field are constantly changing. As new research and experience broaden our understanding, changes in research methods, professional practices, or medical treatment may become necessary. Practitioners and researchers must always rely on their own experience and knowledge in evaluating and using any information, methods, compounds, or experiments described herein. In using such information or methods they should be mindful of their own safety and the safety of others, including parties for whom they have a professional responsibility. To the fullest extent of the law, neither the Publisher nor the authors, contributors, or editors, assume any liability for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of products liability, negligence or otherwise, or from any use or operation of any methods, products, instructions, or ideas contained in the material herein. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library ISBN 978-0-12-817667-2 For information on all Academic Press publications visit our website at https://www.elsevier.com/books-and-journals

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Contributors Mattia Arrigo Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland Feriel Azibani Inserm UMR-S 942, Paris, France Johann Bauersachs Department of Cardiology and Angiology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany Olivia Briton Department of Cardiology and Medicine, Hatter Institute for Cardiovascular Research in Africa, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa Matthew Cauldwell Academic Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Imperial College London, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, London, United Kingdom Ashley Chin Division of Cardiology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa P. van der Meer Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands Hasan Ali Farhan Scientific Council of Cardiology, Iraqi Board for Medical Specializations; Baghdad Heart Center, Baghdad Teaching Hospital, Medical City, Baghdad, Iraq Sorel Goland The Heart Institute, Kaplan Medical Center, Rehovot; Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel Julia Hähnle University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa Lina Hähnle Department of Cardiology and Medicine, Hatter Institute for Cardiovascular Research in Africa, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa Denise Hilfiker-Kleiner Department of Cardiology and Angiology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany Julian Hoevelmann Department of Cardiology and Medicine, Hatter Institute for Cardiovascular Research in Africa, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa A.M. Jackson Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom

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Contributors

Mark Johnson Academic Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Imperial College London, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, London, United Kingdom Kamilu Musa Karaye Bayero University and Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital, Kano, Nigeria Tobias König MHH, Cardiology and Angiology; Department of Cardiology and Angiology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany Alexandre Mebazaa Hopital Lariboisière, Anesthesia and Critical Care, APHP, Paris, France Rob Scott Millar Division of Cardiology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa Valeska Abou Moulig Department of Cardiology and Angiology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany Frederic Mouquet Soins Intensifs et Cardiologie, Hopital prive le Bois, Ramsay Generale de Santé, Lille, France M.C. Petrie Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow; Glasgow Royal Infirmary, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom Mark Petrie Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow; Glasgow Royal Infirmary, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom Tobias Pfeffer Department of Cardiology and Angiology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany Karen Sliwa Department of Cardiology and Medicine, Hatter Institute for Cardiovascular Research in Africa, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa K. Tibazarwa LHC, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania Charle Viljoen Division of Cardiology; Department of Cardiology and Medicine, Hatter Institute for Cardiovascular Research in Africa, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa Israa Fadhil Yaseen Baghdad Heart Center, Baghdad Teaching Hospital, Medical City, Baghdad, Iraq

Preface Peripartum cardiomyopathy (PPCM) is a global disease that is often not diagnosed timeously, leading to significant morbidity and mortality. It is an important contributor to early (  70 bpm [6]. In HFrEF patients with African origin, the combination of hydralazine and isosorbide dinitrate reduces mortality and HF hospitalizations [7]. In contrast, diuretics relieve symptoms and enhance quality of life but do not improve prognosis [8,9]. Besides optimal therapy in terms of drug and device treatment, several other aspects have to be considered in the long-term care: Since there is controversy on stopping lactation and the use of bromocriptine in PPCM patients (class IIb recommendation according to the 2018 ESC guidelines for the management of cardiovascular disease during pregnancy) [10] the compatibility of HF drugs with lactation/­breastfeeding

Peripartum Cardiomyopathy https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-817667-2.00005-0

© 2021 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

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Table 5.1  Chronic drug treatment in PPCM patients after delivery [1]. Drug

Persisting heart failure and absence of complete LV recovery

Betablocker

Essential for all patients in standard or maximally tolerated dosages

ACEI

Essential for all patients in standard or maximally tolerated dosages

ARB

Recommended in patients who do not tolerate ACEI

ARNI

Recommended in patients with LVEF  70 b.p.m. at rest despite maximal tolerated beta-blocker uptitration

Discontinue if heart rate   0.04  ng/mL there was a significant difference in LVEF and more patients with a persisting left ventricular systolic dysfunction at follow-up. Furthermore, there are prognostic values that have been identified for soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase 1 (sFlt-1), oxidized low-density lipoprotein (Ox-LDL), Relaxin-2, Fas/Apo1, and Interferon gamma (IFN-γ) [40,58,74,75]. However, these biomarkers have not been implemented into clinical routine yet and their benefits remain uncertain [76].

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Peripartum cardiomyopathy

Other biomarkers such as prolactin, 16  kDa-prolactin, microRNA-146a, cathepsin D, and asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA) may serve as biomarkers for the diagnosis but do not predict outcome in PPCM patients [52,77]. Imaging Transthoracic echocardiography is recommended to be routinely performed both at diagnosis and follow-up [1]. Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) may add beneficial information, e.g., in case of suspected myocarditis, infiltrative myocardial diseases, or an ischemic cause of heart failure. A few imaging findings have been associated with a lower probability of full recovery. An LV end-diastolic diameter >  60 mm and an initial LVEF