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STUDI E TESTI -------------------------

173 ---------------------------

PATRISTIC STUDIES ERNEST HONIGMANN

CITTÀ DEL VATICANO BIBLIOTECA APOSTOLICA VATICANA

1953

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STUDI E TESTI 50. Borghezio. Gino e Vaftasso, Marco. Giovanni di Ho. Pedrino depintnre. Cronica del suo tem­ po. Vol. I (1411-1436). 1929. pp. vii , 564. 51. Patzes. Μ. Μ. Κριτοΰ τοΰ Πατζη Τιπρνκειτρς librorum Ι,Χ Rasilicorum summarium. Li­ bros XI1I-XXI1I edidit Franciscos Doelger. 1929. pp. xviii [2], 226. 52. Tattasso. Marco. Statuto di Bocca de’ Baldi dell’anno Mcccoxr.vm pubblicato... con in­ dice e glossario di Pietro Solla. 1930. pp. 55. 53. Norsa. Modoa e Vitelli, Girolamo. Tl punirò Vaticano greco 11. 1. Φαβωρίνου περί φυγής 2. Registri fondiari della Marmarica. 1931 pp. XXIII. 70. 15 tav. in parte pieg. (facs.) 43.5x32 cm. 54. Homo. Adolphe. Commentaires de Pappus et de Théon d’ Alexandrie sur l’Almageste; texte établi et annoté. . Tome I. Pappus d’ Alexan­ drie. Commentaire sur les livres 5 et 6 de l’ Almageste. 1931. pp. i.xx. 314. 111., dis. 55. Sussidi per la consultazione dell’ Arohivio Vatica­ no. il . Katterhach. B. Referendarii utriusque Signaturae a Martino V ad Clementem IX et praelati Signaturae supplicationum a Mar­ tino V ad Leonem XIII. 1931. pp. r.xv, 408. 56. Mercati. Giovanni. Notizie di Procoro e Deme­ trio Cidone. Manuele Caleca e Teodoro Meliteniota ed altri appunti per la storia della teologia e della letteratura bizantina del se­ colo XIV. 1931. pp. xn, 548. 12 tav. 57. Devreesse, Robert. Pelagii diaconi Ecclesiae romanae In defensione Trium Capitulorum. 1933. pp. u n , 76. 58. Rationes decimarum Italiae nel secoli χτιτ e χτν. Tuscia : I La decima degli anni 12741280, a cura di Pietro Guidi. 1932. pp. u v , 367. 1 c. geogr. pieg. (in'busta). 59 Wilmart, André. Analecta Keglnensia. Ex­ traits des manuscrits latine de la reine Christine conservés au Vatican. 1933. pp. 377. 60. Rationes deeimnrum Italiae nel secoli x m e χτν. Aemilia. Le decime nei secoli χπτ-χτν, a cura di Angelo Mercati. Emilio Nasalli-Rocca. Pietro Sella. 1933, pp. vtii, 514. 1 c. geogr. 61. Savio, Pietro. Statuti comunali di Vlllanova d’Asti; Introduzione, testo, franchigie, docu­ menti. indiei e glossario. 1934. pp. xci, 446. 5 tav. ffaes.). 62. Rorghezio. Gino e Taf tasso. Marro. Giovanni di M®. Pedrino depintore. Cronica del suo tem­ ilo. Vol. II i l 437-1464) ed appendice (1347139"). 1934. pp. 525. 2 tav. (face.). 63. Graf. G. Catalogue de manuscrits arabes chré­ tiens conservés au Caire. 1931. pp. x Γ2],319. 64. Kuttier. Stephan. Kanonisttache Sohuldlehre von Crati an bis auf die Del. retai en Gre­ gors IX. svstematiseh auf Grand der handschriftlichen Quellen dargestellt. 1935. pp. ■exi t. 429.

65. Franchi de* Cavalieri, Pio. Note agiografiche. Fascicolo 8®. 1935..pp. [3], 409 [2],

66. Cassiito. ümberto. I manoscritti Palatini ebrai­ ci della Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana e la loro storia. 1935. pp. vm , 183. 2 tav. (facs.).

67. Levi Bella Vida. Giorgio. Elenco dei mano­ scritti arabi islamici della Biblioteca Vati­ cana. 1935. p p . XXIX, 347, 41*.

68. Mercati. G. Per la storia del manoscritti gre­ ci di Genova, di varie badie basillane d'Ita­ lia e di Patmo. 1935. pp. xn, 360. 5 tav.

69. Rationes decimarum Italiae. Aprutlum-Mollsium. Le decime del secoli xm -xiv, a cura di P. Sella. 1936. pp. x n , 458. 1 c. geogr. pieg. (In busta). 70. Mercati. Angelo. La provenienza di alcuni og­ getti delle collezioni vaticane. 1936. pp. 48. 17 111., 2 tav. 71. Knttner, Stephan. Repertorium dpr Kanonlstik (1140-1234). Prodromus Corporis glossarum I. 1937. pp. XX. 536. 72. Rome. Adolphe. Commentaires de Pappus et de Théon d’ Alexandrie sur l’ Almageste: texte établi et annoté... Tome II. Théon d’ Alexan­ drie, Commentaire sur les livres 1 et 2 de l’ Aimageste. 1936. pp. [ l x x s i i i ]- ovi [3151-805. ili., dis. 73. Fasoli, Gina e Sella. Pietro. Statuti di Bologna dell’anno 1288. Tomo 1. 1937. pp. xxxvi, 598. 74. Sella. Pietro. Glossarlo latino emiliano. 1937. p p . XXIV, 407. 75. Mercati. Giovanni. Codici latini Pico Grlmanl Pio e di altra biblioteca ignota del secolo xvi esistenti nell’Ottoboniann e 1 codici greci Pio di Modena. 1938. pp. x [2], 326. 8 tav.(face.). 76-80. Mercati, G. Opere minori. 1937. 5 voi. 81. Tod'seo. V.-Vaeeari, A.-Tartasso. M. Il Dlatessaron in volgare italiano: test inediti del secoli xiii-xiv. 1D3S. pp. x i i , 382. 82-83. Oarnsi, Enrico Lettore Inedite di Gaetano Marini. II-III. 193S-40. 2 voi. 84. Rationes decimaram Italiae. Apulia. Le decime nel sec. xiv, a cura di Domenico Vendola. 1939. pp. 463. 3 grandi c. geogr. pieg. 85. Fasoli. Gina e Sella. Pietro. Statuti di Bologna dell’anno 128,8. Tomo II. 1939. pp. 303. 86-88 Andrien. Michel. I.e Pontifical romain au moyen âge. 1938-40. 3 vol. 89 Friciliünder, Paul. Spiitantlker Oemlildezyklus in Gaza, des Prokopins von Gaza Έκφρασις etKpvos. 1939. pp. vu, 122. 12 tav. 90. Merenti. Giovanni. Ultimi contributi alla sto­ ria degli umanisti. Fase. I : Traversatane. 1939. pp. vm, 143.

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STUDI E TESTI ---------------------------- —

173

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PATRISTIC STUDIES BY

ERNEST HONIGMANN

CITTÀ DEL VATICANO BIBLIOTECA APOSTOLICA VATICANA

1953

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IMPRIMATUR: Datum Romae, in Civitate Vaticana, die 9 octobris 1953. t Fr. Petrus Canisius van L ierde, Ep. Porphyr. Vie. Gen. Civ. Vat.

EDIZIONE ANASTATICA Anno 1974

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PREFACE The present hook contains some results of m y studies in the history of the ancient Church, undertaken with a view toward preparing a new edition of the work of M i­ chel L e Q tjien , Oriens Christianas (Paris 1740). The title “ Patristic Studies ” hardly needs a special justification.

Though the term u patristic ” refers more

properly to the literature about the Church Fathers, in a wider sense it is employed with regard to the whole history of the ancient Christian literature, a use which recommends itself by its shortness. The composition of the present book was made possible by the generosity of the Am erican Philosophical Society which twice awarded me a grant for the purpose.

To

H is Eminence Cardinal Mercati and to A bbot D om Anselm o Albareda I express m y m ost respectful gratitude for the great privilege of having this book published as a volume of the Studi e Testi. New York-Brussels.

E r n e s t H o n ig m a n n .

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ABBREVIATIONS

MASS = Acta Sanctorum. A.B. = Analecta Bollandiana. Abh. K . Ges. TVise. Getting. = Ajbhandlungen der Kgl. Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften zu Gottingen. A.C.O. = Acta Conciliorum Oecumenicorum. A ssemani, B.O. = Giuseppe Simone A ssemani, Bibliotheca Orientalis, vol. I-IV, (Rome 1719-1728). Bardenhewer, Gesch. altkirchl. Lit. = Otto Barden hewer, Geschichte der altkirchlichen Literatur, vols III, IV, V (Freiburg 1912, 1924, 1932). BEG — Bibliotheca Hagiographica Graeca, editio altera emendatior (Bruxellis 1909). Byz. Ztschr. = Byzaniinische Zeitschrift. Chron. = Chronicon, Chronicle. GIL = Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum. Coll. Avéll. = « Epistulae Imperatorum, Pontificum aliorum inde ab anno 367 usque ad annum 553 datae, Avellana quae dicitur Collectio », ed. Ot­ to Guenther, CSEL, X X X V , i-ii (Vindobonae 1895-1898). CSCO = Corpus Scriptorum Christianorum Orientalium, CSEL = Corpus Scriptorum Ecclesiasticorum Latinorum. DCB = Dictionary of Christian Biography, ed. by William Smith and Henry V ace (London, Boston 1877-1887). Diet. Hist. Géogr. Eccl. — Dictionnaire d’Eistoire et de Géographie Ecclesiasti­ que (Paris 1912 sq). Diet. Théol. Cath. = Dictionnaire de Théologie Catholique (Paris 1903 sq). D iekamp, Doctr. Patr. = Doctrina Patrum de Incarnatione Verbi, 'ein griechisches Florilegium aus der Wende des 7. und 8. Jahrhunderts hrsg. von Franz D iekamp (Münster i. W . 1907). Doctr. Patr. see D iekamp. D uchesne, Hist. anc. Égl. = Louis D uchesne, Histoire ancienne de l'Église, t. I - III (Paris 1906-1910). D uchesne, L'Égl. au V Ie s. = Louis Duchesne, L'Église au sixième siècle (Paris 1925). E O M IA see T uiîner. Euagr., Η.Έ. = Evagrius, Historia ecclesiastica, ed Joseph B idez et Léon Par­ mentier (London 1898). FHG = Fragmenta Historicorum Graecorum by Charles and Theod. Muller

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VI

Abbreviations

Grumel, Begestes = Venance Grumel, « Les Regestes des Actes du Patriarcat de Constantinople », Le Patriarcat Byzantin, sér. I, vol. I, fase. I (Kadikôy 1932). H.E. = Historia ecclesiastica. Iohann. Eph., H. E. = « Iohannis Ephesini Historiae ecclesiasticae pars tertia », ed. E. W . Brooks, OSCO, Ser. Syri, ser. I l i, vol. I l i, textus (P a­ risiis 1925), versio (Lovanii 1936). Jaffé2 = Begesta Pontificum Bomanorum... ed. Philippiis Jaffé. Editio secun­ da, t. I (Lipsiae 1885), ed. F. K altenbrunner (ad ann. 590), P. E wald (ann. 590-882). Lebon, Monoph. sé». = Joseph Lebon, « Le Monophysisme sévérien », Univer­ sitas Catholica Lovaniensis, Dissertationes, ser. II, t. IV (Louvain 1909). L e Quien , O.G. = Michel L e Quien , Oriens Christianus, vol. I—III (Paris 1740). Lex. Theol. Kirche — Lexikon für Théologie und Kirche. Liberatus, Brev. = Liberatus diaconus Carthaginiensis, « Breviarum causae Nestorianorum et Eutychianorum », A.C.O., t. II, voL V (Berolini, Lipsiae 1936), p. θ δ ^ Η Ι^ . Mansi = Giovanni Domenico Mansi, Sacrorum Conciliorum nova et amplissi­ ma collectio, vol. V i l i (Florentiae 1762) sqq. Marcellin. Com. = Marcellini Comitis « Chronicon », ed. Th. Mommsen, Mon. Germ. Hist., A .A ., vol. X I (Chronica minora, vol. II; Berolini 1894), p. 60-104. Mich. Syr. = Chronique de Michel le Syrien, patriarche jacobite d’Antioche, 1166-1199, éd. (vol. IV) et traduit (vol. I-III) par J.-B. Chabot (Paris 1899-1924). Mon. Germ. Hist., A.A. = Monumenta Germaniae Historica, Auctores Anti­ quissimi. Payne -Smith, Thes. Syr. = Bobert Payne Smith, Thesaurus Syriacus, vol. I, II (Oxoni 1879, 1901). P.G. = Patrologia Graeca (ed. Migne). P.L. = Patrologia Latina (ed. Migne). P.O. — Patrologia Orientalis (ed. R. Graffin and F. N au). Ps. - Dionys = « Incerti auctoris Chronicon ps. - Dionysianum vulgo dictum » ed. I. B. Chabot, OSCO, Scr. Syri, ser. I l i , 1 .1, II (Paris 1927, 1933). Ps. - Zach. Rhet. see Zaçh. Rhet. B.E. = Pauly ’ s Beal-Encyclopaedie der klassischen Altertumswissenschaft, neue' Bearbeitung, hrsg. v. Georg W issowa, Wilhelm K roll, Karl Mit telhaus, Konrat Z iegler (Stuttgart 1894 sqq). B.E. prot. Theol. = Bealencyklopàdie für protestantische Théologie und Kirche, 3rd ed. (Leipzig 1898 sqq.). BOC = Bevue de l’Orient Chrétien. Schulthess, Syr. Kan. = Friedrich Schulthess, «D ie syrischen Kanones der Synoden von Nicaea bis Chalcedon », Abh. K. Ges. Wiss. Getting., phil.-hist. Kl., N. F., Bd. X , Nro 2 (Berlin 1908). Schültze, Kleinasien = Victor Schultze, AUchristliche Stadie und Landschajten, II. Teil: Kleinasien (Gütersloh 1922-1924).

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Abbreviations

VII

Schwartz, «K yrill. Skyth. » = Eduard Schwartz, « Kyrillos von Skythopolis », T.U., IE, No. II (Leipzig 1939). Seeck, Begesten = Otto Seeck, Begestender Kaiser und Patiste fiir die Jahre 311-476 n. Clir. (Stuttgart 1919). Sev. Ant., Epist. 1-118 — « A Collection of Letters of Severus of Antioch from numerous Syriac manuscripts», ed. and transi, by Ernest \V. Brooks, P.O., X I I , X IV (Paris, 1919, 1920). Sev. Ant., S.L. = The sixth book of the Select Letters of Severus, patriarch of Antioch, in the Syriac version of Athanasius o f Nisibis, ed. and transi, by Ernest IV. B rooks, vol. I, i and ii; II, i and ii (London 1902-1904). Sitzungsber. Akad. Wien = Sitzungsberichte der Kaiserl. Akademie, Wien. Synax. Eccl. CP. = « Synaxarium Ecclesiae Constantinopolitanae » edt H. Dele hate , A A S iS, Novem b., Propylaeum (Bruxellis 1902). T illemont, Mém. — L. S. Lenain de Tillemont, Mémoires pour servir à l'hi­ stoire •ecclésiastique des sixpremiers siècles, vol. I-X V I (Paris 1693-1712). T urner, E O M IA = C. H. T urner, Ecclesiae Occidentalis Monumenta luris Antiquissima (Oxonii 1899 sqq). T.U. — Texte und Untersuchungen zur Gesehichte 'der altchristlichen Literatur, hrsg. von A. v. H arnack und O. v. Gebhardt (Leipzig 1883 sqq.). Viet. Tun. = Victoris Tonnennensis (Tunnunensis) episcopi « Chronicon », ed. Th. Mommsen, Mon. Germ. Hist., A . A . , vol. X I, p. 184-206. W right, Calai. = William W eight, Catalogue of the Syriac Manuscripts in the British Museum, vol. I-III (London 1870-72). Zach. Rhet. = « Historia ecclesiastica Zachariae Rhetori vulgo ad-cripta », ed. E. W. B rooks, OSCO, Sor. Syri, ser. I l l , t. V-VI, textus (Parisiis 1919-21); versio (Lovanii 1924): books III-VI. Ps.-Zach.Rhet. = the same, books I-II, V II-X II. Zach. Schol., « Vita Sev. » = Zacharia- Scholasticus, «Life of Severus», ed. M. A. K ugener, P.O., vol. II (Paris 1907). Z.nt. Wiss. = Zeitschrift fiir die neutestamentliche Wissenschaft. A double pagination with the second page bracketed means usually the page of the edition of a text, followed by that of the translation, the latter being placed between brackets. In reference to the A.C.O. and the P.O., however, the double pagination is that which figures in these collections themselves.

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I

TW O

ALLEGED

“ BISHOPS

OF

GREAT

A R M E N IA ”

AS MEMBERS OF THE SYNODS OF AN CYRA (314 A.D.) AND CAESAREA IN CAPPADOCIA There exists an old document which seems to testify that in 314 A.D. Amasea and Zela belonged to “ Great Armenia». If this statement should be accepted as a fact, it would imply that, at this time, Tiridates of Armenia had attacked Licinius and occupied a territory covering about one third of the distance from the Upper Euphrates to Nicomedia. It can, however, hardly be imagined that such a conspicuous success of the Armenian king would not have been noticed either by any contemporary Western historian or by any Armenian chronicler of the following centuries. A closer ex­ amination of the question will indeed show that such a conclusion would be erroneous. From synodical lists of bishops figuring in the collections of eccle­ siastical canons we learn that both Basileus of Amasea and Heraclius of Zela took part in two episcopal assemblies held during the reign of Licinius. The first took place at Ancyra in Galatia in A.D. 314; the second is commonly, but unduly, called the “ Synod of Neocaesarea ” . Msgr. Joseph Lebon has shown1 that, according to an old and very tenacious tradition, the signatures which are ùsually considered to be those of the synod of Neocaesarea belong in fact to a synod of Caesarea (in Cappadocia) which met shortly after that of Ancyra and issued six canons, counted in the extant canonical collections as canons n° 20-25 of the synod of Ancyra (-Caesarea). As to the synod of Neocaesarea, which followed that of Caesarea in an indeterminable year between 314 and 320, no list of the bishops present there is preserved. From the similarity of the names Caesarea and Neocaesarea and the incomplete records preserved of either of them it resulted that they were confounded at an early date. From the sixth century on, when the so-called “ Collection of 1 J. L ebon, « Sur un concile de Césarée», Le Muséon, LI (1938), ρ· 89-132.

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2

T. Two alleged “ bishops of Great Armenia ”

the fifty titles ” finally superseded the original texts of the Corpus canouum, the synod of Caesarea was usually omitted, except the list of its bishops. 1 Yet its name figures still in the “ Synodicon ” (Libellus synodicus) edited in 1601 by John Pappus of Strassburg, a collection of short notices concerning 151 orthodox and heretic councils, written towards the end of the ninth century, 2 as well as in its incomplete Arabic translation, the so-called “ Book of the holy canons ” , which goes down to 378 A.D., and which Agapius or Mahbûb of Manbij inserted in his “ Universal History ” (Kitâb al-cunwân), written in A.D. 941-42. 3 The ancient compilers of collections of Church canons used to preserve with scrupulous accuracy even the slightest details they found in their models. The extant collections contain, therefore,, much valuable information about otherwise forgotten facts; we find there, as Lebon styles it, “ des vestiges tenaces, sauvés par l’inat­ tention ou le conservatisme, lorsqu’on ne prit pas soin de les faire disparaître ou de les démarquer ” .4 Modem scholars have shown that the lists of bishops, handed down in these canonical collections, often give us some information about the time when new provinces were created in the empire, for, whereever a list of the members of a certain council is arranged according to provinces, the names and circumscriptions of these pro­ vinces seem exactly to reflect the administrative division of the 1 J. Lebon, l . c., p. 119. Cf. the marginal note in the Syriac MS. Brit. Mus. Add. 14526 (written shortly after 641); Schulthess, Syr. Kan., p. 45, cod. B, note 3. V. Benesevic, “ Iohannis Scholastici Synagoga L titulorum ” , t. I (Abh. Bayr. Akad. Wiss., Ph.-hist. Kl., N. P. X IV , Munich 1937), prologus, p. 65. Ancyra, 6, Xeocaesarea, but one group of MSS. (Q) reads εν Καισαρεία, (note 24). 2 Libellus synodicus, in J. A. Fabricius, Bibliotheca Graeca, X I, p. 185258, in Hardouin, Collectio concilior., V, col. 1492A-1549B and in Mansi, pas­ sim, under the years in question. The synod of “ Caesarea in Pontus ” figures in F abricius, p. 195, in Hardouin, V, col. 1500°, in Mansi, II, col. 539* and 551AB. 3 In L. Cheikho ’ s edition, OSCO, Scr. Arab., ser. I l l , t. V, textus (Beryti 1912), p. 145-232; this whole section between the first and second part of the work is omitted ,in A. A. V asiliev’ s edition and translation (part I: P.O., V [1910], p. 565-691; X I [1915], p. 9-144; part II: P.O., V II [1911], p. 459-591,V III [1912], p. 399-547). The council of Caesarea is mentioned there p. 193,. lin. 3 from bott., ed. Cheikho, and again in the second part of Mahbub’s work, ibid. p. 282s = P.O., V II, part IV , p. 549 [93]6. 4 Lebon, loc. cit., p. 129. H. L ietzmann (B.E. X I , col. 490, s. v. “ Kirchenrechtliehe Sammlungen ” ) explains this conservatism by the fact “ dass man in den Beschliissen der Synoden die Stimme des in der Kirche Gottes waltenden hi. Geistes erkannte ” .

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I. Tw o alleged “ bishops of Great Armenia ”

3

empire at the very time when the council in question was held. 1 W e have, therefore, good reason to consider even the slightest details conserved in these documents as important contributions to our knowledge of the canonical councils. In its original text and arrangement the Greek Corpus canonum is only preserved in Syriac and Latin translations. In two Syriac manuscripts, one of which is written as early as A. D. 500-1, the bishops who attended the synod of Ancyra are not only enumerated by name, but their names are followed by those of their bishoprics and (with two exceptions) of the provinces to which they belonged. Among the thirteen participants of the synod of Ancyra, which is usually dated in 3 1 4 ,2 the two following are mentioned: 3 5. Basileus of Amasea in Great Armenia 8. Heraclius of Zela in Great Armenia. A t Caesarea twenty bishops were present, but only in the five cases of bishops who had also attended the previous synod (such as Basileus and Heraclius) are their bishoprics, but not the provinces, added in the same manuscripts: 1. 3. 6. 7. 13.

Vitali[u]s of Antioch Lupus of Tarsus Narcissus of Neronias Basileus of Amasea Heraclius of Zela.

In eleven other cases we can supply the sees of the bishops with great probability: 5. Leontius (of Caesarea in Cappadocia), 8. Dicasius (of Tavia), 10. Alphius (of Apamea in Syria), 11. Longinus (of Neocaesarea in Pontus), 12. Germanus (of Neapolis in Palestine), 14. Gerontius (of Larissa), 15. Amphion (of Epiphanea in Cilicia), 16. Stephen (of Barata in Isauria, if not a Cappadocian chorepisco­ pus), 17. Shacad (of Edessa; according to the Chronicle of Edessa 4 1 Cf. E. K uhn , Die stâdtische und bürgerliche Verfassung des rôm. Belches, vol. II (Leipzig 1865), passim. H. Geezer in Beitrdge zur alten Geschichte und Géographie, Festschrift f. H. K iepert (Berlin 1898), p. 47-61. 2 Opitz, Z.nt. Wiss., X X X I I I (1934), p. 143, n. 64 prefers to leave the choice between 314 and 315; but the reasons for the usually accepted date of 314 are rather strong. Cf. J.-K. Palanque in A. Fliche and V. Martin, Histoire de l’Église, III (Paris 1936), p. 54, n. 7. 3 Cod. Brit. Mus. Add. 14528 (500-1 A. D.), fol. 36v-37r (A); Br. Mus. 14529 (7th or 8th century), fol. 44v (II). Cf. Schulthess, Syr. Ban. p. 29. 4 “ Chronieon Edessenum ” X II, ed. I. Guidi, CSOO, Scr. Syri, ser. I l l ,

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4

I. Two alleged “ bishop» of Great Armerii;) ”

after 312-3 A. D.), 18. Salamanes (of Germaniein), 19. Erythrius (of Colonea in Cappadocia). It seems improbable that Gregorius (u° 9) was the bishop of Berytus, as H. G. Opitz supposes; 1 for this would mean that, in the short time between the two synods of Ancyra and Caesarea, Bustolius of Nicomedia, who attended the former, was replaced by Eusebius of Berytus, and the latter in Berytus by Gre­ gorius. In any case Leontius of Caesarea in Cappadocia must be identified with one of the two bishops of this name, figuring in the list of Caesarea. His predecessor Agricolaus was alive at the time of the synod -of Ancyra which he attended. It is doubtful whether the synod of Caesarea followed immediately that of Ancyra, as Lebon supposed. 2 Lebon’s conjecture that Leontius was there “ avec, des collègues sans doute de la province ” proves true only in a few cases, since among the twenty bishops present there, besides one of the two named Leontius (n° 20), and perhaps n° 16, only the three un­ known bishops (nos 2, 4, and 9) were possibly Cappadocians. In my opinion it is not impossible that the synod of Caesarea was held in 315, though the canons of Ancyra and Caesarea were later comb­ ined as if belonging to one and the same synod. In a similar way the last canons ascribed to the council of Constantinople in 381 were in fact issued by another council there in 382. Though the attribution of Amasea and Zela to Great Armenia in the list of Ancyra is very astonishing, no modern scholar made a serious attempt to explain it. It seems that Eduard Schwartz was even the only one who noticed this strange entry. In 1908, when he contributed some short observations to Schulthess’ edition of the Syriac text of the canons, he remarked: 3 “ Tatsachlich gehorte Ama­ sela und Zela zu Pontos; seit Kaiser Mauricius hiess die Provinz ‘ Gross-Armenien ’ , vgl. Georg. Cypr. p. lvii ” . Subsequently he must, however, have become aware of the two facts that “ Great Armenia ” occurs in the Syriac manuscript written one century before the time of Emperor Maurice, and that his remark about Amasea and Zela was even not valid for the time of this emperor; so, some thirty years later, he dropped his former explanation and wrote simply: “ Zela und Amasia [Grossarmenien] ” 4 without fur­ ther comment. It was possibly this obscure entry which made him affirm arbitrarily that [around 314] Neocaesarea was the “ capital

1 2 3 4

O p it z , 1. r, , p. 143. L ebon , l. c., p. 128. A pud Schulthess, Syr. Kan., p. 29, upper text, note 3. I’.. Schwartz, Z.nt. IFiss., X X X I V (1935), p. 158.

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T ” ’. Ύ’τ-πτ! ,w ·;-· «r ·;η

J. Two alleged “ bishops of Great Armenia ”

5

of Diospontos (later Helenopontos) ” , though he knew well that in fact Amasea was always the capital of this province. 1 · The apparent incorporation of Amasea and Zela into Great Ar­ menia would easily explain both a presumable “ treachery ” of Bishop Basileus of Amasea against Licinius and the guilt of the 40 martyrs of Sebastea, most of whom were natives of certain villages near Zela. Y et it is not admissible to use the two entries mentioned as evidence to support such suppositions by maintaining that they go back to the original signatures of Basileus and Heraclius them­ selves; for it is quite obvious that the addition “ of Great Armenia ” is of later origin. W e should not forget that the names of provinces are only incompletely added in the list. This implies that they were afterwards supplied. Now, the same Syriac collection of canons, written before 500 A. D., contains also a list of the Fathers of Nicaea, and in this list Am ­ asea and Zela are likewise attributed to Great Armenia. But in this case it can easily be proved that this strange attribution is simply the result of a confusion. Under the heading “ Of Great Armenia five [bishops] ” the following bishops are enumerated: Aristacius of Armenia Acrites of Diospontus Eutychianus of Amasea Helpidius of Comana Heraclius of Zela. In fact, only the first two belonged to Great Armenia, >as was stressed long ago by H. Gelzer and others. Exceptionally the second, Acrites, was named without his bishopric. Consequently an early copyist took the heading “ of Diospontus ” for the name of his see and accordingly the three bishops of this province for three more bishops of Great Armenia. It is obvious that the two strange additions in the list of the synod of Ancyra go back to this erroneous attribution of Amasea, Comana and Zela to Great Armenia in the list of the Fathers of Nicaea. In the canonical collections the first oecumenical council preceded the earlier synods of Ancyra, Caesarea and Neocaesarea because of its importance. It can therefore safely be maintained that both Amasea and Zela never belonged to “ Armenia Magna ” . 1 Cf. Schwartz, ibid . , p. 177, n. 110.

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ir BASILEUS OF AMASEA (314,

about

320 A. D.)

When, after the ten years' persecution of Diocletian, Galerius and Maximinus, the Emperor Licinius published on June 13, 313 in Nicomedia his edict of tolerance, 1 it seemed that for the Christians of the Roman Empire the time of oppression was over forever. Ga­ lerius died in the spring of 311, Diocletian in the summer of 313 and Maximinus probably in the fall of the same year. 2 B y a common declaration the emperors of the Western and Eastern parts of the empire granted freedom of worship to the Christians. They had won their decisive battles in the name of the Christian God or at least, in the case of Licinius, of a “ Summus Deus ” . In March 313 Licinius married Constantine’s sister Constantia at Milan; this al­ liance promised to be a pledge of a durable friendship between the two rulers. About this time, on the occasion of the consecration of the great church of Tyre, Eusebius of Caesarea pronounced a famous discourse in which he hailed the favor the Christians enjoyed then on the part of the two emperors. But the hopes based upon their apparent good harmony proved soon to be fallacious. As early as 314 Constantine and Licinius were at war. After two lost battles Licinius bought peace by ceding Illy­ ricum to his brother-in-law. Thereafter the tension between the two emperors remained more or less latent for several years, until war became again inevitable. In 324 the second struggle between the two rivals ended with Licinius’ defeat and subsequent execution. At a certain period between the two wars of 314 and 324 Licinius turned more and more hostile to the Christians. He finally took several successive measures against them and would probably have become one more of their worst persecutors. Later authors ascribed to him really numerous bloody misdeeds against them, and in many stories he is described as a cruel tyrant

1 Lactantius, De mort, persee. p. 48, 2-12, p. 22815-23316 ed. B randt . Euseb., H. E., X . 5- 1-14 ed. Schwartz . L. D uchesne , Hist. anc. Égl., II (1907), p. 35-38; Engl, transi, by Ch . J enkins , II (London 1912) p. 28-30. 2 T illemont , Histoire des Empereurs, IV, p. 610, η. 20. P. A llard , La persécutioti de Dioclétien (Paris 1890), II, p. 238, n. 2. H. G régoire , in Byzantion, X III (1938), p. 555, η. 1.

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II. Basileus of Amasea

7

like Diocletian. But a careful investigation of the various narratives about martyrs who are said to have suffered under Licinius shows that of the numerous victims of his persecution the great majority are not recorded until many centuries after his time, while they are fully unknown to contemporary sources. As usual, Lenain de Tillemont with his judicious and intelligent criticism wrote ,the most penetrating remarks about the persecution which the Christian authors later ascribed to Licinius. But since at his time this persecution was commonly regarded as an established fact, he remained somewhat prejudiced against the emperor. Be­ sides, many of the Greek texts relative to the matter were not yet published at his time, while he knew others only in inadequate Latin translations. In 1875 Franz Gorres wrote his. “ Critical examination o f the Licinian persecution ” . 1 Though much more extensive than Tillemont’s more sporadic remarks, his performance is much less satisfactory than that of the great French scholar. 2 1 For his criticism is often presumptuous and at the same time over-simplified; e. g. he considers the fact that Eusebius speaks only of persecuted bishops a sufficient proof that no priests or deacons can have been among the victims of the persecution. It must however be recognized that in general the facts are so evident that the deficiency of Gorres’ demonstration hardly prejudices the results of his investigations. If we consult H. Delehaye’s edition of the Synaxarium ecclesiae Constantinopolitanae, 3 published a quarter of a century after the book of Gorres, we find that the name of Licinius figures there about 30 times. But if we eliminate several repetitions 4 as well as those cases where Licinius is just mentioned without any regard to his

1 P. G oerres , Kritische Untersuehungen iiber die Licinianische Christenverfolgung (Jena 1875; 240 pages). 2 Though one of his principal sources, the Menologium Basilii, was edited long since by Cardinal A lbani (Urbino 1727) and reprinted in 1864 by Migne (P. G. C X V II), he used in 1875 only a Latin translation. The same is true of the edition of Symeon Metaphrastes, also published in 1864 by Migne (P. G. C X IV -C X V I). Moreover he regarded Symeon Metaphrastes as a falsifier who invented most of his edifying stories; already L eo A llatius , in some judicious remarks reprinted P . G. CXIV, col. 38, warned of this misconception. The investigations of A. E hrhard ( T. U. vol. L [1937], passim) finally established beyond any doubt that most of the texts discussed by G oerres are extant in pre-Metaphrastic collections. 3 Synax. Eccl. CP. (Bruxelles 1902), Index, col. 1121. 4 Ibid., col. 12423= 50214=73112: Dorotheus of Tyre (cf. n° 21); col. 225ie=27135: Abibus; col. 40430 = 50214: Theodotus of: Cerynia; col. 45113 = 73514: Theodorus Stratelates.

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8

II. Basileus « f Λ nia se a

rôle as persecutor, 1 and finally a few quite romantic tales which are obvious fictions, 2 there remain only the following 21 stories: 1. col. 410 the Deacon Ammon and 40 virgins at Adrianople, 2. col. 2919 the Senator Severianus of Sebastea, 3. col. 4010 Macrobius, Gordianus and others in Scythia, 4. col. 4113 the Priest Iulianus of Ancyra, 5. col. 1908 Atticus, Eudoxius and other soldiers at Sebastea, 6. col. 22516 the Deacon Abibus at Edessa, 7. col. 33921 the Bishop Paul of Neocaesarea, a confessor, 8. col. 33948 Castulus (where?), 9. col. 3674 the Comes Gordius at Caesarea in Cappadocia, 10. col. 36817-23 Theagenes, bishop of Parium, 1 1 . col. 3876 the Deacon Hermylus and Stratonicus (where?), 12. col. 40430 Theodotus, bishop of Cerynia in Cyprus, a confessor, 13. col. 45119 Theodoras Stratelates at Euchania and Euchaïta, 14. col. 457g Blasius, bishop of Sebastea, and seven women, 15. col. 47344 Agapetus, bishop of Synaus, a confessor, 16. col. 5219 the forty martyrs of Sebastea, 17. col. 62929 Basileus, bishop of Amasea, 18. col. 62957 Publius (Πονπλιος) of Amasea, 19. col. 8114 the 45 martyrs at Nicopolis in Armenia I, 20. col. 85233 Acacius, martyr of Miletus, i. e. Miletopolis in Hellespontus, 21. col. 926jl8_43 Adrianus, the son of the Emperor Probus. Most of these stories are discussed by Gorres who, at the same time, summarizes the previous comments of Tillem ont3 and Samuel Basnage. 4 A few remarks in addition to their observations will, therefore, be sufficient. 1. In 394 and 400 A. D. a certain Ammon, an Egyptian by birth, was bishop of Adrianople. The alleged victim of Licinius’ persecution, Deacon Ammon of the same city, is apparently a “ double ” of him. Gorres 5 blames Tillemont for taking “ Adrianople of Macedonia ” to be the city of this name in Thrace; but in fact in Byzantine times, when this hagiographical text was doubtless composed, Thrace was 1 Ibid., col. 10517 Adauctus and Callisthena, as well as the above mentioned Dorotheus of Tyre. 2 Ibid ., col. 65313: Irene, the daughter of Licinius and Licinia (!); col. 67219: Alpheus and Philadelphus, martyred at Rome (!) by Licinius. 3 T illemont , Mém., V, p. 502-530; 783-793. 4 S. B asnage , Annules politico-ecclesiastici, t. II (Roterodami 1706), passim . 6 Goerres , l. c., p. 157.

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II. Basileus of Amasea

9

often called Macedonia, as G. L. F. Tafel has shown in an elaborate paper, 1 published long before Gorres’ book. The forty virgins are probably invented after the pattern of the famous forty martyrs of Sebastea, a fact at which Nicephorus Callistus has hinted by his remark that, “ according to a rumor ” (λόγος εχεή, they were their wives. 2 2. -5.-14.-16. Besides the forty martyrs of Sebastea, with whom we shall deal later, several other victims are said to have suffered in the same city. The martyr Severianus is reported to have encouraged the forty martyrs; but in their Testament and Acts he is merely mentioned as one of them. 3 The names of the ten soldiers Atticus, Eudoxius, etc. (Synax. Eccl. Const., col. 1904. 6. 34-35) are unknown to the writers of the Testa­ ment and Acts·, two of them are called Tobias and Nicopoli tes (col. 1908.35), while afterwards one recension of the text speaks of “ Tobias of Nicopolis ” (19042). They seem therefore to be a double either of the martyrs of Sebastea (n° 16) or of those of Nicopolis (n° 19). Blasius, bishop of Sebastea, is not mentioned in the Acts of the 40 martyrs either, nor are the latter in his Acts. This astonishing fact finds some explanation by a remark in the. Certamen S. Blasii. 4 W e read there that he left his flock, as it seems immediately after his consecration as bishop, in order to live as a hermit on Mount Argaeus (near Caesarea in Cappadocia!), and that he was brought back to his bishopric only to be tried and martyrized there. 5 He was later honored as a famous physician both in Sebastea and Ni­ copolis. 6 3. Macrobius, Gordianus and others were former servants at the emperor’ s table. They were banished and died as martyrs in Tomi, 1 T h . L. F. T afel , Constantinus Porphyrogenitus de provinciis regni B y­ zantini lib. II (Tubingae 1847), praefatio, p. x in -x x x n i; reprinted ap. Mig ke , P. 6., C X III (1864), coi. 30-41. 2 Nicephorus Callistus, H. E., V II. 44, P. G., C XLV, coi. 1313°. The Martyrologium Eieronymianum calls them “ in Eraclia X L mulieres cum viduis cf. H. D eleh aye , “ Commentarius perpetuus in Martyr. Hieron. ad recensionem H. Quentin ” , AASS Novemb., t. II, pars II (Brux. 1931), p. 608, ad X III Kal. Dec. ( = Nov. 19). Cf. the Gothic calendar: H. A chelis, Z. nt. Wise., vol. I, p. 309; A. B., X X X I , p. 247-249 (“ nulla fides ” ). 3 Testamentum, p. 17014; Martyrium, p. 17114, ed. Gebhardt . Cf. Synax. Ecel. CP., col. 52141. Goerres , l. c., p. 166-171, was unaware of this fact. 4 P. G. C X V I, col. 817A-829C. 5 Ibid., col. 821B-829B. 6 Ibid., col. 822A.

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10

II. Basileus of Amasea

the capital of Scythia Minor. It is true that Licinius’ first punitive measure was the expulsion of the Christians from his palace. More­ over an inscription of Salsovia1 in Scythia M inor2 reveals that he ordered the celebration of a feast of the Deus sanctus Sol to be per­ formed there on November 18. 3 Yet the martyrdom of the Christian servants in Tomi is known only by very late sources. 4 Besides, the extant texts about them are too short to permit a critical examination of their value. 5 4. The story of the Priest Iulianus of Ancyra seems to be based upon that of another martyr of that name who suffered under Dio­ cletian. 6 6. The Acts of Deacon Abibus (Habib) of Edessa contain several chronological elements which are incompatible with the time of the Licinian persecution of about 320-324, viz. Ab (i. e., August; in the Martyrologium Syriacum of November 411 A. D.: Elul=September) or Gorpiaeus (September) 620 Gr. ( = 309 A. D.), under the con­ sulship of Licinius and Constantine (309 A. D.), under Bishop Qônâ of Edessa (died 313) and two otherwise unknown local officers (sharîrê, strategoi) . 7 8. Castulus is fully unknown; the place of his martyrdom is not mentioned in his story. But from the occurrence of the enigmatic and certainly unhistoric Hegemon Zelicinthius (ήγεμών Ζηλικίνθιος), who figures also in the Acts of Acacius (n° 20) and in those of Theogenes (preserved only in a Latin translation), we may infer that the province of Hellespontus is probably in question. 9. About Gordius see below.

1 Today Beche Tepe near Mahmudia. 2 At Licinius’ time Salsovia did not belong to Moesia Inferior, as the dif­ ferent editors of the inscription affirmed. 3 H. D essau , Inscr. Lat. sei., 8940. W . W eber , Archiv fiir Beligionswiss., X I X (Leipzig-Berlin 1916-9), p. 324, n. 2, dates this inscription between Nov. 18, 317 and some months after Nov. 18, 322. V. P ar van , Salsovia (Bucharest 1906), p. 27 sqq. considers 322 A. D. as its probable date; cf. N. H. B ay nes , Constantine the Great and the Christian Church (London 1930), p. 82, n. 55. 4 The same is true of all the names of alleged victims of the Licinian persecution enumerated in H. L eclercq ’ s article “ Dobrugea ” , Dictionnaire d’Archéol. Ghrét. et de Liturgie, t. IV (1921), col. 1238-40. 5 H. D eleh aye , A. B., X X X I (1912), p. 258-9. 8 T illemont, Mém., V, p. 205 sq. 7 Ο. V. Gebhardt and E. v. D obschuetz, T. U., X X X V I I (Dritte Reihe, V II), Leipzig 1911, p. 642.5 (Syriac Acts in German translation), 6410_ls, 13214.17 (Greek Acts). The remarks on p. xlvi about the alleged inconsistence of the chronological elements are inexact.

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II. Basileus of Amasea

11

10. The Greek story of Theagenes, bishop of Parium, deals with the same personage as the much more valuable Latin Passio The ogenis, written by Euticus. 1 According to the latter his martyrdom took place in Hellesponto civitate Parethia (?). This Passio is usually considered as genuine. 2 Since Theogenes was punished for his refusal to serve in the army, his execution was not a martyrdom in the strict sense of the word. 3 11. The story of Hermylus and Stratonicus must be spurious, since their alleged martyrdom 4 took place in the presence of Licinius near Singidunum, 5 where their bodies were thrown into the Danube.6* A t the time of the Licinian persecution Singidunum belonged to the jurisdiction of Constantine. 12. The bishop and confessor Theodotus of Cerynia is only known from late sources. Tillemont suggested that he is the same as Theo­ dorus, bishop (of a city) in Pentapolis Libyae according to the Martyrologium Hieronymianum. 7 If Tillemont is right, Le Quien made of this one person four different bishops, viz. those of Cerynia (Kvρψία) and Curium in Cyprus and those of Cyrene and Ptolémaïs in Libya, just as he figures in the Martyrologia under four different days (March 2, 26, May 6, August 20). 8 13. Theodorus Stratelates is obviously a double of Theodorus Tiro. Both were allegedly buried in Euchai'ta. Gregory of Nyssa who delivered a homily on Theodorus Tiro in Euchaïta itself, 9 knew only this one Theodoras. 10 14. The Bishop Blasius, see n° 2. 1 AA/SS, January 3, vol. I p. 134 sqq.; A . B., II, p. 206 sqq. 2 G-oerres , l. e., p. 171-179. V. Schultze , Kleinasien, I, p. 353, n. 3; 368, n. 3. H. A chelis , “ Die Martyrologien... ” , Abhandl. Getting. Ges. Wise., Ph.hist. Kl., N. F. I l l , n° 3 (1900), p. 116-119. N. H. B aynes , Constantine..., p. 82, n. 53. Cf. also A. E h rhard , T. U., vol. L, p. 538, n° 3; 555, n° 5 (both tenth cen­ tury); 561. 3 Goerres, l. e., p. 171-179. B aynes , l. c . , p. 82. 4 P . G., C X IV , col. 553B-565°. BHG2, p. 104, n. 745. 5 P . G., C X IV , col. 565c : 18 stades from τής πόλεοίς Σιγγήδονος. 8 P . G., C X V II, col. 253e: εν τφ ποταμφ Δούναβι. 1 Martyrologium Hieronymianum, ed. I. B. de B ossi and L. D uchesne , AA/S/S Novemb., t. I l, pars I (Bruxelles 1894), p. [36], sub. V II Kal. Apr. Cf. T illemont , Mém., V, p. 784, note III. 8 L e Quien , O. C„ II, col. 617-8, 621-2, 1057, 1073. 9 Gregor. Nyss., “ Homilia in Theodorum Tironem ” , P . G., X L V I, col. 736°-748D. 10 One MS. (“ Codex regis Henrici ” ) of the homily adds t o 1 P. G., X L V I, col. 748B a short remark about the other Theodorus, an obvious interpolation (cf. P . G., X L V I, col. 1214).

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12

ΙΓ. Basileus of Amasea

15. Agapetus, bishop of Synaus, an alleged confessor under Lic­ inius, 1 is already attested by Philostorgius. 23 He was an Arian “ fel­ low-heretic ” (σνναιρεαιώτης) of this historiographer and owed appar­ ently his place among the orthodox confessors to an error of “ Suidas ” , i. e. the anonymous composer of the Lexicon called Suda. This author wrongly quotes Eusebius Pamphili instead of Philost­ orgius as the source where Agapetus is mentioned. 16. The 40 martyrs of Sebastea, see n° 2. 17. Basileus, bishop of Amasea, see below. 18. Publius of Amasea is said to have been converted by Bishop Basileus of the same city. But he figures neither in the Martyrium Basilei nor in the Encomium Basilei·,3 his story is certainly spu­ rious. 19. The 45 martyrs of Nicopolis in Armenia Minor 46 5are likewise mentioned in the Martyrologium Hieronymianum. 5 Their story is perhaps not entirely void of reminiscences of historical events under Licinius (see below). Yet, according to the extant Acts, the perse­ cution of Licinius was executed in the whole world (οικουμένη) and ordered by several rulers (αύτοκράτορες, βασιλείς)·, 6 this shows that the details of the extant Acts are without any value. 7 20. The story of Aeacius is localized in Western Bithynia and Hellespontus (Apamea, Apollonia, Melito