Patents and Climate Change : There's No Place Like Home [1 ed.] 9781527500693, 9781443895163

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Patents and Climate Change

Patents and Climate Change: There's No Place Like Home By

Michael J. Dochniak

Patents and Climate Change: There's No Place Like Home By Michael J. Dochniak This book first published 2017 Cambridge Scholars Publishing Lady Stephenson Library, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE6 2PA, UK British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Copyright © 2017 by Michael J. Dochniak All rights for this book reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the copyright owner. ISBN (10): 1-4438-9516-4 ISBN (13): 978-1-4438-9516-3

CONTENTS

Preface ....................................................................................................... vii Acknowledgements .................................................................................... ix Introduction ................................................................................................. 1 Chapter One ................................................................................................. 3 US Patents that Teach Climate Change Chapter Two ................................................................................................ 7 Years 2017 to 2010: Global Warming is in the Patent Title Chapter Three ............................................................................................ 23 Years 2009 to 1991: Global Warming is in the Patent Title Chapter Four .............................................................................................. 33 Years 2017 to 2014 Chapter Five .............................................................................................. 57 Years 2013 to 2007 Chapter Six ................................................................................................ 73 Years 2003 to 1995 Chapter Seven............................................................................................ 83 Patent Application Chapter Eight ............................................................................................. 87 Patent Awareness Chapter Nine.............................................................................................. 91 U.S. President Barack Obama (2009-2017)

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Contents

Glossary I ................................................................................................ 111 Global-Warming Terms Glossary II ............................................................................................... 121 Patent Terms Index ........................................................................................................ 125

PREFACE

As we discover more about climate change and attempt to reduce global warming, science and innovation will guide our success. With respect to global warming-related patents, I wrote this book to capture some of mankind’s effort to sustain and protect life on the planet Earth. These inventions clearly show that many are proactive, and change their life style, to benefit the well-being of future generations. The book Patents and Climate Change: There’s No Place Like Home has taught me that climate change is manageable.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Billy Dochniak, you are a preferred indoor climate-change professional.

INTRODUCTION

Exploring and colonizing Mars can bring us new scientific understanding of climate change, of how planet-wide processes can make a warm and wet world into a barren landscape. By exploring and understanding Mars, we may gain insights into the past and future of our own planet. —Buzz Aldrin (American engineer and former astronaut) .

I believe that global warming is a myth. And so, therefore, I have no conscience problems at all and I’m going to buy a Suburban next time. —Jerry Falwell, Sr. (American Southern Baptist pastor, televangelist, and conservative activist)

Will climate change prompt future generations to inherit a paradise on Earth or a place of great suffering? After 4.5 billion years of change, is the planet Earth a complex and delicate ecosystem? It is well-known that some human activities may be part of a climate-change process that affects global warming. Environmental scientists continue to make substantial progress in advancing our understanding of how such activities affect climate change. Since the year 1989, hundreds of global-warming related patents have been granted by

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Introduction

the United States Patent and Trademark Office. This original and important book thus provides an easy-to-read summary of such patents. Within many of the summaries, there are inventor profiles and news articles that are insightful and thought-provoking. Pioneering inventors hail from many locations including Brazil, Great Britain, India, Japan, Mexico, and Taiwan. At the beginning of several chapters, contradictory opinions on climate change are provided in the form of quotes. Chapter Seven offers an example of a fascinating application that failed to gain US patent protection. In the final chapter, several significant climate-change issues that continue to be addressed are outlined.

CHAPTER ONE US PATENTS THAT TEACH CLIMATE CHANGE

I would like nuclear fusion to become a practical power source. It would provide an inexhaustible supply of energy, without pollution or global warming. —Stephen Hawking (English theoretical physicist, cosmologist, author and Director of Research at the Centre for Theoretical Cosmology within the University of Cambridge) I’m saying, Come on, the global warming thing? How did the ice melt during the ice ages? Was the dinosaurs driving SUVs around back then? —Larry the Cable Guy (Daniel L. Whitney is an American stand-up comedian, actor, country music artist and former radio personality)

Environmental scientists continue to make substantial progress in our understanding of climate change. Currently, there are about 200 scientific organizations that hold the position that climate change has been caused by human activities. [1]

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Early warning signals of global warming: As water gets warmer, it takes up more space. Each drop of water only expands by a little bit, but when you multiply this expansion over the entire depth of the ocean, it all adds up and causes sea level to rise. Sea level is also rising because melting glaciers and ice sheets are adding more water to the oceans. Over the past 100 years, the average sea level around the world rose by nearly 7 inches. [2] From the year 1989, hundreds of global-warming related patents have been granted by the United States Patent and Trademark Office. The quote below provides a simple explanation of a patent: A patent, or invention, is any assemblage of technologies or ideas that you can put together that nobody put together that way before. That's how the patent office defines it. That's an invention. —Dean Kamen (holds more than 440 US and foreign patents and is the inventor of the Segway, the first drug infusion pump, and many other innovations).

The United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) is the federal agency for granting patents. The USPTO fulfills the mandate of Article I, Section 8, Clause 8, of the Constitution. This effort promotes the progress of science by securing for limited times to inventors the exclusive right to their discoveries. The rst US Patent with the word “Global Warming” in the title was issued on March 26, 1991. Twenty-six years later (March of 2017), a total of 24 such patents have been granted. Not surprisingly, there are more than 8,500 patents with the word “global warming” somewhere therein. The world is a better place when ideas are disclosed, patented, and attain financial success. If you have a novel and useful idea on how to help alleviate global warming, the USPTO will reward you with patent protection. A well-earned patent can be part of a strategic business plan that allows you to exclude others from making, using, offering for sale, or selling your invention throughout the US. If you’re the assignee (i.e., owner) of a pioneering patent, you may obtain twenty years of legal protection to acquire exclusive financial-gain.

US Patents that Teach Climate Change

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Introduction References 1) The Governing Office of Planning and Research, “List of Worldwide Scientific Organizations” Accessed June of 2017. https://www.opr.ca.gov/s_listoforganizations.php 2) Union of Concerned Scientists. “Early Warning Signs of Global Warming: Heat Waves” Accessed April of 2017. http://www.ucsusa.org/global_warming/science_and_impacts/impacts/ early-warning-signs-of-global-6.html#.WN_ra1XyvIV

CHAPTER TWO YEARS 2017 TO 2010: GLOBAL WARMING IS IN THE PATENT TITLE

The shift to a cleaner energy economy won’t happen overnight, and it will require tough choices along the way. But the debate is settled. Climate change is fact. —Barack Obama (American politician who served as the 44th President of the United States from 2009 to 2017) Most climatologists agree that, at best, global warming is a theory about future climatic conditions and cannot be proven based upon the historic record. —Mike Pence (American politician, lawyer, and the 48th Vice President of the United States)

Early warning signals of global warming: Glaciers are large sheets of snow and ice that are found on land all year long. They're found in the western United States, Alaska, the mountains of Europe and Asia, and many other parts of the world. Warmer temperatures cause glaciers to melt faster than they can accumulate new snow. Glaciers all over the world

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have been melting for at least the last 50 years, and the rate of melting is speeding up. Many glaciers in Alaska and other parts of the United States have shrunk dramatically. [1]

Compositions and methods to reduce global warming caused by gasoline and spark ignited internal combustion engines (Talbert in Patent number 9,540,991 - January 10, 2017) The inventor explained that the modified gasoline has a lower energy density than current gasoline yet provides equivalent power with less gasoline because more of the fuel is burned in the engine. William L. Talbert (inventor and assignee) is the founder of Talbert Fuel Systems Inc. of Allentown, Pennsylvania. In an article from The Morning Call (July 9, 2000) titled, Talbert Researches Clean Fuel Allentown Company Has Been the Driving Force Behind New, Reformulated Gasolines for Cars author Hermione Malone writes, “At its simplest, the concept behind the latest revolution in fuel processing is easy to understand. If fuel is lighter, it burns more quickly. The more quickly it burns, the more efficiently it is used. While that may help the cars, people drive, what could really help their owners these days is lower gas prices. Lighter gas translates into less costly production, which equals savings at the pump. For about 20 years, William Talbert of Talbert Fuel Systems Inc. of Allentown has been the driving force behind reformulated gasoline -- the clean-burning fuel mandated by the California state legislature in 1996. Late last year his company filed patents on EGasoline II, an improvement upon its 1991 predecessor which only removed most of the oil in gas. The newest version removes all oil, lowers octane -- a measure of `knock` rating in engines -- to 75.7, and could lower costs at least 10 cents per gallon. `The biggest savings is going to be because of the equipment needed to make this gasoline.’ said Charles Jones, president of TFS Inc. ‘We don't need expensive equipment or additives.’ And the potential savings don't stop at the pump, Jones said. `You could get better mileage, and the car will run at a lower temperature than with current gas, which means you could use less expensive lubricant oils or at least change them less often.’ he said. Making gasoline lighter by removing the oil seems like a simple idea, but the road between realization and product development was a long one. In 1974, Talbert -- who holds

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dual degrees in chemical engineering and business from Lehigh University -- was working on project with coal. By removing the non-combustibles from coal, he found it burned faster. Could the same be said for gasoline? `I saw that the gasoline of those days didn't have time to burn completely in (car) engines. So, I took a lot of the heavy oils out and found that I got more power from using three-quarters of the gasoline than from using all of it,’ he said. That discovery led to a method of reducing the emissions from fuel that were causing smog. By taking off the heavy end of the fuel, Talbert reasoned that he could take off the light end, which was contributing to emissions. `It was a huge breakthrough. For years, before, everyone was saying we don't know what we're going to do about the emissions.’ he said. Only last year, he said, did his company TFS Inc. discover that taking out heavy oils makes fuel burn faster. And the removed oil can be used for kerosene or recycled into gasoline production. When low-octane gasoline tops $2.36 in the Midwest, it would seem that E-Gasoline II is just what American drivers need. So why can't they buy it? `We need refineries that will make this for us.’ Jones said. `Automobiles have to be modified slightly to run on our fuel. We're working on it, but we're not there yet.’ Currently, the company is monitoring the fuel on a test vehicle and has applied for state and federal funding to continue tests and conduct vehicle research. Though American refineries have yet to buy the new lighter fuel from TFS Inc., the company is forging ahead to find clients in foreign countries. They have efforts under way in India, China and South Korea. In the future, they would like to sell E-Gasoline II to Malaysia and South Africa as well. Already the company has filed patents for E-Gasoline III, which is designed to fuel cars without the need for modifying the vehicle. `We feel we're right now ahead of what's being done out there in the research field, and we intend to stay ahead,’ Talbert said.” [2]

Reducing global warming (Elmaleh in Patent number 9,138,681 - September 22, 2015) Abstract – This describes the reduction of carbon dioxide gas (CO2) in the atmosphere using a container of metal hydroxides. The inventor explained that excess greenhouse gases contribute to global warming by raising the temperature of a planet to dangerous levels. Since the beginning of the Industrial Revolution, the concentrations of many of the greenhouse gases have increased. The concentration of CO2 has increased by about 100 parts-per-million (ppm). The first 50 ppm increase

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took place in about 200 years, from the start of the Industrial Revolution to around 1973; the next 50 ppm increase took place in about 33 years, from 1973 to 2006. David R. Elmaleh (inventor and assignee) received a BSc in physics and chemistry, and an MS and PhD in organic chemistry from the Hebrew University of Jerusalem. In 1976, he became an associate professor at Harvard Medical School and Director of Contrast Media Chemistry at the Massachusetts General Hospital. He is a co-author on more than 130 publications and book chapters, a contributor of at least 116 issued and pending patents in a range of disciplines, including molecular imaging and pharmaceuticals. [3] In 2011, he co-founded the firm AZ Therapies, a developer of Alzheimer’s disease drugs, where he currently serves as Executive Chairman, and Chief Scientific Advisor. He has been named by Genetic Engineering & Biotechnology News as one of the biotechnology industry's top thirteen serial entrepreneurs.

Dynamic cooling of human skin using a nontoxic cryogen with no ozone depletion and minimal global warming pot (Nelson, et al. in Patent number 9,050,117 - June 9, 2015) Abstract – This describes cooling irradiated skin with liquid carbon dioxide (CO2). The inventors explained that there is a need to find an efficient substitute for tetrafluoro-ethane that is compatible with requirements for low global warming potential. J. Stuart Nelson (first inventor listed with a co-inventor) is the medical director of the Beckman Laser Institute and Medical Clinic, and professor of surgery and biomedical engineering at the University of California Irvine, located in Southern California in Orange County. Dr. Nelson specializes in the diagnosis, clinical management and treatment of infants, young children and adults with port wine stains, hemangiomas and other vascular malformations. Dr. Nelson’s university-based clinical practice and research combines his expertise in engineering, optics, medicine and surgery. In addition to Dr. Nelson's faculty, research, teaching and clinical responsibilities, he is the director of the Port Wine Stain Vascular Birthmarks and Malformations Diagnostic and Treatment Center at the University of California Irvine Medical Center. Dr. Nelson and colleagues developed the “Dynamic Cooling Device” which in conjunction with

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pulsed dye laser technology has become the treatment of choice for the treatment of port wine stain birthmarks, hemangiomas and other vascular malformations. Worldwide, this methodology developed by Dr. Nelson has now been incorporated into more than 20,000 laser devices. Because of Dr. Nelson’s expertise and the program’s reputation for providing high quality care with the latest technology, patients with port wine stains, hemangiomas and other vascular malformations travel from all over the world to the Beckman Laser Institute to seek treatment. Dr. Nelson has published more than 300 scientific articles and 13 book chapters. Dr. Nelson served as President of the American Society for Laser Medicine and Surgery (ASLMS) 2001-2002. He assumed the position of Editor-inChief of the ASLMS journal Lasers in Surgery and Medicine in April 2005. Dr. Nelson is internationally recognized in the field as an expert in port wine stains, hemangiomas and other vascular malformation. As such, he has been invited to Belgium, Canada, China, Germany, Hong Kong, Indonesia, Israel, Italy, Japan, Malaysia, Netherlands, Norway, Russia, Saudi Arabia, Slovenia, Spain, United Kingdom and Vietnam to address major international meetings. [4] The Regents of the University of California (patent assignee) is the governing board of the University of California system. Chartered by the California Constitution, the board has 26 voting members. [5] In an article from The Orange County Register (March of 2011) titled, Program erases ex-cons' tattoos author Vik Jolly writes, “The blasts of a laser repeatedly hit Randy Perez's neck and chest. He winces. He exhales deeply during a break when the doctor asks him to switch positions so the laser beam can be focused from another angle at an Aztec calendar tattoo and the words ‘Brown Pride’ covering the front of Perez's neck. Perez, 37, of Santa Ana, under the supervision of the U.S. District Court Probation Office, is among 30 some ex-cons who for about the last two years have volunteered to endure the pain to remove ink from their bodies that frequently prevents them from getting jobs and make a transition back into society. In partnership with the clinic at UCI, district court Judge David O. Carter in Santa Ana is duplicating in federal court a tattoo removal program he first launched in the early 1990s in Orange County Superior Court for ex-cons and gang members. Carter's philosophy: those who get rid of their tattoos will become walking billboards in their communities, having a ripple effect not only on their own lives but potentially on the lives of wannabe gang members. Dr. J. Stuart Nelson, the medical director of the Beckman Laser Institute Medical Clinic and professor of surgery at UCI, says the feeling is akin to a rubber band snapping against the body.

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The convicted felon calls the pain very intense, like a third-degree burn.” [6]

Non-ozone depleting and low global warming potential refrigerants for low temperature refrigeration (Poole, et al. in Patent number 9,023,231 - May 5, 2015) The inventors explained that the present invention enables the replacement of R404A and R507, the most commonly used refrigerants in lower temperature refrigeration to be made with a substantial reduction in Global Warming Potential but without any reduction in performance including energy efficiency and capacity. The invention further facilitates the replacement of Ozone Depleting Substances HCFC22 and CFC502 at low cost without the need to change either the lubricant in the system or make any alterations to the hardware while also being non-ozone depleting and non-flammable in accordance with ASHRAE Standard 34. Richard Powell (second inventor listed with a co-inventor) is from Bunbury, Great Britain. RPL Holdings Limited (patent assignee) is based in Road Town, British Virgin Islands. [7] In an article from the University of Leicester (2006) titled, A case study in Green chemistry: Developing replacements for CFCs Richard Powell et al. write, “Chlorofluorocarbons, CFCs, were developed in the late 1920s for use as safe refrigerant alternatives to sulphur dioxide and ammonia. They were welcomed by industry because of their low toxicity, chemical stability, low flammability, low cost and ease of synthesis. They found wide application as refrigerants, blowing agents, propellants and cleaning agents. Over more than 40 years, applications of CFCs expanded into a wide variety of areas, and grew into a multibillion-dollar industry. Unfortunately, CFCs are not ecologically benign. It became increasingly clear that CFCs were responsible for ozone depletion. In the early 1970s the leading manufacturers of CFCs met to discuss the possible environmental impact of their products. This case study uses a problem based learning approach to take students through the development of replacements for CFCs from the 1970s to today. They investigate the background to the CFC problem and consider data that leads to the decision to investigate possible replacements. They must select and design replacement molecules (HFCs), devise syntheses and then consider the

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challenge to develop the replacements in a socio-economic and political framework. They also consider the problems posed by existing CFCs, the ‘fridge mountain’ and possible disposal and containment alternatives. The case study brings the story up to date with an investigation of the problems now being associated with HFCs and the search for new alternatives. This activity successfully teaches applied and ‘green’ chemistry via a real-life context. The chemistry encountered is of an applied/industrial nature and is set in a socioeconomic context. The influence of political pressures is also brought in when appropriate. Because the activity adopts a problem based approach it is also successful in developing a range of transferable skills, particularly problem solving, teamwork plus verbal and written communication.” [8]

Use of low global warming potential (LGWP) solvents for finger print development applications (Nalewajek, et al. in Patent number 8,652,244 - February 18, 2014) Abstract – This describes the use of fingerprint detection compositions comprising organic solvents classified as low global warming potential molecules. The inventors explained that fingerprints can be used to link a criminal suspect to a crime and, therefore, are one of the most valuable pieces of evidence that can be gathered at a crime scene. Fingerprints generally are classified into three categories: visible, impression and latent. While visible and impression prints can be readily seen with the unaided eye and can be documented by photography, latent fingerprints are visually undetectable without the aid of chemical, physical, or electrical processing techniques. Most latent fingerprints are invisible deposits of natural secretions of skin on the surface of an article which typically occur as impressions corresponding to the friction ridges of the skin. These secretions, which are produced by the eccrine glands, typically comprise water, soluble amino acids, peptides, salts, lipids, and the like. It is possible to transform these deposits into a visibly detectable image. When the impressions form patterns that correspond to the unique friction ridges of a person's finger, palm, etc., the latent fingerprint can be useful in dactyloscopy. The present technology relates to C3-C4 hydrofluorocarbon olefins and hydrochlorofluorocarbon olefins that can be effectively used as carrier solvents in compositions used to detect latent fingerprints and other biometrics.

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David Nalewajek (first inventor listed with three co-inventors) received a PhD from the University of Buffalo in 1978. In 2016, Dr. Nalewajek received the Crowdle Award from Canisius College honoring his research efforts in fluorine chemistry, especially the development of environmentally safer fluorocarbons. [9] Honeywell International Inc. (patent assignee) is an American multinational conglomerate company that produces a variety of commercial and consumer products, engineering services and aerospace systems for a wide variety of customers, from private consumers to major corporations and governments. [10] In an article from ASC (October of 2016) titled, Green Chemistry and the Canisius College it is written, “First, we invited David Nalewajek, PhD, Research Fellow at Honeywell International’s Buffalo Research Laboratories, to present a seminar to our Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry. Dr. Nalewajek’s seminar illustrated how Honeywell’s development of CFC replacements was a clear example of a chemical company protecting the environment through green chemistry. Another commented, ‘It was interesting to hear that global responses to climate change, not just U.S. policy, can drive the standards which a global company such as Honeywell must take into account when developing and selling chemical products.’ One student summed up the event by saying, ‘It was great to learn about environmentally important and innovative chemistry being done in our own backyard.’” [11]

Method and equipment for improving global warming and air pollution (Chu in Patent number 8,454,725 - June 4, 2013) Abstract – This describes processing hot exhaust gas generated by various kinds of thermal machines. The inventor explained that the hot exhaust gas generated by a thermal machine is injected into an exhaust boosting unit to be compressed so that the hot exhaust gas can be mixed with a liquid medium for atomization and evaporation. Tiny pollution particulates and powders in the hot exhaust gas can thus be adsorbed and removed by the liquid medium to achieve the object of cleaning the air. Moreover, humid and hot clean air discharged to the atmosphere can speed up heat circulation and water circulation to improve the situation of gradual warming of the Earth.

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Rey-Chin Chu (inventor and assignee) is from Taipei, Taiwan. In an article from The Diplomat (November 04, 2016) titled, Taiwan Should Be Part of Global Fight Against Climate Change author James K.J. Lee writes, “While the world seems to be on the right track toward controlling global warming, Taiwan has been left out. Located on an island subject to frequent typhoons and other extremes of weather, Taiwan has experienced firsthand the effects of climate change. This past June, the temperature in Taipei reached 38.7 degrees Celsius, more than 100 degrees Fahrenheit, the highest in 100 years. Weather patterns that once included steady rains have now been replaced by torrential downpours causing flash floods, with significant economic impacts. Conditions in Taiwan parallel record-breaking temperatures and extreme weather events elsewhere around the globe, which most scientists attribute to rising ocean temperatures resulting from increased levels of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. As a nation of 23 million people, the world’s 22nd-largest economy, and the 22nd-largest emitter of carbon dioxide, Taiwan has a stake in participating in the global effort to fight climate change. Despite not being a UNFCCC member, Taiwan began working independently on a plan to reduce its greenhouse gas emissions back in 1998 and is one of only a few countries in the world that has passed its own law reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Taiwan has much to offer to the UNFCCC. It has developed green technologies for reducing greenhouse gases that can be shared with other countries. Over the decades, Taiwan has undertaken numerous cooperative projects with developing countries in a wide array of fields related to climate change, including renewable energy, LED street lighting, environmental protection, etc. Taiwan has also partnered with the United States in the Global Cooperation and Training Framework (GC TF), through which both sides seek to share financial resources and expertise with other countries in combating various future challenges including global warming. By becoming part of UNFCCC and participating in its multilateral efforts and financial mechanisms such as the Green Climate Fund, Taiwan could increase the impact of its contributions. Climate change is not confined by national boundaries or political systems. Taiwan’s participation is a matter of climate justice, a concept recognized in the Paris Agreement that calls on all states to address this critical global issue. By not being included as a member of the UNFCCC, Taiwan is, in some respects, being left to face climate impact on its own. This contradicts the UNFCCC principle that calls for “the widest possible cooperation” in combating global warming challenges. As a significant global economic actor and a pioneer in green technology, Taiwan and its 23 million people deserve a seat at this vital climate forum.

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It is time to carry out the UNFCCC’s utmost goal for the sake of human welfare by welcoming Taiwan in the global efforts to curb the climate change.” [12]

Emission purifiying system and device for slowing global warming (Caraveo-Martinez in Patent number 8,454,001 - June 4, 2013) Abstract – This describes an emission purifying system and to a device for slowing global warming in the field of pit burners and elevated burners in the oil industry, including incinerators, open air burnings and other industries where suspended polluting particles are produced. The inventor explained that the pollutant removal systems can transform the heat into reusable energy. Miguel Angel Caraveo-Martinez (inventor and assignee) is from Tabasco, Mexico. In an article from Salon (June 6, 2015) titled, Climate change is making Mexico City unbreathable author Ioan Grillo writes, “On a sweaty May morning in this sprawling mountain capital, residents heard a painfully familiar warning on the radio and TV. Air pollution was at dangerous levels, environmental authorities said. People were advised to stay indoors as much as possible and avoid exercise. Asthma sufferers should take particular care. On the city streets, this pollution could be seen in dirty clouds hanging amid grid-locked traffic. The ‘environmental precontingency’ on May 9 was the fourth so far this year, compared to three in all of 2014. The warnings are a reminder of the long uphill battle against dirty air in North America’s largest city — which has been a laboratory for pollution in megacities around the planet. This rise comes after years in which Mexico City air has been getting cleaner, thanks to concerted campaigns. But while some problems have been resolved, others appear. One issue is that Mexico is getting steadily hotter, apparently due to global warming. Last year was the hottest in Mexico since records began, with average temperatures of 71.78 degrees Fahrenheit. Higher temperatures mean that pollutants release faster into the air. ‘The rate of emission of certain types of pollutants goes up. … Secondly, chemical reactions tend to be faster,” says Christopher Cappa at the Air Quality Research Center in Davis, California. “This makes existing problems more challenging.’ Last year, Stanford scientists published a paper predicting

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that global warming will increase air pollution levels in cities around the world. It highlighted Mexico, along with India, as places of particular concern. Back in 1992, the United Nations declared the Mexican capital the world’s most polluted city. Birds dropped dead in midflight, visibility was low, respiratory problems rampant. However, a titanic effort reduced pollution drastically. Factories and a gas refinery were relocated, dirty old buses were replaced by an electric Metrobus system, leaded gas banned. By 2010, when Mexico City hosted a UN climate change conference, it was hailed as a poster child for anti-pollution measures. Lead in the air had dropped by 90 percent over two decades, environmental authorities reported. Yet despite the giant steps, pollution persists and is exacerbated by new problems, including the rising temperatures. ‘The hottest times of the year are often when the pollution levels are most dangerous,’ says Jose Agustin Garcia of Mexico’s Center for Atmosphere Science. But Garcia cautions that other factors are also in the mix. While cars have gotten cleaner they have also gotten more numerous. There are now 275 cars per 1,000 people in Mexico, according to the World Bank. In the Mexico City urban sprawl with 20 million residents, this would mean about 5.5 million automobiles. Mexico’s geography is also problematic. It is in a valley, which can trap pollution, and is more than 7,000 feet above sea level, so the sun hits with dangerous rays. The chemical mix in the air not only includes ozone, carbon monoxide and nitrogen dioxide, but also anything from solvents released by house paints to perchlorates from fireworks. Pollution also blows in from nearby cities like Toluca and Pachuca, where there are still many factories. ‘Air is very democratic,’ Garcia says. ‘The same air goes into rich and poor neighborhoods alike.’ Clouds of dirty gases not only look horrible. They can also mean death. A 2013 study by Mexico Competitiveness Institute found about 1,700 deaths in Mexico City were likely related to pollution in one year. It also caused 4,200 hospitalizations and 234,000 doctor’s appointments. Together, this cost the economy about 1.3 billion pesos or $850 million. ‘While Mexico has made some progress, it still has a long way to go on cleaning up its air,’ author Fatima Masse says. The city needs to improve public transportation much more and clamp down on diesel-spitting transport trucks, she adds. ‘The issue of clean air and issue of global warming are mixing together,’ Masse says. ‘They are going have to be at the center of public policy in the years ahead’ Mexico’s federal government recognizes this challenge — or at least it claims to. In March, Mexico became the first developing nation to formally pledge to cut global warming pollution. It promised to cut greenhouse gas emissions by 22 percent by 2030. Environment Minister Juan Jose Guerra said it would achieve this by shifting to produce a third

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of Mexico’s energy from renewable resources — up from just 3 percent now. ‘It’s obvious that global warming is already a reality,’ Guerra said. ‘It’s without a doubt the principal challenge for humanity in the 21st century.’” [13]

Method for manufacturing artificial paving that help improving global warming (Chen, et al. in Patent number 8,267,618 - September 18, 2012) Abstract – This describes a method for manufacturing artificial paving that helps improve global warming and allows for construction of concrete paving that shows water permeability and environmental protection features to allow underside gradation layers to become an ecological gradation layer to activate organic substances contained in soil and improve the global warming problem. The inventors explained that without efficient water permeability, rainwater drainage on ground surface will become poor. Thus, it is of importance to construct a gradation layer that is effective in maintaining water permeability and preservation of water. Furthermore, to improve the Earth and ecological environment in the Earth, an environment that is beneficial to microorganisms and the Earth protozoa inhabiting in the Earth. The microorganisms inhabiting in the Earth generally include bacteria (eubacteria and archaea), fungi (filamentous fungi and yeasts), and algae. The Earth protozoa include for example amoeba and ciliates. There are a huge number of ciliates existing in the Earth, and they make a great contribution for decomposition of organic substances. Insects, including ants, centipedes, aphids, and mites, help moving soils or digests residual body portions of organisms and thus providing organic substances. Earthworms may help formation of soil pellets, which are good for air ventilation and water draining. Nematodes help digesting organic matters or other small creatures. There are also vertebrates inhabiting in the Earth, such as mice, which dig and loosen soil, and provide excrements for fertilizing the Earth. They are also a member of an underground food chain. Thus, constructing a good environment for mass propagation of the Earth’s microorganisms is beneficial for improvement of the Earth. Further, formation of a water preservation gradation layer under an artificial paving layer allows for mutual contact with a top surface of the water permeable paving layer. Through mutual contact between soil and the atmosphere, heat exchange due to humidity and

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temperature is conducted just like respiration, helping to realize efficient water drainage and eliminating potential risk of surface accumulation of water, thus providing a practical effect. Jui-Wen Chen (first inventor listed with a co-inventor) is from Shulin, Taiwan. In a communication from JW Corporation (2013) titled, About JW Corporation it is written, “JW EcoTechnology is a product of the Ding Tai Co., Ltd., and a 10-year pioneering effort in eco-friendly pavement landscaping. Our mission is to bring a new hope to combat the deleterious and grim effects of decades of urban/suburban sprawl, an unbridled spread of stifling concrete and pavement that produces runoff flooding, drought, greenhouse gas, heat island phenomena and rampant pollution. JW Ecotechnology allows private and city planners to landscape roads, plazas, parks, sidewalks with truly permeable, breathable surfaces that provide a harmonious cohabitation with the earth’s natural subsurface to sustain a living and breathing eco-system. JW Ecotechnology is the brainchild of Jui Wen Chen, a highly decorated and respected innovator in EcoTechnology who has spent years developing a unique surface technology that has been acknowledged and hailed as one of the most significant ‘Green’ achievements of our time. JW EcoTechnology also answers the call that other pervious pavement methodologies fail to address - and that is long-term performance and low maintenance under heavy-loads, as well as providing a suitable eco-habitat with the Earth subsurface. It’s a new day, new hope, with new directions. JW is already on that road with hundreds of installations, with maintenance-free performance exceeding 10 years. We invite you to visit our ‘Case Studies’ and see why our Passion makes Perfect.” [14]

Gaseous dielectrics with low global warming potentials (Luly, et al. in Patent number 8,080,185 - December 20, 2011) and (Luly, et al. in Patent number 7,807,074 - October 5, 2010) Abstract – This describes dielectric gaseous compounds that are useful as insulating-gases for use with electrical equipment, such as gas-insulated circuit breakers and current-interruption equipment, gas-insulated transmission lines, gas-insulated transformers, or gas-insulated substations.

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The inventors explained that the inventive gaseous dielectric compounds are a substitute for SF6 (Sulfur Hexafluoride). SF6 is an efficient absorber of infrared radiation, particularly at wavelengths near 10.5.mu.m. Additionally, unlike most other naturally occurring greenhouse gases (e.g., CO2, CH4), SF6 is only slowly decomposed; therefore, its contribution to global warming is expected to be cumulative and long lasting. The strong infrared absorption of SF6 and its long lifetime in the environment are the reasons for its extremely high global warming potential which for a 100year time horizon is estimated to be approximately 22,200 times greater (per unit mass) than that of CO2, the predominant contributor to the greenhouse effect. The concern about the presence of SF6 in the environment derives exclusively from this very high value of its potency as a greenhouse gas. Matthew H. Luly (first inventor listed with a co-inventor) is from Hamburg, New York. Honeywell International Inc. (patent assignee) is an American multinational conglomerate company that produces a variety of commercial and consumer products, engineering services and aerospace systems for a wide variety of customers, from private consumers to major corporations and governments. [15]

Molecular conversion processing of greenhouse gases of global warming effect and conversion units employing a solid particle trap (de Souza, et al. in Patent number 7,964,169 - June 21, 2011) Abstract – This describes using a molecular conversion unit with a solid particle trap consisting of plasma combustion chamber and an electrostatic filter for the collection of solid particles. The inventors explained that the process degrades carbon dioxide (CO2), which is one of the main components of greenhouse gases, into solid carbon and gaseous oxygen (O2). Nito Angelo Debacher (second inventor listed with a co-inventor) received a PhD from the University of Bristol, England in 1991. Dr. Debacher is a professor of physical chemistry at the Federal University of Santa Catarina in Florianopolis, Brazil. [16]

Years 2017 to 2010: Global Warming is in the Patent Title

21

Chapter Two References 1) Union of Concerned Scientists. “Early Warning Signs of Global Warming: Heat Waves” Accessed April of 2017. https://www3.epa.gov/climatechange/kids/impacts/signs/glaciers.html 2) HERMIONE MALONE. 2000. “Talbert Researches Clean Fuel Allentown Company Has Been the Driving Force Behind New, Reformulated Gasolines for Cars” The Morning Call Accessed April of 2017. http://articles.mcall.com/2000-07-09/business/3325342_1_gasolineproduction-burn-low-octane 3) David R. Elmaleh. “Bio Sketch” Gordon Center for Medical Imaging Accessed July 6, 2017. http://gordon.mgh.harvard.edu/gc/people/faculty/david-r-elmaleh/ 4) J. Stuart Nelson, M.D., Ph.D. “My Team” Zalea Accessed April of 2017. http://zalea.com/physician/bio/11662/j-stuart-nelson-md-phd 5) Regents of the University of California. Board of Reagents Accessed July 6, 2017. http://regents.universityofcalifornia.edu/ 6) Vik Jolly. 2011. “Program erases ex-cons' tattoos” The Orange County Register Accessed April of 2017. http://www.ocregister.com/articles/probation-291205-tattoosprogram.html 7) RPL Holdings Limited. Bloomberg Accessed April of 2017. http://www.bloomberg.com/research/stocks/private/snapshot.asp?privc apId=132235070 8) Tina Overton, et al. 2006. “A case study in Green chemistry: Developing replacements for CFCs” University of Leicester Accessed April of 2017. https://journals.le.ac.uk/ojs1/index.php/new-directions/article/view/438 9) David Nalewajek. “Crowdle Award” Canisius Accessed April of 2017. https://www.canisius.edu/academics/programs/chemistry-andbiochemistry/academics/programs/chemistry-and-biochemistry-5 10) Honeywell International Inc. Company Website Accessed July of 2017. https://www.honeywell.com/ 11) ASC. 2016. “Green Chemistry and the Canisius College” Accessed April of 2017. https://communities.acs.org/community/science/sustainability/greenchemistry-nexus-blog/blog/2016/10/20/green-chemistry-and-thecanisius-college

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12) James K.J. Lee. 2016. “Taiwan Should Be Part of Global Fight Against Climate Change” The Diplomat Accessed April of 2017. http://thediplomat.com/2016/11/taiwan-should-be-part-of-global-fightagainst-climate-change/ 13) Ioan Grillo. 2015. “Climate change is making Mexico City unbreathable” Salon Accessed April of 2017. http://www.salon.com/2015/06/06/climate_change_is_making_mexico _city_unbreathable_partner/ 14) JW Technology. 2013. “About” Accessed April of 2017. http://www.jwpavement.com/about.php 15) Honeywell International Inc. Company Website Accessed July of 2017. https://www.honeywell.com/ 16) Nito Angelo Debacher. “Profile” USFC Accessed April of 2017. http://ppgqmc.posgrad.ufsc.br/nito-debacher/?lang=en

CHAPTER THREE YEARS 2009 TO 1991: GLOBAL WARMING IS IN THE PATENT TITLE

Climate change is a terrible problem, and it absolutely needs to be solved. It deserves to be a huge priority. —Bill Gates (American business magnate, investor, author, and philanthropist) You always have to be worried about something that is considered a socalled ‘scientific theory’ that fits every scenario. Climate change, as they’ve defined it, can never be disproved. —Ted Cruz (American politician and attorney, who has served as the junior United States Senator from Texas since 2013)

Early warning signals of global warming: Ground temperatures have increased throughout Alaska since the late 1970s, and permafrost has already thawed in many places. Permafrost refers to a layer of soil or rock that is frozen all year round. Permafrost is found throughout much of Alaska, parts of Canada, and other countries in the far north. You might think a place with permafrost would be barren, but plants can still grow in

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the soil at the surface, which is not frozen during warmer parts of the year. However, there may be a thick layer of permafrost underneath. As air temperature rises, so does the temperature of the ground, which can cause permafrost to thaw (or melt). [1]

Essentially non-flammable low global warming compositions (Thomas, et al. in Patent number 7,563,384 - July 21, 2009) Abstract – This describes a refrigerant using mixtures of heptafluorobutene and tetrafluoropropene that are essentially non-flammable, have a low global warming potential, appropriate boiling points, and good chemical stability. Rajiv R. Singh (third inventor listed with two co-inventors) received a PhD in chemistry from the University of Tennessee-Knoxville in 1987. Dr. Singh has chaired international committees, developed academic partnerships and industry standards, has more than 20 papers in peer reviewed academic journals, and more than 140 US patents. He is a corporate fellow at Honeywell. [2] Honeywell International Inc. (patent assignee) is an American multinational conglomerate company that produces a variety of commercial and consumer products, engineering services and aerospace systems for a wide variety of customers, from private consumers to major corporations and governments. [3] In an article from Thomasnet.com (February 2, 2015) titled, Honeywell Offers New Solstice-Refrigerants with Lower Global Warming Potential, it is written, “Honeywell today announced the launch of four new lowerglobal-warming-potential products for applications ranging from supermarket refrigeration to industrial cooling. The new products further expand Honeywell's (Solstice®) line of hydrofluoro-olefin refrigerants, blowing agents, aerosol propellants and solvents. Solstice products offer lower global warming potentials with similar or better cooling performance when compared to previous-generation products. ‘Each year, the world uses more than 200 million pounds of refrigerant, enough to keep food fresh in 240,000 supermarkets and to cool more than 300,000 commercial buildings,’ said George Koutsaftes, global business director for Honeywell's Fluorine Products business. ‘Honeywell is committed to continuing to invest in the development and introduction of new offerings,

Years 2009 to 1991: Global Warming is in the Patent Title

25

to make it easier for industry to adopt and use alternatives to higher global warming potential refrigerants.’” [4]

Plasma cleaning gas with lower global warming potential than SF6 (Hobbs, et al. in Patent number 6,886,573 - May 3, 2005)

Refining nonferrous metals and alloys with gases having reduced global warming potential (Hobbs, et al. in Patent number 6,682,585 - January 27, 2004) (Hobbs, et al. in Patent number 6,521,018 - February 18, 2003) and (Hobbs, et al. in Patent number 6,398,844 - June 4, 2002) Abstract (6,886,573) – This describes using environmentally friendly gases to remove unwanted deposits from a process chamber for making electronic devices. Claim 1 (6,886,573) – This describes a process for cleaning a deposit from an interior surface of a processing chamber, the process comprising: generating a plasma from a cleaning gas comprising SO2F2; and contacting the interior surface with the plasma for a time sufficient to convert the deposit into a volatile product, thereby cleaning the deposit from the interior surface, wherein the process is conducted in the absence of SF6 (Sulfur Hexafluoride). The inventors explained in patent number 6,886,573 that SF6 (Sulfur Hexafluoride) is extremely damaging to the environment. SF6 causes an irreversible atmospheric impact because it has an extremely long atmospheric lifetime (thousands of years) and high global warming potential values (GWP.sub.100). International concern over global warming has focused attention on the long atmospheric life of SF6 (about 3,200 years, compared to 50-200 years for CO2) together with its high potency as a greenhouse gas (23,900 times the 100-year global warming potential (GWP100) of CO2 on a mole basis) and has resulted in a call for voluntary reductions in emissions. Because of this concern, the use of SF6 is being restricted, and it is expected to be banned soon. The cleaning process of the present invention is conducted in the absence of SF6.

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John P. Hobbs (first inventor listed with a co-inventor in patent number 6,886,573) received a PhD in material science and engineering from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (1985). Dr. Hobbs is alternating President/Vice President at Halide Group, Inc. in Basel Area, Switzerland. [5] Air Products and Chemicals, Inc. (patent assignee) is an American international corporation whose principal business is selling gases and chemicals for industrial uses. [6]

Apparatus for treating pyrophoric gases and toxic global warming gases (Shiban in Patent number 6,315,960 - November 13, 2001) Abstract – This describes an apparatus which mixes oxygen with a hazardous gas with provision made for convenient removal of particulates collected from the oxidized gas flow. The inventor explained that in the manufacture of computer chips hazardous gases are generated which must be reduced to an inert state prior to being vented to the atmosphere. Silane gas, for example, occurs in the manufacture of semiconductors, photovoltaic and flat panels and cannot be vented to the atmosphere in view of its toxicity. The gas is pyrophoric and when oxidized results in the precipitation of particulate. The inventive apparatus mixes oxygen with the hazardous gas to form a particulate which is then collected from the oxidized gas flow. US Patent number 6,315,960 (Shiban) has been cited by 9 patents. [7] Samir S. Shiban (inventor and assignee) is from Chandler, Arizona.

Plasma cleaning and etching methods using non-globalwarming compounds (Misra in Patent number 6,242,359 - June 5, 2001) Abstract – This describes etching a layer on a silicon wafer wherein the method is useful in semiconductor manufacturing. Claim 1 – This describes a method wherein the non-global warming compound is trifluoromethanol, difluoromethanol, 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoroisopropanol,

Years 2009 to 1991: Global Warming is in the Patent Title

27

hexafluoro-2-trifluoromethyl-2-propanol, 1,1,2,2-tetrafluoro ethanediol or combinations thereof. The inventor explained that the term non-global-warming compound means a compound having a global-warming-potential of less than 20. US Patent number 6,242,359 (Misra) has been cited by 27 patents. [8] Ashutosh Misra (inventor) was born in Allahabad, India. He received a MS in chemistry from the Indian Institute of Technology in Kanpur, India. While completing his doctoral thesis in 1995, Mr. Misra joined Texas Instruments, Inc. ("TI") in Dallas, Texas as a Product Engineer in the Chemical Operations Department. His work involved alternative chemistries for global warming gases used in plasma processes, novel silicon wafer cleaning methods, chemical mechanical polishing chemistries, CVD chamber cleaning chemistries and methods of effectively cleaning chemical distribution systems in very short cycle times. Dr. Misra worked at TI until 1997, when Air Liquide America Electronics purchased the Chemical Operations Department at TI. In 1999, he was promoted to Director of Applications & New Product Development. Dr. Misra serves as the Director of Applications & New Product Development at Air Liquide America Electronics in Dallas, Texas, where he is responsible for identifying, researching and implementing advanced products and services for use in semiconductor manufacturing. [9] Air Liquide America Corporation (patent assignee) is in Houston, Texas and distributes supplies for machinery and equipment used in the manufacturing, oil, gas, and warehousing industries. [10]

Global warming cover (Sova in Patent number 6,095,366 - August 1, 2000) Abstract – This describes a general-purpose cooking utensil cover which is designed to capture and reuse radiated heat. The inventor explained that the cover generates savings by reducing the amount of time and heating energy required, no matter what mode (gas, electric, coal, oil, wood or campfire) of cooking is used. Also, less pollutants are produced and released into the atmosphere which, thereby, reduces our present global warming problem.

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U.S. Patent number 6,095,366 (Sova) has been cited by 11 patents. [11] Jacob W. Sova (inventor and assignee) is from Wyckoff, New Jersey.

Clean, tropodegradable agents with low ozone depletion and global warming potentials to protect against fires and explosions (Tapscott, et al. in Patent number 5,759,430 - June 2, 1998) Abstract – This describes a new series of chemical agents that offer greatly improved environmental characteristics while maintaining excellent extinguishment, suppression, and inertion properties compared to other agents. The inventors explained that their criterion is that the estimated atmospheric lifetime be on the order of days, giving ozone depletion potentials and global warming potentials that approach zero (probably less than 0.02) for a ground-level release. U.S. Patent number 5,759,430 (Tapscott, et al.) has been cited by 61 patents. [12] Robert E. Tapscott (first inventor listed with two co-inventors) received a PhD in chemistry from the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign in 1968. Dr. Tapscott began professional life as a chemical engineer, went into chemistry, and worked for many years as a professor at the University of New Mexico, where he concentrated on stereochemistry, on technologies to address ozone depletion and global warming, and on fire protection. Dr. Tapscott is an author at History and Composition. [13] In an article from the University of New Mexico (1996) titled, In Search of An Agent for The Portable Fire Extinguisher Tapscott, et al. write, “To date, there are no true chemical agents available that have a low toxicity and can provide the effectiveness equal to Halon 1211. Advanced agents are the likely alternatives where a "clean" agent is required. There are currently no non-clean alternatives that are available for most applications, and "trade-offs" are required.” [14]

Years 2009 to 1991: Global Warming is in the Patent Title

29

Hydrochlorofluorocarbons having oh rate constants which do not contribute substantially to ozone depletion and global warming (Li in Patent number 5,705,716 - January 6, 1998) (Li in Patent number 5,316,690 - May 31, 1994) (Li in Patent number 5,146,015 - September 8, 1992) Abstract – This describes hydrochlorofluorocarbons having 3 to 5 carbons atoms that are useful as solvents and blowing agents. US Patent number 5,705,716 (Li) has been cited by 26 patents. [15] Chien Chi Li (inventor) is from East Aurora, New York. AlliedSignal (patent assignee) was an American aerospace, automotive and engineering company created through the 1985 merger of Allied Corp. and Signal Companies. It subsequently purchased Honeywell for $15 billion in 1999, and thereafter adopted the Honeywell name and identity. [16]

Stratospheric Welsbach seeding for reduction of global warming (Chang, et al. in Patent number 5,003,186 - March 26, 1991) Abstract – This describes seeding the layer of heat-trapping gases in the atmosphere with particles of materials characterized by wavelengthdependent emissivity. Such materials include Welsbach materials and the oxides of metals which have high emissivity (and thus low reflectivity’s) in the visible and 8 to 12-micron infrared wavelength regions. The phrase “Welsbach seeding” is associated with the inventor Carl Auer von Welsbach. Mr. Welsbach taught that effective dust-like particles can be effectively distributed into the atmosphere using airplanes. He believed that certain particles can be used to absorb the heat radiation of the earth, which contains predominantly far infrared, and can at least partially emit the energy thus absorbed in the form of visible light. Visible light is hardly attenuated by greenhouse gases, so the greenhouse effect would be reduced

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if the particles absorb more energy in the wavelength range of the far infrared than they emit ebendort. US Patent number 5,003,186 (Chang, et al.) has been cited by 31 patents. [17] David B. Chang (first inventor listed with a co-inventor) is from Tustin, California. Hughes Aircraft Company (patent assignee) was one of the largest defense and aviation companies in the United States. It was founded in 1936 by Howard Hughes. The head office was at Ballona Creek, in Culver City. [18]

Chapter Three References 1) Union of Concerned Scientists. “Early Warning Signs of Global Warming: Heat Waves” Accessed April of 2017. https://www3.epa.gov/climatechange/kids/impacts/signs/permafrost.ht ml 2) Rajiv R. Singh. “Profile” LinkedIn Accessed April of 2017. https://www.linkedin.com/in/rajiv-singh-8284993/ 3) Honeywell International Inc. Company Website Accessed July of 2017. https://www.honeywell.com/ 4) Thomasnet.com. 2015. “Honeywell Offers New Solstice-Refrigerants with Lower Global Warming Potential” Accessed April of 2017. http://news.thomasnet.com/companystory/honeywell-offers-newsolstice-refrigerants-with-lower-global-warming-potential-20039105 5) John P. Hobbs. “Profile” LinkedIn Accessed April of 2017. https://ch.linkedin.com/in/john-peter-hobbs-2a501512 6) Air Products and Chemicals, Inc. “Company Website” Accessed July of 2017. http://www.airproducts.com/ 7) Shiban. “6,315,960” Google Patents Accessed April of 2017. https://patents.google.com/patent/US6315960B1/en 8) Misra. “6,242,359” Google Patents Accessed April of 2017. https://patents.google.com/patent/US6242359B1/en 9) Ashutosh Misra. “About the Editors” Handbook of Chemicals and Gases for the Semiconductor Industry Accessed April of 2017. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/book/10.1002/0471263850/homepage/E ditorsContributors.html 10) Air Liquide America Corporation. “Company Profile” Bloomberg Accessed April of 2017.

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https://www.bloomberg.com/profiles/companies/0954658D:US-airliquide-america-corp 11) Sova. “6,096,366” Google Patents Accessed April of 2017. https://patents.google.com/patent/US6095366A/en 12) Tapscott, et al. “5,759,430” Google Patents Accessed April of 2017. https://patents.google.com/patent/US5759430A/en 13) Robert E. Tapscott. “Profile” LinkedIn Accessed April of 2017. https://www.linkedin.com/in/robert-e-tapscott-b62239ba/ 14) Tapscott, et al. 1996. “In Search of An Agent for The Portable Fire Extinguisher” University of New Mexico Accessed April of 2017. https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/documents/el/fire_research/R03 01080.pdf 15) Li. “5,705,716” Google Patents Accessed April of 2017. https://patents.google.com/patent/US5705716A/en 16) AlliedSignal. “Company History” Accessed July of 2017. http://www.company-histories.com/AlliedSignal-Inc-CompanyHistory.html 17) Chang, et al. “5,003,186” Google Patents Accessed April of 2017. https://patents.google.com/patent/US5003186A/en 18) Hughes Aircraft Company. “Company Profile” Bloomberg Accessed July of 2017. https://www.bloomberg.com/profiles/companies/0704521D:UShughes-aircraft-co

CHAPTER FOUR YEARS 2017 TO 2014

Global warming isn’t real because I was cold today! Also, great news: World hunger is over because I just ate —Stephen Colbert (American comedian, television host, and author) It’s the most severe winter storm in years, which seems to contradict Al Gore’s hysterical global warming theories. —Sean Hannity (American radio and television host, author, and conservative political commentator)

Early warning signals of global warming: Over the last few decades, the amount of carbon dioxide dissolved in the ocean has increased all over the world, and so has ocean acidity. Carbon dioxide is added to the atmosphere whenever people burn fossil fuels. Oceans play an important role in keeping the Earth's carbon cycle in balance. As the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere rises, the oceans absorb a lot of it. In the ocean, carbon dioxide reacts with seawater to form carbonic acid. This causes the acidity of seawater to increase. [1]

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Parking lot shade for generating electricity having a photovoltaic system that tracks a maximum power point (Abido, et al. in Patent number 9,590,425 - March 7, 2017) The inventors explained that there is a need to overcome the problems associated with generation of electricity from fossil fuels. Mohamed A. Abido (first inventor listed with a co-inventor) received a PhD from King Fahd University Petroleum & Minister, Saudi Arabia, 1997. Dr. Abido is an Egyptian engineering educator and researcher. [2] King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals (co-assignee) is a public university in Dhahran, Saudi Arabia. Among Saudi universities, its science and engineering programs are highly regarded. [3]

High lubrication shaving aid (Kulesza in Patent number 9,561,164 - February 7, 2017) Abstract – This describes the use of an organic polyhalogenic agent. Claim 1 – This describes a shaving aid that is free of saturated aliphatic hydrocarbons. The inventor explained that the use of volatile hydrocarbons to promote foaming in post-foaming gels and other shaving creams reduces the lubricity of the final product on the skin. In addition, these foaming aids are linked to global warming. Thus, there is a need for a foaming shaving cream that does not require hydrocarbons for foaming and provides improved lubricity. John E. Kulesza (inventor and assignee) is the founder and president of Young Pharmaceuticals, Inc., a 32-year old firm based in Hartford, CT. that develops and markets proprietary dermatology products to dispensing physicians. Mr. Kulesza, an industrial chemist by training, holds several US patents on dermatological technologies.

Years 2017 to 2014

35

System and method for removing carbon dioxide from an atmosphere and global thermostat using the same (Eisenberger, et al. in Patent number 9,555,365 - January 31, 2017) The inventors explained that solving the global warming problem by extracting carbon dioxide (CO2) from the low concentration ambient air is very attractive compared to the conventional approach of extracting CO2 from high concentration flue gas sources. The applicants' approach would produce negative carbon, reducing the amount of CO2 in the atmosphere, while cleaning up the flue gas would only prevent the CO2 content in the air from increasing. Peter Eisenberger (first inventor listed with a co-inventor) received a PhD in applied physics from Harvard University in 1967. Dr. Eisenberger is the chief technology officer and co-founder of Global Thermostat. [4] In an article from NPR (June 27, 2013) titled, This Climate Fix Might Be Decades Ahead of Its Time author Richard Harris writes, “Every year, people add 30 billion tons of carbon dioxide to the air, mostly by burning fossil fuels. That's contributing to climate change. A few scientists have been dreaming about ways to pull some of that CO2 out of the air, but face stiff skepticism and major hurdles. This is the story of one scientist who's pressing ahead. Peter Eisenberger is a distinguished professor of earth and environmental sciences at Columbia University. Earlier in his career, he ran the university's famed Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory and founded Columbia's Earth Institute. He was never one of those scientists who tinkered into the night on inventions. But he realized he didn't need to be. ‘If you looked at knowledge as a commodity, we had generated this enormous amount of knowledge and we hadn't even begun to think of the many ways we could apply it,’ Eisenberger says. He decided he'd settle on a problem he wanted to solve and then dive into the pool of knowledge for existing technologies that could help him. He started looking for a way to pull carbon dioxide right out of the air. ‘And it turned out the best device already exists,’ he says. ‘It's called a monolith. That is the same type of instrument that's in the catalytic converter in your car. It cleans up your exhaust.’ Eisenberger's monoliths grab carbon dioxide from the air and release it again when you heat them up. He teamed up with a colleague at Columbia, Graciela Chichilnisky, and formed a company to develop the idea. Global Thermostat got seed money from Edgar Bronfman, Jr. — CEO of Warner Music Group and the former CEO of Seagram's, his family's business. The company has built two pilot plants at SRI

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International in Menlo Park, Calif. But of course, there are big issues to solve: What do you do with the carbon dioxide once you've captured it, and how do you make money? ‘So, we then we looked for ways to monetize CO2 and found that lots of people wanted to use CO2 as a feedstock to make a valuable product,’ Eisenberger says. Growers pipe carbon dioxide into greenhouses. Oil companies pump it underground to help them squeeze out more oil. Soda companies use it to put bubbles in their drinks. These are mostly small-scale applications. Maybe someday Eisenberger could get paid to clean up the atmosphere by sucking out the CO2 and burying it underground, though there's no market for that now. But using carbon dioxide to make fuel could someday be big. So Eisenberger's first project involves using CO2 to feed algae that churn out biofuel. ‘Our first demonstration plant is being erected right now down in Daphne, Alabama, with an algae company called Algae Systems, which sits on Mobile Bay,’ Eisenberger says. ‘They'll be floating their algae in plastic bags on the top of the water. We'll be piping in CO2 that we pull out of the air, and the sun will do the rest.’ Of course, this one project will have zero effect on how much carbon dioxide is in the earth's atmosphere. But Eisenberger has much grander ambitions. ‘I believe we have something that's economically viable, so our company will be successful,’ he says. ‘But I'm really in this because I want to contribute to a long-term solution that the world needs.’ Eisenberger says if he can open the door to capturing carbon dioxide from the air — and make the process cheap enough — someday we could actually slow down, or possibly even reverse, the buildup of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.” [5]

Plant derived plastic blend and a method of manufacturing the same (Shimizu in Patent number 9,546,265 - January 17, 2017) Abstract – This describes plant derived plastic blend containing a plant derived polyethylene, polylactic acid, and a compatibilizing agent. Claim 5 – This describes automotive parts comprising a plant derived plastic blend. The inventor explained that it is believed that reducing dependence on fossil resources is one of the most effective solutions as a measure against the problem of global warming. Hiroshi Shimizu (inventor) is from Tsukuba, Japan.

Years 2017 to 2014

37

National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (patent assignee) is a Japanese research facility headquartered in Tokyo, and most of the workforce is in Tsukuba Science City, Ibaraki, and in several cities throughout Japan. The institute is managed to integrate scientific and engineering knowledge to address socio-economic needs. [6]

Optical adapters for mobile devices with a camera (Roman in Patent number 9,544,539 - January 10, 2017) Abstract – This describes optical adapters for mobile devices with still or video cameras. The inventor explained that videoconferencing adds a visual component to telecommunication and is becoming more popular especially with the current focus on global warming and the high cost of travel. Travel for face-to-face meetings is expensive, as well as bad for the environment. The invention provides a portable, mobile, lightweight, removable, low cost, easy to manufacture, easy to ship, easy to transport, easy to store, and easy to use device that provides an effective means of videoconferencing over a mobile phone, such as the iPhone or other mobile devices with cameras. Kendyl A Roman (inventor and assignee) received a BSc in computer science from Brigham Young University. Kendyl Roman is CEO of MediaFrame, Inc.

Beacon deployment for use with Location Based Services (LBS) (Mendelson in Patent number 9,538,332 - January 3, 2017) Abstract – This describes a system that saves gas, time, money and eases global warming by reducing the time spent searching for a destination. Ehud Mendelson (inventor and assignee) is president at Blue Umbrella Inc. In a communication from Blue Umbrella Inc. (June 18, 2010) titled, Blue Umbrella Inc. to Introduce First Indoor Navigation author Martin Glanert writes, “Blue Umbrella Inc. An R&D company pioneering in indoor navigation, today announced an indoor navigation solution that according

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to the company president and chief scientist ‘will have a game changing’ impact on the market. The solution aims to open an untapped market – the indoor, where we spend more than 80% of our time and where GPS or ordinary navigation method prove to be unreliable. Ehud Mendelson, the company president, explains, ‘indoor navigation is completely different than outdoor navigation, to be practical there is a need for better accuracy below 1m, well below the existing method provided today, as well as speed and easy deployment ‘. Blue Umbrella’s method uses the existing Bluetooth available almost on any phone and tiny, low cost (Below $10) beacons installed in a known location in the area like a mall or store. The beacons provide a proximity triggering mechanism for a fast and easy deployment with superior accuracy (below 1m) to even product in an aisle. Mendelson notes, ‘What is unique that the tiny tags/beacons are autonomous and there is no exchange of communication between the beacons and the user resulting in faster locating without even need for cellular or internet, it also saving the user’s battery power’. The company tailors a special patented application for the indoor users to be used in everything from finding specials, sales, and coupons to finding where you park your car and in an emergency even providing you with alarming and notification and directing you to the exit route. The products in development are part of 14 applications for indoor use, based on patents pending going back to 2005. They include Indoor Navigation™, Nav4mall™, Nav4Store™, Nav4Sale™, Nav4Museum™, and Nav4Indoor™ to name a few. ‘The needs for Indoor navigation is not limited to the shopping mall, we see it being used inside department stores, and even in supermarkets, commercial buildings, shows, conferences, and museums as well as hotels, resorts, amusements parks, and at any places like downtown where there is a need for better accuracy than that of today’s method’. Aside from the user navigation, the company developed ‘Sales sense™’, a next generation marketing method for the mall or store owner to benefit from analytic information (without reviling user identity). The innovation, which includes marketing and privacy control tools, brings web-like sales tools to real life and real-time application benefits the facility business owner for the better shopping experiences. In view of the emerging market and this huge opportunity, the company is seeking a strategic partnership for the go-to market, ‘In today’s tight GPS, outdoor navigation, and LBS (Local Based Services) market, indoor navigation may represent a huge new and promising market. Our mobile infrastructure platform and application can be easily integrated with existing locating and navigating solutions and serve as a turn-key for Tel /GPS/manufacture/operator and local search

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and advertising applications for the huge emerging market around the world. The market possibilities are endless!” [7]

Diverter and lid assembly for use with a rain barrel device and system (Griffin, et al. in Patent number 9,534,358 - January 3, 2017) Abstract – This describes a diverter and lid assembly for use with a rain barrel. Scott Griffin (first inventor listed with nine co-inventors) has been chief sustainability officer of Greif, Inc. since October 2011 and serves as its vice president of corporate communications. Mr. Griffin is responsible for leading the development of Greif's sustainability strategy and works with communities, governments and NGO partners to reach the Greif, Inc. sustainability goals in energy, carbon and water. He serves as the Greif liaison delegate to the World Business Council for Sustainable Development and the Clinton Global Initiative and is the executive focal point for Greif's partnership with The Conservation Fund. He has also been instrumental in raising Greif profile with the increasing number of customers and others who are equally interested in sustainable business practices. He understands that truly sustainability initiatives must make financial as well as environmental sense. Mr. Griffin served as vice president of sustainability and commercial excellence at Greif, Inc. Mr. Griffin also teaches courses on strategy and sustainability at the Ohio State University's Fisher Graduate School of Business. He graduated from The Ohio State University and received a MBA from Xavier University. [8] Earth Minded, LLC. (patent assignee) collects, cleans, reshapes, reconditions or remanufactures, and tests industrial packaging for reuse and recycling in the Northeast United States. It provides a range of reconditioned and remanufactured industrial packaging and related services in Europe and North America. The company’s reconditioned and remanufactured products include steel drums and plastic drums of open and tight (closed) headed, IBCs, and fiber drums. It also offers RainStation, the rainwater harvesting products for various home, garden, and agricultural uses of rain; and life cycle services, including trucking and disposal. The company is based in Delaware, Ohio. EarthMinded LLC is a joint venture between Greif, Inc. and Container Life Cycle Management LLC. [9]

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In an article from Columbus Business News (January 26, 2015) titled, Greif pleased with growing rain barrel business, especially in California, author Tom Knox writes, “In 2010 Greif Inc. launched a test program in Columbus for a new rain barrel product. Sold under the name of its subsidiary EarthMinded, the barrels are the only consumer-facing product the $4.24 billion company sells, executives of the Delaware-based industrial packaging firm (NYSE:GEF) told me. So, how did the test go? Well enough that the company now sells the barrels, which typically gather water from a gutter downspout and store it for later use, in big-box stores like Home Depot Inc. (NYSE:HD) and Lowe's Companies Inc. (NYSE:LOW). Greif also has a partnership with the city to sell its rain barrels to residents at a discount. And like another publicly traded Central Ohio company, Scotts Miracle-Gro Co. (NYSE:SMG), the severe drought on the West Coast is helping sales, said Scott Griffin, Greif's chief sustainability officer. ‘It's a great business, growing year-over-year,’ he said. Greif officials wouldn't break out EarthMinded's annual sales, but said the water-conservation product line is still a small part of their business, which is in the midst of a multi-year restructuring, detailed in Friday's edition of Columbus Business First. During the test five years ago, Greif donated $10,000 worth of rain barrels – 250 in all – to residents in the Clintonville area of Columbus.” [10]

Ecocharge powered planes and drones (McCrady in Patent number 9,539,906 - January 10, 2017) Abstract – This describes using the Earth's magnetic field to make electrical current that continuously powers planes and drones. The inventor explained that a disruptive technology is needed to mine the Earth's magnetic field. Such a technology, graphene, is now at an early stage of development with excellent properties in the form of high conductivity, low resistivity, durable, light weight, low cost sheets. Multiple sheets of graphene provide a significant multiplier to the Earth's magnetic field yielding a feasible source of ecologically clean power. Graphene based EcoCharge units can be driven by electric motors putting graphene in motion to mine the Earth's magnetic field. Estimates show that for a Solar Impulse 2 like electric plane, eight EcoCharge units weighing 64 lbs. generate 60 kW RMS continuously replacing 3,000 lbs. of photovoltaic cells generating 50 kW RMS during the day only.

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Dennis D. McCrady (inventor and assignee) received a PhD in electrical engineering from the University of Rhode Island. Dr. McCrady is a consultant at Dynaspot. [11]

Bee displacement apparatus (Muffie in Patent number 9,474,210 - October 25, 2016) Abstract – This describes a bee displacement apparatus positioned in front of a cutting deck of the motorized mowing machine such that when the motorized blower is operated, a concentrated air stream is forced out of the mouth at an area of vegetation directly in front of the cutting deck. The inventor explained that what is needed is a method and assembly to displace bees from fields and lawns that does not harm the bees, is easy to use, and can be safely retrofitted to several different lawn-mowing machine styles. Kevin M. Muffie (inventor and assignee) is from Saltsburg, Pennsylvania. In a communication from Beesaver.net it is written, “Hello, my name is Kevin Muffie. I have been an avid gardener and outdoorsman for over thirty years. It was brought to my attention about 5-6 years ago, that the bee population has been declining. Honey bee colonies have declined from 5 million in the 1940s to approximately 2.5 million today. Honey bees are responsible for more than $15 billion of crop value per year (Kaplan, 2013). This equals out to 1/3 of the foods we eat, including the $150 billion worth of honey created annually (Sass, 2011). As I rely on the bees to pollinate my plants, I decided to start paying close attention to the bees I encounter. After some close observation, I noticed that I was killing hundreds of bees regularly when mowing my lawn. No one notices the amount of honey bees being killed by the lawn mowers, because they are not looking intently to see what is on the clover they are cutting. Bees blend in with the clover they are diligently working on, so it becomes difficult to notice them from a distance. After coming to this conclusion, I decided to start thinking of ways to help prevent the bees from being killed.” [12]

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Gelatin solution (Ford, et al. in Patent number 9,458,587 - October 4, 2016) Abstract – This describes the prevention of sand and other soil erosion, a problem particularly on shorelines and beaches and one that will become more of an issue given the progress of global warming. Claim 1 - This describes a method of: creating a mixture of sand and liquid gelatin; forming a plurality of holes in the sandy shoreline; injecting the mixture of sand and gelatin into the plurality of holes formed; allowing the mixture of sand and gelatin to cure and solidify, the plurality of solidified holes with cured gelatin and sand mixture thereby forming a stabilization wall on the shoreline; and wherein the plurality of holes forming the stabilization wall are placed seaside to a structure to be protected from erosion. Nicholas Ford (first inventor listed with ten co-inventors and coassignee) is from Washington, DC.

Climate-regulating-system (Bradley in Patent number 9,457,919 - October 4, 2016) Abstract – This describes a sun synchronous orbiting shield to block sun light to the Earth. Shade is provided to the Earth and travels across the Earth as the Earth rotates mitigating the effects of sunlight on global warming. Claim - A shield for mitigating the effects of sunlight on the Earth, comprising, a shield deployed in orbit above the Earth, outside of the Earth's atmosphere and centralized near the Earth's equator, the shield orbit is a sun synchronous orbit, this shield is made of an opaque or reflective fabric sheet like shroud that blocks sunlight to the Earth, this shield provides a shade, whereby the shade provided by the shield travels across the Earth in a counter direction to the Earth orbit and is positioned to block noon day sun, the shield will be capable of accommodating messages, the shield is a monolithic structure capable of being joined with other similar shields, the shields are capable of being joined together in various configurations, the shields are further capable of being joined together utilizing rip stop strips or hook and loop fasteners, any assemble of one or more shields will be capable of being positioned in orbit utilizing

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thrusters, the shield or shields will be capable of automated assembly and operation. The inventor explained that sun light at the Earth surface always provided all the energy utilized at the surface that has provided the life stimulating energy for plants to grow and animals to thrive. That sun energy was required for the Earth to maintain favorable surface and climate temperatures, that the evolved creatures on the Earth now utilize to thrive, but as global Earth heating has progressed, those favorable temperatures are diminishing. That means the sun is causing an increase in the Earth’s temperature that is evident-measured, and it now is increasing to the point that the biological life now present is so highly stressed it will wither and die in the very near future considering the Earth’s accelerated geological pace of change taking place that was caused, initiated, by human behavior. Now, all the required technology, materials, knowledge to design, to organize, to fabricate, to control, and to install the climate regulating system is mature and available mostly commercially for use in this world size system. Curtis Bradley (inventor and assignee): In an obituary from Legacy.com titled, Curtis E. "Curt" Bradley it is written, “Bradley, Curtis ‘Curt’ E. 94, of Scottsdale, AZ died peacefully at age 94 on May 7, 2016. He grew up in beautiful Colorado Springs, CO where he learned about all things mechanical while helping his father work on the family car. He first took the wheel at age 11 and bought his first car while still in high school. Starting at the age of 12 he helped support his family during the Depression with earnings from his newspaper route. Curt first experienced flight when his father treated him to ride in a barnstormer's "Jenny" after watching the National Air Show. He went on to enjoy many years as a pilot active In the Soaring Society of America, keeping his sailplane parked in the carport of his home in a trailer he designed and built himself. Curt served in the Army Air Corps during WWII which further stimulated his love of aircraft and initiated his interest in gas turbine technology. He went on to attend Stanford University and after graduation began a 35-year career in aeronautical engineering with Garrett AiResearch (later Allied Signal and Honeywell.) Upon his retirement, he worked as an independent consultant and inventor, obtaining multiple patents in his field. His last patent was approved just weeks after his death. Curt was a committed and tireless advocate for environmental causes, and was particularly dedicated to counteracting the threat of climate change, including authoring a book proposing solutions to global warming, What Matters Is You and What You Do.” [13]

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Method for using the moon's thermal output to track calibration drifts in instruments on board satellites observing the earth (Matthews in Patent number 9,297,699 - March 29, 2016) Abstract – This describes the radiometric calibration of climate monitoring remote sensors in space. The inventor explained that the present invention provides methods for calibrating existing instruments on-board various satellites that orbit the Earth to measure its albedo and thermal infra-red output to space. The methods of the present invention are inexpensive compared to launching new instruments that are "near perfect". In addition, by calibrating existing instruments, trends in climate changes may become known within ten years, rather than the thirty years that would be required for the launching of a new instrument (10 years of planning plus 20 years of observable data). By correcting the calibration of an existing instrument, its data may be corrected back into the past to the time of its launch. Thus, 20 years of observable data may be available much sooner. Grant Matthews (inventor) received a PhD in physics from Imperial College, London (2003). Dr. Matthews was a customer solution engineer at Exelis from 2009-2013. He is president at Zedika Solutions, LLC. [14] Exelis, Inc. (patent assignee) was a global aerospace, defense, information and services company created in October 2011 because of the spinoff of ITT Corporation's defense business into an independent, publicly traded company. [15] In a recorded presentation from the American Meteorological Society (January of 2017) titled, The Moon and Earth Radiation Budget Experiment (MERBE), Grant Matthew disclosed, “Recent work by the NASA Clarreo team reports that calibration quality of existing spacebased Earth Radiation Budget (ERB) measurements is insufficient to detect important model predicted cloud climate forcing trends in the near future, given the estimated sizes of the signals of interest. Additional statistical results from the same studies show that no mission, even those using improved concepts in development, will provide the data accuracy required to detect such predicted but uncertain climate signals for at least twenty years. Hence a new project called the Moon and Earth Radiation Budget Experiment (MERBE) is underway.” [16]

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Solid fuel (Kiyama, et al. in Patent number 9,296,967 - March 29, 2016) Abstract – This describes a solid fuel formed from vegetable oilcontaining substance instead of plastic. Claim 1 – This describes a solid fuel formed from a binder comprising starch derived from sea alga (component A), a form retaining agent comprising natural rubber (component B) and a vegetable oil-containing substance comprising the fruit seed of Ricinus communis or Jatropha curcas. The inventors explained the solid fuel of the present invention comprises a binder and a form retaining agent derive from plants and a vegetable oilcontaining substance without using plastics derived from oil, it has a remarkable effect of suppressing the production of carbon dioxide. Michihiro Kiyama (first inventor listed with a co-inventor) received an education from Fukuoka University from 1975-1980. Mr. Kiyama is the CEO at Creative KK R & D Eco-recycleport at the Hiroshima Institute. In a LinkedIn profile for Michihiro Kiyama it is written, “Escaping from fossil fuels, for the children of the future, With the Earth Entrepreneurship, to stand up and be sure to be accomplished, Believe, I've been working hard all the time for 40 years. In East Asia, I have been doing business and thinking to break away from fossil fuels to Japan. This, of course, after the earthquake a year ago, in Japan in Tokyo for a year, about the world, about Japan, people around the world, about the affected people, I thought about the people of the volunteers, about the people in Japan. Prevention of global warming, climate change is stopped first for children of the future. Also, recently, it is told that CFC has several hundred thousand times the influence of Co 2, methane gives 20 times more negative influence. Japan has no resources. But there is wisdom. I also devise. We are researching and developing the plant solid fuel (new biomass fuel). I have been acting for more than 30 years. As a result, it is still unpublished, but excellent, More than 50 million tons / year of unutilized plant solid fuel (new biomass fuel) Spent goods solid fuel (new biomass fuel) There are in the world. I would like to do business development with the world's entrepreneurs with that technology. RPPWF® ™ / GREENCOAL® ™ = Class 4 of the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry registration patented solid fuel. The plant solid fuel (new biomass fuel), Nextgeneration plant solid fuel (new biomass fuel), Furthermore, super plant

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solid fuel (new biomass fuel) It is named plant solid fuel (new biomass fuel) + alpha, You can make 2 0 classifications and more than 5000 items. In addition, nanotechnology, chemical technology, physics, geology, oceanography, Agriculture, forestry, space engineering, to a variety of technologies. Easier to use by changing the molecular structure, even in the ocean. There is a wonderful solid fuel source. Of course, it is for unused goods / unused residual goods / spent goods. It is not used locally, it has no attention. Regarding bioplastics, what will be the impact on the earth and future? It is important to evaluate whether to give it to future children. Besides, it is better to think about global warming prevention and climate change. With convenience and discussion, I will tell the children of the future, Can you baton touch the earth? More, familiar, its ideas, items, new science. We do not want you to enter the environmental field more than necessary. In the past, environmentally, science and technology praised as a Nobel prize But, it is PCB and Freon ... But this is the future of the earth, Can we take over to the children? What is friendly to the earth, this earth tells the idea. Let's take that idea. Origin of the origin of RPPWF® ™ is Indian country. The impact of looking at Indian cow's shit is immeasurable. In Japan, as an academic, engaged in R & D, changing the molecular structure, Discovering and getting a patent, Newton discovered attraction, as an academic, as far as discovering the same as the theoretical calculation, thinking about. This year is the first year since Japan suffered the Great East Japan Earthquake. This RPPWF® ™ / GREENCOAL® ™ = Type 4 solid fuel burning business to prevent global warming, I am full of feelings that I try hard to work hard.’ let's work hard together. To the entrepreneurs of the earth”. [17] Creative Company (patent assignee) is in Hiroshima, Japan.

Method and device for determining greenhouse gas emission from a ruminant (Van Der Kamp, et al. in Patent number 9,250,226 - February 2, 2016) Abstract – This describes a useful model for the determination of greenhouse gas emissions of dairy animals in their normal environment and in a loose-housing environment. Claim 18 – This describes a method wherein rumination sounds are excluded.

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The inventors explained that enhanced greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions are deemed to be a cause of an enhanced greenhouse effect. Emissions by dairy animals are believed to contribute a large part of the enhanced greenhouse gas emissions, not only via manure but also, and believed mainly, via eructation of methane. Therefore, it is important to know the emission of such greenhouse gases in dairy animals, for knowing the emissions is a necessary first step of controlling and reducing such emissions. Adolf Jan Van Der Kamp (first inventor listed with two co-inventors) is from Kampereiland, Netherlands. Lely Patent N.V. (patent assignee) markets and distributes farm machinery, animal feed, and other farming equipment’s. The Company offers forage harvesting, milking, feeding, housing, caring and turf care. Lely Industries serves customers throughout the Netherlands. [18]

Systems and methods for managing global warning (Marino in Patent number 9,152,994 - October 6, 2015) Abstract – This describes a method for greenhouse gas trading. Claim 1 – This describes a method comprising: providing at least one geographically defined biosphere box comprising at least one of a terrestrial and an aquatic ecosystem, wherein the at least one geographically defined biosphere box is compartmentalized into at least one GHG reservoir; measuring at least one GHG flux in the at least one GHG reservoir by a measuring system that comprises: an array of analyzers placed in predetermined representative locations throughout the at least one GHG reservoir, wherein each analyzer measures at least one GHG flux in the at least one GHG reservoir by measuring a released and a sequestered amount of GHG in the at least one GHG reservoir; and a standard reference module for defining for the at least one geographically defined biosphere box a first baseline GHG flux; comparing the at least one measured GHG flux of the at least one GHG reservoir with the first baseline to generate at least one first resultant GHG flux data of the at least one geographically defined biosphere box using a data processing system; and defining a closed-end fund comprising a plurality of traded items wherein each traded item corresponds to the at least one first resultant GHG flux data of the at least one geographically defined biosphere box using the data processing system.

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The inventor explained that any additional features related to the securitization of forest carbon that ensured or placed a premium on biodiversity and on indigenous culture would be highly desirable. The invention described herein addresses methods to emphasize biodiversity and human culture by placing a premium on these features in any given forest location. Bruno D.V. Marino (inventor) is the founder, chairman and chief executive officer of Planetary Emissions Management Inc. Dr. Marino has extensive experience with diverse approaches and instrumentation for isotopic analysis and has published extensively in the areas of global climate change science, environmental monitoring and ecosystem management of closed systems. He served as the director of science and research at Biosphere-2 and as a research associate of Lamont Doherty Earth Observatory, Columbia University. Dr. Marino is a graduate of Phillips Andover Academy, Johns Hopkins University, and Harvard University where he received an MA and PhD. He was awarded a NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies Fellowship in the Division of Applied Sciences and Earth Sciences. [19] Planetary Emissions Management (patent assignee) makes measurements of CO2 that can be monetized as securities, not "credits" --the economic and planetary impacts are potentially immediate. Planetary Emissions Management (PEM) is commercializing a unique suite of hardware and software tools to make real-time measurements of greenhouse gases. The data are used to create verifiable environmental financial products. Greenhouse gas trading is in its infancy as the complexities of measuring and monetizing emissions of a gas (i.e., CO2) are challenging. PEM has the technology and applications to make CO2 emissions a tangible entity for management of atmospheric composition and monetization to financial markets. PEM is headquartered in Cambridge, Massachusetts. [20] In an article from PR web (November 18, 2016) titled, CO2 Flux Network for 2+ Million Acre Democratic Republic of Congo Forest Carbon Sequestration Projects Proposed to Reverse Deforestation with Economic Benefits it is written, “Planetary Emissions Management Inc. and EmiAfrican will deploy a network of CO2 flux sensors across diverse landscapes of the Democratic Republic of Congo to support new tradable GHG products with the goals of reforestation, cultural preservation, and economic benefit.” [21]

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Drag reducing devices for a locomotive (Iden in Patent number 9,085,306 - July 21, 2015) Abstract – This describes reducing aerodynamic drag on a locomotive. The inventor explained that the proposed freight locomotive streamlining concept not only can reduce U.S. freight train fuel consumption, particularly at higher operating speeds, but can also reduce the contribution of those freight trains to global warming (a reduction in diesel fuel consumption is linearly proportional to a reduction in CO2 which is a classic "greenhouse gas"), oxides of nitrogen (a precursor to formation of ozone and photochemical smog), and particulate matter (a health concern), not to forget carbon monoxide or CO, unburnt hydrocarbons ("HCs"), and other emitants. Michael E. Iden (inventor) is the General Director Car and Locomotive Engineering for Union Pacific Railroad, serving as the lead technical representative in locomotive emissions issues. Previously he was employed by the Southern Railway System, the ElectroMotive Division of General Motors and the Chicago & North-Western Transportation Company. He has a bachelor's degree in mechanical engineering from the Milwaukee School of Engineering and a Master of Management degree from Northwestern University which he attended on a General Motors fellowship. Iden is a registered professional engineer in several states, and a federally licensed locomotive engineer. His recent work at Union Pacific includes leading the team which developed the world's first multi-engine ultra-low emitting diesel "Genset" switching locomotive. Iden has also lead UP's experimental efforts with retrofitting the first American switcher with diesel particulate filters, and retrofitting the first older line-haul locomotive with an oxidation catalyst. He serves on several technical committees of the Association of American Railroads (AAR), and has been chairman of three committees: The Locomotive Committee, the Technology Scanning Committee, and the Coupling Systems and Truck Castings Committee. In 2003, Iden was nominated for the AAR's annual Environmental Excellence award for his work in reducing locomotive emissions. [22] Union Pacific Railroad Company (patent assignee) is a freight hauling railroad that operates 8,500 locomotives over 32,100 route-miles in 23 states west of Chicago, Illinois and New Orleans, Louisiana. The Union Pacific Railroad network is the largest in the United States and employs

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42,600 people. It is also one of the world's largest transportation companies. [23] In an article from Fortune (May 16, 2014) titled, Union Pacific Railroad gets a refresh as climate risks climb, author Benjamin Snyder writes, “In an old-guard industry with over 150 years of history, railroad companies like Union Pacific Corporation are embracing technology to promote fuel efficiency in the 21st century. The aim: to lower costs and cut fossil fuel gas emissions. Take the work of Michael Iden, the general director of car and locomotive engineering, as one way the industry is challenging itself to think creatively. Iden and a team of other engineers have developed Arrowedge over the last few years, a technology that is intended to make freight trains carrying containers stacked one on top of the other more aerodynamic and therefore more fuel efficient. ‘It’s like NASCAR,’ said Union Pacific spokesman Tom Lange about the technology’s ability to reduce drag, decrease the amount of locomotive power to propel the train, and save fuel. And Iden, he added, is the company’s engineering ‘wizard’.” [24]

Radiant energy dissociation of molecular water into molecular hydrogen (Bar-Gadda in Patent number 9,079,772 - July 14, 2015) Claim 1 – This describes a method of generating hydrogen and oxygen gas, comprising the steps of: introducing water molecules in the form of high temperature water vapor or steam into a radiant energy transfer reactor; applying electrical energy to the reactor to produce an electromagnetic field having a frequency spectrum that only stimulates one or more of the kinetic and electronic modes of the water molecules and an energy level commensurate with a molecular bonding energy of the water molecules to dissociate the water molecules into hydrogen and oxygen species without the use of any energy other than the applied electrical energy while the water molecules are being excited in the electromagnetic field; separating the dissociated hydrogen and oxygen species within the electromagnetic field; and removing the separated species from the electromagnetic field in a manner such that like species recombine to form hydrogen and oxygen gas. The inventor explained that hydrogen can be extracted from water, the preferred source of hydrogen, using a novel process that is highly efficient and not as energy intensive as electrolysis. In fact, Applicant's disclosure

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envisions renewable and recyclable resources as the source of energy to produce hydrogen for molecular water thereby ultimately removing dependency from fossil fuels altogether. Ronny Bar-Gadda (inventor) is an experienced inventor and developer of energy conversion and in-situ chemical generation technology, having completed 12 patents and 5 commercial product launches during his career. As Exxon’s first Biomass Energy Program Manager (Thermal Gasification and Pyrolysis), he developed and commercialized biomass and coal to gasoline technologies as well as developed a widely-used catalyst for gasoline reforming. He also held key management and technical positions at Applied Materials, Mattson Technology, and Philips Research Laboratories. Most recently, as CEO of Ronal Systems, Mr. BarGadda raised $12 Million for the company and led the development of innovative semi-conductor process tools sold to various semiconductor companies. Intel and Cypress Semiconductor were major investors in the company. Mr. Bar-Gadda earned a Bachelor of engineering from Cooper Union and an M.S.E. from the University of Pennsylvania in chemical engineering and chemistry. Bar-Gadda, LLC. (patent assignee) is in Palo Alto, California. In an article from PESWiki.com (June 14, 2016) titled, Bar-Gadda LLC, it is written, “Genesys, LLC announces a breakthrough in energy technology with the granting of U.S. Patent, 7,384,619, assigned to Bar-Gadda, LLC and licensed to Genesys, LLC.” [25]

Stone based copolymer substrate (MacLeod in Patent number 9,062,190 - June 23, 2015) Abstract – This describes a limestone based copolymer substrate, which may be used as a replacement composition for a myriad of goods currently manufactured from tree-based or petroleum-based substances. Claim 1 – This describes a biodegradable food container product comprising limestone, high-density polyethylene (HDPE) and a biopolymer. The inventor explained that the wide spread adoption and use of the substrate is a simple and proactive way to contribute to the reduction of both global warming, deforestation and global waste.

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Mathew D. MacLeod (inventor) is from West Hollywood, California. iCast Plastics, LLC. (patent assignee) is in Tampa, Florida.

Disposal of human remains (Sullivan in Patent number 8,931,147 - January 13, 2015) Abstract – This describes the disposal of human remains by alkaline hydrolysis. Claim 1 – This describes a method of placing the cadaver into a coffin comprising a dissolvable receptacle; placing the coffin in an alkaline hydrolysis unit; and adding water and a chemical into the alkaline hydrolysis unit with the cadaver, to break down the cadaver into a fluid component and a bone residue component and to dissolve the dissolvable receptacle of the coffin by alkaline hydrolysis. The inventor explained that a problem with cremation is that it uses a lot of gas, and produces large amounts of carbon dioxide, a greenhouse gas, which contributes to global warming. A further disadvantage of cremation is the organic building blocks that make up the body and come from the ecosystem are lost forever during the burning process. Alexander Sullivan (inventor) is the managing director at Resomation Ltd. [26] Resomation Limited (patent assignee) was founded in 2007 and it is described as a dignified and respectful water based alternative to burial and cremation with clear environmental benefits. The company is in Glasgow, Scotland. [27] In a communication from Good Funeral Guide (September 3, 2014) titled, Alkaline hydrolysis – the facts, author Charles Cowling writes, “The ‘green cremation’ process known most widely in the UK as Resomation after the company of that name is more accurately termed alkaline hydrolysis. We were reminded of that recently by blog reader Jocelyne Monette, keen that we should get the history of alkaline hydrolysis right and give credit where credit is due. The Resomation process employs high temperature alkaline hydrolysis, and has a patent pending on its Resomator. The process is awaiting regulation by the Ministry of Justice and the Scottish Parliament. The company is 65 per cent owned by Cooperative Funeralcare.” [28]

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Apparatus and method for producing and storing more ice over ocean (Byun in Patent number 8,695,366 - April 15, 2014) Abstract – This describes forming an ice layer using the sub-zero cold air of the winter season, to achieve an earlier freezing, and increasing the area and thickness of the ice layer, to suppress the melting of ice sheets and glaciers and suppress and overcome global warming as well as its side effects. Claim 1 – This describes an apparatus for producing and storing ice in a sea, the apparatus comprising: a storage tank; a compressor configured to compress cold air and inject the cold air into the storage tank; a first pump configured to propel water super-cooled by the cold air; a first nozzle configured to spray the super-cooled water propelled by the first pump and to convert the super-cooled water into a mist; and a second pump for drawing seawater, the second pump connected with the storage tank. The inventor explained that a broader and thicker layer of ice may continuously reflect solar energy until its thawing. Moreover, when it is finally thawed in the summer season, the thawing may reduce the temperatures of the surrounding water and air, to delay the melting of nearby ice sheets and glaciers. Until now, there has not been an attempt to artificially form and increase the thickness of a layer of ice in an offshore sea. Hi R. Byun (inventor) received a PhD from Seoul National University, 1991. Dr. Byun’s achievements include development of a climatic index, drought index & accumulated heat stress index, patented inventions on measuring ice amount change in nature, increasing sea ice cover against global warming, and ice thickening over reservoirs and rivers. Dr. Byun has been prudent of the Member of Korean Meteorological Society since 2010. [29] In a communication from the National Snow & Ice Data Center (December 6, 2016) titled, Sea ice hits record lows it is written, “Average Arctic sea ice extent for November set a record low, reflecting unusually high air temperatures, winds from the south, and a warm ocean. Since October, Arctic ice extent has been more than two standard deviations lower than the long-term average. Antarctic sea ice extent quickly declined in November, also setting a record low for the month and tracking more

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than two standard deviations below average during the entire month. For the globe, sea ice cover was exceptionally low.” NSIDC scientists provide Arctic Sea Ice News & Analysis, with partial support from NASA. [30]

Chapter Four References 1) Union of Concerned Scientists. “Early Warning Signs of Global Warming: Heat Waves” Accessed April of 2017. https://www3.epa.gov/climatechange/kids/impacts/signs/acidity.html 2) Mohamed A. Abido. “Profile” Accessed April of 2017. http://prabook.com/web/person-view.html?profileId=549563 3) King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals. “Organization Profile” Accessed July of 2017. http://www.kfupm.edu.sa/default.aspx 4) Peter Eisenberger. “Profile” Accessed April of 2017. http://globalthermostat.com/peter-eisenberger/ 5) Richard Harris. 2013. “This Climate Fix Might Be Decades Ahead of Its Time” NPR Accessed April of 2017. http://www.npr.org/2013/06/27/189522647/this-climate-fix-might-bedecades-ahead-of-its-time 6) National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology. “Company Website” Accessed April of 2017. http://www.aist.go.jp/index_en.html 7) Martin Glanert. 2010. “Blue Umbrella Inc. to Introduce First Indoor Navigation” Blue Umbrella Inc. Accessed April of 2017. http://behavioraltargeting.biz/blue-umbrella-inc-to-introduce-firstindoor-navigation/ 8) Scott Griffin. “Profile” Bloomberg Accessed April of 2017. http://www.bloomberg.com/research/stocks/people/person.asp?personI d=141377715&privcapId=377361 9) Earth Minded, LLC. “Company Profile” Bloomberg Accessed April of 2017. http://www.bloomberg.com/research/stocks/private/snapshot.asp?privc apid=146225730 10) Tom Knox. 2015. “Greif pleased with growing rain barrel business, especially in California” Columbus Business News Accessed April of 2017. http://www.bizjournals.com/columbus/blog/2015/06/greif-pleasedwith-growing-rain-barrel-business.html 11) Dennis D. McCrady. “Profile” LinkedIn Accessed April of 2017. https://www.linkedin.com/in/dennis-mccrady-02bb6813/

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12) Beesaver.net. Accessed April of 2017. http://beesaver.net/home 13) Curtis Bradley. “Obituary” Legacy Accessed April of 2017. http://www.legacy.com/obituaries/azcentral/obituary.aspx?pid=180376 972 14) Grant Matthews. “Profile” LinkedIn Accessed April of 2017. https://www.linkedin.com/in/grant-matthews-b82a043 15) Exelis, Inc. “Company Profile” Bloomberg Accessed July of 2017. https://www.bloomberg.com/research/stocks/private/snapshot.asp?priv capId=138613332 16) Grant Matthew. 2017. “The Moon and Earth Radiation Budget Experiment (MERBE)” American Meteorological Society Accessed April of 2017. https://ams.confex.com/ams/97Annual/webprogram/Paper306140.html 17) Michihiro Kiyama. “Profile” LinkedIn Accessed April of 2017. https://jp.linkedin.com/in/michihirokiyamapoffice 18) Lely Patent N.V. “Company Profile” Bloomberg Accessed April of 2017. https://www.bloomberg.com/profiles/companies/4473515Z:NA-lelyindustries-nv 19) Bruno D.V. Marino. “Profile” Bloomberg Accessed April of 2017. http://www.bloomberg.com/research/stocks/private/person.asp?personI d=224284262&privcapId=171593969 20) Planetary Emissions Management. “Company Profile” LinkedIn Accessed April of 2017. https://www.linkedin.com/companybeta/5493897/?pathWildcard=5493897 21) PR web. 2016. “CO2 Flux Network for 2+ Million Acre Democratic Republic of Congo Forest Carbon Sequestration Projects Proposed to Reverse Deforestation with Economic Benefits” Accessed April of 2017. http://www.prweb.com/releases/2016/11/prweb13836352.htm 22) Michael E. Iden. “Profile” Accessed April of 2017. https://www.up.com/cs/groups/public/@uprr/@customers/documents/u p_pdf_nativedocs/pdf_up_media_iden-bio.pdf 23) Union Pacific Railroad Company. “Company Website” Accessed July of 2017. https://www.up.com/index.htm 24) Benjamin Snyder. 2014. “Union Pacific Railroad gets a refresh as climate risks climb” Fortune Accessed April of 2017. http://fortune.com/2014/05/16/union-pacific-railroad-gets-a-refresh-asclimate-risks-climb/

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25) Bar-Gadda LLC. “Company Profile” PESWiki Accessed April of 2017. http://peswiki.com/directory:bar-gadda-llc 26) Alexander Sullivan. “Profile” Accessed April of 2017. http://www.cremationassociation.org/members/?id=10937724 27) Resomation Limited. “Company Profile” LinkedIn Accessed April of 2017. https://www.linkedin.com/companybeta/10868794/?pathWildcard=10868794 28) Charles Cowling. 2014. “Alkaline hydrolysis – the facts” Good Funeral Guide Accessed April of 2017. http://www.goodfuneralguide.co.uk/category/resomation/ 29) Hi R. Byun. “Profile” Accessed April of 2017. http://prabook.com/web/person-view.html?profileId=437645 30) National Snow & Ice Data Center. 2016. “Sea ice hits record lows” Accessed April of 2017. http://nsidc.org/arcticseaicenews/2016/12/arctic-and-antarctic-atrecord-low-levels/

CHAPTER FIVE YEARS 2013 TO 2007

I’m not a scientist. That’s why I don’t want to have to deal with global warming, to tell you the truth. —Antonin Scalia (Was an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States from 1986 until his death in 2016) Global Warming: It is a hoax. It is bad science. It is high-jacking public policy. It is the greatest scam in history. —John Coleman (American TV weatherman/meteorologist and founder of The Weather Channel)

Overall, the world's oceans are warmer now than at any point in the last 50 years. The change is most obvious in the top layer of the ocean, which has grown much warmer since the late 1800s. This top layer is now getting warmer at a rate of 0.2°F per decade. [1]

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Methods for encouraging use of greenhouse gas reducing golf balls (Cheng, et al. in Patent number 8,480,516 - July 9, 2013) Abstract – This describes encouraging golfers to use greenhouse gas reducing golf balls, namely golf balls containing carbon dioxide absorbents. The inventor explained that there is a need in the art for a golf ball that helps reduce greenhouse gases (e.g. carbon dioxide) and methods for encouraging their use. US Patent number 8,480,516 (Cheng, et al.) has been cited by 7 patents. [2] Chia-Chyi Cheng (first inventor listed with two co-inventors) is from Portland, Oregon. Nike, Inc. (patent assignee) is an American multinational corporation that is engaged in the design, development, manufacturing and worldwide marketing and sales of footwear, apparel, equipment, accessories and services. The company is headquartered near Beaverton, Oregon, in the Portland metropolitan area. [3] In an article from Mother Jones (November 8, 2013) titled, CarbonSucking Golf Balls and Other Crazy Climate Patents, author James West writes, “Golf courses are hardly known for being paragons of environmentally friendly land use. They use a massive amount of water and have been found to be net carbon emitters, mainly due to landclearing. But—phew!—there could soon be a way to shuck that green guilt and keep on swinging. These carbon dioxide-absorbing golf balls, invented by the golf team at Nike, are intended to ‘reduce atmospheric carbon dioxide levels to aid in alleviating global warming," by enabling the ‘golf ball itself to play a role in the fight against global warming.’ (You can't make this stuff up). Additionally, the Nike inventors claim this is the first time a golf ball itself has attempted to off-set carbon consumed during its manufacture. Here's how it works: When you hit the ball, little bits of its surface layer deform and set off a chemical chain reaction that absorbs carbon dioxide as the ball flies through the air. The more times you swing, the greater the surface area exposed to the internal reactions. So, if you're anything like me, and you need to hit the ball an embarrassing number of times, comfort yourself with the knowledge you're doing more to save the world more than your pro golf buddies (except all my balls end

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up in the water). At the end of the game, according to the patent, you'll be able to see how much carbon you've sequestered using a visual indicator on the side of the ball. Golfing sure beats hammering out a broad international agreement to reduce carbon. But sorry to spike your high: The inventors admit the golf ball could ‘at best be only carbon neutral, and is not capable of reducing the total amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.’ Damn. Really? (After several attempts to organize an interview with the Portland-based inventor Chia-Chyi Cheng, Nike told me the company doesn't talk to the media about their numerous inventions or patents)”. [4]

Low cost desalination method using renewable energy and recycled materials (Richards Cormier in Patent number 8,414,745 - April 9, 2013) The inventor explained that the scarcity of fresh water for human consumption and agricultural irrigation is an ongoing problem affecting billions of people. This problem is only getting worse with growing human populations, pollution and global warming. Relying on underground sources of fresh water is not a viable long-term solution. I propose to solve the problem of fresh water scarcity with a new kind of desalination method. This desalination method is comprised of recycled materials thereby reducing the amount of pollution in the world. This desalination method uses no other power sources other than solar energy. The usage of recycled materials and renewable energy sources thereby ensures that this desalination method is a low-cost way of transporting seawater and converting it into fresh water. Caroline Richards Cormier (inventor and assignee) received a BA in economics from Concordia University, Montreal, QC (2007). She is working as a certified Lifeguard and Swimming Instructor. Certified as a Swimming Pool Operator level 1. [5]

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Apparatus and methods for carbon dioxide capture and conversion (Zaromb in Patent number 8,413,420 - April 9, 2013) Abstract – This describes a low-cost energy-saving method of capturing most of the CO2 from flue gas streams produced by the internal combustion engines of fossil fuel-powered motor vehicles. Claim 2 – This describes an apparatus wherein the CO2-capturing agent is MgO and the treating means is a means of calcining MgCO3-enriched cartridges. The inventor explained that the captured CO2 is useful for making methanol based fuels or other useful chemical agents. US Patent number 8,413,420 (Zaromb) has been cited by 4 patents. [6] Solomon Zaromb (inventor and assignee) is the president of Zaromb Research Corporation. Zaromb Research Corp. is in Burr Ridge, Illinois. This organization primarily operates in the Commercial Physical Research business / industry within the Engineering, Accounting, Research, and Management Services sector. This organization has been operating for approximately 54 years. Zaromb Research Corp. is estimated to generate $200,000 in annual revenues, and employs approximately 3 people at this single location. [7]

Method of using cryogenic compositions for cooling heated skin (Nimitz in Patent number 8,287,579 - October 16, 2012) Abstract – This describes using cryogenic compositions, which are nontoxic, non-flammable, and have desirable ozone depletion and global warming potential, for cooling heated skin during skin treatments with a skin treatment apparatus. Claim 1 – This describes a method comprising: using a cryogenic composition in a skin treatment apparatus to cool heated skin during skin treatments, the cryogenic composition including propyne in combination with one or more of the following: 1,1,3,3,3-pentafluoropropene, 1,2,3,3,3-pentafluoropropene, or trifluoroiodomethane.

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The inventor explained that the cryogenic compositions can be used as suitable replacements for HFC134a and provide higher energy efficiency and capacity, a significantly decreased global warming potential (decreased by almost two thirds), and significantly decreased total equivalent warming impact. US Patent number 8,287,579 (Nimitz) has been cited 4 patents. [8] Jonathan Shelley Nimitz (inventor) received his BS in Chemistry Summa cum Laude from the University of California at Los Angeles in 1976. He subsequently attended Stanford under a full Hertz Scholarship, receiving the Doctorate of Philosophy in Chemistry in 1981.Dr. Nimitz also holds a Certificate in Management from the American Management Association. From 1982 to 1989, Dr. Nimitz was an Adjunct and Visiting Assistant Professor at The University of New Mexico. Starting in 1989, he began a full-time position with the Center for Global Environmental Technologies (CGET) at the University of New Mexico's New Mexico Engineering Research Institute (NMERI). At CGET, Dr. Nimitz screened alternatives for CFCs and halons, and reviewed and developed technologies to minimize CFC emissions. Dr. Nimitz developed halon alternatives later adopted by the US Air Force. From 1992 to the present, Dr. Nimitz has been the president and CEO of the Environmental Technology and Education Center (ETEC) in Albuquerque, New Mexico. ETEC's mission is to help organizations assess, develop, and implement technologies for sustainable development and increased efficiency. At ETEC, he has assessed and developed environmentally friendly alternatives for government and commercial entities, including NASA and the US Air Force. Dr. Nimitz is author or co-author of over 70 technical reports and papers. He has given public lectures on ozone depletion, global warming, and sustainable development. He holds six US Patents on environmentally friendly alternative chemicals, with other US and international patents pending. Dr. Nimitz is also past chair of the New Mexico Air and Waste Management Association, and a member of Phi Beta Kappa and Mensa. He is the founder, president, and executive director of the Institute for Progressive Global Thinking. [9] In an article from The Scientist (January 21, 2002) titled, Researcher, Institutions, and Patents author Ted Agres writes, “Jonathan S. Nimitz, a former visiting assistant professor in UNM's chemistry department, was sued by the university in 1996 for patent infringement after he left and formed his own company. UNM contended he was infringing on halonreplacement technology he invented while employed by the university.

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Nimitz countersued, alleging, among other things, violations of university policy. UNM eventually dropped its suit against Nimitz and settled the counterclaim out of court for no monetary damages. ‘I think UNM's actions have been highly inappropriate and harmful,’ Nimitz says. ‘I got off relatively easily $35,000 in legal fees and a lot of grief.’” [10]

Method for cultured sea algae (Iwai, et al. in Patent number 8,126,780 - February 28, 2012) Abstract – This describes a business model for sea algae, particularly forced cultured kombu. Claim 1 – This describes a method for cultured algae comprising: storing, in a computer data base, records of culturing conditions, yield, and carbon fixation volumes for a sea algae culturing facility of a predetermined scale in a specific sea area; obtaining, via a remote sensing device configured to perform at least one of space satellite remote sensing, under water remote sensing, and direct artificial sensing, data pertaining to actual culturing conditions, yield, and carbon fixation volumes associated with the sea algae culturing facility; storing, in a computer data base, the data obtained pertaining to the actual culturing conditions, yield, and carbon fixation volumes; comparing the obtained data pertaining to the actual culturing conditions, yield, and carbon fixation volumes to the stored records of culturing conditions, yield and carbon fixation volumes of the sea algae culturing facility; computing a weight of cultured sea algae and a carbon fixation quantity from the obtained data and certifying the computed carbon fixation quantity in the presence of a third party; calculating a greenhouse gas omission right based on the certified carbon fixation quantity and the computed weight of the cultured sea algae; selling the greenhouse gas omission right through a global warming gas omission right trading mechanism; processing at least a portion of the cultured sea algae to produce a product, the product including at least one of a food article, an industrial article, and an agriculture-forestry-marine article; and distributing, via a market, the product produced from processing at least a portion of the cultured sea algae. The inventors explained that kombu cultivation may offer many indirect and unpredicted effects, together with the direct economic effects, such as marine environmental purification, a production increase of fishery products, prevention of the global warming, etc. Therefore, it is strongly convinced that such enforcement of the present business model for the

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forcing cultured kombu is not only supplying luck of the global food but also is an indispensable final means, which may help the Earth itself, because it may be the sole means remaining in the future to prevent naturally global warming and may also be an effective means for further activation of the global land economy. US Patent number 8,126,780 (Iwai, et al.) has been cited by 8 patents. [11] Katsumi Iwai (first inventor listed with a co-inventor) serves as a senior executive officer and director at JCB Co., Ltd. and served as its executive officer. He is from Tokyo, Japan. [12] In an article from The Washington Post (February 14, 2015) titled, With changing tastes and warming oceans, Japanese seaweed in danger author Anna Fifield writes, “About 90 percent of Japan’s kombu is harvested around Hokkaido, where the currents coming across from the Russian coast have maintained the water at the frigid temperatures in which kombu thrives. But people here say the water has become noticeably warmer in recent years, as evidenced by the rotten roots of the kombu. ‘The water temperature in the entire Hokkaido area is rising,’ said Norishige Yotsukura, a kombu researcher at Hokkaido University, adding that the temperature of these waters has been known to spike by as much as 5 degrees Celsius. ‘In the ocean, an increase of even 1 degree is significant, and it could change the density of kombu growth,’ he said. The number of registered kombu harvesters on the island has fallen from 10,795 in 1999 to 7,159 last year, according to figures from the Hokkaido Federation of Fisheries Cooperative Associations. Meanwhile, the annual kombu harvest has fallen by one-third, to 15,000 tons, over the past decade.” [13]

Biophysical geoengineering compositions and methods (Lambert in Patent number 8,033,879 - October 11, 2011) Abstract – This describes methods and compositions directed at simultaneously providing means for planetary cooling and means for increasing marine productivity through rational geoengineering. Claim 1 – This describes an apparatus for validating sequestration of fixed carbon in an ocean below the 100 year horizon, which comprises: a) a spar buoy with vertically elongate hollow body having a first end with superstructure and a second end with ballast mass, the hollow body having an upper fixed displacement volume V1 and a lower variable displacement

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volume V2; b) a horizontally disposed spaceframe suspended from the buoy at a depth at or below the 100 year horizon; c) an immersible instrument platform mounted on the spaceframe for measuring sedimentary deadfall as an index of carbon sequestration below the 100 year horizon of an ocean; d) a floating surface boom for enclosing around the buoy a surface area of the ocean; and e) a composition dispersed within the enclosed surface area, the composition comprising i) an inorganic nutrient formulation in an inorganic, sustained-release matrix, the composition having a net aggregate positive buoyancy. Kal K. Lambert (inventor and assignee) received a BSci degree in biology from UC Irvine and an MS in microbiology from San Diego State University-California State University. In a LinkedIn profile, it is written, “Specialties: R&D startup on direct read optoelectronic sequencing device in conjunction with UW and PSU. Energy projects, biological carbon capture, pelagic aquaculture. Inventor, health care provider, environmentalist, and published scientist with engineering, medical, genetic, and electronics experience. Background in process engineering, biotechnology, molecular biology, electronic devices, pathology, patient care, medical device and drug discovery. Invented and patented two FDAapproved products. FDA Phase III Process and product inventions for cancer treatment (bioequivalent). Medical Technologist with hospital and vet health care experience. Love this century! Love my cats. For 15 years, have owned and operated Lambert Patent Services, domestic and international patent filing and prosecution, USPTO bar number (Active Patent Agent) with corporate and individual clients in cutting edge technologies, including sequencing, IoT, microfluidics, diagnostics, and nanotechnology.” [14]

Method for co-producing electric power and urea from carbonaceous material (Calderon in Patent number 7,786,327 - August 31, 2010) Abstract – This describes an approach that will consume CO2 in a beneficial manner by co-producing an added-value, useful by-product while at the same time obviating the necessity of collecting CO2 and sequestering it, which is an inefficient way of mitigating the effect of global warming caused by CO2. The inventor explained that to mitigate the discharge of CO2 into the atmosphere or its sequestering, the production of urea via synthesis as

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disclosed, an abundant source of economical fertilizer will be made available to enhance the growth of a renewable biomass resource via agriculture which can be processed to produce ethanol, a gasoline additive, or other useful commodities. Albert Calderon (inventor and assignee) received a degree from Bowling Green State University (1981). In an article from The Blade (June 25, 2004) titled, Gas-from-coal idea draws raves from U.S. official author Tom Henry writes, “Mr. Calderon is seeking $250 million to take his invention to the next level by building a large-scale demonstration plant in Bowling Green to improve upon an 18story prototype he operated years ago in the eastern part of the state, near Alliance, Ohio. He said he will instruct Energy Department staffers to help walk Mr. Calderon through the grant application process for the proposed Bowling Green pilot, to be called Distributed Energy Park. That facility would be on 100 acres on the south side of Wooster Street, just east of I75. Mr. Calderon envisions it as a step in a 10-to-20-year effort to build numerous coal gasification plants across the country at a staggering cost of some $1.5 trillion, a technology he says could be phased in like the federal interstate highway system. ‘We have to think big, because we [Americans] are big consumers,’ he said. Mr. Calderon claims to have developed a method for producing synthetic gasoline from coal for as little as 60 cents a gallon and electricity as cheaply as 3 cents a kilowatt hour while emitting few, if any, pollutants. Mr. Calderon said some century-old concepts familiar to the steel industry are used but touted his system as one that is self-contained, capable of emitting less smog-forming nitrogen oxide than natural gas plants, and little, if any, mercury. Captured sulfur would be neutralized. State and federal environmental regulators would need to do extensive review. Extracted vapors and gases, which Mr. Calderon described as the ‘goodies’ of coal, would be used to produce methanol products that could be refined into gasoline, he said. Mr. Calderon claims his process could meet environmental laws by using any coal, regardless of the sulfur content. Finding cleaner ways of using coal could reduce the nation's reliance on imports of foreign oil and natural gas. Mr. Calderon said America is indirectly ‘subsidizing terrorists’ the longer it waits to become more energy self-sufficient.” [15] In the United States Court of Federal Claims No. 08-373C (Energy Security of America Corp. and Albert Calderon) it is written, “Plaintiffs’ Theory of the Case - DOE’s involvement in the coal gasification technology industry is so pervasive, according to plaintiffs, that DOE’s

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denial of their funding requests to develop their technology led to the destruction of the commercial value of the Calderon process. Instead, DOE favored technologies different from those taught in plaintiffs’ patents, despite the fact that plaintiffs’ technology is far superior.” [16]

Fluid-dynamic renewable energy harvesting system (Sankrithi in Patent number 7,750,491 - July 6, 2010) Abstract – This describes a system for harvesting energy from wind, ocean currents, sea currents, tidal currents, river currents, and stream currents. The inventor explained that it offers grateful thanks to God for inspiring this work; and to his wife and son, Usha Sankrithi and Siva Sankrithi, for their steadfast support as well as thought-provoking discussion helping to identify benefits and issues related to the invention. Mithra Sankrithi (inventor) is an aerospace engineer by training with a PhD from Princeton, an MBA from Seattle University, and over three decades of professional aerospace leadership experience (at Boeing). Mithra is a prolific inventor with over 50 issued patents. He provides vision and leadership to a small non-profit company, RIC Enterprises, in a variety of early-stage explorations in a variety of fields, including research, development & demonstration of inventive renewable energy system concepts targeted to cost-effectively benefit humanity and our global environment. These include foundational inventions in solar, wind and hydrokinetic renewable energy systems. [17] RIC Enterprises (patent assignee) RIC Enterprises is a Nonprofit Corporation incorporated in Washington State, USA. It aspires to create pathways to a brighter future for all without exception, in many arenas including inventions, industries, health, education, arts & sciences, recreation, philosophy & philanthropy. [18] In an article from Time (February 8, 2017) titled, Renewable Energy Continues to Beat Fossil Fuels author Justin Worland writes, “Clean energy grew at a record pace as the United States added 22GW of capacity — the equivalent of 11 Hoover Dams — to the grid from renewable sources last year, significantly trumping new fossil fuel additions, according to a new report. The report from Bloomberg New Energy Finance (BNEF) and the Business Council for Sustainable Energy (BCSE)

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cites the declining cost of wind and solar power, largely due to advances in technology, as prime reasons for the rapid adoption of renewables. The cost of building large utility-scale solar photovoltaic power plants for example has been fallen by 50% in just five years. Renewable energy companies have also benefited from the quick decline in coal power that has resulted from a combination of factors including stiff competition from cheap natural gas and environmental regulation. Coal-fired power plants now provide only 30% of the country's electricity compared with nearly half of the supply in 2008. ‘The contributions of sustainable energy to the country’s economic competitiveness are direct, dramatic and dynamic,’ says Lisa Jacobson, president of the Business Council for Sustainable Energy, a non-profit that promotes market solutions to environmental issues, in a press release. Cheap natural gas prices and increased use of low-cost renewables has ultimately benefited consumers, according to the report. Electricity costs have fallen more than 2% in real terms between 2015 and 2016 and American consumers spent less than 4% of their household spending on energy for the first time ever. Climate changecausing greenhouse gas emissions declined to their lowest level in a quarter century even as the economy continued to grow, according to the report. The finding is the latest evidence answering the question policymakers long-debated about whether economic growth can be decoupled from carbon dioxide emissions.” [19]

Male Pistachio tree named `Randy` (Parfitt, et al. in Patent number PP18,262 - December 4, 2007) Abstract – This describes a Pistachio tree Pistacia vera which has a flowering date of seven to ten days earlier than the industry standard pistachio tree. The inventors explained that `Randy` would provide adequate pollination for other Pistachio trees in situations of low chilling due to global warming. Dan E. Parfitt (first inventor listed with two co-inventors) received a PhD from the University of Wisconsin, Madison (1979). In a communication from the UCDavis College of Biological Sciences it is written that Dr. Pafitt initiated a varietal breeding program to produce improved cultivars of pistachio (a major California tree nut crop). This activity resulted in the development of a considerable body of quantitative genetics information as well as the generation of advanced selection lines for cultivar release

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and the release of three new cultivars in 2006-7 which are being widely planted by the industry. His work on pistachio propagation resulted in the development of micro-propagation protocols adapted by private nurseries to propagate pistachio rootstocks. [20] In an article from NPR (January 25, 2017) titled, If These Trees Don't Get Time to Chill, Farmers Will Be Out on A Limb author Ezra David Romero writes, “Tom Coleman, who manages more than 8,000 acres of pistachio trees across California, is worried that warmer temperatures will affect his crops. Coleman worries these trees won't get enough sleep this winter. Crops like pistachios, peaches and almonds need a certain amount of cold weather every year. This is what the agricultural industry refers to as chill hours. Frigid temperatures between 32 and 45 degrees help set buds that will turn into flowers in spring, then into fruits and nuts in summer. The problem is that there is a decrease in the amount of hours needed for tree crops to reach these temperatures. Coleman's trees need more than 700 hours of sleep every winter, but for the past four years, many have slept less than 500 hours. ‘And as result of that, they do not bloom uniformly. When they don't have uniform bloom, it can dramatically reduce the yield,’ says Coleman. Agricultural scientist Eike Leudeling found that climate conditions in California by ‘the middle to the end of the 21st century will no longer support some of the main tree crops currently grown.’ He says farmers will either need to find alternative crops or establish ways to mitigate warming temperatures. In 2015, California's pistachio industry was hit hard by a lack of chill hours. As a result, the crop was nearly split in half. The UC system and the pistachio industry have invested about a million dollars to figure out how to cope with warming temperatures. UCANR farm adviser Craig Kallsen is trying to breed a pistachio tree that needs less sleep. ‘We're trying to use the other species of pistachios to see if we can come up with something that has a low-chill requirement. It's pretty hypothetical at this stage,’ Kallsen says. ‘We made quite a few crosses this spring and we actually hope to put a trial in a low-chill area.’” [21]

Operation-assisting system and operation-assisting computer program (Abe, et al. in Patent number 7,236,856 - June 26, 2007) Abstract – This describes an operation assisting system that optimizes the minimization of cost (including the cost of supplying energy and the cost

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of the operated equipment such as the co-generator) and minimization of carbon dioxide emissions, but also minimization of nitrogen oxides, global warming substances, primary energy consumption, crude oil-converted energy consumption, and other indexes. Claim 5 – This describes an operation assisting system wherein the evaluation of the operator-based operation plan includes one or more of cost, CO2 (carbon dioxide emissions), NO3 (nitrogen oxide emissions), global warming substance emissions, primary-energy consumption, and a message that enhances operator willingness. The inventors explained that it is difficult for operators to calculate or plan how co-generator operating equipment, including gas turbines, steam turbines, boilers, gas engines and micro-gas turbines, should be operated to meet the changing energy demand every day or for each instance in an energy- and cost-efficient manner. Accordingly, there is a need for a cogenerator operation assisting system that can predict electric power/steam demand at factories or other buildings and determine the most energy- or cost-efficient method of operating gas or steam turbines depending on the predicted electric power/steam demand, thus providing operation guidance. US Patent 7,236,856 (Abe, et al.) has been cited by 4 patents. [22] Yasushi Harada (second inventor listed with five co-inventor) is executive general manager and head of the Research & Development Centre at Hitachi, India. [23] Hitachi, Ltd. (patent assignee) is a Japanese multinational conglomerate company headquartered in Chiyoda, Tokyo, Japan. [24] In a communication from Hitachi (2009) it is written, “We are committed to the prevention of global warming, the conservation of resources, and the preservation of the ecosystem as the three pillars of our vision. Our goal is to achieve a more sustainable society by promoting global production that reduces the environmental burden of a product throughout its lifecycle. We are working toward this goal by setting progressive targets for fiscal 2010, 2015, and 2025.” [25]

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Chapter Five References 1) Union of Concerned Scientists. “Early Warning Signs of Global Warming: Heat Waves” Accessed April of 2017. https://www3.epa.gov/climatechange/kids/impacts/signs/oceans.html 2) Cheng, et al. “8,480,516” Google Patents Accessed April of 2017. https://patents.google.com/patent/US8480516B2/en 3) Nike, Inc. “Company Website” Accessed July of 2017. http://about.nike.com/ 4) James West. 2013. “Carbon-Sucking Golf Balls and Other Crazy Climate Patents” Mother Jones Accessed April of 2017. http://www.motherjones.com/blue-marble/2013/11/carbon-suckinggolf-balls-and-3-other-cool-climate-inventions 5) Caroline Richards Cormier. “Profile” LinkedIn Accessed April of 2017. https://www.linkedin.com/in/c-richards-cormier-184344121/ 6) Zaromb. “8,413,420” Google Patents Accessed April of 2017. https://patents.google.com/patent/US8413420B1/en 7) Zaromb Research Corp. “Company Profile” Accessed April of 2017. http://www.buzzfile.com/business/Zaromb-Research-Corp-630-6542109 8) Nimitz. “8,287,579” Google Patents Accessed April of 2017. https://patents.google.com/patent/US8287579B2/en 9) Jonathan Shelley Nimitz. “Profile” Accessed April of 2017. http://www.zoominfo.com/p/Jonathan-Nimitz/39277408 10) Ted Agres. 2002. “Researcher, Institutions, and Patents” The Scientist Accessed April of 2017. http://www.zoominfo.com/CachedPage/?archive_id=0&page_id=2654 93616&page_url=//www.thescientist.com/yr2002/jan/agres_p18_020121.html&page_last_updated= 2002-07-07T20:38:26&firstName=Jonathan&lastName=Nimitz 11) Iwai, et al. “8,126,780” Google Patents Accessed April of 2017. https://patents.google.com/patent/US8126780B2/en 12) Katsumi Iwai. “Profile” Bloomberg Accessed April of 2017. http://www.bloomberg.com/research/stocks/private/person.asp?personI d=238582945&capId=6441087 13) Anna Fifield. 2015. “With changing tastes and warming oceans, Japanese seaweed in danger” The Washington Post Accessed April of 2017. https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/with-changing-tastes-andwarming-oceans-japanese-seaweed-in-danger/2015/02/23/6cb29aa0ac17-417b-a9ad-1b6b06192c7c_story.html?utm_term=.154b79774ab6

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14) Kal K. Lambert. “Profile” LinkedIn Accessed April of 2017. https://www.linkedin.com/in/kal-lambert-34220214/ 15) Tom Henry. 2004. “Gas-from-coal idea draws raves from U.S. official” The Blade Accessed April of 2017. http://www.toledoblade.com/frontpage/2004/06/25/Gas-from-coalidea-draws-raves-from-U-S-official.html 16) United States Court of Federal Claims. “Energy Security of America Corp. and Albert Calderon” Accessed April of 2017. http://www.inversecondemnation.com/files/bruggink.energy022709.pdf 17) Mithra Sankrithi. “Profile” Accessed April of 2017. http://solar2016.org/speaker/mithra-sankrithi/ 18) RIC Enterprises. “Company Profile” Accessed April of 2017. http://ricenterprises.org/index.html 19) Justin Worland. 2017. “Renewable Energy Continues to Beat Fossil Fuels” Accessed April of 2017. http://time.com/4662116/renewable-energy-fossil-fuels-growth/ 20) Dan E. Parfitt. “Profile” Accessed April of 2017. http://biosci3.ucdavis.edu/Faculty/Profile/View/14074 21) Ezra David Romero. 2017. “If These Trees Don't Get Time to Chill, Farmers Will Be Out on A Limb” NPR Accessed April of 2017. http://www.npr.org/sections/thesalt/2017/01/25/510571835/if-thesetrees-dont-get-time-to-chill-farmers-will-be-out-on-a-limb 22) Abe, et al. “7,236,856” Google Patents Accessed April of 2017. https://patents.google.com/patent/US7236856B2/en 23) Yasushi Harada. “Profile” Accessed April of 2017. http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/infrastructure/fro m-kyoto-to-varanasi-how-japanese-giant-hitachi-is-bringing-its-smartcities-expertise-to-india/articleshow/47829018.cms 24) Hitachi, Ltd. “Company Website” Accessed July of 2017. http://www.hitachi.com/ 25) Hitachi. 2009. “Mission” Accessed April of 2017. http://www.hitachi.com/csr/highlight/2009/act0901/

CHAPTER SIX YEARS 2003 TO 1995

In global warming, I think everyone is scratching their heads – are there technological things that can be brought to bear that can make a difference? —Paul Allen (American business magnate, investor and philanthropist. He is best known as the co-founder of Microsoft, alongside Bill Gates) Global warming is a political issue. It is as much a political issue to the left as abortion is. It’s as big a political issue as health care is. —Rush Limbaugh (American entertainer, radio talk show host, writer, and conservative political commentator. Since he was 16, Limbaugh has worked a series of disc jockey jobs)

Early warning signals of global warming: On average, the world is already getting more precipitation now than it did 100 years ago: 6 percent more in the United States and nearly 2 percent more worldwide. As temperatures rise and the air becomes warmer, more moisture evaporates from land and water into the atmosphere. More moisture in the air generally means we can expect more rain and snow (called precipitation) and more heavy

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downpours. But this extra precipitation is not spread evenly around the globe, and some places might get less precipitation than they used to get. That's because climate change causes shifts in air and ocean currents, which can change weather patterns. [1]

Bagging icebergs (Fuerle in Patent number 6,616,376 - September 9, 2003) Abstract – This describes a flexible, waterproof bag that is used to contain an iceberg. Claim 1 – This describes an apparatus for enclosing an iceberg floating in water comprising (A) a flexible, waterproof bag of a size sufficient to contain the iceberg, the bag having an opening that can be closed, an edge around the opening, at least one float attached to the edge, and a drain located from the edge; (B) a conduit, one end of which is attached to the drain; (C) a ship having a tow line, one end of which is removably attachable to the edge; and (D) a weight at one end of the tow line, sufficient to sink a portion of the edge, but not all of the edge. The inventor explained that as the iceberg melts, the bag fills with fresh water and can be pulled by the ship to where the freshwater is needed. The water can then be pumped out of the bag through the drain. Richard D. Fuerle (inventor and assignee) received a PhD in economics from the International College, and a JD degree from the University of Pittsburgh School of Law. He is the author of the book, The Pure Logic of Choice. [2]

Cooling pillow (Ichigaya in Patent number 6,516,624 - February 11, 2003) Abstract – This describes a device for cooling the head, the trunk, etc., of a person by utilizing an endothermic effect upon vaporization of water, namely to a cooling pillow for ensuring a comfortable sleep in a hot and hard-to-sleep night, a cooling garment for allowing one to be comfortable even in a high temperature environment, and a cooling helmet which can be used as a safety helmet or a motorcycle helmet.

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The inventor explained that as a measure against heat while one sleeps, it is possible to cool the entire room by using an air conditioner. However, with an air conditioner, the room air and the wall and furniture that are in contact with the air are inevitably cooled, thereby resulting in an increased waste of energy. Moreover, if the economic development of the developing countries continues and the diffusion rate of air conditioners in the developing countries becomes as high as that in the developed countries in the future, the amount of carbon dioxide discharged may then dramatically increase, thereby presenting a significant cause of global warming. Under the current circumstances where global warming has become problematic and it is desired to reduce the use of fossil fuels, it is needless to say that a device for cooling only the body of a person or a main part of the body is preferred over cooling means whose energy consumption or energy waste is substantial such as an air conditioner. Moreover, an air conditioner is a complicated and expensive device, and it is not a device which can be easily installed in any place. Furthermore, an air conditioner can only be used in a room, but cannot be used outdoors. Hiroshi Ichigaya (inventor) is from Saitama, Japan. Seft Development Laboratory Co., Ltd. (patent assignee) is in Saitama, Japan.

Water-in-oil type emulsion fuel oil (Shimada in Patent number 6,471,732 - October 29, 2002) Abstract – This describes a water-in-oil type emulsified fuel oil which can contribute to energy-saving and reduction in discharge of carbon dioxide for inhibiting global warming. The inventors showed that for industrial applications, the water-in-oil type emulsified fuel oil is extremely profitable in view of a heat balance because its flame temperature does not change in comparison with that of the heavy oil combustion to which water is not added. Yoshinari Shimada (inventor and co-assignee) is from Asaka-city, Japan. US Patent number 6,471,732 (Shimada) has been cited by 7 patents. [3] Kuretake Co., Ltd. (patent co-assignee) is a private Japanese company that was founded in 1932. The Company's line of business includes manufacturing pens and mechanical pencils. [4]

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Method and apparatus for dissolving water-soluble gas in the sea and isolating it deep in the sea and a method for its installation (Hinada, et al. in Patent number 6,394,428 - May 28, 2002) Abstract – This describes an apparatus for dissolving waste gas which contains carbon dioxide gas, e.g., stationary gas generating facilities such as thermal power plants, in sea water and isolating it deep in the sea to prevent global warming. The inventors explained that if a waste gas is blown into sea water, the gas becomes bubbles and rises towards the surface. Now, the surrounding water is pulled by viscosity, the phenomena in which an upwards flow is generated is called the gas-lift effect. The inventive apparatus uses the gaslift effect to dissolve water-soluble gas in sea water and isolate it deep in the sea. US Patent number 6,394,428 (Hinada, et al.) has been cited by 9 patents. [5] Takayuki Saito (fifth inventor listed with four co-inventors) has been an Assistant General Manager of Business Division at Maezawa Industries, Inc. since August 2013. Mr. Saito serves as a Managing Director at Maezawa Industries, Inc. [6] Sumitomo Metal Industries, Ltd. (patent assignee) was a steel manufacturer based in Osaka, Japan until it merged with Nippon Steel in 2012 to form Nippon Steel & Sumitomo Metal Corporation, the third largest steel manufacturer in the world as of 2015. [7]

Method of protecting coastal land from rise of surface of the sea (Kinno in Patent number 6,283,673 - September 4, 2001) Abstract – This describes a technique for protecting a coastal land from a rise in the sea level due to global warming by building a dam having pump-turbines along the coastline. The inventor explained that if the sea level rises by 50 cm. to 100 cm. in the 21st century, it is inevitable that the coastline will recede. Such a

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situation will cause a decrease of the shore, elimination of the beach, and submergence of zero-meter areas. These problems will be especially serious in the Netherlands, Bangladesh, and islands with altitude of 1 meter. Hitoshi Kinno (inventor) received a PhD in engineering from Osaka University (1959). Dr. Kinno was a Japanese mechanical engineer and educator. He was named to the 3rd Imperial Order of Rising Sun Emperor of Japan in 1990 and was a member of the New York Academy of Sciences. He was president of the Earth Science Laboratory Corporation, Tokushima, 1996—2005. [8] The Earth Science Laboratory Corp. (patent assignee) was in Tokushima, Japan.

Carbon dioxide fixation system (Kato, et al. in Patent number 6,270,731 - August 7, 2001) Abstract – This describes a system for retrieving carbon dioxide gas existing in the atmosphere or contained in an exhaust gas emitted from factories or industrial plants. Claim 1 – This describes a system comprising: a fermentor for anaerobically fermenting organic wastes and for isolating methane gas; a hydrogen producing reactor for decomposing the methane gas produced by the fermentor and for producing hydrogen gas; and an affixing reactor for allowing a reaction between the hydrogen gas produced in the hydrogen producing reactor and the CO2 gas in the atmosphere or in the exhaust gas and for producing solid state carbon and water. Saburo Kato (first inventor listed with two co-inventors) was the director general of the global environment department at Japan's Environment Agency. Shimadzu Corporation (patent assignee) is a Japanese public KK company, manufacturing precision instruments, measuring instruments and medical equipment, based in Kyoto, Japan. It was established in 1875. [9] In an article from the New York Times (July 31, 1992) titled, Japan and Ecology: Room to Improve author Andrew Pollack writers, “At the Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro last month, Japan pledged more than $7 billion to help other nations fight pollution. ‘In recent years, their attitude has

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dramatically changed,’ said Saburo Kato, director general of the global environment department at Japan's Environment Agency, who has fought battles with industry for nearly three decades. ‘They want to survive in the 21st century and they well know that in the 21st century, the most important requirement of any company will be to be friendly to the earth.’” [10]

Spark plug (Krupa, et al. in Patent number 6,060,822 - May 9, 2000) Abstract – This describes a spark plug that serves as a low emission device that reduces the effects of global warming, acid rain, and smog via greatly reduced emissions through vastly improved fuel combustion within all internal combustion engines by operating at a 24:1 air-to-fuel ratio. The inventor explained that spark plug comprises a body having an electrical connector at one end. An absolute aerodynamic semispherical dome is secured to the other end of the body and the connector and semispherical dome are electrically connected. US Patent 6,060,822 (Krupa, et al.) has been cited by 21 patents. [11] Robert Krupa (first inventor listed with a co-inventor) is from Sterling Heights, Michigan. Century Development International Ltd. (patent assignee) is a business categorized under automotive services-except repair, which is part of the larger category automotive services-except repair. It is in Farmington Hills, Michigan. [12] In an article from PESwiki.com titled, Firestorm Spark Plug last edited by Andrew Munsey, updated on June 14, 2016 it is written, “For years now, I have wondered where and when the next Edison with a bright idea will appear and invent a ‘lean, green, driving machine. I have finally found such a man. He lives in Farmington Hills, Michigan, and his name is Robert Krupa. We have all heard the saying, ‘If something sounds too good to be true, it usually is’. The amazing new spark plug designed by Mr Krupa, which he named ‘FireStorm’, is the exception to this rule.” [13]

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Solar energy collector and reradiation apparatus for localized climate control (Larsen in Patent number 5,177,977 - January 12, 1993) Abstract – This describes radiating a greater amount of thermal energy from the Earth into space, thus providing localized cooling and possible climate control. Claim 1 – This describes an apparatus that redirects solar energy into space at wavelengths principally between 2 and 12 micrometers. US Patent number 5,177,977 (Larsen) has been cited by 35 patents. [14] Theodore E. Larsen (inventor and assignee) was from Edina, Minnesota. In an article from the Star Tribune (June 14, 2016) titled, Ted 'T.E.' Larsen it is written, “Larsen, Ted ‘T.E.’ Today we lost a giant of a man, who bestrode the narrow world like a Colossus. Loving husband, father and grandfather, inventor, idealist, veteran, founder of an entire industry, and accomplished jokester, Ted Larsen died of pneumonia and complications due to Alzheimer's, in the early morning of June fifth at the age of 88, his suffering finally at an end. Ted loved inventing, tinkering, and discussing ideas. All of his inventions were ideas to save lives and help people. As one of the founders of Detector Electronics Corporation, the products he invented pioneered the Optical Flame Detection industry, which has saved countless thousands of lives. Another one of his inventions revolutionized the Industrial Explosion Protection industry. He earned 38 patents. His business activities took him around the world at least three times. His travels took him to London, Moscow, Beijing, Tokyo, Mumbai, Abu Dhabi, and dozens of offshore oil rigs in the North Sea. ‘Fires don't have any borders,’ he said. His products are protecting assets including Air Force One, the Alaska Pipeline, and hundreds of industrial applications all around the world. Detector Electronics was awarded the 'E Award for Excellence in Exports,' as well as the 'E-Star Award for Excellence in Exports.' Ted was named 'World Trader of the Year.' He served in the U.S. Navy during World War II and the Korean Conflict.” [15]

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Method for producing methanol by use of nuclear heat and power generating plant (Yamauchi, et al. in Patent number 5,479,462 - December 26, 1995) Abstract – This describes a process for producing methanol using hightemperature nuclear heat generated by a gas-cooled nuclear reactor, which can contribute to the reduction of carbon dioxide. The inventors explained that the resulting methanol does not add to the carbon dioxide in the atmosphere after it is used as an automotive fuel. This contributes to the reduction of the emission of carbon dioxide which is a pressing problem in the industry. US Patent number 5,479,462 (Yamauchi, et al.) has been cited by 22 patents. [16] Yasuhiro Yamauchi (first inventor listed with nine co-inventors) is from Nagasaki, Japan. Mitsubishi Jukogyo Kabushiki Kaisha (patent assignee) is a Japanese multinational engineering, electrical equipment, and electronics company headquartered in Tokyo, Japan. [17]

Chapter Six References 1) Union of Concerned Scientists. “Early Warning Signs of Global Warming: Heat Waves” Accessed April of 2017. https://www3.epa.gov/climatechange/kids/impacts/signs/precippatterns.html 2) Richard D. Fuerle. “Profile” Accessed April of 2017. http://www.cooperative-individualism.org/fuerle-richard_subjectiveeconomics-1984.htm 3) Shimada. “6,471,732” Google Patents Accessed April of 2017. https://patents.google.com/patent/US6471732B1/en 4) Kuretake Co., Ltd. “Company Profile” Bloomberg Accessed April of 2017. https://www.bloomberg.com/profiles/companies/5645561Z:JPkuretake-co-ltd 5) Hinada, et al. “6,394,428” Google Patents Accessed April of 2017. https://patents.google.com/patent/US6394428B2/en

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6) Takayuki Saito. “Profile” Bloomberg Accessed April of 2017. http://www.bloomberg.com/research/stocks/people/person.asp?personI d=143115270&capId=881933&previousCapId=881933&previousTitle =MAEZAWA%20INDUSTRIES%20INC 7) Sumitomo Metal Industries, Ltd. “Company Profile” About Us Accessed July of 2017. http://www.sumitomocorp.co.jp/english/company/ 8) Hitoshi Kinno. “Profile” Accessed April of 2017. http://prabook.com/web/person-view.html?profileId=462155 9) Shimadzu Corporation. “Company Website” Accessed July of 2017. http://www.shimadzu.com/ 10) Andrew Pollack. 1992. “Japan and Ecology: Room to Improve” New York Times Accessed April of 2017. http://www.nytimes.com/1992/07/31/world/japan-and-ecology-roomto-improve.html 11) Krupa, et al. “6,060,822” Google Patents Accessed April of 2017. https://patents.google.com/patent/US6060822A/en 12) Century Development International Ltd. “Company Profile” Accessed April of 2017. http://michigan.repair-auto.org/201419century_development_intl_inc.htm 13) PESwiki.com. Firestorm Spark Plug Accessed April of 2017. http://peswiki.com/directory:firestorm-spark-plug 14) Larsen. “5,177,977” Google Patents Accessed April of 2017. https://patents.google.com/patent/US5177977A/en 15) Star Tribune. 2016. “Ted 'T.E.' Larsen” Star Tribune Accessed April of 2017. http://www.startribune.com/obituaries/detail/139699/?fullname=ted-telarsen 16) Yamauchi, et al. “5,479,462” Google Patents Accessed April of 2017. https://patents.google.com/patent/US5479462A/en 17) Mitsubishi Jukogyo Kabushiki Kaisha. “Company Website” Accessed July of 2017. http://www.mhi.co.jp/en/

CHAPTER SEVEN PATENT APPLICATION

Because we know that so many of the threats we face today – global terrorism, climate change, and unprecedented mass movements of people – do not respect national borders. So we must turn towards those multinational institutions like the UN and NATO that encourage international cooperation and partnership. —Theresa May (Prime Minister of the United Kingdom and Leader of the Conservative Party) The concept of global warming was created by and for the Chinese in order to make U.S. manufacturing non-competitive. —Donald Trump (American businessman, television personality, politician, and the 45th President of the United States)

Early warning signals of global warming: Over the past 20 years, hurricanes and other tropical storms in the Atlantic Ocean have become stronger. Since the 1980s, the United States has also experienced more intense single-day storms that are dumping a lot more rain or snow than usual. Union of Concerned Scientists. [1]

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Benign global warming solution offers unprecedented economic prosperity (Ace, Ronald S. in Application 20100252647 - October 7, 2010) Abstract – This describes making clouds. Claim 1 – This describes evaporating, by way of multiple aerosolevaporators, vast quantities of water to produce water vapors for cooling atmospheric air masses; causing lightweight water vapors to naturally rise and condense at high altitudes to form clouds; and thereby liberating vast amounts of high altitude infrared radiation, as the clouds form, to further cool the Earth by way of solar radiation reflected into space. The author explained that there were upwards to 2-3 times more large trees long ago, which were mowed down by advancing glaciers and are currently transpiring less water, and therefore, are now producing fewer clouds than thousands of years ago; less hydration and fewer clouds now allow more solar energy to warm the planet. Of course, it is obvious that evaporating more water into the atmosphere will eventually produce more precipitation. More precipitation is unavoidable. But the priority is to make more numerous and more persistent daytime-clouds (not nighttime clouds), to maximize the amount of reflected solar energy with a minimum of applied input energy to macro-evaporate water. Ronald S. Ace (author) is associated with Pinnacle Products, LLC located in Laurel, Maryland. [2] In an article from Chron (December 21, 2008) titled, Inventor: Evaporation units could cool Earth author Greg Gordon writes, “Some scientists find idea intriguing, others scoff at plan. Now, backed by a computer model, the little-known inventor is making public a U.S. patent petition for what he calls the most ‘practical, nontoxic, affordable, rapidly achievable’ and beneficial way to curb global warming and a resulting catastrophic ocean rise. Spray gigatons of seawater into the air, mainly in the Northern Hemisphere, and let Mother Nature do the rest, he says. The evaporating water, Ace said, would cool the Earth in multiple ways: First, the sprayed droplets would transform to water vapor, a change that absorbs thermal energy near ground level; then the rising vapor would condense into sunlight-reflecting clouds and cooling rain, releasing much of the stored energy into space in the form of infrared radiation. McClatchy Newspapers has followed Ace's work for three years and obtained a copy

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of his 2007 patent petition for what he calls ‘a colossal refrigeration system with a 100,000-fold performance multiplier.’ ‘The Earth has a giant air-conditioning problem,’ he said. ‘I'm proposing to put a thermostat on the planet.’ Although it might sound preposterous, a computer model run by an internationally known global warming scientist suggests that Ace's giant humidifier might just work. Kenneth Caldeira, a climate scientist at the Carnegie Institution’s Department of Global Ecology at Stanford University, roughly simulated Ace's idea in recent months on a model that's used extensively by top scientists to study global warming. The simulated evaporation of about one-half inch of additional water everywhere in the world produced immediate planetary cooling effects that were projected to reach nearly 1 degree Fahrenheit within 20 or 30 years, Caldeira said. ‘In the computer simulation, evaporating water was almost as effective as directly transferring ... energy to space, which was surprising to me,’ he said. Ace said that the cooling effect would be several times greater if the model were refined to spray the same amount of seawater at strategic locations. He proposes to install 1,000 or more devices that spray water 20 to 200 feet into the air from barren stretches of the West African coast, bluffs on deserted Atlantic Ocean isles, deserts adjoining the African, South American and Mediterranean coasts and other arid or windy sites. To maximize cloud formation, he'd avoid the already humid tropics, where most water vapor quickly turns to rain. ‘It does seem like evaporating water outside the tropics would be more effective,’ Caldeira said. Several scientists who reviewed Ace's patent petition for McClatchy reacted with caution to outright derision over its possibilities, but some softened their views upon learning of the computer model. It would be relatively easy to design spraying equipment to carry out his plan to fill that water vapor deficit, but it would take a major international effort to install 1,000 large spraying devices, or thousands of smaller ones. If fully deployed, the 15,800 cubic meters of sprayed water per second would be equivalent to the flow at the mouth of the Mississippi River and would require enough energy to power a medium-sized city. However, spraying only a portion of that amount for a decade would be enough to cool the equivalent of current man-made global warming, estimated to range up to 0.76 degrees Fahrenheit, Ace said. Such cooling, he said, could buy mankind decades of time for more research and precision. Ace has his doubters, partly because he took the patent route rather than submitting his idea for scientific peer review. A patent certifies that an invention is unique, not that it would work. David Travis, a University of Wisconsin-Whitewater professor who's studied clouds extensively, praised Ace's innovation, but said he's ‘generally opposed to geo-engineering’

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solutions and can't imagine evaporating water on a large enough scale to have a near-term effect. Caldeira, who plans to submit his computer findings for peer-reviewed publication, is among scientists so concerned about sluggish progress in curbing greenhouse gases that they met last year to consider geo-engineering options. One thing is certain: Ace is dead serious. He's tenaciously compiled more than a thousand pages of research, sometimes during all-night binges despite a fight with cancer. He said he's invested large sums in patenting his global-warming inventions.” [3]

Chapter Seven References 1) Early Warning Signs of Global Warming: Heat Waves” Accessed April of 2017. https://www3.epa.gov/climatechange/kids/impacts/signs/weather.html 2) Ronald S. Ace. “Profile” Accessed April of 2017. http://www.h2ope.us/ 3) Greg Gordon. 2008. “Inventor: Evaporation units could cool Earth” Chron Accessed April of 2017. http://www.chron.com/news/nation-world/article/InventorEvaporation-units-could-cool-Earth-1788944.php

CHAPTER EIGHT PATENT AWARENESS

The warnings about global warming have been extremely clear for a long time. We are facing a global climate crisis. It is deepening. We are entering a period of consequences. —Al Gore (American politician and environmentalist who served as the 45th Vice President of the United States from 1993 to 2001 under President Bill Clinton) I have not seen Al Gore's movie. —Dick Cheney (American politician and businessman who was the 46th Vice President of the United States from 2001 to 2009, under President George W. Bush)

Early warning signals of global warming: On average, the world is already getting more precipitation now than it did 100 years ago: 6 percent more in the United States and nearly 2 percent more worldwide. The effects vary by region, though. For example, states in the Northeast are getting more precipitation than they used to get, but Hawaii is getting less. As temperatures rise and the air becomes warmer, more moisture evaporates

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from land and water into the atmosphere. More moisture in the air generally means we can expect more rain and snow (called precipitation) and more heavy downpours. But this extra precipitation is not spread evenly around the globe, and some places might get less precipitation than they used to get. That's because climate change causes shifts in air and ocean currents, which can change weather patterns. [1] Global warming is the result of an increase in the Earth’s average surface temperature due to greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide and methane. These gases are required for the presence of human life on the Earth. However, global warming is happening due to over-emittance of these gases. There is a total of 22,282 patents and patent applications that have the word “global warming” therein. Accessed April 2, 2017 (USPTO). Emissions like carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide and other greenhouses gases will remain in the atmosphere for many years making impossible to eliminate global warming for several decades. There is a total of 11,213 patents and patent applications that have the words “global warming” and “carbon dioxide” therein. Accessed April 2, 2017 (USPTO). Per IPCC 2007 report, sea levels will rise by 7-23 inches by the end of this century due to global warming. There is a total of 446 patents and patent applications that have the words “global warming” and “sea level” therein. Accessed April 2, 2017 (USPTO). Since 1880, the average temperature has risen by 1.4 degrees Fahrenheit. There is a total of 22,282 patents and patent applications that have the word “global warming” therein. Accessed April 2, 2017 (USPTO). The last two decades of the 20th century have been hottest in the last 400 years, per climate studies. There is a total of 6,811 patents and patent applications that have the word “climate change” therein. Accessed April 2, 2017 (USPTO). The Arctic is one of the worst places to be effected by global warming. There is a total of 92 patents and patent applications that have the words “global warming” and “Arctic” therein. Accessed April 2, 2017 (USPTO). Per the multinational Arctic Climate Impact Assessment report compiled between 2000 and 2004, the average temperatures in Alaska, Western Canada and Russia have risen at twice the global average. There is a total of 170 patents and patent applications that have the words “global warming” and “Alaska” therein. Accessed April 2, 2017 (USPTO).

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The Arctic ice is melting rapidly. By 2040 the region is expected to have a completely ice-free summer, or even earlier. There is a total of 19 patents and patent applications that have the words “global warming” and “Arctic ice” therein. Accessed April 2, 2017 (USPTO). The Montana Glacier National Park has only 25 glaciers instead of 150 that were there in the year 1910. There is a total of 151 patents and patent applications that have the words “global warming” and “glaciers” therein. Accessed April 2, 2017 (USPTO). Due to global warming and pollution, coral reefs are suffering the worst bleaching with the highest dying record since 1980. There is a total of 40 patents and patent applications that have the words “global warming” and “coral reef” therein. Accessed April 2, 2017 (USPTO). Global warming that is causing extreme weather changes has shown its implications in the way of forest fires, heat waves and severe tropical storms throughout the world. There is a total of 171 patents and patent applications that have the words “global warming” and “extreme weather” therein. Accessed April 2, 2017 (USPTO). There has been a tremendous increase of water vapor, carbon dioxide, methane nitrous oxide and especially greenhouse gases due to polluting substances emitted because of industrialization, pollution, deforestation. There is a total of 3,135 patents and patent applications that have the words “global warming” and “greenhouse gas” therein. Accessed April 2, 2017 (USPTO). Humans are emitting more carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, faster than the absorbing rates of plants and the oceans. There is a total of 5,960 patents and patent applications that have the words “global warming” and “plants” therein. Accessed April 2, 2017 (USPTO). Sea levels have risen about 7 inches in the in the last 100 years, which is more than the previous 2000 years combined. The rising sea levels due to global warming could threaten the lives of people living along the coastal areas. There is a total of 404 patents and patent applications that have the words “global warming” and “coastal” therein. Accessed April 2, 2017 (USPTO). Melting of glaciers will cause sea levels to rise on one hand and water shortages in areas that depend on natural sources of water. There is a total of 42 patents and patent applications that have the words “global warming” and “water shortage” therein. Accessed April 2, 2017 (USPTO). More than 1 million species have become extinct due to disappearing habitats, ecosystems acidic oceans all caused due to global warming. There is a total of 38 patents and patent applications that have the words “global warming” and “extinct” therein. Accessed April 2, 2017 (USPTO).

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Global warming will completely alter the ocean’s conveyer belt which will cause a mini ice age in the Europe. There is a total of zero (0) patents and patent applications that have the words “global warming” and “mini ice age” therein. Accessed April 2, 2017 (USPTO). Increasing temperatures will release more greenhouse gases, unlock methane, and cause more evaporation of water. There is a total of 4,694 patents and patent applications that have the words “global warming” and “methane” therein. Accessed April 2, 2017 (USPTO). [2]

Chapter Eight References 1) Early Warning Signs of Global Warming: Heat Waves” Accessed April of 2017. https://www3.epa.gov/climatechange/kids/impacts/signs/precippatterns.html 2) Rinkesh. “35 Surprising Facts About Global Warming” Conserve Energy Future, Accessed April of 2017. http://www.conserve-energyfuture.com/various-global-warming-facts.php

CHAPTER NINE U.S. PRESIDENT BARACK OBAMA (2009-2017)

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Chapter Nine The shift to a cleaner energy economy won’t happen overnight, and it will require tough choices along the way. But the debate is settled. Climate change is a fact. And when our children’s children look us in the eye and ask if we did all we could to leave them a safer, more stable world, with new sources of energy, I want us to be able to say yes, we did. —U.S. President Barack Obama, State of the Union, January 28, 2014

The diversity and complexity of climate change will continue to encourage inventors to showcase their critical-thinking skills and possibly gain a substantial financial reward for their efforts. The President of the United States can have an impact on climate-change initiatives and inventions thereafter. In a communication from The Record titled, A Historic Commitment to Protecting the Environment and Addressing the Impacts of Climate Change it is written, “President Obama believes that no challenge poses a greater threat to our children, our planet, and future generations than climate change — and that no other country on Earth is better equipped to lead the world towards a solution. That’s why under President Obama’s leadership, the United States has done more to combat climate change than ever before, while growing the economy. In fact, since the President took office, carbon emissions have decreased 9 percent, while the U.S. economy grew more than 10 percent.” Described below are examples of President Obama’s climate change leadership.

Cut Carbon Pollution Established the first-ever national carbon pollution standards for power plants, the largest source of carbon pollution in our country. The Clean Power Plan gives states flexible, cost-effective tools to cut carbon pollution from these plants by 32% from 2005 levels by 2030, while preventing thousands of premature deaths and tens of thousands of childhood asthma attacks by reducing dangerous co-pollutants; Set standards that will nearly double the fuel economy of passenger vehicles by 2025 and established ground-breaking fuel economy standards for medium and heavy-duty trucks - Together, these standards will avoid more than 8 billion tons of carbon pollution while saving families and businesses nearly $2 trillion over the lives of the vehicles; Set new energy-efficiency standards for appliances and equipment, which have cut consumers’ electricity bills by hundreds of billions of dollars.

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Taken together, the final energy conservation standards completed during this Administration will avoid 2.5 billion metric tons of carbon emissions by 2030; Launched the American Business Act on Climate Pledge, with major American companies voicing support for a strong international climate agreement in Paris and making major new commitments to cut carbon pollution, boost clean energy, and increase low-carbon investment; Developed and are implementing a strategy to reduce methane emissions, including new standards to cut emissions from new sources of oil and gas development and landfills, taking the first step to regulate existing sources in the oil and gas sector, and provided support for new technologies to detect and measure methane emissions; Announced two rounds of private-sector commitments and executive actions that will slash U.S. reliance on HFCs and reduce cumulative global consumption of these greenhouse gases by the equivalent of more than 1 billion metric tons of CO2 through 2025; Reduced the Federal Government’s greenhouse gas emissions by more than 17 percent and set a new aggressive goal of reducing Federal emissions by 40 percent from 2008 levels by 2025; Collaborated with agricultural producers to cut emissions and increase carbon sequestration in the agricultural and forestry sectors through voluntary and incentive-based measures, and improved monitoring and measurement of land-sector greenhouse gas emissions - Recognizing the role that forests and agricultural activities place in GHG emissions, in April 2015, USDA announced its Building Blocks for Climate-Smart Agriculture and Forestry—voluntary and incentive-based programs to reduce GHG emissions from agricultural production, increase carbon storage in our forests and soils, and generate clean, renewable energy. These actions will foster resilient economies and food systems, while also reducing emissions and improving environmental conditions; Released the U.S. Mid-Century Strategy for Deep Decarbonization alongside Canada and Mexico, setting out a long-term vision for costeffectively decarbonizing our economy - The report, which is a key dueout of the Paris Agreement, illustrates the pathways to achieve an 80 percent economy-wide emissions reduction below 2005 levels by 2050 – consistent with the global ambition necessary to avoid the costliest climate impacts and catastrophic risks; and

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Announced support for strong international climate action by more than 300 colleges and universities, who signed the American Campus Act on Climate Pledge.

Expanded the Clean Energy Economy Made the largest single investment in clean energy in history through the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act (Recovery Act), providing more than $90 billion in strategic clean energy investments and tax incentives to promote job creation and the deployment of low-carbon technologies, and leveraging approximately $150 billion in private and other non-federal capital for clean energy investments resulting in in dramatic increases in clean energy – with wind power tripling and solar power increasing by 30- times since the President took office; Technology improvements in clean energy--in significant part due to Federal investment--have resulted in substantial costs reductions. Since 2008, the cost of solar has dropped 64 percent, wind 41 percent and LEDs 94 percent - DOE’s SunShot Initiative launched in 2011 to drive down the cost of solar, and after achieving over 90% of the cost reductions towards the 2020 goal in 2016, launched a new goal with increased ambition for 2030.; Approved the first-ever large-scale renewable energy projects on Federal public lands, and permitted more than 15 GW of renewable energy capacity approved as of 2016. Established the first program for offshore wind leasing and permitting, which Administration analysis show could produce up to 86 GW of renewable energy off our coasts by 2050 - In 2009, there were no solar projects built on public lands and no method to address industry’s growing interest in developing renewable energy projects onshore or offshore. Today, some of the world’s largest solar projects are powering the grid from public and tribal lands; we have a blueprint for responsible solar development in the West; and we’ve institutionalized a competitive renewable energy leasing program within the Bureau of Land Management. In a span of eight years, we approved 60 commercial-scale renewable energy projects on public lands that have the potential to produce 15,500 megawatts, enough to power approximately five million American homes. That’s progress; Performed energy-efficiency upgrades in nearly two million homes across the country - In President Obama's first term, DOE and HUD completed efficiency upgrades in nearly two million homes, saving many families

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more than $400 on their heating and cooling bills in the first year alone; Launched the Clean Energy Investment Initiative to expand private-sector investment in promising technologies aimed at reducing carbon pollution, including inspiring more than $4 billion in private-sector commitments and executive actions to scale up investment in clean-energy innovation; Made $1 billion in additional loan guarantee authority available and announced new guidelines for distributed energy projects utilizing innovative technologies, like rooftop solar panels with storage, and unlocked $10 billion in current loan guarantees for these technologies - the United States brought online as much solar energy every three weeks as it did in all of 2008, and the solar industry added jobs 10 times faster than the rest of the economy. Since the beginning of 2010, the average cost of a solar electric system has dropped by 50 percent. In fact, distributed solar prices fell 10 to 20 percent in 2014 alone and currently 44 states have pricing structures that encourage increased penetration of distributed energy resources; Launched a new cross government partnership – the Clean Energy Savings for All Initiative to increase access to solar energy and promote energy efficiency across the United States with a focus on expanding access for low- and moderate- income communities and creating a more inclusive workforce; Unlocked more than $850 million from the United States Department of Agriculture to invest in helping hundreds of small businesses improve energy efficiency, adopt renewable energy systems; Expanded and modernized the electric grid through technology upgrades and permitting reforms - President Obama is committed to improving the nation’s electric grid and spurring the development of renewable energy. The Administration announced new investments in the next generation of power transmission and smart grid technology in 13 states and executive actions that will make it easier and faster to permit transmission lines; On track to deploy 3 GW of renewable energy generation at U.S. military installations - DOD Defense Department has implemented many energy efficiency and renewable energy technologies, underscoring the significant and inherent connection between energy independence and national security. Our Army, Navy, Air Force and Marines are deploying innovations in energy efficient technology, operational procedures, and renewable energy to improve combat capability and extend operational

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reach. This includes solar panels that power mobile artillery, fuel efficient tactical vehicles, and command-and-control systems that enable commanders to extend operational reach and reduce the number of vulnerable replenishment convoys. The Army, Navy and Air Force are also deploying three gigawatts of renewable energy on their installations by 2025 – enough to power 750,000 homes; Announced the 21st Century Clean Transportation Plan in the 2016 State of the Union, unlocked $4 billion in funding for electric vehicle fueling infrastructure, established the first national electric vehicle charging infrastructure, and partnered with the private sector to building a lasting commitment to scale up electric vehicles; Established the Better Buildings Challenge to enlist cities, states, utilities, manufacturers, school districts, and businesses to improve energy efficiency, targeting heavy users such as data centers and outdoor lighting systems; Worked with companies, mayors, university presidents, and labor leaders to drive $4 billion of investment in energy-efficiency upgrades for public and private buildings; Launched Solar Ready Vets at ten U.S. military bases to train veterans for jobs in the solar power industry; Released the first installment of the Quadrennial Energy Review, which focuses on U.S. energy transmission, storage, and distribution to examine how to modernize our nation’s energy infrastructure to promote economic competitiveness, energy security, and environmental responsibility; Supported research and public-private partnerships to pursue new innovations in biofuel technologies; Dedicated new federal resources for economic diversification, job creation, training, and other employment services for workers and communities impacted by layoffs at coal mines and coal-fired power plants - The United States is undergoing a rapid energy transformation, particularly in the power sector. Booming natural gas production, declining costs for renewable energy, increases in energy efficiency, flattening electricity demand, and updated clean air standards are changing the way electricity is generated and used across the country. These trends are producing cleaner air and healthier communities, and spurring new jobs and industries. At the same time, they are impacting workers and

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communities who have relied on the coal industry as a source of good jobs and economic prosperity, particularly in Appalachia, where competition with other coal basins provides additional pressure. To help these communities adapt to the changing energy landscape and build a better future the President’s FY 2016 Budget proposed the POWER Plus (POWER+) Plan.; Increased Federal investment in hydroelectric power, including in the construction of the Red Rock Hydroelectric Plant in Iowa; Recognized independent commitments by more than 350 leading companies and state and local leaders to deploy solar energy and increase energy efficiency across the nation - President Obama announces new steps to help generate more clean energy, waste less energy overall, and leave our kids and our grandkids with a cleaner, safer planet in the process; Made the largest investments in cleaner and more efficient energy systems in the Nation’s history and delivered on a commitment to clean energy innovation; Created the most comprehensive process ever for assessing energytechnology and energy-policy options; and Addressed water pollution with the creation of the Challenging Nutrients Coalition to develop better and cheaper ways to improve water quality and data.

Led global efforts on climate change Led global efforts on climate change, resulting in a historic Paris Climate Agreement, with more than 190 countries coming together to adopt the most ambitious climate change agreement in history. The Paris Agreement establishes a long-term, durable global framework to set the world on a course to reduce global greenhouse gas emissions and mitigate the most dangerous levels of climate change - This new global framework lays the foundation for countries to work together to put the world on a path to keeping global temperature rise well below 2 degrees Celsius and sets an ambitious vision to go even farther than that. This Agreement sends a strong signal to the private sector that the global economy is moving towards clean energy, and that through innovation and ingenuity, we can achieve our climate objectives while creating new jobs, raising standards

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of living and lifting millions out of poverty. The Paris Agreement is also the culmination of a broader effort by nations, businesses, cities, and citizens to reorient the global economy to a path of low-carbon growth – progress that will accelerate as a result of the Agreement’s provisions on mitigation ambition, transparency, and climate finance; Led an unprecedented international effort to push the Paris Agreement into force, faster than all but a handful of international agreements; Led an international coalition of countries to secure an amendment to the Montreal Protocol to phase down HFCs, potent greenhouse gases. The amendment, which has strong support from U.S. industry, will avoid more than 80 billion metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent by 2050 – equivalent to more than a decade of emissions from the entire U.S. economy – and could avoid up to 0.5°C of warming by the end of the century; Forged a historic joint announcement with China, under which the United States launched an ambitious but achievable U.S. target to reduce greenhouse gas emissions to 26 to 28 percent below 2005 levels by 2025, while China announced for the first time its intent to peak carbon emissions around 2030 and increase the share of zero-carbon energy capacity to 20 percent - This announcement is a unique development in the U.S.-China relationship. The world’s two largest economies, energy consumers, and carbon emitters are reaching across traditional divides and working together to demonstrate leadership on an issue that affects the entire world. By making this announcement well in advance of the deadline set out in the UNFCCC negotiations, the two leaders demonstrated their commitment to reducing the harmful emissions warming our planet, and encouraged other world leaders to follow suit in offering strong national targets ahead of the final negotiations in Paris; Announced an additional Joint Presidential Statement on Climate Change with China’s President Xi Jinping that further defined implementation of the countries’ post-2020 emissions targets - In November 2014, President Barack Obama and President Xi Jinping stood together in Beijing to make a historic U.S.-China Joint Announcement on Climate Change, emphasizing their personal commitment to a successful climate agreement in Paris and marking a new era of multilateral climate diplomacy as well as a new pillar in their bilateral relationship. On the occasion of President Xi’s State Visit to Washington, D.C., the two Presidents reaffirm their shared conviction that climate change is one of the greatest threats facing

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humanity and that their two countries have a critical role to play in addressing it; Led over 190 countries in securing both a global standard to reduce carbon emissions from commercial aircraft and an innovative, market-oriented, and industry supported agreement to limit emissions across the aviation sector; Launched Mission Innovation, a landmark commitment to double public funding for clean energy research and development to $30 billion in five years - Collaborating with 20 private investors from around the world that launched the Breakthrough Energy Coalition, which culminated in 2016 with the launch of Breakthrough Energy Ventures, a $1 billion-dollar fund to invest in developing clean energy technologies. Through the initiative, 20 countries are committing to double their respective clean energy research and development (R&D) investment over five years. These countries include the top five most populous nations – China, India, the United States, Indonesia, and Brazil. They stretch across five continents. And when you add all partner countries together, they represent 75 percent of the world’s CO2 emissions from electricity, and more than 80 percent of the world’s clean energy R&D investment. These additional public resources will be supported by the Breakthrough Energy Coalition, an independent effort by 28 top private investors from around the world, led by Bill Gates, to commit unprecedented levels of private capital to help bring breakthrough energy technologies to the market in Mission Innovation member countries; Pledged $3 billion to support the Green Climate Fund to reduce carbon pollution and strengthen resilience in developing countries, especially the poorest and most vulnerable. The GCF will play an important role in improving resilience to climate impacts and addressing the security risks associated with climate change; Along with Canada and Mexico, proposed an amendment to the Montreal Protocol to phase down production and consumption of hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), potent greenhouse gases. At the Meeting of the Parties to the Montreal Protocol in November, Parties agreed to work together on an amendment in 2016. Phasing out these substances could avoid up to 0.5°C of warming by the end of the century; Committed to doubling the $400 million per year of grant-based resources in global climate adaptation by 2020 - Secretary of State John Kerry

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announced that the United States will double its grant-based, public climate finance for adaptation by 2020. As of 2014, the United States invested more than $400 million per year of grant-based resources for climate adaptation in developing countries. These investments provide vulnerable countries with support — through both bilateral and multilateral channels — to reduce climate risks in key areas, including infrastructure, agriculture, health and water services; Fostered a commitment by more than 30 countries of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) to dramatically reduce financing for coal-fired power plants overseas; Announced joint measures with Brazil, in which both countries will increase the share of renewables, beyond hydropower, in their respective electricity generation mixes to 20 percent by 2030, and Brazil will restore and reforest 12 million hectares of forests, roughly the size of Pennsylvania, by 2030; Announced climate cooperation with Indonesia, including an unprecedented level of collaboration to conserve ecosystems, promote climate change adaptation, and foster the next generation of scientists. The partnerships represent approximately $60 million under the Tropical Forest Conservation Act and $50 million under the Millennium Challenge Corporation compact; Announced bilateral cooperation with India to adopt and develop clean energy solutions to help transition toward a climate-resilient, low-carbon economy; Announced a new public-private partnership to ensure that the climate data and products made available by U.S. technical agencies are useful to developing countries; Built deeper collaborations with North American Leaders Canada and Mexico, including expanded efforts to combat climate change and promote clean energy, and joined Canada and Mexico in committing to reduce methane emissions from the oil and gas sector by 40 to 45% below 2012 levels by 2025; Joined ten other countries in announcing contributions totaling $248 million to the Least Developed Countries Fund (LDCF), which plays a key role in addressing urgent and immediate adaptation needs of least developed countries;

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Launched an international public-private partnership, the Climate Services for Resilient Development, to empower developing nations to boost their own climate resilience by providing needed climate services — including actionable science, data, information, tools, and training - The Climate Services for Resilient Development Partnership, initially announced by the President at the UN Climate Summit in New York last September, will provide actionable science, data, information, tools, and training to developing countries that are working to strengthen their national resilience against the impacts of climate change. The Partnership is launching with more than $34 million in financial and in-kind contributions from the U.S. government and seven other founding-partner institutions from around the world: the American Red Cross, Asian Development Bank, Esri, Google, Inter-American Development Bank, the Skoll Global Threats Fund, and the U.K. government; Announced a contribution of $30 million to support insurance initiatives under the Pacific Catastrophic Risk Assessment and Financing Initiative, expand the Caribbean Catastrophic Risk Insurance Facility to cover Central American countries, and support the African Risk Capacity program - This announcement is an important step toward the goal G-7 leaders set this summer to increase by up to 400 million the number of people in the most vulnerable developing countries who will have access to insurance against the negative impacts of related hazards by 2020; Released high-resolution elevation data globally to help local communities mitigate the impacts of frequent river basin flooding, storm surges, and sea-level rise; Reduced tariffs on environmental goods, which range from clean technology for air conditioners to wind turbines to bicycles, to fulfill a commitment made by the 21 Leaders of the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) forum and pursued an expansion of that commitment through a more comprehensive agreement on environmental goods among interested members of the WTO; Issued an executive order requiring that federal agencies screen their international development investments and programs for climate risks; and Launched a public-private partnership with Norway and the United Kingdom to reduce emissions from deforestation and forest deregulation.

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Protected Our Climate, Our Air, and Our Water Established the first-ever national limits for mercury, arsenic, and other toxic air pollutants emitted by power plants; Set standards to limit mercury and other pollutants from the largest sources of industrial air pollution, including cement plants, industrial boilers, and waste incinerators; Established new standards for cleaner gasoline and vehicles to reduce harmful air pollution; Signed, as the culmination of years of bipartisan effort, a bill to reform the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA), the first major update to an environmental statute in 20 years. The updated law gives EPA the authorities we needed to help protect American families from the health effects of dangerous chemicals; Set tighter standards for ozone pollution that will deliver 2-4 dollars in benefits for every dollar spent—reducing premature deaths, childhood asthma attacks, and cases of acute bronchitis among children; Updated drinking water standards, protected drinking water sources, and modernized the tools available to communities to meet their clean water requirements, while providing affordable clean water services in rural communities - Released a national Clean Water Framework that recognizes the importance of clean water and healthy watersheds to our economy, environment and communities, and emphasizes the importance of partnerships and coordination with states, local communities, stakeholders, and the public to protect public health and water quality, and promote the nation’s energy and economic security; Released a national Clean Water Framework that recognizes the importance of clean water and healthy watersheds to our economy, environment and communities, and emphasizes the importance of partnerships and coordination with states, local communities, stakeholders, and the public to protect public health and water quality, and promote the nation’s energy and economic security; Promulgated the Clean Water Rule to provide the clarity and certainty businesses and industry need about which waters are protected by the Clean Water Act, and ensure that these waters can be protected from pollution;

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Overhauled our nation’s offshore energy program by raising the bar at every stage of oil and gas development through new standards for safety and environmental systems, well design, production systems, blowout prevention, well control equipment and emergency response; ensuring that any oil and gas exploration offshore Alaska is subject to strong standards specifically tailored to the region’s challenging and unforgiving conditions; and strengthening federal oversight by restructuring to create three independent regulatory agencies that have clear missions and better resources to keep pace with a rapidly evolving industry; and Adopted a balanced approach to best meet the nation’s energy needs by making available for leasing areas offshore with high resource potential and mature infrastructure while protecting regions with critical ecological resources.

Cut Energy Waste Established the Better Buildings Challenge to enlist cities, states, utilities, manufacturers, school districts, and businesses to improve energy efficiency, targeting heavy users such as data centers and outdoor lighting systems; Set new energy efficiency standards for appliances and equipment, which have cut consumers’ electricity bills by hundreds of billions of dollars. Taken together, the final energy conservation standards completed during this Administration add up to more than 2 billion metric tons of carbon emissions by 2030, and we are on track to meet the Climate Action Plan’s goal of cutting 3 billion metric tons of energy waste by 2030; Worked with companies, mayors, university presidents, and labor leaders to drive $4 billion of investment in energy efficiency upgrades for public and private buildings; and Performed energy efficiency upgrades in nearly two million homes across the country - In President Obama's first term, DOE and HUD completed efficiency upgrades in nearly two million homes, saving many families more than $400 on their heating and cooling bills in the first year alone.

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Prepared Our Communities for the Impacts of Climate Change Established the State, Local, and Tribal Leaders Task Force to advise the Administration on how to better support communities preparing for climate change on the local level - President Obama signed an Executive Order on November 1st, 2013 establishing a Task Force on Climate Preparedness and Resilience to advise the Administration on how the Federal Government can respond to the needs of communities nationwide that are dealing with the impacts of climate change. The Task Force members, which include governors, mayors, county officials, and Tribal leaders from across the country, met throughout the year and used their first-hand experiences in building climate preparedness and resilience in their communities to inform their recommendations to the Administration; Directed federal agencies to develop adaptation plans to reduce the vulnerability of federal programs, assets, and investments to the impacts of climate change - President Obama has taken unprecedented action to invest in our natural resources and work with American business leaders who understand that acting to increase environmental protections is good for the future of our planet and their bottom line. Last month, the White House announced that 81 companies from all 50 states signed the American Business Act on Climate Pledge to commit to reducing emissions and support a strong international climate agreement; Worked with communities to support investments in resilient infrastructure in the areas impacted by Hurricane Sandy and elsewhere, ensuring that infrastructure is built to withstand future disasters - To ensure communities are better prepared for the impacts of climate change today and tomorrow, we continue to ensure that we are making decisions based on the latest science and data, we are responding to community-driven priorities, we are doing all that we can to serve vulnerable communities, and we are collaborating with partners to maximize impact. In the aftermath of Hurricane Sandy, Federal agencies incorporated the best available science and data, including sea level rise projections and climate resilience, into project planning and design; Launched the National Disaster Resilience Competition to help communities that have experienced major natural disasters to rebuild and better prepare for extreme weather;

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Released the third U.S. National Climate Assessment — the most comprehensive scientific report on domestic climate change impacts ever generated — and advanced the development of a “sustained assessment” process to provide a steady stream of information on the current and projected impacts of climate change in the United States; Released "The Impacts of Climate Change on Human Health in the United States: A Scientific Assessment," which significantly advanced scientific knowledge regarding the impacts of climate change on public health; Convened the first Summit on Climate Change and Health to stimulate a national dialogue on preventing the health impacts of climate change; Launched the Climate Data Initiative — a broad effort to leverage the federal government’s extensive, freely-available, climate-relevant data resources to stimulate innovation and private-sector entrepreneurship in support of national climate-change preparedness; Developed the Climate Resilience Toolkit to provide centralized, authoritative, easy-to-use information to help communities prepare for the impacts of climate change; Launched the Partnership for Resilience and Preparedness, a public-private collaboration among federal agencies, non-governmental organizations, private-sector companies, and civil-society organizations, focused on identifying priority climate-information needs, reducing barriers to data access and usability, and developing an open-source platform to enable sharing and learning on the availability and use of data and information for climate resilience; Announced Resilience Dialogues, an online consultation service, currently in beta form, that will allow community leaders to engage in facilitated, expedited, and tailored dialogues with scientists, resilience practitioners, and subject-matter experts; Hosted the first White House Water Summit to shine a spotlight on the importance of cross-cutting, creative solutions to solving the water problems of today - The White House Water Summit also highlighted the innovative strategies that will catalyze change in how we use, conserve, protect, and think about water in the years to come. In addition, more than 150 external institutions joined the federal government in announcing new efforts and commitments to enhance the sustainability of water in the United States by managing our water resources and infrastructure for the long term;

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Issued a Presidential Memorandum and supporting Action Plan on building national capabilities for long-term drought resilience in the United States, including by setting drought resilience policy goals, directing specific drought resilience activities; Established the Arctic Executive Steering Committee to coordinate national efforts in the Arctic, and to strengthen cooperation among Federal agencies, State, local, tribal, academic, private and other groups to mitigate the impacts of climate change in the Arctic; Announced a comprehensive agenda to enhance the resilience of America’s natural resources to the impacts of climate change and promote their ability to absorb carbon dioxide; Supported tribes preparing for climate change through adaptation and training, data and information, and improved federal collaboration Federal agencies are partnering with states, tribes, local governments and diverse stakeholders on innovative approaches to restore urban waters, promote sustainable water supplies, and develop new incentives for farmers to protect clean water; Launched the Resilience AmeriCorps to increase civic engagement and community resilience in low-income areas; Launched the Climate Education and Literacy Initiative to ensure that all students and citizens have the knowledge and training they need to address the climate change challenge - Climate education and literacy are a critical part of this STEM skillset and are particularly important for building a 21st-century workforce, where tomorrow’s community leaders, city planners, and entrepreneurs have the information, knowledge, and training to make sound decisions and grow businesses in the context of a changing climate; Announced the commitments of 97 colleges, universities, associations, and academic centers around the country to ensure that the next generation of design professionals are prepared to design and build for extreme weather events and the impacts of climate change; Developed and is implementing a national wildfire management strategy focused on fire adapted communities, response to wildfires, and restoring and maintaining landscapes;

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Issued an Executive Order on mitigating wildfire risk to federal buildings located in the Wildland-Urban Interface (WUI) to reduce risks to people and to help minimize property loss to wildfire; Supported expanded use of green infrastructure techniques to improve natural management of storm water and boost community resilience to flooding and other impacts of climate change; Established a new flood standard to reduce the cost of future flood disasters by requiring federally funded projects to meet higher flood risk standards - This new resilience standard will help ensure taxpayer dollars are well spent on infrastructure that can better withstand the impacts of flooding. Agencies will have the flexibility to choose among different approaches to apply the resilience standard — by using the best methods informed by the best available, actionable climate science; by building two or three feet, depending on how critical the structure is, above the 100-year flood level; or by building above the 500-year flood level; Hosted a White House Conference on Resilient Building Codes and announced new federal and private sector efforts to advance the principles of resilience in building codes and standards, and building design; Hosted a White House Forum on Smart Finance for Disaster Resilience to highlight innovations in disaster mitigation and resilience finance, including emerging public-private collaborations with banking, insurance, and financial services sectors; Invested in health and retirement programs for mineworkers and their families, and funded the accelerated cleanup of abandoned mine lands; and Trained more than 15,000 religious and community leaders on how to prepare for, respond to and recover from disasters - Since 2009, the Department of Homeland Security’s Center for Faith-based and Neighborhood Partnerships (DHS CFBNP) has been deployed in support of 20 Presidentially-declared disasters, which include communities in Alaska, Illinois and Tennessee; and provided technical assistance, training and expertise to more than 15,000 leaders representing diverse faith-based and community-based organizations on topics related to disaster recovery and protecting houses of worship. In addition, DHS CFBNP facilitated the connection of more than 2,000 groups with homeland security and emergency management officials nationwide. These efforts helped shape the development of a community-engagement process on topics such as “religious and cultural literacy and competency in disasters.

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Protected Treasured Natural Resources Permanently protected more than 550 million acres of America’s public lands and waters, more than any other president in history; Signed the Omnibus Public Land Management Act of 2009, the most extensive expansion of land and water conservation in more than a generation, which designated more than 2 million acres of Federal wilderness and protected thousands of miles of trails and more than one thousand miles of rivers; Developed an aggressive program to combat illegal fishing and enforce fishery rules - On December 8, 2016, NOAA Fisheries released the final rule establishing the Seafood Import Monitoring Program (SIMP). The Program establishes, for imports of certain seafood products, the reporting and recordkeeping requirements needed to prevent illegal, unreported and unregulated (IUU)-caught and/or misrepresented seafood from entering U.S. commerce, thereby providing additional protections for our national economy, global food security and the sustainability of our shared ocean resources. This is the first-phase of a risk-based traceability program; Created the largest marine monument in the world, which is completely off-limits to commercial resource extraction - President Obama expanded the PapahƗnaumokuƗkea Marine National Monument off the coast of Hawaii. Building on the United States’ global leadership in marine conservation, today’s designation will more than quadruple the size of the existing marine monument, permanently protecting pristine coral reefs, deep sea marine habitats, and important ecological resources in the waters of the Northwest Hawaiian Islands. The expansion provides critical protections for more than 7,000 marine species, including whales and sea turtles listed under the Endangered Species Act and the longest-living marine species in the world — black coral, which have been found to live longer than 4,500 years. As ocean acidification, warming, and other impacts of climate change threaten marine ecosystems, expanding the monument will improve ocean resilience, help the region’s distinct physical and biological resources adapt, and create a natural laboratory that will allow scientists to monitor and explore the impacts of climate change on these fragile ecosystems; Dedicated unprecedented attention and resources to restoring iconic places like the Chesapeake Bay, California Bay-Delta, Great Lakes, and Everglades - In the Everglades alone, the Administration has invested $2.2

U.S. President Barack Obama (2009-2017)

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billion in restoration efforts, with the President’s 2016 Budget proposing nearly $240 million more. In addition to protecting the primary source of drinking water for more than a third of Florida’s population, these efforts are helping ensure that the Florida Everglades – a major driver of the local economy – are resilient to effects of climate change like saltwater intrusion and invasive species; Announced more recoveries under the Endangered Species Act than has been done under any previous administration; Released the National Strategy for Pollinator Health and a Pollinator Research Action Plan to coordinate and expand Federal efforts to protect honeybees, monarch butterflies, and other pollinators nationwide - In 2014, beekeepers reported losing about 40% of honey bee colonies, threatening the viability of their livelihoods and the essential pollination services their bees provide to agriculture. Monarch butterflies, too, are in jeopardy. The number of overwintering monarchs in Mexico’s forests has declined by 90% or more over the past two decades, placing the iconic annual North American Monarch migration at risk; Launched an “Every Kid in a Park” initiative that provides all fourth-grade students and their families free admission to all Federal lands and waters for a full year - President Obama was committed to giving every kid the chance to explore America’s great outdoors and unique history. That’s why he launched Every Kid in a Park initiative, which calls on each of our agencies to help get all children to visit and enjoy the outdoors and inspire a new generation of Americans to experience their country’s unrivaled public lands and waters. Starting in September of 2015, every fourthgrader in the nation will receive an “Every Kid in a Park” pass that’s good for free admission to all of America’s federal lands and waters — for them and their families — for a full year; Taken unprecedented steps to prevent wildlife trafficking and implement the strongest environmental standards in an international trade deal; and Established the Gulf Restoration Council through the RESTORE Act, bringing five states and six Federal agencies together to restore Gulf Coast ecosystems and communities. [1]

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Chapter Nine Reference (1) The Record. “A Historic Commitment to Protecting the Environment and Addressing the Impacts of Climate Change” The White House – President Barack Obama Accessed June 17, 2017. https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-record/climate

GLOSSARY I GLOBAL-WARMING TERMS

Aerosols - A collection of airborne solid or liquid particles, with a typical size between 0.01 and 10 micrometers (~0.00000039 and ~0.00039 inch) that reside in the atmosphere for at least several hours. Aerosols may be of either natural or human origin. Aerosols may influence climate in several ways: directly through scattering and absorbing radiation, and indirectly by acting as cloud condensation nuclei or modifying the optical properties and lifetime of clouds. Arid region - A land region of low rainfall, where "low" is widely accepted to be