Papers of Thomas Jefferson. Volume 30 The Papers of Thomas Jefferson, Volume 30: 1 January 1798 to 31 January 1799 9780691185354, 0691094985

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TH E PAPERS OF THOMAS JEFFERSON BARBARA B. OBERG G E N E RA L E D I T OR

T H E PA P E R S O F

Thomas Jefferson Volume 30 1 January 1798 to 31 January 1799 BARBARA B. OBERG, EDITOR

JAMES P. M CCLURE AND ELAINE WEBER PASCU, ASSOCIATE EDITORS SHANE BLACKMAN AND F. ANDREW M CMICHAEL, ASSISTANT EDITORS LINDA MONACO, EDITORIAL ASSISTANT JOHN E. LITTLE, RESEARCH ASSOCIATE

PRINCETON AND OXFORD PRINCETON UNIVERSITY PRESS 2003

Copyright  2003 by Princeton University Press Published by Princeton University Press, 41 William Street, Princeton, New Jersey 08540 IN THE UNITED KINGDOM: Princeton University Press, 3 Market Place, Woodstock, Oxfordshire OX20 1SY All Rights Reserved ISBN 0-691-09498-5 Library of Congress Control Number: 51-7486 This book has been composed in Monticello Princeton University Press books are printed on acid-free paper and meet the guidelines for permanence and durability of the Committee on Production Guidelines for Book Longevity of the Council on Library Resources

Printed in the United States of America

DEDICATED TO THE MEMORY OF ADOLPH S. OCHS PUBLISHER OF THE NEW YORK TIMES 1 8 9 6 -1 9 3 5

WHO BY THE EXAMPLE OF A RESPONSIBLE PRESS ENLARGED AND FORTIFIED THE JEFFERSONIAN CONCEPT OF A FREE PRESS

ADVISORY COMMITTEE JOYCE APPLEBY

DREW R. McCOY

FRANCIS L. BERKELEY, JR.

JAMES M. McPHERSON

WILLIAM G. BOWEN

JOHN M. MURRIN

THOMAS JEFFERSON COOLIDGE, JR.

PHILIP D. NORD

NOBLE E. CUNNINGHAM, JR.

MERRILL D. PETERSON

ROBERT C. DARNTON

ROBERT C. RITCHIE

ROBERT F. GOHEEN

DANIEL T. RODGERS

ANNETTE GORDON-REED

JACK ROSENTHAL

RONALD HOFFMAN

ARTHUR M. SCHLESINGER, JR.

DANIEL P. JORDAN

HAROLD T. SHAPIRO

STANLEY N. KATZ

HERBERT SLOAN

THOMAS H. KEAN

SEAN WILENTZ

WALTER LIPPINCOTT

LUCIUS WILMERDING, JR.

J. JEFFERSON LOONEY

GORDON S. WOOD

C O N S U LTA N T S ROBERT W. HARTLE, FRANÇOIS P. RIGOLOT, and CAROL RIGOLOT, Consultants in French EDMUND L. KING, Consultant in Spanish

AS INDICATED in the first volume, this edition was made possible by a grant of $200,000 from The New York Times Company to Princeton University. Since this initial subvention, its continuance has been assured by additional contributions from The New York Times Company and The New York Times Company Foundation; by grants of the Ford Foundation, the National Historical Publications and Records Commission, and the National Endowment for the Humanities; by grants of the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation, the Packard Humanities Institute, the Pew Charitable Trusts, the John Ben Snow Memorial Trust, and the L. J. Skaggs and Mary C. Skaggs Foundation to Founding Fathers Papers, Inc.; by benefactions from the Barkley Fund and the Lyn and Norman Lear Foundation through the National Trust for the Humanities, the Florence Gould Foundation, the Charlotte Palmer Phillips Foundation, Time Inc., the Dyson Foundation, and the Lucius N. Littauer Foundation; and by gifts from Robert C. Baron, James Russell Wiggins, David K. E. Bruce, and B. Batmanghelidj. In common with other editions of historical documents, THE PAPERS OF THOMAS JEFFERSON is a beneficiary of the good offices of the National Historical Publications and Records Commission, tendered in many useful forms through its officers and dedicated staff. For these and other indispensable aids generously given by librarians, archivists, scholars, and collectors of manuscripts, the Editors record their sincere gratitude.

FOREWORD URING the thirteen months covered by this volume, Vice President Thomas Jefferson spent more than half of his time in Philadelphia, serving as president of a Senate that was dominated by Federalists and from which he expected little good. At the same time, he counseled his fellow Republicans on what he took to be the ill-advised policies of the Adams Administration. In this critical year, approaching the midpoint of his vice-presidency, Jefferson was plunged into a difficult period of his political life. He participated in the life of the Senate, presiding as it considered the House’s impeachment of William Blount. The vice president made notes on the framing of oaths for impeachments and went back to his English law books to study the role of juries in impeachment trials. But in the main he expressed frustration at how little real business there was to transact in the first months of the second session of the Fifth Congress. They had merely postponed the Stamp Act until July, decided not to consider the land tax, and were waiting, in a ‘‘state of extraordinary suspense,’’ for dispatches from Elbridge Gerry, Charles C. Pinckney, and John Marshall, the American envoys to France. When dispatches arrived in March and their contents were partially revealed, Republicans suspected the administration of controlling the release of information to further a goal of provoking war with France. Jefferson proclaimed that when the reports were fully known, the Directory’s peaceful intentions would be clear and Republican beliefs triumphant. When the full truth of the XYZ affair became public, however, to many Americans Adams seemed vindicated and Jefferson too optimistic. Following Adams’s revelation of the XYZ dispatches, the nation debated the possibility of war and made preparations for it. The augmentation of the army and creation of a navy, the arming of merchant vessels, the appointment of George Washington as commander of the new provisional army, and the raising of taxes to sustain these measures engaged the attention of Congress. Patriotic addresses poured in on the president. If the Republicans could only beat back offensive measures during that session, Jefferson hoped, members of Congress could go home to their constituents and the real public sentiment would make itself felt. In the meantime, he bid farewell to acquaintances departing for Europe: Tadeusz Kosciuszko, slipping away in secret as ‘‘Thomas Kanberg’’; George Logan, whose journey to France provoked accusations of unauthorized meddling in diplomacy; and the Comte de Volney and others pushed along by pending anti-French legislation. In June, two days after the Alien Friends Act was signed into law and almost three weeks before the session ended, Jefferson, having criticized Republican legislators for deserting their posts, left for Monticello. He

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stayed long enough in Philadelphia to see John Marshall return a hero from the mission to France and then stopped at Montpelier to convey all the latest news to James Madison Debates in Congress took place against a backdrop of bitter partisan rivalry, characterized most famously by the near-brawl on the floor of the House between Matthew Lyon and Roger Griswold. There existed, Jefferson wrote to his old friend, Angelica Church, Alexander Hamilton’s sister-in-law, a ‘‘wall of separation between those who differ in political sentiments.’’ Jefferson himself referred to Adams’s 19 Mch. message to Congress as ‘‘almost insane,’’ and Madison called the president’s politics ‘‘heretical.’’ Jefferson was quite prepared, in a matter-offact way, to equate the terms Federalist, aristocrat, monocrat, and Tory. The partisan press, on both sides, was equally vivid in its language. Following his inquisitive mind and as a relief from politics, Jefferson continued to engage in scientific pursuits and fulfill his role as a promoter of American science and learning. He was reelected in 1798 and 1799 to the presidency of the American Philosophical Society, to which he presented his paper on the moldboard plow. In Philadelphia he recorded winter temperature readings, worried about their accuracy, and decided to rely on David Rittenhouse’s after all. He corresponded with William Linn on Indian languages and with Bishop James Madison on astronomy, prepared an ambitious course of reading for William Munford, a student at the College of William and Mary, and wrote on the Anglo-Saxon language. Jefferson longed for Monticello and his family, contrasting the distasteful bickering of Philadelphia with the sanctuary of his mountaintop. Letters from his daughters were, he said, ‘‘gleams of light,’’ and he lamented to his new son-in-law, John Wayles Eppes, ‘‘I never was more home-sick, or heart-sick.’’ As Jefferson had learned before, his property suffered from his ‘‘long abandonment’’ of it while away on public business. Renovations to the house slowed, supplies for the nailery were disrupted, and he had to arrange for the sale of his crops through intermediaries. With the prices of wheat low and tobacco high, he was drawn back into dependence on the very crop he had hoped to abandon. Jefferson’s correspondence reveals glimpses of his life as absentee plantation owner and slaveholder. Thomas Mann Randolph and Jefferson’s daughter, Martha, reported breaches of trust, idleness, and other lapses by slaves and tradesmen. Jefferson’s room was broken into, but the culprit was caught and the stolen items recovered. Isaac was deemed ‘‘dissatisfied and rebellious.’’ Randolph, with his father-in-law’s blessing, halted the beginnings of individual cultivation of tobacco by Jefferson’s slaves. In contrast, necessity required giving responsibility to a c viii d

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few slaves, including George, foreman at Monticello, and Jupiter, who was entrusted to take the horses to Fredericksburg to meet the master when he returned from Philadelphia and to deliver important letters and wait for replies. And although he gave no sign of changing his views, Jefferson saw two striking alternative models to slavery and slave labor in 1798. With Jefferson’s aid Kosciuszko prepared a will authorizing his American friend to employ his estate to purchase, free, and educate black slaves, and Jefferson’s protégé, William Short, eloquently and insistently refused to base his farming on slave labor. Provoked by the Alien and Sedition Acts and by ‘‘the passions & the power of a majority in Congress,’’ Jefferson penned the famous resolutions adopted in November 1798 by the Kentucky legislature. He kept his authorship a secret, however, seeking to avoid any appearance of ‘‘rashness’’ by Republicans. And, as if settling in for the indefinite continuation of the political conflict he found so distasteful, in late 1798 and early 1799 he strove to recall to the nation’s citizens the true principles of their government. He urged Madison to publish his debates from the Constitutional Convention, which would ‘‘bring about a revulsion of public sentiment’’ against the administration’s current anti-Republican measures, and he pleaded with Edmund Pendleton, ‘‘like the patriarch of old,’’ to rally the people to the truth. He also sought to build a consensus among individuals, reaching out to those like Gerry, who he thought was really much closer in spirit to Republicanism than to Federalism. In a long and impassioned epistle to Gerry, Jefferson offered a ‘‘profession of my political faith.’’ This letter and the Kentucky Resolutions reflect Jefferson’s struggle to understand and define the political direction of the nation in times that he could neither comprehend nor accept. Readers who have followed this edition since its inception or even simply in its most recent volumes will notice some changes in our treatment of the texts. We call your attention to the revised statement of editorial method in the Editorial Method and Apparatus.

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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ANY individuals have given the Editors the benefit of their aid in the preparation of this volume, and to them we offer our gratitude. Those who helped us use manuscript collections or answered research queries are Robert Darnton, Charles C. Gillispie, William C. Jordan, and Georgia Nugent, Princeton University; in the libraries at Princeton, Karin A. Trainer, University Librarian, and William Blair, Mary George, Sooni K. Johnson, Susanne McNatt, Lara Moore, and Rosemary A. Little, whose many years of extraordinary help to us will be greatly missed; Timothy Connelly, Dane Hartgrove, and Michael Meier of the National Historical Publications and Records Commission; James H. Hutson and his staff at the Manuscript Division of the Library of Congress, especially Fred Bauman, Jeffrey Flannery, Gerard W. Gawalt, and Mary Wolfskill; Oona E. Beauchard, Peter Drummey, Nicholas Graham, Brenda M. Lawson, and Virginia H. Smith at the Massachusetts Historical Society; Robert C. Ritchie, John Rhodehamel, and others at the Huntington Library; James Horn and Lucia C. Stanton of the Thomas Jefferson Foundation at Monticello; Michael Plunkett and the staff of the Special Collections Department, the University of Virginia Library; Kristina Gray-Perez and Dennis Northcott, Missouri Historical Society; at the Library of Virginia, Brent Tarter and Minor T. Weisiger; Whitfield J. Bell, Jr., Robert Cox, Scott DeHaven, and Roy Goodman at the American Philosophical Society; Curtis Wilson, St. John’s College (retired); Victor Bers, Yale University; at the North Carolina Division of Archives and History, Robert J. Cain and Donna Kelly; Paul Romaine of the Gilder Lehrman Collection and Leslie Fields at the Morgan Library; Cynthia Miller, University of Pittsburgh Press, and Anne Rawlinson; at the Maine Historical Society, Stephanie Philbrick; the staff of the New York Public Library; and our fellow editors at the Adams Papers at the Massachusetts Historical Society, the Papers of George Washington and the Papers of James Madison at the University of Virginia, the Thomas Jefferson Retirement Series at Monticello, the Papers of Benjamin Franklin at Yale University, and the Papers of Nathanael Greene at the Rhode Island Historical Society. William Howard Adams, Yvonne Brooks, Jacklyn Burns, Alfred L. Bush, Erin Chase, Tino Gipponi, Christin Giviskos, Ewa Gorniak, Leslie Graham, Robert Morgan, Jacqueline O’Regan, and Nicole Wells assisted in the search for illustrations. And we give special thanks to Walter Lippincott, director of Princeton University Press, and those at the Press who have given their

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meticulous attention to this and recent volumes: Alice Calaprice, Chuck Creesy, Dimitri Karetnikov, Thomas LeBien, Jan Lilly, Neil Litt, Elizabeth Litz, Gretchen Oberfranc, Maura Roessner, and Linny Schenck.

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EDITORIAL METHOD AND A P PA R AT U S 1. R E N D E R I N G T H E T E X T

Julian P. Boyd eloquently set forth a comprehensive editorial policy in Volume 1 of The Papers of Thomas Jefferson. Adopting what he described as a ‘‘middle course’’ for rendering eighteenth-century handwritten materials into print, Boyd set the standards for modern historical editing. His successors, Charles T. Cullen and John Catanzariti, reaffirmed Boyd’s high standards. At the same time, they made changes in textual policy and editorial apparatus as they deemed appropriate. For discussions of these modifications, readers are encouraged to consult Vol. 1:xxix-xxiv; Vol. 22:vii-xi; and Vol. 24:vii-viii. The revised, more literal textual method, which appears for the first time in Volume 30, will adhere to the following guidelines: Abbreviations will be retained as written. Where the meaning is sufficiently unclear to require editorial intervention, the expansion will be given in the explanatory annotation. Capitalization will follow the usage of the writer. Most dramatically, perhaps, readers will notice that Jefferson rarely begins his sentences with an uppercase letter, and we now conform to his usage. Because the line between uppercase and lowercase can be a very fine and fluctuating one, when it is impossible to make an absolute determination of the author’s intention, we adopt modern usage. Punctuation will be retained as written and double marks of punctuation, such as a period followed by a dash, will be allowed to stand. Misspellings or so-called slips of the pen will not be silently corrected but will be allowed to stand or recorded in a subjoined textual note. English translations or translation summaries will be supplied for foreign-language documents, which in Jefferson’s papers are primarily French or Spanish. As in the past, in some instances, when documents are lengthy and not especially pertinent to Jefferson’s concerns or if our edition’s typography cannot adequately represent the script of a language, we will provide only a summary in English. In most cases, however, we shall print in full the text in its original language and also provide a full English translation. If a contemporary translation that Jefferson made or would have used is extant, we will likely choose to print it along with the most authoritative text in the original language. Otherwise, the Editors will supplement the text with a modern translation designed to provide a basic readable English text for the c xiii d

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modern user rather than preserving all aspects of the original diction and language. 2. T E X T U A L D E V I C E S

The following devices are employed throughout the work to clarify the presentation of the text. [. . .] [ ] [roman]

[italic] 〈italic〉

Text missing and not conjecturable. Number or part of a number missing or illegible. Conjectural reading for missing or illegible matter. A question mark follows when the reading is doubtful. Editorial comment inserted in the text. Matter deleted in the MS but restored in our text. 3. D E S C R I P T I V E S Y M B O L S

The following symbols are employed throughout the work to describe the various kinds of manuscript originals. When a series of versions is recorded, the first to be recorded is the version used for the printed text. Dft Dupl MS N PoC PrC RC SC Tripl

draft (usually a composition or rough draft; later drafts, when identifiable as such, are designated ‘‘2d Dft,’’ &c.) duplicate manuscript (arbitrarily applied to most documents other than letters) note, notes (memoranda, fragments, &c.) polygraph copy press copy recipient’s copy stylograph copy triplicate

All manuscripts of the above types are assumed to be in the hand of the author of the document to which the descriptive symbol pertains. If not, that fact is stated. On the other hand, the following types of manuscripts are assumed not to be in the hand of the author, and exceptions will be noted: FC Lb

file copy (applied to all contemporary copies retained by the author or his agents) letterbook (ordinarily used with FC and Tr to denote texts copied into bound volumes) c xiv d

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Tr

transcript (applied to all contemporary and later copies except file copies; period of transcription, unless clear by implication, will be given when known) 4. L O C A T I O N S Y M B O L S

The locations of documents printed in this edition from originals in private hands and from printed sources are recorded in self-explanatory form in the descriptive note following each document. The locations of documents printed from originals held by public and private institutions in the United States are recorded by means of the symbols used in the National Union Catalog in the Library of Congress; an explanation of how these symbols are formed is given in Vol. 1: xl. The symbols DLC and MHi by themselves stand for the collections of Jefferson Papers proper in these repositories; when texts are drawn from other collections held by these two institutions, the names of those collections will be added. Location symbols for documents held by institutions outside the United States are given in a subjoined list. The lists of symbols are limited to the institutions represented by documents printed or referred to in this volume. CLU-C CSmH CtHi DLC DNA

DSI MHi MWA MdAN MeHi MoSHi MoSW NHi NN NNPM NRom NjMoHP

University of California, Los Angeles, William Andrews Clark Memorial Library The Huntington Library, San Marino, California Connecticut Historical Society, Hartford Library of Congress The National Archives, with identifications of series (preceded by record group number) as follows: DL Domestic Letters PCC Papers of the Continental Congress Smithsonian Institution Massachusetts Historical Society, Boston American Antiquarian Society, Worcester United States Naval Academy Library, Annapolis, Maryland Maine Historical Society, Portland Missouri Historical Society, St. Louis Washington University Library, St. Louis New-York Historical Society, New York City New York Public Library Pierpont Morgan Library, New York City Jervis Library, Rome, New York Morristown National Historical Park, New Jersey c xv d

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PHC PHi PP PPAmP PPRF PWacD Vi ViHi ViU ViW ViWC WHi

Haverford College Library, Pennsylvania Historical Society of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia Free Library of Philadelphia American Philosophical Society, Philadelphia Rosenbach Foundation, Philadelphia David Library of the American Revolution, Washington Crossing, Pennsylvania Library of Virginia, Richmond Virginia Historical Society, Richmond University of Virginia Library, Charlottesville College of William and Mary Library, Williamsburg, Virginia Colonial Williamsburg, Inc., Williamsburg State Historical Society of Wisconsin, Madison

The following symbol represents a repository located outside of the United States: BPUG PRO

Bibliothèque Publique et Universitaire de Genève, Switzerland Public Record Office, London, with identification of series as follows: T Treasury

5. O T H E R S Y M B O L S A N D A B B R E V I A T I O N S

The following symbols and abbreviations are commonly employed in the annotation throughout the work. Second Series The topical series to be published as part of this edition, comprising those materials which are best suited to a topical rather than a chronological arrangement (see Vol. 1: xv-xvi) TJ Thomas Jefferson TJ Editorial Files Photoduplicates and other editorial materials in the office of The Papers of Thomas Jefferson, Princeton University Library TJ Papers Jefferson Papers (applied to a collection of manuscripts when the precise location of an undated, misdated, or otherwise problematic document must be furnished, and always preceded by the symbol for the institutional repository; thus ‘‘DLC: TJ Papers, 4: 628-9’’ represents a document in the Library of Congress, Jefferson Papers, volume 4, pages 628 and 629. Citations to volumes and folio numbers of the Jefferson Papers at the Library of Congress refer to the collection as it was arranged at the time the first microfilm edition was made in 1944-45. Access to the microfilm c xvi d

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edition of the collection as it was rearranged under the Library’s Presidential Papers Program is provided by the Index to the Thomas Jefferson Papers [Washington, D.C., 1976]) RG Record Group (used in designating the location of documents in the National Archives) SJL Jefferson’s ‘‘Summary Journal of Letters’’ written and received for the period 11 Nov. 1783 to 25 June 1826 (in DLC: TJ Papers). This register, kept in Jefferson’s hand, has been checked against the TJ Editorial Files. It is to be assumed that all outgoing letters are recorded in SJL unless there is a note to the contrary. When the date of receipt of an incoming letter is recorded in SJL, it is incorporated in the notes. Information and discrepancies revealed in SJL but not found in the letter itself are also noted. Missing letters recorded in SJL are, where possible, accounted for in the notes to documents mentioning them or in related documents. A more detailed discussion of this register and its use in this edition appears in Vol. 6: vii-x SJPL ‘‘Summary Journal of Public Letters,’’ an incomplete list of letters and documents written by TJ from 16 Apr. 1784 to 31 Dec. 1793, with brief summaries, in an amanuensis’s hand. This is supplemented by six pages in TJ’s hand, compiled at a later date, listing private and confidential memorandums and notes as well as official reports and communications by and to him as Secretary of State, 11 Oct. 1789 to 31 Dec. 1793 (in DLC: TJ Papers, Epistolary Record, 514-59 and 209-11, respectively; see Vol. 22: ix-x). Since nearly all documents in the amanuensis’s list are registered in SJL, while few in TJ’s list are so recorded, it is to be assumed that all references to SJPL are to the list in TJ’s hand unless there is a statement to the contrary V Ecu ƒ Florin £ Pound sterling or livre, depending upon context (in doubtful cases, a clarifying note will be given) s Shilling or sou (also expressed as ⁄) d Penny or denier f Livre Tournois e Per (occasionally used for pro, pre) 6. S H O R T T I T L E S

The following list includes short titles of works cited frequently in this edition. Since it is impossible to anticipate all the works to be cited in abbreviated form, the list is revised from volume to volume. c xvii d

EDITORIAL METHOD AND APPARATUS

Abernethy, Western Lands Thomas Perkins Abernethy, Western Lands and the American Revolution, New York, 1937 Adams, Diary L. H. Butterfield and others, eds., Diary and Autobiography of John Adams, Cambridge, Mass., 1961, 4 vols. Adams, Works Charles Francis Adams, ed., The Works of John Adams, Boston, 1850-56, 10 vols. AHR American Historical Review, 1895Ammon, Monroe Harry Ammon, James Monroe: The Quest for National Identity, New York, 1971 ANB John A. Garraty and Mark C. Carnes, eds., American National Biography, New York and Oxford, 1999, 24 vols. Annals Annals of the Congress of the United States: The Debates and Proceedings in the Congress of the United States . . . Compiled from Authentic Materials, Washington, D.C., Gales & Seaton, 1834-56, 42 vols. All editions are undependable and pagination varies from one printing to another. The first two volumes of the set cited here have ‘‘Compiled . . . by Joseph Gales, Senior’’ on the title page and bear the caption ‘‘Gales & Seatons History’’ on verso and ‘‘of Debates in Congress’’ on recto pages. The remaining volumes bear the caption ‘‘History of Congress’’ on both recto and verso pages. Those using the first two volumes with the latter caption will need to employ the date of the debate or the indexes of debates and speakers. APS American Philosophical Society ASP American State Papers: Documents, Legislative and Executive, of the Congress of the United States, Washington, D.C., 1832-61, 38 vols. Bear, Family Letters Edwin M. Betts and James A. Bear, Jr., eds., Family Letters of Thomas Jefferson, Columbia, Mo., 1966 Bemis, Pinckney’s Treaty Samuel Flagg Bemis, Pinckney’s Treaty: America’s Advantage from Europe’s Distress, 1783-1800, rev. ed., New Haven, 1960 Berkeley, Beckley Edmund Berkeley and Dorothy Smith Berkeley, John Beckley: Zealous Partisan in a Nation Divided, Philadelphia, 1973 Betts, Farm Book Edwin M. Betts, ed., Thomas Jefferson’s Farm Book, Princeton, 1953 Betts, Garden Book Edwin M. Betts, ed., Thomas Jefferson’s Garden Book, 1766-1824, Philadelphia, 1944 Biog. Dir. Cong. Biographical Directory of the United States Congress, 1774-1989, Washington, D.C., 1989 Biographie universelle Biographie universelle, ancienne et moderne, new ed., Paris, 1843-65, 45 vols. c xviii d

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Bowman, Neutrality Albert H. Bowman, The Struggle for Neutrality: Franco-American Diplomacy during the Federalist Era, Knoxville, 1974 Brant, Madison Irving Brant, James Madison, Indianapolis, 194161, 6 vols. Brigham, American Newspapers Clarence S. Brigham, History and Bibliography of American Newspapers, 1690-1820, Worcester, Mass., 1947, 2 vols. Bush, Life Portraits Alfred L. Bush, The Life Portraits of Thomas Jefferson, rev. ed., Charlottesville, 1987 Callender, Sedgwick & Co. James Thomson Callender, Sedgwick & Co. or A Key to the Six Per Cent Cabinet, Philadelphia, 1798 Cooke, Coxe Jacob E. Cooke, Tench Coxe and the Early Republic, Chapel Hill, 1978 CVSP William P. Palmer and others, eds., Calendar of Virginia State Papers . . . Preserved in the Capitol at Richmond, Richmond, 1875-93, 11 vols. DAB Allen Johnson and Dumas Malone, eds., Dictionary of American Biography, New York, 1928-36, 20 vols. Dauer, Adams Federalists Manning J. Dauer, The Adams Federalists, Baltimore, 1953 DeConde, Quasi-War Alexander DeConde, The Quasi-War: The Politics and Diplomacy of the Undeclared War with France, 17971801, New York, 1966 DHSC Maeva Marcus and others, eds., The Documentary History of the Supreme Court of the United States, 1789-1800, New York, 1985- , 6 vols. Dictionnaire Dictionnaire de biographie française, Paris, 1933- , 18 vols. DNB Leslie Stephen and Sidney Lee, eds., Dictionary of National Biography, 2d ed., New York, 1908-09, 22 vols. DSB Charles C. Gillispie, ed., Dictionary of Scientific Biography, New York, 1970-80, 16 vols. Durey, Callender Michael Durey, ‘‘With the Hammer of Truth’’: James Thomson Callender and America’s Early National Heroes, Charlottesville, 1990 Duvergier, Lois Jean B. Duvergier and others, eds., Collection Complète des Lois, Décrets, Ordonnances, Réglemens, avis du Conseil-d’État, Paris, 1834-1908, 108 vols. EG Dickinson W. Adams and Ruth W. Lester, eds., Jefferson’s Extracts from the Gospels, Princeton, 1983, The Papers of Thomas Jefferson, Second Series c xix d

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Ehrman, Pitt John Ehrman, The Younger Pitt: The Consuming Struggle, London, 1996 Elkins and McKitrick, Age of Federalism Stanley Elkins and Eric McKitrick, The Age of Federalism, New York, 1993 Evans Charles Evans, Clifford K. Shipton, and Roger P. Bristol, comps., American Bibliography: A Chronological Dictionary of all Books, Pamphlets and Periodical Publications Printed in the United States of America from . . . 1639 . . . to . . . 1820, Chicago and Worcester, Mass., 1903-59, 14 vols. Fitzpatrick, Writings John C. Fitzpatrick, ed., The Writings of George Washington, Washington, D.C., 1931-44, 39 vols. Ford Paul Leicester Ford, ed., The Writings of Thomas Jefferson, Letterpress Edition, New York, 1892-99, 10 vols. Freeman, Washington Douglas Southall Freeman, George Washington, New York, 1948-57, 7 vols.; 7th volume by J. A. Carroll and M. W. Ashworth Gaines, Randolph William H. Gaines, Jr., Thomas Mann Randolph: Jefferson’s Son-in-Law, Baton Rouge, 1966 Gibbs, Memoirs George Gibbs, ed., Memoirs of the Administration of Washington and John Adams, edited from the Papers of Oliver Wolcott, Secretary of the Treasury, New York, 1846, 2 vols. Greene, American Science John C. Greene, American Science in the Age of Jefferson, Ames, Iowa, 1984 Haiman, Kosciuszko Miecislaus Haiman, Kosciuszko: Leader and Exile, New York, 1977 HAW Henry A. Washington, ed., The Writings of Thomas Jefferson, New York, 1853-54, 9 vols. Heitman, Dictionary Francis B. Heitman, comp., Historical Register and Dictionary of the United States Army . . . , Washington, D.C., 1903, 2 vols. Heitman, Register Francis B. Heitman, Historical Register of Officers of the Continental Army during the War of the Revolution, April, 1775, to December, 1793, new ed., Washington, D.C., 1914 Hening William Waller Hening, ed., The Statutes at Large; Being a Collection of All the Laws of Virginia, Richmond, 1809-23, 13 vols. Hoefer, Nouv. biog. générale J. C. F. Hoefer, Nouvelle biographie générale depuis les temps les plus reculés jusqu’a nos jours, Paris, 1855-66, 46 vols. JAH Journal of American History, 1964JCC Worthington C. Ford and others, eds., Journals of the Continental Congress, 1774-1789, Washington, D.C., 1904-37, 34 vols. c xx d

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Jefferson Correspondence, Bixby Worthington C. Ford, ed., Thomas Jefferson Correspondence Printed from the Originals in the Collections of William K. Bixby, Boston, 1916 JEP Journal of the Executive Proceedings of the Senate of the United States . . . to the Termination of the Nineteenth Congress, Washington, D.C., 1828 JHD Journal of the House of Delegates of the Commonwealth of Virginia (cited by session and date of publication) JHR Journal of the House of Representatives of the United States, Washington, D.C., 1826, 9 vols. JS Journal of the Senate of the United States, Washington, D.C., 1820-21, 5 vols. Kimball, Jefferson, Architect Fiske Kimball, Thomas Jefferson, Architect, Boston, 1916 King, Life Charles R. King, ed. The Life and Correspondence of Rufus King: Comprising His Letters, Private and Official, His Public Documents and His Speeches, New York, 1894-1900, 6 vols. Kline, Burr Mary-Jo Kline, ed., Political Correspondence and Public Papers of Aaron Burr, Princeton, 1983, 2 vols. Kohn, Eagle and Sword Richard H. Kohn, Eagle and Sword: The Federalists and the Creation of the Military Establishment in America 1783-1802, New York, 1975 Kurtz, Presidency of John Adams Stephen G. Kurtz, The Presidency of John Adams: The Collapse of Federalism, 1795-1800, Philadelphia, 1957 L&B Andrew A. Lipscomb and Albert E. Bergh, eds., The Writings of Thomas Jefferson, Washington, D.C., 1903-04, 20 vols. Latrobe, Virginia Journals Edward C. Carter II and others, eds., The Virginia Journals of Benjamin Henry Latrobe, 1795-1798, New Haven, 1977, 2 vols. LCB Douglas L. Wilson, ed., Jefferson’s Literary Commonplace Book, Princeton, 1989, The Papers of Thomas Jefferson, Second Series Leonard, General Assembly Cynthia Miller Leonard, comp., The General Assembly of Virginia, July 30, 1619-January 11, 1978: A Bicentennial Register of Members, Richmond, 1978 List of Patents A List of Patents granted by the United States from April 10, 1792, to December 31, 1836, Washington, D.C., 1872 Logan, Memoir Francis A. Logan, ed., Memoir of Dr. George Logan of Stenton, by his widow Deborah Norris Logan, Philadelphia, 1899 Lyons, France Under the Directory Martyn Lyons, France Under the Directory, Cambridge, 1975 c xxi d

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McColley, Slavery Robert McColley, Slavery and Jeffersonian Virginia, Urbana, Ill., 1964 Madison, Letters William C. Rives and Philip R. Fendall, eds., Letters and Other Writings of James Madison . . . Published by Order of Congress, Philadelphia, 1865, 4 vols. Madison, Papers William T. Hutchinson, Robert A. Rutland, J. C. A. Stagg, and others, eds., The Papers of James Madison, Chicago and Charlottesville, 1962- , 27 vols. Sec. of State Ser., 5 vols. Malone, Jefferson Dumas Malone, Jefferson and his Time, Boston, 1948-81, 6 vols. Marshall, Papers Herbert A. Johnson, Charles T. Cullen, Charles F. Hobson, and others, eds., The Papers of John Marshall, Chapel Hill, 1974- , 8 vols. Mason, Papers Robert A. Rutland, ed., The Papers of George Mason 1725-1792, Chapel Hill, 1970, 3 vols. MB James A. Bear, Jr., and Lucia C. Stanton, eds., Jefferson’s Memorandum Books: Accounts, with Legal Records and Miscellany, 1767-1826, Princeton, 1997, The Papers of Thomas Jefferson, Second Series Melton, First Impeachment Buckner F. Melton, Jr., The First Impeachment: The Constitution’s Framers and the Case of Senator William Blount, Macon, Ga., 1998 Merrill, Jefferson’s Nephews Boynton Merrill, Jr., Jefferson’s Nephews: A Frontier Tragedy, Princeton, 1976 Miller, Treaties Hunter Miller, ed., Treaties and other International Acts of the United States of America, Washington, D.C., 1931-48, 8 vols. Monroe, Writings Stanislas Murray Hamilton, ed., The Writings of James Monroe, New York, 1898-1903, 7 vols. MVHR Mississippi Valley Historical Review, 1914-64 National State Papers: Adams Martin P. Claussen, ed., National State Papers of the United States, 1789-1817. Part II: Texts of Documents. Administration of John Adams, 1797-1801, Wilmington, 1980, 24 vols. NDQW Dudley W. Knox, ed., Naval Documents Related to the QuasiWar between the United States and France, Washington, 1935-38, 7 vols. Naval Operations from February 1797 to October 1798 Naval Operations from November 1798 to March 1799 Nichols, Architectural Drawings Frederick Doveton Nichols, Thomas Jefferson’s Architectural Drawings, Compiled and with Commentary and a Check List, Charlottesville, 1978 c xxii d

EDITORIAL METHOD AND APPARATUS

Niemcewicz, Under their Vine Julian Ursin Niemcewicz, Under their Vine and Fig Tree: Travels through America in 1797-1799, 1805, with some Further Account of Life in New Jersey, Elizabeth, N.J., 1965 Notes, ed. Peden Thomas Jefferson, Notes on the State of Virginia, ed. William Peden, Chapel Hill, 1955 OED Sir James Murray and others, eds., A New English Dictionary on Historical Principles, Oxford, 1888-1933 Palmer, Democratic Revolution R. R. Palmer, The Age of the Democratic Revolution: A Political History of Europe and America, 17601800, Princeton, 1959-64, 2 vols. Peale, Papers Lillian B. Miller and others, eds., The Selected Papers of Charles Willson Peale and His Family, New Haven, 1983-2000, 5 vols. in 6 Perkins, First Rapprochement Bradford Perkins, The First Rapprochement: England and the United States, 1795-1805, Philadelphia, 1955; Berkeley, 1967 Peterson, Jefferson Merrill D. Peterson, Thomas Jefferson and the New Nation, New York, 1970 PMHB Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography, 1877Prince, Federalists Carl E. Prince, The Federalists and the Origins of the U.S. Civil Service, New York, 1977 PW Wilbur S. Howell, ed., Jefferson’s Parliamentary Writings, Princeton, 1988, The Papers of Thomas Jefferson, Second Series Randall, Life Henry S. Randall, The Life of Thomas Jefferson, New York, 1858, 3 vols. Randolph, Domestic Life Sarah N. Randolph, The Domestic Life of Thomas Jefferson, Compiled from Family Letters and Reminiscences by His Great-Granddaughter, 3d ed., Cambridge, Mass., 1939 Rose, Prologue to Democracy Lisle A. Rose, Prologue to Democracy: The Federalists in the South, 1789-1800, Lexington, Ky., 1968 Scott and Rothaus, Historical Dictionary Samuel F. Scott and Barry Rothaus, eds., Historical Dictionary of the French Revolution, 17891799, Westport, Conn., 1985, 2 vols. Shackelford, Jefferson’s Adoptive Son George Green Shackelford, Jefferson’s Adoptive Son: The Life of William Short, 1759-1848, Lexington, Ky., 1993 Shepherd, Statutes Samuel Shepherd, ed., The Statutes at Large of Virginia, from October Session 1792, to December Session 1806 . . ., Richmond, 1835-36, 3 vols. Smelser, Navy Marshall Smelser, The Congress Founds the Navy, 1787-1798, South Bend, Ind., 1959 c xxiii d

EDITORIAL METHOD AND APPARATUS

Smith, Freedom’s Fetters James Morton Smith, Freedom’s Fetters: The Alien and Sedition Laws and American Civil Liberties, Ithaca, N.Y., 1956 Sowerby E. Millicent Sowerby, comp., Catalogue of the Library of Thomas Jefferson, Washington, D.C., 1952-59, 5 vols. Stewart, French Revolution John H. Stewart, A Documentary Survey of the French Revolution, New York, 1951 Stewart, Opposition Press Donald H. Stewart, The Opposition Press of the Federalist Period, Albany, 1969 Stinchcombe, XYZ Affair William Stinchcombe, The XYZ Affair, Westport, Conn., 1980 Syrett, Hamilton Harold C. Syrett and others, eds., The Papers of Alexander Hamilton, New York, 1961-87, 27 vols. Tagg, Bache James Tagg, Benjamin Franklin Bache and the Philadelphia Aurora, Philadelphia, 1991 Terr. Papers Clarence E. Carter and John Porter Bloom, eds., The Territorial Papers of the United States, Washington, D.C., 193475, 28 vols. TJR Thomas Jefferson Randolph, ed., Memoir, Correspondence, and Miscellanies, from the Papers of Thomas Jefferson, Charlottesville, 1829, 4 vols. Tolles, Logan Frederick B. Tolles, George Logan of Philadelphia, New York, 1953 TQHGM L. G. Tyler, ed., Tyler’s Quarterly Historical and Genealogical Magazine, Richmond, 1919-52, 34 vols. in 33 Tucker, Life George Tucker, The Life of Thomas Jefferson, Philadelphia, 1837, 2 vols. U.S. Statutes at Large Richard Peters, ed., The Public Statutes at Large of the United States . . . 1789 to March 3, 1845, Boston, 1855-56, 8 vols. Van Horne, Latrobe John C. Van Horne, ed., The Correspondence and Miscellaneous Papers of Benjamin Henry Latrobe, New Haven, 1984-88, 3 vols. VMHB Virginia Magazine of History and Biography, 1893Washington, Diaries Donald Jackson and Dorothy Twohig, eds., The Diaries of George Washington, Charlottesville, 1976-79, 6 vols. Washington, Papers W. W. Abbot, Dorothy Twohig, Philander D. Chase, and others, eds., The Papers of George Washington, Charlottesville, 1983- , 43 vols. Pres. Ser., 1987- , 11 vols. Ret. Ser., 1998-99, 4 vols. c xxiv d

EDITORIAL METHOD AND APPARATUS

White, Federalists Leonard White, The Federalists: A Study in Administrative History, New York, 1948 White, Middle Ground Richard White, The Middle Ground: Indians, Empires, and Republics in the Great Lakes Region, 1650-1815, Cambridge, 1991 WMQ William and Mary Quarterly, 1892Woods, Albemarle Edgar Woods, Albemarle County in Virginia, Charlottesville, 1901

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CONTENTS F OREWORD E DITORIAL M ETHOD AND A PPARATUS I LLUSTRATIONS J EFFERSON C HRONOLOGY

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From Luther Martin, 1 January To John Page, [1] January To Mann Page, 2 January To James Madison, 3 January From George Jefferson, 4 January From Stevens Thomson Mason, 4 January Notes on the Formation of the Federal Government, 5 January To Mary Jefferson Eppes, 7 January From Luther Martin, 8 January From James Monroe, 8 January To Angelica Church, 11 January To Catherine Church, 11 January To Thomas Mann Randolph, 11 January From John Gibson, 12 January From Thomas Mann Randolph, 13 January To James Brown, 14 January To George Jefferson, 14 January From Luther Martin, 14 January To Edmund Pendleton, 14 January To Edmund Randolph, 14 January From Samuel Magaw, 19 January From Mann Page, 19 January Stevens Thomson Mason’s Copy of Logan’s Speech, 20 January Notes on a Conversation with Uriah Springer, 20 January From James Madison, 21 January To Peter Legaux, 22 January From John Page, 22 January From Martha Jefferson Randolph, 22 January Jefferson, the Aurora, and Delamotte’s Letter from France I. Delamotte to Jefferson, 23 January II. Letter from a Well Informed Merchant in France, 1 February

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vii xiii xxxix 2

3 7 8 9 12 12 13 14 16 21 23 24 25 26 26 28 29 30 35 36 36 37 38 39 40 41 43 43 44 45 50

CONTENTS From William Short, 23 January To James Madison, 24 January From George Jefferson & Company, 25 January To Thomas Mann Randolph, 25 January From James Monroe, 27 January To Henry Tazewell, 27 January, enclosing Notes on Criminal Prosecutions and Impeachment, [26 January] To Samuel Livermore, 28 January From Thomas Mann Randolph, 28 January From John Wise, 28 January From Edmund Pendleton, 29 January From La Rochefoucauld-Liancourt, 30 January From Thomas Mann Randolph, 30 January From Mary Jefferson Eppes, 1 February From Peter Charles Varlé, 1 February From Arthur Campbell, 2 February From John Gibson, 2 February From Hugh Williamson, enclosing Memorandum on Exports of North Carolina, 2 February From Luther Martin, 3 February From Thomas Mann Randolph, 3 February To William Linn, 5 February To David Longworth, 5 February Notes on Anti-French Sentiment in the Washington Administration, [before 6 February] Notes on a Conversation with Abraham Baldwin, 6 February From Samuel Sitgreaves, 6 February Address from Samuel Sitgreaves to the Senate, [7 February] From William Linn, 8 February To James Madison, 8 February To James Monroe, [8 February] Notes on the Framing of Oaths, [ca. 8-9 February] To Martha Jefferson Randolph, 8 February Notes for a Letter to Hugh Williamson, [11 February] To Hugh Williamson, 11 February From James Madison, 12 February From James Monroe, 12 February To John Wise, 12 February To John Gibson, 13 February From Mann Page, 13 February, enclosing Statement of John Anderson and Hugh Mercer’s Copy of Logan’s Speech

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52 53 55 55 57 58 61 62 63 64 65 68 69 70 71 72 72 73 78 81 82 83 83 84 85 86 87 89 91 91 92 93 94 96 98 100 101

CONTENTS To George Jefferson, 14 February From Luther Martin, 14 February From Horatio Gates, 15 February To James Madison, 15 February Notes on a Conversation with John Adams, 15 February To Thomas Mann Randolph, 15 February To John Wayles Eppes, 18 February From James Madison, [18 or 19 February] From Nathaniel Cutting, 19 February From James Monroe, 19 February Emendations to the Senate Journal, [20 February] To Jean Armand Tronchin, 20 February To Horatio Gates, 21 February Notes on Newspaper Articles, 21 February To James Madison, 22 February To Thomas Mann Randolph, 22 February To Thomas Mann Randolph, 22 February Certificate for George Taylor, Jr., 22 February To Peregrine Fitzhugh, 23 February To James Martin, 23 February To Thomas Willing, 23 February From George Jefferson, 24 February From James Monroe, 25 February From Luther Martin, 26 February From Martha Jefferson Randolph, 26 February From Thomas Mann Randolph, 26 February From Horation Gates, 27 February From William Short, 27 February From George Jefferson, 1 March Notes on a Conversation with Henry Tazewell, 1 March To James Madison, 2 March To Thomas Mann Randolph, 2 March From Hugh Williamson, 3 March To Bishop James Madison, 4 March From James Madison, 4 March From Edmund Pendleton, 5 March To Mann Page, 6 March To Mary Jefferson Eppes, 7 March To George Jefferson, 8 March To James Monroe, 8 March To Thomas Mann Randolph, 8 March

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103 105 110 111 113 114 115 116 118 120 121 122 123 124 125 127 128 129 129 131 132 132 133 133 144 145 146 146 154 155 156 158 158 159 162 164 165 166 167 168 170

CONTENTS From James Currie, 11 March Notes on Conversations with Abraham Baldwin, John Brown, and John Hunter, 11 March From Joel Barlow, 12 March From Joel Barlow, 12 March From James Madison, 12 March Notes on Senators’ Comments about House Impeachment Committee, 12 March From Thomas Mann Randolph, 12 March From Bishop James Madison, 13 March To George Jefferson, 14 March From John Beckley, 15 March From George Jefferson, 15 March To James Madison, 15 March To Thomas Mann Randolph, 15 March From Fulwar Skipwith, 17 March From Mary Jefferson Eppes, 20 March From James Thomson Callender, 21 March To James Madison, 21 March To James Monroe, 21 March To George Jefferson, 22 March To Thomas Mann Randolph, 22 March To Carlos Martínez de Irujo, 23 March From Tadeusz Kosciuszko, [on or before 23 March] To Philippe de Létombe, 23 March To Sir John Sinclair, 23 March To William Strickland, 23 March To Elizabeth Wayles Eppes, 24 March To Andrew Gwin, 24 March To Samuel Brown, 25 March To Henry Remsen, 25 March From John Taylor, 25 March To John Wickham, 25 March From Joel Barlow, 26 March From Andrew Gwin, 26 March From George Jefferson, 26 March From James Monroe, 26 March To Robert Liston, 27 March To Robert Patterson, 27 March From Benjamin H. Latrobe, 28 March From Isaac Ledyard, 29 March To James Madison, 29 March

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171 172 174 175 175 176 177 177 179 180 180 181 182 183 187 188 189 191 192 192 194 195 197 197 209 214 215 216 217 217 218 219 219 220 221 223 224 224 226 227

CONTENTS From Robert Patterson, 29 March To Thomas Mann Randolph, 29 March From Louis of Parma, 30 March To Robert Patterson, 30 March To Robert Patterson, 31 March To Mary Jefferson Eppes, 1 April To Bishop James Madison, 1 April To Mathew Carey, 2 April To William Linn, 2 April From James Madison, 2 April To Edmund Pendleton, 2 April From John Wickham, 2 April From William Linn, 4 April From John Taylor, 4 April To James Madison, 5 April To James Monroe, 5 April Notes on a Conversation with Benjamin Rush, 5 April To Martha Jefferson Randolph, 5 April From Aaron Burr, 6 April To James Madison, 6 April To John Taylor, enclosing Drawing of a Threshing Machine, 6 April From James Monroe, 8 April To Thomas Carstairs, 9 April From ‘‘Americanus,’’ 10 April To John Wayles Eppes, 11 April To John Heckewelder, 11 April From George Jefferson, 11 April To Peter Carr, 12 April To James Madison, 12 April To Thomas Mann Randolph, enclosing Memorandum for Samuel Arnold, 12 April Notes on British Instructions and on Clement Humphreys, 13 April From Tadeusz Kosciuszko, [14 April] From James Monroe, 14 April From Bishop James Madison, 15 April From James Madison, 15 April From William Short, 15 April To John Beckley, 16 April To John Beckley, 17 April To John Beckley, 17 April

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230 231 232 234 234 235 236 237 238 238 240 242 243 243 244 246 248 248 249 250 252 254 255 255 263 264 265 266 268 269 271 272 272 273 274 277 277 278 278

CONTENTS To James Madison, 19 April To James Madison, [19 April] To James Monroe, 19 April To Thomas Mann Randolph, 19 April From David Redick, 19 April, enclosing David Redick to John Fenno, 29 March From Tadeusz Kosciuszko, [21 April] From James Madison, 22 April From Thomas Mann Randolph, [22 April] From John Heckewelder, 23 April To Tadeusz Kosciuszko, 23 April Memorandum to Tadeusz Kosciuszko, [25 April] Notes on Conversation with Tench Coxe, 25 April From Palisot de Beauvois, 25 April From Edmund Pendleton, 25 April From Timothy Pickering, 25 April To James Madison, 26 April From John Page, 26 April To Thomas Mann Randolph, 26 April From John Heckewelder, enclosing Heckewelder’s Memorandum on the Logan Affair, 28 April To Sir John Sinclair, 28 April From James Madison, 29 April From Thomas Mann Randolph, 29 April Power of Attorney from Tadeusz Kosciuszko, 30 April To Van Staphorst & Hubbard, 30 April To William Short, 1 May To Van Staphorst & Hubbard, 1 May From St. George Tucker, 2 May To James Madison, 3 May Notes on Presidential Appointments, 3 May To Thomas Mann Randolph, 3 May From James Lewis, Jr., 4 May From James Monroe, 4 May To Edmund Pendleton, 4 May From Tadeusz Kosciuszko, [before 5 May] Preliminary Will of Tadeusz Kosciuszko, [before 5 May] Will of Tadeusz Kosciuszko, 5 May From James Madison, 5 May To John Wayles Eppes, 6 May To John Harvie, 6 May To George Jefferson, 6 May

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279 280 281 282 285 288 289 290 291 291 292 293 293 298 298 299 302 304 305 310 311 312 313 315 317 320 321 322 325 325 327 328 330 331 332 332 333 335 337 337

CONTENTS From Peter Carr, 7 May To James Lewis, Jr., 9 May Notes on Insects, 9 May To Thomas Mann Randolph, 9 May To St. George Tucker, 9 May To George Jefferson, 10 May To James Madison, 10 May To Timothy Pickering, 11 May From Martha Jefferson Randolph, 12 May From John Taylor, [before 13 May] From James Madison, 13 May From George Jefferson, 14 May From James Monroe, 14 May From John Harvie, 15 May From James Lewis, Jr., 15 May To James Madison, 17 May To Martha Jefferson Randolph, 17 May To Mary Jefferson Eppes, 18 May To Aaron Burr, 20 May To George Jefferson, 20 May From James Madison, 20 May To James Monroe, 21 May From George Jefferson, 23 May From Aaron Burr, 24 May To James Madison, 24 May To Thomas Mann Randolph, 24 May To Aaron Burr, 26 May From Mary Jefferson Eppes, 27 May From James Madison, 27 May From Julian Ursin Niemcewicz, 27 May From George Jefferson, enclosing Statement of Account with George Jefferson, 28 May From Lord Somerville, 28 May To Tadeusz Kosciuszko, 30 May To Jacob Van Staphorst, 30 May To James Madison, 31 May To Martha Jefferson Randolph, 31 May From George Jefferson, 1 June From James Monroe, 1 June To Julian Ursin Niemcewicz, 1 June From James Madison, 3 June From Janet Livingston Montgomery, 3 June

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338 339 340 341 342 343 343 345 346 347 348 349 350 351 352 353 354 355 356 357 358 360 362 362 363 365 366 367 368 369 372 376 376 378 378 381 382 382 383 383 385

CONTENTS From Thomas Mann Randolph, 3 June Certificate for George Logan, 4 June From Sir John Sinclair, 4 June To John Taylor, 4 June To Mary Jefferson Eppes, 6 June From James Fennell, 6 June To John Page, 6 June To James Madison, 7 June To Thomas Mann Randolph, 7 June To Archibald Stuart, 8 June From Julian Ursin Niemcewicz, 9 June From James Monroe, [before 10] June From James Madison, 10 June From Thomas Mann Randolph, 10 June To John Beckley, 12 June To James Fennell, 12 June To James Madison, 14 June To Julian Ursin Niemcewicz, 14 June To Thomas Mann Randolph, 14 June To Benjamin Harrison, Jr., 15 June To George Jefferson, 15 June To James Lyle, 15 June To John Wickham, 15 June To Aaron Burr, 16 June From James Monroe, 16 June To Tadeusz Kosciuszko, 18 June To James Madison, 21 June From John Page, 21 June To Thomas Mann Randolph, 21 June To Peter Carr, 22 June From John Wickham, 22 June To John Marshall, 23 June From Martha Jefferson Randolph, [23 June] From John Marshall, [24 June] To Philip Nolan, 24 June To John Read, 25 June From John Taylor, 25 June To George Jefferson, 26 June Statement of Account from John Francis, [27 June] From John Brown, 29 June Certificate for John and Gabriella Brockenbrough, 29 June From Stevens Thomson Mason, 29 June

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385 386 387 387 390 391 392 393 395 396 398 400 404 406 407 407 408 409 410 411 411 412 413 413 414 416 416 419 421 422 423 423 424 424 425 426 430 435 436 436 437 438

CONTENTS Memorandum of Expenses in Philadelphia, [June] From Henry Tazewell, 5 July From Stevens Thomson Mason, 6 July From George Jefferson, 9 July From Samuel Clarke, 10 July From Henry Tazewell, 12 July To Mary Jefferson Eppes, 13 July To Mary Jefferson Eppes, 14 July To George Jefferson, 14 July From Tadeusz Kosciuszko, [15 July-5 August] From Tadeusz Kosciuszko, [15 July-5 August] From James Monroe, 16 July From William Strickland, 16 July From John Wickham, 16 July From Benjamin Harrison, Jr., 18 July From Archibald Hamilton Rowan, [before 19] July From George Jefferson, 23 July From Jacob Van Staphorst, 25 July From Pierre Auguste Adet, 27 July To John Barnes, 27 July From George Jefferson, 30 July Declaration of Hanbury’s Executor against Wayles’s Executors, [July] To St. George Tucker, 2 August To John Wickham, 2 August Notes on Federalist Arguments in Congressional Debates, [after 3 August] From William Short, 6 August To Martha Jefferson Randolph, 15 August To Samuel Smith, 22 August From William Short, 24 August From Tadeusz Kosciuszko, [24-29 August] From Sir Peyton Skipwith, 25 August From Nathaniel Cutting, 27 August From Pierre Samuel Du Pont de Nemours, 27 August From Van Staphorst & Hubbard, 28 August To Thomas Mann Randolph, [29 August] To John Barnes, 31 August From Julian Ursin Niemcewicz, 3 September From Samuel Brown, 4 September, enclosing George Rogers Clark to Samuel Brown, 17 June From Palisot de Beauvois, 4 September

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439 440 443 445 446 447 450 451 452 453 454 454 455 459 459 460 461 461 462 466 467 467 470 470 471 473 483 484 487 497 498 498 501 503 504 505 506 509 515

CONTENTS To Janet Livingston Montgomery, 4 September To Sir Peyton Skipwith, 4 September Certificate for Alexander Spotswood, 12 September From John Brown, 15 September From James Thomson Callender, 22 September From Benjamin H. Latrobe, 22 September To John Barnes, 25 September To Samuel Clarke, 25 September To John McDowell, 25 September To Archibald Hamilton Rowan, 26 September From John McDowell, 27 September The Kentucky Resolutions of 1798 I. Jefferson’s Draft, [before 4 October] II. Jefferson’s Fair Copy, [before 4 October] III. Resolutions Adopted by the Kentucky General Assembly, 10 November From Wilson Cary Nicholas, 4 October To Wilson Cary Nicholas, 5 October From William Short, 9 October To James Thomson Callender, 11 October To Stevens Thomson Mason, 11 October From George Jefferson, 15 October To George Jefferson, 18 October To Benjamin H. Latrobe, 18 October To Samuel Clarke, 22 October To John McDowell, 22 October From John McDowell, 23 October From Benjamin Smith Barton, 26 October From James Thomson Callender, 26 October To James Madison, 26 October To Sir Herbert Croft, 30 October From James Madison, 31 October Petition to the General Assembly of Virginia, [2 or 3 November] To James Madison, 3 November To Aaron Burr, 12 November From Elbridge Gerry, 12 November From George Jefferson, 12 November To James Madison, 17 November From James Thomson Callender, 19 November To John Barnes, 23 November From Stevens Thomson Mason, 23 November From John Wayles Eppes, 24 November

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516 517 518 519 521 523 525 526 527 528 529 529 536 543 550 556 557 557 558 559 560 561 561 562 563 563 564 564 567 568 571 571 576 576 577 579 579 580 585 586 587

CONTENTS From George Jefferson & Company, 26 November To John Taylor, 26 November To Wilson Cary Nicholas, 29 November To Julian Ursin Niemcewicz, 30 November From Lord Somerville, 1 December From George Jefferson, 3 December To George Jefferson, 4 December To Thomas Mann Randolph, 4 December Course of Reading for William G. Munford, [5 December] From Henry Tazewell, 7 December To Mary Jefferson Eppes, 8 December Statement of Account with William Davenport, 10 December From John Taylor, [before 11 December] From James Madison, 11 December To George Jefferson, 17 December To Thomas Mann Randolph, 20 December To Martha Jefferson Randolph, 27 December From James Madison, 29 December

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To Mary Jefferson Eppes, 1 January From George Jefferson & Company, 1 January Notes on Comments by John Adams, [1-14 January] To George Jefferson, 2 January To James Madison, 3 January To James Monroe, 3 January To Thomas Mann Randolph, 3 January Notes on William Blount’s Impeachment Trial, 5 January To Aaron Burr, 7 January From George Jefferson, 8 January From James Sullivan, 8 January To George Jefferson, 10 January Senate Resolution on William Blount, [11 January] From James Madison, 12 January To Jean Antoine Gautier, 14 January Notes on Comments by Timothy Pickering and John Adams, 14 January From George Jefferson, 15 January To James Madison, 16 January

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588 588 590 591 591 592 592 593 594 597 599 599 601 603 603 604 605 605

607 608 608 609 610 612 613 614 616 617 617 618 618 619 620 621 621 622

CONTENTS To Julian Ursin Neimcewicz, 16 January To Thomas Mann Randolph, 17 January From Julian Ursin Niemcewicz, 19 January From Thomas Mann Randolph, 19 January From John Wayles Eppes, 20 January From George Jefferson, 20 January To John Wayles Eppes, 21 January From Mary Jefferson Eppes, 21 January To George Jefferson, 22 January To James Monroe, 23 January To Martha Jefferson Randolph, 23 January From John Beckley, 24 January From John Wayles Eppes, 24 January To John Page, 24 January To John Taylor, 24 January To James Wood, 24 January From James Madison, 25 January To Henry Remsen, 25 January To Elbridge Gerry, enclosing Senate Votes on Gerry’s Appointment as Envoy to France, 26 January From Robert R. Livingston, enclosing Livingston’s Steam Engine, 26 January From James Monroe, 26 January Notes on a Letter from Thomas Tingey to the Secretary of the Navy, [after 27 January] From George Jefferson, 29 January To Edmund Pendleton, 29 January To Nicholas Lewis, 30 January To James Madison, 30 January To Thomas Mann Randolph, 30 January To George Jefferson, 31 January

659 660 661 663 665 667 669

APPENDIX: Notations by Jefferson on Senate Documents

671

INDEX

681

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625 626 627 628 629 629 630 632 633 633 637 638 639 640 641 642 642 644 645 653 658

I L LU S T R AT I O N S Following page 364 THOMAS JEFFERSON BY ROBERT FIELD

This unfinished and now faded watercolor portrait on cardboard, 9 0 by 13 0 inches in size, is inscribed, apparently by the artist, ‘‘Painted by R. Field.’’ Information about Field, who was evidently born in England, is fragmentary, but he was in Philadelphia by the mid-1790s, moved to Washington after it became the capital, and relocated to Boston in 1805. He left the United States three years later. This portrait was at one time thought to date from Jefferson’s presidency, and a signature by him as president, clipped from a franked envelope, has been affixed to the lower left corner. But Jefferson’s countenance in the picture, Field’s known activity as a portraitist in Philadelphia in the later 1790s, and a chain of provenance that leads back to Charles Chauncy of Philadelphia all suggest that the painting dates from Jefferson’s vice presidency. It does not resemble any other known portrait of him, and although it is thought to have been made from life, there is no record of his sitting for it (Bush, Life Portraits, 31-3; Harry Piers, Robert Field: Portrait Painter in Oils, Miniature and Water-Colours and Engraver [New York, 1927], 8-12, 19, 23-4, 186-7; DAB, 6:370-1). Courtesy of the New-York Historical Society. LUTHER MARTIN

Robert Field also painted this miniature on ivory of Luther Martin, the attorney general of Maryland whom an embittered Jefferson once described as a ‘‘federal bull-dog.’’ This volume opens with one of the series of condemnatory letters that Martin addressed to Jefferson and published in Federalist newspapers. Martin excoriated Jefferson for his treatment in the Notes on the State of Virginia of the 1774 statement by the Mingo Indian Logan, who blamed Michael Cresap, Martin’s deceased father-in-law, for the murder of members of his family. Martin’s accusations prompted Jefferson to seek out additional information on the incident (Vol. 29:409-10n, 454-5n). Field’s miniature portraits, as distinguished from his watercolors, were painted on ivory, almost all of them ovals about 2 0 to 3 0 inches high mounted in a gold case or locket. In the late 1790s and early years of the nineteenth century Field painted miniatures of several prominent Americans, including two of Martha Washington and, in addition to Martin, members of influential Maryland families. Field charged $50 to execute one of these keepsake portraits on ivory (Piers, Field, 103, 109, 145-6, 168-74). Courtesy of The Evergreen House Foundation, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland. ‘‘CINQUE-TETES, OR THE PARIS MONSTER’’

Jefferson called the XYZ affair a ‘‘dish cooked up by Marshall.’’ It was ‘‘the X.Y.Z. delusion,’’ ‘‘the X.Y.Z. fever,’’ ‘‘the XYZ. inflammation’’ (to Stevens Thomson Mason, 11 Oct. 1798; John Taylor, 26 Nov.; Monroe, 23 Jan. 1799;

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ILLUSTRATIONS Gerry, 26 Jan.; Edmund Pendleton, 29 Jan.; Nicholas Lewis and Madison, both 30 Jan.). But although Jefferson, insisting that the French government was not behind the solicitation of payments from the American envoys, rued the uses to which his political opponents put the diplomatic crisis, the sordid affair nonetheless provided convenient material for anyone seeking to influence American opinion against the French. In this well-known cartoon, the Directory, the five-member executive council of France, takes the form of a person with five viciously coarse heads (‘‘cinque têtes’’) who snarls, ‘‘ ‘Il faut de l’argent, il faut beaucoup d’argent.’—Money, Money, Money!!’’ The uncowed envoys respond with a version of their famous retort: ‘‘Cease bawling, Monster! We will not give you six pence.’’ To the side, the guillotine and a frightful woman, holding the French flag and liberty cap, represent the Terror, while a group including a well-dressed black from Saint-Domingue sit down to a plate of live frogs at a ‘‘Civic Feast.’’ The verses below the image refer to American spoliation claims against France. The poem concludes, ‘‘Americans never From freedom will sever, Nor ADAMS, the voice of their mind; The Monster may roar, And make his throat sore, Till th’ Devil & death stop his wind.’’ The vivid caricature has no date, and its artist is unknown. The envoys’ account of their meeting of 27 Oct. 1797—at which Jean Conrad Hottinguer (‘‘X’’) pressed them, ‘‘gentlemen, you do not speak to the point; it is money: it is expected that you will offer money,’’ and the Americans rebuffed him with ‘‘no; no; not a sixpence’’—was among dispatches that the Adams Administration sent to Congress on 3 Apr. 1798. The famous rejoinder was uttered by Charles Cotesworth Pinckney, as John Marshall recorded in his journal (ASP, Foreign Relations, 2:161; Marshall, Papers, 3:171). Courtesy of the Huntington Library, San Marino, California. TADEUSZ KOSCIUSZKO BY BENJAMIN WEST

In June 1797 American-born painter Benjamin West, then president of the Royal Academy, called on Tadeusz Kosciuszko at a hotel on Leicester Square in London, accompanied by Edward Bancroft and John Trumbull. Although the Polish exile’s mobility was limited by slowly healing back and leg wounds and he spent much of his time sitting or reclining, Kosciuszko generally refused requests to pose for portraitists, and West began this picture from memory on the same day as his visit. Other artists who also managed to capture Kosciuszko’s likeness included Richard Cosway, whose drawing of Kosciuszko is owned by the Fondazione Cosway in Lodi, Italy; Catherine Andras, who made portrait sculptures in wax; and an artist in Sweden. Their images of the muchfeted Pole were reproduced as prints. Those portraits depicted Kosciuszko as West did, propped on a couch in a military-looking coat and boots, a bandage or scarf of silk, often narrow and black, around his head. Cosway, like West, placed a writing table with pen and inkwell close to the subject’s hand, books and papers at his feet, a distinc