PADI Divemaster Course Instructor Guide, PADI

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PADI Divemaster฀Course Instructor฀Guide ©฀International฀PADI,฀Inc.฀1987–2004 All฀rights฀reserved. Portions฀of฀the฀Appendix฀of฀this฀section฀may฀be฀reproduced฀by฀PADI฀Members฀for฀use฀in฀PADI-sanctioned฀training,฀but฀not฀for฀resale฀or฀personal฀gain.฀ No฀other฀reproduction฀is฀allowed฀without฀the฀express฀written฀permission฀of฀ PADI.฀ Published฀by PROFESSIONAL฀ASSOCIATION฀OF฀DIVING฀INSTRUCTORS฀(PADI) 30151฀Tomas฀Street Rancho฀Santa฀Margarita,฀CA฀92688-2125 Printed฀in฀U.S.A. Product฀No.฀79122฀ ii฀

Version฀3.3฀

฀

(rev.฀12/04) Divemaster฀Course฀Instructor฀Guide฀

Table฀of฀Contents How฀to฀Use฀This฀Guide฀ Divemaster฀Course฀Instructional฀Philosophy฀

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One

Introduction Goals฀and฀Purpose฀of฀the฀PADI฀Divemaster฀Course฀ PADI฀Divemaster฀Duties฀ Benefits฀and฀Renewal฀Requirements฀of฀฀ PADI฀Divemaster฀Certification฀

1-1 1-3 1-4

Two

General฀Standards฀and฀Course฀Overview Course฀Standards฀ Course฀Prerequisites฀ Certification฀Requirements฀ Instructor฀Supervision฀ Equipment฀ ฀ Training฀Materials฀ Referrals฀ ฀ Certification฀Procedures฀ Course฀Overview฀ Key฀Standards฀ Sequencing฀within฀the฀PADI฀Divemaster฀Course฀ Sample฀Divemaster฀Course฀Schedule฀

2-1 2-1 2-2 2-2 2-2 2-2 2-3 2-4 2-4 2-5 2-5 2-6

Three

Knowledge฀Development Conduct฀and฀Standards฀ Evaluation฀ ฀ Assignment฀ ฀ Topic฀1฀–฀Course฀Introduction฀฀

Divemaster฀Course฀Instructor฀Guide฀

3-1 3-2 3-3 3-4

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Topic฀2฀–฀Supervising฀General฀Diving฀Activities฀ ฀ Part฀1฀฀ ฀ Part฀2฀ Topic฀3฀–฀Assisting฀with฀Student฀Divers฀in฀Training฀ Topic฀4฀–฀Dive฀Theory฀Introduction฀ Topic฀5฀–฀The฀Physics฀of฀Diving฀ Topic฀6฀–฀The฀Physiology฀of฀Diving฀ Topic฀7฀–฀Dive฀Equipment฀ Topic฀8฀–฀Decompression฀Theory฀and฀the฀RDP฀ Topic฀9฀–฀Divemaster฀Conducted฀Programs฀ Topic฀10฀–฀Risk฀Management฀ Topic฀11฀–฀The฀Business฀of฀Diving฀ Topic฀12฀–฀Your฀Diving฀Career฀

3-11 3-11 3-27 3-45 3-57 3-61 3-78 3-97 3-108 3-122 3-126 3-133 3-137

Four

Waterskills฀and฀Stamina฀ Stamina฀Assessment฀and฀Development฀ Diver฀Rescue฀Assessment฀and฀Development฀ Confined฀Waterskill฀Assessment฀and฀Development฀

4-1 4-3 4-4

Five

Practical฀Application฀ Required฀Training฀Exercises฀ Exercise฀1฀ ฀ Exercise฀2฀฀ ฀ Exercise฀3฀ ฀ Practical฀Application฀ Internship฀฀(Option฀1)฀ Practical฀Training฀Exercises฀(Option฀2)฀ Appendix฀ ฀

5-2 5-2 5-3 5-4 5-7 5-7 5-10 A-1

All฀standards,฀required฀activities฀and฀performance฀objectives฀discussed฀in฀this฀ text฀appear฀in฀blue฀boldface฀print.฀The฀blue฀boldface฀will฀assist฀you฀in฀ easily฀identifying฀those฀requirements฀that฀must฀be฀adhered฀to฀when฀ you฀conduct฀PADI฀courses฀or฀programs.฀All฀supporting฀rationale,฀general฀ recommendations฀and฀how-to฀information฀are฀not฀bolded.

iv฀

Divemaster฀Course฀Instructor฀Guide฀

฀ o t ฀ w o H e฀This฀ s U ide u G

The฀PADI฀Divemaster฀Course฀Instructor฀Guide฀has฀ five฀sections฀that฀guide฀you฀through฀the฀conduct฀of฀ this฀course.฀While฀it’s฀appropriate฀for฀PADI฀Divemasters฀and฀Assistant฀Instructors฀to฀use฀this฀guide,฀ it฀speaks฀to฀PADI฀Instructors.฀References฀to฀“you”฀ are฀to฀the฀instructor฀conducting฀the฀program.฀ Section฀One฀provides฀the฀goals฀of฀the฀PADI฀Divemaster฀course฀and฀PADI฀Divemaster฀duties.฀฀ Section฀Two฀identifies฀the฀general฀standards฀that฀ apply฀throughout฀the฀program,฀required฀sequencing,฀materials฀and฀ideas฀for฀scheduling.฀ Section฀Three฀covers฀the฀Knowledge฀Development฀ Module.฀It฀lists฀the฀standards฀for฀required฀knowledge฀development฀and฀related฀activities,฀and฀ provides฀12฀Knowledge฀Development฀Topic฀presentation฀outlines.฀This฀section฀also฀identifies฀which฀ topics฀may฀be฀handled฀effectively฀฀through฀independent฀study,฀and฀which฀will฀usually฀require฀more฀ formal฀class฀sessions. Section฀Four฀covers฀the฀Waterskills฀and฀Stamina฀ Module.฀This฀section฀lists฀the฀performance฀requirements฀and฀conduct฀for฀confined฀water฀training. Section฀Five,฀Practical฀Application,฀is฀divided฀into฀ four฀subsections.฀The฀first฀details฀the฀practical฀application฀standards฀and฀the฀second฀covers฀performance฀requirements฀and฀conduct฀for฀the฀three฀ Required฀Training฀Exercises.฀The฀third฀subsection฀ provides฀the฀standards฀and฀requirements฀for฀candidates฀who฀will฀complete฀the฀Divemaster฀Internship,฀ and฀the฀fourth฀provides฀the฀standards฀and฀conduct฀ for฀candidates฀who฀will฀complete฀the฀Practical฀ Training฀Exercises.

Divemaster฀Course฀Instructor฀Guide฀

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Divemaster฀Course฀Instructor฀Guide฀

฀ r e t s a m e v i D ฀฀ e s r u o C ฀ ฀ l a n o i t c u Instr ophy s o l i h P

Higher฀Level฀Learning

Teaching฀the฀PADI฀Divemaster฀course฀involves฀ higher฀level฀learning฀that฀begins฀at฀the฀Rescue฀ Diver฀course฀and฀expands฀in฀the฀PADI฀Divemaster฀course.฀The฀PADI฀Divemaster฀course฀expands฀ the฀problem฀solving฀skills฀developed฀by฀the฀PADI฀ Rescue฀Diver฀program,฀and฀extends฀it฀from฀accident฀management฀and฀prevention฀scenarios฀ to฀supervisory฀situations฀with฀student฀divers฀and฀ certified฀divers.฀At฀the฀divemaster฀level,฀problem฀ solving฀emphasizes฀looking฀for฀many฀possible฀ solutions฀under฀the฀circumstances฀and฀choosing฀ the฀best฀of฀several.฀Divemaster฀problem฀solving฀ may฀include฀more฀than฀safety-related฀issues,฀ and฀include฀handling฀customer฀service,฀business฀ and฀operational฀challenges.฀ The฀course฀also฀addresses฀attitudes฀and฀judgment.฀Attitudes฀are฀emotional฀influences฀that฀ shape฀individual฀choices฀ranging฀from฀professional฀behavior,฀role฀modeling,฀personal฀health฀ and฀following฀safe฀diving฀practices,฀to฀very฀ basic฀values,฀such฀as฀honesty.฀Judgment฀applies฀ attitudes,฀experience,฀theoretical฀knowledge,฀ deduction฀and฀intuition฀to฀problem฀solving฀and฀ making฀decisions฀based฀on฀variables,฀sometimes฀under฀circumstances฀that฀aren’t฀“black฀or฀ white.”

Divemaster฀Course฀Instructor฀Guide฀

vii

In฀this฀regard,฀teaching฀at฀ the฀divemaster฀level฀is฀more฀ challenging฀than฀teaching฀ entry-level฀divers.฀For฀example,฀you฀can฀see฀that฀either฀a฀ student฀diver฀does฀or฀does฀not฀ clear฀a฀mask.฀While฀you฀can฀ see฀that฀a฀divemaster฀candidate฀either฀knows฀or฀does฀ not฀know฀how฀to฀behave฀as฀a฀ role฀model,฀it’s฀impossible฀to฀ evaluate฀whether฀the฀candidate฀will฀choose฀to฀behave฀as฀ a฀role฀model฀after฀the฀course.฀ You฀can’t฀be฀responsible฀for฀ the฀candidate’s฀choices฀once฀ outside฀the฀course,฀but฀you฀can฀ establish฀the฀knowledge฀and฀ skills฀needed฀to฀make฀good฀ choices,฀and฀you฀can฀try฀to฀influence฀wise฀decision฀making.

Mentor฀฀ Relationship In฀classes฀leading฀up฀to฀the฀ PADI฀Divemaster฀course,฀you฀ probably฀have฀a฀“teacher”฀ relationship฀with฀your฀student฀ divers.฀With฀PADI฀Divemaster฀ candidates,฀however,฀you’re฀ likely฀to฀find฀a฀mentor฀relationship฀more฀effective฀in฀developing฀divemaster฀candidates’฀ judgment฀and฀attitudes.฀ In฀keeping฀with฀the฀higher฀ level฀learning฀and฀instructional฀philosophy฀of฀the฀PADI฀ Divemaster฀course,฀in฀a฀mentor฀relationship฀you฀guide฀ candidates฀directly฀through฀ personal฀interactions฀in฀which฀ you฀tell฀candidates฀why฀you฀ make฀specific฀choices,฀the฀basis฀ for฀your฀judgment,฀the฀way฀ actions/inactions฀–฀by฀you฀and฀ candidates฀–฀may฀affect฀others,฀ and฀other฀personal฀insights฀ you฀have.฀You฀take฀candidates฀

viii฀

into฀your฀confidence,฀and฀lead฀ them฀individually฀toward฀their฀ personal฀goals฀as฀dive฀professionals.฀Think฀of฀the฀relationship฀as฀one฀similar฀to฀the฀one฀ between฀a฀professor฀and฀a฀ graduate฀student,฀or฀a฀master฀ craftsman฀and฀an฀apprentice.฀ The฀mentor฀isn’t฀just฀a฀teacher,฀ but฀the฀candidate’s฀personal฀ guide฀into฀the฀ranks฀of฀diving฀ professionals.฀You’re฀a฀friend,฀ advisor,฀coach฀and฀teacher,฀all฀ in฀one. Besides฀the฀obvious฀benefits฀ to฀the฀candidate,฀the฀mentor฀relationship฀benefits฀you.฀ You’ll฀train฀your฀instructional฀ assistants฀to฀see฀and฀do฀things฀ within฀the฀PADI฀System฀similar฀ to฀the฀way฀you฀do,฀so฀they฀integrate฀well฀with฀your฀training฀ efforts.฀Divemaster฀candidates฀ who฀come฀to฀you฀from฀other฀ instructors฀bring฀with฀them฀new฀ techniques฀and฀ideas฀that฀you฀ can฀learn.฀Because฀you฀discuss฀ the฀thinking฀behind฀what฀you฀ do฀together,฀you’ll฀often฀have฀ a฀chance฀to฀learn฀the฀rationale฀ for฀new฀techniques฀if฀they’re฀not฀ obvious. If฀you’re฀successful฀as฀a฀ mentor,฀many฀of฀your฀PADI฀Divemasters฀will฀continue฀to฀seek฀ your฀counsel฀even฀after฀they’ve฀ moved฀into฀the฀PADI฀Open฀Water฀Scuba฀Instructor,฀IDC฀Staff฀ Instructor฀and฀Master฀Instructor฀ levels.฀As฀a฀PADI฀Divemaster฀ mentor,฀consider฀each฀candidate฀ as฀someone฀you’re฀inviting฀into฀ the฀ranks฀of฀PADI฀leadership.฀In฀ effect,฀by฀accepting฀a฀candidate฀ into฀the฀program,฀you’re฀saying฀ that฀you฀recognize฀the฀person’s฀ potential฀to฀succeed฀as฀a฀PADI฀ Divemaster฀and฀you’re฀committed฀to฀guiding฀that฀person฀to฀ that฀success.

Course฀Conduct and฀Structure Recommendations The฀PADI฀Divemaster฀course฀is฀ divided฀into฀Knowledge฀Development,฀Waterskills฀and฀ Stamina,฀and฀Practical฀Application฀sections.฀The฀course฀has฀ been฀designed฀for฀flexibility฀in฀ assignments฀and฀sessions฀to฀ permit฀the฀most฀effective฀course฀ structure฀possible฀for฀your฀local฀ teaching/diving฀environment฀ and฀the฀individual฀needs฀of฀ your฀candidates.฀You’ll฀find฀ sample฀schedules฀later฀in฀this฀ section;฀the฀following฀recommendations฀list฀suggestions฀ based฀on฀the฀course฀instructional฀philosophy. 1.฀฀ Structure฀the฀course฀to฀include฀independent฀study฀and฀ research.฀This฀reduces฀class฀ time฀by฀taking฀advantage฀of฀ the฀PADI฀Divemaster฀Video,฀ Divemaster฀Manual,฀Encyclopedia฀of฀Recreational฀Diving,฀ Diving฀Knowledge฀Workbook฀ and฀other฀resources,฀but฀it฀ also฀trains฀the฀candidate฀ to฀find฀information,฀which฀ is฀an฀important฀skill฀for฀a฀ leadership-level฀diver.฀You฀ can฀integrate฀independent฀ study฀into฀your฀course฀ schedule฀so฀that฀candidates฀ work฀on฀it฀in฀their฀spare฀ time฀between฀class฀sessions฀ and฀exercises.฀Educational฀ studies฀show฀that฀independent฀study฀consistently฀ produces฀better-prepared฀ candidates฀and,฀by฀reducing฀ the฀need฀to฀establish฀base฀ concepts฀in฀the฀classroom,฀ allows฀the฀instructor฀to฀devote฀more฀time฀to฀applying฀ information฀to฀individual฀

Divemaster฀Course฀Instructor฀Guide

needs,฀to฀addressing฀specific฀ learning฀obstacles,฀and฀to฀ developing฀a฀personal฀rapport฀with฀candidates. 2.฀฀ Encourage฀creativity฀and฀ novel฀points฀of฀view.฀During฀ the฀Practical฀Application฀ Module,฀candidates฀often฀ have฀unique฀approaches฀to฀ solving฀problems฀or฀tackling฀ a฀situation.฀Since฀there’s฀ rarely฀only฀one฀right฀way฀ to฀do฀something,฀encourage฀ creativity฀by฀discussing฀the฀ merits฀of฀these฀ideas,฀and฀ permitting฀candidates฀to฀ pursue฀their฀own฀approaches฀as฀appropriate.฀This฀is฀a฀ good฀way฀for฀you฀to฀learn฀as฀ well฀as฀teach. 3.฀ Develop฀candidates’฀ability฀ to฀recognize฀and฀reinforce฀ themselves฀internally.฀Internal฀ reinforcement฀means฀that฀ candidates฀recognize฀when฀ they’re฀doing฀something฀ well฀without฀you฀having฀to฀ tell฀them.฀For฀example,฀if฀ in฀discussing฀role฀modeling฀ you฀tell฀candidates,฀“When฀ a฀student฀diver฀approaches฀ you฀to฀discuss฀a฀personal฀ diving฀problem,฀it฀means฀ you’ve฀gained฀that฀person’s฀ respect฀as฀a฀dive฀professional,”฀then฀this฀event฀will฀reinforce฀good฀role฀modeling฀ whenever฀it฀happens฀–฀even฀ after฀the฀course฀concludes. You฀increase฀internal฀ reinforcement฀by฀deemphasizing฀score฀numbers฀and฀ your฀evaluation฀and฀emphasizing฀their฀awareness฀ of฀their฀own฀performance฀ and฀abilities,฀so฀that฀candidates฀set฀goals฀based฀on฀ their฀expectations฀of฀themselves฀rather฀than฀on฀simply฀ attaining฀a฀number.฀Avoid฀ suggestions฀that฀insufficient฀

Divemaster฀Course฀Instructor฀Guide฀

performance฀comes฀from฀ a฀lack฀of฀ability.฀Instead,฀ emphasize฀that฀insufficient฀ performance฀means฀the฀ candidate฀needs฀to฀expend฀ more฀effort฀(usually฀in฀the฀ form฀of฀practice฀and฀study). It’s฀also฀important฀to฀ avoid฀the฀impression฀that฀ scoring฀is฀negative;฀treat฀it฀ as฀neutral฀–฀a฀placemark฀ by฀which฀candidates฀use฀ your฀observations฀to฀gauge฀ themselves.฀Asking฀the฀ candidate฀questions฀about฀a฀ performance฀during฀counseling฀and฀following฀the฀ answers฀with฀reinforcement,฀ additional฀information,฀and฀ ways฀to฀self-assess฀are฀ways฀ to฀do฀this.฀ 4.฀฀ Be฀a฀role฀model฀and฀expect฀ role฀model฀behavior.฀In฀a฀ mentor฀role,฀your฀candi-

Self฀Assessment฀ Example During฀demonstration฀ quality฀skill฀development,฀ mask฀clearing: You:฀What฀was฀your฀score฀ for฀your฀mask฀clearing฀฀ demonstration? Candidate:฀It฀was฀okay.฀I฀ think฀I฀earned฀a฀3. You:฀That’s฀what฀I฀saw.฀ You’ll฀do฀better฀with฀some฀ practice.฀What฀could฀you฀ do฀to฀make฀it฀a฀4? Candidate:฀I฀think฀I฀need฀to฀ slow฀down฀some฀more. You:฀Good.฀Exaggerating฀and฀stopping฀before฀ each฀step฀would฀help,฀too.฀ Practice฀with฀your฀buddy฀ while฀I฀talk฀with฀the฀rest฀of฀ the฀group,฀and฀let฀me฀know฀ when฀you’re฀doing฀it฀at฀the฀ 4฀level฀or฀better.

dates฀will฀follow฀your฀lead,฀ just฀as฀other฀divers฀follow฀ theirs.฀One฀of฀the฀strongest฀ influences฀on฀attitudes,฀ value฀and฀judgment฀is฀a฀role฀ model.฀To฀be฀an฀effective฀role฀ model,฀the฀candidates฀must฀ respect฀and฀identify฀with฀ you฀as฀a฀dive฀professional.฀ Then,฀you฀need฀to฀portray฀ the฀kind฀of฀diver฀and฀leader฀ you฀want฀them฀to฀be.฀It’s฀ important฀to฀remember฀ that฀candidates฀can฀learn฀ unintended฀attitudes฀as฀well฀ as฀those฀you฀want฀them฀to฀ learn;฀this฀is฀why฀“do฀as฀I฀ say,฀not฀as฀I฀do”฀frequently฀ fails฀as฀a฀teaching฀method.฀ Finally,฀make฀it฀clear฀that฀ you฀expect฀role฀model฀ behavior฀from฀your฀candidates. 5.฀฀ Encourage฀curiosity.฀A฀PADI฀ Divemaster฀is฀expected฀to฀ have฀a฀broad฀base฀of฀diving฀ knowledge.฀You฀enhance฀ this฀base฀by฀getting฀candidates฀to฀pursue฀information฀ for฀its฀own฀sake.฀At฀this฀level,฀it’s฀not฀so฀important฀that฀ every฀piece฀of฀information฀ relate฀directly฀to฀a฀learning฀objective฀—฀candidate฀ interest฀is฀enough.฀When฀ candidates฀want฀to฀know฀ more฀about฀a฀topic,฀or฀ask฀ “why?”,฀answer฀and฀apply฀ the฀answer฀to฀the฀discussion.฀ Direct฀the฀candidates฀to฀ easily฀accessible฀sources฀of฀ information฀about฀the฀question. Candidates฀at฀the฀PADI฀ Divemaster฀course฀level฀ have฀a฀solid฀diving฀foundation฀from฀previous฀training฀ and฀experience,฀and฀you฀ can฀present฀“extra”฀information฀(material฀not฀in฀the฀ outline฀or฀learning฀objectives)฀they฀ask฀for฀without฀ ix

too฀much฀concern฀that฀you’ll฀ be฀overteaching.฀Be฀cautious฀ about฀“volunteering”฀extra฀ information฀when฀they฀don’t฀ ask,฀however,฀because฀not฀ asking฀may฀indicate฀that฀ they’re฀struggling฀to฀learn฀ the฀primary฀material. In฀addition฀to฀that,฀constantly฀find฀ways฀to฀relate฀ information฀to฀candidate฀ needs฀and฀interests.฀The฀ more฀value฀information฀has฀ for฀candidates,฀the฀more฀ they฀will฀seek฀it.฀ 6.฀฀ Use฀discussions฀as฀a฀teaching฀ method.฀While฀lectures฀work฀ well฀for฀delivering฀facts,฀and฀ questions฀within฀a฀lecture฀

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work฀as฀a฀general฀tool฀ for฀evaluating฀candidate฀ understanding,฀educational฀ research฀shows฀that฀discussions฀promote฀problem฀ solving฀abilities฀and฀shape฀ attitudes฀more฀efficiently. 7.฀฀ Have฀candidates฀run฀their฀ debriefings.฀After฀exercises,฀ rather฀than฀you฀leading฀ briefings฀by฀telling฀candidates฀what฀you฀saw,฀have฀ candidates฀tell฀you฀what฀happened,฀what฀they฀learned฀ and฀what฀their฀performance฀ was.฀This฀further฀encourages฀ problem฀solving฀development,฀and฀it฀gives฀you฀a฀ clearer฀idea฀about฀why฀

candidates฀perform฀the฀ way฀they฀do฀by฀letting฀you฀ hear฀what฀candidates฀think.฀ Often฀following฀a฀poor฀ performance,฀a฀candidate฀ will฀tell฀you฀that฀it฀was฀poor,฀ why฀it฀was฀poor,฀and฀what฀ to฀do฀about฀it฀the฀next฀time,฀ all฀without฀prompting฀from฀ you.฀The฀only฀caution฀in฀ this฀technique฀is฀that฀some฀ candidates฀set฀high฀expectations฀for฀themselves฀and฀ tend฀to฀be฀harder฀on฀themselves฀than฀you฀would฀be.฀ Don’t฀let฀such฀individuals฀ discourage฀themselves.฀Offer฀ genuine฀positive฀comments฀ to฀maintain฀a฀good฀outlook.

Divemaster฀Course฀Instructor฀Guide

One Introduction urse o C ฀ r e t ys฀ vemas rse฀pla

DI฀Di DI฀Divemaster฀cohue฀PADI฀ A P ฀ e h t f฀ e฀PA uoin฀t rpose฀o r฀training,฀th Those฀who฀j ivers.฀They฀s

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Who฀is฀a฀PADI฀Divemaster? The฀dive฀community฀expects฀฀ several฀characteristics฀of฀an฀individual฀ with฀the฀PADI฀Divemaster฀rating.฀These฀ include: •฀ Exemplary฀diving฀skills.฀The฀PADI฀ Divemaster’s฀skills฀can฀be฀used฀as฀ demonstrations฀for฀student฀divers. •฀ Rescue฀skill.฀The฀PADI฀Divemaster฀ can฀prevent฀and฀manage฀accidents,฀and฀role฀model฀rescue฀skills฀ for฀student฀divers฀in฀training. •฀ Professional-level฀knowledge฀of฀dive฀ theory.฀Depth฀of฀theoretical฀knowledge฀goes฀hand-in-hand฀with฀expertise฀and฀professionalism.฀This฀is฀ the฀foundation฀for฀problem฀solving฀ and฀creativity฀in฀the฀divemaster’s฀ duties,฀and฀for฀subsequent฀growth฀ as฀a฀PADI฀Assistant฀Instructor. Divemaster฀Course฀Instructor฀Guide฀

•฀ Competence฀as฀a฀certified฀assistant.฀ PADI฀Divemasters฀know฀how฀to฀support฀instruction฀by฀handling฀logistical,฀supervisory฀and฀limited฀educational฀duties฀under฀an฀instructor’s฀ supervision.฀ •฀ Dive฀management฀and฀supervision฀ abilities.฀PADI฀Divemasters฀accept฀ appropriate,฀limited฀responsibility฀ for฀certified฀divers฀within฀the฀context฀of฀leading฀or฀managing฀diving฀ activities.฀This฀requires฀good฀people฀ skills฀and฀good฀judgment฀along฀with฀ a฀strong฀working฀knowledge฀of฀dive฀ environments฀and฀activities.฀The฀PADI฀Divemaster฀assists฀the฀dive฀ operation฀with฀risk฀฀ management.

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•฀ Ethical฀role฀model฀behavior.฀PADI฀ Divemasters฀are฀expected฀to฀ display฀common฀honesty฀and฀ courtesy,฀and฀follow฀accepted,฀ responsible฀dive฀practices.฀Their฀ behavior฀reflects฀well฀on฀them,฀ the฀dive฀operation฀for฀which฀they฀ work,฀and฀the฀PADI฀organization. •฀ Enthusiasm฀and฀fun.฀People฀learn฀ to฀dive฀for฀the฀excitement,฀adven-

ture,฀฀and฀challenge฀–฀or฀broadly,฀ for฀fun.฀They฀look฀to฀PADI฀Divemasters฀to฀assist฀them฀in฀having฀ fun฀within฀their฀interests฀and฀ skill฀levels.฀Divers฀expect฀PADI฀ Divemasters฀to฀be฀pleasant฀and฀ sociable฀individuals฀to฀interact฀ with.฀The฀PADI฀Divemaster฀assists฀ with฀the฀dive฀community’s฀diver฀ retention฀efforts.

Course฀Goals To฀develop฀the฀previous฀characteristics฀in฀an฀individual,฀the฀PADI฀ Divemaster฀course฀has฀five฀broad฀goals: 1.฀ To฀develop฀the฀knowledge,฀attitudes,฀judgment฀and฀skills฀for฀supervising฀certified฀divers฀in฀shore-based฀and฀boat-based฀diving฀ activities. 2.฀ To฀develop฀the฀knowledge,฀attitudes,฀judgment฀and฀skills฀for฀ assisting฀with฀training฀divers฀in฀PADI฀courses. 3.฀ To฀develop฀the฀knowledge,฀attitudes,฀judgment฀and฀skills฀for฀ independently฀conducting฀specific฀PADI฀programs฀for฀certified฀ divers฀and฀nondivers฀(e.g.,฀Scuba฀Review,฀Discover฀Snorkeling,฀ PADI฀Skin฀Diver฀course). 4.฀ To฀develop฀the฀candidate’s฀dive฀theory฀knowledge,฀waterskills,฀ rescue฀skills฀and฀experience฀to฀the฀ levels฀necessary฀to฀enter฀the฀PADI฀ Assistant฀Instructor฀course฀and฀ the฀PADI฀Instructor฀Development฀Course.฀And฀to฀ encourage฀the฀candidate฀ to฀continue฀into฀those฀ programs. 5.฀ To฀promote฀each฀candidate’s฀growth฀to฀meet฀ individual฀needs฀and฀ interests,฀and฀to฀meet฀the฀ dive฀community’s฀needs฀ and฀expectations฀in฀dive฀ leaders฀(e.g.,฀risk฀management,฀personal฀health฀and฀ safety,฀the฀needs฀of฀the฀dive฀ retailer).

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One:฀Introduction

PADI฀Divemaster฀Duties The฀following฀lists฀the฀duties฀and฀benefits฀of฀PADI฀Divemasters฀as฀they฀apply฀ to฀PADI฀courses฀and฀PADI฀Standards.฀ Certified฀and฀new/renewed฀PADI฀ Divemasters฀who฀are฀in฀Active฀ status฀are฀authorized฀to: 1.฀ Independently฀guide฀Open฀฀ Water฀Diver/Scuba฀Diver฀ students฀on฀the฀tour฀portion฀ of฀Open฀Water฀Diver฀course฀ Training฀Dives฀2฀through฀4,฀at฀ a฀ratio฀of฀two฀student฀divers฀ per฀certified฀divemaster. 2.฀ Accompany฀Open฀Water฀Diver/ Scuba฀Diver฀students฀under฀the฀ indirect฀supervision฀of฀a฀PADI฀ Instructor: a.฀ during฀surface฀swims฀to฀and฀ from฀the฀entry/exit฀point. b.฀ during฀the฀navigational฀ exercises฀during฀Dive฀4. c.฀ with฀the฀group,฀either฀on฀ the฀surface฀or฀underwater,฀ while฀the฀instructor฀conducts฀a฀skill,฀such฀as฀an฀ ascent,฀with฀an฀individual฀ student฀diver฀or฀buddy฀ team. 3.฀ Conduct฀any฀subsequent฀dives฀ for฀Discover฀Scuba฀Diving฀participants,฀at฀a฀ratio฀of฀2:1,฀if฀ insured,฀after฀the฀participants฀ have฀satisfactorily฀completed฀ the฀first฀dive฀under฀the฀supervision฀of฀a฀PADI฀Instructor. 4.฀ Conduct฀the฀PADI฀Discover฀ Local฀Diving฀experience,฀(provided฀the฀divemaster฀meets฀ insurance฀requirements). 5.฀ Conduct฀the฀PADI฀Discover฀ Snorkeling฀program,฀(provided฀ the฀divemaster฀meets฀insurance฀requirements). 6.฀ Conduct฀the฀PADI฀Scuba฀Review฀program฀for฀certified฀ Open฀Water฀Divers,฀divers฀ Divemaster฀Course฀Instructor฀Guide฀

with฀higher฀certifications.฀or฀ for฀PADI฀Scuba฀Divers฀who฀ want฀only฀to฀refresh฀their฀ skills฀(provided฀the฀divemaster฀meets฀insurance฀requirements). 7.฀ Accompany฀student฀divers฀ during฀training฀dives฀for฀ the฀PADI฀Adventures฀in฀Diving฀program,฀Specialty฀Diver฀ courses,฀or฀the฀Rescue฀Diver฀ course.฀ 8.฀ Generally฀supervise฀both฀ training฀and฀nontraining-related฀activities฀by฀assisting฀ divers฀and฀student฀divers฀in฀ the฀planning,฀organizing฀and฀ direction฀of฀dives.฀ 9.฀ Assist฀a฀Teaching฀status฀PADI฀ Instructor฀in฀the฀open฀water฀ training฀of฀divers.฀The฀allowable฀student฀diver-to-instructor฀ratio฀increases฀by฀four฀ additional฀student฀divers฀ for฀each฀certified,฀renewed฀ PADI฀Divemaster฀for฀all฀PADI฀ programs฀and฀courses,฀unless฀stated฀otherwise฀by฀that฀ course/program’s฀standards. ฀ ฀ For฀the฀PADI฀Open฀Water฀ Diver/Scuba฀Diver฀course,฀the฀ allowable฀student฀diver-to-instructor฀ratio฀increases฀by฀two฀ additional฀student฀divers฀for฀ each฀certified,฀renewed฀PADI฀ Divemaster,฀to฀a฀maximum฀of฀ 12฀student฀divers฀to฀one฀instructor.฀ 10.฀Assist฀a฀Teaching฀status฀PADI฀ Instructor฀in฀the฀confined฀water฀training฀of฀divers.฀Use฀of฀ certified,฀renewed฀PADI฀Divemasters฀increases฀the฀allowable฀student฀diver-to-instructor฀ratio฀in฀confined฀water฀by฀ four฀additional฀student฀divers฀ per฀divemaster฀for฀all฀courses,฀ unless฀stated฀otherwise฀by฀ that฀course/program’s฀standards. 1-3

11.฀Teach฀and฀certify฀PADI฀Skin฀ Divers฀independently฀(provided฀the฀divemaster฀meets฀ insurance฀requirements).฀This฀ includes฀conducting฀the฀PADI฀Seal฀ Team฀AquaMission:฀Skin฀Diver฀ Specialist฀following฀Skin฀Diver฀ course฀standards. 12.฀฀ Conduct฀the฀skin฀diving฀ skills฀segment฀of฀the฀Open฀ Water฀Diver฀Course฀during฀either฀Confined฀Water฀Dive฀Two,฀ Three,฀Four฀or฀Five฀(provided฀ the฀divemaster฀meets฀insurance฀requirements). 13.฀Teach฀Emergency฀First฀Response฀courses฀after฀successfully฀completing฀an฀Emergency฀First฀Response฀Instructor฀ course. 14.฀Independently฀conduct฀Discover฀Scuba฀Diving฀(2003฀ revised฀program)฀in฀a฀pool฀ or฀in฀confined฀open฀water฀to฀ a฀maximum฀depth฀of฀6฀metres/20฀feet฀if฀qualified฀as฀a฀ Discover฀Scuba฀Diving฀Leader.฀ Qualification฀includes฀completing฀an฀internship฀that฀consists฀of฀ conducting฀four฀separate฀Discover฀ Scuba฀Diving฀pool฀or฀confined฀water฀experiences฀under฀the฀direct฀supervision฀and฀guidance฀of฀a฀PADI฀ Instructor.฀(See฀Discover฀Scuba฀Diving฀Leader฀Internship฀Completion฀ Form฀in฀Appendix.) Divemaster฀candidates฀(trainees)฀are฀ authorized฀under฀the฀direct฀supervision฀ of฀the฀instructor฀to: 1.฀ Guide฀individuals฀who฀have฀completed฀all฀the฀requirements฀for฀the฀ Scuba฀Diver฀or฀higher฀certification.

Benefits฀and฀Renewal฀ Requirements฀of฀PADI฀ Divemaster฀Certification PADI฀Divemasters฀are฀members฀ of฀PADI.฀Membership฀provides฀benefits,฀including฀a฀subscription฀to฀The฀ Undersea฀Journal,฀member฀pricing฀on฀ selected฀PADI฀materials฀and฀services,฀ and฀eligibility฀to฀purchase฀professional฀ underwater฀liability฀insurance฀offered฀ by฀PADI’s฀agents.฀(Other฀benefits฀vary฀ based฀on฀local฀needs฀and฀requirements฀ and฀the฀serving฀PADI฀Office).฀ It฀is฀recommended฀that฀divemasters฀ involved฀in฀training฀or฀supervising฀activities฀carry฀liability฀insurance.฀Requirements฀ may฀vary฀from฀one฀PADI฀Office฀to฀another. Renewal฀requirements฀for฀ PADI฀Divemasters฀include฀submitting฀a฀completed฀renewal฀application฀along฀with฀dues฀annually.฀ A฀PADI฀Divemaster฀whose฀membership฀has฀lapsed฀may฀also฀need฀to฀meet฀ additional฀requirements฀designated฀ by฀the฀PADI฀Training฀and฀Quality฀ Management฀Department฀to฀regain฀ Active฀status.฀The฀requirements฀may฀ vary฀depending฀on฀how฀long฀since฀the฀ divemaster’s฀last฀renewed฀membership,฀changes฀to฀the฀PADI฀System฀and฀ Standards฀during฀that฀interval,฀and฀ other฀factors. When฀an฀individual฀becomes฀a฀ PADI฀Divemaster,฀PADI฀assigns฀the฀ person฀a฀PADI฀Member฀number.฀When฀ the฀PADI฀Divemaster฀becomes฀a฀PADI฀ Assistant฀Instructor฀or฀Instructor,฀the฀ number฀remains฀the฀same,฀though฀the฀ prefix/suffix฀changes฀to฀reflect฀the฀new฀ level.

2.฀ Accompany฀Open฀Water฀Diver/ Scuba฀Diver฀student฀divers฀on฀the฀ tour฀portion฀of฀Dives฀2฀through฀4.

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One:฀Introduction

Two General฀฀

Standards฀and฀ Course฀Overview

Course฀Standards Course฀Prerequisites To฀qualify฀to฀enter฀the฀PADI฀Divemaster฀course,฀an฀individual฀must: 1.฀฀ Be฀certified฀as฀a฀PADI฀Advanced฀ Open฀Water฀Diver฀or฀have฀a฀ qualifying฀certification฀from฀ another฀training฀organization.฀ A฀qualifying฀certification฀is฀defined฀ as฀proof฀of฀certification฀beyond฀entry฀ level,฀and฀proof฀of฀20฀or฀more฀logged฀ dives฀documenting฀experience฀in฀deep฀ diving฀and฀underwater฀navigation. 2.฀฀ Be฀certified฀as฀a฀PADI฀Rescue฀ Diver฀or฀have฀a฀qualifying฀certification฀from฀another฀training฀organization.฀A฀qualifying฀certification฀ is฀defined฀as฀proof฀of฀certification฀in฀ diving฀rescue฀from฀a฀training฀organization฀other฀than฀PADI.฀฀ ฀ If฀the฀candidate฀demonstrates฀ poor฀or฀inadequate฀performance฀ during฀the฀diver฀rescue฀assessment,฀then฀the฀candidate฀must฀ complete฀a฀PADI฀Rescue฀Diver฀ course.

Divemaster฀Course฀Instructor฀Guide฀

3.฀ Have฀completed฀and฀logged฀฀ at฀least฀20฀dives฀as฀documented฀ by฀the฀individual’s฀personal฀log฀ book.฀ 4.฀ Be฀at฀least฀18฀years฀old฀at฀฀ the฀start฀of฀PADI฀Divemaster฀ training. 5.฀฀ Submit,฀to฀the฀instructor,฀medical฀ clearance฀for฀diving฀signed฀by฀a฀ physician,฀attesting฀to฀fitness฀to฀ dive.฀The฀medical฀clearance฀must฀ be฀current฀within฀the฀previous฀฀ 12฀months.฀The฀physician฀signing฀the฀form฀cannot฀be฀the฀individual. 6.฀ Submit฀proof฀of฀Emergency฀First฀ Response฀Primary฀Care฀(CPR)฀and฀ Secondary฀Care฀(First฀Aid)฀training฀(or฀other฀qualifying฀CPR/first฀ aid฀training)฀ within฀the฀last฀ 24฀months. tion฀ socia ional฀As Profess g฀Instructors in of฀Div

Certification฀Requirements At฀the฀time฀of฀certification,฀a฀PADI฀ Divemaster฀candidates฀must: 1.฀ Show฀proof฀of฀60฀logged฀dives฀ documenting฀experience฀in฀night฀ diving,฀deep฀diving฀and฀underwater฀navigation. 2.฀ Read฀and฀agree฀to฀abide฀by฀the฀ PADI฀Membership฀and฀License฀ Agreement.

Instructor฀Supervision The฀maximum฀candidate-to-instructor฀ratio฀for฀confined฀and฀open฀ water฀training฀activities฀is฀eight฀ divemaster฀candidates฀per฀instructor฀ (8:1).฀This฀ratio฀may฀not฀be฀increased฀ through฀the฀use฀of฀certified฀assistants.฀You฀may฀use฀certified฀assistants฀to฀ aid฀logistics,฀or฀play฀the฀role฀of฀student฀ divers. There฀is฀no฀maximum฀ratio฀for฀ Knowledge฀Development฀activities.฀ This฀limit฀is฀set฀by฀you฀based฀on฀logistics฀ and฀the฀ability฀to฀facilitate฀candidate฀ learning.

Equipment Candidate฀equipment During฀open฀water฀scuba฀training,฀ each฀divemaster฀candidate฀must฀be฀ equipped฀with฀the฀proper฀equipment฀ for฀the฀diving฀environment.฀This฀ includes,฀but฀is฀not฀limited฀to:฀fins,฀ mask,฀snorkel,฀cylinder,฀regulator,฀ alternate฀air฀source,฀buoyancy฀control฀device฀(BCD)฀with฀low฀pressure฀ inflator,฀backpack฀(if฀not฀integrated฀ into฀the฀BCD),฀where฀weights฀are฀ appropriate,฀a฀quick฀release฀weight฀ system,฀appropriate฀exposure฀suit฀ for฀the฀environment,฀timing฀device฀ and฀depth฀gauge฀(or฀dive฀computer),฀ compass,฀knife/dive฀tool฀(unless฀prohibited฀by฀local฀laws฀or฀regulations)฀ and฀an฀emergency฀signaling฀device฀ (whistle,฀flare,฀inflatable฀signal฀ tube).

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Instructor/certified฀assistant฀ equipment You฀must฀meet฀the฀same฀equipment฀ requirements฀as฀the฀candidates.฀In฀ addition,฀ensure฀that฀a฀dive฀flag฀is฀ used฀if฀required฀by฀local฀law.฀You’re฀ encouraged฀to฀use฀a฀float฀large฀enough฀to฀ provide฀buoyancy฀for฀a฀diver฀with฀the฀dive฀ flag,฀when฀appropriate฀for฀the฀local฀diving฀ environment.฀You’re฀also฀encouraged฀to฀ have฀a฀first฀aid฀kit฀and฀emergency฀oxygen฀ on฀site,฀if฀available฀and฀legally฀permitted฀ in฀the฀local฀area.

Training฀Materials The฀following฀materials฀are฀required฀ in฀training฀PADI฀Divemasters: 1.฀ PADI฀Divemaster฀Course฀Instructor฀Guide.฀ 2.฀ PADI฀Instructor฀Manual.฀It’s฀recommended฀that฀candidates฀have฀a฀copy฀ for฀their฀own฀use฀and฀reference. 3.฀ PADI฀Divemaster฀Manual.฀All฀candidates฀must฀read฀the฀manual฀ and฀complete฀the฀Knowledge฀ Reviews฀(unless฀unavailable฀in฀a฀ language฀the฀candidate฀understands). 4.฀ PADI฀Divemaster฀Video฀(unless฀ unavailable฀in฀a฀language฀the฀ candidate฀understands).฀It’s฀ recommended฀that฀candidates฀watch฀ the฀diver฀version฀during฀independent฀ study,฀and฀that฀you฀use฀the฀video฀for฀ in-class฀review.฀ 5.฀ The฀Recreational฀Dive฀Planner,฀ Table฀and฀Wheel฀versions 6.฀ Forms฀and฀releases฀as฀required฀฀ by฀the฀General฀Standards฀฀ section฀of฀the฀PADI฀Instructor฀ Manual,฀and฀any฀other฀forms฀required฀by฀your฀PADI฀Office. 7.฀ All฀other฀equipment฀and฀materials฀needed฀to฀meet฀performance฀ requirements฀in฀confined฀and฀ open฀water฀training฀activities.฀It’s฀ recommended฀that฀candidates฀personally฀provide฀materials฀they฀will฀need฀ regularly฀as฀PADI฀Divemasters. Two:฀General฀Standards฀and฀Course฀Overview

The฀following฀lists฀materials฀recommended฀in฀training฀PADI฀Divemasters.฀You฀may฀ find฀other฀PADI฀materials฀that฀aren’t฀listed฀ useful฀as฀well. ฀ 1.฀ The฀Encyclopedia฀of฀Recreational฀Diving฀Multimedia฀or฀book฀(for฀candidate฀ independent฀study฀of฀dive฀theory). ฀ 2.฀ The฀PADI฀Diving฀Knowledge฀Workbook฀ (for฀candidate฀independent฀study฀of฀ dive฀theory). ฀ 3.฀ PADI฀Underwater฀Navigator฀Manual฀ and฀Underwater฀Navigation฀video฀(for฀ navigation฀skill฀review฀and฀mapping฀ assignment) ฀ 4.฀ PADI฀Deep฀Diver฀Manual฀and฀Deep฀Diving฀video฀(for฀deep฀diving฀knowledge฀ development) ฀ 5.฀ PADI฀Rescue฀Diver฀Manual฀and฀Video฀ (for฀rescue฀accident฀management฀ knowledge฀development฀and฀training฀ exercises)฀ ฀ 6.฀ Giant฀RDPs,฀table฀and฀The฀Wheel฀ ฀ 7.฀ Discover฀the฀Underwater฀World฀video฀ (for฀divemaster฀conducted฀programs฀ knowledge฀development) ฀ 8.฀ Scuba฀Tune-up฀guidebook฀(for฀divemaster฀conducted฀programs฀knowledge฀development) ฀ 9.฀ The฀Business฀of฀Diving฀(for฀business฀of฀ diving฀knowledge฀development) 10.฀ Divemaster฀Slates฀(for฀open฀water฀ training฀exercises) 11.฀ Dive฀Roster฀slate฀(for฀open฀water฀ training฀exercises) 12.฀ Divemaster฀Candidate฀Information฀ and฀Evaluation฀Form฀(for฀recording฀ candidate฀performance฀throughout฀ the฀program) 13.฀ The฀Law฀and฀the฀Diving฀Professional฀(for฀ risk฀management฀knowledge฀development) 14.฀ The฀Best฀of฀the฀Undersea฀Journal฀(for฀ risk฀management,฀business฀of฀diving฀ knowledge฀development,฀open฀water฀ and฀confined฀water฀training฀dives฀) 15.฀ Peak฀Performance฀Buoyancy฀video

Divemaster฀Course฀Instructor฀Guide฀

16.฀ Open฀Water฀Diver฀Multimedia฀(RDP฀ table฀and฀Wheel฀tutorial) 17.฀ Skill฀Evaluation฀Slate฀(for฀confined฀ waterskills฀evaluation฀and฀development) 18.฀ Student฀Record฀File 19.฀ Divemaster฀Skill฀Development฀Score฀ Sheets 20.฀ Practical฀Application฀Record฀Sheets 21.฀ Adventure฀Log 22.฀ All฀training฀materials฀for฀courses฀ leading฀up฀to฀the฀PADI฀Divemaster฀ level,฀including฀the฀manuals,฀videos,฀ and฀multimedia฀products฀for฀the฀PADI฀ Open฀Water฀Diver฀course,฀Adventures฀ in฀Diving฀program฀and฀Rescue฀Diver฀ course.฀

Referrals Referrals฀allow฀divemaster฀candidates฀who฀ complete฀part฀of฀the฀course฀requirements฀ with฀one฀PADI฀Instructor฀to฀finish฀the฀ requirements฀with฀another฀PADI฀Instructor฀ in฀another฀location.฀The฀referral฀procedure฀ is฀not฀needed฀or฀required฀between฀instructors฀who฀team฀teach฀the฀course฀through฀a฀ single฀facility฀where฀they฀can฀communicate฀and฀share฀records. To฀refer฀someone฀who฀begins฀training฀ with฀you,฀use฀the฀Divemaster฀Candidate฀ Information฀and฀Evaluation฀Form฀(see฀ Appendix),฀which฀should฀be฀filled฀out฀listing฀scores฀for฀all฀the฀performance฀requirements฀that฀the฀candidate฀has฀completed,฀ along฀with฀instructor฀signatures฀and฀ numbers฀for฀each.฀Make฀a฀copy฀of฀the฀ form,฀as฀well฀as฀the฀candidate’s฀medical฀ approval,฀and฀forward฀both฀to฀the฀receiving฀instructor.฀You฀may฀include฀copies฀of฀ exam฀answer฀sheets,฀practical฀evaluation฀ records,฀etc.฀Alternatively,฀you฀may฀give฀ the฀documentation฀to฀the฀candidate฀to฀ take฀to฀another฀instructor.฀If฀feasible,฀it’s฀ recommended,฀but฀not฀required,฀that฀you฀ contact฀the฀receiving฀instructor฀to฀discuss฀ the฀candidate’s฀performance. A฀referral฀expires฀after฀12฀ months.฀Be฀sure฀to฀explain฀this฀to฀the฀ candidate,฀and฀that฀costs฀charged฀by฀

2-3

4.฀฀ Have฀each฀team฀swim฀from฀the฀shallow฀area฀of฀the฀pool/confined฀water฀to฀water฀too฀deep฀in฀which฀to฀stand. 5.฀฀ In฀deeper฀water,฀have฀them฀begin฀buddy฀breathing,฀then฀exchange฀all฀equipment฀except฀exposure฀suit฀and฀weight฀belts. 6.฀ When฀the฀exchange฀is฀complete,฀have฀them฀return฀to฀the฀shallow฀area฀while฀ continuing฀to฀buddy฀breathing.฀

Notes: 1.฀ Variation฀from฀normal฀diving฀practice฀is฀acceptable฀during฀the฀exchange฀because฀this฀ exercise฀creates฀highly฀unusual฀circumstances.฀You฀should฀evaluate฀the฀candidate’s฀ ability฀to฀control฀stress฀while฀solving฀problems฀–฀normal฀skill฀competence฀may฀suffer฀ under฀these฀conditions. 2.฀ It฀may฀be฀necessary฀and฀acceptable฀to฀give฀each฀member฀of฀a฀buddy฀team฀different฀ scores฀if฀one฀member฀dominates฀the฀exercise,฀or฀if฀it฀is฀obvious฀that฀difficulties฀lie฀with฀ one฀member฀substantially฀more฀than฀the฀other.

Equipment฀Exchange฀Evaluation฀Criteria Candidates฀must฀perform฀to฀a฀level฀of฀3฀or฀higher฀฀ prior฀to฀certification.

Score฀

฀

Criteria฀

฀

฀

฀

฀

฀

5฀

Task฀performed฀in฀a฀well-thought-out,฀efficient฀and฀purposeful฀ manner฀with฀no฀sign฀of฀problems.฀Very฀low฀anxiety฀level.฀Looks฀ routine฀and฀fun.

4฀

Task฀performed฀competently฀with฀a฀relatively฀low฀anxiety฀level.฀ Problems฀encountered฀were฀easily฀and฀efficiently฀handled.

3฀

Complete฀exchange฀occurred฀without฀surfacing.฀However,฀numerous฀problems฀were฀encountered฀that฀delayed฀the฀speed฀and฀ efficiency฀of฀the฀performance.฀The฀grade฀is฀also฀appropriate฀for฀ a฀buddy฀who฀was฀overly฀dependent฀on฀the฀other,฀and฀who,฀in฀essence,฀had฀everything฀done฀for฀him.

2฀

Significant฀problems฀demonstrated,฀and฀exchange฀completed฀ only฀after฀one฀or฀both฀team฀members฀surfaced฀once.

1฀

Inability฀to฀complete฀the฀exchange,฀or฀exchange฀completed฀but฀ required฀one฀or฀both฀members฀to฀surface฀more฀than฀once.

Required฀Training฀Exercise฀3 Divemaster฀Conducted฀Programs [Prerequisite:฀Topic฀9฀–฀Divemaster฀Conducted฀Programs] This฀exercise฀familiarizes฀candidates฀with฀programs฀they฀may฀conduct฀without฀instructor฀supervision.฀This฀scenario฀builds฀upon฀what฀candidates฀learned฀in฀Topic฀9฀ –฀Divemaster฀Conducted฀Programs฀by฀having฀them฀conduct฀part฀or฀all฀of฀a฀simulated฀or฀actual฀Discover฀Snorkeling,฀Scuba฀Review,฀Discover฀Local฀Diving,฀Discover฀ Scuba฀Diving฀program฀(confined฀water฀option)฀or฀PADI฀Skin฀Diver฀course. If฀simulating฀this฀exercise,฀the฀minimum฀number฀of฀role฀players฀required฀is฀4.฀ 5-4฀

Five:฀Practical฀Application

level฀appropriate฀for฀demonstrating฀to฀ student฀divers,฀and฀to฀prepare฀for฀higher฀ training฀levels.฀The฀Stamina฀Assessment฀ and฀Development฀portion฀evaluates฀basic฀ swimming฀skills,฀with฀opportunity฀for฀you฀ to฀develop฀those฀candidates฀who฀need฀to฀ improve.฀During฀the฀Diver฀Rescue฀Assessment฀and฀Development฀phase,฀you฀assess฀ candidate฀rescues฀of฀a฀simulated฀unresponsive,฀nonbreathing฀diver.฀The฀goal฀ is฀to฀refine฀their฀skills฀beyond฀the฀Rescue฀ Diver฀level.฀In฀the฀Confined฀Waterskill฀Assessment฀and฀Development,฀you฀evaluate฀ and฀develop฀to฀demonstration฀quality฀the฀ 20฀basic฀scuba฀skills฀from฀the฀PADI฀Skill฀ Evaluation. In฀the฀Practical฀Application฀Module,฀ candidates฀put฀into฀practice฀skills฀typical฀ of฀a฀divemaster.฀There฀are฀three฀Required฀ Training฀Exercises,฀followed฀by฀either฀an฀ internship฀with฀specific฀internship฀criteria฀ or฀four฀Practical฀Training฀Exercises.฀The฀ Required฀Training฀Exercises฀include฀map฀ making,฀underwater฀problem฀solving,฀and฀ a฀divemaster฀conducted฀program.฀The฀ internship฀and฀Practical฀Training฀Exercises฀ allow฀candidates฀to฀practice฀and฀develop฀ divemaster฀skills฀with฀real฀or฀simulated฀ student฀divers,฀and฀with฀real฀or฀simulated฀ supervised฀divers,฀under฀your฀supervision.

Sequencing฀within฀the฀PADI฀ Divemaster฀Course The฀PADI฀Divemaster฀course฀integrates฀ knowledge฀and฀skill฀development฀through฀ the฀three฀modules.฀You฀have฀a฀great฀deal฀ of฀latitude฀in฀how฀you฀sequence฀course฀ components.฀There฀are฀a฀few฀requirements฀ to฀ensure฀that฀candidates฀develop฀the฀necessary฀prerequisite฀knowledge฀and฀skills฀ before฀attempting฀more฀complex฀topics฀ and฀tasks.฀ •฀ Knowledge฀Development฀ Topic฀1฀–฀Course฀Introduction:฀The฀ Role฀and฀Characteristics฀of฀a฀PADI฀ Divemaster฀must฀precede฀all฀other฀ components฀of฀the฀PADI฀Divemaster฀ course. •฀ Knowledge฀Development฀ Topic฀9฀–฀Divemaster฀Conducted฀Programs฀must฀precede฀Required฀Training฀Exercise฀3฀–฀Divemaster฀Conducted฀Programs. You฀may฀wish฀to฀cover฀independent฀ study฀and฀emergency฀assistant฀plan฀assignments฀as฀part฀of฀your฀first฀Knowledge฀ Development฀Presentation. It’s฀highly฀recommended฀that฀candidates฀complete฀knowledge฀development฀ sessions฀that฀deal฀with฀supervising฀or฀assisting฀divers฀before฀completing฀the฀Internship฀or฀Practical฀Training฀Exercises. All฀other฀course฀sequencing฀is฀left฀to฀ your฀discretion฀based฀on฀class฀size,฀local฀ conditions,฀logistics,฀candidate฀needs฀and฀ other฀variables.฀See฀Sample฀Schedules฀for฀ suggestions.

Key฀Standards Prerequisite฀Certification:฀฀Advanced฀Open฀Water฀Diver฀or฀qualifying฀certification,฀and฀PADI฀Rescue฀Diver฀or฀qualifying฀certification Prerequisite฀Dives:฀฀20฀to฀start฀training.฀Prior฀to฀certification:฀60฀ Minimum฀Age:฀฀18฀(by฀course฀start฀date) Recommended฀Hours:฀฀50฀hours฀(based฀on฀a฀class฀of฀six฀candidates) Maximum฀Candidate-to-Instructor฀ratio฀for฀confined฀and฀open฀water฀training฀ activities:฀฀8฀to฀1 Minimum฀Instructor฀Rating:฀฀PADI฀Open฀Water฀Scuba฀Instructor

Divemaster฀Course฀Instructor฀Guide฀

2-5

Sample฀฀ Divemaster฀Course฀Schedule The฀following฀sample฀schedules฀suggest฀ways฀you฀can฀organize฀the฀PADI฀Divemaster฀course.฀Of฀course,฀you฀may฀rearrange฀the฀schedule฀to฀any฀sequence฀that฀ fits฀your฀logistical฀and฀candidate฀needs.฀Independent฀study฀assignments฀may฀ shift฀around,฀or฀even฀precede฀the฀first฀meeting฀with฀candidates,฀to฀meet฀scheduling฀requirements.

Session฀One Classroom:฀฀

Topic฀1:฀The฀Role฀and฀Characteristics฀of฀a฀PADI฀Divemaster

Practical:฀

Waterskills฀and฀Stamina฀Exercises฀One฀and฀Two฀–฀Confined฀Water

Independent฀Study:฀

Chapters฀1฀and฀2฀of฀the฀Divemaster฀Manual

฀

PADI฀Divemaster฀Video

฀

Emergency฀Assistance฀Plan฀–฀assigned฀to฀be฀completed฀ before฀certification

Session฀Two Classroom:฀

Topic฀2฀(Part฀1):฀Supervising฀General฀Diving฀Activities฀ for฀Certified฀Divers฀(Objectives฀1-18)

Practical:฀฀

Waterskills฀and฀Stamina฀Exercises฀Three฀and฀Four฀ Equipment฀Exchange฀–฀Required฀Training฀Exercise฀Two

Independent฀Study:฀

The฀Physics฀of฀Diving฀

Session฀Three Classroom:฀฀

Topic฀2฀(Part฀2):฀Supervising฀General฀Diving฀Activities฀ for฀Certified฀Divers฀(Objectives฀19-25)

Practical:฀

Diver-Rescue฀Assessment฀Confined฀Waterskills฀Assessment

Independent฀Study:฀

The฀Physiology฀of฀Diving

฀

Chapter฀3฀and฀4฀of฀the฀Divemaster฀Manual

Session฀Four Classroom:฀

Topic฀3:฀Assisting฀with฀Students฀in฀Training

Independent฀Study:฀฀฀ Mapping฀Project฀–฀Required฀Training฀Exercise฀One฀–฀Assigned฀to฀be฀completed฀before฀certification.

2-6฀

฀

Equipment

฀

Chapters฀5฀and฀6฀of฀the฀Divemaster฀Manual฀

Two:฀General฀Standards฀and฀Course฀Overview

Session฀Five Classroom:฀

Topic฀9:฀Divemaster฀Conducted฀Programs฀

฀

Topic฀10:฀Risk฀Management

Practical:฀

Divemaster฀Conducted฀Programs฀–฀Required฀Training฀ Exercise฀Three

Independent฀Study:฀

Decompression฀Theory฀and฀the฀RDP

฀

Chapter฀7฀of฀the฀Divemaster฀Manual

Session฀Six Classroom:฀

Topic฀4:฀Dive฀Theory฀Introduction฀

฀

Topic฀5:฀The฀Physics฀of฀Diving฀–฀review฀and฀answer฀ questions

฀

Topic฀6:฀The฀Physiology฀of฀Diving฀–฀review฀and฀answer฀ questions

Practical:฀

Makeup฀and฀Remedial฀Training

฀

Begin฀Internship฀and/or฀Practical฀Training฀Exercises

Independent฀Study:฀฀

Chapters฀8฀and฀9฀of฀the฀Divemaster฀Manual

Session฀Seven Classroom:฀

Topic฀7:฀Equipment฀–฀review฀and฀answer฀questions

฀

Topic฀8:฀Decompression฀Theory฀and฀the฀RDP฀–review฀ and฀answer฀questions

฀

Topic฀11:฀The฀Business฀of฀Diving฀

Practical:฀฀

Internship฀and/or฀Practical฀Training฀Exercises

Session฀Eight฀

฀

Classroom:฀

Topic฀12:฀Furthering฀Your฀Dive฀Career

฀

Divemaster฀Exams

Practical:฀฀

Internship฀and/or฀Practical฀Training฀Exercises

Divemaster฀Course฀Instructor฀Guide฀

2-7

Sample฀Schedule Weekend฀Format Independent฀Study:฀ Chapters฀ 1฀ and฀ 2฀ of฀ the฀ Divemaster฀ Manual฀ (assigned฀ at฀ registration฀to฀be฀completed฀prior฀to฀first฀weekend)฀ ฀

PADI฀Divemaster฀Video

Weekend฀One฀ Day฀One Classroom:฀฀

Topic฀1:฀The฀Role฀and฀Characteristics฀of฀a฀PADI฀Divemaster

฀

Topic฀2฀(Part฀1):฀Supervising฀General฀Diving฀฀ Activities฀for฀Certified฀Divers฀(Objectives฀1-18)

Practical:฀

Waterskills฀and฀Stamina฀Exercises฀One฀and฀Two฀–฀Confined฀Water

฀

Equipment฀Exchange฀–฀Required฀Training฀Exercise฀Two

Independent฀Study:฀ Emergency฀Assistance฀Plan฀–฀assigned฀to฀be฀completed฀ before฀certification ฀

Chapter฀3฀of฀the฀Divemaster฀Manual

Day฀Two Classroom:฀฀

Topic฀2฀(Part฀2):฀Supervising฀General฀Diving฀฀ Activities฀for฀Certified฀Divers฀(Objectives฀19-25)

฀

Topic฀3:฀Assisting฀with฀Students฀in฀Training

Practical:฀฀

Diver-Rescue฀Assessment฀Waterskills฀Assessment

฀

Waterskills฀and฀Stamina฀Exercises฀Three฀and฀Four฀฀

Independent฀Study:฀ (complete฀before฀next฀weekend)฀The฀Physics฀of฀Diving ฀

The฀Physiology฀of฀Diving

฀

Chapter฀4,฀6,฀7฀of฀the฀Divemaster฀Manual฀

Weekend฀Two Day฀Three Classroom:฀

Topic฀9:฀Divemaster฀Conducted฀Programs฀

฀

Topic฀10:฀Risk฀Management

Practical:฀

Divemaster฀Conducted฀Programs฀–฀Required฀฀ Training฀Exercise฀Three

Independent฀Study:฀฀฀Mapping฀Project฀–฀Required฀Training฀Exercise฀One฀–฀Assigned฀to฀be฀completed฀before฀certification.฀

2-8฀

Two:฀General฀Standards฀and฀Course฀Overview

Day฀Four Classroom:฀

Topic฀4:฀Dive฀Theory฀Introduction฀

฀

Topic฀5:฀The฀Physics฀of฀Diving฀–฀review฀and฀answer฀questions

฀

Topic฀6:฀The฀Physiology฀of฀Diving฀–฀review฀and฀answer฀ questions

Practical:฀

Makeup฀and฀Remedial฀Training

฀

Begin฀Internship฀or฀Practical฀Training฀Exercises

Independent฀Study:฀ (to฀be฀completed฀before฀next฀weekend)฀Decompression฀ Theory฀and฀the฀RDP ฀

Equipment

฀

Chapters฀5,฀8฀and฀9฀of฀the฀Divemaster฀Manual

Weekend฀Three฀ Day฀Five Classroom:฀

Topic฀7:฀Equipment฀–฀review฀and฀answer฀questions

฀

Topic฀8:฀Decompression฀Theory฀and฀the฀RDP฀–review฀and฀ answer฀questions

฀

Topic฀11:฀The฀Business฀of฀Diving฀

Practical:฀฀

Internship฀and/or฀Practical฀Training฀Exercises

Day฀Six Classroom:฀

Topic฀12:฀Furthering฀Your฀Dive฀Career

฀

Divemaster฀Exams

Practical:฀฀

Internship฀and/or฀Practical฀Training฀Exercises

Divemaster฀Course฀Instructor฀Guide฀

2-9

2-10฀

Two:฀General฀Standards฀and฀Course฀Overview

Three Knowledge฀฀ Development

ADI฀ ation฀P s฀ d n u o ledge฀f ctivitie e฀know ฀dive฀a l h a ฀t r s e e n h e istant฀ ฀g blis DI฀Ass rvising le฀esta A e u ฀P p d e u o h ฀s ฀t ment฀M stants,฀while ng฀into evelop si e฀leadi s c ฀D ฀a e n g d e i e d r e fi e ti owl in฀exp ฀as฀cer The฀Kn hey฀ga ฀t s฀apply s r urses.฀ e ฀a t s d a ent฀Co s,฀an r m e p Divem v o i l e ฀d rtified or฀Dev with฀ce ฀and฀Instruct r to Instruc

Conduct฀and฀ Standards Much฀of฀this฀section฀focuses฀on฀developing฀candidate฀knowledge฀of฀dive฀ theory.฀This฀has฀two฀important฀roles.฀ First,฀research฀into฀problem฀solving฀ shows฀that฀experts฀in฀a฀given฀field฀ solve฀problems฀well฀because฀they฀have฀ a฀large฀knowledge฀base฀upon฀which฀ to฀draw฀when฀looking฀for฀solutions.฀ Second,฀many฀candidates฀will฀continue฀ on฀to฀the฀PADI฀Assistant฀Instructor฀and฀ Open฀Water฀Scuba฀Instructor฀levels.฀ Training฀at฀these฀levels฀builds฀upon฀ candidates’฀established฀knowledge฀of฀ dive฀theory,฀and฀there฀is฀no฀training฀in฀ the฀IDC฀for฀theory฀(except฀for฀optional฀ remediation). Besides฀dive฀theory,฀the฀Knowledge฀Development฀Module฀establishes฀ information฀important฀to฀an฀individual฀who฀will฀be฀working฀in฀or฀with฀ a฀professional฀dive฀operation฀and฀ instructional฀staff.฀These฀include฀risk฀ management,฀customer฀perspectives,฀ the฀needs฀of฀a฀dive฀business,฀and฀career฀ opportunities.฀Other฀portions฀of฀this฀ module฀address฀professionalism฀and฀ the฀qualities฀expected฀in฀leadershipDivemaster฀Course฀Instructor฀Guide฀

level฀divers,฀dive฀planning฀principles,฀ rescue฀management,฀and฀rudimentary฀instructional฀concepts.฀During฀these฀ discussions,฀you฀will฀guide฀candidates฀ to฀shape฀the฀attitudes฀and฀skills฀they’ll฀ apply฀in฀the฀Practical฀Application฀ Module฀and฀later,฀as฀certified฀PADI฀ Divemasters. Following฀the฀overall฀standards฀ that฀apply฀to฀this฀module,฀you’ll฀ find฀a฀subsection฀for฀each฀of฀the฀12฀ Knowledge฀Development฀Topics.฀Each฀ subsection฀provides฀the฀standards฀ and฀learning฀objectives/performance฀ requirements฀that฀relate฀to฀the฀topic,฀ suggested฀methods฀for฀reaching฀those฀ objectives฀(e.g.,฀independent฀study,฀ presentations,฀discussions),฀suggested฀ and฀required฀study฀materials,฀and฀a฀ presentation฀outline.฀Note฀that฀for฀ several฀topics฀when฀using฀independent฀ study฀a฀presentation฀may฀ not฀be฀required,฀though฀ it’s฀recommended฀that฀you฀ give฀candidates฀the฀opporn฀ sociatio tunity฀to฀meet฀with฀you฀to฀ ional฀As uctors s s fe ro P g฀Instr ask฀questions฀and฀review฀the฀ of฀Divin 3-11

material,฀prior฀to฀taking฀the฀Divemaster฀Exams. Learning฀objectives฀are฀written฀as฀ questions฀that฀you฀can฀read฀to฀your฀ candidates.฀The฀outlines฀were฀written฀ for฀direct฀presentation฀to฀your฀student฀ divers.฀You’ll฀find฀notes฀intended฀for฀ you฀to฀read฀but฀not฀present฀clearly฀set฀ apart฀in฀brackets฀or฀boxes.฀Notes฀for฀ emphasis฀to฀divemaster฀candidates฀ stand฀apart฀similarly,฀preceded฀by฀ “Note฀to฀candidate:.”฀

Evaluation Because the Knowledge Development Module develops different types of knowledge for different purposes, you’ll apply different evaluations to assess whether candidates meet the performance objectives.

Exams There฀are฀eight฀required฀PADI฀Divemaster฀Exams:฀Physics,฀Physiology฀and฀ First฀Aid,฀Equipment,฀Decompression฀ Theory฀and฀the฀RDP,฀Dive฀Skills฀and฀ the฀Environment,฀Supervising฀Activities฀for฀Certified฀Divers,฀Supervising฀ Student฀Divers฀in฀Training,฀and฀PADI฀ Divemaster฀Conducted฀Programs.฀ Prior฀to฀certification,฀each฀candidate฀must฀show฀mastery฀by฀ demonstrating฀acceptable฀performance฀on฀each฀of฀the฀PADI฀ Divemaster฀Exams.฀Candidates฀ take฀the฀exams฀under฀direct฀staff฀ supervision,฀with฀no฀notes฀or฀ aids฀allowed฀except฀the฀Recreational฀Dive฀Planner฀(table฀and฀ The฀Wheel),฀a฀calculator,฀scratch฀ paper฀and฀pencil฀or฀pen.฀The฀ candidate฀may฀also฀use฀the฀PADI฀ Instructor฀Manual฀with฀the฀PADI฀ Divemaster฀Course฀Instructor฀ Guide฀removed.

3-12฀

Acceptable฀performance฀ means฀that฀the฀candidate฀scores฀ 75฀percent฀or฀better฀on฀each฀ exam฀(not฀averaged฀together).฀If฀ the฀candidate฀scores฀less฀than฀75฀ percent,฀then฀you฀must฀have฀the฀ candidate฀retest.฀฀Besides฀scoring฀ 75฀percent฀or฀higher,฀the฀candidate฀must฀show฀mastery฀of฀all฀ exam฀items.฀To฀accomplish฀this,฀ review฀questions฀missed฀or฀not฀ completed฀until฀the฀candidate฀ understands฀each. The฀candidate฀signs฀and฀dates฀ the฀candidate฀statement฀on฀each฀ examination฀after฀you฀score฀it฀ and฀explain฀missed,฀incomplete฀ or฀unanswered฀questions฀to฀verify฀ that฀you฀reviewed฀these฀and฀ the฀candidate฀now฀understands฀ them.฀It’s฀recommended,฀but฀not฀ required,฀that฀you฀have฀candidates฀ initial฀missed฀questions฀in฀addition฀ to฀signing฀the฀candidate฀statement.฀ You฀must฀keep฀a฀written฀record฀ of฀the฀exam฀answer฀sheet฀in฀the฀ candidate’s฀permanent฀records฀ (Student฀Record฀File). Candidates฀who฀were฀certified฀ as฀PADI฀Advanced฀Plus฀Divers฀have฀ already฀completed฀knowledge฀development฀in฀dive฀training฀theory.฀ Therefore,฀you฀may,฀at฀your฀discretion,฀ exempt฀them฀from฀presentations฀or฀independent฀study฀for฀Topics฀5,฀6,฀7,฀and฀ 8.฀However,฀they฀must฀complete฀ all฀evaluation฀areas฀including฀ the฀Divemaster฀Exams.

Knowledge฀Reviews Each฀chapter฀in฀the฀PADI฀Divemaster฀ Manual฀ends฀with฀a฀Knowledge฀Review.฀ Divemaster฀candidates฀must฀complete฀and฀turn฀in฀each฀Knowledge฀ Review.฀Candidates฀must฀master฀ all฀items.฀Review฀any฀questions฀

Three:฀Knowledge฀Development

missed฀or฀left฀incomplete฀until฀ the฀candidate฀understands฀each.฀ The฀candidate฀signs฀and฀dates฀ the฀candidate฀statement฀on฀each฀ Knowledge฀Review฀to฀verify฀that฀ you฀reviewed฀these฀and฀the฀candidate฀now฀understands฀them.฀It’s฀ recommended,฀but฀not฀required,฀that฀

you฀have฀candidates฀initial฀missed฀ questions฀in฀addition฀to฀signing฀the฀ candidate฀statement.฀You฀must฀keep฀ a฀record฀of฀the฀completed฀and฀ signed฀Knowledge฀Reviews฀in฀the฀ candidate’s฀permanent฀records฀ (Student฀Record฀File).฀

Assignment Emergency฀Assistance฀Plan Each฀divemaster฀candidate฀must฀complete฀an฀Emergency฀Assistance฀Plan฀individually฀(not฀in฀teams฀or฀pairs)฀for฀a฀dive฀site.฀It฀ is฀recommended฀the฀plan฀be฀for฀a฀destination฀commonly฀visited฀by฀divers฀ from฀the฀local฀area.฀It’s฀recommended,฀but฀not฀required,฀that฀you฀assign฀a฀ different฀site฀to฀each฀candidate. You฀evaluate฀the฀Emergency฀Assistance฀Plans฀based฀on฀their฀ completeness฀in฀providing฀information฀someone฀would฀need฀ to฀manage฀a฀diving฀accident฀at฀the฀assigned฀site.฀The฀plan฀may฀ include฀information฀such฀as฀local฀emergency฀medical฀contact฀information,฀contact฀information฀for฀local฀authorities฀involved฀in฀evacuating฀an฀ injured฀diver,฀contact฀for฀area฀diver฀emergency฀service฀(if฀present฀in฀the฀ area),฀nearest฀operational฀recompression฀chamber฀(for฀areas฀not฀served฀by฀ DAN฀or฀DES฀or฀a฀similar฀service),฀communication฀requirements฀(such฀as฀if฀ the฀area฀has฀no฀cellular฀service)฀and฀any฀other฀information฀you฀indicate฀ would฀apply฀to฀the฀particular฀area.฀If฀a฀candidate’s฀Emergency฀Assistance฀Plan฀is฀incomplete,฀have฀the฀candidate฀revise฀the฀plan฀ until฀it฀is฀complete.฀It’s฀a฀good฀idea฀to฀have฀candidates฀make฀copies฀of฀ their฀completed฀plans฀for฀each฀other’s฀reference฀and฀use.

Divemaster฀Course฀Instructor฀Guide฀

3-13

Topic฀1฀–฀Course฀Introduction฀ The฀Role฀and฀Characteristics฀of฀a฀฀ PADI฀Divemaster Recommended฀Materials฀and฀Methods฀for฀฀ Covering฀This฀Topic This฀is฀the฀first฀presentation฀for฀the฀PADI฀Divemaster฀course฀and฀ must฀be฀conducted฀before฀any฀other฀course฀components.฀It’s฀most฀ effective฀for฀you฀to฀use฀the฀following฀outline฀to฀present฀the฀information฀in฀a฀ classroom-like฀setting. Much฀of฀this฀presentation฀sets฀the฀tone฀for฀the฀course฀and฀lays฀the฀ groundwork฀for฀developing฀professionalism฀and฀desired฀attitudes฀in฀candidates.฀Encourage฀discussion฀and฀interaction฀in฀your฀group,฀which฀not฀only฀ assists฀in฀attitude฀development,฀but฀will฀help฀develop฀familiarity฀between฀ your฀candidates,฀you฀and฀your฀staff.฀ The฀first฀chapter฀of฀the฀PADI฀Divemaster฀Manual฀supports฀this฀topic.฀If฀ possible,฀have฀candidates฀read฀the฀chapter฀and฀complete฀the฀Knowledge฀ Review฀before฀attending.฀However฀this฀presentation฀covers฀additional฀material฀specific฀to฀the฀logistics฀that฀apply฀to฀your฀divemaster฀candidates฀and฀the฀ local฀area,฀and฀therefore฀aren’t฀covered฀by฀the฀manual. The฀PADI฀Divemaster฀Video฀฀also฀strongly฀supports฀this฀presentation.฀It’s฀ recommended฀that฀you฀have฀candidates฀watch฀the฀video฀prior฀to฀this฀presentation,฀or฀immediately฀after฀it.฀

Presentation Overview฀and฀Learning฀Objectives ฀ I.฀ Introductions Overview

฀ II.฀ The฀Role฀and฀Characteristics฀of฀a฀PADI฀Divemaster ฀ ฀

1.฀ What฀three฀broad฀characteristics฀may฀divers฀expect฀ in฀a฀PADI฀Divemaster? 2.฀ What฀five฀criteria฀define฀“professionalism”฀as฀it฀applies฀to฀the฀PADI฀Divemaster?

฀

3.฀ What฀is฀a฀“role฀model”?

฀

4.฀ What฀are฀the฀characteristics฀and฀attributes฀of฀a฀ good฀role฀model฀PADI฀Divemaster?

฀

5.฀ What฀are฀the฀characteristics฀and฀attributes฀of฀a฀ poor฀role฀model฀divemaster?

฀

6.฀ How฀may฀role฀model฀behavior฀affect฀other฀divers?

฀

7.฀ How฀may฀role฀model฀behavior฀affect฀your฀ability฀to฀ function฀as฀a฀divemaster?

฀

8.฀ How฀may฀good฀role฀model฀behavior฀benefit฀student฀ divers฀when฀you฀assist฀with฀training?

3-14฀

■ ■ The฀Role฀and฀Characteristics฀� The฀Role฀and฀Characteristics฀�

of฀a฀PADI฀Divemaster� of฀a฀PADI฀Divemaster�

■ ■ Benefits฀and฀Responsibilities฀of฀ Benefits฀and฀Responsibilities฀of฀

PADI฀Divemaster฀Membership� PADI฀Divemaster฀Membership�

■ ■ How฀to฀Succeed฀in฀This฀Program� How฀to฀Succeed฀in฀This฀Program� ■ ■ Course฀Logistics฀–฀Assignments,฀ Course฀Logistics฀–฀Assignments,฀

Responsibilities,฀Schedule฀and฀ Responsibilities,฀Schedule฀and฀ Administration Administration

DM฀1฀-฀ DM฀1฀-฀22

Three:฀Knowledge฀Development

฀III.฀฀ Benefits฀and฀Responsibilities฀of฀PADI฀Divemaster฀฀ Membership ฀

9.฀ What฀are฀the฀benefits฀and฀responsibilities฀of฀a฀PADI฀ Divemaster?

฀IV.฀ How฀to฀Succeed฀in฀This฀Program ฀ V.฀ Assignments,฀Responsibilities,฀Course฀Schedule฀and฀฀ Administration

Outline

฀ ฀ I.฀ Introduction

A.฀Introductions ฀ [Introduce฀yourself฀and฀have฀your฀staff฀and฀candidates฀ introduce฀themselves.฀Encourage฀a฀relaxed,฀light฀atmosphere฀and฀try฀to฀get฀everyone฀interacting.฀This฀gets฀ the฀course฀off฀to฀a฀good฀start.] B.฀[Paperwork]฀ ฀

฀ II.฀ The฀Role฀and฀Characteristics฀of฀a฀PADI฀Divemaster฀ What฀is฀a฀PADI฀Divemaster? The Role and Charact eristics of a PADI Divemast er฀ er฀ ฀

What is a PADI Divemaster?

DM฀1฀-฀ DM฀1฀-฀33

What criteria define professionalism? ■ ■ Exper tise� tise� ■ ■ Judgment � ■ ■ Appearance฀and฀manner

�

■ ■ Interpersonal฀skills � ■ ■ Exemplar y฀rescue฀skills DM฀1฀-฀ DM฀1฀-฀44

Divemaster฀Course฀Instructor฀Guide฀

A.฀The฀goal฀of฀this฀course฀is฀to฀qualify฀you฀as฀a฀PADI฀ Divemaster.฀This฀raises฀the฀question,฀“What฀is฀a฀PADI฀ Divemaster?” ฀ [Use฀the฀question฀to฀launch฀a฀five฀minute฀class฀discussion฀about฀what฀a฀PADI฀Divemaster฀is.฀Write฀the฀answers฀down฀as฀you฀go,฀and฀treat฀answers฀as฀a฀basis฀for฀ further฀discussion.] B.฀What฀three฀broad฀characteristics฀may฀divers฀ expect฀in฀a฀PADI฀Divemaster? ฀ [Use฀the฀candidates’฀answers฀to฀note฀the฀characteristics฀ that฀divers฀expect฀in฀a฀PADI฀Divemaster.] 1.฀฀professionalism 2.฀ role฀model฀behavior 3.฀ ability฀to฀assist฀with฀supervising฀dive฀activities฀and฀ dive฀training C.฀What฀five฀criteria฀define฀“professionalism”฀as฀it฀ applies฀to฀the฀PADI฀Divemaster? 1.฀ “Professionalism”฀means฀different฀things฀depending฀ upon฀the฀activity.฀Specific฀to฀a฀PADI฀Divemaster,฀a฀ professional฀is฀someone฀who: a.฀has฀expertise฀in฀diving:฀dive฀theory,฀dive฀skills฀ and฀dive฀management. 3-15

b.฀has฀good฀judgment.฀The฀PADI฀Divemaster฀follows฀ responsible฀diving฀practices฀when฀conducting/assisting฀with฀PADI-sanctioned฀programs,฀follows฀ PADI฀Standards,฀and฀errs฀to฀the฀conservative฀ when฀making฀decisions฀that฀could฀affect฀diver฀ safety. c.฀ maintains฀a฀professional฀appearance฀and฀manner.฀ d.฀has฀good฀interpersonal฀skills. e.฀ has฀exemplary฀rescue฀skills. ฀ [Ask฀the฀candidates฀why฀people฀expect฀these฀qualities.฀ Encourage฀a฀five฀minute฀discussion฀about฀this฀topic,฀ with฀you฀confirming฀and฀elaborating฀on฀appropriate฀ candidate฀responses.] D.฀What฀is฀a฀“role฀model”? 1.฀ A฀“role฀model”฀is฀someone฀who฀other฀people฀base฀ their฀behavior฀on฀because฀they฀respect฀and฀identify฀ with฀the฀role฀model. 2.฀ What฀are฀the฀characteristics฀and฀attributes฀ of฀a฀good฀role฀model฀PADI฀Divemaster? a.฀good฀dive฀skills b.฀commitment฀to฀beliefs฀–฀there’s฀no฀question฀that฀ the฀divemaster฀believes฀in฀responsible฀dive฀practices฀and฀PADI฀Standards฀because฀the฀individual฀ follows฀them฀consistently. c.฀ uses฀up-to-date,฀well฀maintained฀dive฀equipment. d.฀maintains฀self฀–฀stays฀physically฀fit฀for฀diving฀and฀ stays฀up-to-date฀on฀dive฀trends,฀theory,฀equipment,฀etc. e.฀ agrees฀with฀the฀PADI฀training฀philosophy฀and฀ supports฀the฀instructor฀with฀that฀philosophy฀when฀ assisting฀with฀student฀divers฀in฀training. f.฀ accepts฀and฀empathizes฀with฀divers฀and฀฀ students฀in฀supervisory฀situations. g.฀ inspires฀other฀divers฀to฀pattern฀their฀dive฀habits฀ after฀the฀divemaster. h.฀supports฀the฀business฀needs฀of฀the฀dive฀฀ operation. i.฀ easily฀establishes฀rapport฀with฀divers฀and฀customers. j.฀ earns฀and฀maintains฀respect,฀trust฀and฀confidence฀ of฀divers฀and฀customers.

3-16฀

Three:฀Knowledge฀Development

What is a role model? ■ ■ Negative฀behavior� Negative฀behavior�

◆ ◆ Lacks฀conviction฀and฀commitment Lacks฀conviction฀and฀commitment

�

◆ ◆ Disregar Disregards฀personal฀fitness ds฀personal฀fitness � ◆ ◆ Uncaring, Uncaring,฀contradictor ฀contradictor y,฀� y,฀�

and฀unsuppor and฀unsuppor tive tive

DM฀1฀-฀ 6 DM฀1฀-฀6

How does role model behavior affect other divers? DM฀1฀-฀ DM฀1฀-฀77

Divemaster฀Course฀Instructor฀Guide฀

3.฀ What฀are฀the฀characteristics฀and฀attributes฀of฀ a฀poor฀role฀model฀divemaster? a.฀hypocrisy฀and฀lack฀of฀conviction฀–฀pays฀lip฀service฀ to฀responsible฀dive฀practices฀and฀standards฀by฀saying฀one฀thing฀and฀doing฀another,฀or฀only฀following฀those฀practices฀and฀standards฀when฀compelled฀ to฀do฀so฀by฀standards฀or฀an฀employer.฀Doesn’t฀appear฀to฀stand฀for฀anything฀that’s฀not฀convenient฀ at฀the฀moment฀–฀may฀take฀a฀“do฀as฀I฀say,฀not฀as฀I฀ do”฀approach. b.฀disregards฀personal฀fitness฀and฀does฀not฀keep฀current฀on฀dive฀information฀and฀practices. c.฀ uncaring฀and฀unempathetic฀of฀other฀divers฀and฀ their฀skill฀levels.฀Behaves฀in฀ways฀that฀causes฀ other฀divers฀to฀not฀respect฀the฀individual. d.฀contradicts฀or฀disagrees฀with฀an฀instructor฀in฀front฀ of฀student฀divers฀or฀other฀assistants. e.฀ not฀a฀“team฀player”฀and฀fails฀to฀support฀the฀customer฀service฀and฀equipment฀counseling฀aspects฀ of฀the฀dive฀operation’s฀business฀needs. 4.฀ How฀may฀role฀model฀behavior฀affect฀other฀ divers? ฀ [Ask฀the฀class,฀based฀on฀the฀above฀attributes,฀“How฀ might฀good฀and฀poor฀role฀modeling฀make฀you฀more฀ and฀less฀effective฀as฀divemasters?”฀Encourage฀a฀five฀ minute฀discussion,฀elaborating฀on฀appropriate฀candidate฀comments.฀The฀following฀summarizes฀the฀conclusions฀the฀class฀should฀reach฀–฀fill฀in฀any฀missing฀ concepts.] a.฀How฀may฀role฀model฀behavior฀affect฀your฀ ability฀to฀function฀as฀a฀divemaster? 1.฀ Good฀role฀model฀behavior฀can฀aid฀other฀divers฀by฀giving฀them฀a฀behavior฀pattern฀to฀follow฀ with฀respect฀to฀responsible฀dive฀practices฀and฀ habits.฀Poor฀role฀model฀behavior฀can฀cause฀ them฀to฀question฀these฀practices฀and฀habits.฀ People฀follow฀your฀example฀as฀much฀as฀(sometimes฀more฀than)฀what฀you฀say. 2.฀ Alternatively,฀poor฀role฀modeling฀can฀cause฀divers฀to฀question฀you฀and฀your฀suggestions.฀Divers฀ may฀be฀less฀likely฀to฀act฀on฀your฀advice.฀Good฀ role฀modeling฀is฀more฀likely฀to฀give฀you฀credibility฀and฀encourages฀divers฀to฀follow฀accepted฀ dive฀practices฀and฀consider฀your฀suggestions. 3-17

b.฀How฀may฀good฀role฀model฀behavior฀benefit฀ student฀divers฀when฀you฀assist฀with฀training? 1.฀ Good฀role฀model฀behavior฀helps฀student฀divers,฀ who฀learn฀much฀by฀watching฀the฀instructor฀and฀ assistants.฀Consistency฀between฀you฀and฀the฀ instructor฀reinforces฀what฀student฀divers฀learn.฀ Good฀role฀model฀behavior฀earns฀student฀respect,฀ which฀means฀they฀listen฀and฀learn฀from฀you฀ better฀when฀you’re฀assisting฀in฀training.

฀ III.฀ Benefits฀and฀Responsibilities฀of฀the฀฀ PADI฀Divemaster฀Membership

What are the benefits of becoming a Divemast er?

[If฀possible,฀show฀the฀This฀is฀PADI฀video฀to฀start฀this฀subject.] A.฀Benefits 1.฀ As฀a฀PADI฀Divemaster฀you’ll฀be฀a฀member฀of฀PADI,฀ the฀world’s฀largest฀and฀most฀respected฀diver฀training฀ organization. 2.฀ As฀a฀PADI฀Member,฀you: a.฀receive฀regular฀mailings฀of฀information,฀standards฀ changes฀and฀industry฀alerts.฀[Identify฀the฀publications฀they฀get฀from฀the฀applicable฀PADI฀Office฀instead฀of฀or฀in฀addition฀to฀The฀Undersea฀Journal,฀etc.฀ If฀PADI฀Divemasters฀for฀your฀area฀receive฀Assisting฀ and฀Divemastering,฀either฀as฀part฀of฀the฀Journal฀or฀ separately,฀call฀attention฀to฀this฀publication฀dedicated฀specifically฀to฀their฀duties.] b.฀have฀access฀to฀certain฀PADI฀materials฀at฀the฀PADI฀ Divemaster฀rate฀as฀well฀as฀access฀to฀educational฀ consulting฀at฀your฀PADI฀Office. c.฀ have฀access฀to฀Professional฀Liability฀Insurance฀ and฀to฀the฀dive฀industry’s฀most฀experienced฀legal฀ defense฀team.฀You’ll฀learn฀more฀about฀this฀later฀in฀ the฀course. d.฀may฀earn฀income฀or฀benefits฀by฀assisting฀with฀ PADI฀Diver฀courses,฀and฀by฀conducting฀some฀PADI฀ programs฀independently฀(more฀about฀these฀later).฀ Divemaster฀also฀have฀access฀to฀PADI’s฀job฀placement฀information฀service. B.฀Being฀a฀PADI฀Divemaster฀has฀responsibilities: 1.฀ Adhering฀to฀PADI฀Standards฀when฀assisting฀with฀ and/or฀conducting฀PADI฀programs฀as฀identified฀in฀the฀ PADI฀Instructor฀Manual฀or฀other฀PADI฀materials.฀Much฀ of฀what฀you฀learn฀in฀this฀course฀applies฀to฀this. 3-18฀

■ ■ PADI฀Membership� PADI฀Membership�

◆ ◆ Receive฀pub Receive฀pub lications฀and฀updates lications฀and฀updates ฀�

–฀The฀Under –฀The฀Under sea฀Journal sea฀Journal ฀�

◆ ◆ Access฀to฀P Access฀to฀PADI฀materials฀and ADI฀materials฀and ฀

educational฀consultation educational฀consultation �

◆ ◆ Access฀to฀pr Access฀to฀pr ofessional ofessional฀�

liability฀insurance liability฀insurance �

■ ■ Earn฀income฀by฀conducting฀ Earn฀income฀by฀conducting฀

PADI฀programs PADI฀programs

Three:฀Knowledge฀Development

DM฀1฀-฀ DM฀1฀-฀8 8

2.฀ Staying฀current฀with฀PADI฀Standards฀by฀reading฀the฀ quarterly฀Training฀Bulletin. 3.฀ Representing฀the฀PADI฀organization฀favorably฀as฀ you฀conduct฀yourself฀professionally.฀ 4.฀ Maintaining฀your฀PADI฀Membership.฀[Review฀renewal฀requirements฀as฀listed฀in฀the฀Introduction฀of฀ this฀instructor฀guide,฀page฀1-4.] 5.฀ Keeping฀PADI฀informed฀of฀your฀current฀address฀so฀ that฀you฀will฀receive฀important฀mailings,฀and฀so฀you฀ can฀connect฀with฀the฀appropriate฀PADI฀Office฀for฀ service.

฀ V.฀ How฀to฀Succeed฀in฀This฀Program How to Succeed EARLY� EARLY�

■ ■ Start฀independent฀study฀ Start฀independent฀study฀

◆ ◆ Read฀man Read฀man ual,฀watch฀video฀and ual,฀watch฀video฀and ฀

complete฀Kno complete฀Kno wledg wledge฀Reviews� e฀Reviews�

■ ■ Seek฀more฀information฀� Seek฀more฀information฀�

–฀don’t฀limit฀yourself� –฀don’t฀limit฀yourself�

■ ■ Practice,฀practice,฀practice� Practice,฀practice,฀practice� ■ ■ Ask฀for฀help฀–฀help฀others Ask฀for฀help฀–฀help฀others DM฀1฀-฀ DM฀1฀-฀10 10

A.฀Success฀in฀this฀program฀comes฀through฀applying฀yourself฀to฀the฀assignments฀and฀exercises฀consistently฀and฀ as฀directed฀by฀your฀instructor.฀Like฀any฀learning฀process,฀you฀get฀out฀of฀this฀course฀what฀you฀put฀into฀it. B.฀Candidates฀usually฀find฀that฀the฀following฀suggestions฀ benefit฀their฀learning฀at฀this฀level: 1.฀ Read฀each฀appropriate฀PADI฀Divemaster฀Manual฀ chapter,฀watch฀the฀PADI฀Divemaster฀Video฀and฀complete฀the฀Knowledge฀Reviews฀enough฀ahead฀of฀ schedule฀to฀do฀so฀without฀rushing.฀Write฀in฀your฀ books฀as฀you฀study฀–฀make฀notes,฀highlight฀important฀concepts฀to฀review,฀etc. 2.฀ Start฀independent฀study฀and฀projects฀as฀soon฀as฀ they’re฀assigned.฀Take฀advantage฀of฀all฀study฀media฀ available฀–฀video,฀multimedia฀products,฀manuals,฀ etc.฀Each฀type฀has฀different฀advantages฀in฀learning;฀ the฀more฀you฀use,฀the฀more฀effective฀your฀learning. 3.฀ Don’t฀limit฀yourself.฀If฀you’re฀interested฀in฀something,฀find฀out฀all฀you฀can฀about฀it,฀even฀if฀it’s฀beyond฀the฀course฀requirements. 4.฀ Practice฀outside฀scheduled฀sessions฀with฀classmates.฀ This฀is฀useful฀with฀physics฀problems,฀demonstration฀ skill฀practice,฀rescue฀and฀other฀skills. 5.฀ If฀you’re฀having฀trouble฀mastering฀or฀understanding฀ something,฀let฀the฀instructor฀know฀as฀soon฀as฀possible. 6.฀ Help฀your฀fellow฀candidates฀and฀let฀them฀help฀you.฀ You฀learn฀by฀helping฀and฀being฀helped. ฀ [Note฀to฀instructor:฀The฀professional฀edition฀of฀the฀PADI฀Divemaster฀ Video฀provides฀you฀with฀suggestions฀and฀techniques฀for฀conducting฀the฀ program.]

Divemaster฀Course฀Instructor฀Guide฀

3-19

฀ VI.฀ Assignments,฀Responsibilities,฀Course฀Schedule฀and฀ Administration A.฀Assignments฀ 1.฀ [Tell฀candidates฀about฀assignments฀and฀due฀dates,฀ including฀independent฀study฀assignments.฀It’s฀recommended฀that฀you฀give฀independent฀study฀assignments฀for฀Topics฀5,฀6,฀7฀and฀8฀as฀early฀in฀the฀course฀ as฀possible.฀You฀may฀assign฀the฀Emergency฀Assistance฀Plan,฀tell฀candidates฀the฀locations฀they฀should฀ prepare฀their฀plans฀for,฀the฀date฀due฀and฀the฀criteria฀ for฀a฀complete฀plan.฀You฀may฀also฀discuss฀the฀Mapping฀Project] 2.฀ [Advise฀candidates฀to฀watch฀the฀PADI฀Divemaster฀Video,฀read฀the฀PADI฀Divemaster฀Manual฀and฀complete฀ the฀Knowledge฀Review฀at฀the฀end฀of฀each฀chapter฀to฀ hand฀in.] B.฀In฀this฀course,฀you’re฀responsible฀for: 1.฀ Completing฀assignments฀on฀time. 2.฀ Conducting฀yourself฀in฀a฀professional฀manner. 3.฀ Following฀instructions฀from฀the฀instructor฀and฀staff. 4.฀ Providing฀equipment฀and฀materials฀[list฀all฀equipment฀and฀materials฀candidates฀must฀provide]. C.฀Schedule ฀ [Give฀candidates฀the฀course฀schedule,฀including฀session฀times฀and฀locations,฀integrating฀assignment฀and฀ Knowledge฀Review฀due฀dates.] D.฀Monitoring฀progress ฀ [Give฀candidates฀a฀copy฀of฀the฀Skill฀Development฀Score฀ Sheet฀and฀Practical฀Application฀Record฀Sheet.฀Explain฀ that฀you’ll฀be฀tracking฀their฀progress฀and฀critiquing฀ their฀performances฀regularly฀using฀these.]฀ E.฀ Administration ฀ [Finish฀any฀paperwork,฀collect฀remaining฀course฀fees,฀ additional฀fees฀not฀covered฀by฀the฀course฀fee฀(such฀as฀ boat฀fees)฀etc.] F.฀ [It’s฀recommended฀that฀you฀finish฀this฀session฀with฀a฀ break฀that฀allows฀social฀interaction฀and฀a฀chance฀for฀ candidates฀and฀staff฀to฀get฀to฀know฀each฀other.]

3-20฀

Course Log istics ■ ■ Assignments � ■ ■ Materials฀and฀Equipment

�

■ ■ Schedule� Schedule� ■ ■ Administrative฀Requirements

Three:฀Knowledge฀Development

DM฀1฀-฀ DM฀1฀-฀11 11

Topic฀2฀–฀Supervising฀฀ General฀Diving฀Activities฀for฀ Certified฀Divers Recommended฀Materials฀and฀Methods฀฀ for฀Covering฀This฀Topic The฀PADI฀Divemaster฀Video฀and฀the฀Divemaster฀Manual฀cover฀much฀of฀the฀material฀in฀this฀topic.฀Preferably,฀have฀candidates฀see฀the฀video,฀read฀Chapter฀2฀ and฀complete฀the฀Knowledge฀Review฀prior฀to฀this฀presentation.฀Your฀presentation฀is฀important฀in฀this฀topic฀because฀it฀includes฀discussions฀to฀begin฀ establishing฀problem฀solving฀skills,฀judgment฀and฀attitudes.฀ This฀is฀a฀long฀topic,฀so฀you฀may฀want฀to฀plan฀breaks฀in฀the฀presentation,฀ or฀deliver฀the฀presentation฀in฀two฀or฀more฀sessions.฀Use฀of฀independent฀study฀ materials฀will฀allow฀you฀to฀go฀more฀quickly฀through฀much฀of฀the฀material,฀ since฀candidates฀will฀already฀be฀familiar฀with฀it. The฀following฀PADI฀materials฀support฀this฀topic:฀Adventures฀in฀Diving,฀ (manual฀and฀video)฀Underwater฀Navigator฀Manual,฀Deep฀Diver฀Manual,฀Deep฀ Diving฀video,฀Night฀Diver฀Manual,฀Night฀Diving฀video,฀Enriched฀Air฀Diver฀Manual,฀ Enriched฀Air฀Diving฀video.฀

Presentation฀-฀Part฀1

Overview฀and฀Learning฀Objectives ฀ I.฀ The฀Divers฀You฀Supervise

Overview — P art 1

฀฀

1.฀ Why฀do฀certified฀divers฀want฀the฀assistance฀of฀a฀ PADI฀Divemaster?

฀฀

2.฀฀ What฀individual฀differences฀in฀divers฀does฀a฀divemaster฀have฀to฀be฀prepared฀to฀accommodate?

฀฀

3.฀ What฀are฀six฀characteristics฀of฀responsible฀diver฀behavior?

฀฀

4.฀ What฀are฀four฀ways฀to฀encourage฀responsible฀diving?

■ ■ The฀Divers฀You฀Supervise� The฀Divers฀You฀Supervise� ■ ■ Dive฀Planning� Dive฀Planning� ■ ■ Dive฀Management� Dive฀Management� ■ ■ Helping฀Divers฀Manage฀� Helping฀Divers฀Manage฀�

Predive฀Stress� Predive฀Stress�

฀ II.฀ Dive฀Planning

■ ■ Mapping฀Dive฀Sites Mapping฀Dive฀Sites DM฀2฀-฀ DM฀2฀-฀22

฀฀

5.฀ What฀is฀the฀role฀of฀the฀divemaster฀in฀dive฀planning฀ for฀a฀group฀of฀certified฀divers?

฀฀

6.฀ How฀do฀you฀plan฀a฀dive฀by฀“thinking฀through฀the฀ dive”?

฀฀

7.฀ What฀aspects฀of฀dive฀planning฀are฀and฀are฀not฀the฀ divemaster’s฀responsibility?

฀฀

8.฀ What฀aspects฀of฀dive฀planning฀and฀diving฀must฀ each฀diver฀retain฀responsibility฀for?

฀฀

9.฀ How฀do฀you฀assess฀divers฀before฀a฀dive฀for฀experience฀level,฀possible฀stress฀and฀possible฀equipment฀ problems?

Divemaster฀Course฀Instructor฀Guide฀

3-21

฀

10.฀ What฀is฀Discover฀Local฀Diving,฀and฀for฀who฀is฀it฀intended?

฀

11.฀ How฀do฀you฀evaluate฀general฀dive฀conditions,฀and฀ how฀do฀conditions฀affect฀diving?

฀

12.฀ What฀are฀three฀aspects฀of฀planning฀dives฀for฀remote฀areas?

฀ III฀ Dive฀Management ฀

13.฀ What฀are฀four฀aspects฀of฀supervision฀in฀managing฀ dives?

฀

14.฀฀ What฀are฀the฀advantages฀and฀disadvantages฀of฀inwater฀versus฀out฀of฀water฀supervision,฀and฀the฀advantages฀and฀disadvantages฀of฀supervision฀vantage฀points฀ inwater฀versus฀out฀of฀water?

฀

15.฀ What฀eight฀types฀of฀equipment฀can฀assist฀in฀supervising฀certified฀divers?

฀

16.฀ What฀is฀the฀primary฀purpose฀of฀diver฀accounting฀procedures?

฀IV.฀ Helping฀Divers฀Manage฀Predive฀Stress ฀

17.฀ What฀are฀the฀characteristics฀of฀predive฀stress,฀and฀ how฀do฀you฀help฀divers฀deal฀with฀it?

฀ V.฀ Mapping฀Dive฀Sites ฀

18.฀฀ What฀are฀the฀general฀steps฀for฀mapping฀a฀dive฀site,฀ and฀what฀elements฀do฀you฀include฀in฀a฀dive฀site฀map? Why do cer tified divers want the assistance of a PADI Divemast er?

Outline

■ ■ Guidance� Guidance�

■ ■ Safety� Safety�

฀ I.฀ ฀The฀Divers฀You฀Supervise

■ ■ Handling฀logistics� Handling฀logistics�

A.฀Why฀do฀certified฀divers฀want฀the฀assistance฀of฀a฀ PADI฀Divemaster? 1.฀ Although฀there฀may฀be฀some฀situations฀in฀which฀divers฀ need฀supervision,฀the฀primary฀reason฀they฀dive฀under฀ divemaster฀supervision฀is฀they฀want฀the฀services,฀education฀and฀benefits฀a฀divemaster฀provides.฀Practices฀vary฀ greatly฀from฀one฀area฀to฀another฀and฀the฀successful฀ divemaster฀recognizes฀that฀neither฀supervisory฀recommendations฀nor฀procedures฀apply฀to฀all฀locales฀and฀ circumstances. a.฀The฀divemaster฀makes฀the฀dive฀more฀fun฀by฀guiding฀ divers฀to฀the฀best฀diving. b.฀The฀divemaster฀can฀help฀divers฀improve฀their฀safety฀ by฀providing฀information฀such฀as฀local฀dive฀conditions฀and฀protocols/techniques,฀and฀by฀being฀available฀to฀manage฀and฀assist฀with฀a฀dive฀accident. 3-22฀

■

FUN

Three:฀Knowledge฀Development

DM฀2฀-฀ DM฀2฀-฀33

Demand for you as a divemaster

= Success

DM฀2฀-฀ DM฀2฀-฀44

What individual differences might you encount er? ■ ■ Skill฀level� Skill฀level� ■ ■ Physical฀and฀ Physical฀and฀

intellectual฀� intellectual฀� challenges� challenges�

■ ■ Cultural฀differences� Cultural฀differences� ■ ■ Responsible฀behavior Responsible฀behavior

DM฀2฀-฀ DM฀2฀-฀6 6

Divemaster฀Course฀Instructor฀Guide฀

c.฀ The฀divemaster฀often฀assists฀with฀boat฀handling฀ and฀logistics,฀freeing฀the฀divers฀to฀simply฀relax฀ and฀enjoy฀the฀trip. d.฀The฀divemaster฀can฀help฀divers฀assess฀whether฀ their฀skills฀and฀experience฀level฀match฀the฀ planned฀dive,฀by฀being฀available฀to฀answer฀questions,฀and฀by฀helping฀them฀brush฀up฀on฀skills฀ when฀they฀feel฀it฀necessary.฀ e.฀ The฀divemaster฀adds฀to฀the฀enjoyment฀by฀being฀a฀ fun฀person฀–฀friendly,฀approachable,฀warm,฀and฀ someone฀others฀like฀to฀be฀around.฀The฀divemaster฀ adds฀to฀the฀fun฀by฀giving฀local฀area฀information฀ or฀history฀of฀a฀dive฀site. B.฀Being฀a฀person฀other฀divers฀want฀as฀a฀divemaster฀is฀ important฀to฀your฀success฀and฀the฀success฀of฀the฀dive฀ operation฀you฀represent. C.฀What฀individual฀differences฀in฀divers฀does฀a฀divemaster฀have฀to฀be฀prepared฀to฀accommodate? 1.฀ As฀a฀professional฀divemaster,฀you฀need฀to฀accept฀divers฀you฀supervise฀as฀they฀are.฀฀ [Ask฀candidates:฀฀Why?฀Encourage฀a฀brief฀discussion฀about฀this฀before฀continuing.฀How฀candidates฀ answer฀is฀less฀important฀than฀that฀they฀think฀about฀ this฀and฀come฀up฀with฀their฀own฀reasons.] 2.฀ Divers฀will฀vary฀in฀several฀ways: a.฀Skill฀level฀—฀adapt฀your฀interaction฀based฀on฀ general฀skill฀levels.฀(e.g.,฀known฀skill฀levels฀may฀ influence฀where฀you฀take฀the฀boat,฀or฀suggested฀ techniques฀or฀courses฀to฀follow.)฀฀ [Ask฀candidates:฀If฀everyone฀had฀leadership-level฀ dive฀skills,฀would฀there฀be฀any฀need฀for฀divemasters?] b.฀Physical/intellectual฀challenges฀—฀individuals฀ with฀special฀challenges฀may฀need฀your฀assistance฀ with฀unusual,฀but฀acceptable,฀dive฀techniques. c.฀ Different฀cultures฀—฀culture฀affects฀how฀people฀ approach฀the฀social฀interaction฀side฀of฀diving.฀Be฀ sensitive฀to฀cultural฀needs฀of฀those฀you฀supervise,฀ and฀the฀local฀culture฀where฀you฀work. d.฀Responsible฀behavior฀—฀a฀divemaster฀can฀encourage฀responsible฀behavior฀in฀divers.฀The฀divemaster฀is฀alert฀for฀the฀appropriate฀behavior฀or฀lack฀of,฀ and฀tries฀to฀encourage฀it,฀but฀this฀doesn’t฀imply฀ that฀the฀divemaster฀is฀responsible฀for฀the฀behav3-23

ior฀of฀trained฀and฀certified฀divers.฀This฀would฀be฀ neither฀realistic฀nor฀appropriate.฀ D.฀What฀are฀six฀characteristics฀of฀responsible฀฀ diver฀behavior? 1.฀ Stays฀within฀personal฀limits฀–฀plans฀dives฀within฀limits฀of฀training฀and฀experience฀for฀diver฀and฀buddy. 2.฀ Properly฀equipped฀–฀uses฀the฀equipment฀generally฀ accepted฀as฀required฀for฀a฀dive. 3.฀ Equipment฀care฀–฀maintains฀equipment฀properly฀ and฀checks฀it฀before฀diving. 4.฀ Conservative฀air฀supply฀management฀–฀checks฀air฀ supply฀frequently฀and฀ends฀dive฀with฀an฀appropriate฀ reserve. 5.฀ Conservative฀computer/table฀use฀–฀stays฀well฀within฀ no฀stop฀limits,฀avoids฀“sawtooth”฀profiles฀and฀makes฀ safety฀stops. 6.฀ Environmental฀awareness฀–฀avoids฀contact฀with฀ sensitive฀aquatic฀life,฀dives฀in฀an฀environmentally฀ sensitive฀manner. E.฀ What฀are฀four฀ways฀to฀encourage฀responsible฀ diving? 1.฀ Role฀modeling฀–฀ensure฀that฀your฀dive฀habits฀reflect฀ the฀characteristics฀of฀a฀responsible฀diver. 2.฀ Dive฀planning฀and฀briefings฀–฀it฀may฀be฀appropriate฀ at฀times฀to฀suggest฀or฀remind฀of฀responsible฀diving฀ behaviors฀during฀dive฀planning฀and฀briefings฀(You’ll฀ learn฀more฀about฀dive฀planning฀next฀and฀briefings฀ shortly). 3.฀ When฀practical฀make฀responsible฀behaviors฀easier฀ logistically฀(e.g.,฀in฀some฀situations,฀a฀bar฀at฀5฀metres/15฀feet฀assists฀safety฀stops,฀etc.) 4.฀ Reward฀responsible฀behaviors฀(e.g.,฀after฀a฀guided฀dive,฀ acknowledge฀appropriate฀behavior฀and฀skills,฀etc.)

What is responsible diver behavior? ■ ■ Knows฀and฀abides฀b Knows฀and฀abides฀b y฀personal฀limits y฀personal฀limits � ■ ■ Uses฀pr Uses฀proper฀equipment oper฀equipment � ■ ■ Maintains฀equipment Maintains฀equipment

�

■ ■ Manages฀air฀suppl Manages฀air฀suppl y฀conser y฀conser vatively฀� vatively฀� ■ ■ Uses฀dive฀computer฀or฀tab Uses฀dive฀computer฀or฀tab

le฀ le฀ conser conservatively� vatively� ■ ■ Remains฀en Remains฀en vironmentall vironmentall y฀aware y฀aware DM฀2฀-฀ DM฀2฀-฀ 77

How can you encourage responsible behavior? ■ ■ Role฀modeling � ■ ■ Dive฀planning฀and฀briefings

�

■ ■ Logistical฀arrang ements � ■ ■ Reward฀and฀ac knowledgment DM฀2฀-฀ 8 DM฀2฀-฀8

฀ II.฀ Dive฀Planning A.฀What฀is฀the฀role฀of฀the฀divemaster฀in฀dive฀planning฀for฀a฀group฀of฀certified฀divers? 1.฀ Your฀role฀as฀a฀divemaster฀is฀to฀provide฀broad฀planning฀for฀the฀group฀–฀basic฀logistics฀and฀emergency฀ preparation,฀and฀helping฀divers฀plan฀their฀own฀ dives.฀ B.฀How฀do฀you฀plan฀a฀dive฀by฀“thinking฀through฀ the฀dive”? 1.฀ Thinking฀through฀the฀dive฀is฀an฀effective฀way฀to฀ 3-24฀

Dive Planning฀ Planning฀ ฀

What is the divemaster’s role and responsibility?

Three:฀Knowledge฀Development

DM฀2฀-฀ DM฀2฀-฀99

plan฀a฀dive.฀Imagine฀everything฀on฀a฀dive฀–฀predive฀ preparation,฀loading,฀diver฀check฀in,฀on฀the฀boat/at฀ the฀beach,฀postdive,฀etc.฀–฀make฀a฀list฀of฀what฀needs฀ to฀be฀done,฀in฀order.฀Think฀through฀possible฀incidents฀or฀emergencies฀that฀you฀should฀prepare฀for฀ and฀add฀them฀to฀the฀list. 2.฀ Think฀through฀the฀information฀that฀individual฀divers฀need฀to฀plan฀their฀own฀dives฀(conditions,฀depth,฀ training฀requirements,฀etc.)฀so฀you฀can฀provide฀as฀ much฀as฀reasonably฀possible฀to฀the฀divers. 3.฀ Thinking฀through฀a฀dive฀gives฀you฀a฀list฀of฀what฀to฀ do,฀in฀order,฀preparations฀for฀possible฀emergencies,฀ and฀information฀to฀gather฀for฀divers.฀Much฀of฀what฀ you฀learn฀in฀this฀course฀teaches฀you฀how฀to฀find,฀ gather฀and฀use฀information฀for฀dive฀planning. Divemaster’s Role ■ ■ Basic฀logistics฀and฀site฀orientation� Basic฀logistics฀and฀site฀orientation�

■ ■ Emergency฀preparation� Emergency฀preparation� ■ ■ Help฀diver’s� Help฀diver’s�

฀plan฀their฀� ฀plan฀their฀� individual฀� individual฀� dives dives

Dive฀Planning

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Diver’s Responsibility ■ ■ Planning฀and฀implementation฀of฀� Planning฀and฀implementation฀of฀�

o wn฀dive฀plan฀ own฀dive฀plan฀

Dive฀Planning

DM฀2฀-฀ 11 DM฀2฀-฀11

Divemaster฀Course฀Instructor฀Guide฀

C.฀What฀aspects฀of฀dive฀planning฀are฀and฀are฀not฀ the฀divemaster’s฀responsibility? 1.฀ Your฀responsibility฀–฀plan฀a฀dive฀envelope฀the฀group฀ stays฀within฀and฀that฀prepares฀for฀reasonably฀foreseeable฀diving฀emergencies.฀Advise฀divers฀of฀known฀ unusual฀hazards.฀Orient฀divers฀to฀site.฀ 2.฀ You฀are฀not฀normally฀responsible฀for฀planning฀the฀ individual฀dives฀of฀certified฀divers. D.฀What฀aspects฀of฀dive฀planning฀and฀diving฀must฀ each฀diver฀retain฀responsibility฀for? 1.฀ Divers’฀responsibility฀–฀Each฀diver฀must฀retain฀responsibility฀for฀planning฀the฀individual฀characteristics฀of฀the฀dive฀within฀the฀limits฀you฀set฀and฀implementing฀the฀plan. a.฀Divers฀will฀bear฀the฀consequences฀of฀the฀dive฀ plan,฀so฀they฀must฀accept฀responsibility฀for฀it. b.฀Conditions฀change,฀–฀divers฀may฀have฀to฀revise฀ dive฀plan฀accordingly฀within฀their฀personal฀limitations. c.฀ You฀cannot฀control฀a฀diver;฀divers฀are฀responsible฀ for฀their฀own฀actions. d.฀You฀cannot฀know฀divers’฀comfort/training/experience฀levels฀as฀well฀as฀they฀do฀–฀they฀have฀to฀set฀ their฀own฀limits. E.฀ Although฀divers฀are฀responsible฀for฀their฀plans,฀you฀ can฀assist฀them฀with฀their฀individual฀plans.฀If฀asked,฀ you฀can฀help฀them฀choose฀responsible฀courses฀of฀action.฀The฀information฀you฀provide฀assists฀them฀to฀plan฀ their฀individual฀dives. 3-25

F.฀ How฀do฀you฀assess฀divers฀before฀a฀dive฀for฀experience฀level,฀possible฀stress฀and฀possible฀equipment฀problems? 1.฀ Diver฀assessment฀–฀while฀it’s฀often฀impossible฀for฀a฀ divemaster฀to฀assess฀the฀skill฀and฀review฀the฀equipment฀of฀all฀divers,฀the฀following฀techniques฀may฀be฀ used฀to฀estimate฀skill฀level,฀stress฀and฀equipment฀ concerns฀during฀normal฀interaction฀with฀divers.฀If฀ you฀observe฀possible฀problems,฀you฀should฀alert฀the฀ diver฀and฀provide฀opportunities฀to฀rectify฀the฀problems.฀General฀observations฀may฀assist฀with฀recommendations฀for฀group฀planning฀and฀individual฀plans. 2.฀ Indirect฀assessment฀–฀observations฀include: a.฀Equipment฀condition,฀configuration฀and฀age.฀For฀ example,฀all฀rental฀gear฀may฀indicate฀a฀novice฀or฀ infrequent฀diver.฀Inappropriate฀or฀missing฀gear฀ for฀the฀dive฀may฀require฀your฀counsel.฀Old฀gear฀ may฀indicate฀a฀rusty฀diver฀returning฀to฀diving.฀ Dangling฀equipment฀may฀indicate฀inexperience฀ or฀lack฀of฀familiarity฀with฀environmentally฀sensitive฀dive฀techniques. b.฀Behavior.฀For฀example,฀withdrawal,฀excessive฀ talking,฀excessive฀time฀preparing฀may฀indicate฀ stress฀or฀concerns฀about฀the฀dive.฀Overdependence฀ on฀a฀dive฀buddy฀for฀planning,฀gear฀setup,฀etc.฀ may฀indicate฀inexperience. c.฀ Signs฀or฀symptoms฀of฀illness฀or฀injury. 3.฀ Direct฀assessment฀–฀depending฀on฀circumstances,฀the฀ following฀may฀be฀useful฀techniques: a.฀Check฀log฀books฀and฀certifications. b.฀Have฀divers฀fill฀out฀contact,฀certification,฀experience฀and฀other฀emergency฀contact฀information฀ when฀they฀register฀for฀the฀dive. c.฀ Interview฀–฀if฀practical,฀ask฀the฀diver฀about฀concerns,฀experience,฀etc.,฀particularly฀if฀indirect฀assessment฀raises฀a฀question. G.฀What฀is฀Discover฀Local฀Diving,฀and฀for฀who฀is฀it฀ intended?฀ 1.฀ Discover฀Local฀Diving,฀an฀environmental฀orientation,฀ is฀a฀briefing฀that฀covers฀the฀unique฀aspects฀of฀a฀particular฀dive฀environment฀so฀divers฀can฀include฀these฀ in฀their฀dive฀plans. 2.฀ It฀is฀intended฀for฀certified฀divers฀who฀have฀little฀or฀฀ no฀experience฀in฀the฀local฀environment. 3-26฀

Diver Assessment ■ ■ How฀do฀you฀assess฀divers฀� How฀do฀you฀assess฀divers฀�

before฀a฀dive? before฀a฀dive?

Indirect฀ Indirect฀

Direct฀ Direct฀

equipment equipment � behavior� behavior�

log฀book log฀book � registration registration �

signs฀of฀illness signs฀of฀illness ฀� or฀injur or฀injuryy

interview interview

Dive฀Planning

Three:฀Knowledge฀Development

DM฀2฀-฀ 12 DM฀2฀-฀12

3.฀ You฀can฀include฀an฀environmental฀orientation฀in฀ your฀supervision฀when฀your฀assessment฀suggests฀divers฀may฀benefit฀from฀it,฀or฀when฀asked. 4.฀ Discover฀Local฀Diving฀is฀PADI’s฀environmental฀orientation฀program.฀You’ll฀learn฀more฀about฀this฀in฀a฀ later฀presentation. Dive Conditions ■ ■ How฀do฀you฀evaluate฀general฀dive฀ How฀do฀you฀evaluate฀general฀dive฀

conditions฀and฀how฀do฀conditions฀ conditions฀and฀how฀do฀conditions฀ affect฀diving?� affect฀diving?�

◆ ◆ What’s฀acceptab What’s฀acceptab le?� le?� ◆ ◆ Weather Weather� ◆ ◆ Tides฀and฀current Tides฀and฀current � ◆ ◆ Visibility Visibility

Dive฀Planning

DM฀2฀-฀ 14 DM฀2฀-฀14

Divemaster฀Course฀Instructor฀Guide฀

H.฀How฀do฀you฀evaluate฀general฀dive฀conditions,฀ and฀how฀do฀conditions฀affect฀diving?฀ 1.฀ Dive฀conditions฀affect฀diving,฀and฀therefore฀are฀an฀ important฀part฀of฀dive฀planning. a.฀Determining฀“acceptable”฀conditions฀may฀depend฀ partly฀on฀the฀skill฀and฀experience฀of฀the฀divers.฀ Your฀briefings฀and฀recommendations฀help฀divers฀ determine฀whether฀the฀conditions฀are฀acceptable฀ for฀them. b.฀It฀helps฀divers฀plan฀their฀own฀dives฀when฀you฀tell฀ them฀your฀observations฀and฀conclusions฀regarding฀the฀conditions.฀It฀also฀teaches฀them฀about฀ evaluating฀conditions. c.฀ There฀is฀a฀broad฀range฀of฀acceptable฀conditions.฀ You฀advise฀divers฀of฀the฀conditions,฀but฀divers฀ must฀accept฀the฀responsibility฀of฀assessing฀their฀ own฀skills฀and฀deciding฀whether฀or฀not฀to฀dive. 2.฀฀Weather a.฀Information฀sources฀include: 1.฀ TV,฀radio฀and฀newspaper 2.฀ Government฀radio฀broadcasts,฀such฀as฀National฀Oceanic฀and฀Atmospheric฀Administration฀ (NOAA)฀National฀Weather฀Service฀broadcasts฀ on฀VHF-FM฀(marine)฀radio฀in฀North฀America 3.฀ Telephone฀services 4.฀ Your฀experience฀with฀local฀weather฀behavior b.฀Effect฀of฀weather฀on฀dive฀conditions: 1.฀ Wind฀–฀can฀cause฀waves,฀surf฀and฀surge,฀plus฀ poor฀visibility.฀Offshore฀wind฀can฀calm฀surf฀ and฀cause฀an฀upwelling฀and฀good฀visibility. 2.฀ Rain฀–฀runoff฀can฀cause฀poor฀visibility฀or฀poor฀ water฀quality.฀Prolonged฀rain฀can฀cause฀rivers฀ to฀back฀up฀into฀lakes฀and฀springs. 3.฀ Temperature฀–฀can฀cause฀discomfort฀before฀ or฀after฀dive.฀Air฀temperature฀can฀sometimes฀ change฀water฀temperature฀in฀a฀couple฀of฀days.

3-27

3.฀ Tide฀and฀currents a.฀Information฀sources฀include: 1.฀ Tide฀charts 2.฀ Local฀weather฀reports฀may฀provide฀tide฀and฀ current฀information. 3.฀ Local฀dive฀reports฀may฀provide฀tide฀and฀current฀ information. 4.฀ Your฀experience฀with฀local฀conditions฀–฀you฀ can฀often฀observe฀tides฀and฀currents฀from฀an฀ elevated฀vantage฀point฀–฀watch฀boats฀at฀anchor฀and฀drifting฀flotsam฀(note฀that฀wind฀and฀ current฀may฀be฀from฀different฀directions,฀affecting฀where฀a฀boat฀sits฀at฀anchor). b.฀Effect฀of฀tides฀and฀currents฀on฀dive฀conditions: 1.฀ Major฀currents฀may฀have฀eddies฀that฀run฀counter฀to฀the฀main฀current฀direction. 2.฀ Long฀shore฀currents฀–฀caused฀by฀eddies฀or฀ waves฀striking฀shore฀at฀an฀angle฀–฀creates฀water฀flow฀down฀the฀coast. 3.฀ Tidal฀currents฀flow฀in฀and฀out฀of฀restricted฀areas฀(bays,฀etc.)฀–฀strength฀depends฀on฀time฀during฀tidal฀cycle,฀how฀restricted฀the฀flow,฀and฀the฀ amount฀of฀water฀entering฀or฀exiting฀the฀area. 4.฀ Ideal฀dive฀time฀is฀usually฀slack฀tide฀when฀high฀ tide฀peaks. 4.฀ Visibility a.฀weather฀–฀as฀mentioned,฀rain฀runoff฀and฀surge฀ due฀to฀wind฀or฀waves฀can฀stir฀up฀sediment. b.฀season฀–฀warm฀temperature฀can฀cause฀plankton฀ blooms.฀Some฀seasons฀associated฀with฀more฀wind฀ and฀rain c.฀ bottom฀composition฀–฀the฀finer฀the฀bottom,฀such฀ as฀mud฀or฀silt,฀the฀easier฀it฀is฀disturbed. d.฀waves฀–฀can฀reduce฀light฀that฀penetrates฀the฀surface,฀and฀stir฀up฀sediment. e.฀ time฀of฀day฀–฀affects฀the฀amount฀of฀light.฀Proportionately฀more฀reflects฀off฀surface฀when฀sun฀is฀low฀ in฀sky. f.฀ oceanic฀currents฀–฀can฀affect฀the฀amount฀of฀nutrients฀in฀water฀and฀therefore,฀plankton฀blooms. g.฀ tides฀–฀incoming฀(rising)฀tides฀usually฀bring฀in฀ clear฀water;฀outgoing฀tides฀(falling)฀tides฀usually฀ pick฀up฀sediment฀and฀have฀poorer฀visibility. 3-28฀

Three:฀Knowledge฀Development

h.฀location฀–฀determines฀the฀prevailing฀nature฀of฀the฀ aquatic฀environment฀(e.g.,฀warm฀clear฀current,฀ silty฀lake,฀clear฀spring฀water,฀etc.) I.฀ What฀are฀three฀aspects฀of฀planning฀dives฀for฀ remote฀areas?฀฀(e.g.,฀those฀that฀are฀hours฀away฀from฀ dive฀services,฀emergency฀medical฀personnel,฀etc.) 1.฀ Plans฀need฀to฀cover฀more฀logistics฀–฀food,฀sleeping฀ arrangements,฀compressors฀for฀filling฀tanks,฀etc. 2.฀ Emergency฀procedures฀–฀may฀need฀to฀plan฀for฀complex฀evacuations,฀having฀appropriate฀medical฀supplies฀available฀and฀people฀who฀can฀use฀them฀(e.g.,฀ several฀hours฀worth฀of฀emergency฀oxygen). 3.฀ Think฀in฀terms฀of฀self-sufficiency.฀(e.g.,฀What฀would฀ you฀do฀if฀the฀boat฀engine฀broke฀down?)

What are three aspects of dive planning for remote areas? ■ ■ More฀involved฀logistics� More฀involved฀logistics� ■ ■ More฀complex฀� More฀complex฀�

emergency฀procedures� emergency฀procedures�

■ ■ Increased฀self-sufficiency Increased฀self-sufficiency

Dive฀Planning

DM฀2฀-฀ 15 DM฀2฀-฀15

฀ III.฀ Dive฀Management

Dive Management฀ Management฀ ฀ Supervision of ฀ certified divers

DM฀2฀-฀ DM฀2฀-฀16 16

What are four aspects of supervision in manag ing dives? ■ ■ Preparation฀� Preparation฀� ■ ■ Communication� Communication� ■ ■ Vantage฀Point� Vantage฀Point� ■ ■ Recognition Recognition

Dive฀Management

DM฀2฀-฀ 17 DM฀2฀-฀17

Choosing a V antage Point ■ ■ Inwater฀supervision� Inwater฀supervision� ◆ ◆ Advantages?� Advantages?� ◆ ◆ Disadvantages?� Disadvantages?� ■ ■ Out฀of฀water฀supervision� Out฀of฀water฀supervision� ◆ ◆ Advantages?� Advantages?� ◆ ◆ Disadvantages? Disadvantages?

Dive฀Management

DM฀2฀-฀ DM฀2฀-฀18 18

Divemaster฀Course฀Instructor฀Guide฀

A.฀Dive฀management฀involves฀supervision฀of฀certified฀divers.฀ 1.฀ It฀is฀difficult฀or฀impossible฀to฀exercise฀direct,฀physical฀ control฀of฀certified฀divers฀(though฀it฀may฀be฀appropriate฀when฀supervising฀student฀divers). 2.฀ Therefore,฀supervision฀means฀nonphysical฀influence,฀ by฀providing฀adequate฀and฀appropriate฀information฀ and฀advice. B.฀What฀are฀four฀aspects฀of฀supervision฀in฀managing฀dives? 1.฀ Preparation฀–฀adequate฀dive฀planning฀as฀just฀discussed,฀having฀appropriate฀equipment,฀and฀being฀ ready฀to฀respond฀to฀problems. 2.฀ Communication฀–฀informing฀the฀divers฀about฀procedures,฀the฀dive฀plan,฀and฀other฀information,฀usually฀ in฀a฀dive฀briefing฀(discussed฀shortly). 3.฀ Vantage฀Point฀–฀putting฀yourself฀in฀the฀most฀effective฀position฀to฀see฀and฀assist฀divers. 4.฀ Recognition฀–฀anticipating฀and฀identifying฀possible฀ problems฀so฀you฀can฀prevent,฀correct฀or฀respond฀to฀ them. C.฀What฀are฀the฀advantages฀and฀disadvantages฀of฀ inwater฀versus฀out฀of฀water฀supervision,฀and฀ the฀advantages฀and฀disadvantages฀of฀supervision฀vantage฀points฀inwater฀versus฀out฀of฀water? 1.฀ Choose฀your฀vantage฀point฀for฀supervising฀certified฀ divers฀by฀considering: a.฀Your฀ability฀to฀spot฀and฀respond฀to฀a฀problem. 3-29

1.฀ You฀want฀to฀be฀in฀the฀most฀advantageous฀spot฀ to฀see฀or฀be฀aware฀of฀divers’฀locations. 2.฀ You฀want฀to฀be฀at฀the฀most฀advantageous฀spot฀ to฀lend฀assistance฀–฀anticipate฀likely฀problem฀ areas฀based฀on฀diver฀skill฀level,฀environment,฀ etc. 3.฀ These฀may฀conflict฀(e.g.,฀the฀best฀place฀to฀ watch฀isn’t฀always฀the฀best฀place฀to฀respond฀ from)฀–฀you฀may฀need฀to฀compromise. b.฀The฀skill฀and฀experience฀level฀of฀divers c.฀ Number฀of฀divers฀and฀diver฀groups฀or฀buddy฀ teams d.฀Environmental฀conditions 2.฀ Inwater฀supervision฀–฀you฀dive฀with฀the฀group,฀or฀ escort฀on฀surface฀by฀snorkel,฀etc. a.฀Advantages: 1.฀ Puts฀you฀close฀to฀divers฀to฀respond฀to฀or฀prevent฀ problems. 2.฀ Minimizes฀problems฀such฀as฀divers฀accidentally฀exceeding฀their฀maximum฀depth,฀making฀navigation฀errors฀or฀running฀low฀on฀air฀ because฀you’re฀there฀to฀guide฀and฀remind฀them฀ to฀check฀air,฀etc. 3.฀ Diving฀with฀group฀adds฀to฀interest฀because฀you฀ can฀guide฀divers฀to฀best฀spots,฀etc. b.฀Disadvantages: 1.฀ You฀can฀only฀watch฀one฀group,฀so฀may฀not฀be฀ appropriate฀with฀multiple฀groups฀or฀buddy฀ teams฀diving฀independently฀(depends฀on฀diver฀ experience,฀environment,฀etc.)฀unless฀there฀are฀ other฀supervisors฀at฀the฀surface. 2.฀ Some฀divers฀don’t฀like฀diving฀in฀a฀group.฀It฀ may฀reduce฀their฀enjoyment฀if฀they฀prefer฀to฀ explore฀independently. c.฀ Procedures: 1.฀ Identify฀most฀likely฀problem฀sources฀–฀diver,฀environmental฀effects,฀etc.฀and฀accompany฀group฀ where฀you฀can฀best฀prevent฀or฀respond฀to฀these฀ problems. 2.฀ Brief฀divers฀so฀they฀know฀where฀you฀will฀be฀in฀ relation฀to฀the฀group,฀and฀your฀role฀(guide,฀ escort฀following฀their฀lead,฀etc.) 3.฀ Out฀of฀water฀supervision฀–฀you฀supervise฀from฀boat฀ or฀shore. 3-30฀

Three:฀Knowledge฀Development

What types of equipment can assist in supervising certified divers? ■ ■ Management฀equipment฀–฀roster,฀ Management฀equipment฀–฀roster,฀

binoculars,฀site฀maps� binoculars,฀site฀maps�

■ ■ Emergency฀equipment฀–฀oxygen,฀ Emergency฀equipment฀–฀oxygen,฀

first฀aid฀kit,฀float,฀radio/phone� first฀aid฀kit,฀float,฀radio/phone�

■ ■ Other฀dive฀equipment฀–฀tool฀kit,฀ Other฀dive฀equipment฀–฀tool฀kit,฀

flag฀and฀float,฀scuba฀equipment฀ flag฀and฀float,฀scuba฀equipment฀ DM฀2฀-฀ 19 DM฀2฀-฀19 Dive฀Management

Divemaster฀Course฀Instructor฀Guide฀

a.฀Advantages: 1.฀ Usually฀most฀effective฀way฀to฀supervise฀multiple฀buddy฀teams฀and฀groups฀at฀once. 2.฀ Usually฀puts฀you฀close฀to฀emergency฀related฀ equipment฀(oxygen,฀first฀aid,฀radio,฀etc.)฀for฀ rapid฀deployment. 3.฀฀Often฀gives฀diver฀teams฀more฀individual฀options฀in฀where฀they฀go฀during฀the฀dive. b.฀Disadvantages: 1.฀ You’re฀not฀on฀hand฀to฀remind฀divers฀of฀their฀ responsibilities฀to฀follow฀appropriate฀dive฀procedures.฀ 2.฀ You฀can’t฀show฀divers฀around฀the฀points฀of฀interest฀on฀the฀site. c.฀ Procedures: 1.฀ Choose฀the฀best฀vantage฀point฀for฀visibility฀and฀ ability฀to฀respond฀as฀previously฀discussed. 2.฀ Have฀appropriate฀emergency฀and฀response฀ equipment฀at฀hand. 3.฀ During฀the฀briefing,฀tell฀divers฀where฀you’ll฀be฀ and฀establish฀surface฀signals,฀recall฀procedures,฀ etc.฀(more฀detail฀about฀briefings฀shortly) D.฀What฀eight฀types฀of฀equipment฀can฀assist฀in฀supervising฀certified฀divers? 1.฀ Management฀equipment฀–฀may฀be฀useful฀depending฀ upon฀the฀environment. a.฀clipboard/dive฀roster b.฀binoculars c.฀ dive฀site฀maps 2.฀ Emergency฀response฀equipment฀(see฀also฀Chapter฀3฀ of฀the฀PADI฀Rescue฀Diver฀Manual) a.฀emergency฀oxygen฀ b.฀first฀aid฀w/pocket฀mask฀and฀barriers c.฀ rescue฀float฀or฀life฀ring฀with฀line d.฀marine฀radio/cellular฀telephone 3.฀ Other฀useful฀equipment a.฀tool฀kit฀with฀spare฀o-rings/fin฀straps,฀weight฀belt฀ buckles,฀etc. b.฀dive฀flag/float c.฀ spare฀regulator,฀BCD฀and฀other฀equipment฀(in฀ case฀of฀malfunction฀or฀loss)

3-31

d.฀spare฀equipment฀specific฀to฀conditions฀(e.g.,฀dive฀ lights฀for฀night฀diving,฀inflatable฀signal฀tube฀for฀ diving฀in฀currents,฀etc.) E.฀ What฀is฀the฀primary฀purpose฀of฀diver฀accounting฀procedures? 1.฀ When฀supervising฀more฀than฀a฀handful฀of฀divers,฀ the฀primary฀concern฀is฀making฀sure฀each฀diver฀is฀back฀ aboard/ashore฀after฀a฀dive.฀ 2.฀ Procedure฀–฀Names฀usually฀recorded฀on฀dive฀roster฀ as฀divers฀arrive฀on฀board/at฀dive฀site,฀and฀as฀they฀ enter฀and฀exit฀water.฀Typically,฀you฀call฀roll฀after฀ each฀dive฀with฀all฀divers฀visually฀present฀to฀confirm฀ everyone฀is฀out฀of฀the฀water. 3.฀ When฀practical฀in฀some฀situations,฀it฀may฀be฀useful฀ to฀record฀additional฀information,฀which฀may฀assist฀ in฀selecting฀subsequent฀dive฀sites. a.฀time฀entered฀water b.฀time฀exited฀water

What is the primary purpose of diver accounting procedures? Dive฀Management

DM฀2฀-฀ 20 DM฀2฀-฀20

Note฀that฀certified฀divers฀are฀responsible฀for฀tracking฀their฀฀ own฀dive฀profiles.

F.฀ Integrating฀customer฀service฀and฀management. 1.฀ Divers฀come฀to฀you฀for฀convenience฀and฀to฀฀ enhance฀their฀fun฀as฀well฀as฀the฀safety฀benefits.฀ They’re฀customers. 2.฀ Dive฀management฀requires฀influencing฀and฀advising฀divers฀to฀dive฀safely฀without฀ignoring฀the฀enjoyment฀of฀the฀dive. 3.฀ Customer฀service฀dive฀management฀tips: a.฀Explain฀the฀basis฀for฀guidelines฀and฀procedures฀so฀ they฀don’t฀seem฀arbitrary. b.฀Be฀open฀to฀alternative฀ways฀to฀accomplish฀something,฀such฀as฀an฀entry,฀to฀accommodate฀individual฀preferences. c.฀ Be฀flexible฀within฀the฀limits฀of฀responsible฀diving฀–฀the฀supervision฀procedures฀you฀apply฀with฀ novices฀may฀not฀be฀appropriate฀or฀necessary฀with฀ a฀very฀experienced฀Rescue฀Diver,฀for฀example. d.฀Give฀as฀much฀attention฀to฀assuring฀convenience,฀ fun฀and฀adventure฀as฀you฀do฀to฀assuring฀safety. 3-32฀

Customer Service T ips ■ ■ Explain฀the฀basis฀for฀� Explain฀the฀basis฀for฀�

guidelines฀—฀why?� guidelines฀—฀why?�

■ ■ Be฀open฀to฀� Be฀open฀to฀�

alternative฀� alternative฀� methods� methods�

■ ■ Be฀flexible฀� Be฀flexible฀� ■ ■ Consider฀convenience,฀fun฀and฀ Consider฀convenience,฀fun฀and฀

adventure฀along฀with฀safety adventure฀along฀with฀safety Dive฀Management

Three:฀Knowledge฀Development

DM฀2฀-฀ 21 DM฀2฀-฀21

฀ IV.฀ Helping฀Divers฀Manage฀Predive฀Stress ฀ Helping Divers Manage Stress฀ Stress฀ Stress Management Chart

Problem Stress

Recognition

Stop Stop�� Think ฀� Think฀� Breathe

Action฀= ฀�

Solution

Response

Panic Anxiety

Reaction

Rescue ฀� Requir ed DM฀2฀-฀ DM฀2฀-฀22 22

Divemaster฀Course฀Instructor฀Guide฀

฀ [Refer฀candidates฀to฀the฀PADI฀Rescue฀Diver฀Manual฀–฀฀ Chapter฀1] A.฀What฀are฀the฀characteristics฀of฀predive฀stress,฀ and฀how฀do฀you฀help฀divers฀deal฀with฀it? 1.฀ You฀may฀notice฀physical฀and/or฀psychological฀stress฀ in฀a฀diver.฀Signs฀and฀symptoms฀include: a.฀฀Behavior฀change฀–฀diver฀becomes฀withdrawn,฀irritable,฀talkative,฀distracted,฀etc. b.฀Perceptual฀narrowing฀–฀diver฀focuses฀on฀an฀action฀ or฀task฀to฀the฀exclusion฀of฀alternative฀actions฀or฀ considerations;฀often฀associated฀with฀distracted฀or฀ irritable฀behavior c.฀ Physical฀signs฀or฀symptoms฀–฀sweating฀profusely,฀ exhaustion,฀vomiting฀or฀nausea d.฀Diver฀expresses฀concerns฀about฀the฀dive฀to฀a฀ buddy฀or฀to฀you. e.฀ A฀diver฀may฀report฀stress฀observed฀in฀another฀ diver. B.฀Consequences฀of฀stress฀฀ [Refer฀to฀Stress฀Management฀Chart] 1.฀฀Stress฀response฀cycle a.฀Stress฀causes฀psychological฀and฀physical฀stress฀ responses. b.฀If฀the฀diver฀recognizes฀stress,฀the฀diver฀will฀reduce฀ activity,฀think฀and฀begin฀problem฀solving.฀This฀ usually฀solves฀problem฀and฀ends฀stress. c.฀ If฀the฀diver฀doesn’t฀recognize฀stress,฀anxiety฀results.฀Anxiety฀produces฀psychological฀and฀physical฀stress฀and฀adds฀to฀original฀stress. d.฀Raised฀stress฀increases฀stress฀responses.฀This฀begins฀an฀uncontrolled฀cycle฀of฀rising฀stress฀until฀ stress฀is฀excessive. e.฀ Eventually,฀stress฀exceeds฀the฀diver’s฀ability฀to฀selfcontrol฀emotions.฀The฀diver฀reverts฀to฀instinctive฀ reactions฀and฀uncontrolled฀behavior฀(panic). f.฀ In฀the฀water,฀this฀can฀cause฀an฀accident฀requiring฀ a฀rescue. 2.฀ Therefore,฀it฀is฀best฀to฀handle฀stress฀as฀much฀as฀possible฀prior฀to฀a฀dive. C.฀Some฀stress฀is฀normal;฀it฀is฀how฀the฀mind฀and฀body฀ activate฀mechanisms฀for฀handling฀perceived฀threats.฀ It฀benefits฀divers฀by฀helping฀them฀focus฀on฀equipment฀ 3-33

preparation,฀dive฀planning,฀etc.฀Certified฀divers฀are฀responsible฀for฀expressing฀concerns฀and฀monitoring฀their฀ own฀psychological/physical฀state,฀but฀if฀you฀observe฀ possible฀excessive฀stress,฀you฀may฀be฀able฀to฀assist฀the฀ diver฀cope฀with฀it. 1.฀ Try฀to฀confirm฀that฀the฀diver฀is฀stressed฀–฀usually฀it’s฀ simplest฀to฀ask฀the฀diver฀about฀the฀signs฀observed. 2.฀ Try฀to฀determine฀cause฀of฀stress. a.฀May฀be฀obvious,฀such฀as฀physical฀stress฀caused฀by฀ overheating. b.฀If฀willing,฀the฀diver฀may฀tell฀you฀what฀the฀stressor฀ is. c.฀ In฀some฀instances,฀you฀may฀not฀be฀able฀to฀determine฀the฀stressor฀and฀the฀diver฀may฀not฀tell฀you฀ –฀use฀your฀best฀judgment฀as฀to฀what฀the฀stressor฀ may฀be. D.฀Relieving฀stress.฀Stress฀is฀relieved฀by฀either฀removing฀ the฀stressor,฀or฀by฀changing฀the฀diver’s฀perception฀of฀ the฀stressor฀so฀that฀it’s฀no฀longer฀threatening,฀or฀changing฀the฀perception฀of฀the฀diver’s฀ability฀to฀cope฀with฀the฀ stressor.฀The฀dive฀briefing฀often฀helps,฀but฀sometimes฀ you฀may฀be฀able฀to฀individually฀assist฀divers฀manage฀ their฀stress. 1.฀ Physical฀stressors฀–฀simple฀actions฀may฀relieve฀these.฀ (e.g.,฀diver฀overheated฀in฀exposure฀suit,฀offer฀to฀ spray฀with฀water,฀suggest฀slowing฀activity,฀or฀opening฀suit฀to฀cool฀a฀bit.) 2.฀ Explain฀procedures฀–฀stress฀about฀dive฀often฀comes฀ from฀lack฀of฀information฀about฀how฀to฀handle฀a฀ perceived฀threat฀or฀concern;฀providing฀information฀ may฀reduce฀or฀relieve฀stress.฀(e.g.,฀divers฀concerned฀ about฀strong฀currents฀may฀feel฀better฀if฀you฀review฀ current฀diving฀procedures฀and฀explain฀what฀to฀do฀if฀ the฀current฀carries฀them฀past฀the฀boat.) 3.฀ Offer฀choices฀–฀you฀may฀be฀able฀to฀offer฀alternatives฀that฀relieve฀stress.฀(e.g.,฀diver฀who฀is฀concerned฀ about฀successful฀navigation฀during฀a฀dive฀may฀ appreciate฀the฀option฀to฀make฀a฀guided฀dive.฀Diver฀ concerned฀about฀making฀a฀deep฀dive฀may฀appreciate฀option฀to฀swim฀in฀shallows฀along฀top฀of฀wall.) 4.฀ Provide฀information฀–฀new฀or฀accurate฀information฀ may฀reduce฀stress฀by฀removing฀perception฀of฀threat.฀ (e.g.,฀diver฀hears฀that฀nurse฀sharks฀are฀common฀at฀ dive฀site฀and฀may฀experience฀stress฀through฀fear฀of฀ shark฀attack.฀Telling฀the฀diver฀that฀nurse฀sharks฀are฀ 3-34฀

Three:฀Knowledge฀Development

docile฀and฀not฀associate฀with฀attacks฀(except฀when฀ molested)฀may฀greatly฀reduce฀stress.) 5.฀ Let฀them฀off฀the฀hook฀–฀make฀it฀clear฀to฀all฀divers฀ that฀if฀someone฀doesn’t฀feel฀up฀to฀a฀dive฀for฀any฀reason,฀it’s฀okay฀not฀to฀dive.

฀ V.฀ Mapping฀Dive฀Sites Mapping Dive Sit es ■ ■ Why?� Why?� ◆ ◆ Use฀during฀briefings Use฀during฀briefings � ◆ ◆ Provide฀na Provide฀navigation฀ref vigation฀ref erence erence� ◆ ◆ Orient฀diver Orient฀diver s฀� s฀�

to฀site to฀site�

18 12 8

◆ ◆ Note฀c Note฀changes฀to฀� hanges฀to฀�

site฀over฀time site฀over฀time

DM฀2฀-฀ DM฀2฀-฀23 23

Mapping Tools ■ ■ How?� How?� ◆ ◆ Tools� Tools� ✚ ✚ Compass, Compass,฀slate ฀slate,฀marker ,฀markers฀and฀line s฀and฀line ,฀,฀

graph฀paper graph฀paper,฀protractor฀and฀ruler ,฀protractor฀and฀ruler �

◆ ◆ Steps� Steps� ✚ ✚ Define฀area Define฀area � ✚ ✚ Use฀appr Use฀appropriate฀sear opriate฀sear ch฀pattern ch฀pattern � ✚ ✚ Record฀depth฀and฀f Record฀depth฀and฀f eatures eatures� ✚ ✚ Plot฀data฀on฀graph฀paper Plot฀data฀on฀graph฀paper DM฀2฀-฀ 24 DM฀2฀-฀24

A.฀There฀are฀several฀reasons฀to฀map฀a฀dive฀site. 1.฀ as฀a฀briefing฀tool 2.฀ to฀provide฀you฀a฀navigation฀reference฀when฀leading฀ dive฀tours 3.฀ to฀provide฀divers฀you฀supervise฀with฀a฀navigation฀ reference฀when฀diving฀independently฀ 4.฀ to฀show฀divers฀local฀facilities,฀entry฀and฀exit฀points,฀ and฀points฀of฀interest 5.฀ to฀have฀a฀reference฀against฀which฀to฀observe฀changes฀in฀the฀dive฀site฀over฀time B.฀Mapping฀tools฀–฀the฀following฀will฀be฀necessary฀or฀ helpful฀in฀mapping. 1.฀ dive฀compass 2.฀ large฀slate 3.฀ buoys/markers฀with฀lines฀and฀weights 4.฀ graph฀paper 5.฀ protractor฀and฀ruler C.฀What฀are฀the฀general฀steps฀for฀mapping฀a฀dive฀ site,฀and฀what฀elements฀do฀you฀include฀in฀a฀dive฀ site฀map?฀ [see฀also฀the฀PADI฀Underwater฀Navigator฀Manual] Note฀to฀instructor:฀This฀is฀one฀technique.฀There฀are฀others฀you฀ may฀wish฀to฀recommend.฀Consider฀drawing฀a฀sample฀map฀to฀ illustrate฀these฀steps฀for฀candidates. 1.฀ Identify฀a฀central฀point,฀or฀place฀a฀buoy฀from฀which฀ to฀gather฀data,฀and฀determine฀the฀map฀boundaries. 2.฀ Swim฀a฀large฀search฀pattern,฀such฀as฀a฀U-pattern,฀ that฀covers฀the฀map฀area,฀away฀from฀the฀point.฀You฀ may฀need฀to฀use฀several฀sets฀of฀patterns฀to฀cover฀the฀ whole฀area. 3.฀ Count฀kick฀cycles฀and฀record฀depth฀and฀features฀as฀ you฀go,฀noting฀the฀pattern฀leg฀and฀distance฀when฀ you฀find฀features.

Divemaster฀Course฀Instructor฀Guide฀

3-35

4.฀ On฀each฀leg,฀record฀the฀kick฀cycle฀where฀you฀hit฀ specified฀depths฀to฀show฀contour฀(e.g.,฀3฀metre/10฀ foot฀increments). 5.฀ Draw฀the฀pattern฀on฀graph฀paper฀in฀pencil.฀Use฀protractor฀to฀keep฀heading฀angles฀accurate,฀ruler฀and฀ graph฀lines฀to฀maintain฀scale.฀Include฀depths฀and฀ features฀noted฀on฀the฀pattern. 6.฀ Connect฀same฀depths฀with฀lines฀to฀show฀contour,฀ and฀fill฀in฀headings฀and฀distance฀from฀shore฀reference฀to฀points฀of฀interest. 7.฀ Fill฀in฀shore฀line,฀facilities฀and฀topside฀features. 8.฀ To฀finish฀map,฀use฀ink฀on฀parts฀of฀map฀you฀wish฀to฀ keep฀and฀erase฀the฀pencil฀portions.฀Or,฀use฀blue฀pencil฀and฀blue฀graph฀paper฀to฀draw฀map,฀then฀black฀ ink฀for฀final฀version฀and฀photocopy฀through฀blue฀ gelatin. D.฀[Mapping฀Project฀–฀If฀you฀have฀not฀given฀mapping฀ project฀assignments,฀you฀may฀want฀to฀do฀so฀now.฀If฀ necessary,฀review฀search฀pattern฀procedures฀and฀have฀ candidates฀practice฀a฀U-pattern฀in฀open฀water฀prior฀to฀ beginning฀the฀Mapping฀Project.]

Part 1฀ 1฀

Questions? ฀ ฀

Supervising Diving Activities for Certified Divers DM฀2฀-฀ DM฀2฀-฀25 25

3-36฀

Three:฀Knowledge฀Development

Topic฀2 Presentation฀-฀Part฀2 Overview฀and฀Learning฀Objectives Overview — P art 2

฀VI.฀ Dive฀Briefings

■ ■ Dive฀Briefings� Dive฀Briefings� ■ ■ Problem฀Management฀ Problem฀Management฀

฀

19.฀ What฀10฀points฀does฀a฀dive฀briefing฀usually฀include?

฀

20.฀฀ What฀predive฀suggestions฀can฀you฀give฀to฀help฀divers฀interact฀responsibly฀with฀the฀environment฀and฀ aquatic฀life?

and฀Judgment� and฀Judgment�

■ ■ Divemaster’s฀Role฀in฀ Divemaster’s฀Role฀in฀

Accident฀Management� Accident฀Management�

■ ■ Supervising฀Specialized฀ Supervising฀Specialized฀

Dive฀Activities Dive฀Activities

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VII.฀ Problem฀Management฀and฀Judgment ฀

21.฀ How฀do฀you฀prepare฀to฀handle฀problems฀that฀may฀ occur฀at฀a฀dive฀site?

฀

22.฀ What฀are฀the฀general฀steps฀for฀handling฀a฀novel฀ dive฀problem?

฀

23.฀ When฀does฀dive฀supervision฀and฀problem฀management฀call฀for฀your฀judgment,฀and฀how฀do฀you฀develop฀good฀judgment?

฀VIII.฀Divemaster’s฀Role฀in฀Accident฀Management ฀

24.฀ What฀are฀the฀two฀likely฀roles฀of฀the฀divemaster฀in฀ the฀event฀of฀a฀dive฀accident?

฀IX.฀ Supervising฀Specialized฀Dive฀Activities ฀

฀

25.฀ What฀general฀equipment,฀concerns฀and฀procedures฀ apply฀when฀supervising฀each฀of฀the฀following฀activities: ฀ •฀฀฀deep฀diving?฀ •฀฀฀boat฀diving?฀ •฀฀฀altitude฀diving?฀ •฀฀฀drift฀diving?฀ •฀฀฀shore/surf฀diving?฀ •฀฀฀night฀diving?฀ •฀฀฀cold฀water฀diving?฀ •฀฀฀enriched฀air฀and฀technical฀diving?

Outline

Dive Briefings฀ Briefings฀ ฀

Enhance diver safety ฀ and increase fun

฀ VI.฀ Dive฀Briefings

DM฀2฀-฀ DM฀2฀-฀27 27

Divemaster฀Course฀Instructor฀Guide฀

[Begin฀this฀section฀by฀giving฀a฀typical฀dive฀briefing฀for฀ your฀local฀area.฀As฀you฀cover฀the฀following฀topics,฀refer฀to฀ the฀relevant฀components฀in฀your฀example.] 3-37

A.฀A฀dive฀briefing฀has฀two฀main฀goals:฀to฀enhance฀diver฀ safety,฀and฀to฀make฀the฀dive฀fun. B.฀Treat฀the฀briefing฀as฀an฀overview฀of฀your฀thinking฀ when฀you฀planned฀the฀dive. 1.฀ This฀gives฀credibility฀to฀your฀recommendations. 2.฀ It฀cues฀divers฀to฀adapt฀if฀conditions฀change. 3.฀ It฀provides฀a฀basis฀for฀alternative฀recommendations฀ when฀necessary. C.฀On฀a฀dive฀boat,฀boat-specific฀information฀(rules,฀offlimit฀areas,฀personal฀flotation฀devices,฀etc.)฀isn’t฀technically฀part฀of฀the฀dive฀briefing,฀but฀may฀be฀combined฀ with฀the฀briefing. D.฀What฀10฀points฀does฀a฀dive฀briefing฀usually฀include?฀ (Order฀may฀vary฀and฀you฀may฀need฀to฀include฀additional฀information฀depending฀upon฀the฀circumstances) 1.฀ Dive฀site฀name 2.฀ Site฀description:฀topography,฀points฀of฀interest,฀hazards฀to฀avoid,฀water฀conditions,฀depth฀range,฀facilities฀(a฀map฀helps,฀when฀available),฀where฀to฀locate฀ emergency฀equipment,฀etc. 3.฀ Your฀role฀(topside฀supervisor,฀guide,฀etc.)฀May฀want฀ to฀tell฀divers฀how฀to฀recognize฀you฀(e.g.,฀you฀always฀ wear฀a฀ball฀cap฀or฀bright฀colored฀fins.)฀ 4.฀ Entry฀and฀exit฀techniques 5.฀ Dive฀procedures฀–฀suggested฀course฀to฀follow,฀problem฀avoidance฀in฀local฀conditions,฀safety฀stops,฀air฀ reserves,฀group฀control,฀etc. 6.฀ Emergency฀procedures a.฀Discuss฀protocols,฀and฀review฀problems฀unique฀ to฀dive฀site฀and฀those฀most฀likely฀to฀occur฀in฀the฀ conditions. b.฀Buddy฀separation c.฀ Low-on-air/out-of-air฀procedures d.฀If฀appropriate฀for฀local฀practices,฀diver฀recall฀procedures. 7.฀ Signal฀review฀–฀review฀signals฀that฀you’ll฀use฀with฀ the฀group฀(surface฀or฀underwater).฀It฀may฀be฀appropriate฀to฀remind฀buddy฀teams฀to฀review฀their฀own฀ signals. 8.฀ Roster/buddy฀check฀–฀you฀can฀do฀this฀apart฀from฀ the฀briefing,฀but฀you฀may฀find฀it฀convenient฀to฀do฀ this฀while฀everyone’s฀together.฀Check฀that฀you฀have฀ 3-38฀

What ten points does a briefing usually include? 1฀– ฀Site฀name� ฀Site฀name� 2฀–฀ Site฀description� Site฀description� 3฀– ฀Divemaster’s฀role� ฀Divemaster’s฀role� 4฀– ฀Entry฀and฀exit฀techniques� ฀Entry฀and฀exit฀techniques� 5฀– ฀Dive฀procedures/group฀control ฀Dive฀procedures/group฀control Dive฀Briefings

DM฀2฀-฀ 28 DM฀2฀-฀28

Ten briefing points... ฀฀฀6฀– ฀Emergency฀procedures� ฀Emergency฀procedures�

฀฀7฀–฀ Signal฀review� Signal฀review� ฀฀฀8฀– ฀Roster/Buddy฀check� ฀Roster/Buddy฀check� ฀฀฀฀9฀– ฀Environmental฀awareness� ฀Environmental฀awareness�

10฀– ฀Predive฀safety฀check ฀Predive฀safety฀check Dive฀Briefings

Three:฀Knowledge฀Development

DM฀2฀-฀ DM฀2฀-฀29 29

Make briefings positive, interesting and short!฀ short!฀ ฀ Remind divers to plan their own dives Dive฀Briefings

DM฀2฀-฀ 30 DM฀2฀-฀30

everyone฀on฀the฀dive฀roster฀and฀everyone฀has฀a฀buddy.฀ Identify฀those฀without฀buddies฀so฀they฀can฀choose฀buddy฀ teams฀among฀themselves. 9.฀ What฀predive฀suggestions฀can฀you฀give฀to฀help฀ divers฀interact฀responsibly฀with฀the฀environment฀ and฀aquatic฀life?฀ Environmental฀interaction฀suggestions: a.฀Identify฀organisms฀divers฀need฀to฀respect฀and฀be฀cautious฀about. b.฀Tell฀divers฀how฀to฀avoid฀damage฀to฀sensitive฀organisms฀(e.g.,฀maintain฀buoyancy฀control,฀stay฀well฀off฀ reef,฀avoid฀touching,฀etc.);฀suggest฀techniques฀in฀a฀ positive฀context฀and฀remind฀divers฀to฀be฀AWARE฀divers. c.฀ If฀divers฀will฀be฀hunting,฀require฀any฀necessary฀licenses฀and฀ask฀divers฀to฀take฀only฀what฀they฀will฀eat. d.฀Discourage฀feeding฀by฀destroying฀organisms฀to฀do฀so฀ (e.g.,฀cutting฀up฀urchins฀to฀feed฀fish) e.฀ Leave฀the฀environment฀as฀you฀find฀it฀(e.g.,฀don’t฀turn฀ over฀rocks,฀don’t฀leave฀anything฀behind,฀etc.) 10.฀Predive฀safety฀check฀–฀remind฀divers฀of฀their฀responsibility฀to฀perform฀a฀predive฀safety฀check฀(BWRAF). a.฀As฀divers฀suit฀up฀to฀enter฀water,฀it’s฀customary฀to฀confirm฀that฀they฀have฀ample฀air฀for฀the฀dive. b.฀Although฀it฀is฀neither฀practical฀nor฀necessary฀to฀individually฀assess฀certified฀divers,฀who฀are฀responsible฀ for฀their฀own฀safely,฀being฀alert฀for฀the฀following฀may฀ help฀the฀diver฀who฀makes฀an฀error฀with฀equipment฀ setup: 1.฀ Low฀pressure฀inflator฀that฀isn’t฀connected฀or฀diver฀ has฀insufficient฀air฀to฀float฀in฀BCD฀(if฀floating฀is฀appropriate฀to฀entry฀technique). 2.฀ Weight฀that฀looks฀excessive฀or฀insufficient. 3.฀ Disconnected฀releases฀or฀the฀weight฀system฀not฀ clear฀for฀release. 4.฀ Equipment฀not฀in฀correct฀place. E.฀ Make฀the฀briefing฀fun,฀interesting฀and฀relate฀each฀topic฀to฀ their฀needs,฀experience฀level฀and฀interests฀(not฀to฀yours). 1.฀ Divers฀pay฀attention,฀respond฀and฀remember฀better฀ when฀its฀fun. 2.฀ Divers฀are฀there฀to฀have฀fun฀–฀this฀is฀an฀important฀part฀ of฀customer฀service. F.฀ It’s฀a฀good฀idea฀to฀remind฀divers฀that฀your฀briefing฀doesn’t฀ replace฀their฀own฀dive฀planning฀–฀they฀should฀plan฀their฀

Divemaster฀Course฀Instructor฀Guide฀

3-39

individual฀dives฀with฀the฀information฀and฀within฀the฀ limits฀you฀provide,฀and฀following฀responsible฀diving฀ practices. G.฀Things฀to฀avoid฀in฀briefings฀include: 1.฀ Being฀negative฀in฀a฀way฀that฀takes฀the฀fun฀out฀of฀the฀ dive. 2.฀ Overstressing฀hazards฀–฀give฀realistic฀appraisals฀of฀ possible฀hazards. 3.฀ Being฀long,฀redundant฀and฀boring.฀They’re฀called฀ “briefings”฀because฀they’re฀supposed฀to฀be฀brief. 4.฀ Ignoring฀people’s฀comfort.฀Be฀sensitive฀to฀those฀who฀ may฀not฀feel฀well฀on฀a฀rocking฀boat฀Give฀briefing฀ before฀divers฀climb฀into฀hot฀exposure฀suits.

Note฀to฀instructor:฀Remind฀candidates฀that฀they฀will฀apply฀what฀ they’re฀learning฀here฀by฀giving฀briefings฀during฀the฀Practical฀ Training฀Exercises.฀Suggest฀that฀they฀review฀their฀notes฀and฀the฀ PADI฀Divemaster฀Manual฀prior฀to฀sessions฀in฀which฀they฀will฀ practice฀giving฀briefings.

฀VII.฀ Problem฀Management฀and฀Judgment A.฀As฀a฀divemaster,฀you’ll฀be฀looked฀upon฀as฀a฀problem฀ solver.฀Problems฀at฀a฀dive฀site฀can฀range฀from฀inconveniences฀to฀emergencies,฀but฀you฀can฀group฀them฀ into฀two฀categories฀–฀“routine”฀and฀those฀you’ve฀never฀ encountered. 2.฀ Routine฀problems฀are฀those฀for฀which฀you฀already฀ have฀a฀solution,฀(e.g.,฀a฀diver฀breaks฀a฀mask฀strap฀ and฀you฀have฀spares.) a.฀Through฀experience,฀you฀already฀know฀how฀to฀ handle฀many฀routine฀problems. b.฀Assuming฀you฀have฀the฀resources,฀you฀usually฀ handle฀routine฀problems฀easily.฀ 3.฀ Those฀you’ve฀never฀encountered฀are฀called฀“novel”฀ problems,฀(e.g.,฀the฀boat฀arrives฀at฀the฀dive฀site฀and฀ for฀the฀first฀time฀ever,฀the฀mooring฀buoy฀is฀missing). a.฀You’ll฀need฀to฀determine฀how฀to฀handle฀these฀on฀ the฀spot. b.฀Proper฀preparation,฀specific฀dive฀skills฀and฀following฀the฀steps฀for฀problem฀solving฀increase฀your฀ ability฀to฀successfully฀manage฀novel฀problems. c.฀ After฀handling฀a฀novel฀problem,฀it฀becomes฀part฀ 3-40฀

Problem Management and Judgment฀ Judgment฀ ฀ ฀ Routine vs. Novel

Three:฀Knowledge฀Development

DM฀2฀-฀ 31 DM฀2฀-฀31

of฀your฀experience;฀the฀next฀time฀it฀arises,฀you฀already฀know฀the฀solution฀–฀this฀is฀why฀experience฀ as฀a฀diver฀is฀important฀to฀being฀a฀professional.

How do you prepare to handle problems at a dive site? ■ ■ Develop฀strong฀� Develop฀strong฀�

knowledge฀base� knowledge฀base�

■ ■ Have฀equipment฀� Have฀equipment฀�

and฀tools� and฀tools�

■ ■ Continue฀your� Continue฀your�

฀education ฀education Problem฀Management

DM฀2฀-฀ 32 DM฀2฀-฀32

B.฀How฀do฀you฀prepare฀to฀handle฀problems฀that฀ may฀occur฀at฀a฀dive฀site? 1.฀ Have฀a฀strong฀knowledge฀base฀of฀dive฀theory฀–฀good฀ problem฀solvers฀have฀a฀lot฀of฀knowledge฀resources฀ to฀draw฀upon.฀(More฀about฀this฀in฀Topic฀4฀–฀Dive฀ Theory฀Introduction) 2.฀ Have฀the฀physical฀resources฀to฀handle฀problems,฀ such฀as฀spare฀equipment,฀tools,฀first฀aid฀kit,฀oxygen,฀ etc.,฀that฀you’ve฀learned฀about฀in฀this฀and฀previous฀ PADI฀courses,฀and฀through฀experience 3.฀ Continue฀your฀education฀regularly฀(PADI฀Specialty฀ courses,฀Assistant฀Instructor฀course,฀equipment฀repair,฀seamanship,฀etc.) a.฀Continuing฀education฀provides฀exercise฀for฀the฀ brain฀–฀improves฀your฀thinking฀skills฀and฀problem฀solving฀ability.฀It฀gives฀you฀more฀knowledge฀ and฀skills฀that฀you฀can฀apply฀to฀solve฀a฀problem.฀ It฀also฀provides฀experience฀opportunities฀so฀you฀ encounter฀fewer฀novel฀problems. C.฀Problem฀solving฀is฀a฀skill.฀You฀normally฀solve฀problems฀ without฀thinking฀consciously฀about฀the฀process,฀much฀ of฀which฀is฀intuitive.฀But,฀to฀improve,฀pay฀attention฀to฀ the฀steps.฀Improving฀each฀step฀increases฀problem฀solving฀skill.฀With฀experience,฀you฀go฀through฀these฀steps฀ quickly฀and฀automatically.฀

What are the st eps for handling a novel problem? ■ ■ Identify฀the฀problem฀precisely� Identify฀the฀problem฀precisely� ■ ■ Inventory฀resources� Inventory฀resources� ■ ■ Create฀several฀possible฀solutions� Create฀several฀possible฀solutions� ■ ■ Choose฀a฀solution� Choose฀a฀solution� ■ ■ Assess฀and฀revise฀as฀necessary Assess฀and฀revise฀as฀necessary

Problem฀Management

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Divemaster฀Course฀Instructor฀Guide฀

D.฀What฀are฀the฀general฀steps฀for฀handling฀a฀novel฀dive฀problem?: 1.฀ Identify฀the฀problem฀precisely.฀The฀more฀specific฀the฀ problem,฀the฀more฀specifically฀you฀can฀apply฀a฀solution. 2.฀ Inventory฀your฀resources.฀Think฀about฀what฀resources฀you฀can฀apply฀to฀the฀problem,฀including฀tools,฀ hardware,฀your฀skills฀and฀knowledge฀and฀those฀of฀ other฀people฀who฀may฀help. 3.฀ Create฀several฀possible฀solutions.฀Try฀to฀make฀these฀ as฀different฀as฀possible. 4.฀ Choose฀the฀best.฀Pick฀the฀most฀feasible฀and฀likely฀to฀ succeed฀and฀devote฀your฀energy฀to฀that฀solution. 5.฀ Assess฀and฀revise.฀As฀you฀handle฀the฀problem,฀assess฀your฀progress฀and฀adjust฀the฀solution฀as฀you฀go,฀ 3-41

building฀on฀the฀ideas฀and฀experience฀you฀gain฀by฀฀ applying฀the฀solution. E.฀ When฀does฀dive฀supervision฀and฀problem฀management฀call฀for฀your฀judgment,฀and฀how฀do฀ you฀develop฀good฀judgment? 1.฀ Dive฀supervision฀and฀problem฀management฀call฀for฀ your฀judgment฀when฀you฀have฀incomplete฀information,฀or฀when฀the฀information฀doesn’t฀direct฀a฀clear฀ decision. 2.฀ You฀apply฀your฀judgment฀to฀many฀elements฀of฀diver฀ supervision,฀such฀as: a.฀Evaluating฀whether฀dive฀conditions฀are฀acceptable. b.฀Choosing฀which฀dive฀techniques฀to฀recommend. c.฀ Picking฀a฀vantage฀point฀for฀supervising฀dive฀activities. d.฀฀Choosing฀the฀best฀of฀several฀possible฀solutions฀to฀ problems. 3.฀ To฀develop฀good฀judgment: a.฀Gain฀experience฀with฀more฀experienced฀professionals฀who฀can฀explain฀their฀judgments฀to฀you฀ (in฀this฀course,฀instructors฀and฀staff฀members). b.฀When฀in฀doubt฀or฀making฀decisions฀that฀you฀ have฀less฀experience฀with,฀decide฀to฀the฀conservative.฀Being฀unnecessarily฀cautious฀is฀generally฀ better฀than฀being฀insufficiently฀cautious. c.฀ Be฀cautious฀to฀avoid฀letting฀emotions฀or฀desires฀ inappropriately฀influence฀your฀judgment.฀For฀ example,฀you฀wouldn’t฀want฀to฀continue฀a฀dive฀in฀ poor฀conditions฀just฀because฀you฀don’t฀want฀the฀ divers฀to฀be฀disappointed. d.฀As฀with฀problem฀solving,฀dive฀experience฀and฀ continuing฀your฀education฀provide฀you฀with฀ knowledge฀that฀help฀you฀make฀good฀judgments.

Judgment ■ ■ When฀do฀you฀apply฀judgment?� When฀do฀you฀apply฀judgment?� ■ ■ How฀do฀you฀develop฀� How฀do฀you฀develop฀�

good฀judgment?� good฀judgment?�

◆ ◆ Gain฀experience Gain฀experience � ◆ ◆ Be฀conser Be฀conser vative� vative� ◆ ◆ Avoid฀emotional฀influences Avoid฀emotional฀influences

Note฀to฀instructor:฀Tell฀candidates฀that฀they’ll฀work฀on฀developing฀good฀judgment฀as฀part฀of฀the฀Practical฀Application฀sessions.

฀ III.฀ Divemaster’s฀Role฀in฀Accident฀Management V ฀ ฀ [Refer฀candidates฀to฀the฀PADI฀Rescue฀Diver฀Manual฀฀ and฀the฀dive฀management฀section฀of฀the฀Rescue฀Diver฀ Video฀as฀a฀review฀for฀this฀subject.]

3-42฀

�

◆ ◆ Contin Continually฀learn ually฀learn

Three:฀Knowledge฀Development

DM฀2฀-฀ 34 DM฀2฀-฀34

Accident Management฀ Management฀ ฀

Divemaster Roles: Manage or Assist DM฀2฀-฀ DM฀2฀-฀35 35

Emergency Management ■ ■ Assess฀the฀situation� Assess฀the฀situation� ■ ■ Act฀on฀your฀plan� Act฀on฀your฀plan� ■ ■ Delegate� Delegate� ■ ■ Provide฀basic฀life฀support/first฀aid� Provide฀basic฀life฀support/first฀aid� ■ ■ Control฀the฀scene� Control฀the฀scene� ■ ■ Evacuate฀the฀patient Evacuate฀the฀patient

Be Be familiar familiar with with emergency emergency oo xygen xygen protocols protocols

Accident฀Management

DM฀2฀-฀ DM฀2฀-฀36 36

A.฀What฀are฀the฀two฀likely฀roles฀of฀the฀divemaster฀in฀ the฀event฀of฀a฀dive฀accident? 1.฀ If฀you’re฀the฀most฀qualified฀person฀present,฀you฀will฀ probably฀manage฀the฀accident.฀As฀a฀PADI฀Divemaster,฀ this฀would฀be฀the฀expected฀situation฀when฀supervising฀ certified฀divers.฀In฀these฀situations,฀you’ll฀want฀to฀have฀ a฀plan฀ready฀(Emergency฀Assistance฀Plan)฀to฀deal฀with฀ emergencies. 2.฀ If฀a฀more฀qualified฀person฀is฀present,฀you฀will฀probably฀ assist฀under฀that฀person’s฀management.฀This฀would฀be฀ the฀expected฀situation฀when฀assisting฀an฀instructor฀with฀ student฀divers. B.฀Emergency฀Management฀Steps 1.฀ Assess฀the฀situation฀—฀as฀with฀any฀problem,฀the฀strategy฀ is฀to฀first฀consider฀resources฀and฀possible฀plans฀of฀action,฀ then฀choose฀the฀plan฀most฀likely฀to฀be฀successful. 2.฀ Act฀on฀your฀plan฀—฀take฀control฀of฀the฀situation฀and฀ start฀the฀action. 3.฀ Delegate฀—฀assign฀tasks฀to฀suitably฀qualified฀individuals.฀Handle฀tasks฀yourself฀if฀no฀one฀qualified฀is฀available.฀ Even฀untrained฀people฀can฀help฀under฀your฀direction,฀ such฀as฀contacting฀emergency฀medical฀care–฀but฀don’t฀ ask฀people฀to฀do฀things฀for฀which฀they’re฀not฀trained฀or฀ qualified฀if฀doing฀so฀might฀put฀them฀in฀a฀hazardous฀situation.฀ 4.฀ Provide฀basic฀life฀support฀(BLS)฀and฀first฀aid฀as฀necessary฀ for฀the฀patient.฀Use฀barriers฀to฀protect฀yourself฀and฀the฀ patient. 5.฀ Control฀the฀scene฀—฀keep฀bystanders฀under฀control฀and฀ make฀sure฀that฀first฀aid฀and฀BLS฀continue฀until฀emergency฀care฀arrives.฀Do฀not฀speculate฀or฀draw฀conclusions฀ about฀what฀caused฀the฀accident฀or฀assign฀blame. 6.฀ Evacuate฀the฀patient฀—฀in฀a฀serious฀emergency,฀you฀ need฀to฀get฀the฀patient฀to฀the฀closest฀appropriate฀medical฀ facility.฀If฀not฀done฀already,฀contact฀the฀local฀EMS,฀and฀ DAN฀or฀DES฀if฀the฀area฀is฀served฀by฀either.฀Ideally,฀refer฀ to฀your฀Emergency฀Assistance฀Plan฀for฀the฀area฀for฀the฀ local฀emergency฀contact฀information. C.฀Emergency฀Oxygen 1.฀ Emergency฀oxygen฀is฀the฀primary฀first฀aid฀for฀decompression฀illness฀(DCI)฀and฀near฀drowning.฀ 2.฀ When฀supervising฀divers,฀if฀permitted฀by฀local฀law,฀be฀ sure฀that฀emergency฀oxygen฀is฀available.฀Be฀familiar฀

Divemaster฀Course฀Instructor฀Guide฀

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with฀emergency฀oxygen฀protocols฀and฀stay฀current฀ in฀emergency฀oxygen฀recommendations.

Note฀to฀instructor:฀This฀section฀is฀primarily฀a฀review฀of฀principles฀candidates฀will฀already฀know฀from฀prerequisite฀training฀ and฀experience.฀Emphasize฀that฀now฀candidates฀need฀to฀think฀ about฀specialized฀dive฀activities฀in฀a฀supervisory฀context.฀Refer฀ candidates฀to฀the฀PADI฀Adventures฀in฀Diving,฀Rescue฀Diver,฀Deep฀ Diver,฀Night฀Diver,฀Altitude฀Diver,฀Boat฀Diver,฀Drift฀Diver,฀Ice฀ Diver฀and฀Enriched฀Air฀Diver฀specialty฀instructor฀guides,฀manuals฀and฀videos.

IX.฀฀Supervising฀Specialized฀Dive฀Activities A.฀What฀general฀equipment,฀concerns฀and฀procedures฀apply฀when฀supervising฀specialized฀dive฀ activities? 1.฀ The฀following฀discussion฀covers฀the฀equipment,฀concerns฀and฀procedures฀distinct฀to฀various฀specialized฀ activities฀that฀you฀should฀consider฀along฀with฀general฀supervisory฀considerations. 2.฀ You฀can฀learn฀more฀and฀gain฀experience฀by฀completing฀the฀appropriate฀specialty฀course. B.฀Deep฀diving฀activities฀–฀generally฀defined฀in฀recreational฀diving฀as฀dives฀between฀18฀metres/60฀feet฀and฀ 40฀metres/130฀feet. 1.฀ Equipment฀–฀for฀deep฀diving฀you฀and฀the฀divers฀you฀ supervise฀need฀to฀consider: a.฀Regulator฀–฀in฀good฀condition,฀properly฀maintained฀according฀to฀manufacturer฀recommendations. b.฀Cylinder฀–฀adequate฀for฀the฀planned฀dive฀and฀ safety฀stop฀with฀an฀adequate฀reserve. c.฀ Exposure฀suit฀–฀adequate฀for฀the฀cooler฀water฀at฀ depth;฀wet฀suits฀compress฀with฀depth฀and฀insulate฀ less. d.฀Emergency฀air฀source฀–฀it’s฀common฀to฀have฀a฀ spare฀tank฀and฀regulator฀or฀regulator฀on฀a฀hose฀ from฀the฀surface฀to฀assure฀ample฀air฀for฀safety฀ stops฀or฀emergency฀decompression฀stops. e.฀ Dive฀computers฀and฀tables฀–฀divers฀usually฀want฀ to฀carry฀dive฀tables฀so฀they฀can฀recalculate฀times฀ if฀they฀accidentally฀exceed฀planned฀time฀or฀depth,฀ or฀if฀using฀a฀computer,฀in฀case฀the฀computer฀fails. 3-44฀

Three:฀Knowledge฀Development

f.฀ Ascent/descent฀line฀–฀if฀there’s฀no฀contour฀to฀follow,฀it’s฀usually฀easier฀and฀more฀reassuring฀to฀ follow฀a฀line฀down฀and฀back฀up;฀this฀may฀be฀a฀ weighted฀line฀from฀the฀stern,฀or฀the฀anchor/mooring฀line฀may฀suffice. g.฀ Gauges฀–฀if฀not฀using฀a฀computer,฀it’s฀best฀for฀each฀ diver฀to฀have฀a฀timer฀and฀depth฀gauge. h.฀Divers฀using฀enriched฀air฀–฀this฀may฀help฀them฀ stay฀well฀within฀no฀stop฀limits฀for฀dives฀between฀ 18฀metres/60฀feet฀and฀30฀metres/100฀feet฀(more฀ about฀this฀consideration฀later). 2.฀ Concerns a.฀Diver฀training฀and฀experience฀–฀remind฀divers฀to฀ make฀deep฀dives฀within฀the฀limits฀of฀their฀training฀ or฀experience,฀and฀to฀increase฀their฀experience฀ under฀appropriate฀supervision. b.฀Dive฀site฀selection 1.฀ Currents฀can฀be฀a฀problem฀in฀deep฀water฀sites฀ and฀need฀to฀be฀planned฀for. 2.฀ Dives฀along฀walls/slopes฀have฀the฀concern฀of฀ accidentally฀descending฀below฀the฀planned฀ depth฀or฀recreational฀depth฀limits. 3.฀ Temperature฀at฀depth฀may฀be฀cooler฀than฀at฀ the฀surface. c.฀ Decompression฀sickness฀ 1.฀ Deep฀diving฀frequently฀takes฀divers฀closer฀to฀ the฀no฀decompression฀limits. 2.฀ Post฀dive฀activities฀–฀exercise,฀alcohol฀consumption฀may฀predispose฀divers฀to฀DCS. d.฀Nitrogen฀narcosis฀–฀may฀affect฀diver฀judgment. 3.฀ Procedures a.฀Choosing฀a฀vantage฀point฀–฀inwater฀supervision฀ may฀be฀a฀good฀choice฀(dive฀site฀and฀diver฀experience฀determining฀factors). 1.฀ Easier฀to฀help฀divers฀stay฀above฀maximum฀ depth,฀especially฀along฀walls. 2.฀ You’re฀present฀if฀narcosis฀becomes฀a฀factor. 3.฀ You฀can฀remind฀divers฀to฀check฀their฀air฀more฀ frequently. b.฀Contingency฀planning฀–฀during฀briefing,฀it’s฀a฀ good฀idea฀to฀present฀contingency฀plans฀if฀divers฀ accidentally฀exceed฀planned฀depth฀and฀time฀to฀ assist฀them฀with฀their฀personal฀plans. Divemaster฀Course฀Instructor฀Guide฀

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c.฀ Encourage฀divers฀who฀have฀questions฀about฀dive฀ planning฀or฀who฀are฀rusty฀with฀table฀use฀to฀ask฀ for฀your฀assistance฀and฀recommendations. d.฀Remind฀and฀encourage฀divers฀to฀practice฀behaviors฀that฀reduce฀DCI฀risk: 1.฀ Safety฀stops 2.฀ Remain฀hydrated,฀avoid฀alcohol฀and฀caffeine. 3.฀ Avoid฀strenuous฀exercise฀before฀and฀immediately฀after฀a฀dive. 4.฀ Avoid฀sawtooth฀profiles.฀Make฀each฀dive฀progressively฀shallower฀and฀start฀at฀the฀deepest฀ point฀and฀work฀shallower. 5.฀ Avoid฀rapid฀ascents. 6.฀ Watch฀air฀supply฀closely฀to฀avoid฀emergency฀ ascent฀situations. e.฀ Provide฀ascent/descent฀line฀and฀emergency฀ breathing฀equipment฀at฀5฀metres/15฀feet฀if฀practical฀and฀appropriate. C.฀Boat฀diving฀activities 1.฀ Equipment a.฀The฀boat฀itself฀–฀style฀affects฀diving฀techniques฀ and฀conditions฀in฀which฀it฀may฀operate฀and฀the฀ number฀of฀divers฀it฀may฀carry. b.฀Lines฀–฀those฀used฀by฀divers฀(swim฀lines,฀trail฀ lines,฀gear฀lines,฀safety฀stop/descent฀line฀etc.)฀and฀ those฀used฀by฀the฀boat฀(mooring฀line,฀dock฀lines,฀ etc.). c.฀ Boat฀safety฀equipment฀–฀personal฀flotation฀devices,฀fire฀extinguishers,฀signal฀devices฀(horns,฀lights,฀ flares)฀and฀radio d.฀dive฀safety฀equipment฀–฀dive฀flags,฀emergency฀ oxygen,฀first฀aid,฀life฀ring,฀etc.,฀as฀appropriate฀for฀ local฀diving฀practices฀and฀procedures. 2.฀ Concerns a.฀diver฀familiarity฀–฀some฀divers฀may฀have฀no฀boat฀ experience,฀or฀may฀not฀be฀familiar฀with฀local฀ boat฀diving฀procedures. b.฀space฀–฀usually฀at฀a฀premium฀on฀a฀dive฀boat฀and฀ dictates฀equipment฀setup฀and฀stowage฀procedures. c.฀ entries฀and฀exits฀–฀boat฀configuration฀(deck฀ height,฀presence฀or฀absence฀of฀ladder/swim฀step,฀ etc.)฀will฀affect฀preferred฀entry฀and฀exit฀methods฀ and฀locations. 3-46฀

Three:฀Knowledge฀Development

d.฀seasickness฀–฀advise฀divers฀prone฀to฀seasickness฀to฀ stay฀on฀deck฀in฀the฀center฀of฀the฀boat฀and฀out฀of฀ boat’s฀exhaust,฀to฀avoid฀greasy฀food,฀and฀to฀take฀ seasickness฀medication฀prior฀to฀departure฀according฀to฀instructions/doctor฀recommendations.฀If฀ seasick,฀vomit฀over฀leeward฀rail฀(wind฀headed฀ away฀from฀boat) Note฀to฀candidates:฀If฀your฀function฀involves฀the฀diving฀activities฀ and฀you’re฀not฀part฀of฀the฀boat’s฀staff,฀you’re฀not฀usually฀considered฀part฀of฀the฀boat฀crew.฀If฀you’re฀employed฀by฀the฀dive฀boat฀ and฀are฀expected฀to฀assist฀with฀boat฀operation,฀you’re฀usually฀ considered฀crew฀as฀well฀as฀a฀divemaster.฀Since฀this฀is฀a฀common฀ divemaster฀employment฀opportunity,฀training฀in฀boat฀handling฀ and฀seamanship฀is฀an฀excellent฀additional฀skill฀for฀a฀divemaster. 3.฀ Procedures a.฀Welcome฀divers฀aboard.฀Have฀them฀sign฀in฀on฀ roster฀and฀list฀certification฀information,฀sign฀liability฀release,฀and฀stow/secure฀equipment฀before฀ the฀boat฀departs.฀Reconfirm฀all฀aboard฀by฀calling฀ roll฀from฀roster฀before฀departure. b.฀Orient฀divers฀to฀boat฀facilities฀and฀rules฀(e.g.,฀offlimits฀areas,฀where฀to฀put฀cameras,฀time฀to฀dive฀ destination,฀where฀to฀locate฀safety฀equipment.)฀ Crew฀may฀do฀this฀if฀you’re฀not฀part฀of฀the฀boat฀ staff. c.฀ Equipment฀setup฀–฀may฀be฀before฀boat฀departs฀ or฀underway,฀depending฀on฀boat฀size฀and฀time฀ to฀dive฀site.฀Remind฀divers฀to฀work฀in฀and฀out฀of฀ gear฀bags฀to฀reduce฀deck฀clutter. d.฀Anchoring/mooring฀–฀captain฀determines฀when฀ boat฀is฀secure.฀You฀may฀determine฀whether฀conditions฀are฀suitable฀for฀diving. e.฀ Briefing฀–฀include฀boat฀specific฀techniques฀for฀ entries,฀exits,฀use฀of฀swim฀lines/current฀lines,฀surface฀signals฀to฀boat,฀emergency/recall฀procedures,฀ what฀to฀do฀if฀seasick,฀etc. f.฀ Entry฀–฀suggest฀that฀divers฀avoid฀walking฀around฀ with฀fins฀on g.฀ Post฀dive฀–฀may฀need฀to฀remind฀divers฀exit฀procedures฀(e.g.,฀don’t฀wait฀under฀someone฀climbing฀ ladder,฀etc.),฀keep฀deck฀clear฀of฀equipment,฀call฀ roll฀and฀make฀sure฀that฀you฀actually฀see฀each฀ diver. Divemaster฀Course฀Instructor฀Guide฀

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h.฀Before฀boat฀leaves฀the฀site฀–฀assure฀equipment฀ stowed฀properly,฀conduct฀final฀visual฀roll฀call. D.฀Altitude฀diving฀activities฀–฀dives฀above฀300฀metres/1000฀feet฀to฀maximum฀3000฀metres/10,000฀feet฀of฀ altitude. 1.฀ Equipment a.฀Exposure฀suit฀–฀altitude฀diving฀is฀usually฀cooler฀ water฀diving. b.฀Depth฀gauge/computer฀–฀older฀depth฀gauges/ computers฀designed฀for฀sea฀level฀may฀not฀read/ compute฀properly฀at฀altitude.฀ c.฀ Theoretical฀Depth฀at฀Altitude฀tables฀–฀used฀to฀ convert฀depths฀at฀altitude฀to฀a฀depth฀that฀may฀be฀ used฀on฀the฀RDP.฀You฀find฀these฀tables฀in฀Adventures฀in฀Diving.฀(Capillary฀depth฀gauges฀read฀theoretical฀depth฀at฀altitude฀and฀do฀not฀need฀further฀ conversion.) 2.฀ Concerns a.฀Diver฀training฀and฀experience฀–฀divers฀may฀not฀ be฀familiar฀with฀altitude฀diving฀procedures,฀or฀ may฀not฀be฀aware฀a฀site฀is฀at฀altitude. b.฀Arrival฀at฀altitude฀–฀diver฀must฀wait฀six฀hours฀or฀ determine฀a฀pressure฀group฀before฀diving฀if฀using฀RDP.฀Many฀computers฀account฀for฀arrival฀at฀ altitude฀–฀check฀manufacturer฀instructions. c.฀ Thin฀air฀–฀divers฀may฀tire฀more฀easily฀during฀entries,฀exits฀and฀surface฀swims. 3.฀ Procedures a.฀Confirm฀diver฀familiarity฀with฀altitude฀procedures.฀For฀those฀not฀familiar,฀assist฀in฀dive฀table฀ planning/computer฀use฀to฀accommodate฀altitude฀ considerations฀–฀advise฀divers฀that฀your฀supervision฀isn’t฀a฀training฀course. b.฀Confirm฀use฀of฀suitable฀tables,฀computers,฀exposure฀suits,฀etc. c.฀ To฀reduce฀likelihood฀of฀exhaustion฀at฀altitude,฀ recommend฀a฀dive฀plan฀that฀minimizes฀strenuous฀ activity฀at฀the฀surface. E.฀ Drift฀diving฀activities฀–฀diving฀in฀which฀divers฀drift฀ with฀the฀current฀and฀exit฀downstream 1.฀ Equipment a.฀Surface฀float,฀descent฀line,฀reel฀or฀caddie฀(if฀used฀ –฀depends฀on฀technique) 3-48฀

Specialized Activities... ■ ■ Altitude฀diving� Altitude฀diving� ◆ ◆ Equipment� Equipment� ◆ ◆ Concerns� Concerns� ◆ ◆ Procedures Procedures

■ ■ Drift฀diving� Drift฀diving� ◆ ◆ Equipment Equipment � ◆ ◆ Concerns Concerns � ◆ ◆ Procedures Procedures

Three:฀Knowledge฀Development

DM฀2฀-฀ 38 DM฀2฀-฀38

Specialized Activities... ■ ■ Shore/surf฀diving� Shore/surf฀diving� ◆ ◆ Equipment Equipment � ◆ ◆ Concerns Concerns � ◆ ◆ Procedures Procedures

■ ■ Night฀diving� Night฀diving� ◆ ◆ Equipment Equipment � ◆ ◆ Concerns Concerns � ◆ ◆ Procedures Procedures DM฀2฀-฀ DM฀2฀-฀39 39

Divemaster฀Course฀Instructor฀Guide฀

b.฀Surface฀signal฀devices฀(inflatable฀signal฀tubes,฀ mirrors,฀etc.)฀recommended฀for฀each฀diver. 2.฀ Concerns a.฀Diver฀training฀and฀experience฀–฀divers฀may฀not฀ be฀familiar฀with฀drift฀diving฀procedures,฀or฀the฀ specific฀procedures฀used฀at฀the฀dive฀site. b.฀Depth฀–฀drift฀dives฀are฀often฀deep฀dives. c.฀ Group฀contact฀–฀drift฀diving฀is฀often฀a฀single฀ group฀dive.฀It’s฀important฀for฀the฀group฀to฀stay฀ together฀and฀know฀what฀to฀do฀if฀separated.฀ d.฀Change฀of฀current฀direction฀–฀can฀disrupt฀coordination฀with฀boat. 3.฀ Procedures a.฀Briefings฀–฀brief฀group฀on฀procedures฀that฀will฀be฀ used฀on฀the฀dive฀and฀include฀what฀to฀do฀if฀separated฀from฀group,฀unable฀to฀descend,฀etc. b.฀Vantage฀point฀–฀consider฀inwater฀supervision฀ and฀supervision฀on฀the฀boat.฀Divemaster฀handles฀ float/line฀in฀the฀water฀(if฀used). c.฀ Entries฀and฀descents฀–฀usually฀made฀as฀a฀group,฀ quickly฀with฀divemaster฀paying฀out฀line฀that฀other฀divers฀keep฀contact฀with฀and฀follow฀to฀divemaster’s฀depth.฀Group฀then฀drifts฀along฀together. d.฀Ascents฀and฀exits฀–฀techniques฀vary;฀everyone฀surfaces฀and฀makes฀safety฀stop฀along฀line฀when฀first฀ diver฀reaches฀low฀air฀or฀teams฀may฀surface฀individually฀along฀line฀and฀get฀picked฀up฀by฀boat.฀In฀ both฀cases,฀advise฀divers฀not฀to฀swim฀toward฀boat฀ –฀let฀boat฀come฀to฀them. F.฀ Surf฀diving฀activities฀–฀diving฀from฀shore฀through฀ waves฀large฀enough฀to฀cause฀divers฀to฀lose฀their฀balance. 1.฀ Equipment a.฀Equipment฀loss฀–฀the฀stronger฀the฀surf,฀the฀more฀ potential฀for฀equipment฀loss฀or฀damage฀–฀a฀consideration฀for฀underwater฀photographers/videographers.฀ b.฀Regulator฀freeflowing฀–฀most฀models฀of฀regulators฀ are฀prone฀to฀freeflowing฀if฀they฀get฀sand฀in฀them. c.฀ Equipment฀caused฀delays฀–฀entries฀and฀exits฀through฀surf฀are฀made฀by฀moving฀quickly฀ through฀surf฀zone฀–฀equipment฀that฀causes฀delays฀ can฀cause฀problems.

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2.฀ Concerns a.฀Diver฀training฀and฀experience฀–฀Divers฀may฀not฀ be฀familiar฀with฀surf฀diving฀procedures. b.฀Air฀reserve฀for฀exits฀–฀divers฀may฀accidentally฀run฀ low฀on฀air฀before฀exiting,฀leaving฀little฀to฀use฀during฀exit฀through฀surf฀zone c.฀ Assessing฀conditions฀–฀need฀to฀watch฀wave฀pattern฀long฀enough฀to฀determine฀how฀high฀the฀largest฀surf฀is฀and฀when฀it฀hits. d.฀Large฀surf฀–฀experienced฀divers฀may฀be฀able฀to฀ enter฀and฀exit฀effectively,฀but฀diving฀conditions฀ usually฀aren’t฀worth฀the฀effort. 3.฀ Procedures a.฀Briefing฀usually฀includes฀entry฀technique฀reminders฀—฀don฀all฀equipment฀before฀entering฀surf฀(except฀fins,฀depending฀on฀entry฀technique),฀deflate฀ BCD,฀breathe฀from฀regulator฀and฀move฀rapidly฀ through฀surf฀zone,฀walk฀backwards฀with฀fins฀on,฀ turn฀sideways,฀hold฀mask฀and฀lean฀against฀waves฀ or฀duck฀through฀base฀of฀tall฀waves,฀tow฀float฀ behind,฀as฀soon฀as฀possible฀either฀submerge฀and฀ swim฀out฀on฀bottom,฀or฀inflate฀BCD฀and฀swim฀ quickly฀past฀surf฀zone. b.฀Briefing฀usually฀includes฀exit฀technique฀reminder฀ —save฀enough฀air฀to฀breathe฀from฀regulator฀ during฀exit,฀pause฀outside฀surf฀zone฀and฀observe฀ waves฀to฀time฀exit,฀swim฀under฀waves฀as฀close฀ as฀possible฀to฀shore฀then฀exit฀quickly฀watching฀ waves,฀and฀if฀you฀fall,฀it’s฀usually฀easier฀to฀stay฀ down฀and฀crawl฀out. c.฀ Vantage฀point฀–฀elevated฀positioning฀makes฀it฀ easier฀to฀see฀over฀waves. d.฀Supervisory฀personnel฀should฀have฀equipment฀ standing฀by฀to฀enter฀water฀and฀assist฀if฀necessary. G.฀Night฀diving฀activities฀ 1.฀ Equipment a.฀Dive฀lights฀–฀one฀dive฀light฀per฀diver,฀with฀two฀ each฀recommended.฀Have฀spares฀at฀hand฀in฀case฀ a฀diver฀forgets฀a฀light,฀or฀one฀doesn’t฀work. b.฀Chemical฀light/personal฀marker฀light฀–฀one฀for฀ each฀diver฀recommended. c.฀ Surface฀lights฀–฀area฀lights฀for฀gearing฀up,฀marker฀ lights฀to฀identify฀exit฀point.฀Avoid฀anything฀that฀ might฀be฀confused฀with฀navigational฀markers. 3-50฀

Three:฀Knowledge฀Development

Specialized Activities... ■ ■ Cold฀water฀diving� Cold฀water฀diving� ◆ ◆ Equipment Equipment � ◆ ◆ Concerns Concerns � ◆ ◆ Procedures Procedures ■ ■ Enriched฀air฀and฀� Enriched฀air฀and฀�

technical฀diving� technical฀diving� ◆ ◆ Equipment Equipment � ◆ ◆ Concerns Concerns � ◆ ◆ Procedures Procedures

DM฀2฀-฀ 40 DM฀2฀-฀40

d.฀Underwater฀markers฀–฀strobes฀or฀a฀suspended฀light฀ can฀aid฀navigation฀in฀reasonably฀clear฀water. e.฀ Exposure฀protection฀–฀because฀it’s฀easier฀to฀bump฀into฀ things฀in฀the฀dark,฀full฀exposure฀protection฀is฀recommended฀even฀in฀warm฀water. f.฀ Descent/ascent฀line฀–฀may฀make฀controlled฀ascent/descents฀easier,฀especially฀if฀bottom฀isn’t฀visible฀from฀the฀ surface. 2.฀ Concerns a.฀Light฀failure฀–฀encourage฀divers฀to฀carry฀backup฀ lights. b.฀Disorientation฀–฀easier฀to฀lose฀your฀way฀in฀the฀dark. c.฀ Diver฀familiarity฀–฀night฀diving฀isn’t฀difficult,฀but฀it฀ can฀be฀stressful฀to฀a฀diver฀who฀has฀never฀done฀it. d.฀Timing฀–฀some฀divers฀prefer฀to฀enter฀water฀with฀some฀ daylight฀so฀it฀gets฀dark฀during฀the฀dive฀while฀others฀prefer฀a฀later฀dive฀to฀see฀nocturnal฀organisms.฀It฀ sometimes฀helps฀to฀plan฀the฀dive฀so฀everyone฀sets฀up฀ gear฀during฀daylight. 3.฀ Procedures a.฀Supervision฀is฀generally฀effective฀from฀boat฀or฀shore฀ because฀you฀can฀see฀glow฀of฀dive฀lights฀a฀long฀way. b.฀Briefing฀usually฀includes฀these฀reminders฀–฀watch฀ depth,฀time,฀direction฀and฀air฀more฀frequently฀than฀ usual,฀maintain฀good฀buoyancy฀control฀to฀reduce฀silt,฀ to฀avoid฀damage฀to฀the฀environment฀and฀avoid฀contact฀with฀potentially฀harmful฀organisms,฀plan฀to฀stay฀ closer฀to฀exit฀to฀simplify฀navigation,฀be฀careful฀not฀to฀ shine฀lights฀in฀eyes฀of฀supervisors/other฀divers฀during฀ entries฀and฀exits. c.฀ Emergency฀plans฀generally฀need฀to฀include฀assuring฀ that฀rescuers฀have฀lights/personal฀markers฀so฀they฀can฀ be฀tracked฀in฀the฀water. H.฀Cold฀water฀diving฀activities฀ 1.฀ Equipment a.฀Exposure฀protection฀–฀full฀wet฀suit฀that฀double฀layers฀ torso฀area฀(6฀or฀7฀mm/1/4฀in)฀with฀hood฀and฀boots,฀or฀ dry฀suits฀with฀undergarment฀rated฀for฀water฀temperature฀and฀recommended฀hood.฀Gloves฀usually฀required฀ in฀all฀cases. b.฀Weight฀systems฀–฀cold฀water฀exposure฀suits฀require฀ lots฀of฀weight.฀Weight฀system฀needs฀to฀accommodate฀ weight฀in฀a฀manner฀that฀allows฀dumping฀enough฀ quickly฀to฀attain฀positive฀buoyancy.

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c.฀ Pre/post฀dive฀wear฀–฀maintaining฀body฀heat฀before฀and฀after฀dive฀requires฀proper฀exposure฀protection฀for฀air฀temperature. 2.฀ Concerns a.฀Diver฀comfort฀–฀cold฀divers฀aren’t฀having฀fun. b.฀Hypothermia฀–฀divers฀who฀over-cool฀may฀suffer฀ hypothermia.฀ c.฀ Dry฀suit฀use฀–฀divers฀who฀have฀never฀used฀a฀dry฀ suit฀should฀seek฀an฀orientation฀or฀training฀when฀ using฀one฀for฀the฀first฀time. 3.฀ Procedures a.฀Briefings฀usually฀remind฀divers฀to฀stay฀warm฀ before฀and฀after฀dives,฀and฀to฀end฀the฀dive฀if฀they฀ begin฀shivering฀uncontrollably. b.฀If฀divers฀seem฀insufficiently฀protected,฀advise฀ them฀accordingly. c.฀ Divers฀need฀to฀be฀sure฀that฀weight฀systems฀are฀ clear฀for฀release,฀and฀that฀they฀won’t฀release฀accidentally฀and฀cause฀a฀runaway฀ascent.฀ d.฀Supervisory฀personnel฀who฀may฀have฀to฀enter฀ water฀in฀an฀emergency฀need฀to฀account฀for฀water฀ temperature฀and฀exposure฀protection฀in฀emergency฀planning. e.฀ Emergency฀planning฀will฀generally฀include฀how฀ to฀handle฀a฀diver฀with฀hypothermia.฀ f.฀ Plan฀dives฀and฀surface฀intervals฀to฀allow฀sufficient฀ rewarming฀between฀dives. g.฀ It’s฀a฀good฀idea฀to฀remind฀divers฀to฀plan฀cold฀ water฀dives฀with฀a฀depth฀4฀metres/10฀feet฀deeper฀ than฀actual฀on฀the฀RDP,฀or฀as฀instructed฀by฀their฀ computer฀manufacturer. I.฀ Enriched฀air฀and฀technical฀diving ฀ [Refer฀candidates฀to฀the฀PADI฀Enriched฀Air฀Diver฀course฀ materials,฀and฀the฀Encyclopedia฀of฀Recreational฀Diving฀] 1.฀ For฀the฀purposes฀of฀this฀discussion,฀“enriched฀air฀ diving”฀is฀the฀use฀of฀enriched฀air฀for฀no฀stop฀recreational฀diving฀to฀depths฀of฀40฀metres/130฀feet฀or฀less.฀ “Technical฀diving”฀is฀noncommercial฀diving฀using฀ extensive฀equipment฀and฀procedures฀to฀make฀dives฀ beyond฀the฀no฀stop฀limits฀or฀deeper฀than฀40฀metres/130฀feet. 2.฀ Enriched฀Air฀Equipment a.฀Dedicated฀cylinders฀–฀Enriched฀air฀cylinders฀are฀ usually฀assigned฀to฀a฀specific฀diver. 3-52฀

Three:฀Knowledge฀Development

b.฀Manufacturers฀recommendation฀–฀many฀manufacturers฀have฀specific฀recommendations฀for฀using฀ their฀equipment฀with฀enriched฀air฀with฀respect฀to฀ the฀need฀for฀oxygen฀cleaning. c.฀ Special฀tables/computers฀–฀tables฀designed฀for฀enriched฀air฀use฀and฀special฀enriched฀air฀computers฀ may฀be฀used. 3.฀ Technical฀Diving฀Equipment฀–฀equipment฀is฀extensive฀and฀varies฀with฀the฀specific฀technical฀diving฀ activity.฀Commonly฀includes,฀but฀isn’t฀limited฀to: a.฀Double฀cylinders฀(may฀have฀helium฀blends฀or฀ enriched฀air) b.฀Stage฀bottles฀–฀single฀tanks฀worn฀on฀the฀side,฀often฀for฀decompression฀purposes฀ c.฀ Specialized฀high฀capacity฀BCDs d.฀Three฀or฀more฀regulators฀per฀diver e.฀ Lift฀bags,฀lines,฀and฀reels 4.฀ Concerns a.฀Separating฀equipment฀–฀keeping฀divers฀from฀inadvertently฀using฀enriched฀air฀or฀other฀cylinders฀ dedicated฀to฀technical฀divers.฀Enriched฀air฀divers฀ always฀personally฀verify฀the฀oxygen฀content฀of฀ the฀cylinder฀they฀will฀use,฀so฀divers฀can’t฀grab฀just฀ any฀tank฀available. b.฀Separating฀activities฀–฀recreational฀divers฀need฀ to฀understand฀that฀technical฀divers฀follow฀different฀and฀more฀complex฀procedures฀and,฀therefore,฀ have฀differing฀rules฀and฀limits.฀They฀should฀not฀ attempt฀to฀follow฀technical฀divers฀on฀the฀dive. c.฀ Qualifications฀–฀enriched฀air฀divers฀are฀expected฀ to฀be฀certified฀before฀using฀enriched฀air.฀Technical฀ divers฀may฀be฀certified฀in฀their฀particular฀activity฀ or฀have฀other฀experience/qualification.฀ d.฀Beyond฀help฀–฀technical฀divers฀frequently฀take฀ themselves฀into฀situations฀in฀which฀there฀is฀no฀ practical฀way฀to฀respond฀(overhead฀environment,฀ extreme฀depth)฀This฀is฀part฀of฀the฀risk฀they฀accept฀ as฀individuals. 5.฀ Enriched฀Air฀Diving฀Procedures a.฀Enriched฀air฀divers฀usually฀try฀to฀buddy฀together฀ to฀take฀advantage฀of฀longer฀no฀stop฀time. b.฀Enriched฀air฀divers฀may฀have฀shallower฀depth฀ limit฀depending฀on฀the฀blend฀they฀use.

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c.฀ May฀be฀useful฀to฀ask฀divers฀to฀be฀back฀by฀a฀specific฀time฀that฀balances฀enriched฀air฀diver’s฀longer฀ no฀stop฀time฀with฀consideration฀for฀other฀divers฀ waiting. d.฀When฀diving฀in฀multiple฀groups,฀it’s฀common฀to฀ get฀enriched฀air฀divers฀into฀water฀first฀so฀there’s฀ less฀gap฀between฀when฀they฀return฀and฀when฀ other฀return. e.฀ Aside฀from฀depth฀and฀time฀limits,฀and฀equipment฀ considerations,฀other฀enriched฀air฀dive฀procedures฀ are฀the฀same฀as฀those฀for฀air฀recreational฀diving.

Note฀to฀candidates:฀No฀dive฀operation฀is฀under฀any฀obligation฀ to฀accept฀and฀supervise฀technical฀diving฀if฀it฀doesn’t฀wish฀to.฀ This฀policy฀should฀be฀clear฀to฀potential฀technical฀divers฀well฀in฀ advance฀of฀the฀dive.฀In฀addition,฀exceeding฀recreational฀diving฀ limits฀without฀using฀specific฀equipment฀and฀procedures฀to฀manage฀the฀added฀risk฀is฀not฀considered฀technical฀diving;฀If฀your฀operation฀caters฀to฀technical฀divers,฀the฀operation฀is฀not฀obligated฀ to฀accept฀individuals฀who฀want฀to฀disregard฀both฀accepted฀safe฀ diving฀practices฀and฀accepted฀technical฀diving฀practices. 5.฀ Technical฀Diving฀Procedures a.฀Technical฀divers฀may฀have฀depth฀and฀time฀limits฀ very฀different฀from฀recreational฀divers.฀It’s฀common฀to฀ask฀technical฀divers฀when฀to฀expect฀to฀ find฀them฀at฀a฀certain฀point,฀such฀as฀decompressing. b.฀While฀its฀not฀unusual฀to฀confirm฀a฀recreational฀ diver’s฀tank฀valve฀is฀open,฀the฀general฀practice฀in฀ technical฀diving฀to฀not฀touch฀any฀equipment฀unless฀asked฀by฀the฀diver. c.฀ Technical฀divers฀may฀have฀special฀support฀requests,฀such฀as฀having฀someone฀check฀on฀them฀ during฀decompression฀(within฀recreational฀ depths)฀Both฀you฀and฀the฀divers฀need฀to฀agree฀on฀ what฀will฀and฀won’t฀be฀possible฀in฀this฀regard. d.฀If฀technical฀divers฀tell฀you฀they฀will฀be฀leaving฀ stage฀bottles฀unattended฀within฀recreational฀limits฀(common฀for฀wreck฀penetration),฀it’s฀a฀good฀ precaution฀to฀remind฀recreational฀divers฀that฀ such฀equipment฀isn’t฀abandoned฀and฀should฀be฀ left฀alone. 3-54฀

Three:฀Knowledge฀Development

Topic฀3฀–฀Assisting฀with฀ Student฀Divers฀in฀Training Recommended฀Materials฀and฀Methods฀฀ for฀Covering฀This฀Topic The฀PADI฀Divemaster฀Video฀and฀the฀Divemaster฀Manual฀cover฀much฀of฀the฀ material฀in฀this฀topic.฀Preferably,฀have฀candidates฀watch฀the฀video,฀read฀ Chapter฀3฀and฀complete฀the฀Knowledge฀Review฀prior฀to฀this฀presentation.฀ Your฀presentation฀is฀important฀in฀this฀topic฀because฀it฀includes฀discussions฀ that฀will฀be฀the฀basis฀for฀assisting฀with฀student฀divers฀in฀training.฀This฀is฀a฀ long฀topic,฀so฀you฀may฀want฀to฀plan฀breaks฀in฀the฀presentation,฀or฀deliver฀ the฀presentation฀in฀two฀or฀more฀sessions. You’ll฀introduce฀and฀refer฀to฀the฀PADI฀Instructor฀Manual฀in฀this฀presentation.฀Encourage฀candidates฀to฀have฀personal฀copies฀of฀the฀manual.

Presentation฀ Overview฀and฀Learning฀Objectives ฀ I.฀ The฀Instructor/Assistant฀Relationship Overview ■ ■ The฀Instructor/Assistant฀Relationship The฀Instructor/Assistant฀Relationship ■ ■ The฀Student฀Diver/Assistant The฀Student฀Diver/Assistant

1.฀ What฀is฀the฀primary฀role฀of฀a฀PADI฀Divemaster฀ compared฀to฀that฀of฀a฀PADI฀Instructor฀in฀an฀instructional฀setting?

฀฀

2.฀ What฀seven฀functions฀may฀a฀divemaster฀fulfill฀as฀ an฀instructional฀assistant฀in฀confined฀and฀open฀ water?

฀฀

3.฀ What฀is฀the฀primary฀characteristic฀that฀makes฀a฀ PADI฀Divemaster฀an฀ideal฀instructional฀assistant?

฀฀

4.฀ What฀is฀a฀“mentor฀relationship”฀between฀the฀instructor฀and฀you?

฀฀

5.฀ What฀are฀four฀reasons฀why฀a฀PADI฀Divemaster฀ benefits฀by฀having฀a฀personal฀copy฀of฀the฀PADI฀Instructor฀Manual?

�

฀

Relationship Relationship �

■ ■ PADI฀Cer PADI฀Cer tified฀Assistant tified฀Assistant ฀

Responsibilities Responsibilities � ■ ■ Control,฀Super Control,฀Supervision฀and฀Logistics vision฀and฀Logistics � ■ ■ Demonstrating฀Skills Demonstrating฀Skills

฀฀

�

■ ■ Assisting฀Student฀Diver Assisting฀Student฀Diver

s฀with฀Pr s฀with฀Problems oblems DM฀3฀-฀ DM฀3฀-฀22

฀ II.฀ The฀Student฀Diver/Assistant฀Relationship ฀฀

6.฀ What฀is฀your฀primary฀role฀in฀the฀relationship฀between฀you฀and฀student฀divers฀in฀training?

฀III.฀ PADI฀Certified฀Assistant฀Responsibilities ฀฀

7.฀ With฀respect฀to฀PADI฀programs,฀what฀is฀meant฀by฀ a฀“certified฀assistant”?

฀฀

8.฀ Under฀PADI฀Standards,฀what฀can฀a฀certified฀assistant฀do?

Divemaster฀Course฀Instructor฀Guide฀

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฀IV.฀ Control,฀Supervision฀and฀Logistics ฀฀

9.฀ How฀does฀positioning฀affect฀your฀ability฀to฀assist฀ with฀student฀diver฀control?

฀

10.฀ What฀are฀two฀common฀examples฀of฀Open฀Water฀ Diver฀course฀student฀arrangement฀for฀skill฀practice฀and฀assistant฀positionings,฀and฀what฀are฀their฀ advantages฀and฀disadvantages฀with฀respect฀to฀your฀ role?

฀

11.฀ What฀are฀five฀examples฀of฀logistical฀functions฀you฀ can฀perform฀to฀assist฀with฀diver฀training฀at฀the฀surface,฀and฀what฀are฀five฀examples฀of฀logistical฀functions฀you฀can฀perform฀to฀assist฀with฀diver฀training฀ underwater?

฀ V.฀ Demonstrating฀Skills ฀

12.฀ When฀would฀a฀PADI฀Divemaster฀demonstrate฀a฀ skill,฀and฀for฀what฀reasons?

฀

13.฀ What฀are฀the฀characteristics฀of฀a฀demonstration฀ quality฀skill?

฀

14.฀ What฀are฀the฀20฀basic฀skills฀of฀the฀PADI฀Skill฀Evaluation?

฀

15.฀ How฀do฀you฀develop฀demonstration฀quality฀skills?

฀VI.฀ Assisting฀Student฀Divers฀with฀Problems ฀

16.฀ What฀common฀problems฀may฀you฀encounter฀as฀ student฀divers฀develop฀skills฀in฀confined฀and฀open฀ water?

฀

17.฀ What฀four฀steps฀can฀you฀take฀to฀help฀a฀student฀ diver฀master฀a฀dive฀skill?

฀

18.฀ Where฀do฀you฀find฀skill฀performance฀requirements฀ student฀divers฀must฀master฀for฀PADI฀courses?

Outline ฀ I.฀ The฀Instructor/Assistant฀Relationship A.฀What฀is฀the฀primary฀role฀of฀a฀PADI฀Divemaster฀ compared฀to฀that฀of฀a฀PADI฀Instructor฀in฀an฀ instructional฀setting? 1.฀ PADI฀Divemasters฀are฀not฀authorized฀to฀teach฀scuba฀ courses.฀(You’ll฀learn฀about฀programs฀you฀can฀conduct฀in฀Topic฀9฀–฀Divemaster฀Conducted฀Programs.) 2.฀ As฀a฀PADI฀Divemaster,฀you฀can฀enhance฀the฀efficiency฀of฀PADI฀Diver฀courses฀by฀assisting฀a฀PADI฀Instructor. 3-56฀

What is the primary role of a PADI Divemast er in an instructional setting? ฀ ฀

Handling Logistics ฀ Assisting With Students

Three:฀Knowledge฀Development

DM฀3฀-฀ DM฀3฀-฀33

What functions may a divemaster fulfill? ■ ■ Supervise฀predive฀and฀� Supervise฀predive฀and฀�

postdive฀activities� postdive฀activities�

■ ■ Watch฀students฀� Watch฀students฀�

not฀under฀the฀� not฀under฀the฀� instructor’s฀control� instructor’s฀control�

■ ■ Handle฀logistics� Handle฀logistics� ■ ■ Conduct฀tours Conduct฀tours

DM฀3฀-฀ DM฀3฀-฀44

continued... continued...

Divemaster functions... ■ ■ Advise฀instructor฀about฀ Advise฀instructor฀about฀

student฀performance� student฀performance�

■ ■ Check฀students฀in฀and฀out฀ Check฀students฀in฀and฀out฀

of฀the฀water� of฀the฀water�

■ ■ Assist฀students฀� Assist฀students฀�

who฀are฀having฀� who฀are฀having฀� difficulty difficulty

DM฀3฀-฀ DM฀3฀-฀55

What charact eristic makes ฀ a divemast er an ideal instructional assistant? ฀ ฀

Anticipate and Provide

DM฀3฀-฀ DM฀3฀-฀6 6

What is a mentor relationship? DM฀3฀-฀ DM฀3฀-฀77

Divemaster฀Course฀Instructor฀Guide฀

3.฀ In฀assisting฀with฀a฀course,฀you’re฀part฀of฀a฀team฀led฀ by฀the฀PADI฀Instructor.฀It’s฀your฀job฀to฀support฀the฀ instructor’s฀decisions฀and฀efforts. 4.฀ In฀an฀instructional฀setting,฀your฀primary฀role,฀under฀the฀instructor’s฀direction,฀is฀handling฀logistics฀ and฀assisting฀with฀student฀diver฀supervision.฀The฀ instructor’s฀primary฀role฀is฀to฀focus฀on฀teaching฀and฀ individual฀student฀diver฀learning.฀ B.฀What฀seven฀functions฀may฀a฀divemaster฀fulfill฀ as฀an฀instructional฀assistant฀in฀confined฀and฀ open฀water? 1.฀ Supervise฀the฀predive฀equipment฀distribution฀to฀ student฀divers,฀postdive฀equipment฀collection,฀and฀ handling฀equipment฀difficulties. 2.฀ Supervise฀student฀divers฀not฀being฀immediately฀ watched฀by฀the฀instructor. 3.฀ Handle฀logistics฀and฀coordinate฀student฀diver฀flow฀ to฀keep฀things฀moving฀during฀training. 4.฀ Conduct฀the฀tour฀for฀experience฀portion฀of฀dives. 5.฀ Provide฀the฀instructor฀with฀additional฀information฀ about฀student฀diver฀performance. 6.฀ Check฀divers฀in฀and฀out฀of฀the฀water฀at฀a฀training฀ site. 7.฀ Help฀student฀divers฀with฀learning฀difficulties฀on฀an฀ individual฀basis. C.฀[Ask฀candidates,฀based฀on฀the฀previous฀list,฀“What฀is฀ the฀primary฀characteristic฀that฀makes฀a฀PADI฀ Divemaster฀an฀ideal฀instructional฀assistant?”฀ Start฀a฀discussion฀that฀identifies฀characteristics฀and฀ leads฀to฀the฀following฀conclusion:] ฀ The฀primary฀characteristic฀that฀makes฀a฀PADI฀Divemaster฀an฀ideal฀instructional฀assistant฀is฀anticipating฀ and฀providing฀what฀is฀needed฀by฀the฀instructor฀to฀meet฀ the฀needs฀of฀student฀divers. D.฀What฀is฀a฀“mentor฀relationship”฀between฀the฀ instructor฀and฀you? 1.฀ Your฀relationship฀with฀me฀[the฀instructor]฀will฀be฀more฀ of฀a฀mentor฀relationship฀than฀simply฀a฀teacher-student฀ diver฀relationship.฀This฀means฀I’m฀trying฀to฀guide฀or฀ coach฀you฀toward฀the฀ranks฀of฀PADI฀Assistant฀Instructor฀and฀Instructor.฀This฀relationship฀extends฀beyond฀ this฀course฀and฀applies฀to฀any฀instructor฀you฀may฀assist.฀ 2.฀ A฀mentor฀relationship฀benefits฀you฀by: 3-57

a.฀Giving฀you฀hands-on฀experience฀with฀student฀divers฀in฀training. b.฀Helping฀you฀learn฀about฀decision฀making฀and฀ judgment฀by฀giving฀you฀access฀to฀the฀instructor’s฀ experience฀and฀thinking. c.฀ Letting฀you฀learn฀to฀handle฀the฀logistics฀and฀other฀ duties฀under฀an฀instructor’s฀ultimate฀responsibility฀ –฀the฀same฀responsibilities฀you฀will฀have฀later฀as฀ an฀instructor. E.฀ What฀are฀four฀reasons฀why฀a฀PADI฀Divemaster฀฀ benefits฀by฀having฀a฀personal฀copy฀of฀the฀PADI฀ Instructor฀Manual? 1.฀ The฀manual฀gives฀you฀access฀to฀the฀standards฀the฀ instructors฀you฀assist฀follow.฀This฀makes฀you฀more฀ effective฀as฀an฀assistant. 2.฀ The฀manual฀gives฀you฀access฀to฀standards฀for฀programs฀you฀can฀conduct฀independently฀as฀a฀PADI฀ Divemaster฀(more฀about฀these฀in฀Topic฀9).฀This฀gives฀ you฀additional฀opportunities฀beyond฀supervising฀ certified฀divers฀and฀assisting฀with฀classes. 3.฀ Becoming฀familiar฀with฀using฀the฀manual฀is฀a฀required฀skill฀of฀a฀PADI฀Instructor.฀Starting฀now฀gives฀ you฀a฀head฀start฀on฀the฀process. 4.฀ As฀a฀PADI฀Divemaster,฀you฀will฀receive฀the฀Training฀ Bulletin฀and฀other฀updates฀to฀the฀manual.฀This฀permits฀you฀to฀stay฀current฀and฀informed฀on฀training฀ standards.

Why should you have a ฀ PADI Instructor Manual ? ■ ■ Access฀to฀PADI฀Standards� Access฀to฀PADI฀Standards� ■ ■ Access฀to฀guidelines฀for฀programs฀ Access฀to฀guidelines฀for฀programs฀

you฀can฀conduct฀independently� you฀can฀conduct฀independently�

■ ■ Preparation฀for฀becoming฀a฀� Preparation฀for฀becoming฀a฀�

PADI฀Instructor� PADI฀Instructor�

■ ■ Staying฀current฀–฀incorporate฀ Staying฀current฀–฀incorporate฀

changes฀and฀announcements changes฀and฀announcements

DM฀3฀-฀ DM฀3฀-฀8 8

฀ II.฀ The฀Student฀Diver/Assistant฀Relationship A.฀What฀is฀your฀primary฀role฀in฀the฀relationship฀ between฀you฀and฀student฀divers฀in฀training? 1.฀ The฀relationship฀between฀you฀and฀student฀divers฀is฀ similar฀to,฀but฀not฀identical฀to,฀the฀relationship฀between฀student฀divers฀and฀the฀instructor. 2.฀ Your฀primary฀role฀in฀this฀relationship฀is฀as฀a฀role฀ model฀and฀as฀an฀intermediary฀between฀the฀student฀ divers฀and฀the฀instructor.฀Fulfilling฀this฀role฀includes: a.฀Behaving฀as฀a฀role฀model฀consistent฀with฀PADI฀ Standards฀and฀the฀instructor.฀Student฀divers฀learn฀ as฀much฀(or฀more)฀by฀what฀they฀see฀you฀do฀as฀ from฀what฀they’re฀told฀to฀do.฀Make฀good฀dive฀ habits฀conspicuous฀so฀they’re฀imitated฀and฀ideally,฀don’t฀have฀any฀bad฀ones. b.฀Listening฀to฀concerns฀and฀problems.฀As฀a฀dive3-58฀

What is your relationship with students? ■ ■ Act฀as฀a฀r ole฀model � ■ ■ Listen฀to฀concerns฀and฀pr

oblems� oblems�

■ ■ Keep฀training฀enjo yable� yable� ■ ■ Help฀new฀divers฀dive฀as ฀�

soon฀as฀possib le

Three:฀Knowledge฀Development

DM฀3฀-฀ DM฀3฀-฀99

master,฀you’re฀closer฀to฀the฀student’s฀level฀and฀ may฀appear฀less฀threatening฀to฀talk฀to฀than฀the฀ instructor.฀You฀take฀these฀concerns฀to฀the฀instructor,฀as฀appropriate. c.฀ Keeping฀training฀enjoyable.฀People฀learn฀to฀dive฀ to฀have฀fun,฀so฀you฀need฀to฀help฀make฀the฀training฀process฀fun.฀[Ask฀candidates฀to฀suggest฀ways฀ to฀keep฀training฀fun฀while฀adhering฀to฀the฀needs฀ of฀safety฀and฀training฀requirements.] d.฀Doing฀all฀you฀can฀to฀get฀new฀divers฀diving฀as฀ soon฀as฀possible.฀Diver฀education฀is฀increasingly฀ emphasizing฀diving฀as฀soon฀as฀possible.฀Independent฀study฀helps฀minimize฀formal฀class฀sessions฀ and฀increases฀interaction฀with฀instructional฀and฀ dive฀operation฀staff฀to฀fulfill฀personal฀needs. B.฀Part฀of฀the฀performance฀criteria฀for฀the฀Practical฀Application฀Internship฀or฀Practical฀Training฀Exercises฀2฀and฀ 3฀include฀fulfilling฀your฀relationship฀with฀the฀instructor,฀and฀with฀the฀student฀divers.

฀ III.฀ PADI฀Certified฀Assistant฀Responsibilities What is a cer tified assistant? ฀ ฀

A renewed PADI Instructor, ฀ PADI Assistant Instructor ฀ or PADI Divemaster DM฀3฀-฀ 10 DM฀3฀-฀10

Divemaster฀Course฀Instructor฀Guide฀

A.฀With฀respect฀to฀PADI฀programs,฀what฀is฀meant฀ by฀a฀“certified฀assistant”? 1.฀฀Under฀PADI฀Standards,฀a฀certified฀assistant฀is฀a฀renewed฀PADI฀Instructor,฀PADI฀Assistant฀Instructor฀or฀ PADI฀Divemaster.฀Individuals฀in฀nonrenewed฀status,฀ who฀are฀inactive,฀or฀who฀are฀suspended,฀expelled฀ or฀on฀administrative฀hold฀cannot฀function฀as฀PADI฀ certified฀assistants. 2.฀ Instructors,฀assistants฀or฀divemasters฀from฀other฀ training฀organizations฀do฀not฀qualify฀as฀certified฀assistants.฀ 3.฀฀PADI฀Divemaster฀candidates฀do฀not฀qualify฀as฀certified฀assistants.฀[Explain฀to฀candidates฀who฀will฀ participate฀in฀the฀Practical฀Application฀Internship฀ that฀they฀will฀work฀with฀actual฀student฀divers.฀However,฀apart฀from฀the฀candidates,฀there฀will฀be฀fully฀ qualified฀instructors฀or฀certified฀assistants฀present฀as฀ required฀by฀standards฀to฀supervise฀the฀student฀divers.] B.฀Under฀PADI฀Standards,฀what฀can฀a฀certified฀assistant฀do? 1.฀ As฀a฀renewed฀PADI฀Divemaster,฀you฀will฀be฀qualified฀to฀act฀as฀a฀certified฀assistant.฀Under฀PADI฀Standards,฀certified฀assistants฀may฀be฀used฀to฀increase฀ 3-59

the฀number฀of฀student฀divers฀and฀perform฀specific฀ functions,฀as฀noted฀by฀each฀course’s฀standards.฀ 2.฀ [Review฀the฀duties฀of฀a฀certified,฀renewed฀PADI฀Divemaster฀in฀Section฀1฀of฀this฀guide.]

฀ IV.฀ Control฀and฀Supervision,฀and฀Logistics A.฀Compared฀with฀supervising฀certified฀divers฀in฀general฀ diving฀activities,฀you฀can฀usually฀apply฀more฀direct฀ control฀when฀supervising฀student฀divers฀in฀training. 1.฀ Usually,฀the฀instructor฀is฀responsible฀for฀maintaining฀ control.฀You฀are฀one฀of฀the฀resources฀the฀instructor฀ uses฀to฀do฀so. 2.฀ In฀many฀training฀situations,฀your฀role฀is฀to฀maintain฀ control฀and฀respond฀to฀problems฀for฀the฀bulk฀of฀student฀divers฀while฀the฀instructor฀works฀with฀a฀single฀ student. 3.฀ Through฀practice฀and฀experience,฀you฀learn฀techniques฀that฀let฀you฀supervise฀the฀group,฀while฀permitting฀the฀instructor฀to฀direct฀the฀overall฀activities.฀ B.฀How฀does฀positioning฀affect฀your฀ability฀to฀assist฀with฀student฀diver฀control? 1.฀ Positioning฀affects฀how฀close฀you฀are฀to฀student฀divers฀and฀your฀ability฀to฀see฀them. 2.฀ Good฀positioning: a.฀Where฀you฀can฀see฀the฀entire฀group,฀and฀the฀instructor. b.฀Where฀you฀can฀quickly฀respond฀to฀a฀student฀diver฀ who฀has฀problems. c.฀ Where฀you฀can฀direct฀student฀diver฀movement฀to฀ and฀from฀the฀instructor฀(if฀required). d.฀Where฀student฀divers฀can฀alert฀you฀easily฀if฀they฀ need฀your฀assistance. C.฀What฀are฀two฀common฀examples฀of฀Open฀Water฀Diver฀course฀student฀arrangement฀for฀skill฀ practice฀and฀assistant฀positionings,฀and฀what฀ are฀their฀advantages฀and฀disadvantages฀with฀ respect฀to฀your฀role? 1.฀ Example฀1฀—฀student฀divers฀form฀semicircle฀or฀line฀ with฀instructor฀centered฀in฀front;฀you฀supervise฀ from฀behind฀–฀directly฀opposite฀instructor.฀Typically,฀ instructor฀moves฀from฀student฀to฀student฀to฀conduct฀ exercises.฀ a.฀Advantage฀–฀you฀can฀see฀entire฀group฀and฀instructor,฀and฀you’re฀close฀to฀all฀student฀divers. 3-60฀

Control and Supervision ฀ — Good Positioning CA฀=฀Cer CA฀=฀Certified฀� tified฀�

CA

SSS S S

I

Example฀#1

CA

฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀Assistant ฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀Assistant � S฀=฀Student฀Div S฀=฀Student฀Div er� er� I฀=฀Instructor I฀=฀Instructor

SSSSS

I

Example฀#2

Three:฀Knowledge฀Development

DM฀3฀-฀ DM฀3฀-฀11 11

Logistical Functions ■ ■ What฀logistical฀functions฀can฀you฀ What฀logistical฀functions฀can฀you฀

perform฀at฀the฀surface?� perform฀at฀the฀surface?�

◆ ◆ Coordinate฀students Coordinate฀students �

◆ ◆ Enforce฀safety฀rules Enforce฀safety฀rules � ◆ ◆ Assist฀with฀equipment Assist฀with฀equipment

�

◆ ◆ Help฀students฀prepare Help฀students฀prepare

�

◆ ◆ Escor Escort฀students฀in/out฀of฀the฀water t฀students฀in/out฀of฀the฀water ◆ ◆ Handle฀paperw Handle฀paperw ork ork

�

DM฀3฀-฀ DM฀3฀-฀12 12

What log istical functions can you perform underwat er? ■ ■ Lead฀or฀follow฀the฀class� Lead฀or฀follow฀the฀class� ■ ■ Escort฀students� Escort฀students� ■ ■ Check฀air฀supplies� Check฀air฀supplies� ■ ■ Supervise฀students฀while฀the฀ Supervise฀students฀while฀the฀

instructor฀works฀with฀one฀student� instructor฀works฀with฀one฀student�

■ ■ Assist฀with฀navigation Assist฀with฀navigation

b.฀Disadvantage฀–฀student฀divers฀can’t฀see฀you฀and฀ will฀need฀to฀turn฀around฀to฀get฀your฀attention. 2.฀ Example฀2฀—฀student฀divers฀in฀a฀line฀with฀instructor฀ at฀one฀end,฀you฀at฀the฀other.฀Each฀student฀completes฀ exercise฀and฀swims฀to฀you.฀You฀put฀student฀at฀end฀ of฀line฀and฀line฀moves฀down฀until฀all฀student฀divers฀ complete฀exercise.฀ a.฀Advantage฀–฀you฀can฀see฀entire฀group฀and฀instructor,฀and฀they฀can฀see฀you. b.฀Disadvantages฀–฀you฀are฀at฀one฀end,฀putting฀you฀far฀from฀student฀divers฀at฀other฀end฀ (though฀instructor฀is฀there).฀Student฀divers฀ more฀likely฀to฀kick฀up฀silt,฀affecting฀visibility. 3.฀ There฀are฀variations฀on฀these฀arrangements.฀The฀ instructor฀will฀tell฀you฀which฀system฀to฀use. 4.฀ Whatever฀your฀position,฀maintain฀communication฀ with฀the฀instructor฀to฀reduce฀any฀delays฀the฀instructor฀may฀have฀in฀giving฀you฀directions. D.฀What฀are฀five฀examples฀of฀logistical฀functions฀฀ you฀can฀perform฀to฀assist฀with฀diver฀training฀ at฀the฀surface,฀and฀what฀are฀five฀examples฀of฀ logistical฀functions฀you฀can฀perform฀to฀assist฀ with฀diver฀training฀underwater? 1.฀ Surface฀logistical฀functions: a.฀Coordinate฀student฀divers฀–฀at฀training฀site,฀show฀ students฀where฀to฀go฀and฀what฀to฀do฀(set฀up฀ equipment,฀change฀into฀swimsuit,฀etc.).฀Direct฀ student฀flow฀during฀multiple฀level฀training. b.฀Enforce฀safety฀or฀facility฀rules฀–฀remind฀students฀ not฀to฀run฀in฀pool฀area,฀not฀to฀practice฀scuba฀ skills฀before฀the฀instructor฀covers฀them,฀etc. c.฀ Equipment฀–฀assist฀with฀loading฀and฀unloading฀ of฀vehicles,฀picking฀equipment฀up฀from฀a฀remote฀ site,฀handling฀air฀fills฀between฀dives,฀etc. d.฀Student฀diver฀preparation฀–฀assist฀with฀students฀ gearing฀up฀and฀performing฀initial฀equipment฀ checks. e.฀ Escort฀student฀divers฀in฀and฀out฀of฀the฀water฀or฀to฀ and฀from฀the฀boat฀or฀shore฀to฀the฀float. f.฀ Handle฀paperwork฀–฀assist฀by฀separating฀groups,฀ recording฀scores,฀etc.฀under฀instructor’s฀direction. 3.฀ Underwater฀logistical฀functions฀ a.฀Lead฀or฀follow฀–฀either฀lead฀the฀group฀with฀the฀

DM฀3฀-฀ DM฀3฀-฀13 13

Divemaster฀Course฀Instructor฀Guide฀

3-61

instructor฀taking฀up฀the฀rear,฀or฀take฀up฀the฀rear฀ when฀the฀instructor฀leads. b.฀Escort฀–฀for฀training฀of฀certified฀divers฀in฀many฀ activities฀(specialties),฀the฀instructor฀doesn’t฀need฀ to฀be฀with฀student฀divers.฀You฀can฀escort฀student฀ divers. c.฀ Air฀checks฀–฀reminding฀students฀at฀regular฀intervals฀to฀check฀air.฀Tell฀instructor฀how฀much฀they฀ have. d.฀Standby฀supervisor฀–฀staying฀with฀student฀divers฀if฀ one฀separates,฀such฀as฀when฀the฀instructor฀has฀to฀ assist฀someone฀with฀unequalized฀ears฀and฀rest฀of฀ class฀continues฀descending. e.฀ Navigation฀–฀helping฀keep฀track฀of฀course฀to฀follow฀back฀to฀exit.

฀ V.฀ Demonstrating฀Skills A.฀When฀would฀a฀PADI฀Divemaster฀demonstrate฀a฀ skill,฀and฀for฀what฀reasons? 1.฀ Particularly฀in฀the฀PADI฀Open฀Water฀Diver฀course,฀ the฀instructor฀demonstrates฀skills฀for฀student฀divers.฀ However,฀there฀are฀times฀and฀reasons฀when฀you฀will฀ demonstrate. a.฀To฀assist฀with฀a฀two-person฀demonstration฀–฀skills฀ such฀as฀alternate฀air฀source฀use฀require฀a฀two฀ people. b.฀When฀helping฀a฀student฀diver฀with฀a฀problem฀ learning฀a฀skill฀–฀the฀student฀diver฀would฀have฀ already฀seen฀the฀instructor’s฀demonstration,฀but฀ you฀may฀demonstrate฀additional฀times฀to฀help฀ the฀student฀(more฀about฀helping฀student฀divers฀ shortly). c.฀ To฀maintain฀instructor฀control฀–฀instructor฀may฀ prefer฀at฀times฀to฀keep฀an฀eye฀on฀student฀divers฀ while฀you฀demonstrate.฀The฀instructor฀must฀be฀ confident฀that฀you฀have฀demonstration฀quality฀ skills฀to฀accomplish฀this. B.฀What฀are฀the฀characteristics฀of฀a฀demonstration฀quality฀skill? 1.฀ To฀someone฀unfamiliar฀with฀a฀skill,฀a฀skill฀is฀actually฀a฀series฀of฀key฀subskills฀or฀steps฀performed฀in฀sequence.฀The฀steps฀are฀called฀critical฀attributes฀because฀ without฀them,฀the฀student฀diver฀will฀not฀be฀able฀to฀ perform฀the฀skill฀correctly. 3-62฀

Demonstrating Skills ■ ■ When฀would฀a฀divemaster฀ When฀would฀a฀divemaster฀

demonstrate฀skills?� demonstrate฀skills?�

■ ■ What฀are฀the฀characteristics฀of฀a฀ What฀are฀the฀characteristics฀of฀a฀

demonstration฀quality฀skill?� demonstration฀quality฀skill?�

◆ ◆ Slow� Slow� ◆ ◆ Emphasiz Emphasiz es฀critical฀attrib es฀critical฀attrib utes� utes� ◆ ◆ Shows฀sequence Shows฀sequence � ◆ ◆ Easily฀seen Easily฀seen�

◆ ◆ Fluid,฀mastered฀and฀automatic Fluid,฀mastered฀and฀automatic

Three:฀Knowledge฀Development

DM฀3฀-฀ 14 DM฀3฀-฀14

What 18 skills are part of the PADI Skill Evaluation? Equipment฀Preparation Equipment฀Preparation Predive฀Saf Predive฀Saf ety฀Chec ety฀Chec kk Deep฀Water฀Entr Deep฀Water฀Entr yy

Remo Remove/Replace฀Scuba ve/Replace฀Scuba Hover Hover Buddy฀Breathing฀(stationar Buddy฀Breathing฀(stationar y) y)

Buoyancy฀Chec Buoyancy฀Checkk

Buddy฀Breathing฀(s Buddy฀Breathing฀(s wimming) wimming) � donor฀and฀receiver donor฀and฀receiver

Five฀P Five฀Point฀Descent oint฀Descent

Mask฀Remo Mask฀Remo val/Replacement val/Replacement

Remo Remove/Replace฀ ve/Replace฀ Weights Weights

Alternate฀Air฀Sour Alternate฀Air฀Sour ce฀Use ce฀Use Contr Controlled฀Emer olled฀Emer gency฀� gency฀� Swimming฀Ascent Swimming฀Ascent

Fin฀Piv Fin฀Pivot ot Five฀P Five฀Point฀Ascent oint฀Ascent Snorkel-Regulator฀Exc Snorkel-Regulator฀Exc hang hangee

Free฀Flo Free฀Flow฀� w฀� Regulator฀Breathing Regulator฀Breathing DM฀3฀-฀ 15 DM฀3฀-฀15

Divemaster฀Course฀Instructor฀Guide฀

2.฀ A฀demonstration฀quality฀skill฀performance฀is฀conducting฀a฀skill฀in฀a฀manner฀that฀allows฀student฀divers฀to฀ learn฀how฀to฀perform฀the฀skill฀themselves.฀It฀has฀these฀ characteristics: a.฀Slow฀–฀You฀perform฀it฀slowly฀so฀that฀student฀divers฀ can฀see฀the฀details฀of฀the฀skill. b.฀Critical฀attribute฀emphasis฀–฀You฀emphasize฀critical฀attributes,฀especially฀those฀that฀may฀be฀easy฀ to฀miss฀by฀someone฀who฀has฀never฀performed฀the฀ skill. c.฀ Sequence฀emphasis฀–฀You฀emphasize฀critical฀attribute฀sequence฀when฀it฀is฀important฀to฀the฀skill. d.฀Adequately฀seen฀–฀You฀perform฀it฀so฀all฀student฀ divers฀can฀see฀it฀adequately,฀repeating฀if฀necessary฀ to฀show฀more฀than฀one฀angle,฀or฀so฀all฀student฀divers฀in฀a฀group฀can฀see฀it. e.฀ Mastered฀and฀automatic฀–฀You฀not฀only฀perform฀ the฀skill฀correctly,฀but฀fluidly฀with฀little฀or฀no฀conscious฀attention฀to฀the฀steps.฀The฀skill฀is฀automatic. D.฀What฀are฀the฀20฀basic฀skills฀of฀the฀PADI฀Skill฀ Evaluation? ฀1.฀ ฀Equipment฀assembly,฀adjustment,฀preparation,฀฀ donning฀and฀disassembly ฀ 2.฀ Predive฀safety฀check฀(BWRAF) ฀ 3.฀ Deep฀water฀entry ฀ 4.฀ Buoyancy฀check฀at฀surface ฀ 5.฀ Snorkel-regulator/regulator฀snorkel฀exchange ฀6.฀ Five฀point฀descent ฀7.฀ Regulator฀recovery฀and฀clearing ฀8.฀ Mask฀removal,฀replacement฀and฀clearing ฀9.฀ Air฀depletion฀exercise฀and฀alternate฀air฀source฀use฀ stationary 10.฀ Freeflow฀regulator฀breathing 11.฀ Fin฀pivot฀(neutral฀buoyancy) 12.฀ Five฀point฀ascent 13.฀ Remove฀and฀replace฀weight฀system฀on฀the฀surface 14.฀ Controlled฀Emergency฀Swimming฀Ascent฀(CESA) 15.฀ Hovering฀motionless 16.฀ Underwater฀swim฀without฀a฀mask 17.฀ Remove฀and฀replace฀weight฀system฀underwater 18.฀ Remove฀and฀replace฀scuba฀unit฀underwater 19.฀ Remove฀and฀replace฀scuba฀unit฀on฀the฀surface 20.฀ Buddy฀breathing฀stationary฀and฀swimming฀(donor฀ and฀receiver) 3-63

E.฀ How฀do฀you฀develop฀demonstration฀quality฀ skills? 1.฀ Watch฀demonstrations฀of฀the฀skills฀(instructor,฀PADI฀ Open฀Water฀Diver฀Video฀or฀Multimedia,฀etc.)฀and฀note฀ the฀critical฀attributes.฀The฀Skill฀Evaluation฀Slate฀and฀ Divemaster฀slate฀lists฀all฀20฀of฀the฀skills฀for฀reference฀ in฀confined฀water. 2.฀ Consult฀the฀PADI฀Instructor฀Manual฀for฀the฀performance฀requirements฀of฀each฀skill.฀[Explain฀to฀candidates฀that฀demonstrations฀don’t฀always฀have฀to฀ meet฀all฀performance฀requirements.฀For฀example,฀ student฀divers฀perform฀freeflow฀regulator฀breathing฀ for฀30฀seconds,฀but฀you฀can฀demonstrate฀the฀skill฀for฀ a฀shorter฀period.] 3.฀ Practice a.฀Only฀way฀to฀master฀a฀motor฀skills฀is฀through฀ repeated฀practice฀with฀knowledge฀of฀results฀(how฀ well฀you฀perform฀the฀skill). b.฀If฀you฀can’t฀assess฀your฀performance฀(was฀it฀slow฀ enough,฀etc.),฀practice฀with฀someone฀who฀can฀tell฀ you฀how฀you’re฀doing. c.฀ Practice฀until฀each฀skill฀is฀fluid฀and฀automatic.

How do you develop demonstration quality skills? ■ ■

Observe� Observe�

■ ■

Consult� Consult�

■ ■

Practice DM฀3฀-฀ 16 DM฀3฀-฀16

฀ VI.฀ Assisting฀Student฀Divers฀with฀Problems A.฀Helping฀student฀divers฀with฀problems฀is฀an฀important฀ role฀of฀a฀training฀assistant. 1.฀ You฀may฀need฀to฀assist฀student฀divers฀with฀problems฀ when฀they฀occur,฀especially฀if฀the฀instructor฀is฀working฀with฀another฀student฀diver. 2.฀ You฀may฀work฀with฀student฀divers฀who฀need฀additional฀time฀to฀master฀a฀skill฀while฀instructor฀continues฀with฀the฀rest฀of฀the฀class. B.฀What฀common฀problems฀may฀you฀encounter฀ as฀student฀divers฀develop฀skills฀in฀confined฀and฀ open฀water? 1.฀ Most฀student฀diver฀problems฀are฀predictable,฀so฀with฀ training฀and฀experience฀you’ll฀know฀appropriate฀ responses฀in฀advance. 2.฀ [Discuss฀potential฀student฀problems฀with฀the฀following฀skills.฀Encourage฀candidates฀to฀mention฀problems฀they’ve฀seen฀during฀their฀diving฀experiences฀ and฀refer฀them฀to฀the฀list฀in฀the฀PADI฀Divemaster฀ Manual.] •฀ Equipment฀assembly/suiting฀up 3-64฀

Assisting Students with Problems ■ ■ What฀common฀problems฀do฀� What฀common฀problems฀do฀�

students฀encounter?� students฀encounter?�

■ ■ How฀can฀you฀help฀students฀� How฀can฀you฀help฀students฀�

master฀skills?� master฀skills?�

◆ ◆ Evaluate฀critical฀attrib Evaluate฀critical฀attrib utes� utes� ◆ ◆ Redemonstrate฀skill Redemonstrate฀skill � ◆ ◆ Take฀it฀slo Take฀it฀slow฀to฀assure฀earl w฀to฀assure฀earl y฀success y฀success

Three:฀Knowledge฀Development

DM฀3฀-฀ DM฀3฀-฀17 17

•฀ •฀ •฀ •฀ •฀ •฀ •฀ •฀ •฀ •฀ •฀ •฀ •฀ •฀ •฀ •฀ •฀ •฀ •฀ •฀ •฀ •฀ •฀ •฀ •฀ •฀

Donning฀scuba/weights฀ BCD฀inflation/deflation Regulator฀recover฀and฀clear Mask฀clearing Fin฀use Equalization Ascents/descents Controlled฀seat฀entry Snorkel฀clearing฀blast฀method Snorkel/regulator฀exchange No฀mask฀breathing Deep฀water฀exit Giant฀stride฀entry No฀mask฀swim Fin฀pivot Alternate฀air฀source฀use Freeflow฀regulator฀breathing Controlled฀emergency฀swimming฀ascent Head฀first฀skin฀dive Snorkel฀clear฀–฀displacement฀method Hovering Buddy฀breathing Weight฀system฀remove/replace Scuba฀unit฀removal฀and฀replacement Underwater฀tour Compass฀use

C.฀What฀three฀steps฀can฀you฀take฀to฀help฀a฀student฀ diver฀master฀a฀dive฀skill? 1.฀ Helping฀student฀divers฀who฀have฀difficulty฀with฀a฀ skill฀requires฀patience,฀but฀it฀also฀gives฀you฀experience฀for฀when฀you฀become฀an฀instructor. 2.฀ At฀the฀Open฀Water฀Diver฀level,฀student฀divers฀always฀ begin฀by฀seeing฀the฀instructor’s฀demonstration฀and฀ practicing฀with฀the฀instructor. 3.฀ To฀assist฀the฀student฀diver฀with฀difficulty,฀follow฀these฀ three฀steps: a.฀Look฀for฀missing฀or฀improperly฀performed฀critical฀ attributes฀while฀having฀the฀student฀attempt฀the฀ skill.฀ 1.฀ If฀the฀student’s฀actions฀create฀a฀safety฀concern฀ (such฀as฀a฀rapid฀ascent),฀tell฀the฀student฀diver฀ Divemaster฀Course฀Instructor฀Guide฀

3-65

to฀stop,฀or฀stop฀the฀student’s฀action฀yourself฀immediately. b.฀Redemonstrate฀the฀skill,฀pointing฀out฀the฀missed฀ attribute(s).฀Repeated฀demonstrations฀help฀because฀student฀divers฀see฀more฀detail฀as฀they฀become฀familiar฀with฀a฀skill. c.฀ Assure฀early฀success฀ 1.฀ Failure฀is฀discouraging฀–฀success฀is฀needed฀for฀ motivation. 2.฀ Have฀student฀diver฀practice฀successful฀attributes฀and฀give฀positive฀reinforcement฀first฀if฀ necessary฀to฀maintain฀encouragement. 3.฀ Keep฀the฀student฀challenged,฀but฀add฀attributes฀ slowly฀enough฀so฀the฀student฀enjoys฀success฀as฀ the฀skill฀develops 4.฀ Continue฀until฀the฀student฀diver฀can฀perform฀ the฀entire฀skill฀successfully฀without฀undue฀difficulty฀or฀stress 4.฀ Remember฀that฀after฀you฀feel฀the฀student฀diver฀is฀ performing฀the฀skill฀adequately,฀the฀instructor฀assesses฀student฀skill฀mastery฀personally฀before฀the฀student฀ rejoins฀the฀class฀and฀begins฀learning฀new฀skills฀under฀the฀instructor’s฀direction. D.฀Where฀do฀you฀find฀skill฀performance฀requirements฀student฀divers฀must฀master฀for฀PADI฀ courses? 1.฀ The฀PADI฀Instructor฀Manual฀lists฀the฀skill฀performance฀requirements฀student฀divers฀must฀meet฀in฀ each฀course.฀Keep฀in฀mind฀that฀there฀are฀different฀ techniques฀for฀meeting฀the฀same฀performance฀requirements.฀Individuals฀with฀physical฀challenges฀ may฀use฀unusual฀techniques฀and฀still฀meet฀the฀requirements.฀

3-66฀

Check your PADI Instructor Manual for skill performance requirements

Three:฀Knowledge฀Development

Professional฀Association฀ Professional฀Association฀ of฀Diving฀Instructors of฀Diving฀Instructors

Instructor฀ Instructor฀ Manual Manual

DM฀3฀-฀ 18 DM฀3฀-฀18

Topic฀4฀–฀฀ Dive฀Theory฀Introduction Recommended฀Materials฀and฀Methods฀฀ for฀Covering฀This฀Topic This฀ section฀ acquaints฀ candidates฀ with฀ why฀ they฀ need฀ to฀ be฀ familiar฀ with฀ dive฀theory,฀and฀their฀expected฀performance฀requirements.฀This฀is฀important฀ because฀divemaster฀candidates฀don’t฀always฀recognize฀the฀usefulness฀of฀being฀familiar฀with฀dive฀theory.฀Although฀this฀is฀a฀brief฀presentation,฀it฀shapes฀ candidate฀attitudes฀so฀that฀they฀put฀serious฀effort฀into฀learning฀dive฀theory.

Presentation Overview฀and฀Learning฀Objectives ฀ I.฀ The฀Need฀for฀Broad฀Theoretical฀Knowledge

Overview

฀

1.฀ In฀a฀given฀field,฀what฀characteristic฀allows฀experts฀ to฀more฀easily฀solve฀problems฀than฀nonexperts?

฀

2.฀ What฀are฀three฀reasons฀why฀the฀PADI฀Divemaster฀ course฀emphasizes฀learning฀dive฀theory?

฀

3.฀ Why฀does฀it฀benefit฀you฀to฀have฀a฀dive฀reference฀ library,฀and฀what฀might฀you฀include฀in฀such฀a฀library?

฀

4.฀ How฀does฀completing฀specialty฀training฀help฀you฀ learn฀dive฀theory?

■ ■ The฀Need฀for฀Broad฀ The฀Need฀for฀Broad฀

Theoretical฀Knowledge� Theoretical฀Knowledge�

■ ■ Dive฀Theory฀Performance฀ Dive฀Theory฀Performance฀

in฀This฀Course in฀This฀Course

DM฀4฀-฀ DM฀4฀-฀22

฀ II.฀ Dive฀Theory฀Performance฀in฀This฀Course ฀

5.฀ How฀will฀you฀demonstrate฀mastery฀of฀dive฀theory฀ for฀this฀course?

฀

6.฀ Where฀will฀you฀get฀the฀dive฀theory฀information฀you฀ must฀learn฀for฀this฀course?

฀

7.฀ How฀do฀you฀continually฀improve฀and฀update฀your฀ dive฀theory฀knowledge฀as฀a฀dive฀professional?

Outline

Broad Theoretical Knowledge

฀ I.฀ The฀Need฀for฀Broad฀Theoretical฀Knowledge

■ ■ Why?� Why?� ◆ ◆ Exper Experts฀identify,฀avoid฀and฀solve ts฀identify,฀avoid฀and฀solve ฀

problems฀better฀than฀none problems฀better฀than฀none xperts� xperts�

◆ ◆ Divemaster Divemaster s฀are฀experts,฀ s฀are฀experts,฀

professionals฀and฀leader professionals฀and฀leader s� s�

◆ ◆ You’ll฀apply฀knowledg You’ll฀apply฀knowledge฀during฀the e฀during฀the ฀

Practical฀Application฀Module Practical฀Application฀Module

DM฀4฀-฀ DM฀4฀-฀33

Divemaster฀Course฀Instructor฀Guide฀

A.฀In฀a฀given฀field,฀what฀characteristic฀allows฀experts฀to฀more฀easily฀solve฀problems฀than฀nonexperts? 1.฀ Research฀in฀cognitive฀psychology฀shows฀that฀experts฀ in฀a฀given฀field฀solve฀problems฀better฀than฀nonex3-67

perts฀because฀they฀have฀a฀large฀knowledge฀base฀to฀ draw฀upon. a.฀This฀base฀helps฀identify฀cause/effect฀relationships฀ or฀allows฀you฀to฀make฀reasonable฀speculations฀of฀ them. b.฀You฀learn฀to฀handle฀some฀“problems”฀before฀you฀ ever฀encounter฀them. c.฀ Familiarity฀enables฀you฀to฀more฀quickly฀identify฀a฀ problem’s฀cause฀so฀you฀can฀apply฀the฀right฀solution. B.฀What฀are฀three฀reasons฀why฀the฀PADI฀Divemaster฀course฀emphasizes฀learning฀dive฀theory? ฀ [Have฀candidates฀briefly฀discuss฀why฀they’re฀learning฀ dive฀theory฀at฀this฀point฀in฀their฀training.฀Identify฀the฀ following฀three฀reasons.] 1.฀ A฀large฀knowledge฀base฀is฀the฀mark฀of฀an฀expert,฀ and฀expertise฀is฀one฀characteristic฀of฀a฀professional฀ –฀the฀PADI฀Divemaster฀level฀is฀the฀first฀leadership฀ level฀in฀the฀PADI฀System. 2.฀ You฀will฀need฀to฀apply฀theoretical฀knowledge฀within฀ the฀Practical฀Application฀Module฀of฀this฀course. 3฀ You฀will฀need฀this฀knowledge฀as฀an฀instructional฀ assistant,฀and฀later฀as฀an฀instructor.฀[Explain฀that฀ theory฀isn’t฀covered฀in฀the฀IDC฀because฀you฀learn฀it฀ as฀a฀divemaster,฀but฀you฀are฀tested฀on฀it฀in฀the฀IE.] C.฀Why฀does฀it฀benefit฀you฀to฀have฀a฀dive฀reference฀ library,฀and฀what฀might฀you฀include฀in฀such฀a฀฀ library? 1.฀ You฀benefit฀because฀it: a.฀Provides฀a฀ready฀place฀to฀look฀up฀information. b.฀Keeps฀you฀up-to-date฀with฀changing฀theory. c.฀ Increases฀your฀expertise฀by฀broadening฀your฀ knowledge฀beyond฀what฀you฀learn฀in฀this฀course. 2.฀ A฀dive฀reference฀library฀may฀include: a.฀PADI฀manuals,฀books,฀videos฀and฀multimedia฀ products b.฀Technical฀and฀scientific฀dive฀texts c.฀ Dive฀magazine฀subscriptions d.฀Underwater฀wildlife฀guides฀and฀magazines e.฀ Dive฀travel฀guides฀and฀maps f.฀ Historical฀nautical฀references฀to฀dive฀sites฀and฀ wrecks 3-68฀

What should you include in your diving reference library? ■ ■ PADI฀Manuals� PADI฀Manuals� ■ ■ Technical฀and฀scientific฀texts� Technical฀and฀scientific฀texts� ■ ■ Dive฀magazines� Dive฀magazines� ■ ■ Underwater฀wildlife฀guides� Underwater฀wildlife฀guides� ■ ■ Dive฀travel฀guides� Dive฀travel฀guides� ■ ■ Historical฀nautical฀references Historical฀nautical฀references

Three:฀Knowledge฀Development

DM฀4฀-฀ DM฀4฀-฀44

D.฀How฀does฀completing฀specialty฀training฀help฀ you฀learn฀dive฀theory? 1.฀ Specialties฀often฀go฀into฀more฀theoretical฀detail฀of฀ a฀specific฀area.฀(e.g.,฀underwater฀photography฀and฀ the฀behavior฀of฀light.) 2.฀ Specialties฀often฀give฀you฀a฀chance฀to฀apply฀theoretical฀knowledge.฀(e.g.,฀search฀and฀recovery฀and฀ Boyle’s฀Law/gas฀expansion฀in฀the฀lift฀bag.)

How does completing specialty training help you learn dive theory? ■ ■ Specialties฀often฀go฀into฀specific฀ Specialties฀often฀go฀into฀specific฀

theoretical฀detail� theoretical฀detail�

■ ■ Specialties฀allow฀you฀to฀apply฀ Specialties฀allow฀you฀to฀apply฀

theoretical฀knowledge theoretical฀knowledge

DM฀4฀-฀ DM฀4฀-฀55

Note฀to฀instructor:฀As฀part฀of฀this฀discussion,฀review฀the฀specific฀ meetings฀and฀methods฀you’ll฀have฀candidates฀use฀to฀master฀dive฀ theory฀in฀the฀course.

฀ II.฀ Dive฀Theory฀Performance฀in฀This฀Course Dive Theory and You ■ ■ How฀will฀you฀learn฀dive฀theory฀ How฀will฀you฀learn฀dive฀theory฀

during฀this฀course?� during฀this฀course?�

■ ■ Exam฀passing฀� Exam฀passing฀�

score฀ score฀=฀75%� =฀75%� (100%฀mastery) (100%฀mastery)

DM฀4฀-฀ DM฀4฀-฀6 6

Divemaster฀Course฀Instructor฀Guide฀

A.฀How฀will฀you฀demonstrate฀mastery฀of฀dive฀ theory฀for฀this฀course฀and฀where฀will฀you฀get฀ the฀dive฀theory฀information฀you฀must฀learn฀for฀ this฀course? 1.฀ You฀will฀study฀dive฀physics,฀physiology,฀equipment฀ and฀decompression฀theory฀by: a.฀attending฀class฀presentations฀[if฀applicable]. b.฀by฀reading฀the฀appropriate฀sections฀of฀the฀Encyclopedia฀of฀Recreational฀Diving฀and฀completing฀the฀ Diving฀Knowledge฀Workbook. c.฀ You฀will฀complete฀an฀examination฀in฀each฀of฀ these฀areas฀with฀a฀score฀of฀75฀percent฀or฀better฀ in฀each฀–฀if฀lower,฀you฀must฀restudy฀and฀take฀a฀ makeup฀exam. d.฀You฀will฀be฀expected฀to฀successfully฀and฀appropriately฀apply฀dive฀theory฀principles฀during฀the฀ Practical฀Application฀Module. 2.฀ You฀will฀also฀take฀an฀exam฀on฀dive฀skills฀and฀the฀ environment. a.฀There฀are฀no฀particular฀books฀or฀presentations฀ directed฀specifically฀to฀this฀exam. b.฀You฀learn฀these฀aspects฀of฀dive฀theory฀through฀ your฀previous฀training฀and฀experience,฀and฀ through฀the฀various฀training฀and฀experience฀ categories฀of฀this฀course. c.฀ You฀must฀earn฀75฀percent฀or฀better. d.฀You฀will฀be฀expected฀to฀successfully฀and฀appropriately฀apply฀dive฀skills฀and฀the฀environment฀

3-69

theory฀principles฀during฀the฀Practical฀Application฀ Module. B.฀You฀will฀also฀complete฀exams฀on฀supervising฀certified฀ divers,฀supervising฀student฀divers,฀and฀on฀PADI฀programs฀you฀can฀conduct,฀based฀on฀what฀you฀learn฀in฀ this฀course. C.฀How฀do฀you฀continually฀improve฀and฀฀ update฀your฀dive฀theory฀knowledge฀as฀a฀dive฀ professional? 1.฀ After฀this฀course,฀it’s฀important฀to฀maintain฀your฀ dive฀theory฀knowledge฀as฀a฀professional฀–฀failure฀to฀ do฀so฀reduces฀your฀expertise฀and฀skill฀as฀a฀leader: a.฀Subscribe฀to฀and฀read฀dive฀magazines. b.฀Reread฀and฀review฀the฀Encyclopedia฀and฀other฀materials฀periodically. c.฀ Help฀others฀who฀are฀learning฀dive฀theory฀–฀teaching฀helps฀you฀learn. d.฀Take฀specialty฀courses฀that฀apply฀your฀knowledge. e.฀ Attend฀seminars฀and฀meetings฀about฀diving฀science,฀the฀environment,฀etc.

3-70฀

How do you improve and update your knowledge as a dive professional? ■ ■ Read� Read� ■ ■ Review� Review� ■ ■ Teach� Teach� ■ ■ Continue฀your฀education Continue฀your฀education � ■ ■ Attend฀seminar Attend฀seminar ss

Three:฀Knowledge฀Development

DM฀4฀-฀ DM฀4฀-฀ 77

Topic฀5฀–฀The฀Physics฀of฀ Diving Recommended฀Materials฀and฀Methods฀฀ for฀Covering฀This฀Topic The฀recommended฀method฀for฀developing฀knowledge฀about฀dive฀physics฀ is฀to฀have฀candidates฀read฀the฀Physics฀of฀Diving฀section฀of฀The฀Encyclopedia฀ of฀Recreational฀Diving฀and฀complete฀the฀physics฀section฀in฀the฀Diving฀Knowledge฀Workbook.฀Have฀them฀consult฀the฀related฀objectives฀in฀the฀Appendix฀of฀ the฀PADI฀Divemaster฀Manual฀to฀be฀sure฀they฀can฀meet฀all฀the฀performance฀ requirements. After฀independent฀study,฀meet฀with฀candidates฀individually฀or฀in฀a฀ group.฀Begin฀by฀reviewing฀their฀work฀in฀the฀Diving฀Knowledge฀Workbook,฀ then฀answer฀candidate฀questions.฀Ask฀questions฀to฀assess฀mastery฀and฀ review฀the฀material,฀based฀on฀how฀they฀completed฀their฀workbooks.฀Use฀the฀ presentation฀outline฀as฀a฀guide฀for฀a฀complete฀review. If฀The฀Encyclopedia฀of฀Recreational฀Diving฀and฀the฀Diving฀Knowledge฀Workbook฀don’t฀exist฀in฀a฀language฀candidates฀understand,฀you฀can฀develop฀ knowledge฀by฀giving฀the฀following฀presentation฀in฀detail.฀To฀aid฀learning,฀ use฀lots฀of฀problem฀examples฀and฀have฀candidates฀work฀through฀them฀for฀ you.

Presentation Overview฀and฀Learning฀Objectives ฀ I.฀ Light,฀Heat฀and฀Sound฀in฀Water

Overview

฀฀

1.฀ Why฀does฀water฀dissipate฀body฀heat฀faster฀than฀air฀ does,฀and฀at฀what฀rate฀does฀it฀do฀so?

฀฀

2.฀ What฀effect฀does฀water’s฀ability฀to฀dissipate฀heat฀ have฀on฀a฀diver?฀

฀฀

3.฀ What฀does฀light฀do฀when฀it฀passes฀from฀air฀into฀ water,฀or฀vice-versa,฀and฀how฀does฀this฀affect฀a฀ diver?

฀฀

4.฀ What฀is฀refraction?

฀฀

5.฀ What฀is฀visual฀reversal,฀and฀how฀does฀it฀affect฀a฀ diver?

฀฀

6.฀ Why฀does฀sound฀travel฀faster฀in฀water฀than฀in฀air,฀ and฀how฀much฀faster฀is฀it฀in฀water?

฀฀

7.฀ How฀does฀the฀speed฀of฀sound฀in฀water฀affect฀hearing?

■ ■ Light,฀Heat฀and฀Sound฀in฀ Light,฀Heat฀and฀Sound฀in฀ Water� Water� ■ ■ Buoyancy฀and฀the฀Weight฀of฀Water� Buoyancy฀and฀the฀Weight฀of฀Water� ■ ■ Pressure฀and฀ Pressure฀and฀ Water� Water� ■ ■ The฀Relationship฀of฀Pressure฀and฀Gas The฀Relationship฀of฀Pressure฀and฀Gas ฀

Volume Volume,฀Density฀and฀ ,฀Density฀and฀Temperature Temperature � ■ ■ The฀Beha The฀Behavior฀of฀Gases฀Underwater: vior฀of฀Gases฀Underwater: ฀Partial฀ ฀Partial฀ Pressure Pressure � ■ ■ The฀Beha The฀Behavior฀of฀Gases฀Underwater: vior฀of฀Gases฀Underwater: ฀�

Gas฀Absorption฀and฀Elimination Gas฀Absorption฀and฀Elimination

DM฀5฀-฀ DM฀5฀-฀ 22

฀ II.฀ Buoyancy฀and฀the฀Weight฀of฀Water ฀฀

Divemaster฀Course฀Instructor฀Guide฀

8.฀ Given฀the฀weight฀and฀displacement฀of฀an฀object,฀ calculate฀the฀buoyancy฀change฀by฀adding฀air฀or฀ 3-71

adding฀weight฀required฀to฀either฀float,฀sink฀or฀ make฀neutral฀the฀object฀in฀both฀fresh฀and฀sea฀water.

฀III.฀ Pressure฀and฀Water ฀฀ ฀

9.฀ What฀is฀meant฀by฀gauge,฀absolute,฀and฀ambient฀pressure? 10.฀ Calculate฀the฀absolute฀and฀gauge฀pressure฀at฀any฀ depth฀in฀fresh฀or฀sea฀water฀in฀atmospheres/bar,฀ and฀convert฀it฀to฀another฀pressure฀measurement.฀

฀IV.฀ The฀Relationship฀of฀Pressure฀and฀Gas฀Volume,฀Density฀and฀ Temperature ฀

11.฀ What฀is฀the฀relationship฀between฀changes฀in฀absolute฀pressure฀and฀the฀volume฀of฀a฀gas?฀

฀

12.฀ Calculate฀the฀volume฀changes฀that฀occur฀to฀a฀gas฀ when฀raised฀or฀lowered฀in฀the฀water฀in฀a฀flexible฀ container.

฀

13.฀ What฀is฀the฀relationship฀between฀depth฀and฀the฀ density฀of฀the฀air฀a฀diver฀breathes?

฀

14.฀ Given฀a฀diver’s฀air฀consumption฀rate฀at฀one฀depth,฀ calculate฀how฀that฀consumption฀rate฀changes฀with฀ depth.฀

฀

15.฀ What฀is฀the฀relationship฀of฀pressure,฀volume฀and฀ temperature฀with฀a฀gas฀in฀a฀flexible฀container฀and฀ with฀a฀gas฀in฀an฀inflexible฀container?

฀ V.฀ The฀Behavior฀of฀Gases฀Underwater:฀Partial฀Pressures ฀

16.฀ What฀is฀partial฀pressure?

฀

17.฀ Given฀their฀percentages,฀calculate฀the฀partial฀pressures฀of฀gases฀in฀a฀mixture฀at฀any฀depth.

฀

18.฀ How฀does฀the฀physiological฀effect฀of฀breathing฀ a฀given฀percentage฀of฀gas฀at฀depth฀compare฀to฀ breathing฀the฀same฀percentage฀of฀the฀gas฀at฀the฀ surface?

฀

19.฀ For฀a฀given฀percentage฀of฀a฀gas฀in฀mixture,฀and฀the฀ depth฀at฀which฀a฀diver฀breathes฀that฀gas,฀calculate฀ the฀percentage฀of฀the฀gas฀that฀would฀produce฀the฀ same฀physiological฀effects฀on฀a฀diver฀at฀the฀surface.

฀VI.฀ The฀Behavior฀of฀Gases฀Underwater:฀Gas฀Absorption฀and฀ Elimination ฀

20.฀ What฀happens฀when฀you฀raise฀the฀pressure฀of฀a฀gas฀ in฀contact฀with฀a฀liquid?

฀

21.฀ What฀is฀supersaturation?฀

฀

22.฀ What฀happens฀when฀you฀quickly฀reduce฀the฀pressure฀on฀a฀liquid฀that฀is฀saturated฀with฀dissolved฀gas฀ at฀a฀higher฀pressure?฀

3-72฀

Three:฀Knowledge฀Development

Outline ฀ I.฀ Light,฀Heat฀and฀Sound฀in฀Water

What does light do when it passes from one medium to another? ■ ■ Speed฀of฀light฀depends฀on฀density Speed฀of฀light฀depends฀on฀density

of฀medium฀ of฀medium฀ —฀denser฀=฀slo —฀denser฀=฀slo wer� wer� ■ ■ Changing฀speeds฀cause฀light฀to Changing฀speeds฀cause฀light฀to ฀ bend฀—฀refraction bend฀—฀refraction � ■ ■ To฀a฀diver,฀refraction฀ma To฀a฀diver,฀refraction฀ma gnifies gnifies฀ objects฀at฀a฀ratio฀of฀about฀4:3 objects฀at฀a฀ratio฀of฀about฀4:3

Light,฀Heat฀and฀Sound

฀

DM฀5฀-฀ DM฀5฀-฀ 44

Divemaster฀Course฀Instructor฀Guide฀

A.฀Why฀does฀water฀dissipate฀body฀heat฀faster฀ than฀air฀does,฀and฀at฀what฀rate฀does฀it฀do฀so? 1.฀ Water฀absorbs฀tremendous฀amounts฀of฀heat฀(high฀ heat฀capacity).฀Water฀conducts฀heat฀more฀฀ efficiently฀than฀air฀because฀water฀molecules฀are฀ closer฀together.฀Air฀is,฀however,฀a฀good฀insulator฀ because฀it฀does฀not฀conduct฀heat฀efficiently. B.฀What฀effect฀does฀water’s฀ability฀to฀dissipate฀ heat฀have฀on฀a฀diver? 1.฀ Because฀of฀water’s฀high฀heat฀capacity,฀the฀human฀ body฀when฀submerged฀in฀water฀loses฀heat฀more฀ than฀20฀times฀faster฀than฀in฀still฀air. 2.฀ This฀means฀a฀diver฀will฀become฀chilled฀in฀water฀at฀ temperatures฀that฀would฀be฀considered฀comfortable฀ in฀air. C.฀What฀does฀light฀do฀when฀it฀passes฀from฀air฀ into฀water,฀or฀vice-versa,฀and฀how฀does฀this฀affect฀a฀diver? 1.฀ The฀speed฀of฀light฀depends฀on฀the฀density฀of฀the฀ medium฀it฀is฀traveling฀through฀–฀the฀denser฀the฀ medium,฀the฀slower฀the฀speed. 2.฀ When฀light฀goes฀from฀one฀medium฀to฀another,฀it฀ changes฀speed.฀This฀causes฀the฀light฀ray฀to฀change฀ direction,฀or฀“bend.” 3.฀ What฀is฀refraction?฀This฀bending฀of฀light฀is฀referred฀to฀as฀refraction. 4.฀ Light฀coming฀to฀a฀diver’s฀eyes฀underwater฀moves฀ through฀three฀different฀media฀–฀water,฀glass฀and฀ air฀–฀refracting฀each฀time. 5.฀ To฀the฀diver,฀refraction฀magnifies฀objects,฀making฀ them฀appear฀larger/closer.฀This฀magnification฀occurs฀a฀ratio฀of฀about฀4:3฀according฀to฀their฀actual฀ and฀apparent฀distance.฀When฀viewed฀underwater,฀ objects฀tend฀to฀be฀magnified฀by฀a฀factor฀of฀about฀ 33฀percent. D.฀What฀is฀visual฀reversal,฀and฀how฀does฀it฀affect฀ a฀diver? 1.฀ Turbidity฀can฀partially฀obscure฀an฀object฀so฀that฀it฀ appears฀hazy,฀which฀in฀air฀the฀eye฀associates฀with฀ 3-73

being฀distant.฀So,฀the฀diver฀may฀perceive฀objects฀as฀ farther฀away฀than฀they฀actually฀are.฀This฀phenomenon฀is฀referred฀to฀as฀visual฀reversal. E.฀ Why฀does฀sound฀travel฀faster฀in฀water฀than฀in฀ air,฀and฀how฀much฀faster฀is฀it฀in฀water? 1.฀ Because฀sound฀travels฀in฀pressure฀waves,฀it฀travels฀ faster฀in฀more฀dense฀mediums฀such฀as฀water฀than฀in฀ less฀dense฀mediums฀like฀air.฀ 2.฀ Sound฀travels฀slightly฀more฀than฀four฀times฀faster฀in฀ water฀than฀in฀air.

Why does sound travel faster in water and how does it affect hearing?

■ ■ Sound฀(pressure฀waves)฀travel฀faster฀in฀ Sound฀(pressure฀waves)฀travel฀faster฀in฀

denser,฀more฀elastic฀mediums� denser,฀more฀elastic฀mediums�

◆ ◆ Four Four฀฀time฀faster฀in฀water฀than฀in฀air time฀faster฀in฀water฀than฀in฀air � ■ ■ Brain฀determines฀sound฀direction฀by฀ Brain฀determines฀sound฀direction฀by฀

delay฀between฀waves฀reaching฀the฀ears฀� delay฀between฀waves฀reaching฀the฀ears฀�

◆ ◆ Speed฀of฀sound฀underwater฀makes Speed฀of฀sound฀underwater฀makes ฀

direction฀difficult฀to฀determine direction฀difficult฀to฀determine

Light,฀Heat฀and฀Sound

DM฀5฀-฀ DM฀5฀-฀ 6 6

Note฀to฀instructor:฀Some฀candidates฀may฀observe฀that฀faster฀ sound฀speed฀in฀a฀medium฀is฀a฀function฀of฀superior฀elasticity,฀ not฀density.฀This฀is฀correct,฀but฀most฀(but฀not฀all)฀mediums฀that฀ are฀denser฀also฀have฀greater฀elasticity,฀so฀it฀is฀“loosely”฀correct฀ to฀say฀sound฀travels฀faster฀in฀denser฀materials. F.฀ How฀does฀the฀speed฀of฀sound฀in฀water฀affect฀฀ hearing? 1.฀ Your฀brain฀determines฀sound฀direction฀by฀the฀slight฀ delay฀between฀when฀a฀sound฀reaches฀one฀ear฀or฀the฀ other.฀In฀water,฀the฀faster฀speed฀of฀sound฀reduces฀the฀ delay฀so฀much฀that฀the฀brain฀interprets฀the฀sound฀ as฀reaching฀both฀ears฀at฀the฀same฀time.฀This฀makes฀ most฀sounds฀seem฀to฀come฀from฀directly฀overhead,฀ despite฀their฀actual฀source.

฀ II.฀ Buoyancy฀and฀the฀Weight฀of฀Water A.฀The฀Greek฀mathematician฀Archimedes฀determined฀ that฀“An฀object฀wholly฀or฀partially฀immersed฀in฀a฀fluid฀ is฀buoyed฀up฀by฀a฀force฀equal฀to฀the฀weight฀of฀the฀fluid฀ displaced฀by฀the฀object.” 1.฀ An฀object฀that฀weighs฀less฀than฀the฀water฀it฀displaces฀floats฀and฀is฀positively฀buoyant.฀The฀buoyancy฀is฀ expressed฀as฀a฀positive฀number,฀such฀as฀being฀“two฀ kilograms฀positive.”฀ 2.฀ An฀object฀that฀weighs฀exactly฀the฀same฀as฀the฀water฀ it฀displaces฀neither฀floats฀nor฀sinks.฀It฀is฀called฀neutrally฀buoyant,฀and฀adding฀or฀removing฀weight฀will฀ make฀it฀sink฀or฀float. 3.฀ An฀object฀that฀weighs฀more฀than฀the฀water฀it฀displaces฀will฀sink฀and฀is฀called฀negatively฀buoyant.฀Its฀ buoyancy฀is฀expressed฀as฀a฀negative฀number,฀such฀ as฀“two฀pounds฀negative.”฀ 3-74฀

Buoyancy฀ Buoyancy฀ Archimedes determined that: ฀

“An object wholly or par tially immersed in a fluid is buoyed up by a force equal to the weight of the fluid displaced by the object. ” Neutral Positive Negative WATER OBJECT OBJECT

WATER

WATER OBJECT

Three:฀Knowledge฀Development

DM฀5฀-฀ DM฀5฀-฀ 77

Determining Buoyancy ■ ■ You฀must฀know:� You฀must฀know:� ◆ ◆ Weight฀of฀the฀object Weight฀of฀the฀object ฀� ◆ ◆ Volume฀of฀the฀object Volume฀of฀the฀object ฀� ◆ ◆ Weight฀of฀the฀displaced฀fluid Weight฀of฀the฀displaced฀fluid

�

■ ■ Constants฀–฀weight฀of฀water:� Constants฀–฀weight฀of฀water:� ◆ ◆ Litre฀of฀sea฀water฀–฀1.03฀kg฀฀(1.03฀kg/l)� Litre฀of฀sea฀water฀–฀1.03฀kg฀฀(1.03฀kg/l)� ◆ ◆ Litre฀of฀fresh฀water฀–฀1.0฀kg฀฀(1.0฀kg/l)� Litre฀of฀fresh฀water฀–฀1.0฀kg฀฀(1.0฀kg/l)� ◆ ◆ Cubic฀foot฀sea฀water฀–฀64฀lbs฀(64฀lb/ft Cubic฀foot฀sea฀water฀–฀64฀lbs฀(64฀lb/ft33)� )� ◆ ◆ Cubic฀foot฀fresh฀water฀–฀62.4฀lbs฀(62.4฀lb/ft Cubic฀foot฀fresh฀water฀–฀62.4฀lbs฀(62.4฀lb/ft33))

Buoyancy

DM฀5฀-฀ 8 DM฀5฀-฀ 8

Calculating Changes in Buoyancy ■ ■ Object’s฀volume฀x฀constant Object’s฀volume฀x฀constant ฀�

=฀ =฀weight฀of฀water฀displaced weight฀of฀water฀displaced �

■ ■ Object’s฀weight฀–฀water฀weight฀� Object’s฀weight฀–฀water฀weight฀�

=฀up/down฀buoyancy� ฀up/down฀buoyancy�

◆ ◆ Positive฀n Positive฀number฀=฀sinks umber฀=฀sinks ฀฀(downward฀force)� (downward฀force)� ◆ ◆ Negative฀n Negative฀n umber฀=฀floats umber฀=฀floats ฀฀(buoyant฀force)� (buoyant฀force)� ◆ ◆ Zero฀=฀neutral Zero฀=฀neutral

Buoyancy

DM฀5฀-฀ DM฀5฀-฀ 99

Example #1 You฀plan฀to฀reco ver฀a฀ 150฀ 150฀ kilogram/300฀pound฀outboard฀ outboard฀

motor฀in฀ sea฀water ฀that฀ ฀that฀ displaces฀ 60฀litres/2฀cubic฀ 2฀cubic฀ feet.฀How฀much฀air฀must฀you฀ How฀much฀air฀must฀you฀ put฀in฀a฀lifting฀de vice฀to฀make ฀ the฀motor฀neutrall y฀buoyant?

Buoyancy

DM฀5฀-฀ 10 DM฀5฀-฀10

Divemaster฀Course฀Instructor฀Guide฀

B.฀To฀determine฀the฀buoyancy฀of฀an฀object฀in฀water,฀you฀ need฀to฀know: 1.฀ The฀object’s฀weight฀out฀of฀water. 2.฀ How฀much฀water฀the฀object฀displaces฀(the฀object’s฀ volume). 3.฀ The฀weight฀of฀the฀displaced฀water. C.฀The฀weight฀of฀water: 1.฀ 1฀litre฀of฀sea฀water฀weighs฀1.03฀kg. 2.฀ 1฀litre฀of฀fresh฀water฀weighs฀1฀kg. 3.฀ A฀cubic฀foot฀of฀sea฀water฀weighs฀64฀lbs. 4.฀ A฀cubic฀foot฀of฀fresh฀water฀weighs฀62.4฀lbs. D.฀To฀determine฀the฀buoyancy฀of฀an฀object,฀subtract฀its฀ weight฀from฀the฀weight฀of฀the฀water฀it฀displaces.฀ 1.฀ A฀negative฀number฀means฀the฀object฀is฀negatively฀ buoyant,฀a฀positive฀number฀means฀it’s฀positively฀ buoyant,฀and฀zero฀means฀it฀is฀neutrally฀buoyant. 2.฀ To฀make฀a฀negatively฀buoyant฀object฀neutral,฀the฀ buoyancy฀must฀increase฀by฀the฀amount฀it฀is฀negative฀(usually฀by฀adding฀air฀to฀a฀lifting฀device฀to฀ increase฀the฀volume฀displaced).฀To฀make฀it฀positive,฀ it฀must฀increase฀by฀more฀than฀that. 3.฀ To฀make฀a฀positively฀buoyant฀object฀neutral,฀the฀ buoyancy฀must฀decrease฀by฀the฀amount฀it฀is฀positive฀(usually฀by฀adding฀weight฀to฀the฀object).฀To฀ make฀it฀negative,฀it฀must฀increase฀by฀more฀than฀ that. 4.฀฀Sample฀problems: Given฀the฀weight฀and฀displacement฀of฀an฀object,฀calculate฀the฀ buoyancy฀change฀by฀adding฀ air฀or฀adding฀weight฀required฀ to฀either฀float,฀sink฀or฀make฀ neutral฀the฀object฀in฀both฀fresh฀ and฀sea฀water.

METRIC฀—฀Example฀#1 You฀plan฀to฀recover฀a฀150฀kg฀outboard฀motor฀in฀sea฀water฀ that฀displaces฀60฀litres.฀How฀much฀air฀must฀you฀put฀in฀a฀ lifting฀device฀to฀make฀the฀motor฀neutrally฀buoyant?

3-75

METRIC฀—฀Answer:฀85.6฀litres฀of฀air. A฀150฀kg฀motor฀that฀displaces฀60฀litres฀of฀sea฀water฀has฀a฀buoyancy฀the฀weight฀of฀the฀sea฀water฀it฀displaces฀less฀150฀kg.฀ 60฀litres฀of฀sea฀water฀weighs฀61.8฀kg฀฀(60฀l฀x฀1.03฀kg/l฀=฀61.8฀kg)

Answer #1 Metric฀= Metric฀=฀85.6฀litres � 60฀l฀x฀1.03฀kg/l฀=฀61.8฀kg 60฀l฀x฀1.03฀kg/l฀=฀61.8฀kg � 150฀kg฀-฀61.8฀kg฀=฀88.2฀kg 150฀kg฀-฀61.8฀kg฀=฀88.2฀kg � 88.2฀kg฀÷฀1.03฀kg/l฀=฀85.6฀l 88.2฀kg฀÷฀1.03฀kg/l฀=฀85.6฀l �

Imperial฀=฀ Imperial฀=฀2.68฀cubic฀f eet� eet�

The฀motor฀is฀88.2฀kg฀negatively฀buoyant฀in฀sea฀water฀฀ (61.8฀kg฀-฀150฀kg฀=฀-88.2฀kg).

2฀ft 2฀ft33฀x฀64฀lb/ft ฀x฀64฀lb/ft 33฀=฀128฀lb ฀=฀128฀lb� 300฀lb฀-฀128฀lb฀=฀172฀lb 300฀lb฀-฀128฀lb฀=฀172฀lb � 172฀lb฀÷฀64฀lb/ft 172฀lb฀÷฀64฀lb/ft 33฀=฀2.68฀ft ฀=฀2.68฀ft33

The฀lift฀bag฀must฀displace฀an฀amount฀of฀water฀that฀weighs฀88.2฀ kg฀to฀make฀the฀object฀neutral฀(disregard฀the฀weight฀of฀the฀air฀ and฀the฀lift฀bag).฀Divide฀the฀water฀weight฀desired฀by฀the฀weight฀ of฀water฀per฀litre฀to฀get฀the฀required฀litres฀of฀air฀to฀add.

Buoyancy

DM฀5฀-฀ 11 DM฀5฀-฀ 11

You฀must฀add฀85.6฀litres฀of฀air฀to฀the฀lift฀bag.฀ (88.2฀kg฀÷฀1.03฀kg/l฀=฀85.6฀l).

IMPERIAL฀—฀Example฀#1฀You฀plan฀to฀recover฀a฀300pound฀outboard฀motor฀that฀displaces฀two฀cubic฀feet฀from฀ the฀bottom฀in฀sea฀water.฀How฀much฀water฀must฀you฀displace฀ by฀adding฀air฀to฀a฀lift฀bag฀to฀make฀it฀neutrally฀buoyant? IMPERIAL฀—฀Answer:฀2.68฀ft3 A฀300฀lb฀motor฀that฀displaces฀2฀ft3฀of฀sea฀water฀has฀a฀buoyancy฀ that’s฀the฀weight฀of฀the฀sea฀water฀it฀displaces฀less฀300฀lbs.฀ 2฀ft3฀of฀sea฀water฀weighs฀128฀lbs฀฀(64฀lb/ft3฀x฀2฀ft3฀=฀128฀lb) The฀motor฀is฀172฀lbs฀negatively฀buoyant฀in฀sea฀water฀฀ (128฀lb฀-฀300฀lb฀=฀-172฀lb).฀ The฀lift฀bag฀must฀displace฀an฀amount฀of฀water฀that฀weighs฀172฀ lbs฀to฀make฀the฀object฀neutral฀(disregard฀the฀weight฀of฀the฀air฀ and฀the฀lift฀bag).฀Divide฀the฀water฀weight฀desired฀by฀the฀weight฀ of฀water฀per฀cubic฀foot฀to฀get฀the฀required฀cubic฀feet฀of฀air฀to฀add. You฀must฀add฀2.68฀cubic฀feet฀of฀air฀to฀the฀lift฀bag.฀฀ (172฀lbs฀÷฀64฀lb/ft3฀=฀2.68฀ft3).

METRIC฀—฀Example฀#2฀฀ You’re฀assisting฀a฀research฀study฀and฀must฀sink฀into฀fresh฀ water฀an฀object฀that฀weighs฀50฀kg.฀and฀displaces฀300฀litres.฀Disregarding฀the฀minimal฀displacement฀of฀the฀lead,฀ how฀much฀lead฀weight฀do฀you฀need฀to฀affix฀to฀the฀object฀to฀ make฀it฀10฀kg฀negative฀on฀the฀bottom?฀

3-76฀

Example #2 You’re฀assisting฀a฀resear You’re฀assisting฀a฀resear ch฀study฀and฀ ch฀study฀and฀ must฀sink฀into฀ fresh฀water ฀an฀object฀that ฀an฀object฀that ฀ must฀sink฀into฀ fresh฀water weighs฀ weighs฀50฀kilograms //100฀pounds ฀ and฀displaces฀ and฀displaces฀ 300฀litres //5฀cubic฀f eet .฀ .฀ Disregar Disregarding฀the฀minimal฀displacement ding฀the฀minimal฀displacement ฀ of฀the฀lead, of฀the฀lead, ฀how฀much฀lead฀weight฀do ฀how฀much฀lead฀weight฀do ฀ you฀need฀to฀affix฀to฀the฀object฀to฀make฀it you฀need฀to฀affix฀to฀the฀object฀to฀make฀it ฀ 10฀kilograms //20฀pounds ฀negative฀on ฀negative฀on ฀ the฀bottom? the฀bottom?

Buoyancy

Three:฀Knowledge฀Development

DM฀5฀-฀ 12 DM฀5฀-฀12

METRIC฀—฀Answer:฀260฀kg

Answer #2 Metric฀=฀260฀kilograms � 300฀l฀x฀1.0฀kg/l฀=฀300฀kg 300฀l฀x฀1.0฀kg/l฀=฀300฀kg � (positively 50฀kg฀-฀300฀kg฀=฀ 250฀kg฀�(positively 50฀kg฀-฀300฀kg฀=฀ ––250฀kg buoyant) buoyant) 250฀kg฀+฀10฀kg฀=฀260฀kg 250฀kg฀+฀10฀kg฀=฀260฀kg �

Imperial฀=฀232฀pounds ฀� 5฀ft 5฀ft33฀x฀62.4฀lb/ft ฀x฀62.4฀lb/ft 33฀=฀312฀lb ฀=฀312฀lb� (positively 100฀lb฀-฀312฀lb฀=฀ 212฀lb฀�(positively 100฀lb฀-฀312฀lb฀=฀ ––212฀lb buoyant) buoyant) 212฀lb฀+฀20฀lb฀=฀232฀lb 212฀lb฀+฀20฀lb฀=฀232฀lb

Buoyancy

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The฀weight฀of฀water฀displaced฀is฀300฀kg฀(300฀l฀x฀1฀kg/l฀=฀300฀kg)฀ The฀object฀weighs฀50฀kg,฀so฀it฀is฀250฀kg฀positively฀buoyant฀ ฀(300฀kg฀-฀50฀kg฀=฀250฀kg) Add฀250฀kg฀to฀make฀it฀neutral,฀plus฀10฀kg฀to฀make฀it฀10฀kg฀ negative฀for฀260฀kg฀total฀lead฀to฀add฀฀(250฀kg฀+฀10฀kg฀=฀260฀kg)

IMPERIAL฀—฀Example฀#2 You’re฀assisting฀a฀research฀study฀and฀must฀sink฀into฀fresh฀ water฀an฀object฀that฀weighs฀100฀lbs.฀and฀displaces฀5฀cubic฀ feet.฀Disregarding฀the฀minimal฀displacement฀of฀the฀lead,฀ how฀much฀lead฀weight฀do฀you฀need฀to฀affix฀to฀the฀object฀to฀ make฀it฀20฀lbs฀negative฀on฀the฀bottom?฀ IMPERIAL฀—฀Answer:฀232฀lbs The฀weight฀of฀water฀displaced฀is฀312฀lbs฀(5฀ft3฀x฀62.4฀lbs/ft3฀=฀312฀ lbs)฀ The฀object฀weighs฀100฀lbs,฀so฀it฀is฀212฀lbs฀positively฀buoyant฀ ฀(312฀lbs฀-฀100฀lbs฀=฀212฀lbs) Add฀212฀lbs฀to฀make฀it฀neutral,฀plus฀20฀lbs฀to฀make฀it฀20฀lbs฀ negative฀for฀232฀lbs฀total฀lead฀to฀add฀(212฀lbs฀+฀20฀lbs฀=฀232฀lbs) Note฀to฀instructor:฀Work฀through฀additional฀problems฀as฀necessary฀until฀candidates฀can฀easily฀determine฀the฀amount฀of฀water฀ to฀displace,฀or฀weight฀to฀add,฀to฀make฀an฀object฀negative,฀positive฀or฀neutral฀in฀fresh฀water฀or฀sea฀water.

฀ III.฀ Pressure฀and฀Water Pressure and W ater ■ ■ Pressure฀is฀equal฀� Pressure฀is฀equal฀�

to฀force฀per฀unit฀area฀฀฀฀฀฀฀� to฀force฀per฀unit฀area฀฀฀฀฀฀฀� kg/cm kg/cm22฀or฀lb/in ฀or฀lb/in22�

P RESSURE฀=

■ ■ Atmospheric฀pressure฀� Atmospheric฀pressure฀�

F ORCE A REA

is฀the฀air฀pressure฀at฀sea฀level฀� is฀the฀air฀pressure฀at฀sea฀level฀� 1฀atm/bar,฀760฀mmHG, 1฀atm/bar,฀760฀mmHG, � 1.03฀kg/cm 1.03฀kg/cm 22฀or฀14.7฀psi ฀or฀14.7฀psi

DM฀5฀-฀ DM฀5฀-฀ 1414

Divemaster฀Course฀Instructor฀Guide฀

A.฀Pressure฀is฀equal฀to฀the฀force฀over฀a฀unit฀of฀area,฀and฀ may฀be฀expressed฀as฀kilograms฀per฀square฀centimeter฀ or฀pounds฀per฀square฀inch. 1.฀ In฀diving,฀the฀easiest฀pressure฀unit฀to฀use฀is฀the฀atmosphere฀or฀bar.฀One฀atmosphere฀or฀bar฀is฀the฀pressure฀equal฀to฀the฀air฀pressure฀at฀sea฀level.฀There’s฀a฀ slight฀difference฀between฀bar฀and฀atmospheres,฀but฀ in฀diving฀they’re฀treated฀as฀equal. 2.฀ 10฀metres/33฀feet฀of฀sea฀water฀exerts฀1฀atmosphere/ bar฀of฀pressure. 3.฀ 10.3฀metres/34฀feet฀of฀fresh฀water฀exerts฀1฀atmosphere/bar฀of฀pressure. 3-77

B.฀What฀is฀meant฀by฀gauge,฀absolute,฀and฀ambient฀ pressure? 1.฀ Gauge฀pressure฀is฀a฀measurement฀that฀ignores฀the฀ atmospheric฀pressure.฀At฀sea฀level฀with฀no฀added฀ pressure,฀gauge฀pressure฀is฀zero.฀Your฀submersible฀ pressure฀gauge฀is฀an฀example. 2.฀ Absolute฀pressure฀uses฀a฀vacuum฀as฀its฀zero฀point,฀so฀ that฀it฀is฀gauge฀pressure฀plus฀atmospheric฀pressure.฀ You฀generally฀add฀an฀“a”฀or฀the฀word฀“absolute”฀to฀ pressure฀units:฀“psia”฀for฀pounds฀per฀square฀inch฀ absolute,฀“ata”฀for฀atmospheres฀absolute,฀and฀“bar฀ absolute.”฀ 3.฀ Ambient฀pressure฀means฀“surrounding฀pressure,”฀and฀ may฀be฀expressed฀as฀absolute฀or฀gauge฀pressure. C.฀Calculating฀pressures฀underwater 1.฀ To฀determine฀the฀pressure฀in฀ata/bar฀at฀any฀depth: a.฀Divide฀the฀depth฀by฀10฀metres/33฀feet฀for฀salt฀ water,฀or฀10.3฀metres/34฀feet฀for฀fresh฀water.฀This฀ gives฀you฀atmospheres฀gauge฀at฀that฀depth. b.฀Add฀1฀to฀account฀for฀the฀atmosphere฀of฀air฀and฀ convert฀to฀absolute฀pressure.

Pressure Terminolog y ■ ■ Gauge฀– ฀measured฀pressure฀minus฀ ฀measured฀pressure฀minus฀

atmospheric฀pressure฀� atmospheric฀pressure฀� (atm฀gaug (atm฀gaug e฀or฀psig) e฀or฀psig) �

■ ■ Absolute฀– ฀total฀pressure฀exerted,฀ ฀total฀pressure฀exerted,฀

gauge฀plus฀atmospheric� gauge฀plus฀atmospheric�

(ata)� (ata)�

■ ■ Ambient฀– ฀surrounding฀pressure,฀ ฀surrounding฀pressure,฀

same฀as฀absolute฀pressure

Pressure฀and฀Water

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Calculating Pressure Underwater SEA฀WATER฀=� 1฀atm฀every฀10฀m/33฀ft� OR฀฀.100฀ATM฀per฀metre � OR฀฀.445฀psi฀per฀f oot

FRESH฀WATER฀=� 1฀atm฀every฀10.3฀m/34฀ft� OR฀฀.097฀ATM฀per฀metre � OR฀฀.432฀psi฀per฀f oot

Gauge฀Pressure 0 1฀ft

sea฀le vel

0

.445฀psi .100฀ATM

1฀m

10฀ft

4.45฀psi .500฀ATM

5฀m

20฀ft

8.9฀psi

33฀ft

14.7฀psi

Pressure฀and฀Water

1฀ATM

10฀m

Calculate฀the฀absolute฀and฀ gauge฀pressure฀at฀any฀depth฀฀ in฀fresh฀or฀sea฀water฀in฀atmospheres/bar,฀and฀convert฀it฀to฀ another฀pressure฀measurement.฀ Example:฀How฀many฀ata฀of฀pressure฀are฀there฀at฀18฀metres/60฀feet฀of฀seawater? Answer:฀2.8฀ata METRIC฀–฀18m฀÷฀10m/atm฀=฀1.8฀atm;฀฀1.8฀atm฀+฀1฀atm฀=฀2.8฀ata฀฀ IMPERIAL฀–฀60ft฀÷฀33ft/atm฀=฀1.8฀atm;฀1.8฀atm฀+฀1฀atm฀=฀2.8฀ata 2.฀ To฀convert฀to฀another฀pressure฀measure,฀multiply฀฀ ata฀by: a.฀10฀for฀msw฀(metres฀of฀sea฀water) b.฀10.3฀for฀mfw฀(metres฀of฀fresh฀water) c.฀ 1.03฀for฀kg/cm2฀(kilograms฀per฀centimetre฀squared) d.฀14.7฀for฀psi฀(pounds฀per฀square฀inch) e.฀ 33฀for฀fsw฀(feet฀of฀sea฀water) f.฀ 34฀for฀ffw฀(feet฀of฀fresh฀water) 3-78฀

Three:฀Knowledge฀Development

DM฀5฀-฀ DM฀5฀-฀16 16

Example฀#1 What฀are฀the฀gauge฀and฀absolute฀pressures฀in฀at฀a฀depth฀of฀ 22.5฀metres/74฀feet฀in฀fresh฀water? What฀is฀the฀pressure฀in฀kg/cm2฀/฀psi?

Example #1 What฀are฀the฀gaug What฀are฀the฀gaug e฀and฀absolute e฀and฀absolute ฀ pressures฀(in฀atmospheres)฀at฀a฀depth pressures฀(in฀atmospheres)฀at฀a฀depth ฀� of฀ of฀22.5฀metres//74฀feet฀in฀ ฀in฀fresh฀water fresh฀water ?� ?�

Metric฀and฀ Metric฀and฀Imperial ฀� =฀2.18฀atm฀gaug =฀2.18฀atm฀gaug e฀and฀3.18฀ata e฀and฀3.18฀ata ฀฀� 22.5฀m฀÷฀10.3฀m/atm฀=฀2.18฀atm฀gauge฀� 22.5฀m฀÷฀10.3฀m/atm฀=฀2.18฀atm฀gauge฀� 74฀ft฀÷฀34฀ft/atm฀=฀2.18฀atm฀gauge฀� 74฀ft฀÷฀34฀ft/atm฀=฀2.18฀atm฀gauge฀� add฀1฀atm฀=฀3.18฀ata� add฀1฀atm฀=฀3.18฀ata�

Can฀you฀find฀the฀pressures฀� Can฀you฀find฀the฀pressures฀� in฀kg/cm22฀or฀psi? Pressure฀and฀Water

DM฀5฀-฀ DM฀5฀-฀17 17

Answer:฀2.18฀atm฀gauge/3.18฀ata METRIC฀—฀฀22.5฀m฀÷฀10.3฀m/atm฀=฀2.18฀atmospheres฀gauge 2.18฀atm฀+฀1฀atmosphere฀=฀3.18฀ata IMPERIAL฀—฀฀74฀ft฀÷฀34฀ft/atm฀=฀2.18฀atmospheres฀gauge฀฀ 2.18฀atm฀+฀1฀atmosphere฀=฀3.18฀ata METRIC฀—฀Answer:฀2.24฀kg/cm2฀gauge/3.28฀kg/cm2฀absolute฀ 2.18฀atm฀x฀1.03฀kg/cm2฀=฀2.24฀kg/cm2฀gauge฀ 3.18฀ata฀x฀1.03฀kg/cm2฀=฀3.28฀kg/cm2฀absolute IMPERIAL฀—฀Answer:฀32฀psi฀gauge/46.7฀psia 2.18฀atm฀x฀14.7฀psi/atm฀=฀32฀psi฀gauge 3.18฀ata฀x฀14.7฀psi/atm฀=฀46.7฀psia

Example #2

Example฀#2 The฀pressure฀at฀18฀metres/60฀feet฀in฀sea฀water฀equals฀the฀ same฀pressure฀at฀what฀depth฀in฀fresh฀water?฀฀ (Depth฀=฀0฀at฀the฀surface,฀so฀this฀is฀a฀gauge฀pressure฀problem.)

The฀pressure฀at฀ The฀pressure฀at฀18฀metres //60฀feet ฀in฀ ฀in฀ sea฀water฀equals฀the฀same฀pressure฀ sea฀water฀equals฀the฀same฀pressure฀ at฀what฀depth฀in฀ fresh฀water?� at฀what฀depth฀in฀fresh฀water?� Metric฀=฀18.5฀metres� Metric฀=฀18.5฀metres� 18฀m฀÷฀10฀m/atm฀=฀1.8฀atm฀gaug 18฀m฀÷฀10฀m/atm฀=฀1.8฀atm฀gaug e� e� 1.8฀atm฀gaug 1.8฀atm฀gaug e฀x฀10.3฀m/atm฀=฀18.5฀m e฀x฀10.3฀m/atm฀=฀18.5฀m �

Imperial฀=฀61.2฀feet� Imperial฀=฀61.2฀feet� 60฀ft฀÷฀33฀ft/atm฀=฀1.8฀atm฀gaug 60฀ft฀÷฀33฀ft/atm฀=฀1.8฀atm฀gaug e� e� 1.8฀atm฀x฀34฀ft/atm฀=฀61.2฀ft 1.8฀atm฀x฀34฀ft/atm฀=฀61.2฀ft

Pressure฀and฀Water

DM฀5฀-฀ 18 DM฀5฀-฀18

METRIC฀—฀Answer:฀18.5฀m฀ 18฀m฀÷฀10฀m/atm฀=฀1.8฀atm฀gauge฀ 1.8฀atm฀x฀10.3฀m/atm฀=฀18.5฀m IMPERIAL฀—฀Answer:฀61.2฀ft 60฀ft฀÷฀33฀ft/atm฀=฀1.8฀atm฀gauge 1.8฀atm฀x฀34฀ft/atm฀=฀61.2฀ft

Note฀to฀instructor:฀Work฀through฀additional฀problems฀as฀necessary฀until฀candidates฀can฀easily฀determine฀the฀atmospheres฀absolute฀and฀gauge฀pressures฀at฀various฀fresh฀and฀saltwater฀depths,฀ and฀convert฀them฀into฀other฀pressure฀measures. Pressure, Volume and Density Relationship

฀฀฀฀DEPTH฀฀฀฀฀฀฀ABSOLUTE฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀GA DEPTH฀฀฀฀฀฀฀ABSOLUTE฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀GA UGE฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀AIR฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀SURF UGE฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀AIR฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀SURF ACE฀VOLUME฀฀฀EXAMPLE ACE฀VOLUME฀฀฀EXAMPLE � ฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀PRESSURE฀฀฀฀฀PRESSURE฀฀฀฀฀฀ ฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀PRESSURE฀฀฀฀฀PRESSURE฀฀฀฀฀฀ VOLUME฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀EQ VOLUME฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀EQ UIVALENT UIVALENT�� ฀metres฀฀฀f eet �

฀฀฀฀฀฀0� 1฀ATM� � � ฀10฀฀฀฀฀33� 2฀ATM� � � ฀20฀฀฀฀฀66� 3฀ATM� � � ฀30฀฀฀฀฀99฀฀฀฀฀฀4฀ATM� � � ฀40฀฀฀฀132� 5฀ATM�

฀฀฀0�

1฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀1฀�

60฀litres

1฀ATM�

1/2฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀2�

30

2฀ATM�

1/3฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀3�

20

3฀ATM�

1/4฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀4�

15

4฀ATM�

1/5฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀5

฀ IV.฀ The฀Relationship฀of฀Pressure฀and฀Gas฀Volume,฀฀ Density฀and฀Temperature

12 DM฀5฀-฀ 19 DM฀5฀-฀19

Divemaster฀Course฀Instructor฀Guide฀

A.฀What฀is฀the฀relationship฀between฀changes฀in฀ absolute฀pressure฀and฀the฀volume฀of฀a฀gas?฀ 1.฀ As฀absolute฀pressure฀increases฀on฀a฀gas,฀the฀volume฀ of฀the฀gas฀will฀decrease฀proportionately.฀฀ 3-79

For฀example,฀at฀2฀ata฀(10฀m/33฀ft฀in฀sea฀water)฀the฀ volume฀is฀1/2฀the฀surface฀volume;฀at฀3฀ata฀(20฀m/66฀ ft฀in฀sea฀water),฀1/3฀the฀surface฀volume,฀etc. Formula:฀฀฀฀pressure฀(atm)฀x฀volume฀=฀new฀pressure฀x฀new฀volume ฀ ฀ ฀ P1฀x฀V1฀=฀P2฀x฀V2 2.฀ As฀absolute฀pressure฀decreases฀on฀a฀gas,฀the฀volume฀ will฀increase฀proportionately.฀For฀example,฀bring฀ a฀gas฀volume฀to฀the฀surface฀from฀2฀ata฀the฀volume฀ will฀be฀twice฀volume฀it฀was฀at฀depth;฀from฀3฀ata,฀ three฀times฀the฀volume฀at฀depth,฀etc. 3.฀฀By฀determining฀ata/ bar฀at฀depths,฀you฀can฀ Calculate฀the฀voluse฀this฀relationship฀to฀ ume฀changes฀that฀ determine฀how฀much฀a฀ occur฀to฀a฀gas฀when฀ gas฀volume฀changes฀in฀ raised฀or฀lowered฀in฀ a฀flexible฀container฀(lift฀ the฀water฀in฀a฀flexbag,฀BCD,฀balloon,฀etc.)฀ ible฀container. when฀taken฀from฀one฀ depth฀to฀another. Formula:฀฀฀new฀volume฀=฀original฀ata฀÷฀new฀ata฀x฀original฀volume฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ V2฀=฀P1฀÷฀P2฀x฀V1 Example฀#1:฀You฀take฀a฀gas฀volume฀of฀14฀litres/3฀cubic฀ feet฀at฀the฀surface฀to฀30฀metres/99฀feet฀in฀sea฀water.฀What฀ will฀the฀new฀volume฀be?

Example #1 If฀you฀take฀a฀gas฀v If฀you฀take฀a฀gas฀v olume฀of olume฀of ฀� 14฀litres//3฀cubic฀feet฀at฀the฀surface ฀at฀the฀surface ฀ to฀ to฀30฀metres//99฀feet฀฀sea฀water sea฀water,฀,฀ what฀will฀the฀ne what฀will฀the฀ne w฀volume฀be? w฀volume฀be? � Metric฀=฀14฀l฀÷฀4฀ Metric฀=฀14฀l฀÷฀4฀ =฀3.5฀litres� =฀3.5฀litres� ฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀ ฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀ (30฀metres฀is฀4฀ata) (30฀metres฀is฀4฀ata) � Imperial฀=฀3฀ft Imperial฀=฀3฀ft 33฀÷฀4฀=฀ ฀÷฀4฀=฀.75฀ft33�

METRIC฀—฀Answer:฀3.5฀litres Original฀pressure฀=฀1฀ata฀(normal฀surface฀pressure) New฀pressure฀=฀4฀ata฀(30฀m฀÷฀10฀m/atm฀=฀3฀atm;฀3฀atm฀+฀1฀atm฀=฀4฀

฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀ ฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀(99฀feet฀is฀4฀ata) ฀(99฀feet฀is฀4฀ata)

Pressure฀and฀Volume

ata)

DM฀5฀-฀ DM฀5฀-฀20 20

New฀volume฀=฀(1฀ata฀÷฀4฀ata)฀x฀14฀l New฀volume฀=฀3.5฀l IMPERIAL฀—฀Answer:฀.75฀cubic฀feet Original฀pressure฀=฀1฀ata฀(normal฀surface฀pressure) New฀pressure฀=฀4฀ata฀(99฀ft฀÷฀33฀ft/atm฀=฀3฀atm;฀3฀atm฀+฀1฀atm฀=฀4฀ ata)

New฀volume฀=฀(1฀ata฀÷฀4฀ata)฀x฀3฀ft3 New฀volume฀=฀.75฀cubic฀feet

3-80฀

Example #2 If฀you฀take฀a฀gas฀v olume฀of ฀�

METRIC฀—฀Example฀#2฀:฀You฀take฀a฀gas฀volume฀of฀27฀ litres฀from฀32฀metres฀to฀17฀metres฀in฀fresh฀water.฀What฀will฀ the฀new฀volume฀be?

27฀litres฀fr om฀32฀metres฀to฀17 ฀ metres ฀in฀ fresh฀water,฀what฀will฀the ฀

METRIC฀—฀Answer:฀41.8฀litres

new฀volume฀be? Pressure฀and฀Volume

new฀volume฀be? � If฀you฀take฀a฀gas฀v olume฀of ฀�

17฀cubic฀f eet฀from฀122฀f eet฀to฀58 ฀ feet฀ in฀ fresh฀water,฀what฀will฀the ฀

Three:฀Knowledge฀Development

DM฀5฀-฀ DM฀5฀-฀21 21

Original฀pressure฀=฀4.1฀ata฀฀ (32฀m฀÷฀10.3฀m/atm฀=฀3.1฀atm;฀

Answer #2 Metric฀=฀41.8฀litres Metric฀=฀41.8฀litres �

฀

Imperial฀=฀29฀ft Imperial฀=฀29฀ft 33�

New฀pressure=฀2.65฀ata฀ (17฀m฀÷฀10.3฀m/atm฀=฀1.65฀atm;฀฀ ฀ 1.65฀atm฀+฀1฀atm฀=฀2.65฀ata) New฀volume฀=฀(4.1฀ata฀÷฀2.65฀ata)฀x฀27฀l New฀volume฀=฀41.8฀litres

Initial฀pressure฀–฀32฀m฀÷฀10.3฀m/atm Initial฀pressure฀–฀32฀m฀÷฀10.3฀m/atm ฀� =฀3.1฀atm฀gaug =฀3.1฀atm฀gaug e;฀add฀1฀atm฀=฀4.1฀ata e;฀add฀1฀atm฀=฀4.1฀ata � New฀pressure฀–฀17฀m฀÷฀10.3฀m/atm New฀pressure฀–฀17฀m฀÷฀10.3฀m/atm ฀� =฀1.65฀atm฀gaug =฀1.65฀atm฀gaug e;฀add฀1฀atm฀=฀2.65฀ata e;฀add฀1฀atm฀=฀2.65฀ata � (4.1฀ata฀÷฀2.65฀ata)฀x฀27฀l฀=฀41.8฀l (4.1฀ata฀÷฀2.65฀ata)฀x฀27฀l฀=฀41.8฀l �

Initial฀pressure฀–฀122฀ft฀÷฀34฀ft/atm Initial฀pressure฀–฀122฀ft฀÷฀34฀ft/atm ฀� =฀3.6฀atm฀gaug =฀3.6฀atm฀gaug e;฀add฀1฀atm฀=฀4.6฀ata e;฀add฀1฀atm฀=฀4.6฀ata � New฀pressure฀–฀58฀ft฀÷฀34฀ft/atm New฀pressure฀–฀58฀ft฀÷฀34฀ft/atm ฀� =฀1.7฀atm฀gaug =฀1.7฀atm฀gaug e;฀add฀1฀atm฀=฀2.7฀ata e;฀add฀1฀atm฀=฀2.7฀ata � (4.6฀ata฀÷฀2.7฀ata)฀x฀17฀ft (4.6฀ata฀÷฀2.7฀ata)฀x฀17฀ft 33฀=฀29฀ft ฀=฀29฀ft33

Pressure฀and฀Volume

3.1฀atm฀+฀1฀atm฀=฀4.1฀ata)

DM฀5฀-฀ DM฀5฀-฀22 22

IMPERIAL฀—฀Example฀#2:฀You฀take฀a฀gas฀volume฀of฀17฀ cubic฀feet฀from฀122฀feet฀to฀58฀feet฀in฀fresh฀water.฀What฀will฀ the฀new฀volume฀be? IMPERIAL฀—฀Answer:฀29฀cubic฀feet Original฀pressure฀=฀4.6฀ata฀ (122฀ft฀÷฀34฀ft/atm฀=฀3.6฀atm;฀฀ ฀ 3.6฀atm฀+฀1฀atm฀=฀4.6฀ata) New฀pressure฀=฀2.7฀ata฀฀ (58฀ft฀÷฀34฀ft/atm฀=฀1.7฀atm;฀฀ ฀ 1.7฀atm฀+฀1฀atm฀=฀2.7฀ata) New฀volume฀=฀(4.6฀ata฀÷฀2.7฀ata)฀x฀17฀ft3 New฀volume฀=฀29฀cubic฀feet Note฀to฀instructor:฀Work฀through฀additional฀problems฀as฀necessary฀until฀candidates฀can฀easily฀determine฀new฀volumes.

B.฀What฀is฀the฀relationship฀between฀depth฀and฀ the฀density฀of฀the฀air฀a฀diver฀breathes? 1.฀ As฀volume฀decreases฀with฀pressure฀increase,฀air฀molecules฀squeeze฀closer฀together฀taking฀up฀less฀space,฀ increasing฀the฀density฀of฀air฀within฀the฀space.฀For฀ example,฀at฀2฀ata,฀air฀is฀2฀times฀denser฀than฀at฀the฀ surface;฀at฀3฀ata฀it฀is฀3฀times฀denser,฀etc. 2.฀฀This฀increase฀in฀density฀ affects฀the฀diver’s฀rate฀of฀air฀ Given฀a฀diver’s฀air฀ consumption฀because฀as฀depth฀ consumption฀rate฀at฀ and฀pressure฀increase,฀within฀ one฀depth,฀calculate฀ each฀breath฀the฀diver฀inhales฀ how฀that฀consumpmore฀molecules฀of฀air฀to฀fill฀ tion฀rate฀changes฀ the฀same฀lung฀volume.฀This฀is฀ with฀depth.฀ why฀the฀deeper฀the฀dive,฀the฀ faster฀the฀diver฀uses฀air.฀ 3.฀ You฀can฀calculate฀density฀changes฀based฀on฀changes฀in฀absolute฀pressure฀(ata),฀and฀use฀the฀changes฀to฀ determine฀changes฀in฀a฀diver’s฀air฀consumption. 4.฀ Simplify฀depth-to-depth฀density/air฀consumption฀ problems฀by฀converting฀to฀surface฀density฀first: Divemaster฀Course฀Instructor฀Guide฀

3-81

Example฀#1:฀A฀diver’s฀air฀consumption฀rate฀is฀2฀bar฀per฀ minute฀(200฀kPa/min)/25฀psi฀per฀minute฀at฀the฀surface.฀ What฀will฀the฀air฀density฀be฀at฀30฀metres/99฀feet฀compared฀ to฀the฀surface,฀and฀what฀will฀the฀diver’s฀air฀consumption฀be?

Example #1 A฀diver’s฀air฀consumption฀rate฀is A฀diver’s฀air฀consumption฀rate฀is ฀� 2฀bar 2฀bar//25฀psi฀ 25฀psi฀per฀min per฀minute฀at฀the฀surface ute฀at฀the฀surface .฀.฀ What฀is฀the฀diver’ What฀is฀the฀diver’ s฀air฀consumption฀rate s฀air฀consumption฀rate ฀ likely฀to฀be฀at฀ likely฀to฀be฀at฀ 30฀metres 30฀metres//99฀feet 99฀feet?� ?� Metric฀ Metric฀=฀2฀bar/min฀x฀4฀= =฀2฀bar/min฀x฀4฀= ฀฀8฀bar/min� 8฀bar/min� ฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀(30฀metres฀is฀4฀ata)� ฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀(30฀metres฀is฀4฀ata)�

METRIC฀—฀Answer:฀4฀times฀as฀dense;฀8฀bar/min฀(800฀kPa/min)฀ 30฀m฀÷฀10฀m/atm฀=฀3฀atm 3฀atm฀+฀1฀atm฀=฀4฀ata฀(therefore฀4฀times฀as฀dense).฀ 4฀x฀2฀bar฀per฀min฀(200฀kPa฀per฀min)฀=฀8฀bar฀per฀min฀(800฀kPa฀per฀min)

Imperial฀ Imperial฀ =฀25฀psi/min฀x฀4฀= =฀25฀psi/min฀x฀4฀= ฀฀100฀psi/min� 100฀psi/min� ฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀(99฀feet฀is฀4฀ata) ฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀(99฀feet฀is฀4฀ata)

Pressure฀and฀Density

DM฀5฀-฀ 24 DM฀5฀-฀24

IMPERIAL฀—฀Answer:฀4฀times฀as฀dense;฀100฀psi/min 99฀feet฀÷฀33฀ft/atm฀=฀3฀atm 3฀atm฀+฀1฀atm฀=฀4฀ata฀(therefore฀4฀times฀as฀dense) 4฀x฀25฀psi/min฀=฀100฀psi/min.

Example฀#2:฀If฀a฀diver’s฀air฀consumption฀rate฀is฀8฀bar฀per฀ minute฀(800฀kPa/min)/100฀psi฀per฀minute฀at฀10฀metres/33฀ feet,฀what฀will฀it฀be฀at฀40฀metres/132฀feet? METRIC฀—฀Answer:฀20฀bar/min฀(2000฀kPa/min) Find฀surface฀consumption฀rate:฀ 10฀m฀÷฀10฀m/atm฀=฀1฀atm 1฀atm฀+1฀atm฀=฀2฀ata 8฀bar/min฀(800฀kPa/min)฀÷฀2฀ata฀=฀4฀bar/min฀surface฀rate฀(400฀kPa/min)

Answer #2 Metric฀=฀20฀bar/min ฀�

Determine฀rate฀at฀new฀depth:

Find฀surface฀rate฀–฀8฀bar/min฀at฀2฀ata฀� Find฀surface฀rate฀–฀8฀bar/min฀at฀2฀ata฀� =฀4฀bar/min฀at฀1฀ata� =฀4฀bar/min฀at฀1฀ata�

40฀m฀÷฀10฀m/atm฀=฀4฀atm 4฀atm฀+฀1฀atm฀=฀5฀ata 5฀x฀4฀bar/min฀(400฀kPa/min)฀=฀20฀bar/min฀(2000฀kPa/min)

4฀bar/min฀x฀5฀(40฀m฀is฀5฀ata)฀=฀20฀bar/min� 4฀bar/min฀x฀5฀(40฀m฀is฀5฀ata)฀=฀20฀bar/min�

Imperial฀=฀250฀psi/min � Find฀surface฀rate฀–฀100฀psi/min฀at฀2฀ata฀� Find฀surface฀rate฀–฀100฀psi/min฀at฀2฀ata฀� =฀50฀psi/min฀at฀1฀ata� =฀50฀psi/min฀at฀1฀ata� 50฀psi/min฀x฀5฀(132฀ft฀is฀5฀ata)฀=฀250฀psi/min 50฀psi/min฀x฀5฀(132฀ft฀is฀5฀ata)฀=฀250฀psi/min

Pressure฀and฀Density

IMPERIAL฀—฀Answer:฀250฀psi/min Find฀surface฀consumption฀rate: 33฀feet฀÷฀33฀ft/atm฀=฀1฀atm 1฀atm฀+฀1฀atm฀=฀2฀ata 100฀psi/min฀÷฀2฀ata฀=฀50฀psi/min฀surface฀rate

Determine฀rate฀at฀new฀depth: 132฀feet฀÷฀33฀ft/atm฀=฀4฀atm 4฀atm+฀1฀atm฀=฀5฀ata 5฀x฀50฀psi/min฀=฀250฀psi/min

Note฀to฀instructor:฀Work฀through฀additional฀problems฀as฀฀ necessary฀until฀candidates฀can฀easily฀determine฀gas฀consumption฀rates. 3-82฀

Three:฀Knowledge฀Development

DM฀5฀-฀ DM฀5฀-฀26 26

C.฀What฀is฀the฀relationship฀of฀pressure,฀volume฀ and฀temperature฀with฀a฀gas฀in฀a฀flexible฀container฀and฀with฀a฀gas฀in฀an฀inflexible฀container? 1.฀ Heat฀is฀the฀energy฀of฀molecular฀motion,฀therefore,฀ if฀you฀heat฀gases฀in฀a฀nonflexible฀container฀and฀the฀ volume฀remains฀unchanged฀(as฀in฀a฀scuba฀tank),฀ the฀molecules฀move฀more฀rapidly. 2.฀ This฀causes฀molecules฀to฀impact฀the฀interior฀of฀the฀ container฀with฀more฀force฀–฀thereby฀increasing฀the฀ pressure. 3.฀ Cooling฀means฀the฀molecules฀lose฀heat฀and฀slow฀ down,฀reducing฀their฀impact฀and฀decreasing฀the฀ pressure. 4.฀ Pressure฀changes฀are฀calculated฀using฀absolute฀ temperature,฀but฀for฀diving฀purposes,฀as฀a฀rule฀of฀ thumb฀with฀scuba฀cylinders,฀the฀pressure฀change฀is฀ 0.6฀bar฀per฀1°฀C/5฀psi฀per฀1°฀F.

What is the relationship ฀ of pressure, volume and temperature with gas in both flexible and inflexible containers? BEFORE

Heat฀is฀the ฀ energy฀of฀ molecule molecule฀฀ motion AFTER฀HEAT฀

ADDED

DM฀5฀-฀ 27 DM฀5฀-฀27

Pressure and Temperature ■ ■ As฀general฀rule฀of฀thumb,฀the฀ As฀general฀rule฀of฀thumb,฀the฀

pressure฀change฀is฀0.6฀bar฀per฀ pressure฀change฀is฀0.6฀bar฀per฀ 1°C/5฀psi฀per฀1°F� 1°C/5฀psi฀per฀1°F�

■ ■ Example:฀� Example:฀�

If฀a฀scuba฀tank฀is฀filled฀to฀ If฀a฀scuba฀tank฀is฀filled฀to฀200฀ 200฀ bar //3000฀psi฀ at฀ at฀20°C //70°F ฀then฀ ฀then฀ placed฀in฀a฀freezer฀at฀ placed฀in฀a฀freezer฀at฀0°C //32°F,฀,฀ what฀is฀the฀likely฀new฀pressure? what฀is฀the฀likely฀new฀pressure?

Example:฀A฀scuba฀tank฀is฀filled฀to฀200฀bar/3000฀psi฀at฀20°฀ C/70°฀F.฀What฀would฀happen฀to฀the฀pressure฀in฀that฀tank฀if฀ it฀were฀put฀into฀a฀freezer฀at฀0°฀C/32°฀F?

DM฀5฀-฀ DM฀5฀-฀28 28

METRIC฀—฀Answer:฀The฀pressure฀would฀drop฀to฀188฀bar. 20°฀C฀-฀0°฀C฀=฀20°฀C฀change 20°฀C฀x฀.6฀bar฀=฀12฀bar 200฀bar฀-฀12฀bar฀=฀188฀bar

Answer Metric฀=฀188฀bar � 20°C฀-฀0°C฀=฀20°฀c 20°C฀-฀0°C฀=฀20°฀c hange� hange� 20฀x฀0.6฀bar฀=฀12฀bar 20฀x฀0.6฀bar฀=฀12฀bar � 200฀bar฀-฀12฀bar฀=฀188฀bar 200฀bar฀-฀12฀bar฀=฀188฀bar �

Imperial฀=฀2810฀psi � 70°F฀-฀32°F฀=฀38°฀c 70°F฀-฀32°F฀=฀38°฀c hange� hange� 38฀x฀5฀psi฀=฀190฀psi 38฀x฀5฀psi฀=฀190฀psi � 3000฀psi฀-฀190฀psi฀=฀2810฀psi 3000฀psi฀-฀190฀psi฀=฀2810฀psi

Pressure฀and฀Temperature

DM฀5฀-฀ 29 DM฀5฀-฀29

IMPERIAL฀—฀Answer:฀2810฀psi 70°฀F฀-฀32°฀F฀=฀38°฀F฀change 38°฀F฀x฀5฀psi฀=฀190฀psi 3000฀psi฀-฀190฀psi฀=฀2810฀psi D.฀Gas฀pressure,฀volume฀and฀temperature฀are฀interrelated.฀For฀a฀given฀quantity฀of฀gas,฀if฀you฀change฀one,฀ either฀or฀both฀of฀the฀others฀must฀change฀proportionately. 1.฀ You฀can฀predict฀diving-related฀changes฀to฀gas฀pressure,฀volume฀and฀temperature. 2.฀ If฀you฀increase฀pressure฀by฀adding฀gas฀to฀a฀fixed฀ volume,฀the฀temperature฀will฀rise฀(such฀as฀a฀scuba฀ tank฀being฀filled). 3.฀ If฀you฀decrease฀pressure฀by฀releasing฀gas฀from฀a฀ fixed฀volume,฀the฀temperature฀will฀fall.฀This฀explains฀why฀a฀tank฀cools฀when฀you฀let฀the฀air฀out฀

Divemaster฀Course฀Instructor฀Guide฀

3-83

rapidly,฀and฀why฀manufacturers฀recommend฀special฀ modifications฀so฀that฀regulators฀won’t฀freeze฀when฀ ice฀diving.

฀ V.฀ The฀Behavior฀of฀Gases฀Underwater:฀Partial฀Pressures

A.฀What฀is฀partial฀pressure? 1.฀ In฀a฀mixture฀of฀gases,฀such฀as฀air,฀each฀gas฀exerts฀ its฀individual฀pressure฀independent฀of฀other฀gases฀in฀ the฀mixture฀(Dalton’s฀Law).฀The฀independent฀pressure฀of฀a฀gas฀is฀its฀partial฀pressure฀–฀that฀is,฀the฀part฀of฀ the฀pressure฀exerted฀by฀the฀gas. B.฀If฀you฀take฀a฀gas฀mixture฀underwater฀(the฀air฀you฀ breathe,฀for฀example),฀the฀pressure฀increases฀with฀ depth.฀The฀partial฀pressure฀of฀each฀gas฀in฀the฀mix฀also฀ increases฀proportionately฀to฀its฀fraction฀in฀the฀mix. 1.฀฀You฀can฀easily฀determine฀partial฀pressure฀ Given฀their฀percentby฀multiplying฀the฀gas฀ ages,฀calculate฀the฀ percentage฀in฀the฀mixpartial฀pressures฀of฀ ture฀by฀the฀total฀absogases฀in฀a฀mixture฀at฀ lute฀pressure. any฀depth.

Example:฀What฀is฀the฀partial฀pressure฀of฀oxygen฀in฀air฀at฀฀ a฀depth฀of฀40฀m/132฀ft?

Behavior of Gases Underwater ■ ■ What฀is฀partial฀pressure?� What฀is฀partial฀pressure?� ◆ ◆ In฀a฀gas฀mixture In฀a฀gas฀mixture ,฀each฀gas฀e ,฀each฀gas฀exerts฀its฀ xerts฀its฀

individual฀pressure฀independent individual฀pressure฀independent ฀� of฀other฀gases฀in฀the฀mixture of฀other฀gases฀in฀the฀mixture NON N NNN N O O NNNN N NN NN N NN N O NONO N N

PARTIAL PARTIAL฀฀ PRESSURE PRESSURE � OF฀O ฀฀ OF฀OXYGEN XYGEN฀฀

(21%) (21%)

+

PARTIAL PARTIAL฀฀ PRESSURE PRESSURE � OF฀NITR OF฀NITR OGEN OGEN��

(79%)

=

TOTAL฀ TOTAL฀ PRESSURE PRESSURE ฀ OF฀AIR OF฀AIR��

(100%) (100%)

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Partial Pressure ■ ■ What฀is฀the฀partial฀pressure฀of฀ What฀is฀the฀partial฀pressure฀of฀

oxygen฀(in฀atmospheres)฀at฀40฀ oxygen฀(in฀atmospheres)฀at฀40฀ metres/132฀feet?� metres/132฀feet?�

Answer:฀฀Oxygen฀partial฀pressure฀(abbreviated฀“PO2”)฀=฀ 1.05฀ata The฀absolute฀pressure฀is฀5฀ata฀฀ 40฀m฀÷฀10฀atm/m฀=฀4฀atm฀/฀132฀ft฀÷฀33฀ft/atm฀=฀4฀atm 4฀atm฀+฀1฀atm฀=฀5฀ata Air฀consists฀of฀21%฀oxygen.฀ 5฀ata฀x฀.21฀=฀1.05฀ata.

◆ ◆ PO PO2฀=฀5฀ata฀x฀.21฀=฀1.05฀ata ฀=฀5฀ata฀x฀.21฀=฀1.05฀ata 2

based฀on฀its฀par based฀on฀its฀par tial฀pressure฀— tial฀pressure฀— ฀� the฀higher฀the฀par the฀higher฀the฀par tial฀pressure tial฀pressure ,฀� ,฀� the฀greater฀the฀potential the฀greater฀the฀potential ฀ physiological฀eff physiological฀eff ect ect

DM฀5฀-฀ 31 DM฀5฀-฀31

Example:฀What฀is฀the฀partial฀pressure฀of฀oxygen฀when฀ breathing฀100%฀oxygen฀at฀the฀surface? Answer:฀PO2฀=฀1.0฀ata.฀The฀absolute฀pressure฀is฀1฀ata.฀The฀gas฀is฀ 100%฀oxygen.฀1฀ata฀x฀1.00฀=฀1฀ata.฀(This฀illustrates฀that฀with฀a฀ pure฀gas,฀the฀absolute฀pressure฀and฀the฀partial฀pressure฀are฀the฀ same.)

3-84฀

�

■ ■ The฀bod The฀body฀responds฀to฀a฀gas y฀responds฀to฀a฀gas ฀�

Three:฀Knowledge฀Development

C.฀How฀does฀the฀physiological฀effect฀of฀breathing฀ a฀given฀percentage฀of฀gas฀at฀depth฀compare฀to฀ breathing฀the฀same฀percentage฀of฀the฀gas฀at฀ the฀surface? 1.฀ The฀body฀responds฀to฀a฀gas฀you฀breathe฀based฀on฀its฀ partial฀pressure฀–฀not฀on฀the฀percentage฀of฀the฀gas฀in฀ the฀mix.฀This฀means฀that฀as฀pressure฀increases,฀the฀ physiological฀effect฀increases. 2.฀ The฀increased฀partial฀pressure฀of฀nitrogen฀(also฀ called฀“PN2”)฀causes฀nitrogen฀narcosis. 3.฀ The฀increased฀partial฀pressure฀of฀oxygen฀can฀cause฀ oxygen฀toxicity฀(more฀of฀a฀concern฀when฀diving฀ with฀enriched฀air฀nitrox฀than฀with฀air฀within฀recreational฀limits). 4.฀ The฀body’s฀response฀to฀partial฀pressure฀is฀important฀ regarding฀contaminated฀air฀because฀contamination฀ levels฀that฀are฀harmless฀at฀the฀surface฀may฀become฀ toxic฀under฀elevated฀partial฀pressures฀at฀depth. 5.฀ In฀the฀previous฀examples,฀the฀physiological฀effect฀ of฀oxygen฀from฀breathing฀air฀(21%฀oxygen)฀at฀40฀ m/132฀feet฀(PO2฀=฀1.05฀ata)฀is฀approximately฀the฀ same฀as฀breathing฀100%฀oxygen฀at฀the฀surface฀(PO2฀ =฀1.0฀ata)฀ D.฀Surface฀equivalency฀is฀the฀fraction฀of฀a฀gas฀you฀would฀ have฀to฀breathe฀at฀the฀surface฀to฀produce฀the฀same฀effect฀at฀a฀particular฀depth.฀To฀find฀surface฀equivalency,฀ use฀the฀gas฀partial฀ For฀a฀given฀percentage฀of฀฀ pressure฀at฀depth฀as฀ a฀gas฀in฀mixture,฀and฀the฀ the฀fraction฀of฀the฀gas฀ depth฀at฀which฀a฀diver฀ at฀the฀surface. breathes฀that฀gas,฀calcu1.฀฀Note฀that฀if฀the฀ late฀the฀percentage฀of฀the฀ partial฀pressure฀at฀ gas฀that฀would฀produce฀the฀ depth฀exceeds฀1.0฀ same฀physiological฀effects฀ ata,฀there฀can฀be฀no฀ on฀a฀diver฀at฀the฀surface. surface฀equivalency฀ because฀the฀partial฀ pressure฀would฀exceed฀the฀total฀pressure฀available฀ at฀the฀surface฀(1.0฀ata).

Example An฀air฀mixture฀has฀0.5%฀carbon฀ An฀air฀mixture฀has฀0.5%฀carbon฀ monoxide.฀Breathing฀this฀air฀at฀40฀ monoxide.฀Breathing฀this฀air฀at฀40฀ metres/132฀feet฀would฀be฀the฀ metres/132฀feet฀would฀be฀the฀ equivalent฀of฀breathing฀what฀percent฀ equivalent฀of฀breathing฀what฀percent฀ at฀the฀surface?� at฀the฀surface?� Answer฀=฀2.5%� Answer฀=฀2.5%� 5฀ata฀x฀.005฀=฀.025;฀2.5%฀surface฀equivalency� 5฀ata฀x฀.005฀=฀.025;฀2.5%฀surface฀equivalency� NOTE:฀This฀level฀of฀CO฀is฀considered฀toxic NOTE:฀This฀level฀of฀CO฀is฀considered฀toxic

Partial฀Pressure

Example:฀An฀air฀mixture฀has฀.5%฀carbon฀monoxide฀(CO).฀ Breathing฀it฀at฀40฀metres/132฀feet฀would฀be฀the฀equivalent฀ of฀breathing฀what฀percent฀at฀the฀surface?

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Divemaster฀Course฀Instructor฀Guide฀

3-85

Answer:฀2.5%.฀฀(this฀level฀of฀CO฀would฀be฀considered฀toxic). Absolute฀pressure฀=฀5฀ata฀฀ 40m฀÷฀10฀m/atm฀=฀4฀atm฀/฀132฀ft฀÷฀33฀ft/atm฀=฀4฀atm 4฀atm฀+฀1฀atm฀=฀5฀ata 5฀ata฀x฀.005฀=฀.025฀partial฀pressure .025฀=฀2.5%฀surface฀equivalency฀

Example:฀Central฀nervous฀system฀(CNS)฀oxygen฀toxicity฀is฀ only฀expected฀with฀oxygen฀partial฀pressures฀above฀1.4฀ata.฀ Would฀CNS฀toxicity฀ever฀be฀likely฀breathing฀any฀gas฀mixture฀with฀oxygen฀at฀the฀surface? Answer:฀No.฀The฀highest฀fraction฀of฀oxygen฀you฀can฀have฀ is฀100%.฀Breathing฀100%฀oxygen฀at฀the฀surface฀is฀a฀PO2฀of฀1.0฀ ata.฀–฀the฀highest฀partial฀pressure฀you฀can฀have฀at฀the฀surface.฀ Therefore,฀you฀cannot฀reach฀the฀1.4฀ata฀required฀for฀CNS฀toxicity.

฀ VI.฀ The฀Behavior฀of฀Gases฀Underwater:฀Gas฀Absorption฀฀ and฀Elimination A.฀What฀happens฀when฀you฀raise฀the฀pressure฀of฀a฀ gas฀in฀contact฀with฀a฀liquid? 1.฀ Gases฀in฀contact฀with฀a฀liquid฀dissolve฀into฀the฀liquid฀proportionately฀to฀the฀pressure.฀ 2.฀ If฀the฀pressure฀increases,฀more฀gas฀dissolves฀into฀the฀ liquid.฀ 3.฀ If฀the฀pressure฀decreases,฀the฀gas฀dissolves฀out฀of฀the฀ liquid฀(Henry’s฀Law).฀Carbonated฀beverages฀are฀a฀ good฀example฀of฀this.฀ 4.฀ Because฀the฀human฀body฀is฀comprised฀mainly฀of฀ water,฀this฀is฀the฀principle฀underlying฀decompression฀sickness฀and฀the฀basis฀for฀dive฀tables/computers. B.฀Gases฀dissolved฀in฀a฀liquid฀still฀exert฀pressure,฀which฀is฀ referred฀to฀as฀gas฀tension. C.฀Gas฀does฀not฀dissolve฀instantly฀into฀or฀out฀of฀a฀liquid฀ when฀the฀pressure฀changes.฀ 1.฀ It฀does฀so฀gradually฀over฀a฀period฀that฀depends฀on฀ the฀liquid,฀the฀gas,฀and฀the฀contact฀area฀between฀ the฀gas฀and฀the฀liquid.฀ 2.฀ Eventually,฀however,฀the฀pressure฀of฀the฀gas฀dissolved฀within฀the฀liquid฀will฀become฀equal฀to฀the฀ pressure฀of฀the฀gas฀in฀contact฀with฀it฀and฀no฀more฀ 3-86฀

Absorption and Elimination ■ ■ What฀happens฀when฀y What฀happens฀when฀y ou฀raise ou฀raise฀�

the฀pressure฀of฀gas฀in฀contact the฀pressure฀of฀gas฀in฀contact ฀� with฀a฀liquid? with฀a฀liquid? �

◆ ◆ More฀gas฀dissolves฀into฀the฀liquid More฀gas฀dissolves฀into฀the฀liquid � ◆ ◆ Equilibrium฀or฀ Equilibrium฀or฀ saturation saturation ฀is฀� ฀is฀�

reached฀eventuall reached฀eventually� y�

■ ■ What฀is฀ What฀is฀supersaturation supersaturation ?� ?� ◆ ◆ Gas฀pressure฀within฀a฀liquid฀is Gas฀pressure฀within฀a฀liquid฀is ฀

greater฀than฀the฀pressure฀of฀gas฀in greater฀than฀the฀pressure฀of฀gas฀in ฀ contact฀with฀the฀liquid contact฀with฀the฀liquid

Three:฀Knowledge฀Development

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What happens when you quickly reduce the pressure on a liquid that is saturated? Absorption฀and฀Elimina tion

DM฀5฀-฀ 34 DM฀5฀-฀34

Divemaster฀Course฀Instructor฀Guide฀

gas฀will฀dissolve฀in฀or฀out.฀This฀equilibrium฀is฀referred฀to฀as฀saturation. 3.฀ If฀the฀gas฀pressure฀in฀contact฀increases฀(such฀as฀ when฀a฀diver฀descends),฀then฀the฀liquid฀will฀now฀be฀ capable฀of฀holding฀even฀more฀gas฀than฀before.฀Gas฀ exchange฀will฀continue฀as฀before฀until฀the฀new฀level฀ of฀equilibrium฀is฀achieved. D.฀What฀is฀supersaturation?฀ 1.฀ If฀the฀pressure฀in฀contact฀with฀the฀liquid฀is฀reduced฀ (as฀when฀a฀diver฀ascends),฀gas฀tension฀within฀the฀liquid฀will฀be฀greater฀than฀the฀pressure฀in฀contact฀with฀ the฀liquid.฀ 2.฀ The฀liquid฀is฀then฀referred฀to฀as฀supersaturated.฀It฀will฀ gradually฀be฀less฀supersaturated฀as฀the฀gas฀dissolves฀ out฀of฀the฀liquid฀and฀equilibrium฀returns. E.฀ What฀happens฀when฀you฀quickly฀reduce฀the฀ pressure฀on฀a฀liquid฀that฀is฀saturated฀with฀dissolved฀gas฀at฀a฀higher฀pressure?฀ 1.฀ A฀liquid฀can฀have฀a฀moderate฀degree฀of฀supersaturation฀and฀still฀hold฀gas฀in฀solution.฀If฀a฀pressure฀ reduction฀takes฀place฀gradually,฀then฀the฀gas฀will฀ dissolve฀out฀of฀the฀liquid฀without฀forming฀bubbles.฀ 2.฀ If฀the฀pressure฀reduction฀is฀too฀great฀causing฀an฀ excessive฀supersaturation,฀the฀gas฀within฀the฀liquid฀ cannot฀remain฀in฀solution฀and฀bubbles฀form. 3.฀ This฀phenomenon฀explains฀the฀basic฀mechanism฀of฀ decompression฀sickness฀and฀why฀the฀condition฀cannot฀occur฀until฀the฀diver฀leaves฀depth,฀or฀reduces฀the฀ pressure฀in฀contact฀with฀the฀blood.฀ 4.฀ Dive฀tables/computers฀help฀the฀diver฀control฀the฀ supersaturation฀to฀avoid฀bubble฀formation.฀[Explain฀ that฀candidates฀will฀learn฀more฀about฀this฀in฀Topic฀ 6,฀the฀Physiology฀of฀Diving.]

3-87

Topic฀6฀-฀ The฀Physiology฀of฀Diving Recommended฀Materials฀and฀Methods฀฀ for฀Covering฀this฀Topic The฀recommended฀method฀for฀developing฀knowledge฀about฀diving฀physiology฀is฀to฀have฀candidates฀read฀the฀Physiology฀of฀Diving฀section฀of฀The฀ Encyclopedia฀of฀Recreational฀Diving฀and฀complete฀the฀physiology฀section฀in฀ the฀Diving฀Knowledge฀Workbook.฀Have฀them฀consult฀the฀related฀objectives฀in฀ the฀Appendix฀of฀the฀PADI฀Divemaster฀Manual฀to฀be฀sure฀they฀can฀meet฀all฀the฀ performance฀requirements. After฀independent฀study,฀meet฀with฀candidates฀individually฀or฀in฀a฀group.฀ Begin฀by฀reviewing฀their฀work฀in฀the฀Diving฀Knowledge฀Workbook,฀then฀answer฀candidate฀questions.฀Ask฀questions฀to฀assess฀mastery฀and฀review฀the฀ material,฀based฀on฀how฀they฀complete฀their฀workbooks.฀Use฀the฀presentation฀ outline฀as฀a฀guide฀for฀a฀complete฀review. If฀The฀Encyclopedia฀of฀Recreational฀Diving฀and฀the฀Diving฀Knowledge฀Workbook฀ don’t฀exist฀in฀a฀language฀candidates฀understand,฀you฀can฀develop฀knowledge฀by฀giving฀the฀following฀presentation฀in฀detail.

Presentation฀ Overview฀and฀Learning฀Objectives ฀ I.฀ Circulatory฀and฀Respiratory฀Systems ฀

1.฀ What฀are฀the฀primary฀purposes฀of฀the฀respiratory฀ and฀circulatory฀systems?

฀

2.฀ What฀are฀the฀organs,฀structure฀and฀functions฀of฀the฀ circulatory฀and฀respiratory฀systems?

฀

3.฀ What฀is฀dead฀air฀space,฀and฀how฀do฀you฀avoid฀problems฀caused฀by฀it?

฀

4.฀ How฀does฀the฀body฀respond฀when฀breath-hold฀diving,฀and฀how฀can฀you฀extend฀breath-hold฀time?

◆ ◆ Diving Diving Problems Problems with with These These Systems� Systems�

■ ■ Physiological Physiological Responses� Responses� ◆ ◆ Nitrogen� Nitrogen�

฀ II.฀฀ Diving฀Problems฀with฀Circulatory฀and฀Respiratory฀Systems ฀

5.฀ What฀is฀carotid-sinus฀reflex,฀and฀how฀do฀you฀avoid฀ it?

฀

6.฀฀ What฀is฀hypercapnia,฀and฀how฀do฀you฀avoid฀it?

฀

7.฀ What฀are฀hypocapnia฀and฀shallow฀water฀blackout,฀ and฀how฀do฀you฀avoid฀them?

฀

8.฀ What฀are฀the฀physiological฀effects฀of฀carbon฀monoxide฀while฀diving,฀and฀how฀do฀you฀avoid฀them?

฀

9.฀ What฀are฀the฀two฀types฀of฀oxygen฀toxicity,฀and฀how฀ do฀you฀avoid฀them?

3-78฀

Overview

■ ■ Circulatory Circulatory and and Respiratory Respiratory Systems� Systems�

◆ ◆ Thermal Thermal Changes� Changes�

◆ ◆ Pressure Pressure Changes Changes on on Body Body Air Air Spaces� Spaces�

■ ■ Problems Problems in in Body Body Air Air Spaces Spaces

Three:฀Knowledge฀Development

DM฀6฀-฀ DM฀6฀-฀ 22

฀III.฀ Physiological฀Responses฀to฀Nitrogen ฀

10.฀ What฀are฀the฀physiological฀mechanisms฀by฀which฀ the฀body฀absorbs฀and฀releases฀nitrogen฀(or฀other฀ inert฀gases)฀while฀diving?

฀

11.฀ What฀are฀silent฀bubbles,฀and฀how฀do฀they฀relate฀to฀ decompression?

฀

12.฀ What฀causes฀decompression฀sickness฀(DCS),฀and฀ what฀are฀the฀two฀types?

฀

13.฀ What฀is฀meant฀by฀decompression฀illness฀(DCI)฀versus฀decompression฀sickness?

฀

14.฀ What฀factors฀may฀predispose฀a฀diver฀to฀DCS?

฀

15.฀ What฀are฀the฀recommendations฀and฀physiological฀ rationales฀for฀DCS฀first฀aid฀and฀treatment?

฀

16.฀ What฀causes฀nitrogen฀narcosis,฀at฀approximately฀ what฀depth฀is฀it฀likely,฀and฀what฀are฀common฀signs฀ and฀symptoms฀of฀it?

฀IV.฀ Physiological฀Responses฀to฀Thermal฀Changes ฀

17.฀ How฀does฀the฀body฀respond฀to฀excess฀heat?

฀

18.฀ What฀causes฀heat฀exhaustion฀and฀heat฀stroke,฀and฀ how฀do฀they฀differ฀physiologically?

฀

19.฀ How฀does฀the฀body฀respond฀to฀insufficient฀heat?

฀

20.฀ What฀causes฀hypothermia,฀and฀what฀happens฀ physiologically฀when฀it฀occurs?

฀ V.฀ Physiological฀Responses฀to฀Pressure฀Changes฀on฀฀ Body฀Air฀Spaces ฀

21.฀ What฀are฀the฀basic฀functions,฀organs฀and฀structure฀ of฀the฀ears฀and฀sinuses?

฀

22.฀ How฀do฀the฀ears฀and฀sinuses฀respond฀to฀changing฀ pressure?

฀

23.฀ How฀do฀the฀lungs฀respond฀to฀changing฀pressure?

฀VI.฀ Problems฀in฀Body฀Air฀Spaces ฀

24.฀ What฀are฀barotrauma฀and฀squeeze?

฀

25.฀ What฀are฀the฀causes฀and฀physiologies฀of฀eardrum฀ rupture,฀middle฀ear฀squeeze,฀reverse฀squeeze,฀ear฀ plug฀problems,฀round฀window฀rupture฀and฀sinus฀ squeeze?

฀

26.฀ What฀is฀vertigo,฀and฀what฀may฀cause฀it฀while฀diving?

฀

27.฀ What฀is฀the฀cause฀and฀physiology฀of฀lung฀squeeze?

฀

28.฀ What฀are฀the฀causes฀and฀physiologies฀of฀the฀lung฀ overexpansion฀injuries:฀air฀embolism,฀pneumothorax,฀mediastinal฀emphysema฀and฀subcutaneous฀ emphysema?

Divemaster฀Course฀Instructor฀Guide฀

3-79

฀

29.฀ What฀are฀the฀recommendations฀and฀physiological฀ rationales฀for฀lung฀overexpansion฀injury฀first฀aid฀ and฀treatment?

฀

30.฀ What฀are฀the฀cause฀and฀physiology฀of฀mask฀and฀ dry฀suit฀squeezes?

Circulation and Respiration ฀ ฀

Outline ฀ I.฀ Circulatory฀and฀Respiratory฀Systems A.฀What฀are฀the฀primary฀purposes฀of฀the฀respiratory฀and฀circulatory฀systems? 1.฀ The฀primary,฀most฀urgent฀purpose฀of฀these฀systems฀ is฀to฀supply฀body฀tissues฀oxygen฀and฀to฀remove฀and฀ eliminate฀waste฀carbon฀dioxide. 2.฀ The฀process฀of฀using฀oxygen฀is฀oxidative฀metabolism. 3.฀ Oxidative฀metabolism฀turns฀chemical฀energy฀into฀ usable฀energy฀to฀support฀life. B.฀What฀are฀the฀organs,฀structure฀and฀functions฀of฀ the฀circulatory฀and฀respiratory฀systems? 1.฀ Circulatory฀System a.฀Blood:฀red฀blood฀cells฀(erythrocytes)฀in฀the฀plasma฀ (liquid฀portion฀of฀blood)฀carry฀oxygen฀to฀the฀tissues฀via฀hemoglobin,฀a฀protein฀that฀easily฀bonds฀ and฀unbonds฀with฀oxygen.฀Plasma฀carries฀carbon฀ dioxide฀away฀from฀tissues. b.฀Cardiovascular฀system฀-฀heart,฀arteries,฀capillaries฀ and฀veins 1.฀ The฀heart฀is฀a฀four฀chamber฀organic฀pump฀that฀ circulates฀blood. 2.฀ Arteries฀carry฀blood฀away฀from฀heart. 3.฀ Veins฀carry฀blood฀toward฀heart. 4.฀ Capillaries฀are฀microscopic฀vessels฀between฀ arteries฀and฀veins;฀gas฀exchange฀occurs฀in฀the฀ capillaries. 2.฀ Respiratory฀system฀structure฀and฀functions a.฀What฀triggers฀the฀breathing฀cycle? 1.฀ Reflex฀respiratory฀centers฀in฀the฀brain฀monitor฀ carbon฀dioxide฀levels฀in฀body. 2.฀ When฀carbon฀dioxide฀rises,฀they฀signal฀the฀diaphragm,฀a฀large฀muscle฀below฀the฀lungs,฀to฀flex฀ downward,฀causing฀lower฀internal฀pressure. 3-80฀

What are the purposes, structure and functions of the respiratory and circulatory syst ems? DM฀6฀-฀ DM฀6฀-฀ 33

Purposes

■ ■ Supply Supply tissues tissues with with oxygen oxygen �

and and remove remove and and eliminate eliminate � carbon carbon dioxide� dioxide�

■ ■ What What is is oxidative oxidative metabolism? metabolism?

฀ — — the the process process of of turning turning chemical chemical energy energy into into usable usable energy energy

Circulation฀and฀Respir ation

DM฀6฀-฀ DM฀6฀-฀ 44

Structure and F unction฀ unction฀ — Circulatory

Oxygen carried to tissues

Carbon dioxide Red฀Bloo d฀Cells d฀Cells��carried Hemoglo bin away from tissues DM฀6฀-฀ DM฀6฀-฀ 55 Circulation฀and฀Respir ation

Plasma�

Cardiovascular Syst em

– a four chamber pump � that circulates blood� blood� ■ ■ Arteries carry blood away � from the heart� heart� ■ ■ Veins carry blood toward heart� heart� ■ ■ Heart

– microscopic vessels between arteries and veins where gas exchange occurs DM฀6฀-฀ 6 DM฀6฀-฀ 6 Circulation฀and฀Respir ation ■ ■ Capillaries

Respiratory Syst em

■ ■ What What triggers triggers the the breathing breathing cycle?� cycle?�

in in the the brain brain monitor monitor the the body body ’s ’s carbon carbon dioxide dioxide level� level�

◆ ◆ Reflex Reflex respiratory respiratory centers centers

◆ ◆ When When CO CO 2

rises, rises, diaphragm diaphragm is is 2 signalled signalled to to ff lex lex downw downward ard

Circulation฀and฀Respir ation

Three:฀Knowledge฀Development

DM฀6฀-฀ DM฀6฀-฀ 77

What is dead air space, and how do you avoid problems caused by it? –– does does not not pla pla yy � aa part part in in gas gas exchange� exchange�

■ ■ Tidal Tidal volume volume

■ ■ Shallow Shallow br br eathing eathing –– CO CO

level 22 level increases, increases, breathing breathing rate rate increases� increases� ■ ■ Avoid Avoid problem problem by by deep, deep, � normal normal br breathing eathing

Circulation฀and฀Respir ation

DM฀6฀-฀ DM฀6฀-฀10 10

Divemaster฀Course฀Instructor฀Guide฀

3.฀ Air฀enters฀through฀sinuses฀and฀mouth฀past฀the฀ epiglottis฀into฀the฀trachea฀(windpipe),฀which฀ branches฀into฀the฀bronchi฀leading฀into฀lungs. 4.฀ Bronchi฀divide฀into฀smaller฀and฀smaller฀bronchi฀until฀reaching฀tiny฀alveoli,฀which฀are฀air฀ sacs฀surrounded฀by฀the฀pulmonary฀capillaries.฀It฀ is฀here฀that฀the฀blood฀releases฀carbon฀dioxide฀ and฀picks฀up฀oxygen. B.฀Path฀of฀blood฀flow฀through฀circulatory฀and฀respiratory฀ systems. 1.฀ Oxygen-rich฀blood฀from฀lungs฀enters฀left฀heart;฀ heart฀pumps฀the฀blood฀into฀the฀aorta,฀the฀body’s฀ largest฀artery.฀ 2.฀ The฀aorta฀branches฀into฀smaller฀arteries,฀including฀ the฀carotid฀arteries฀that฀supply฀the฀brain.฀Arteries฀ branch฀to฀smaller฀arteries฀throughout฀the฀body฀until฀reaching฀the฀capillaries. 3.฀ Blood฀gives฀up฀oxygen฀and฀picks฀up฀carbon฀dioxide฀in฀capillaries฀and฀flows฀into฀the฀venous฀system฀ (veins). 4.฀ Veins฀branch฀into฀larger฀and฀larger฀veins฀until฀a฀ single฀vein฀returns฀oxygen-poor฀blood฀to฀the฀right฀ heart. 5.฀ The฀heart฀pumps฀oxygen฀poor฀blood฀to฀lungs฀via฀ the฀pulmonary฀arteries. 6.฀ Pulmonary฀arteries฀branch฀into฀pulmonary฀capillaries฀ that฀surround฀lung฀alveoli.฀The฀blood฀releases฀carbon฀dioxide฀into฀alveoli฀to฀be฀exhaled฀and฀picks฀up฀ oxygen. 7.฀ Oxygen-rich฀blood฀returns฀to฀the฀left฀heart฀via฀pulmonary฀veins฀to฀begin฀another฀cycle. C.฀What฀is฀dead฀air฀space,฀and฀how฀do฀you฀avoid฀ problems฀caused฀by฀it? 1.฀ The฀portion฀of฀tidal฀volume฀(volume฀breathed฀in฀and฀ out฀on฀each฀breath)฀that฀plays฀no฀part฀in฀gas฀exchange฀-฀volume฀in฀bronchi,฀trachea,฀mouth/sinuses. 2.฀ Dead฀air฀space฀is฀rebreathed฀-฀increases฀carbon฀dioxide. 3.฀ Equipment฀increases฀dead฀air฀space฀(snorkel/regulator)฀and฀therefore฀further฀increases฀carbon฀dioxide฀ rebreathed. 4.฀ In฀shallow฀breathing,฀dead฀air฀space฀is฀proportionately฀high฀in฀tidal฀volume฀and฀carbon฀dioxide฀ levels฀rise,฀stimulating฀a฀higher฀breathing฀rate. 3-81

a.฀If฀breathing฀remains฀shallow,฀breathing฀rate฀will฀ continue฀to฀increase. b.฀Rapid฀breathing฀requires฀more฀effort฀to฀overcome฀ air฀resistance฀and฀this฀raises฀carbon฀dioxide฀levels฀ further. c.฀ May฀lead฀to฀hypercapnia฀(discussed฀shortly). 5.฀ In฀deep,฀normal฀breathing,฀dead฀air฀space฀is฀proportionately฀lower฀in฀tidal฀volume฀and฀carbon฀dioxide฀ levels฀fall. a.฀Breathing฀rate฀remains฀normal. b.฀Avoid฀dead฀air฀space฀problems฀by฀breathing฀slowly฀ with฀deep,฀normal฀breaths. D.฀How฀does฀the฀body฀respond฀when฀breath-hold฀ diving,฀and฀how฀can฀you฀extend฀breath-hold฀ time? 1.฀ During฀apnea฀(breath฀holding)฀the฀circulatory฀system฀ uses฀oxygen฀stored฀in฀the฀lungs,฀muscles฀and฀blood฀to฀ supply฀tissues. a.฀In฀cool฀water,฀bradycardia฀(slowing฀of฀the฀heart)฀ reduces฀circulation฀speed,฀though฀doesn’t฀appear฀to฀ reduce฀oxygen฀consumption฀in฀humans฀(it฀does฀in฀ marine฀mammals). 2.฀ Accumulating฀carbon฀dioxide฀creates฀urges฀to฀breathe฀ and฀eventually฀it฀is฀too฀great฀to฀ignore,฀forcing฀the฀ diver฀to฀surface฀and฀breathe. 3.฀ You฀can฀increase฀breath฀hold฀time฀by฀first฀hyperventilating฀(breathing฀deeply฀and฀rapidly)฀three฀or฀four฀ times.฀Doing฀so฀reduces฀circulatory฀carbon฀dioxide฀ so฀it฀takes฀longer฀to฀accumulate฀enough฀to฀stimulate฀ breathing.฀Excessive฀hyperventilation฀may฀lead฀to฀ shallow฀water฀blackout,฀as฀discussed฀shortly.

฀ II.฀ Diving฀Problems฀with฀Circulatory฀and฀฀ Respiratory฀Systems

A.฀What฀is฀carotid-sinus฀reflex,฀and฀how฀do฀you฀ avoid฀it? 1.฀ Carotid฀sinus฀receptors฀monitor฀pressure฀of฀arterial฀ blood฀reaching฀brain฀through฀carotid฀arteries. 2.฀ Low฀blood฀pressure฀triggers฀a฀higher฀heart฀rate,฀and฀ high฀blood฀pressure฀triggers฀a฀lower฀heart฀rate. 3.฀ Receptors฀interpret฀pressure฀from฀an฀excessively฀tight฀ hood฀or฀wet฀suit฀constricting฀neck฀as฀high฀blood฀pressure. 4.฀ The฀heart฀rate฀slows,฀reducing฀blood฀flow฀to฀the฀brain,฀ but฀pressure฀remains,฀causing฀yet฀slower฀heart฀rate. 3-82฀

What happens during a breath hold dive?

■ ■ During During apnea apnea

,, the the body body uses uses oxygen oxygen stored stored in in the the lungs, lungs, � muscles and blood� muscles and blood ■ ■ Accumulating Accumulating CO CO22 creates creates the the urge urge to to breathe� breathe� ■ ■ Hyperventilation Hyperventilation can can increase increase

breath breath hold hold time time Circulation฀and฀Respir ation

DM฀6฀-฀ 11 DM฀6฀-฀ 11

Diving Problems ฀ ฀ What is carotid ฀ sinus reflex?฀ reflex?฀ ฀

Do not wear an excessively tight hood, wet suit or � dry suit neck seal

Circulation฀and฀Respir ation

Three:฀Knowledge฀Development

DM฀6฀-฀ 12 DM฀6฀-฀12

Carbon Dio xide

■ ■ What What is is hypercapnia hypercapnia ?�?� ◆ ◆ Excessive Excessive CO CO22� ◆ ◆ Caused Caused by by skip skip breathing, breathing, rapid rapid �

shallow shallow breathing, breathing, overexertion, overexertion, etc.� etc.�

◆ ◆ May May cause cause to to headache, headache, confusion, confusion, �

loss loss of of consciousness� consciousness�

■ ■ What What is is hypocapnia hypocapnia ?�?� ◆ ◆ Insufficient Insufficient CO CO22� ◆ Caused ◆ Caused by by hyperventilation� hyperventilation� ◆ ◆ May May cause cause shallow shallow water water blackout blackout

Circulation฀and฀Respir ation

DM฀6฀-฀ 13 DM฀6฀-฀13

Divemaster฀Course฀Instructor฀Guide฀

5.฀ The฀diver฀feels฀uncomfortable฀and฀light-headed,฀but฀ may฀lose฀consciousness฀if฀constriction฀continues฀unrelieved. 6.฀ Avoid฀by฀not฀wearing฀excessively฀tight฀hoods,฀wet฀ suits฀or฀dry฀suit฀neck฀seals. B.฀What฀is฀hypercapnia,฀and฀how฀do฀you฀avoid฀it? 1.฀ Hypercapnia฀is฀excessive฀carbon฀dioxide. 2.฀ It’s฀caused฀by฀dead฀air฀space,฀skip฀breathing฀(holding฀the฀breath฀periodically),฀shallow฀rapid฀breathing,฀overexertion฀or฀a฀combination฀of฀these.฀In฀very฀ rare฀cases,฀air฀supply฀may฀be฀high฀in฀carbon฀dioxide. 3.฀ Causes฀headache฀and฀increased฀breathing.฀In฀severe฀ cases,฀confusion฀and฀loss฀of฀consciousness. 4.฀ If฀involving฀overexertion,฀increased฀work฀of฀breathing฀can฀increase฀carbon฀dioxide,฀leading฀to฀even฀ greater฀breathing฀demand฀-฀cycle฀stops฀when฀diver฀ stops฀all฀activity฀and฀rests. 5.฀ Avoid฀by฀breathing฀deeply฀and฀normally,฀not฀skip฀ breathing,฀and฀by฀avoiding฀overexertion. C.฀What฀are฀hypocapnia฀and฀shallow฀water฀blackout,฀and฀how฀do฀you฀avoid฀them? 1.฀ Hypocapnia฀is฀insufficient฀carbon฀dioxide. 2.฀ Too฀little฀carbon฀dioxide฀may฀interrupt฀normal฀ breathing฀cycle฀because฀carbon฀dioxide฀stimulates฀ breathing. 3.฀ May฀be฀caused฀by฀hyperventilation฀due฀to฀stress฀or฀ fright฀while฀scuba฀diving฀-฀causes฀light-headedness. 4.฀ Primarily฀a฀concern฀with฀breath-hold฀diving฀and฀ excessive฀hyperventilation฀(more฀than฀three฀or฀four฀ breaths)-฀causes฀shallow฀water฀blackout. a.฀Diver฀excessively฀depletes฀carbon฀dioxide฀by฀hyperventilating฀excessively. b.฀At฀depth,฀diver’s฀body฀consumes฀oxygen฀faster฀ than฀carbon฀dioxide฀accumulates฀to฀stimulate฀ breathing. c.฀ Depleted฀oxygen฀causes฀no฀problem฀at฀depth฀because฀high฀partial฀pressure฀allows฀hemoglobin฀to฀ bond฀with฀remaining฀supply. d.฀Diver฀ascends,฀the฀partial฀pressure฀drops฀and฀hemoglobin฀can฀no฀longer฀bond฀with฀oxygen;฀diver฀ blacks฀out฀without฀warning฀due฀to฀hypoxia฀-฀insufficient฀oxygen. 3-83

D.฀What฀are฀the฀physiological฀effects฀of฀carbon฀ monoxide฀while฀diving,฀and฀how฀do฀you฀avoid฀ them? 1.฀ It’s฀caused฀by฀contaminated฀air฀from฀using฀wrong฀ lubricants฀or฀improper฀compressor฀system฀maintenance฀(fortunately฀now฀very฀rare)฀Smoking฀is฀another฀source฀of฀carbon฀monoxide. a.฀Carbon฀monoxide฀bonds฀with฀hemoglobin฀more฀ readily฀than฀oxygen,฀but฀doesn’t฀release฀as฀easily. b.฀Breathing฀air฀contaminated฀with฀carbon฀monoxide฀at฀depth,฀hemoglobin฀carries฀less฀and฀less฀ oxygen฀as฀carbon฀monoxide฀bonds฀with฀it. c.฀ However,฀at฀depth฀blood฀still฀carries฀sufficient฀ oxygen฀dissolved฀in฀plasma฀by฀high฀partial฀pressures฀to฀meet฀tissue฀demands. d.฀When฀diver฀surfaces,฀plasma฀no฀longer฀can฀carry฀ enough฀dissolved฀oxygen฀-฀diver฀blacks฀out฀from฀ hypoxia. 2.฀ Symptoms฀and฀signs฀(when฀they฀do฀occur)฀include฀ headache,฀confusion,฀narrow฀vision,฀bright฀red฀lips/ nails฀(not฀easily฀observed฀underwater). a.฀Symptoms฀of฀mild฀cases฀subside฀after฀several฀ hours฀of฀fresh฀air. b.฀Severe฀cases฀-฀give฀the฀diver฀pure฀oxygen฀and฀contact฀emergency฀medical฀care. 3.฀ Avoid฀by฀getting฀air฀only฀from฀reputable฀air฀fill฀stations. E.฀ What฀are฀the฀two฀types฀of฀oxygen฀toxicity,฀and฀ how฀do฀you฀avoid฀them? 1.฀ It’s฀nearly฀impossible฀to฀suffer฀oxygen฀toxicity฀using฀ air฀within฀recreational฀diving฀limits฀(40฀m/130฀ft฀or฀ less,฀no฀stop฀diving). 2.฀ Using฀enriched฀air฀nitrox฀(EANx),฀you฀can฀have฀oxygen฀toxicity. 3.฀ Two฀types฀of฀oxygen฀toxicity a.฀Central฀nervous฀system฀(CNS)฀toxicity 1.฀ Caused฀by฀exposure฀to฀oxygen฀partial฀pressures฀greater฀than฀approximately฀1.4฀ata฀ (using฀EANx32฀below฀33฀metres/110฀feet,฀or฀ EANx36฀below฀29฀metres/95฀feet,฀or฀pure฀oxygen฀below฀4฀metres/13฀feet)฀to฀1.6฀ata. 2.฀ Symptoms฀and฀signs฀include฀visual฀disturbances,฀ear฀ringing,฀nausea,฀twitching฀muscles,฀ irritability฀and฀dizziness. 3-84฀

What are the physiolog ical effects of carbon mono xide while diving?

■ ■ CO bonds with hemoglobin more

readily than oxygen� oxygen�

■ ■ May cause hypoxia

= black out� out�

■ ■ Use only air from reputable �

fill stations

Circulation฀and฀Respir ation

DM฀6฀-฀ 14 DM฀6฀-฀14

What are the two types of oxygen toxicity?

■ ■ Central Central nervous nervous system system (CNS) (CNS) � ◆ ◆ Exposur Exposuree to to PPO PPO g g reater reater �

than than 1.4 1.4 aa ta� ta�

■ ■ Pulmonary Pulmonary toxicity toxicity �

◆ ◆ Contin Continuous uous eexposure xposure to to

elevated elevated PPO PPO

Circulation฀and฀Respir ation

Three:฀Knowledge฀Development

DM฀6฀-฀ DM฀6฀-฀15 15

3.฀ Most฀serious฀symptom/sign฀is฀a฀convulsion฀ -฀usually฀without฀warning.฀Convulsions฀are฀not฀ harmful฀themselves,฀but฀may฀cause฀diver฀to฀ lose฀mouthpiece฀and฀drown. 4.฀ Avoid฀by฀not฀exceeding฀a฀partial฀pressure฀of฀ 1.4฀ata.฀[Remind฀candidates฀that฀enriched฀air฀ diving฀requires฀special฀training,฀much฀of฀which฀ covers฀CNS฀concerns฀in฀more฀detail.] b.฀Pulmonary฀toxicity 1.฀ Caused฀by฀continuous฀exposure฀to฀elevated฀ oxygen฀partial฀pressure. 2.฀ Most฀likely฀in฀recreational฀diving฀only฀following฀multiple฀dives฀using฀enriched฀air. 3.฀ Symptoms฀and฀signs฀include฀burning฀in฀the฀ chest฀and฀irritated฀cough. 4.฀ Usually฀resolves฀itself฀by฀ceasing฀diving฀for฀several฀days. 5.฀ Not฀considered฀immediately฀life฀threatening฀or฀ hazardous. 6.฀ Avoid฀by฀following฀oxygen฀exposure฀limits฀of฀ NOAA฀and฀DSAT฀Oxygen฀Exposure฀Table.฀[Tell฀ candidates฀that฀enriched฀air฀training฀covers฀ pulmonary฀toxicity฀and฀using฀tables฀to฀avoid฀it฀ in฀more฀detail.]

฀ III.฀ ฀Physiological฀Responses฀to฀Nitrogen Nitrogen Absorption and Elimination ฀ ฀

What are the physiolog ical mechanisms by which ฀ the body absorbs and releases nitrogen? DM฀6฀-฀ DM฀6฀-฀16 16

Physiolog ical Responses

■ ■ Gases Gases dissolve dissolve into into liquids liquids

proportionately proportionately to to the the pressure� pressure�

■ ■ While While diving, diving, nitrogen nitrogen goes goes into into

solution solution in in body body tissues� tissues�

■ ■ Different Different tissues tissues absorb absorb and and

release release nitrogen nitrogen at at different different rates rates

Nitrogen

continued... continued...

DM฀6฀-฀ DM฀6฀-฀17 17

Divemaster฀Course฀Instructor฀Guide฀

A.฀What฀are฀the฀physiological฀mechanisms฀by฀ which฀the฀body฀absorbs฀and฀releases฀nitrogen฀ (or฀other฀inert฀gases)฀while฀diving? 1.฀ Gases฀dissolve฀into฀liquids฀proportionately฀to฀the฀ pressure.฀This฀is฀the฀basis฀for฀decompression. 2.฀ The฀human฀body฀is฀primarily฀water,฀so฀when฀exposed฀to฀pressure฀(as฀in฀diving),฀more฀nitrogen฀from฀ the฀air฀we฀breathe฀goes฀into฀solution฀in฀body฀tissues. a.฀Oxygen฀is฀consumed฀metabolically,฀but฀nitrogen฀ gas฀is฀physiologically฀inert฀and฀is฀therefore฀a฀concern. b.฀Other฀inert฀gases,฀such฀as฀helium,฀will฀dissolve฀ into฀body฀tissues฀when฀breathing฀special฀mixes฀in฀ nonrecreational฀diving. c.฀ Nitrogen฀pressure฀is฀higher฀in฀alveolar฀air฀than฀in฀ the฀blood,฀so฀nitrogen฀dissolves฀into฀blood,฀then฀ from฀the฀blood฀to฀the฀tissues.

3-85

d.฀Dissolved฀gas฀still฀exerts฀pressure.฀The฀pressure฀of฀ gas฀dissolved฀in฀the฀body฀is฀called฀tissue฀pressure. 3.฀ Different฀tissues฀absorb฀(and฀release)฀nitrogen฀at฀different฀rates.฀Given฀enough฀time฀at฀depth,฀the฀body฀ saturates฀by฀reaching฀equilibrium,฀meaning฀it฀฀has฀ absorbed฀all฀the฀nitrogen฀possible฀at฀that฀pressure. a.฀Calculating฀different฀tissue฀absorption฀and฀release฀is฀the฀foundation฀of฀decompression฀models. 4.฀ Most฀dives฀are฀too฀short฀to฀reach฀saturation.฀The฀ amount฀of฀nitrogen฀absorbed฀relates฀directly฀to฀the฀ depth฀(pressure)฀and฀time฀of฀the฀dive. 5.฀ Upon฀ascent฀after฀a฀dive,฀nitrogen฀pressure฀in฀tissues฀ is฀higher฀than฀surrounding฀pressure.฀This฀is฀called฀ supersaturation. 6.฀ With฀higher฀tissue฀pressures,฀nitrogen฀pressure฀in฀ blood฀exceeds฀pressure฀in฀alveolar฀air;฀nitrogen฀dissolves฀from฀blood฀and฀is฀exhaled.฀This฀lowers฀blood฀ tissue฀pressure,฀so฀nitrogen฀dissolves฀from฀body฀tissues฀into฀blood. 7.฀ If฀difference฀between฀surrounding฀pressure฀and฀tissue฀pressure฀(the฀pressure฀gradient)฀is฀within฀limits,฀ the฀nitrogen฀dissolves฀harmlessly฀out฀of฀the฀body. a.฀Most฀nitrogen฀remains฀within฀solution฀and฀dissolves฀out฀slowly. 8.฀ What฀are฀silent฀bubbles,฀and฀how฀do฀they฀relate฀to฀decompression? a.฀According฀to฀theory,฀some฀nitrogen฀dissolves฀into฀ microscopic฀gas฀pockets฀in฀the฀body฀and฀form฀ tiny฀bubbles฀that฀are฀trapped฀by฀the฀pulmonary฀ capillaries฀in฀the฀lungs;฀these฀then฀diffuse฀harmlessly฀into฀alveolar฀air. b.฀Doppler฀ultrasound฀flow฀meters฀detect฀silent฀ bubbles฀after฀some฀dives,฀especially฀those฀close฀to฀ table/computer฀limits฀-฀these฀are฀larger฀bubbles฀ than฀the฀tiny฀bubbles฀theorized฀to฀form฀after฀most฀ dives,฀but฀are฀still฀harmless. B.฀What฀causes฀decompression฀sickness฀(DCS)? 1.฀ If฀tissue฀pressure฀exceeds฀surrounding฀pressure฀excessively,฀nitrogen฀comes฀out฀of฀solution฀faster฀than฀ the฀body฀can฀eliminate฀it฀harmlessly฀-฀bubbles฀form฀ in฀the฀tissues. a.฀Small฀bubbles฀accumulate฀to฀form฀larger฀bubbles.

3-86฀

Physiological Responses...

■ ■ Most dives are too short �

to reach saturation� saturation�

■ ■ Upon ascent, higher nitrogen

pressure in tissues results in nitrogen dissolving out of the body� body�

■ ■ If

pressure gradient is within limits, elimination is harmless

Nitrogen

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What are silent bubbles ?

■ ■ Some Some excess excess nitrogen nitrogen dissolves dissolves

into into microscopic microscopic gas gas pockets pockets forming forming tiny tiny bubbles� bubbles�

■ ■ Tiny Tiny bubbles bubbles may may �

lead lead to to larger, larger, but but � still still harmless harmless silent silent bubbles bubbles ฀

■ ■ Silent Silent bubbles bubbles are are detectable detectable by by

Doppler Doppler ultrasound ultrasound flow flow meters meters DM฀6฀-฀ 19 DM฀6฀-฀19 Nitrogen

What causes ฀ decompression sickness? ฀ ฀ ฀ Symptoms de pend on amount and loca tion of bubble formation

Nitrogen

Three:฀Knowledge฀Development

DM฀6฀-฀ 20 DM฀6฀-฀20

b.฀Larger฀bubbles฀cause฀decompression฀sickness฀ (DCS),฀a.k.a.฀“the฀bends.” c.฀ DCS฀types฀and฀symptoms฀depend฀on฀amount฀of฀ bubble฀formation฀and฀where฀the฀bubbles฀end฀up฀ in฀the฀body. Decompression Illness (DCI) vs. ฀ Decompression Sickness (DC S) ■ ■ DCI DCI — — rrefers efers to to both both decompr decompr ession ession

sickness sickness and and lung lung o o verexpansion verexpansion injuries injuries (emergency (emergency first first aid aid is is the the same same for for both) both) ฀

■ ■ DCS DCS — — rrefers efers specif specif ically ically to to

conditions conditions caused caused b b yy nitrogen nitrogen coming coming out out of of solution solution in in the the body body

Nitrogen

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What factors predispose a diver to DC S?

■ ■ Body fat� fat�

■ ■ Excess CO

� 22

■ ■ Age� Age�

■ ■ Dehydration� Dehydration�

■ ■ Injuries/Illness� Injuries/Illness� ■ ■ Alcohol

Nitrogen

■ ■ Cold water� water�

■ ■ Heavy exercise� exercise� ■ ■ Altitude/Flying

DM฀6฀-฀ DM฀6฀-฀22 22

Divemaster฀Course฀Instructor฀Guide฀

What฀is฀meant฀by฀decompression฀illness฀(DCI)฀versus฀decompression฀sickness? Decompression฀illness฀(DCI)฀is฀a฀blanket฀term฀for฀DCS฀and฀ lung฀overexpansion฀injuries฀used฀in฀describing฀first฀aid฀and฀ treatment,฀which฀is฀identical฀for฀both฀conditions.฀However,฀ it’s฀improper฀to฀interchange฀“DCI”฀with฀“DCS”฀when฀talking฀about฀the฀specific฀condition฀caused฀by฀dissolved฀nitrogen฀coming฀out฀of฀solution. C.฀What฀factors฀may฀predispose฀a฀diver฀to฀DCS? 1.฀ Fat฀tissue:฀fat฀releases฀nitrogen฀slowly.฀A฀diver฀with฀ a฀disproportionate฀amount฀of฀body฀fat฀may฀have฀ more฀nitrogen฀in฀solution฀after฀a฀dive. 2.฀ Age:฀as฀we฀age,฀our฀circulatory฀systems฀become฀less฀ efficient,฀reducing฀speed฀of฀gas฀exchange. 3.฀ Dehydration:฀reduces฀blood฀in฀circulation,฀slowing฀ nitrogen฀elimination. 4.฀ Injuries/illness:฀may฀alter฀or฀restrict฀circulation฀leading฀to฀localized฀areas฀where฀nitrogen฀isn’t฀eliminated฀quickly. 5.฀ Alcohol฀before฀or฀after฀diving:฀alters฀circulation฀ patterns,฀dilates฀capillaries฀and฀promotes฀dehydration,฀all฀of฀which฀can฀alter฀nitrogen฀elimination฀and฀ bubble฀formation. 6.฀ Carbon฀dioxide฀excess:฀skip฀breathing฀may฀raise฀ carbon฀dioxide฀levels฀altering฀circulation฀and฀gas฀ exchange. 7.฀ Cold฀water:฀diver฀starts฀warm฀with฀normal฀circulation,฀but฀circulation฀to฀extremities฀reduces฀as฀diver฀ cools,฀slowing฀nitrogen฀elimination฀from฀those฀areas. 8.฀ Heavy฀exercise:฀during฀dive฀accelerates฀circulation฀ so฀more฀nitrogen฀than฀normal฀dissolves฀into฀body.฀ After฀a฀dive,฀exercise฀accelerates฀circulation฀altering฀ nitrogen฀elimination. 9.฀ Altitude/flying:฀dive฀tables/computers฀are฀based฀on฀ surfacing฀at฀sea฀level,฀thus฀exposure฀to฀lower฀pressure฀increases฀the฀tissue฀pressure฀gradient฀and฀may฀ 3-87

cause฀large฀bubbles฀to฀form฀-฀returning฀to฀sea฀level฀ doesn’t฀usually฀alleviate฀the฀bubbles฀once฀formed. D.฀What฀are฀the฀two฀types฀of฀decompression฀sickness? 1.฀ Type฀I฀-฀identified฀as฀“pain฀only”฀DCS. a.฀Limb฀pain฀most฀common฀-฀may฀be฀midlimb฀or฀ joints;฀first฀or฀second฀symptom฀noted฀in฀60฀percent฀of฀cases. b.฀Cutaneous฀DCS฀(“skin฀bends”)฀-฀red฀rashes/patches฀usually฀on฀shoulders/upper฀chest. 2.฀ Type฀II฀-฀identified฀as฀having฀life฀threatening฀or฀ immediately฀injurious฀symptoms;฀involves฀brain,฀ nervous฀system,฀lungs. a.฀numbness฀and/or฀tingling b.฀paralysis c.฀ weakness/fatigue d.฀unconsciousness฀and฀death E.฀ What฀are฀the฀recommendations฀and฀physiological฀rationales฀for฀DCS฀first฀aid฀and฀treatment? 1.฀ Treat฀all฀DCS฀as฀serious,฀even฀pain฀only. 2.฀ Give฀patient฀oxygen฀(preferably฀100฀percent). a.฀Lowers฀alveolar฀nitrogen฀to฀accelerate฀elimination฀from฀tissues. b.฀Raises฀blood฀oxygen฀levels฀to฀assist฀tissues฀with฀ blood฀flow฀reduced฀by฀bubble฀blockage. 3.฀ Keep฀a฀breathing฀patient฀lying฀level฀on฀left฀side,฀ head฀supported฀(recovery฀position). a.฀Helps฀keep฀airway฀clear฀if฀patient฀vomits. b.฀Lying฀level฀helps฀ensure฀blood฀flow฀to฀brain.฀ c.฀ Advise฀patient฀not฀to฀sit฀up,฀even฀during฀transport฀or฀if฀feeling฀better. 4.฀ Lay฀nonbreathing฀patient฀on฀back฀for฀rescue฀breathing/CPR. 5.฀ Monitor฀airway,฀breathing,฀circulation,฀and฀contact฀ emergency฀medical฀care. 6.฀ Elevating฀the฀patient’s฀feet฀(modified฀Trendelenburg฀ position)฀is฀no฀longer฀recommended. F.฀ DCS฀treatment 1.฀ Except฀isolated฀cutaneous฀DCS,฀treatment฀usually฀ requires฀putting฀patient฀under฀pressure฀in฀a฀recompression฀chamber. 2.฀ Recompression฀reduces฀bubbles฀in฀body฀to฀small฀size฀

What are the two types of DC S?

■ ■ Type Type 1 1 –– “Pain “Pain Only”� Only”�

◆ ◆ Limb Limb and and joint joint pain pain � ◆ ◆ Cutaneous Cutaneous -- sk sk in in rash� rash�

■ ■ Type Type 2 2 –– Neurological� Neurological�

◆ ◆ Numbness Numbness and/or and/or ting ting ling� ling� ◆ ◆ Paralysis� Paralysis� ◆ ◆ Weakness/f Weakness/f atigue� atigue� ◆ ◆ Unconsciousness Unconsciousness

Nitrogen

What is the treatment for DCS?

■ ■ Recompression in a chamber� chamber�

◆ ◆ Long Long slow slow decompr decompr ession ession with with

oxygen oxygen and and dr drug ug therapy� therapy�

■ ■ The sooner recompression begins,

the more likely patient will recover without permanent injury

Nitrogen

3-88฀

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Three:฀Knowledge฀Development

DM฀6฀-฀ DM฀6฀-฀25 25

and฀forces฀them฀back฀into฀solution฀-฀often฀alleviates฀ symptoms฀immediately. 3.฀ Treatment฀involves฀a฀long฀slow฀decompression฀with฀ oxygen฀and฀drug฀therapy. a.฀Duration฀and฀need฀for฀drugs/oxygen฀makes฀attempting฀recompression฀in฀water฀inadvisable฀in฀ vast฀majority฀of฀circumstances. 4.฀ The฀sooner฀recompression฀begins,฀the฀more฀likely฀ the฀patient฀will฀recover฀without฀permanent฀injury฀ -฀don’t฀delay฀obtaining฀medical฀care.฀Patients฀sometimes฀don’t฀want฀to฀believe฀they’re฀suffering฀from฀ DCI฀and฀object฀to฀seeing฀a฀doctor฀-฀as฀appropriate,฀ strongly฀urge฀patients฀to฀allow฀medical฀examination฀ by฀emergency฀medical฀care. G.฀What฀causes฀nitrogen฀narcosis,฀at฀approximately฀what฀depth฀is฀it฀likely,฀and฀what฀are฀common฀ signs฀and฀symptoms฀of฀it? 1.฀ Almost฀any฀gas฀can฀cause฀an฀anesthetic฀(narcotic)฀ effect฀under฀pressure.฀Exact฀mechanism฀unknown,฀ but฀appears฀related฀to฀nerve฀impulse฀blockage฀due฀ to฀gas฀dissolved฀in฀nerve฀cells. a.฀Effect฀of฀a฀gas฀depends฀upon฀gas฀solubility฀in฀ nerve฀cells. b.฀Narcosis฀varies฀with฀individual฀physiology฀and฀is฀ not฀entirely฀predictable. c.฀ Nitrogen/oxygen฀have฀about฀same฀solubility฀-฀are฀ somewhat฀narcotic฀at฀the฀deeper฀range฀of฀recreational฀diving.฀Using฀air฀or฀enriched฀air,฀narcosis฀ is฀expected฀to฀be฀noticeable฀at฀about฀30฀metres/100฀feet. d.฀Helium฀is฀not฀narcotic฀under฀even฀very฀high฀pressures฀-฀this฀is฀why฀it฀is฀used฀by฀technical฀and฀commercial฀divers฀making฀very฀deep฀dives. 2.฀ Ascent฀relieves฀narcotic฀symptoms฀-฀usually฀no฀after฀ effects. 3.฀ Not฀directly฀hazardous฀-฀hazard฀comes฀from฀impaired฀judgment฀that฀may฀delay฀reactions฀or฀lead฀to฀ poor฀decisions.

Physiological Responses to Thermal and Pressure Changes

฀ IV.฀ Physiological฀Responses฀to฀Thermal฀Changes

DM฀6฀-฀ 27 DM฀6฀-฀27

Divemaster฀Course฀Instructor฀Guide฀

A.฀฀ How฀does฀the฀body฀respond฀to฀excess฀heat? 1.฀฀Heat฀is฀mainly฀a฀problem฀before฀or฀after฀dive฀wearing฀full฀wet฀suits฀or฀dry฀suits฀in฀hot฀weather. 2.฀ Body฀responds฀to฀excess฀heat,฀progressively฀by: 3-89

a.฀Dilating฀skin฀capillaries฀to฀promote฀cooling. b.฀Perspiring฀to฀cool฀skin฀through฀evaporation. c.฀ Accelerating฀pulse฀to฀circulate฀blood฀faster฀for฀ cooling. How does the body respond to excess heat? d.฀Continuing฀until฀diver฀cools฀(seeks฀shade,฀stops฀ ■ ■ Skin Skin capillaries capillaries dilate� dilate� exercising,฀etc.)฀or฀exhausts฀physiological฀ability฀ ■ ■ Perspiration� Perspiration� to฀cool ■ ■ Accelerated Accelerated pulse pulse B.฀What฀causes฀heat฀exhaustion฀and฀heat฀stroke,฀ Heat Exhaustion No Relief = and฀how฀do฀they฀differ฀physiologically? Heat Stroke 1.฀ Exposure฀suits฀interfere฀with฀body’s฀ability฀to฀cool฀ self฀-฀perspiration฀is฀ineffective฀in฀a฀wet฀or฀dry฀suit.฀ Heat Heat This฀is฀compounded฀if฀diver฀exercises฀in฀hot฀climate,฀ Stroke Exhaustion such฀as฀long฀walk฀across฀a฀hot฀beach. weak weak rapid rapid breathing� breathing� strong strong rapid rapid pulse pulse � weak no perspiration� 2.฀ Heat฀exhaustion฀-฀condition฀in฀which฀body฀works฀at฀ weak rapid rapid pulse pulse � no perspiration� cool hot cool clammy clammy sk skin� in� hot flushed flushed sk skin� in� full฀capacity฀to฀cool. profuse convulsions profuse per perspiration� spiration� convulsions a.฀weak,฀rapid฀breathing nausea nausea b.฀weak฀rapid฀pulse c.฀ cool฀clammy฀skin d.฀profuse฀sweating e.฀ dehydration f.฀ nausea 3.฀ Diver฀with฀heat฀exhaustion฀should฀remove฀exposure฀ suit,฀seek฀shade,฀drink฀nonalcoholic฀fluid฀and฀rest฀ until฀cool. 4.฀ Heatstroke฀-฀condition฀in฀which฀cooling฀has฀failed฀ -฀an฀emergency฀medical฀condition. a.฀pulse฀strong฀and฀rapid b.฀no฀perspiration c.฀ skin฀flushed,฀hot฀to฀the฀touch d.฀brain฀damage,฀system฀damage฀or฀death฀possible 5.฀ Diver฀with฀heat฀stroke฀-฀remove฀exposure฀suit฀and฀ put฀diver฀in฀cool฀environment;฀contact฀emergency฀ medical฀aid. C.฀How฀does฀the฀body฀respond฀to฀insufficient฀heat? 1.฀ Water฀conducts฀heat฀20฀times฀faster฀than฀air฀-฀diver฀ in฀4oC/40oF฀water฀will฀be฀dangerously฀cold฀in฀half฀an฀ hour. 2.฀ Temperatures฀that฀are฀warm฀in฀air฀can฀lead฀to฀excessive฀heat฀loss฀in฀water. 3.฀ Under฀many฀circumstances,฀an฀exposure฀suit฀greatly฀ slows฀heat฀loss,฀but฀does฀not฀stop฀it. 4.฀ Body฀responds฀to฀heat฀loss฀progressively฀by: a.฀Vasoconstriction฀-฀reduced฀blood฀flow฀to฀extremities฀

DM฀6฀-฀ DM฀6฀-฀28 28

DM฀6฀-฀ 29 DM฀6฀-฀29

3-90฀

Three:฀Knowledge฀Development

฀

Hypothermia numbness� numbness� blueness� blueness�

37°C

(except฀head)฀to฀reduce฀heat฀loss฀-฀causes฀finger/ toe฀numbness. b.฀Shivering฀to฀generate฀heat฀through฀muscle฀activity฀-฀signals฀a฀losing฀battle฀against฀the฀cold. D.฀What฀causes฀hypothermia,฀and฀what฀happens฀ physiologically฀when฀it฀occurs? 1.฀ Occurs฀when฀diver฀ignores฀uncontrollable฀shivering,฀ numbness฀and฀continues฀to฀cool. 2.฀ Body฀temperature฀regulation฀mechanisms฀fail,฀body฀ core฀temperature฀drops. a.฀Shivering฀stops b.฀Vasoconstriction฀stops฀-฀diver฀may฀feel฀warm฀as฀ blood฀rushes฀to฀skin฀-฀a฀dangerous฀condition฀because฀diver฀doesn’t฀feel฀cold,฀but฀heat฀loss฀in฀now฀ unchecked. c.฀ As฀core฀temperature฀drops,฀mental฀processes฀slow฀ -฀diver฀becomes฀drowsy,฀uncoordinated,฀forgetful. d.฀Unchecked,฀hypothermia฀leads฀to฀unconsciousness,฀coma฀and฀death. e.฀ Advanced฀hypothermia฀is฀a฀medical฀emergency฀ requiring฀emergency฀care.

98.6°F

loss of coordination� coordination� confusion� confusion�

unconsciousness DM฀6฀-฀ DM฀6฀-฀31 31

฀ V.฀ Physiological฀Responses฀to฀Pressure฀Changes฀on฀฀ Body฀Air฀Spaces A.฀What฀are฀the฀basic฀functions,฀organs฀and฀structure฀of฀the฀ears฀and฀sinuses? 1.฀ Ears฀—฀divided฀into฀outer,฀middle,฀and฀inner฀ear a.฀Outer฀ear฀consists฀of฀external฀ear,฀ear฀canal฀ -฀open฀to฀air/water฀pressure฀-฀channels฀sound฀to฀ ear฀drum. b.฀Middle฀ear฀separated฀from฀outer฀ear฀by฀ear฀drum฀ -฀sealed฀against฀air/water;฀-฀ear฀drum฀vibrates฀and฀ passes฀sound฀to฀ossicles,฀small฀bones฀that฀conduct฀ sound฀to฀inner฀ear. c.฀ Inner฀ear฀consists฀of฀vestibular฀canals฀(control฀ balance)฀and฀cochlea฀-฀turns฀vibrations฀from฀ossicles฀into฀nerve฀impulses฀sent฀by฀auditory฀nerve฀to฀ brain. 1.฀ Ossicles฀connect฀to฀cochlea฀at฀oval฀window,฀ which฀flexes฀in฀and฀out฀with฀vibrations. 2.฀ Round฀window฀on฀cochlea฀flexes฀out฀when฀oval฀ window฀flexes฀in฀to฀compensate. Divemaster฀Course฀Instructor฀Guide฀

3-91

B.฀How฀do฀the฀ears฀and฀sinuses฀respond฀to฀changing฀pressure? 1.฀ Middle฀ear฀connected฀by฀eustachian฀tube฀to฀throat฀to฀ maintain฀equilibrium฀with฀outside฀pressure. a.฀Descending,฀increasing฀pressure฀pushes฀in฀on฀ear฀ drum฀-฀diver฀feels฀as฀discomfort. b.฀By฀equalizing,฀diver฀forces฀air฀up฀eustachian฀tube฀ to฀equalize฀pressure฀in฀middle฀ear,฀alleviating฀the฀ discomfort. c.฀ Expanding฀air฀normally฀exits฀eustachian฀tube฀ easily฀-฀seldom฀need฀to฀do฀anything฀during฀ascent. 2.฀ Sinuses a.฀Sinuses฀are฀spaces฀in฀head฀connected฀to฀the฀nose฀ that฀filter฀and฀moisturize฀air฀before฀it฀reaches฀ lungs. b.฀Healthy฀sinuses฀have฀free฀air฀flow฀and฀normally฀ equalize฀naturally฀during฀middle฀ear฀equalization. C.฀How฀do฀the฀lungs฀respond฀to฀changing฀pressure? 1.฀ When฀scuba฀diving,฀normal฀breathing฀keeps฀lungs฀ equalized฀to฀surrounding฀pressure. 2.฀ When฀breath-hold฀diving,฀increasing฀pressure฀compresses฀lungs฀and฀reduces฀their฀volume฀-฀not฀normally฀a฀problem฀because฀they’re฀intended฀to฀change฀ volume. D.฀Mask 1.฀ Not฀a฀natural฀air฀space,฀but฀affects฀the฀body. 2.฀ Exhale฀into฀mask฀through฀nose฀to฀keep฀mask฀equalized. 3.฀ This฀is฀why฀divers฀cannot฀use฀goggles฀for฀diving฀-฀no฀ way฀to฀equalize฀the฀air฀space.

฀ VI.฀ Problems฀in฀Body฀Air฀Spaces A.฀What฀are฀barotrauma฀and฀squeeze? 1.฀ Barotrauma฀means฀“pressure฀injury,”฀and฀results฀ when฀a฀body฀air฀space฀isn’t฀equalized฀and฀pressure฀ continues฀or฀increases.฀ 2.฀ An฀unequalized฀air฀space฀is฀also฀called฀a฀squeeze฀. B.฀What฀are฀the฀causes฀and฀physiologies฀of฀eardrum฀rupture,฀middle฀ear฀squeeze,฀reverse฀ squeeze,฀ear฀plug฀problems,฀round฀window฀rupture฀and฀sinus฀squeeze? 3-92฀

How do the sinuses and lungs respond to changing pressure? DM฀6฀-฀ DM฀6฀-฀33 33

Body Air Space Problems฀ Problems฀ ฀

What are barotrauma ฀ and squeeze?

Three:฀Knowledge฀Development

DM฀6฀-฀ DM฀6฀-฀34 34

1.฀ Middle฀ear฀squeeze฀-฀caused฀by฀failure฀to฀equalize฀or฀ inability฀to฀equalize฀due฀to฀congestion฀(diving฀with฀a฀ cold). a.฀Eardrum฀flexes฀inward฀from฀pressure. b.฀Hydrostatic฀pressure฀forces฀blood฀and฀fluid฀into฀ middle฀ear฀until฀equilibrium฀is฀restored. c.฀ Ears฀feel฀“full”฀and฀hearing฀is฀reduced฀(fluid฀dampens฀vibrations). d.฀Should฀be฀checked฀by฀an฀otolaryngologist฀(ears,฀ nose฀and฀throat฀doctor). e.฀ Prevented฀by฀equalizing,฀and฀stopping฀descent฀if฀ unable฀to฀equalize. 2.฀ Eardrum฀rupture฀-฀also฀caused฀by฀failure฀to฀equalize,฀ but฀pressure฀increases฀faster฀than฀fluids฀can฀fill฀middle฀ear.฀Eardrum฀tears฀due฀to฀pressure. a.฀Diver฀feels฀momentary฀sharp฀pain,฀then฀relief. b.฀Usually฀heals฀without฀complication,฀but฀requires฀ medical฀attention฀to฀prevent฀infection฀and฀permanent฀damage฀because฀water฀contaminates฀ear฀with฀ organic฀matter฀and฀dirt. c.฀ Prevented฀by฀equalizing,฀and฀stopping฀descent฀if฀ unable฀to฀equalize. 3.฀฀What฀is฀vertigo,฀and฀what฀may฀cause฀it฀while฀ diving?฀฀ a.฀When฀the฀ear฀drum฀ruptures,฀cold฀water฀on฀vestibular฀canals฀may฀cause฀momentary฀vertigo฀-฀loss฀ of฀sense฀of฀direction฀and฀dizziness. 4.฀ Reverse฀squeeze฀-฀ears฀equalize฀on฀descent,฀but฀congestion฀at฀depth฀prevents฀air฀from฀escaping฀during฀ ascent.฀Eardrum฀flexes฀outward. a.฀Feels฀like฀a฀squeeze,฀but฀happens฀during฀ascent. b.฀May฀help฀to฀pinch฀nose฀and฀inhale฀against฀it. c.฀ Slow฀ascent฀and฀give฀air฀time฀to฀work฀itself฀out. d.฀Usually฀caused฀by฀diving฀with฀a฀cold฀using฀decongestants;฀decongestant฀wears฀off฀during฀dive฀causing฀blockage. e.฀ Prevent฀by฀not฀diving฀with฀a฀cold. 5.฀ Ear฀plug฀problems฀-฀ear฀plugs฀or฀a฀tight฀wet฀suit฀hood฀ create฀an฀airspace฀between฀plug฀and฀eardrum฀that฀ cannot฀be฀equalized.฀During฀descent,฀eardrum฀flexes฀ toward฀earplug฀-฀unequalized฀space. a.฀Feels฀like฀middle฀ear฀squeeze. b.฀Eardrum฀can฀rupture฀outward฀if฀descent฀continues. Divemaster฀Course฀Instructor฀Guide฀

3-93

c.฀ In฀rare฀cases,฀ear฀plug฀can฀be฀forced฀into฀ear฀canal. d.฀Prevent฀by฀not฀diving฀with฀ear฀plugs;฀if฀unable฀to฀ equalize฀while฀wearing฀a฀hood,฀pull฀hood฀off฀ear฀ momentarily฀and฀try฀again฀in฀case฀hood฀is฀sealing฀ear฀canal. 6.฀ Round฀window฀rupture฀-฀caused฀by฀delayed฀equalization฀accompanied฀by฀forceful฀Valsalva฀equalization฀(exhaling฀against฀pinched฀nostrils).฀ a.฀Pressure฀on฀eardrum฀presses฀in฀on฀ossicles,฀which฀ press฀in฀on฀oval฀window฀on฀cochlea;฀round฀window฀flexes฀outward฀in฀response. b.฀Valsalva฀raises฀pressure฀in฀thorax,฀which฀causes฀ increase฀in฀pressure฀in฀cochlea฀(connected฀by฀ fluid฀as฀part฀of฀nervous฀system);฀this฀plus฀transmitted฀pressure฀bursts฀round฀window฀outward. c.฀ This฀is฀a฀serious฀injury฀requiring฀medical฀treatment฀to฀avoid฀or฀reduce฀permanent฀hearing฀damage. d.฀Symptoms฀include฀reduced฀hearing,฀vertigo,฀balance฀problems,฀ear฀ringing,฀a฀feeling฀the฀ears฀are฀ blocked. e.฀ Prevented฀by: 1.฀ Equalizing฀early฀and฀often. 2.฀ Not฀equalizing฀forcefully฀-฀if฀having฀difficulty,฀ ascend฀a฀bit฀and฀try฀again. 3.฀ Using฀the฀Frenzel฀maneuver฀-฀using฀throat฀ muscles฀to฀push฀air฀against฀pinched฀nose฀ instead฀of฀using฀diaphragm฀to฀exhale฀against฀ pinched฀nose. C.฀Sinuses 1.฀ Sinus฀squeeze฀usually฀caused฀by฀diving฀with฀a฀cold. 2.฀ Unequalized฀sinuses฀fill฀with฀blood฀and฀fluid฀during฀ dive฀-฀may฀feel฀like฀sharp฀pain฀against฀eyes. 3.฀ Upon฀ascent,฀expanding฀air฀pushes฀blood฀and฀fluid฀ into฀nasal฀cavity฀-฀diver฀surfaces฀with฀blood฀in฀ mask. 4.฀ Usually฀not฀serious฀and฀heals฀on฀its฀own.฀Medical฀ attention฀usually฀only฀required฀if฀pain฀is฀severe฀or฀ extended. D.฀What฀is฀the฀cause฀and฀physiology฀of฀lung฀ squeeze? 1.฀ Lung฀squeeze฀-฀caused฀by฀breath-hold฀descent฀to฀a฀ depth฀that฀reduces฀lung฀volume฀below฀residual฀vol3-94฀

Three:฀Knowledge฀Development

ume฀-฀the฀lowest฀volume฀after฀exhaling฀all฀possible฀ air. a.฀Not฀a฀problem฀if฀you฀descend฀with฀full฀lungs฀unless฀you฀go฀very฀deep. b.฀Can฀occur฀shallow฀if฀you฀descend฀with฀partially฀ full฀or฀empty฀lungs. c.฀ Lung฀squeeze฀causes฀fluid฀to฀accumulate฀in฀the฀ lungs,฀however,฀this฀requires฀some฀time฀to฀become฀significant. d.฀Can฀be฀life฀threatening฀and฀require฀medical฀attention,฀but฀not฀likely฀in฀recreational฀diving. E.฀ What฀are฀the฀causes฀and฀physiologies฀of฀the฀ lung฀overexpansion฀injuries:฀air฀embolism,฀ pneumothorax,฀mediastinal฀emphysema฀and฀ subcutaneous฀emphysema? 1.฀ Lung฀overexpansion฀injuries฀are฀usually฀caused฀by฀ holding฀breath฀during฀ascent.฀They฀may฀also฀be฀ caused฀by฀lung฀congestion฀when฀diving฀with฀a฀chest฀ cold,฀or฀by฀local฀blockage฀due฀to฀loss฀of฀surfactant฀ (due฀to฀smoking)฀which฀keeps฀bronchioles฀from฀ adhering฀shut.฀In฀all฀cases,฀expanding฀air฀overexpands฀lungs฀causing฀lung฀rupture.฀ 2.฀ Air฀embolism฀-฀also฀called฀arterial฀gas฀embolism฀ (AGE).฀Alveoli฀and฀pulmonary฀capillaries฀rupture,฀ air฀enters฀bloodstream฀and฀flows฀into฀arteries. a.฀Serious฀and฀immediately฀lifethreatening฀-฀bubbles฀can฀lodge฀anywhere,฀but฀most฀common฀is฀to฀ flow฀through฀the฀carotid฀arteries฀and฀cause฀cerebral฀air฀embolism. b.฀Signs฀and฀symptoms฀similar฀to฀stroke฀-฀dizziness,฀ confusion,฀shock,฀paralysis,฀personality฀change,฀ unconsciousness฀and฀death. c.฀ Symptoms฀can฀vary฀depending฀upon฀where฀the฀ bubbles฀go. 3.฀ Pneumothorax฀-฀air฀from฀rupture฀goes฀between฀lung฀ and฀chest฀wall,฀causing฀lung฀to฀collapse. a.฀Also฀serious.฀Symptoms฀include฀chest฀pain฀and฀ patient฀may฀cough฀up฀blood. 4.฀ Mediastinal฀emphysema฀-฀air฀from฀rupture฀accumulates฀in฀center฀of฀chest฀over฀heart. a.฀Serious,฀because฀air฀presses฀on฀heart฀and฀vessels,฀ interfering฀with฀circulation. b.฀Patient฀may฀feel฀faint฀or฀short฀of฀breath. Divemaster฀Course฀Instructor฀Guide฀

3-95

5.฀ Subcutaneous฀emphysema฀-฀air฀from฀rupture฀accumulates฀in฀soft฀tissues฀at฀base฀of฀neck.฀The฀victim฀feels฀ fullness฀in฀neck฀and฀voice฀may฀change.฀The฀skin฀ may฀crackle฀to฀the฀touch. 6.฀ More฀than฀one฀of฀these฀injuries฀can฀occur฀simultaneously. 7.฀ Avoid฀lung฀overexpansion฀injuries฀by฀breathing฀normally,฀not฀diving฀with฀chest฀congestion฀and฀by฀not฀ smoking.฀If฀unable฀to฀quit฀smoking,฀avoiding฀smoking฀before฀diving฀may฀reduce฀risk. F.฀ What฀are฀the฀recommendations฀and฀physiological฀rationales฀for฀lung฀overexpansion฀injury฀ first฀aid฀and฀treatment? 1.฀ First฀aid฀same฀as฀for฀DCS,฀hence฀the฀common฀term฀ “decompression฀illness”฀for฀both. 2.฀ Giving฀oxygen฀helps฀supply฀tissues฀deprived฀of฀blood฀ flow฀by฀bubbles. 3.฀ Treatment฀of฀air฀embolism฀requires฀recompression฀to฀ reduce฀bubble฀size฀(as฀in฀DCS). 4.฀ Pneumothorax฀requires฀removing฀air฀and฀reinflating฀collapsed฀lung. 5.฀ Air฀from฀mediastinal฀and฀subcutaneous฀emphysemas฀dissipates฀over฀time;฀oxygen฀breathing฀may฀ help. G.฀What฀are฀the฀cause฀and฀physiology฀of฀mask฀and฀ dry฀suit฀squeezes? 1.฀ Mask฀squeeze฀-฀caused฀by฀failure฀to฀equalize฀mask. a฀ Tissues฀swell,฀forced฀into฀unequalized฀mask฀by฀ pressure,฀capillaries฀in฀skin฀and฀eyes฀rupture. b.฀Looks฀very฀dramatic฀and฀severe,฀but฀generally฀ clears฀without฀complications. 2.฀ Dry฀suit฀squeeze฀-฀caused฀by฀failure฀to฀add฀air฀to฀dry฀ suit฀on฀descent. a.฀May฀raise฀welts฀and฀cause฀severe฀pinches. b.฀Can฀constrict฀breathing฀and฀cause฀shortness฀of฀ breath. 3.฀ Avoid฀by฀equalizing฀mask฀and฀dry฀suit฀during฀descents.

3-96฀

What is the first aid and treatment for lung overexpansion injuries?

■ ■ First First aid aid is is identical identical to to DCS DCS ––

oxygen, oxygen, lie lie level level on on left left side, side, head head supported, ฀ supported, primary primary care, care, etc. etc.

■ ■ Treatment Treatment may may involve involve

recompression recompression and and surgery surgery � for for pneumothorax pneumothorax DM฀6฀-฀ DM฀6฀-฀38 38

What is mask squeeze and dry suit squeeze?

■ ■ Failure to equalize mask� mask�

◆ ◆ Swelling Swelling ffacial acial tissues tissues and and

capillary capillary rruptures uptures in in eyes� eyes�

�

■ ■ Failure to add air to dry �

suit on descent� descent�

◆ ◆ Welts Welts and and pinc pinc hes� hes�

◆ ◆ Constricted Constricted br br eathing eathing

Three:฀Knowledge฀Development

DM฀6฀-฀ DM฀6฀-฀39 39

Topic฀7฀-฀฀ Dive฀Equipment Recommended฀Materials฀and฀Methods฀฀ for฀Covering฀this฀Topic The฀recommended฀method฀for฀developing฀knowledge฀about฀dive฀equipment฀ is฀to฀have฀candidates฀read฀the฀Equipment฀section฀of฀The฀Encyclopedia฀of฀Recreational฀Diving฀and฀complete฀the฀equipment฀section฀in฀the฀Diving฀Knowledge฀ Workbook฀(or฀The฀Encyclopedia฀of฀Recreational฀Diving฀Multimedia).฀Have฀them฀ consult฀the฀related฀objectives฀in฀the฀Appendix฀of฀the฀PADI฀Divemaster฀Manual฀ to฀be฀sure฀they฀can฀meet฀all฀the฀performance฀requirements. After฀independent฀study,฀meet฀with฀candidates฀individually฀or฀in฀a฀ group.฀Begin฀by฀reviewing฀their฀work฀in฀the฀Diving฀Knowledge฀Workbook,฀then฀ answer฀candidate฀questions.฀Ask฀questions฀to฀assess฀mastery฀and฀review฀the฀ material฀based฀on฀how฀they฀complete฀their฀workbooks.฀Use฀the฀presentation฀ outline฀as฀a฀guide฀for฀a฀complete฀review. If฀The฀Encyclopedia฀of฀Recreational฀Diving฀and฀the฀Diving฀Knowledge฀Workbook฀don’t฀exist฀in฀a฀language฀candidates฀understand,฀you฀can฀develop฀ knowledge฀by฀giving฀the฀following฀presentation฀in฀detail.฀Have฀examples฀of฀ the฀equipment฀you’re฀discussing฀as฀training฀aids฀during฀your฀presentations.

Presentation Overview฀and฀Learning฀Objectives ฀ I.฀฀ Scuba฀cylinders

Overview ■ ■ Scuba฀Cylinder s� s�

฀฀

1.฀ How฀do฀you฀identify฀and฀what฀are฀the฀meanings฀of฀ the฀following฀scuba฀cylinder฀marks:฀alloy฀designation,฀hydrostatic฀test฀date,฀working฀pressure฀and฀overpressurization฀designation?

฀฀

2.฀ What฀are฀the฀differences฀between฀steel฀and฀aluminum฀cylinder฀pressures,฀thickness฀and฀capacity?

฀

฀3.฀ What฀are฀the฀steps฀and฀procedures฀of฀a฀hydrostatic฀ test?

■ ■ Valves� Valves� ■ ■ Regulator s� s� ■ ■ Instruments � ■ ■ Enriched฀Air฀Equipment ฀

Considerations

DM฀7฀-฀ DM฀7฀-฀ 22

฀฀

4.฀ How฀does฀extreme฀heat฀affect฀a฀scuba฀cylinder,฀and฀ what฀should฀you฀do฀if฀a฀scuba฀cylinder฀is฀exposed฀to฀ extreme฀heat?

฀฀

5.฀ Why฀should฀a฀tank฀be฀visually฀inspected฀annually?

฀ II.฀ Valves ฀฀

6.฀ What฀are฀the฀different฀types฀of฀tank฀valves?

฀฀

7.฀ What฀device฀prevents฀an฀over-pressurized฀cylinder฀ from฀exploding,฀and฀how฀does฀it฀work?

฀III.฀ Regulators ฀฀ Divemaster฀Course฀Instructor฀Guide฀

8.฀ What฀is฀meant฀by฀open฀circuit฀scuba,฀semiclosed฀circuit฀scuba฀and฀closed฀circuit฀scuba? 3-97

฀฀

9.฀ How฀does฀an฀open฀circuit฀regulator฀work?

฀

10.฀฀ What฀is฀meant฀by฀fail-safe฀with฀respect฀to฀regulators,฀and฀how฀does฀it฀work?

฀

11.฀ What฀are฀meant฀by฀upstream฀and฀downstream฀ valves,฀and฀balanced฀and฀unbalanced฀regulators?

฀

12.฀ What฀is฀the฀purpose฀of฀a฀regulator฀environmental฀ seal?

฀IV.฀ Instruments ฀

13.฀ What฀are฀the฀proper฀procedures฀for฀using฀dive฀computers฀in฀a฀buddy฀team?

฀

14.฀ What฀are฀the฀different฀operating฀principles฀for฀ depth฀gauges,฀SPGs฀and฀compasses?

฀

15.฀ What฀are฀the฀options฀for฀carrying฀gauges?

฀ V.฀ Enriched฀Air฀Equipment฀Considerations ฀

16.฀ What฀special฀equipment฀requirements฀and฀considerations฀do฀you฀have฀when฀diving฀with฀enriched฀ air?

Outline ฀ I.฀฀ Scuba฀cylinders A.฀How฀do฀you฀identify฀and฀what฀are฀the฀meanings฀of฀the฀following฀scuba฀cylinder฀marks:฀ alloy฀designation,฀hydrostatic฀test฀date,฀working฀ pressure฀and฀over-pressurization฀designation? 1.฀ Scuba฀cylinders฀have฀various฀markings฀stamped฀at฀ the฀neck.฀These฀vary฀somewhat฀internationally,฀but฀ typically฀include:฀[Have฀example฀cylinders฀present฀ to฀show฀candidates฀the฀following฀marks.] a.฀The฀government฀agency฀responsible฀for฀supervision/approval฀of฀compressed฀gas฀containers.฀฀ (e.g.,฀in฀North฀America฀-฀DOT/CTC) b.฀The฀alloy฀designation.฀Steel฀will฀normally฀have฀ a฀designation฀3AA.฀Aluminum฀will฀normally฀be฀ designated฀by฀3AL.฀ c.฀ The฀working฀pressure.฀The฀specific฀working฀pressure฀is฀indicated฀by฀a฀numerical฀designation.฀ Tanks฀that฀have฀a฀“+”฀designation฀after฀the฀current฀hydrostatic฀test฀date฀can฀be฀filled฀to฀10฀percent฀beyond฀their฀rated฀working฀pressure. d.฀The฀hydrostatic฀test฀date฀indicates฀both฀the฀date฀ of฀hydrostatic฀pressure฀tests฀and฀the฀testing฀facility.฀A฀plus฀sign฀after฀the฀test฀date฀is฀the฀over-pres3-98฀

Three:฀Knowledge฀Development

What are the st eps of a hydrostatic (pressure) t est? ■ ■ Tank฀volume฀measured Tank฀volume฀measured � ■ ■ Tank฀pressuriz Tank฀pressuriz ed฀beyond฀normal ed฀beyond฀normal ฀

working฀pressure working฀pressure ฀�

■ ■ Pressure฀released฀and฀tank฀v Pressure฀released฀and฀tank฀v olume olume฀

measured฀a measured฀a gain� gain�

■ ■ If฀change฀is฀within฀specified฀limits, If฀change฀is฀within฀specified฀limits, ฀

tank฀passes฀test tank฀passes฀test NOTE:฀Specific฀pr NOTE:฀Specific฀pr otocols฀ma otocols฀ma y฀vary฀ y฀vary฀ from฀countr from฀countr y฀to฀countr y฀to฀countr yy

Cylinders

DM฀7฀-฀ DM฀7฀-฀ 55

surization฀designation,฀which฀means฀the฀cylinder฀ may฀be฀filled฀10฀percent฀beyond฀the฀stamped฀working฀pressure. e.฀ Tanks฀also฀have฀a฀stamped฀serial฀number฀and฀ manufacturer’s฀designation. B.฀What฀are฀the฀differences฀between฀steel฀and฀aluminum฀cylinder฀pressures,฀thickness฀and฀capacity? 1.฀ Virtually฀all฀scuba฀cylinders฀are฀made฀from฀steel฀alloy฀ or฀aluminum฀alloy. 2.฀ Steel฀alloys฀are฀stronger฀than฀aluminum฀for฀the฀same฀ thickness,฀so฀steel฀scuba฀tanks฀have฀thinner฀walls฀and฀ larger฀internal฀volumes฀for฀a฀given฀external฀size.฀This฀ means฀that฀for฀a฀given฀size,฀they฀hold฀more฀air฀at฀a฀ given฀pressure฀than฀aluminum,฀or฀the฀same฀air฀at฀a฀ lower฀pressure. 3.฀ Because฀aluminum฀is฀weaker฀than฀steel฀it฀requires฀a฀ thicker฀wall฀and฀lower฀internal฀volume฀for฀a฀given฀ external฀size.฀Typically,฀aluminum฀tanks฀have฀higher฀ working฀pressures฀so฀they฀hold฀comparable฀or฀slightly฀ more฀air฀than฀steel฀cylinders.฀Aluminum’s฀advantage฀ is฀that฀it฀is฀less฀subject฀to฀structural฀weakening฀due฀to฀ corrosion. C.฀What฀are฀the฀steps฀and฀procedures฀of฀a฀hydrostatic฀test?฀How฀does฀extreme฀heat฀affect฀a฀scuba฀ cylinder,฀and฀what฀should฀you฀do฀if฀a฀scuba฀cylinder฀is฀exposed฀to฀extreme฀heat? 1.฀ Many฀countries฀require฀periodic฀hydrostatic฀pressure฀ testing฀to฀determine฀the฀structural฀integrity฀of฀cylinders.฀ a.฀In฀the฀U.S.,฀the฀test฀is฀required฀every฀five฀years. b.฀In฀the฀U.K.,฀it฀is฀required฀every฀four฀years.฀ 2.฀ Although฀tests฀procedures฀vary฀from฀country฀to฀country,฀in฀general: a.฀The฀tester฀immerses฀the฀cylinder฀in฀water฀and฀measures฀its฀volume.฀ b.฀The฀tester฀next฀fills฀the฀cylinder฀with฀water฀and฀ pressurizes฀it฀to฀more฀than฀working฀pressure฀and฀ measures฀the฀cylinder’s฀expansion.฀ c.฀ After฀releasing฀the฀pressure,฀the฀tester฀measures฀its฀ new฀unpressurized฀volume฀against฀its฀original฀volume.฀ d.฀If฀the฀tank฀contracts฀to฀within฀acceptable฀limits฀(as฀ set฀by฀the฀government),฀the฀tank฀passes.฀[Provide฀ local฀protocols฀if฀different.]

Divemaster฀Course฀Instructor฀Guide฀

3-99

D.฀Certain฀circumstances฀can฀weaken฀tanks฀before฀a฀hydro฀test฀is฀required.฀Have฀tanks฀hydrostatically฀tested฀ after฀exposure฀to฀any฀of฀the฀following฀conditions: 1.฀ Tumbling฀(or฀sandblasting)฀to฀remove฀corrosion฀ 2.฀ Damage฀due฀to฀impact 3.฀ Exposure฀to฀heat฀in฀excess฀of฀82°฀C฀/180°฀F฀may฀affect฀the฀metals฀integrity.฀Never฀repaint฀a฀cylinder฀ using฀a฀heat฀painting฀process฀such฀as฀that฀used฀on฀ automobiles. 4.฀ Left฀unused฀for฀two฀years฀or฀more฀(especially฀if฀with฀ zero฀pressure) E.฀ Why฀should฀a฀tank฀be฀visually฀inspected฀฀ annually? 1.฀ Visual฀inspection฀-฀an฀inspector฀examines฀the฀interior฀and฀exterior฀of฀a฀cylinder฀annually.฀This฀is฀done฀ to฀check฀for฀damage฀or฀wear฀that฀may฀cause฀the฀ cylinder฀to฀fail฀between฀hydrostatic฀tests.฀ 2.฀ The฀inspection฀is฀not฀required฀by฀law฀in฀most฀countries,฀but฀is฀an฀industry฀standard.฀ 3.฀ Removal฀of฀the฀valve฀during฀the฀test฀also฀enables฀lubrication,฀reducing฀problems฀from฀electrolysis฀due฀to฀ the฀dissimilar฀metals฀of฀the฀valve฀and฀tank.฀O-rings฀ may฀be฀replaced฀as฀needed,฀and฀the฀valve฀examined฀ for฀overhaul฀if฀necessary.

Hydrostatic t ests are necessary: ■ ■ At฀regular฀inter At฀regular฀inter vals฀specified vals฀specified ฀�

by฀the฀go by฀the฀government vernment �

■ ■ If฀tank฀is฀tumb If฀tank฀is฀tumb led฀to฀remo led฀to฀remo ve฀corr ve฀corrosion� osion� ■ ■ When฀a฀tank฀is฀dama When฀a฀tank฀is฀dama ged฀due฀to฀impact ged฀due฀to฀impact � ■ ■ After฀a฀tank฀is฀e After฀a฀tank฀is฀e xposed฀to฀heat฀in xposed฀to฀heat฀in ฀�

excess฀of฀82°C/180°F excess฀of฀82°C/180°F �

■ ■ If฀the฀tank฀is฀left฀un If฀the฀tank฀is฀left฀un used฀for฀� used฀for฀�

two฀or฀more฀y two฀or฀more฀y ears ears

Cylinders

Why should a tank be visually inspect ed?฀ ed?฀ ฀ To check for damage or wear that may cause cylinder to fail Cylinders

II.฀Valves A.฀What฀are฀the฀different฀types฀of฀tank฀valves? 1.฀ The฀simplest฀tank฀valve฀is฀simply฀an฀on-off฀valve.฀ This฀is฀referred฀to฀as฀a฀K฀valve,฀which฀is฀by฀far฀the฀ most฀commonly฀used฀today. 2.฀ A฀valve฀with฀a฀mechanical฀reserve฀is฀a฀J฀valve.฀It฀ contains฀a฀spring-loaded฀mechanism฀that,฀if฀activated฀(by฀placing฀it฀in฀the฀“up”฀position)฀restricts฀the฀ air฀flow฀when฀the฀pressure฀drops฀to฀between฀20-40฀ bar฀(2000-4000kPa)/300-500฀psi.฀ a.฀This฀alerts฀the฀diver฀to฀low฀air.฀The฀diver฀pulls฀the฀ lever฀into฀the฀“down”฀position,฀which฀releases฀the฀ restricted฀air฀flow.฀The฀J฀valve฀is฀a฀warning฀device;฀ it฀doesn’t฀provide฀any฀additional฀air฀volume. b.฀With฀the฀advent฀of฀the฀submersible฀pressure฀ gauge,฀J฀valves฀began฀to฀disappear.฀In฀fact,฀when฀ using฀a฀J฀valve,฀many฀divers฀often฀disable฀it฀by฀ keeping฀it฀in฀the฀“down”฀position.฀ c.฀ Note฀that฀when฀filling฀tanks฀equipped฀with฀J฀ 3-100฀

DM฀7฀-฀ DM฀7฀-฀6 6

Three:฀Knowledge฀Development

DM฀7฀-฀ DM฀7฀-฀ 77

valves฀that฀they฀cannot฀be฀filled฀if฀the฀valve฀is฀in฀ an฀“up”฀position. 3.฀ Long฀popular฀in฀Europe,฀DIN฀(Deutsche฀IndustrieNorm)฀connectors฀are฀becoming฀more฀common.฀ With฀the฀DIN฀system,฀the฀regulator฀screws฀into฀the฀ cylinder฀valve,฀providing฀two฀primary฀advantages฀ over฀the฀yoke฀screw฀design: a.฀A฀better฀seal฀between฀the฀tank฀and฀regulator฀ valves฀due฀to฀the฀fact฀that฀the฀o-ring฀is฀actually฀trapped฀between฀the฀two฀valves.฀(The฀tank฀ valve฀is฀“female”฀and฀the฀regulator฀connector฀is฀ “male.”) b.฀Because฀the฀tank฀valve฀and฀regulator฀are฀secured฀ by฀threads,฀the฀connection฀is฀much฀stronger฀than฀ the฀yoke฀screw฀assembly.฀This฀makes฀DIN฀valves฀ particularly฀popular฀among฀cave฀and฀wreck฀divers,฀who฀may฀accidentally฀strike฀the฀valve/regulator฀on฀overhead฀obstructions. c.฀ This฀system,฀because฀of฀the฀superior฀o-ring฀positioning฀and฀strength,฀enables฀the฀use฀of฀much฀ higher฀air฀pressures.฀ B.฀What฀device฀prevents฀an฀over-pressurized฀cylinder฀from฀exploding,฀and฀how฀does฀it฀work? 1.฀ A฀burst฀disk฀is฀required฀by฀law฀in฀many฀countries฀ and฀installed฀into฀every฀valve฀to฀reduce฀the฀possibility฀that฀an฀overpressurized฀cylinder฀will฀explode.฀ 2.฀ It฀is฀a฀thin฀copper฀disk฀that฀ruptures฀and฀allows฀air฀ to฀vent฀from฀the฀cylinder฀when฀the฀internal฀pressure฀ reaches฀approximately฀125฀percent฀to฀166฀percent฀of฀ the฀working฀pressure.฀ 3.฀ Because฀they฀weaken฀over฀time,฀you฀want฀to฀have฀ these฀disks฀replaced฀regularly฀by฀a฀qualified฀equipment฀technician.฀Installing฀the฀wrong฀burst฀disk฀ could฀result฀in฀the฀tank฀rupturing฀before฀the฀disk.

Valves are equipped with burst disks ฀

— a thin copper disk that ruptures if the tank pressure greatly exceeds ฀ its working pressure Cylinders

DM฀7฀-฀ DM฀7฀-฀ 99

฀ III.฀ Regulators A.฀What฀is฀meant฀by฀open฀circuit฀scuba,฀semiclosed฀circuit฀scuba฀and฀closed฀circuit฀scuba? 1.฀ There฀are฀three฀types฀of฀scuba฀-฀self฀contained฀underwater฀breathing฀apparatus. a.฀Open฀circuit฀scuba฀-฀scuba฀typically฀used฀by฀recreational฀divers.฀The฀diver฀inhales฀air฀from฀cylinder฀ via฀a฀demand฀valve฀regulator฀and฀exhales฀it฀into฀ the฀water,฀thus฀the฀circuit฀is฀open฀because฀none฀of฀ the฀air฀is฀recycled. Divemaster฀Course฀Instructor฀Guide฀

3-101

b.฀Semiclosed฀circuit฀scuba฀-฀the฀diver฀inhales฀from฀a฀ breathing฀bag฀that฀receives฀a฀steady฀flow฀of฀gas฀ (usually฀enriched฀air).฀The฀diver฀exhales฀back฀into฀ a฀breathing฀bag฀and฀the฀gas฀has฀carbon฀dioxide฀ removed฀chemically฀-฀excess฀gas฀from฀the฀steady฀ flow฀trickles฀out฀through฀a฀valve.฀The฀circuit฀is฀ semi-open฀because฀part฀of฀the฀gas฀is฀recycled฀and฀ part฀of฀it฀is฀released. c.฀ Closed฀circuit฀scuba฀-฀the฀diver฀inhales฀from฀a฀ breathing฀bag฀and฀diver฀exhales฀back฀into฀a฀ breathing฀bag.฀The฀gas฀has฀carbon฀dioxide฀removed฀chemically฀and฀electronic฀sensors฀control฀ flow฀of฀oxygen฀and฀other฀gases฀as฀required฀The฀ circuit฀is฀closed฀because฀all฀gas฀is฀recycled฀and฀ none฀released฀(except฀to฀vent฀expanding฀gas฀on฀ ascent). 2.฀ Though฀open฀circuit฀doesn’t฀recycle฀breathing฀gases,฀ it฀is฀the฀main฀stay฀of฀recreational฀diving฀for฀several฀ reasons. a.฀It฀much฀simpler฀in฀design,฀which฀makes฀it฀reliable฀ and฀less฀costly.฀Closed฀and฀semiclosed฀are฀more฀ prone฀to฀malfunctions. b.฀It฀is฀much฀easier฀to฀learn฀to฀use. c.฀ It฀requires฀only฀a฀cylinder฀of฀air.฀Closed฀and฀semiclosed฀units฀require฀chemicals฀and฀access฀to฀pure฀ gases฀or฀enriched฀air. d.฀It฀is฀much฀simpler฀to฀maintain฀and฀service. B.฀How฀does฀an฀open฀circuit฀regulator฀work? 1.฀ The฀first฀stage฀reduces฀the฀high฀pressure฀delivered฀by฀ the฀tank฀to฀an฀intermediate฀pressure฀(usually฀about฀ 10-13฀bar฀(1000-3000฀kPa)/140-190฀psi฀above฀the฀ ambient฀water฀pressure). a.฀When฀the฀diver฀inhales,฀the฀air฀pressure฀in฀the฀ first฀stage฀drops฀below฀the฀desired฀ambient฀pressure.฀This฀allows฀water฀pressure฀to฀flex฀a฀diaphragm฀or฀move฀a฀piston,฀opening฀a฀valve฀that฀ releases฀air฀from฀the฀tank. b.฀Air฀flows฀as฀long฀as฀the฀diver฀inhales,฀keeping฀the฀ first฀stage฀from฀reaching฀intermediate฀pressure. c.฀ When฀the฀diver฀stops฀inhaling,฀the฀pressure฀rises฀ in฀the฀first฀stage฀so฀that฀upon฀reaching฀intermediate฀pressure,฀the฀valve฀to฀the฀tank฀closes฀and฀air฀ no฀longer฀flows. 2.฀ The฀second฀stage฀reduces฀the฀intermediate฀air฀pressure฀to฀ambient฀pressure฀for฀breathing. 3-102฀

Three:฀Knowledge฀Development

Define these t erms with respect to scuba regulators: ■ ■

Upstream฀-฀Downstream� Upstream฀-฀Downstream�

■ ■

Fail-safe� Fail-safe�

■ ■

Environmental฀seal� Environmental฀seal�

■ ■

Balanced฀-฀Unbalanced

Regulators

DM฀7฀-฀ DM฀7฀-฀13 13

Divemaster฀Course฀Instructor฀Guide฀

a.฀When฀the฀diver฀inhales,฀water฀pressure฀pushes฀in฀ a฀diaphragm฀in฀the฀second฀stage฀and฀opens฀the฀ second฀stage฀downstream฀valve฀releasing฀air฀flow฀ from฀the฀first฀stage. b.฀As฀long฀as฀the฀diver฀inhales,฀air฀continues฀to฀flow. c.฀ When฀the฀diver฀stops฀inhaling,฀the฀diaphragm฀returns฀to฀its฀relaxed฀position฀and฀the฀valve฀closes. d.฀Exhaled฀air฀exits฀the฀second฀stage฀through฀oneway฀exhalation฀valves. e.฀ On฀some฀second฀stage฀models,฀the฀diaphragm฀ opens฀a฀small฀pilot฀valve,฀which฀creates฀a฀pressure฀imbalance฀that฀opens฀the฀main฀valve. 1.฀ Advantage฀-฀less฀breathing฀effort 2.฀ Disadvantage฀-฀more฀complex฀design฀difficult฀ to฀service฀and฀adjust. C.฀What฀are฀meant฀by฀upstream฀and฀downstream฀ valves? 1.฀ Modern฀open฀circuit฀regulator฀valves฀have฀downstream฀design,฀meaning฀they฀open฀with฀the฀air฀flow฀ (the฀pressure฀is฀trying฀to฀open฀the฀valve)฀rather฀than฀ upstream,฀in฀which฀the฀valves฀open฀against฀the฀air฀ flow฀(the฀pressure฀is฀trying฀to฀close฀the฀valve). 2.฀ A฀malfunctioning฀downstream฀valve฀will฀permit฀ continuous฀air฀flow฀(freeflow)฀rather฀than฀cut฀off฀air฀ flow. 3.฀ What฀is฀meant฀by฀fail-safe฀with฀respect฀to฀ regulators,฀and฀how฀does฀it฀work? a.฀Freeflowing฀during฀a฀malfunction฀gives฀regulators฀ a฀fail-safe฀design฀-฀it฀would฀fail฀in฀a฀safe฀manner฀ in฀that฀it฀continues฀to฀provide฀air.฀Obviously฀the฀ tank฀will฀exhaust฀quickly฀so฀the฀diver฀must฀ascend฀immediately. D.฀What฀is฀the฀purpose฀of฀a฀regulator฀environmental฀seal? 1.฀ Normal฀air฀flow฀causes฀regulator฀temperature฀to฀ drop฀(expanding฀gases฀have฀a฀lower฀temperature). 2.฀ In฀extremely฀cold฀water฀(such฀as฀cold฀water฀deep฀ diving,฀ice฀diving,฀etc.)฀the฀temperature฀drop฀can฀ cause฀water฀to฀freeze฀regulator฀first฀stage฀valves฀into฀ the฀open,฀freeflowing฀position. 3.฀ To฀avoid฀freeflow฀in฀extremely฀cold฀water,฀some฀ regulator฀first฀stages฀have฀environmental฀sealing.฀ This฀seals฀silicone฀grease฀or฀oil,฀which฀don’t฀freeze,฀ around฀the฀first฀stage.฀The฀silicone฀or฀oil฀transmits฀ 3-103

the฀pressure฀from฀the฀water฀to฀the฀diaphragm฀or฀ piston฀so฀the฀regulator฀operates฀normally. E.฀ What฀are฀balanced฀and฀unbalanced฀regulators? 1.฀ A฀regulator฀designed฀so฀that฀tank฀air฀pressure฀resists฀ or฀assists฀the฀opening฀of฀valves฀in฀the฀first฀stage฀is฀ called฀an฀unbalanced฀regulator. a.฀Less฀costly฀design b.฀Breathing฀characteristics฀change฀with฀cylinder฀ pressure c.฀ No฀longer฀commonly฀found 2.฀ A฀regulator฀designed฀so฀that฀tank฀air฀pressure฀neither฀assists฀or฀resists฀the฀opening฀of฀valves฀is฀called฀a฀ balanced฀regulator. a.฀Breathing฀characteristics฀unchanged฀with฀varying฀ cylinder฀pressure. b.฀Virtually฀all฀modern฀regulators฀are฀balanced฀ regulators.

฀ IV.฀ Instruments A.฀What฀are฀the฀proper฀procedures฀for฀using฀dive฀ computers฀in฀a฀buddy฀team? 1.฀ Dive฀computers฀calculate฀remaining฀no฀decompression฀time฀by฀comparing฀the฀depth/time฀input฀to฀the฀ limits฀of฀a฀programmed฀decompression฀model.฀ 2.฀ Practical฀considerations฀for฀using฀dive฀computers: a.฀Because฀buddy฀pairs฀are฀unlikely฀to฀dive฀exactly฀ the฀same฀profile,฀each฀diver฀should฀have฀an฀individual฀computer. b.฀The฀buddy฀team฀should฀ascend฀based฀on฀the฀ shortest฀times฀shown฀by฀any฀diver฀in฀the฀team. c.฀ If฀a฀computer฀fails,฀and฀the฀divers฀have฀recorded฀ their฀dive฀time,฀depths฀and฀surface฀intervals,฀it฀ may฀be฀possible฀to฀continue฀diving฀using฀tables.฀ Otherwise฀the฀diver฀must฀remain฀out฀of฀the฀water฀ for฀at฀least฀12฀hours,฀or฀as฀specified฀by฀the฀computer฀manufacturer. d.฀The฀same฀guidelines฀that฀apply฀to฀dive฀table฀use,฀ such฀as฀making฀deep฀dives฀before฀shallow฀dives,฀ starting฀deep฀and฀working฀shallow,฀etc.฀apply฀to฀ dive฀computers. B.฀What฀are฀the฀different฀operating฀principles฀for฀ depth฀gauges,฀SPGs฀and฀compasses? 1.฀ Depth฀gauges฀-฀there฀are฀several฀types,฀some฀in฀common฀use฀and฀some฀not฀as฀common 3-104฀

What are the procedures for using dive comput ers? ■ ■ Each฀buddy฀should฀� Each฀buddy฀should฀�

have฀a฀computer� have฀a฀computer�

■ ■ Buddies฀should฀follow฀� Buddies฀should฀follow฀�

the฀most฀conservative฀dive฀time� the฀most฀conservative฀dive฀time�

■ ■ All฀dive฀table฀guidelines฀(deeper฀ All฀dive฀table฀guidelines฀(deeper฀

dive/depth฀first)฀and฀manufacturer฀ dive/depth฀first)฀and฀manufacturer฀ recommendations฀apply recommendations฀apply DM฀7฀-฀ DM฀7฀-฀14 14 Instruments

Three:฀Knowledge฀Development

What are the different types of depth gauges? ■ ■ Capillar Capillaryy฀—฀open฀tube ฀—฀open฀tube ฀�

best฀used฀at฀shallo best฀used฀at฀shallo w฀depths w฀depths �

■ ■ Open฀bour Open฀bour don฀tube don฀tube ฀—฀tube ฀—฀tube฀

straightens, straightens, ฀moving฀the฀depth฀needle ฀moving฀the฀depth฀needle �

■ ■ Oil-filled฀ Oil-filled฀ —฀sealed฀bour —฀sealed฀bour don฀tube don฀tube � ■ ■ Diaphra Diaphragm gm฀—฀diaphra ฀—฀diaphra gm฀flexes,฀ gm฀flexes,฀

levers฀and฀g levers฀and฀gears฀move฀needle ears฀move฀needle �

■ ■ Digital Digital฀—฀transducer฀senses฀depth ฀—฀transducer฀senses฀depth

Instruments

DM฀7฀-฀ 15 DM฀7฀-฀15

How do submersible pressure gauges work? ■ ■ Mechanical Mechanical฀฀( ฀฀(similar฀to฀bourdon฀tube)฀ similar฀to฀bourdon฀tube)฀

—฀ —฀high฀pressure฀entering฀the฀tube high฀pressure฀entering฀the฀tube ฀ moves฀the฀pressure฀gaug moves฀the฀pressure฀gaug e฀needle e฀needle�

■ ■ Electronic Electronic฀—฀pressure฀transducer ฀—฀pressure฀transducer

฀�

■ ■ Hoseless฀ Hoseless฀—฀pressure฀transducer —฀pressure฀transducer

฀ transmits฀reading฀to฀wrist฀computer transmits฀reading฀to฀wrist฀computer

How do compasses work?

Instruments

DM฀7฀-฀ 16 DM฀7฀-฀16

Divemaster฀Course฀Instructor฀Guide฀

a.฀Capillary฀depth฀gauges฀are฀a฀simple฀piece฀of฀clear฀ tubing,฀sealed฀at฀one฀end฀and฀open฀at฀the฀other,฀ with฀depth฀increments฀indicated฀according฀to฀ where฀the฀water฀column฀rests฀based฀on฀Boyle’s฀ Law.฀They฀are฀inexpensive฀and฀reliable,฀though฀ hard฀to฀read฀accurately฀much฀deeper฀than฀10฀metres/30฀feet. b.฀Open฀bourdon฀tube฀gauges฀contain฀a฀spiral฀shaped฀ tube.฀Water฀enters฀the฀tube฀end฀and฀฀increasing฀ pressure฀causes฀tube฀to฀straighten฀somewhat.฀The฀ straightening฀moves฀the฀depth฀gauge฀needle.฀Because฀the฀tube฀is฀open,฀clogging฀can฀be฀a฀problem฀ with฀these฀devices. c.฀ Oil-filled฀gauges฀also฀use฀bourdon฀tube฀design,฀but฀ using฀a฀sealed฀tube฀in฀an฀oil-filled฀gauge฀housing.฀ Pressure฀transmitted฀through฀the฀oil฀causes฀the฀ tube฀to฀coil฀more฀tightly.฀This฀moves฀the฀depth฀ gauge฀needle.฀The฀depth฀gauge฀is฀not฀open฀to฀the฀ water฀and฀therefore฀not฀clog฀prone. d.฀Diaphragm฀gauges฀function฀by฀connecting฀a฀flexible฀diaphragm฀to฀a฀series฀of฀levers฀and฀gears฀that฀ move฀the฀display฀needle.฀ e.฀ Digital฀gauges฀are฀electronic฀gauges฀that฀read฀ depth฀via฀a฀transducer,฀which฀varies฀the฀electricity฀ it฀transmits฀depending฀on฀the฀pressure฀exerted฀on฀ it.฀These฀provide฀a฀digital฀display.฀These฀offer฀the฀ highest฀degree฀of฀accuracy,฀and฀are฀used฀in฀dive฀ computers฀to฀determine฀depth. C.฀Submersible฀pressure฀gauges฀(SPG) 1.฀ The฀SPG฀works฀based฀on฀the฀same฀principle฀as฀the฀ bourdon฀tube฀gauge฀-฀high฀pressure฀air฀from฀the฀ cylinder฀enters฀a฀C฀shaped฀or฀spiral฀tube฀and฀causes฀ it฀to฀straighten฀somewhat,฀causing฀the฀SPG฀needle฀to฀ read฀the฀pressure. 2.฀ Electronic฀SPGs฀use฀a฀pressure฀transducer฀similar฀to฀ those฀in฀dive฀computers/electronic฀depth฀gauges. 3.฀ SPGs฀may฀be฀integrated฀with฀dive฀computers.฀The฀ most฀recent฀innovation฀is฀a฀transducer฀on฀the฀regulator฀that฀transmits฀the฀air฀pressure฀to฀a฀wrist-worn฀ computer,฀eliminating฀the฀SPG฀hose. D.฀Compasses 1.฀ North฀needle฀of฀compass฀always฀points฀to฀magnetic฀ north฀because฀the฀needle฀is฀a฀magnet,฀aligned฀by฀ the฀field฀of฀earth’s฀geomagnetism. 3-105

2.฀ With฀most฀dive฀compasses,฀the฀diver฀reads฀direction฀ directly฀against฀the฀needle,฀but฀new฀electronic฀compasses฀read฀the฀heading฀digitally. 3.฀ Divers฀use฀liquid฀filled฀compasses฀so฀the฀gauge฀withstands฀pressure,฀and฀to฀dampen฀needle฀movement฀ for฀easier฀reading. E.฀ What฀are฀the฀options฀for฀carrying฀gauges? 1.฀ Wrist฀mount฀-฀Diver฀straps฀gauges฀to฀the฀wrist. a.฀Useful฀for฀compact฀instruments. b.฀Most฀accurate฀placement฀for฀compass฀use฀other฀ than฀hand฀holding฀it. c.฀ More฀streamlined฀than฀console฀on฀chest,฀especially฀in฀overhead฀environments. d.฀May฀be฀more฀prone฀to฀entanglement฀in฀some฀instances฀(e.g.,฀kelp฀diving.) 2.฀ Console฀-฀Combines฀several฀instruments฀into฀a฀package฀on฀the฀SPG฀or฀may฀integrate฀several฀instruments฀ into฀one,฀such฀as฀a฀pressure฀integrated฀dive฀computer. a.฀Speeds฀up฀dive฀preparation฀-฀no฀strapping฀on฀ gauges. b.฀Keeps฀arms฀clear฀for฀easy฀donning/doffing. c.฀ Console฀requires฀securing฀so฀it฀doesn’t฀drag฀and฀ damage฀itself฀or฀environment. 3.฀ Retractable฀mount฀-฀Gauge฀mount฀clips฀to฀BCD฀with฀ spring฀wound฀retraction฀cord.฀The฀diver฀pulls฀out฀to฀ read฀then฀retracts฀out฀of฀the฀way. a.฀Popular฀for฀hoseless฀computers฀with฀divers฀who฀ don’t฀like฀wrist฀mount. b.฀Makes฀it฀convenient฀to฀hand-hold฀compass฀for฀ greatest฀accuracy.

What are the options for carrying gauges? ■ ■ Wrist฀mount � ■ ■ Console � ◆ ◆ Retractable฀mount Retractable฀mount

Instruments

฀ V.฀ Enriched฀Air฀Equipment฀Considerations A.฀What฀special฀equipment฀requirements฀and฀considerations฀do฀you฀have฀when฀diving฀with฀enriched฀air? 1.฀ Because฀enriched฀air฀has฀more฀oxygen฀than฀air฀has฀ oxygen,฀there฀is฀a฀greater฀potential฀for฀fire฀or฀explosion฀related฀to฀improperly฀cleaned฀equipment. 2.฀ Diving฀with฀enriched฀air฀presents฀oxygen฀toxicity฀ hazards฀not฀common฀to฀diving฀with฀air฀within฀recreational฀diving฀limits฀Divers฀must฀know฀they’re฀using฀ enriched฀air,฀and฀what฀blend฀of฀enriched฀air฀they’re฀ using. 3-106฀

Three:฀Knowledge฀Development

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Enriched Air (EANx) Equipment Considerations ■ ■ Equipment฀needs฀to฀be฀cleaned฀to฀ Equipment฀needs฀to฀be฀cleaned฀to฀

oxygen฀service฀specifications� oxygen฀service฀specifications�

◆ ◆ Required฀b Required฀b y฀most฀man y฀most฀man ufacturer ufacturer s฀ s฀

when฀using฀more฀than฀23%฀O when฀using฀more฀than฀23%฀O

� 22

◆ ◆ Definitel Definitely฀required฀with y฀required฀with ฀�

more฀than฀40%฀O more฀than฀40%฀O 22

continued... continued...

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EANx Equipment... ■ ■ Cylinders฀require฀special฀marking� Cylinders฀require฀special฀marking� ◆ ◆ Identifying฀band Identifying฀band ฀� ◆ ◆ Visual฀inspection฀decal Visual฀inspection฀decal

� –฀oxygen฀cleaned –฀oxygen฀cleaned� ◆ ◆ Content฀anal Content฀anal ysis฀decal ysis฀decal � ■ ■ Divers฀must฀ y฀� sonally฀� personall Divers฀must฀per

analyze฀their฀cylinder฀content analyze฀their฀cylinder฀content DM฀7฀-฀ 19 DM฀7฀-฀19

Divemaster฀Course฀Instructor฀Guide฀

B.฀These฀concerns฀have฀led฀to฀the฀following฀industry฀guidelines฀involving฀equipment฀used฀with฀enriched฀air. 1.฀ Most฀manufacturers฀require฀their฀equipment฀to฀be฀ cleaned฀to฀oxygen฀service฀specifications฀if฀it฀will฀be฀ exposed฀to฀more฀than฀23฀percent฀oxygen. 2.฀ Some฀in฀the฀dive฀industry฀say฀that฀up฀to฀40฀percent฀ oxygen฀requires฀no฀special฀cleaning฀or฀materials. a.฀This฀so-called฀“40฀percent฀rule”฀is฀under฀debate฀ and฀has฀yet฀to฀be฀settled.฀[Note฀to฀instructor:฀ Inform฀candidates฀of฀the฀industry’s฀most฀current฀ position฀on฀this฀issue,฀if฀different.] b.฀Follow฀manufacturer฀guidelines฀with฀respect฀to฀ using฀equipment฀with฀enriched฀air. 3.฀ Any฀piece฀of฀equipment฀that฀will฀be฀exposed฀to฀more฀ than฀40฀percent฀oxygen฀requires฀special฀cleaning,฀ lubrication฀and฀materials฀to฀meet฀oxygen฀service฀ specifications.฀If฀such฀equipment฀is฀used฀with฀air฀from฀ a฀standard฀source,฀it฀may฀need฀to฀be฀recleaned. 4.฀ Enriched฀air฀cylinders฀require฀special฀marking: a.฀฀A฀15cm/6in฀(approx.)฀band฀at฀the฀tank฀shoulder.฀ The฀top฀and฀bottom฀of฀band฀should฀be฀a฀yellow฀ 2.5cm/1in฀band฀with฀the฀center฀10cm/4in฀green฀ with฀the฀words฀“Enriched฀Air,”฀“Enriched฀Air฀Nitrox,”฀“Nitrox”฀or฀similar.฀Yellow฀cylinders฀need฀ only฀the฀green/label฀portion. b.฀A฀visual฀inspection฀sticker฀stating฀the฀cylinder฀ has฀been฀cleaned฀to฀oxygen฀service฀specifications,฀or฀not฀if฀enriched฀air฀will฀not฀be฀blended฀ in฀the฀cylinder฀(partial฀pressure฀blending฀in฀the฀ cylinder฀requires฀putting฀pure฀oxygen฀in฀the฀ cylinder,฀even฀if฀final฀blend฀will฀have฀less฀than฀40฀ percent฀oxygen). c.฀ A฀contents฀sticker฀or฀tag฀identifying฀the฀current฀ blend,฀the฀fill฀date,฀the฀blend’s฀maximum฀depth,฀ and฀the฀analyzer/diver฀name. d.฀Local฀laws฀may฀alter฀or฀add฀to฀these฀requirements. C.฀Enriched฀air฀cylinders฀in฀the฀dive฀environment 1.฀฀Enriched฀air฀divers฀personally฀analyze฀the฀contents฀ of฀their฀cylinders฀before฀using฀them. 2.฀ On฀some฀dive฀boats,฀the฀normal฀practice฀is฀to฀grab฀ any฀full฀cylinder฀available฀for฀the฀next฀dive฀-฀this฀ isn’t฀appropriate฀with฀enriched฀air,฀which฀practice฀ calls฀for฀divers฀to฀use฀the฀tanks฀they฀personally฀analyzed. 3-107

Topic฀8฀-฀Decompression฀ Theory฀and฀the฀RDP Recommended฀Materials฀and฀Methods฀฀ for฀Covering฀this฀Topic The฀recommended฀method฀for฀developing฀knowledge฀about฀decompression฀ theory฀and฀the฀Recreational฀Dive฀Planner฀is฀to฀have฀candidates฀read: ฀

฀฀1.฀The฀Physiology฀section฀of฀The฀Encyclopedia฀of฀Recreational฀Diving,฀(or฀฀ The฀Encyclopedia฀of฀Recreational฀Diving฀Multimedia).

฀

฀฀2.฀The฀“Decompression฀Theory฀and฀the฀RDP”฀chapter฀of฀the฀PADI฀฀ Divemaster฀Manual.

฀

฀฀3.฀The฀Recreational฀Dive฀Planner฀section฀in฀the฀Diving฀Knowledge฀฀ Workbook.฀

Additional฀sources: ฀฀•฀ The฀Recreational฀Diver’s฀Guide฀to฀Decompression฀Theory,฀Dive฀Tables฀and฀ Dive฀Computers฀will฀help฀candidates฀understand฀decompression฀models฀and฀ the฀differences฀between฀how฀dive฀computers฀apply฀decompression฀models. ฀฀•฀ The฀“Decompression฀Management”฀section฀of฀The฀Best฀of฀the฀Undersea฀Journal฀features฀articles฀about฀decompression฀theory฀and฀the฀history฀and฀ development฀of฀the฀RDP. After฀independent฀study,฀meet฀with฀candidates฀individually฀or฀in฀a฀group.฀ Begin฀by฀reviewing฀their฀work฀in฀the฀Diving฀Knowledge฀Workbook,฀then฀answer฀candidate฀questions.฀Ask฀questions฀to฀assess฀mastery฀and฀review฀the฀ material฀based฀on฀how฀they฀complete฀their฀workbooks.฀Use฀the฀presentation฀ outline฀as฀a฀guide฀for฀a฀complete฀review. By฀the฀end฀of฀the฀course,฀candidates฀should฀have฀mastered฀calculating฀ dive฀profiles฀using฀both฀the฀RDP฀table฀and฀The฀Wheel.฀Have฀them฀consult฀ the฀related฀objectives฀in฀the฀Appendix฀of฀the฀PADI฀Divemaster฀Manual฀to฀be฀ sure฀they฀can฀meet฀all฀the฀performance฀requirements. This฀presentation฀outline฀includes฀only฀a฀RDP฀skills฀review฀to฀assess฀mastery.฀Candidates฀who฀need฀to฀refresh฀their฀skills฀may฀receive฀remediation฀ under฀your฀direction.฀They฀can฀also฀independently฀use฀the฀Open฀Water฀Diver฀ CD-ROM฀or฀RDP฀Instructions฀for฀Use฀booklets.฀ If฀The฀Encyclopedia฀of฀Recreational฀Diving฀and฀the฀Diving฀Knowledge฀Workbook฀don’t฀exist฀in฀a฀language฀candidates฀understand,฀you฀can฀develop฀ knowledge฀by฀giving฀the฀following฀presentation฀in฀detail.฀

3-108฀

Three:฀Knowledge฀Development

Presentation Overview฀and฀Learning฀Objectives ฀ I.฀ The฀Haldanean฀Decompression฀Model ฀฀

1.฀ Who฀is฀credited฀with฀developing฀the฀basic฀decompression฀model฀we฀use฀today฀in฀most฀computers฀ and฀dive฀tables?

฀฀฀

2.฀ Describe฀the฀structure฀and฀operation฀of฀a฀Haldanean฀model.

฀฀

3.฀ What฀are฀meant฀by฀compartment,฀halftime฀and฀Mvalue?

฀฀

4.฀ Why฀do฀you฀need฀to฀know฀your฀approximate฀altitude฀when฀diving?

฀฀

5.฀ What฀is฀the฀relationship฀between฀the฀Haldanean฀ model฀and฀the฀human฀body,฀and฀how฀far฀can฀you฀ rely฀on฀a฀model?

Overview ■ ■ The฀Haldanean The฀Haldanean ฀�

Decompression฀Model Decompression฀Model �

■ ■ US฀Navy฀Tables฀and฀Repetitive฀Diving US฀Navy฀Tables฀and฀Repetitive฀Diving ■ ■ The฀Recreational฀Dive฀Planner The฀Recreational฀Dive฀Planner

�

�

■ ■ Dive฀Computer Dive฀Computer s� s� ■ ■ Special฀Rules, Special฀Rules, ฀Recommendations ฀Recommendations ฀�

and฀Situations and฀Situations �

■ ■ RDP฀Table฀and฀Wheel฀Re RDP฀Table฀and฀Wheel฀Re view view DM฀8฀-฀ DM฀8฀-฀22

฀ II.฀ U.S.฀Navy฀Tables฀and฀Repetitive฀Diving ฀฀

6.฀ Why฀was฀the฀U.S.฀Navy฀(USN)฀table฀at฀one฀time฀the฀ “standard”฀for฀recreational฀diving?

฀III.฀ The฀Recreational฀Dive฀Planner ฀฀

7.฀ What฀is฀the฀basis฀for฀the฀USN฀table’s฀repetitive฀diving฀surface฀interval฀credit,฀and฀why฀does฀the฀Recreational฀Dive฀Planner฀use฀a฀different฀basis?

฀฀

8.฀ For฀whom฀was฀the฀RDP฀developed,฀and฀how฀does฀its฀ testing฀contrast฀with฀the฀testing฀of฀the฀USN฀table?

฀฀

9.฀ What฀effect฀does฀the฀RDP’s฀repetitive฀diving฀surface฀ interval฀credit฀have฀compared฀to฀the฀USN฀tables?

฀

10.฀ Why฀are฀there฀two฀forms฀of฀the฀RDP?

฀

11.฀ Why฀can’t฀pressure฀groups฀from฀the฀RDP฀be฀used฀on฀ the฀USN฀tables฀or฀any฀other฀tables?

฀IV.฀ Dive฀Computers ฀

12.฀ How฀do฀modern฀dive฀computers฀apply฀decompression฀models฀to฀provide฀more฀no฀decompression฀dive฀ time?

฀

13.฀ How฀do฀computers฀compare฀with฀each฀other฀and฀ the฀RDP฀with฀respect฀to฀surface฀interval฀credit฀and฀ M-values?

฀ V.฀ Special฀Rules,฀Recommendations฀and฀Situations฀Using฀the฀ RDP฀and฀Computers ฀ Divemaster฀Course฀Instructor฀Guide฀

14.฀฀ What฀are฀the฀general฀rules฀and฀recommendations฀ 3-109

for฀diving฀with฀the฀Recreational฀Dive฀Planner,฀ including฀for฀flying฀after฀diving,฀emergency฀decompression฀and฀omitted฀decompression? ฀

15.฀ What฀are฀the฀recommendations฀for฀diving฀with฀ dive฀computers?

฀VI.฀ RDP฀Table฀and฀Wheel฀Use฀Review ฀

16.฀฀ Demonstrate฀how฀to฀find฀a฀no฀decompression฀limit฀ for฀a฀first฀and฀repetitive฀dive฀using฀both฀the฀RDP฀ table฀and฀The฀Wheel.

฀

17.฀ Demonstrate฀how฀to฀plan฀a฀multilevel฀dive฀using฀ The฀Wheel.

฀

18.฀ Using฀both฀the฀RDP฀table฀and฀The฀Wheel,฀demonstrate฀how฀to฀calculate฀dive฀profiles฀for฀three฀or฀ more฀repetitive฀dives.

Outline ฀ I.฀ The฀Haldanean฀Decompression฀Model A.฀Who฀is฀credited฀with฀developing฀the฀basic฀฀฀฀฀฀ decompression฀model฀we฀use฀today฀in฀most฀ computers฀and฀dive฀tables? 1.฀ Virtually฀all฀dive฀tables฀and฀dive฀computers฀calculate฀no฀decompression฀limits฀and฀decompression฀ stops฀(when฀needed)฀based฀on฀a฀Haldanean฀decompression฀model. 2.฀ Haldanean฀models฀are฀named฀after฀John฀Scott฀Haldane,฀credited฀with฀developing฀the฀first฀such฀mathematical฀decompression฀model฀and฀based฀on฀it,฀the฀ first฀dive฀tables. a.฀British฀Royal฀Navy฀assigned฀Haldane฀to฀address฀ and฀solve฀decompression฀sickness฀in฀Navy฀divers. b.฀Haldane฀knew฀of฀Paul฀Bert’s฀work,฀which฀showed฀ that฀dissolved฀nitrogen฀causes฀DCS,฀but฀no฀one฀ had฀developed฀a฀system฀for฀predicting฀DCS. c.฀ Haldane฀experimented฀and฀produced฀his฀model฀ and฀tables฀in฀1906,฀his฀work฀was฀published฀in฀ 1908฀in฀the฀Journal฀of฀Hygiene.฀Modern฀Haldanean฀ models฀differ฀little฀conceptually฀from฀the฀original฀ model. B.฀Describe฀the฀structure฀and฀operation฀of฀a฀Haldanean฀model. 1.฀ Haldane฀based฀his฀model฀on฀experiments฀and฀the฀ following฀concepts: 3-110฀

Haldanean Decompression Model ■ ■ Model฀consists฀of฀multiple฀ Model฀consists฀of฀multiple฀

theoretical฀tissues� theoretical฀tissues�

■ ■ What฀is฀a฀tissue฀compartment?� What฀is฀a฀tissue฀compartment?� ◆ ◆ What฀is฀ What฀is฀halftime halftime?� ?� ◆ ◆ What฀in฀ What฀in฀M-value? M-value?

Three:฀Knowledge฀Development

DM฀8฀-฀ DM฀8฀-฀33

a.฀Upon฀descent฀to฀a฀given฀depth,฀nitrogen฀pressure฀ in฀breathing฀air฀is฀higher฀than฀in฀the฀body,฀so฀ nitrogen฀dissolves฀into฀body฀tissues. b.฀Given฀enough฀time,฀the฀body฀will฀saturate฀and฀ absorb฀no฀more฀nitrogen฀at฀that฀depth. c.฀ Upon฀ascent,฀nitrogen฀in฀the฀body฀(tissue฀pressure)฀is฀higher฀than฀surrounding฀pressure,฀causing฀tissues฀to฀release฀nitrogen.฀ d.฀The฀difference฀between฀the฀dissolved฀nitrogen฀ pressure฀and฀the฀surrounding฀pressure฀(whether฀ ascending฀or฀descending)฀is฀called฀the฀pressure฀ gradient. e.฀ On฀ascent,฀tissues฀can฀tolerate฀some฀gradient฀of฀ high฀tissue฀pressure฀without฀DCS. f.฀ If฀gradient฀exceeds฀acceptable฀limits,฀bubbles฀ form฀causing฀DCS. g.฀ DCS฀can฀be฀avoided฀by฀keeping฀the฀gradient฀ within฀acceptable฀limits. C.฀What฀is฀meant฀by฀compartment,฀halftime฀and฀฀ M-value? 1.฀ Haldane฀discovered฀that฀different฀parts฀of฀the฀body฀ absorb฀and฀release฀dissolved฀nitrogen฀at฀different฀ rates.฀To฀account฀for฀the฀differences,฀Haldane฀constructed฀a฀model฀consisting฀of฀multiple฀theoretical฀ tissues: a.฀The฀tissues฀did฀not฀directly฀correspond฀to฀any฀particular฀body฀tissue. b.฀Because฀they’re฀not฀actually฀corresponding฀to฀ body฀tissues,฀it฀is฀more฀proper฀to฀call฀them฀compartments,฀or฀tissue฀compartments. c.฀ Haldane’s฀original฀model฀had฀five฀compartments.฀ Modern฀versions฀may฀have฀14฀or฀more฀compartments. 2.฀ Each฀compartment฀has฀a฀halftime฀for฀the฀rate฀at฀ which฀it฀absorbs฀and฀releases฀nitrogen. a.฀Halftime฀is฀the฀time,฀in฀minutes,฀for฀a฀particular฀ compartment฀to฀go฀halfway฀from฀its฀beginning฀ tissue฀pressure฀to฀saturation฀at฀a฀new฀depth,฀in฀ exponential฀progression. b.฀After฀six฀halftimes฀the฀compartment฀is฀considered฀ saturated฀(actually฀98.4฀percent฀saturated฀-฀close฀ enough฀for฀practical฀purposes).฀For฀simplicity฀tissue฀pressure฀is฀often฀expressed฀in฀msw/fsw฀gauge. Divemaster฀Course฀Instructor฀Guide฀

3-111

c.฀ Halftimes฀are฀assigned฀in฀minutes฀-฀Haldane’s฀ ranged฀from฀5฀to฀75฀minutes.฀Modern฀models฀ range฀from฀3฀to฀more฀than฀600฀minutes฀-฀short฀ halftime฀compartments฀are฀sometimes฀called฀fast฀ tissues฀or฀fast฀compartments฀and฀those฀with฀longer฀ halftimes฀are฀called฀slow฀tissue/compartments. Example฀-฀A฀5฀minute฀halftime฀compartment฀will฀have฀ how฀much฀tissue฀pressure฀5฀minutes฀after฀taken฀from฀the฀ surface฀to฀18฀metres/60฀feet฀in฀seawater?฀ Answer:฀฀9฀msw/30฀fsw฀of฀pressure฀ (in฀one฀halftime,฀compartment฀goes฀half฀distance฀from฀beginning฀to฀new฀pressure). Example฀-฀A฀20฀minute฀halftime฀compartment฀will฀have฀ how฀much฀tissue฀pressure฀after฀40฀minutes฀at฀24฀msw/80฀ fsw?฀ Answer:฀฀18฀msw/60฀fsw฀of฀pressure฀ 40฀minutes฀=฀2฀halftimes฀for฀20฀minute฀halftime.฀ After฀first฀halftime,฀pressure฀goes฀halfway฀=฀12฀msw/40฀fsw. After฀second฀halftime,฀pressure฀goes฀halfway฀from฀12฀msw/40฀ fsw฀to฀24฀msw/80฀fsw฀=฀18฀msw/60฀fsw. Example฀-฀How฀long฀would฀it฀take฀a฀60฀minute฀compartment฀to฀saturate฀to฀a฀given฀depth?฀ Answer:฀฀360฀minutes฀(60฀x฀6฀halftimes) 3.฀ Besides฀differing฀in฀halftimes,฀each฀compartment฀ has฀a฀different฀M-value. a.฀M-value฀is฀the฀maximum฀tissue฀pressure฀allowed฀ in฀the฀compartment฀when฀surfacing฀to฀prevent฀ exceeding฀acceptable฀gradient.฀[Note:฀there’s฀actually฀different฀M-values฀for฀each฀compartment฀at฀ each฀depth,฀but฀in฀no฀stop฀diving฀we฀only฀use฀the฀ one฀that฀applies฀to฀the฀surface. b.฀The฀faster฀the฀compartment฀(shorter฀halftime),฀ the฀higher฀the฀M-value฀(the฀more฀nitrogen฀it฀is฀ allowed฀to฀have฀when฀surfacing);฀the฀slower฀the฀ compartment,฀the฀lower฀the฀M-value. c.฀ The฀M-value฀is฀determined฀by฀test฀dives฀showing฀ what฀does฀and฀does฀not฀result฀in฀DCS฀or฀Dopplerdetectable฀bubbles. 3-112฀

Three:฀Knowledge฀Development

4.฀ Why฀do฀you฀need฀to฀know฀your฀approximate฀ altitude฀when฀diving? a.฀The฀M-value฀is฀calculated฀for฀surfacing฀at฀sea฀ level;฀at฀an฀altitude฀higher฀than฀approximately฀ 300฀metres/1000฀feet,฀the฀gradient฀may฀be฀too฀ high฀unless฀you฀use฀altitude฀diving฀procedures.฀ You฀need฀to฀know฀your฀approximate฀altitude฀ when฀diving฀so฀you฀can฀adjust฀for฀the฀gradient฀using฀high฀altitude฀diving฀protocols. 5.฀ The฀model฀works฀by฀determining฀how฀much฀each฀ compartment฀absorbs฀for฀a฀given฀depth฀and฀time;฀ when฀any฀compartment฀reaches฀its฀M-value,฀the฀ dive฀ends฀(or฀it฀becomes฀a฀decompression฀dive). a.฀On฀deeper฀dives,฀fast฀compartments฀usually฀reach฀ M-value฀first฀-฀this฀is฀why฀deeper฀dives฀have฀short฀ no฀decompression฀limits. b.฀On฀shallower฀dives,฀the฀depth฀may฀be฀less฀than฀ the฀M-value฀of฀some฀faster฀compartments.฀Therefore฀a฀slower฀compartment฀controls฀the฀dive฀and฀ model฀allows฀more฀no฀decompression฀time. c.฀ Compartment฀that฀reaches฀its฀M-value฀first฀is฀ called฀the฀controlling฀compartment. D.฀What฀is฀the฀relationship฀between฀the฀Haldanean฀model฀and฀the฀human฀body,฀and฀how฀far฀ can฀you฀rely฀on฀a฀model? 1.฀ Haldanean฀models฀are฀mathematical฀extrapolations. 2.฀ There฀is฀no฀direct฀relationship฀between฀model฀and฀ the฀body.฀The฀relationship฀is฀implied฀based฀on฀actual฀ dive฀data฀(tests฀and฀field฀experience). 3.฀ Like฀all฀models,฀Haldanean฀models฀have฀limits฀of฀ reliability. 4.฀ You฀can฀only฀rely฀on฀a฀model฀as฀far฀as฀it฀has฀been฀ shown฀to฀work฀in฀tests฀and฀by฀field฀experience. 5.฀ Models฀are฀imperfect฀-฀this฀is฀why฀divers฀learn฀from฀ the฀beginning฀that฀there฀is฀always฀some฀risk฀of฀DCS,฀ even฀within฀computer/table฀limits฀-฀the฀actual฀incidence฀is฀less฀than฀1฀percent,฀but฀there฀is฀always฀some฀ risk.

US Navy Tables ■ ■ Developed฀primaril Developed฀primaril y฀for฀militar y฀for฀militar y฀ y฀

decompression฀diving decompression฀diving �

■ ■ The฀“standar The฀“standard”฀for฀recreational d”฀for฀recreational ฀

diving฀until฀mid1980s diving฀until฀mid1980s �

฀ II.฀ U.S.฀Navy฀Tables฀and฀Repetitive฀Diving

■ ■ Surface฀inter Surface฀inter val฀credit฀based฀on val฀credit฀based฀on ฀

worst฀case฀ worst฀case฀–฀slowest฀compar –฀slowest฀compar tment฀ tment฀ halftime฀of฀120฀min halftime฀of฀120฀min utes utes DM฀8฀-฀ DM฀8฀-฀44

Divemaster฀Course฀Instructor฀Guide฀

A.฀Haldane’s฀tables฀were฀well฀accepted,฀but฀the฀U.S.฀Navy฀ revised฀the฀model฀and฀tables฀periodically฀to฀meet฀ changing฀needs฀and฀to฀keep฀up฀with฀new฀information. 3-113

B.฀The฀1950s฀revision฀(current฀U.S.฀Navy฀tables)฀had฀two฀ important฀differences฀from฀original฀Haldane฀model฀ and฀tables: 1.฀ Six฀compartments฀were฀used฀with฀a฀longest฀halftime฀ of฀120฀minutes฀based฀on฀Navy฀data฀that฀there฀were฀ even฀slower฀body฀areas฀to฀consider. 2.฀ Credit฀for฀surface฀interval฀for฀repetitive฀diving฀added฀ -฀previously,฀all฀dives฀in฀24฀hours฀were฀added฀together฀and฀treated฀as฀a฀single฀dive. C.฀Why฀was฀the฀U.S.฀Navy฀(USN)฀table฀at฀one฀time฀ the฀“standard”฀for฀recreational฀diving? 1.฀ The฀U.S.฀Navy฀tables฀were฀developed฀primarily฀for฀ military฀decompression฀diving,฀but฀they฀became฀virtually฀the฀standard฀in฀recreational฀diving฀until฀the฀ mid-1980s฀for฀several฀reasons: a.฀Before฀computers,฀developing฀a฀table฀was฀a฀tedious฀process฀that฀had฀to฀be฀computed฀by฀hand.฀ Few฀outside฀the฀Navy฀had฀the฀resources฀or฀ability฀ to฀produce฀tables. b.฀Many฀early฀sport฀divers฀began฀as฀military฀divers,฀ bringing฀the฀USN฀tables฀with฀them. c.฀ The฀USN฀tables฀were฀widely฀available฀and฀public฀ domain,฀allowing฀publishers฀to฀reproduce฀and฀ rearrange฀them. d.฀Though฀they฀weren’t฀ideal฀for฀recreational฀divers,฀ they฀could฀be฀relied฀on฀when฀following฀accepted฀ conservative฀diving฀practices. D.฀Repetitive฀Diving 1.฀ The฀rise฀of฀Navy฀scuba฀diving฀created฀a฀need฀for฀ repetitive฀diving฀that฀allowed฀longer฀repetitive฀dives฀ based฀on฀credit฀for฀time฀at฀the฀surface. 2.฀ On฀the฀Haldanean฀model,฀in฀pure฀math฀all฀compartments฀would฀lose฀nitrogen฀at฀their฀normal฀halftime฀(e.g.,฀a฀5฀minute฀compartment฀would฀be฀free฀of฀ nitrogen฀after฀30฀minutes฀or฀6฀halftimes฀at฀surface;฀ a฀10฀minute฀compartment฀would฀be฀free฀after฀60฀ minutes฀or฀6฀halftimes฀at฀surface,฀etc.) 3.฀ However,฀you฀can’t฀make฀a฀usable฀table฀this฀way฀ because฀any฀compartment฀could฀control฀a฀repetitive฀ dive,฀depending฀on฀the฀first฀dive,฀the฀surface฀interval฀and฀the฀second฀dive. 4.฀ To฀solve฀this,฀U.S.฀Navy฀designed฀its฀surface฀interval฀ credit฀based฀on฀the฀worst฀case฀-฀a฀dive฀may฀be฀preceded฀by฀a฀decompression฀dive,฀so฀the฀slowest฀compartment฀(120฀minutes฀halftime)฀controls. 3-114฀

Three:฀Knowledge฀Development

5.฀ In฀effect,฀all฀compartments฀turn฀into฀120฀minute฀ compartments฀at฀the฀surface฀and฀all฀repetitive฀dive฀ credit฀is฀based฀on฀this฀worst-case฀approach.฀This฀is฀ why฀it฀takes฀12฀hours฀(720฀minutes฀-฀6฀halftimes)฀to฀ be฀“clean”฀with฀the฀USN฀tables. 6.฀ USN฀tested฀its฀tables฀and฀repetitive฀dive฀procedures฀ using฀Navy฀divers฀and฀released฀them฀for฀fleet฀use. a.฀Subjects฀were฀male,฀reasonably฀fit,฀primarily฀in฀ 20s฀and฀30s. b.฀Test฀criteria฀were฀bends/no฀bends.

฀ III.฀ The฀Recreational฀Dive฀Planner Recreational Dive Planner (RDP) ■ ■ Proposed฀in฀the฀early฀1980s฀� Proposed฀in฀the฀early฀1980s฀�

by฀Dr.฀Raymond฀Rogers� by฀Dr.฀Raymond฀Rogers�

◆ ◆ Believed฀120฀min Believed฀120฀min ute฀surface฀inter ute฀surface฀inter val฀ val฀

credit฀was฀too฀long credit฀was฀too฀long �

◆ ◆ USN฀tab USN฀table฀were฀tested฀on฀militar le฀were฀tested฀on฀militar y฀ y฀

personnel,฀not฀recreational฀diver personnel,฀not฀recreational฀diver s� s�

◆ ◆ Doppler฀Flo Doppler฀Flo w฀meter฀sho w฀meter฀sho wed฀silent wed฀silent ฀

bubbles฀at฀USN฀tab bubbles฀at฀USN฀tab le฀limits le฀limits

DM฀8฀-฀ DM฀8฀-฀55

Working with DSAT (Diving Science and Technology), ฀ Dr. Rogers developed the RDP฀ RDP฀ ฀

Testing occurred at the Institute of Applied Technology (IAPM) with Dr. Michael Powell as the principle investigator DM฀8฀-฀ DM฀8฀-฀6 6

Divemaster฀Course฀Instructor฀Guide฀

A.฀What฀is฀the฀basis฀for฀the฀USN฀table’s฀repetitive฀ diving฀surface฀interval฀credit,฀and฀why฀does฀the฀ Recreational฀Dive฀Planner฀use฀a฀different฀basis? 1.฀ In฀the฀mid-1980s,฀Dr.฀Raymond฀E.฀Rogers,฀a฀PADI฀ Divemaster,฀recognized฀that฀the฀USN฀tables,฀while฀ having฀a฀good฀track฀record,฀might฀not฀be฀ideal฀for฀ recreational฀diving a.฀The฀120฀minute฀surface฀interval฀credit,฀while฀ appropriate฀for฀repetitive฀decompression฀diving,฀ seemed฀excessively฀conservative฀for฀recreational฀ divers,฀who฀make฀only฀no฀decompression฀dives. b.฀The฀USN฀tables฀were฀made฀for฀Navy฀divers,฀but฀ this฀test฀group฀didn’t฀fully฀reflect฀the฀demographics฀of฀recreational฀divers,฀who฀include฀females฀ and฀ages฀above฀and฀below฀the฀Navy’s. c.฀ Doppler฀ultrasound฀flow฀meters฀had฀come฀into฀ being฀and฀they฀showed฀that฀silent฀bubbles฀often฀formed฀at฀USN฀table฀limits,฀suggesting฀lower฀ M-values฀(which฀would฀reduce฀single฀dive฀no฀ decompression฀limits)฀might฀be฀more฀appropriate฀ for฀nonmilitary฀diving. B.฀For฀whom฀was฀the฀RDP฀developed,฀and฀how฀ does฀its฀testing฀contrast฀with฀the฀testing฀of฀the฀ USN฀table? 1.฀ Working฀with฀DSAT฀(Diving฀Science฀&฀Technology฀ -฀a฀corporate฀affiliate฀of฀PADI)฀Rogers฀developed฀the฀ RDP.฀It฀was฀tested฀in฀1987฀and฀1988฀at฀the฀Institute฀ of฀Applied฀Physiology฀and฀Medicine฀(IAPM)฀with฀Dr.฀ Michael฀R.฀Powell฀the฀principal฀investigator.฀ 2.฀ Testing฀during฀1987฀and฀1988: a.฀Established฀the฀60฀minute฀surface฀interval฀credit฀ concept. 3-115

b.฀Was฀first฀extensive฀testing฀of฀multilevel฀diving. c.฀ Included฀broader฀demographic฀test฀subjects฀-฀more฀ like฀recreational฀diver฀population. d.฀Was฀based฀on฀limiting฀Doppler฀detectable฀bubbles,฀not฀just฀bends/no฀bends. e.฀ Multiday฀testing฀successfully฀tested฀RDP฀making฀4฀ dives฀daily฀for฀6฀days฀(though฀diving฀more฀conservatively฀is฀recommended) C.฀What฀effect฀does฀the฀RDP’s฀repetitive฀diving฀surface฀interval฀credit฀have฀compared฀to฀the฀USN฀ tables? 1.฀ Dr.฀Rogers฀found฀that฀the฀120฀minutes฀halftime฀for฀ surface฀interval฀was฀too฀conservative฀for฀no฀stop฀diving,฀a฀60฀minute฀halftime฀was฀more฀appropriate. a.฀This฀means฀that฀it฀offers฀about฀twice฀as฀much฀ credit฀for฀surface฀interval฀time฀than฀the฀USN฀ tables. 2.฀ The฀RDP฀model฀has฀14฀compartments฀ranging฀from฀ 5฀to฀480฀minute฀halftimes. 3.฀ Surface฀interval฀credit฀is฀based฀on฀60฀minutes฀washout.฀The฀WX,฀YZ฀rules฀make฀sure฀slower฀compartments฀remain฀within฀accepted฀limits. D.฀Dr.฀Rogers฀lowered฀the฀M-values฀to฀match฀recent฀Doppler฀data.฀The฀RDP฀offers฀more฀repetitive฀dive฀time,฀but฀ its฀maximum฀allowed฀nitrogen฀loading฀is฀lower. 1.฀ Limits฀sometimes฀called฀“Spencer”฀limits฀after฀physiologist฀who฀first฀proposed฀them. E.฀ Why฀are฀there฀two฀forms฀of฀the฀RDP? 1.฀ Table฀version฀introduced฀for฀those฀more฀comfortable฀ with฀a฀table฀format. 2.฀ The฀Wheel฀offers฀multilevel฀diving,฀more฀precision฀ and฀is฀easier฀to฀use. F.฀ Why฀can’t฀pressure฀groups฀from฀the฀RDP฀be฀ used฀on฀the฀USN฀tables฀or฀any฀other฀tables? 1.฀ The฀RDP฀has฀more฀pressure฀groups฀than฀Navy฀ tables.฀Pressure฀Group฀letters฀designate฀theoretical฀ nitrogen฀levels฀based฀on฀the฀model฀and฀฀since฀USN฀ and฀other฀tables฀use฀different฀models,฀letters฀are฀not฀ interchangeable฀between฀RDP,฀USN฀tables฀or฀any฀ other฀tables. 2.฀ You฀can฀interchange฀letters฀between฀different฀versions฀of฀the฀RDP. . 3-116฀

RDP Charact eristics ■ ■ Model฀uses฀14฀compartments� Model฀uses฀14฀compartments� ■ ■ Maximum฀allowed฀nitrogen฀loading฀ Maximum฀allowed฀nitrogen฀loading฀

(M-values)฀lower฀than฀USN฀tables� (M-values)฀lower฀than฀USN฀tables�

◆ ◆ Shorter฀initial฀no฀decompression฀limits� Shorter฀initial฀no฀decompression฀limits� ■ ■ Surface฀interval฀credit฀based฀� Surface฀interval฀credit฀based฀�

on฀60฀minute฀washout� on฀60฀minute฀washout�

◆ ◆ Longer฀allowed฀repetitive฀dive฀times Longer฀allowed฀repetitive฀dive฀times DM฀8฀-฀ DM฀8฀-฀ 77

Two Versions

Multilevel฀diving Multilevel฀diving

Pressure฀group฀designations฀are฀NOT฀ Pressure฀group฀designations฀are฀NOT฀ interchangeable฀with฀other฀dive฀tables

Three:฀Knowledge฀Development

DM฀8฀-฀ DM฀8฀-฀8 8

฀ IV.฀ Dive฀Computers

Dive Comput ers ■ ■ Computers฀essentially฀write฀ Computers฀essentially฀write฀

custom฀dive฀tables฀for฀exact฀dives� custom฀dive฀tables฀for฀exact฀dives�

◆ ◆ Eliminates฀r Eliminates฀r ounding ounding� ◆ ◆ Longer฀dive฀times Longer฀dive฀times

DM฀8฀-฀ DM฀8฀-฀99

How do dive comput ers compare to the R DP? ■ ■ Three฀groups� Three฀groups� ◆ ◆ Spencer฀limits, Spencer฀limits, ฀EE฀washout ฀EE฀washout � ◆ ◆ Spencer฀limits, Spencer฀limits, ฀60฀min ฀60฀minute฀washout ute฀washout � ◆ ◆ Buhlmann฀limits, Buhlmann฀limits, ฀EE฀washout ฀EE฀washout

DM฀8฀-฀ DM฀8฀-฀10 10

Divemaster฀Course฀Instructor฀Guide฀

A.฀How฀do฀modern฀dive฀computers฀apply฀decompression฀models฀to฀provide฀more฀no฀decompression฀dive฀time? 1.฀ Dive฀computers฀offer฀the฀maximum฀bottom฀time฀essentially฀by฀writing฀a฀custom฀dive฀table฀for฀the฀exact฀ dive฀-฀eliminates฀unnecessary฀rounding฀and฀therefore฀more฀dive฀time. B.฀How฀do฀computers฀compare฀with฀each฀other฀ and฀the฀RDP฀with฀respect฀to฀surface฀interval฀ credit฀and฀M-values? 1.฀ Spencer฀limits,฀EE฀washout a.฀Approximately฀same฀M-values฀as฀RDP b.฀All฀compartments฀release฀theoretical฀nitrogen฀at฀ the฀surface฀at฀their฀underwater฀halftime฀rate฀(EE฀ stands฀for฀“exponential฀-฀exponential”฀),฀as฀compared฀to฀the฀RDP,฀which฀releases฀theoretical฀nitrogen฀at฀the฀60฀minute฀rate฀for฀all฀compartments฀of฀ 60฀minutes฀or฀faster. c.฀ This฀washout฀means฀these฀computers฀can฀permit฀ dives฀beyond฀what฀has฀been฀tested฀to฀work฀-฀e.g.,฀ 3฀dives฀to฀40฀metres/130฀feet฀in฀a฀row฀for฀10฀minutes฀each฀with฀only฀30฀minutes฀between฀them. d.฀This฀washout฀is฀not฀a฀problem฀if฀divers฀avoid฀ multiple฀deep฀dives฀with฀short฀surface฀intervals฀ (generally฀not฀recommended฀whether฀using฀a฀ computer฀or฀not). 2.฀ Spencer฀limits,฀60฀minute฀washout a.฀Based฀on฀data฀for฀RDP b.฀At฀surface,฀all฀compartments฀60฀minutes฀and฀ faster฀wash฀out฀at฀60฀minute฀rate;฀all฀slower฀compartments฀wash฀out฀at฀their฀underwater฀halftime฀ rate฀(like฀the฀RDP). c.฀ Dives฀very฀similar฀to฀what฀RDP฀model฀allows. 3.฀ Buhlmann฀limits,฀EE฀washout a.฀Further฀reduced฀M-values฀(based฀on฀work฀of฀Dr.฀ Buhlmann). b.฀All฀compartments฀wash฀out฀at฀their฀underwater฀ halftime฀rate. c.฀ With฀reduced฀M-values,฀repetitive฀dives฀similar฀to฀ what฀RDP฀data฀supports,฀though฀repetitive฀deep฀ dives฀with฀short฀surface฀intervals฀may฀still฀permit฀ dives฀beyond฀what฀has฀been฀tested฀to฀work. 3-117

C.฀Spencer,฀60฀minute฀washout฀and฀Buhlmann,฀EE฀washout฀seem฀to฀be฀the฀most฀popular฀types฀of฀computers.

฀ V.฀ Special฀Rules,฀Recommendations฀and฀Situations฀Using฀the฀RDP฀and฀Computers Note฀and฀Reminder:฀Because฀people฀differ฀in฀their฀susceptibility฀ to฀DCS,฀no฀decompression฀table฀or฀computer฀can฀guarantee฀that฀ DCS฀will฀never฀occur,฀even฀though฀a฀dive฀is฀within฀the฀limits฀of฀ the฀table.฀Never฀“push”฀any฀computer฀or฀table฀to฀or฀beyond฀its฀ limits. A.฀What฀are฀the฀general฀rules฀and฀recommendations฀for฀diving฀with฀the฀Recreational฀Dive฀ Planner,฀including฀for฀flying฀after฀diving,฀emergency฀decompression฀and฀omitted฀decompression? 1.฀ When฀planning฀a฀dive฀in฀cold฀water฀or฀under฀conditions฀that฀may฀be฀strenuous,฀plan฀the฀dive฀assuming฀ the฀depth฀is฀4฀metres/10฀feet฀deeper฀than฀it฀actual. 2.฀ Plan฀repetitive฀dives฀so฀each฀successive฀dive฀is฀to฀the฀ same฀or฀a฀shallower฀depth.฀Don’t฀follow฀a฀dive฀with฀ a฀deeper฀dive.฀Plan฀your฀deepest฀dive฀first. 3.฀ Limit฀maximum฀depths฀in฀consideration฀of฀training฀ and฀experience.฀(Scuba฀Divers:฀12฀metres/40฀feet;฀ Open฀Water฀Divers:฀18฀metres/60฀feet;฀divers฀with฀ greater฀training฀and฀experience:฀30฀metres/100฀feet;฀ no฀dive฀in฀excess฀of฀40฀metres/130฀feet.) 4.฀ Multiple฀Repetitive฀Dives฀-฀use฀when฀planning฀three฀ or฀more฀dives฀in฀a฀day. a.฀If฀the฀ending฀pressure฀group฀after฀any฀dive฀is฀W฀ or฀X,฀the฀minimum฀surface฀interval฀between฀all฀ subsequent฀dives฀is฀1฀hour. b.฀If฀the฀ending฀pressure฀group฀after฀any฀dive฀is฀Y฀ or฀Z,฀the฀minimum฀surface฀interval฀between฀all฀ subsequent฀dives฀is฀3฀hours. 5.฀ Limit฀repetitive฀dives฀to฀30฀metres/100฀feet฀or฀shallower. 6.฀ The฀42-metre/140-foot฀designation฀on฀the฀Recreational฀Dive฀Planner฀is฀for฀emergency฀purposes฀ only;฀do฀not฀dive฀deeper฀than฀40฀m/130฀ft. 7.฀ If฀you฀discover฀you฀have฀accidentally฀descended฀ below฀40฀metres/130฀feet,฀immediately฀ascend฀(at฀ a฀rate฀not฀to฀exceed฀18฀metres/60฀feet฀per฀minute)฀ 3-118฀

Special Rules, Recommendations and Situations DM฀8฀-฀ 11 DM฀8฀-฀11

Rules ■ ■ Cold/stren Cold/stren uous฀dives฀–฀plan฀as฀if uous฀dives฀–฀plan฀as฀if

4m/10ft 4m/10ft฀deeper฀than฀actual ฀deeper฀than฀actual �

฀

■ ■ Each฀successive฀dive฀is฀to Each฀successive฀dive฀is฀to

฀� the฀same฀or฀shallo the฀same฀or฀shallo wer฀depth wer฀depth � ■ ■ Limit฀depth฀to฀training฀and฀e Limit฀depth฀to฀training฀and฀e xperience xperience � ■ ■ Multiple฀repetitive฀dives Multiple฀repetitive฀dives � ◆ ◆ W฀or฀X฀–฀ W฀or฀X฀–฀1฀hour 1฀hour฀surface฀interval฀� ฀surface฀interval฀�

on฀all฀subsequent฀dives� on฀all฀subsequent฀dives�

◆ ◆ Y฀or฀Z฀–฀ Y฀or฀Z฀–฀3฀hour 3฀hour฀surface฀interval฀� ฀surface฀interval฀�

on฀all฀subsequent฀dives on฀all฀subsequent฀dives

continued... continued...

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Rules... ■ ■ Repetitive฀dive฀limit฀–฀ Repetitive฀dive฀limit฀–฀30m/100ft � ■ ■ Maximum฀limit฀–฀ Maximum฀limit฀–฀40m/130ft � ◆ ◆ Accidentall Accidentall y฀deeper? y฀deeper? ฀฀� ✚ ✚ Make฀an฀emer Make฀an฀emer gency฀decompression gency฀decompression ฀

stop฀for฀ stop฀for฀8฀ 8฀minutes฀at฀5m/15ft minutes฀at฀5m/15ft �

✚ ✚ Do฀not฀dive฀a Do฀not฀dive฀a gain฀for฀at฀� gain฀for฀at฀�

least฀ least฀6 6฀hours ฀hours

Three:฀Knowledge฀Development

DM฀8฀-฀ 13 DM฀8฀-฀13

Safety Stops ■ ■ Recommended฀after฀every฀dive� Recommended฀after฀every฀dive� ■ ■ Required฀after:� Required฀after:� ◆ ◆ Any฀dive฀to฀or฀deeper Any฀dive฀to฀or฀deeper ฀�

than฀ than฀30m/100ft �

◆ ◆ Any฀dive฀made฀within฀ Any฀dive฀made฀within฀ 3฀� 3฀�

pressure฀gr pressure฀gr oups฀of฀NDL oups฀of฀NDL �

◆ ◆ Any฀dive฀reac Any฀dive฀reac hes฀an hes฀any฀limit y฀limit฀�

on฀the฀RDP on฀the฀RDP

DM฀8฀-฀ DM฀8฀-฀14 14

Emergency Decompression ■ ■ 8฀minutes฀at฀5m/15ft฀� ฀minutes฀at฀5m/15ft฀�

when฀limit฀is฀exceeded฀by฀� when฀limit฀is฀exceeded฀by฀� 5฀min 5฀minutes฀or฀less� utes฀or฀less�

■ ■ 15 ฀minutes฀at฀5m/15ft฀(or฀as฀ ฀minutes฀at฀5m/15ft฀(or฀as฀

long฀as฀air฀supply฀permits)฀ long฀as฀air฀supply฀permits)฀ when฀limit฀is฀exceeded฀by฀ when฀limit฀is฀exceeded฀by฀ more฀than฀5฀min more฀than฀5฀minutes utes

DM฀8฀-฀ 15 DM฀8฀-฀15

Divemaster฀Course฀Instructor฀Guide฀

to฀5฀metres/15฀feet,฀and฀make฀an฀emergency฀decompression฀stop฀for฀8฀minutes.฀If฀the฀no฀decompression฀ limit฀for฀40฀metres/130฀feet฀is฀NOT฀exceeded฀by฀ more฀than฀5฀minutes.฀Do฀not฀dive฀again฀for฀6฀hours. B.฀Safety฀stops 1.฀ You฀are฀encouraged฀to฀make฀a฀safety฀stop฀for฀3฀ minutes฀at฀5฀metres/15฀feet฀after฀every฀dive.฀(The฀ time฀spent฀at฀a฀safety฀stop฀need฀not฀be฀added฀to฀the฀ bottom฀time฀of฀the฀dive.) 2.฀ Always฀make฀a฀safety฀stop: a.฀After฀any฀dive฀to฀30฀metres/100฀feet฀(or฀greater). b.฀Any฀time฀you฀will฀surface฀within฀3฀pressure฀ groups฀of฀your฀NDL. c.฀ When฀a฀dive฀is฀made฀to฀any฀limit฀of฀the฀RDP. 3.฀ PADI฀S.A.F.E.฀(Slowly฀Ascend฀From฀Every฀dive)฀Campaign a.฀This฀project฀resulted฀from฀PADI’s฀leadership฀role฀ in฀encouraging฀slower฀ascent฀rates฀among฀sport฀ divers.฀[Refer฀to฀sidebar฀article฀“Be฀a฀S.A.F.E.฀Diver”฀in฀section฀Four฀of฀the฀PADI฀Open฀Water฀Diver฀ Manual.] C.฀Emergency฀decompression 1.฀ An฀emergency฀decompression฀stop฀for฀8฀minutes฀at฀ 5฀metres/15฀feet฀must฀be฀made฀if฀a฀no฀decompression฀ limit฀is฀accidentally฀exceeded฀by฀5฀minutes฀or฀less.฀ •฀ Upon฀surfacing,฀the฀diver฀must฀remain฀out฀of฀the฀ water฀at฀least฀6฀hours฀prior฀to฀making฀another฀ dive. 2.฀ If฀a฀no฀decompression฀limit฀is฀exceeded฀by฀more฀ than฀5฀minutes,฀a฀5฀metre/15฀foot฀decompression฀ stop฀of฀no฀less฀than฀15฀minutes฀is฀required฀(air฀supply฀permitting). •฀ Upon฀surfacing,฀the฀diver฀must฀remain฀out฀of฀the฀ water฀at฀least฀24฀hours฀prior฀to฀making฀another฀ dive.฀ 3.฀ Decompression฀is฀considered฀an฀emergency฀procedure.฀The฀RDP฀should฀never฀be฀used฀for฀decompression฀diving฀purposes฀or฀when฀breathing฀a฀gas฀other฀ than฀air฀or฀enriched฀air฀with฀special฀procedures. 4.฀ Inwater฀recompression฀-฀treating฀DCI฀by฀putting฀ the฀diver฀back฀underwater฀shouldn’t฀be฀attempted.฀ Recompression฀requires฀long฀durations,฀oxygen,฀and฀ often฀drug฀therapy.฀Normally฀the฀required฀resources฀

3-119

aren’t฀available฀at฀a฀dive฀site,฀and฀incomplete฀recompression฀will฀usually฀make฀the฀diver฀even฀worse.฀ D.฀Omitted฀decompression 1.฀ If฀an฀emergency฀decompression฀stop฀is฀mistakenly฀omitted,฀do฀not฀reenter฀the฀water฀for฀at฀least฀24฀hours. 2.฀ Rest,฀be฀alert฀for฀any฀signs฀or฀symptoms฀of฀DCS. 3.฀ Breathe฀pure฀oxygen. 4.฀ Seek฀medical฀assistance฀if฀signs฀or฀symptoms฀occur. E.฀ Altitude฀considerations 1.฀ Because฀depth฀at฀altitude฀must฀be฀converted฀into฀a฀theoretical฀equivalent฀depth฀at฀sea฀level,฀special฀procedures฀ must฀be฀implemented฀when฀using฀the฀RDP฀at฀altitudes฀ over฀300฀metres/1000฀feet.฀ 2.฀ Special฀training฀is฀advised฀when฀diving฀at฀high฀altitudes. F.฀ Flying฀and฀ascending฀to฀altitude฀after฀diving฀recommendations.฀(These฀recommendations฀apply฀to฀altitudes฀between฀ 600-2400฀metres/2000-8000฀feet.) 1.฀฀For฀a฀single฀dive฀within฀the฀no฀decompression฀limit,฀a฀ minimum฀preflight฀surface฀interval฀of฀12฀hours฀is฀suggested 2.฀฀For฀repetitive฀dives฀and/or฀multiday฀dives,฀a฀minimum฀ preflight฀surface฀interval฀of฀18฀hours฀is฀suggested. 3.฀฀For฀dives฀requiring฀decompression฀stops,฀a฀minimum฀ preflight฀surface฀interval฀greater฀than฀18฀hours฀is฀suggested. G.฀What฀are฀the฀recommendations฀for฀diving฀with฀ dive฀computers? 1.฀ Divers฀should฀not฀attempt฀to฀share฀a฀diver฀computer.฀Use฀ the฀same฀computer฀throughout฀the฀diving฀day฀-฀it฀must฀ keep฀up฀with฀all฀dives฀and฀surface฀intervals. 2.฀ Keep฀these฀points฀in฀mind: a.฀Computers฀and฀tables฀have฀same฀theoretical฀basis฀ -฀nothing฀makes฀one฀better฀or฀safer. b.฀Therefore,฀same฀guidelines฀apply฀(e.g.,฀don’t฀make฀ deep฀dives฀after฀shallow฀dives,฀etc.) 3.฀ Follow฀all฀manufacturer฀recommendations. 4.฀ End฀the฀dive฀based฀on฀the฀most฀conservative฀computer฀in฀ the฀buddy฀team. 5.฀ If฀a฀computer฀fails: a.฀Ascend฀immediately฀according฀to฀the฀manufacturer’s฀ instruction.฀If฀there฀is฀no฀recommendation,฀immediately฀ascend฀slowly฀and฀make฀a฀safety฀stop฀at฀฀ 5฀metres/15฀feet.฀If฀there’s฀any฀question฀as฀฀ 3-120฀

Omitted Decompression ■ ■ Do฀not฀reenter฀the฀water� Do฀not฀reenter฀the฀water� ■ ■ Do฀not฀dive฀for฀at฀least฀24฀hours� Do฀not฀dive฀for฀at฀least฀24฀hours� ■ ■ Monitor฀for฀signs฀or� Monitor฀for฀signs฀or�

฀symptoms฀of฀DCS� ฀symptoms฀of฀DCS�

■ ■ Breathe฀oxygen฀and฀seek฀� Breathe฀oxygen฀and฀seek฀�

medical฀assistance฀if฀ medical฀assistance฀if฀ signs/symptoms฀occur signs/symptoms฀occur

DM฀8฀-฀ DM฀8฀-฀16 16

Altitude Considerations ฀ ฀ Special procedures must ฀ be implemented when ฀ using the RDP at altitudes greater than 300m/1000ft DM฀8฀-฀ DM฀8฀-฀17 17

Flying After Diving ■ ■ Wait฀a฀minim Wait฀a฀minim um฀surface฀inter um฀surface฀inter val฀of฀� val฀of฀�

12฀ 12฀hours hours฀prior฀to฀ascent฀to฀altitude ฀prior฀to฀ascent฀to฀altitude ฀�

in฀a฀commer in฀a฀commer cial฀jet฀airliner฀(altitude cial฀jet฀airliner฀(altitude ฀� up฀to฀2400m/8000ft) up฀to฀2400m/8000ft) � ■ ■ Divers฀who฀plan฀to฀make฀dail Divers฀who฀plan฀to฀make฀dail y,฀multiple y,฀multiple฀ dives฀for฀several฀da dives฀for฀several฀days฀or฀make฀dives ys฀or฀make฀dives ฀ that฀require฀decompression฀stops that฀require฀decompression฀stops ฀ should฀take฀a฀special฀precaution should฀take฀a฀special฀precaution ฀� —฀an฀e —฀an฀extended฀surface฀inter xtended฀surface฀inter val฀� val฀� beyond฀12฀hour beyond฀12฀hour ss฀before฀flight ฀before฀flight

DM฀8฀-฀ 18 DM฀8฀-฀18

What should you do if your comput er fails? ■ ■ Slowly฀ascend฀to฀5m/15ft฀and฀make฀a Slowly฀ascend฀to฀5m/15ft฀and฀make฀a ฀

safety฀stop฀—฀e safety฀stop฀—฀e xtended฀if฀necessar xtended฀if฀necessar y� y�

■ ■ If฀your฀dive฀pr If฀your฀dive฀pr ofile฀is฀within฀no฀stop ofile฀is฀within฀no฀stop ฀

limits,฀you฀may฀be฀ab limits,฀you฀may฀be฀able฀to฀resume le฀to฀resume ฀ diving฀using฀the฀RDP diving฀using฀the฀RDP �

■ ■ If฀not,฀stay฀out฀of฀the฀water฀accor If฀not,฀stay฀out฀of฀the฀water฀accor ding฀� ding฀�

to฀man to฀manufacturer฀recommendations ufacturer฀recommendations ฀� —฀usuall —฀usually฀12฀to฀24฀hour y฀12฀to฀24฀hour ss

Three:฀Knowledge฀Development

DM฀8฀-฀ DM฀8฀-฀19 19

to฀whether฀you฀may฀have฀accidentally฀exceeded฀ the฀no฀decompression฀limits,฀make฀the฀stop฀as฀ long฀as฀possible฀with฀the฀air฀you฀have. b.฀If฀you฀have฀been฀tracking฀your฀profiles฀with฀ tables฀and฀are฀within฀no฀stop฀limits,฀you฀may฀be฀ able฀to฀resume฀diving฀using฀tables.฀ c.฀ Otherwise,฀remain฀out฀of฀the฀water฀according฀to฀ manufacturer฀recommendations฀before฀resuming฀ diving฀with฀tables฀or฀another฀computer.฀This฀is฀ usually฀12฀to฀24฀hours.

RDP ฀ Wheel Review

฀ VI.฀฀฀฀RDP฀Table฀and฀Wheel฀Use฀Review

DM฀8฀-฀ DM฀8฀-฀20 20

Note฀to฀instructor:฀Candidates฀should฀be฀familiar฀with฀the฀RDP,฀ but฀you฀may฀want฀to฀review฀its฀use฀to฀assure฀leadership-level฀ mastery.฀Candidates฀should฀be฀able฀to฀perform฀the฀following฀ listed฀procedures.฀Work฀through฀examples฀to฀assess฀learning,฀to฀ review฀and฀remediate฀as฀necessary. ฀ •฀ Demonstrate฀how฀to฀find฀a฀no฀decompression฀limit฀for฀a฀first฀and฀repetitive฀dive฀using฀ both฀the฀RDP฀table฀and฀The฀Wheel. ฀ •฀ Demonstrate฀how฀to฀plan฀a฀multilevel฀dive฀ using฀The฀Wheel. ฀ •฀ Using฀both฀RDP฀table฀and฀The฀Wheel,฀demonstrate฀how฀to฀calculate฀dive฀profiles฀for฀ three฀or฀more฀repetitive฀dives.

RDP฀ RDP฀ Table Review DM฀8฀-฀ DM฀8฀-฀21 21

Divemaster฀Course฀Instructor฀Guide฀

A.฀Find฀NDL.฀ B.฀Find฀Pressure฀Group฀after฀a฀dive.฀ C.฀Find฀new฀Pressure฀Group฀after฀surface฀interval.฀ D.฀Find฀adjusted฀NDL฀and฀RNT฀(Table). E.฀ Find฀TBT฀(Table)฀and฀new฀Pressure฀Group฀after฀a฀repetitive฀dive.฀ F.฀ Find฀all฀of฀the฀above฀for฀dive฀profile฀with฀three฀or฀more฀ repetitive฀dives. G.฀Find฀next฀level฀depth฀for฀a฀multilevel฀dive.฀(The฀Wheel) H.฀Find฀NDLs฀for฀each฀level฀on฀multilevel฀dive.฀(The฀ Wheel) I.฀ Apply฀the฀WX-YZ฀rules.฀ J.฀ Find฀the฀minimum฀surface฀interval฀required฀for฀a฀repetitive฀dive฀of฀given฀bottom฀time฀and฀depth. 3-121

Topic฀9฀–฀Divemaster฀ Conducted฀Programs Recommended฀Materials฀and฀Methods฀฀ for฀Covering฀this฀Topic The฀recommended฀method฀for฀developing฀knowledge฀about฀programs฀PADI฀ Divemasters฀can฀conduct฀independently฀is฀to฀have฀candidates฀read฀sections฀ of฀the฀PADI฀Instructor฀Manual฀฀that฀apply฀to฀those฀programs.฀Then฀conduct฀ this฀฀presentation,฀referencing฀those฀sections฀as฀you฀highlight฀standards฀and฀ other฀information฀needed฀when฀conducting฀the฀program.฀Also฀cover฀changes฀announced฀in฀the฀Training฀Bulletin฀that฀may฀apply฀and฀have฀candidates฀ write฀these฀changes฀into฀their฀PADI฀Instructor฀Manual. Remind฀candidates฀that฀they฀will฀be฀practicing฀one฀of฀these฀programs฀ during฀Required฀Training฀Exercise฀3฀-฀Divemaster฀Conducted฀Program,฀so฀ they฀need฀to฀know฀how฀to฀find฀this฀material฀(not฀necessarily฀memorize). The฀presentation฀outline฀suggests฀points฀that฀you฀can฀apply฀to฀all฀PADI฀ Divemaster฀conducted฀programs.฀Repeat฀the฀outline฀for฀each฀program.฀At฀ this฀writing,฀Discover฀Snorkeling,฀Skin฀Diver,฀Discover฀Local฀Diving,฀Scuba฀ Review,฀Discover฀Scuba฀Diving฀and฀PADI฀Scuba฀Diver฀are฀the฀programs฀ you’ll฀cover฀under฀this฀topic.฀

Presentation฀ Overview฀and฀Learning฀Objectives ฀ I.฀฀ Finding฀the฀program฀in฀the฀PADI฀Instructor฀Manual. ฀

1.฀ Demonstrate฀how฀to฀find฀standards฀and฀related฀ information฀in฀the฀PADI฀Instructor฀Manual.

฀ II.฀ Standards฀and฀Ratios ฀

฀

2.฀ In฀the฀PADI฀Instructor฀Manual,฀differentiate฀between฀requirements฀(standards)฀that฀you฀must฀ adhere฀to฀when฀conducting฀a฀PADI฀program,฀and฀ supporting฀material/recommendations. 3.฀ Find฀the฀performance฀requirements฀and฀explain฀ why฀it’s฀important฀to฀state฀these฀for฀participants.

฀

4.฀ Find฀the฀maximum฀ratio฀of฀participants฀to฀PADI฀ Divemaster.

฀

5.฀ List฀materials฀required฀and฀recommended฀when฀ conducting฀the฀program.

Overview ■ ■ Finding฀Pr ograms฀in฀the ฀�

PADI฀Instructor฀Man ual� ual�

■ ■ Standards฀and฀Ratios � ■ ■ Administrative฀Requirements ■ ■ Marketing

DM฀9฀-฀ DM฀9฀-฀22

฀III.฀ Administrative฀Requirements ฀

6.฀ Complete฀administrative฀requirements฀(Liability฀ Release฀and฀Express฀Assumption฀of฀Risk,฀PIC,฀etc.)

฀

7.฀ State฀the฀annual฀renewal฀requirements฀for฀PADI฀ Divemasters.

3-122฀

�

Three:฀Knowledge฀Development

฀

8.฀ State฀the฀professional฀liability฀insurance฀requirements฀for฀PADI฀Divemasters฀conducting฀the฀program.

฀IV.฀ Marketing ฀฀

฀

10.฀ List฀and฀explain฀suggested฀marketing฀and฀฀ promotional฀tips฀for฀the฀program.

Outline

What programs can P ADI Divemasters conduct? ■ ■ Skin฀Diver฀course� Skin฀Diver฀course�

■ ■ Discover฀Snorkeling� Discover฀Snorkeling�

9.฀ State฀who฀the฀program฀is฀intended฀for฀(audience)฀ and฀explain฀the฀program’s฀approach฀and฀฀ philosophy.

[Go฀through฀outline฀for฀each฀program.]

■ ■ Discover฀Local฀Diving� Discover฀Local฀Diving� ■ ■ Scuba฀Review� Scuba฀Review�

฀ I.฀฀ Finding฀the฀program฀in฀the฀PADI฀Instructor฀Manual.

■ ■ Discover฀Scuba฀Diving฀� Discover฀Scuba฀Diving฀�

—฀subsequent฀dives —฀subsequent฀dives �

A.฀Demonstrate฀how฀to฀find฀standards฀and฀related฀ information฀in฀the฀PADI฀Instructor฀Manual. B.฀Identify฀relevant฀sections฀in฀General฀Standards฀and฀ Procedures.

■ ■ PADI฀Scuba฀Diver฀� PADI฀Scuba฀Diver฀�

—฀super —฀super vise฀recreational฀dives vise฀recreational฀dives DM฀9฀-฀ DM฀9฀-฀33

฀ II.฀ Standards฀and฀Ratios A.฀Differentiate฀between฀requirements฀(standards)฀ that฀you฀must฀adhere฀to฀when฀conducting฀a฀ PADI฀program,฀and฀supporting฀material/recommendations. 1.฀ Boldface฀text 2.฀ Nonbold฀recommendations B.฀Find฀the฀performance฀requirements฀and฀explain฀why฀it’s฀important฀to฀state฀these฀for฀฀ participants. 1.฀ Participants฀must฀meet฀these฀before฀continuing฀in฀ the฀program. 2.฀ Stating฀objectives฀for฀participants฀helps฀them฀learn฀ by฀showing฀them฀clearly฀what฀they’re฀trying฀to฀do. a.฀Not฀necessary฀to฀read฀objectives฀verbatim฀ (though฀may฀be฀acceptable). b.฀[Give฀examples฀by฀reading฀objectives฀as฀found฀in฀ the฀Instructor฀Manual,฀then฀stating฀them฀as฀you฀ would฀for฀program฀participants.] C.฀Find฀the฀maximum฀ratio฀of฀participants฀to฀ PADI฀Divemaster. D.฀List฀materials฀required฀and฀recommended฀ when฀conducting฀the฀program. Divemaster฀Course฀Instructor฀Guide฀

3-123

฀ III.฀ Administrative฀Requirements ฀ ฀ [Have฀samples฀of฀all฀forms฀that฀candidates฀can฀practice฀filling฀out฀and฀reviewing฀for฀completeness.] A.฀Complete฀administrative฀requirements฀฀ (Liability฀Release฀and฀Express฀Assumption฀of฀ Risk,฀PIC,฀etc.) B.฀Form฀completion฀practice฀[Cover฀filling฀out฀PIC฀ Envelopes฀for฀the฀PADI฀Skin฀Diver฀course฀in฀detail.]฀ C.฀State฀the฀annual฀renewal฀requirements฀for฀ PADI฀Divemasters. 1.฀ PADI฀Members฀renew฀their฀memberships฀annually฀ with฀their฀PADI฀Office.฀They฀sign฀an฀annual฀renewal฀ and฀license฀agreement฀and฀pay฀annual฀membership฀ dues. D.฀State฀the฀professional฀liability฀insurance฀฀ requirements฀for฀PADI฀Divemasters฀conducting฀ the฀program. 1.฀ When฀programs฀are฀conducted฀independently฀by฀a฀ PADI฀Divemaster,฀Professional฀Underwater฀Liability฀ Insurance฀is฀required฀in฀many฀territories.฀฀[Explain฀ local฀requirements,฀emphasizing฀that฀insurance฀is฀ always฀recommended฀even฀if฀not฀required,฀and฀that฀ insurance฀requirements฀may฀change฀if฀candidates฀ relocate.]

You must renew your PADI Membership and carry professional liability insurance (where applicable) to conduct these programs DM฀9฀-฀ DM฀9฀-฀44

฀ IV.฀ Marketing A.฀State฀who฀the฀program฀is฀intended฀for฀฀ (audience)฀and฀explain฀the฀program’s฀approach฀ and฀philosophy. 1.฀ This฀information฀is฀usually฀found฀in฀the฀introduction฀to฀Instructor฀Guide.฀ 2.฀ [Review฀material฀in฀PADI฀Instructor฀Manual฀for฀each฀ program.฀Be฀sure฀candidates฀understand฀the฀intended฀participants฀and฀the฀conduct฀philosophy฀behind฀ each฀program.฀For฀example,฀candidates฀need฀to฀ recognize฀that฀Discover฀Snorkeling฀differs฀from฀the฀ PADI฀Skin฀Diver฀course,฀etc.] B.฀List฀and฀explain฀suggested฀marketing฀and฀฀ promotional฀tips฀for฀the฀program. 1.฀ Developing฀marketing/promotion฀methods฀[Review฀ material฀in฀the฀PADI฀Instructor฀Manual฀for฀each฀program.] a.฀Consult฀The฀Undersea฀Journal,฀The฀Business฀of฀Diving,฀and฀other฀business-oriented฀material฀from฀ 3-124฀

Let’s review the appropriate sections in your PADI ฀ Instructor ฀ Manual

Three:฀Knowledge฀Development

Professional฀ Professional฀ Association฀of Association฀of ฀ Diving฀Instructors Diving฀Instructors

Instructor ฀ Manual

DM฀9฀-฀ DM฀9฀-฀55

PADI Skin Diver Course ■ ■ Course฀Goals� Course฀Goals� ■ ■ Standards� Standards� ■ ■ Course฀Overview� Course฀Overview� ■ ■ Open฀Water฀Dive฀� Open฀Water฀Dive฀�

(optional)� (optional)�

■ ■ Filling฀out฀the฀PIC฀envelope� Filling฀out฀the฀PIC฀envelope� ■ ■ How฀can฀you฀market฀this฀program? How฀can฀you฀market฀this฀program? DM฀9฀-฀ 6 DM฀9฀-฀6

Scuba Review

PADI฀for฀general฀marketing฀information,฀and฀for฀ information฀specific฀to฀each฀program. b.฀Coordinate฀with฀your฀dive฀operation.฀Dive฀operations฀often฀has฀specific฀marketing฀objectives฀and฀ strategies฀that฀you฀can฀draw฀from฀in฀promoting฀ the฀programs฀you฀can฀conduct. c.฀ Think฀about฀for฀whom฀each฀program฀is฀intended฀ and฀pursue฀groups฀of฀such฀individuals.฀ 2.฀ Examples: a.฀Skin฀Diver฀course฀-฀for฀serious฀free฀divers,฀people฀ wanting฀more฀vigorous฀exercise.฀Also฀useful฀for฀ children฀too฀young฀for฀scuba฀certification฀when฀ parents฀take฀Open฀Water฀Diver฀course.฀Promote฀ in฀health฀clubs,฀summer฀camps,฀teen฀organizations. b.฀Discover฀Snorkeling฀-฀suitable฀for฀travel฀and฀tour฀ groups,฀popular฀with฀all฀age฀groups,฀good฀as฀a฀ relaxing฀way฀to฀enjoy฀the฀water฀and฀as฀a฀swimming฀activity฀for฀exercise฀Promote฀in฀health฀clubs฀ and฀with฀outdoors-oriented฀organizations. c.฀ Scuba฀Review฀-฀bring฀inactive฀diving฀friends฀or฀ new฀divers฀into฀diving.฀Promote฀in฀resort฀destinations฀where฀inactive฀divers฀discover฀opportunities฀ to฀dive.฀Also฀at฀travel฀agencies,฀tour฀groups,฀etc.

■ ■ Why?� Why?� ■ ■ Divemaster’s฀role� Divemaster’s฀role� ■ ■ Standards� Standards� ■ ■ Knowledge฀Review� Knowledge฀Review� ■ ■ Confined฀Water฀Skill฀Review� Confined฀Water฀Skill฀Review� ■ ■ Recognition� Recognition� ■ ■ How฀can฀you฀market฀this฀program? How฀can฀you฀market฀this฀program? DM฀9฀-฀ DM฀9฀-฀99

Discover Scuba Diving

■ ■ Standards� Standards�

◆ ◆ What What can can cer cer tified tified �

assistants assistants do? do?

PADI Scuba Diver ■ ■ Diver฀qualifications� Diver฀qualifications� ■ ■ Depth฀recommendation� Depth฀recommendation� ■ ■ How฀can฀you฀market฀your฀� How฀can฀you฀market฀your฀�

services฀to฀these฀divers? services฀to฀these฀divers?

DM฀9฀-฀ DM฀9฀-฀10 10

Divemaster฀Course฀Instructor฀Guide฀

3-125

Topic฀10฀-฀Risk฀Management Recommended฀Materials฀and฀Methods฀฀ for฀Covering฀this฀Topic This฀section฀introduces฀candidates฀to฀principles฀of฀risk฀management฀as฀it฀ relates฀to฀the฀immediate฀duties฀they’ll฀have฀as฀PADI฀Divemasters.฀It฀is฀recommended฀that฀you฀have฀candidates฀read฀The฀Law฀and฀the฀Diving฀Professional,฀if฀ available฀in฀a฀language฀they฀understand.฀The฀risk฀management฀and฀quality฀ assurance฀articles฀in฀The฀Best฀of฀the฀Undersea฀Journal฀are฀also฀good฀references.฀ Refer฀candidates฀to฀the฀Quality฀Management฀and฀risk฀management฀discussions฀in฀the฀General฀Standards฀and฀Procedures฀Guide฀of฀the฀PADI฀Instructor฀ Manual. The฀presentation฀outline฀covers฀the฀basic฀risk฀management฀principles฀ found฀most฀commonly฀in฀legal฀systems.฀As฀appropriate,฀cover฀details฀specific฀ to฀risk฀management฀that฀apply฀to฀the฀local฀area,฀or฀the฀area฀where฀candidates฀will฀be฀functioning฀as฀PADI฀Divemasters.

Presentation฀ Overview฀and฀Learning฀Objectives ฀ I.฀ Definition฀of฀Risk฀Management ฀฀

1.฀ What฀is฀meant฀by฀risk฀management?

฀ II.฀ Legal฀Risk฀Management ฀฀ ฀฀

2.฀ What฀are฀meant฀by฀duty฀of฀care฀and฀negligence฀in฀ most฀legal฀systems?

Overview

3.฀ Why฀is฀it฀recommended฀that฀you฀carry฀professional฀ liability฀insurance,฀even฀when฀you฀plan฀to฀function฀ exclusively฀as฀an฀assistant฀working฀under฀a฀PADI฀ Instructor?

฀฀

4.฀ What฀is฀the฀most฀important฀step฀you฀can฀take฀to฀ manage฀legal฀risk?

฀฀

5.฀ Why฀does฀adhering฀to฀standards฀help฀you฀reduce฀ legal฀risk?

฀฀

6.฀ What฀role฀does฀good฀judgment฀play฀in฀reducing฀ legal฀risk?

฀฀

7.฀ What฀is฀the฀role฀of฀proper฀paperwork฀and฀administration฀in฀reducing฀legal฀risk?

฀฀

8.฀ In฀the฀event฀of฀a฀dive฀accident,฀besides฀giving฀priority฀to฀taking฀all฀steps฀you฀can฀to฀handle฀the฀emergency,฀what฀should฀you฀do฀from฀a฀legal฀risk฀management฀point฀of฀view?

3-126฀

■ ■ Definition฀of฀Risk฀Mana

gement� gement�

■ ■ Legal฀Risk฀Mana gement� gement� ■ ■ Quality฀Mana gement฀— ฀

Recognition฀and฀Assurance ฀�

■ ■ Personal฀Health฀and฀Saf ety DM฀10฀-฀ DM฀10฀-฀ 22

Three:฀Knowledge฀Development

฀III.฀ Quality฀Management฀-฀Recognition฀and฀Assurance ฀฀ ฀

9.฀ How฀does฀the฀Quality฀Management฀process฀help฀ you฀reduce฀legal฀risk? 10.฀ What฀are฀the฀steps฀in฀the฀Quality฀Management฀process?

฀IV.฀ Personal฀Health฀and฀Safety ฀

11.฀ What฀are฀five฀suggestions฀to฀help฀you฀manage฀risks฀ to฀your฀health฀and฀safety฀as฀a฀divemaster?

Outline ฀

What is meant by ฀ risk management?฀ management?฀ ฀

฀ I.฀ What฀is฀meant฀by฀risk฀management? A.฀Risk฀management฀is฀the฀process฀of฀reducing฀risks฀you฀ face฀while฀acting฀within฀your฀capacity฀as฀a฀PADI฀Divemaster.฀The฀goal฀of฀risk฀management฀is฀to฀increase฀the฀ safety฀for฀divers฀and฀you฀by฀avoiding฀accidents฀for฀all฀ involved,฀and฀by฀reducing฀legal฀risk฀for฀you฀as฀a฀dive฀ leader. B.฀Risk฀management฀can฀be฀divided฀into฀two฀broad฀areas฀ that฀you฀need฀to฀address: 1.฀ Legal฀risk฀-฀dealing฀with฀sources฀of฀liability 2.฀ Your฀personal฀health฀and฀safety

Increasing safety and avoiding accidents ฀ to reduce risk

DM฀10฀-฀ DM฀10฀-฀ 33

฀ II.฀ Legal฀Risk฀Management What is duty of care ? ■ ■ The฀expectation฀to฀act฀as฀a฀ The฀expectation฀to฀act฀as฀a฀

reasonably฀prudent฀divemaster฀ reasonably฀prudent฀divemaster฀ would฀act฀under฀the฀same฀or฀ would฀act฀under฀the฀same฀or฀ similar฀circumstances� similar฀circumstances� � � What is negligence ? � ■ ■ Failure฀to฀meet฀a฀duty฀of฀care Failure฀to฀meet฀a฀duty฀of฀care DM฀10฀-฀ DM฀10฀-฀ 44

Divemaster฀Course฀Instructor฀Guide฀

A.฀Functioning฀as฀a฀leadership-level฀diver฀who฀supervises฀ others฀entails฀some฀legal฀risk. B.฀What฀are฀meant฀by฀duty฀of฀care฀and฀negligence฀ in฀most฀legal฀systems? 1.฀ Under฀most฀legal฀systems,฀you฀have฀a฀duty฀of฀care฀ -฀to฀act฀as฀a฀reasonably฀prudent฀divemaster฀would฀ act฀under฀the฀same฀or฀similar฀circumstances฀-฀to฀ those฀you฀supervise.฀ a.฀Since฀diving฀is฀a฀risk-taking฀activity,฀a฀divemaster฀doesn’t฀and฀can’t฀ever฀guarantee฀diver฀safety.฀ There฀is฀always฀some฀residual฀risk฀of฀serious฀harm฀ or฀death,฀despite฀the฀divemaster’s฀best฀efforts,฀and฀ divers฀must฀accept฀this฀risk฀if฀they฀intend฀to฀dive. 2.฀ The฀act฀of฀failing฀to฀meet฀a฀duty฀of฀care฀is฀negligence฀ under฀most฀legal฀systems. 3.฀ In฀the฀event฀of฀an฀accident,฀if฀a฀lawsuit฀is฀filed,฀the฀ suit฀usually฀alleges฀that฀as฀a฀divemaster฀you฀had฀a฀ duty฀of฀care฀and฀were฀negligent. 3-127

4.฀ Under฀most฀legal฀systems,฀if฀you฀are฀found฀in฀court฀ to฀have฀been฀negligent,฀and฀your฀negligence฀is฀the฀ direct฀cause฀of฀an฀accident฀that฀causes฀injury,฀property฀destruction฀or฀death,฀then฀you฀are฀liable฀and฀ will฀owe฀damages฀(compensation). B.฀Why฀is฀it฀recommended฀that฀you฀carry฀professional฀liability฀insurance,฀even฀when฀you฀plan฀ to฀function฀exclusively฀as฀an฀assistant฀working฀ under฀a฀PADI฀Instructor? 1.฀ Under฀most฀legal฀systems,฀you฀can฀be฀sued฀even฀if฀ you฀did฀nothing฀wrong฀-฀defending฀yourself฀can฀be฀ costly฀and฀liability฀insurance฀provides฀coverage฀for฀ your฀defense. 2.฀ If฀you฀are฀found฀liable,฀insurance฀provides฀coverage฀ for฀damages. 3.฀ If฀you฀are฀assisting฀an฀instructor,฀though฀the฀instructor฀has฀most฀of฀the฀responsibility,฀coverage฀is฀recommended฀because: a.฀You฀can฀still฀be฀named฀in฀the฀suit. b.฀You฀can฀be฀found฀responsible฀for฀your฀own฀actions฀or฀what฀part฀you฀may฀have฀played฀in฀an฀ accident,฀even฀with฀an฀instructor฀present. c.฀ Instructor’s฀insurance฀does฀not฀cover฀assistants. d.฀You฀can฀be฀added฀to฀a฀suit฀already฀in฀progress. 4.฀ Within฀the฀U.S.฀and฀territories฀and฀many฀other฀ regions,฀professional฀liability฀insurance฀is฀required฀ when฀engaging฀in฀PADI฀Divemaster฀conducted฀programs฀independently.฀[Explain฀local฀requirements.] 5.฀ Note฀that฀professional฀liability฀insurance฀does฀not฀ normally฀provide฀liability฀coverage฀for฀your฀personally฀owned฀scuba฀equipment฀you฀might฀provide฀a฀ diver฀or฀student฀diver฀(such฀as฀when฀something฀malfunctions฀or฀is฀forgotten). a.฀Instead,฀provide฀equipment฀from฀a฀dive฀center/ resort’s฀normal฀rental/class฀scuba฀equipment,฀ which฀will฀be฀covered฀under฀the฀operation’s฀store฀ insurance. b.฀If฀necessary,฀you฀can฀obtain฀special฀coverage฀as฀ part฀of฀your฀professional฀liability฀insurance฀to฀ provide฀liability฀coverage฀for฀personal฀equipment฀ you฀might฀provide฀a฀certified฀diver฀or฀student฀ diver.

3-128฀

Why is professional liability insurance impor tant? ■ ■ You฀can฀be฀sued, You฀can฀be฀sued, ฀even฀if฀you฀� ฀even฀if฀you฀�

did฀nothing฀wr did฀nothing฀wr ong� ong�

■ ■ Insurance฀ma Insurance฀ma y฀cover฀def y฀cover฀defense฀costs ense฀costs ฀

and฀dama and฀dama ges,฀if฀necessar ges,฀if฀necessar y� y�

■ ■ Instructor’ Instructor’s฀insurance฀does s฀insurance฀does ฀�

not฀cover฀assistants not฀cover฀assistants NOTE:฀฀Professional฀liability฀insur NOTE:฀฀Professional฀liability฀insur ance฀does฀not ance฀does฀not ฀ normally฀cov normally฀cov er฀personally฀owned฀equipment er฀personally฀owned฀equipment

Three:฀Knowledge฀Development

DM฀10฀-฀ DM฀10฀-฀ 55

What is the most important step you can take to manage legal risk?฀ risk?฀ ฀ Adhere to conservative diving, supervisory and assisting practices

DM฀10฀-฀ DM฀10฀-฀6 6

Reducing Legal Risk ■ ■ Follow฀standards� Follow฀standards� ■ ■ Use฀good฀judgment� Use฀good฀judgment� ■ ■ Have฀documentation� Have฀documentation�

—฀proper฀paperw ork� ork�

◆ ◆ Liability฀release Liability฀release � ◆ ◆ Medical฀f Medical฀form� orm� ◆ ◆ Other฀student฀or Other฀student฀or ฀�

participant฀documents participant฀documents DM฀10฀-฀ DM฀10฀-฀ 77

Divemaster฀Course฀Instructor฀Guide฀

C.฀What฀is฀the฀most฀important฀step฀you฀can฀take฀ to฀manage฀legal฀risk? 1.฀ The฀primary฀way฀to฀manage฀legal฀risk฀is฀to฀prevent฀ accidents฀in฀the฀first฀place฀by฀adhering฀to฀conservative฀diving,฀supervisory฀and฀assisting฀practices. a.฀This฀is฀professional฀judgment฀and฀basic฀human฀ compassion฀and฀caring฀-฀not฀just฀a฀legal฀tool. b.฀You’re฀not฀likely฀to฀face฀a฀suit฀for฀an฀accident฀ that฀doesn’t฀happen. 2.฀ Why฀does฀adhering฀to฀standards฀help฀you฀ reduce฀legal฀risk? a.฀Standards฀stipulate฀your฀duty฀of฀care฀-฀by฀sticking฀ to฀standards,฀you฀go฀a฀long฀way฀to฀proving฀you฀ met฀your฀duty. b.฀PADI฀defends฀the฀appropriateness฀of฀standards฀so฀ you฀don’t฀have฀to. 3.฀ What฀role฀does฀good฀judgment฀play฀in฀reducing฀legal฀risk?. a.฀Good฀judgment฀and฀being฀conservative฀reduces฀ your฀legal฀risk. b.฀Even฀when฀following฀standards,฀you฀need฀to฀use฀ good฀judgment฀in฀their฀application฀-฀example:฀ reducing฀ratios฀when฀conditions฀aren’t฀ideal. c.฀ Ties฀in฀to฀primary฀risk฀management฀-฀reduces฀ possibility฀of฀an฀accident฀in฀the฀first฀place. 4.฀ What฀is฀the฀role฀of฀proper฀paperwork฀and฀ administration฀in฀reducing฀legal฀risk? ฀ [Ask฀candidates฀how฀paperwork฀might฀relate฀to฀risk฀ management.฀Have฀them฀discuss฀this฀briefly฀before฀ presenting฀the฀following฀points฀as฀elaborations฀on฀ conclusions฀they฀reach,฀or฀to฀cover฀ideas฀they฀missed.]฀ a.฀Paperwork฀is฀very฀important฀-฀suits฀have฀been฀dismissed฀based฀on฀proper฀paperwork฀alone! b.฀Paperwork฀and฀administration฀help฀you฀document฀that฀you฀followed฀standards. c.฀ The฀Liability฀Release฀and฀Express฀Assumption฀of฀ Risk฀form฀shifts฀legal฀responsibility฀to฀program฀ participants฀-฀they฀assume฀risk฀where฀allowed฀by฀ law฀[explain฀local฀laws]. 1.฀ Informs฀participants฀of฀risks. 2.฀ Forms฀a฀contract฀between฀you฀and฀participants฀ that฀they฀accept฀risks,฀including฀the฀risk฀that฀ you฀may฀do฀something฀that฀could฀be฀held฀negligent฀by฀a฀court. 3-129

฀

฀

3.฀ This฀is฀one฀of฀the฀most฀important฀documents;฀ have฀it฀completed฀and฀keep฀it฀on฀file. d.฀Medical฀form 1.฀ Helps฀prevent฀accidents฀by฀screening฀those฀ medically฀ineligible฀to฀dive. a.฀ Those฀who฀answer฀“yes”฀to฀any฀condition฀ must฀฀receive฀physician฀approval฀before฀ participating. b.฀ In฀some฀countries,฀all฀participants฀must฀ see฀a฀physician฀prior฀to฀enrolling฀in฀scuba฀ activities. 2.฀ Accidents฀resulting฀from฀a฀medical฀condition฀listed฀on฀form฀helps฀shift฀responsibility฀to฀ participant฀(for฀incorrectly฀filling฀out฀form)฀or฀ physician฀who฀signed฀form. e.฀ Review฀paperwork฀closely฀to฀be฀sure฀all฀blanks฀are฀ filled,฀that฀it฀is฀signed,฀dated฀and฀legible. f.฀ Keep฀all฀paperwork฀at฀least฀seven฀years,฀or฀longer฀ if฀local฀statute฀of฀limitations฀is฀longer. D.฀In฀the฀event฀of฀a฀dive฀accident,฀besides฀giving฀ priority฀to฀taking฀all฀steps฀you฀can฀to฀handle฀ the฀emergency,฀what฀should฀you฀do฀from฀a฀legal฀ risk฀management฀point฀of฀view? 1.฀ Your฀first฀priority฀is฀handling฀the฀emergency,฀contacting฀authorities฀and฀emergency฀medical฀care,฀ showing฀compassion฀and฀doing฀everything฀possible฀ for฀the฀well฀being฀of฀victim. 2.฀ Do฀inform฀the฀victim’s฀family฀about฀the฀accident฀ and฀show฀compassion฀and฀care. 3.฀ Do฀cooperate฀with฀authorities฀and฀give฀them฀the฀ facts฀of฀the฀incident. 4.฀ Do฀not฀assign,฀admit฀or฀speculate฀on฀causes฀or฀ blame. a.฀Distracts฀from฀managing฀the฀accident฀and฀helping฀the฀victim. b.฀Facts฀are฀seldom฀complete,฀so฀speculations฀are฀ usually฀inaccurate. c.฀ Statements฀made฀about฀causes฀may฀appear฀in฀the฀ press฀and฀in฀court฀(if฀a฀suit฀is฀filed)฀even฀if฀subsequent฀investigation฀proves฀these฀inaccurate. 5.฀ Do฀collect฀the฀victim’s฀equipment฀to฀turn฀over฀to฀ authorities. a.฀Have฀someone฀(a฀diver)฀not฀connected฀with฀the฀

3-130฀

In the event of an accident, what should you do? ■ ■ Handle฀emergency฀and฀tend฀to฀victim� Handle฀emergency฀and฀tend฀to฀victim� ■ ■ Provide฀the฀victim’s฀family฀and฀ Provide฀the฀victim’s฀family฀and฀

authorities฀with฀ authorities฀with฀facts� facts�

■ ■ Do฀not฀assign,฀admit฀to฀or฀speculate฀ Do฀not฀assign,฀admit฀to฀or฀speculate฀

on฀causes฀or฀blame� on฀causes฀or฀blame�

■ ■ Collect฀the฀victim’s฀equipment฀� Collect฀the฀victim’s฀equipment฀�

for฀authorities� for฀authorities�

■ ■ File฀an฀incident฀report฀with฀PADI File฀an฀incident฀report฀with฀PADI

Three:฀Knowledge฀Development

DM฀10฀-฀ DM฀10฀-฀8 8

accident฀confirm฀in฀writing฀whether฀it฀appears฀to฀ be฀working฀normally฀and฀how฀much฀air฀is฀in฀the฀ cylinder. b.฀Record฀person’s฀contact฀information฀-฀equipment฀ may฀sit฀unrinsed฀for฀months฀and฀not฀work฀properly฀when฀checked฀later. 6.฀ File฀an฀incident฀report฀with฀your฀PADI฀Office.

฀ III.฀ Quality฀Management฀-฀Recognition฀and฀Assurance A.฀How฀does฀the฀Quality฀Management฀process฀help฀ you฀reduce฀legal฀risk? 1.฀ All฀PADI฀Offices฀conduct฀random฀surveys฀of฀PADI฀ student฀divers฀and฀program฀participants,฀and฀follow฀up฀on฀reports฀from฀the฀field฀to฀ensure฀that฀PADI฀ programs฀are฀conducted฀to฀PADI฀Standards.฀This฀ process฀also฀confirms฀that฀PADI฀professionals฀understand฀those฀standards.฀This฀proactive฀process฀helps฀ you฀reduce฀legal฀risk. 2.฀ It฀creates฀documentation฀that฀you฀follow฀standards฀ to฀support฀your฀paperwork฀and฀statements. 3.฀ It฀gives฀standards฀that฀defend฀your฀credibility฀by฀ showing฀that฀PADI฀enforces฀them. 4.฀ If฀you฀are฀found฀to฀be฀accidentally฀not฀following฀ standards: a.฀Provides฀opportunity฀to฀correct฀problem฀before฀a฀ related฀accident฀occurs. b.฀Documents฀the฀correction฀so฀that,฀in฀the฀event฀of฀ an฀accident฀later,฀no฀one฀can฀successfully฀allege฀ you฀violated฀standards฀based฀on฀witness฀reports฀ of฀earlier฀standards฀violations. B.฀What฀are฀the฀steps฀in฀the฀Quality฀Management฀ process? 1.฀ Procedures฀are฀primarily฀corrective.฀Most฀standards฀ problems฀result฀from฀misunderstandings. 2.฀ [Review฀the฀Quality฀Assurance฀procedure฀steps฀in฀ the฀General฀Standards฀and฀Procedures฀section฀of฀the฀ PADI฀Instructor฀Manual.]

How does PADI’s quality management process work? ■ ■ Students฀and฀pr Students฀and฀pr ogram฀par ogram฀par ticipants ticipants฀

are฀randoml are฀randoml y฀surveyed� y฀surveyed�

■ ■ Repor Reports฀received฀fr ts฀received฀fr om฀customer om฀customer s฀ s฀

and฀PADI฀Member and฀PADI฀Member s� s�

■ ■ Proactive฀pr Proactive฀process฀ensures฀that ocess฀ensures฀that ฀

PADI฀programs฀are฀conducted฀per PADI฀programs฀are฀conducted฀per ฀ PADI฀Standar PADI฀Standar ds ds DM฀10฀-฀ DM฀10฀-฀ 99

Members who provide excellent instruction and customer service are recognized฀ recognized฀ ฀ When necessary, corrective action is taken to ensure PADI Members understand and follow PADI Standards DM฀10฀-฀ 10 DM฀10฀-฀10

฀ IV.฀ Personal฀Health฀and฀Safety A.฀Functioning฀as฀a฀divemaster฀can฀raise฀several฀potential฀ health฀and฀safety฀concerns. 1.฀ Supervising฀duties฀may฀require฀long฀periods฀of฀being฀ active฀and฀alert,฀despite฀being฀tired. Divemaster฀Course฀Instructor฀Guide฀

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2.฀ You฀may฀need฀to฀make฀multiple฀dives฀in฀a฀relatively฀ short฀period. 3.฀ Your฀duties฀may฀call฀for฀physical฀labor,฀stamina฀and฀ continuous฀exertion. B.฀Maintaining฀your฀health฀and฀safety฀is฀a฀matter฀of฀following฀common฀health฀guidelines฀and฀conservative฀ diving฀practices.฀ C.฀What฀are฀five฀suggestions฀to฀help฀you฀manage฀ risks฀to฀your฀health฀and฀safety฀as฀a฀divemaster? 1.฀ Stay฀physically฀fit฀by฀exercising฀regularly,฀getting฀ adequate฀rest฀and฀eating฀properly. 2.฀ When฀making฀multiple฀repetitive฀dives,฀plan฀your฀ dives฀so฀that฀you฀make฀the฀deepest฀dive฀of฀the฀day฀ first฀and฀work฀progressively฀shallower,฀staying฀well฀ within฀the฀no฀decompression฀limits.฀Make฀a฀safety฀ stop฀at฀the฀end฀of฀all฀dives.฀Take฀a฀day฀off฀from฀diving฀every฀few฀days. 3.฀ Stay฀hydrated.฀Tropical฀heat฀depletes฀body฀fluids,฀as฀ do฀caffeine฀and฀alcohol฀consumption. 4.฀ When฀ill฀or฀injured,฀moderate฀your฀activities฀accordingly.฀Pressing฀on฀may฀delay฀healing฀and฀may฀ compromise฀your฀abilities. 5.฀ Pay฀attention฀to฀your฀mental฀health฀-฀dive฀for฀fun,฀ not฀just฀for฀work,฀so฀you฀avoid฀burnout,฀and฀engage฀ in฀other฀pastimes.

3-132฀

Personal Health and Safety ■ ■ Stay฀physically฀fit� Stay฀physically฀fit� ■ ■ Make฀the฀deepest฀dive฀of฀the Make฀the฀deepest฀dive฀of฀the

฀� day฀first฀and฀sta day฀first฀and฀sta y฀well฀within y฀well฀within ฀� no฀decompression฀limits � no฀decompression฀limits ■ ■ Remain฀h Remain฀hydrated ydrated� ■ ■ When฀ill฀or฀injured, When฀ill฀or฀injured, ฀moderate ฀moderate ฀� your฀activities your฀activities � ■ ■ Pay฀attention฀to฀y Pay฀attention฀to฀y our฀mental฀health our฀mental฀health �

—฀HAVE฀FUN —฀HAVE฀FUN

Three:฀Knowledge฀Development

DM฀10฀-฀ 11 DM฀10฀-฀11

Topic฀11฀-฀฀ The฀Business฀of฀Diving Recommended฀Materials฀and฀Methods฀฀ for฀Covering฀this฀Topic This฀section฀introduces฀candidates฀to฀their฀function฀in฀the฀business฀aspects฀ of฀a฀dive฀operation.฀It฀is฀recommended฀that฀you฀have฀candidates฀read฀The฀ Business฀of฀Diving฀book,฀and฀business฀related฀articles฀in฀The฀Best฀of฀the฀Undersea฀Journal฀and฀the฀IDC฀Candidate฀Workbook,฀if฀available฀in฀a฀language฀they฀ can฀read.฀It’s฀also฀recommended฀that฀you฀encourage฀candidates฀to฀begin฀ developing฀business฀skills฀by฀viewing฀PADI฀business-related฀programs฀such฀ as฀Positive฀Approach฀Selling฀and฀Advanced฀Strategies฀for฀Recruiting฀and฀Retaining฀ Enthusiastic฀Divers.฀ Focus฀your฀elaboration฀on฀specific฀examples฀of฀how฀this฀information฀ pertains฀to฀the฀dive฀business฀in฀your฀local฀area.

Presentation฀ Overview฀and฀Learning฀Objective ฀ I.฀ The฀Dive฀Consumer

Overview ■ ■

The฀Dive฀Consumer� The฀Dive฀Consumer�

■ ■

Equipment฀Counseling

฀

1.฀ What฀are฀the฀“three฀Es”฀of฀diving,฀and฀where฀does฀ the฀dive฀consumer฀find฀them?

฀

2.฀ What฀functions฀may฀a฀PADI฀Divemaster฀have฀in฀ helping฀dive฀consumers฀with฀the฀three฀Es?

฀ II.฀ Equipment฀Counseling ฀

3.฀ What฀is฀the฀role฀of฀leadership-level฀divers฀with฀respect฀to฀equipment฀counseling?

฀

4.฀ What฀are฀four฀attributes฀of฀a฀positive฀sales฀process?

DM฀11฀-฀ DM฀11฀-฀22

Outline

฀ ฀ I.฀ The฀Dive฀Consumer ฀ ฀ [Ask฀candidates฀what฀they฀need฀to฀be฀a฀diver.฀Write฀ their฀answers฀on฀the฀board฀in฀three฀columns฀according฀to฀equipment,฀education฀or฀entertainment฀(experiences),฀but฀don’t฀label฀columns.฀After฀getting฀several฀items฀in฀each฀column,฀ask฀candidates฀to฀name฀ each฀column.฀Transition฀into฀discussion฀of฀three฀Es.] A.฀What฀are฀the฀“three฀Es”฀of฀diving,฀and฀where฀ does฀the฀dive฀consumer฀find฀them? 1.฀ The฀“three฀Es”฀are฀characteristics฀needed฀by฀all฀dive฀ Divemaster฀Course฀Instructor฀Guide฀

3-133

consumers,฀without฀which฀there฀would฀be฀no฀dive฀ industry.฀ a.฀Education฀-฀To฀dive฀safely฀initially,฀and฀to฀progress฀to฀more฀challenging฀types฀of฀dive฀activities,฀ divers฀need฀dive฀training. b.฀Equipment฀-฀Without฀it฀diving฀is฀impossible.฀Dive฀ consumers฀need฀access฀to฀equipment฀to฀buy฀or฀ rent. c.฀ Entertainment฀(experience)฀-฀Education฀and฀ equipment฀have฀no฀value฀if฀divers฀can’t฀do฀something฀with฀them.฀Entertainment฀is฀the฀reason฀ people฀become฀divers. 1.฀ Travel,฀local฀diving,฀clubs,฀and฀other฀events฀all฀ qualify฀as฀entertainment฀-฀reasons฀to฀dive฀and฀ to฀be฀involved฀with฀diving. 2.฀ The฀need฀for฀entertainment฀is฀the฀reason฀to฀get฀ new฀student฀divers฀diving฀in฀confined฀water฀as฀ quickly฀as฀possible.฀Beginning฀divers฀often฀perceive฀the฀conventional฀long-classroom-sessions฀ as฀an฀obstacle฀or฀delay,฀and฀this฀stops฀some฀ people฀from฀learning฀to฀dive. 2.฀ A฀fourth฀E฀sometimes฀mentioned฀is฀environment.฀ Divers฀need฀a฀healthy฀dive฀environment,฀and฀we฀ all฀need฀a฀healthy฀environment฀to฀live.฀As฀the฀dive฀ community฀grows,฀we฀take฀on฀increasing฀responsibility฀to฀act฀together฀as฀advocates฀for฀aquatic฀environments. B.฀The฀dive฀center฀and฀dive฀resort,฀where฀the฀three฀Es฀ come฀together฀under฀one฀roof,฀is฀the฀focus฀of฀the฀dive฀ industry. C.฀What฀functions฀may฀a฀PADI฀Divemaster฀have฀in฀ helping฀dive฀consumers฀with฀the฀three฀Es? 1.฀ As฀a฀leadership-level฀diver,฀it฀is฀your฀role฀to฀help฀divers฀meet฀their฀education,฀equipment฀and฀entertainment฀needs. a.฀May฀be฀direct฀involvement,฀such฀as฀leading฀a฀trip฀ or฀assisting฀with฀student฀divers฀in฀training. b.฀May฀be฀indirect฀assistance,฀such฀as฀providing฀recommendations฀or฀advice฀to฀divers฀who฀ask฀about฀ travel,฀equipment,฀etc. 2.฀ Certified฀divers฀will฀seek฀your฀supervision฀for฀guided฀ diving฀partly฀because฀you฀help฀assure฀that฀all฀three฀ Es฀are฀met. 3-134฀

How can you help customers fulfill their needs? ■ ■ Direct฀involvement฀฀� Direct฀involvement฀฀� ■ ■ Indirect฀assistance฀ Indirect฀assistance฀

Three:฀Knowledge฀Development

DM฀11฀-฀ DM฀11฀-฀55

a.฀You฀handle฀the฀entertainment฀by฀knowing฀where฀ the฀best฀dive฀sites฀are฀and฀by฀making฀the฀experience฀fun. b.฀You฀help฀divers฀assess฀whether฀they฀have฀the฀education฀needed฀to฀make฀a฀particular฀dive. c.฀ You฀help฀divers฀assess฀whether฀they’re฀properly฀ equipped฀for฀a฀dive,฀and฀may฀have฀spare฀equipment฀from฀the฀dive฀operation฀rental฀stock฀if฀ there’s฀an฀equipment฀related฀problem.

฀ II.฀ Equipment฀Counseling ฀ ฀ [Ask฀candidates฀what฀they฀think฀about฀salespeople.฀ Next฀ask฀candidates฀to฀think฀of฀a฀salesperson฀who฀ they฀felt฀was฀genuinely฀helpful฀and฀tell฀you฀what฀ made฀the฀person฀effective.฀Take฀the฀resulting฀description฀and฀make฀the฀point฀that฀divemaster฀duties฀are฀ likely฀to฀involve฀equipment฀sales฀or฀counseling,฀so฀ they฀need฀to฀recognize฀the฀effective฀aspects฀of฀the฀ sales฀process.]

What about sales and salespeople?฀ salespeople?฀ ฀ Become an ฀ equipment counselor DM฀11฀-฀ DM฀11฀-฀6 6

Positive Sales Approach ■ ■ Give฀recommendations฀that฀are฀ Give฀recommendations฀that฀are฀

good฀for฀building฀long฀term฀ good฀for฀building฀long฀term฀ customer฀relationships� customer฀relationships�

■ ■ Listen฀carefully฀to฀customer฀needs� Listen฀carefully฀to฀customer฀needs� ■ ■ Do฀not฀make฀assumptions� Do฀not฀make฀assumptions� ■ ■ Provide฀the฀advice฀you฀� Provide฀the฀advice฀you฀�

would฀like฀to฀receive would฀like฀to฀receive

A.฀What฀is฀the฀role฀of฀leadership-level฀divers฀with฀ respect฀to฀equipment฀counseling? 1.฀ Divers,฀especially฀student฀divers,฀come฀to฀leadershiplevel฀divers฀for฀advice฀about฀equipment. 2.฀ It฀is฀entirely฀appropriate฀for฀you฀to฀give฀advice฀on฀ equipment฀purchases. a.฀Diving฀is฀a฀technical฀activity฀and฀learning฀about฀ equipment฀is฀part฀of฀the฀education฀each฀diver฀ goes฀through. b.฀Divers฀appreciate฀the฀recommendations฀of฀those฀ they฀respect฀-฀think฀about฀when฀you฀were฀at฀their฀ level฀in฀diving. 3.฀ The฀dive฀operation฀you฀work฀with฀relies฀on฀equipment฀sales฀as฀part฀of฀how฀they฀stay฀in฀business. a.฀If฀you฀don’t฀help,฀divers฀may฀go฀elsewhere. b.฀Or฀they฀may฀get฀advice฀from฀a฀less฀qualified฀ source. c.฀ Or฀they฀may฀not฀continue฀with฀diving฀-฀everyone฀ loses. B.฀What฀are฀four฀attributes฀of฀a฀positive฀sales฀process? 1.฀ Your฀goal฀is฀to฀give฀the฀best฀recommendations฀so฀the฀ diver฀will฀be฀happy฀with฀the฀equipment฀to฀promote฀ a฀long฀term฀relationship.฀

DM฀11฀-฀ DM฀11฀-฀77

Divemaster฀Course฀Instructor฀Guide฀

3-135

a.฀You฀don’t฀need฀to฀“push”฀anything฀when฀your฀ goal฀is฀a฀long฀term฀relationship. b.฀Long฀term฀relationships฀bring฀in฀the฀most฀business฀in฀the฀end฀-฀best฀for฀the฀dive฀operation,฀best฀ for฀the฀customer. 2.฀ You฀listen฀to฀the฀divers฀who฀come฀to฀you฀for฀advice฀ and฀help฀them฀based฀on฀what฀they฀tell฀you. a.฀They฀will฀usually฀tell฀you฀what฀they฀want฀and฀ need,฀but฀you฀may฀have฀to฀ask฀about฀their฀interests,฀planned฀uses,฀etc. b.฀Try฀not฀to฀assume฀-฀it’s฀surprising฀how฀often฀what฀ they฀tell฀you฀differs฀from฀what฀you฀thought฀they’d฀ say. 3.฀ You฀don’t฀make฀assumptions฀about฀price: a.฀Recommend฀the฀equipment฀that฀best฀addresses฀ their฀needs฀and฀wants฀without฀worrying฀about฀price.฀ b.฀People฀often฀want฀more฀than฀they฀need.฀Give฀them฀ the฀facts฀and฀let฀them฀decide฀-฀buying฀higher฀performance฀equipment฀may฀cost฀more,฀but฀it฀is฀often฀cheaper฀in฀the฀long฀run,฀even฀if฀the฀individual฀ doesn’t฀need฀that฀performance฀level฀immediately. 4.฀ You฀give฀all฀the฀advice฀you’d฀like฀to฀get. a.฀Don’t฀forget฀the฀little฀things฀that฀make฀the฀big฀difference฀(e.g.,฀a฀bottle฀of฀defog฀with฀a฀mask฀purchase,฀etc.). b.฀Suggest฀ways฀(courses,฀trips,฀etc.)฀divers฀can฀enjoy฀ their฀new฀investment.

3-136฀

Three:฀Knowledge฀Development

Topic฀12฀-฀Your฀Diving฀Career Recommended฀Materials฀and฀Methods฀฀ for฀Covering฀this฀Topic This฀topic฀is฀intended฀to฀aim฀candidates฀toward฀a฀satisfying฀and฀successful฀ career฀in฀the฀dive฀industry,฀whether฀they’re฀pursuing฀leadership฀training฀as฀a฀ vocation฀or฀as฀an฀avocation.฀During฀this฀topic,฀your฀main฀emphasis฀will฀be฀ on฀progressing฀to฀the฀Assistant฀Instructor฀and฀Instructor฀levels,฀and฀on฀additional฀skills฀and฀training฀that฀can฀give฀individuals฀a฀competitive฀advantage฀ in฀the฀industry.

Presentation฀ Overview฀and฀Learning฀Objective ฀ I.฀ PADI฀Training฀to฀Further฀Your฀Dive฀Career

Overview ■ ■ PADI฀Training฀to฀Fur ther฀ ther฀

฀

1.฀ What฀are฀six฀reasons฀why฀you฀should฀consider฀continuing฀your฀training฀through฀the฀PADI฀Open฀Water฀ Scuba฀Instructor฀level?

฀

2.฀ How฀does฀it฀benefit฀you฀to฀complete฀the฀PADI฀Assistant฀Instructor฀course฀prior฀to฀enrolling฀in฀the฀ PADI฀OWSI฀Program?

฀

3.฀ How฀does฀diver-level฀specialty฀training฀help฀your฀ career฀as฀a฀PADI฀Divemaster?

Your฀Dive฀Career �

■ ■ Other฀Training฀That฀Can ฀

Aid฀Your฀Career �

■ ■ The฀Role฀of฀Emer ging฀ ging฀

Technologies

DM฀12฀-฀ DM฀12฀-฀22

฀ II.฀ Other฀Training฀That฀Can฀Aid฀Your฀Career 4.฀ What฀are฀six฀skills,฀outside฀of฀diver฀training,฀that฀ can฀make฀you฀more฀valuable฀in฀the฀dive฀industry?

฀

฀III.฀ The฀Role฀of฀Emerging฀Technologies 5.฀ How฀will฀emerging฀technologies฀affect฀your฀career,฀ and฀what฀should฀you฀do฀in฀response?

฀

฀

Why continue your education?

Outline I.฀ PADI฀Training฀to฀Further฀Your฀Dive฀Career

■ ■ Gaining฀new฀skills฀� Gaining฀new฀skills฀�

and฀qualifying฀to฀� and฀qualifying฀to฀� conduct฀additional฀� conduct฀additional฀� courses฀makes฀� courses฀makes฀� you฀more฀versatile� you฀more฀versatile�

■ ■ Versatility฀is฀what฀� Versatility฀is฀what฀�

employers฀look฀for employers฀look฀for DM฀12฀-฀ DM฀12฀-฀33

Divemaster฀Course฀Instructor฀Guide฀

A.฀What฀are฀six฀reasons฀why฀you฀should฀consider฀ continuing฀your฀training฀through฀the฀PADI฀ Open฀Water฀Scuba฀Instructor฀level? 1.฀ Because฀they’re฀fully฀qualified฀to฀teach฀classes,฀instructors฀have฀more฀versatility฀as฀employees. 2.฀ The฀majority฀of฀dive฀boat฀professionals฀supervising฀certified฀divers฀are฀instructors,฀which฀gives฀them฀ more฀versatility฀as฀employees฀because฀they฀can฀train฀ divers. 3-137

3.฀ Most฀individuals฀who฀move฀into฀other฀areas฀of฀the฀ dive฀industry฀(e.g.,฀manufacturer฀representatives)฀ begin฀as฀instructors฀-฀this฀experience฀lets฀them฀understand฀their฀customer’s฀needs. 4.฀ Even฀if฀you’re฀primarily฀interested฀in฀leadership฀as฀ an฀avocation,฀not฀a฀full฀time฀vocation,฀certification฀ as฀an฀instructor฀creates฀more฀opportunities. 5.฀ Increasingly,฀institutions฀of฀higher฀learning฀recognize฀the฀quality฀of฀PADI฀Instructor฀training.฀This฀ recognition฀may฀apply฀to฀opportunities฀and฀careers฀ beyond฀diving. 6.฀ There฀are฀more฀opportunities฀for฀PADI฀Instructors฀ than฀for฀any฀other฀professional฀in฀the฀industry.฀The฀ demand฀for฀PADI฀Instructors฀exceeds฀the฀demand฀for฀ instructors฀of฀all฀other฀organizations฀combined. B.฀How฀does฀it฀benefit฀you฀to฀complete฀the฀PADI฀฀ Assistant฀Instructor฀course฀prior฀to฀enrolling฀in฀ the฀PADI฀OWSI฀Program? 1.฀ Much฀of฀the฀AI฀course฀comes฀from฀the฀IDC,฀so฀the฀ AI฀course฀reduces฀your฀instructor฀training฀program฀ load. 2.฀ The฀AI฀course฀applies฀directly฀to฀what฀you฀learn฀in฀ the฀OWSI฀Program,฀gives฀you฀more฀time฀and฀practice฀that฀will฀help฀you฀be฀successful฀in฀the฀Instructor฀ Examination฀(IE)฀and฀as฀a฀certified฀instructor. 3.฀ You฀need฀100฀logged฀dives฀to฀become฀a฀PADI฀Instructor.฀If฀you’re฀short฀that฀number,฀the฀AI฀course฀gives฀ you฀more฀opportunities฀to฀dive฀and฀gain฀experience. 4.฀ The฀AI฀course฀gives฀you฀teaching฀and฀income฀opportunities฀by฀qualifying฀you฀to฀conduct฀additional฀ PADI฀courses฀and฀programs,฀including฀some฀nondiving฀PADI฀Specialities. 5.฀ As฀an฀AI,฀you฀can฀enroll฀in฀PADI฀Specialty฀Instructor฀ courses.฀When฀you฀successfully฀complete฀the฀IE฀and฀ have฀ten฀dives฀in฀the฀specialty,฀you’ll฀be฀qualified฀to฀ teach฀the฀specialties฀in฀which฀you฀took฀these฀courses. C.฀How฀does฀diver-level฀specialty฀training฀help฀ your฀career฀as฀a฀PADI฀Divemaster? 1.฀ Providing฀more฀dive฀opportunities. 2.฀ Helping฀you฀gain฀specialty฀experience฀that฀applies฀ when฀you฀qualify฀to฀teach฀the฀specialty฀at฀the฀Assistant฀Instructor฀and/or฀instructor฀levels. 3-138฀

Three:฀Knowledge฀Development

3.฀ Giving฀you฀experience฀you฀can฀apply฀when฀assisting฀ specialty฀diver฀training.

฀ II.฀ Other฀Training฀That฀Can฀Aid฀Your฀Career

Why take specialty diver courses?

A.฀Like฀any฀industry,฀the฀dive฀industry฀needs฀a฀variety฀of฀ skills.฀Becoming฀a฀PADI฀Divemaster,฀Assistant฀Instructor฀and฀Instructor฀provides฀the฀base฀for฀a฀successful฀ career,฀but฀additional฀skills฀and฀training฀can฀help฀your฀ chances฀of฀finding฀rewarding฀full฀time฀or฀part฀time฀ positions. B.฀What฀are฀six฀skills,฀outside฀of฀diver฀training,฀ that฀can฀make฀you฀more฀valuable฀in฀the฀dive฀ industry? 1.฀ Boat฀handling/captain’s฀license฀-฀useful฀at฀resorts฀ and฀boat-intensive฀operations. 2.฀ Retail฀sales฀training฀-฀useful฀in฀virtually฀any฀dive฀ operation. 3.฀ Sales฀management฀training฀-฀valuable฀for฀growth฀ within฀a฀retail฀dive฀operation. 4.฀ Manufacturer฀equipment฀repair฀technician฀-฀certification฀to฀repair฀specific฀equipment฀expands฀a฀dive฀ operation’s฀services. 5.฀ Compressor฀and/or฀diesel฀engine฀mechanics฀-฀virtually฀all฀dive฀operations฀have฀compressors,฀many฀ have฀diesel฀engines฀(in฀boat);฀these฀skills฀are฀especially฀valuable฀at฀remote฀destinations. 6.฀ Writing/word฀processing/layout/photography฀-฀producing฀store฀newsletters/brochures.

■ ■ Learn฀ne Learn฀new฀skills w฀skills฀�

and฀gain฀ad and฀gain฀ad ditional ditional฀� diving฀oppor diving฀oppor tunities tunities�

■ ■ Gain฀experience Gain฀experience ฀�

to฀apply฀when to฀apply฀when฀� assisting฀with฀specialty฀training assisting฀with฀specialty฀training DM฀12฀-฀ DM฀12฀-฀55

What other training will aid your diving career? ■ ■ Boat฀handling/captain’s฀license� Boat฀handling/captain’s฀license� ■ ■ Retail฀sales฀training� Retail฀sales฀training� ■ ■ Sales฀management฀training� Sales฀management฀training� ■ ■ Equipment฀repair฀technician� Equipment฀repair฀technician� ■ ■ Compressor/diesel฀mechanic� Compressor/diesel฀mechanic� ■ ■ Writing฀and฀photography Writing฀and฀photography DM฀12฀-฀ DM฀12฀-฀6 6

What should you know about emerging technologies?

฀ III.฀ The฀Role฀of฀Emerging฀Technologies

■ ■ Chang Change฀is฀ine e฀is฀inevitable฀and฀� vitable฀and฀�

usually฀rapid฀ usually฀rapid฀—฀KEEP฀PACE� —฀KEEP฀PACE�

■ ■ Stay฀current Stay฀current � ◆ ◆ Read฀dive฀periodicals฀and฀watching฀ Read฀dive฀periodicals฀and฀watching฀

diving-related฀programs� diving-related฀programs�

◆ ◆ Attend฀dive฀trade฀shows� Attend฀dive฀trade฀shows� ◆ ◆ Continually฀learn฀about฀computers� Continually฀learn฀about฀computers� ◆ ◆ Put฀new฀technologies฀to฀use� Put฀new฀technologies฀to฀use� ◆ ◆ Be฀open฀to฀change Be฀open฀to฀change DM฀12฀-฀ DM฀12฀-฀77

Divemaster฀Course฀Instructor฀Guide฀

A.฀How฀will฀emerging฀technologies฀affect฀your฀career,฀and฀what฀should฀you฀do฀in฀response? 1.฀ Technology฀changes฀rapidly฀in฀diving฀just฀as฀in฀ other฀industries,฀and฀the฀pace฀continues฀to฀accelerate. 2.฀ Much฀of฀what฀you฀know฀today฀will฀be฀obsolete฀in฀ only฀a฀few฀years. a.฀Medical฀advancements฀are฀likely฀to฀rescue฀and฀ first฀aid฀recommendations. b.฀Closed฀and฀semiclosed฀circuit฀scuba฀may฀become฀ more฀common฀in฀recreational฀diving. c.฀ Electronics฀may฀revolutionize฀navigation. d.฀Physiology฀may฀learn฀more฀about฀DCI,฀leading฀to฀ new฀approaches฀to฀dive฀computer฀modeling,฀and฀ DCI฀treatment. 3-139

e.฀ Instruction฀continues฀to฀become฀more฀convenient฀ and฀more฀efficient฀by฀using฀new฀technologies฀ such฀as฀multimedia฀computer-based฀training,฀ online฀training฀via฀the฀internet,฀etc.฀These฀will฀ expand. B.฀A฀professional-level฀diver฀must฀remain฀current฀and฀up฀ to฀speed฀with฀technology. 1.฀ Failure฀to฀do฀so฀obsoletes฀you฀-฀you฀may฀have฀difficulty฀competing฀with฀new฀professionals฀entering฀the฀ dive฀industry. 2.฀ In฀some฀areas,฀failure฀to฀follow฀the฀most฀current฀ standards-of-care฀may฀have฀potential฀liability. C.฀Ways฀to฀stay฀up฀to฀date. 1.฀ Read฀a฀wide฀variety฀of฀dive฀periodicals฀and฀watch฀ dive฀videos฀and฀television฀programming. 2.฀ Attend฀dive฀trade฀shows. 3.฀ Keep฀up฀with฀changes฀in฀computer฀technology฀-฀they฀ affect฀virtually฀all฀industries,฀including฀diving.฀ 4.฀ Put฀new฀technologies฀into฀use.฀The฀best฀way฀to฀be฀ familiar฀with฀them฀is฀through฀hands-on฀application. 5.฀ Never฀accept฀nor฀reject฀something฀just฀because฀it’s฀ new.฀Be฀open฀to฀change฀(you฀can’t฀stop฀it฀anyway),฀ but฀use฀your฀experience฀to฀evaluate฀the฀merits฀of฀ emerging฀technologies.฀Some฀will฀bring฀significant฀ improvements฀to฀diving;฀others฀will฀be฀short-lived฀ fads฀with฀little฀practicality.

3-140฀

Three:฀Knowledge฀Development

Four Waterskills฀

and฀Stamina฀ Module

andis฀that฀c ment฀ m r fi n evelop st,฀it฀co les.฀Fir nd฀red o ฀a ฀r e roprie c i e t r c ip฀app ฀pra as฀th r h s o ฀h e n ฀f l e a u od tes฀ erm ฀tim andida he฀wat mina฀M ills,฀allowing ฀t ฀c a e t n v ฀i ฀S a e d n es k s฀h ng,฀ ping฀th ted฀to฀teachi rskills฀a arned฀s at฀candidate e o e l t ฀l e a y v l e s ฀W d The reviou rms฀th ore฀sui s฀in฀ pacity,฀ etain฀p ฀are฀m it฀confi t฀diver hip฀ca y ,฀ s n e r d e ba฀ e h n d d ฀t o u a o dates฀r t c ter฀Scu .฀Se lls฀s th฀s ฀a฀le i i y a r k n ฀w a ฀i ฀s ฀W s s g g s n p n n e e i i ssist evelo d฀Op as฀nec e฀work odule฀d ฀Divemaster฀a nstructor฀an omeon ฀m ฀s s r i o h t ฀I ฀f I t ,฀ e D at hird ssistan or฀a฀PA ssary.฀T ฀PADI฀A ฀both฀f e t h n if฀nece a ฀t t o r s฀impo essing฀t r฀progr which฀i o ฀f d n g,฀a trainin ฀levels. tor c Instru

Conduct฀and฀Standards You฀conduct฀all฀portions฀of฀the฀Waterskills฀and฀Stamina฀exercises฀in฀confined฀water,฀except฀ the฀Diver฀Rescue฀Assessment฀and฀Development,฀which฀may฀be฀conducted฀in฀confined฀water฀ or฀open฀water.

Stamina฀Assessment฀and฀ Development There฀are฀four฀exercises฀that฀evaluate฀stamina฀and฀waterskills,฀each฀ rated฀by฀points.฀There฀is฀no฀passing฀ score฀for฀any฀single฀exercise,฀but฀ a฀combined฀score฀of฀12฀or฀more฀is฀ required฀prior฀to฀certification.฀In฀ addition,฀candidates฀must฀com-

plete฀all฀exercises฀prior฀to฀certification. Candidates฀who฀fall฀short฀of฀a฀ combined฀score฀of฀12฀may฀be฀given฀ time฀to฀practice฀and฀develop฀their฀ abilities฀while฀continuing฀in฀other฀ areas฀of฀the฀course.฀

n฀ sociatio ional฀As Profess g฀Instructors of฀Divin Divemaster฀Course฀Instructor฀Guide฀

Stamina฀Exercise฀1:฀400฀Metre/Yard฀Swim The฀candidate฀must฀swim฀400฀metres/yards฀without฀stopping฀using฀no฀ swimming฀aids฀and฀using฀any฀stroke฀or฀combination฀of฀strokes฀desired.฀If฀a฀candidate฀stops,฀the฀exercise฀is฀incomplete฀and฀must฀be฀repeated. ฀

400฀yards฀฀ Time฀ under฀6฀min฀ 6฀to฀8฀min฀ 8฀to฀10฀min฀ 10฀to฀12฀min฀ more฀than฀12฀min฀ stopped฀

฀ Points฀ 5฀ 4฀ 3฀ 2฀ 1฀ incomplete฀

400฀metres฀ Time under฀6฀min,฀30฀sec 6฀min,฀30฀sec฀to฀8฀min,฀40฀sec 8฀min,฀40฀sec฀to฀11฀min 11฀to฀13฀min more฀than฀13฀min stopped

Stamina฀Exercise฀2:฀15฀Minute฀Tread Using฀no฀aids฀and฀wearing฀only฀a฀swimsuit,฀the฀candidate฀will฀stay฀ afloat฀by฀treading฀water,฀drown฀proofing,฀bobbing฀or฀floating฀for฀15฀ minutes,฀with฀hands฀(not฀arms)฀out฀of฀the฀water฀during฀the฀last฀2฀minutes.฀A฀candidate฀with฀a฀physical฀challenge฀that฀makes฀it฀difficult/impossible฀to฀hold฀hands฀out฀of฀the฀water฀is฀exempted฀from฀that฀portion฀ of฀the฀exercise฀with฀no฀effect฀on฀the฀score.฀ Criteria฀ Performed฀satisfactorily฀ Stayed฀afloat,฀but฀hands฀not฀out฀of฀water฀entire฀2฀minutes฀ Used฀side/bottom฀for฀momentary฀support฀no฀more฀than฀twice฀ Used฀side/bottom฀for฀support฀more฀than฀twice฀

Points 5 3 1 incomplete

Stamina฀Exercise฀3:฀800฀Metre/Yard฀Snorkel฀Swim Using฀a฀mask,฀fins,฀snorkel฀and฀swimsuit฀only฀(no฀BCD฀or฀flotation฀ aids)฀and฀swimming฀with฀the฀face฀in฀the฀water,฀the฀candidate฀must฀ swim฀nonstop฀for฀800฀metres/yards.฀The฀candidate฀may฀not฀use฀arms฀ to฀swim,฀unless฀the฀candidate฀has฀a฀physical฀challenge฀that฀limits฀leg฀ use฀and฀arm-swimming฀is฀the฀individual’s฀normal฀swimming฀method฀ while฀diving.฀If฀a฀candidate฀stops,฀the฀exercise฀is฀incomplete฀and฀must฀be฀repeated.฀

800฀yards฀฀ Time฀ under฀13฀min฀ 13฀to฀15฀min฀ 15฀to฀17฀min฀ 17฀to฀19฀min฀ more฀than฀19฀min฀ stopped฀

4-2฀

฀ Points฀ 5฀ 4฀ 3฀ 2฀ 1฀ incomplete฀

800฀metres฀ Time under฀14฀min 14฀to฀16฀min,฀30฀sec 16฀min,฀30฀sec฀to฀18฀min,฀30฀sec 18฀min,฀30฀sec฀to฀21฀min more฀than฀21฀min stopped

Four:฀Waterskills฀and฀Stamina

Stamina฀Exercise฀4:฀100฀Metres/Yard฀Inert฀Diver฀Tow Wearing฀full฀scuba฀equipment,฀the฀candidate฀must฀push฀or฀tow฀an฀inert฀diver฀in฀full฀scuba฀at฀the฀surface฀100฀metres/yards฀nonstop฀without฀ assistance.฀Note฀that฀this฀is฀a฀swimming฀power฀evaluation฀(speed-against-drag)฀ not฀a฀rescue฀evaluation.฀If฀a฀candidate฀stops,฀the฀exercise฀is฀incomplete฀and฀must฀ be฀repeated.

100฀yards฀฀ Time฀ under฀2฀min฀ 2฀to฀3฀min฀ 3฀to฀4฀min฀ 4฀to฀5฀min฀ more฀than฀5฀min฀ stopped฀

100฀metres฀

฀ Points฀ 5฀ 4฀ 3฀ 2฀ 1฀ incomplete฀

Time under฀2฀min,฀10฀sec 2฀min,฀10฀sec฀to฀3฀min,฀15฀sec 3฀min,฀15฀sec฀to฀4฀min,฀20฀sec 4฀min,฀20฀sec฀to฀5฀min,฀30฀sec฀ more฀than฀5฀min,฀30฀sec stopped

Diver฀Rescue฀ Assessment฀and฀ Development The฀Diver฀Rescue฀Assessment฀and฀ Development฀has฀three฀goals.฀First,฀it฀ evaluates฀effectiveness฀to฀assure฀that฀ candidates฀can฀perform฀a฀rescue฀if฀ necessary฀in฀an฀emergency.฀Second,฀it฀ improves฀the฀quality฀of฀rescue฀skills฀to฀ be฀more฀role฀model฀for฀assisting฀with฀ the฀PADI฀Rescue฀Diver฀course.฀Third,฀ it฀forms฀the฀foundation฀of฀demonstration฀quality฀rescues฀required฀during฀ the฀IDC/IE. This฀exercise฀is฀the฀simulated฀rescue฀of฀an฀unresponsive,฀nonbreathing฀ diver.฀It฀applies฀a฀pass-fail฀evaluation฀ criteria.฀You฀may฀conduct฀this฀exercise฀ in฀a฀pool,฀confined฀water฀or฀open฀water฀in฀the฀following฀manner:

initiates฀breathing,฀tows฀the฀victim฀ while฀removing฀own฀and฀victim’s฀ weights,฀mask฀and฀scuba฀unit,฀and฀ removes฀the฀victim฀from฀the฀water.฀ (Equipment฀handlers฀allowed.) 3.฀ To฀pass฀as฀an฀effective฀rescue,฀ you฀must฀be฀able฀to฀answer฀ “yes”฀to฀all฀the฀following: ฀

•฀ Upon฀surfacing,฀did฀the฀ rescuer฀establish฀victim’s฀ buoyancy?

฀

•฀ Did฀the฀rescuer฀look,฀listen฀ and฀feel฀for฀breathing?

฀

•฀ Did฀rescuer฀open฀the฀airway฀ and฀give฀two฀slow฀rescue฀ breaths?

฀

•฀ Did฀the฀rescuer฀call฀for฀ help?

1.฀ The฀“victim”฀is฀in฀full฀scuba฀equipment฀and฀submerged฀around฀25฀ metres/yards฀from฀the฀“rescuer”฀ (candidate฀you’re฀evaluating).฀The฀ rescuer฀starts฀from฀the฀pool฀deck,฀ shore฀or฀boat฀as฀appropriate.

฀

•฀ Did฀the฀rescuer฀use฀an฀effective฀inwater฀rescue฀breathing฀technique?

฀

•฀ Did฀the฀rescuer฀protect฀the฀ victim’s฀airway฀with฀no฀or฀ very฀few฀interruptions?

2.฀ At฀your฀signal,฀the฀rescuer฀enters฀ the฀water,฀locates฀and฀surfaces฀the฀ victim,฀properly฀checks฀for฀and฀

฀

•฀ Did฀the฀rescuer฀maintain฀ regular฀ventilations฀with฀no฀ or฀very฀few฀interruptions?

Divemaster฀Course฀Instructor฀Guide฀

4-3

฀

•฀ Did฀the฀rescuer฀resume฀ any฀ventilation฀interruptions฀with฀two฀slow฀rescue฀ breaths?

฀

•฀ Did฀the฀rescuer฀perform฀ the฀rescue฀without฀any฀assistance฀(except฀the฀exit฀ where฀individual฀physical฀ characteristics฀and/or฀the฀ environment฀may฀require฀ assistance)?

Note฀that฀there฀is฀no฀time฀limit฀for฀the฀rescue.

Confined฀Waterskill฀ Assessment฀and฀ Development The฀Confined฀Waterskill฀Assessment฀ and฀Development฀has฀two฀purposes฀ –฀to฀verify฀that฀the฀candidate฀can฀ perform฀the฀20฀basic฀dive฀skills฀from฀ the฀PADI฀Skill฀Evaluation,฀and฀to฀train฀ the฀candidate฀to฀perform฀these฀skills฀to฀ demonstration฀quality.

Part฀One:฀Developing฀ Demonstration฀Quality฀Skills The฀first฀part฀of฀this฀session฀teaches฀ candidates฀how฀to฀perform฀a฀demonstration฀quality฀skill. Procedure:฀begin฀by฀describing฀for฀ candidates฀the฀characteristics฀of฀a฀ demonstration฀quality฀skill.฀Tell฀them฀ that฀they฀will฀earn฀to฀perform฀mask฀ removal฀and฀replacement฀in฀a฀demonstration฀quality฀manner.฀Emphasize฀ that฀their฀goal฀is฀not฀learning฀how฀to฀ do฀the฀skill,฀which฀they฀should฀already฀ know,฀but฀how฀to฀execute฀it฀in฀a฀way฀ that฀allows฀student฀divers฀to฀learn฀the฀ steps฀and฀critical฀attributes. In฀shallow฀water฀kneel฀down฀with฀ the฀group฀and฀perform฀a฀demonstration฀quality฀mask฀removal฀and฀replacement.฀Allow฀candidates฀to฀practice฀independently฀while฀you฀watch.฀

4-4฀

You฀can฀bring฀individual฀candidates฀to฀ the฀surface฀for฀suggestions฀during฀this฀ short฀practice฀interval. After฀watching฀their฀practice,฀have฀ each฀candidate฀perform฀the฀skill฀for฀ you.฀Their฀execution฀should฀be฀to฀the฀4฀ level฀or฀better.฀If฀some฀candidates฀need฀ more฀polish,฀emphasize฀those฀areas฀ that฀need฀work฀and฀have฀candidates฀ practice฀again.฀Be฀sure฀a฀candidate฀ can฀demonstrate฀the฀skill฀to฀the฀4฀level฀ or฀better฀before฀moving฀on฀to฀Part฀Two฀ of฀this฀session.

Skill฀Evaluation฀Scores ฀฀Score฀ Characteristics ฀฀฀฀1฀

Candidate฀unable฀to฀perform฀exercise.

฀฀฀฀2฀

Exercise฀performed฀with฀ significant฀difficulty฀or฀ error.

฀฀฀฀฀฀฀

฀฀฀3฀Exercise฀performed฀ correctly,฀though฀too฀ quickly฀to฀adequately฀ exhibit฀or฀illustrate฀details฀ of฀the฀skill

฀฀฀฀4฀

Exercise฀performed฀correctly,฀and฀slowly฀enough฀ to฀adequately฀฀exhibit฀or฀ illustrate฀details฀of฀skill.฀

฀฀฀฀5฀

Exercise฀performed฀correctly,฀slowly฀and฀with฀ exaggerated฀movement฀ –฀appeared฀easy.

Note:฀These฀scores฀are฀the฀same฀as฀those฀ used฀for฀Skill฀Evaluation฀through฀all฀levels฀of฀ PADI฀leadership฀training.

By฀the฀end฀of฀Part฀One,฀ the฀candidate฀should฀be฀ able฀to฀execute฀the฀skill฀ of฀removing,฀replacing฀ and฀clearing฀a฀mask฀in฀ a฀manner฀that฀earns฀a฀ score฀of฀4฀or฀higher.

Four:฀Waterskills฀and฀Stamina

Part฀Two:฀Performing฀the฀฀ 20฀Basic฀Scuba฀Skills฀From฀ the฀PADI฀Skill฀Evaluation After฀demonstrating฀a฀4฀or฀5฀for฀mask฀ removal฀and฀replacement,฀candidates฀ are฀ready฀to฀apply฀demonstration฀ principles฀to฀the฀20฀basic฀scuba฀skills฀ listed฀below. A฀skill฀demonstrated฀at฀the฀3฀level฀ is฀adequate฀for฀someone฀to฀learn฀from,฀ so฀it฀isn’t฀necessary฀to฀require฀a฀level฀ of฀4฀or฀5฀on฀all฀skills.฀However,฀the฀ goal฀of฀this฀exercise฀is฀to฀teach฀candidates฀how฀they฀can฀make฀their฀skills฀ even฀more฀effective฀as฀teaching฀tools฀ by฀striving฀for฀the฀4฀and฀5฀levels.฀

Procedure:฀Have฀candidates฀perform฀ the฀20฀skills฀listed฀on฀the฀Skill฀Evaluation฀Slate฀or฀Divemaster฀Skill฀Development฀Score฀Sheet.฀Grade฀them฀according฀to฀the฀scoring฀criteria.฀As฀necessary,฀ perform฀the฀skills฀for฀candidates฀in฀a฀ demonstration฀quality฀manner฀until฀ they฀earn฀at฀least฀68฀total฀points,฀with฀ no฀individual฀score฀below฀3. The฀mask฀removal฀and฀replacement฀skill฀must฀be฀repeated฀ during฀this฀portion฀of฀the฀exercise.฀

Note:฀While฀a฀few฀3s฀are฀acceptable,฀candidates฀must฀earn฀4s฀and฀5s฀on฀several฀skills฀to฀ be฀successful.฀All฀3s฀earns฀only฀54฀points.

By฀the฀end฀of฀Part฀Two,฀ the฀candidate฀must฀ demonstrate฀the฀20฀ basic฀dive฀skills,฀with฀ all฀skills฀earning฀a฀3฀or฀ higher,฀and฀the฀total฀ score฀for฀all฀20฀skills฀at฀ least฀68฀points.฀

20฀Basic฀Scuba฀Skills฀for฀Skill฀Evaluation ฀฀1.฀ Equipment฀assembly,฀adjustment,฀preparation,฀฀ donning฀and฀disassembly ฀ 2.฀ Predive฀safety฀check฀(BWRAF) ฀ 3.฀ Deep฀water฀entry ฀ 4.฀ Buoyancy฀check฀at฀surface ฀ 5.฀ Snorkel-regulator/regulator฀snorkel฀exchange ฀6.฀

Five฀point฀descent

฀7.฀

Regulator฀recovery฀and฀clearing

฀8.฀

Mask฀removal,฀replacement฀and฀clearing

฀9.฀

Air฀depletion฀exercise฀and฀alternate฀air฀source฀use฀stationary

10.฀ Freeflow฀regulator฀breathing 11.฀ Fin฀pivot฀(neutral฀buoyancy) 12.฀ Five฀point฀ascent 13.฀ Remove฀and฀replace฀weight฀system฀on฀the฀surface 14.฀ Controlled฀Emergency฀Swimming฀Ascent฀(CESA) 15.฀ Hovering฀motionless 16.฀ Underwater฀swim฀without฀a฀mask 17.฀ Remove฀and฀replace฀weight฀system฀underwater 18.฀ Remove฀and฀replace฀scuba฀unit฀underwater 19.฀ Remove฀and฀replace฀scuba฀unit฀on฀the฀surface 20.฀ Buddy฀breathing฀stationary฀and฀swimming฀(donor฀and฀receiver)

Divemaster฀Course฀Instructor฀Guide฀

4-5

4-6฀

Four:฀Waterskills฀and฀Stamina

Five Practical฀฀

Application Module

act฀into฀pr is฀ u p ฀ o t ฀ s h te candida ฀Divemasters.฀T ฀ r e t s a erADI divem ฀allows฀ s฀functioning฀P ed฀Training฀Ex ’s฀ e l u d o uir n฀M e฀a ate plicatio ls฀they฀will฀us t฀includes฀Req lop฀the฀candid ฀an฀ p ฀A l a c i l r a ct ki ve — The฀Pra owledge฀and฀s nts.฀The฀first฀p se฀exercises฀de s฀two฀options฀ es,฀ e a n e iti h k m h ฀ ฀ tice฀the ntains฀two฀seg st฀complete.฀T he฀second฀part simulated฀activ he฀ ฀ u ฀co or .฀T .฀T module all฀candidates฀m ฀solving฀skills hrough฀actual฀ or฀supervision ng฀ t ฀ t m c ฀T . a e uri cises฀th onal฀and฀probl ning฀Exercises lls฀under฀instru ts฀or฀divers.฀D sting฀ si en ski ati rai organiz ฀or฀Practical฀T ly฀divemaster฀ ฀with฀real฀stud e฀simulating฀as l k p p i r i p o e฀wh Internsh ฀develop฀and฀a andidates฀to฀w perienc x e ฀ s n c i e ฀ t a s a g ฀ ฀allow dates candid ฀options xercises,฀candi p i h s n r Inte ng฀E l฀Traini les. a c i t c a r P ฀ro ervisory and฀sup

Conduct฀and฀Standards For฀certification,฀divemaster฀candidates฀must฀successfully฀complete฀the฀ Required฀Training฀Exercises฀1-3฀and฀ either฀the฀entire฀Internship฀or฀all฀the฀ Practical฀Training฀Exercises.฀ It’s฀recommended฀that฀candidates฀ participate฀in฀Required฀Training฀Exercises฀before฀moving฀on฀to฀the฀Internship฀or฀ Practical฀Training฀Exercises.฀The฀problem฀ solving฀abilities฀and฀confidence฀gained฀ will฀add฀to฀the฀candidates’฀experiences฀ during฀practical฀application.฀ If฀time฀allows,฀it’s฀also฀recommended฀ that฀candidates฀participate฀in฀both฀ Internship฀activities฀and฀Practical฀Training฀Exercises,฀however,฀they฀only฀need฀ to฀complete฀one฀option.฀This฀provides฀ experience฀in฀working฀with฀actual฀divers฀and฀allows฀targeted฀learning฀while฀ Divemaster฀Course฀Instructor฀Guide฀

simulating฀scenarios฀under฀instructor฀ supervision.฀ A฀teaching฀status฀PADI฀Open฀Water฀ Scuba฀Instructor฀or฀higher฀must฀conduct฀the฀training฀for฀all฀components฀of฀ the฀Practical฀Application฀Module.

Minimum฀Diver฀Numbers฀for฀ Training฀Exercises Practical฀Training฀Exercises฀1-4฀make฀use฀ of฀simulated฀supervisory฀conditions.฀This฀ requires฀individuals฀to฀role฀play฀divers฀ being฀supervised.฀For฀the฀purposes฀of฀ training,฀the฀minimum฀number฀of฀role฀ players฀required฀in฀each฀of฀these฀ exercises฀is฀4.฀These฀ role฀players฀may฀be฀ other฀candidates,฀instructional฀staff฀memciation฀ bers,฀or฀certified฀divers.฀ al฀Asso rs fession to c Pro g฀Instru of฀Divin

Professionalism By฀the฀end฀of฀the฀practical฀application฀module,฀divemaster฀candidates฀must฀ score฀at฀least฀a฀3฀in฀each฀of฀the฀following฀professionalism฀categories:฀ 1.฀฀ Level฀of฀active,฀positive฀participation฀in฀the฀training฀sessions. 2.฀฀ Ability฀to฀deal฀with฀student฀divers฀in฀a฀positive฀and฀nonthreatening฀manner. 3.฀฀ Willingness฀to฀follow฀directions. 4.฀฀ General฀good฀attitude/demeanor฀toward฀student฀divers฀and฀staff. 5.฀฀ Assessment฀of฀the฀candidate’s฀general฀understanding฀of฀a฀divemaster’s฀role.฀ 6.฀ Appearance

Score฀ ฀

Criteria฀

5฀

Excellent

4฀

Above฀average

3฀

Average

2฀

Below฀average

1฀

Unacceptable

฀

฀

฀

฀

฀

You฀must฀work฀with฀and฀remediate฀candidates฀who฀score฀a฀1฀or฀2฀in฀any฀of฀ these฀categories฀until฀a฀3฀or฀higher฀is฀achieved.฀This฀evaluation฀tool฀will฀help฀you฀ mentor฀and฀guide฀divemaster฀candidates฀in฀this฀important฀part฀of฀being฀a฀PADI฀ Professional.฀By฀measuring฀these฀attributes฀in฀divemaster฀candidates฀and฀providing฀ counseling฀and฀critique฀sessions฀during฀the฀program,฀you฀define฀what฀it฀means฀to฀be฀฀ a฀dive฀professional.

Required฀Training฀Exercises Required฀Training฀Exercise฀1 Mapping฀Project In฀this฀exercise฀candidates฀survey฀a฀dive฀site฀and฀draw฀a฀map฀from฀it.฀Besides฀the฀ obvious฀function฀of฀giving฀candidates฀experience฀in฀creating฀maps฀for฀use฀by฀divers฀ and฀as฀a฀briefing฀aid,฀the฀exercise฀has฀another฀important฀educational฀role.฀Candidates฀learn฀to฀combine฀several฀skills฀–฀dive฀ planning,฀underwater฀navigation,฀search฀ Candidates฀must: patterns,฀and฀data฀recording฀–฀to฀achieve฀the฀ 1.฀฀ Survey฀with฀a฀buddy,฀a฀dive฀site฀or฀ goal.฀In฀effect,฀mapping฀is฀a฀problem-solving฀ portion฀of฀a฀dive฀site฀assigned฀by฀the฀ exercise฀that฀relies฀on฀effective฀dive฀organizainstructor,฀including฀underwater฀and฀ tion฀and฀management.฀ surface฀features,฀with฀sufficient฀detail฀

Procedures You฀may฀assign฀different฀dive฀sites฀to฀candidate฀buddy฀teams฀as฀projects฀to฀complete฀ independently,฀or฀you฀may฀have฀the฀entire฀class฀collaborate฀in฀a฀single฀map฀in฀a฀ scheduled฀session฀you฀lead.฀In฀making฀the฀ assignment(s): 5-2฀

and฀accuracy฀for฀creating฀a฀map฀of฀the฀ site.฀ 2.฀฀ Create฀a฀map฀of฀the฀dive฀site,฀showing฀ (as฀applicable฀to฀the฀site)฀underwater฀ relief,฀important฀points฀of฀interest,฀ recommended฀entry/exit฀areas,฀local฀ facilities,฀and฀potential฀hazards.

Five:฀Practical฀Application

1.฀ Try฀to฀select฀a฀site฀that฀the฀candidates฀aren’t฀overly฀familiar฀with. 2.฀฀ Emphasize฀the฀importance฀of฀dive฀planning฀as฀the฀primary฀ingredient฀in฀successful฀mapping. 3.฀฀ Remind฀candidates฀to฀be฀as฀accurate฀as฀possible฀in฀their฀measurements฀and฀ what฀they฀record.฀Point฀out฀that฀inaccuracies฀tend฀be฀cumulative.฀Attention฀to฀ detail฀makes฀for฀a฀better฀map. 4.฀฀ Have฀candidates฀save฀their฀slate฀notes฀and฀other฀resources฀for฀your฀review.฀ Debrief฀by฀creating฀a฀nonjudgmental฀atmosphere฀in฀which฀candidates฀tell฀you฀ about฀their฀performance฀rather฀than฀vice฀versa.฀Look฀at฀their฀slates฀and฀other฀ rough฀work฀as฀they฀debrief.฀Ask฀them฀how฀the฀exercise฀went.฀Candidates฀usually฀will฀tell฀you฀what฀they฀were฀thinking,฀what฀they฀did฀and฀what฀they฀would฀ change.฀ 5.฀฀ An฀adequate฀map฀is฀one฀that฀is฀complete฀and฀would฀be฀useful฀for฀navigation฀by฀ someone฀who฀has฀never฀been฀at฀the฀site฀before.฀Some฀teams฀will฀be฀better฀skilled฀ at฀artwork฀and฀drawing฀than฀others,฀but฀keep฀in฀mind฀that฀you฀are฀not฀judging฀ artistic฀quality. 6.฀฀ Some฀candidates฀may฀not฀have฀ever฀performed฀a฀U-pattern฀search.฀If฀so,฀you฀ may฀want฀to฀hold฀a฀short฀session฀for฀these฀candidates฀to฀practice฀one฀under฀your฀ supervision฀prior฀to฀undertaking฀the฀mapping฀project.

Required฀Training฀Exercise฀2฀ Equipment฀Exchange The฀primary฀goal฀of฀the฀equipment฀exchange฀is฀problem฀solving,฀but฀with฀an฀added฀ level฀of฀unanticipated฀problems฀and฀performance฀under฀stress.฀Because฀the฀exercise฀ creates฀an฀environment฀with฀unforeseeable฀difficulties,฀candidates฀have฀to฀apply฀ their฀experience฀and฀knowledge฀creatively,฀to฀meet฀the฀demands฀of฀the฀moment.฀ This฀is฀an฀important฀aspect฀of฀leading฀divers฀and฀solving฀problems฀on฀the฀spot. This฀exercise฀is฀a฀problem฀solving฀evaluation฀and฀development฀tool฀only.฀ It฀has฀no฀other฀application.฀It฀creates฀a฀controlled฀problems฀situation฀in฀which฀to฀ develop฀and฀evaluate฀leadership-level฀problem฀solving฀under฀stress฀skills.฀Therefore,฀ this฀exercise฀isn’t฀appropriate฀for฀training฀at฀lower฀diver฀levels.

Procedures 1.฀ Conduct฀this฀exercise฀in฀a฀pool฀or฀other฀confined฀water฀site.฀ 2.฀ Divide฀the฀candidates฀into฀buddy฀teams฀with฀each฀buddy฀wearing฀full฀scuba฀ equipment.฀Equipment฀should฀include฀an฀exposure฀suit฀commonly฀used฀in฀the฀ local฀area฀(dive฀skins,฀wet฀suits,฀dry฀suits,฀etc.).฀Don’t฀tell฀ candidates฀who฀their฀team฀mates฀will฀be฀in฀advance.฀Staff฀ Candidates฀must: members฀may฀act฀as฀buddies฀if฀necessary฀฀and฀should฀ ฀ Demonstrate฀the฀abilcooperate฀fully฀and฀not฀intentionally฀add฀difficulty.฀The฀ ity฀to฀solve฀unanticipated฀ candidate฀should฀do฀all฀the฀planning฀and฀lead฀the฀exerproblems฀underwater฀by฀ cise. exchanging฀all฀scuba฀equipment฀(except฀exposure฀suits฀ and฀weights)฀with฀a฀buddy฀ while฀buddy฀breathing.฀ Candidates฀must฀earn฀a฀3฀or฀ higher฀as฀described฀in฀the฀ evaluation฀criteria. Divemaster฀Course฀Instructor฀Guide฀

3.฀฀ Prior฀to฀assessment,฀give฀each฀buddy฀team฀a฀maximum฀of฀5฀minutes฀to฀discuss฀and฀plan฀the฀exercise.฀Remember,฀part฀of฀the฀evaluation฀is฀problem-solving฀ability฀ of฀unforeseen฀problems฀under฀stress.฀Allowing฀excessive฀ preparation฀reduces฀the฀stress฀and฀the฀effectiveness฀of฀the฀ exercise. 5-3

4.฀฀ Have฀each฀team฀swim฀from฀the฀shallow฀area฀of฀the฀pool/confined฀water฀to฀water฀too฀deep฀in฀which฀to฀stand. 5.฀฀ In฀deeper฀water,฀have฀them฀begin฀buddy฀breathing,฀then฀exchange฀all฀equipment฀except฀exposure฀suit฀and฀weight฀belts. 6.฀ When฀the฀exchange฀is฀complete,฀have฀them฀return฀to฀the฀shallow฀area฀while฀ continuing฀to฀buddy฀breathing.฀

Notes: 1.฀ Variation฀from฀normal฀diving฀practice฀is฀acceptable฀during฀the฀exchange฀because฀this฀ exercise฀creates฀highly฀unusual฀circumstances.฀You฀should฀evaluate฀the฀candidate’s฀ ability฀to฀control฀stress฀while฀solving฀problems฀–฀normal฀skill฀competence฀may฀suffer฀ under฀these฀conditions. 2.฀ It฀may฀be฀necessary฀and฀acceptable฀to฀give฀each฀member฀of฀a฀buddy฀team฀different฀ scores฀if฀one฀member฀dominates฀the฀exercise,฀or฀if฀it฀is฀obvious฀that฀difficulties฀lie฀with฀ one฀member฀substantially฀more฀than฀the฀other.

Equipment฀Exchange฀Evaluation฀Criteria Candidates฀must฀perform฀to฀a฀level฀of฀3฀or฀higher฀฀ prior฀to฀certification.

Score฀

฀

Criteria฀

฀

฀

฀

฀

฀

5฀

Task฀performed฀in฀a฀well-thought-out,฀efficient฀and฀purposeful฀ manner฀with฀no฀sign฀of฀problems.฀Very฀low฀anxiety฀level.฀Looks฀ routine฀and฀fun.

4฀

Task฀performed฀competently฀with฀a฀relatively฀low฀anxiety฀level.฀ Problems฀encountered฀were฀easily฀and฀efficiently฀handled.

3฀

Complete฀exchange฀occurred฀without฀surfacing.฀However,฀numerous฀problems฀were฀encountered฀that฀delayed฀the฀speed฀and฀ efficiency฀of฀the฀performance.฀The฀grade฀is฀also฀appropriate฀for฀ a฀buddy฀who฀was฀overly฀dependent฀on฀the฀other,฀and฀who,฀in฀essence,฀had฀everything฀done฀for฀him.

2฀

Significant฀problems฀demonstrated,฀and฀exchange฀completed฀ only฀after฀one฀or฀both฀team฀members฀surfaced฀once.

1฀

Inability฀to฀complete฀the฀exchange,฀or฀exchange฀completed฀but฀ required฀one฀or฀both฀members฀to฀surface฀more฀than฀once.

Required฀Training฀Exercise฀3 Divemaster฀Conducted฀Programs [Prerequisite:฀Topic฀9฀–฀Divemaster฀Conducted฀Programs] This฀exercise฀familiarizes฀candidates฀with฀programs฀they฀may฀conduct฀without฀instructor฀supervision.฀This฀scenario฀builds฀upon฀what฀candidates฀learned฀in฀Topic฀9฀ –฀Divemaster฀Conducted฀Programs฀by฀having฀them฀conduct฀part฀or฀all฀of฀a฀simulated฀or฀actual฀Discover฀Snorkeling,฀Scuba฀Review,฀Discover฀Local฀Diving,฀Discover฀ Scuba฀Diving฀program฀(confined฀water฀option)฀or฀PADI฀Skin฀Diver฀course. If฀simulating฀this฀exercise,฀the฀minimum฀number฀of฀role฀players฀required฀is฀4.฀ 5-4฀

Five:฀Practical฀Application

Procedures 1.฀฀ Organize฀an฀actual฀or฀simulated฀PADI฀Discover฀Snorkeling,฀Scuba฀Review,฀Discover฀Local฀Diving,฀Discover฀Scuba฀Diving฀(confined฀water฀option)฀program฀or฀ PADI฀Skin฀Diver฀course.฀If฀you฀have฀candidates฀participate฀in฀an฀actual฀program,฀remember฀that฀PADI฀Divemaster฀candidates฀may฀not฀be฀used฀to฀meet฀ratio฀ requirements.฀

Candidates฀must: ฀

Conduct฀a฀simulated฀or฀actual฀PADI฀ Discover฀Snorkeling,฀Scuba฀Review,฀ Discover฀Local฀Diving,฀Discover฀ Scuba฀Diving฀(confined฀water฀option)฀ program฀or฀PADI฀Skin฀Diver฀course,฀ while฀under฀the฀direct฀supervision฀of฀ a฀PADI฀Instructor,฀in฀a฀manner฀that฀ shows฀a฀complete฀briefing,฀effective฀ and฀safe฀inwater฀supervision,฀and฀an฀ effective฀debriefing.

2.฀฀ Have฀candidates฀review฀the฀program฀ standards฀in฀the฀PADI฀Instructor฀Manual. 3.฀฀ Assign฀each฀candidate฀a฀briefing,฀ supervision/skills,฀and฀debriefing.฀The฀ program฀chosen฀will฀influence฀what฀you฀ assign.฀For฀example฀with฀Discover฀Local฀ Diving,฀the฀candidate฀might฀conduct฀the฀ entire฀dive฀briefing,฀a฀short฀part฀of฀the฀dive,฀ and฀the฀entire฀debriefing.฀With฀the฀PADI฀ Skin฀Diver฀course,฀the฀candidate฀may฀brief฀ one฀or฀more฀skills,฀demonstrate฀the฀skills฀ and฀conduct฀student฀practice,฀then฀debrief฀ the฀skills.฀

4.฀฀ Demonstrate฀a฀role฀model฀briefing,฀conduct฀and฀debriefing฀for฀the฀program฀ prior฀to฀having฀candidates฀perform฀theirs.฀Your฀demonstration฀may฀be฀part฀of฀ an฀actual฀program,฀or฀a฀simulated฀one. 5.฀ Explain฀to฀candidates฀that฀they฀will฀be฀assessed฀for฀all฀phases฀of฀their฀assignment฀based฀on: •฀ the฀completeness,฀effectiveness฀and฀compliance฀with฀standards,฀ •฀ the฀application฀of฀what฀they’ve฀learned฀during฀Knowledge฀Development฀and฀ through฀diving฀experience, •฀ their฀application฀of฀good฀judgment. 6.฀฀Have฀candidates฀brief,฀conduct฀and฀debrief฀their฀assignments฀in฀open฀or฀confined฀ water฀as฀required฀by฀the฀program฀selected.฀It’s฀recommended฀that฀different฀candidates฀have฀different฀assignments,฀and฀when฀feasible,฀that฀assignments฀involve฀ different฀PADI฀Divemaster฀conducted฀programs. Remember฀that฀in฀actual฀programs,฀a฀PADI฀Instructor฀must฀fill฀in฀any฀gaps฀or฀ make฀any฀corrections฀necessary฀to฀assure฀that฀participants฀receive฀complete฀ and฀accurate฀briefings/debriefings.฀Besides฀directly฀supervising฀program฀conduct,฀a฀PADI฀Instructor฀must฀assess฀participant฀skills฀to฀assure฀mastery฀consistent฀with฀program฀requirements.

Assessing฀Candidate฀Performance Evaluate฀the฀exercise฀as฀adequate฀or฀inadequate฀based฀on฀completeness,฀accuracy,฀appropriateness฀and฀the฀application฀of฀good฀judgment.฀To฀qualify฀as฀ adequate,฀you฀should฀be฀able฀to฀answer฀“yes’฀to฀the฀following฀questions฀(some฀ may฀not฀apply฀to฀all฀programs฀or฀assignments):

Briefing •฀ Did฀the฀candidate฀assess฀dive฀conditions? •฀ Did฀the฀candidate฀give฀planned฀dive฀limits฀(time/depth/distance/air฀supply)฀ within฀those฀conditions? Divemaster฀Course฀Instructor฀Guide฀

5-5

•฀ Did฀the฀candidate฀clearly฀state฀what฀participant฀and฀divemaster฀roles฀will฀be? •฀ For฀instructional฀programs฀(e.g.,฀PADI฀Skin฀Diver฀course,฀Scuba฀Review),฀did฀the฀ candidate฀give฀clear฀objectives฀of฀what฀participants฀will฀be฀able฀to฀do? •฀ Did฀the฀candidate฀provide฀dive฀site฀description฀and฀area฀orientation฀(hazards,฀ points฀of฀interest,฀special฀requirements,฀facilities)? •฀ Did฀the฀candidate฀assess฀participants฀(properly฀equipped,฀etc.)฀as฀appropriate฀ for฀the฀program? •฀ Did฀the฀candidate฀brief฀participants฀on฀entry/exit฀techniques฀and฀locations? •฀ Did฀the฀candidate฀include฀other฀briefing฀components฀as฀required฀by฀program฀ standards? •฀ Did฀the฀candidate฀confirm฀that฀divers฀have฀buddies? •฀ Did฀the฀candidate฀confirm฀or฀make฀a฀predive฀safety฀check฀(as฀appropriate฀for฀ the฀program)? •฀ Did฀the฀candidate฀review฀communications,฀emergency฀procedures฀and฀recall฀ procedures?

Program฀Conduct •฀ Did฀the฀candidate฀supervise฀from฀appropriate฀vantage฀point? •฀ Did฀the฀candidate฀give฀effective฀skill฀demonstrations฀(if฀appropriate฀for฀program)? •฀ Did฀the฀candidate฀handle฀problems฀effectively? •฀ Did฀the฀candidate฀keep฀activities฀organized฀and฀in฀control?

Debriefing •฀ Did฀the฀candidate฀identify฀problems฀and฀solutions฀to฀them? •฀ Did฀the฀candidate฀sign฀dive฀logs?

General •฀ Was฀the฀program฀generally฀positive฀and฀fun? •฀ Did฀the฀candidate฀follow฀PADI฀Standards฀throughout? •฀ Did฀the฀candidate฀make฀appropriate฀adjustments฀to฀ratios,฀limits,฀etc.฀within฀ standards฀to฀accommodate฀conditions,฀individual฀characteristics฀or฀other฀factors? Remediate฀candidates,฀as฀necessary,฀and฀have฀them฀repeat฀the฀exercise฀until฀ they฀can฀to฀conduct฀the฀program฀adequately฀in฀all฀respects.

5-6฀

Five:฀Practical฀Application

Practical฀Application Internship฀฀(Option฀1) The฀Internship฀portion฀of฀the฀Practical฀Application฀Module฀meets฀both฀instructional฀ and฀experience฀goals฀for฀the฀PADI฀Divemaster฀course฀by฀having฀candidates฀supervise฀and฀assist฀divers฀during฀training฀situations.฀ The฀philosophy฀of฀the฀internship฀is฀for฀candidates฀to฀learn฀by฀applying฀principles฀and฀skills฀to฀actual฀supervision฀and฀teaching฀situations.฀Your฀role฀as฀an฀ instructor/mentor฀is฀to฀guide฀this฀experiential฀learning฀so฀that฀candidates฀gradually฀ gain฀confidence฀and฀broaden฀responsibilities฀in฀a฀wide฀array฀of฀activities.฀Therefore,฀ candidate฀duties฀may฀range฀from฀assisting฀with฀equipment฀handling฀and฀logistics฀to฀ assisting฀a฀student฀diver฀with฀a฀problem฀(under฀instructor฀supervision).฀฀ For฀all฀internship฀activities฀a฀PADI฀Instructor฀must฀fill฀in฀any฀gaps฀or฀make฀ any฀corrections฀necessary฀to฀ensure฀that฀divers฀receive฀complete฀and฀accurate฀ training.฀Besides฀directly฀supervising฀program฀conduct,฀a฀PADI฀Instructor฀must฀ assess฀diver฀skills฀to฀assure฀mastery฀consistent฀with฀program฀requirements. As฀stated฀earlier,฀you฀have฀the฀choice฀of฀having฀candidates฀complete฀the฀entire฀ Internship฀or฀all฀the฀Practical฀Training฀Exercises.฀Giving฀candidates฀the฀opportunity฀to฀complete฀all฀of฀one฀and฀parts฀of฀the฀other฀is฀recommended฀when฀feasible฀for฀ added฀candidate฀confidence฀and฀experience.฀

Internship฀Requirements Divemaster฀candidates฀must฀participate฀in฀at฀least: 1.฀ One฀PADI฀Open฀Water฀Diver฀course฀confined฀water฀session. 2.฀ Four฀additional฀confined฀water฀training฀sessions฀from฀any฀PADI฀ course฀or฀program.฀This฀may฀include฀sessions฀from฀the฀Open฀Water฀Diver฀ course,฀Discover฀Scuba฀Diving฀program,฀Peak฀Performance฀Buoyancy฀ course฀and฀other฀specialty฀courses฀and฀PADI฀programs. 3.฀ One฀PADI฀Open฀Water฀Diver฀course฀open฀water฀training฀dive. 4.฀ One฀PADI฀Adventures฀in฀Diving,฀Rescue฀Diver฀or฀PADI฀Specialty฀Diver฀ course฀open฀water฀training฀session. 5.฀ Three฀additional฀open฀water฀training฀dives฀from฀any฀PADI฀course฀or฀ program.฀ 6.฀ One฀supervisory฀situation฀with฀certified฀divers฀not฀in฀a฀formal฀course. Required฀Training฀Exercise฀sessions฀with฀actual฀student฀divers/certified฀divers฀to฀ meet฀other฀PADI฀Divemaster฀course฀requirements฀may฀not฀be฀counted฀toward฀ the฀internship฀requirement.

Divemaster฀Course฀Instructor฀Guide฀

5-7

Internship฀Objectives During฀the฀internship,฀candidates฀must: 1.฀ Organize฀the฀predive฀setup฀of฀equipment฀by฀Open฀Water฀Diver฀students฀for฀confined฀water฀and฀open฀water฀training. 2.฀ Coordinate฀student฀diver฀flow฀during฀confined฀water฀and฀open฀water฀ training฀dives. 3.฀ Supervise฀Open฀Water฀Diver฀student฀divers฀not฀receiving฀the฀immediate฀attention฀of฀the฀instructor฀during฀confined฀and฀open฀water฀training. 4.฀ Account฀for฀buddy฀teams฀entering฀and฀leaving฀the฀water฀by฀checking฀them฀in฀and฀out฀of฀the฀water. 5.฀ Assist฀an฀Open฀Water฀Diver฀student฀overcome฀a฀learning฀difficulty฀ in฀confined฀water,฀or฀a฀continuing฀education฀student฀diver฀in฀open฀ water.฀ 6.฀ Respond฀to,฀or฀prevent,฀diver฀problems฀as฀they฀occur฀in฀each฀section฀ of฀the฀internship. 7.฀ Demonstrate฀four฀or฀more฀skills฀for฀student฀divers฀in฀confined฀water.฀ 8.฀ Assist฀in฀the฀preparation฀of฀an฀open฀water฀training฀site. 9.฀ Conduct฀an฀environmental฀assessment฀at฀an฀open฀ water฀training฀site฀and฀report฀to฀the฀instructor฀appropriate฀recommendations฀about฀the฀suitability฀ of฀the฀site฀for฀training฀entry-level฀and฀continuing฀ education฀student฀divers. 10.฀Lead฀student฀divers฀on฀an฀underwater฀tour฀(ratio฀ 2:1)฀for฀pleasure.฀(A฀PADI฀Instructor฀must฀directly฀ supervise฀this฀tour,฀though฀the฀candidate฀conducts฀ the฀tour฀as฀if฀the฀instructor฀were฀indirectly฀supervising.)

Note:฀PADI฀Divemaster฀ candidates฀may฀not฀be฀used฀ to฀meet฀ratio฀requirements,฀ and฀they฀may฀not฀indirectly฀ supervise฀uncertified฀divers.

11.฀Conduct฀environmental฀and฀diver฀assessments฀for฀supervising฀divers฀ not฀in฀training฀and฀include฀recommendations฀based฀on฀the฀assessment฀in฀a฀predive฀briefing,฀and฀take฀other฀appropriate฀steps฀based฀ on฀the฀assessments. 12.฀Conduct฀an฀appropriate฀predive฀briefing฀for฀a฀dive฀site.฀ 13.฀Escort฀continuing฀education฀student฀divers฀on฀an฀indirectly-supervised฀training฀dives฀and฀report฀observed฀performances฀to฀the฀instructor฀and฀assist฀with฀problems,฀if฀any.฀

Assessing฀Candidate฀Performance Mastery฀of฀Internship฀objectives฀is฀based฀on฀scoring฀a฀3฀or฀higher฀on฀each฀of฀the฀ performance฀requirements.฀It฀is฀suggested฀that฀you฀use฀Practical฀Training฀Exercises฀ as฀a฀way฀to฀remediate฀and฀train฀candidates฀who฀score฀lower฀than฀3฀prior฀to฀resuming฀the฀internship.

5-8฀

Five:฀Practical฀Application

Score฀ 5฀

4฀ 3฀

2฀

1฀

Divemaster฀Course฀Instructor฀Guide฀

฀฀฀฀฀฀฀Performance฀

฀

฀

฀

฀

฀

Candidate฀independently฀accomplished฀the฀objective฀without฀noticeable฀errors,฀and฀showed฀creativity฀while฀anticipating฀instructor฀and฀diver฀needs฀in฀the฀process. Candidate฀accomplished฀the฀objective฀with฀no฀noticeable฀errors฀and฀without฀significant฀help฀from฀instructor฀or฀staff. Candidate฀accomplished฀the฀objective฀adequately,฀with฀a฀ few฀insignificant฀errors.฀Instructor฀correction฀and฀intervention฀limited฀to฀brief฀reminders฀or฀suggestions. Candidate฀showed฀rudimentary฀understanding฀of฀tasks฀ required฀to฀meet฀objective,฀but฀made฀significant฀errors฀or฀ omissions.฀Instructor฀correction฀and฀intervention฀was฀required฀for฀a฀competent฀result. Candidates฀made฀many฀or฀substantial฀errors฀and฀omissions฀ in฀attempting฀task,฀or฀tasks฀not฀completed.฀

5-9

Practical฀Training฀Exercises฀ (Option฀2)

The฀Practical฀Training฀Exercises฀offer฀an฀alternative฀to฀an฀Internship฀when฀logistics฀ and฀actual฀supervisory฀situations฀make฀an฀Internship฀unfeasible.฀Practical฀Training฀Exercises฀afford฀comparable฀training฀and฀experience฀because฀you฀can฀simulate฀ the฀situations฀candidates฀would฀encounter.฀Although฀the฀exercises฀don’t฀provide฀the฀ same฀hands-on฀experience฀as฀an฀Internship,฀you฀can฀present฀candidates฀with฀a฀wide฀ variety฀of฀specific฀challenges฀they฀may฀expect฀in฀their฀roles฀as฀PADI฀Divemasters. In฀setting฀up฀the฀scenario฀for฀each฀Practical฀Training฀Exercise,฀you฀may฀have฀ other฀candidates,฀certified฀divers฀or฀instructional฀staff฀members฀play฀the฀roles฀of฀ participating฀divers.฀In฀briefing฀participants,฀ask฀them฀to฀try฀to฀play฀their฀parts฀as฀ realistically฀as฀possible.฀The฀more฀realistic฀the฀role฀playing,฀the฀more฀candidates฀ learn฀and฀benefit฀from฀the฀exercises.฀ Each฀exercise฀includes฀responding฀to฀diver฀problems.฀Candidates฀should฀not฀ know฀the฀problems฀,who฀will฀have฀them฀or฀when,฀in฀advance.฀The฀intent฀is฀to฀assign฀ routine฀problems฀faced฀by฀PADI฀Divemasters,฀such฀as฀buddy฀separation,฀low฀air,฀ broken฀fin฀strap,฀etc.฀ All฀dives฀conducted฀as฀part฀of฀these฀exercises฀should฀include฀normal฀diving฀procedures฀–฀evaluating฀conditions,฀predive฀safety฀checks,฀etc.฀You฀may฀assign฀candidates฀to฀perform฀these฀steps฀for฀practice฀and฀review.

Assessing฀Candidate฀Performance Mastery฀of฀all฀Practical฀Training฀Exercise฀objectives฀is฀based฀on฀scoring฀of฀a฀3฀or฀ higher฀on฀each฀of฀the฀performance฀requirements.฀Remediate฀and฀counsel฀candidates฀who฀score฀lower฀than฀3฀and฀repeat฀exercises฀as฀necessary.

Score฀ 5฀

4฀ 3฀

2฀

1฀

5-10฀

฀฀฀฀฀฀฀Performance฀

฀

฀

฀

฀

฀

Candidate฀independently฀accomplished฀the฀objective฀without฀noticeable฀errors,฀and฀showed฀creativity฀while฀anticipating฀instructor฀and฀diver฀needs฀in฀the฀process. Candidate฀accomplished฀the฀objective฀with฀no฀noticeable฀ errors฀and฀without฀significant฀help฀from฀instructor฀or฀staff. Candidate฀accomplished฀the฀objective฀adequately,฀with฀a฀ few฀insignificant฀errors.฀Instructor฀correction฀and฀intervention฀limited฀to฀brief฀reminders฀or฀suggestions. Candidate฀showed฀rudimentary฀understanding฀of฀tasks฀ required฀to฀meet฀objective,฀but฀made฀significant฀errors฀or฀ omissions.฀Instructor฀correction฀and฀intervention฀was฀required฀for฀a฀competent฀result. Candidates฀made฀many฀or฀substantial฀errors฀and฀omissions฀ in฀attempting฀task,฀or฀tasks฀not฀completed.฀

Five:฀Practical฀Application

Practical฀Training฀Exercise฀1฀ Certified฀Divers฀in฀Open฀Water This฀exercise฀simulates฀the฀role฀a฀divemaster฀plays฀in฀supervising฀general฀diving฀ activities฀and฀includes฀leading฀a฀dive฀tour.฀

Procedures 1.฀฀ Use฀a฀typical฀dive฀site฀appropriate฀for฀noninstructional฀diving.฀Assign฀participants฀who฀are฀role฀playing฀“divers”฀various฀experience฀and฀training฀levels,฀and฀ problems.฀If฀several฀divemaster฀candidates฀are฀ participating,฀you฀will฀rotate฀roles฀and฀repeat฀the฀ Candidates฀must: exercise฀for฀each฀candidate. 1.฀ Conduct฀environmental฀and฀ 2.฀ Have฀the฀candidate฀assess฀the฀dive฀site฀and฀ diver฀assessments,฀and฀take฀ divers,฀and฀choose฀a฀vantage฀point฀and฀inwaother฀appropriate฀supervisory฀ ter฀supervision฀techniques. steps฀based฀on฀the฀assessments. 3.฀ Have฀the฀candidate฀assume฀the฀lead฀and฀฀ 2.฀ Conduct฀an฀appropriate฀predive฀ brief฀the฀group,฀confirm฀buddy฀teams,฀direct฀ briefing฀for฀a฀dive฀site.฀ predive฀safety฀checks฀and฀take฀other฀appropri3.฀ Account฀for฀buddy฀teams฀enterate฀steps. ing฀and฀leaving฀the฀water. 4.฀ In฀the฀water,฀the฀candidate฀should฀escorts฀ 4.฀ Respond฀to,฀or฀prevent฀diver฀ divers,฀handling฀assigned฀problems฀as฀they฀ problems฀appropriately occur.฀ 5.฀ After฀the฀dive,฀have฀the฀candidate฀finish฀the฀scenario฀with฀a฀short฀debriefing.฀ Then฀you฀debrief฀the฀group฀about฀the฀exercise,฀and฀privately฀debrief฀the฀candidate฀about฀the฀candidate’s฀performance.

Practical฀Training฀Exercise฀2 Open฀Water฀Diver฀Students฀in฀Confined฀Water฀ This฀exercise฀simulates฀the฀role฀a฀divemaster฀plays฀in฀assisting฀the฀training฀of฀entrylevel฀divers฀in฀confined฀water.฀

Procedures 1.฀ Conduct฀an฀Open฀Water฀Diver฀course฀-฀Confined฀Water฀Dive฀as฀you฀normally฀ would฀with฀actual฀students.฀If฀several฀divemaster฀candidates฀are฀participating,฀ you฀will฀rotate฀roles฀and฀repeat฀the฀exercise฀for฀each฀candidate. 2.฀฀ Assign฀participants,฀who฀are฀role฀playing฀“student฀divers,”฀various฀problems฀to฀ have฀during฀each฀phase฀of฀the฀session.฀Explain฀exactly฀how฀quickly฀or฀slowly฀to฀ “learn”฀the฀skill฀or฀correct฀a฀mistake฀when฀working฀one-on-one฀with฀the฀divemaster฀candidate.฀ 3.฀฀ Begin฀with฀class฀set฀up.฀Tell฀the฀candidate฀where฀you฀want฀the฀class฀to฀be฀staged฀ and฀have฀the฀candidate฀supervise฀student฀divers. 4.฀฀ In฀confined฀water,฀brief฀students฀on฀a฀skill,฀explaining฀that฀the฀candidate฀will฀ demonstrate฀the฀skill.฀

Divemaster฀Course฀Instructor฀Guide฀

5-11

5.฀฀ Underwater,฀have฀the฀candidate฀ demonstrate,฀then฀conduct฀skill฀ practice฀with฀students.฀Have฀the฀ divemaster฀candidate฀supervise฀the฀ class,฀control฀student฀diver฀flow,฀and฀ handle฀problems฀that฀occur฀with฀student฀divers฀you’re฀not฀working฀with. 6.฀฀ Have฀the฀candidate฀work฀independently฀with฀one฀student฀diver฀who฀ has฀difficulty฀mastering฀a฀skill. 7.฀฀ After฀the฀student฀diver฀masters฀the฀ skill,฀signal฀everyone฀to฀surface฀and฀ debrief฀the฀group฀as฀if฀they฀were฀ Open฀Water฀Diver฀students.฀Then฀ privately฀debrief฀the฀candidate฀about฀ the฀candidate’s฀performance.

Candidates฀must: 1.฀ Organize฀the฀predive฀setup฀of฀equipment฀ by฀Open฀Water฀Diver฀students฀for฀confined฀water฀training฀dives. 2.฀ Coordinate฀student฀diver฀flow฀during฀ confined฀water฀training฀dives฀. 3.฀ Supervise฀Open฀Water฀Diver฀students฀not฀ receiving฀the฀immediate฀attention฀of฀the฀ instructor฀during฀confined฀water฀training฀dives฀. 4.฀ Assist฀an฀Open฀Water฀Diver฀student฀in฀ overcoming฀a฀learning฀difficulty฀in฀confined฀water. 5.฀ Respond฀to,฀or฀prevent,฀student฀diver฀ problems฀as฀they฀occur. 6.฀ Demonstrate฀a฀skill฀for฀student฀divers฀in฀ confined฀water.

Practical฀Training฀Exercise฀3฀ Open฀Water฀Diver฀Students฀in฀Open฀Water฀ This฀exercise฀simulates฀the฀role฀the฀divemaster฀plays฀in฀assisting฀the฀training฀of฀ entry-level฀divers฀in฀open฀water.฀

Procedures 1.฀ Conduct฀an฀Open฀Water฀Diver฀course฀ –฀Open฀Water฀Dive฀as฀you฀normally฀ would฀with฀actual฀students.฀If฀several฀ divemaster฀candidates฀are฀participating,฀you฀will฀rotate฀roles฀and฀repeat฀ the฀exercise฀for฀each฀candidate. 2.฀฀ Assign฀participants,฀who฀are฀role฀ playing฀“student฀divers,”฀various฀ problems฀to฀have฀during฀each฀phase฀ of฀the฀session. 3.฀฀ Have฀the฀candidate฀evaluate฀the฀conditions฀and฀make฀a฀recommendation฀ regarding฀the฀suitability฀of฀conditions฀for฀entry-level฀training.฀ 4.฀฀ Have฀the฀candidate฀supervise฀student฀divers฀while฀they฀set฀up฀for฀the฀ dive.฀Also฀have฀the฀candidate฀assist฀ with฀site฀preparation฀as฀necessary฀ (anchoring฀float,฀etc.)

5-12฀

Candidates฀must: 1.฀ Conduct฀an฀environmental฀assessment฀at฀ an฀open฀water฀training฀site฀and฀report฀to฀ the฀instructor฀appropriate฀recommendations฀about฀the฀suitability฀of฀the฀site฀for฀ training฀entry-level฀student฀divers. 2.฀ Organize฀the฀predive฀setup฀of฀equipment฀ by฀Open฀Water฀Diver฀student฀divers฀for฀ open฀water฀training. 3.฀ Assist฀in฀the฀preparation฀of฀an฀open฀water฀ training฀site. 4.฀ Coordinate฀student฀diver฀flow฀during฀ open฀water฀training. 5.฀ Supervise฀Open฀Water฀Diver฀student฀divers฀not฀receiving฀the฀immediate฀attention฀ of฀the฀instructor฀during฀open฀water฀training. 6.฀ Respond฀to,฀or฀prevent,฀student฀diver฀ problems฀as฀they฀occur. 7.฀ Lead฀student฀divers฀on฀an฀underwater฀ tour฀(ratio฀2:1)฀for฀pleasure.

Five:฀Practical฀Application

5.฀฀ Begin฀open฀water฀training฀dive฀and฀have฀the฀candidate฀perform฀normal฀duties฀ —฀escorting฀student฀divers฀at฀the฀surface,฀attending฀them฀as฀you฀conduct฀skills,฀ assisting฀in฀and฀out฀of฀water,฀etc.฀Allow฀the฀candidate฀to฀handle฀assigned฀problems฀as฀they฀occur. 6.฀฀ Have฀the฀candidate฀take฀two฀student฀divers฀on฀underwater฀tour฀while฀you฀follow฀ to฀observe฀and฀assess฀performance.฀Explain฀to฀candidates฀that฀they฀should฀conduct฀the฀tour฀as฀though฀you฀were฀not฀directly฀present. 7.฀฀ After฀the฀dive,฀debrief฀the฀group.฀Then฀privately฀debrief฀candidate฀about฀the฀ candidate’s฀performance.

Practical฀Training฀Exercise฀4 Continuing฀Education฀Student฀Divers฀in฀Open฀ Water฀ This฀exercise฀simulates฀the฀role฀the฀divemaster฀plays฀in฀assisting฀the฀training฀of฀divers฀at฀levels฀above฀the฀Open฀Water฀Diver฀level.฀

Procedures 1.฀฀ Choose฀a฀dive฀from฀a฀PADI฀continuing฀education฀course฀to฀conduct.฀If฀it’s฀a฀Specialty฀Diver฀course฀dive,฀select฀a฀specialty฀with฀which฀the฀divemaster฀candidate฀ has฀experience.฀If฀several฀divemaster฀candidates฀are฀participating,฀rotate฀roles฀ and฀repeat฀the฀exercise฀for฀each฀candidate. 2.฀฀ Assign฀participants,฀who฀are฀role฀playing฀“student฀divers,”฀various฀underwater฀ tasks฀and฀problems฀associated฀with฀those฀tasks฀(e.g.,฀an฀underwater฀photography฀student฀might฀leave฀the฀lens฀cap฀on฀while฀trying฀to฀shoot฀a฀photo.)

Candidates฀must: 1.฀ Coordinate฀student฀diver฀flow฀during฀open฀water฀training. 2.฀ Escort฀continuing฀education฀student฀ divers฀under฀the฀indirect฀supervision฀of฀the฀instructor฀during฀open฀ water฀training฀and฀report฀performance฀and฀learning฀difficulties฀to฀ instructor.฀ 3.฀ Assist฀a฀continuing฀education฀student฀diver฀in฀overcoming฀a฀learning฀ difficulty.฀

3.฀฀฀Have฀the฀candidate฀prepare฀for฀dive฀ with฀the฀students,฀enter฀the฀water฀and฀escort฀ the฀divers฀as฀they฀begin฀the฀training฀dive.฀ Follow฀to฀observe฀and฀assess฀candidate฀performance,฀but฀explain฀that฀the฀candidate฀ should฀conduct฀the฀dive฀as฀though฀you฀were฀ not฀directly฀present. 4.฀฀฀As฀assigned฀problems฀occur,฀allow฀the฀ candidate฀to฀assist฀the฀divers฀correct฀and฀ complete฀their฀tasks.฀ 5.฀฀฀After฀dive,฀ask฀the฀candidate฀about฀student฀diver฀performance.฀Then฀debrief฀group,฀ and฀privately฀debrief฀candidate฀about฀the฀ candidate’s฀performance.

4.฀ Respond฀to,฀or฀prevent,฀student฀ diver฀problems฀as฀they฀occur..

Divemaster฀Course฀Instructor฀Guide฀

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5-14฀

Five:฀Practical฀Application

Appendix

Table฀of฀Contents PADI฀Membership฀and฀License฀Agreement฀

A-2

Divemaster฀Application฀

A-3

Divemaster฀Candidate฀Information฀and฀Evaluation฀Form฀

A-4

Divemaster฀Skill฀Development฀Score฀Sheet฀

A-6

Practical฀Application฀Record฀Sheet฀

A-7

Discover฀Scuba฀Diving฀Internship฀Completion฀Form฀

A-8

Divemaster฀Exam฀–฀Answer฀Key฀A฀

A-9

Divemaster฀Exam฀–฀Answer฀Key฀B฀

A-12

Divemaster฀Exam฀–฀Answer฀Sheet฀

A-15

Divemaster฀Manual฀–฀Knowledge฀Review฀Answer฀Keys฀

A-18

n฀ sociatio ional฀As Profess g฀Instructors of฀Divin Divemaster฀Course฀Instructor฀Guide฀

PADI฀Membership฀Agreement PLEASE฀READ฀CAREFULLY –฀Sign฀statement฀on฀application Renewal฀and฀continued฀membership฀is฀partially฀based฀upon฀your฀reading฀and signing฀this฀Agreement.฀PADI฀will฀consider฀renewal฀of฀your฀membership฀subject฀to the฀following฀terms฀and฀conditions: 1. I฀will฀abide฀by฀all฀PADI฀Standards฀and฀Procedures฀as฀published฀in฀the฀PADI Instructor฀Manual and Training฀Bulletin and฀other฀updates,฀within฀the฀capacity of฀my฀current฀classification,฀when฀conducting฀PADI฀programs,฀and฀will฀not deviate฀from฀them฀when฀representing฀myself฀as฀a฀PADI฀Member. 2.฀฀ I฀have฀made฀myself฀knowledgeable฀about฀the฀latest฀PADI฀Standards฀and Procedures฀by฀reading฀the฀Training฀Bulletin and฀related฀publications.฀I฀have become฀familiar฀with฀PADI฀educational฀materials฀and฀am฀knowledgeable฀of any฀revisions฀to฀such฀materials฀and฀the฀introduction฀of฀new฀materials.฀ 3.฀฀ I฀am฀aware฀of฀the฀fact฀that฀scuba฀diving฀can฀seriously฀affect฀a฀person’s฀health and฀life.฀I฀agree฀to฀omit฀from฀certification฀any฀student฀who฀does฀not฀meet฀all the฀prerequisites฀and฀performance฀requirements฀specified฀for฀the฀respective level฀of฀certification. 4.฀฀ I฀understand฀and฀agree฀that฀any฀false฀reports฀of฀standards฀violations฀deemed by฀the฀Quality฀Management฀Committee฀to฀have฀been฀made฀for฀competitive, political฀or฀financial฀reasons฀shall฀be฀grounds฀for฀Quality฀Assurance฀action. 5.฀฀ I฀am฀aware฀of฀the฀Quality฀Assurance฀Report฀Form฀that฀may฀be฀filed฀with PADI.฀I฀am฀further฀aware฀of฀the฀recourse฀available฀to฀me฀through฀the฀PADI Quality฀Assurance฀process฀to฀refute฀any฀complaints฀that฀may฀be฀reported.฀I understand฀and฀agree฀that฀all฀rulings฀by฀the฀Quality฀Management฀Committee with฀regard฀to฀such฀complaints฀shall฀be฀deemed฀binding. 6. I฀understand฀and฀agree฀that฀PADI฀may฀notify฀other฀certifying฀organizations should฀a฀PADI฀Member฀be฀required฀by฀the฀Quality฀Management฀Committee to฀undergo฀instructor-level฀retraining.฀I฀further฀understand฀that฀the฀names฀of suspended฀and฀expelled฀members฀will฀be฀published฀in฀The฀Undersea฀Journal and฀on฀PADI’s฀web฀site. 7. I฀understand฀and฀agree฀that฀all฀members฀(individuals,฀dive฀centers฀and resorts)฀involved฀in฀the฀training฀of฀a฀particular฀student,฀as฀determined฀by฀the student’s฀certification฀records฀at฀PADI,฀are฀responsible฀for฀adherence฀to฀PADI Standards฀during฀the฀conduct฀of฀that฀training.฀The฀Quality฀Assurance Department฀will฀communicate฀with฀all฀involved฀members฀upon฀receipt฀of reports฀or฀any฀other฀information฀indicating฀possible฀violation฀of฀PADI Standards฀and฀Procedures.

8. I฀understand฀and฀agree฀that฀financial฀irresponsibility฀in฀dealings฀with฀PADI฀is grounds฀for฀membership฀suspension. 9. I฀will฀not฀discredit฀PADI฀nor฀cause฀any฀action฀that฀will฀create฀a฀liability฀to฀PADI. PADI฀will฀have฀the฀sole฀right฀to฀determine฀whether฀any฀actions฀are฀detrimental to฀PADI. 10.฀I฀will฀file฀a฀PADI฀Incident฀Report฀Form฀with฀PADI฀for฀any฀diving-related฀incident of฀which฀I฀am฀aware฀that฀may฀have฀harmed฀or฀potentially฀harmed฀myself฀or another฀individual. 11. I฀agree฀to฀provide฀PADI฀with฀true฀and฀correct฀student/participant฀contact฀information,฀including฀the฀student’s฀proper฀mailing฀address,฀when฀I฀submit฀any฀certification฀authorization฀or฀participant฀registration฀(PIC฀envelope,฀application,฀or registration฀card/roster)฀to฀PADI.฀I฀understand฀such฀information฀shall฀be฀the property฀of฀both฀PADI฀and฀the฀submitting฀member. 12.฀I฀acknowledge฀that฀diving฀and฀diving฀instruction฀are฀physically฀strenuous฀activities฀and฀that฀it฀is฀my฀personal฀responsibility฀to฀maintain฀the฀necessary฀level฀of fitness฀in฀order฀to฀involve฀myself฀in฀diving฀instructional฀and฀supervisory฀activities.฀I฀also฀acknowledge฀that฀should฀my฀physical฀condition฀change,฀rendering me฀incapable฀of฀meeting฀the฀physical฀requirements฀of฀diving฀instruction฀and supervision,฀I฀will฀cease฀my฀instructional฀and฀supervisory฀activities฀until฀I฀am again฀capable฀and,฀if฀necessary,฀cleared฀by฀a฀diving฀medical฀examination฀performed฀by฀a฀licensed฀physician. 13. I฀understand฀and฀agree฀that฀the฀terms฀and฀conditions฀of฀this฀Agreement฀were effective฀and฀binding฀1฀January฀1999฀and฀for฀subsequent฀years฀of฀my฀membership฀with฀PADI.฀Should฀PADI฀modify฀this฀Agreement,฀I฀will฀be฀notified฀in writing฀of฀the฀changes฀prior฀to฀the฀next฀renewal. 14. I฀acknowledge฀that฀this฀Agreement฀does฀not฀intend฀to฀create฀an฀agency฀relationship฀between฀me฀and฀PADI.฀Except฀as฀otherwise฀provided฀in฀this Membership฀Agreement,฀PADI฀has฀no฀control฀over฀or฀involvement฀with฀my day-to-day฀operations฀and฀activities฀and฀bears฀no฀responsibility฀for฀the฀same. 15.฀ I฀understand and฀agree฀that฀membership฀in฀PADI฀is฀granted฀at฀the฀sole฀discretion฀of฀PADI, based฀on฀its฀unilateral฀determination฀of฀several฀criteria฀including, but฀not฀limited฀to,฀whether฀acceptance฀and฀continuation฀of฀membership฀is฀in the฀best฀interest฀of฀PADI.฀Satisfaction฀of฀minimum฀requirements฀does฀not guarantee฀membership.฀Membership฀in฀PADI,฀at฀any฀level,฀may฀be฀revoked฀at any฀time. Rev.฀8/00

License฀Agreement PADI฀Worldwide฀Corp.฀(a฀California฀corporation,฀hereinafter฀“PADI”)฀has฀the฀right and฀authority฀to฀use฀and฀sublicense฀various฀marks฀owned฀by฀International฀PADI, Inc.฀(a฀California฀corporation).฀These฀marks฀include,฀but฀are฀not฀limited฀to, Professional฀Association฀of฀Diving฀Instructors,฀PADI,฀certain฀logotypes฀-including฀a diver฀placed฀on฀a฀world,฀a฀mark฀for฀The฀Undersea฀Journal,฀as฀well฀as฀other฀marks, including฀Specialty฀and฀Certification฀marks.฀PADI฀relies฀upon฀the฀foregoing฀marks to฀indicate฀the฀source฀of฀origin฀of฀its฀services,฀certifications฀and฀products,฀so฀that the฀public฀will฀be฀protected;฀and฀its฀instructors,฀Dive฀Centers,฀Resort฀Dive Operators,฀Dive฀Boat฀Operators,฀students฀and฀others฀associated฀with฀PADI฀will receive฀the฀highest-quality฀services฀and฀products฀pertaining฀to฀its฀business. To฀provide฀its฀members฀with฀the฀ability฀to฀advertise,฀promote฀and฀indicate฀the source฀of฀origin฀of฀the฀PADI฀services,฀certifications฀and฀products฀they฀provide, PADI฀Members฀are฀hereby฀granted฀a฀license฀to฀use฀the฀forgoing฀marks฀on฀promotional฀materials฀only,฀specifically฀printed,฀film฀or฀video฀formats,฀and฀software,฀fixed media,฀such฀as฀floppy฀disks,฀hard฀drives฀or฀CD-ROM,฀or฀any฀interactive฀digital฀or broadcast฀media฀or฀methods,฀including,฀but฀not฀limited฀to,฀internet฀or฀World฀Wide Web฀Sites. The฀license฀shall฀not฀extend฀to฀the฀provision฀of฀other฀printed฀materials,฀such฀as manuals,฀books,฀instructions,฀clothing฀or฀products฀or฀any฀other฀materials฀whether or฀not฀they฀are฀manufactured,฀sold,฀distributed฀or฀licensed฀to฀others฀by฀PADI. This฀license฀extended฀by฀PADI฀shall฀only฀be฀with฀respect฀to฀(1.)฀Printed฀advertising and฀promotional฀materials,฀(newspaper฀and฀periodical฀advertisements,฀telephonedirectory฀advertising,฀handbills฀and฀signs);฀(2.)฀Film฀and฀video฀format฀promotional materials฀such฀as฀television฀commercials,฀slide฀shows฀or฀promotional฀videos;฀and (3.)฀Software,฀fixed฀media,฀such฀as฀floppy฀disks,฀hard฀drives฀or฀CD-ROM,฀or฀any interactive฀digital฀or฀broadcast฀media฀or฀methods,฀including,฀but฀not฀limited฀to, Product฀No.฀10125฀(2/02)฀Version฀1.0

A-2฀

internet฀or฀World฀Wide฀Web฀Sites;฀none฀of฀which฀shall฀include฀use฀on฀any฀item or฀product฀intended฀for฀resale.฀The฀word฀“PADI”฀(padi)฀may฀not฀be฀used฀in฀internet฀domain฀names. The฀foregoing฀license฀for฀advertising฀and฀promotional฀use฀shall฀in฀all฀respects follow฀the฀exact฀format,฀character,฀general฀appearance,฀type฀style,฀background and฀proportions฀of฀the฀marks฀originating฀from฀PADI.฀In฀no฀case฀shall฀the฀marks be฀combined฀with฀other฀marks,฀symbols,฀language฀or฀be฀in฀a฀format฀and appearance฀other฀than฀that฀actually฀used฀by฀PADI.฀The฀full฀trademark฀must฀be used;฀truncated฀or฀partial฀use฀of฀a฀mark฀is฀not฀authorized. This฀license฀shall฀be฀personal฀to฀the฀individual฀member฀and฀shall฀be฀nontransferable,฀nondivisible฀and฀not฀capable฀of฀being฀sublicensed฀in฀any฀manner through฀any฀party. Notwithstanding฀the฀foregoing,฀PADI฀shall฀have฀the฀sole฀right฀to฀disapprove฀of any฀promotional฀materials฀prepared฀and฀shall฀be฀the฀sole฀judge฀of฀the฀criteria฀of whether฀it฀meets฀the฀standard฀of฀this฀license฀agreement.฀To฀this฀end,฀any฀suggestions฀or฀requests฀by฀authorized฀members฀of฀the฀PADI฀staff฀as฀to฀the฀usage of฀the฀marks฀shall฀be฀complied฀with฀as฀soon฀as฀possible฀to฀avoid฀mistakes, deceptions,฀dilution฀or฀other฀problems฀that฀would฀be฀detrimental฀to฀the฀foregoing marks. Regardless฀of฀the฀foregoing฀license,฀PADI฀shall฀have฀the฀right฀to฀institute฀and bring฀any฀suit฀or฀any฀other฀action฀necessary฀to฀protect฀its฀marks฀as฀to฀any฀person,฀firm฀or฀corporation฀now฀or฀prospectively฀using฀the฀marks฀or฀any฀similar marks,฀derivations,฀analogs,฀trade฀names,฀fanciful฀scripts฀or฀designs. This฀license฀shall฀extend฀for฀the฀term฀of฀membership,฀which฀shall฀be฀terminated forthwith฀upon฀termination฀of฀the฀member’s฀relationship฀with฀PADI. Rev.฀8/00 © International฀PADI,฀Inc.฀2002

Appendix

DIVEMASTER APPLICATION

OFFICE฀USE฀ONLY #฀D-฀______________________________ Cert.฀Date฀_________________________

PLEASE฀PRINT฀OR฀TYPE฀฀฀Return฀certification฀package฀to:฀ ฀Dive฀Center/Resort฀฀฀฀ ฀Instructor฀฀฀฀ ฀Applicant

฀By฀_______________________________

Name____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Mailing฀ Address฀ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ City฀ ___________________________________________________________________________ State/Province฀ __________________________ Country฀ ฀ _______________________________________________________________________ ฀ Zip/Postal฀ Code฀ ________________________ Home฀Phone฀฀(______)______________________________________ ฀฀฀Business฀Phone฀฀(______)฀____________________________________ FAX฀฀(______)____________________________฀฀฀Email฀__________________________________฀฀Birth฀Date_____________ ฀฀Sex:฀฀ ฀M฀฀฀ ฀F Preferred฀Language฀______________________________________฀Where฀will฀you฀work฀after฀certification฀________________________________ Country

PREREQUISITE REQUIREMENTS Must฀be฀PADI฀Advanced฀Open฀Water฀Diver,฀PADI฀Rescue฀Diver฀and฀Emergency฀First฀Response฀Primary฀Care฀(EFR)฀and฀Secondary฀Care฀(First Aid), or฀hold฀qualifying฀certifications฀from฀another฀organization.฀Copies฀of฀ALL฀non-PADI฀certifications฀must฀be฀attached฀to฀this฀application.

PADI฀AOW฀_____________________________฀฀฀PADI฀Rescue฀______________________________฀฀฀EFR฀_____________________________ Student฀Number฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀Student฀Number ฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀Student฀Number

DIVEMASTER CERTIFICATION INFORMATION

This฀Application฀must฀be฀signed฀by฀the฀applicant฀and฀the฀certifying฀instructor฀(a฀PADI฀Open฀Water฀Scuba฀Instructor฀or฀higher฀level).฀This application฀does฀not฀constitute฀membership.฀Membership฀is฀activated฀only฀upon฀review฀and฀approval฀of฀this฀application฀by฀PADI. PADI฀Divemaster฀Course฀Completion฀Date฀________________฀฀฀฀Course฀Location฀฀___________________________________________________ ฀Day/Month/Year

฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀City/State/Province/Country

Certifying฀Instructor฀Name฀______________________________________________________ ฀฀Phone฀(_____)____________________________ Dive฀Center/Resort฀Name฀____________________________________ ฀฀Store฀No.฀________ ฀฀Phone฀(_____)____________________________ I฀have฀read฀the฀Membership฀Agreement,*฀and฀License฀Agreement,*฀and฀hereby฀consent฀and฀agree฀to฀the฀terms฀and฀conditions฀in฀their฀entirety. Applicant’s฀Signature฀________________________________________________________________ ฀฀Date฀______________________________ Signature฀—฀Required

Day/Month/Year

I฀certify฀that฀all฀prerequisites฀and฀certification฀requirements฀have฀been฀met฀as฀outlined฀in฀the฀PADI฀Instructor฀Manual. Certifying฀Instructor฀฀_________________________________________________________ PADI฀No.฀_____________฀฀฀Date฀________________ Signature฀—฀Required

Day/Month/Year

I฀verify฀the฀applicant฀has฀logged฀60฀dives.฀ Initials฀of฀verifying฀instructor฀_____________ PADI฀No.฀_____________ *Agreements฀are฀found฀in฀Divemaster฀Crew-pak฀or฀may฀be฀obtained฀from฀your฀instructor.

FEES – See฀current฀PADI฀Price฀List฀for฀processing฀fee.฀All฀memberships฀expire฀on฀31฀December฀of฀the

current฀year,฀regardless฀of฀date฀certified.฀Application฀for฀renewal฀of฀your฀membership฀will฀be฀mailed฀to฀you at฀the฀appropriate฀time.

CHECKLIST Application฀completed฀in฀full Applicant฀and฀instructor certification฀signatures One฀photo฀(print฀name฀on฀back) Application฀Fee __________ (See฀current฀price฀list฀for฀fees.)

Project฀AWARE฀Card฀(Optional) (Contact฀your฀PADI฀Office฀for฀fee.) ฀฀฀฀฀__________ Total฀Payment฀฀฀__________

DO฀NOT฀WRITE฀IN฀THIS฀SPACE Date฀฀_____________________________ Amount฀___________________________

PAYMENT METHOD ฀VISA

฀AMEX

฀Discover

฀Check

฀MasterCard

฀JCB

฀Switch/Solo฀Issue฀No.฀฀_____________________________ (Not฀Valid฀in฀U.S.A.)

Card฀No.฀฀___________฀฀฀_____________฀฀฀____________฀฀฀____________ Expiration฀Date฀_______________ (Valid฀From฀Date฀-฀UK฀Only)_____________ Cardholder฀Name฀฀___________________________________________________ (Please฀Print)

฀Authorized฀Signature___________________________________________ Cardholder฀Address฀____________________________________________

Mail฀to฀Your฀PADI฀Office, Attn.฀Divemaster฀Certification

(If฀different฀from฀applicant.)

____________________________________________________

Attach฀1 4.5cm฀x฀5.7฀cm 13⁄4"฀x฀21⁄4" Head฀and฀Shoulders฀Photo

PRINT฀NAME฀ON BACK฀OF฀PHOTO Coin฀Machine฀Photo฀OK No฀Dark฀Glasses

Rec’d฀฀_____________________________________ Ent฀฀_________________________________ ฀Shp’d฀_______________________________ G฀PRODUCT฀NO.฀10144฀฀(Rev.฀12/03)฀฀Version฀4.0

Divemaster฀Course฀Instructor฀Guide฀

©฀International฀PADI,฀Inc.฀2003

A-3

DIVEMASTER CANDIDATE INFORMATION AND EVALUATION FORM Note฀to฀instructor:฀This฀form฀is฀for฀your฀records.฀Please฀do฀not฀forward฀it฀to฀your฀PADI฀Office.

Personal Information Name_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ First

Initial

Last

Address฀ ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________ City฀__________________________________________________________________________฀฀ State/Province฀__________________________ Country฀ ฀ _____________________________________________________________________ ฀ Zip/Postal฀ Code฀ ________________________ Phone฀(day)฀(_______)฀________________________________________฀฀฀฀฀฀฀ ฀Phone฀(evening)฀฀(_______)฀____________________________________ Email฀฀____________________________________________________฀฀฀฀฀฀Birth฀Date______________ Day/Month/Year

Emergency฀Contact฀Name฀and฀Telephone฀฀________________________________________________฀฀฀฀฀(_______)฀_______________________

Prerequisites and Administration 18฀years฀or฀older

Verified฀by _____________________________

PADI฀No. ____________________

Advanced฀Open฀Water฀or฀qualifying฀diver฀certification

_____________________________

____________________

Rescue฀Diver฀or฀qualifying฀diver฀certification

_____________________________

____________________

Medical฀Statement

_____________________________

____________________

Statement฀of฀Understanding

_____________________________

____________________

Liability฀Release฀(Statement฀of฀Risks฀–฀UK)

_____________________________

____________________

20฀logged฀dives

_____________________________

____________________

Course฀fees฀paid

_____________________________

____________________

Two฀photos฀received

_____________________________

____________________

Certification Requirements 60฀logged฀dives

_____________________________

____________________

Current฀CPR

_____________________________

____________________

Current฀First฀Aid

_____________________________

____________________

Verified฀completed฀and฀reviewed

PADI฀No.

Knowledge฀Development Emergency฀Assistance฀Plan

_____________________________

____________________

Knowledge฀Review฀1

_____________________________

____________________

Knowledge฀Review฀2

_____________________________

____________________

Knowledge฀Review฀3

_____________________________

____________________

Knowledge฀Review฀4

_____________________________

____________________

Knowledge฀Review฀5

_____________________________

____________________

Knowledge฀Review฀6

_____________________________

____________________

Knowledge฀Review฀7

_____________________________

____________________

Knowledge฀Review฀8

_____________________________

____________________

Knowledge฀Review฀9

_____________________________

____________________

฀฀฀฀Verified฀by

PADI฀No.

Exams

Score

Physics

__________

_____________________________

____________________

Physiology

__________

_____________________________

____________________

Equipment

__________

_____________________________

____________________

Decompression฀Theory฀and฀RDP

__________

_____________________________

____________________

Dive฀Skills฀and฀Environment

__________

_____________________________

____________________

Divemaster฀Conducted฀Programs

__________

_____________________________

____________________

Supervising฀Cerified฀Divers

__________

_____________________________

____________________

Supervising฀Students

__________

_____________________________

____________________

PRODUCT฀NO.฀10147฀฀฀(Rev.฀9/04)฀฀฀Version฀2.4

A-4฀

©฀International฀PADI,฀Inc.฀2004

Appendix

Certification Requirements continued Waterskills฀and฀Stamina

Score

Verified฀by

PADI฀No.

400฀metre/yard฀swim

__________

_____________________________

____________________

15฀minute฀float/tread

__________

_____________________________

____________________

800฀metre/yard฀snorkel฀swim

__________

_____________________________

____________________

100฀metre/yard฀diver฀tow

__________

_____________________________

____________________

฀฀฀฀฀฀Total฀(min.฀12) __________

_____________________________

____________________

฀฀฀฀฀฀฀Verified฀adequate฀_________________

฀PADI฀No.฀____________________

Rescue฀Assessment

Demonstration฀Quality฀Skills Part฀One฀–฀Mask฀Remove/Replace

Verified฀by

PADI฀No.

_____________________________

____________________

Verified฀by _____________________________

PADI฀No. ____________________

(score฀of฀4฀or฀higher฀required)

Part฀Two฀–฀Skill฀Evaluation

Total฀Score __________

Attach฀Skill฀Development฀Score฀Sheet

Practical Application Required฀Training฀Exercises Mapping฀Project Equipment฀Exchange

Verified฀adequate฀_____________

PADI฀No.฀______________

Date฀_________

Verified฀_____________________

PADI฀No.฀______________

Date฀_________

Verified฀adequate฀_____________

PADI฀No.฀______________

Date฀_________

Score __________

Verified฀by _____________________________

PADI฀No. ____________________

Date ____________

__________

_____________________________

____________________

____________

Score฀______

Divemaster฀Conducted฀Programs

Professionalism

Level฀of฀active,฀positive participation during฀training฀sessions Ability฀to฀deal฀with฀students฀in฀a฀positive and฀nonthreatening฀manner Willingness฀to฀follow฀directions

__________

_____________________________

____________________

____________

General฀attitude/demeanor฀towards฀students __________

_____________________________

____________________

____________

Assessment฀of฀the฀candidate’s฀general understanding฀of฀the฀role฀of฀a฀Divemaster

__________

_____________________________

____________________

____________

Candidate฀Appearance

__________

_____________________________

____________________

____________

Internship (Option฀1)

Score

Confined฀Water฀–฀Open฀Water฀Diver฀Course __________

฀฀Verified฀by

PADI฀No.

฀฀Date

_____________________________

____________________

____________

Confined฀Water฀______________________

__________

_____________________________

____________________

____________

Confined฀Water฀______________________

__________

_____________________________

____________________

____________

Confined฀Water฀______________________

__________

_____________________________

____________________

____________

Confined฀Water฀______________________

__________

_____________________________

____________________

____________

Open฀Water฀–฀Open฀Water฀Diver฀Course

__________

_____________________________

____________________

____________

Open฀Water฀–฀Continuing฀Education฀Course __________

_____________________________

____________________

____________

Open฀Water฀_________________________ __________

_____________________________

____________________

____________

Open฀Water฀_________________________ __________

_____________________________

____________________

____________

Open฀Water฀_________________________ __________

_____________________________

____________________

____________

Certified฀Divers฀in฀Open฀Water

_____________________________

____________________

____________

Verified฀by

PADI฀No.

Date

__________

Practical฀Training฀Exercises฀(Option฀2) Score Certified฀Divers฀in฀Open฀Water

__________

_____________________________

____________________

____________

Confined฀Water฀–฀Open฀Water฀Diver฀Course __________

_____________________________

____________________

____________

Open฀Water฀–฀Open฀Water฀Diver฀Course

__________

_____________________________

____________________

____________

Open฀Water฀–฀Continuing฀Education฀Course __________

_____________________________

____________________

____________

Note:฀To฀complete฀training฀the฀candidate฀either฀completes฀all฀portions฀of฀the฀Internship฀or฀all฀the฀Practical฀Training฀Exercises.

Divemaster฀Course฀Instructor฀Guide฀

A-5

DIVEMASTER SKILL DEVELOPMENT SCORE SHEET Candidate _________________________________________________________________________ Date _______________________

Evaluate the performance of each skill by the divemaster candidate according to the criteria list below. The candidate must complete mask removal, replacement and clearing to a 4 level or higher before completing the 20 skills, which includes repeating the mask skill. File this sheet in the candidate’s record file. Please do not send it to your PADI Office. Score Characteristics

1 2 3 4 5

Candidate unable to perform exercise. Exercise performed with significant difficulty or error. Exercise performed correctly, though too quickly to adequately exhibit or illustrate details of skill. Exercise performed correctly and slowly enough to adequately exhibit or illustrate details of skill. Exercise performed correctly, slowly and with exaggerated movement – appeared easy.

Part One – Skill Demonstration Development Final Score

Evaluated by

PADI No.

__________

__________________

__________

Final Score

Evaluated by

PADI No.

1. Equipment assembly, adjustment, preparation, donning and disassembly

__________

__________________

__________

2. PADI Predive safety check (BWRAF)

__________

__________________

__________

3. Deep water entry

__________

__________________

__________

4. Buoyancy check at surface – attain neutral buoyancy

__________

__________________

__________

5. Regulator-to-snorkel and snorkel-to-regulator exchange

__________

__________________

__________

6. Proper five-point descent

__________

__________________

__________

7. Regulator recovery and clearing

__________

__________________

__________

8. Mask removal, replacement and clearing

__________

__________________

__________

9. Air depletion exercise and alternate air source use stationary for 30 seconds

__________

__________________

__________

10. Free-flow regulator breathing

__________

__________________

___________

11. Fin pivot (both low-pressure and oral inflation)

__________

__________________

___________

12. Proper five-point ascent

__________

__________________

___________

13. Remove and replace weight system on the surface

__________

__________________

___________

14. Controlled emergency swimming ascent

__________

__________________

___________

15. Hovering in midwater for 30 seconds

__________

__________________

___________

16. Underwater swim without a mask

__________

__________________

___________

17. Remove and replace weight system underwater

__________

__________________

___________

18. Remove and replace scuba unit underwater

__________

__________________

___________

19. Remove and replace scuba unit on the surface

__________

__________________

___________

20. Buddy breathing stationary and swimming (both donor and receiver)

__________

__________________

___________

1. Mask removal, replacement and clearing

Part Two – 20 Basic Scuba Skills The candidate must complete each skill listed to level 3 or higher. The total must be 68 or higher.

Score Total PRODUCT NO. 10150 (10/03) Version 2.0

A-6฀

–––––––––– © International PADI, Inc. 2003

Appendix

PRACTICAL APPLICATION RECORD SHEET Use฀this฀sheet฀for฀evaluating฀Internship฀or฀Practical฀Training฀Exercises. File฀one฀for฀each฀session.฀Please฀do฀not฀send฀these฀to฀your฀PADI฀Office. Candidate฀__________________________________________________________________฀฀฀Date____________________ Instructor฀_______________________________________________________________฀฀฀PADI฀No.฀___________________ Internship

Practical Training฀Exercise

Open฀Water

Confined฀Water

Student฀Level฀(real฀or฀simulated)฀_______________________________฀฀฀Number฀of฀Participants฀__________

Scoring – Score 5

Score฀each฀objective฀below฀based฀on฀this฀scale:

Performance Candidate฀independently฀accomplished฀the฀objective฀without฀noticeable฀errors, and฀showed creativity฀and฀anticipation฀of฀instructor฀and฀diver฀needs฀in฀the฀process.

4

Candidate฀accomplished฀the฀objective฀with฀no฀noticeable฀errors฀and฀without฀significant฀help฀from instructor฀or฀staff.

3

Candidate฀accomplished฀the฀objective฀adequately฀with฀a฀few฀insignificant฀errors. Instructor correction฀and฀intervention฀limited฀to฀brief฀reminders฀or฀suggestions.

2

Candidate฀showed฀rudimentary฀understanding฀of฀tasks฀required฀to฀meet฀objective, but฀made฀significant฀errors฀or฀omissions. Instructor฀correction฀and฀intervention฀was฀required฀for฀a฀competent฀result.

1

Candidate฀made฀many฀or฀substantial฀errors฀and฀omissions฀in฀attempting฀task, or฀task฀not฀completed.

The฀following฀lists฀all฀objectives฀from฀the฀Practical฀Application฀Module.฀Some฀do฀not฀apply฀to฀all฀internship฀phases฀or exercises.฀List฀the฀score,฀or฀NA for฀those฀that฀don’t฀apply,฀by฀each฀objective.฀Successful฀performance฀requires฀a฀score of฀3฀for฀each฀objective.฀If฀the฀Candidate฀earns฀a฀score฀lower฀than฀a฀3฀on฀any฀objective฀the฀entire฀session must฀be฀repeated. Consult฀the฀“PADI฀Divemaster฀Course฀Instructor฀Guide” in฀the฀PADI฀Instructor฀Manual฀for฀details฀on฀each฀objective.

Performance

Score

1. Organizes฀predive฀equipment฀setup.

___________

2. Coordinates฀student฀diver฀flow.

___________

3. Supervises฀student฀divers฀not฀receiving฀immediate฀instructor฀attention.

___________

4. Accounts฀for฀buddy฀teams฀entering/leaving฀the฀water.

___________

5. Assists฀student฀diver฀overcome฀learning฀difficulty.

___________

6. Responds฀to฀or฀prevents฀diver฀problems.

___________

7. Demonstrates฀skill฀for฀student฀divers.

___________

8. Assists฀in฀training฀site฀preparation.

___________

9. Conducts฀an฀environmental฀assessment.

___________

10. Leads฀student฀divers฀on฀an฀underwater฀tour.

___________

11. Makes฀recommendations฀based฀on฀diver/environment฀assessment฀in฀a฀predive briefing,฀and฀takes฀other฀appropriate฀steps฀based฀on฀the฀assessments.

___________

12. Conducts฀an฀appropriate฀predive฀briefing.

___________

13. Escort฀continuing฀education฀student฀divers฀on฀an฀indirectly฀supervised training฀dive฀and฀report฀observed฀performances.฀

___________ TOTAL

Comments on Performance –

___________

Please฀use฀other฀side฀of฀form.฀

Instructor฀Signature฀___________________________________________________________฀฀฀Date฀__________________ Candidate฀Signature฀__________________________________________________________฀฀฀Date฀__________________ PRODUCT NO.฀10149฀(Rev.฀4/04)฀Version฀1.1฀

Divemaster฀Course฀Instructor฀Guide฀

© International฀PADI,฀Inc.฀2004

A-7

PADI DIVEMASTER Discover Scuba Diving Internship Completion Form PADI Divemasters in Active Status (and with insurance, where required) may conduct PADI Discover Scuba Diving programs in a pool or confined open water environment after successfully completing a Discover Scuba Diving Internship. The internship consists of conducting four separate PADI Discover Scuba Diving programs in a pool or confined open water environment under the direct supervision of a PADI Instructor. After completing the internship, submit this form, signed by the instructor, to your PADI Office for processing and authorization. PLEASE PRINT OR TYPE (Authorization will be returned to the Divemaster.) Name_______________________________________________________________________ PADI No._______________________ Mailing Address ______________________________________________________________________________________________ City________________________________________________________________ State/Province ___________________________ Country ____________________________________________________________ Zip/Postal Code __________________________ Home Phone (______)_____________________________ Business Phone (______)_____________________________ FAX (______)____________________________________

Birth Date____________________________

Sex: M

F

Email ________________________________________________________________ Preferred Language _____________________ INTERNSHIP VERIFICATION – PADI DISCOVER SCUBA DIVING PROGRAMS Date_______________ Supervising Instructor _________________________________ PADI Number ______________ Date_______________ Supervising Instructor _________________________________ PADI Number ______________ Date_______________ Supervising Instructor _________________________________ PADI Number ______________ Date_______________ Supervising Instructor _________________________________ PADI Number ______________ I verify that this PADI Divemaster has completed four required Discover Scuba Diving programs under the direct supervision of a PADI Instructor Verifying Instructor _______________________________________ PADI No.________________ Date ______________ Verifying Instructor Signature

PAYMENT METHOD (See current price list for processing fee and if

CHECKLIST

� Check

� Application filled out completely

applicable, replacement card fees.)

� Master Card

� Switch / Solo issue no ______________ (UK only) � Visa

� American Express

� Discover Card

(Use for Replacement Certification Card Only)

� Signature – Verifying Instructor

Card Number ___________ __________ __________ _________

� Fee Enclosed – Total Amount _______

Expiration date ___________________________________________

� Photo – head and shoulders (Include only if requesting a replacement certification card.)

Cardholder Name __________________________________________

Attach a 13/4” X 21/4” Head-andShoulders Photo PRINT NAME ON BACK OF PHOTO

Cardholder Address ________________________________________

Coin machine photo OK — do not send old cards.

Authorized Signature _______________________________________

NO DARK GLASSES

(please print)

(If different from applicant)

REPLACEMENT CERTIFICATION CARD (Check card type below.) If you want to receive a new card (which includes a Discover Scuba Diving designation), please attach a 1 3 /4” x 2 1 /4” photo and include additional processing fee. □ Project AWARE Card a portion of processing fee will be donated to the Project AWARE Foundation for environmental programs. □ Standard “Member Since” PADI card MAIL TO YOUR PADI OFFICE. For mailing information, see your price list or visit padi.com. PRODUCT NO. 10151 (01/03) Version 1.0

A-8฀

F O R O F F I C E U S E O N LY Rec’d ________________________ Ent __________________________ Ship’d ______________________ © International PADI, Inc. 2003

Appendix

Name _____________________________________________________________________________ Date _______________________

ANSWER KEY — PADI DIVEMASTER FINAL EXAMS — A padi.com

Directions: Upon making your answer choice, completely fill in the space □ below the proper letter. If a mistake is made, erase your selection or place a dark X through your first answer.

DIVEMASTER CONDUCTED PROGRAMS A B C D

SUPERVISING CERTIFIED DIVERS A B C D

ASSISTING WITH STUDENT DIVERS IN TRAINING A B C D

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STUDENT STATEMENT: I have had explained to me and I understand the questions I have missed.

STUDENT STATEMENT: I have had explained to me and I understand the questions I have missed.

__________________________________ __________________________________ Student Signature Rev. 2/03

Divemaster฀Course฀Instructor฀Guide฀

Date

Student Signature

Date

14. practice

(repeat, rehearse)

15. success 16. PADI Instructor Manual

STUDENT STATEMENT: I have had explained to me and I understand the questions I have missed. __________________________________ Student Signature

Date

© International PADI, Inc. 2003

A-9

FINAL EXAM — A EQUIPMENT

PHYSIOLOGY

PHYSICS

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STUDENT STATEMENT: I have had explained to me and I understand the questions I have missed.

STUDENT STATEMENT: I have had explained to me and I understand the questions I have missed.

__________________________________ __________________________________ Student Signature

A-10฀

Date

Student Signature

Date

STUDENT STATEMENT: I have had explained to me and I understand the questions I have missed. __________________________________ Student Signature

Date

Appendix

FINAL EXAM — A SKILLS AND ENVIRONMENT A

B

C

D

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STUDENT STATEMENT: I have had explained to me and I understand the questions I have missed.

__________________________________ __________________________________ Student Signature

Divemaster฀Course฀Instructor฀Guide฀

Date

Student Signature

Date

A-11

Name _____________________________________________________________________________ Date _______________________

ANSWER KEY — PADI DIVEMASTER FINAL EXAMS — B padi.com

Directions: Upon making your answer choice, completely fill in the space □ below the proper letter. If a mistake is made, erase your selection or place a dark X through your first answer.

DIVEMASTER CONDUCTED PROGRAMS A B C D

SUPERVISING CERTIFIED DIVERS A B C D

ASSISTING WITH STUDENT DIVERS IN TRAINING A B C D

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STUDENT STATEMENT: I have had explained to me and I understand the questions I have missed.

STUDENT STATEMENT: I have had explained to me and I understand the questions I have missed.

__________________________________ __________________________________ Student Signature Rev. 2/03

A-12฀

Date

Student Signature

Date

13. critical attributes

(or skill attributes)

(subskills)

STUDENT STATEMENT: I have had explained to me and I understand the questions I have missed. __________________________________ Student Signature

Date

© International PADI, Inc. 2003

Appendix

FINAL EXAM — B PHYSICS

EQUIPMENT

PHYSIOLOGY

A

B

C

D

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STUDENT STATEMENT: I have had explained to me and I understand the questions I have missed.

STUDENT STATEMENT: I have had explained to me and I understand the questions I have missed.

__________________________________ __________________________________ Student Signature

Divemaster฀Course฀Instructor฀Guide฀

Date

Student Signature

Date

STUDENT STATEMENT: I have had explained to me and I understand the questions I have missed. __________________________________ Student Signature

Date

A-13

FINAL EXAM — B SKILLS AND ENVIRONMENT

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C

D

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STUDENT STATEMENT: I have had explained to me and I understand the questions I have missed.

Imperial: 20 min/44 min

14. 34 min 15. Metric: 39 min

Imperial: 28 min

STUDENT STATEMENT: I have had explained to me and I understand the questions I have missed.

__________________________________ __________________________________ Student Signature

A-14฀

Date

Student Signature

Date

Appendix

Name _____________________________________________________________________________ Date _______________________

ANSWER SHEET — PADI DIVEMASTER FINAL EXAMS padi.com

Directions: Upon making your answer choice, completely fill in the space □ below the proper letter. If a mistake is made, erase your selection or place a dark X through your first answer.

DIVEMASTER CONDUCTED PROGRAMS A B C D

SUPERVISING CERTIFIED DIVERS A B C D

ASSISTING WITH STUDENT DIVERS IN TRAINING A B C D

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STUDENT STATEMENT: I have had explained to me and I understand the questions I have missed.

STUDENT STATEMENT: I have had explained to me and I understand the questions I have missed.

__________________________________ __________________________________ Student Signature ฀70311฀PDF

12/04

Divemaster฀Course฀Instructor฀Guide฀

Date

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STUDENT STATEMENT: I have had explained to me and I understand the questions I have missed. __________________________________ Student Signature

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© International PADI, Inc. 2004

A-15

FINAL EXAM EQUIPMENT

PHYSIOLOGY

PHYSICS

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STUDENT STATEMENT: I have had explained to me and I understand the questions I have missed.

STUDENT STATEMENT: I have had explained to me and I understand the questions I have missed.

__________________________________ __________________________________ Student Signature

A-16฀

Date

Student Signature

Date

STUDENT STATEMENT: I have had explained to me and I understand the questions I have missed. __________________________________ Student Signature

Date

Appendix

FINAL EXAM SKILLS AND ENVIRONMENT A

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DECOMPRESSION THEORY AND THE RECREATIONAL DIVE PLANNER A

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STUDENT STATEMENT: I have had explained to me and I understand the questions I have missed.

STUDENT STATEMENT: I have had explained to me and I understand the questions I have missed.

__________________________________ __________________________________ Student Signature

Divemaster฀Course฀Instructor฀Guide฀

Date

Student Signature

Date

A-17

Divemaster฀Manual฀Knowledge฀Review Chapter฀1 ฀Answer฀Keys 1.฀ What฀three฀broad฀characteristics฀may฀divers฀expect฀in฀a฀PADI฀Divemaster?

1.฀ Professionalism 2.฀ Role฀model฀behavior 3.฀ Ability฀to฀assist/supervise฀during฀training฀and฀dive฀activities 2.฀ List฀five฀criteria฀that฀define฀“professionalism”฀as฀it฀applies฀to฀the฀PADI฀Divemaster.฀

1.฀ Expert฀skills฀and฀knowledge฀of฀dive฀theory,฀dive฀management฀and฀leading฀ dives 2.฀ Good฀judgment฀that฀reflects฀training฀and฀experience 3.฀ Dress฀and฀act฀like฀a฀professional 4.฀ Good฀interpersonal฀skills 5.฀ Exemplary฀rescue฀skills 3.฀ Explain฀what฀is฀meant฀by฀a฀role฀model.

฀

Someone฀other฀divers฀base฀their฀behavior฀on฀because฀they฀respect฀the฀ person฀and฀what฀the฀person฀stands฀for.

4.฀฀ Describe฀a฀PADI฀Divemaster฀who฀is฀a฀good฀role฀model.

(Description฀should฀include:) •฀ High฀skill฀level฀-฀demonstration฀quality •฀ Commitment฀to฀responsible฀dive฀practices •฀ Equipment฀well฀maintained฀and฀up-to-date •฀ Physically฀fit฀or฀good฀fitness฀for฀diving •฀ Agrees฀with฀the฀PADI฀training฀philosophy 5.฀฀ Describe฀the฀characteristics฀and฀attributes฀of฀a฀poor฀role฀model฀divemaster.

(Description฀should฀include:) •฀ Hypocrisy฀and฀lack฀of฀conviction. •฀ Disregard฀for฀personal฀fitness. •฀ Uncaring฀or฀unempathetic฀of฀divers฀and฀their฀skill฀levels. •฀ Contradicts฀or฀disagrees฀with฀an฀instructor฀in฀front฀of฀students. •฀ Fails฀to฀perform฀as฀a฀"team฀player" A-18฀

Appendix

6.฀ Explain฀how฀role฀model฀behavior฀can฀affect฀other฀divers฀both฀positively฀and฀฀ negatively.

฀

Good฀role฀model฀behavior฀reinforces฀responsible฀diving฀habits฀and฀practices.฀Poor฀role฀model฀behavior฀may฀cause฀divers฀to฀question฀whether฀ responsible฀dive฀habits฀and฀practices฀are฀really฀necessary.

7.฀ Explain฀how฀role฀model฀behavior฀can฀affect฀your฀ability฀to฀function฀as฀a฀divemaster.฀

฀

Good฀role฀model฀behavior฀makes฀it฀easier฀to฀encourage฀other฀divers฀to฀ dive฀responsibly฀and฀accept฀your฀suggestions.฀Poor฀role฀model฀behavior฀ may฀cause฀divers฀to฀question฀you,฀making฀them฀less฀likely฀to฀consider฀ your฀suggestions.

8.฀ Explain฀how฀good฀role฀model฀behavior฀benefits฀student฀divers฀when฀you฀assist฀with฀ training.

฀

Good฀role฀model฀behavior฀earns฀students'฀respect,฀making฀it฀easier฀for฀ you฀to฀guide฀and฀direct฀them฀for฀the฀instructor฀during฀training.

9.฀ List฀five฀benefits฀and฀five฀responsibilities฀of฀being฀a฀PADI฀Divemaster.

Benefits: 1.฀ Receive฀professional฀publications฀such฀as฀The Undersea Journal 2.฀ Can฀purchase฀materials฀from฀your฀PADI฀Office฀at฀special฀divemaster฀rate 3.฀ Access฀to฀professional฀liability฀insurance฀and฀legal฀defense฀team 4.฀ Ability฀to฀earn฀income฀as฀an฀assistant฀ 5.฀฀ Gain฀important฀experience฀toward฀becoming฀an฀instructor 6.฀ Regular฀update฀mailings 7.฀ Access฀to฀educational฀consultants฀for฀training฀questions Responsibilities: 1.฀ Follow฀PADI฀Standards 2.฀ Keep฀up฀with฀changes฀in฀standards 3.฀฀ Renew฀membership฀annually 4.฀ Keep฀address฀current 5.฀ Represent฀PADI฀favorably

Divemaster฀Course฀Instructor฀Guide฀

A-19

Divemaster฀Manual฀Knowledge฀Review Chapter฀2 Answer฀Keys 1.฀ Six฀characteristics฀of฀responsible฀diver฀behavior฀are:

1.฀ 2.฀ 3.฀ 4.฀ 5.฀

Staying฀within฀personal฀limits Diving฀properly฀equipped Caring฀for฀equipment Managing฀air฀conservatively Using฀computer/tables฀conservatively

6.฀ Staying฀aware฀of฀the฀environment 2.฀ List฀four฀ways฀to฀encourage฀responsible฀diver฀behavior.

1.฀ 2.฀ 3.฀ 4.฀

Follow฀responsible฀diving฀practices฀yourself Remind฀divers฀of฀responsible฀behaviors฀by฀applying฀them฀on฀the฀dive Make฀responsible฀behavior฀easy Reward฀responsible฀behaviors

3.฀ Describe฀the฀aspects฀of฀diving฀that฀do฀and฀do฀not฀fall฀within฀the฀divemaster’s฀responsibility,฀and฀the฀aspects฀of฀dive฀planning฀and฀diving฀for฀which฀each฀diver฀must฀retain฀ responsibility.

฀ ฀

Each฀diver฀maintains฀responsibility฀for฀planning฀their฀own฀dives฀and฀following฀their฀plan.฀Divers฀must฀be฀responsible฀for฀their฀own฀actions.฀ A฀PADI฀Divemaster฀normally฀offers฀a฀general฀orientation฀and฀broad฀dive฀ plan฀that฀individual฀divers฀use฀to฀plan฀their฀own฀dives.฀The฀divemaster฀ encourages฀responsible฀diving,฀provides฀logistical฀support,฀prepares฀for฀ reasonably฀foreseeable฀emergencies,฀but฀does฀not฀plan฀the฀dives฀of฀individual฀divers.

4.฀ Describe฀how฀to฀assess฀general฀dive฀conditions,฀and฀how฀you฀can฀expect฀conditions฀to฀ affect฀diving.฀

฀

A-20฀

Based฀on฀weather,฀tides,฀current฀and฀visibility,฀you฀determine฀appropriate฀dive฀techniques฀or฀if฀conditions฀are฀acceptable฀for฀diving.฀This฀also฀ depends฀on฀the฀skill฀level฀and฀experience฀of฀the฀divers.

Appendix

5.฀฀ The฀four฀aspects฀of฀supervision฀in฀managing฀dives฀are:

1.฀ Preparation 2.฀ Communication 3.฀ Recognition 4.฀ Vantage฀point 6.฀ List฀and฀describe฀the฀advantages฀and฀disadvantages฀of฀in-water฀versus฀out฀of฀water฀ supervision,฀and฀the฀advantages฀and฀disadvantages฀of฀supervision฀vantage฀points฀inwater฀versus฀out฀of฀water.

Supervision฀In-water: •฀ Advantages:฀Puts฀you฀close฀to฀the฀divers.฀Allows฀you฀to฀watch฀for฀problems฀such฀as฀exceeding฀maximum฀depth฀or฀navigation฀errors. •฀ Disadvantages:฀Can฀only฀watch฀one฀group.฀Some฀divers฀don’t฀like฀to฀dive฀ in฀a฀group. Supervision฀Out฀of฀water:฀ •฀ Advantages:฀Easier฀to฀supervise฀multiple฀teams.฀Close฀to฀emergency฀ equipment.฀More฀flexibility฀for฀buddy฀teams. •฀ Disadvantages:฀Unable฀to฀point฀out฀interesting฀features.฀Not฀immediately฀on฀hand฀to฀help฀solve฀problems. Vantage฀point฀-฀In-water: •฀ Advantages:฀Easier฀to฀see฀a฀problem฀before฀it฀happens.฀ •฀ Disadvantages:฀Can฀only฀be฀in฀front฀or฀behind฀leading฀or฀escorting,฀ Makes฀it฀hard฀to฀know฀when฀there฀is฀a฀problem.฀ Vantage฀point฀-฀Out฀of฀water:฀ •฀ Advantages:฀Allows฀you฀to฀choose฀location฀with฀visibility฀of฀the฀entire฀ dive฀site.฀ •฀ Disadvantages:฀Sometimes฀the฀site฀with฀the฀best฀visibility฀is฀not฀the฀ easiest฀to฀respond฀from. 7.฀฀ List฀eight฀types฀of฀equipment฀that฀can฀assist฀in฀supervising฀certified฀divers.฀

1.฀฀ Dive฀roster 2.฀฀ Binoculars 3.฀฀ Dive฀site฀maps 4.฀฀ Emergency฀oxygen 5.฀ First฀aid฀kit

Divemaster฀Course฀Instructor฀Guide฀

6.฀ Rescue฀float 7.฀฀ Marine฀Radio/cellular฀phone 8.฀฀ Tool฀Kit฀ 9.฀ Dive฀flag/float 10.฀฀Spare฀gear

A-21

8.฀฀ The฀primary฀purpose฀of฀diver฀accounting฀procedures฀is:฀

To฀make฀sure฀every฀diver฀returns฀to฀the฀boat฀or฀shore฀after฀the฀dive. 9.฀฀ Describe฀the฀characteristics฀of฀predive฀stress,฀and฀explain฀how฀you฀help฀divers฀deal฀ with฀it.฀

฀

฀

Predive฀stress฀comes฀from฀both฀physical฀stressors฀like฀heat฀exhaustion,฀ fatigue฀and฀dehydration,฀or฀psychological฀stressors฀like฀physical฀stress,฀ peer฀pressure,฀dive฀concerns฀and฀personal฀problems฀unrelated฀to฀the฀ dive.฀ There฀are฀three฀approaches฀to฀stress฀relief:฀1)฀remove฀the฀stressor,฀2)฀ change฀the฀perception฀of฀the฀stressor฀to฀nonthreatening,฀or฀3)฀change฀ the฀perception฀of฀the฀diver's฀ability฀to฀cope฀with฀the฀stress.

10.฀List฀the฀ten฀points/steps฀usually฀included฀in฀a฀dive฀briefing.

1.฀ Dive฀site฀name 2.฀ Site฀descriptions 3.฀฀ Your฀role 4.฀฀ Entry฀and฀exit฀techniques 5.฀฀ Dive฀procedures 6.฀฀ Emergency฀procedures 7.฀฀ Signal฀review 8.฀฀ Roster/buddy฀check 9.฀฀ Environmental฀interaction฀suggestions 10.฀฀Predive฀safety฀check 11.฀Describe฀the฀general฀steps฀to฀solving฀a฀novel฀problem฀(one฀you've฀never฀encountered฀ before).

•฀ •฀ •฀ •฀

Identify฀the฀problem฀precisely Inventory฀your฀resources. Create฀several฀possible฀solutions Choose฀the฀best฀solution.฀

•฀ Assess฀and฀revise.

A-22฀

Appendix

12.฀Explain฀when฀dive฀situations฀call฀for฀you฀to฀apply฀your฀judgment,฀and฀how฀you฀develop฀good฀judgment฀as฀a฀divemaster.

฀ ฀

You฀apply฀judgment฀when฀evaluating฀acceptable฀dive฀conditions,฀choosing฀ dive฀techniques฀to฀recommend฀and฀picking฀supervision฀vantage฀points.฀ Judgment฀comes฀from฀experience฀and฀working฀with฀more฀experienced฀ professionals.

13.฀The฀two฀likely฀roles฀of฀a฀PADI฀Divemaster฀in฀the฀event฀of฀an฀accident฀are฀as:

Scene฀manager฀or฀as฀assistant฀to฀someone฀more฀qualified. 14.฀Explain฀how฀to฀gain฀more฀knowledge฀and฀experience฀with฀specialized฀diving฀activities.

Complete฀the฀appropriate฀specialty฀courses.

Divemaster฀Course฀Instructor฀Guide฀

A-23

Divemaster฀Manual฀Knowledge฀Review Chapter฀3 ฀Answer฀Keys 1.฀฀ Compare฀and฀contrast฀the฀primary฀role฀of฀a฀PADI฀Divemaster฀to฀that฀of฀a฀PADI฀Instructor฀in฀an฀instructional฀setting.

฀

฀฀

The฀PADI฀Divemaster฀deals฀with฀the฀logistics,฀supervising฀student฀divers฀ and฀other฀duties฀as฀well฀as฀the฀social฀and฀adventurous฀aspects฀of฀diving. The฀instructor฀concentrates฀on฀teaching฀and฀attending฀to฀individual฀ student฀diver฀needs.฀

2.฀฀ List฀seven฀functions฀a฀divemaster฀may฀fulfill฀as฀an฀instructional฀assistant.฀

1.฀฀ Predive฀equipment฀distribution 2.฀฀ Supervising฀students฀not฀working฀with฀instructor 3.฀฀ Logistics 4.฀฀ Conducting฀tour฀for฀experience฀portion฀of฀dives 5.฀฀ Providing฀student฀diver฀performance฀information฀to฀instructor 6.฀฀ Checking฀divers฀in฀and฀out฀of฀the฀water 7.฀฀ Helping฀divers฀on฀an฀individual฀basis 3.฀฀ What฀is฀the฀primary฀characteristic฀that฀makes฀a฀PADI฀Divemaster฀an฀ideal฀instructional฀assistant?฀

฀

Anticipating฀and฀providing฀what฀the฀instructor฀and฀student฀divers฀need.

4.฀฀ Describe฀the฀relationship฀between฀the฀instructor฀and฀you,฀a฀PADI฀Divemaster฀candidate.

฀

Mentor/protege฀relationship฀–฀instructor฀is฀a฀coach,฀guide,฀confidant฀ and฀advisor.

5.฀฀ Four฀reasons฀for฀having฀your฀own฀copy฀of฀the฀PADI฀Instructor฀Manual฀are:

1.฀฀ Lists฀all฀the฀standards฀and฀procedures 2.฀฀ Makes฀it฀easier฀to฀anticipate฀and฀meet฀instructor฀needs 3.฀฀ Includes฀standards฀for฀programs฀divemasters฀can฀offer฀independently 4.฀฀ Benefits฀you฀to฀start฀becoming฀familiar฀with฀it. 5.฀ Training฀Bulletins฀keep฀you฀current฀on฀changes.

A-24฀

Appendix

6.฀฀ Describe฀your฀role฀as฀a฀PADI฀Divemaster฀in฀relation฀to฀student฀divers฀in฀training.

฀

The฀PADI฀Divemaster฀is฀a฀role฀model฀and฀an฀intermediary฀between฀student฀divers฀and฀the฀instructor฀supervising฀both฀training฀and฀nontraining฀ related฀activities.฀

7.฀฀ With฀respect฀to฀PADI฀programs,฀what฀is฀a฀certified฀assistant฀and฀what฀can฀a฀certified฀ assistant฀do?

฀

A฀certified฀assistant฀is฀a฀renewed฀PADI฀Instructor,฀Assistant฀Instructor฀ and฀Divemaster฀who฀can฀perform฀specific฀functions฀as฀a฀teaching฀assistant.฀

Certified฀assistants฀can: •฀ Independently฀guide฀student฀divers฀on฀Open฀Water฀Dives฀2,฀3,฀4฀and฀the฀ optional฀Skin฀Dive.฀ •฀ Accompany฀Open฀Water฀Diver/Scuba฀Diver฀students฀under฀the฀indirect฀ supervision฀of฀an฀instructor. •฀ Conduct฀subsequent฀Discover฀Scuba฀Diving฀dives฀after฀participants฀ complete฀the฀first฀dive฀with฀an฀instructor. •฀ Accompany฀students฀during฀training฀dives฀in฀continuing฀education฀ courses. •฀ Generally฀supervise฀divers฀in฀training฀and฀nontraining฀activities. 8.฀฀ Explain฀how฀positioning฀affects฀your฀ability฀to฀assist฀with฀student฀diver฀control,฀and฀ two฀common฀examples฀of฀position฀for฀the฀skill฀practice฀in฀the฀Open฀Water฀diver฀ course.

฀ ฀ ฀

Good฀positioning฀allows฀you฀to฀see฀the฀entire฀group฀and฀the฀instructor฀ and฀respond฀quickly฀to฀a฀problem.฀ •฀฀฀Opposite฀instructor,฀hovering฀behind฀students฀who฀are฀in฀a฀semicircle฀ with฀the฀instructor฀in฀front฀of฀them. •฀฀฀Students฀form฀a฀line฀with฀the฀divemaster฀at฀one฀end฀of฀the฀line฀and฀ the฀instructor฀at฀the฀other.

Divemaster฀Course฀Instructor฀Guide฀

A-25

9.฀฀ List฀five฀examples฀of฀logistical฀functions฀you฀can฀perform฀to฀assist฀with฀training฀dives฀ at฀the฀surface฀and฀five฀underwater.

On฀the฀surface: 1.฀฀ Coordinate฀student฀divers 2.฀฀ Enforce฀safety฀or฀facility฀rules 3.฀฀ Handle฀equipment 4.฀฀ Assist฀with฀student฀diver฀preparation 5.฀฀ Escort฀student฀divers 6.฀ Handle฀paperwork Underwater 1.฀฀ Lead/follow 2.฀฀ Escort 3.฀฀ Air฀checks 4.฀฀ Standby฀supervisor 5.฀฀ Navigation 10.฀Describe฀how฀you฀would฀model฀mask฀removal,฀replacement฀and฀clearing฀in฀a฀demonstration฀quality฀manner.

฀

Slow฀pace,฀critical฀attributes฀emphasized,฀sequence฀emphasized,฀with฀ each฀step฀clearly฀seen,฀mastered฀and฀automatic.

11.฀List฀and฀describe฀the฀three฀steps฀to฀take฀to฀help฀a฀student฀diver฀master฀dive฀skills.฀

1.฀ Have฀a฀student฀attempt฀the฀skill฀to฀look฀for฀missing฀or฀improperly฀performed฀critical฀attributes.฀ 2.฀ Redemonstrate฀the฀skill.฀ 3.฀ Assure฀early฀success. 12.฀Where฀do฀you฀find฀skill฀performance฀requirements฀student฀divers฀must฀master฀for฀ PADI฀courses.฀

In฀the฀PADI Instructor Manual.

A-26฀

Appendix

Divemaster฀Manual฀Knowledge฀Review Chapter฀4 ฀Answer฀Keys 1.฀฀ Explain฀why฀the฀PADI฀Divemaster฀course฀emphasizes฀dive฀theory฀training.

฀

It฀develops฀problem฀solving฀abilities,฀gives฀the฀candidate฀theoretical฀ knowledge฀to฀apply฀during฀practical฀sessions฀and฀prepares฀the฀candidate฀for฀instructor฀level฀training.

2.฀฀ Explain฀why฀you฀would฀want฀a฀dive฀reference฀library.

It฀gives฀you฀a฀place฀to฀look฀up฀information฀and฀a฀way฀to฀keep฀up฀with฀new฀ and฀changing฀information. 3.฀฀ List฀what฀you฀already฀have฀in฀your฀current฀dive฀reference฀library฀(to฀a฀฀ maximum฀of฀12฀items).฀List฀four฀works฀or฀types฀of฀works฀you฀would฀like฀to฀add฀and฀ explain฀why.

(Answers฀vary฀but฀may฀include:) Magazines฀ PADI฀Manuals฀ Encyclopedia฀of฀Recreational฀Diving Diving฀Knowledge฀Workbook Dive฀travel฀guides฀and฀maps 4.฀฀ Explain฀how฀specialty฀diver฀training฀benefits฀you฀with฀respect฀to฀learning฀dive฀theory.

฀

Specialty฀courses฀go฀into฀more฀theoretical฀detail฀than฀other฀learning฀ sources฀and฀give฀you฀a฀change฀to฀apply฀the฀knowledge.

5.฀฀ List฀the฀theory฀subjects฀you฀study฀as฀part฀of฀the฀PADI฀Divemaster฀course฀and฀explain฀ how฀you฀demonstrate฀mastery฀of฀them.

฀ ฀

Dive฀physics,฀dive฀physiology,฀equipment฀and฀decompression฀theory You฀demonstrate฀mastery฀by฀completing฀an฀exam฀in฀each฀study฀area฀ and฀earning฀a฀score฀of฀75฀percent฀or฀better.

6.฀Explain฀how฀you฀will฀keep฀you฀dive฀theory฀knowledge฀current฀after฀you฀complete฀this฀ course.฀Be฀as฀specific฀as฀possible.

฀

Subscribe฀to฀and฀read฀dive฀magazines,฀reread฀and฀review฀the฀Encyclopedia of Recreational Diving฀and฀other฀diving฀related฀materials.฀Continue฀ your฀diving฀education,฀attend฀seminars฀and฀diving฀-related฀meetings.

Divemaster฀Course฀Instructor฀Guide฀

A-27

Divemaster฀Manual฀Knowledge฀Review Chapter฀5 ฀Answer฀Keys 1.฀฀ Describe฀what฀a฀compartment฀is,฀and฀what฀are฀meant฀by฀halftime฀and฀M-value.

฀ ฀

฀

Compartments฀are฀theoretical฀tissue฀models฀that฀account฀for฀differing฀ tissue฀absorption฀rates. Halftime฀is฀the฀rate฀a฀compartment฀absorbs฀nitrogen.฀It's฀the฀time฀it฀ takes฀for฀the฀compartment฀to฀go฀from฀beginning฀pressure฀to฀halfway฀to฀ saturation.฀ M-value฀is฀the฀maximum฀tissue฀pressure฀allowed฀in฀the฀compartment.

2.฀฀ Explain฀why฀you฀need฀to฀know฀your฀approximate฀altitude฀when฀diving.฀

฀

There฀is฀reduced฀atmospheric฀pressure฀at฀altitude.฀This฀could฀make฀the฀ tissue฀pressure฀gradient฀too฀high,฀increasing฀the฀risk฀of฀DCS.

3.฀฀ Describe฀the฀relationship฀between฀the฀Haldanean฀model฀and฀the฀human฀body,฀and฀ explain฀to฀what฀extent฀you฀can฀rely฀on฀the฀model.

฀

There฀is฀no฀direct฀relationship฀between฀the฀model฀and฀the฀body.฀Testing฀ supports฀the฀model฀but฀there฀is฀always฀some฀risk฀of฀DCS.

4.฀฀ In฀metres/feet฀of฀pressure,฀how฀much฀nitrogen฀would฀the฀5,฀10,฀20฀and฀60฀minute฀halftime฀compartments฀each฀have฀after฀60฀minutes฀at฀18฀metres/60฀feet?

5-minute฀=฀฀18฀metres฀/฀60฀feet 10-minute฀=฀18฀metres฀/฀60฀feet 20-minute฀=฀16฀metres/฀52.5฀feet 60-฀minute฀=฀9฀metres฀/฀30฀feet 5.฀฀ Compare฀the฀basis฀of฀the฀US฀Navy฀tables฀repetitive฀diving฀procedures฀with฀the฀RDP’s.฀ Explain฀a)฀what฀compartment฀controls฀each,฀b)฀why฀each฀is฀appropriate฀for฀that฀table฀ and฀c)฀the฀practical฀difference฀on฀repetitive฀diving฀between฀them.

a)฀ The฀US฀Navy฀surface฀interval฀credit฀table฀is฀controlled฀by฀a฀120฀minute฀ compartment.฀The฀RDP฀surface฀interval฀credit฀table฀is฀controlled฀by฀a฀ 60฀minute฀compartment. b)฀ The฀US฀Navy฀table฀was฀designed฀for฀decompression฀diving฀—฀requiring฀ longer/slower฀compartments฀to฀control฀repetitive฀dives.฀The฀RDP฀is฀for฀ no฀decompression฀diving฀—฀allowing฀the฀use฀of฀faster฀compartments฀to฀ control฀repetitive฀dives.

A-28฀

Appendix

c)฀ The฀US฀Navy฀table฀accounts฀for฀the฀worst฀case฀scenario฀–฀a฀repetitive฀ dive฀after฀a฀decompression฀dive฀–฀which฀is฀why฀repetitive฀dive฀times฀need฀ to฀be฀more฀conservative.฀The฀RDP฀can฀allow฀shorter฀surface฀intervals฀and฀ longer฀repetitive฀dives฀because฀all฀dives฀are฀planned฀as฀no฀decompression฀dives. 6.฀฀ Explain฀why฀you฀can’t฀use฀pressure฀groups฀from฀the฀RDP฀on฀the฀US฀Navy฀Tables฀or฀any฀ other฀tables.฀

฀

The฀tables฀are฀based฀on฀different฀models฀which฀means฀that฀pressure฀ group฀designations฀do฀not฀indicate฀equivalent฀amounts฀of฀absorbed฀ nitrogen.

7.฀฀ Explain฀how฀modern฀dive฀computers฀apply฀decompression฀models฀to฀provide฀more฀no฀ decompression฀time฀than฀a฀table.

Dive฀computers฀write฀custom฀tables฀to฀precise฀depths฀which฀eliminates฀unnecessary฀rounding. 8.฀฀ State฀the฀three฀broad฀computer฀groupings฀and฀list฀their฀M-value฀and฀surface฀interval฀ credit฀characteristics฀compared฀the฀RDP฀and฀each฀other.

Spencer฀Limits,฀EE฀washout฀—฀M-values฀similar฀to฀RDP.฀Shorter฀surface฀intervals฀can฀permit฀repetitive฀dives฀beyond฀what฀has฀been฀shown฀to฀work฀ reliably. Spencer฀Limits,฀60฀minute฀washout฀—฀M-values฀same฀as฀RDP.฀Surface฀intervals฀are฀similar฀to฀RDP. Buhlmann฀Limits,฀EE฀Washout฀—฀lower฀M-values฀than฀RDP.฀Repetitive฀dives฀ similar฀to฀RDP฀though฀some฀deep฀dives฀with฀short฀surface฀intervals฀may฀ still฀permit฀repetitive฀dives฀beyond฀what฀has฀been฀shown฀to฀work฀reliably. 9.฀฀ Explain฀why฀the฀general฀recommendations฀for฀diving฀with฀tables฀apply฀equally฀to฀dive฀ computers,฀and฀list฀three฀recommendations฀specific฀to฀computer฀diving.

฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀

Most฀general฀recommendations฀apply฀equally฀because฀they฀come฀from฀ what฀has฀been฀found฀to฀work฀in฀actual฀diving฀situations.฀ Computer฀specific฀recommendations: •฀฀Each฀diver฀has฀a฀computer. •฀฀Follow฀manufacturer฀recommendations.฀ •฀฀End฀the฀dive฀on฀the฀most฀conservative฀computer.

Divemaster฀Course฀Instructor฀Guide฀

A-29

Divemaster฀Manual฀Knowledge฀Review Chapter฀6 ฀Answer฀Keys 1.฀฀ Explain฀where฀to฀find฀standards฀and฀related฀information฀on฀PADI฀Divemaster-conducted฀programs,฀and฀how฀you฀identify฀standards฀you฀must฀adhere฀to฀from฀other฀supporting฀material.฀

฀

PADI฀Instructor Manual:฀฀General฀Standards฀and฀Procedures฀section,฀ Skin฀Diver฀Course฀Instructor฀Guide,฀and฀Experience฀Programs฀Guide.

฀

Standards฀appear฀in฀bold฀face฀type.

2.฀฀ Identify฀where฀you฀find฀the฀maximum฀ratios฀of฀a฀PADI฀Divemaster฀to฀participants฀for฀ PADI฀Divemaster-conducted฀programs.฀

฀

General฀Standards฀and฀Procedures฀section,฀and฀the฀instructor฀guide฀ and฀the฀Key฀Standards฀Box฀for฀each฀program.฀

3.฀฀ Explain฀where฀to฀find฀performance฀requirements฀for฀programs฀and฀why฀its฀usually฀a฀ good฀idea฀to฀state฀the฀requirements฀for฀participants.฀

฀ ฀

Performance฀requirements฀are฀in฀bold฀face฀type฀in฀each฀Instructor฀Guide. Stating฀requirements฀allows฀students฀to฀know฀what฀you฀expect฀them฀to฀ accomplish.

4.฀฀ Identify฀where฀you฀find฀a฀listing฀of฀material฀required฀and฀recommended฀for฀PADI฀Divemaster-conducted฀programs.฀

฀

Instructor฀Guide฀for฀each฀program.

5.฀฀ List฀the฀six฀general฀administrative฀requirements฀that฀apply฀to฀all฀PADI฀programs:

1.฀฀ Participants฀must฀complete฀a฀Medical฀Statement฀at฀the฀beginning฀of฀ each฀course 2.฀฀ Questions฀of฀fitness฀are฀the฀responsibility฀of฀a฀physician 3.฀฀ Participants฀must฀complete฀a฀PADI฀Safe฀Diving฀Practices฀Statement฀of฀ Understanding 4.฀฀ Participants฀must฀complete฀a฀Liability฀Release฀and฀Assumption฀of฀Risk฀ Agreement 5.฀฀ Retain฀records฀for฀a฀minimum฀of฀seven฀years. 6.฀฀ File฀an฀incident฀report฀for฀any฀dive฀incident.

A-30฀

Appendix

6.฀฀ Explain฀the฀annual฀renewal฀requirement฀for฀a฀PADI฀Divemaster.

฀

Sign฀an฀annual฀membership฀agreement฀and฀return฀with฀annual฀dues฀to฀ your฀PADI฀Office.

7.฀฀ Explain฀the฀professional฀liability฀insurance฀requirements฀for฀a฀PADI฀Divemaster.฀

฀

Insurance฀is฀not฀required฀(in฀most฀areas)฀but฀highly฀recommended฀when฀ acting฀as฀a฀certified฀assistant.฀Insurance฀is฀required฀(in฀most฀areas)฀ when฀conducting฀divemaster-conducted฀programs.฀

8.฀฀ Identify฀the฀intended฀audience฀and฀basic฀philosophy฀for฀each฀of฀the฀following฀PADI฀ programs:฀

Skin฀Diver฀Course฀—฀Training฀program฀for฀those฀interested฀in฀diving฀but฀not฀ necessarily฀in฀scuba.฀May฀appeal฀to฀those฀interested฀in฀physical฀conditioning.฀ Discover฀Local฀Diving฀—฀Formal฀diving฀orientation฀for฀certified฀divers฀to฀a฀ new฀location฀or฀new฀diving฀environment. Discover฀Snorkeling฀—฀Casual฀experience฀for฀swimming฀and฀looking฀underwater.฀฀May฀appeal฀to฀people฀who฀want฀to฀experience฀the฀underwater฀world฀ but฀aren't฀interested฀in฀scuba.฀Emphasis฀is฀on฀having฀fun.฀ Scuba฀Review฀—฀A฀way฀for฀certified฀divers฀who฀have฀been฀inactive฀to฀refresh฀ skills.฀ 9.฀ List฀one฀marketing฀idea฀for฀each฀of฀the฀following฀programs.฀(You're฀encouraged฀to฀list฀ original฀ideas฀not฀discussed฀in฀the฀text.)

Skin฀Diver฀Course฀—฀Market฀to฀schools,฀health฀clubs,฀children฀of฀scuba฀divers,฀youth฀groups,฀etc. Discover฀Local฀Diving฀—฀Market฀to฀divers฀visiting฀an฀unfamiliar฀dive฀site,฀to฀ inactive฀divers฀in฀conjunction฀with฀Scuba฀Review,฀etc. Discover฀Snorkeling฀—฀Market฀to฀health฀clubs,฀casual฀gatherings฀at฀dive฀ sites,฀travel฀agencies,฀people฀involved฀with฀other฀water฀sports,฀etc Scuba฀Review฀—฀Market฀in฀resort฀areas,฀to฀divers฀who฀view฀their฀inactivity฀ as฀an฀obstacle,฀etc.

Divemaster฀Course฀Instructor฀Guide฀

A-31

Divemaster฀Manual฀Knowledge฀Review Chapter฀7 Answer฀Keys 1.฀฀ Define฀risk฀management,฀duty฀of฀care฀and฀negligence.

Risk฀management฀—฀the฀process฀of฀reducing฀risks฀you฀face฀while฀acting฀as฀ a฀divemaster฀which฀involves฀increasing฀safety฀for฀divers฀and฀for฀you฀in฀ your฀capacity฀as฀a฀divemaster. Duty฀of฀Care฀—฀your฀responsibility฀to฀act฀as฀a฀reasonably฀prudent฀divemaster฀would฀act฀under฀same฀or฀similar฀circumstances฀to฀maintain฀safety. Negligence฀—฀failure฀to฀meet฀the฀duty฀of฀care฀expected 2.฀฀ Explain฀why฀it฀is฀recommended฀that฀you฀carry฀professional฀liability฀insurance,฀even฀ when฀it’s฀not฀required฀and฀you฀plan฀to฀function฀exclusively฀as฀an฀assistant฀working฀ under฀a฀PADI฀Instructor.

฀

Because฀you฀can฀be฀sued฀even฀if฀you฀did฀nothing฀wrong.฀Insurance฀helps฀฀ cover฀legal฀costs฀and฀damages.฀Instructors฀liability฀insurance฀does฀not฀ cover฀assistants.

3.฀฀ Describe฀the฀most฀important฀step฀you฀can฀take฀to฀manage฀legal฀risk.

฀

Adhere฀to฀conservative฀diving฀practices฀and฀use฀good฀judgment.

4.฀฀ Explain฀how฀adhering฀to฀standards฀helps฀you฀reduce฀legal฀risk฀and฀the฀role฀of฀good฀ judgment฀in฀reducing฀legal฀risk.

฀ ฀

Standards฀help฀you฀demonstrate฀that฀you฀followed฀the฀stipulated฀duty฀ of฀care.฀ Good฀judgment฀shows฀that฀you฀made฀reasonable฀and฀prudent฀decisions฀ and฀acted฀conservatively.

5.฀฀ Explain฀the฀role฀of฀paperwork฀in฀reducing฀legal฀risk,฀and฀describe฀the฀steps฀to฀follow฀ with฀any฀PADI฀program.

฀ ฀

A-32฀

Paperwork฀establishes฀your฀conduct฀as฀a฀reasonably฀prudent฀divemaster฀ who฀followed฀standards.฀ Paperwork฀helps฀you฀be฀organized,฀aids฀meeting฀standards,฀delivering฀ good฀customer฀service฀and฀maintaining฀professionalism.

Appendix

6.฀฀ List฀the฀dos฀and฀don’ts฀to฀follow,฀with฀regard฀to฀legal฀risk฀management,฀in฀the฀event฀of฀ a฀dive฀accident.฀

1.฀฀ Do฀handle฀the฀emergency. 2.฀฀ Do฀inform฀the฀victim’s฀family฀—฀show฀compassion฀and฀caring. 3.฀ Do฀cooperate฀with฀authorities฀—฀give฀only฀the฀facts. 4.฀฀ Do฀not฀assign,฀admit฀or฀speculate฀on฀causes฀or฀blame. 5.฀฀ Do฀collect฀the฀victim’s฀equipment฀to฀turn฀over฀to฀authorities. 6.฀฀ Do฀call฀your฀PADI฀Office฀to฀report฀the฀incident. 7.฀฀ Explain฀how฀the฀Quality฀Assurance฀process฀helps฀you฀reduce฀legal฀risk.

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Creates฀documentation฀that฀you,฀as฀a฀PADI฀member,฀followed฀standards.฀ The฀process฀also฀documents฀that฀any฀standards-related฀problems฀are฀ addressed฀and฀corrected.

8.฀฀ Describe฀the฀basics฀of฀the฀Quality฀Assurance฀process.฀

•฀ •฀ •฀ •฀ •฀

Indication฀of฀problem฀or฀a฀complaint.฀ PADI฀seeks฀additional฀information.฀ PADI฀contacts฀member฀to฀get฀member’s฀side.฀ If฀a฀member฀verifies฀problem,฀PADI฀determines฀corrective฀action. When฀statements฀can’t฀be฀reconciled,฀the฀PADI฀Quality฀Management฀ Committee฀reviews฀the฀information฀and฀determines฀the฀appropriate฀action.

9.฀ List฀five฀suggestions฀to฀help฀you฀manage฀risks฀to฀your฀health฀and฀safety฀as฀a฀divemaster.

1.฀฀ Stay฀physically฀fit 2.฀฀ Make฀the฀deepest฀dive฀first฀and฀stay฀well฀within฀limits 3.฀฀ Stay฀hydrated. 4.฀฀ When฀ill฀or฀injured,฀moderate฀your฀activities. ฀5.฀฀Pay฀attention฀to฀your฀mental฀health.

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Divemaster฀Manual฀Knowledge฀Review Chapter฀8 Answer฀Keys 1.฀฀ List฀the฀“three฀Es”฀of฀diving฀and฀explain฀why฀each฀is฀necessary฀for฀someone฀to฀be฀a฀ diver.฀

Education฀—฀to฀dive฀safely,฀divers฀need฀instruction. Equipment฀—฀without฀equipment,฀there฀is฀no฀diving. Experience฀—฀divers฀need฀opportunities฀to฀dive.฀Without฀a฀reason฀to฀dive,฀ education฀and฀equipment฀have฀no฀purpose. 2.฀฀ Where฀does฀the฀dive฀consumer฀find฀the฀three฀Es฀of฀diving.฀

At฀PADI฀Dive฀Centers฀and฀Resorts. 3.฀฀ Explain฀the฀role฀of฀leadership฀level฀divers฀with฀respect฀to฀equipment฀counseling฀and฀ why฀it฀is฀important.

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Divers฀will฀come฀to฀the฀divemaster฀for฀advice฀about฀equipment฀because฀ diving฀is฀a฀technical฀activity฀and฀divers฀rely฀on฀the฀divemaster’s฀experience.฀Dive฀operators฀depend฀on฀equipment฀sales฀for฀business.

4.฀฀ List฀four฀attributes฀of฀a฀positive฀sales฀process.

1.฀฀ Give฀the฀best฀recommendation. 2.฀฀ Listen฀to฀the฀divers฀who฀come฀in฀and฀ask฀for฀advice. 3.฀฀ Don't฀make฀assumptions฀about฀price,฀but฀recommend฀the฀equipment฀ that฀best฀addresses฀the฀customer's฀need.฀ 4.฀ Give฀all฀the฀advice฀you฀would฀like฀to฀get.

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Appendix

Divemaster฀Manual฀Knowledge฀Review Chapter฀9 Answer฀Keys 1.฀฀ List฀six฀reasons฀why฀you฀should฀consider฀continuing฀your฀training฀through฀the฀PADI฀ Open฀Water฀Scuba฀Instructor฀level.฀

1.฀ Instructors฀are฀more฀versatile฀employees. 2.฀ The฀majority฀of฀boat฀divemasters฀are฀instructors. 3.฀ The฀instructor฀level฀is฀the฀most฀common฀path฀into฀other฀areas฀of฀the฀ dive฀industry. 4.฀ Instructors฀have฀more฀opportunities฀to฀work฀on฀a฀part-time฀basis. 5.฀ Instructor฀training฀has฀credibility฀beyond฀diving. 6.฀ There฀is฀more฀demand฀for฀PADI฀Instructors฀than฀any฀other฀dive฀professional฀rating.฀฀ 2.฀฀ Explain฀how฀it฀benefits฀you฀to฀complete฀the฀PADI฀Assistant฀Instructor฀course฀before฀ taking฀the฀PADI฀Instructor฀Development฀Course.

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Being฀an฀Assistant฀Instructor฀gives฀you฀more฀time฀to฀assimilate฀and฀ apply฀information฀as฀well฀as฀allows฀more฀time฀to฀log฀dives.฀Assistant฀ Instructors฀may฀be฀excused฀from฀certain฀IDC฀Curriculum฀components,฀ thus฀reducing฀the฀IDC฀load.฀Assistant฀Instructors฀may฀complete฀PADI฀ Specialty฀Instructor฀courses฀prior฀to฀an฀IDC.฀

3.฀฀ Explain฀how฀diver฀level฀specialty฀training฀can฀help฀your฀career฀as฀a฀PADI฀Divemaster.

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It฀gives฀you฀broader฀and฀more฀frequent฀diving฀opportunities฀and฀helps฀ you฀gain฀experience฀for฀Specialty฀Instructor฀ratings.

4.฀฀ List฀six฀skills,฀outside฀of฀diver฀training,฀that฀can฀make฀you฀more฀valuable฀in฀the฀dive฀ industry.

1.฀฀ Boat฀handling/captain's฀license 2.฀฀ Retail฀sales฀training 3.฀฀ Sales฀management฀training฀ 4.฀ Manufacturer's฀equipment฀repair฀technician 5.฀฀ Compressor฀or฀diesel฀engine฀mechanic 6.฀ Writing,฀word฀processing,฀layout฀and฀photography

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5.฀ Explain฀how฀emerging฀technologies฀can฀affect฀your฀career,฀and฀what฀you฀should฀do฀in฀ response.

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Technological฀changes฀can฀make฀what฀you฀know฀obsolete.฀Stay฀tuned฀to฀ the฀dive฀media,฀attend฀trade฀shows,฀keep฀up฀with฀changes฀in฀computer฀ technology฀and฀business฀trends฀in฀other฀fields฀that฀affect฀virtually฀every฀ industry.

Appendix