Outline and Bibliographies of Oriental Art [Rev. ed. 2nd printing 1945. Reprint 2014] 9780674422810, 9780674428423

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O U T L I N E A N D BIBLIOGRAPHIES OF O R I E N T A L A R T

BY B E N J A M I N R O W L A N D , JR.

CAMBRIDGE HARVARD

·

MASSACHUSETTS

U N I V E R S I T Y

I 945

PRESS

COPYRIGHT, 1 9 3 8 , 1 9 4 0 BY THE PRESIDENT AND FELLOWS OF HARVARD COLLEGE

Revised Edition: Second Printing

PRINTED AT THE HARVARD UNIVERSITY PRINTING OFFICE CAMBRIDGE, MASSACHUSETTS, U. S. A.

A SHORT SELECTIVE BIBLIOGRAPHY OF BOOKS ON INDIAN A R T AND RELIGION (For a more complete bibliography see page 29) Anand, M. R., The Hindu View of Art, 1933. Barnett, L. D., Antiquities of India, 1913. Beai, S., Buddhist Records of the Western World, 1906. Codrington, K. de В., Introduction to the Study of Medieval Indian Sculpture, 1929. Coomaraswamy, A. K., Buddha and the Gospel of Buddhism, 1916. The Dance of Siva, 1918. Introduction to the Art of Eastern Asia, The Open Court, 1932. Introduction to Indian Art, 1923. The Transformation of Nature in Art, 1934. Coomaraswamy and Sister Nivedita, Myths of the Hindus and Buddhists, 1913. Cummings, Sir J . [Ed.], Revealing India's Past, London, 1939. Foucher, Α., The Beginnings of Buddhist Art, 1917. Gangoly, O. C., Indian Architecture, Little Books on Asiatic Art. Southern Indian Bronzes, Little Books on Asiatic Art. Goloubew, v., Rodin, and others. Sculptures Çivaites, Ars Asiatica, III, 1921. Grousset, R., Civilizations of the East, vol. II, India, 1931. In the Footsteps of the Buddie, 1932. Grünwedel, Α., Buddhist Art in India, London, 1901. Guénon, R., Introduction Générale à l'Étude des doctrines hindoues, 1921. Hackin, J., and others, Asiatic Mythology, 1932. Hamilton, С. H., Buddhism in India, Ceylon, China, and Japan, 1931. Havell, E. В., Indian Sculpture and Painting, 1908. Ancient and Medieval Architecture in India, 1915. The Himalayas in Indian Art, 1924. Hawkridge, E., Indian Gods and Kings, 1934. Mackay, E., The Indus Civilization, 1935. Marshall, Sir J., A Guide to Sâfichï, 1918 and 1936. A Guide to Taxila, 1936. Pratt, J. В., The Prilgrimage of Buddhism, 1928. Ramaprasad Chanda, Medieval Indian Sculpture, 1936. Rawlinson, H. G., India and the Western World, 1926. India, A Short Cultural History, 1937. Saunders, K., The Pageant of Asia, 1932. Smith, V. Α., The Early History of India, 1904 and later editions. Takacs, Z., The Art of Greater Asia, Budapest, 1933. 3

INDIA Geography History: The origins of the Indian people. The Dravidians. The Aryan invasions. Characteristics of Indian Art of the historical periods. "Early Western Asiatic Art Forms" in India.

Indus VaUey ("Indo-Smnerian") Period (ca. 3300 B.C.-2000 B.C.) Question of relation to Sumeria and connection with later periods. Character of Indus Valley civilization. Religion of the Indus Valley people. Sites: Mohenjo Darò (Sind); Chanhu Darò (Sind); Harappa (Punjab). Statuettes: Bronze "Dancing Girl" (from Mohenjo Darò); male portraits (?) (from Mohenjo Darò); male torse (from Harappa). Seals: Bovidae, "unicorns," " Siva," etc. Pottery: Relation to painted pottery of other regions.

The Vedic Period (1600 B.C.-800 B.C.) Consolidation of Aryan rule. The Vedic Hymns. Rise of Brahmanism. The earliest Upanishads.

Saiáunága-Nanda Dynasty (643 B.C.-322 B.C.) Gautama the Buddha (Prince Siddhartha, Sakyamuni), 563 B.C.-483 B.C. Founding of Jainism by Mahâvira (d. 527 B.C.) Invasion of the Punjab by Darius I of Persia, 516 B.C. Religion of the early period. Dravidian and Aryan deities: The great gods. Nature deities: Yakça, yakgi, nâga, etc. Indian Cosmology. Hinduism and the chief Hindu divinities. Jainism. Outline of the life of Buddha and chief tenets of Buddhism. Hinayâna and Mahâyâna Buddhism. Bodhisattva doctrine.

T H E EARLY PERIOD (CIRCA 325 B.C.-50 B.C.)

The Maurya Period (c. 325 B.C.-186 B.C.) History: The Macedonian invasion; Alexander's march to the Indus. Greek satraps in the Punjab. Chandragupta Maurya and the unification of India. Rise of Buddhism under the Emperor Asoka. Ancient literary records of the Maurya civilization. Architecture: Emperor Asoka's palace at Pätaliputra (Patna); Lomas ^ i Cave, Barâbar. Sculpture: Characteristic examples: Yakga from Parkham, Muttra Museum; Yakga from Baroda, Muttra Museum; Yakgî from Besnagar, Indian Museum, Calcutta; Yaksî, Patna Museum.

Columns of Asoka: Lauriya Nandangarh (lion capital). Râmpurvâ (lion and bull capitals). Sârnâth (lion capital) : cosmologica! symbolism of the Sârnâth column. Sâftchï (lion capital). Important Rulers: Chandragupta (321-297 B.C.); Asoka (274-236 B.C.).

The Sunga Period (c. 186-80 B.C.) Architecture: Character of Indian architecture. The Indian order. Cave temples and the development of the chaitya hall. Caves: Bhâjâ; Nâsik; Kondane; Kârlï; Bedsa; Ajantâ, Cave I X ; Chaitya hall, Sâfichi; Apsidal temple, Sirkap, Taxila. The Stûpa: (Origins and symbolism; Plan and elevation; base, drum, "dome," harmikâ, Hti, railing, torana) Bhârhut; Sâftchï, Stûpa i and 2. Sculpture: Buddhist sculpture on the stûpa railings and torada-, Bhârhut; Bodh Gayâ (Buddha Gayâ) ; Sâftchï, Stûpa 2 ; Indra and Sürya relief, Bhâjâ. Jâtaka scenes, Khandagiri caves, Orissa Painting: Jâtaka scenes. Cave X, Ajantâ.

Ändhra Period (220 В.С.-ЗОО A.D.)* (Early) Ändhra Period Sculpture of the four toranas of Stûpa i (the Great Stûpa), Sâftchï, с. 70-25 B.C. Stûpas a t Amarâvati (с. 2nd century B.C.). ART I N NORTHWESTERN INDIA AND AFGHANISTAN 250 B.C.-600 A.D. "Graeco-Buddhist" art in northwestern India and Afghanistan (Gandhâra). Kushan art a t Mathurâ. Excavation in Northern India and Afghanistan. Problems of derivation from Hellenistic art or Roman art. Creation of the Buddha image. Chronology. Influence of " Graeco-Buddhist " Art on the art of India and all of Eastern Asia. Sources: Descriptions of the Chinese pilgrims; coins; inscriptions. Important dynasties and rulers: (Seleucid) Nicator (312-280 B.C.); " Yavana" (Greek) princes of houses of Demetreus and Euthydemus (200 B.C.-58 B.C.) ; (Saka) Azes I (58 B.C.-?) ; Kujula and Wima Kadphises ( 2 5 - 1 2 9 A.D.); (Kushan) Kaniçka (circa 1 2 9 - 1 6 0 A.D.).

Bactrian and Parthian Period (260 B.C.-66 A.D.) 250 B.C.-50 B.c. The Greek Kingdoms in Bactria and Northern India. Graeco-Parthian Period in India at Taxila (100 B.C.-65 A.D.). Problem of Bactria and its role in spreading Hellenism to the Orient. Excavations in the city of Sirkap (Taxila); "Fire Temple," Jandial, Taxila. * For art under the Later Andhras see page 7

" GRAECO-BUDDmST ART ' ' Northwestern India and Afghanistan under rule of Kushan and Turki sovereigns (circa 5 0 A . D . - 6 0 0 A.D.).

(INDIA) Sites: Tayit-i-Bahi, Shahjîkïdheri, and Sahrî Bahlol, near Peshawar (Puruçapura), Northwest Frontier Province; Taxila (Takçasila), Punjab. Architecture: Capitals, masonry, materials, etc. The Stflpa: Dharmarâjïkï stûpa, Taxila; miniature stûpas; Kaniçka's stüpa-pagoda at Peshawar (Shahjîkîdherî). Vihâras (monasteries): TaHit-i-Bâhi; Jaulian, Taxila; Mohra-Moradhu, Taxila. Sculpture: Indian and Greek motifs; type of Buddha, etc. Chronology: The Indian eras. Dated Buddhist Sculpture: Reliquaries: Kanigka's casket (circa 1 3 0 A . D . ) , Peshawar Museum. Statues: Standing Buddha (from Loriyan Tâùgai), dated 1 6 8 A.D., Indian Museum, Calcutta; standing Buddha (from Charsada^, dated 2 3 4 A.D. Collections of statues: The Guides' Mess, Hoti-Mardan, Northwest Frontier Province; Peshawar Museum; Central Museum, Lahore; Ostasiatisches Museum, Berlin; British Museum, London; Louvre, Paris; Musée Guimet, Paris; Boston Museum of Fine Arts; Metropolitan Museum, New York; Royal Ontario Museum, Toronto

(AFGHANISTAN) Accounts of the Chinese pilgrims. Early exploration. Sites: Hadda, near Jelâlâbâd; Bämiyän; Begram; Kabul; Fondukistan. Sculpture: Colossal Buddhas, Bämiyän; Bimarän reliquary, British Museum, London. " Gothico-Buddhist Sculpture" from Hadda; stucco heads of Buddha, genre types and grotesques, Musée Guimet, Paris. Ivories from Begram, Musée Guimet, Paris. Painting {frescoes): "Solar Divinity," niche of 1 2 0 foot Buddha, Bämiyän; Bodhisattvas, etc., niche of 1 7 s foot Buddha, Bämiyän. Architecture: Lantern roofs, Bämiyän; stûpas at Kabul and H a d ^ .

KUSHAN PERIOD (CIRCA 50 A.D.-320 A.D.) ("MATHURÄ SCHOOL") Migration of the Yiieh-chih tribe from Kansu province (China) to Afghanistan. The Kushans a branch of this people. Invasion of Northern India. Problem of the date of the Kushan rulers.

Important rulers: Kadphises I and II (c. 2 5 - 1 2 9 A.D.); Kaniçka (с. Centre of art at Mathurä (the modern Mut tra).

1 2 9 A.D.-IÓO A.D.).

Architecture: Mahäbodhi temple, Bodh Gayâ (many later restorations). Sculpture: Portrait statues: Wima (Kadphises II), Kaniçka, and Chashtana, Muttra Museum. Indian type of Buddha: Seated Buddha (from Katra Mound), Muttra Museum; standing images of the Bodhisattva Sâkyamuni (dedicated by Friar Bala), Sâmâth Museum and Indian Museum, Calcutta. Buddha figures and other sculpture under Gandhäran influence. Bacchanalian reliefs. Reliefs: Yakgï on railing pillars, Muttra Museum; garland bearers, Muttra Museum. Contribution of the Mathiu-a School.

SOUTHERN INDIA, ANDHRA PERIOD (CIRCA 200 B.C.-300 A.D.) (Later) Ändhra Period (circa 160 A.D.-300 A.D.) Sculpture: Relation to Mathurä and Gandhara Schools. Reliefs from the drum and railing of the Great Stüpa at Amarâvatî, Government Museum, Madras, and British Museum. Sculpture from Nâgârjunakonda. The Gupta Period (circa 320 A.D.-600 A.D.) The great period of Indian art and letters. Visits of Chinese pilgrims. Important rulers: Chandragupta (circa Kumäragupta ( 4 1 4 - 4 5 5 A.D.).

3 2 0 A . D . - 3 3 5 A.D.);

Samudragupta

( 3 3 5 - 3 8 0 A.D.);

Architecture: Cave temples: Ajantâ, Caves I, II, XIX, XXVI. Free-standing temples: Temple at Sáñchi; Durga temple, Aihole; Brahmanic temples, Ter and Chezorla. Stupas: Dhâmekh stüpa, Sârnâth. Sculpture: Final evolution of the cult image. Statues: Buddha preaching in the Deer Park, Archaeological Museum, Sârnâth, No. B.b. 181; Standing Buddhas (Mathurä School), No. A 5 Muttra Museum, and No. M 5 Indian Museum, Calcutta; Buddha in bronze and copper from Sultanganj, Museum, Birmingham (England); standing Buddhas from Sârnâth, Archaeological Museum, Sârnâth, and Indian Museum, Calcutta. Reliefs: Steles with scenes from the life of Buddha (from Sârnâth), Indian Museum, Calcutta, Nos. S 3, S 5, etc.; Buddha images and scenes from the life of Buddha, Ajantâ, Cave XIX. Painting: " Frescoes ": Bodhisattva, Jâtaka tales, etc. Caves I, II, and XVII, Ajantâ; Scenes from the drama, Bâgh caves (Gwâliar State); Brahmanic subjects. Badami.

8 MEDIEVAL PERIOD (600 A.D.-1200 A.D.)

Early Medieval (600 A.D.-860 A.D.) Important dynasties and rulers: Calukyan Era (650-750); (Rastrakute) Krishna (757-783); (Fallava) Mahendra (600-625); MämaUa (625-674); Räjasimbha and Nandivarman (674-800); Harçavardhana (606-647); Pala Dynasty (730-1197). Architecture: Development of the Northern (Indo-Aryan) and Southern (Dravidian) type of temple. Cave temples: Kailäsanätha temple, Ellora: Elephanta. Free-standing temples: "Raths," Seven Pagodas (Mämallapuram); Kailäsanätha temple, Conjeeveram (Kâficïpuram) ; Muktesvara temple, Bhuvanesvar; Parasurâmesvara temple, Bhuvanesvar; Buddhist monasteries at Nälandä. Sculpture: Statues: Buddha images from Magadha (Bihar), Indian Museum, Calcutta, etc.; Rock-cut figures and cave sculpture, Rämesvaram Cave, Kailäsanätha temple. Das Avatar cave, EUora, Descent of the Ganges (Arjuna's Penance), Mämallapuram; and Saiva Sculpture, Elephanta. Painting: "Frescoes": Brahmanic subjects, Kailäsanätha temple, Ellora.

Late Medieval Period (860 A.D.-1200 A.D.)* Important dynasties and rulers: (Coja) Räjaräja the Great (985-1018). Râjendra I (10181035); Later Calukyas (753-1190); Mohammedans in Bengal (1175-1206); Sena Dynasty ( i i t h - i 3 t h century). Architecture: Shore temple, Mämallapuram; Linga R a j and Râjrânï temples, Bhuvanesvar; Black Pagoda (Sürya Deul), Konarak; Teli-ka-Mandir and Säs Bahu temple, Gwäliar: Jain temples, Mt. Abû; Räjräjeivara temple, Tanjore. Sculpture: Decorations of temples at Konarak and Bhuvanesvar. Bronzes: Provincial Museum, Madras; Colombo Museum; Boston Museum; Musée Guimet, Paris.

CEYLON Conversion to Buddhism by Aáoka's missionary Mahinda. Contacts with the mainland. Important rulers: Devanampiya Tissa (с. 247-207 B.C.); Duttha Gämani (101-77 B.c.); Paràkrama Bähu I (1164-1197). * Indian art does not end at 1200 A.D., but the majority of monmnents after this date are Islamic and hence b ^ o n d the scope of this outline.

Early Period (3rd Century B.C.-6th century A.D.) Architecture: Lohapäsäda (Brazen Palace), Anuradhapura. Ruwanweli Dägaba, Anuradhapura. Abhayagiriya Dägaba, Anuradhapura. Sculpture: Statues of Buddhas, Anuradhapura; " Kapila," Isuramuniya vihâra, Anuradhapura; moonstones, Anuradhapura. Painting: "Frescoes" of apsaras, Sigiriya. Late Period (7th century A.D.-13th century A.D.) The Tamil invasions. Capital moved to Polonnaruva. Architecture: North Temple, Polonnaruva; Wata-da-ge, Sat Mahal Pasada, and Gal Vihära, Polonnâruva. Sculpture: Statue of King Parakrama Bahu I, Polonnâruva. Bronzes from Siva Devale No. i, Polonnaruva, Colombo Museum. Painting: "Frescoes" of Jâtaka scenes, etc.. North temple, Polonnaruva.

A SHORT SELECTIVE BIBLIOGRAPHY OF BOOKS ON ART IN INDO-CHINA AND INDONESIA (For a more complete bibliography, see page 34) Coomaraswamy, A. K., Khmer Sculpture, Bulletin of the Boston Museum of Fine Arts, April, 1920. History of Indian and Indonesian Art, 1927. Gangoly, O. C., The Art of Java, Little Books on Asiatic Art, 1928. Groslier, G., La sculpture Khmère ancienne, 1925. Krom, N. J., The Life of Buddha, in the Stûpa of Barabudur, 1920. Marchai, H., Guide archéologique aux temples d'Angkor, 1928. Parmentier, H., History of ELhmer Architecture, Eastern Art, III, 1931. Wales, H. G. Quaritch, Towards Angkor, 1937.

I N D O C H I N A ( C A M B O D I A A N D SIAM) Geography. Early migration from India. Introduction of Buddhism and Hinduism. Ancient Kingdoms of Funan and Chen-la. Important rulers: Indravarman (877-889 A . D . ) ; Jayavarman V (968-1001 II (1112-1152 A . D . ) ; Jayavarman V I I (1181-1201 A.D.).

A.D.);

Sûryavarman

Pre-Khmer or Funan Period in Cambodia (Dvâravatî period in Siam), sth-7th centuries A.D. Period of Indian Gupta influence. Sculpture: Buddha, Musée Albert Sarraut, Phnom Penh (F.I.C.); statues of Viçnu, Museum, Bangkok; statues of Hari-hara, Musée Albert Sarraut, Phnom Penh. Architecture: Material, decoration, structure. Shrines at Sambor Prei Kuk, Kompeng Thorn (F.I.C.), Sri Deva (Siam).

Early Classic Period (Srivijaya Period in Siam), 8th-ioth centuries. Sculpture: Vâlahassa jätaka group, Néak Péan, Aùkor (F.I.C.); Siva and Pârvâtî, Musée Albert Sarraut, Phnom Penh (F.I.C.); head of Buddha, Fogg Museum, Cambridge; "Leper K i n g , " Royal terrace, Aùkor Thorn. Architecture: " T h e Temple-Mountain." Brahmanic shrines, Lolei, Aùkor (889-910 A . D . ) ; Banteai Srei, Aùkor (696 A.D. and later); Phiméanakas, Aùkor Thom; Bap'huon, Aùkor Thorn.

Classic Period (Lopburi Period in Siam), i i t h - i ß t h centuries. Sculpture: Statues and reliefs at Aùkor Wat (1115 A.D. and later) and the Bayon (13th century), Aùkor Thorii; heads of divinities. Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, etc. Architecture: Aùkor Wat (1115 A.D. and later); the Bayon, Aùkor Thom (13th century). Later periods in Siam. Bronzes. Siamese architecture. I N D O N E S I A (JAVA A N D S U M A T R A )

Indo-Javanese Period (4th-early 8th century) Sailendra Period (ca. 760-860 A.D.)

Sculpture-Architecture: Barabudur and Candi Mendut (Central Java, 9th century

East Java Period (860-16th century A.D.) Sculpture-Architecture: Prambanam (9th century

Mohammedan Conquest (16th century)

A.D.).

A.D.).

A SHORT BIBLIOGRAPHY OF BOOKS ON PERSIA (IRAN) AND PERSIAN ART IN THE PRE-ISLAMIC PERIODS (For a more complete bibliography, see page 35) Exhibition of Persian Art, London, 1931. Herzfeld, E., Archaeological History of Iran, 1935. Huart, C., History of Iran and Iranian Civilization. Jackson, A. V. W., Persia Past and Present, 1906. Pope, A. U. [Ed.], A Survey of Persian Art, 1939. Rogers, R. W., A History of Ancient Persia, 1929. Ross, E. Denison, The Persians, 1930; Persian Art, 1930. Sarre, F., Die Kunst des alten Persien, 1922. (L'art de la Perse ancienne.)

PERSIA (IRAN) (PRE-ISLAMIC PERIODS)

Prehistoric Period: (ca. 3000-638 B.C.) Pottery from Susa, etc. ; Luristan Bronzes.

The Achaemenid Period (638 B.C.-331 B.C.) Zoroaster and the Mazdaean religion. Rise of Persia under Cyrus the Great. Conquests of Cyrus and Cambises. The expedition of Xerxes. The invasion of Alexander the Great and the end of the Achaemenid d>Tiasty. Architecture: Palace and tomb of Cyrus at Pasargadae; palace of Artaxerxes at Susa; palaces of Darius and Xerxes at Persepolis; royal tombs at Naqsh-i-Rustam; fire femples. Sculpture: Decoration of the palaces of Persepolis; rock-cut sculpture at Bisutun; head of a king, Stoclet collection, Brussels. Metalwork: Gold and silver ornaments, Leningrad, etc.

The Hellenistic Period (323 B.C.-200 B.C. ca.) The house of Seleucus Nicator. Revolt of Bactria and Parthia. Architecture: Ionic temple at Khurha; Anahit temple at Kangawar. Sculpture: Satyr heads from Kirmanshah, etc.

The Parthian Period (260 B.C. ca.-226 A.D.) Break up of the Seleucid empire. The Arsacid Dynasty. Survival of Hellenistic culture. Wars with Bactria and Rome. Mithradates' invasion of the Punjab. Pahlavas and Sakas. Architecture: Palaces at Hatra and Assur. Sculpture: Clay figurines from Seleucia, etc. Bronze statues from Shami. Painting: "Frescoes" at Dura-Europas. Metalwork: Silver plates, ewers, etc.

The Sasanian Period (226 A.D.-632 A.D.) Rise of native dynasty. Wars with Rome and Byzantium. Capture of the Emperor Valerian. Ciütural relations with Byzantium and the West. Expansion into Turkestan. The Islamic conquest. Architecture: Palace at Ctesiphon; palaces at Damghân, Sarvistan, and Firuzabad. Fire temples. Sculpture: Rock-cut reliefs at Naqsh-i-Rustam and Taq-i-Bustän; stucco decoration of architecture; statue of Shapur I. Painting: "Frescoes" at Bämiyän and Dokhtar-i-N6shirwän (Afghanistan). Metalwork: Ornaments and tableware in silver and gold. Textiles: 13

A SHORT SELECTIVE BIBLIOGRAPHY OF BOOKS ON ART AND EXPLORATION IN CENTRAL ASIA (For a more complete bibliography see page 35) Grousset, R., In the Footsteps of the Buddha, 1932. Le Coq, Α. von, Buried Treasures of Chinese Turkestan, 1928. Pelliot, P., La Haute Asie, η. d. (1931). Stein, Sir M. Α., Ruins of Desert Cathay, 1912. On Ancient Central Asian Tracks, 1933.

14

CENTRAL ASIA (TURKESTAN) (3RD-9TH CENTURY A.D.) Geography. Indo-European civilizations of the Buddhist Kingdoms. Importance for trade routes and transmission of Indian and Iranian motifs to China. The "International a r t " of the trade routes. Excavation of monastic centres by Pelliot, Stein, Griinwedel, and von Le Coq. Sites: Khotän, Dandan Uiliq (Dandan Oilik); Kizil (Qizil); Mîrân; Khocho (Idikutschari); Kucha; Turfän. Painting: Style and Chronology. Relation to Iranian and Gandhäran work. Indo-Iranian and Chinese styles. ' ' Frescoes ' ' : Kizil (now in Museum für Völkerkunde, Berlin) ; frescoes from Miran (now in Museum of Central Asian Antiquities, New Delhi): frescoes, Khocho, Kizil, Turfän (now in Museum für Völkerkunde, Berlin and Museum of Central Asian Antiquities, New Delhi). Sculpture: Stucco figures from Kizil, Miran, etc. Architectural forms: Lantern roof, squinch, etc.

IS

A SHORT SELECTIVE BIBLIOGRAPHY OF BOOKS ON CHINESE ART AND ARCHAEOLOGY (For a more complete bibliography, see page 37) Andersson, J. G., Children of the Yellow Earth, 1934. Ashton, L., Introduction to Chinese Sculpture, 1924. Binyon, L., Painting in the Far East, 1934. The Flight of the Dragon, 1911. Borovka, G., Scythian Art, 1928. Creel, H. G., The Birth of China, 1936. Fenollosa, E., Epochs of Chinese and Japanese Art, 1912. Ferguson, J. C., Chinese Painting, 1927. Fitzgerald, C. P., China, a Short Cultural History, 1935. Giles, L., The Sayings of Lao-tzü, Wisdom of the East series, 1905. Grousset, R., Civilizations of the East, Vol. 3, China, 1934. Kuo Hsi, Essay on Landscape Painting, Wisdom of the East series, 1935. Lin Yu T'ang, My Country and my People, 1935. Musings of a Chinese Mystic, Wisdom of the East series, 1906. Petrucci, R., Chinese Painting, 1920. Sakanishi, S., The Spirit of the Brush, Wisdom of the East series, 1938. Sirén, 0., The Chinese on the Art of Painting, 1936. Suzuki, D. T., A Brief History of Early Chinese Philosophy, 1914. Toda, К., and DriscoU, L., Chinese Calligraphy, 1935. Waley, Α., Introduction to the Study of Chinese Painting, 1923. The Way and its Power, 1935.

16

CHINA

Epoch of the "Three Dynasties" Problems of the origin of Chinese civilization. Religious and social systems of the early periods.

STONE AGE Hsia Dynasty (legendary), (2200-1766 B.C. ca.) BRONZE AGE Shang or Yin Dynasty (1766-1122 B.C. ca.) Sites: An-yang (Honan); Hou-Chia-Chuang (Honan). Pottery from Kansu and Honan. Inscribed bones. Bronze weapons and ritual vessels. Marble sculpture, An-yang (Honan).

Chou Dynasty (1122-266 B.C.) Era of Patriarchs and feudalism. Lao-tzü. Confucius (522-479 B.c.). Important rulers: K i n g W u (ca. 1150 B.c.); Duke T a n (ca. 1115 B.c.). Known sites: Pao-chi-hsien (Honan); Hsin-chêng-hsien (Honan), Bronzes: Principal shapes—И (Hollow-legged tripod); ting (cauldron-tripod); tsun (wine vase); hsien (cereal colander); i (ewer); yu (wine bucket); chiieh (libation cup); y i (wine bowl with handles) ; hu (wine jar) ; ku (tall slender vase) ; p'an (basin) ; lei (covered container). Patterns — pattern"; Cicada. Casting Processes. Authenticity.

(".glutton m a s k " or Vielfrass); Kuei (dragon); "Thunder Functions of the vessels. Problems of origin and chronology.

Patina.

Characteristic examples. Theory of "Pan-Pacific A r t . " Jade Ritual Objects.

Ch'in Dynasty (231-210 B.C.) Shih Huang-ti (221-210 B.C.). The Great Wall. " T h e Burning of the Books." 17

i8

Han Dynasty (206 B.C.-220 A.D.) Relations with the West. Rise of Buddhism. Taoist mysticism and natxure faiths. Important rulers: Kao Tsu (206-195 В-С·) ; Wu Ti (140-87

B.C.) ;

Kuang Wu Ti (25 A.D.-57

A.D.).

Bronzes: Question of influence of so-called "Scythian A r t " ; vessels; buckles and other ornaments; mirrors; inlaid bronzes. Pottery: Glazed vessels; figurines in painted clay; "hill jars"; painted vessels. Sculpture: Tomb of Ho-ch'ü-ping, near Sian-fu; (circa 117 (147

A.D.),

B.C.);

tomb of Wu Liang-tz'u

Chia-hsiang^ Shantung; pillars at tomb of Shên, Ssüchuan; bronze bears,

Fenway Court, Boston. Painting: Conventions and technique; description of murals in Ling-kuang palace; Shantung reliefs; Painted bricks, Museum of Fine Arts, Boston. Jade Ritual objects. Lacquer.

San-Kuo (220-263 A.D.) Chin Dynasty (266-420 A.D.) Painting: K u K'ai-chih (344-406 A . D . ) : Admonitions of the Instructress, British Museum, London; Nymph of the Lo River, Freer Gallery, Washington, D. C. Sculpture: Stone lion, Okura Collection, Tôkyô; Bronze Buddha, dated 338 A.D., C. T. Loo, New York.

Six Dynasties Period (220-689 A.D.) Important dynasties and rulers: (North Wei) T'ai Wu Ti (424-452 A . D . ) ; (North Wei) Hsiao Wên T i (471-499 A . D . ) ; (North Wei) Tao Wu T i (386-408 A . D . ) ; (Liang) Wu Ti (502549

A.D.).

Northern Wei (386-634 A.D.) The Toba Tartars at Ta-t'ung-fu. Patronage of Buddhism. Capital moved to Loyang, 494 A.D. Sculpture: Introduction of Indian and Central Asian styles. Stone: Rock-cut sculpture, Yün-kang, Shansi (455 A.D. and later); Lung-mên (Honan), 494 A.D. and later; Tun-huang (Kansu), 366 A.D. and later. Statues: Maitreya from Pai-ma-ssü, Museum of Fine Arts, Boston; steles. Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, etc.; Bodhisattva from Y ü n Kang, Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York. Clay: Grave figures. Bronze: Maitreya (dated 486 A . D . ) , Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York; standing Buddha (dated 537 A . D . ) ; University Museum, Philadelphia; gilt bronze figiuines. Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, etc. Painting: "frescoes," Caves n o , i n a and 135a, Tun-huang (Kansu); tomb paintings, Gukenkri, Korea.

19 Liang Dynasty (602-667 A.D.) Sculpture: Winged lions at royal tombs, near Nanking. Sui Dynasty (689-618 A.D.) Sculpture: Trinity in Cave III, Yün-kang; Rock-cut sculpture in Shantung Province. Amitäbha bronze group, Museum of Fine Arts, Boston. T'ang Period (618-907 A.D.) The great age of poetry and painting. Continued relations with India and the West. Introduction of foreign religions. Important rulers: T'ai Tsung (627-649 755

A.D.);

WU

HOU

(684-705

A.D.);

Ming Huang (712-

A.D.).

Sculpture: Stone: Rock-cut sculpture: Lung-mên, Honan; T'ien-lung-shan, Shansi (formerly). Statues: Bodhisattva from Sian-fu, Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, Freer Gallery, Washington, D.C., etc.; seated Buddha, Museum of Fine Arts, Boston. Reliefs: Horses at grave of T'ai Tsung, Sian-fu and University of Pennsylvania Museum, Philadelphia. Clay: Bodhisattva from Tun-huang, Fogg Art Museum, Cambridge; glazed clay figurines, University Museum, Philadelphia, etc.; glazed clay statues of Lohan (from I-chou), University Museum, Philadelphia; British Museum, London, etc. Lacquer: Buddha, Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York. Bronze: Buddhist figures; mirrors, Shösöin, Nara, etc. Painting: "Frescoes" of Buddhist subjects, Tun-huang, Kansu; banners from Tun-huang, British Museum, Louvre, etc.; screens, Shösöin, Nara, Japan. Yen Li-pên (640-680 A . D . ) . Scroll of the 13 Emperors, Museum of Fine Arts, Boston; Sages of the Ch'i Dynasty, Museum of Fine Arts, Boston; Tribute to the T'ang Court, Palace Museum, Peiping (formerly) ; Drunken Taoist priest, Stoclet collection, Brussels. Wu Tao-tzü (ca. 700-760 A . D . ) . Kuan-yin (various versions in rubbings and copies); Sakyamuni trinity (Yiian copy), Tófukuji, Kyoto (Japan); Summer and Autumn (landscapes). Imperial Household Museum, Tôkyô (Sung copies?). Han Kan (8th century). (Paintings of horses, etc.) Li Chên (8th century). The Shingon patriarch Amoghavajra, Toji, Kyoto (Japan). Rise of landscape painting. Northern and Southern schools. Li Ssü-hsün (651-715 ca.) and Li Chao-tao (670-730). Wang Wei (698-759 A . D . ) . Pottery: "Three Color" ware (vessels, grave figurines, etc.); White ware, Yiieh ware.

зо Five Dynasties (907-960 A.D.) Painting: Ching Hao (fl. c. 900-960

A.D.).

Sung Period (960-1279 A.D.) China reunited under the Sung Dynasty. Rise of Ch'an (Zen) Buddhism. Tartar and Mongol Invasions. Painting: The Academy of Painting. Northern and Southern Schools. Influence of Ch'an (Zen) Buddhism, and Taoism. Tung Yiian (loth century) and Fan K'uan (ñ. 990-1030 A.D.). (Landscapes) Li Lung-mien (1040-1106 A.D.) (Horses, arhats, etc.) Ch'ên Jung (13th century A.D.) (Dragons) Chao Po-chii (12th century) (Landscape) Kuo Hsi (ca. 1020-90 A.D.) (Landscape) Mi Fei or Mi Fu (1051-1107 A.D.) and Mi Yu-jên (fl. 1130 A.D.) (Landscape) Emperor Hui Tsung (1082-1135 A.D.) (Birds, landscape, etc.) Li T'ang (ca. iioo A.D.) (Buffalo) Hsia Kuei (ca. 1180-1230 A.D.) (Landscape) Ma Yüan (ca. 1190-1224 A.D.) (Landscape) Ma Lin (ca. 1220 A.D.) (Landscape) Mu Ch'i and Liang K'ai (13th century A.D.) (Buddhist subjects, etc.) Chang Ssu-kung (Date uncertain), Lin Ting Kuei (fl. 1160-1180 A . D . ) , and Kung K'ai (1260-1280 A.D.) (Buddhist subjects) Sculpture: Wood: Buddhist figures, Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, etc. Iron: Heads of Buddhist figures. Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, etc. Ceramics: Kiln Sites. Principal wares: Ting; "Celadon" (Lung-ch'üan, etc.); Tz'u-chou; Kuan; Ko; Chün; Chien (Temmoku); Ying Ch'ing; Ju.

CHINA Architectiu-e Sources: Actual monuments in China and Japan; literary descriptions; small models and representations of lost types in reliefs; the Ying Tsao Fa Shih (Method of Architecture). Plan, orientation, and elevation (pillar, brackets, purlins, rafters, roof) of typical Chinese buildings. Geometric plans. Unchanging quality of Chinese architecture. Aesthetic merits of the style. Wall and gates: The Great Wall; Chi-hua-mên, Hatamên, etc., Peking. The Temple (chronology and development of members and system): Höryüji, Nara (Japan); Töshödaiji, Nara (Japan); Kuan-yin ko, Chieh-hsien, Hopei (984 A . D . ) ; Ch'u-tzü an, Shao-Lin ssü. Sung Shan, Honan (1125 A . D . ) ; Shang Yin Hua ssü, Ta-t'ung-fu (1062 A . D . ) ; Engakuji, Kamakura; East Gate, Ta-t'ung-iu, Shansi (1371 A . D . ) ; Nandaimon, Tödaiji, Nara. The Pagoda: Development; "Indian Style" pagodas. Ta Yen t'a (Great wild goose pagoda), Sian-fu (652); Hsiao Yen t'a (Small wild goose pagoda), Sian-fu (707-09); Pei t'a. Fan Shan; Hsiang Chi ssü (681); Yakushiji pagoda, Nara; Tiger Hill pagoda, Soochow; Iron Pagoda, Kaifêng-fu, Honan. Palaces, altars, etc.: The Forbidden City (Tzù-chin-chêng), Peking; Altar of Heaven, Peking; Hall of Harvest Prayers (Ch'i-nien-tien), Peking (1420 A . D . ) .

A SHORT SELECTIVE BIBLIOGRAPHY OF BOOKS ON JAPANESE A R T AND RELIGION (For a more complete bibliography, see page 41) Anesaki, M., Buddhist Art, 1915. History of Japanese Religion, 1930. Binyon, L., and Sexton, G., Japanese Color Prints, 1923. Japanese Temples and their Treasures, 1910. McGovern, W. M., Introduction to Mahâyâna Buddhism, 1922. Minamoto, T. (and Henderson, H. G., translator and editor), Illustrated History of Japanese Art, 1935. Okakura, K., The Book of Tea, 1906. Reischauer, A. K., Studies in Japanese Buddhism, 1917. Sansom, G. В., Japan, a Short Cultural History, 1931. Suzuki, D. T., Introduction to Zen Buddhism; Manual of Zen Buddhism, 1935. Toda, К., Japanese Scroll Painting, 1935. Tsuda, N., Handbook of Japanese Art, 1935. Warner, L., The Craft of the Japanese Sculptor, 1936.

JAPAN

The Ancient Period (Before 662 A.D.) Problem of the origin of the Japanese people. Early relations with the continent. The Shintô religion. Myths and chronicles. Sculpture: Clay: The Haniwa (grave figures and architectural models). Bronze: Bells or post tops. Architecture: Shintô shrine, Izumo. (Reproduction of ancient form).

Suiko (Asuka) Period (662-646 A.D.) Introduction of Buddhism under Shotoku Taishi. Relations with Korea. Capital at Nara. Important rulers: Prince Shôtoku (593-622), Regent; Empress Suiko (593-628). Sculpture: Wood: "Yumedono K w a n n o n " (Avalokitesvara), Yumedono, Höryüji, Nara. Guardian Kings or Shitennö (Lokapala), Kondö, Höryüji, Nara. " K u d a r a Kwannon," Kondö, Höryüji, Nara. Miroku (Maitreya), Köryüji, Kyötö. Bronze: Shaka (Sâkyamuni) trinity and Yakushi (Bhaiçajyaguru) trinity by Tori Busshi, Kondö, Höryüji, Nara; small Buddhist bronzes, Museum, Nara, etc. Painting: Tamamushi no zushi, Kondö, Höryüji, Nara. Architecture: Pagoda and Kondö, Höryüji, Nara (later reconstruction in Suiko style).

Hakuhö (Early Nara) Period (646-710 A.D.) Sculpture: Wood: Miroku (Maitreya), Chügüji Nunnery, Nara. Bronze: Yakushi (Bhaiçajyaguru) Nyorai, Shin Yakushiji, Nara; Yakushi (Bhaiçajyaguru) Trinity, Yakushiji, Nara; Tachibana shrine, Kondö, Höryüji, Nara. Painting: Panels of Tachibana shrine, Kondö, Höryüji, Nara; frescoes of Buddha paradises etc., Kondö, Höryüji, Nara; Shötoku Taishi and his sons. Imperial Household Collection, Tökyö. Architecture: East pagoda, Yakushiji, Nara. 23

24

The Tempyö (Late Nara Period) (710-794 A.D.) Reflections of the T'ang civilization in China. Capital at Nara. Kegon sect of Buddhism. The "golden age of Japanese civilization." Dedication of the Daibutsu at Nara and the founding of the Shôsôin. Important rulers: Shômu (724-749); Köken (Empress, 749-758). Sculpture: Beginning of dried lacquer (Kwanshitsu) technique. Kwanshitsu: Hachibushi, Disciples of Buddha, etc., Kofukuji, Nara (NM);*Fukukensaku Kwannon, Sangwatsudo, Tôdaiji, Nara. Bronze: Daibutsu, Todaiji, Nara (Later restorations); Shaka (Sakyamuni) Buddha, Kanimanji, Nara. Clay: Bonten (Brahma), Nikkö, and Gakkô, Sangwatsudö, Nara; Nehan (Nirvana) group, etc., pagoda, Hor}^]!, Nara; Twelve Guardian Kings, Shin Yakushiji, Nara. Wood: Kwannon, Kondo, Kôryûjî, Kyôtô; Kwannon, etc., Kôfukuji, Nara (NM); Shô-Kwannon, Museum of Fine Arts, Boston; Masks, Shôsôin, Nara, etc. Papier Maché: Portrait of the Priest Ganjin, Tôshôdaiji, Nara. Painting: Scrolls: Ingakyô, Bijutsu Gakko, Tôkyô, and Imperial Museum, Kyôtô. Silk Paintings: Kichijôten (Sri), Yakushiji, Nara; Bodhisattva painted in ink, Shôsôin, Nara; Decoration of musical instruments, Shôsôin, Nara. Screens: "Ladies of the T'ang Court," Shôsôin, Nara. Lacquer: Paintings on chests, Shôsôin, Nara. Architecture: Daibutsu-den, Tôdaiji, Nara (reconstructed in Tokugawa period); Kondo, Tôshôdaiji, Nara.

Jôgan (Könin) Period (794-897 A.D.) Kôbô Daishi (Kukai) (774-835), founder of Shingon Buddhism. Dengyo Daishi (767-802) and Tendai Sect of Buddhism. The Fujiwara family comes into power. Painting: "Legendary" Masters: Kudara no Kawanari (780-853) and Kose no Kanaoka. Taizokai and Kongôkai Mandara, Jingoji, Kyôtô; Aka Fudô, Myö-O-in, Kôyasan; Portraits of Seven Shingon patriarchs (Ryüchi Bosatsu, etc.), Tôji, Kyôtô (KM);** Red Amida, Hokkeji, Nara; Taema Mandara, Taemadera, Osaka Prefecture. Sculpture: Wood: Fudô-Myô-O, Museum, Kôyasan; Jûichimen Kwannon, Nara Museum; Jizô (Ksitigarbha), Kôryûji, Kyôtô; Shaka, Murôji; Jûichimen Kwannon, Hokkeji, Nara; Buddha images, Tôshôdaiji, Nara; Godai Myö-O, Tôji, Kyoto. * N M = Nara Museum. ** K M = Kyoto Museum.

25

Fujiwara (Heian) Period (897-1186 A.D.) Capital at Куб to. Dominance of the Fujiwara. Mappo and the rise of the Jôdô (Amida) Sect of Buddhism. Eishin (942-1017). Eisai (1141-Г215), founder of the Zen sect of Buddhism. Lady Murasaki's Genji Monogatari. Sculpture: Jöchö: Amida, Byôdôin, Hôwôdô, Uji. Tennin, Byödöin, Höwödö, Uji. Anonymous: Kichijöten, Jöruriji, Kyötö (TM); *Dainichi (Vairocana), Museum of Fine Arts, Boston; Thousand Armed Kwannon, Kóryüji, Kyötö. Shaka (Sâkyamuni), Seiryöji, Kyötö. Painting: Kose and Yamato Schools. Eishin Sozu: Amida and the Twenty-five Bosatsu, Hachimanko, Köyasan. Buddhist, Anonymous: Amida Paradise, Hôwôdô, Byôdôin, Uji; Nehan (Nirvana), dated 1086. Köyasan; Itsukushima sutras, Shitennöji, Osaka; Nachi Waterfall (attributed to Kose Kanaoka), Nezu Collection, Tôkyô; Daiitoku Myô-O (Yamantaka), Museum of Fine Arts, Boston; Fugen, Imperial Household Museum, Tôkyô. Scrolls: Shigizan Engi, Chôgosonshïji. Anonymous: Genji Monogatari, Marquis Tokugawa Collection. Architecture: Hôwôdô, Byôdôin, Uji; "The Golden Temples," Chuzonji.

Kamakura Period (1186-1392 A.D,) Feudalism. Repulse of Kublai Khan's armada. Jôdô, Shingon, and Zen Buddhism. Important Rulers: Yoritomo (Shôgun, 1190-1199). Painting: Buddhist, anonymous: Amida raigo, Chionin, Kyôtô (KM); 12 Guardian Deities, Jingoji, Kyôtô; Monju crossing the Sea, Kyôtô Museum; Amida of the Mountains (Yamagoshi Amida), Tôji, Kyôtô (KM), and Ueno Collection, Osaka. Portraits: Yoritomo, Kyôtô Museum. Scrolls: Toba Sôjô, Animal scrolls, Kôzanji, Kyôtô (TM). Eni, Story of Ippen, Kwangikôji, Kyôtô (KM). Sumiyoshi Keion (?), Burning of the Sanjô Palace (Heiji Monogatari), Museum of Fine Arts, Boston. Mitsunaga, Bandainagon, Sakai Collection, Tôkyô; Kibi Daijin, Museum of Fine Arts, Boston. Nobuzane, Kitano Tenjin Engi, Kitano Shrine, Nara (NM). Beginnings of Idealistic Ink painting under Zen Buddhist influence. * TM = Tokyo Museum.

2б Sculpture: Kokei, Kwannon, Kôfukuji. Unkei, Νί-Ö, Nandaimon, Tödaiji, Nara; Hsüan-tsang, Kôfukuji, Nara (NM). Jôkei, Shôkwannon, Sanjusangendö, Kyôtô (KM); Yuima (Vimalakirti), Kôfukuji, Nara (NM). Tankei, Basu (Vasubandhu), Sanjusangendô, Kyôtô (KM). Anonymous: Portrait of Uesugi Shigefusa. Daibutsu, Kamakura. Dainichi Nyorai, Kongô-Sammaiin, Kôyasan. Senju Kwannon, Sanjusangendô, Kyôtô. Architecture: Nandaimon, Tôdaiji, Nara; Engakuji, Kamakura (reconstructed after earthquake of 1923); Kinkakuji, Kyôtô.

Ashikaga Period (1392-1698) The Ashikaga Shôguns. The Tea Ceremony. Sengoku, the period of Civil Wars. First contacts with the west. Painting: Kangwa (Takuma) and Tosa (Yamato) Schools. Kanô School. Renaissance of the Chinese Sung style. Predominance of ink painting (sumi-e). Zen Schools of Painting. Josetsu (d. 1420) (Landscapes and Zen subjects) Shubun (Landscapes) Mincho (Chôdensu) (1352-1431) (Zen subjects) Sesshü (1420-1506) (Landscapes, etc.) Nöami (Landscapes) Geiami (1431-1485) (Landscapes, etc.) Sôami (1445-1490) (Landscapes) Kanô Masanobu (1452-1498) Kanô Motonobu (1475-1559) (Landscapes, etc.) Sesson (c. 1504-1589) (Landscapes) Kanô Eitoku (i 543-1590) (Screens, plant subjects, etc.)

27

Momoyama Period (1598-1615) Age of material, wealth, and splendor. Toyotomi Hideyoshi and Tokugawa leyasu. Painting: Screens. Dominance of Yamato and Капб School and decline of Tosa. Kôetsu (i557-1637) (Plant subjects, screens, etc.) Sôtatsu (d. 1643) (Historical and decorative subjects) Tosa Mitsuyoshi (d. 1613)

Tokugawa Period (1615-1898) Capital at Yedo. National policy of exclusion. The Dutch in Nagasaki. The Breakdown of Feudalism. Division between religious culture and general civilization. Important eras: Genroku (1688-1703) Anyei (1772-1781) Temmei (1781-1789) Kwansei (1789-1801) Painting: Kano School

Kano Sanraku (Landscape, Kano Tannyü (Landscape,

(1559-1635) genre, etc.) (1602-1674) genre, etc.)

Kôetsu and School

Kôetsu (1557-1637) (Plant subjects, screens, etc.) Sötatsu (d. 1643) (ffistorical and decorative subjects) Körin (1658-1716) (Decorative Subjects)

Ukiyo-e School

Iwasa Matabei (1578-1650) Miyagawa Choshun (1682-1752) Kiyonaga (1752-1815) ("Kwaigetsudo School") Utamaro I (1754-1806) Sharaku (active 1794-1795) Harunobu (1718-1770) Hokusai (1760-1849) Hiroshige (1797-1858) Shohaku (1730-1783) (Chinese subjects, etc.)

Naturalistic School

Í Jakuchû (1716-1800) \ (Fowl and animals)

Maruyama School

f Ö k y o (1733-1795) \ (Landscapes, etc.)

28 Nagasaki ( Shiba Kökan School \ (Paintings in the Western manner) Prints: Ukiyo-e prints. Development. Actors' mon, publishers' trade marks, and seals.

Bibliography Periodicals General: Ars Asiatica. Artibus Asiae. Eastern Art. Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society. (J.R.A.S.) (Branches: Ceylon, North China, etc.) Ostasiatische Zeitschrift. Revue des Arts Asiatiques. India Annual Bibliography of Indian Archaeology. Archaeological Survey of India, Annual Report. (A.S.I., A.R.) Archaeological Survey of India, Memoirs. BuUetin de l'École Française d'Extrême Orient. (B.E.F.E.O.) Indian Antiquary. Indian Art and Letters. Indian Historical Quarterly. Journal of Indian Historj'. Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal. (J.A.S.B.) Journal of the Indian Society of Oriental Art (J.I.S.O.A.). Rupam. China Bulletin of the Museum of Far Eastern Antiquities, Stockholm. Bulletin of the Society for Research in Chinese Architecture (in Chinese). Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies. Monumenta Serica. T'oung Pao. Japan Bijutsu Kenkyû (Journal of Art Studies). Bukkyo Bijutsu (Buddhist Art). Dai Nihon Kokuho Zenshû. Кокка. Memoirs of the Research Department of the Tôyô Bunko. Nara. Tôyô Bijutsu (Eastern Art). Iran {Persia): Ars Islamica. Athâr-è-Irân. Bulletin of the American Institute for Persian (Iranian) Art and Archaeology.

INDIA Bibliography General Works: Anand, M . R., The Hindu View of Art, London, 1933. Codrington, К . de В., Ancient India, London, 1926. Cohn, W., Indische Plastik, Berlin, 1921. Combaz, G., L'Évolution du Stüpa en Asie, Louvain, 1933-37. L'Inde et l'Orient Classique, Paris, 1937. Coomaraswamy, A. K . , Arts and Crafts of India and Ceylon, London, 1913. Introduction to Indian Art, Madras, 1923. Bibliographies of Indian Art, Boston, 1925. History of Indian and Indonesian Art, New York, 1927. Visvakarma, London, 1914, Catalogue of the Indian CoHections in the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, 5 vols., Boston, 1923-24. Introduction to the Art of Eastern Asia, The Open Court, 1932. The Christian and Oriental or True Philosophy of Art, Newport, 1939. Diez, Е.. Die K u n s t Indiens (Handbuch der Kunstwissenschaft), Potsdam, 1925. Fergusson, J., History of Indian and Eastern Architecture, London, 1876. Fischer, O., Die Kunst Indiens, Chinas, und Japans, Propylaean Kunstgeschichte, I V , Berlin, 1928. Gangoly, O. C., Indian Architecture, Little Books on Asiatic Art, Calcutta, 1928 (?). Grousset, R., Civilizations of the East, vol. 2, India, New York, 1931. Hackin, J., L a Sculpture Indienne et Tibétaine au Musée Guimet, Paris, 1931. Les Collections Bouddhiques; Musée G u i m e t — Guide Catalogue, Paris, 1923. Havell, E. В., Ancient and Medieval Architecture of India, London, 1915. Handbook of Indian Art, London, 1920. The Himalayas in Indian Art, London, 1924. Ideals of Indian Art, London, 1924. Indian Sculpture and Painting, London, 1908. Kramrisch, S., Grundzüge der Indischen Kunst, Hellerau, 1924. Indian Sculpture, Calcutta, 1933. Le Bon, G., Les Monuments de l'Inde, Paris, 1893. Reuther, О., Indische Paläste und Wohnhäuser, Berlin, 1924. Rowland, В., and Coomaraswamy, Α. К . , The Wall-Paintings of India, Central Asia, and Ceylon, Boston, 1938. Smith, V. Α., Fine Art in India and Ceylon, 2nd ed. revised by K . de В. Codrington, Oxford, 1930. Strzygowski, J., and others, The Influence of Indian Art, Ind. Soc., London, 1925. 29

Зо Religion, etc.: Basu, В. D., ed., Sacred Books of the ffindus. (Trans, by various authors.) Beai, S., Buddhist Records of the Western World (Si-yu-ki), London. The Life of Hiuen-Tsiang, London, 1914. The Travels of Fa Hian and Sung yun, London, 1869. Bhandarkar, R. G., Vaiçnavism, Saivism, and Minor Religious Systems, 1913. Bhattacharya, N. В., The Indian Buddhist Iconography, London, 1924. Cohn, W., Buddha in der Kunst des Ostens, Leipzig, 1923. Coomaraswamy, A. K., Buddha and the Gospel of Buddhism, London, 1916. The Mirror of Gesture, Cambridge, Mass., 1917. The Dance of Siva, New York, 1918. Pour Comprendre l'Art Hindou, Paris, 1926. The Origin of the Buddha Image, Art Bulletin, 1927. Yakças, Smithsonian Institute, Washington, 2 vols., 1928-31. Aesthetic of the Sukranîtsâra, Mélanges Linossier, Paris, 1932. The Transformation of Nature in Art, Cambridge, 1934. Elements of Buddhist Iconography, Cambridge, 1935. Deussen, P., The Philosophy of the Vedas, Edinburgh, 1908. The System of the Vedanta, Chicago, 1912. Philosophy of the Upanishads, Edinburgh, 1906. Eliot, Sir Chas., Hinduism and Buddhism, 3 vols., London, 1921. Focillon, H., L'Art Bouddhique, Paris, 1921. Getty, Α., The Gods of Northern Buddhism, Oxford, 1928. Glasenapp, H. von. Der Hinduismus, Munich, 1922. Grousset, R., Sur les Traces du Bouddha, Paris, 1929. In the Footsteps of the Buddha, New York, 1932. Grünwedel, Α., Buddhist Art in India, London, 1901. Hackin, J., Les Scènes Figurées de la Vie du Bouddha, Paris, 1916. Hackin, J., and others, Asiatic Mythology, London, 1932. Jaini, J., Outlines of Jainism, Cambridge, 1916. McGovern, Wm. M., An Introduction to Mahâyâna Buddhism, New York, 1922. MuUer, M., ed., The Sacred Books of the East. (Trans, by various authors.) Mus, P., Barabudur, Hanoi, 1935. Pratt, J. В., India and its Faiths, Boston and New York, 1915. The Pilgrimage of Buddhism, New York, 1928. Rao, T. A. G., Elements of Hindu Iconography, 4 vols., Madras, 1914-15. Rockhill, W. W., The Life of the Buddha, London, n.d. Rhys-Davids, T. W., Buddhist India, New York, 1903. Buddhist Birth Stories, London, 1880. Buddhism, London, 1920. Sénart, Е.. Essai sur la légende de Bouddha, Paris, 1875.

31 Shah, С. J., Jainism in North India, London, 1932. Tagore, R. N., The Creative Ideal, Calcutta, 1922. Thomas, E., History of Buddhist Thought, New York, 1933. Vasu, S. C., Daily Practice of the Hindus, Sacred Books of the Hindus, vol. X X . Visvanätha, Sâhitya Darpana, The Mirror of Composition, trans. P. Mitra, Calcutta, 1875. Vogel, J. Ph., Indian Seφent-lore, London, 1926. Zimmer, H., Kunstform und Yoga, Berlin, 1936. History: Banerjee, G. Ν., Hellenism in Ancient India, London, 1920. Geiger, W., The Mahävamsa, London, 1912. Giles, H. Α., A Record of Buddhist Kingdoms, London, n.d. (1887). Havell, E. В., History of Aryan Rule in India, London, n.d. Hawkridge, E., Indian Gods and Kings, New York, 1935. Jouveau-Dubreuil, G., Pallava History, Pondicherry, 1917. Kanakasabhai, The Tamils 1800 Years Ago, Madras, 1904. Legge, James, A Record of Buddhistic Kingdoms, Fa hien, Oxford, 1886. McCrindle, J. W., Ancient India Described in Classical Literature, London, 1901. Ancient India Described by Ptolemy, Calcutta, 1885. Ancient India Described by Megasthenes, London, 1877. Rapson, E. J. [Ed.], Ancient India, The Cambridge History of India (6 v.; i, 3, 4, 5, 6 out). Rawlinson, H. G., Intercourse between India and the Western World, Cambridge, 1926. ^^ Bactria, London, 1912. India, London, 1938. Smith, V. Α., The Early History of India, including the Invasion of Alexander the Great, Oxford, 1904 and later editions. Vaidya, Chintamani V., History of Mediaeval Hindu India, Poona, 1921-26. Watters, Thomas, On Yuan Chwang's Travels in India, London, 1904.

Bibliography

The Early Period Bachhofer, L., Early Indian Sculpture, New York, 1929. Barua, В., Barhut, Calcutta, 1934-37. Gayâ and Buddha-Gayâ, Calcutta, 1934. Burgess, J., Ancient Monuments, Temples, and Sculpture of India, 2 vols., London, 1892. Chanda, R., Beginnings of Art in Eastern India, ASI, Memoirs, No. 30. Survival of the Prehistoric Civilization of the Indus Valley, ASI, Memoirs, No. 41. Codrington, K . de В., Introduction to the Study of Medieval Indian Sculptiure, London, 1929.

32 Coomaraswamy, Α. К., La Sculpture de Bodhgayâ, Ars Asiatica, X V I I I , Paris and Bruxelles, 1935· Cunningham, Gen'l. Sir Α., The Stûpa of Bhârhut, London, 1879. Dikshit, K . N., Prehistoric Civilization of the Indus Valley, Madras, 1939. Fergusson, J., Tree and Serpent Worship, 2nd ed., London, 1880. Fergusson, J. and Burgess, J., Cave Temples of India, London, 1880. Griinwedel, A. and Waldschmidt, E., Buddhistische Kunst in Indien, I, Berlin (Ostasiatisches Museum), 1931. Mackay, E., The Indus Civilization, London, 1935. Mackay, E. J. H., Further Excavations at Mohenjo-Daro, Delhi, 1938. Maisey, F. C., Sänchi and its Remains, London, 1892. Majumdar, N. G., A Guide to the Sculptures in the Indian Museum, II, The Graeco Buddhist School of Gandhara, Delhi, 1937. Marshall, Sir J., A Guide to Sâfichî, Calcutta, 1918 and 1936. " T h e Ancient Monuments of India," Cambridge History of India, Cambridge, 1922, Vol. I. Mohenjo-Daro and the Indus Civilization, London, 1931. Marshall, Sir J. and Foucher, Α., The Monuments of Sanchr, n.d. Mitra, R., Bodh Gayä, Calcutta, 1878. Przyluski, J., La Légende de l'Empereur Açoka, Paris (Musée Guimet), 1923. Le Symbolisme du pilier de Sârnâth, Mélanges Linossier, 2, Paris, 1932. Puri, К . Ν., La Civilisation de Mohen-jo-da-ro, Paris, 1938. Vats, M. S., Excavations at Harappa, Delhi, 1940. Waddell, L. Α., Report on the Excavations at Pätaliputra, Calcutta, 1903. Gandhära Period Bachhofer, L., Zur Datierung der Gandhära Plastik, Munich, 1925. Barger, E. and Wright, P., Excavations in Swat and Explorations in the Oxus Territories in Afghanistan, Memoirs of the Archaeological Survey of India, vol. 64, Calcutta, 1941. Barthoux, J., Les Fouilles de Hadda, Paris, 1930. Buchthal, H., Foundations for a Chronology of Gandhara Sculpture, Transactions of the Oriental Ceramic Society, 1942-1943, London, 1944. Burgess, J., Gandhära Sculpture, Journal of Indian Art, Vol. 8, London, 1898-1900. Coomaraswamy, A. K., The Indian Origin of the Buddha Image, J.A.O.S., Vol. 46, 1926. The Origin of the Buddha Image, Art BuHetin, June, 1927, pp. 287-328. Foucher, Α., Beginnings of Buddhist Art, Paris, 1917. L'Art Gréco-Bouddhique du Gandhara, 2 vols., Paris, 1905-1918. La vieille route de l'Inde de Bactres à Taxila, Paris, 1942. Gardner, P., Coins of the Greek and Scythic Kings of Bactria, London, i886.

33 Hackin, J., L'Oeuvre de la Délégation Archéologique Française en Afghanistan, 1922-23, Tokyo (Maison Franco-Japonaise), 1933. The Colossal Buddhas at Bâmiyân: Their Influences on Buddhist Sculpture, Eastern Art, Vol. I, pp. 109-116. Recherches archéologiques à Begram, Paris, 1939. Hackin, J., and others, Les Antiquités, Bouddhiques de Bâmiyân, Paris, 1928. Nouvelles recherches à Bâmiyân, Paris, 1931. Recherches au col de Khair Khaneh, Paris, 1936. Recherches archéologiques à Begram, Paris, 1939. Hargreaves, H., Sculpture in the Peshawar Museum, Calcutta, 1930. Le Coq, A. von. Die Buddhistische Spätantike in Mittelasien: Die Plastik, Berlin, 1922-24. Majumdar, N. G., A Guide to the Sculptures in the Indian Museum, I, Early Indian Schools, Delhi, 1937. Marshall, Sir J., A. Guide to Taxila, Calcutta, 1918 and 1936. Excavations at Taxila, A.S.I., A.R., 1911-12 ff. Migeon, G., Excavations at Hadda, Eastern Art, Vol. I, 1928. Niedermayer, О. von and Diez, E., Afghanistan, Leipzig, 1925. Rowland, В., A revised Chronology of Gandhâra Sculpture, Art Bulletin, X V I I I , 1936. Stein, Sir M. Α., On Alexander's Track to the Indus, London, 1929. Tarn, W. W., The Greeks in Bactria and India, Cambridge, 1938. Waldschmidt, E., Gandhâra-(Kutscha-Turfan), Leipzig, 1925. Wilson, H. H., Ariana Antiqua, "with a memoir on Topes," by С. Masson, London, 1841. Kushan Period Bachhofer, L., Die Ära Kanishka's. Die Wanderung der Yüeh-chi von Kansu nach Ta-hia, Ostasiatische Zeitschrift, 13-14, N.F., 3-4, 1926-27, pp. 21 ff. Vogel, J. Phil., La Sculpture de Mathurä, Ars Asiatica, Vol. X V , Paris and Bruxelles, 1930. Catalogue of the Archaeological Museum at Mathurä, Allahabad, 1910. Later Andhra Period Burgess, J., The Buddhist Stûpas at Amarâvatïand Jaggayyapeta, A.S.I., London, 1887. Notes on the Amarâvatî Stüpa, Madras, 1882. Fergusson, J., Tree and Serpent Worship, London, 2d ed., 1880. Rea, Α., South Indian Buddhist Antiquities, Madras, 1894. Gupta Period Cousens, H., Ancient Temples of Aihole, A.S.I., 1907-08, Calcutta, 1911. Cunningham, Gen. Sir Alex., Mahâbodhi or the Great Buddhist Temple at Bodh Gayâ, London, 1892. Dey, M. е . , M y Pilgrimages to Ajantâ and Bägh, London, 1925. Fergusson, J. and Burgess, J., Cave Temples of India, London, 1880, pp. 297-395.

34 Goloubew, v . , Documents pour servir à l'étude d'Ajant-ä; les Peintures de la Première Grotte, Ars Asiatica, Vol. Χ, Paris and Bruxelles, 1927. Griffiths, J., Paintings in the Buddhist Cave Temples of Ajantâ, 2 vols., London, 1896-97. Herringham, Lady and others, Ajantâ Frescoes, Ind. Soc., London, 1915. Marshall, Sir J., and others. The Bâgh Caves, Ind. Soc., London, 1927. Smith, V. Α., Indian Sculpture of the Gupta Period, Ostasiatische Zeitschrift. Vol. III, 1915. Yazdani, G. and others, Ajantâ, Oxford, 1931 — (with color-process photographs to be completed in several volumes). Medieval Period

Acharya, P. K., Mânasâra on Architecture and Sculpture, London, 1933-34. A Dictionary of Hindu Architecture, London, 1927. Consens, H., Medieval Temples of the Dakhan, Calcutta, 1931. Chalukyan Architecture of the Kanarese Districts, Calcutta, 1926. Gangoly, 0. C., South Indian Bronzes, London, 1915. Ganguly, M. M., Orissa and her Remains — Ancient and Medieval, Calcutta, 1912. Goloubew, V. and others, Sculptures Çivaites, Ars Asiatica, Vol. III, Paris and Bruxelles, Г921. Jouveau-Dubreuil, G., L'archéologie du sud de l'Inde: l'architecture; Annales du Musée Guimet, Paris, 1926. Pallava Antiquities, London, 1916. Kramrisch, S., A Survey of Painting in the Deccan, London, 1937. INDOCHINA AND INDONESIA Bibliography Coedès, G., Bronzes Khmères, Ars Asiatica, V, Paris and Bruxelles, 1923. Les Collections Archéologiques du Musée Nationale de Bangkok, Ars Asiatica, XII, Paris and Bruxelles, 1928. Commaille, J., Guide aux Ruines d'Angkor, Paris, 1912. Döhring, К. S., Buddhistische Tempelanlagen in Siam, Berlin, 1920. Finot, L. and others. Le Temple d'Içvarapura, Paris, 1926. Gangoly, O. C., The Art of Java, Little Books on Asiatic Art, Calcutta, 1928. Groslier, G., Recherches sur les Cambodgiens, Paris, 1921. Angkor, Paris, 1924. La Sculpture Khmère Ancienne, Paris, 1925. Les Collections Khmères du Musée Albert Sarraut à Phnom Penh, Ars Asiatica, XVI, Paris, 1931. Krom, N. J., Barabudur, Archaeological Description, The Hague, 1927. L'Art Javanais dans les Musées de Hollande et de Java, Ars Asiatica, VIII, Paris and Bruxelles, 1926. Krom, N. J. and van Erp, Beschrijving van Barabudur, The Hague, 1920.

35 Lajonquière, Lunet de, Inventaire descriptif des Monuments du Cambodge, Paris, 1902-11. Le May, R., A Concise History of Buddhist Art in Siam, Cambridge, 1938. Le Temple d'Angkor Vat, Paris, 1930-32 (Mémoires Archéologiques publiés par l'École Française d'Extrême-Orient). Marchai, H., Guide Archéologique aux Temples d'Angkor, Paris, 1928. Mémoires Archéologiques du Musée Guimet, Le Temple d'Angkor Vat, Paris, 1921 fí. Mus, Paul, Barabudur, Hanoi, 1935. Parmentier, H., Les Monuments Cams de l'Annam, Paris, 1909. L'Art Khmèr Primitif, Paris, 1927. L'Art Khmèr Classique, Paris, 1939. Les Sculptures Chames, Ars Asiatica, IV, Paris and Bruxelles, 1922. History of Khmer Architecture, Eastern Art, III, 1931. Salmony, Α., Sculpture in Siam, London, 1925. Stem, P., Le Bayon d'Angkor et l'Évolution de l'art Khmèr, Paris, 1927 (Annales du Musée Guimet). Verneuil, M. P., L'Art à Java: Les Temples de la Periode Classique Indo-Javanaise, Paris and Bruxelles, 1927. With, К., Java, Hagen, 1920. CENTRAL ASIA Bibliography Arnold, Sir T., С. I. E., Litt. D., Survivals of Sassanian and Manichaean Art in Persian Painting, Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1924. Grünwedel, Α., Alt-Kutscha, Tafelwerk, Berlin, Eisner, 1920. Alt-Buddhistische Kultstätten in Chinesisch-Turkistan, Berlin, 1912. Bericht über archaolog. Arbeiten in Idikutschari, Abhdlg. d. kgl. Bayer. Ak. d. Wiss., I. Kl., XXIV. V., I. Abt. München, G. Franz'scher Verlag, 1906. Klementz, D., Tuirfan und seine Altertümer in "Nachrichten über die von der K. Ak. d. Wiss. zu St. Petersburg im Jahre 1898 ausgerüsteten Exped. n. Turfan," St. Petersburg, 1899. Le Coq, Albert von, Chotscho, Berlin, 1913. Die Buddhistische Spätantike in Mittelasien, Teil I-VII, Berlin, 1922-33. Bilderatlas zur Kunst und Kulturgeschichte Mittel-Asiens, Berlin, 1925. Auf Hellas Spuren, Leipzig, 1926. Buried Treasures of Chinese Turkestan, London, 1928. McGovem, W. M., The Early Empires of Central Asia, Chapel Hill, North Carolina Univ. Press, 1939. Pelliot, P., Mission en Asie Centrale, Comptes-rendus de l'Acad. d'Inscr. et Belles-Lettres, Paris, 1910.

зб Stein, Sir Aurel, Sand-buried Ruins of K h o t a n , Oxford, 1907. Explorations in Central-Asia, 1906-08. "Geographical Journal" for July and September, 1909. Ruins of Desert Cathay, 2 vols., London, 1912. Ancient Chinese Figured Silks Excavated by Sir Aurel Stein at Ruined Sites of CentralAsia, London, Bernard Quaritch, 1920. Serindia, 4 vols., Oxford, 1921. Innermost Asia, Oxford, 1929. On Ancient Central Asian Tracks, London, 1933. Waldschmidt, E., Gandhâra, Kutscha, Turfan, Leipzig, 1925. I R A N (PERSIA) Bibliography for the Pre-Islamic Periods Archaeology and Description: I. {Architecture and Sculpture) Andrae, W., Hatra, Berlin, 1909. Andreas, Г. and Stolze, F., Persepolis, Berlin, 1882. Contenau, G., Manuel d'archéologie orientale, Paris, 1931. Cumont, F., Les FouiUes de Doura-Europas, Paris, 1928. Dieulafoy, M., L'art antique de la Perse, Paris, 1884-89. Flandin, E., and Coste, P., Voyage en Perse, Paris, 1843. Herzfeld, E., A m Tor von Asien, Berlin, 1920. Paikuli, Monument and Inscriptions of the early History of the Sasanian Empire, Berlin, 1924. Archaeologische Mitteilungen aus Iran, Berlin, 1929Iranische Denkmäler, Berlin, 1932. Archaeological History of Iran, London, 1935. Iran in the Ancient East, Oxford, 1941. Ker Porter, R., Travels in Georgia, Persia, etc., London, 1822. de Morgan, J., Délégation en Perse, Recherches Archéologiques, Paris, 1900-11. Perrot, G., and Chipiez, С., Histoire de l'art dans l'antiquité. Vol. 5, Paris, 1890. Persian Art, Exhibition of, London, 1931. Pijoan, J., Summa Artis, Vol. II, Barcelona, 1931. Pope, A. U. [Ed.], A Survey of Persian Art, Oxford, 1939. Ross, E. Denison, and others, Persian Art, London, 1930. Rostovzteff, M . , Dura Europas and its Art, Oxford, 1938. Dura and the Problem of Parthian Art, Yale Classical Studies, 1935. Rostovzteff, M., and Baur, Excavations at Dura-Europas, 1929, New Haven, 1930.

37 Sarre, F., Die Kunst des alten Persien, Berlin, 1922. (L'art de la Perse Ancienne, Paris.) Sarre, F., and Herzfeld, E., Iranische Felsreliefs, Berlin, 1910. Reise im Euphrat-und Tigrisgebiet, Berlin, 1911, 1920. Schaefer, H., and Andrae, W., Die Kunst des alten Orients, Propylaean Kunstgeschichte, II, Berlin, 1925. Stein, Sir M. Α., Old Routes of Western Irán, London, 1940. Strzygowski, J., Altaï-Iran und Völkerwanderung, Leipzig, 1917. Texier, е.. Description de l'Arménie, La Perse, etc., Paris, 1842-52. IX. Minor Arts {Metalwork, textiles and coins) Dalton, O. M., The Treasure of the Oxus, London, 1926. Falke, О. von, Kunstgeschichte der Seidenweberei, Berlin, 1913. Godard, Α., Les Bronzes de Luristan, Ars Asiatica, XVII, Paris and Bruxelles, 1931. Head, В. V., Coinage of Lydia and Persia, London, 1877. Herzfeld, E., Kushano-Sasanian Coins, Memoirs of the Archaeological Survey of India, no. 38, 1930. Orbeli, I. Α., L'orfèvrerie sasanide, Moscow, 1935. Paruch, F. D. I., Sasanian Coins, Bombay, 1924. Sachs, E., and Reath, N., Persian Textiles, New Haven, 1937. Sarre, F., Die Kunst des alten Persien, Berlin, 1922. Smirnoff, J., L'argentèrie Orientale, St. Petersburg, 1909. Trever, K. V., Monuments of Greco-Bactrian Art (in Russian), Moscow, 1940. III.

History and Religion

Autran, е., Mithra, Zoroastre, e t . . . le Christianisme, Paris, 1935. Avesta, the Zend., translated by J. Darmesteter: Sacred Books of the East, Vols. IV, XXIII, and X X X I . Cameron, G. G., Early History of Iran, Chicago, 1936. Christensen, Α., L'Iran sous les Sasanides, Annales du Musée Guimet, Paris, 1936. Cumont, F., The Mysteries of Mithra, Chicago, 1903. Textes et monuments relatifs aux mystères de Mithra, Brussels, 1895. Firdausi, The Shanamah or Book of Kings, translated by A. G. and E. Warner, London, 1905-1S· de Gobinau, Cte., Histoire des Perses, Paris, i86g. Huart, C., History of Iran and Iranian Civilization, New York, 1927. Jackson, A. V. W., Persia Past and Present, New York, 1903. Zoroaster the Prophet of Ancient Iran, New York, 1899. Marquart, J., Eranshahr nach der Geographie des Ps Moses Xorenac'i, Berlin, 1901.

38 Noldeke, T., Geschichte der Perser und Araber zur Zeit der Sasaniden (translated from the Chronicle of Tabari), London, 1879. Rawlinson, G., The Five Great Monarchies of the Ancient Eastern World, London, 1871. The Sixth Great Oriental Monarchy (Parthia), London, 1873. The Seventh Oriental Monarchy (Sasanian period), London, 1876. Rogers, R. W., A ffistory of Ancient Persia, New York, 1929. Schoff, W. H., The Parthian Stations of Isidore of Charax, Phila., 1914. CmNA Bibliography

General Works Ashton, L., Introduction to Chinese Sculpture, London, 1924. Binyon, L., L'Art Asiatique au British Museum, Ars Asiatica, VI, Paris and Bruxelles, 1925. Painting in the Far East, London, 1934. The Flight of the Dragon, London, 1911. Bushell, S. W., Chinese Art,

2

vols., London,

1904-06.

Chiang Yee, Chinese Calligraphy, London, 1938. Cohn, W., Chinese Art, New York, 1930. Commemorative Catalogue of the International Exhibition of Chinese Art, London,

1935-36.

Creel, The Birth of China, New York and London, 1936. Sinism, The Open Court Publishing Co., 1929. Studies in Early Chinese Culture, London, 1938. de Tizac, H. d'Ardenne, L'Art Chinois Classique, Paris, 1926. Fenollosa, E., Epochs of Chinese and Japanese Art, New York, 1912. Ferguson, J. C., Stories in Chinese Paintings, Shanghai, 1925. Outlines of Chinese Art, Chicago, 1919. Fischer, O., Die Kunst Indiens, Chinas, und Japans, Propylaean Kunstgeschichte, IV, Berlin, 1928.

Fitzgerald, C. P., China, London, 1935. Fry, R. E., Ed., Chinese Art (Burlington Magazine Monograph), London, 1925. de Groot, J. J. M., The Religious System of China, Leyden, 1907. Goldschmidt, D., L'Art Chinois, Paris, 1931. Granet, M., La Civilization Chinoise, Paris, 1929. La Pensée Chinoise, 1934. Hackin, J., Studies in Chinese Art and Some Indian Influences, London

(1938).

Illustrated Catalogue of Chinese Government Exhibits for the International Exhibition of Chinese Art in London, Shanghai, 1935. Kümmel, О., Die Kunst Chinas, Japans, und Koreas (Handbuch der Kunstwissenschaft), Potsdam, 1929. Die Kunst Ostasiens, Berlin, 1Q21.

39 Kümmel, О. and Grosse, E., Ostasiatisches Gerat, Berlin, 1925. Lin Yu T'ang, My Country and My People, New York, 1935. Maspéro, H., La Chine Antique, Histoire du Monde, Vol. IV, Paris, 1927. Migeon, G., L'Art Chinois (Louvre catalogue), Paris. Morant, G. S. de, Histoire de l'art Chinois, Paris, 1928. Sirén, О., Histoire des Arts Anciens de la Chine, Paris, 1929-30. Chinese and Japanese Sculptures and Paintings in the National Museum, Stockholm, London, 1931. Suzuki, D. T., A Brief History of Early Chinese Philosophy, London, 1914. Тбуб Bijutsu Taikwan, Tòkyo, 1908 ff., vols. 8, 13, 14. Waley, Α., The Way and its Power, New York, 1935. Waterbury, F., Early Chinese Symbols and Literature: Vestiges and Speculations, New York, 1942. Yetts, P., Symbolism in Chinese Art, Leyden, 1912. Bronzes:

Borovka, G., Scythian Art, New York, 1928. Hamada, K., Explanatory Notes on Sen-oku sei sho (The collection of old bronzes of Baron Sumitomo), Part I, "Bronze Vases." Hentze, C., Frühchinesische Bronzen und Kulturdarstellungen, Antwerp, 1937. Jung, Keng, The Bronzes of Shang and Chou, Peiping, 1941. Karlbeck, 0., Anyang Marble Sculptures, The Anyang Moulds, Bulletin of the Museum of Far Eastern Antiquities, No. 7, Stockholm, 1935. Karlgren, В., Yin and Chou Researches, Stockholm, 1935. Koop, A. J., Early Chinese Bronzes, New York, 1924. Kümmel, О., Chinesische Bronzen aus der Abteilung für Ostasiatische Kunst an den Staatl. Museen, Berlin, 1928. Minns, E. H., Scythians and Greeks, Cambridge, 1913. Rostovtzeff, M., The Animal Style in South Russia and China, Princeton, 1929. Iranians and Greeks in South Russia, Oxford, 1922. Inlaid Bronzes of the Han Dynasty in the Collection of C. T. Loo, Brussels, 1927. Toyoda, M., Catalogue of the Sumitomo Collection, Part II, "Ancient Mirrors," 1921. Umehara, S., Kankyo no Kenkyu, Tokyo, 1925. Selected Ancient Treasures found at Anyang, Kyoto, 1940. Voretzsch, E. Α., Altchinesische Bronzen, Berlin, 1924. White, W. C., Tombs of Old Loyang, Shanghai, 1935. Yetts, P., "Bronzes" (Burlington Magazine Monograph "Chinese Art"), London, 1923. The Eumorfopoulos Collection of Chinese and Corean Bronzes, etc., I, London, 1929. The Cull Chinese Bronzes, London, 1939.

40 Sculpture: Ashton, L., Introduction to the Study of Chinese Sculpture, New York. Chavannes, E., Mission Archéologique dans la Chine Septentrionale, Paris, 1909-15. La Sculptiu-e sur Pierre en Chine, Paris, 1893. Glaser, К., Ostasiatische Plastik, Berlin, 1925. Hentze, C., Chinese Tomb Figures, London, 1928. Laufer, В., Chinese Grave Sculpture of the Han Period, Leipzig, 1911. Omura, S., History of Chinese Art: Sculpture, Тбкуб, 1915 (in Japanese). Salmony, Α., Еш-opa-Ostasien: Religiöse Skulpturen, Potsdam, 1922. Chinesische Steinplastik, Berlin, 1922. Carved Jade of Ancient China, Berkeley, Cal., 1938-

.

Sekino, T., Sepulchral Remains of the Han Dynasty in Shantung, Тбкуб (in Japanese). Sekino, T., and Tokiwa, D., Buddhist Monuments in China, Тбкуб, 1925 ff. Segalen, V., de Voisins, G., and Lartigue, J., Mission Archéologique en Chine, Paris, 1926 and 1936. Sirén, O., Chinese Sculpture from the Fifth to the Fourteenth Century, London, 1925. Studien zur Chinesische Plastik der Post-T'ang Zeit, Berlin, 1927. Taketaro, S., and Nakagawa, T., Rock Carvings from the Yün Kang Caves, Тбкуб, 1921. Architecture: Boerschmann, E., Baukunst und Religiöse Kultur der Chinesen, Berlin, 1911-14. Chinesische Architectur, Berlin, 1925. Melchers, В., China. Der Tempelbau, Hagen, 1921. Sirén, О., The Walls and Gates of Peking, London, 1924. Imperial Palaces of Peking, Paris, 1926. Les Arts Anciens de la Chine, Vol. IV, "Architecture," Paris, 1930. Ying Tsao Fa Shih, Shanghai (Commercial Press), 1928. Painting: Binyon, L., Catalogue of the George Eumorfopoulos Collection of Chinese Frescoes, London, 1928. Les Peintiures Chinoises dans les Collections d'Angleterre, Paris, 1927. Ferguson, J. C., Chinese Painting, Chicago, 1927. Fischer, O., Chinesische Landschaftsmalerei, Munich, 1921. Die Chinesische Malerei der Han Dynastie, Berlin, 1930. Giles, H. Α., Introduction to the History of Chinese Pictorial Art, 2nd ed., 1918. Grosse, Е., Ostasiatische Tuschmalerei, Berlin, 1922. Hackney, L. W. and Yau, Chang-Foo, А Study of Chinese Paintings in the Collection of Ada Small Moore, N. Y . , 1940. Harada, В., A Pageant of Chinese Painting, Тбкуб, 1936. Hirth, F., Scraps from a Collector's Notebook, Leiden, 1905. K u o Hsi, An Essay on Landscape Painting, Wisdom of the East Series, London, 1935.

41

March, В., Some Technical Terms of Chinese Painting, Baltimore, 1935. Meyer, A. C., Li Lung Mien, New York, 1923. Peintures Chinoises et Japonaises de la Collection Ulrich Odin, Ars Asiatica, XIV, Parisand Bruxelles, 1929. Pelliot, P., Les Grottes de Touen Houang, Paris, 1920-24. Petrucci, R., La Philosophie de la Nature dans l'art d'Extrême Orient, Paris, 1910. Encyclopédie de la Peinture Chinoise, Paris, 1918. Chinese Painting, New York, 1920. Petrucci, R. and Chavannes, E., La Peinture Chinoise au Musée Cernuschi, Paris, 1914. Sakanishi, S., Spirit of the Brush, London, 1939. Sirén, О., History of Early Chinese Painting, 2 vols., London, 1933. History of Later Chinese Painting, 2 vols., London, 1938. Chinese Paintings in American Collections, London, 1927. The Chinese on the Art of Painting, Peiping, 1936. Stein, Sir M. Α., The Thousand Buddhas, London, 1921. Taki, S., Three Essays in Oriental Painting, London, 1910. Tornita, К., Portfolio of Chinese Paintings in the Boston Museum of Fine Arts, Cambridge, 1933· Waley, Α., Introduction to the Study of Chinese Painting, London, 1923. An Index of Chinese Artists, London, 1922. Warner, L., Buddhist Wall Paintings . . . at Wan Fo Hsia, Cambridge, 1938. White, W. C., Tomb Tile Pictiu-es of Ancient China, Toronto, 1939. Сегат^в (China and Japan) : Andersson, J . G., PreUmmary Report on Archaeological Research m Kansu, Peking, 1925. Brankston, A. D., Early Ming Wares of Ching-te-chen, Peking, 1938. Cox, W. E., The Book of Pottery and Porcelam, 2 vols., N. Y., 1944. Hetherington, A. L., The Early Ceramic Wares of China, N. Y., 1922; London, 1924. Chinese Ceramic Glazes, Cambridge, England, 1937. Hobson, R. L., Chinese Pottery and Porcelain, 2 vols., London, 1915. Guide to the Pottery and Porcelain of the Far E a s t . . . in the British Museimi, London, 1936. The Wares of the Ming Dynasty, New York, 1923. The Later Ceramic Wares of China, London, 1925. The George Eumorfopoulos Collection. Catalogue of the Chinese, Corean and Persian Pottery and Porcelain, 6 vols., London, 1927-28. Chinese Pottery and Porcelain in the David CoEection, London, 1934. Hobson, R. L. and Hetherington, A. L., The Art of the Chinese Potter, London, 1923. Honey, W. В., The Ceramic Art of China and Other Countries of the Far East, London, 1945.

42 Laufer, В., The Beginnings of Porcelain in China, Chicago, 1917. Chinese Pottery of the Han Dynasty, Leyden, 1909. Morse, E. S., Catalogue of the Morse Collection of Japanese Pottery, Boston, 1900. Wu, G. D., Pre-historic Pottery in China, London, 1938.

JAPAN Bibliography General Works (Art, religion, history): Anesaki, M., Buddhist Art, H. U. Press, Cambridge, 1915. History of Japanese Religion, London, 1930. Binyon, L., Painting in the Far East, London, 1934. B u k k y ö Bijutsu Shiryo, T o k y o , 1923. (Collection of illustrations of Buddhist art), da Visser, M . W., Ancient Buddhism in Japan, Leyden, 1933. Eliot, Sir Chas., Japanese Buddhism, London, 1935. Fenollosa, E., Epochs of Chinese and Japanese Art, New Y o r k , 1921. Fischer, O., Die Kunst Indiens, Chinas, und Japans (Propylaean Kunstegeschichte). Harada, J., History of Japanese Art, Tôkyô, 1913 (Translation of Dai Nippon Teikoku Bijutsu Ryakushi). Catalogue of Treasures in the Imperial Repository Shösöin, T ò k y o , 1932. Hôryûji Ökagami, Tokyo, 1916 ff. (Publication of treasures at Hôrjmji, Nara). Japanese Temples and their Treasures, T ò k y o , 1910. Jüdaiji Ökagami (Collection of the art treasures of the Ten Great Temples of Nara), Тбкуб, 1932K o k u h ô Zenshû, T o k y o (Japanese national treasures). Kümmel, О., Die Kunst Chinas, Japans, und Koreas, Potsdam, 1928. Die Kunst Ostasiens, Berlin, 1922. Minamoto, T . , Nihon Bijutsu Zûroku, K y ö t ö , 1932. A n illustrated history of Japanese art, K y ô t ô , 1935. Nakamura, National Treasures in Japan, K y ô t ô , 1915. Nanto Shichidaiji Ökagami, Т б к у б (Collection of works of art from seven famous temples). Okakura, K . , The Book of Tea, New Y o r k , 1906. Ono Gemmyô, Daijö B u k k y ô Geijutsushi no Kenkyû, Тбкуб, 1929 (Studies in Mahâyâna Buddhist art). Pier, G. C., Temple Treasures of Japan, New York, 1914. Reischauer, A . K . , Studies in Japanese Buddhism, New York, 1917. Sansom, G. В., Japan, a Short Cultxural History, London, 1931. Sekai Bijutsu Zenshû, K y 6 t 6 (Illustrated history of world art in 36 volumes). Suzuki, T . , Introduction to Zen Buddhism, Ky6t6, 1934.

43 Tajima, selected Relics of Ja.panese Art, Tökyö, 1900 ff. Taki, S., Japanese Fine Art, Tòkyo, 1932. Togano-δ, S., Mandara no Kenkyû, Kôyasan, 1927. Tsuda, Ν., Handbook of Japanese Art, Тбкуб, 1935. Yoneyama and Wakai, Kokuho Mokuroku, Nara, 1925 (Catalogue of national treasures). Architecture: Baltzer, Das Japanische Haus, Berlin, 1903. Die Architektur der Kultbauten Japans, Berlin, 1907. Cram, R. Α., Impressions of Japanese Architecture, Boston, 1930. Ito, е . , Nihon Kenchiku no Kenkyû, 1936 (History of Japanese architecture). Morse, E. S., Japanese Homes, New York, 1895. Newsom, S., Japanese Garden Architecture, Tôkyô, 1939. Soper, A. C., The Evolution of Buddhist Architecture in Japan, Princeton, 1942. Bowie, H. P., On the Laws of Japanese Painting, San Francisco, 1911. Grosse, Е.. Ostasiatische Tuschmalerei (Die Kunst des Ostens Series). Naito, Toichiro, The Wall Paintings of Horyuji (Translation by William R. В. Acker and Benjamin Rowland, Jr.), Baltimore, 1943. Nihongwa Taisei, Tökyö, 1931 ff. (Illustrations of Japanese paintings of all periods and schools). (Omura, S.) Töyö Bijutsu Taikwan, Tökyö, 1908 ff. (The best collection of reproductions of paintings and sculpture). Paine, R. T., Jr., Japanese Screen Paintings, Boston, 1935 and 1938. Ten Japanese Paintings in the Museum of Fine Arts, New York, 1939. Ukiyo-e: Binyon, L. and Sexton, G. G. O'B., Japanese Colour Prints, London, 1923. Gookin, F. W., Japanese Colour Prints and their Designers, New York, 1913. Henderson, H. G., and Ledoux L., The Surviving Works of Sharaku, New York, 1939. Hirano, C., Kiyonaga, Cambridge, Mass., 1939. Kurth, J., Der Japanische Holzschnitt, Munich, 1911 and 1922. Die Primitiven des Japanholzschnitts, Dresden, 1922. Der Chinesische Farbendruck, Plauen, 1922. Lemoisne, P. Α., L'Estampe Japonaise, Paris, 1914. Seidlitz, W. von, Geschichte des Japanischen Farben Holzschnitts, Dresden, 1897 and 1910. Strange, E. F., Japanese Illustration, London, 1897 and 1904. Japanese Colour Prints, London, 1904 and 1913. Colour Prints of Japan, London, 1904. Tajima, Masterpieces Selected from the Ukiyo-e School, 1906.

44 Sculpture: Töyö Bijutsu Taikwan, Tökyö, 1908, Vol. XV. Warner, L., Japanese Sculpture of the Suiko Period, New Haven, 1923. The Craft of the Japanese Sculptor, New York, 1936. With, K., Buddhistische Plastik in Japan, Vienna, 1919.