Oswaal CBSE Question Bank Class 9 Hindi-A, Chapterwise and Topicwise Solved Papers For 2025 Exams 9789359583266, 935958326X

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DISC L AIMER This book is published by Oswaal Books and Learning Pvt Ltd (“Publisher”) and is intended solely for educational use, to enable students to practice for examinations/tests and reference. The contents of this book primarily comprise a collection of questions that have been sourced from previous examination papers. Any practice questions and/or notes included by the Publisher are formulated by placing reliance on previous question papers and are in keeping with the format/pattern/guidelines applicable to such papers. The Publisher expressly disclaims any liability for the use of, or references to, any terms or terminology in the book, which may not be considered appropriate or may be considered offensive, in light of societal changes. Further, the contents of this book, including references to any persons, corporations, brands, political parties, incidents, historical events and/or terminology within the book, if any, are not intended to be offensive, and/or to hurt, insult or defame any person (whether living or dead), entity, gender, caste, religion, race, etc. and any interpretation to this effect is unintended and purely incidental. While we try to keep our publications as updated and accurate as possible, human error may creep in. We expressly disclaim liability for errors and/or omissions in the content, if any, and further disclaim any liability for any loss or damages in connection with the use of the book and reference to its contents”.

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fo"k;&lwph l

Latest CBSE Syllabus

5 - 6

[k.M ^v* % cgqfodYih; iz'u 1-

2- ok[k

vifBr x|ka'k vifBr dkO;ka'k u Lor% ewY;kadu iz'u&i= & 1

16 - 19

1-

20 - 33

2-

O;kdj.k&[k.M

'kCn fuekZ.k % milxZ] izR;; ,oa lekl 2- vFkZ dh n`f"V ls okD;&Hksn 3- vyadkj u Lor% ewY;kadu iz'u&i= & 2

ikB~;iqLrd f{kfrt Hkkx&1 o iwjd ikB~;iqLrd d`frdk Hkkx&1

1 -

& yy|n 109 - 115 & jl[kku 116 - 121 4- dSnh vkSj dksfdyk 122 - 128 & ek[kuyky prqosZnh 5- xzke Jh & lqfe=kuanu iar 129 - 132 6- es?k vk,&los'Z oj n;ky lDlsuk 133 - 136 7- cPps dke ij tk jgs gSa 137 - 144 & jkts'k tks'kh u Lor% ewY;kadu iz'u&i= & 4 145 - 145 3- loS;s

8

9 - 15

34 - 38

39 - 44

45 - 46

iwjd ikB~;&iqLrd o`Gfrdk (Hkkx&1) 1-

x| [k.M

1-

nks cSyksa dh dFkk & izsepan 47 - 58 2- Ygklk dh vksj& jkgqy lkao`GR;k;u 59 - 68 3- miHkksDrkokn dh laLo`Gfr 69 - 75 & ';kekpj.k nqcs 4- lkWaoys liuksa dh ;kn&t+kfcj gqlSu 76 - 84 5- ize s pan ds QVs twr&s gfj'kadj ijlkbZ 85 - 94 6- esjs cpiu ds fnu& egknsoh oekZ 95 - 101 u Lor% ewY;kadu iz'u&i= & 3 102 - 102 lkf[k;k¡ ,oa lcn & dchjnkl

146 - 151

1- vuqPNsn&ys[ku

161 - 167

ys[ku [k.M

2- i=&ys[ku 3-

y?kq dFkk ys[ku 4- bZ&esy ys[ku 5- laokn&ys[ku 6- lwpuk&ys[ku u Lor% ewY;kadu iz'u&i= & 6

dkO; [k.M

1-

bl ty izy; esa & Q.kh'ojukFk ^js.kq* 2- esjs lax dh vkSjrsa & e`nqyk xxZ 3- jhs iz'u ds mÙkj x|ka'k dh Hkk"kk esa gh fy[k nsrs gSa ftlls mUgsa iwjs vad ugha fey ikrsA ,d gh lkjxfHkZr 'kh"kZd fy[kus ds LFkku ij nks&rhu fy[k nsrs gSa tks xyr gSA Nk=ksa dks x|ka'k de ls de nks ckj /;kuiwoZd iqylkb,A det+ksj da/ks gSa tks] et+cwr ck¡gs gSa u] csclh] ykpkjh ds cks> ls ;ksa u nckb,û gkFk esa gFkkSM+k u nks] u nks [kqjih] dqnky] lqdksey dj esa ;ksa dye Fkekb;sA u gks QVsgky dksbZ] u dksbZ daxky gks tks]

([k) vktk+ $ nh (x) vkt $ nh (?k) vktk+n $ bZ mÙkjµfodYi (?k) lgh gSA 1 djds igkM+&lk iki ekSu jg tkÅ¡ \ jkbZ Hkj Hkh vuqrki u djus ikÅ¡A mYdk&lh jkuh fn'kk nhIr djrh Fkh] lcesa Hk;] foLe; vkSj [ksn Hkjrh FkhA ßD;k dj ldrh Fkh ejh eaFkjk nklh] esjk eu gh jg ldk uk fut fo'oklh ty iatj&xr vc v/khj] vHkkxs] ;s Tofyr Hkko Fks Lo;a rq>esa tkxsA

([k) mUgsa yxrk gS fd ;fn jke ugha ykSVs rks os Hkjr dks Hkh [kks nsaxhA (x) os Jh jke dks fo'okl fnykuk pkgrh gSa fd Hkjr funksZ"k gSaA (?k) (d) vkSj (x) nksuksa mÙkjµfodYi (?k) lgh gSA 1 4. vius csVs Hkjr osG lanHkZ esa oSGdbZ D;k Lohdkj djrh gS\ a (d) ek¡ gksdj Hkh eSaus vius iq= osG LoHkko dks ugha igpkuk ([k) Hkjr osG ckjs esa lc oqGN tkuus dk (x) Hkjr vius Hkkb;ksa ls I;kj ugha djrs (?k) Hkjr dks v;ks/;k osG jkT; dk ykyp FkkA mÙkjµfodYi (d) lgh gSA 1 5. ^mYdk&lh jkuh* esa dkSu&lk vyadkj gS\ (d) :id ([k) mRizs{kk (x) vU;ksfDr (?k) miek mÙkjµfodYi (?k) lgh gSA 1 LokFkZ ds ?ksjs ls ckgj rks fudy ns[kks] ekuork dh [kkfrj] ekuo cu tkb,A vk¡lqvksa ls u fy[kh gks dksbZ rdnhj ;gk¡] ygw csp fdlh dk u nkSyr tqVkb,A Hkkjr egku~ yksx] Hkkjrh; egku~ dgsa] ,slk dksbZ u;k bfrgkl rks jpkb,û u jgs fu;e lc Qkbyksa esa cUn ;gk¡]

vifBr dkO;ka'k



13



lc [kq'kgky gksa] oks [kq'kgkyh ykb,û u fu;e nhokjksa ij fy[kdj fn[kkb,] u jgs ;s cpiu] VqdM+ksa dk eksgrkt+] bu lcls rks dqN gksus dk u esjs HkkbZ] u fdlh ds thou dks ujd cukb,A cky etnwjh #ds] dne ckSrs dk jkLrk Lohdkj dj fy;k vkSj vkxs pydj ^xq#in* ikus ds fy, gkbZdksVZ dh Hkh 'kj.k yh xbZA ;g dg nsuk fd lc xyr gqvk] dqN fo'ks"k dke dh ckr ugha gqbZA D;ksa ;g xyrh gqbZ \ ek;k ls NwVus ds fy, ek;k ds iziap jps x,] ;g lR; gSA ([k) /keZ fo'ks"k laca/kh fopkjksa vkSj mís';ksa dks izlkfjr 1. yksxksa us D;k izfrKk yh Fkh\ 1 djuk (d) viuk ?kj iw¡Gdus dh (x) /kk£ed Kku dks fy[kdj lgstuk ([k) thou dh leLr lq[k&lqfo/kkvksa dk miHkksx djus (?k) (d) vkSj ([k) nksuksa dFku lgh gSa dh (x) /ku vkSj eksg dk R;kx dj dchj osG crk, ekxZ ij 4. x|ka'k esa ^vu* milxZ vkSj ^bd* izR;; osG ;ksx ls cus 'kCn gSa\ 1 pyus dh (d) vusd vkSj vuqfpr (?k) ek;k osG iziap esa i¡Glus dh ([k) vuqfpr vkSj lkekftd 2. ^?kj iw¡Gdus* dk D;k vfHkizk; gS\ 1 (x) veqd vkSj lkekftd (d) /ku vkSj eku osG eksg dk R;kx djuk (?k) vuqfpr vkSj fouezrk ([k) fuHkhZd gksdj lR; osG ekxZ ij pyuk 5. x|ka'k esa vk, gq, ^xq#in* 'kCn dk D;k vFkZ gS\ 1 (x) ekxZ esa vkus okyh ck/kkvksa dks fouezrkiwoZd u"V (d) xq# dk in djuk ([k) xq# vkSj in (?k) mijksDr lHkh dFku lgh gSa (x) egÙoiw.kZ in 3. x|ka'k osG vuqlkj iksfFk;k¡ jpus dk D;k mís'; Fkk\ 1 (?k) Lokeh dk in (d) rFkkdfFkr /kk£ed xq#vksa dks efgekeafMr djuk 1×5=5 fuEufyf[kr i|ka'kksa dks è;kuiwoZd iqaM_ mUeÙkµerokyk_ Fkkuµi'kqvksa ds ck¡/ks tkus dh txg_ mNkgµmRlo] vkuan_ vkjtwµfourh_ felkyµmnkgj.k_ rkdhnµpsrkouh_ ikxqj djukµtqxkyh djuk_ cjdrµQk;nkA

cgqfodYih; iz'u

(izR;sd 1 vad)

(?k) vius vieku osG dkj.k mÙkjµfodYi (?k) lgh gSA O;k[;kµx;k us nksuksa cSyksa dks naM nsus osG fy, mUgsa eksVh 1. ^nks cSyksa dh dFkk* ikB osG ys[kd gSaµ jfLl;ksa ls ck¡/k dj [kwc ekjk vkSj [kkus osG fy, lw[kk Hkwlk (d) jkgqy lkaÏR;k;u ([k) izsepan Mky fn;kA nksuksa cSyksa dk ,slk vieku dHkh ugha gqvk FkkA (x) ';kekpj.k nqcs (?k) t+kfcj gqlSu blfy, mUgksaus uk¡n dh vksj ns[kk Hkh ughaA mÙkjµfodYi ([k) lgh gSA 4. ghjk&eksrh fdrus fnuksa rd dkathgkSl esa c¡/ks iM+s jgs\ 2. ^nks cSyksa dh dFkk* ikB osG vk/kkj ij crkb, fd i'kqvksa (d) nl fnu ([k) iaæg fnu esa dkSu&lk xq.k euq";ksa dh vis{kk T+;knk fodflr gS\ (x) ,d lIrkg (?k) chl fnu (d) ifjJe djuk mÙkjµfodYi (x) lgh gSA ([k) vPNs cqjs esa Hksn djuk 5. ^eq>s ekjsxk rks eSa Hkh ,d nks dks fxjk nw¡xk* ^nks cSyksa dh (x) nwljs osG eu osG Hkkoksa dks le>uk dFkk ikB esa ;g dFku fdldk gS\ (?k) nwljksa ls dke ysuk (d) >wjh dk ([k) x;k dk mÙkjµfodYi (x) lgh gSA (x) ghjk dk (?k) eksrh dk O;k[;kµ ys[kd dk ekuuk gS fd ghjk&eksrh ewd Hkk"kk esa mÙkjµfodYi (?k) lgh gSA fopkj&fofue; djosG ,d&nwljs osG eu dh ckr le> ysrs Fks O;k[;kµx;k osG vR;kpkj ls =Lr eksrh xqLls ls csdkcw gks tcfd euq"; fcuk dgs ckr ugha le> ikrsA x;k vkSj gy ysdj Hkkx fudykA tc ghjk us mls crk;k fd 3. >wjh osG cSyksa us uk¡n dh rjQ ns[kk Hkh ughaA D;ksa x;k nks vknfe;ksa osG lkFk ykfB;k¡ ysdj mUgsa idM+us vk jgk gS rc mi;qZDr okD; eksrh }kjk dgk x;kA (d) x;k osG Hk; ls 6. x;k osG ?kj esa ghjk&eksrh dks jksfV;k¡ fdlus nh Fkha\ ([k) Hkw[k u gksus osG dkj.k (x) chekj gksus osG dkj.k (d) NksVh yM+dh us

A ,dy cgqfodYih; iz'u

50

vksloky lh-ch-,l-bZ- iz'u cSad pSIVjokbl@VkWfIkdokbl] fgUnh ^v*] d{kk&IX

([k) mlosG ;gk¡ dke djus okys ukSdjksa us (x) x;k dh iRuh us (?k) HkSjksa us mÙkjµfodYi (d) lgh gSA O;k[;kµHkSjksa dh NksVh&lh yM+dh jkr esa pqipki vkdj nksuksa Hkw[ks cSyksa osG eq¡g esa ,d&,d jksVh ns xbZA mldh ek¡ ej pqdh FkhA lkSrsyh ek¡ mls ekjrh jgrh Fkh blfy, mls bu cSyksa ls vkReh;rk gks xbZ FkhA 7. tkuojksa esa lcls vf/kd cqf¼ghu izk.kh fdls le>k tkrk gS\ (d) cSy dks ([k) fl;kj dks (x) gkFkh dks (?k) x/ks dks mÙkjµfodYi (?k) lgh gSA O;k[;kµx/ks dks dHkh Øks/k djrs ugha ns[kk tkrkA mls pkgs ftruk ekjks ;k [kjkc lM+h gqbZ ?kkl [kkus dks nks ysfdu mlosG psgjs ij dHkh vlarks"k fn[kkbZ ugha nsrkA 'kk;n mlosG blh lh/ksiu osG dkj.k mls i'kqvksa esa lcls T+;knk cqf¼ghu le>k tkrk gSA 8. >wjh osG nksuksa cSy fdl tkfr osG Fks\ (d) lkghoky tkfr osG ([k) iNkbZ tkfr osG (x) fxj tkfr osG (?k) vaxwjk tkfr osG mÙkjµfodYi ([k) lgh gSA 9. cSyksa osG ?kj ykSVus ij fdlus mudk vfHkuanu djus dk fu'p; fd;k\ (d) >wjh us ([k) x;k us (x) >wjh dh iRuh us (?k) cky&lHkk us mÙkjµfodYi (?k) lgh gSA O;k[;kµml xk¡o osG bfrgkl esa nks cSyksa osG }kjk Hkkx dj vius vki vius ?kj vk tkuk ,d egÙoiw.kZ ?kVuk FkhA xk¡o osG yM+osG rkfy;k¡ ctk&ctkdj ghjk&eksrh dk Lokxr dj jgs FksA 10. ^ysfdu vkSjr tkr ij lhax pykuk euk gS] ;g Hkwys tkrs gksA* ^nks cSyksa dh dFkk* ikB esa ys[kd ;g dFku fL=;ksa osG izfr muosG fdl n`f"Vdks.k dks Li"V djrk gS\ (d) lkekftd fu;eksa osG vuqlkj fL=;ksa dks 'kkjhfjd naM nsuk vuqfpr gSA ([k) lekt }kjk fL=;ksa dk 'kks"k.k djuk mfpr gSA (x) ys[kd lekt esa L=h&iq#"k lekurk vkSj ukfj;ksa osG lEeku dk i{k/kj gSA (?k) (d) vkSj (x) nksuksa mÙkjµfodYi (?k) lgh gSA

O;k[;kµys[kd L=h vkSj iq#"k dh lekurk osG i{k/kj FksA bl dFku }kjk mUgksaus fL=;ksa osG izfr fgalk vkSj 'kks"k.k dk fojks/k djrs gq, mUgsa lEeku nsus dh ckr dgh gSA 11. ^nks cSyksa dh dFkk* dgkuh ijks{k :i ls fdl vkanksyu ls tqM+h gS\ (d) izFke fo'o;q¼ ls ([k) Hkkjrh; Lora=rk vkanksyu ls (x) Hkkjr&ikfdLrku ;q¼ ls (?k) buesa ls fdlh ls ugha mÙkjµfodYi ([k) lgh gSA O;k[;kµys[kd izsepan us bl dgkuh esa crk;k gS fd Lora=rk lgt esa izkIr ugha gksrh mls ikus osG fy, ckj&ckj la?k"kZ djuk iM+rk gS] vr% ijks{k :i ls ;g dFkk vkt+knh osG vkanksyu dh Hkkouk ls tqM+h gSA 12. dkathgkSl }kjk dh xbZ i'kqvksa dh uhykeh esa ghjk&eksrh dks fdlus [kjhnk\ (d) ,d fdlku us

([k) ,d t+ehankj us

(x) ,d nfk tkrk gSA ge tc fdlh vkneh dks igys ntsZ dk csodwQ+ dguk pkgrs gSa rks mls xèkk dgrs gSaA xèkk lpeqp csodwQ gS] ;k mlds lhèksiu] mldh fujkin lfg".kqrk us mls ;g inoh ns nh gS] bldk fu'p; ugha fd;k tk ldrkA xk;sa lhax ekjrh gSa] C;kbZ gqbZ xk; rks vuk;kl gh flaguh dk :i èkkj.k dj ysrh gSA dqÙkk Hkh cgqr xjhc tkuoj gS] ysfdu dHkh&dHkh mls Hkh Øksèk vk gh tkrk gS] fdUrq xèks dks dHkh Øksèk djrs ugha lquk] u ns[kkA ftruk pkgks xjhc dks ekjks] pkgs tSlh [kjkc] lM+h gqbZ ?kkl lkeus Mky nks] mlds psgjs ij dHkh vlarks"k dh Nk;k Hkh u fn[kkbZ nsxhA oS'kk[k esa pkgs ,dkèk ckj dqysy dj ysrk gks_ ij geus rks mls dHkh [kq'k gksrs ugha ns[kkA mlds psgjs ij ,d fo"kkn LFkk;h :i ls Nk;k jgrk gSA lq[k&nq%[k] gkfu&ykHk] fdlh Hkh n'kk esa mls cnyrs ugha ns[kkA 1. fdlh euq"; dks ^x/kk* dc dgk tkrk gS\ (d) mls cgqr lh/kk fl¼ djus osG fy, ([k) mls ijys nt+sZ dk csoo+wGQ+ fl¼ djus osG fy, (x) mls pkykd fl¼ djus osG fy, (?k) dkepksj fl¼ djus osG fy, mÙkjµfodYi ([k) lgh gSA 1 O;k[;kµtc ge fdlh euq"; dks vR;f/kd ew[kZ dguk pkgrs gSa rc ge mldh rqyuk x/ks ls djrs gSa ;k mls x/kk dgrs gSaA 2. ys[kd osG vuqlkj x/ks dks i'kqvksa esa lcls T;knk cqf¼ghu le>s tkus dk D;k dkj.k jgk gksxk\ (d) mlosG lpeqp csoo+wGQ gksus osG dkj.k ([k) mlosG Øks/k u djus osG dkj.k (x) mlosG lh/ksiu ;k fujkin lfg".kqrk osG dkj.k (?k) (d) vkSj (x) nksuksa mÙkjµfodYi (x) lgh gSA 1 O;k[;kµmlds lh/ksiu vkSj lgu'khyrk ds dkj.k cqf¼ghu le>s

tkus dk dkj.k ;g gS fd og dHkh fdlh ckr ij izfrfozG;k ugha djrkA mls pkgs ekjks ;k [kjkc ?kkl f[kykvks] og dHkh ozGks/k ugha djrkA 3. xk; vkSj oqGÙkk x/ks ls fdl izdkj fHkUu gSa\ (d) nksuksa cgqr lh/ks gSaA ([k) nksuksa taxyh tkuoj gSaA (x) nksuksa lhax ekjrs gSaA (?k) nksuksa dks Øks/k vk tkrk gSA mÙkjµfodYi (?k) lgh gSA 1 O;k[;kµxk; Øks/k esa lhax ekjrh gS vkSj ;fn dksbZ mlosG cPps dks NsM+s rks og flaguh dk :i /kkj.k dj ysrh gSA blh izdkj oqGÙks dks Hkh Øks/k vk tkrk gSA 4. x/ks osG psgjs ij dkSu&lk Hkko LFkk;h :i ls Nk;k jgrk gS\ (d) fo"kkn dk ([k) mYykl dk (x) g"kZ dk (?k) mRlqdrk dk mÙkjµfodYi (d) lgh gSA 1 O;k[;kµx/ks dks u dHkh Øks/k vkrk gS vkSj u gh dHkh mls [kq'k gksrs ns[kk tkrk gSA mlosG psgjs ij ,d fo"kkn LFkk;h :i ls Nk;k jgrk gSA 5. x/ks dh dkSu&lh fo'ks"krk,¡ mls vU; i'kqvksa ls vyx djrh gSa\ (d) lq[k&nq%[k] gkfu&ykHk] fdlh Hkh n'kk esa mls cnyrs ugha ns[kk ([k) fo"ke ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa Hkh mlosG psgjs ij vlarks"k fn[kkbZ ugha nsrk (x) mls dHkh Øks/k ugha vkrk (?k) mijksDr lHkh 1 mÙkjµfodYi (?k) lgh gSA O;k[;kµx/ks dks dHkh Øks/k ugha vkrkA mls pkgs ekjks] pkgs oSGlh Hkh [kjkc lM+h gqbZ ?kkl [kkus dks nks mlosG psgjs ij dHkh vlarks"k fn[kkbZ ugha nsrkA II. nksuksa vkeus&lkeus ;k vkl&ikl cSBs gq, ,d&nwljs ls ewd&Hkk"kk esa fopkj&fofue; djrs FksA ,d] nwljs ds eu dh ckr dSls le> tkrk Fkk] ge ugha dg ldrsA vo';

52

vksloky lh-ch-,l-bZ- iz'u cSad pSIVjokbl@VkWfIkdokbl] fgUnh ^v*] d{kk&IX

gh muesa dksbZ ,slh xqIr&'kfä Fkh] ftlls thoksa esa Js×rk dk nkok djus okyk euq"; oafpr gSA nksuksa ,d&nwljs dks pkVdj vkSj lw¡?kdj viuk izse izdV djrs] dHkh&dHkh nksuksa lhax Hkh feyk fy;k djrs Fks µ foxzg ds ukrs ls ugha] dsoy fouksn ds Hkko ls] vkReh;rk ds Hkko ls] tSls nksLrksa esa ?kfu×rk gksrs gh èkkSy&èkIik gksus yxrk gSA blds fcuk nksLrh dqN gYdh&lh jgrh gS] ftl ij T+;knk fo'okl ugha fd;k tk ldrkA ftl oä ;s nksuksa cSy gy esa tksr fn, tkrs] ml oä gj ,d dh ;gh psÔk gksrh Fkh fd T+;knk&ls&T+;knk cks> esjh gh xjnu ij jgsA fnu&Hkj ds ckn nksigj ;k laè;k dks nksuksa [kqyrs] rks ,d&nwljs dks pkV&pwVdj viuh Fkdku feVk fy;k djrsA q r gqvk gS\ 1. x|ka'k esa ^nksuks*a 'kCn fdlosG fy, iz;D (d) >wjh vkSj x;k osG fy, ([k) ghjk vkSj iUuk osG fy, (x) ghjk vkSj eksrh osG fy, (?k) >wjh vkSj eksrh osG fy, mÙkjµfodYi (x) lgh gSA 1 2. euq"; D;k nkok djrk gS\ (d) lcls 'kfDr'kkyh gksus dk ([k) lHkh thoksa esa Js"B gksus dk (x) egku vkSj ijksidkjh gksus dk (?k) lcls lgu'khy gksus dk mÙkjµfodYi ([k) lgh gSA 1 O;k[;kµeuq"; Lo;a dks leLr thoksa esa Js"B izk.kh le>dj viuh Js"Brk dk nkok djrk gSA 3. nksuksa cSy ijLij viuk izse fdl izdkj izdV djrs Fks\ (d) ,d&nwljs dks pkVdj] lw¡?kdj vkSj lhax feykdj ([k) ,d lkFk Hkkstu djosG (x) ,d&nwljs dks ns[kdj (?k) buesa ls dksbZ ugha mÙkjµfodYi (d) lgh gSA 1 O;k[;kµnksuksa cSy ,d&nwljs dks pkVdj vkSj lw¡?kdj viuk izse izdV djrs FksA dHkh&dHkh vkReh;rk osG Hkko ls nksuksa lhax Hkh feyk fy;k djrs FksA 4. gy esa tksrs tkrs le; nksuksa dk D;k iz;kl gksrk Fkk\ (d) T+;knk ls T+;knk cks> nwljs dh xnZu ij jgs ([k) tYnh ls tYnh dke [kRe djus dk (x) T+;knk ls T+;knk cks> mldh Lo;a dh xnZu ij jgs (?k) cgqr /khjs&/khjs pysa mÙkjµfodYi (x) lgh gSA 1 O;k[;kµftl le; ghjk&eksrh gy esa tksrs tkrs Fks ml oDr nksuksa dh ;gh ps"Vk gksrh Fkh fd T+;knk ls T+;knk cks> mldh (Lo;a) xnZu ij jgsA 5. ys[kd us x|ka'k esa fdl xqIr 'kfDr dh vksj laosGr fd;k gS\

(d) nksuksa cSyksa osG fcuk dgs ,d&nwljs osG eu dh ckr le> ysus dh ([k) nksuksa cSyksa dh iqGrhZ vkSj pqLrh dk (x) euq"; osG cqf¼eku gksus dh (?k) cgqr /khjs&/khjs pysa mÙkjµfodYi (d) lgh gSA 1 O;k[;kµghjk vkSj eksrh nksuksa vkeus&lkeus ;k vkl&ikl cSBs gq, ,d&nwljs ls ewd Hkk"kk esa fopkj&fofue; djrs FksA fcuk cksys gh nksuksa ,d&nwljs osG eu dh ckr le> tkrs FksA ys[kd us blh xqIr 'kfDr dk mYys[k fd;k gSA III.la;ksx dh ckr] >wjh us ,d ckj xksb± dks llqjky Hkst fn;kA cSyksa dks D;k ekywe] os D;ksa Hksts tk jgs gSaA le>s] ekfyd us gesa csp fn;kA viuk ;ksa cspk tkuk mUgsa vPNk yxk ;k cqjk] dkSu tkus] ij >wjh ds lkys x;k dks ?kj rd xksb± ys tkus esa nk¡rksa ilhuk vk x;kA ihNs ls gk¡drk rks nksuksa nk,¡&ck,¡ Hkkxrs] ixfg;k idM+dj vkxs ls [khaprk] rks nksuksa ihNs dks tksj yxkrsA ekjrk rks nksuksa lhax uhps djds gq¡dkjrsA vxj bZ'oj us mUgsa ok.kh nh gksrh] rks >wjh ls iwNrs&^^rqe ge xjhcksa dks D;ksa fudky jgs gks\ geus rks rqEgkjh lsok esa dksbZ dlj ugha mBk j[khA** 1. >wjh us nksuksa dks fdlosG lkFk dgk¡ Hkst fn;k\ (d) vius HkkbZ osG lkFk vius xk¡o ([k) vius lkys osG lkFk viuh llqjky (x) vius firk osG lkFk [ksr esa (?k) lsB osG gkFkksa ckt+kj esa mÙkjµfodYi ([k) lgh gSA 1 O;k[;kµ,d ckj >wjh us vius cSyksa ghjk vkSj eksrh dks vius lkys x;k osG lkFk vius llqjky Hkst fn;kA 2. >wjh osG }kjk cSyksa dks Hksts tkus dks mUgksaus D;k le>k\ (d) ekfyd us gesa csp fn;kA ([k) ekfyd gels ukjkt+ gSaA (x) ekfyd gekjs dke ls [kq'k ugha gSA (?k) mi;qZDr lHkh mÙkjµfodYi (?k) lgh gSA 1 O;k[;kµnksuksa us le>k fd gekjs dke ls 'kk;n [kq'k ugha Fkk blfy, ukjkt+ gksdj gekjs ekfyd us gesa csp fn;k gSA mUgsa cgqr cqjk yxkA 3. x|ka'k esa vk, ^nk¡rksa ilhuk vkuk* eqgkojs dk D;k vFkZ gS\ (d) nk¡r esa ilhuk vk tkuk ([k) nk¡rksa esa nnZ gksuk (x) cgqr Øks/k djuk (?k) cgqr ifjJe djuk mÙkjµfodYi (?k) lgh gSA 1 O;k[;kµx|ka'k ea vk, bl eqgkojs dk vFkZ gSµcgqr ifjJe djukA ghjk vkSj eksrh dks mudh bPNk osG fo#¼ vius ?kj rd ys tkus esa x;k dks cgqr ifjJe djuk iM+kA

f{kfrt (Hkkx&1)



4. x;k

}kjk ekjs tkus ij nksuksa cSyksa dh D;k izfrfØ;k gksrh Fkh\ (d) nksuksa lhax uhps djosG gq¡dkjrs FksA ([k) nksuksa ihNs dks t+ksj yxkrs FksA (x) nksuksa uhps cSB tkrs FksA (?k) nksuksa nk,¡^&ck,¡ Hkkxus yxrs FksA mÙkjµfodYi (d) lgh gSA 1 5. vius csps tkus osG Hkze esa cSyksa dks >wjh ls D;k f'kdk;r Fkh\ (d) mlus gesa iSlksa osG fy, D;ksa csp fn;k\ ([k) bruh lsok djus ij Hkh mUgsa muosG ?kj ls D;ksa fudky fn;k\ (x) csps tkus ls igys gesa crk;k D;ksa ugha\ (?k) mi;qZDr ls dksbZ ugha mÙkjµfodYi ([k) lgh gSA 1 O;k[;kµviuk ?kj NksM+us ij ghjk vkSj eksrh cgqr nq%[kh FksA vxj bZ'oj us mUgsa ok.kh nh gksrh rks og vius ekfyd ls 'kk;n ;gh iwNrs fd bruh lsok djus osG ckn Hkh rqe ge xjhcksa dks vius ?kj ls D;ksa fudky jgs gksA IV. >wjh izkr%dky lksdj mBk rks ns[kk nksuksa cSy pjuh ij [kM+s gSaA nksuksa dh xjnuksa esa vkèkk&vk/kk xjk¡o yVd jgk gSA ?kqVus rd ik¡o dhpM+ esa Hkjs gSa vkSj nksuksa dh vk¡[kksa esa foæksge; Lusg >yd jgk gSA >wjh cSyksa dks ns[kdj Lusg ls xn~xn~ gks x;kA nkSM+dj xys yxk fy;kA izsekfyaxu vkSj pqEcu dk og n`'; cM+k gh euksgj FkkA ?kj vkSj xk¡o ds yM+ds tek gks x, vkSj rkfy;k¡ ctk&ctkdj mudk Lokxr djus yxsA xk¡o ds bfrgkl esa ;g ?kVuk vHkwriwoZ u gksus ij Hkh egÙoiw.kZ FkhA cky lHkk us fu'p; fd;k nksuksa i'kq ohjksa dks vfHkuanu i= nsuk pkfg,A dksbZ vius ?kj ls jksfV;k¡ yk;k] dksbZ xqM+] dksbZ pksdj] dksbZ HkwlhA 1. >wjh us izkr% dky D;k ns[kk\ (d) nksuksa cSy ?kj ls Hkkx x, gSaA ([k) x;k njokt+s ij [kM+k gSA (x) nksuksa cSy pjuh ij [kM+s gSaA (?k) mldk [ksr mtM+k iM+k gSA mÙkjµfodYi (x) lgh gSA 1 O;k[;kµ>wjh izkr%dky pjuh ij cSyksa dks ns[kdj cgqr izlUu gqvkA mu nksuksa dh utjksa esa Lusgiw.kZ fonzksg >yd jgk FkkA 2. cSyksa dks okil vk;k ns[kdj >wjh dh D;k izfrfØ;k Fkh\ (d) >wjh cSyksa dks ns[kdj Lusg ls xn~xn~ gks x;kA ([k) mlus nkSM+ dj mUgsa xys yxk fy;kA (x) >wjh xqLls ls csdkcw gks x;kA (?k) (d) vkSj ([k) nksuksa mÙkjµfodYi (?k) lgh gSA 1 O;k[;kµ>wjh vius cSyksa dks cgqr izse djrk FkkA blfy, cSyksa dks okil vk;k ns[kdj [kq'kh ls iwGyk ugha lek;k mlus nkSM+dj nksuksa cSyksa dks xys ls yxk fy;kA

3. cSyksa

53

osG ?kj okil vkus ij cPpksa us viuh [kq'kh oSGls izdV dh\ (d) cPps [kq'kh ls ukpus yxsA ([k) cPps rkfy;k¡ ctk ctkdj mudk Lokxr djus yxsA (x) cPps vius ?kj ls cSyksa osG fy, jksVh] xqM+] pksdj] Hkwlh vkfn yk,A (?k) ([k) vkSj (x) nksuksa mÙkjµfodYi (?k) lgh gSA 1 O;k[;kµcSyksa dks vius vki okil ?kj vk;k ns[kdj xk¡o vkSj ?kj osG yM+osG tek gks x, vkSj rkfy;k¡ ctk&ctkdj mudk Lokxr djus yxsA mu osG fy, dksbZ vius ?kj ls jksVh yk;k dksbZ xqM+] dksbZ pksdj rks dksbZ HkwlhA 4. cky&lHkk us D;k fu'p; fd;k\ (d) nksuksa i'kq&ohjksa dks vfHkuanu i= nsuk pkfg,A ([k) nksuksa cSyksa dks ltkdj xk¡o esa tqywl fudkyuk pkfg,A (x) mudks okil x;k osG ?kj Hkst nsuk pkfg,A (?k) buesa ls dksbZ ughaA mÙkjµfodYi (d) lgh gSA 1 O;k[;kµcky lHkk }kjk vfHkuUnu&i= nsus dk fu'p; fd, tkus ij lHkh cPps vius&vius ?kjksa ls cSyksa ds fy, [kkus dh oLrq,Wa ykus yxsA 5. ?kj okil vk, cSyksa dh D;k n'kk Fkh\ (d) nksuksa cSy cgqr ranq#Lr gks x, FksA ([k) nksuksa cSy cgqr fgald gks x, FksA (x) nksuksa dh xnZu esa vk/kk&vk/kk xjk¡o yVd jgk Fkk vkSj muosG ik¡o dhpM+ ls Hkjs FksA (?k) mijksDr lHkhA mÙkjµfodYi (x) lgh gSA 1 O;k[;kµnksuksa cSyksa dh xnZuksa esa vk/kk&vk/kk xjk¡o yVd jgk Fkk vkSj muosG ik¡o ?kqVuksa rd dhpM+ ls Hkjs gq, FksA nksuksa dh vk¡[kksa esa foæksge; Lusg >yd jgk FkkA V. nksuksa fe=ksa dks thou esa igyh ckj ,slk lkfcdk iM+k fd lkjk fnu chr x;k vkSj [kkus dks ,d frudk Hkh u feykA le> gh esa u vkrk Fkk] ;g dSlk Lokeh gS\ blls rks x;k fQj Hkh vPNk FkkA ;gk¡ dbZ HkSalas Fkha] dbZ cdfj;k¡] dbZ ?kksM]s+ dbZ xèks_ ij fdlh ds lkeus pkjk u Fkk] lc t+ehu ij eqnks± dh rjg iM+s FksA dbZ rks brus det+kjs gks x, Fks fd [kM+s Hkh u gks ldrs FksA lkjk fnu nksuksa fe= QkVd dh vksj VdVdh yxk, rkdrs jgs_ ij dksbZ pkjk ysdj vkrk u fn[kkbZ fn;kA rc nksuksa us nhokj dh uedhu feêh pkVuh 'kq: dh] ij blls D;k r`fIr gksrh\ 1. bl x|ka'k esa fdl LFkku dk o.kZu fd;k x;k gS\ (d) x;k osG ?kj dk ([k) dk¡th gkSl dk (x) >wjh osG ?kj dk (?k) dlkbZ osG ?kj dk mÙkjµfodYi ([k) lgh gSA 1

54 2. ogk¡

vksloky lh-ch-,l-bZ- iz'u cSad pSIVjokbl@VkWfIkdokbl] fgUnh ^v*] d{kk&IX

vkus ij nksuksa fe=ksa dks igyh ckj fdl fLFkfr dk lkeuk djuk iM+k\ (d) mUgsa bruk ykM+&I;kj feyk fd os gSjku jg x,A ([k) lkjk fnu chr x;k vkSj [kkus dks ,d frudk Hkh u feykA (x) mUgsa cgqr ekj iM+hA (?k) ogk¡ osG pkSdhnkj us mUgsa /kwi esa [kM+k dj fn;kA mÙkjµfodYi ([k) lgh gSA 1 O;k[;kµnksuksa fe=ksa ghjk vkSj eksrh osG thou esa ;g igyk fnu Fkk tc lkjk fnu chr tkus osG ckn Hkh mUgsa [kkus dks ,d frudk Hkh ugha feyk FkkA 3. dk¡thgkSl esa ghjk&eksrh osG lkFk vkSj dkSu&dkSu Fkk\ (d) dbZ HkSals ([k) dbZ cdfj;k¡ (x) dbZ ?kksM+s vkSj x/ks (?k) mijksDr lHkh mÙkjµfodYi (?k) lgh gSA 1 4. ogk¡ jgus okys i'kqvksa dh D;k fLFkfr Fkh\ (d) os cgqr gV~Vs&dV~Vs vkSj rkdroj FksA ([k) os lc [kk&ihdj mNy&owGn epk jgs FksA (x) lcosG lkeus cgqr lkjk pkjk j[kk FkkA (?k) fdlh osG lkeus pkjk u Fkk vkSj lc cgqr det+ksj gks x, FksA mÙkjµfodYi (?k) lgh gSA 1 O;k[;kµHkkstu osG vHkko esa lHkh i'kq brus det+ksj gks x, Fks fd [kM+s Hkh ugha gks ldrs FksA os lc t+ehu ij eqnks± dh rjg iM+s FksA 5. fnu Hkj pkjs dh vkl yxk, ghjk vkSj eksrh us var esa fujk'k gksdj D;k fd;k\ (d) mUgksaus nhokj dh uedhu feêh pkVuh 'kq: dj nhA ([k) mUgksaus t+ksj&t+ksj ls vkokt+ fudkyuk 'kq: dj fn;kA (x) mUgksaus vU; tkuojksa ij vkØe.k dj fn;kA (?k) blesa ls dksbZ ugha mÙkjµfodYi (d) lgh gSA 1 O;k[;kµnksuksa fe= lkjk fnu pkjs dh vkl esa VdVdh yxk, QkVd dh vksj rkdrs jgs ijarq mUgsa fujk'kk gkFk yxhA rc nksuksa us Hkw[k ls O;koqGy gksdj nhokj dh uedhu feêh pkVuh 'kq: dj nhA VI. ,d lIrkg rd nksuksa fe= ogk¡ c¡/ks iM+s jgsA fdlh us pkjs dk ,d r`.k Hkh u MkykA gk¡] ,d ckj ikuh fn[kk fn;k tkrk FkkA ;gh mudk vk/kkj FkkA nksuksa brus nqcZy gks x, Fks fd mBk rd u tkrk Fkk] BBfj;k¡ fudy vkbZ FkhaA ,d fnu ckM+s ds lkeus MqXxh ctus yxh vkSj nksigj gksrs&gksrs ogk¡ ipkl&lkB vkneh tek gks x,A rc nksuksa fe= fudkys x, vkSj mudh ns[kHkky gksus yxhA yksx vk&vkdj mudh lwjr ns[krs vkSj eu Qhdk djds pys tkrsA ,sls e`rd cSyksa dk dkSu [kjhnnkj gksrk\

1. nksuksa

fe= ,d lIrkg rd dgk¡ c¡/ks iM+s jgs\ (d) x;k osG ?kj esa ([k) xk¡o osG ckgj ,d ihiy osG isM+ osG uhps (x) dk¡thgkSl esa (?k) mijksDr lHkh dFku lgh gSa mÙkjµfodYi (x) lgh gSA 1 O;k[;kµeVj osG [ksr esa pjrs gq, ghjk vkSj eksrh dks [ksr osG j[kokyksa us idM+ fy;kA izkr%dky nksuksa fe= dk¡th gkSl esa can dj fn, x,A 2. ckM+s osG lkeus MqXxh ctus dk D;k dkj.k Fkk\ (d) ogk¡ rek'kk gksus okyk FkkA ([k) i'kqvksa dh uhykeh 'kq: gksus dh lwpuk nsus osG fy, (x) i'kqvksa osG ejus dh lwpuk nsus osG fy, (?k) tkuojksa osG dk¡thgkSl ls Hkkxus osG dkj.k mÙkjµfodYi ([k) lgh gSA 1 O;k[;kµMqXxh ctus dk ;g dkj.k Fkk fd ogk¡ can i'kqvksa dh uhykeh 'kq: gksus okyh FkhA 3. dk¡thgkSl esa can i'kqvksa osG thou dk D;k vk/kkj Fkk\ (d) mUgsa fnu esa ,d ckj fn;k tkus okyk ikuh ([k) mUgsa fnu esa ,d ckj fn;k tkus okyk pkjk (x) mUgsa fn;k tkus okyk Lokfn"V Hkkstu (?k) buesa ls dksbZ ugha mÙkjµfodYi (d) lgh gSA 1 O;k[;kµdk¡thgkSal esa can i'kqvksa dks fnu esa ,d ckj ikuh fn[kk fn;k tkrk Fkk ogh muosG thus dk vk/kkj FkkA 4. dk¡thgkSl esa can ghjk&eksrh dh D;k n'kk gks xbZ Fkh\ (d) nksuksa cgqr nqcZy gks x, FksA ([k) mudh BBfj;k¡ fudy vkbZ FkhaA (x) muls mBk Hkh ugha tkrk FkkA (?k) mijksDr lHkh dFku lgh gSaA mÙkjµfodYi (?k) lgh gSA 1 5. nksuksa cSyksa dks ns[kdj yksxksa dh D;k izfrfØ;k gksrh Fkh\ (d) yksx cgqr [kq'k gksrs FksA ([k) yksx mUgsa [kjhnus osG fy, cgqr mRlqd FksA (x) yksx mudh Å¡ph cksyh yxk jgs FksA (?k) yksx mudh cqjh gkyr ns[kdj eu Qhdk djosG pys tkrs FksA mÙkjµfodYi (?k) lgh gSA 1 O;k[;kµghjk&eksrh brus det+ksj gks x, Fks fd yksx mudh lwjr ns[kdj eu Qhdk djosG pys tkrs FksA ,sls e`rd cSyksa dks dkSu [kjhnrkA

f{kfrt (Hkkx&1)



o.kZukRed iz'u x|ka'kksa ij vk/kkfjr iz'uksRrj fuEufyf[kr x|ka'kksa dks è;kuiwoZd i dj mudk vuknj djrs gSa] blfy, ;g lalkj ds fy, 2 mi;qZDr ugha gSA (x) ys[kd ds vuqlkj x/ks dks ew[kZ dguk mfpr D;ksa ugha gS\ mÙkjµys[kd dk ekuuk gS fd ½f"k&eqfu;ksa ds leLr xq.k x/ks esa viuh ijkdk"Bk ij fn[kkbZ nsrs gSa] vr% x/ks dks ew[kZ dguk ln~xq.kksa dk et+kd mM+kus ds leku gS tks mfpr ugha gSA 2 3.

nksuksa vkeus&lkeus ;k vkl&ikl cSBs gq, ,d&nwljs ls ewd&Hkk"kk esa fopkj&fofue; djrs FksA ,d] nwljs ds eu dh ckr dSls le> tkrk Fkk] ge ugha dg ldrsA vo'; gh muesa dksbZ ,slh xqIr&'kfä Fkh] ftlls thoksa esa Js×rk dk nkok djus okyk euq"; oafpr gSA nksuksa ,d&nwljs dks pkVdj vkSj lw¡?kdj viuk izse izdV djrs] dHkh&dHkh nksuksa lhax Hkh feyk fy;k djrs Fksµfoxzg ds ukrs ls ugha] dsoy fouksn ds Hkko ls] vkReh;rk ds Hkko ls] tSls nksLrksa esa ?kfu×rk gksrs gh èkkSy&èkIik gksus yxrk gSA blds fcuk nksLrh dqN gYdh&lh jgrh gS] ftl ij T+;knk fo'okl ugha fd;k tk ldrkA ftl oä ;s nksuksa cSy gy esa tksr fn, tkrs] ml oä gj ,d dh ;gh psÔk gksrh Fkh fd T+;knk&ls&T+;knk cks> esjh gh xjnu ij jgsA fnu&Hkj ds ckn nksigj ;k laè;k dks nksuksa [kqyrs] rks ,d&nwljs dks pkV&pwVdj viuh Fkdku feVk fy;k djrsA (d) x|ka'k esa ^nksuksa* 'kCn fdlds fy, iz;qä gqvk gS rFkk lHkh thoksa esa Js"Brk dk nkok djus okyk dkSu&lk tho gS\ mÙkjµnks cSyksaµghjk&eksrh ds fy, nksuksa 'kCn iz;qDr gqvk gSA euq"; gh lHkh thoksa esa Js"Brk dk nkok djrk gSA 2 ([k) cSyksa dk viuk izse izdV djus dk D;k rjhdk Fkk rFkk ftl Hkko ls izsfjr gksdj nksuksa lhax feykrs Fks] og Hkko D;k Fkk\

56

vksloky lh-ch-,l-bZ- iz'u cSad pSIVjokbl@VkWfIkdokbl] fgUnh ^v*] d{kk&IX

mÙkjµijLij pkVrs&lw¡?krs vkSj lhax feykrs gq, os cSy viuk izse izdV djrs FksA fouksn ,oa vkReh;rk ds Hkko ls izsfjr gksdj 2 nksuksa lhax feykrs FksA (x) ys[kd us x|ka'k esa fdl xqIr 'kfDr dh vksj ladsr fd;k gS\ mÙkjµys[kd us x|ka'k esa nksuksa cSyksa (ghjk vkSj eksrh) esa fcuk dgs ,d&nwljs ds eu dh ckr le> ysus dh xqIr 'kfDr dh vksj 2 ladsr fd;k gSA 4. la;ksx dh ckr] >wjh us ,d ckj xksb± dks llqjky Hkst fn;kA cSyksa dks D;k ekywe] os D;ksa Hksts tk jgs gSaA le>s] ekfyd us gesa csp fn;kA viuk ;ksa cspk tkuk mUgsa vPNk yxk ;k cqjk] dkSu tkus] ij >wjh ds lkys x;k dks ?kj rd xksb± ys tkus esa nk¡rksa ilhuk vk x;kA ihNs ls gk¡drk rks nksuksa nk,¡&ck,¡ Hkkxrs] ixfg;k idM+dj vkxs ls [khaprk] rks nksuksa ihNs dks tksj yxkrsA ekjrk rks nksuksa lhax uhps djds gq¡dkjrsA vxj bZ'oj us mUgsa ok.kh nh gksrh] rks >wjh ls iwNrs&^^rqe ge xjhcksa dks D;ksa fudky jgs gks\ geus rks rqEgkjh lsok esa dksbZ dlj ugha mBk j[khA** (d) nksuksa cSy lhax uhps djds dc vkSj D;ksa gq¡dkjrs Fks\ mÙkjµnksuksa cSy lhax uhps djds rc gq¡dkjrs Fks tc x;k mUgas ekjrk Fkk] D;ksafd >wjh us dHkh mUgsa Qwyksa dh NM+h ls Hkh ugha ekjk 2 Fkk rFkk og x;k ds lkFk tkuk Hkh ugha pkgrs FksA ([k) cSyksa us x;k ds paxqy ls NwVus ds fy, D;k&D;k iz;kl fd,\ mÙkjµx;k tc cSyksa dks ys tkus ds fy, ihNs ls mUgs gk¡drk rks os nk,¡&ck,¡ Hkkxrs vkSj vkxs ls ixfg;k idM+dj [khaprk rks nksuksa ihNs dh vksj tksj yxkrsA bl rjg os x;k dks 2 rjg&rjg ls ijs'kku djus yxsA (x) vius csps tkus ds Hkze esa cSyksa dks >wjh ls D;k f'kdk;r Fkh\ mÙkjµiwjh th rksM+ lsok djus ij Hkh mUgsa muds fiz; ?kj ls csn[ky D;ksa dj fn;k x;k] cSyksa dks >wjh ls ;gh f'kdk;r FkhA 2 5. >wjh izkr%dky lksdj mBk rks ns[kk nksuksa cSy pjuh ij [kM+s gSaA nksuksa dh xjnuksa esa vkèkk&vk/kk xjk¡o yVd jgk gSA ?kqVus rd ik¡o dhpM+ esa Hkjs gSa vkSj nksuksa dh vk¡[kksa esa foæksge; Lusg >yd jgk gSA >wjh cSyksa dks ns[kdj Lusg ls xn~xn~ gks x;kA nkSM+dj xys yxk fy;kA izsekfyaxu vkSj pqEcu dk og n`'; cM+k gh euksgj FkkA ?kj vkSj xk¡o ds yM+ds tek gks x, vkSj rkfy;k¡ ctk&ctkdj mudk Lokxr djus yxsA xk¡o ds bfrgkl esa ;g ?kVuk vHkwriwoZ u gksus ij Hkh egÙoiw.kZ FkhA cky lHkk us fu'p; fd;k nksuksa i'kq ohjksa dks vfHkuanu i= nsuk pkfg,A dksbZ vius ?kj ls jksfV;k¡ yk;k] dksbZ xqM+] dksbZ pksdj] dksbZ HkwlhA

(d) pjuh ij [kM+s cSyksa dh vkWa[kks esa >wjh u D;k ns[kkA mÙkjµ>wjh }kjk cSyksa dks vius llqjky Hkst fn, tkus ds ckn fcuk fdlh lkFk ds os lkjh ijs'kkfu;ksa ls yM+rs gq, Lo;a vius ekfyd ds ikl ykSV vkus dh ?kVuk dks xkWao okyksa us 2 egRoiw.kZ ekukA ([k) xk¡o ds bfrgkl dh dkSu&lh ?kVuk egRoiw.kZ Fkh\ mÙkjµ>wjh }kjk cSyksa dks viuq llqjky Hkst fn, tkus ds ckn fcuk fdlh lkFk ds os lkjh ijs'kkfu;ksa ls yM+rs gq, Lo;a vius ekfyd ds ikl ykSV vkus dh ?kVuk dks xkWao okyksa us 2 egRoiw.kZ ekukA (x) xn~xn~ gksuk eqgkojs dk okD; lfgr vFkZ Li"V djksA mÙkjµxn~xn~ gksuk cgqr vf/kd izlUu gksukA okD;&>wjh cSyksa dks 2 iqu% vius ikl ns[kdj xn~xn~ gks x;kA 6. nksuksa fe=ksa dks thou esa igyh ckj ,slk lkfcdk iM+k fd lkjk fnu chr x;k vkSj [kkus dks ,d frudk Hkh u feykA le> gh esa u vkrk Fkk] ;g dSlk Lokeh gS\ blls rks x;k fQj Hkh vPNk FkkA ;gk¡ dbZ HkSalsa Fkha] dbZ cdfj;k¡] dbZ ?kksM+s] dbZ xèks_ ij fdlh ds lkeus pkjk u Fkk] lc t+ehu ij eqnks± dh rjg iM+s FksA dbZ rks brus det+ksj gks x, Fks fd [kM+s Hkh u gks ldrs FksA lkjk fnu nksuksa fe= QkVd dh vksj VdVdh yxk, rkdrs jgs_ ij dksbZ pkjk ysdj vkrk u fn[kkbZ fn;kA rc nksuksa us nhokj dh uedhu feêh pkVuh 'kq: dh] ij blls D;k r`fIr gksrh\ (d) dbZ ?kksM+s] xèks rFkk cdfj;ksa ds lkFk esa ftl LFkku ij og nksuksa Fks] ml LFkku dk vkSj nksuksa cSyksa ds D;k uke Fks\ mÙkjµLFkku dk ukeµdkathgkSl] cSyksa ds ukeµghjk vkSj eksrhA2 ([k) dkathgkSl esa i'kqvksa dks idM+dj D;ksa can fd;k x;k Fkk\ mÙkjµfdlkuksa }kjk vius [ksrksa esa ykokfjl pjrs gq, idM+s tkus ij i'kqvksa dks dkathgkSl esa can fd;k tkrk FkkA ghjk&eksrh Hkh eVj ds [ksr esa pjrs gq, idM+s x, Fks] blfy, mUgsa Hkh 2 dkathgkSl esa can dj fn;k x;kA (x) dkathgkSl esa can i'kqvksa dh fLFkfr dk o.kZu dhft,A mÙkjµdkathgkSl esa can i'kqvksa dh ns[kHkky ugha dh tkrh Fkh vkSj uk gh mUgsa [kkus dks pkjk fn;k tkrk ftlls lHkh i'kq brus det+ksj gks x, Fks fd t+ehu ij eqnks± dh rjg iM+s jgrs FksA muesa [kM+s gksus dh rkdr Hkh ugha cph HkhA 2 7. ,d lIrkg rd nksuksa fe= ogk¡ c¡/ks iM+s jgsA fdlh us pkjs dk ,d r`.k Hkh u MkykA gk¡] ,d ckj ikuh fn[kk fn;k tkrk FkkA ;gh mudk vk/kkj FkkA nksuksa brus nqcZy



f{kfrt (Hkkx&1)

57

gks x, Fks fd mBk rd u tkrk Fkk] BBfj;k¡ fudy vkbZ mÙkjµ ^lksrk iM+ x;k* dk vFkZ gSµlks tkukA tc ghjk] eksrh >wjh FkhaA ,d fnu ckM+s ds lkeus MqXxh ctus yxh vkSj nksigj ds lkys x;k ds ;gk¡ Fks rc ogk¡ jkr esa lksrk iM+ x;k vFkkZr~ gksrs&gksrs ogk¡ ipkl&lkB vkneh tek gks x,A rc nksuksa lc yksx lks x,A 2 fe= fudkys x, vkSj mudh ns[kHkky gksus yxhA yksx 4. nks cSyksa dh dFkk esa cSyksa ds ek/;e ls dkSu&ls uhfr vk&vkdj mudh lwjr ns[krs vkSj eu Qhdk djds pys fo"k;d izeq[k ewY; mHkj dj vk, gSa \ muesa izeq[k nks tkrsA ,sls e`rd cSyksa dk dkSu [kjhnnkj gksrk\ dk mYys[k dhft,A [lh-ch-,l-bZ- 2016 Term I] 2  [lh-ch-,l-bZ- 2016-17 Term I] (d) yksx MqXxh ctus ij vk&vkdj D;ksa pys tkrs Fks mÙkjµ nks cSyksa dh dFkk esa tks uhfr fo"k;d ewY; mHkj dj lkeus vkSj os fdUgsa ns[kdj fujk'k gksrs Fks \ vk, gSa] os gSaµHkzkr`Ro Hkkouk] vU;k; o vR;kpkj dk mÙkjµos yksx ghjk&eksrh dks ij[krs ij mudh nqcZyrk ls fcnd feydj lkeuk] det+ksj dh lgk;rk] LorU=rk&fiz; gksuk] tkrs vkSj blh dkj.k ykSV tkrsA 2 ukjh tkfr dk lEekuA ghjk] eksrh nksuksa cSyksa dh Hkzkr`Ro ([k) dkathgkSl ds ckM+s ds lkeus MqXxh ctus ds dkj.kksa Hkkouk n'kZuh; FkhA nksuksa feydj dke djrs] ,d&nwljs dk mYys[k djrs gq, crkb, fd mlds dkj.k ogk¡ dh lgk;rk djrs vkSj lnSo bl iz;kl esa jgrs fd eq>s fdrus yksx vk igq¡ps Fks \ vius nwljs HkkbZ (cSy) ls vf/kd dke djuk gSA nksuksa mÙkjµblds ctus dk vFkZ Fkk i'kqvksa dh uhykeh] MqXxh ctrs gh HkhM+ us bdëk gksdj i'kqvksa dh tk¡p 'kq: dj nh vkSj ogk¡ LorU=rkfiz; FksA dkathgkSl esa tc mUgsa can dj fn;k rks 2 ml le; ipkl&lkB vkneh vk, FksA lhaxksa ds izgkj ls mUgksaus nhokj rksM+ nh vkSj ogk¡ can reke (x) dkathgkSl esa can i'kqvksa ds thou dk D;k vk/kkj tkuojksa dks vktknh fnyok;hA 2 Fkk \ 5. nks cSyksa dh dFkk ds vk/kkj ij izsepan ds ukjh fo"k;d mÙkjµdkathgkSl esa can i'kqvksa dks [kkus ds fy, pkjk ugha fn;k Hkkoksa dks Li"V dhft,A os bl ikB esa fdl :i esa O;aftr tkrk FkkA fnu esa dsoy ,d ckj ikuh fn;k tkrk Fkk] ogh gksrs gSa \  [lh-ch-,l-bZ- 2016 Term I] i'kqvksa ds thou dk vk/kkj FkkA 2 mÙkjµ nks cSyksa dh dFkk ds vk/kkj ij izsepan ds ukjh ikB ij vk/kkfjr y?kq mRrjh; fo"k;d Hkko bl izdkj mHkj dj lkeus vk, iz'u gSaµukjh tkfr dk vknj] ukjh ij gkFk u mBkuk] lekurkA[lh-ch-,l-bZ- vad ;kstuk] 2016] 2 1. NksVh cPph dk cSyksa ds izfr izse D;ksa meM+ vk;k\ ^nks O;k[;kRed gyµ cSyksa dh dFkk* ikB ds ek/;e ls crkb,A nks cSyksa dh dFkk ds vk/kkj ij izsepan ds ukjh fo"k;d Hkko [dsoh,l 2019] bl izdkj mHkjdj lkeus vk, gSaµiszepan fL=;ksa ds izfr mÙkjµ NksVh cPph dh ek¡ cpiu esa gh ej xbZ FkhA mldh lkSrsyh lEeku dk Hkko j[krs FksA mUgksaus ukjh dks izse vkSj R;kx dh ek¡ mlds lkFk cgqr cqjk crkZo djrh Fkh] ckr&ckr ij ewfrZ dgk gSA ukjh ds lkFk vU;k; vkSj vR;kpkj ugha djuk ekjrh Fkh vkSj HkjisV [kkuk Hkh ugha nsrh FkhA cSyksa ds lkFk Hkh oSlk gh O;ogkj gksrs ns[kdj mlds eu esa cSyksa ds izfr pkfg,] vfirq mls J¼k ds Hkko ls ns[kuk pkfg,A ukjh dks izse meM+ vk;k] vr% og mUgsa pqids&pqids jksVh f[kykus Hkh iq#"k ds leku vf/kdkj nsuk pkfg,A yxhA 2 6. fdlku thou okys lekt esa i'kq vkSj euq"; ds vkilh 2 . nks cS y ks a dh dFkk ds vk/kkj ij crk,¡ fd dka t hgkS l es a lEcUèkksa dks dgkuh esa fdl rjg O;ä fd;k x;k gS\ i'kqvksa dh gkft+jh D;ksa yh tkrh gksxh\ Li"V dhft,A [lh-ch-,l-bZ- 2015, Term I]  [dsoh,l 2018] mÙkjµ fdlku vkSj i'kq nksuksa esa lkFk jgdj vkReh;rk mÙkjµ nks cSyksa dh dFkk ikB esa of.kZr dkathgkSl i'kqvksa dh ,d gks tkuk LokHkkfod gSA lkFk gh ,d&nwljs ls izdkj dh tsy FkhA mlesa izfrfnu i'kqvksa dh gkft+jh i'kqvksa vyx gks tkus ij d"V dh vuqHkwfr gksrh gSA dh la[;k ij ut+j j[kus ds fy, yh tkrh gksxhA blls ;g [lh-ch-,l-bZ- vad ;kstuk] 2015]2 tkuus esa lqfo/kk gksrh Fkh fd fdlh dh e`R;q rks ugha gks xbZ ;k dksbZ i'kq Hkkx rks ugha x;kA 2 O;k[;kRed gy % 3. ^lksrk iM+ x;k* dk D;k vFkZ gS \ nks cSyksa dh dFkk fdlku ds fy, i'kqvksa dk cM+k egÙo gksrk gSA [ksrksa esa gy ds vk/kkj ij mÙkj nhft, fd ogk¡ ij dc lksrk iM+ pykus ls ysdj Q+ly dks ckt+kj rd igq¡pkus esa i'kqvksa dh x;k\ [lh-ch-,l-bZ- 2016-17 Term I] cM+h Hkwfedk gksrh gSA bl dgkuh esa Hkh >wjh o mlds cSyksa

58

vksloky lh-ch-,l-bZ- iz'u cSad pSIVjokbl@VkWfIkdokbl] fgUnh ^v*] d{kk&IX

ds e/; HkkokRed lEcU/k fn[kk;k x;k gSA os ,d&nwljs ls 10. ^ysfdu vkSjr tkr ij lhax pykuk euk gS] ;g Hkwy tkrs gksA* ghjk ds bl dFku ds ek/;e ls L=h ds izfr vyx gksdj nq%[kh gksrs gSaA izsepUn ds n`f"Vdks.k dks Li"V dhft,A 7. ^nks cSyksa dh dFkk* esa x/ks dk NksVk HkkbZ fdls dgk x;k gS vkSj D;ksa\ [lh-ch-,l-bZ- 2013 Term I] mÙkjµ ml le; lekt esa fL=;ksa dh n'kk vPNh ugha FkhA os iq#"kksa }kjk 'kksf"kr vkSj izrkfM+r gksrh FkhaA ys[kd fL=;ksa ds lEeku mÙkjµ x/ks dk NksVk HkkbZ cSy dks dgk x;k gS tks mlls de ew[kZ vkSj L=h&iq#"k lekurk dk i{k/kj gSA lkekftd fu;eksa ds ekuk tkrk gSA dqN yksx cSy dks 'kk;n csodwQksa esa loZJs"B vuqlkj L=h dks 'kkjhfjd naM nsuk vuqfpr gSA ghjk ds bl dgrs gSa oLrqr% ,slk ugha gS] cSy dHkh&dHkh ekjrk Hkh 2 dFku ds ek/;e ls ys[kd us ;gh Li"V fd;k gSA gS vkSj vfM+;y cSy Hkh gksrs gSaA os dbZ jhfr;ksa ls viuk 11. tkuojksa esa Hkh ekuoh; laosnuk,¡ gksrh gSa \ LiÔ dhft,A vlarks"k izdV dj nsrs gSaA izÏfr ds vuqlkj cSy lh/ks :i esa] de ns[k&js[k ij Hkh iwjs le; bZekunkjh ls dM+h esgur mÙkjµ cSyksa dk ckj&ckj >wjh ds ikl okil ykSV vkuk] ckfydk ds izfr LusgHkko ds dkj.k mlds firk dks uqdlku u igq¡pkuk] djrk jgrk gSA 2 dkathgkSl ls tkuojksa dks vkt+kn djuk rFkk fe= ds fy, 8. ys[kd us x/ks esa ½f"k;ksa&eqfu;ksa ds fdu xq.kksa dh vksj foifÙk esa iM+uk bR;kfn ?kVuk,¡ fl¼ djrh gSa fd tkuojksa ladsr fd;k gS\ ßnks cSyksa dh dFkkÞ ikB ds vkèkkj ij esa Hkh ekuoh; laosnuk,¡ gksrh gSaA 2 fyf[k,A [lh-ch-,l-bZ- 2013 Term I] 12. nks cSyksa dh dFkk ds vkèkkj ij LiÔ dhft, fd Lora=rk mÙkjµ izsepan us x/ks ds fy, ljyrk ,oa lgu'khyrk ds u, vFkZ lgt gh ugha feyrh] mlds fy, la?k"kZ djuk iM+rk gSA esa (LoHkkoxr fo'ks"krk,¡) ln~xq.kksa dh vksj ladsr fd;k gSA mÙkjµ cSyksa dk x;k ds ?kj ls Hkkxuk] lk¡M ls yM+kbZ] dkathgkSl buds vkèkkj ij x/kksa dks ½f"k&eqfu;ksa dh Js.kh esa j[kk gSA esa g¶rksa Hkw[ks jgdj la?k"kZ djuk] Hkkxus dk iz;kl vlQy x/ks ew[kZ ugha ln~xq.kksa ls ;qDr gSa ftldh dæ ugha dh tkrh gksuk] uhyke gksus ds ckn ekfyd ds gkFk ls fudy Hkkxuk gS ij ;g nq%[kn ckr gSA 2 rFkk LFkku&LFkku ij ekj [kkuk vkfn ;g fl¼ djrk gS fd 9. >wjh nksuksa cSyksa ds lkFk dSlk O;ogkj djrk Fkk\ Lora=rk ds fy, la?k"kZ djuk iM+rk gSA 2  [lh-ch-,l-bZ- 2013 Term I] 13. nfM+;y O;fä dks ns[kdj fdl vUrKkZu ls nksuksa cSyksa mÙkjµ >wjh nksuksa cSyksa ds lkFk cgqr vPNk O;ogkj djrk Fkk] og ds fny dk¡i x,\ mUgsa tkuoj ugha oju~ ifjokj dk lnL; ekurk FkkA muds mÙkjµ nfM+;y O;fä dks ns[kdj vius vUrKkZu ls nksuksa fe=ksa [kkus&ihus o LokLF; ds izfr lpsr FkkA >wjh muls dke Hkh ds fny dk¡i x,] os le> x, fd og dlkbZ gS vkSj mUgsa ,d gn rd gh djokrk FkkA dHkh mu ij gkFk u mBkrk [kjhndj mudh peM+h cspus ds mís'; ls mUgsa VVksy jgk gSA 2 og mUgsa dkVus ds fy, ys tk jgk gSA FkkA 2

lkekU; =qfV;k° ,oa fuokj.k 1. fo|kFkhZ xzkeh.k laLÏfr ls vufHkK gksus ds dkj.k fdlku thou esa i'kq vkSj euq"; ds e/; lEcU/kksa dks Li"V :i ls le>us 2. 3. 4.

5. 6. 7.

esa vleFkZ jgrs gSaA fo|kFkhZ cSyksa ds ek/;e ls mHkkjs x, uSfrd ewY;ksa dks le>us esa dfBukbZ dk vuqHko djrs gSaA x/kkas vkSj lTtuksa esa lekurk tSls iz'uksa dk mÙkj nsus esa vleFkZ jgrs gSaA fo|k£Fk;ksa dks ikB dk v/;;u /;kuiwoZd djuk pkfg,] ftlls os xzkeh.k laLÏfr o fdlku thou esa i'kq vkSj euq"; ds e/; lEcU/k dks le> ldsaA fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks ikB ds ewyHkko dks xzg.k djus dk iz;kl djuk pkfg,A xk¡oksa esa orZeku le; esa i'kqvksa ds egÙo ds lanHkZ esa d{kk esa v/;kid ls le>uk pkfg,A orZuh laca/kh v'kqf¼;k¡ ugha djuh pkfg,A



v/;k;

2

Ygklk dh vksj µjkgqy lkad`R;k;u

ikB dk lkjka'k ;g ys[k jkgqy th dh igyh frCcr ;k=k dk ,d va'k gSA tc os usiky ds jkLrs ls lu~ 1929-30 esas frCcr x, FksA bl ys[k esas jkgqy th us frCcr dh jkt/kkuh Ygklk dh vksj tkus okys dfBu jkLrksa dk ;FkkFkZ o.kZu fd;k gSA bl ys[k ls frCcrh lekt ds jhfr&fjokt+ rFkk lkekftd fLFkfr dh tkudkjh feyrh gSA usiky ls frCcr tkus dk lh/kk jkLrk gSA igys Qjh&dfy³~iks³~ dk jkLrk cUn Fkk rc usikyh fgUnqLrkuh oLrq,¡ blh jkLrs ls frCcr igq¡prh FkhaA O;kikfjd ,oa lSfud jkLrk gksus ds dkj.k blesa chp&chp esa pkSfd;k¡ ,oa fdys cus gSa ftuesa dHkh phuh Scan to know Q+kSt jgk djrh FkhaA ckn esa bu Q+kSth edkuksa ds fxjus ds dkj.k fdlkuksa us ogk¡ vius clsjs cuk fy, gSa vkSj vkcknh more about this topic feyrh gSA ,d ,sls gh phuh fdys ds ikl igq¡pdj ys[kd vkSj muds fe= pk; ihus #dsA frCcr esa tkr&ik¡r rFkk Nqvk&Nwr ugha gS rFkk vkSjrsa ijnk ugha djr°A fHk[kkfj;ksa dks yksx ?kjksa esa ugha ?kqlus nsrs] D;ksafd pksjh dk Hk; gksrk gS] ;|fi os lhèks gh ?kj esa ?kql vkrs gSaA vifjfpr Hkh ?kj dh lkl ;k cgw ls pk; cuokdj ih ldrk gSA ogk¡ ls tc os vkxs cs O;k[;kµ'ks d j fogkj os G ,d ea f nj es a oa G tq j vFkkZ r ~ feyk gS] eSa rks jkr rd igq¡pus dh mEehn j[krk FkkA* cq¼opu&vuqokn dh ,d lkS rhu gLrfyf[kr iksfFk;k¡ j[kh 1. ;g x|ka'k fdl ikB ls fy;k x;k gS vkSj blosG ys[kd gqbZ FkhaA ys[kd mUgsa iqXxh >ksifM+;k¡ ([k) O;kikfjd laLFkku (x) Q+kSth edku (?k) Q+kSth pkSfd;k¡ vkSj fdys mÙkjµfodYi (?k) lgh gSA 1 O;k[;kµlSfud jkLrk gksus ds dkj.k] ;gk¡ txg&txg Q+kt S h pkSfd;k¡ vkSj fdys cus gq, gSa ftuesa dHkh phuh iyVu jgk djrh FkhA 3. ys[kd vkSj muosG fe= pk; ihus osG fy, dgk¡ Bgjs\ (d) ,d ifjR;Dr phuh fdys esa ([k) visu lg;k=h osG ?kj esa (x) ,d nqxZ osG ckgjh fgLls esa (?k) ,d gksVy esa mÙkjµfodYi (d) lgh gSA 1 4. frCcrh lekt dh iz e q [ k fo'ks " krk,¡ gS a µ (d) ogk¡ tkfr&ik¡fr dk HksnHkko vkSj NqvkNwr ugha gSA ([k) ogk¡ osG yksx vfrfFk&lRdkj esa cgqr oqG'ky gSaA (x) ogk¡ vkSjrsa ijnk ugha djrh gSaA (?k) mijksDr lHkh mÙkjµfodYi (?k) lgh gSA 1 O;k[;kµfrCcr esa tkfr&ik¡fr vkSj NqvkNwr dk HksnHkko ugha gS vkSj ogk¡ dh vkSjrsa inkZ Hkh ugha djrh gSaA 5. ifjR;Dr phuh fdyksa esa vktdy fdlus viuk clsjk cuk fy;k gS\ (d) Q+kSft;ksa us ([k) fdlkuksa us (x) pksj vkSj MkoqGvksa us (?k) lsuk osG vf/kdkfj;ksa us mÙkjµfodYi ([k) lgh gSA 1 O;k[;kµphuh iyVu }kjk ifjR;Dr fdyksa esa oqGN fdlkuksa us viuk clsjk cuk fy;k gS] blhfy, ogk¡ oqGN ?kj vkckn fn[kkbZ iM+rs gSaA 4. gekjh nfD[ku rjQ iwjc ls if'pe dh vksj fgeky; ds gt+kjksa 'osr f'k[kj pys x, FksA HkhVs dh vksj fn[kus okys igkM+ fcydqy uaxs Fks] u ogk¡ ci+GZ dh lQ+snh Fkh] u fdlh rjg dh gfj;kyhA mÙkj dh rjQ+ cgqr de cjQ+

f{kfrt (Hkkx&1)

63

okyh pksfV;k¡ fn[kkbZ iM+rh FkhaA loksZPp LFkku ij Mk¡Ms+ ds nsork dk LFkku Fkk] tks iRFkjksa ds afM;ksa ls ltk;k x;k FkkA vc gesa cjkcj mrjkbZ ij pyuk FkkA pk fd pwerk gqvk pyk tk jgk FkkA tku gh ugha iM+rk Fkk fd ?kksM+k vkxs tk jgk gS ;k ihNsA 1. HkhVs dh vksj fn[kus okys igkM+ oSGls Fks\ (d) cgqr de ci+ZG ls werk gqvk pyk tk jgk Fkk ml le; mls yxk fd og ^nksfUDoDLrks* dh rjg yx jgk gSA 5. frCcr dh t+ehu cgqr vfèkd NksVs&cM+s tkxhjnkjksa esa c¡Vh gSA bu tkxhjksa dk cgqr cM+k fgLlk eBksa (fogkjksa) ds gkFk esa gSA viuh&viuh tkxhj esa gjsd tkxhjnkj dqN [ksrh [kqn Hkh djkrk gS] ftlds fy, et+nwj csxkj esa fey tkrs gSaA [ksrh dk bart+ke ns[kus ds fy, ogk¡ dksbZ fHk{kq Hkstk tkrk gS] tks tkxhj ds vknfe;ksa ds fy, jktk ls de ugha gksrkA 'ksdj dh [ksrh ds eqf[k;k (uEls) cM+s Hknz iq#"k FksA og cgqr izse ls feys gkykafd ml oä Hks"k ,slk ugha Fkk fd mUgsa dqN Hkh [;ky djuk pkfg, FkkA ;gk¡ ,d vPNk eafnj Fkk_ ftl esa oaGtqj (cq¼opu&vuqokn) dh gLrfyf[kr 103 iksfFk;k¡ j[kh gqbZ FkhaA esjk vklu Hkh ogha yxkA og cM+s eksVs dkxt+ ij vPNs v{kjksa esa fy[kh gqbZ FkhaA ,d&,d iksFkh 15&15 lsj ls de ugha jgh gksxhA 1. frCcr dh tkxhjksa dk ,d cgqr cM+k fgLlk fdl osG gkFk esa gS\ (d) ogk¡ osG fdlkuksa osG ([k) ogk¡ jgus okyh phuh iyVu osG

f{kfrt (Hkkx&1)



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(?k) lsuk dh ,d pkSdh esa 3. Nax D;k gksrk gS\ mÙkjµfodYi (x) lgh gSA 1 (d) frCcr dk ,d LokLF; o/kZd [kk| inkFkZ O;k[;kµys[kd tc ik¡p o"kZ iwoZ ogk¡ vk;k Fkk rks Hkæ ([k) frCcr dk ,d eknd is; inkFkZ ;k=h osG os'k esa ?kksM+ksa ij lokj gksus osG ckn Hkh mUgsa ml xk¡o (x) ogk¡ izpfyr ,d feBkbZ osG ,d lcls xjhc >ksiM+s esa Bgjus dks txg feyh FkhA (?k) (d) vkSj (x) nksuksa 5. ik¡p o"kZ iwoZ ys[kd fdl Hks"k esa frCcr vk;k Fkk\ mÙkjµfodYi ([k) lgh gSA 1 (d) ,d Hkæ ;k=h osG :i esa ?kksM+s ij lokj gksdj 4. ik¡p lky igys frCcr vkus ij ys[kd dgk¡ Bgjk ([k) fHk[keaxs osG Hks"k esa Fkk\ (x) lsuk osG ,d toku osG :i esa (d) ,d egy esa (?k) ,d vehj O;fDr osG :i esa ([k) ifjR;Dr phuh fdys esa mÙkjµfodYi (d) lgh gSA 1 (x) frCcr osG xk¡o osG ,d lcls xjhc >ksiM+s esa

o.kZukRed iz'u x|ka'kksa ij vk/kkfjr iz'uksRrj

(izR;sd 2 vad)

(izR;sd 2 vad) 3. lqefr dh ukjkt+xh dk D;k dkj.k Fkk\ mÙkjµlqefr cgqr nsj ls ys[kd dk bart+kj dj jgk FkkA ys[kd ds foyEc ls igq¡pus ds dkj.k mls dbZ ckj pk; xje djuh iM+h FkhA 2 2. Mk¡M+s frCcr esa lcls [krjs dh txg gSA lksyg&l=g gt+kj QhV dh Å¡pkbZ gksus ds dkj.k muds nksukas rjQ ehyksa rd dksbZ xk¡o&fxjk¡o ugha FksA ufn;ksa ds eksM+ vkSj igkM+ksa ds dksuksa ds dkj.k cgqr nwj rd vkneh dks ns[kk ugha tk ldrkA Mkdqvksa ds fy, ;gh lcls vPNh txg gSA frCcr ds xk¡o esa vkdj [kwu gks tk,] rc rks [kwuh dks ltk Hkh fey ldrh gS] ysfdu bu futZu LFkkuksa esa ejs gq, vknfe;ksa ds fy, dksbZ ijokg ugha djrkA ljdkj [kqfQ+;k&foHkkx vkSj iqfyl ij mruk [kpZ ugha djrh vkSj ogk¡ xokg Hkh rks dksbZ ugha fey ldrkA MdSr igys vkneh dks ekj Mkyrs gSa] mlds ckn ns[krs gSa fd dqN iSlk gS fd ughaA gfFk;kj dk dkuwu u jgus ds dkj.k ;gk¡ ykBh dh rjg yksx fiLrkSy] cUnwd fy, fQjrs gSaA Mkdw ;fn tku ls u ekjs rks [kqn mls vius izk.kksa dk [krjk gSA 1. bu LFkkuksa ij vkidh n`fÔ esa fdl rjg vijk/k de fd;k tk ldrk gS \  [lh-ch-,l-bZ-] 2015]

fuEufyf[kr x|ka'kksa dks è;kuiwoZd iafM;ksa (izR;sd 2 vad) ls ltk;k x;k FkkA [lh-ch-,l-bZ- vad ;kstuk] 2016] 2 1. viuh ;k=k ds nkSjku ys[kd dks fdu dfBukb;ksa dk lkeuk djuk iM+k\ ^Ygklk dh vksj* ikB ds vk/kkj ij O;k[;kRed gyµ Li"V dhft,A [ds-oh-,l 2019-20] frCcr esa mÙkj dh rjQ cgqr de cQ+Z okyh pksfV;ksa ds ikl loksZPp LFkku ij Mk¡M+s ds nsork dk LFkku Fkk] tks iRFkjksa ds afM;ksa ls ltk;k ^Ygklk dh vksj* ikB ds ys[kd dks ekxZ esa fdu&fdu x;k FkkA dfBukb;ksa dk lkeuk djuk iM+k Fkk \ 5. Hkkjr dh efgykvksa dh rqyuk esa frCcr dh efgykvksa dh [lh-ch-,l-bZ- 2015] lkekftd fLFkfr dSlh Fkh\ Ygklk dh vksj ikB ds vk/kkj mÙkjµ viuh ;k=k ds nkSjku Ygklk dh vksj tkrs le; ys[kd dks ij fyf[k,A [lh-ch-,l-bZ- 2014, Term I] vusd dfBukb;ksa dk lkeuk djuk iM+k ;Fkkµ mÙkjµfrCcr dh vkSjrsa inkZ ugha djrh FkhaA os vfrfFk dk (i) og viuk jkLrk HkVd x;kA Lokxr&lRdkj Hkh djrh Fkha] pkgs ?kj esa dksbZ iq#"k gks ;k (ii) rst+ /kwi ds dkj.k mls ijs'kku gksuk iM+kA u gksA frCcrh vkSjrsa tkfr&ik¡fr] NqvkNwr esa fo'okl ugha (iii) 17-18 gt+kj QhV Å¡ph igkfM+;k¡ p ikrs] ftlds dkj.k os iz'uksa ds mÙkj Li"V ls ugha fy[krsA fo|k£Fk;ksa dks ikB dk v/;;u o dfBu 'kCnksa dks js[kkafdr djds i;kZIr tkudkjh ysuh pkfg,A ikB dks nks&rhu ckj vo'; iwBs izfreku viukrs tk jgs gSaA izfr×k dh vaèkh izfrLièkkZ esa tks viuk gS] mls [kksdj Nn~e vkèkqfudrk dh fxj¶r esa vkrs tk jgs gSaA laLÏfr dh fu;a=d 'kfä;ksa ds {kh.k gks tkus ds dkj.k ge fnXHkzfer gks jgs gSa*A [lh-ch-,l-bZ- 2014 Term I] (d) ^lkearh* laLÏfr vkSj miHkksDrkokn ds chp D;k lEca/k gS\ mÙkjµ miHkksDrkokn dh laLÏfr us vklkuh ls vius iSj bl laLÏfr esa tek fy, gSa vkSj iwjh rjg bl dqlaLÏfr dks iqf"ir ,oa iYyfor dj jgh gSA nksuksa gh bl izdkj ls ;g laLÏfr yksxksa dks viuk xqyke cukrh tk jgh gS ftlls 2 lko/kku jguk vko';d gSA ([k) ^miHkksDrkokn dh laLÏfr* ls gekjh laLÏfr fdl :i esa izHkkfor gks jgh gS\ mÙkjµ ^miHkksDrkokn dh laLÏfr* ds dkj.k Hkkjrh; thou (x) ^njokt+s&f[kM+dh* esa lekl gSA ewY;ksa dk fo?kVu gks jgk gSA vkLFkkvksa dh uhao det+ksj mÙkjµ }a} leklA

1.

2.

2 1

72

vksloky lh-ch-,l-bZ- iz'u cSad pSIVjokbl@VkWfIkdokbl] fgUnh ^v*] d{kk&IX

lc dqN cny jgk gSA ,d ubZ thou&'kSyh viuk 3. èkhjsopZL&oèkhjsLFkkfir dj jgh gSA mlds lkFk vk jgk gS ,d u;k

thou n'kZu] miHkksäkokn dk n'kZuA mRiknu cwBh rqfÔ ds rkRdkfyd y{;ksa dk ihNk dj jgs gSaA e;kZnk,¡ VwV jgh gSa] uSfrd ekun.M wBh ckrsa djuk mÙkjµfodYi (d) lgh gSA 1 O;k[;kµgj O;fDr lius ns[krk gS vkSj thou Hkj mUgsa iwjk djus dk iz;kl djrk gSA ml lius ls lacaf/kr izR;sd dk;Z dks djus esa mls vkuan dh vuqHkwfr gksrh gSA 5. lkfye vyh fdldh rjg izo`Gfr esa foyhu gks jgs Fks\ (d) ou i{kh ([k) ou flag (x) tyh; ikS/ks (?k) lqxaf/kr ok;q mÙkjµfodYi (d) lgh gSA 1 O;k[;kµlkfye vyh thou Hkj if{k;ksa dh [kkst esa yxs jgsA mudk thou iwjh rjg if{k;ksa dks gh lefiZr Fkk blfy, ys[kd us mUgsa ou&i{kh dh laKk nh gSA II. irk ugha] bfrgkl esa dc Ï".k us oa`nkou esa jklyhyk jph Fkh vkSj 'kks[k xksfi;ksa dks viuh 'kjkjrksa dk fu'kkuk cuk;k FkkA dc ek[ku Hkjs Hkk¡M+s QksM+s Fks vkSj nw/k&NkN ls vius eq¡g Hkjs FksA dc okfVdk esa] NksVs&NksVs fdarq ?kus isM+ksa dh Nk¡g esa foJke fd;k FkkA dc fny dh /kM+duksa dks ,dne ls rst+ djus okys vankt+ esa calh ctkbZ Fkh vkSj irk ugha dc o`nkaou dh iwjh nqfu;k laxhre; gks xbZ FkhA irk ugha ;g lc dc gqvk Fkk\ ysfdu dksbZ vkt Hkh oa`nkou tk, rks unh dk lk¡oyk ikuh mls iwjs ?kVukØe dh ;kn fnyk nsxkA gj lqcg] lwjt fudyus ls igys] tc iryh xfy;ksa ls mRlkg Hkjh unh dh vksj cqylus dk [krjk gSA gfj;kyh lekIr gks tk,xhA ikS/ks yxkus gksaxsA tho&tUrqvksa ds thou ij ladV vk tk,xkA ;g tkudj (iii) IykfLVd dk iz;ksx de djuk gksxkA pkSèkjh lkgc æfor gks mBs FksA 2 (iv) ty esa iznw"k.k u gks] bldk /;ku j[kuk gksxkA iz'u 11. ys[kd us ,slk D;ksa dgk gS fd lkfye vyh tSlk ^cMZ (v) dwM+s dks dwM+snku esa gh Mkyuk gksxkA u fd b/kj& 2 okpj* 'kk;n gh dksbZ nwljk gqvk gks\ m/kj dgha HkhA iz'u 14. ykWjsal dh iRuh ÝhMk us ,slk D;ksa dgk gksxk fd ßesjh [lh-ch-,l-bZ- 2013 Term I] Nr ij cSBus okyh xkSjS;k ykWjsal ds ckjs esa us dk iz;kl djuk pkfg,A okD; foU;kl o Hkk"kk;h =qfV;k¡ ugha djuh pkfg,A 

v/;k;

5

izsepan ds QVs twrs µ izsepan

ikB dk lkjka'k bl O;aX;izèkku ys[k esa ys[kd us izsepan ds O;fDrRo dks mHkkjus dk iz;Ru fd;k gSA izsepan dh iks'kkd dks vkèkkj ekudj ys[kd us muds jgu&lgu] fl¼kUrksa ij è;ku vkdf"kZr djus dh dksf'k'k dh gSA ys[kd crkrk gS fd izsepan viuh iRuh ds lkFk QksVks ¥[kpok jgs to know gSaA os flj ij eksVs diM+s dh Vksih] dqrkZ vkSj èkksrh igus gq, gSaA duiVh piVh gS] xkyksa dh gfM~M;k¡ Hkh fudy jgh Scan more about this topic gSa ijUrq ?kuh ew¡Nksa ds dkj.k psgjk Hkjk&Hkjk yxrk gSA muds nksuksa iSjksa esa dSuokl ds twrs gSa ftuds can Bhd rjg ugha c¡èks gSaA mudh ykijokgh ds dkj.k Qhrs ds nksuksa fljksa ij yxh irjh fudy xbZ gS] vr% Nsnksa esa Qhrs Mkyus esa cgqr ijs'kkuh gksrh gSA nkfgus iSj dk twrk rks Bhd gS ijUrq ck;sa iSj ds twrs esa cM+k&lk Nsn gS ftlesa ls v¡xqyh ckgj fudy vk;h gSA ys[kd dh n`f"V QVs twrs ij gh vVd xbZ gSA og lksprk gS fd QksVks ¥[kpokus dh vxj ;g iks'kkd gS rks izsepan ds QVs twrs jkst+ iguus dh iks'kkd dSlh gksxh\ ugha] bl vkneh ds ikl vyx&vyx iks'kkdsa ugha gksaxhA bl ij cnyus ds fy, to know vU; iks'kkdsa ugha gksaxh ijUrq ns[krk gS fd izsepan ds psgjs ij dksbZ f'kdu ugha gS] os csijokg gSaA mUgsa viuh iks'kkd Scan more about this topic ij fo'okl gSA QksVksxzkQj us ^jsMh Iyht* dgk rks mUgksaus fn[kkoVh FkksM+h&lh eqLdku psgjs ij ykus dh dksf'k'k dh gksxhA ysfdu nnZ Hkjs fny ls eqLdku fudyh Hkh ugha fd ^fDyd* djds QksVksxzkQj us ^FkSad ;w* dg fn;k gksxkA ys[kd dgrk gS fd QksVks gh ¥[kpokuk Fkk rks Bhd twrs igu ysrsA ;g dSlh ^VªstMh* gS fd vkneh ds ikl QksVks ¥[akpokus ds fy, Hkh twrs ugha gSA ys[kd izsepan ls iz'u dj jgk gS fd rqe QksVks dk egÙo ugha le>rs\ fdlh ls QksVks ¥[kpokus izsepan ds QVs twrs ds fy, twrs ek¡x ysrs] yksx rks dksV ek¡x dj oj&fn[kkbZ djrs gSa vkSj eksVj ek¡xdj ckjkr esa tkrs gSaA QksVks ¥[kpokus ds fy, rks choh rd ek¡x ysrs gSaA fQj rqeus twrs Hkh ugha ek¡xsA yksx rks b= pqiM+dj QksVks ¥[kpokrs gSa ftlls QksVks esa [kq'kcw vk tk,A xUns ls xUns vkneh dh QksVks Hkh [kq'kcw nsrh gSA Vksih vkB vkus esa fey tkrh gSA twrs Hkh ik¡p #i;s esa fey tkrs gksaxs D;kasfd twrk] Vksih ls eg¡xk gSA ,d twrs ds cnys iPphlksa Vksfi;k¡ vk ldrh gSaA rqe egku~ dFkkdkj] miU;kl lezkV] ;qxizorZd tkus D;k&D;k dgs tkrs gks exj QksVks esa Hkh rqEgkjk twrk QVk gqvk gSA ys[kd crkrk gS fd esjk Hkh twrk vPNk rks ugha gS dsoy Åij ls gh yxrk gS] ijUrq uhps dk ryk QVk gqvk gSA uhps ls QVs gksus ds dkj.k dksbZ ns[k ugha ikrk gS vkSj fdlh dks irk Hkh ugha pyrkA izsepan dh eqLdku ys[kd dks pqHkrh gSA ys[kd lksprk gS fd ;g eqLdku ^gksjh dk xksnku* ;k ^iwl dh jkr* esa uhy xk; gYdw dk [ksr pj xbZ ;k MkWDVj ds u vkus ls lqtku Hkxr dk yM+dk ej x;k] dh ugha gks ldrhA ys[kd dks yxrk gS fd tc ekèkks vkSjr ds dQu ds pans ls 'kjkc ih x;k Fkk rks ;g ml le; dh eqLdku gSA ys[kd fQj lksprk gS fd cfu, ds rdkns ls cpus ds fy, pDdj yxkdj ?kj ykSVus ds dkj.k buds twrs QV x;s gksaxsA daqHkunkl ds twrs Hkh Q+rsgiqj lhdjh ds pDdj yxkrs&yxkrs f?kl x;s Fks tSlk fd dgk gSµ^vkor tkr iUgS;k f?kl xb± fclj x;ks gfj uke*! twrk pyus ls uhps ls f?kl tkrk gS QVrk ughaA ys[kd lksprk gS fd izsepan us fdlh dBksj pht++ dks Bksdj ekjh gksxh ftlls mudk twrk QV x;k gksxkA os mlls cpdj Hkh fudy ldrs FksA ysfdu izsepan le>kSrkoknh ugha FksA izsepan us twrk QkM+dj v¡xqyh ckgj fudky yh gS ysfdu ik¡o lqjf{kr gSA ys[kd ds ryos f?kl jgs gSa mudk èkhjs&èkhjs iSj Hkh f?kl tk,xk] fQj os dSls pysaxsA ys[kd izsepan ds QVs twrs vkSj v¡xqyh ds b'kkjs dks le> jgk gS vkSj mudh O;aX;&Hkjh eqLdku dk vFkZ Hkh tkurk gSA

86

vksloky lh-ch-,l-bZ- iz'u cSad pSIVjokbl@VkWfIkdokbl] fgUnh ^v*] d{kk&IX

'kCnkFkZ ;qx izorZdµ;qx dks vkjEHk djus okykA use&/kje@fu;e vkSj /keZ (dÙkZO;)µfu;e ikyu dks viuk dÙkZO; ekuukA migklµf[kYyh mM+kuk] et+kdA vkxzgµiqu%&iqu% fuosnu djukA rxknk µolwyhA iUgS;kµns'kh twfr;k¡A fcljukµHkwy tkukA Dys'kµnq%[kA /kjeµdÙkZO;A canµQ+hrkA cjdkdjµcpkdjA BkBµ'kkuA iqj[ksµiwoZtA csrjrhcµcskSrk u djus ds D;k dkj.k jgs gksaxs\ 1 (d) os LokfHkekuh O;fDrRo vkSj lq/kkjoknh n`f"Vdks.k j[krs Fks mÙkjµfodYi ([k) lgh gSA O;k[;kµtwrk dk ryk QVus ls lEeku rks cuk jgrk gS fdarq ([k) os ifjorZu ls Hk;Hkhr Fks ikWao ?kk;y gksdj ihM+k igqWapkrk gSA (x) os ljy LoHkko ds Fks 7. ys[kd dk v¡xwBk ygwyqgku dc gksrk gS\ (?k) os lekt ls Mjrs gksaxs (d) iRFkj ls pksV [kkdj 1 mÙkjµfodYi (d) lgh gSA ([k) dkWaVk pqHkus ij O;k[;kµLokfHkekuh O;fDr foijhr ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa Hkh (x) t+ehu ij f?klus vkSj iSuh feV~Vh ij jxM+ [kkdj ifjfLFkfr;ksa ls le>kSrk ugha dj ldrkA (?k) mi;qZDr lHkh 4. ^Vhyk* fdls dgk x;k gS\ 1 mÙkjµfodYi (x) lgh gSA (d) fdlh pV~Vku dks O;k[;kµQVs rys dk twrk iguus ls ys[kd dk ckgjh lEeku ([k) fdlh l[r pht+ dks cuk jgkA ikWao ?kk;y gks x, tcfd izsepan dk QVs twrs iguus (x) lekt ds mRFkku dks ls migkl rks gqvk ysfdu ikWao lqjf{kr jgsA



izsepan fdldk egÙo ugha tkurs\ (d) diM+ksa dk ([k) twrs dk (x) iSj dk (?k) ijns dk mÙkjµfodYi (?k) lgh gSA 1 O;k[;kµijnk gekjh cqjkb;ksa dks fNik nsrk gS vkSj okLrfodrk dks mtkxj ugha gksus nsrk gS] ysfdu izsepan nksgjh ft+anxh thus esa fo'okl ugha j[krs FksA 9. ys[kd vkSj izsepan dh QksVks esa D;k varj gS\ (d) ys[kd dh vWaxqyh Åij ls kSrk ugha djrs rFkk vius ln~xq.kksa dks ugha R;kxrs] Hkys gh xjhch esa thou fcrkuk iM+sA

o.kZukRed iz'u x|ka'kksa ij vk/kkfjr iz'uksRrj

(izR;sd 2 vad)

fuEufyf[kr x|ka'kksa dks è;kuiwoZd isai ugha gS \ D;k rqe bruk Hkh ugha tkurs fd /kksrh dks FkksM+k uhps [khap ysus ls vaxqyh sai ugha vkrhA vxj rqe /kksrh dks FkksM+k uhps dj ysrs rks QVs twrs us dk ys[kd rqEgkjh v¡xqyh fn[krh gS] ij ik¡o lqjf{kr gSA esjh v¡xqyh dks D;k dkj.k yxk \ rs gSaA 2 Nki nsA ([k) ys[kd ds vuqlkj yksx twrs D;ksa ek¡xrs gSa \ (d) mi;qZä x|ka'k esa ys[kd thou Hkj D;k u djus dks mÙkjµ ys[kd ds vuqlkj yksx QksVks f[kapokrs le; viuh dgrk gS \ okLrfod fLFkfr fNikus ds fy, twrs ek¡xdj igurs gSaA2 (x) yksx QksVks f[kapkus ds fy, dSls&dSls mik; djrs mÙkjµ ys[kd dgrk gS fd Q+Vs gq, twrs igudj rks eSa dHkh Q+ksVks ugha f[kapk ldrk] Hkys gh dksbZ esjh thouh fcuk gSa\ Q+ksVks ds Nki nsA 2 mÙkjµ yksx QksVks esa vPNs fn[kus ds fy, ftl Hkh pht+ dh ([k) ^rqe insZ dk egÙo gh ugha tkurs* dk vfHkizk; deh eglwl djrs gSa] nwljksa ls ek¡x ysrs gSa fQj pkgs og fyf[k,A dksV gks] twrs gks ;k chohA 2 mÙkjµ bl iafDr dk vfHkizk; gSµlPpkbZ ;k deh dks 5. Vksih vkB vkus esa fey tkrh gS vkSj twrs ml t+ekus esa Hkh ik¡p fNikdj nwljksa ds lkeus fn[kkok djus dk egÙo u #i;s ls de ls D;k feyrs gksaxsA twrk ges'kk Vksih ls dherh tkuukA izsepan insZ dk egÙo ugha le>rs FksA 2 jgk gSA vc rks twrs dh dher vkSj cs iSj lqjf{kr gSA ogha ys[kd ds twrs dk ryk f?kl x;k bruh rhozrk ls igys dHkh ugha pqHkh] ftruh vkt pqHk gS rFkk v¡xwBs ds uhps ls Q+V x;k gSA v¡xqyh ckgj ugha jgh gS] tc eSa rqEgkjk Q+Vk twrk ns[k jgk gw¡A rqe egku fn[krh ij v¡xwBk t+ehu ls jxM+ [kkrk gSA 2 dFkkdkj] miU;kl&lezkV] ;qx&izorZd] tkus D;k&D;k vFkok dgykrs Fks exj QksVks esa Hkh rqEgkjk twrk Q+Vk gqvk gSA (d) ^izsepan ds Q+Vs twrs* izsepan ds thou dh fdl fo'ks"krk dks n'kkZrs gSa \ (d) ys[kd us ,slk D;ksa dgk fd izsepan twrs vkSj Vksih ds mÙkjµ izsepan ds Q+Vs gq, twrs mudh fn[kkok ilUn thou&'kSyh vuqikfrd ewY; ds ekjs gq, Fks \ ds izfr udkjkRed Hkko vkSj ;FkkFkZ ds izfr >qdko dks mÙkjµ ys[kd ds vuqlkj izes pan dks eku&lEEkku rks cgqr feyrk n'kkZrs gSaA os fn[kkos ds thou dks ialn ugha djrs FksA 2 Fkk ij os /kughu Fks] blfy, ys[kd us dgk] fd izes pan ([k) ys[kd dk twrk dSlk gS\ twrs vkSj Vksih ds vuqikfrd ewY; ds ekjs gq, FksA 2 mÙkjµ ys[kd ds twrs ls v¡xqyh rk gw¡A rqEgkjh v¡xqyh dk b'kkjk Hkh le>rk gw¡ µ D;k iwwl dh jkr esa uhy xk; gydw dk [ksr pj xbZ\ vkSj O;aX;&eqLdku Hkh le>rk gw¡A rqe eq> ij ;k ge µ D;k lqtku Hkxr dk yM+dk ej x;k_ D;ksafd MkWDVj Dyc NksM+dj ugha vk ldrs \ lHkh ij g¡l jgs gks_ mu ij tks v¡xqyh fNik, vkSj ryqvk ugha] eq>s yxrk gS ekèkks vkSjr ds di+Gu ds pans dh 'kjkc f?klk, py jgs gSa] mu ij tks Vhys dks cjdkdj cktw ls ih x;kA ;gh eqLdku ekywe gksrh gSA eSa rqEgkjk twrk fQj fudy jgs gSaA rqe dg jgs gks&eSaus rks Bksdj ekj&ekjdj ns[krk gw¡A dSls Q+V x;k ;g] esjh turk ds ys[kd \ twrk QkM+ fy;k] v¡xqyh ckgj fudy vkbZ] ij ik¡o cpk µD;k cgqr pDdj dkVrs jgs \ jgk vkSj eSa pyrk jgk] exj rqe v¡xqyh dks rk gw¡] rqEgkjh O;aX;&eqLdku le>rk gw¡A vr% izsepan dh O;aX; Hkjh eqLdku lkekftd fo"kerk (d) ys[kd izsepan dh fdu&fdu ckrksa dks le>us dk o cká vkMEcj esa yxs yksxksa dh lPpkbZ mtkxj djrh nkok djrk gS \ gS ftls ns[kdj ys[kd ds gkSalys iLr gks tkrs gkasxs vFkkZr~ mÙkjµ ys[kd izsepan ds v¡xqyh ds b'kkjs] O;aX; eqLdku vkSj ys[kd izsepan dh O;aX;&eqLdku lg ugha ikrs FksA 2 Q+Vs twrs dk jgL; vkfn ckrksa dks le>us dk nkok djrk ([k) gksjh] gydw] lqtku Hkxr] ekèkksµdk izsepan ls D;k 2 gSA lEcUèk Fkk vkSj os fdldk izfrfuf/kRo djrs fn[kkbZ ([k) izsepan ds Q+Vs twrs vkt ds yksxksa dks dkSu&lk lans'k nsrs gSa \ nsrs gSa \ mÙkjµ ;s lHkh izsepan dh dgkfu;ksa ds ik= FksA ;s lHkh fu/kZu vkSj etnwj oxZ dk izfrfuf/kRo djrs fn[kkbZ nsrs gSaA 2 mÙkjµ izsepan ds Q+Vs twrs vkt ds yksxksa dks fn[kkok NksM+dj le>nkjh rFkk lknxh ls thou thus dk lans'k nsrs gSaA 2 (x) ^esjh turk ds ys[kd* fdls dgk gS vkSj D;ksa\ (x) izsepan iSj dh v¡xqyh ds }kjk fdl vksj b'kkjk djrs mÙkjµ ^esjh turk ds ys[kd* eqa'kh izsepan dks dgk x;k gS izrhr gksrs gSa\ D;ksafd izsepan th vke turk dh leL;kvksa] ?kVukvksa o mÙkjµ izsepan ftl O;fDr ;k oLrq dks xUnk ;k xyr le>rs gSa 2 thou ij vk/kkfjr dFkk,¡ fy[krs FksA mldh vksj iSj dh v¡xqyh ls b'kkjk djrs gSaA mUgsa twrs 8. rqe le>kSrk dj ugha ldsA D;k rqEgkjh Hkh ogh det+ksjh 2 dh uksad ij j[krs FksA Fkh] tks gksjh dks ys Mwch] ogha ^use&/kje* okyh det+ksjh \ ^use&/kje* mldh Hkh tathj FkhA exj rqe ftl rjg 10. eq>s yxrk gS] rqe fdlh l[r pht+ dks Bksdj ekjrs eqLdjk jgs gks] mlls yxrk gS fd 'kk;n ^use&/kje* jgs gksA dksbZ pht+ tks ijr&ij&ijr lfn;ksa ls te xbZ rqEgkjk ca/ku ugha Fkk] rqEgkjh eqfDr FkhA gS] mls 'kk;n rqeus Bksdj ekj&ekjdj viuk twrk QkM+ (d) ys[kd us ;gk¡ fdl tathj dk mYys[k fd;k gS \ fy;kA dksbZ Vhyk tks jkLrs ij [kM+k gks x;k Fkk] ml ij mldk D;k vk'k; gS \ rqeus viuk twrk vktek;kA mÙkjµ ys[kd us ;gk¡ ^use&/kje* dh tathj dk mYys[k fd;k rqe mls cpkdj] mlds cxy ls Hkh rks fudy ldrs FksA gSA bldk vk'k; gSµfu;e vkSj /keZ ds vuqlkj thou Vhyksa ls le>kSrk Hkh rks gks tkrk gSA lHkh ufn;k¡ igkM+ thuk fQj pkgs mlds fy, viuk loZLo yqVkuk iM+sA 2 FkksM+s gh QksM+rh gSa] dksbZ jkLrk cnydj] ?kwedj Hkh rks ([k) izLrqr x|ka'k esa ys[kd us izsepan ds fdl ik= dk pyh tkrh gSaA mYys[k fd;k gS \ mls mldh dkSu&lh det+ksjh ys (d) izsepan ds lkfgR; ds fo"k; D;k&D;k gSa \ Mwch \



f{kfrt (Hkkx&1)



mÙkjµ lekt dh :fwBh ekU;rkvksa vkSj vkMEcjksa ds izHkko esa vkdj le>kSrk

94

6.

vksloky lh-ch-,l-bZ- iz'u cSad pSIVjokbl@VkWfIkdokbl] fgUnh ^v*] d{kk&IX ugha fd;kA rHkh os gkFk dh v¡xqyh dh vis{kk iSj dh 2 v¡xqyh ls b'kkjk djuk ilan djrs gSaA izsepan lkèkkj.k fdlkuksa dh Hkk¡fr thou&;kiu djrs FksA ;|fi os jk"Vªh; [;kfr ds dFkkdkj Fks fQj Hkh mudk jgu&lgu vkMEcjghu FkkA os lkèkkj.k èkksrh dqrkZ igurs FksA muds lkèkkj.k&ls twrksa dks ns[kdj muds fdu xq.kksa dk ifjp; feyrk gS \ [lh-ch-,l-bZ- 2013 Term I]

mÙkjµ cqjkb;ksa dks NksM+ nsa@lekurk dk Hkko yk,¡@ fn[kkok@vkMEcj u djsaA [lh-ch-,l-bZ- vad ;kstuk] 2013] 2 O;k[;kRed gyµ izsepan ds lk/kkj.k ls twrksa dks ns[kdj gesa cqjkb;ksa dks NksM+us dk] lHkh ds lkFk lekurk dk O;ogkj djus dk] dHkh Hkh fn[kkok u djus dh izo`fÙk dk vkSj vkMEcj ghu thou&;kiu djus tSls xq.kkas dk ifjp; feyrk gSA iz'u 7. ^twrk ges'kk Vksih ls dherh jgk gSA vc rks twrs dh dher vkSj cqdrs gSa vkSj viuk LokfHkeku Hkwydj nwljksa ds twrksa ij dqckZu gksus 2 dks rS;kj jgrs gSaA iz'u 8. ^izsepan ds QVs twrs* ikB ds vuqlkj crkb, fd ^rqe ijns dk egÙo gh ugha tkurs] ge ijns ij dqjcku gks jgs gSa* D;ksa dgk x;k gS \ [lh-ch-,l-bZ- 2012 Term II] mÙkjµ vktdy inkZ j[kuk vFkkZr~ fNiko j[kuk vko';d gks x;k gSA ge tSls lkèkkj.k yksx rks bl ij tku ns jgs gSaA

izsepan dqN ugha fNikrsA os tSls gSa oSls gh fn[kkbZ nsrs gSaA ys[kd O;aX; djrk gS fd vc t+ekuk cny x;k gSA vc 2 insZa dk t+ekuk gSA iz'u 9. vkidh n`f"V ls os'kHkw"kk ds izfr yksxksa dh lksp esa vkt D;k ifjorZu vk;k gS\  [lh-ch-,l-bZ- 2012 Term II] mÙkjµ vkt os'kHkw"kk ds izfr lksp esa cM+k ifjorZu vk;k gSA os'kHkw"kk ls dsoy O;fDrRo gh ugha fu[kjrk cfYd] gekjh i`"BHkwfe] gekjh #fp vkSj gekjh ekufldrk dk Hkh irk pyrk gSA vktdy yksx viuh os'kHkw"kk ds izfr vfèkd lrdZ fn[kkbZ nsrs gSaA ;FkklEHko vPNs vkSj ubZ LVkby ds diM+s iguuk pkgrs gSaA lEiUu yksx rks lnk u, ls u, Q+S'ku dks lcls igys idM+ ysuk pkgrs gSaA lkekU; yksx Hkh igys dh rjg Q+Vs&iqjkus ls gh xqt+kjk djus ij fo'okl ugha j[krs] ftruk lEHko gks] os Hkh 2 u;kiu pkgrs gSaA iz'u 10. ys[kd us izsepan ds twrs Q+Vus dk D;k dkj.k lkspk\ ikB ds vkèkkj ij fyf[k,A [lh-ch-,l-bZ- 2012 Term II] mÙkjµ fdlh l[r pêku dks Bksdj ekjh] pV~Vku ls cpdj ugha fudys vFkkZr~ lekt dh dqjhfr;ksa ls tw>rs jgs] muls cpus dk iz;Ru ugha fd;kA thou d"Ve; O;rhr 2 fd;k ij lekt ls la?k"kZ djrs jgsA iz'u 11. dqaHkunkl dkSu Fks \ mudk çlax fdl lanHkZ esa fd;k x;k gS \ le>kdj fyf[k,A mÙkjµ dqqaHkunkl Ï".kHkDr dfo FksA ,d ckj lezkV vdcj us mUgsa Q+rsgiqj lhdjh cqykdj iqjLdkj nsus dh ckr dh rc mUgksaus bl in dh jpuk dhµ laru dkSa dgk lhdjh lkS dkeA vkor tkr iUgS;k f?kl xbZ fclfj x;ks gfjukeAA çsepan ds Q+Vs twrs ds lanHkZ esa dqaHkunkl ds çlax dk mYys[k fd;k x;k gSA çsepan :flss nks lky lhfu;j FkhaA os dfork fy[krh (d) rkbZ ([k) ek¡ Fkha vkSj eSa Hkh cpiu ls rqd feykrh vkbZ FkhA cpiu esa (x) firk (?k) cgu ek¡ fy[krh Fkha] in Hkh xkrh FkhaA ehjk osG in fo'ks"k :i mÙkjµfodYi (d) lgh gSA 1 ls xkrh FkhaA losjs ^tkfx, o`Gikfuèkku iaNh cu cksys* ;gh 5. ysf[kdk dh ek¡ us igys mUgsa D;k idks idM+k vkSj iwjs gksLVy esa fn[kk vkb± fd ;s dfork fy[krh gSA fQj ge nksuksa dh fe=rk gks xbZA ØkLFkosV esa ,d isM+ dh Mky uhph FkhA ml Mky ij ge yksx cSB tkrs FksA tc vkSj yM+fd;k¡ [ksyrh Fkha rc ge yksx rqd feykrs FksA ml le; ,d if=dk fudyrh Fkhµ^L=h niZ.k*µmlh esa Hkst nsrs FksA 1. lqHknzk dqekjh fdrus lky egknsoh th ls lhfu;j Fkha\ (d) ikWap ([k) nks (x) rhu (?k) pkj mÙkjµfodYi ([k) lgh gSA 1 2. lqHknzk dqekjh D;k fy[krh Fkha\ (d) dfork ([k) fucU/k (x) dgkuh (?k) miU;kl mÙkjµfodYi (d) lgh gSA 1 3. egknsoh th us fdl Hkk"kk esa dfork,¡ fyfpjyj vkjEHk dj fn;k\ (d) cztHkk"kk ([k) [kM+hcksyh (x) vo/kh (?k) cqUnsyh mÙkjµfodYi (d) lgh gSA 1 O;k[;kµegknsohth dh ekWa izHkkrh xkrh Fkha vkSj 'kke dks ehjk ds in xkrh FkhaA budks lqudj egknsoh th us cztHkk"kk esa fy[kuk vkjEHk fd;kA 4. egknsoh th vkSj lqHknzk dqekjh th nksuksa dgk cSB dj dfork,¡ fy[krh Fkha\ (d) dejs ds vUnj ([k) Nr ij (x) isM+ ds uhps (?k) [ksrksa esa 1 mÙkjµfodYi (x) lgh gSA 5. egknsoh th fdl if=dk esa dfork Nius ds fy, Hkstrh Fkha\ (d) rn~Hko ([k) gal (x) czkg~k.k (?k) L=h&niZ.k mÙkjµfodYi (?k) lgh gSA 1 2. lqHknzk th Nk=kokl NksM+dj pyh xb±A rc mudh txg

o.kZukRed iz'u x|ka'kksa ij vk/kkfjr iz'uksRrj

(izR;sd 2 vad) fuEufyf[kr x|ka'kksa dks è;kuiwoZd is dfork osG fy, oqGN vkSj vodk'k fey tkrk FkkA T+kscqu ejkBh 'kCnksa ls feyh&tqyh fganh cksyrh FkhA eSa Hkh mlls oqGN&oqGN ejkBh lh[kus yxh FkhA ogk¡ ,d mLrkuh th FkhaµT+khur csxeA T+kscqu tc ^bdM+s&frdM+s* ;k ^yks&yksdj* tSls ejkBh 'kCnksa dks feykdj oqGN dgrh rks mLrkuh th ls VksosG fcuk u jgk tkrk Fkkµ^okg! nslh dkSok] ejkBh cksyh!* T+kscqu dgrh Fkh] ^ugha mLrkuh th] ;g ejkBh dkSok ejkBh cksyrk gSA* T+kscqu ejkBh efgykvksa dh rjg fdukjhnkj lkM+h vkSj oSlk gh CykmT+k igurh FkhA dgrh Fkh] ^ge ejkBh gSa rks ejkBh cksysaxs!* 1. lqHknzk th dh txg Nk=kokl esa dkSu&lh yM+dh vkbZ\ (d) ejkBh ([k) usikyh (x) caxkyh (?k) dksbZ ugha mÙkjµfodYi (d) lgh gSA 1 2. ejkBh 'kCnksa ls feyh&tqyh fgUnh dkSu cksrh Fkh\ (d) egknsoh oekZ ([k) t+scqu (x) lqHknzk dqekjh (?k) dksbZ ugha mÙkjµfodYi ([k) lgh gSA 1 3. egknsoh dks dkSu&lh Hkk"kk iwB idM+us ds fy, mudh MsLd dh ryk'kh yhA 2 ØkLFkosV esa nksuksa dgk¡ cSB tkrha Fkha\ ØkLFkosV esa ,d isM+ dh Mky uhph FkhA ml Mky ij nksuksa cSB tkrha FkhaA 2 ml le; ,d if=dk fudyrh Fkhµ^L=h niZ.k* mlh esa Hkst nsrs FksA viuh rqdcanh Ni Hkh tkrh FkhA fQj ;gk¡ dfo&lEesyu gksus yxs rks ge yksx Hkh muesa tkus yxsA fganh dk ml le; izpkj&izlkj FkkA eSa lu~ 1917 esa ;gk¡ vkbZ FkhA mlds mijkar xk¡èkh th dk lR;kxzg vkjaHk gks x;k vkSj vkuan Hkou Lora=rk ds la?k"kZ dk dsUæ gks x;kA tgk¡&rgk¡ fganh dk izpkj pyrk FkkA dfo&lEesyu gksrs Fks rks ØkLFkosV ls eSMe gedks lkFk ysdj tkrh FkhaA ns'k esa Lora=rk lEcU/kh dkSu&lh ?kVuk ?kVh \ og fdl le; dh ?kVuk gSa \ x|ka'k ds vk/kkj ij fyf[k,A ns'k esa LorU=rk ds lEcU/k esa egkRek xk¡/kh ds }kjk lR;kxzg vkUnksyu pyk;k x;kA ;g ?kVuk lu~ 1917 ds ckn dh gSA 2 ^L=h&niZ.k* D;k gS \ ysf[kdk o mudh lkfFku lqHkæk th mlesa D;k Hkstk djrh Fkha \ ^L=h&niZ.k* ,d if=dk gSA ysf[kdk o mudh lkfFku lqHkæk mlesa viuh dfork,¡ Nius ds fy, Hkstk djrh FkhaA 2

(x)

99

ysf[kdk fdl lu~ esa bykgkckn vk;ha vkSj mlds i'pkr~ D;k vkjEHk gks x;k Fkk \ mÙkjµ ysf[kdk lu~ 1917 esa bykgkckn vk;ha vkSj mlds i'pkr~ egkRek xk¡/kh dk lR;kxzg vkjaHk gks x;kA 2 7. ,d ckj dh ?kVuk ;kn vkrh gS fd ,d dfork ij eq>s pk¡nh dk ,d dVksjk feykA cM+k uDdk'khnkj lqUnjA ml fnu] lqHkæk ugha xbZ FkhaA eSaus muls vkdj dgk] ^ns[kks ;g feyk* lqHkæk us dgk Bhd gS vc rqe ,d fnu [khj cukvks vkSj eq>dks bl dVksjs esa f[kykvksA* mlh chp vkuan Hkou esa ckiw vk,A ge yksx rc vius tsc&[kpZ esa ls ,d&,d] nks&nks vkus ns'k ds fy, cpkrs Fks vkSj tc ckiw vkrs Fks rks og iSlk mUgsa ns nsrs FksA ml fnu tc ckiw ds ikl eSa xbZ rks viuk dVksjk Hkh ysrh xbZA eSaus dVksjk fudky dj ckiw dks fn[kk;kA eSaus dgk ^dfork lqukus ij eq>dks ;g dVksjk feyk gSA* dgus yxs] ßvPNk fn[kk rks eq>dksAÞ eSaus dVksjk mudh vksj c le>k tkrk FkkA (ii) mudks iSnk gksrs gh ekj fn;k tkrk FkkA (iii) mu ij vR;kpkj gksrk FkkA (iv) mUgsa f'k{kk vkfn dk Hkh vfèkdkj ugha FkkA 2

lkekU; =qfV;k° ,oa fuokj.k 1. fo|kFkhZ iz'uksa ds mÙkj esa cpiu ds laLdkj ls vifjfpr jgrs gSa] ftlds dkj.k os mÙkj Li"V :i ls ugha fy[k ikrsA 2. 3.

fo|kFkhZ ysf[kdk dh ek¡ laca/kh fo'ks"krkvksa dks Hkyh&Hkk¡fr le>us esa vleFkZ jgrs gaSA vf/kdka'k fo|kFkhZ ^yM+dk&yM+dh ,d leku* iz'u dk lgh mÙkj ugha fy[k ikrs] vius vuqeku ls gh iz'u ds mÙkj fy[krs gSaA 4. fo|k£Fk;ksa dks iz'uksa ds mÙkj Hkyh&Hkk¡fr o Li"V fy[kus ds fy, ikB dk v/;;u djuk vfr vko';d gS] rHkh os ikB ds lVhd mÙkj fy[k ik;saxsA 5. orZuh rFkk Hkk"kk;h =qfV;ksa ds fy, fujarj vH;kl djrs jguk pkfg,A 

102

vksloky lh-ch-,l-bZ- iz'u cSad pSIVjokbl@VkWfIkdokbl] fgUnh ^v*] d{kk&IX

Lor% ewY;kadu iz'u&i= - 3 1.

fuEufyf[kr x|ka'kksa dks è;kuiwoZd ik tkrk gS\ 2 (N) egknsoh th dks ozGkLFkosV xYlZ dkWyst ds okrkoj.k dh II. vkt lkfye vyh ugha gSaA pkS/kjh lkgc Hkh ugha gSaA dkSu dkSu lh ckr vPNh yxh\ 2 cpk gS] tks vc lksa/kh ekVh ij mxh Qlyksa ds chp ,d (t) izsepUnz tSls lkfgR;dkj dh QksVks esa muds Q+Vs twrksa dks u, Hkkjr dh uhao j[kus dk ladYi ysxk\ dkSu cpk gS] ns[kdj ijlkbZ th dh euksn'kk ij fVIi.kh dhft,A 2 tks vc fgeky; vkSj yn~nk[k dh cQ+hZyh t+ehu+ksa ij thus okys if{k;ksa dh odkyr djsxk\ lkfye vyh us (>) fdl ?kVuk us lkfye vyh ds thou dh n'kk dks cny fn;k vkSj mUgas i{kh&izseh cuk fn;k\ 2





f{kfrt (Hkkx&1)

103

dkO; [k.M v/;k;

1

lkf[k;k° ,oa lcn µ dchjnkl

ikB dk lkjka'k to know HkfDrdky dh fuxqZ.k] KkuekxhZ 'kk[kk ds izfrfuf/k dfo dchjnkl dk fo'okl Fkk fd izse vkSj HkfDr ls gh Scan more about this topic bZ'oj dks izkIr fd;k tk ldrk gSA mUgksaus tkfr&ik¡fr] Å¡p&uhp] /kuh&fu/kZu ds HksnHkko ,oa ladh.kZrk ij O;aX; fd;kA mudh dfork,¡ ^dchj xzaFkkoyh* esa ladfyr gSaA lk[kh] lcn] jeSuh dchj dh jpuk,¡ gSaA bu lcdk ladyu ^chtd* uke ls muds f'k"; /keZnkl us fd;k FkkA dchj us lkekU; cksypky dh Hkk"kk dks gh viuk;kA laLÏr rRle] rn~Hko 'kCnksa ds lkFk vusd LFkkuh; 'kCn lkf[k;k¡ ,oa lacn mudh jpukvksa esa vk x;s gSaA iatkch] jktLFkkuh] czt] iwohZ Hkk"kkvksa ds 'kCnksa esa ;qDr ^l/kqDdM+h* Hkk"kk dk iz;ksx mUgksaus fd;kA lekt dks ,dhÏr djus ds fy, vkMacj foghu ekuorkoknh] loZekU; fopkjksa dk izfriknu fd;kA lcn ds ek/;e ls okLrfod Kku dh efgek crkbZ xbZ gS tks vUr% p{kq [kksy nsA bZ'oj cká txr esa ugha oju~ lHkh tho/kkfj;ksa dh lk¡lksa esa fo|eku gSaA

'kCnkFkZ dkckµeqlyekuksa dk ifo= rhFkZLFkyA eksdksµeq>dks

cgqfodYih; iz'u

(izR;sd 1 vad)

([k) eqlyekuksa dk ifo= rhFkZLFky (x) fodYi (d) vkSj ([k) (?k) buesa ls dksbZ ugha fuEufyf[kr iz'uksa ds lgh fodYi pqudj fyf[k,A mÙkjµfodYi ([k) lgh gSA 1 1. dchj ds vuqlkj bZ'oj dgk¡ gS\ 4. dchj dh jpukvksa dk ladyu--------esa gSA (d) efUnj esa ([k) efLt+n esa (d) chtd ([k) in~Ekkor~~ (x) loZO;kid (?k) dgha Hkh ugha (x) fodYi (d) vkSj ([k) (?k) lHkh mÙkjµfodYi (x) lgh gSA 1 mÙkjµfodYi (d) lgh gSA 1 O;k[;kµ bZ'oj dh izkfIr efUnj] efLt+n esa ugha gksrh] o B dkO;ka'kksa ij vk/kkfjr cgqfodYih; loZO;kid gSA 2. dchj us rhFkZ&LFkyksa dks dSlk crk;k gS\ iz'u (d) O;FkZ ([k) ykHknk;d fuEufyf[kr dkO;ka'kksa ij vk/kkfjr iz'uksa ds mÙkj ds fy, lgh (x) fodYi (d) vkSj ([k) (?k) buesa ls dksbZ ugha fodYi pqfu,µ (1×5=5) mÙkjµfodYi (d) lgh gSA 1 I. larkSa HkkbZ vkbZ X;kWau dh vkWa/kh jsA 3. dkck dk vFkZ gSµ Hkze dh VkVh lcS mM+kWauh] ek;k jgS u ckWa/khû (d) dkyk

A ,dy cgqfodYih; iz'u



fgfr fpÙk dh }S&FkwWauh fxjkWauh] eksg cfyaMk ywVkA f=LukWa NkWafu ifj ?kj Åifj] dqcf/k dk HkkWaMkWa QwVkû tksx tqxfr dfj larkSa ckWa/kh] fujpw pqoS u ikWa.khA dwM+ diV dk;k dk fudL;k] gfj dh xfr tc tkWa.khû vkWa/kh ihNs tks ty cwBk] izse gfj tu HkhaukWaA dgS dchj HkkWau ds izxVs mfnr Hk;k re [khukWaû 1. [khuk¡ dk vFkZ gS (d) i{k&foi{k ([k) 'kjkc (x) {kh.k gqvk (?k) ozGhM+k 1 mÙkjµfodYi (x) lgh gSA 2. vKku dk foykse gSµ (d) Kku ([k) fctyh (x) jks'kuh (?k) ped mÙkjµfodYi (d) lgh gSA 1 3. dchj nkl th Kku dh rqyuk fdlls djrs gSa\ (d) ydM+h ([k) vkWa/kh (x) Nr (?k) lalkj mÙkjµfodYi ([k) lgh gSA 1 O;k[;kµmUgksaus Kku dh rqyuk vk¡/kh ls dh gSA ftl izdkj vkWa/kh tkrh gS rks dPph >ksaiM+h dh lHkh nhokjsa vius vki fxj tkrh gSa vkSj og cU/ku eqDr gks tkrh gSA 4. euq"; dks Kku izkIr gksus ls D;k gksrk gS\ (d) fodkjksa ls eqDr ([k) lkalkfjd phts+a Mxexkrh gSa (x) vkWa/kh vkrh gS (?k) Ny&diV vkrk gS mÙkjµfodYi (d) lgh gSA 1 5. fujpw (FkksM+k lk) dk lekukFkhZ 'kCn gSµ (d) T+;knk ([k) vf/kd ls vf/kd (x) cgqr de (?k) buesa ls dksbZ ugha mÙkjµfodYi (x) lgh gSA 1 II. eksdksa dgk¡ h dks mldk fdjk;k nsus osG fy, tsc VVksyuk ([k) fdlh dk m/kkj pqdkuk 2.

(x) viuh vk; vkSj O;; dk fglkc yxkuk (?k) viuk vkRekoyksdu djuk mÙkjµfodYi (?k) lgh gSA 1 O;k[;kµ^tsc VVksyus* dk izrhdkFkZ gSµviuk vkRekoyksdu djuk vFkkZr~ thou esa vius fd, x, dk;ks± ij n`f"V MkyukA 8. ^leHkkoh* dk D;k vFkZ gS\ (d) bZ'oj dh lk/kuk djuk ([k) fujarj deZ djrs jguk (x) bZ'oj osG lkFk leHkko j[kuk (?k) lHkh izkf.k;ksa osG lkFk leHkko j[kuk 1 mÙkjµfodYi (?k) lgh gSA O;k[;kµleHkkoh gksus dk vFkZ gSµlHkh izkf.k;ksa osG izfr leku Hkko j[kuk vFkkZr~ muesa lkekftd vkSj vk£Fkd vk/kkj ij HksnHkko u djukA 9. yy|n dh dkO;&'kSyh dks D;k dgk tkrk gS\ (d) in ([k) nksgs (x) ok[k (?k) loS;s 1 mÙkjµfodYi (x) lgh gSA 10. ^le [kk rHkh gksxk leHkkoh* iafDr esa fufgr vyadkj crkb,µ (d) 'ys"k ([k) :id (x) ;ed (?k) mRizs{kk 1 mÙkjµfodYi (x) lgh gSA O;k[;kµ;gk¡ ^le* 'kCn dk iz;ksx nks ckj gqvk gSA igys le dk vFkZ gSµ^'keu (u"V) djuk vkSj nwljs dk vFkZ gSµ^lekurk* vr% ;gk¡ ;ed vyadkj gSA 11. dPps /kkxs fdl dk izrhd gSa\ (d) det+ksj /kkxksa dk ([k) euq"; osG deks± dk (x) dPph Mksj dk (?k) det+ksj vkSj uk'koku lgkjs dk mÙkjµfodYi (?k) lgh gSA 1 12. dof;=h osG vuqlkj ^lkfgc* dkSu gS\ (d) ijekRek ([k) ekfyd (x) jktk (?k) buesa ls dksbZ ugha mÙkjµfodYi (d) lgh gSA 1 13. dof;=h fdlosG ?kj tkuk pkgrh gS\ (d) vius ifr osG ([k) ijekRek osG (x) vius ek;osG (?k) vius fe= osG 1 mÙkjµfodYi ([k) lgh gSA

f{kfrt (Hkkx&1)



O;k[;kµdof;=h ijekRek osG ?kj tkuk vFkkZr~ eks{k izkIr djuk pkgrh gSA 14. ikB~;&iqLrd esa ladfyr ok[kksa dk fganh esa vuqokn fdlus fd;k gS\ (d) egknsoh oekZ us ([k) lqHkæk oqGekjh pkSgku (x) ehjk dkar us (?k) buesa ls fdlh us ugha mÙkjµfodYi (x) lgh gSA 1 O;k[;kµok[k ewyr% d'ehjh Hkk"kk esa jfpr gSaA budk fganh vuqokn ehjk dkar us fd;k gSA

15. yy|n

(izR;sd 2 vad)

fuEufyf[kr x|ka'kksa dks è;kuiwoZd i ikrsA ^[kkdj vkSj u [kkdj* dk vFkZ [kkuk [kkus ls ysrs gSa tks xyr gSA fo|kFkhZ izk;% ijczã dks czg~ek th le> ysrs gSa ftlls muds mÙkj Hkzked gks tkrs gSaA fo|k£Fk;ksa dks ikB dk ewyHkko o dfBu&'kCnksa ds vFkZ dks Hkyh&Hkk¡fr le>dj v/;;u djuk pkfg,A ok[k esa vk, izrhdkFkks± dks le>uk pkfg,A 

v/;k;

3

loS;s µ jl[kku

ikB dk lkjka'k Ï".k HkDr jl[kku JhÏ".k vkSj Ï".kHkwfe ds izfr le£ir FksA mudh dforkvksa esa czt ds izfr leiZ.k dk Hkko >ydrk gSA jl[kku to know dfo dgrs gSa fd ;fn eSa euq"; :i esa tUe yw¡ rks eSa czt{ks= ds xksdqy xk¡o esa Xokyksa ds chp tUe yw¡A ;fn eSa i'kq Scan more about this topic ds :i esa tUe yw¡ rks uan ckck dh xk;ksa ds chp gh pjk d:¡A ;fn eSa iRFkj cuw¡ rks xksoèkZu ioZr ij txg izkIr d:¡ ftls JhÏ".k us bUæ dk vfHkeku u"V djus ds fy, mBk;k Fkk vkSj ;fn eSa i{kh cuw¡ rks ;equk ds fdukjs dnEc dh Mkfy;ksa ij gh fuokl fd;k d:¡A loS;s jl[kku JhÏ".k ds dkys dacy rFkk xk;ksa dks gk¡dus okyh ykBh ds cnys rhuksa yksdksa dk jkT; R;kxus ds fy, rS;kj gSaA vkBksa flf¼;ksa rFkk ukS fuf/k;ksa ds lq[k dks Hkh uan ckck dh xk;ksa dks pjkus ds lq[k ds fy, NksM+uk pkgrs gSaA jl[kku djhy ds dqatksa ds lq[k ds fy, Lo.kZ fufeZr djksM+ksa egyksa ds lq[k dks Hkh ikuk ugha pkgrsA JhÏ".k dh vuqifLFkfr esa xksfi;k¡ mudh os'kHkw"kk igu dj mudk Lokax /kkj.k djrh gSaA flj ij eksjia[k] xys esa xqatekyk vkSj ihys oL= igu dj os xk;ksa ds ihNs ?kweus dh bPNk izdV djrh gSaA os ogh lc dqN djuk pkgrh gSa tks Ï".k dks fiz; gS ijUrq vius gksBksa ij Ï".k dh ck¡lqjh j[kuk ilUn ugha djrh gSa] D;ksafd os ck¡lqjh dks viuh lkSru le>rh gSa vkSj mlls lkSfr;k Mkg j[krh gSa ijUrq tc Ï".k dh eksguh&eqLdku dks ns[krh gSa rks os ikxy&lh gks tkrh gSa vkSj eksg ds dkj.k vius dks l¡Hkky ugha ikrh gSaA

'kCnkFkZ clkSaµcluk] jgukA dgk clµo'k esa u gksukA e¡>kjuµchp esaA fxfjµigkM+A iqjanjµbaæA dkfyanhµ;equkA dkefj;kµdEcyA rM+kxµrkykcA dy/kkSr ds /kkeµlksus&pk¡nh ds egyA djhyµdk¡Vsnkj >kM+hA okjkSaµU;ksNkoj djukA HkkorksµvPNk yxukA vVkµvVkjh] vêkfydkA Vsfjµiqdkjdj cqykukA ekuq"kµeuq";A ikguµiRFkjA ydqVhµykBhA dksfVdµdjksM+A XokjuµXokyA Lokax HkjkSaxhµos"k /kkj.k d:¡xhA v/kjkuµgksBksa ijA dkufuµdku esaA eqldkfuµeqLdkuA

cgqfodYih; iz'u

(izR;sd 1 vad) 2.

A ,dy cgqfodYih; iz'u fuEu iz'uksa ds lgh fodYi pqudj fyf[k,µ 1.

jl[kku dfo fdlosG vuU; mikld Fks\

(d) Jh jke osG

([k) fujkdkj czã osG

(x) JhÏ".k osG

(?k) f'ko osG

mÙkjµfodYi (x) lgh gSA

jl[kku dfo us viuh dkO; jpuk fdl Hkk"kk esa dh gSa\

(d) vo/kh

([k) cztHkk"kk

(x) [kM+h cksyh

(?k) fefJr Hkk"kk

mÙkjµfodYi ([k) lgh gSA 1

1

O;k[;kµjl[kku us ljy] lgt cztHkk"kk esa dkO; jpuk dh gS] ftlesa ljlrk vkSj e/kqjrk dk xq.k fo|eku gSA

f{kfrt (Hkkx&1)



jl[kku dh dfork dk ewy Hkko ;k fo"k; D;k gS\ (d) Ük`axkj ([k) lkekftd :fydrh gS \ dksfVd , dy/kkSr osG èkke djhy osG oqaGtu Åij okjkSaû mÙkjµ czt dk i;kZoj.k cgqr euksje gS] ;g rF; bl ckr [lh-ch-,l-bZ- 2016 Term I] dk izek.k gSA [lh-ch-,l-bZ- vad ;kstuk] 2016] 2 (d) Ï".k ykBh vkSj dEcy dc /kkj.k djrs Fks\

120

vksloky lh-ch-,l-bZ- iz'u cSad pSIVjokbl@VkWfIkdokbl] fgUnh ^v*] d{kk&IX

O;k[;kRed gyµ czt ds ou] ckx vkSj rkykc dh ppkZ ls irk pyrk gS fd ogk¡ izÏfr dh fo'ks"k Ïik Fkh pkjksa vksj gfj;kyh FkhA og LFkku lqjE; Fkk rFkk i;kZoj.k euksje FkkA (x) jl[kku djhy ds dqatksa ij D;k U;ksNkoj djus dks rRij gSa\ mÙkjµ jl[kku vius vkjk/; JhÏ".k ds fiz; LFky djhy ds dqatksa ds Åij djksM+ksa lksus ds egyksa ls feyus okys lq[kksa dks Hkh U;ksNkoj djuss dks rS;kj gSaA 2 2. eksji[kk flj Åij jkf[kgkSa] xqat dh eky xjsa ifgjkSaxhA vksf ikrs vkSj vuqeku ds vk/kkj ij mÙkj fy[k nsrs gSaA 2. 3. 4. 5.

Nk= jl[kku ds loS;ksa dk ewy Hkko ugha le> ikrs ftlls muds mÙkj lVhd ugha gksrsA fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks dkO;ka'k ds Hkko Li"V djus lEcU/kh iz'uksa esa vf/kd dfBukbZ gksrh gSA fo|k£Fk;ksa dks loS;ksa dk d{kk esa v/;;u dj mudk ewy Hkko le>us dk iz;kl djuk pkfg,A fo|k£Fk;ksa dks Hkko Li"V djus lEcU/kh iz'uksa dk gy djrs le; nh xbZ iafDr;ksa dks le> dj vius 'kCnksa esa mldk Hkko Li"V djuk pkfg,A 

v/;k;

4

dSnh vkSj dksfdyk µ ek[kuyky prqosZnh

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o.kZukRed iz'u

(izR;sd 2 vad)

^fgedj fujk'k dj pyk jkr Hkh dkyh* dk Hkko Li"V dhft,A crkb, fd dfo dks dks;y Hkh dSlh izrhr gks jgh gS vkSj D;ksa \ fuEufyf[kr x|ka'kksa dks è;kuiwoZd ijcsjh] vkMw] uhcw] vukj] vkyw] xzke Jh xksHkh] cSaxu vkSj ewyh dk lqUnj n`'; eu dks yqHkk jgk gSA ihys&ihys ve:nksa ij yky&yky fpfÙk;k¡ iM+ xbZ gSaA ihys csj id x;s gSaA ikyd] /kfu;k¡] ykSdh] VekVj] lse] fepZ] lHkh viuh lqUnjrk fc[ksj jgs gSaA xaxk unh ds fdukjs jsr ij ikuh ds cgko ls ygjsa lrjaxh lk¡i&lh izrhr gks jgh gSaA xaxk ds fdukjs rjcwt+ksa dh [ksrh vkd"kZ.k ;qDr gSA fdukjksa ij cxqys iSjksa :ih da?kh ls vius cky laokj jgs gSaA l£n;ksa dh /kwi i+GSy xbZ gSA gfj;kyh vylkbZ&lh yx jgh gSA lkjk xk¡o ejdr ds [kqyk fMCck&lk yx jgk gS ftl ij LoPN vkdk'k :ih uhye i+GSyk gqvk gSA loZ= lqUnjrk gh lqUnjrk fo|eku gSA

'kCnkFkZ jtrµpk¡nh] Lo.kZµlksuk] vkezµvke] r#µisM+] ljirµijNkbZ] lqj[kkcµpdok] ¥dfdf.k;k¡µckfy;k¡] rSykDrµrsy ds tSlh] reµv¡/ksjk] vkPNknuµNk;k gqvkA

cgqfodYih; iz'u A ,dy cgqfodYih; iz'u f uEufyf[kr iz'uksa ds lgh fodYi pqudj fyf[k,A 1. ^xzke Jh* fdlds }kjk jfpr dfork gS\ (d) jkts'k tks'kh ([k) lqfe=kuUnu iUr (x) egknsoh oekZ (?k) t+kfcj gqlSu mÙkjµfodYi ([k) lgh gSA 1 O;k[;kµ^xzke Jh* ds jpf;rk lqfe=kuUnu iUr gSaA 2. lqcg lw;Z dh fdj.ksa fdlds leku yx jgh gSa\ (d) pk¡nh dh tkyh ([k) lksus dh tkyh (x) ghjs dh tkyh (?k) js'ke dh tkyh mÙkjµfodYi (d) lgh gSA 1



(izR;sd 1 vad) 3. 4. 5.

i+Glyksa ds xgjs gjs jax ds dkj.k /kjrh dk jax dSlk fn[kkbZ nsrk gS\ (d) uhyk ([k) ';key (x) ihyk (?k) eVeSyk mÙkjµfodYi ([k) lgh gSA 1 vjgj dh ckfy;k¡ fdl jax dh gSa\ (d) ihys ([k) li+Gsn (x) lqugjh (?k) dkys mÙkjµfodYi (x) lgh gSA 1 uhyh&uhyh dfy;k¡ fdl ikS/ks dh gS\ (d) vjgj ([k) vylh (x) eVj (?k) ljlksa mÙkjµfodYi ([k) lgh gSA 1

vksloky lh-ch-,l-bZ- iz'u cSad pSIVjokbl@VkWfIkdokbl] fgUnh ^v*] d{kk&IX

130

II. fuEufyf[kr i|ka'kksa dks /;kuiwoZd iqdk gqvk 2. uHk dk fpj fueZy uhy QydA izLrqr dkO;ka'k ds ys[kd dkSu gSa\ (d) Q.kh'ojukFk js.kq ([k) lqfe=kuUnu iUr (x) t+kfcj gqlSu (?k) buesa ls dksbZ ugha mÙkjµfodYi ([k) lgh gSA 1 O;k[;kµ^xzke Jh* dfork ds ys[kd lqfe=kuUnu iUr th gSaA 3. lqUnj e[key vkSj dksey gfj;kyh dgk¡ NkbZ gS\ (d) [ksrksa esa ([k) cxhpksa esa (x) fodYi (d) vkSj ([k) (?k) buesa ls dksbZ ugha mÙkjµfodYi (d) lgh gSA 1 4. uhyk vkdk'k fdl ij >qdk gqvk gS\ (d) iRFkj ([k) leqæ (x) Hkwfe (?k) lHkh 1 mÙkjµfodYi (x) lgh gSA Qlyksa ds iÙkksa dk gjk jl fdlesa >ydrk gS\ (d) frudk esa ([k) isM+ esa 5. (x) iÙkksa esa (?k) lHkh esa mÙkjµfodYi (d) lgh gSA mtyh tkyh fdlds leku gS\ (d) lksus ([k) pk¡nh (x) yksgs (?k) lHkh mÙkjµfodYi ([k) lgh gSA 1

dkO;ka'kksa ij vk/kkfjr cgqfodYih; iz'u

B I. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

ckyw ds lk¡iksa ls vafdr xaxk dh lrjaxh jsrh lqUnj yxrh ljir NkbZ rV ij [kjcwtksa dh [ksrh vaxqyh dh da?kh ls cxqys dyaxh l¡okjrs gSa dksbZ] frjrs ty esa lqj[kkc] iqfyu ij exjkSBh jgrh lksbZA ^lrjaxh* dk vFkZ D;k gS\ (d) ftlesa ik¡p jax ([k) ftlesa vkB jax (x) ftlesa lkr jax (?k) lHkh mÙkjµfodYi (x) lgh gSA 1 lw;Z dh fdj.kksa dk jsr ij iM+us ls dSlk izrhr gks jgk gS\ (d) bUæ/kuq"kh ([k) vPNk (x) nq%[kh (?k) lHkh 1 mÙkjµfodYi (d) lgh gSA O;k[;kµlw;Z dh fdj.kksa ds iM+us ij jsr bUæ/kuq"kh izrhr gksrh gS] pedus yxrh gSA xaxk rV ij dkSu&ls i{kh gSa\ (d) cxqys ([k) exjkSBs (x) pdos (?k) lHkh mÙkjµfodYi (?k) lgh gSA 1 [kjcwtksa dh [ksrh dSlh yx jgh gS\ (d) lqUnj ([k) csdkj (x) fodYi (d) vkSj ([k) (?k) buesa ls dksbZ ugha mÙkjµfodYi (d) lgh gSA 1 pØokd i{kh D;k dj jgs gSa\ (d) [ksy jgs gSa ([k) rSj jgs gSa (x) fodYi (d) vkSj ([k) (?k) buesa ls dksbZ ugha mÙkjµfodYi ([k) lgh gSA 1

o.kZukRed iz'u dkO;ka'kksa ij vk/kkfjr iz'uksRrj

(izR;sd 5 vad) fuEufyf[kr dkO;ka'k dks iqdk gqvk vkSj fdl izdkj dk fn[kkbZ ns jgk gS \

QSyh [ksrksa esa nwj ryd frudksa ds gjs&gjs ru ij mÙkjµ Hkwfe ij >qdk gqvk gS vkSj nwj rd QSyk gqvk gSA e[key dh dksey gfj;kyh [lh-ch-,l-bZ- vad ;kstuk] 2016] 2 fgy gfjr #fèkj gS jgk >yd] (x) gjs&Hkjs frudksa esa D;k >ydrk izrhr gksrk gS \ fyiVha ftlls jfo dh fdj.kksa ';key Hkw ry ij >qdk gqvk mÙkjµ gjk [kwu vFkkZr~ Qlyksa ds iÙkksa dk gjk jlA pk¡nh dh lh mtyh tkyh ! [lh-ch-,l-bZ- vad ;kstuk] 2016] 2 uHk dk fpj fueZy uhy Qyd ! [lh-ch-,l-bZ- 2016 Term I]

f{kfrt (Hkkx&1)



2.



jksekafpr&lh yxrh olqèkk mM+rh Hkhuh rSykDr xaèk vkbZ tkS] xsgw¡ esa ckyh] Qwyh ljlksa ihyh&ihyh] vjgj] lubZ dh lksus dh yks gfjr èkjk ls >k¡d jgh fdafdf.k;k¡ gS 'kksHkk'kkyhA uhye dh dyh] rhlh uhyh! [lh-ch-,l-bZ- 2012 Term I, Set] (d) 'kksHkk'kkyh D;k gS\ mÙkjµ vjgj] lubZ dh lksus dh fdadf.k;k¡ 'kksHkk'kkyh gSA 2 ([k) ljlksa ds Qwy dSls gksrs gSa \ muesa ls dSlh xa/k vk jgh gS\ mÙkjµ ljlksa ds Qy ihys gksrs gSaA muesa ls rSykä xaèk vk jgh gSA (x) uhyh rhlh dks D;k dgk x;k gS\ mÙkjµ uhyh rhlh dks uhye dh dyh dgk x;k gSA 1 vFkok jksekafpr&lh -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------rhlh uhyhA (d) bl dfork esa dkSu&dkSu lh Qlyksa dk mYys[k fd;k x;k gS\ mÙkjµ tkS] xsgw¡] vjgj] lubZ] ljlksa rFkk rhlh vkfn Qlyksa dk mYys[k fd;k x;k gSA 1 ([k) okrkoj.k esa rsy ;qDr xa/k QSyus dk D;k dkj.k gS\ mÙkjµ ljlksa esa ihys Qwy vk tkus ds dkj.k okrkoj.k esa rsy;qDr xa/k QSy xbZ gSA 1 (x) ^rSykDr* 'kCn esa iz;qDr lekl fyf[k;sA mÙkjµ rRiq#"k leklA 1 vc jtr Lo.kZ eatfj;ksa ls 3. egds dVgy] eqdqfyr tkequ]



131

4. v¡ßckywxqyhdsdhlk¡dai?ksa khlslsvacxqfdr ys



xaxk dh lrjaxh jsrh dyaxh l¡okjrs gSa dksbZ] lqUnj yxrh ljir NkbZ frjrs ty esa lqj[kkc] iqfyu ij rV ij [kjcwtksa dh [ksrh] exjkSBh jgrh lksbZA [lh-ch-,l-bZ- 2012 Term I, Set 056 A1] (d) xaxk rV ij jsrh dSlh yx jgh gS\ o.kZu dhft,A mÙkjµ lw;Z dh fdj.kksa ds iM+us ij jsr bUæèkuq"kh izrhr gksrh gS] pedus yxrh gSA jsr dh vkM+h&frjNh js[kk,¡ lk¡i ds leku yx jgh gSaA 2 ([k) xaxk rV ij dkSu&ls i{kh gSa vkSj D;k&D;k dj jgs gSa\ mÙkjµ xaxk rV ij cxqys ik¡o dh m¡xfy;k¡ flj ij ekjrs jgrs gSa] exjkSBksa lksbZ gSa] ikuh esa pdos rSj jgs gSaA 2 (x) fdldh [ksrh lqUnj yx jgh gS\ mÙkjµ [kjcwtksa dh [ksrh lqqUnj izrhr gks jgh gSA 1 vFkok (d) xaxk ds fdukjs dh lqUnjrk ds fo"k; esa dfo us D;k crk;k gS \ mÙkjµ xaxk fdukjs dh jsr lw;Z ds izdk'k esa lrjaxh ped jgh gSA ogk¡ NkbZ [kjir lqUnj yx jgh gS vkSj [kjcwtksa dh 2 [ksrh vPNh yxrh gSA ([k) cxqys vkSj pØokd i{kh D;k dj jgs gSa \ mÙkjµ cxqys ik¡o dh v¡xqfy;k¡ flj ij ekjrs gSa vkSj ,slk yxrk gS tSls v¡xqyh ls da?kh dj jgs gSaA pØokd ty esa rSjrs 1 jgrs gSaA iz'u (x) exjkSBh D;k dj jgh gS \ mÙkjµ exjkSBh lksbZ jgrh gSA 1

5.

g¡leq[k gfj;kyh fge&vkri ejdr fMCcs lk [kqyk xzke yn xbZ vkez r# dh Mkyh] lq [k ls vylk,&ls lks,] taxy esa >jcsjh >wyh] ftl ij uhye re vkPNknu >j jgs we mBrs gSaA dfo us izÏfr dk ekuohdj.k djrs gq, meax] mRlkg rFkk mikyEHk vkfn Hkkoksa dks cM+s ltho jus 2 yxs gksaA ([k) ^f{kfrt vVkjh xgjkbZ* dk vk'k; Li"V dhft,\ mÙkjµ ^f{kfrt vVkjh xgjkbZ* dk vk'k; gS f{kfrt :ih vVkjh ij es?k xgjk ;k Nk x, gSaA 2 (x) fdl&fdldk feyu gqvk] ftlesa nksuksa vksj ls vk¡lw k¡dus yxs xjnu mpdk,] njokts+&f[kM+fd;k¡ [kqyus yxha xyh&xyh] vk¡èkh pyh] èkwy Hkkxh ?kk?kjk mBk,] ikgqu T;ksa vk, gksa xk¡o esa 'kgj dsA ck¡dh fprou mBk] unh fBBdh] ?kw¡?kV ljdsA es?k vk, cM+s cu&Bu ds l¡oj dsA es?k vk, cM+s cu&Bu ds l¡oj dsA [lh-ch-,l-bZ- 2012 Term I] (d) es?k fdl :i esa vk,\ mÙkjµ xk¡o esa es?k ,d 'kgjh esgeku ds :i esa cM+s cu&Bu dj vk,A ;gk¡ es?k dks esgeku ds :i esa fpf=r fd;k x;k gSA ml ij 'kgjhiu dh Nki gSA vkdk'k esa es?k Hkh 2 vkd"kZd :i esa vkrs gSaA ([k) isM+ksa vkSj vk¡/kh dh D;k n'kk gqbZ\ vkSj D;ksa\ mÙkjµ es?kksa ds vkrs gh vk¡/kh pyus yxh vkSj /kwy ekuks viuk ?kk?kjk mBkdj Hkkxus yxhA isM+ Hkh >qddj >k¡dus yxs vkSj xnZu mpdkdj ml es?k :ih esgeku dks ns[kus 2 yxsA (x) unh us es?k dks fdl izdkj ns[kk\ 2 mÙkjµ unh us ,d ukf;dk ds :i esa ck¡dh fprou ls bl es?k :ih uk;d dks ns[kkA ,slk djrs le; igys og fBBdh 2 vkSj bl iz;kl esa mldk ?kw¡?kV ljd x;kA 3. cwkrk ysfdu mudh le> esa dksbZ ckr ugha vkrh ftlls fdlku cgqr ijs'kku jgrkA ysfdu fdlku dh iRuh mls ;g dgdj lkaRouk nsrh fd cM+s gksus ij cPps le>nkj gks tk,¡xsA /khjs&/khjs le; chrrk x;kA fdlku o`¼ gks x;kA ysfdu mlds yM+dksa dks le> ugha vk;hA tc fdlku dk var le; vk;k rks mlus vius pkjksa yM+dksa dks vius ikl cqykdj dgk fd eSa vkt rqEgsa ,d jgL; crkuk pkgrk gw¡A gekjs [ksr esa ,d [ktkuk xM+k gSA eSa pkgrk gw¡ fd rqe [ksr dks [kksndj [ktkuk fudky yks vkSj pSu ls thou;kiu djksA [ktkus ds ckjs esa lqurs gh vkylh csVksa dh vk¡[kksa esa ped vk x;hA ysfdu [ktkuk [ksr esa fdl rjQ+ xM+k gS] ;g crkus ls igys gh fdlku dh e`R;q gks xbZA [ktkus ds ykyp esa pkjksa Hkkb;ksa us iwjs [ksr dh xgjkbZ rd [kqnkbZ dh ysfdu mUgsa dgha [ktkuk ugha feykA os fujk'k gks x,A rc fdlku ds fe= us mUgsa [ksr esa dqN cht cksus dh lykg nhA pkjksa us oSlk gh fd;kA pkjksa ;g ns[kdj gSjku ;g x, fd bl ckj tSlh Q+ly igys dHkh ugha gqbZ FkhA os le> x, fd fdlku mUgsa fdl [ktkus ds ckjs esa crkuk pkgrk FkkA vc mUgksaus [ksrksa esa dfBu ifjJe dj [ktkuk izkIr djus dh lh[k fey pqdh FkhA 13. lksus dk vaMk ,d ckj ,d fdlku FkkA mlds ifjokj esa mldh iRuh o nks cPps FksA og cgqr xjhc FkkA cM+h eqf'dy ls mUgsa nks oDr dk Hkkstu fey ikrkA rc fdlku dh iRuh us mlls eqxhZ ikyus o muds vaMs cspus dk dk;Z djus dk lq>ko fn;kA fdlku ckt+kj x;k vkSj ogk¡ ls ,d eqxhZ ys vk;kA dqN le; ckn eqxhZ us ,d v.Mk fn;kA fdlku og v.Mk ns[kdj vk'p;Zpfdr jg x;k D;ksafd og v.Mk lksus dk FkkA fdlku cgqr [kq'k gqvkA mlus og v.Mk csp fn;k vkSj mlls vPNk Hkkstu o diM+s ys vk;kA eqxhZ gj jkst+ ,d lksus dk v.Mk nsrhA fdlku dh vkfFkZd fLFkfr vc Bhd gks xbZA ysfdu fdlku dh iRuh cgqr ykyph FkhA og eqxhZ n~okjk ,d lksus dk vaMk nsus ls larq"V ugha FkhA mlus lkspk vo'; gh eqxhZ ds isV esa x;k fd ;fn vkSj dadM+ Mkys rks ikuh fi;k tk ldsxkA Hkjdj ykSV jgh FkhA os vkil esa ckrsa djus yxhaA rc muesa ls ,d ;g lksp mlus dkQ+h lkjs dadM+ eVds esa MkysA bl rjg eVds dk vkSjr dk iq= ogk¡ ls xqt+jk rks og vkSjr vius iq= ds xq.kksa dk ikuh Åij vk x;kA dkSos us ikuh ihdj viuh viuh I;kl cq>kbZ c[kku djus yxh fd esjs iq= ds daB esa ek¡ ljLorh dk fuokl gSA vkSj mM+ x;kA bl rjg le>nkjh ls dke ysdj dksbZ Hkh leL;k gy mldk Loj cgqr e/kqj gSA mldh e/kqj vkokt+ dh iz'kalk nwj&nwj dh tk ldrh gSA rd gksrh gSA rHkh nwljh us ?kksM+s ij lokj vius iq= dks tkrs ns[kkA 16. ,drk esa cy og Hkh mldh iz'kalk djus yxh dh esjk iq= cgqr fo}ku gSA 'kkL=ksa ,d ckj ,d f'kdkjh if{k;ksa dk idM+us ds fy, taxy esa o osnksa dk Kkrk gSA rhljh vkSjr us tc vius iq= dks vkrs ns[kk rks og Hkh mlds ckgqcy dh iz'kalk vU; vkSjrksa ls djus yxhA mu x;kA ogk¡ mlus viuk tky Q+Syk;k vkSj ml ij nkuk fc[ksj fn;k rhuksa dh ckr lqu pkSFkh vkSjr eu gh eu lkspus yxh fd ;s rhuksa rFkk Lo;a >kfM+;ksa ds ihNs fNi x;kA rHkh dcwrjksa dk ,d >q.M ogk¡ vkSjrs fdruh lkSHkkX;'kkyh gSa ftuds iq= brus xq.koku gSA ysfdu ls xqt+jkA taxy esa nkuk fc[kjk ns[k os mls pqxus ds fy, cspSu gks esjk iq= rks lk/kkj.k O;fDr gS mlessa ,slk dksbZ xq.k ugha ftldh eSa Hkh uhps mrjus yxsA rHkh muesa ls ,d cqf¼eku dcwrj dks dqN lUnsg iz'kalk d:¡A dqN nwj vkxs tkus ij pkSFkh vkSjr dk iq= mls lkeus gqvkA mlus lHkh dcwrjksa dks lko/kku fd;k fd vo'; gh dqN ls vkrk fn[kkA vkrs gh mlus ek¡ ds gkFk ls ikuh dk ?kM+k ys vius xM+cM+ gS vU;Fkk taxy esa bruk nkuk dgk¡ ls vk;k] ysfdu fdlh flj ij j[kk vkSj ,d gkFk ls viuh ek¡ dk gkFk idM+dj pyus us mldh ckr ugha ekuhA os lHkh dcwrj nkuk pqxus uhps mrjs vkSj yxkA mu pkjksa vkSjrksa ds ihNs ,d o`¼ efgyk Hkh py jgh Fkh tks f'kdkjh ds fcNk, tky esa Qal x,A vc os mM+ ugha ik jgs FksA mu vkSjrksa dh ckrsa lqu jgh Fkh vkSj lc ns[k Hkh jgh FkhA vc og mUgksaus cgqr iz;kl fd;k ysfdu lc csdkjA lc fujk'k gks x,A rc cksyh fd xq.kh rqe rhuksa ds iq= ugha tks rqEgsa ns[kdj Hkh vuns[kk cqf¼eku dcwrj us mUgsa fgEer c¡/kkrs gq, lq>ko fd;k fd ;fn ge dj pys x,A xq.kh bl pkSFkh vkSjr dk csVk gS tks cqkfM+;ksa us fNik f'kdkjh muds ihNs nkSM+k ysfdu dcwrjksa dh ,drk 15. I;klk dkSvk dh 'kfDr ds dkj.k og vlQy jgkA xk¡o esa dcwwrjksa ds fe= ew"kd jgrs FksA os tky lfgr ew"kdksa ,d xk¡o esa ,d dkSok jgrk FkkA og ikuh dh [kkst esa ;gk¡&ogk¡ HkVdus yxk ysfdu mls dgha ugha feykA rc og ,d cM+s ds ikl igq¡psA ew"kdksa us vius nk¡rksa ls tky dkV fn;k ftlls dcwrj ls isM+ dh Å¡ph Mky ij tk dj cSBk x;kA rc mls nwj dgha ,d fQj ls vkt+kn gksdj mM+us yxsA bl rjg ,drk dh 'kfDr ls mUgsa eVdk fn[kkbZ fn;kA mllus lkspk fd bls eVds esa eq>s ikuh fey f'kdkjh dh dSn ls eqfDr feyhA ldrk gS blfy, og mM+rk gqvk ml eVds ds ikl igq¡pk ysfdu

lkekU; =qfV;k° ,oa fuokj.k 1. vf/kdka'k Nk= dFkk&ys[ku dh fo/kk ls vifjfpr ls tku iM+rs gSaA 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

Nk= yacs&yacs okD;ksa dk iz;ksx djrs gSa ftlls dF; nq#g gks tkrk gSA dqN Nk= fo"k; ls HkVd tkrs gSa vkSj O;FkZ dh ckrksa dks fy[kus yxrs gSaA dFkk ys[ku dk d{kk esa vH;kl djuk pkfg,A dFkk ys[ku ds le; viuh dYiuk 'kfDr dk iz;ksx djuk pkfg,A dFkk esa nksgjko ugha gksuk pkfg, rFkk mlesa rkjrE;rk gksuh pkfg,A dgkuh lqxfBr o lqO;ofLFkr gksuh pkfg,A 

v/;k;

4

bZ&esy ys[ku

ikB ij vk/kkfjr iz'u izLrkouk

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(çR;sd 5 vad) 2.

fdlh fo"k; ds izf'k{k.k ds fy, bZ&esy djsaA mÙkjµ

bZ&esy ;k bysDVªkWfud esy] bUVjusV ds From : [email protected] ek/;e ls] i= Hkstus dk ,d rjhdk gSA esy To : [email protected] 'kCn dk vFkZ gksrk gS lans'k] vFkkZr~ blls ge Cc : [email protected] fnukad % 23-04-XX ;g le> ldrs gSa fd ;g ,d izdkj dh fpV~Bh bZ&esy ys[ku fo"k; % dEI;wVj fo"k; ds 10 fnolh; izf'k{k.k gsrq ;k lans'k gksrk gS] tc bl lans'k ;k fpV~Bh dks tkudkjh bysDVªkWfud ek/;e ls Hkstk tkrk gS rks mls bZ&esy (e-mail) dgrs vfHkoknu] gSaA bZ&esy ds }kjk ge fo'o ds fdlh Hkh dksus esa esa cSBs balku rd vkidk p;u dEI;wVj fo"k; ds 10 fnolh; izf'k{k.k ds fy, flQ+Z dqN lsd.M esa gh viuk lans'k Hkst ldrs gSa vkSj vU; balku gqvk gSA vkidks izf'k{k.k vof/k ds fy, Hkqxrku fd;k tk,xkA }kjk Hkstk lans'k bysDVªkWfud :i esa ik ldrs gSaA vkidk izf'k{k.k eaxyokj 15 vizSy] 20XX ls 'kq: gksxkA tc vki bZ&esy ds lkFk ge vU; Qkbysa tSlsµQksVks ;k MkWD;qesUV~l Hkh izf'k{k.k ds fy, vk,¡ rks vius lkFk uhps fn, x, nLrkostksa dh izfr;k¡ ysdj vk,¡A ;g nLrkost vkidks foHkkx esa tek djus gksaxsA tksM+dj Hkst ldrs gSaA /kU;okn vko';d nLrkost 1. V~;w'ku Vhpj dh vko';drk gsrq ,d bZ&esy fyf[k,A Maduri vaish iklcqd mÙkjµ Mob. 8442010XXX vk/kkj dkMZ From : < [email protected]  isu dkMZ To : < [email protected]> Cc : < [email protected]> fnukad % 23-04-XX 3. fdlh ikB~;Øe fooj.k ds lEcU/k esa tkudkjh izkIr djus ds fy, bZ&esy djsaA fo"k; % V~;w'ku Vhpj dh vko';drk gsrq tkudkjh mÙkjµ egksn;] From : [email protected] eSa liuk dqekjh ckjgoha d{kk dh fo|kFkhZ gw¡A eq>s To : [email protected] tkudkjh izkIr gqbZ fd vki fofHkUu fo"k;ksa dh V~;w'ku dh tkudkjh Cc : [email protected] fnukad % 23-04-XX miyC/k djkrs gSaA eq>s vius fy, ,d xf.kr fo"k; dh V~;w'ku dh fo"k; % ikB~;Øe fooj.k ds lEcU/k esa vko';drk gSA ekuuh; egksn;] vkils vuqjks/k gS fd eq>s xf.kr fo"k; dk V~;w'ku miyC/k eSa ek/kqjh oS'; n;kyckx+ ,tqds'kuy baLVhV~;wV esa fgUnh fo"k; djkus esa lgk;rk djsaA dh 'kks/k Nk=k gw¡A eSa vkids laLFkku ls dEI;wVj foKku esa fMIyksek djuk pkgrh gw¡A ikB~;Øe ls lEcfU/kr tkudkjh gsrq vki eq>s /kU;okn ikB~;Øe dh foojf.kdk dh ,d izfr Hkst nhft,A liuk dqekjh th vkids bl lg;ksx ls eq>s ikB~;Øe dks le>us esa lgk;rk d{kkµ12 feysxhA eks- 8447070XX

ys[ku



/kU;okn 'kks/kkFkhZ ek/kqjh oS'; n;kyckx+ ,tqds'kuy dkWyst vkxjk 4. nwjn'kZu vf/kdkjh dks dk;ZØeksa esa lq/kkj gsrq lq>ko ds fy, bZ&esy djsaA mÙkjµ From : [email protected] To : [email protected] Cc : [email protected]

fnukad % 22-04-XX

fo"k; % nwjn'kZu dk;ZØeksa gsrq lq>ko egksn;] nwjn'kZu ns'k ds yk[kksa yksxksa ds euksjatu o Kku dk lzksr gS] fdUrq cPpksa vkSj ;qok oxZ ds fy, tks dk;ZØe Kkuo/kZd gks ldrs gSa] ,sls dk;ZØe nwjn'kZu ij u ds cjkcj fn[kk;s tkrs gSaA ;fn jfookj dks izkr% ;k nksigj ds le; foKku ;k tujy ukWyst ls lEcfU/kr dksbZ dk;ZØe izlkfjr fd;k tk, rks ;g fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds fy, ykHknk;d o #fpdj fl¼ gksxkA vr% vkils vuqjks/k gS fd fo|kFkhZ o ;qok oxZ dks /;ku esa j[krs gq, nwjn'kZu ij Kkuo/kZd dk;ZØeksa dk izlkj.k djsaA /kU;okn ek/kqjh Mob : 8447070XXX

5.

179

fdlh dkWyst esa fgUnh fo"k; esa lgk;d v/;kid ds fjDr in dh tkudkjh ds fy, bZ&esy djsaA mÙkjµ From : [email protected] To : [email protected] Cc : [email protected]

fnukad % 22-04-22 fo"k; % fgUnh fo"k; esa lgk;d v/;kid ds fjDr in dh tkudkjh dyk ladk; izeq[k Mh-bZ-vkbZ] n;kyckx+ vkxjkµ282005 ekuuh; egksn;] lknj lwfpr djuk pkgrh gw¡ fd eSa ek/kqjh oS'; fgUnh foHkkx dh 'kks/k Nk=k gw¡A esjh ih-,p-Mh- lekIr gksus dh vksj vxzlj gSA egksn; fgUnh foHkkx esa lgk;d v/;kid ds dqy fdrus in fjDr gSa\ Ïi;k tkudkjh iznku djsaA vkils lg;ksx dh vis{kk esa /kU;okn 'kks/kkFkhZ ek/kqjh oS'; fgUnh foHkkx dyk ladk; jftLVªs'ku Øekad % 184186 ek/kqjh Mob : 8447070XXX qq

v/;k;

5

laokn&ys[ku

Lej.kh; fcUnq laokn ys[ku Hkh ,d dyk gSA laokn dq'kyrk dk thou eas cgqr egÙo gSA tc nks O;fDr fdlh Hkh fo"k; ij ckrphr djrs gSa rks ml ckrphr dks gh laokn dgrs gSa vkSj tc ml ckrphr dks fyf[kr :i fn;k tkrk gS rks mls laokn ys[ku dgrs gSaA laokn fy[krs le; fuEufyf[kr ckrksa dk /;ku j[kuk pkfg,µ Scan to know more about this topic 1. laoknksa dh Hkk"kk ljy rFkk Hkkokuqdwy gksA 2. laokn fo"k; rFkk ik= ds vuqdwy gksA 3. okD; NksVs] jkspd vkSj izHkkoiw.kZ gksus pkfg,A laokn ys[ku 4. laoknksa ds okD; laf{kIr gksus pkfg,A 5. laokn ifjfLFkfr;ksa ds vuqdwy gksus pkfg,A 6. laoknksa esa gkL;&O;aX; dk iqV Hkh jguk pkfg,A

vH;kl iz'u

(çR;sd 5 vad)

eksgu % baVjusV ij ge vkSj D;k&D;k dj ldrs gSa \ lksgu % baVjusV ij ge cSafdax] fVfdfVax] 'kkWfiax vkfn vusd dk;Z ?kj cSBs dj ldrs gSaA mÙkjµ eksgu % D;k rqeus dy dk x`gdk;Z iwjk dj fy;k \ eksgu % vjs okg ! fQj rks eSa Hkh baVjusV ls lgk;rk rqeus fdlls lgk;rk yh \ t+:j yw¡xkA /kU;okn fe= ! bruh mi;ksxh lksgu % gk¡] eSaus baVjusV ls lgk;rk yhA tkudkjh nsus ds fy,A 5 eksgu % dSls fe=! ;g D;k gksrk gS \ 2. uksVcanh ls izHkkfor nks xzkeh.kksa dk laokn fyf[k,A lksgu % baVjusV ij lHkh fo"k;ksa ds ckjs esa tkudkjh  [dsoh,l 2018] miyC/k gksrh gSA mÙkjµ gfj;k % egsUæ! dy jkr dks ujsUæ eksnh dk jk"Vª ds uke eksgu % rqEgsa fdlus crk;k \ lUns'k lqukA lksgu % dy tc eSaus vius cM+s HkkbZ ls lgk;rk ek¡xh rks egsUæ % gk¡] lquk] et+k vk x;kA vpkud 500 vkSj mUgksaus eq>s baVjusV ij miyC/k lkexzh ds ckjs esa 1000 #i, ds uksV cUn djds dkyk/ku bdV~Bk crk;kA djus okyksa dh tM+s fgyk nhaA eksgu % vPNk] ;g rks cM+h vPNh ckr gSA gfj;k % Bhd gS ij bldk lcls vf/kd izHkko lksgu % fe=] vc ge viuk dk;Z vklkuh ls dj ikfdLrku ij iM+sxkA vc og vkradokfn;ksa ldasxsA dks 'kj.k ugha ns ik,xkA 1.

baVjusV ds mi;ksx dks ysdj nks Nk=ksa ds e/; laokn fyf[k,A [dsoh,l 2019]

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egsUæ % gk¡ izdk'k] lgh dg jgs gks D;ksafd ikfdLrku dk vkradh laxBu 500 vkSj 1000 ds udyh uksVksa ds }kjk gekjs ;qokvksa dks vkradoknh cukrs FksA ij vc /ku u gksus ls muds ealwcs /oLr gks tk,¡xsA gfj;k % Bhd dg jgs gks ijUrq gekjs ns'k ds usrk rks ckS[kyk jgs gSa D;ksafd dkys /ku ls pquko yM+us dh mudh rS;kjh /kjh jg xbZA egsUæ % lgh ckr gS oSls dqN vPNs ifjorZu djus ds fy, FkksM+h cgqr ijs'kkuh rks mBkuh iM+rh gSA fcuk d"V ds vkuan ugha feyrkA gfj;k % dksbZ ckr ugha ns'k&fgr esa ge uksVcanh dh ijs'kkuh rks mBk gh ldrs gSaA 5 3. fo|ky; esa LoPNrk vfHk;ku dks ysdj nks fe=ksa dk [dsoh,l 2018] laokn fyf[k,A mÙkjµ lq'khy % D;k rqEgsa ekywe gS fd gekjs iz/kkuea=h th us LoPN Hkkjr vfHk;ku pyk;k gS\ lqeu % gk¡] eSaus mlds ckjs esa lquk gS vkSj vkt gekjs fon~;ky; esa Hkh blds ckjs ,d lHkk dk vk;kstu fd;k tk,xkA lq'khy % gk¡] lHkk ds ckn ge yksx vius fon~;ky; dks ,d iw.kZ LoPN fon~;ky; cukuk pkgrs gSaA lqeu % vPNk] D;k ge yksxksa dks Hkh mlesa Hkkx ysuk gS\ lq'khy % gk¡] izR;sd fon~;kFkhZ dks blesa ;ksxnku djuk gSA lqeu % og dSls\ lq'khy % gesa vius vkl&ikl dh txgksa dh lQ+kbZ dh ns[kHkky djuh gSA lqeu % Bhd gS] eSa viuh d{kk esa lgikfB;ksa ls lQkbZ j[kus ds fy, dgw¡xkA lq'khy % dsoy nwljksa dks gh ugha] Lo;a Hkh lQ+kbZ ij /;ku nsuk gksxkA lqeu % gk¡! vkt ls eSa vius cSx] vius twrs dh lQ+kbZ Lo;a d:¡xkA lq'khy % lgh dgrs gksA d{kk esa /;ku j[kuk iM+sxk fd fdlh izdkj dh csdkj pht+sa b/kj&m/kj u fc[kjh gqbZ gksaA lqeu % pyks] vc pyrs gSaA fo|ky; Hkh rks le; ij igq¡puk gSA

181

mÙkjµf'k{kd % (Nk= dh vksj ladsr djrs gq,) jeu! viuk x`gdk;Z fn[kkvksA jeu % (Mjrs gq,) Jheku~! vkt eSa x`gdk;Z djds ugha yk ldkA f'k{kd% D;ksa\ jeu % dy esjh ekrkth dh rfc;r vpkud [kjkc gks xbZ Fkh ftlds dkj.k eSa viuk x`gdk;Z iwjk ugha dj ik;kA f'k{kd% D;k rqe lp cksy jgs gks\ jeu % gk¡ lj! eSa fcYdqy lp dg jgk gw¡ f'k{kd% dksbZ ckr ughaA vc dSlh rfc;r gS ek¡ dh\ jeu % igys ls cgqr lq/kkj gSA f'k{kd% Bhd gS dy] vkt vkSj dy nksuksa fnu dk x`gdk;Z iwjk djds vo'; ykukA jeu % th Jheku~! dy vo'; fn[kk nw¡xkA /kU;okn! 5

vkt vkidh vafre ijh{kk gSA is rks ,slk yx jgk gS fd esjs flj ls cks> gYdk gks x;k gksA lksgu % lgh dgk] dy ls iwjs eghus dh Nqêh Hkh gks tk;sxhA oSls rqEgkjk D;k dk;ZØe gS \ eSa rks eEeh ds lkFk ekekth ds ;gk¡ tkÅ¡xkA vfer % vjs okg! eSa Hkh Nqfê;ksa esa viuh ekSlh ds ;gk¡ tkÅ¡xkA [kwc et+k vk,xk ge nksuksa lkFk&lkFk Nqfê;k¡ fcrk,¡xsA lksgu % vjs gk¡! eSa rks Hkwy gh x;k Fkk fd esjh cM+h ekeh rqEgkjh ekSlh yxrh gSA rc rks [kwc et+k vk,xkA ge yksx [kwc eLrh djsaxsA vfer % vPNk vc pyks] vkt dk isij 'kq: gksus okyk gSA 5 6. lfpu ds fjVk;jesUV dks ysdj vkids vkSj vkids lq'khy % gk¡ pyksA 5 nksLr ds e/; gq, laokn dks fyf[k;sA [lh-ch-,l-bZ- 2016 Term I] 4. vkius viuk x`gdk;Z ugha fd;k gSA bldk dkj.k crkrs gq, f'k{kd ds lkFk gksus okyk laokn fyf[k,A mÙkjµ 'kjn % vjs vfer ! rw bl le; ;gk¡] eq>s rks vk'p;Z gks jgk gS\  [dsoh,l 2018] vfer % D;ksa eSa ;gk¡ vk ugha ldrk D;k \ 5.

182



vksloky lh-ch-,l-bZ- iz'u cSad pSIVjokbl@VkWfIkdokbl] fgUnh ^v*] d{kk&IX 'kjn % vk D;ksa ugha ldrk] vk ldrk gS ij bl le; 8. ^f'k{kd fnol* ij vk;ksftr dk;ZØe dks ns[kdj

rks Hkkjr&ikfdLrku dk fØdsV eSp py jgk gSA mls NksM+dj rw ;gk¡ \ rw rks fØdsV eSp dk nhokuk gSA vfer % lgh dgk ij vc rks etk ugha vkrk D;ksafd Vhe esa lfpu rasnqydj ugha gS uA 'kjn % gk¡W ;kj Bhd dgk] lfpu vkf[kj lfpu gSA dy dh&gh ckr gS dfiy nso dIrku Fkk vkSj 15&16 lky dk Ldwy dk Nk= lfpu ikfdLrku ds f[kykQ+ [ksyus vk;k FkkA vfer % gk¡ vkSj mlus fØdsV ds fy, viuh nloha dh ijh{kk Hkh NksM+ nh Fkh] le; tkrs nsj ugha yxrhA 'kjn % lgh dgkA mlds fjVk;j gksus dh ?kks"k.kk ij rw fdruk jks;k FkkA vfer % gk¡ fe=] eq>s cgqr nq%[k gqvk Fkk mlds tSlk egku fØdsVj lfn;ksa esa vkrk gSA mlds fjVk;jesaV ds ckn esjk eu Hkh fØdsV ls gV x;k gS blfy, eSa vc eSp ugha ns[krkA

fo|kFkhZ izlUu gksrs gSaA ,sls gh fdUgha nks fo|k£Fk;ksa ds e/; gq, okrkZyki dks laokn 'kSyh esa fyf[k,A [lh-ch-,l-bZ- 2015 Term I] mÙkjµ dey % vjs fe= ueu! dgk¡ Fks dy rqe] tkurs gks u f'k{kd fnol ds miy{; esa dy fo|ky; esa fdrus lqUnj&lqUnj dk;ZØeksa dk vk;kstu gqvk Fkk\ ueu % gk¡ fe=! tkurk gw¡] fdUrq nsjh ls vkus ds dkj.k eSa ihNs cSBk Fkk vkSj rqe vkxsA dey % vPNk] eq>s yxk fd rqe ugha vk,A fe= eq>s rks mu dk;ZØeksa esa lcls vf/kd d{kk vkB ds Nk=ksa }kjk izLrqr fd;k x;k ns'kHkfDr ds xhr ij u`R; cgqr ilan vk;kA ueu % gk¡ fe=! og Hkh vPNk Fkk fdUrq eq>s rks d{kk nl ds fo|kFkhZ eksgu }kjk MkW- loZiYyh jk/kk Ï".ku ij nh xbZ tkudkjh vkSj y?kq Hkk"k.k cgqr vPNk yxkA dey % lgh dgk] fe=! rc okLro esa mUgksaus gesa 7. Hkkjrh; laxhr ds izfr vius yxko dks izdV djrs gq, f'k{kd fnol eukus dk lgh dkj.k crk;k vkSj gesa vius f'k{kdksa dk lEeku djus dk lans'k vius nksLr ls gq, laokn dks fyf[k,A Hkh fn;kA [lh-ch-,l-bZ- 2016 Term I] ueu % gk¡ fe=! eSa iz.k ysrk gw¡ fd eSa lnSo vius xq#vksa mÙkjµ izdk'k % vjs iq"isUæ! dgk¡ tk jgs gks\ dh vkKk dk ikyu d:¡xk vkSj mudk lEeku iq"isUæ % vjs] izdk'k! rqe ;gk¡] eSa xkuksa dh lh- Mh- ysus d:¡xkA tk jgk gw¡A dey % lR; dgk fe=! eSa HkhA 5 izdk'k % dkSu&ls xkuksa dh\ 9. fganh fo"k; dh d{kk esa Nk=&Nk=kvksa }kjk 'kkafriwoZd iq"isUæ % fd'kksj dqekj dsA cSBus ds fo"k; esa nks Nk=ksa esa gksus okys okrkZyki dks izdk'k % vjs okg! fd'kksj] eqds'k] jQh o yrk eaxs'kdj fyf[k,A [lh-ch-,l-bZ- 2015 Term I] ds xkuksa dk rks tokc gh ugha gSA mÙkjµ uohu % izoh.k] fe= eq>s fganh dh d{kk esa i