Oss Sabotage and Demolition Manual 0873640055, 9780873640053

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os5 SABOTAGE

& DEMOLITION

MANUAL

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I

oss SABOTAGE

& DETYIOLITION

MANUAT

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TABLE OF

CONTENTS

Page

" " " 'xxi

Introduction CHAPTER

].

EXPLOSIVES

General Information on Explosives"''-' A. Explosives As Agents for Sabotage and Guerrilla warfare. B. Hor fxPlosives work ;: tvpei tt Explosives. D. Technj-cal ferms Relating to Explosive Characteristics Section 2. Military and Comercial Explosives" ' ' ' ' " ' A. Characteristics of Principal Explosives' t. Milltary High Explosives:- Demol"ition Explosives ' ' ' ' '

Section 1.

I. 2. a. 4' 5. c.

Composltion c Serj-es'

retiytot' Nitrostarch'.'.. Amonim Nitrate'

2.

Section 3'

Explosives'

""""''

Nitroqtycerin""" oYnamites. ;l-;;ti;qcelatin' otfrer-ffigh Explosives'

L*'Explosives.'"' a. b.

Black Powder Smokeless Pffder'

Initiating

"""" """ ""'

High Explosj-ves.." a. b. ;. d'

1 1

I

2 3 3

5 5

TNT.

comercial 1.

I

Supplies and Devices'

A. Safety Fuse (Time Fuse) " B. Etectric Squib-. c. Percussion caP....

6

I

10 11 L2

""""'

L2

".'' """' ''""' ""''"'

13

""""'

L7

""' "".'' """""

13 16

I7 17 18

L9

i: "''"'

20

a1]

)

Page Page

D. Slastlng CaP ". 1. 2. 3. 4. ). 6.

Lead Azlde

Morcury Fulminate

40

20

Section 6. Destroying Explosives

\1

Tetryl .. '. .. ; '

2l

Other Exploslvea ..'

2L

PETN . .

2t

General Informatlon on Blastin€! Caps "

2L d+

E. Detmatlng Cord (Priroacord) '... Section )+, Demolition Acceesorieg A, Nonelectrlc

2t

2'

XquiPment

a)

1. CaP Cri.mPer 2. Blastlng CaP Boxes 3. Fuse Li8hter8

B. llectric

2B

29

Equllment

29

tr'lrlng wire

,o

Junper Wire

a. b.

3I

Adheslve Conpould

CaPSeallngConPound

'"'"''''

Detonatlng Cord CliP .

Prlming AdaPter Tape ..

Tvlne

4)+

44

and Assoclated Techniques

a.

Firing

4>

Systens

(1) Safety Fuse Flring Systen . (2) Instanta,neous Firj,ng Systen (3) Delay Firing Syoten b.

Assembling

I) (2) (3) (\) (

Blasting

\,

4,

1. E1ghExplosiveo..,.

Cep

Cast Explosives . .. Plastic Exploslves Cratering Charge . Dynaalte

I+6 .

\7 I+7

Priners

47

..

\7

(u) End Prining (b) sltle Prluing

3r

Eand-TYPe Blasting Machlne EeavY-TYPe Blasting Machlne

xrplosive Reamer

A. General B. Nonel-ectrlc Primlng

30

Machines

C. Miscel}aneous Equlpnent 1' 2, 3. l+. ,. 6, 7,

l+3

\B

\9 50

29

Galvanometer

Blastlng

41

Sectlon 7. Preparation of Explooive Charges

26 27

3, 38

A. Destroying Deurolition Xrploslves B. Destroylng Blasting Cape . .

26 26

a. 1"2 WeatherProof tr'use Lighter b' Fusee Matches '""" c. Matches

I. 2. 3. l+.

20

C. Safety Precautione D. Misflres E. Damagetl Erploeivee

Supplles and Deviees (Continued)

Sectlon 3. Initlating

Sectlon 5. Rules for Eandllng Explosives (Contlnued)

.

Sectlon 5' Bules for Eandling Explosives A. Storage B. Transportatlon

32 32

32 33 33 33 33

,o qo I

c. Prlrning With Detonatlng Corcl

q)

cl. waterproofing Flrlng

,B

Systems

1) Waterproof ing l,tatch-Ip.1tecl Systons (2) Waterprooflng Other Devlceg (

I

,8 ,9

Lou Exploslvee (B1ack Powcler)

60

a, Granular Polltler b. Pellet Poilfler

60 60

3l+ 3)+

34 LV

i

4

Page

Pago

Section J.

Sectlon J. (Continued)

(Cottnuea)

B. Noelectrlc Prirotng

C. Electrlc Prinlng

and Assocleted Tecbniques (Contlnuett)

6I

3. PrePirett cbarges a. General b. Staatlard Chargee

!.

6T

and Aeeoclated Technlques (Continuea)

Porer Calcula,tlons (Applicatlooe of Obmte Law) " '." "

B8

a.

88

Ohnre Lav

noqulrenents for a Serleg

6t+

b.

Calculatlon of

4. Detcratlng Cortl SYetene

67

c.

Calculatlon of Pol{er Requlrenento for a Paral1e1

a. Stralgbt I'laln " b ' ning l4airr

6t

cI.

Calculation of Pover Requlrenents for a Parallel-

C. Electric Prlming

and Aseoclated fechoiques

a. E1ghErplos1ves...' b. T,ov Erploslves (Granular Pel1et Porder) .. .. .

69 69 5g

6. 73

I'

1. General 2, Aeaenbllng Electric Prlnerg

77

a.

7B

aI

.

e.

General

Spllcing Circulte

8o

(1) Serles Circultg ... (al Para1lel anil Parallel-Serlee Clrcults " " '

82 82

Testlng

B,

(1) (2) ( 3) (4)

B,

B

a^

Teeti.ng Clrcults

Testlng Firlng i'llre '. Teetlng Seriee Circuits ' . . Teeting Parallel ancl Parallel-Series ClrcultB

laeting

Machlne Connectiorre

It

B, BT

8?

89

9\ Dual

9' 95 96 96 96

1) Storage Battery (2) FJ.ashlight Batteries ( 3) Baalio Generetors . .. (4) Eouse Current (

?8 ?8

b. c.

Electrlc Dual Firlng Systen Conlblnatlm ( Electric ancl Nonelectrical) Flrlng Syeten Inprovlsed Electrlc Equlpnent

Powtler ancl

89

92 .

a. Wlre .. b. Power .

77

3. I{lr1ng

Clrcult

Serleg Clrcuit .... €. Capaclty of Pover Plants

67

c. Chai:r Maln tt. Junctlon Bor .. . e. Detmetlng Coral C@nectlona "'

Clrcult

Power

96 97 97 97

c, ErpeAlent l{1re Tests

97

Section 8. Calcul-atlon and Placemeut of Chargea

100

A. General .. B. Cutting Stee1 8nd Cast Ir@ 1.

Structural Steel

.

Crogs Sectional Rounds RuIe of Thunb .

Rallroaal Ra1le

2. Cast lrcn 3. Placlng of

101

r01

.SteeL

a. b. c. d.

t_00

.

101 103 r.05

10t 105

rc6

Charge

v1l

J

Page

Sectlon B. Calcul-ation and PlaceEent of Charges (Contlnued)

C. Cutting Tlmber

110

.

I. General 2, CalculatLon of

110

1r0

II5 II5

Section 1I.

1r4

Bres.chlng Charges

115

I. General 2. Breaching

Ir5

a. Breachlng Rad.lus b. Material Factor c. Tanping Factor

.

r16 117

3. Fomula for Breaching the Wtdth of a Base l+. Fomulas for InlenxaL Breachlng Chargee ,. Placement of Breaching Charges 6, Effects of High-b(ptosive Charges E. Cratering I. 2, 3. Sectlon !.

Road Cratering ..... Ambush C"atering

121

t2,

r. $[r ...

2. Pl-astlc Explosives 3. Picrlc Acid l+, Guncotton ,, Nltroglycerin Di-

&

r a I :365 ;8 ciJ F

6o 6J E.!Fo ua--,

5te

a

o

id.,i

Ia

5

ca

tI

q

tE

I

I I

0) 11

6

IJ l6 tP

:!

o

ln I

d fl

50

!

76'- 99.3

r50

i;: ig:

c I 0

d

efi r;r i83^ :c JO

-{;a ,i9

zd

I

o

.- @f ezP

x

at-

I

6

o

i'

---fr-

.il h

Zo'

r51

i:F*,

*{; *K-X,

,. _,:j t,*

Figure !!

L52

A

Figure !l

L53

B

The characteristics of several shaped-charge proJectiles are described belov, along with instructions for disrnantling and prining them.

L. Rifle Grenade, AT, M9AI (See Fig' 97.) a.. Characteristics Sheet steel

Container Llner Material Liner

Figure P5

Figure !6

A

be loaded vlth niscellaneous bits of metal (nuts, bolts, nails, rocks, etc.) and then the mouth of the cavity should be covered with cardboard or fabric to. prevent Loss of the bits of metal vhile the charge is being transported. or emplaced. The charge should be placed with the cavity facing the longitudinal axis of a probable target; ideally, 1t strould be 4 to 6 feet above the surface on which the target is expected to rnove. It should be carefully ained and then anchored vlth a sandbag. When the charge is detonated, the netal in the cavlty will be hurled out at high velocity and will cut a cone-shaped swath in anything in The metal vlll have lethal force for a range of front of it. nore than f0 yard.s.

E. Adapting Shaped Projectiles

antitank rockets and artillery projectiles make ideal sabotage charges. But since there is Little possibifity that slmmetrical detonation can be induced by the detonation of a priner placed against the case or body of the proiectile, the projectile vill have to be partially disassenbled. This is not a hazardous operation as long as the reconnended procedures are folloved.

lr

Llner Thickness

.036 inches

Exploslve

] pouna of 5O-rO Pentolite'

penetrate l] inches of ar:lor plate or 5-9 lnches of nild steel.

b.

Disassembly (See Ffg. !8.)

(f)

Wrap tape around the safety cl1p to prevent accidental

removal of the safetY Pin.

(Z)

Lock with a pipe vrench or vise, as is shovn in Diagrar A'

(l)

Flle or sav through the peen rnark that locks the stabilizer to the head (see Diagra.rn B).

(l+) Renove the head conponent by unscreving it in a counterclockvise direction (see Diagram C). This is as far as disassenbly need proceed. Move the stabllizer -- vhich contains the firlng train, including the detonator and booster pellet -- to a disposal area' Priml

(f)

Techni ue (See

Fie. 99.)

Fashion a cardboard sLeeve to fit

over the head' of the

charge.

(e)

Pack a I pound charge of C-3 or C-l+ lnto the sleeve and tanp it against the booster, leaving sufficient room for

the insertion of a triple-roll or a blasting cap.

L54

)*o

Liner Angle

for Sabotage Purposes

Shaped charge

Cone

Shape

The MlAl grenade wiII

B

Large shaped charges nay be adapted to serve as anti-personnel weapons in anbubh operations. The eavlty of the charge shouLd

MiId steeL

.

Lr5

knot of detonating cord

CONE

. PENTOLITE

-- PRllrER

o€Tof{AroR ,

CREEP SPRING

-*_.STRXER

. -;-

SAFETY FIN

I I

t. -

srAarlrz:R

Figure !B

Lr7

A

tL

ll

Figure PB

158

B

Figure !B

L59

C

The ogive (curve of the head) of thls proJectile assures proper standoff. (thts ts true of all proJectiLes.) It rnay be necessary to lashi.on support legs.

t

K:i,, ,it..'l

ir]*

r,:

2. Rocket,

Fi.gure

!!

.)

800srti t€roiirrcd

HE, AT, 2.36-Lnch, Ivt5A) (See F1g, roo. )

a. Characteristics Container Llner naterlal

.

Copper Cone

Liner angle

\Zo

Llner thlckness

.O!p inches

Explosive

]

pound.

Dlsassernbly (See

'

SAFETY

SAr: I r 0'S"

Llner shape

TUBE

of !O_!O pentolite. arrror

Fig. IO1.)

(f)

Wrap tape around ss,fety bajnd

(2)

Loek

of safety pln.

l,

to prevent accidental renoval

"t tI

vlth a vise or pipe vrench.

(:) File or saw through the tube to the head.

peen nark

I

that locks the

rnotor

Flgure r60

15r

PIN

RrtJG 9tX

FU:'

Sheet steel

The M6A5 _m, AT rocket will penetrate 4 to 5 lnches of plate or 6-10 inches of mild steel.

b.

IY

80!Y

tlNtON

I0O

()+) Renove the head conponent by unscrewing it ln a counterclockwise direction. This is as far as disassembly need proceed. Before the booster and detonator assembly 1s disposed of, the fin the renoval of assenbly should be rex0oved to facllitate the squib and propellant, both of vhich uay be burned. in sone open area.

Priring (Sa.ure 2

as with the rlfle

Rocket, flE, AT, 3.5-inch

grenad.e.

M2BA2

(see

)

'''

Fig. 102.)

-&

a. characterlstics Steel tublng

Container Linerrnaterial Linergbape

..

CoPPer

. . . . : . .

Cone

Llner angle

\zo

Liner thickness

.093 inches

I.B2 Pounds of ConPosi-

Explosive

tion

B.

The M2BA2 EE, AT Rocket wlll penetrate J to B inches of plate or B to te inches of Dild steel.

b. DisassenblY

(See

anmor

Fig. lO3.)

(f)

Although thls rocket has a bore safety feature, it is reconnend"ed that tape be wrapped about the safety band to prevent accid.ental renoval of the safety pin.

(2)

FlIe or saw through the head peen nark which locks the fuse and notor tube to the head.

(:)

Lock the head vj.th a pipe wrench or vise'

(\)

Renove

the fuse and motor tube by unscrewing then in a Place the second wrench counterclockvise dlrectlon. .just behind the safety band, as shovn. The detonator

t62

t

,*s3

Figure I0I

t63

A

Figure IOI

L6J+

B

Figure lOI

L65

C

iil Figure 101 l.66

D

L67

nay remain corolected to the head or it nay unscrew as

part of the notor tube, depending on vhich particular thread is tighter.

9-c

:89

@o@

g

s! 6a 9.9

?t-'i 6 3 9a o@@ Fq c\.1 _o

-8 = "@r c 4 5." Ue; o ?:

O J o !

tb0

Eq

o@@

;tg

rle

EXT

oo@

,1.*.

.

i{, "

,

:*,:

'1. r.

*r,l'ffi

@

i,1' '

u;irif i, , ,, $:t :: !,lf .1, .l: .r ,1 ,' '

$rr',1 rt,,

Figure I0l

169

c.

Prirning

. The detonator nay or may not separate fron the head. In either case, pri,ne the charge as described for the rifle grenade. (The propellant should. be disposed of as in the case of the 2,36i.ncin rocket. )

\.

Artillery

Projectiles

Artillery projectiles should not be disassembl-ed. unl-ess the person perforoing the operation 1s vell- acquainted lrj-th the procedure. Otherwlse, test shots using "doughnut'r priners arranged. about the shell-casing crimp should be used (see Fig. IOL). This technlque . nay be used on the grenade and rocket proJectiles previously discussed when tools necessary for disassenbly are not available. ,.

Prining High-Exploslve

Bombs

and Projectiles

with Shaped Charges

A1I H.E. bonbs and projectiles nay be prined. vith very srna}l (M9rAT Grenade-type) shaped charges. Tbese should be placed.

is

F.

bhown

Unorthod.ox

tn Fig. lO!.

as

Firing of Shaped Charges (See Fig, 106)

Elperience has shovn that shaped-charge Jets retain penetration velocity at d.istances far beyond their noroal standoff. This is particularly true of charges lined" with netal. Experinents conducted wlth the shaped charges taken from various projectiles show that Jets viIL penetrate steel pLates fronn distances of several feet. The d.epth of penetration is, of course, dependent on the standoff. Thls i,s considered quite inportant in that targets such as ships, trai-ns, etc., carrying cargoes of rnunitions, may be attacked without the saboteur's having to lay a hand on the target. Success in attacking nunltion ships, trains, and underground storage bunkers vill depend on the existence of considerable residual Jet energy, -- l.e., after the Jet has penetrated the initial air gap or standoff and the skin or wall- of the ship, boxcar, or bunker, it must still be capable of traveling through several feet of air gap and penetrating the casing of a high-explosive proJectile vith sufficient veloclty to detonate the projectile. The difficulty of aining the highly d.lrectional Jet is sonewhat overcone by detonating a battery of spaced charges simultaneousLy. At this time, there are no d.efinite figures pertaining to the extent of penetration of a particular charge fron various standoff distances. Therefore, it is necessary that,test shots be conducted before this technique is used operationally.

Flgure Method"

of Prlnlng

wlth

IO4

Shaped

ProJectileg

Doughnut Charges

r71

tl

Figure IOtl G.

Inprovlsed ShaPed Charges Any s).trmetrical glass utensll will serve as a suitable cavity liner for irnprovlsed shaped charges. Generally speaking, the nore conical

the shape the better the resulting penetration.; therefore., an inverted custard cup would be better than an inverted water glass, and a wine bottle r^rlth a cavity base better than the inverted. custard cup. Fig. IOI shows how a suitable shaped charge nay be fashioned fron sinple materials. 1.

Fi mrro

I Aq

Method of ?rirning Artillery Projectlles and A,eriaL Bonbs vith Shaped Charge

L72

is divided by burning an oil- or kerosene-soa'ked string tied around the bottle at the desired point of fracture' When burning has contlnued for a rlinute or tvo, the bottle is plunged into cold vater. The bottle

C-l or C-l+ is packed into the bottle and carefully tamped to renove all air pockets around ttre cavity base' The amount of erpfosive used is governed by the diarneter of the cavity' For best results, the explosive should be between two and three cavity dianeters deep.

Warned

L73

3.

To conserve explosive, the top of the charge should be dome shaped; hovever, if the charge is.to be kept for more than a day, or if the temperatue ls unusually high, a flat-topped charge shoufd be

used.

4. A priming knot should be seated within the explosive. To nake sure it rernains centered, a nast nay be taped to the container and the detonating cord priming lead secured to it. 5. If tine pemits, the top of the charge nay be coated with a viscous, quick-drying tar. This wil} add stability to the charge and pre_ vent the prlning knot frofl working foose. 6.

For improvised charges, it has been found. that standoff equal to .J) of the charge dianeter is the nost effective. Standoff legs ilay be nalls, sticks, etc., taped to the container.

Unllned charges are generally considered inefficient, metry of the cavity is difficult to fashion and more naintain. The relative efficiency of unlined shaped conventional Fharges of the sffie explosive sholld be test shots

since the s1m- ' difficult to charges versus

ascertained by

at lea€t one inportant difference, nmely that the Iinear charge has only two sldes 60 there is no jet, or at least not one that is conparable to that of the cylindrical charge. So, although there is an increase in the velocity of the gases within the shape -- vith a corresponding efficlency increase -- a linear charge of a particular weight is not capable of the sane penetration as a cylindrical charge of the sme {eight. t.

ftnprovised Llnear Charges (See Fig. IoB.)

Since linear charges are not issued, it vj-ll be up to the individual to provide hilrself with a suitable hornemade charge' The linear charge should have an apex angle of fron 600 to BOo'

Standoff should be between .5 to .75 of the charge wldth' Copper or zlnc sheeting nay be cut and bent to serve as lining' Window

glass also glves suitable results.

Charges should be packed in a wooden box 1f they are to be sub-

jected. to flefd handling.

The Linear charge is prined by placing a detonating cord knot in the primlng dome, vhich is located at the nidpoint of the top of the charge.

Figure I07 H.

Linear Charges A linear shaped charge may be described as an erplosive nass having a V- or crescent-shaped groove in one side, along its longitudinal axis. Its purpose 1s to cut its length through a target vith less explosive than that required by a conventional charge, While the theory of the linear charge is sinilar to that of the cylindrical charge, there is

L74

Figure

L7'

IOB

CEAPTER

II.

SPECIAI FIRING SYSfEI"f;t

SECTION

A.

].

IMRODUCTION

Genetal

The

electrlc

and rtonelectric

flring

systems discussed

in Chapter T'

these are baslc ln both comercial and rniLitary demolitlonB' While and 61nple assemblles are suLtable for the neiority of sabotage gue-rrf:-fa-varfare requlrements, there are other types of firing n&nner' iystens which serve speclflc purposes ln a more satisfactory systems Thls chapter covers many of tlese speclal types of' fiTing and thetr applicatlon ln paxanilltely operations'

B.

Flring

System

associated vith A flrlng system conslsts of those iterns of equipment trlggerlng action' for l"-.*piiur"" or lncendiary charge vhich.providethe charge' a.f"y, ."a the flnal detonetion or ignltion of

c.

Speclal Firing Systens and Fuses The DrlnclDaL component

of the special firing

system I's the fuse

A fuse is a device which activates the sps'rk or a;i.iila"-"r""). to ignite a d'elay traln or to fire an incendlary or ibr" i"""u""ty are llterally hund'rer1s of such devices Ttrere expfosfve cfrarie. of throighout the vorld'' fhis chapter is compilatlon catalog complete ".r'"ff"n:.u representative fuses and their use6, rather than a the different of procurable items. The knowledge of vhy and hov of

ii,

; rl

t'

t

the saboteur to select or build the type to his needs' or chemical Nonnally, fuses firnction by mechanical, electrical' take-their-.rr."gy Ir' a combination of the three' Fuses generallY etc.). In pressrre, (pull, then triggers that force the ,r"r"J"fro, in a as featr:re' time-delay a include may fuse the mahy cases hours' chemlcal devlce where L compfete reaction may require several of one or more Besides the fuse, a firing system is llkely to consistchemicals' etc' oi trru toilo"inei blasttig Lap, safety fuse, varlous fus-es operate may help

il

device most sultable

l il I

D.

Princlples of

Fuse Operation

that Although fuses differ in design and operation, the actions controi their performance are sirnilar' These are:

Al1 fuses may be handled safely unti-I they are amed' L77

# ii.i'

All.fuses- are tripped, triggered, or set off by

controllable force.

,.t

some

predictabre or

Al-l.fuses function to prod.uce a spark of flame. This is referred to as the initiating action.

4:

'i:

ji l

L Arulng antl Dlsarming Action Armlng action conslsts

of those manlpulatlons

to ready a fuse for flrlng. This includes the iernoval ofneeded. the perhaps the ad.Justurent of a svltch, motor, etc. vlthsafety pin anA vhich uay be equlpped. For those few fuies which are not equlppeda fuse safety pins, arrnlng conslsts merely of. placlng the fuse for with fir_ lng. Replacement

of the safety pin or otherwise rendering a fuse in_

operable is called dlsaming.

)

a

9

B

ii

I l

ir, ,.q

?riggering Action

:1

Trlggering action is that action which causes a fuse to function. It 1s analogous to the trlggering action of a flrearm in that a traLn of events ls set 1n motlon vhen the trlgger 1s actuated. Whlle the trlggering action is nechanlcal tor atf fireams, this ls not so for all fuses. The naJorlty of the fuses d.escribed in thls Handbook are mechanicaUy triggerea, but there are others vhlch rely on electronics, sound., iigh.t,'etc. lYlggering action shoulQ not be confused wlth anming actlon. Fu6es are often arnect and triggered at about the same time, e.g.,

vhen the uechanical clockvork of a fuse ls set in notion the safety pin is withd.rawn, or vice versa. The vinding b;fo;;-, and settlng of the clockvork and the removal of associated safety pins constitutes the armlng action, Setting the clockwork 1it

{

9

t,o\ u-l :F qb

ido 5.d

tF 4 E

3

notion 1s the txlggerlng action. Tnltiati.ng Actlon

Inltlatlng actlon is that action vlrich takes place vlthin the fuse to cause flrlng (the pr?d.uctjon of a spark or the triggering of a seconcl fuse). Nonrally, this action is produced ly"iu"f."ii""f, electrlcal, or cheulcal enerry, or a combination of then. In_ ltlatlng actl.on 1s etther lnstantaneous or d.elayed ("u"Jiel"fOg). fnstantaneous actlon ts accompllshed in the fraction of a following triggerlng. Delay actlon takes place throughoutsecond the pretllctable tlme lapse that .occurs between-triggerlng and. flring.

u8

L79

{,r

F

Categories

of

(Note: Although the ltems described hereln are generally representaifve of the types of fuses avallable throughout the vorld, it inmust this never be assr:med that a knovledge of the fev fuses presented Hendbook qu-allfles an indlvldual to attempt to disann a strange

tr'uses

Afl fuses discussed in this Handbook are classified 1n one of the following categories: (l) general purpose fuses, [rl---"n""f"i' purpose fuses, and (3) homemade fuses.-

devlce. )

I. General purpose Fuses ce'erar purpose fuses ane those smarr firing clevices that are available in quantity and which may be used in a nrmber of dlfferent ways. All of the nechanical fuses that are generally referred to as booby-trap svitches fatl vlthin this categor!, do the snrall delay devices issued to niLitary and paramilitary as forces (see Section 2). 2.

Special purpose fuses are those fuses which are designed espe_ clally for use in .ne tlTe/of operation,.e.g., train deraiJ-ients, altacks on ?tircraft, etc. (see Scciir:n j).

3. I"r=:d. i:tfuses ar-^ those d.evices !-hicir are tashioned by field" personnel. Ir_ the najority of cases it voufdin the flerd be technically correct to say that the homemade device is a special p;;;". fuse, in that it is conceivecl and constructerj to suii a definiie operational circunstance (see Section )+). Homemade

A.

2.

B.

1. Pull

t'ooby

Fuses

Pul-l fuses are designed to fire vhen a mechanical pull is exerted

their triggerlng mechanism. a. Pull Fuse Ml (f're. IIo) (

1)

uses:

(") Pull-t1pe booby trap6. (b) Lanyard flrlng device. (") Fuse }ighter. (a) Miscellaneous.

GENERAT PIIRPOSE I,USES

General The najority of the fuses descrtbed in this Section were designed for the use of military forces as firing devices for booby t".ps JnA .rii_ personnel rnines, (The uses to vhich a saboteur may put a particular fuse and the techniques as'ociated vith those uses are discussed following the description of the devlce.) Because paramilitary forces ile sumetlmes_forced to disarm, wlse render hamtess, booby trdps and Ap (antip".uor.ruij ;i";; or other_ a;;"" effect penetration of target areas or to acquire mines or expfosire charges f'or their own operations), a knowledge of why and froir certain of_ the booby traps and mines operate may be ilelpful in neutrallzi"gothers not discussed in this Handbook.

Figure IlO 1BO

(f)

Booby Trap Fuses

on

Special Pwpose Fuses

SECTTON

General purpose fuses are classlfied in the follovlng order: trap fuses, (e) aeray fuses, and (l) nlscellaneous fuses'

lBI

s#{i ,! iil i

(z)

Functioning:

(u) A 3- t9

(b) 5-powrd

pull on the pull ring

compresses

(U) This permtts the split head" of the striker to slip through the collar. (") The strlker is driven onto the percusslon cap by the strlker spring. (

(")

re_

Renove

the safety pins.

strlker

4. Tightly b1nd. the haLves of the fusp to the snout - vith a rubber band or piece of cord. (d) Mlscellaneous uses (Flg. II3) lflth a fev nails and slmple tools, this device can be arranged to functlon as a pull-release or pressure switch.

Installation: (") Pull-type Booby-Trap Firlng

(Note: Whenever possible, dual flring systeus 56lsed. )

Systen

Afflx the fuse to a statl.onary object by tying it to the stationary obJect vlth a eord. or rlre t'hich is passed through the anchor recess.

?. Attach a trip vire to the pull rlng ancl extend. lt to a ctlstan! anchor polnt. (The trip vlre shoultl be about a foot above the grounai ) 1.

Do

not draw the trlp vire so tight that lt

the head safety pln to blnd.

r82

t

end of a length of safety fuse through the povder train, as is shovn 1n Fig. fl2.

Split the

shovn,

shoul-d.

(a) Re-cock the fuse by pushing the striker back into the case vith an unsharpened. penci.l or stmi-Iar in_ sirunent until the release pln is 4e_seaterl. (.) Insert safety plns and screw in base.

l.

tlghter (rre. rLe)

2. Plaee a natehhead. at the apex of the split, belng - careful not to dlsturb too Buch of the ponder. 3. Positton the splrt fuse so that the end of the - cr'lxnp snout rests against the matchhead, as

in this posltion.

The

Fuse

!. -

the stand.ard base and invert it. Insert the crttxd snout so that it faces the flring pln.

(") PulI outvard on the pull ring. strlke the base sharply.

(4)

")

Remove

Hold. the base

(b)

their design pernits

Syste!0 (Fi.g. 111)

pin.

Testing: Fuses should be tested when cocking,

Flring

t. Affix the fuse to a stationary obJect. 2. Attach the vire lanyard to the puII rlng and extend it to the covered posltlon from where lt will be pulled. 3. It 1s advlsable to substitute a smafl nall - equipped vlth a lanyard for the posltive safety

the release pin 6prj.ng and the release pln from the split head of the "emoves striker.

(3)

Lanyard-type

causes

( 5)

should

Prinlng:

(")

Remove

the base and strip the waterproofing material

from the criuP snout.

(b) In6ert the snout into the open end of the blasting cap and crimp.

(") Attach the base to the fuse. (d) Insert the blasting cap in the charge or nection with the detonating cord. r83

make

a

con-

's' t

ii:'

ir

fi

$ c.

&

I

$

Flgure

$

(Note: The eta'nalerd. base Le threactetl to flt the 'it""ir"g cap vell6 of severel standard exploslve blocke, ao rrell as of grenades')

ri

Ft

iri

si

112

(6)

Armlng:

(a) \-' t

Remove

the heatt safety pin'

If lt

does not

pull

should be o"t-.""ffv,- the teneLon of the trlp vlre the renove trouble, the not is tlr" it relaned. Bts.ndarA base and re-teet the devlce'

(l) 'nenove tbe po8ltlve safety pln' If thL8 does not pufl out ..-"11y, the heed eafety pln- sh::fd :,:.i:ii"""a 6.nat the ievlce re-teated. CAUITON: Under

F{

i

:t

rU

h = b h

pln ln

(r)

case !t1

DlsarElng:

InBert botb safety plno. It i6 advloable to reliace tte posltivl safety pln flr6t' Small nalls s.re ldeel for dlgam1ng. (t) Dlsconnect the trlp wlres, after both entts have been e:carnlaecl for etttlltlonal traps'

(.)

(")

Separste the fuse and the charge'

(d)

Renoove

iN;i;t

the Do

etanttaral base snd blastlng cap together' remove the cap from the

not attet4)t to

base. )

1&+

/

185

b. Brltlsh Pull

Fuse

tu.

l+

(frg. IIl+)

O

h p

\

b0

tq

\ (r)

Uses:

(Sane as

for Pull

Fuee MI.)

(2) Functlonlng:

(") A 5- to B-pounct pull rlthtlrars the U-ctrlp fron the baII end of the strlker. (b) The compreesed strlker sprlng drlve6 the strl"ker onto the Percus61on caP.

(3)

Teetlng:

(")

rob

Remove the base. (Nottce that thls bsse Ls equlppe'l vlth a sprlng snout.)

r87

(l)

Exert enough tension on the U-clip to center the safety pln in the vertical slot. Rernove the safety pln,

(5) Arnlng: (Sane as

Re-cock

the fuse by pushlng the striker into the

far as lt viII go. The ball end of the strlker ra'll] protrud.e fron the opposite end. of the case as

(?) Dlserolng: (")

case.

(") Align the safety pln recess in the ball end of the striker vlth the safety ptn slots of the case. Fit the U-cl-lp over the ball end of the striker. (f)

Relax tenslon on the striker and. allov it to come forward about one-quarter in'ch. This a'il1 align

the safety pin slots with the recess in the ball of the strlker.

(g) Insert the safety pin and replace the ( l+)

base.

RePIace

the safetY Pin.

(t) Proceetl as descrlbed for the PuIr Fuse-Ml. (19!90 Ttre blastlng cap can be removed froE the spring snout.')

c. end.

Fuse MI.)

(Note: much or too llttle tenslon on the U-cllp vlII 'iiEventToo the eaey removal of the safety pin') CAUIION: Never force a Ja@ed safety pln'

(") Place the striker end of the d.evice on a board. or . other flat surface and pull outward on the U-clip. ' the firing pln should strike the board sharply. (d)

for Pull

Rueglan

Pull

Fuse Mt]V (f'fg. I15)

(Note: 16 Eiuilax to the Gerran ZZ-\2 fuse, t}Je 'TTC[talaTtriB fuseantlpersorurel mlne fuse, and the Flnnish pul1 l-pound fuee. )

Installation: (Sarne

as for PulI Fuse Ml.)

(tlolS,

The spring snout is an excellent receptacle for safety fuse; the sprlng prongs dig into the fuse covering and thus prevent the fuse from being pulled out of the T arlng cevace . ,l

(

i) Prlning: fhe proced.ure for priuj-ng thls device 1s in general ldentical with that for the FuIl Fuse MI. A-n exceptlon ls the blastlng cap connection. Wlth this d.evice, the open end. of a blasting cap is lnserted into the sprlng

snout and pushed to unnecessary to tape

its proper seating positlon. It is or othervj.se bind snout and cap together. The tension exerted. by the spring prongs of the Enout ls usually euffielent to hold the tvo together. (Note: This connectlon is not vater-reslstant.)

1::' ffr-" Figure

188

t

1@

111

(1)

U6es: (Sa.rne

(2)

(5) Arnlns: as for PuIl Fuse MI.)

(")

Functlonlng:

that the trlp wlre 16 looee'

A 1- to 2-pound pull vlthdraws the puII pin, allowlng

(t)

the compressed strlker sprlng to drive the strlker onto

a percusslon cap. (3)

(Z)

Testing:

Compress the strlker sprlng by exerting an axlal' puII on the tTanslt pln. Malntaln the tenslon aJrd. lnsert the pull pin in the lower pin recess of the striker rod. Relax the tension.

(4)

the metal sleeve.

DloarrolnS:

maY

(t) d.

be cut.

(Note: fh13 fuse may be set vlth a taut trlp vlre iltt""h"d to the outer pi-n recess and wlth the pull pln removed. When set tbis vay, the fuse vlIIfilnction when the attached trlp vlre 1s cut' In thl6 case, lnsert a Eafety pin 1n the pull pln Tecess bei'ore cutting the trlp vi're')

'

(b) Place the fuse on a board or simil-ar flat sr:rface so that the strlker rod. points upvard. pull the pull pln fion lts recess. Ttre strlker shoutd strike the board sharply.

Remove

(") After assoclated trlp vlres have been lnspected for adctttlonal booby traps aili found to be clear, they

Ttre fuse necharisu 1s shlpped separately from the cap and d.etonator assembly. Do not handle the cap md detonator assembly while maklng this test.

(")

the safety plnr after checkl-ng to see that the pu1l p1n 1e vell seated vlthln lts recess a'ntl

Remove

Japanese

Separate the fuse from the exploslve charge and lurscrew the cap and d-etonator assembly'

FTlctlon

tr'uBe

Lighter No. e (f'f8' ff6)

Installation: (Sane as

for Pull

Fuse M1.)

(NgjS, This fuse cannot be used to lgntte safety fuse.)

6)

Prining:

(")

Repeat step

(U)

the trarrsit pin and place the metal sleeve or spacer on the striker rod.. Insert the safety pln lnto the upper pin recess.

(a) of the test procedure.

Remove

(") Screv the cap and d.etonator of the fuse.

assenbLy

lnto the

base

(d) Insert the iletonator in an explosive charge or comect it to detonating cord.. Figure lI5 190

191

The friction ignition principle is used by many comtries. Generally speaking, this type of mechanlsm is more susceptible to moisture contamination than percussion_t1pe fuses.

(r)

2. Fresgure

uses: (Sarne

(a)

(")

the fuse f"om the maln

a,

Fuses.

Pressure Fuse MlAl (frg.

uT)

A pull of approximately LO pomds on the pull ring detaches the end cap and draws the coated silk cord

through a friction

compormd.

(U) T'his produces a shower of sparks that wiLL inltiate safety fuse and blasting caps.

(r) Testing: (") (l*)

This is a one-time fuse and therefore no test other than lnspection can be made.

Installation:

fillfi[n

6mlNo

(Sane as for Pull Fuse MI.)

(5)

(6)

(")

Insert the blasting cap or safety fuse in the base receptacle.

(t)

Connect to the main chuge.

CAP

M

Aming: (")

(T)

}rt$IU*E

Priming:

Since there are no safety pins to remove, anning consists of placing the device in a firing posltion.

Disarming:

(")

(b)

If the end cap is.tl.etached from the case or it the vaxed paper seal has been broken, the cap should be ful1y seated and. secwed in place vith a tun of tape. Discomect assoclated trip l,rires after they have

been fomd clear of other devlces.

L92

charge.

Pfessltre fuges are deslSned. to fire yhen pressure i6 exerted' on thelr trlggerlng mechanlsms.

as for pull Fuse Mt.)

Functionlns: (")

Remove

Flgure ll7

793

i

(t) truse llghters.

(r)

(z)

(3)

Uses:

Booby traps.

(l)

Fuse lighters.

(")

Improvised mines.

Iuprovisetl nlneB for cleralluent of tralng (eee Flg. 118). Thls technlque shoulct be tested vlth lnert but operabl-e fuses at the actrral cleralluent site. Thlg ehoultt be tlone to ascertsln thatr lrhen a traln pa6se6, the track Eettles sufflclently to flre the ilevlce.

Fmctioning: (")

Pressue of 20 pounds or more on the presswe cap causes compression of the trigger spring as the trigger pin is forced into the case.

(t)

Ttre strtker is released as soon as the narrov portion of the trigger pin's keyhole slot d,isengages'the striker-rod groove.

(")

The striker is driven fomard onto the percussion cap by the striker spring.

Testing: (")

Remove

(b)

Remove

(")

Apply pressr:re to the pressure cap. The striker should strike the base sharply.

(a)

(4)

(")

(")

ttre standmd base and place as outlined in the Pull Fuse lvfl test. the sefety clip and the safety pin.

To re-cock, push the striker

into the case with an mshapened pencil or similar tool. The trigger pin must be depressed at the same time, so that the striker rod. may pass through the eye of the keyhole slot.

(u)

ReIu pressr:re on the pressure cap, to pennit the narrow portion of the keyhole slot to engage the groove in the striker rod.

(f)

RepLace

Itgure (5) r"rinlns:

(") Secure the fuee to a a ffuft base. (t)

(")

the safety clip and pln. \

Booby trap and improvised antivehicLe mines.

wootlen board.

that

Equlp the base with a blaetlng cap entl connect tbe prlmed fuee to the daln charge.

(t)

If the extenslon roal 16 bel-ng used., adJust it to flt snugly betneen tbe pressure cap and the other obJect bel-ng uoecl, then back lt off one-quaxter turn. If the clip does not pull Remove the Bafety cllp. off easlly,