Orientalizing Sculpture in Soft Limestone from Crete and Mainland Greece 9780860540168, 9781407347127
182 102 37MB
English Pages [244] Year 1978
Front Cover
Copyright
PREFACE AND ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
TABLE OF CONTENTS
LIST OF PLATES
LIST OF FIGURES
INTRODUCTION
Part I CRETAN ORIENTALIZING SCULPTURE IN SOFT LIMESTONE
CHAPTER 1 THE EARLY ORIENTALIZING SCULPTURES
CHAPTER 2 THE DEDALIC SCULPTURES
CHAPTER 3 THE POST-DEDALIC SCULPTURES
PART II MAINLAND ORIENTALIZING SCULPTURE IN SOFT LIMESTONE
CHAPTER 4 BOIOTIA
CHAPTER 5 LOKRIS
CHAPTER 6 THE PELOPONNESE
PART III TECHNIQUE, TYPES AND CONCLUSIONS
THE TECHNIQUE
THE TYPES
CONCLUSIONS
NOTES FOR PART III
ABBREVIATIONS
BIBLIOGRAPHY
ILLUSTRATIONS
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Orientalizing Sculpture in Soft Limestone from Crete and Mainland Greece
Lauren Adams
BAR Supplementary Series 42 1978
British Archaeological Reports 122, Banbury Road, Oxford OX2 7BP, England
GENERAL EDITORS A. C. C. Brodribb, M.A. Mrs. Y. M. Hands
A. R. Hands, B.Sc., M.A., D.Phil. D. R. Walker, M.A.
B.A. R. Supplementary Series 42, 1978: "Orientalising Sculpture in Soft Limestone from Crete and Mainland Greece" © Lauren Adams, 1978
The author’s moral rights under the 1988 UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act are hereby expressly asserted. All rights reserved. No part of this work may be copied, reproduced, stored, sold, distributed, scanned, saved in any form of digital format or transmitted in any form digitally, without the written permission of the Publisher. ISBN 9780860540168 paperback ISBN 9781407347127 e-book DOI https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540168 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library This book is available at www.barpublishing.com
PREFACE AND AC KNO WLEDGE MENTS
The s tudy t hat f o lows w as s ub m it n more o r l ess i t s p resen t f or m a s l ted i ad octora l t hes is t o Harvard Un ivers ity i n 1 974, a nd h as b een amended a nd u pd ated i n 1 97 7/8 . The p urpose o f my s tudy w as t o i nvest igate t he o r ig ins a nd e ar ly d evelopmen t o f l imestone s cu lpture i n Greece , a nd t o d iscover what i t s r elat ionsh ip was t o t he d eve lop men t o f monu men ta l s cu lp ture t here. l imestone o r marb le? t ure i n Greece?
Wh ich h ad p r ior ity ,
Was Egypt ian i nf luence d ec is ive a t t he b irth o f s cu lp-
o r t he i m ita t ion o f N ear Eastern minor a rt s, r esu lt ing i n
t he i ncep t ion o f t he Dedal ic s ty le? The o r ig ina l i n ten t ion w as t o f ocus t he s tudy o n t echn ica l a spects o f t he s cu lptures.
Bu t i ts oon b eca me a pparen t t ha t p roper u nderstand ing o f t he
t echn ique was imposs ib le u n t i l t he d at ing o f many o f t he s cu lptures h ad b een r e-exa m ined i n t he l i ght o f t he l ast d ecades ' d iscover ies i n t he f i e ld o f m inor a rts, b oth Greek a nd o r ien ta l.
Th is r e-assess men t f or ms t he b ulk o f t he work ,
a nd h as a t t he s a me t ime t hrown l i gh t o n t he r econstruc t ion o f s o me o f t he a rch itectura l s cu lptures. I tg ives me c ons iderab le p leasure t o r ecal ere t he g eneros ity o f t he l h many p eop le who h ave h elped me w ith my work . Iam i ndebted t o Dav id Mitt en a nd G . M. A . Han fmann o f Harvard f or t he ir h elp i n t he e arly s tages; t o J ohn Board man f or t he e nd less t ime, a dv ice, i deas a nd mater ia l made a va i lab le t o me ;
t o Brun ilde R idgway f or i nsp ira t ion a lways , a nd p art icu larly
f or h er c onv ic t ion t hat t h is s hould s o me d ay b eco me a b ook ;
a nd t o t he L in-
c o ln Archaeo log ica l Trust f or l eave o f a bsence. Desp ite a n u mber o f p er ipatet ic y ears In ever l acked t he f ac i l it ies f or r es earch , a nd f or t h is Imust t hank J ohn Board man , R . E . Wycher ley , J ohn Ea mes a nd A . M. S nodgrass among o thers. S . A lex iou, N ancy Book id is, O scar Broneer, K . De mekopou lou , G . Don tas , S haron Herbert , M iss I onann idou , J a mes R . McCred ie, E . S akel is , l arak Char les K . Wil nd N . Y a lour is w ere a l k ind e nough t o g ran t me a dm itlia ms a l t ance t o museu m s tore roo ms a nd t o h elp i n l oca t ing , mov ing a nd p ho tograph ing s cu lptures. Iwou ld l ike t o t hank a l t he f o low ing f or p rov id ing i lustra t ions a nd f or l l l g ran t ing p er m iss ion t o p ub l ish : 1 5 , 1 7-18, 2 1b a nd 3 5 ;
J ohn Board man f or F igure 9 a nd P lates 1 3-
N ancy Book id is f or P lates 2 9-30 ;
F iona Ca meron f or
P lates 2 2 a nd 2 7 ( pub l ished w ith t he p er m iss ion o f t he Thebes Museu m ); l ect Cost is Davaras f or P lates 1 -4 a nd 1 6 f ro m h is own s tudy c ol ion ; F ran tz f or P lates 2 3 a nd 2 8;
a nd Ange l ik i L ebess i f or P lates 1 9-20 ;
A l ison P lates
2 4-26 , 3 2-33 a re r eproduced b y c ourtesy o f t he Deu tsches a rchUo log isches I nst itu t , A then ;
P lates 3 1a-b b y c ourtesy o f t he Musee d u L ouvre ;
P late 3 4
b y c ourtesy o f t he Mus e d u L ouvre ; P la te 3 4 b y c ourtesy o f t he A thens N at iona l Archaeo log ica l Museu m . ; a nd P lates 5 -12 b y c our tesy o f t he S cuo la Archeo log ica I t a l iana d i A tene. Mar ion Cox d rew F igures 1 4, 2 7 , 3 7 , 5 1, 6 3 a nd 6 4; a uthor ' s .
t he o thers a re t he
CONTENTS
Page Preface a nd Acknow ledge men ts Con ten t s L ist o f P lates vi i
L ist o f F igures I ntroduct ion
1
Notes t o I n troduc t ion
2 PART I
CRETAN OR IE NTAL IZING S C ULPTURE I N SOFT L I MESTONE Chap ter 1
THE EARLY OR IENTAL IZING S CULPTURES
The Head f ro m Amn isos
5
The Rel ief P laques f rom K han ia le Tekke
8
T he Chan ia Rel ief
1 1
T he Techn ique o f t he Earl iest S cu lptures
1 3
N otes t o Chap ter 1
1 4
Chap ter 2
THE DEDAL IC S CULPTURES
T he Ear ly Archa ic S cu lptures f ro m Gortyn
1 9
The Half-Rel ief S tatue f ro m Mal l es
2 9
The Auxerre S tatuet te
3 2
The S tatue f ro m Astr its i
3 5
The E leu therna S tatue
3 7
The Pr in ias S tela i
4 1
N otes t o Chap ter 2
4 9
Chap ter 3
THE POST-DEDAL IC S CULPTURES
The S eated S tatue f rom Gu led iana
6 4
The S cu lp tures f ro m T e mp le A a t Pr in ias
6 5
The Gorgone ion Protome f ro m Dreros
7 8
The Axos Head
8 0
Two B ird S cu lptures f ro m Amn isos
8 5
N otes t o Chap ter 3
9 1
Page PART I MAINLAND OR IENTAL IZING S CULPTURE I N SOFT L I MESTONE Chap ter 4
BO IOTIA
The S tone Tr ipod Vessels f ro m P la taea
1 09
The Deda l ic S tatue f ro m t he P toan S anctuary
1 10
The S ta tue f ro m L ia tan i ( Sk i matar i )
11 1
Co lumnar Torso f ro m Tanagra
13 1
Der mys a nd K ity los
16 1
N o tes t o Chap ter 4
17 1
Chap ter 5
LOKR IS
The S cu lptures f ro m Ha la i
1 21
The Re l ief f ro m Ma less ina
1 24
The S eated S tatuet te, L ouvre 3 100
1 24
Notes t o Chap ter 5
1 26
Chap ter 6
THE PELOPONNESE
The L ion Waterspou t f ro m O ly mp ia
1 28
The S eated S tatue f ro m Hagh iogeorg it ika
1 30
Notes t o Chap ter 6
1 30 PART I I
TECHN IQUE, TYPES AND CONCLUS IONS 1 34
THE TECHN IQUE Ma ter ia l a nd Ter m ino logy
1 34
Tr i mm ing
1 35
Too l ing
1 37
F in ish ing
1 38
Co lour
1 39
THE TYPES
1 41
CONCL U S IONS
1 42
No tes t o Part I I
1 43
Abbrev ia t ions
1 47
B ib l iography
1 49
l I lus tra t ions
1 75
P lates
1 77
F igures
2 12
i v
L IST OF PLATES
P la te 1 , 2
P age L i mes tone h ead f ro m t he s anc tuary o f Z eus Thenatas , Amn isos . Museu m n o . 3 45 .
1 77, 1 78
H erak l ion , Archaeo log ica l
H eigh t 0 .18 m .
Pho to f ro m
C os tis Davaras . 3 , 4
Fr ieze f ro m Chan ia .
Chan iaM useu m n o . 9 2.
1 79, 1 80
H eigh t 0 .40 m , w id th 0 .80 m . P hoto f ro m C os t is Davaras . 5
S cu lptures f ro m t he a rcha ic s anc tuary o n t he a cropol is o f G or tyn . a nd n o. 1 0 ( 0 .17 ). Museu m.
1 81
G or tyn n o . 3( 0 .29 m h igh ) Herak l ion , Archaeo log ical
P hoto f ro m S cuo la Archeo log ica
I t al iana d i A tene. 6
S cu lptures f ro m t he a rchaic s anc tuary o n t h r a cropolis o f G or tyn .
182
G or tyn n os . 4( 0 .21 m . _
1 5 ( 0 .03 ) , 1( 0 .08 ) , 2(0 .09 ) , a nd 1 2 ( 0 .06 ). H erak lion , Archaeolog ica l Museu m .
P hotos f ro m
S cuo la Archeo log ica I ta l iana d i A tene. 7
S cu lptures f ro m t he a rchaic s anc tuary o n t he a cropol is o f G or tyn . a nd 1 3 ( 0 .13 ) .
1 83
G or tyn n os . 1 1 ( 0 .12 m h igh )
Herak lion , Archaeolog ica l Museum .
P ho tos f ro m S cuo la Archeo log ica I tal iana d i A tene. 8
S cu lpture n o . 8f ro m t he a rcha ic s anctuary o n t he a cropolis o f G or tyn . Museu m n o . 3 85 .
184
H erak l ion , Archaeo log ica l
H eigh t o f 8 a 0 .48 m , 8 b 0 .40 m .
P hotos f ro m S cuo la Archeo log ica I tal iana d i A tene. 9
S cu lp ture n o . 9 fro m t he a rcha ic s anctuary o n t he a cropol is o f Gor tyn . Museu m n o . 3 79.
1 85
H erak l ion , Archaeolog ica l
H eigh t 1 .50 m .
P hoto f ro m
S cuo la Archeo log ica I tal iana d i A tene. 1 0, 1 1
S cu lp ture n o . 7 fro m t he a rcha ic s anc tuary o n t he a cropolis o f G or tyn . Museu m n o. 3 80 .
1 86, 1 87
H erak l ion , Archaeo log ica l
H e igh t 0 .80 m .
Pho tos f ro m
S cuo la Archeo log ica I tal iana d i A tene. 1 2
S cu lptures f ro m t he a rchaic s anc tuary a t G or tyn . Gor tyn n os . 5( 0 .22 m h igh ) , 1 6 ( 0 .20 ) a nd 6 ( 0 .05 ). H erak lion , Archaeolog ica l Museu m . S cuo la Archeo log ica I tal iana d i A tene.
P ho tos f ro m
1 88
P la te
P age 1 3a
The Auxerre s ta tuet . te n o . 3 098 .
1 89
Par is , Musge d u L ouvre
H eigh t w i th b ase 0 .75 m .
Pho to f ro m
J ohn B oard man . 1 3b
S ta tue f ound n ear As tr i ts i . l og ica l Museu m n o . 4 07.
1 89
H erak l ion , ArchaeoH eigh t 1 .04 m .
Photo
f ro m J ohn B oard man . 1 4 ,15
1 90 , 1 91
S ta tue f ro m E leu therna . H erak l ion , Archaeol og ica l Museu m n o . 4 7. H eigh t 0 .58 m .
Photo
f ro m J ohn B oard man . 1 6
S ta tue f ro m Gu lediana . H e igh t 0 .485 m .
1 7 ,18a
R ethy mnon Museu m .
L in te l f ro m T e mp le A , P r in ias .
H erak l ion ,
Archaeo log ica l Museu m n o . 2 31. 0 .26 m . 1 8b
192
Pho to f ro m C os tis Davaras . 193, 1 94
H eigh t o f s ha f t
Pho tos f ro m J ohn Board man . 1 94
F r ieze f ro m Te mple A , Pr in ias . H erak l ion , Archaeo log ica l Museu m n o . 2 32. H eigh t 0 .84 m . Pho to f ro m J ohn Board man .
1 9 ,20
H ead f ound n ear t he t e mple o f Aphrodi te , Axos . H erak l ion , Archaeolog ica l Museu m .
1 95 , 1 96
H eigh t 0 .16 m.
Photos f ro m Ange l ik i L ebess i. 2 1
Thenatas , Amn isos .
H erak l ion , Archaeo log ica l
Museu m n os . 3 81 a nd 3 82. B oard man , a nd ( a ) , 2 2
1 97
B ird s cu lptures f ro m t he s anc tuary o f Z eus
( c ) ,
Photos ( b ) f ro m J ohn
( d ) b y t he a u thor .
Two t r ipod v essels f ound n ear P la taea . Thebes Museu m n o . 1 9 ( heigh t 0 .37). Thebes Museu m n o . 2 0 ( heigh t 0 .38 m ).
( a ) , ( c ) ,
( b ) :
1 98
( d ):
Photos
f ro m F iona C a meron . 2 3
lo P S ta tue f ro m t he s anctuary o f Apol toos . A thens , N a tiona l Archaeo log ica l Museu m n os . 2 /3 . h eigh t 1 .45 m .
2 4-26
199
Res tored
Pho tos f ro m A lison Fran tz.
S tatue f ro m L ia tan i ( Sk i ma tar i ) n ear Tanagra . Thebes Museu m n o . 2 29.
H e igh t 0 .35 m .
200-202
Pho to f ro m
Deu tsches a rchäolog isches I ns ti tu t , A then . 2 7
T orso f oundnear t he n ecropol is o f Tanagra . Museu m n o . 3 6.
H eigh t 0 .64 m .
Thebes
203
Photos f ro m F iona
C a meron . 2 8
The monu men t o f Der mys a nd K i ty los , f ro m t he Koka l i n ecropo l is a t Tanagra . Archaeo log ica l Museu m n o . 5 6. Photos f ro m A lison Fran tz.
v i
A thens , Na t iona l Heigh t 2 .00 m .
2 04
P la te
P age 2 9
S ta tuet te f ro m t he a cropo lis o f Ha la i , i n L okr is : Ha la i n o . 1 . 0 .21 m .
3 0
F or mer ly Thebes Museu m .
2 05
H eigh t
P ho to f ro m N ancy Book id is .
S ta tuet te f ro m t he a cropol is o f H a la i i n Lokr is : Ha lal n o . 2 .
Thebes Museu m .
2 06
H eigh t 0 .185 m .
Photo f ro m N ancy B ook idis . 3 1a
te s S tatuet a id t o c o me f ro m C ha lk is . Musee d u L ouvre n o . 3 100 .
Par is ,
2 07
H eigh t 0 .20 m .
Photo f ro m Musge d u L ouvre. 3 1b
Re l ief f ro m Ma less ina i n L okr is . d u L ouvre n o . 3 099.
P ar is , Mus e
H eigh t 0 .37 m .
2 07
Pho to f ro m
Mus e d u L ouvre . 3 2 ,33
L ion wa terspou t f ro m O ly mpia . L eng th 0 .79 m .
O ly mpia Museu m .
208, 2 09
Pho tos f ro m Deu tsches a rchäo-
l og isches I ns t i tu t , A then . 3 4
S ta tue f ro m H agh iogeorg i t ika , n ear T egea i n Arcadia . n o . 5 7.
210
A thens , N a tiona l Archaeo log ica l Museu m H eigh t 0 .83 m .
Photo f ro m A thens
Na t iona l Archaeolog ica l Museum . 3 5a
De tai l o f av ase f ro m A fra t i ( Arkhades ). l i on , Archaeo log ica l Museu m .
H erab .
2 11
Pho to f ro m J ohn
Board man . 3 5b
Pa in ted p inax f ro m G or tyn .
H erak l ion , Archaeo-
l og ica l Museu m . Photo f ro mJohn B oard man .
i v i
211
L IST OF F IGURES
F igure 1
P age B one a nd i vory e yes f ro m t he s anc tuary o f Z eus Thena tas a t Amn isos .
2 12
t T he e ye f i t ing t he l imes tone
h ead f ound a t Amn isos i s o n t he l ower l e f t .
Fro m
Mar ina tos , P rak t ika 1 936 , 8 4 f ig . 3 . 2
t es N ear E as tern b ronze s ta tuet , ( b ) a nd ( c ) i n B er l in .
( a ) i n H a mburg , a nd
212
t i he P las t ik i l er Fro m M il , F r.
p l . 3 7 f ig . 3 80 , p l . 3 8 f ig . 3 86 , a nd p l . 3 9 f ig . 3 92 . 3
B ronze s ta tuet ro m H a ma . F ro m B arnet te f t,
2 12
N i mrud I vor ies , 4 8 f ig . 1 3 . 4
W arr ior f ro m a r el ie fat K ara tepe.
Fro m B osser t ,
2 12
K ara tepe p l . 1 3 .64 . 5
R epoussg c opper p laque f ro m U rar tu , now i n M iss our i .
6
212
F ro m MUSE 8 ( 1974 ) 7 .
Re l ie f p laque i n s o f t l oca l s tone f ro m Khan ia le T ekke , 0 .11 m w ide .
213
F ro m Hu tch inson , B oard man , BSA 4 4
( 1 954 ) p l . 3 0 .76. 7
T erracot ead f ro m t he s anc tuaryof A pol ta h l o Amykl a ios .
8
213
F ro m A lscher , G r iech ische P las t ik I , f ig . 3 36 .
B ronze g rif ro to me f ro m P raenes te . fin p
Fro m
213
J an tzen , G r iech ische Grei fenkessel P l . 4 . 9
F rag men tary r e l ie fs i n s o f t l oca l s tone f ro m Khan ia le T ekke .
L e f t :
0 .076 m h igh .
R igh t :
213
0 .047 m h igh .
B oard man , BSA 6 2 ( 1 967 ) p l . 1 7 f ig . 7 . 1 0
De ta i l o f ar el ie f amphora f ro m T enos . F ro m L e mer le , BCH 6 2 ( 1 938 ) 4 79 f ig . 3 4.
2 13
1 1
De ta i l o f a furn i ture s uppor t f ro mU rar tu .
2 14
F ro m
Akurga l , UAK tms t 2 8 f ig . 3 . 1 2
Go ld r ing f ro m F or te tsa d ecora ted w i th r epoussg h eads .
1 3
214
F ro m L ebess i , BSA 7 0 ( 1 975 ) p l . 2 4a .
De ta i l o f a n Assyr ian r e l ie f f ro m Kuyun jik . F ro m
2 14
Frank for t , Ancien t Or ien t p l . 1 05 . 1 4
Li mes tone s t ick f igur ines f ro m ' Sch if rave ' , f's g Thera .
0 .18-0 .19 m h igh .
7 3 ( 1958 ) B e i l . 1 04 .
vi i i
F ro m K on to leon A th M i tt
214
F igure 1 5
Page Warr iors i nc ised o n ab lock o f t he s econd p er ipt era l Hera ion a t S amos .
214
Fro m Buschor , A th M it t
5 8 ( 1933 ) , 1 57 f ig . 8 . 1 6
L i mestone s te le f ro m O ld Paphos ,C yprus.
Fro m
2 14
Ma ier , AA 8 3 ( 1968) , 6 76 f ig . 5 . 1 7
L i mestone s tatuet ound i n a to mb a t Kam iros, te f R hodes .
1 8
L i mestone o r thosta te w ith a n i ma l p roto me f ro m G ord ion .
1 9
214
F ro m Pryce , 1 63 f ig . 2 00 ( B 3 38) . 215
F ro m Young , AJA 6 2 ( 1958) p l . 2 1 f ig . 4 .
L i mestone a rch itectura l f ragmen ts w ith l i on-heads f ro m G ord ion .
21 5
Fro m Young , AJA 6 0 ( 1956) p l . 9 2
f igs . 4 2-3 . 2 0
L i mestone s cu lp ture n o . 1 4 f ro m l i on , Archaeo log ica l Museu m .
G or tyn .
H erak-
0 .64 m h igh .
215
Fro m
R izza-Scr inar i, p l . 5 no . 1 4 . 2 1
I vory p yx is f ro m Meg iddo .
Fro mM er tzenfe ld ,
2 16
I vo ires Phen ic iens p l . 2 9 .322 (a ) . 2 2
S ph inxes o n ap inax o f t he M idd le Deda l ic p er iod f ro m G or tyn ,
2 3
216
Fro m R izza-Scr inar i p l . 2 7 n o . 1 71.
S ph inxes o n ab ronze b ow l f ro m K our ion i n Cyprus .
216
F ro m Frank fort , Anc ien t O r ien t 2 01 f ig . 9 8 . 2 4
S ph inx o n ap inax o f t he M idd le Deda l ic p er iod f ro m G or tyn .
2 5
Fro m
217
R izza-Scr inar i p l . 2 7 n o . 1 72 .
T he G or tyn s ph inx .
A r econstruct ion o f G or tynlime- 217
s tone s cu lp ture n o . 1 4 , a bove f ig . 2 0 . 2 6
Whee l made t erracot igurefro m S iphnos . ta f
Fro m
2 18
Brock , B SA 4 4 ( 1949) p l . 7 . 2 7
L i mestone h a lf-re l ief s cu lpture f ro m Mal . 0.50 m 218 l es h igh .
H erak l ion , Archaeo log ica l Museu m n o . 2 45 .
Fro m Davaras, 2 8
S ta tue 1 6 f ig . 1 5 .
S ta tue f ro m a t o mb c hape l a t T el la f . F ro m l Ha
2 18
Frankfor t , Anc ien t Or ien t p l . 1 58c . 2 9
L i mestone s ta tue f ro m Megara Hyb laea . F ro m Ors i,
2 19
BCH 1 9 ( 1895) , 3 12a f ig . 4 . 3 0
S ta tuet f aL a te A ssyr ian k ing . F ro m F rank for t , te o Anc ien t Or ien t p l . 8 1.
2 19
3 1
Head-vase f ro m t he H era ion a t S a mos . F ro m K opcke
2 19
A th M it 2 ( 1 967 ) Be i l . 1 15 f ig . 3 . t 8
i x
F igure 3 2
Page Marb le a nd a labaster o in t men t-spoonsfro m Egyp t , f ound a t t he H era ion a t S amos .
219
Fro m
D ieh l, AA 8 0 ( 1965) 8 46 f ig . 2 4 . 3 3
Cypr iot l imestone s ta tue f ro m t he Hera ion a t S a mos .
3 4
Cypr iot t erracot ta tuet ro m t he Hera ion a t ta s te f S a mos .
3 5
20 2
F ro m S ch m id t , S amos 7p l . 1 1 ( T 1 901) .
S te le p robab ly f ro m Pr in ias, n ow i n M issour i . 0 .65 m h igh .
3 7
20 2
F ro m S ch m id t , S a mos 7p l . 4 7 ( T 3 79) .
C ypr iot t erracot tatuet ro m t heH era ion a t ta s te f S a mos .
3 6
20 2
Fro m S ch m id t , S a mos 7p l . 1 06 ( C 1 62) .
21 2
Fro m MUSE 7 ( 1 973) ,9.
Marb leste le f ro m Paros _
Fro m Z aphe iropou los,
21 2
De lt ion 1 6 ( 1960 ) p l . 2 15 . 3 8
De ta i l o f ab ronze mitra f ound a t O ly mp ia .
Fro m
21 2
K unze , O ly mp ia V I B er icht , p l . 1 03 ( B 4 900) . I I 3 9
P lan o f t he H ero T e menos a t C or in th . F ro m
22 2
Wil ia 4 3 ( 1974) 2 , f ig . 1 . liams, Hesper 4 0
Reconstruct ion o f t he H ero T e menos a t C or in th .
22 2
Fro m W il , H esper ia 4 2 ( 1973) 7f ig . 2 . liams 4 1
Fa ience v ase f ro m t he H era ion a t S a mos . F ro m
23 2
D ieh l, AA 8 0 ( 1965) 8 40 f ig . 1 8 ( no . 1 00 ) . 4 2
I vory p laque f ro m Ars lan-Tash . F ro m
T hureau-
23 2
Dang in , Ars lan-Tash , p l . 3 6 .61. 4 3
Pa in ted t erracot inax f ro mG or tyn . ta p
F ro m R izza-
23 2
S cr inar i p l . 3 2 n o . 2 16a . 4 4
Deta i l o f s tand f ro m Regu l in i-Ga lass i t o mbin E trur ia .
23 2
Fro m P ou lsen , Der Or ien t 1 25 f ig . 1 35 . 4 5
S ea ted f igure f ro m t he l i n te l o f T e mp le A a t Pr in ias . Herak l ion , Archaeo log ica l Museu m n o . 2 31.
24 2
Fro m
Pern ier , T e mp l i Arca ic i f ig . 2 1, C l a nd C2 . 4 6
Deta i l o f i vory p laque f ro m Meg iddo . F ro m L oud ,
25 2
T he Meg iddo I vor ies p l . 4( 2 b) . 4 7
Re l ief f ro m Dura , w ith A targa t is . F ro m R is, i
25 2
Berytus 9 ( 1948-9) p l . 1 8 .4 . 4 8
Mode l o f as acred c ha ir f ro m Ba isan .
Fro m
25 2
Barnet i mrud I vor ies, 7 7 , f ig . 2 6a-b . t, N 4 9
Deta i l o f i vory r e l ief w ith Perseus f ro m t he H era ion a t S a mos .
F ro m Freyer-Schauenburg E lfenbe ine a us
d em s am ischen H era ion p l . 6 a .
25 2
F igure 5 0
Page Deta i l o f ar e l ief -p ithosfro m Pha istos . Fro m
25 2
L ev i , Axos 1 14 f ig . 3 4 . 5 1
L i mestone G orgone ion f ro m Dreros. H erak l ion , Archaeo log ica l Museu m n o . 2 29. 0 .26 m h igh. F ro m
26 2
Mar ina tos, BCH 6 0 ( 1936) 2 51 f ig . 2 0 , a nd 2 52 f ig . 2 1 5 2
P last ic v ase o f t he G orgone ion Group .
Fro m H igg ins,
26 2
Br it ish Museu m , Ca ta logue o f T erracot , p l . 9 t as I n o . 5 2 . 5 3
Bronze s ta tuet ro m Perachora . F ro m Payne , te f
26 2
Perachora Ip l . 3 4 .1 . 5 4
C orne l ian s carab , p robab ly f ro m East G reece , i n L ondon .
26 2
F ro m B oard man , Archa ic Greek G e ms
p l . 4n o . 6 8 . 5 5
T erracot laque o f t he L a te Deda l ic p er iod f ro m ta p G ortyn .
5 6
27 2
F ro m R izza-Scr inar i p l . 3 0 n o . 2 07 .
T erracot i gur ine i n Base l . F ro m F eyr , Däd ta f
27 2
K unst p l . 4 2 a( D 1 3) . 5 7
Bronze s tatuet ro m t he Hera ion a t Sa mo3 . te f
27 2
Fro m R ich ter , K ouro i f ig . 1 18 . 5 8
Cypr iot l imestone s ta tuet n New York . te i
Fro m
28 2
Myres, H andbook o f t he C esno la C ol ion 1 48 l ect n o . 1 022 . 5 9
T erracot igur ine f ro m Pra isos . F ro m F orster ta f
28 2
BSA 8 ( 1901-2) , 2 79 f ig . 6 . 6 0
T erracot igure f ro m A jia I r in i . ta f
Fro m Kara-
28 2
g eorgh is, R epor t o f t he Dep t . o f Ant iqu it ies, Cyprus ( 1971) 3 4 f i g . 4 . 6 1
L i mestone c o lu mnar s ta tue f ro m M istra . F ro m
28 2
J enk ins , B SA 3 3 ( 1932-33 ) p l . 8n o . 6 . 6 2
Per irrhan ter ion f igure f ro m t hesanctuary o f Apol lo P toos, Bo io t ia .
6 3
Frag men tary s ta tue f ro m Ha la i : 0 .39 m .
28 2
F ro m R ich ter , K ora i f ig . 5 1. Ha la i n o . 3 .
He igh t
29 2
F ro m G o ld man , Hesper ia 9 ( 1940 ) , 4 13 f ig .
5 7 . 6 4
F rag men tary s ta tue f ro m Ha la i : 0 .19 m .
6 5
2 42 .
He igh t
29 2
F ro m G o ld man Hesper ia 9 ( 1940) ,413 f ig . 5 8 .
Frag men tary s ta tue f ro m Ha la i : 0 .51 m .
Ha la i n o . 4 .
Ha la i n o . 5 .
H e igh t
F ro m G o ld man , Hesper ia 9 ( 1940) 4 99 f ig .
29 2
F igure 6 6
Page te i I vory s ta tuet n Ber l in . F ro m S chefo ld , AA
2 29
8 5 ( 1970) 5 79 f ig . 2 . 6 7
te f I vory s ta tuet ound a t De lph i, d e ta i l . F ro m
2 30
S chefo ld AA 8 5 ( 1970 ) , 5 79 f i g . 1 . 6 8
Deta i l o f a pa in ted p la te f ro m t he Arte m is ion a t T hasos .
l, BCH 8 Fro m S a lv ia t- We il 5 ( 1961) 1 09
f ig . 8 .
i x i
230
I NTRODUCT ION
Dur ing t he a rcha ic p er iod i n Greece , d own t o t he f i na l y ears o f t he s ix th c en tury , s of t l imestone was r egu lar ly s cu lpted a longs ide marb le. I n t he l ater a rcha ic p er iod i t s t echn ica l r e la t ionsh ip t o s cu lp ture i n marb le i s f a ir ly c lear. I n t he f i na l d ecades o ft he s ix th c en tury , s o ft l imestone was emp loyed i n t he A lc meon id b u ild ing p rogra m me a t De lph i o n t he s econdary p ed imen ts o f t he Apol lo T e mp lel a nd o f t he l a te a rcha ic A thena T e mp le i n t he Mar mar ia 2 t o s ave money a nd t ime , t he t echn ique b e ing i n e very w ay s im ilar t o t ha t o f t he p r i mary p ed i men ts i n marb le. I tw as d oub t less u sed f or t he s a me r easons o n t he p ed i men t o f t he t reasury o f t he Megar ians a t nt he m idd le y ears o f t he s ix th c en tury , e xamp les o f s o f t l imeO lymp ia. 3 I s tone d ed icat ions i nt he r ound o ccur r egu larly . There a re k ouro i a nd k ora i, 4 ly l a nd g rave monu ments, b o th a n i ma l s cu lptures i n t he r ound , e spec ial i ons a nd s ph inxes, a nd g rave r el iefs .5 Aga in , t he mot ivat ion w as t he n eed t o s ave money a nd t ime, i n ap er iod when f or t he f i rst t ime i t was b eco m ing t he g ene ra l p ract ice f or i nd iv idua ls t o make s cu lptura l d ed icat ions a nd e rect s cu lpt ura l monumen ts, a pract ice c onf ined e ar l ier i n a rcha ic t im .s t o c i t ies, p r iesthoods a nd t he o utstand ing ly w ea lthy o r p owerfu l. As r i s s hown f or t he s er ies o f s o ft l imestone k ouro i e rected i n t he P toan s anctuary a t he s o f t s tone k ouro i, k ora i a nd a n i ma l f igures o f Perd ikovrys i i n Bo iot ia ,6 t ttr t he y ears a round 5 50 a re a ibu tab le t o t he p oorer r e lat ives o f t he marb le d ed icants. I n c er ta in r espec ts s of t s tone t echn ique i n t h is p er iod may b e d ist ihgu ished f ro m t hat o f marb le, f or e xa mp le b y ag reater c arelessness tern a a nd mass iveness, a nd s omet i mes b y g reater i mag inat ion i np at nd d et a il ;
l b u t i n s ty le, t ype a nd d est ina t ion , t he s of t l imestone s cu lptures f o low
t he ir marb le r ela t ions. ly r The f i rst h a l f o f t he s ix th c en tury i s n or mal egarded a s t he h eyday o f l imestone s cu lpture i n Greece. There i s Cor in th ian a rch itectura l s cu lpture l ( see b elow p . 1 28 ), a nd most f a mous o f a l , t he s of t l imestone p ed i men ts o f t he A then ian Acropo l is .7
These h ave b een n ew ly r econstructed ,8 b u t c on-
t inue t o b e d ated t oo e arly. 9 I n v iew o f t he ir o bv ious d eb t t o Cor in th ian a rch itectura l d ecorat ion , a nd o f t he i nf luence o f At tic marb le s cu lpture n o ted b y Deyh le,1 0 t hey s hou ld b e p laced i n t he s econd q uarter o f t he s ix th c en tury. Mov ing b ack i tt i me t o t he y ears b efore c . 5 75 , o ne e ncoun ters s cu lptures i n s o f t l imestone whose r e lat ionsh ip t o e ar ly a rcha ic marble s cu lp ture i s l ess e asy t o d ef ine. The ma jor ity may b e s een i n t he museums a t Herak l ion a nd Thebes, b u t t here a re i so lated e xa mp les f ro m o ther p arts o f t he G reek ma inl and w h ich : w ere n o t y et d om ina ted b y a marb le workshop.
B ecause t he
c raf ts men r espons ib le f or t hese s cu lptures h ad o n ly s l igh t o r s econd-hand k now ledge o f s choo ls o f h ard s tone s cu lpture, t hey t urned t o m inor a r ts, i or ien ta l izing ' , o r e ven o r ien ta l i n t he e ar l iest p er iod , f or i nsp ira t ion i n t he ir c ho ice o f t ypes, s ty le a nd i conography.
1
I n t h is way a n u mber o f o r ien ta l i deas a bout s cu lptures, p art icu larly a rch itectura l s cu lpture, f ound t he ir way i n to Greek a rt o f t he e ar ly a rcha ic p er iod.
Bu t t he a reas i n q uest ion e xper ienced a r eversa l o f wea l th i n t he
c ourse o ft he s ix th c en tury , a nd t he ir s tone c raf ts men w ere a t tracted t o t he c en tres o f marb le p roduct ion.
Thus many o f t he t ypes a nd f unct ions e vo lved
f or s o ft l imestone s cu lptures d ied w ithou t s uccessors i nh igh a rcha ic a r t.
NOTES
1 .
l es d De L a Coste- Messe l i re Fou il e De lphes 4 .3 ( 1931), 1 6-31. L a Fron ton S cu lp t e1 43-150. I stM itB ih 2 ( 1968 ) 1 30f t e f.
P icard Manue ll , 6 36-638.
L apa lus
Gauer
On t he t echn ique , Casson Techn ique 1 24f.;
Payne, Young Archa ic Marb le S cu lp ture f ro m t he Acropo l is 6 3f . 2 .
De L a Coste- Messe l i re Fou il e De lphes 4 .3, 1 -13. l es d Fron ton S cu lp ts 1 49.
3 .
O lymp ia I 5 0 , p l. 3 6 ;
I , 5 , p l. 2 . I
L e F ron ton S cu lpts 1 29-132. Greece 1 35. 4 .
L apa lus L e
De mangel Fou il e Delphes 2 .3, 1 4f. l es d P icard Manuell , 3 43, 5 05. Lapa lus
J ef oca l S cr ipts o f Archa ic fery The L
Gard iner O lymp ia 2 25-229.
R ich ter K ouro i n os. 9 0 , 1 47 , 1 50. O f h er own l i st o n p age 7 , n os. 2 7, 5 6 , 5 7 a nd 5 8 b e long t o t he e ar ly Cypro-Rhod ian s choo l , n o. 1 0 i s o f a c rystal tone , n o. 1 1 t o b e d ated s o mewhat l ater i n t he s ix th c en tury . line s R ich ter K ora i n o. 9 9 ;
n os. 1 54-155 a nd p robab ly 1 70 a re o f t he l ate
a rcha ic Cypr iot s choo l.
Ducat L es Kuro i d u P to ion n o.
1 07-116.
Mendel BCH 1 907 , 2 05-207 , K arouzos Gu ide t o Thebes Museum 1 4 n r. 9 : Thebes 1 10. The l egs o f al imestone k ouros f ro m t he Arg ive Hera ion i n t he s tore-roo ms o f t he A thens N at iona l Museum ; ( 1919 ) 1 44, Wa ldste in Arg ive Heraeu m I , 1 40.
E ich ler 0 Jh 1 9-20
Berl in S taa t l iche Museen .
1 490 : B l t ime l Archä ische S ku lpturen 1 2. Corcyra Museu m 5 21: Don tas Od igon 2 8. Dubrovn ik S täd ische S amm lung : AA 7 5 ( 1960 ) 2 22 6.
For t he l imestone f ragmen tary k ouros a t I sth m ia , s ee b e low p .128
n .8. Perga mon Museu m : ( 1959 ) 1 67.
Boehr inger N eue Deu tsche Ausgrabungen
The s even th a nd s ix th c en tury Cypro-Rhod ian s cu lp tures,
f or wh ich s ee Pryce, a nd t he s ix th c en tury l imestone s cu lp tures o f I ta ly , f or wh ich s ee Hus Recherches s ur l a S tatua ire e n P ierre E trusque a rcha ique, must b e d ist ingu ished f ro m Greek s choo ls o f s of t s tone s cu lpture i n t ype a nd s ty le , a s w el s i n t he f act t hat marb le w as n ot l a a va i lab le t o t he a rcha ic s cu lptor i n t hese a reas. 5 .
A thens K era me ikos Museu m P 132, g rave s tele , R ichter Archa ic Graves tones 2 0 , a nd u nnu mbered g rave l i on , K t ib ler K era me ikos V I.2 , 4 12, 5 64f f. Ber l in S taat l iche Museen 1 722, ow l , B l t ime l Archa ische S ku lp turen 1 9. Boston , Müseu m o f F ine Ar ts, g rave l i on , V er meu le Greek , E truscan a nd Ro man Art 4 9 , 6 7. Copenhagen , Ny Carlberg G lypto tek 1 296-1297 , t wo l i ons, B il tav ler l ed p l. 1 . 5 -6 ; Payne N ecrocor in th ia 2 44. 1 203, s ph inx , B il tav ler p l. l ed 1 .4;
R ich ter Archa ic Gravestones o fA tt ica 1 0f .
2
Cor in th Museu m S 1 473, s iren , Cor in th 1 5.1, 8 0. R ich ter Archa ic Gravestones 1 7, f i gs. 5 0-53;
2 230 , s ph inx ,
Morgan AJA 4 0 ( 1936 ),
4 76 f i gs. 1 6-18. N ew York , Metropo l itan Museu m 4 3.11.6, s ph inx , R ich ter Cata logue o f Greek S cu lpture 8 , Archa ic Gravestones 1 6. N icos ia Museu m , i nscr ibed l i on , N ico laou Cypr iot I nscr ibed S tones 1 1. Par is, L ouvre, s ph inx , O hnefa lsch-R ich ter Kypros 2 p l. 2 7 ;
P icard
Manuel I , 5 55 n o te 3 . 6 .
Ducat L es Kuro i d u Pu to ion 1 90.
7 .
Heberdey A l tat tische P orossku ltur ( 1919 ).
Wiegand D ie a rcha ische
Porosarch itektur d er Akropo l is z u A then ( 1904 ). t he Acropo l is Museu m I( 1912 ).
men ts f ro m t he Agora a re c on te mporary : 8 . 9 . 1 0.
D ick ins Ca ta logue o f
The e ar l iest o f t he f rag men tary p ed iHarr ison , Agora 1, 3 1.
Beyer AA 8 9 ( 1974 ) 6 39-51. Beyer AA 9 2 ( 1977 ) 4 7-74. f Deyh le A thM itt 8 4 ( 1969 ) l f ., p lates 1 9-21, where t he Acropo l is s of t tic works i l imestone p ed i men ts a re g rouped w ith At n marb le a s b y t he s a me h and.
On a l a ter d at ing f or t he Acropo l is s cu lp tures, s ee Board-
f., a man _ R 972, 5 7f nd Casson J HS 4 2 ( 1922 ), 2 13-19. On P elopon_A _ 1 n es ian a rt ists work ing i n A thens, s ee Raub itschek Ded ica t ions f ro m t he A then ian Acropo l is 4 67 , 4 78.
3
Part I CRETAN ORIENTALIZING SCULPTURE IN SOFT IJMESTONE
4
CHAPTER 1 THE EARLY OR IENTAL IZING S CULPTURES
A n umber o f f rag men tary s cu lptures i n s of t l imestone h ave c o me t o l i gh t i n C rete, wh ich p recede t he Deca l ic s cu lptures , a l though o f t he s a me ma ter ia l. The ir s ty le a nd , i n o ne c ase , c on tex t i den t ify t he m w ith a n e ar ly o r ien ta l iz ing s choo l o f s cu lpture i n t he i s land. The Head f ro m Amn isos ( Plates 1 -2 ) Ab at t ered a nd w eathered h a lf l i fe-s ize h ead , w orked i n h a lf-rel ief i n l oca l s tone, w as f ound b y Mar inatos w ith in t he d eep d epos it o fb urn t o fer ings o f t he f o pen a ir a l tar s anctuary a t Amn isos .1
I tl ay i n t he l ower p art o f t he Ro man
s tratu m , b ut a s t he r e ma inder o f t he s tone s cu lptures a t Amn isos ( see p p.85f f. b e low ), wh ich may n ot b e d a ted e ar l ier t han t he f i f th o r l a te s ix th c entury , were f ound i n f ragmen ts s cat hrough t he a rcha ic a nd H el ist ic-Ro man t ered t l en s trata , t he i ssue c annot b e s et n t he g rounds o f s trat igraphy , f or t he tled o u pper p art o f t he e arl ier l ayer o f o fer ings w as a pparen t ly d isturbed a t t he f b eg inn ing o f t he s econd ma jor p er iod o f u se. The f act t hat a q uan t ity o f b one a nd i vory e yes ( Figure 1 ) , o f wh ich o ne f i ts t he f ace 's emp ty e ye s ockets p rec ise ly , w ere a l f ound w ith in p ure a rcha ic d epos its , s uggests a d ate n ot l l ater t han t he a rcha ic p er iod.
Desp ite Mar ina t es ' s uggest ion t hat t he h ead
may h ave b een a poor a rcha iz ing c reat ion , i ti s v irtual er ta in ty t hat n o l y ac a rtefact o f l oca l mater ial f ound o n Greek s o i l c ou ld b etray s o f ew s igns o f Greek s ty le a nd s t il ostda te t he o r ien ta l iz ing p er iod. l p
S im ilar c ons idera-
t i ons make i tu n l ikely t hat p laton 's a nd A lex iou 's d ate i n M inoan t imes c an b e c orrect ,2 f or t he h ead d isp lays n ot a s ing le s ure c haracter ist ic o f C retan B ronze Age work . I t s g enera l s im i lar ity t o M inoan a nd p ro to-Deda l ic h eads i s d ue t o t he c lose d ependence o f C re tan work o f t hese p er iods o n N ear Eastern models. The Amn isos h ead i s t o a l l i n ten ts a nd p urposes a w ork o f p ure N ear Eastern s ty le a nd t echn ique. A l though Davaras j udged i t ' undatab le' ,3 i tc an b e d ated w ith s ome a ccuracy b y c ompar isons w ith N ear Eastern s cu lpt ure , a s K irsten a nd Boardman h ave r ecogn ized. 4
I n t h is c on tex t i tp rov ides
ac lue a bou t t he o r ig in o f s o f t l imestone s cu lpture i n a rcha ic Crete. Once t he h ead i s a greed t o b e p ost- M inoan a nd p re-Dedal ic, t he r ange o f Greek a nd N ear Eastern o r ien ta l iz ing s cu lptura l c ompar isons i s n ot l arge, a nd may b e r ev iewed q u ick ly.
K irsten c i tes t he S ub m inoan t erracot do ls ta i
f rom Gaz i a nd a p r im it ive Deda l ic p laque i n t he Metropo l itan Museum , N ew York a s e xa mp les i n t he p er iod o f an a t ive t ype o f p ost- M inoan p hys iogno my i n C rete. 5 With t he Gaz i i do l6 t he Amn isos h ead h as i n c om mon t he h a irless f ace a nd h ead , w ith l ong e ars u nder a d omed h e lmet ;
w ith t he f aces o n b o th
Gaz i a nd Metropo l itan i do ls ,7 t he e longated l ower j aw , p o in ted c h in , v ert ica l f orehead t er m inated b y as tra ight l i ne. A l though s eparated i n t ime b y o ver
5
t hree c en tur ies, t he t wo C retan f aces h ave a typ ical l y Deda l ic Greek j aw s tructure w ith c heeks, mou th a nd c h in i n t he s ame p lane , a nd s hor t n ose w ith as tra igh t b r idge p ro ject ing b etween t he e yes.
The Amn isos h ead h as a n
o r ien ta l r eced ing c h in a nd p uf fy c heeks u nder w h ich t he mou th , l y ing i n a n o b l ique p lane, r etreats, a nd a n ose w ith a fl at b r idge a t e ye l evel , b u t l ong a nd b u lbous a t t he t i p. A l l o f t hese w il l b e r ecogn ised a s S yr ian c haracter ist ics.
B arnet t t races
t he ' enor mous e yes , p ro trud ing n ose, smal l p inched mou th ' t o Hurr ian s cu lpl enn t ure o f t he s econd m il ium B .C., a nd f i nds i tr ecurr ing i n t he L of tus o r l enn t ' Syr ian ' g roup o f N i mrud i vor ies i n t he f i rst m il ium , w h ich h e a tr ibutes t o Ha ma th i n S yr ia.
Ab ronze f i gur ine p lated w ith g o ld f rom t he Ha ma-
Masyaf r oad ( Figure 3 ) h as a f ace n ear ly i den t ica l t o t he Amn isos o ne , a l though w ith a l ong b eard ; l ike t he Hurr ian s tatue o f I dr im i o f A la lah , i tw ears a high ting a s d omed h at o r h e l met c ut tra igh t l ine l ow o ver t he f orehead. 8
I n ar e-
c en t r econs idera t ion o f t he N orth S yr ian a nd P hoen ic ian s ty les o f i vory c arv ing , Win ter h as s hown t hat t he s ty le o f f ac ia l c haracter isat ion t yp ica l o f N orth S yr ia h as a d istr ibu t ion e x tend ing e ast a nd n orth t o e astern Anato l ia a nd U rartu. 9 The r epousse f i gures o f a m an a nd wo man o n a n U rart ian c opper p laque i n Missour i ( Figure 5 ) r epeat t he p ro f ile a nd h at o f t he Amn isos h ead. The s tone h ead may w ith s o me c er ta in ty b e a tr ibuted t o aworkman f rom t I ron Age n orth S yr ia , e ast Anato l ia o r U rartu. I n h is s tudy o f s econd a nd f i rst m il iu m Greek a nd o r ien ta l t ypes i n m inor s cu lpture , M i lner h as d isl enn t ingu ished t hree p hases i n t he e vo lu t ion o f p hys iognomy i n ' As iano-Syr ian ' smal ronze f i gures. l b
The e ar l iest p hase c omb ines h igh s et e yes a nd v ery
w ide c heekbones w ith e xcess ive ly n arrow t e mp les i n t he f ron ta l v iew ( Figure 2 a ), n ot much l ike t he Amn isos h ead. "
A s econd p hase h as a n arrower f ace,
l ower e yes a nd t i p o f n ose i n t he f ron ta l v iew , b u t a s i n t he f i rst , a head v ery d eep i np rof ile, w ith c h in t hrust f ar o u t f rom t he n eck , a nd f orehead a nd c ran iu m i n al ong o b l ique s lope ( F igure 2 b ). I n t he t h ird p hase , t he f ac ia l c on tours n arrow a nd t he e yes e n large t o what w e s ee i n t he Amn isos h ead , wh i le i n t he p rof i le v iew , t he c h in i s p ul n c lose t o t he n eck , f orehead l ed i a nd c ran ium b eco me more n arrow a nd v ert ica l , a nd t he t i p o f t he n ose s o b u lb ous i tc ounterba lances t he a cqu i l ine b r idge , a l e xact ly a s i n t he Amn isos l h ead ( Figure 2 c ). Mul nab le t o d ate t he o r ien ta l s ta tuet f h is t h ird ' As ianol er was u t es o S yr ian 'phase more c lose ly t han t o t he f i rst m il ium B .C. Bu t s uch o r ienl enn t a l b ronzes i mported i n to t he G reek ma in land ( t he S yr ian b ronze s tatuet f te o a warr ior f ound a t S oun ion i s ag ood e xamp le o f t he c lass f ro m t he e igh th c entury 1 )i nsp ired a p aral l el s er ies o f Greek manu facture , w h ich may b e d ated w ith g reater a ccuracy. The Geo metr ic s tatuet te o f a warr ior f ro m O lymp ia h as t he r eced ing b u t t hrust o ut c h in , s hort a cqu il ine n ose a nd l ong o b l ique c ran ium o f MUl l er 's s econd g roup ;1 2
as imi lar L ate G eometr ic s ta-
te o t uet ft he t h ird q uarter o f t he e ighth c en tury b eg ins t he d eve lopmen t t owards a more H el l en ic p hys iognomy w ith s tra igh t b r idged n ose a nd v ert ica l l, 1 3 ad evelopmen t f u lf il l ed i n' as tatuet te o f t he b eg inn ing o f t he f ace a nd s kul s even th c en tury. 1 4 G reek b ronzes b egan t o b e f ree o f t he s trong i n f luence o f S yr ian p hys iognomy a t at ime b efore t he t h ird p hase o f t he S yr ian s ty le h ad b ecome s uf fic ien t ly p opu lar t o a f fec t t hem.
M il l l er 's t h ird ' As iano-Syr ian '
f ac ia l t ype, a long w ith t he Amn isos h ead , s hou ld b e p laced i n t he y ears a f ter 6
7 50 B .C. The s econd h a lf o ft he e igh th c entury w as a t ime o f d ivergence b e tween Greek a nd S yr ian o r ien ta l iz ing b ronzes , t he G reek b ecom ing more Hel ic, t he S yr ian d eve lop ing t he e xaggerated v ert ica l s ty le o f t he Amn isos l en h ead. F rom t he n in th t hrough t he s even th c en tury N orth S yr ia w as t he s cene o f an umber o f t hr iv ing i fc rude s choo ls o f l oca l s cu lpture i n l imestone a nd b asa l t. The s er ies o f s quat f igures o n t he smal r thostate b locks o f T el laf , a l l o l Ha l t o b e d ated b efore t he d estruct ion o f t he c i ty i n 8 08 B .C., r epeat a bu lbous h ump-nose p rof ile w ith p ursed l i ps a nd l arge o va l e ar,
1 5
o ccas ional ith a ly w
d omed c ap a nd n o b eard b u t more o f ten w ith l ocks i nc ised o ver t he c rown a nd as hort b eard , a nd i nvar iab ly w ith s hou lder l eng th h a ir s hown a t t he b ack o f t he n eck . The e yes a re smal nd s i mp le , a s i n Wil 's e arl iest g roup o f l a l er ' As iano-Syr ian ' b ronzes. H eads o f t he l ate n in th c en tury o n r e l iefs o f Z in9 ir l i h ave f u ly d eta iled l ocks a nd b eards a nd p rof i les l ike Wil 's s econd S yr ian l l er g roup. 1 6 Akurga l h as f ound t hat t he s ty le among S yr ian h eads f or smoo th s kul ithou t l ocks a nd n o b eards b e longs t o t he s econd h a lf o f t he e igh th ls w c en tury ;1 7 i ti s t yp if ied b y t he r el iefs a t K aratepe, whose h a ir less l i t le men t h ave c h ins s lan t ing i n to t he n eck c omb ined w ith t he s hort v ert ica l f orehead o f t he Amn isos h ead , a s w el s al ong n ose w ith b u lbous t ip a nd f l at b r idge , l a a n o va l e ar t hat l ooks swol , a nd a p ursed mou th d irect ly b e low t he n ose l en ( F igure 4 ).
1 8
Most h ave smooth h em ispher ica l h e lmets c over ing t he s kul l,
b ut t he t h ird e xa mp le c i ted h as a he m ispher ica l h e lmet e nd ing i n al ow p o in t , w h ich i s d oubt less h ow t he Amn isos h ead o ught t o b e r estored. A g enu ine e xamp le o f t h is t ype o fb at el met w as f ound a t K ar m ir B lur w ith a d ed icatle h t ion o f S ardur i s on o f Arg ist i ( 786-764 B .0 o f t he e ighth c en tury a t K ar m ir B lur ,
2 °
. ) ; 19
i ti s s een o n moun ted w arr iors
Ba lawat ,
2 1
i n t he s cu lptures a t
2 a nd o n t he b ronze w arr ior f rom S oun ion .1 The h e lmet i s v ert ica l Z in9 ir l i2 w it h ar ounded p o in t , a nd i s w orn o ver a ha irless h ead. A more Assyr ian izing
v ers ion w ith t he t i p b en t f orward , a s s een o n t he w arr ior o f t he b ronze a x le p in f rom t he f a mous o r ien ta l iz ing g rave a t S a lam is, 2 3 i s t he o ne a dop ted f or Greek Geometr ic a nd o r ien ta l iz ing w arr iors,
2 4
mak ing t he g eneral ly u n-Greek a nd
s pec if ical ly N orth S yr ian i den t ity o f t he p resent v ers ion a l l t he more a pparen t. The Amn isos h ead s ure ly b e longed t o as tatue o f aw arr ior. I ti s s t il l p oss ib le t o f or m s o me c oncep t ion o f t he o r ig ina l a ppearance o f t he f igure i n i t s c o mp lete s ta te —for t he e x istence o f n umerous p a irs o f e yes, s ome f i t t ing i ta nd o thers p erhaps d ed icated t o i t( Figure 1 ) , s uggest t hat t he s ta tue was a n o b ject o f s o me i mportance a nd n ot merely a n i nco mp le te s ketch. I ts ee ms most l ike ly t ha t t he h ead ( carr ied o u t i n what i s i n f act a high r e l ief t echn ique, f or a l l t he p r inc ipa l f eatures a re r o ta ted i n to t he f ront p lane , l eavi ng o n ly b lank p lanes a t r igh t a ng les v is ib le i n t he p ro f ile v iew ) p rotruded i n h igh r e l ief f ro m a block-l ike o r b oard-l ike s tone s cu lpture, s im i lar i n a ppeara nce ( a lthough o n af ar smal l er s ca le; o n a na logy w ith t he s cu lptures c i ted b e low , o ne m igh t e xpect a s tand ing f i gure o f s ome 9 0 cm o r l ess ) t o t he s tand ing b asa lt f igure moun ted o n al i on i n t he H ilan i e n trance a t Tel l H a laf25 o r t o t he c o lossa l s tatue o f ak ing f rom Z in9 ir l i. 2 6 The f aces o f b o th s tatues, l ike t he f ace o f t he g ate s ph inx a t K aratepe ,2 7 h ave a n i den t ica l d epth r e lat ive t o h e ight , a nd f eatures i n af l at v ert ica l f ron ta l p lane. ( We s hal l s ee h ow s uch a S yr ian t echn ique o fh a lf-re l ief— 'ha lf ' i n t hat t here i s n o r el ief g round a s s uch —con t inued t o i nf luence C retan s cu lpture t hroughou t t he s even th c ent ury. )
As a n a l ternat ive r econstruct ion o ne m igh t p ostu late t hat t he s tone f ace w as i nserted i nto a f igure o f a dif t mater ia l , o n t he b as is o f t he c lean feren b reak a t t he b ack o f t he e ven ly f i n ished l ower s urface o f t he c h in.
S uch a
t echn ique m ight h ave b een s uggested b y t he d ist inct ive f igures o f c ast b ronze w ith a dded wh ite l imestone f aces 2 8 f ro m U rar tu. I n v iew o f t he s ize o f t he h ead , f our t imes t he s ize o f t he U rart ian o nes, t he b ody w ou ld h ave r equ ired s hee t meta l o ver a wooden a r mature o r c ore. The l argest o f t he Dreros f igures i n s phyrelaton t echn ique i s t he s ize o f t he r estored Amn isos f i gure a nd , a lthough t he o n ly e x tan t o r ien ta l iz ing f i gure i n t he t echn ique, s hou ld h ard ly b e c ons idered t he e ar l iest o r b est. f aces f in ished i n b ronze;
Bu t t he Dreros f igures a l h ad l
a nd t he p roper b a lanc ing o f t he f i gure wou ld h ave
b een a l tered t hrough e n large men t a nd t he c hange f rom s o l id c ast meta l t o w ood a nd s heet meta l.
B oard man 's d er ivat ion o f t he Dreros s phyrela ta f ro m
at echn ique o f K nossos g o ld workers, o r K en f ie ld 's f rom t ha t o f l oca l a rmourers, a re more r easonab le . 2 9 The Amn isos h ead 's i n la id e yes o f b one a nd t he a dd it iona l e ye d ed icat ions ( i f t hey w ere n o t d est ined f or s cu lp tures c arr ied o ut i n a more p er ishab le mater ia l ) f ound i n t he a rcha ic d epos it h ave c onnec t ions i n t he N orth S yr ian/ e ast Anato l ian o rb it. The p ract ice o f s et eparate e yes i n to s tone s cu lpting s t ures was p opu lar a t Ha laf , where b oth s upport ing f i gures c arved h a lf i n t he r ound , a nd r e l ief f i gures, h ad a dded e yes . 3 °A l imestone s ph inx o f t he e igh th c entury f rom K u lu lu h ad e yes a dded s eparately ,3 1 a s h ad t he h a lf r el ief g uard ian s ph inxes a nd l i ons a t K ara tepe. 3 2
The Amn isos h ead w as n ot
t he o n ly C re tan o r ien ta l izing e xa mp le o f t he p ract ice.
A l arge n umber o f
w ooden e yes w ere f ound i nt he I da C ave, d est ined a ccord ing t o K unze f or i ns et i n t he e ye s ockets o f t he a n i ma l p ro to mes o f t he b ronze s h ie lds ;3 3
a no ther
i nd ica t ion t hat t he p ract ice was b rough t d irect f rom S yr ia b y f ore ign workmen. l a S trong t echn ica l a s w el s s ty l ist ic c onnect ions a pparen t ly l i e w ith K aratepe ; t he b est e xp lana t ion o f t he o ccurrence o f t h is c ur ious p iece a t Amn isos i s t hat c raf ts men o r ig inat ing n ear o r h av ing t ravel l ed t hrough N orth S yr ia c a me t o Crete i n t he s econd h a lf o f t he e ighth c en tury , w here o ne s cu lpted t he Amn isos f igure f ro m l oca l C retan l imestone, p robab ly n o t l ong a f ter em igra t ion . S uch ar emova l i s u nderstandab le i n t he l i ght o f t he c on t inuous Assyr ian d isrup t ions t t a nd a tacks i n t he a rea i n t he l a ter e igh th c en tury. 3 4 The e x istence o f a g roup o f s tone c raf ts men o f N orth S yr ian o r ig in i n C rete wou ld e xp la in t h is l p ure ly o r ien ta l h ead a nd t he p ers isten t s igns o f S yr ian t echn ique i n t he f o lowi ng c en tury . The Re l ief P laques f rom K han ia le Tekke ( F igures 6 , 9 ) S o me f ragmen ts o f p laques w ith r e l ief d es igns c o me f ro m t wo t o mbs n ear Knossos wh ich c on ta ined ma ter ia l o f t he e igh th c en tury e xc lus ively . 35
T he
p r inc ipa l f ragmen t ( Figure 6 ) i s t he t op o f at i ny s tele f rom t he d romos o f t he t ho los , measur ing a bou t 0 .11 m b etween t he t wo u pper c orners ( t he more d estroyed u pper c orners may n o t p reserve a n o r ig ina l e dge a t a l l ); i t s o r ig ina l h e igh t must h ave b een t w ice t hat l eng th , a l low ing s uf fic ien t s pace f or c omp let ion o f t he f i gure c arved u pon o ne s ide. Hutch inson d escr ibed t he mat er ia l , al oca l c ha lk c al l ed k ouskouras, a s e ven more t ender a nd workab le t han t he s of t l imestone f rom w h ich a l l t he o ther a rcha ic C retan s cu lp tures a re f ash ioned.
The r el iefs o n e i ther s ide o f t he p laque g ive t he i mpress ion
8
o f h av ing b een c arved q u ick ly a nd e as ily , e n t ire ly w i th t he b lade o f ak n ife — t he e ye o f t he woman o n t he o ne s ide, a nd t he t r iangu lar c u tt ings i n t he mane o f t he f an tast ic a n i ma l o n t he o ther, w ere g ouged w ith t he p o in t o f ak n ife. On o ne s ide i s t he p rof ile h ead , i n p o los, o f as hort-ha ired f igure w ith f ron ta l l ef t s hou lder a nd n eck , o n t he o ther , t he t op o f t he p ro f ile h ead o f af an tast ic a n i ma l , w ith e ye, mane , a nd c ur ious p rotrus ion a bove, e ither a n e ar o r a k nob. Three s t il ragmen tary p ieces i n t he s ame ma ter ia l ( Figure 9 ) l more f c o me f ro m a c ha mber t o mb j ust n orth o f t he t ho los . 3 6 The b are l egs i n h igh r el ief w ou ld h ave s u ited a s tand ing f igure o f a bou t 0 .20 m, a nd r ecal he l t c hubby k nees p ressed t ogether o n P hoen ic ian i vory c arv ings o f n ude women i n as im ilar s ca le ; 3 7
t he i nc ised p laque w ith t he h indquarters o f a beast ( Figure
9 ) r ecal in th ian a nd Phoen ic ian l i ons 3 8 must h ave b een a t l east ling Protocor 0 .10 m h igh , a nd p robab ly h ad o r ig ina l d i mens ions s im ilar t o t he p r inc ipa l r el ief f rag men t ;
n o th ing c an b e s a id a bout t he f i na l p iece wh ich may b e t he
c orner o f as tele o f c ons iderab le t h ickness ( 0 .055 m ) b u t s hows n o s igns o f f igured s cu lpt ing. B oard man h as d iv ided t he j ewelry f ro m t he Tekke t ho los i n to t wo g roups, a n e ar l ier o ne c o mpr is ing t he j ewelry f ro m t he c rock , a nd a l a ter o ne w ith t he j ewe lry f rom t he b urn t d epos it i nt he d ro mos, a nd c onc luded t hat i n s ty le t he k ouskouras p laque b e longs w ith t he e arl ier g roup ; 39 t o o verlap s o mewha t l a te i n t he e igh th c en tury.
t he t wo g roups a re t hought A s t il l e ar l ier g roup o f Cre-
t an j ewe lry , i nclud ing t he F ortetsa b el t a nd q u iver, i s t hough t t o r un f ro m l ate i n t he n in th c en tury t hrough t he f i rst h a lf o f t he e igh th c en tury , o ver lapp ing f or mos t o f t he way w ith t he m idd le , o r e ar l ier T ekke , g roup ; t he f i rst t wo l b l ed o g roups a re t he work o f c raf ts men w ho may s t il e c al r ien ta ls.
The
i den t ity o f t he p laque a s t he w ork o f ag roup o f o r ien ta l c raf ts men e ngaged p r i mar ily i n meta lwork i s t hereby e stab l ished , a lthough n o v ery p rec ise d ate f or t he p laque i s o b ta ined , a s t he m idd le g roup r uns f or most o f t he e igh th c en tury .
l g Further c ompar isons w ith in t he smal roup o f o b jects s urround ing
t he C retan o r ien ta l iz ing j ewe lry may w el l b e m is lead ing. For e xa mp le , t he t al l t h in h ead o n t he Tekke p laque ( Figure 6 ) w ith i t s h igh , g raceless p o los a nd s can t f l ap o f h a ir a t t he b ack o f t he n eck , s ee ms v ery c lose t o t he g race less s quar ish p o lo i a nd s quare-cornered h a ir worn b y t he p a ir o f w omen o n t he Fortetsa b elt . 4 ° But t he p ro f iles a re d if feren t ; t he T ekke r e l ief h as a r ec ed ing c h in l ike p ro f iles o n s ome o f t he b ronze s h ie lds f rom t he I daean C ave ,4 1 wh i le t he Fortetsa p rof i les h ave c h in a nd f orehead i n o ne v ert ica l p lane. Both a re s ketch ily d rawn a nd p oor ly p reserved , a nd i ti s u nw ise t o d raw h ard a nd f ast c onclus ions o n t h is b as is.
Wh ile B rock g ave t he b e lt a ten ta t ive d a te
o f a bou t 8 00 B .C. ,h e a dm it ted t he c on tex t w as d oubtfu l ;42 t he d a te o f t he b el t may w el l b e s o mewhat l ater . 4 3 L ikew ise t he f ron ta l f igure i n h igher r e l ief o n t he Chan ia p laque ( P late 4 ) t o b e d iscussed p resen t ly , h as a more g racefu l s hort f ace, a bou t t he s a me h e ight a s t he p o los, b et roport ioned n eck a nd ter p s hou lders, a nd h a ir w edges a t t he s ides o f t he f ace w ith g reater v o lu me a nd a more e legan t t r iangu lar s hape ;
b u t t hese d if ferences may b e ow ing t o g rea-
t er c loseness i n t ime t o s ome N ear Eastern p rototype, r ather t o al a ter d ate. On t he o ther h and , c ompar isons a re most h elp fu l w ith w ha t f ew e xamp les o f s cu lptures f rom t he G reek L ate G eometr ic wor ld w e c an f i nd w ith s im i lar h a irsty les a nd h eadgear.
The b est p reserved o f f ive i vory s ta tuet t es
o f n ude women w ear ing p o lo i f ro m a G eo metr ic g rave a t A thens , p robab ly
9
l t he w ork o f ar es iden t S yr ian o r Phoen ic ian i vory c arver, h as a t a l n arrow h ead , s tra igh t p rof ile w ith h igh v ert ica l f orehead , c lu msy s quar ish p o los , e ye p ushed f orward a ga inst t he b r idge o f t he n ose , h a ir f l at a ga inst t he n eck l w ith a s quare-cornered j og a t t he t e mp le, a l much a s i n t he Tekke p rof i le, e xcep t t ha t t he c h in j u ts f orward i nstead o f r eced ing. The f igure may b e p laced i n t he t h ird q uarter o f t he e igh th c en tury o n t he b as is o f a ssoc iated tery. 44 p ot
I th as t he l onger h a ir a nd p ro ject ing c h in o f t he women o f t he
ta h Fortetsa b el t , b u t s o me t erracot eads o f p ure ly G reek workmansh ip f ro m l l a t he Amyk la ion ( Figure 7 ) c o mb ine t a l , n arrow f ace, s kul nd n eck , a nd l a h igh s tra ight mou th , w ith f l a t p ieces o f h a ir e nd ing w el bove t he s hou lders, a nd t he d ist inct ive c h in , l ong a nd f l at b u t s harp ly r eced ing , o f t he T ekke p laque f i gure.
4 5 T he h ead i n p o los may b e d ated 7 30-20 B .0 .
F inal ly , o n
t he s er ies o f o r ien ta l iz in .g r el ief p itho i f rom T enos a ppear l ow r e l ie f f igures i n p ro f ile , a l l w ith t a l l n arrow h eads a nd v ert ica l p ro f iles, a nd n arrow p ieces o f s quare-cornered h a ir f l a t a ga inst t he n eck , e nd ing a bove t he s hou ld ers . 4 6 An e arly ma le r ider h as p ro ject ing c h in l ike t he Fortetsa p ro f i les, 47 b ut t wo s omewhat more d eve loped r e l iefs ( Figure 1 0 ) h ave t he p ecu l iar r ec ed ing c h in , l ong a nd f l a t , a nd l ook c loser r e lated t o t he C retan r e l ie f ;48 e st i ma tes o ft he ir d a te r ange f rom l ate i n t he e igh th c en tury ( Schäfer ) t o 4 9 s econd q uar ter o f t he s even th ( Caskey ).
These c ompar isons s erve t o l o-
c ate t he p laque a t t he e nd o f t he e ighth o r e ar ly i n t he s even th c en tury , a nd i nd icate t he e x ten t t o w h ich t he work o f t he o r ien ta l me ta l worker w ho p erhaps l en was r espons ib le f or i th ad b eco me Hel ized. They s uggest c onnect ions w ith Phoen ic ian iz ing a nd East Greek m inor a r ts, i n c on trast t o t he p ure ly s cu lptura l a nd S yr ian c onnec t ions o f t he Amn isos h ead ; t he n arrow v ert ica l b u i ld o f t he h ead was t o b eco me a pecu l iar ity o f a rt i n t he I slands
5 0
On t he
b as is o f a va i lab le c o mpar isons o f t he e ighth c en tury—the D ipy lon a nd P hoen il er Dreros g c ian i vor ies , t he t wo smal oddesses, t he g oddess o f t he C han ia p laque , a nd t he wo men o n t he For tetsa b elt—the p o los o f t he Tekke f i gure must i nd icate a f e ma le f i gure. A lthough s he may h ave s tood l ike t he l ad ies t o f t he Fortetsa g ird le, a s i t ing p osture w ith f ron ta l s hou lders a nd c hest i s n ot imposs ib le f or t h is p er iod , a s i ti s f ound i n t he r ider o f t he T en ian r el ief p ithos o f t he e igh th c en tury men t ioned a bove t5 1 fin I ft he a n i ma l o n t he r everse o f t he p laque i s a gr if , t he a rt ist h as om itl eled i ta a t ed h is k nob , a n o ccurrence p aral n t he t erracot dapta t ion o f o r ien ta l b ronze g r if fin p ro to mes f ro m A frat i .5 2 Most o r ien ta l g r if fins h ave l ong l ean b ird-l ike h eads, s lender n ecks, n o d ecora ted mane a nd l ong c ur l ing t endr ils f rom t he f orehead—as f or e xa mp le i n t he N i mrud i vor ies, a nd o n a Cypro-Phoen ic ian b ow l f ro m Da l i .5 5
5 3
t he I da s h ie lds,
5 4
Bu t s ome, i nclud ing many
l ater o r ien ta l iz ing e xa mp les a s o pposed t o t he o r ien ta l o r ig ina ls, h ave f ul l er n ecks w ith mane h a ir o r f eathers i nd ica ted , a s i n t he b ronze g r if f in p ro to me f rom P raeneste ( Figure 8 ) ,
5 6
S akger ez i i , o f t he s a me d ate, i n Cyprus,
5 8
t he c reature i n r e l ie f o n a n o rthostate o f 5 7
t he g r if fins o n ab ronze b ow l f rom K our ion
a nd t he d er ivat ive t erracot ta e xamp le o n a Cyclad ic o inochoe .5 9
The T ekke a n i ma l , i fa gr if fin , i s r e la ted t o t h is s econd , s o mewhat y ounger , more ' Syr ian ' t ype o f g r if fin , a s a re most Greek g r if fins ; 60
b u t n oth ing p re-
v en ts i tb e ing a l i on , o r a confus ion o f t he t wo. The d ecorat ion o f t he mane i n t r iangu lar s hadow-catch ing n icks o r n o tches w ith o b l ique c ross ing l ines r eserved b e tween , w ith ab roader u ndecora ted s urface r eserved d own t he b ack o f t he n eck b eh ind t he e ar o r k nob , s eems d es igned i n im ita t ion o f t he 1 0
c r isscross i nc ised l ines f or m ing s hadowed t r iangu lar p atches o n s ome o f t he I daean s h ie lds c ategor ized b y B en ton i n al a te g roup ,
6 1
t ha t i s t o s ay o f t he
2 The l a te e igh th o r s l ight ly e ar l ier b y B oard man 's a nd K unze 's c hrono logy• 6 t echn ique c ou ld e qual e c ompared t o t ha t u sed f or p ick ing o u t c urly h a ir w ith ly b
t r iangu lar s hadowed n otches i n t he N i mrud i vor ies .6 3
Board man 's c on jecture
t ha t t he a n i ma l i s g rapp l ing w ith a man w hose l eg p rotrudes b eh ind h is n eck may b e c orrec t. V ic ious b at etween men a nd b o th l i ons a nd g r if n tles b fins, i wh ich t he a n i ma ls a re s een g a in ing t he u pper h and , r ecur o n b oth P hoen ic ian i vor ies a nd I da s h ie lds.
The f i gh ts o n P hoen ic ian i vor ies, " f o lowed b y t hose l
o n C ypro-Phoen ic ian b ow ls ,6 5 a re r ather more p o l ite a nd s ymbo l ica l ; t hose o n t he I da s h ields b loody a nd e xp l ic it , i fc om ic, 6 6 a s a re g eneral ly s cenes o f men d evoured b y l i ons i n L ate Geo metr ic v ase-pa in t ing a nd g o ld work .6 7 I ft he l ady o n t he o bverse s tood , ar ear ing p os it ion wou ld b e r equ ired f or t he l i on , s uch a s i s s een r epeated ly o n S yr ian i vor ies .6 8 By d oub l ing t he p reserved w id th o f t he p laque t o a bou t 2 2 cm , s uf fic ien t s pace wou ld b e c rea ted f or a c o mp lete b at tle o f t wo l i ons o r g r if fins t ear ing a man a part , a nd o n t he o ppos ite s ide , t wo l ad ies i n p o lo i f l ank ing a l ower c en tra l f igure , o r o ne w ithou t a po los. T he Tekke workman r espons ib le f or t he p laque w as n o d oub t i n f luenced b y t he w orkshop o f t he I da s h ie lds w hen h e p roduced i t . Yet t he t ype o f g r if fin , i t s p os it ion , a nd t he l ayou t o ft he t wo c ompos it ions, a s w el l a s t he f or m o f s cu lp tured s lab , a lthough o n a m in iature s ca le, h ave c loser r elat ions w ith t he S yr ian g roup o f N i mrud i vor ies a nd N orth S yr ian a rt g eneral ly , s upport ing Board man 's h ypothes is a bou t t he N orth S yr ian o r ig in o f t he Tekke c raf ts men ,6 9 a s w el s t he h ypo thes is a dvanced a bove t hat t he Amn isos h ead i s t he work o f l a ac raf ts man t ra ined i n t he N orth S yr ian t rad it ion . The Tekke p laque w itnesses ac er ta in d egree o f Hel l en iza t ion o n ly f i rst a t ta ined b y C retan s tone s cu lpture a t t he e nd o f t he e igh th o r b eg inn ing o f t he s even th c en tury . The C han ia Rel ief ( Plates 3 -4 ) S ince t he d iscovery o f as o l itary f r ieze s lab a t Chan ia a nd i t s p ub l icat ion i n 1 951,70 t wo p r inc ipa l a t tempts a t c lass if icat ion h ave b een made—Theophani des ' , i n wh ich i ti s p os tu lated i tb e longed t o t he f r ieze o f a te mp le o f H era e rec ted b y t he S am ians i n K ydon ia i n 5 24 B .0 C . 7 1 a nd Board man 's , i n wh ich i ti s p laced w ith o ne o fh is t wo l a ter g roups o f C retan j ewelry o f t he s econd h a l f o f t he e igh th c en tury . "
The o n ly mater ia l s uppor t f or t he f i rst s ugges-
t i on i s t hat t he f r ieze i s t hought t o h ave c o me f rom a s pot w here t he f oundat i ons o f a n a rcha ic n aos w ere d estroyed i n t he c ourse o f t he c onstruct ion o f ac l in ic ,7 3 c ompared t o wh ich Board man 's a rgumen ts a bou t t he s im ilar ity o f t he f igures t o Assyr ian r e l iefs a nd t o t he Fortetsa b elt 7 4 a re f ar more c omp el ling. T o d iscuss t he s ty l ist ic a f f in it ies o f t he v ar ious e le men ts o ne b y o ne ;
t he
t yp ical pre-Deda l ic ' f ron ta l s tand ing f em in ine f igure i n t he n a iskos i s r elaly ' t ed t o t he For tetsa l ad ies , b u t n ot c losely . They t oo w ear n arrow c h iton a nd p o 1os 7 5 b u t i n c ompar ison w ith t he ir s qua t p roport ions a nd waver ing f or ms, t he Chan ia i mage i s e legan t a nd a bstract , w ith h a ir w edges i ncreas ing g en t ly d ownwards, a nd t orso a nd s k irt i ncreas ing e ven ly u pwards, l ike t runcated c ones ;
t he h ead i s s horter a nd t he n eck w el l -proport ioned.
1
The most o bv ious
a nd s at isfactory c o mpar ison f or t he r e l ief f i gure i s t he s phyre la ton g oddess f ro m Dreros,
7 6
whose o u t l ine i s i n e very r espect c o mparab le t o t hat o f t he
Chan ia f i gure ( i nh e igh t a s w el s s ty le : a bou t 3 5 cm f or t he Chan ia r e l ief , l a 4 0 a nd 4 5 cm f or t he Dreros g oddesses ). The Dreros s ta tues a re c lose ly r elated i n f igure s ty le t o t he o r ien ta l iz ing j ewe lry o f Knossos o f t he l ate e ighth c entury ,
7 7
a nd i n a nato m ica l s ty l izat ions t o b el l -corselets a nd g reaves o f t he
s a me p er iod. 7 8
S ome g o ld f i nger-r ings f ound r ecen t ly i n t he a rea o f F ortetsa
a ppear t o b e f urther, e ar ly s even th-century , p roducts o f t he s ame g o ld w ork9 t he w ide c ran ia a nd l ow d omed h eadgear o f t he f aces o n t he s hop ( Fig. 1 2 ); 7 r ings l ook f urther a dvanced t oward t he Deda l ic s ty le t han t he h ead o f t he C han ia
r el ief , w h ich s hou ld p erhaps o n t ha t a ccoun t b e p laced l a te i n t he e igh th c ent ury. I ft he Chan ia l ady s ee ms b etter f or med t han t he Dreros g oddesses , n o tab ly a bou t t he s hou lders a nd b reast , i t may b e t hat t he a rt ist was b et t er a cqua in ted w ith f ine ly e xecu ted N ear Eastern s cu lptura l models. S tra igh t s ided c y l indr ica l p o lo i o ver f u l g en t ly t r iangu lar f aces o n l ow n ecks w ith w el hou lders l l -for med s a nd b reasts c haracter ize Assyr ian s cu lp tures s uch a s t he s ph inx f rom N ineveh8 0 a nd t he U rart ian b ronze s tatuet tes u sed a s f urn iture s upports ( Figure 1). S yr ian i vory s tatuet t es f rom Toprakka le h ave w ide w el l f or med s hou lders a nd muscu lar a r ms b en t a t t he e lbow , o ver a l ong t ubu lar d im in ish ing l ower b ody. 8 1 A s ta tuet te f rom K ar m ir B lur w ith s uch a t ubu lar s k irt a nd s tra ight s ided p olos h o lds a t tr ibu tes o f t he g od T e isaba w ith o ne h and p ressed t o t he s ide a nd t he o ther t o t he m idr if f,
8 2
t d B arnet ates t he s er ies f ro m
a s i n t he Chan ia f i gure.
Urart ian s i tes t o t he e nd o f t he e igh th c en tury ,
8 3
Akurga l i n t he e ar ly s even th .8 4
One c anno t e scape t he i mpress ion t hat t he c reator o f t he t ubu lar C han ia f i gure te i s uch a s tatuet n m ind. As i n t he c ase o f t he s tand ing f i gure w hen c ompared w ith t he Dreros s phyrel ata , t he C han ia a rchers ( P late 4 ) a re t hat much c loser t o t he ir Assyr ian p rotot ypes t han t hose o n t he Fortetsa b el t.
The a rchers o f t he b el t a re p iled o ver
e ach o ther s o t hat t hey may b e s een o n ly a bove t he wa ist ( t op r igh t ) o r h ip ( second f igure o n l ef t ).
They s i mp ly emerge f rom t he b orders o f t he b e l t 's
l f i e ld. The Chan ia a rchers a re f u l f igures s paced r oom ily , s hown i n as quatt ing p os it ion , e ach r est ing o n f ron t f oo t a nd b ack k nee. The s hou lders a re d rawn v ery n ear ly i n ac orrect p rof ile v iew , s o t ha t t he l ine o f t he b en t n eck a nd h unched b ack may b e f o l lowed d own t o t he w a ist , a t l east i n t he l ower p a ir. The a rm d raw ing t he b owstr ing i s s hown a ga inst a nd i n f ron t o f t he b ody .
I n
t he g ird le t he f ron ta l d efor med c hest c omb ined w ith d raw ing a rm s hown b eh ind a nd a bove t he b ody i s f ar more p r im it ive.
The Chan ia a rchers a pproach t he
c orrect p roport ions a nd s quat ting p osture o f A ssyr ian a rchers i n t he r e l ief mura ls u pon wh ich t he Chan ia c o mpos it ion i s a pparen t ly b ased : f or e xamp le t he d oub le p a irs o f a rchers i n p ro f ile o b l iquely moun t ing t he b at tlemen ts o f a b e leaguered c i tade l i n ar e l ie f o f S argon 1 , 85 o r t he moun ted a rchers o n t he b ronze d oor o f Ba lawat .8 6 b eh ind t he b ack s hou lder ;
Assyr ian a rchers i nvar iab ly h ave t he d raw ing a rm b u t s ome warr iors i n h and t o h and c ombat w ith
d aggers o r k n ives o n t he f i rst r e l ief c i ted s tr ike t he p ose o f t he Chan ia a rchers. Assyr ian a rchers a re o n r are o ccas ions s hown a t t he r eady r ather t han i n t he a ct o f d raw ing . 8 7 Archers o n t he I da s h ie lds , o n t he o ther h and, h ave t he more p r im it ive, e last ic a nd a bbrev iated b od ies o f t he Fortetsa b elt ,8 8 a s d o c o mba tan ts o n t he e arl iest o f t he C re tan r el ief p i tho i , t hose o f t he e arly s even th
1 2
c en tury. 89
I n t h is a s i n t he ir h elmet t ypes, t he Chan ia a rchers s tand c loser
t o A ssyr ian a rt.
l, o The I da s h ield a rcher h as a tal vo id h e lmet l ike t he o nes
l Ha s een i n N orth S yr ian r el iefs f ro m T el la f ,
9 0
t he Fortetsa a rchers a v ar iety
o f h e lmets u l t i ma te ly d er ivat ive f ro m a n Assyr ian t ype, 9 1 b u t c loser t o t he North S yr ian mode ls s een i n t he r el iefs o f K ara tepe ;9 2 wh ile t he t a l l o vo id h elmet w ith s ym metr ica l s ick le-shaped s t if f c rest l ooks c loser t o t he p ure Assyr ian t ype s een o n r el iefs o fS argon 18 5 a nd T ig la th-P i leser . 9 3
The e n-
t i re c o mpos it ion i s b ased u pon Assyr ian h istor ica l r el iefs, o f wh ich t he f a mous r e l ief o f t he l ast q uar ter o f t he e ighth c en tury i n I a lorsabad o f S argon Ip lunder ing t he t e mp le a t Mussas ir may b e c i ted a s a n o utstand ing e xa mp le .9 4 l The t e mp le i s s hown i n ' h ierog lyph ic ', a l i t s e ssen t ia ls e n larged , w ith c u lt o r d ed icatory s tatues f ra med i n n iches f l ank ing t he c en tra l r ec tangu lar d oor, t ed i a s t he more C re tan s ort o f c u lt f igure i s h ere s hown s i lhouet n t he l arge r ecessed d oor o f an a iskos. E lsewhere i n Assyr ian r e l iefs t he c entra l s ym5 a nd n iches b o l ica l g ate i s v au lted , b ut r ecessed i n s teps, a s a re w indows 9
f ram ing f igures among t he N i mrud i vor ies 9 6
a nd t he d er ivat ive s tone r el ie fs
7 a nd Gortyn ( Plate 6 a ). o f c u l t f igures i n n iches f ro m Cyprus 9
Assyr ian i n-
f an try a nd a rchers i n a smal l er s ca le c raw l u p t he s ides o f t he b u i ld ing a t Mussas ir a nd o ver t he r oo f ; o n as i lver Cypro-Phoen ic ian b ow l a lso c opy ing Assyr ian models, d efenders p erch u pon t he r oof 9 8 a nd e lsewhere a re s i lhoue tted a ga inst v ert ica l o f fsets . 9 9 The p lu mp-bod ied h orse i n s ymbo l ica l mo t ion less g al l op w ith b oth f ron t f eet o f f t he g round , f ul l a rched n eck , s lender muzz le a nd d im inu t ive h ooves , i s t he p ure Assyr ian t ype o f t he mura ls o f l a te e igh th a nd e ar ly s even th c entury k ings ( Figure 1 3 ), h ence i t s d isturb ing r esemb lance t o East Greek h orses o f t he s ix th c en tury , w ith t he ir f i ne h eads, p o in ted muzzles, a nd mane l ike a r uf tand ing away f rom t he n eck .1 0° f s
The
t ype s urpr is ing ly owes n oth ing t o t he c urren t o r ien ta l iz ing C retan h orse w ith b road muzzle , p ear-shaped f ace a nd l arge e ye w ith f at c heek i n r e l ief a ga inst t he u pper n eck ( as F igure 5 0 ) , o r t o i t s N orth S yr ian p rototypes .1°1 T he Chan ia r el ief s ee ms l ike ly t o b e s omewha t l a ter t han t he Amn isos h ead a nd T ekke s ketches , b elong ing w ith t he Dreros s phyrelata a nd t he r el iefs o f S argon I a nd S ennacher ib i n t he l ast q uarter o f t he e ighth c en tury o r e arly y ears o f t he s even th.
Fur ther more, t he c lose r elat ionsh ip o f t he p iece w ith
Assyr ian a rt , o r p erhaps s ome p rov inc ia l f or m o f i ts uch a s o r s im i lar t o U rar t ian a rt b u t a pparen t ly n ot N orth S yr ian , c on trasts w ith t he N orth S yr ian Amn isos h ead a s w el l a s w ith t he Hel l en ized Tekke p laque. I fo r ien ta l i mm ig ran ts w ere r espons ib le f or t h is e arly g roup o f s cu lptures, a s s ee ms p roba b le ,1 02 t hey must h ave a rr ived o n s evera l o ccas ions a nd f rom v ar ious p arts o f t he Assyr ian-do m inated N ear East .
One m igh t e xpect t he e ar l iest a rr ivals
t o h ave s e tt led a round Knossos ; l a ter g roups b e ing o b l iged t o t rave l f ur ther a f ie ld , s ou th t o A fra t i1 03 o r w est t o Chan ia , a s t he a rchaeo log ica l e v idence s uggests. The T echn ique o f t he Ear l iest S cu lptures B efore c ons ider ing C retan s o f t l imestone s cu lptures o f l a ter p er iods , i t may b e u sefu l t o d escr ibe t he s ort o f s cu lp tural t echn ique a nd u sage t hat t hese f ragmen ts a test w ere b rough t t o t he i s land b y t he o r ien ta l i mm igran ts o f t he t e igh th c en tury. I n t he a bsence o f a ny s usta ined c on tact a t f i rst h and w ith Egyp t ian o r o ther Greek s choo ls o f s tone s cu lpture, t here i s e very r eason t o
1 3
b e l ieve t he ir i n f luence r e ma ined a d om inan t o ne i n t he i s land.
The Amn isos
h ead , p art icu larly w hen t aken i n c on junct ion w i th t he t ype o f N orth S yr ian t orso t hat o ne may i mag ine c o mp leted i t , a nd w ith t he Tekke l egs , a nnounces t he a rr iva l f ul lown o f t he t echn ique o f ' ha lf-re l ief ' : l -b
t hat i s t o s ay , t he f ron t
p art o f ar ound s cu lpture , w ith t he s cu lptura l f ea tures r evo lved i n to t he f ron t p lane; f l at t t he b ack , b u t n everthe less n o t ar el ief i n t he s ense o fh av ing tened a ar el ief b ackground , o r o fb e ing c arved s o a s t o g ive t he i lus ion o f f orms l p ro trud ing b y means o f f oreshorten ing.
Th is t echn ique must b e b orne i n m ind
when c ons ider ing t he s eated f i gure f rom Gor tyn , t he Mal l es s tatue , a nd t he Pr in ias ( seated ) g oddesses; i t s i nf luence i s s t il ang ib le a t o ne r e move i n t he l t Auxerre s tatuette. The Chan ia p laque must h ave b een i n tended f or a n o rthostate b lock o r wal l r el ief , o f wh ich importan t C retan e xa mp les o f t he s even th c en tury a re t he t r iad f r iezes f rom Gortyn a nd t he r ider f r ieze f rom t e mp le A a t P r in ias. B oth r et a in t he h ab it o f model igh r e l ief f or ms i n as em ic ircu lar s ect ion , t he ling h d en ia l o f t he u n ity o f t he r e l ief g round a s a plane , a nd t he l ack o f i nterest i n s cu lpted s urface d ecora t ion f or r el ief f orms, a lready s o s tr ik ing i n t he h orse a nd g oddess o f t he Chan ia r el ief. On ly t he t wo smal cu lp ted p laques o f k ouskouras f rom Tekke s eem t o h ave l s h ad n o s uccessors i n C rete, a nd may w el ave b een p roduced b y meta lworkers l h r ather t han c raf ts men i n s tone. Conce ivab ly t hey w ere p ract ice p ieces f or t he d raw ing o f c ompos it ions, l ike t he h ast ily e ngraved s oapstone p laque o fS u meri an t imes f ound n ear K ish. 1"
NOTES
1 .
Mar ina t es Prak t ika 1 936, 8 3f.;
2 .
S u m mar ized b y Davaras S tatue 5 0. f ro m a s tag-horn :
Compare t he M inoan f ace c arved
Forsdyke J HS 4 0 ( 1920 ), 1 74-179.
3 .
Davaras S tatue 4 0.
4 .
K i .rsten RE s upp l. 7 (1940 ), 3 6. G reek S cu lp ture.
AA 6 2 ( 1937 ), 2 2.
Boardman BSA 6 2 ( 1967 ), 7 1, a nd
The Archa ic P er iod.
A Handbook ( f orthcom ing ) 1 4.
5 .
K irsten RE s upp l. 7 ( 1940 ), 3 5f .
6 .
Mar inatos AA 6 1 ( 1936 ), 2 25 f i g. 5 ;
7 .
Dohan Metropo lMusStud 3 ( 1930-1), 2 15 f i g. 1 5.
8 .
t N B arnet i mrud I vor ies 4 2-49 ; 4 2 f i g. 6f or t he Hurr ian s ta tue , 4 8 f ig. 1 3 f or t he b ronze s tatue f ro m Ha ma , a nd 4 9 f or c onc lus ions.
9 .
W in ter I raq 3 8 ( 1976 ) 1 2-13, f i gs. 1 -2.
t he h e igh t 8 0 cm.
1 0.
l er F Mül rühe P last ik i n Gr iechen land u . K le inas ien 1 07-111.
1.
Han fmann Hesp 3 1 ( 1962 ), 2 36-237 , p l. 8 5.
1 2.
K unze O lymp ia.
I V B er ich t p l. 3 5 r igh t , a nd 10-112.
1 4
1 3.
I b id. 1 14, 1 15 f i g. 9 2.
1 4.
I b id. p l. 3 8 r igh t , a nd 19.
1 5.
Frank fort Anc ien t O r ien t , 1 75f . 3 7 , p ls. 1 1.A3,3;
1 2.A3,6 ;
l Ha O ppenhe i m- Moortgat Tel laf
1 6.A3,15 ;
2 3.A3, 2 9 ;
2 5.A3,32;
2 6.A3, 3 3. 1 6.
Akurga l UA Kunst p l. 2 6c.
1 7.
Akurga l UA K unst 2 5.
F rank fort Anc ien t Or ien t 1 67, 1 80.
O rth mann Un tersuchungen z ur S pätheth it ischen
Kunst p l. 1 5. 1 8.
Bossert Kara tepe p ls. 1.56 , 1 2.63, 1 3.64, 1 5.77.
Frank fort The
Art a nd Arch itec ture 1 65-167. 1 9.
Barnett , Watson I raq 1 4 ( 1952 ), 1 39, p l. 3 2.1.
Van L oon U rart ian Art
1 18-119 , p l. 2 7. 2 0.
P iotrovsky Ourartou 5 5 , f i g. 1 3.
2 1.
R ie mschne ider Das Re ich am Ararat f ig. 2 6.
Barnett Assyr ian Pa lace
Re l iefs p ls. 1 41, 1 69. 2 2. 2 3.
Akurga l B irth 5 3. K arageorgh is BCH 6 1 ( 1967 ), 3 40 f i g. 1 42.
On t he d er ivat ions o f a nd
d ist inct ions b etween t he v ar ious Greek t ypes , s ee S nodgrass Early Greek Ar mour 6 -13.
S nodgrass a lso f inds t he l ate e igh th c en tury a per iod o f
c lose i n teract ion b etween Greek a nd o r ien ta l t ypes. 2 4.
Kunze O ly mp ia.
I V B er ich t p ls. 3 5 a nd 3 8;
1 15 f i g. 9 2.
A lscher
Gr iech ische P last ik Ip ls. 2 5f ., 3 0 , 3 2 a nd 3 9. 2 5.
l Ha Oppenhe i m- Moortgat Tel laf I I p ls. 1 30-135.
2 6.
Frank fort Anc ien t O r ien t p l. 1 63.
2 7.
Akurga l B irth 1 33, p l. 3 1.
2 8.
Her mann J d I 8 1 ( 1966 ), 9 5 f i g. 9 .
t I Barnet raq 1 2 ( 1950 ) p ls. 5 , 7 .1,
7 .3, 2 0. 2 9.
Board man CCO 1 37.
K en f ie ld Op Ro m 9 ( 1973 ) 1 52.
3 0.
l Ha Oppenhe i m- Moortgat T el laf I I p ls. 1 03 ( w ith p age 1 00 ), 1 08b ( 103 ), 1 37a ( 118 ), 1 48a ( 120 ).
3 1.
i ö zg i9 Ku lteppe 1 00, p l. 4 1;
3 2.
Frank fort Anc ien t O r ien t 1 87.
3 3.
s ee a lso R idgway Archa ic S ty le 3 5.
t 6 Kunze A th M it 1 ( 1936 ) , 2 33, 2 24.
K unze 's l i st o f f inds o f i nd iv idua l
e yes i n Greek s anctuar ies, 2 24, may b e s upp le men ted b y a group o f l es d s tone e yes a t De lph i, Fou il e De lphes 5 ( 1908 ) 2 08f. The a ppearance i n t he s ix th c entury o f e yes f or i n lay ing i n marble s tatuary , a s i n t he c al f-bearer o f t he Acropo l is, Payne a nd Young Archa ic Marb le S cu lpture o f t he Acropo l is F igs. 2 -4, a nd t he p er irrhan ter ion o f t he P to ion , Duca t BCH 8 8 ( 1964 ), 5 82 , may i nd ica te i nf luence f ro m a f resh s ource, Egyp t a ccord ing t o L ev in :
1 5
AJA 6 8 ( 1964 ), 1 8.
Bu t t he
r e markab le f e male h ead o f East Greek o r ig in n ow i n Missour i , w ith emp ty s ockets f or a dded e yes , s ee ms a p erfect b lend o f o r ien ta l a nd Greek s ty les :
L aubscher I st Mit 6 ( 1966 ) 9 5-99, p l. 1. t 1
3 4.
S eton Wil raq 2 3 ( 1961), 7 4f . lia ms I
Win ter I raq 3 8 ( 1976 ) 1 8-19.
3 5.
Hu tch inson , Board man BSA 4 9 ( 1954 ), 2 20 , 2 28.
Board man BSA 6 2
( 1967 ) 6 0 , 7 1. 3 6.
Board man BSA 6 2 ( 1967 ), 7 1, 7 4 f ig. 7 , p l. 1 7.
3 7.
Barnett N i mrud I vor ies p ls.57 S 226, 7 3-76 p ass i m.
3 8.
I b id. p l. 1 .A6.
3 9.
Board man BSA 6 2 ( 1967 ), 6 0.
4 0.
Brock Fortetsa p l. 1 68.
4 1.
Kunze K ret ische Bronzere l iefs p ls. 8 .5 , 1 4.6.
4 2.
B rock Fortetsa , 1 99.
4 3.
S ee Board man BSA 6 2 ( 1967 ), 59,a nd P laton Gno mon 3 4 ( 1962 ), 5 05.
4 4.
K unze A th M it t 5 5 ( 1930 ) p ls. 5 f . f i g. 2 8.
4 5. 4 6.
A lscher Gr iech ische P last ik I , 2 9 ,
On d at ing s ee Co ldstrea m G reek Geo me tr ic Pot t ery 6 6. 8 3 , 3 61.
A lscher Gr iech ische P last ik I , 3 3f., f ig . 3 3b. S chäfer S tud ien 7 1-73.
Caskey h as r ecen t ly d own-dated a n u mber o f t he
Ten ian p itho i , b u t w ithou t g reat ly a l ter ing t hesequence :
AJA 8 0 ( 1976 )
1 9-41. 4 7.
S chäfer S tud ien 7 1;
ArchEph 1 939-41, 2 6 f ig. 1 7 ; C askey AJA 8 0 ( 1976 )
2 6. 4 8.
S chäfer S tud ien 7 2 :
ArchEph 1 939-41, 2 8 f ig. 1 8.
S chäfer S tud ien 7 1:
4. L e merle BCH 6 2 ( 1938 ), 4 79 f i g. 3 1976 ) 2 8-29. Caskey AJA80 (
4 9.
S chafer S tud ien 7 3.
5 0.
K aryd i AA 7 9 ( 1964 ), 2 74-275.
5 1.
ArchEph ( 1939-41) 2 6 f i g. 1 7.
5 2.
L ev i Arkades, 3 25 f i g. 4 20d.
5 3.
5.S11. Barnett N i mrud I vor ies p l. 9 .D8, 2
5 4.
Kunze KB p 1. 43 n r..5 6.
5 5.
G jerstad OpusArch 4 ( 1946 ) 1 1, p l. 1 0.
5 6.
J an tzen p laces i t among h is e arl iest p rotomes , d a ted t o t he f i rst h a l f o f t he s even th c en tury :
Gr iech ische Gr iefenkesse l 3 3, 8 4, p l. 4 .
5 7.
Akurga l B irth 6 5 , f i g.16.
5 8.
I b id. p l. 5 4, p age 1 82.
5 9.
Frank fort Anc ien t O r ien t 2 01, fi g. 9 8.
1 6
6 0.
Akurga l B irth 1 83-185.
Al he o r ien ta l iz ing g r if ro to mes o f l t fin p
Greek manu facture c ol n J an tzen Gr iech ische Gre ifenkesse l a re l ected i o f t h is s econd , more G reek t han o r ien ta l , v ar iety .
Han fmann c oncurs
i n f ind ing a l J an tzen 's p roto mes o f Greek manu facture : l ( 1957 ) 2 45.
Gno mon 2 9
Go ld man p o in ts o u t t hat t he e ar l ier s lenderer-headed o r i-
e n ta l g r iff ins may owe more t o t he e ag le, t he o r ien ta l iz ing t ype more t o t he l ion :
AJA , 6 4 ( 1960 ), 3 21.
6 1.
Ben ton BSA 3 9 ( 1938-9 ) 5 6f ., f ig. 1 .
6 2.
Board man BSA 6 2 ( 1967 ), 6 3.
Ben ton p laces t he m l ater , f o lowed b y l
P laton , Gno mon 3 4 ( 1962 ) 5 05. 6 3. 6 4.
Barnet i mrud I vor ies p l. 1. C62 , 1 6. S 9. t N I b id. p l. 1 2.F4, 2 3.530. n os. 4 3, 4 6 ;
Mertzen fe ld I vo ires Phen ic iens 4 4;
6 5.
G jerstad OpusArch 4 ( 1946 ) p ls. 7 a nd 1 0 , p p. 1 0f .
6. 6
Kunze KB B e i l. 1 .
6 7.
p l. 1 3
p l. 1 9 n o. 2 13.
For e xa mp le, a n At an tharos o f t he l a te e igh th c en tury , Ar ias , tic k H ir mer Greek Vase-Pa in t ing , f ig. 8 ;
g o ld l eaf d ecora t ion f or a c of f er
f ro m t he K era me ikos, O h ly Gr iech ische Go ldb leche p lates 4 .2, 1 5.2; ac hased d iade m f ro m Eretr ia i n V ienna , Re iche l Gr iech ische Go ldr e l ief p l. 8 ;
a nd n ow Geo metr ic v ase-pa in t ing f ro m C rete, BSA 7 1(1976 )
p lates 1 5 , 1 6. 6 8.
Barnett N i mrud I vor ies p l. 2 2. S2, S 4, p l. 2 3. S8, S 30 , p l. 2 4. S10.
6 9.
Board man BSA 6 2 ( 1967 ), 6 6.
7 0.
J an tzen i n Matz Forschungen a u f K reta . , 8 0.
7 1.
Theophan ides ArchEph 1 956 , 2 18-224.
7 2.
Board man BSA 6 2 ( 1967 ), 6 0 ;
Greek S cu lpture.
A Handbook ( f orthco m ing ) 1 5 , a nd Chapter 3 ; 7 3.
Theophan ides ArchEph 1 956, 2 18.
7 4.
Board man The Greeks Overseas 9 3;
7 5.
B rock Fortetsa , p l. 1 68.
7 6.
R ich ter Kora i f igs. 7 0-75.
7. 7
Board man BSA 6 2 ( 1967 ), 6 1.
7 8.
K en f ield Op Ro m 9 ( 1973 ) 1 52.
7 9.
L ebess i BSA 7 0 ( 1975 ) 1 69-73.
8 0.
Akurga l UA Kunst 8 2, f ig. 5 8.
8 1.
Barnet raq 1 2 ( 1950 ) p l. 1 4.1 a nd 2 , p age 1 6. t I
8 2.
Akurga l UAKunst p l. 3 1b.
8 3.
Barnett I raq 1 2 ( 1950 ) 3 7.
The Archa ic Per iod.
s ee a lso CC O 1 37.
CCO 1 37.
Van L oon U rart ian Art d ates t he K ar m ir B lur
b ronze f urn iture f igures t o t he s econd h a l f o f t he e ighth c en tury , b u t p o in ts o u t t ha t Urart ian a r t s carcely c hanges i n s ty le d ur ing t wo c en tur ies. 1 7
8 4.
Akurga l UA K unst 2 8, 8 2.
8 5.
Boeh mer AA 8 2 ( 1967 ), 5 83 f ig. 1 1.
Van L oon U rart ian Art 1 7, 4 4, f ig.
5 6. 8 6.
L eh mann-Haup t Ar men ian E inst u nd J etzt 2 .2, 5 59.
Barnet ian t Assyr
Pa lace Re l iefs p ls. 1 41, 1 69. 8 7.
Frank fort Ancien t O r ien t p l. 8 5.
8 8.
Kunze KB p l. 1 1 n r. 6 .
8 9.
S chäfer S tud ien p l. 1 .1, a p ithos f ro m L yt t os i n t he Ash mo lean Museu m, p age 1 2.
9 0.
Oppenhe i m- Moor tga t Tel l Ha laf I I , p l. 2 6. A3,33 . S nodgrass f inds t he h e l mets o f t he I da s h ields c loser t o S yr ian a nd U rart ian e xa mp les t han t o Assyr ian :
Ear ly Greek Ar mour, 1.
al ate e igh th c en tury b ea ten g o ld s hee t :
S im ilar c rouch ing f igures o n O h ly Gr iech ische Go ldb leche
d es 8 . J ahrhunderts, p l. 1 5.2. 9 1.
Akurga l B irth 1 93 f i g. 1 24, a r e l ief o f T ig lath-P ileser.
9 2.
Bossert K aratepe p l. 1 6.83, p l. 2 0.100.
9 3.
Akurga l B irth 1 92 f i g. 1 23.
9 4.
L eh mann-Haupt Ar men ien 2 .1, 3 44. 8 3.
9 5.
S nodgrass Early Greek Ar mour , 1 2. Her mann J d I 8 1(1966 ) 8 1 f i g. 2 ,
Van L oon U rart ian Art 4 4 f ig. 5 b.
Boeh mer AA 8 2 ( 1967 ), 5 83 f i g. 1 1, a r e l ief o f S argon I .
t I Barnet raq
1 2 ( 1950 ) p l. 1 .2, p age 5 , ab ronze c i ty mode l. 9 6.
Mertzen feld I vo ires Phdn ic iens p l. 1 4 n r. 4 1 ( Sa mar ia ), p ls. 7 6-77 ( Ars lan Tash ), p ls. 9 9-101 ( Khorsabad ).
9 7.
AA 8 3 ( 1968 ), 6 75 f i g. 5 .
9 8.
G jerstad OpusArch 4 ( 1946 ) 1 0 , p 1. 6.
9. 9
Boeh mer AA 8 2 ( 1967 ), 5 83 f i g. 1 1.
1 00.
For e xa mp le, a t erracot evet men t f ro m Thasos a nd a marb le r e l ief ta r f ro m Kyz ikos i n I stanbu l , R ichter Archa ic Greek Art f ig. 1 61, p age 9 5 , a nd p age 1 15 f i g. 1 84.
A lso t he h orses o f t he S iphn ian Treasury , i b id.
f ig. 1 63, a nd t he F ranco is Vase, Ar ias a nd H ir mer Greek Vase P a in t ing f i gs. 4 0-41. 1 01.
Oppenhe i m- Moor tga t T el laf I I p l. 2 6. A3,33. l Ha
Kunze KB p l . 1 6
n r. 6 . 1 02.
Recent ly , c o mpel rgumen ts f or t he p resence o f o r ienta l c raf ts men ling a i ne igh th-cen tury Greece i n Win ter , I raq 3 8 ( 1976 ) 1 8-19;
b u t a ga inst
t he a t tr ibu t ion o f Knossos g o ld j ewe lry t o t he m , L ebess i BSA 7 0 ( 1975 ) 1 73. 1 03.
Board man i n Däd K unst 1 8-23.
1 04.
L angdon I raq 1 (1934 ), 1 23 p l. 1 6 ( 6 ).
1 8
CHAPTER 2 THE DEDAL IC S CULPTURES
I na recen t i mportan t s tudy o f t he g roup o f C retan s tone s cu lptures o f t he s even th c en tury , D ie S tatue a us Astr its i ( 1972 ), Davaras h as r e itera ted t he i deas t hat Cretan Deda l ic s cu lptures o f t he t h ird q uarter o f t he s even th c en tury a re t he e arl iest Greek monumen ta l s tone s cu lp tures ; t hat t hey d eve loped u nder t he s t imu lus o f monumen ta l Egypt ian s cu lpture;
a nd t hat t hey a dopted t he
s ty le a nd t ypes o f l oca l Deda l ic t erracot ta s cu lpture. Wha t f o l lows i s a n a t te mpt t o t est t hese t heor ies s yste mat ical ly a ga inst t he s cu lp tures , a nd t o r e-exam ine s o me o f t he e v idence f or t he ir d a t ing. A r e-assess men t o f t he d ate o f s evera l o f t he s cu lptures i s n ecessary f or a bett er u nderstand ing o ft he ir r elat ionsh ip t o d eve lop ments a t o ther Greek , a nd n on-Greek , c en tres. The E ar ly Archa ic S cu lptures f ro m Gortyn ( Plates 5 -12, f igures 2 0 , 2 5 ) S ix teen f rag men tary e ar ly a rcha ic s cu lptures h ave n ow b een f ound i n o r n ear t he t e mp le o n t he a cropo l is o f Gor tyn , a nd h ave r ecen t ly b een p ub l ished • 1 As t he g roup c on ta ins s o me P roto-deda l ic f rag men ts, a nd t he o ldest monument a l s cu lptures t o b e f ound s o f ar i n Crete, t he c ase i s g ood f or i den t ify ing Gortyn a s a ma jor c en tre o f C retan s cu lpture i n t he s even th c en tury. a nd h ow d id s cu lpture b eg in a t Gortyn?
When
T he f i rst a spect o f t he Gortyn s cu lptures t o s tr ike t he o bserver i s t he c lose t echn ica l a nd s ty l ist ic r e lat ionsh ip o f s o me o f t he m t o t he l arge g roup o f t err acot ta r el iefs w ith wh ich s ix o ft he s tone s cu lp tures were f ound b ur ied ( nos. 3 , 4 , 1 0 , 1 1 a nd 1 5 ).
The t echn ica l s im i lar ity s ee ms i mp l ic it i n R izza 's
he s ty l ist ic s im i lar ity i s d esj ux tapos it ion o f s cu lptures i n t he t wo med ia ,2 t c r ibed i n d eta il . 3 The f our w orks model irect ly u pon t he t erracot l ed d ta s cu lpture o f t he Gortyn workshop w il e men t ioned o n ly b r ief ly i n t he s ty l ist ic l b a na lys is b elow , a s R izza 's p lac ing o f t he m w ith in t he Gortyn t erracot eta s q uence l eaves n o r oom f or i mprove men t ( t he a bso lu te d ates a ss igned b y R izza t o t he D eda l ic p er iods a re a nother mat nd w il e f ar t oo h igh f or many t er, a l b t o a ccep t : t he Ear ly Deda l ic b eg ins a t 6 90 , t he M idd le Deda l ic b y 6 70 B .0 There a re n o t s uf ien t g rounds f or r e ject ing J enk ins ' d ates , w el ounded o n fic l f t he b et ty les o f Cor in th ian p ot ). ter-dated s tery T urn ing t o t he o ther f ragmen ts, t here i s a group o f f our wh ich a re n o t Deda l ic i n s ty le.
The f i rst , n o. 3 , i s t he l ower h a lf o f af l at a nd c rude ly made
s tatuet f as tand ing f igure i n at r iangu lar s k irt r each ing t o t he a nk les te o ( Pla te 5 a ). The f or m o f t he s cu lp ture a s w el s i t s d ist inct ive s ize , q u ite l a l arge f or a s tatuet t he p reserved h e igh t i s 0 .29 m; te (
i t must o r ig inal ave ly h
s tood t w ice t ha t h igh ), r ecal he s er ies o f l imestone v o tar ies d ed ica ted i n t he l t
1 9
•
s hr ines o f Cyprus a nd K am iros o n Rhodes b eg inn ing i n t he s econd h a l f o f t he ian f igures, a t l east t he e arl ier o nes, s even th c entury ( Figure 1 7 ). 5 The Rhod a re o f l oca l s tone , b u t a re a pparen t ly c lose c op ies o f t he Cypr iot f igures. The p r inc ipa l p o in ts o f d if ference b etween t he G ortyn f igure a nd t he Rhod ian a nd Cypr iot o nes a re t ha t t he b ases o f t he Rhod ian a nd Cypr iot f i gures a re n ot s o h igh , a nd l ess w ide t han t he b ot f t he s k ir t ; t he f eet a re n o t f reed b etom o h ind , b u t l ef t a s o ne w ith a s creen o f s tone j o in ing t he s k irt a nd t he b ase. However t he e ar l iest o f t he Cypr iot f igures 6 h as a higher , d ruml ike b ase , c ircu lar a t t he f ron t a nd i ncreas ing d ownwards , w h ich i s c lose t o t he b ase o f t he Gortyn f i gure ; t he l a ter Cypr io t f i gures h ave a l ower b ase w ith a square s ect ion .
The e ar l ier e xa mp les 7 h ave f ee t c areful reed f ro m t he s creen o f ly f
s tone a t t he f ron t a nd s ides, w h ile i n t he l a ter e xamp les 8 t he s k irt i s l e f t mass ive a nd meets t he b ase o n b o th s ides o f t he f eet. The s a me d ist inct ion b et ween e arl ier, l arger a nd more c areful tatues w ith h igh d ruml ike l y made s b ases a nd f eet n ear ly f reed 9 ,a nd l a ter , smal tatues w ith l ower b ases l er s a nd r ougher f ee tiO may b e o bserved i n t he s er ies f ro m K am iros . T he Gortyn s tatue t hus c o mpares c lose ly w ith t he Cypr iot a nd Rhod ian s ta tues o f v otar ies o f t he s econd h a lf o f t he s even th c en tury :
t he s ize c ompares e xact ly
w ith t hat o f t he Rhod ian f i gure B 3 49. 1 ( The h e igh t o f o ne-th ird l i fe-s ize o r g rea ter i s more a t h o me i n Cyprus, w here t he s cu lp tures w ere s et u p i n a n o u tdoor t e menos 1 2 t han i n C rete , where t he c usto mary t iny t erracot ta r el i efs a nd f igures must h ave b een i n tended f or h ang ing o r s et ting u p i ns ide t he t e mp le o r s hr ine, a nd where t here i s n o e v idence o f o u tdoor d ed icat ion b efore t he t ime o f t he marb le k ouros f i gure o f t he s ix th c en tury f rom t he Py th ion a t G ortyn .) 1 3 The t r iangu lar s k ir t f or m ing p o in ts a t t he l ower e dges a nd c rude f eet h eav ily g rooved f or t he t oe d iv is ions a re c er ta in ly c op ied f rom t he CyproRhod ian v o tary s ty le. As a l l t he e arly v o tar ies a re ma le, t he Gortyn f i gure must h ave b een a lso ; t he a r ms wou ld h ave b een b en t a t t he e lbows t o h o ld s o me o b ject. The h asty workmansh ip a nd b acks r ough o r s awn f l at wh ich P ryce n oted o n t he Rhod ian v otar ies 1 4 c o mpare c lose ly w i th t he h asty t echn ique o f t t he p lankl ike Gortyn v o tary. I n h is r ecen t a temp t t o i n tegrate t he R hod ian s cu lptures, K au len h as a ss igned a d ate i n t he 6 30s 1 5 t o a R hod ian h ead 1 6 w h ich i s v ery c lose t o t he f u l ly p reserved Rhod ian v o tary 1 7 a lready c i ted a s ac o mp ar ison f or t he Gor tyn f i gure ; may b e a ss igned.
t o t he l a ter a d ate n ear K au len 's Rhod ian h ead t
A s econd s cu lp ture f rom t he Gortyn g roup a pparen t ly h as n o th ing i n c o mmon w ith Greek s even th c en tury a rt :
t he f u ly d raped , u nbe lted , h ead less l
s tand ing f igure n o. 1 0 ( P late 5 b ). O n ly t he f ee t a re Deda l ic —nearly f l a t , t oe less, s l igh t ly s epara ted , e ach o ne t he q uadran t o f a n o va l p rotrud ing h a l fw ay f ro m u nder t he g ar men t , wh ich meets t he b ase a l l a round b u t d escr ibes al ow a rc o ver t he f eet.
Th is i s t he s a me t echn ique u sed f or t he N ikandre
d ed icat ion a nd t he marb le ' Hera ' f ro m S amos ". The f i gure f inds n o i conog raph ica l c o mpar ison i n Greek a rt. A f u l ly , f or m less ly d raped v o tary , o ne h and p ressed d own a long t he f l ank a nd t he o ther r a ised t o h o ld a n o b ject c lose a ga inst t he b reast , i s a t h o me among Cypr io t l imestone s tatuary o f t he s even th c en tury a nd l a ter .1 9 The e xaggerated ly l arge , c rudely c u t b ut e xpress ive r igh t h and r ese mb les t he h ands o f t he s even th c en tury Arsos
2 0
s cu lptures, o ne o f wh ich h o lds a n o b ject s im ilar t o o ur v otary 's,
2 0
a nd a lso
t he h ands o f as tele-l ike s cu lpture f ro m A jia I r in i, i n wh ich o n ly t he p udgy b u t e xpress ive a r ms a nd h ands a re model l ed . 2 1
N ow , a lthough t he u n f in ished
s tate o f t he d rapery n o d oubt c on tr ibutes t o t he impress ion , t he b ody o f t he G or tyn v otary i s s quat ter a nd more mass ive t han a ny o f t he Cypr io t v otar ies ' , w ith t he e xcept ion o f t he p iece f ro m A jia I r in i , a nd o f a no ther o f p redom inan t ly o r ien ta l izing t ype c al l ed ' Cypro-Egyp t ian ' b y G jerstad ;2 2 h ere t he h a lff in ished t echn ique o f t he s qua tb ody d im in ish ing d ownwards t o t he f eet o n a h igh s quare b ase, h igh b road c hest a nd f in-l ike a r ms c u t i n b road f l at p lanes, i s much l ike Gortyn n o. 1 0, b ut t he p ose a nd c ostu me a re d i fferen t.
The
Rhod ian s er ies o f v o tar ies f urn ishes c lose c ompar isons i n f or m a nd t echn ique ; o ne d raped y ou th h as a th ick-sect ioned c o lu mnar b ody , b o ld ly s ke tched s quare s hou lders a nd t r iangu lar b reasts, l ef t h and p ressed t o t he s ide w ith f i ngers c lenched ( as must h ave b een i n tended f or t he Gortyn f igure, a lthough i ti s imp oss ib le t o b e c erta in i n i t s p resent s tate ) a nd r igh t h and h o ld ing l o tus-scep tre 3 o ther Rhod ian f i gures w ear a more v o lum inous c h iton r et o t he b reast ;2 s e mb l ing t he Gortyn v o tary 's a ppare l more c lose ly .2 4 The Rhod ian v o tar ies a lways c lasp t he ir a t tr ibu tes b etween t he b reasts. For a c ha l ice o r c on ica l o b ject h e ld b efore t he b ody a t b reast l eve l , o ne must l ook a s f ar a s N orth S yr ia , where p r iestesses i n r el ief o n o rthosta te b locks f ro m Carche m ish , o f t he l a te e ighth c entury , h o ld s uch a n o b ject o ut b efore t he r igh t b reast. 25 They a re e nveloped i n af l oor-length man t le f rom wh ich t he f eet p ro ject , a nd w h ich c u ts d iagonal ly a cross t he b reast , as tr ik ing f eature o f t he G or tyn f i gure, b u t o ne n ever s een o n t he Cypr iot o r Rhod ian ma le v o tar ies.
I n s u m-
mary , t he Gortyn f i gure i s r e la ted c lose ly t o N or th S yr ian i conography a nd Cypro-Rhod ian t echn ique, b u t o n ly g eneral ly t o t he i conography o f Cypr io t v o tar ies.
ting N K au len a sserts t ha t Cyprus w as r espons ib le f or t rans m it orth
S yr ian t echn ique a nd f or ms t o Rhodes a nd s o t o C rete i n t he s even th c en tury , 26 b u t i n t h is c ase t he t heory s ee ms t o b e o n ly p art ial ly t rue.
Techn ica l c on-
n ec t ions o f t he p iece w ith C yprus a nd Rhodes a re c loser t han i conograph ic o nes ; t he N orth S yr ian i conography , f ar more s tr ik ing i n t he C retan p iece t han i n t he Cypro-Rhod ian , m ight h ave b een a dded i n Crete; t he o r ien ta l i conography i s o f as o mewhat e ar l ier p er iod a nd c ou ld b e a ttr ibuted t o t he p resence i n C rete o f t he o r ienta ls r espons ib le f or t he e ar l iest g roup o f l imes tone s cu lp tures. The r e l ief s ketch n o. 4 o f a C ybe le-f igure w ith in a n a iskos o f r etreat ing s tepped n iches ( Plate 6 a ) c o mp letes t he ' o r ien ta l ' g roup. S uch Cybe la i i n n iches a re b est k nown t hrough t he P hryg ian r ock-cu t man ifestat ions.
te B it l
o nce t hought t hese b egan i n t he e igh th c en tury , e ar ly e nough t o h ave b een i n f luenced d irect ly b y S yr ian i vor ies o f t he ' l ady i n t he w indow ' t ype ,2 7 b u t Akurga l wou ld p lace t he e ar l iest n ot b efore 5 50 o n s ty l ist ic g rounds, a nd a tt r ibu tes t he s che me t o Cypr io t i nf luence o n Phryg ia i n t he l a ter s ix th c ent ury. 2 8
l l An e arly Cypr io t p ro totype e x ists i n t he f or m o f a smal imestone
s te le , o ne o f as er ies, f rom O ld P aphos ( Figure 1 6 ).
Here t he t hree-stepped
l n iche, c arr ied o u t o n ly a bove i n Gortyn n o. 4 , r uns a l a round.
N o a dd it iona l
r e l ief l edge i s d etectab le b e low t he f igure 's w a ist , b u t t he v ery l arge s ize o f t he r ound h ead, a s i n Gor tyn n o. 4 , a nd t races o f at hrone a t t he f igure 's s hou lders, i nd icate i t was i n tended f or a s ea ted o ne. The s im i lar ly p roport i oned Gor tyn r el ief may h ave b een a s eated f igure a s wel l; w e s ee m t o d etect a c ub ica l f oo trest b elow h er s k ir t. 2 1
l el A lternat ively , a n I on ian p aral
e x ists i n t he f or m o f al imestone l ow r e l ief f ro m Cyme a t I stanbu l. 2 9
T he
h ead , ' round a s a bal s Re inach d escr ibes i t , i s t he s ize a nd s hape o f t he l' a h ead o f t he Gortyn Cybe le a nd was c overed w ith a v e i l ; a l though t he v e il i s n o t r eproduced h ere i t s p resence o n t he p ro totype wou ld e xp la in t he smooth h a ir less s ca lp o f t he Gortyn s cu lpture. The b ody i s o n ly r ough ly b locked , b ut must i n v iew o f t he s ize o ft he h ead , n early o neth ird o f t he b ody , h ave b een c op ied f ro m a s it t ing f i gure.
o f t he t ota l h e igh t
The w ide c heeks a nd
r ound s kul f b o th t he I stanbu l a nd Gortyn Cybela i i nd icate a s ix th c entury l o d ate.
Tuchel t p laces t he I stanbu l f i gure i n t he t h ird q uarter o f t he s ix th c en-
t ury b u t s uggests i n f luence o f s l igh t ly e ar l ier s ou th I on ian works; s ketch i s p erhaps o f t he m id s ix th c en tury.
t he G ortyn
Rhod ian t rade may a ccoun t f or
f am i l iar ity i n C rete w ith a t ype s een i n East G reek a nd Cypr iot a rt . A s im ilar d a te i s t he e ar l iest a ss ignab le t o t he t iny l imestone s ke tch o f a n a n i ma l , n o. 1 5 ( P late 6 b ), t he b ro ther o f many t erracot n i ma l f i gur ines ta a o f t he s ix th a nd f i f th c en tur ies f rom G reece a nd Cyprus, a s, f or e xamp le, t he Archa ic ( s ix th c en tury o r l ater ) 30
s tatuette f rom Voun i,
3 1
t he v ot ive b ul l
2 ar am e xcava ted i n K am iros, f rom t he Archa ic p rec inct d epos it i n K our ion ,3
Rhodes, f ro m a m id f if th c entury t o mb , 33
a nd a Bo iot ian r am a nd g oa t f rom
t he K abe ir ion , b o th l a te f i f th c en tury. 34 A l l may b e s ecurely d ated o n s trat ig raph ica l o r t echn ica l g rounds ( na mely , u se o f t he d oub le mou ld ), a nd a l l s how t he c hubby r ounded b ody , w ith h ead a nd l imbs a troph ied a nd p o in ted , t hat c haracter ize t he Gortyn a n i ma l.
An i ma l t erracot t as o f t he s even th c en-
t ury , o n t he o ther h and , i nvar iab ly r e ta in t he e longated t ubu lar b ody a nd l imbs p roper t o G eo metr ic b ronze s cu lp ture : f or e xamp le, t he s even th c ent ury s tatuet tes f ro m A jia I r in i i n Cyprus, 3 5 a nd a d og a nd t wo h orses f rom Cor in th. 36
An i den t ica l f i gur ine i n l imestone , p ortray ing a c ow , h as b een
f ound i n ad epos it o f t he f i rst h a lf o f t he s ix th c en tury a t t he Hera ion i n 3 7 S a mos .
As t he smal imestone s ketches w ere p roduced a t Gortyn w el l l l
i n to t he s ix th c en tury , t he a l tar d epos it f rom w h ich t hese f our s cu lptures a nd t he ma jor ity o f t he Deda l ic t erracot r ig inate c annot b e s a id t o f a l t as o l e n t irely w ith in t he s even th c entury. 3 8
These s cu lp tures s how t hat t he Deda l ic
s ty le a t Gortyn e nded f ar l ater t han t he c om mence men t o f t he e ar ly a rcha ic i n o ther c en tres o f Greece;
t hey a lso d ocumen t as ign if ican t d ebt o f C re tan
t echn ique t o Rhodes. The r e ma inder o f t he Gortyn f rag men ts o f smal l s ize, n os. 1 , 2 , 1, 1 2 a nd 1 3, a re a l l Deda l ic h eads o r b usts, a nd w ith t he e xcept ion o f t he l atest , n o. 1 3, 39 wh ich , a ssum ing t he f i gure w as o nce a f u l l s tand ing o ne, m igh t h ave s tood 3 0 t o 4 0 cm h igh when c o mp lete, a re h ard ly l arger t han t he t erracot ta p laques o f s tand ing d raped wo men f ro m w h ich t hey must h ave b een c op ied d irect ly .
The e arl iest , n o. 1 ( P late 6 c ), i s c orrect ly p laced b y R izza u pon
t he h or izon o f Deda l ic s cu lpture a t G ortyn , 6 90 b y h is c hrono logy , b u t b y J enk ins ', 6 70. 40 J enk ins ' c hrono logy r ece ives c onf ir mat ion f ro m t he p rof i les o f w arr iors i nc ised u pon a block o f t he w al l o f t he s econd p er ip tera l Hera ion a t S a mos e rected a t t he t ime o f t he s ix th a l tar, a bou t 6 75, w h ich ls p d isp lay t he s a me b u lbous e yebal ressed a ga inst t he n ose, a nd marked ly c oncave c heeks ( Figure 1 5 ).
Two r ough l imestone f igur ines f rom Thera
a re a lso c o mparab le ( F igure 1 4 ); 6 50 B .0 .o r e ar l ier . 4 1
t hey w ere f ound i n aw el l -dated t o mb o f
The u nf in ished h ead n o. 2 ( P late 6 d ) c an o n ly h ave
b een i n tended f or a p ract ice p iece ;
t he f ac ia l c on tour a nd p lace men t o f t he
2 2
e yes l ook l ess p r im it ive t han n o. 1 .
The f igur ine w ith f u ly Dedal ic s hou lderl
l eng th h a ir a nd s haw l , n o. 1 ( P late 7 a ), h as a f ace b road o n e i ther s ide o f t he e yes, ad n l ooks n o eri a l er t han t he sc e ond pa h se o f t he M idde l Dedai lc ; 4 2 t he s im i lar b u t l arger f igur ine n o. 1 3 ( P late 7 b ) h as a broader b et eveloped ter d n eck , a nd s ide h a ir a rt icu lated i n to v ert ica l l ocks w h ich c urve r ound f ro m t he f ron t t o t he s ide v iew ;
i ti s p robab ly l a te Deda l ic.
The t iny p ro to me h ead n o .
1 2 ( P late 6 e ) l ooks l ess C retan t han Rhod ian , a nd i den t ica l t o a R hod ian h ead o f t he s econd p hase o f t he M idd le Deda l ic p er iod. 43 Thus t he s er ies o f smal l s tone Deda l ic f igur ines s hows t hat c rude s ketches i n s tone, model l ed d irect ly u pon t he t erracot t a Deda l ic s er ies a nd n o l arger t han t hey , b egan i n t he s econd q uarter o ft he s even th c entury a t G ortyn , a nd a pparen t ly p receded t he Cypr io t o r Rhod ian i nf luence t o w h ich t he s cu lptures n os. 3 , 4 , 1 0 a nd 1 2 t est ify . A lt hough t he n ew c on tacts may a ccoun t f or t he d evelopmen t f rom t he t iny o r t err acot ta s ize o f n os. 1 , 2 and 1, t o t he l arger s ize, l ike Cypr io t a nd Rhod ian s tone v ot ives, o f n os. 3 a nd 1 3, t he s cu lptures 1 , 2 , 1, 1 2 a nd 1 3 p rov ide mater ia l e v idence t hat Deda l ic mou lded t erracot i gur ines, a t l east o n t h is ta f o ccas ion , w ere t he mode ls f or t he e ar l iest Deda l ic s cu lptures . 4 4 G iven t he ir p oor c ond it ion a nd l ack o f d eta il , t he m in iature s cu lp tures o r s ketches a re e nor mously i n for mat ive a bou t t he h istory o f s tone s cu lp ture a t Gor tyn . To what e xten t c an t he Deda l ic g roup b e s a id t o h ave p resaged t he t wo g roups o f monu men ta l a rch itectura l s cu lptures f rom Gortyn? These a re l t he t wo t r iad f r iezes a nd a head a nd t orso , n os. 8 , 9 and 1 4, a l f ound i n t he c ourse o f e xcava t ing t he a rcha ic t e mp le o n t he a copro l is ; a nd t he l ower t orso o f as ea ted f igure i n t he r ound , w ith r elated f rag ments o f d ecorated a rch itect ure, a l l r eused i n t he c onstruct ion o f t he a rcha ic ' checkerboard ' wal l n ear l apse. t he a l tar , a nd d iscovered i n i t s c ol The t wo t r iad f r iezes, n os 8 ( Plate 8 )45 a nd 9 ( P late 9 ) , 46 w ere o f i den t ic al s i ze a nd d es ign , a nd o f a m a ter ia l d ist ingu ished f rom t he s of t l imestone o f t he o ther s cu lptures b y i t s c oarse r ubb le c on ten t. 47
The more c o mp lete o f
t he f r iezes , n r..9 , i s L ate Deda l ic, af ter 6 40 b y R izza 's c a lcu lat ion , a f ter 6 30 b y J enk ins ' .1 56 R izza w ou ld p lace t he v ery f ragmen tary f r ieze n o . 8 in t he M idd le Deda l ic p er iod , b y h is r eckon ing 6 65-640 , b y J enk ins ' 6 55-630 , 48 o n t he b as is o f t he o ut l ine o f t he f ace, a nd e ar ly i n t he p er iod , o n t he b as is o f t he t orso , h ence wel l b efore m id c en tury .
Bu t t he f rag men tary a nd h eav i ly
c orroded s tate o f t he t h igh a nd g ro in a rea c an h ard ly b e t he b as is f or p rec ise d at ing , a nd t he f ac ia l o ut l ine i s o n ly marg inal ly l ess d eve loped t han t hat o f t he l a ter f r ieze. T he s a me s lender U -shaped f ace a nd e xaggerated ly t a l l p o los s et o f f f ro m t he f orehead b y ap ro m inen t t oros-shaped me mber a re s een i n t he p a ir o f s ph inxes i n r el ief o n am itra p robab ly f rom A frat i, i n t he S ch i mme l Col l ect ion i n N ew Y ork , u n l ike ly f ro m i t s c ontex t t o b e e ar l ier t han L ate Deda l ic, 49 a nd a lso o n t he wooden s tatuet te o f Hera f rom S a mos o f a bou t 6 40. 5 0 I ti s d if f icu lt t o b e l ieve t hat i ft he e arl ier f r ieze c ou ld h ave b ec o me s o worn i n t en o r t wen ty y ears ' t ime, a s econd o ne o f i den t ica l t ype w ou ld h ave b een made t o r ep lace i t . Two s uch s im ilar f r iezes must b e p art o f t he s a me -bu ild ing p rogra mme, a nd r epresen t e ither t he c on te mporary work o f t wo c raf ts men , o r ac hrono log ica l g ap o f s evera l y ears ' t ime a t most ; we k now t ha t i nt he p er iod a round a nd a f ter 6 40 t he Deda l ic s ty le d eve loped a nd c hanged r ap id ly .
2 3
The c ur ious a nd p oor ly p reserved h ead a nd c hest n o. 1 4 ( Figure 2 0 )5 1 t he most e lus ive o f t he G ortyn s cu lptures ;
i s
b u t S cr inar i h as r ight ly n o ted
t hat t he f ace, w ith i t s r eced ing c h in a nd n early h or izon ta l s lop ing f orehead c onverg ing t o ap o in ted p robosc is must b e b est ia l.
Two c onverg ing f aces o f
a piece o f s tone o f t r iangu lar s ect ion h ave b een u sed t o d ef ine t he f ace 's t wo c onverg ing c heeks.
The t op o f t he h ead h as b een f l at nd p repared f or t ened a
a jo in b y means o f t wo mort ises. The n arrow b reast wou ld h ave f i ted w edget l ike i n to a block b e low , w ith t he f l a t b ack s urface o f t he p iece f l ush a ga inst a block b eh ind. S cr inar i s uggests a l i on-headed s ph inx p art ial nser ted i nly i t o t he a rch itectura l b lock f or m ing t he j a mb o f t he c en tra l d oor o f t he a rcha ic t e mp le, o n t he mode l o f t he l i on-sph inxes f l ank ing p orta ls i n L ate H it tite b u ild ings o f N orth S yr ia. I ti s p oss ib le t o e xa m ine more c lose ly t he c harac ter iza t ion c hosen f or t he s ph inx , p oor p reservat ion n o tw ithstand ing. The a n i ma l r el iefs o f t he g ate a t Z i er l i a nd o f t he S corp ion Gate a nd K aparu p a lace p ort ico a t T el l Ha la f5 2 h ave f l at , h eavy f aces, s hort n ecks, a nd b u lg ing a n i ma l b reas ts d ec ora ted w ith p at ragmen t h as a l ong h uman n eck a nd a terns. The Gortyn f f l at u ndeve loped h u man b reast , l ike t hose o f t he c en tra l mascu l ine f i gure i n t he t r iad r el ief n o. 9 ( P late 9 ).
The t ype o f s ph inx i s n ot t hat o f t he L a te
H it tone s cu lptures, b u t a n Egyp t ian l i on-or j acka l-faced t ype a s s een tite s o n s uch Phoen ic ian iz ing w orks a s t he b ronze b ow l f rom K our ion i n Cyprus ( Figure 2 3 ). 5 3 S uch o b jects must h ave b een f am i l iar i n C rete—the c en tra l p ane l w ith a n Assyr ian d e mon d ispa tch ing a l i on i s v ery c lose t o t he p icture o n aC retan s h ie ld. 5 4 The smal harpened a n i ma l p robosc is w ith f u l h a ir l s l f a l ing o n to b road s hou lders a lso a ppears a n a n i ma l-faced g od o n t he s a me l b ow l f ro m K our ion ;
o n t he s i lver m irror-hand le o f t he K ush ite q ueen
S habako o f t he e arly s even th c en tury ;5 5
a nd o n ab ow l f ro m t he B ernard in i
t o mb a t Praeneste d ated t o t he e arly s even th c en tury. 5 6 N orth S yr ian p orta l s ph inxes w ere n or mal ly c arved i n l ow r el ief o n t he l ong f ace o f a ja mb b lock , w ith h eads a nd f orequarters p ro ject ing a t t he f ron t s hor t f ace, a s a t Arslan-Tash 5 7 a nd Tel l Ha la f .5 2
The f e l ines o f t he s of t
l imestone o rthostates f rom a g ateway o f t he e arly s even th c entury a t G ord ion ( Figure 1 8 )5 8 a re a rranged i n a more u nusua l manner. L ow r el ief b od ies a nd h eads i n h igh r e l ief , t urned a t r igh t a ng les , a re i n t he s a me p lane , a l lowi ng t he who le c ompos it ion t o b e c arved f rom a n o rthostate b lock o f n arrow s ect ion .
On a n i vory p yx is f ro m Meg iddo ( Figure 2 1) 5 9 p a irs o f s ph inxes i n
h igh r e l ief c onverge a t t he c orners; t he n ow m iss ing h eads were worked f ree a nd f i tted i nto mort ises i n t he n ecks. The l i d o f t he p yx is may h ave r ested o n t he h eads. The a n i ma l o f t he Gor tyn t e mp le p orta l , w hose b ody w ou ld p robab ly h ave r ese mb led t hose o f t he n umerous s ph inxes o n p inakes o f Gortyn ( Figures 2 2 a nd 2 4 ), i s t o b e i mag ined a s as ph inx , o r p erhaps t wo c onvergi ng s ph inxes, c arved i n l ow r el ief o n a n o rthos tate s lab o r s labs, t he ( shared ) h ead a nd u pper b reast c arr ied o u t t wo-th irds i n t he r ound u pon t he t r iangu lar p iece n o. 1 4, w ith t he p o los o r h eadgear 6 0 u pon t he b lock a bove ( Figure 2 5 ). S uch a s o lu t ion t o a techn ica l p rob le m wou ld b e b oth i ngen ious a nd p r im it ive, a nd r em in iscen t o f t he s o lut ion o f t wo s uper i mposed b locks f or t he s eated f i gures f rom Gortyn ( no. 7 ) a nd Astr its i ( be low p p. 2 7-28 ). Ap rec ise d ate i s n o t p oss ib le; t he h a ir , i n s eparate l ocks, i s l ike t hat o f t he p robab ly L gte Deda l ic f ragmen t n o. 1 3. S uch a d a te b r ings t he r e l ief 2 4
i n to l ine w ith t he more c omp lete o f t he t r iad r e l iefs, n o. 9 , a nd s ugges ts t hat t r iad r el iefs a nd p orta l s ph inxes d ecorated t he t e mp le a t Gor tyn i n t he s ame p er iod. A lthough t he N ear Eastern p orta l s ph inx a s s uch d id n o t r eappear i n G reek s acred a rch itecture , i t must h ave i nsp ired t he b ul ls g uard ing a n ta b ases o f t he s ix th c en tury Arte m is ion a t Ephesos, 6 1
a nd t he g orgons g uard ing t he
c orners o f t he a rch itraves o f t he a rcha ic D idyma ion. 6 2 T he f ina l g roup o f Gortyn l imestone s cu lptures, n os. 5 , 6 , 7 , 1 6 a nd 1 7, a re d ist ingu ished b y al ove ly s urface d ecora t ion o ut l ined a nd r eserved i n b r igh t r ed p a in t a ga inst t he l i gh t s tone , wh ich i s h ere g iven a part icu lar ly c arefu l f in ish.
A l l t he d es igns w ere d rawn o n t he s tone b eforehand i n i nc ised
l i nes , i n w h ich t he c ut ting-compass f igured p redom inan t ly . The s eated l ower t orso n o. 7 ( P lates 1 0-11) e xh ib its f our t ypes o f c ompass-drawn d ecora t ions: a round t he wa ist , l arge S 's e nd ing i n s p ira ls, p laced e nd t o e nd ;
d own t he
f ron t o ft he s k irt , i n t he c en tre, d oub le v o lu tes w ith smal l r eserved p a l met t es i ns ide , n ex t c o mpass c ircles w ith l eaf-roset eserved i ns ide t he m , f inal tes r ly ac ompass-drawn p la ited c ha in i n o u t l ine r ather t han r eserve. Each o f t he s ubs id iary f rag men ts p reserves o ne o f t he f our d es igns o f t he t orso ; n o . 6 ( P late 1 2c ) t he i nc ised p la it mo t if , a lthough h ere r eserved ;
n . o . 1 76 3
t he t op
o f ar ow o f f ac ing v o lu tes, a s w el l a s a m aeander b order o n t he b ot to m o f t he f rag men t , o n wh ich n o c o lour i s p reserved ;
n o. 1 6 ( P late 1 2b ) al ine o f r un-
n ing o r Ss p ira ls i n o u t l ine ; a nd n o. 5 ( P la te 1 2a ) t he l ine o f l eaf-roset tes r eserved w ith in c oncen tr ic c ircles. The l ast o f t he f ragmen ts, n o . 5 , h as a b order i n r el ief a t t he b ot dge l ike t hat s t il o b e s een a t t he l ower f ron t to m e l t o f t he t orso ;
t he b order a nd l eaf-roset re i n as ca le i den t ica l t o t hat o f tes a
t hose a t t he b otto m o f t he s ea ted f i gure, a nd a s t he f ron t s urface o f t he f ragmen t i s d escr ibed a s ' gen t ly c onvex ' a nd t he b ack a s s awn o f , i t may b e r ef l a ted t o t he s evered l ower l e f t s k irt o f t he l arge s ea ted f igure ( Davaras s uggests t ha t t he s trange h ol ing o nt he l ef t s ide was a d el iberate p art o f t he o r ig ina l l ow d es ign o f t he f igure , a nd t hat t he s tatue w as h ere c omp leted b y a n a dded p iece o f s tone h e ld i n p lace b y a n a dhes ive med iu m. 8 4 Th is s o lut ion s ee ms u n l ike ly b ecause t he b reak c uts s tra ight t hrough t he a lready p a in ted c ompass d es ign ). A l ternat ive ly t he p iece may b e a l t ha t r e ma ins o f as econd s ea ted f igure. l O f t he t hree r e ma in ing d ecorated f rag men ts, n os. 6 a nd 1 6 e ach h ave a r ow o f d ecorat ion a bou t 1 0 cm h igh , l ike t he o rna men ts o n t he s k ir t o f t he t orso , a nd p erhaps c o me f rom t he w al r b ench i n wh ich t he l ower t orso w as a pparl o e n t ly im mured ; 65 t he o rna men ts o n t he f ragmen t n o. 1 7 a re t w ice t hat h e igh t , w h ich t aken w ith t he maeander d ecorat ion , s u its t he p iece f or a l ower wal l mou ld ing o r j a mb , s uch a s t he d ecorated j a mb o f t he P r in ias t e mp le A c el la d oor 6 6 The e nse mb le n atural ly r ecal ls t he P r in ias l in tel e nse mb le ( P lates 1 71 8a ). The f or m o ft he t orso a nd t he t ype a nd t echn ique o f t he d ecorat ion b o th l ook more p r im it ive, wh ile t he s eated f igure i s f ar l arger a nd h eav ier , a nd t he f i n ish ing f i ner— in s hor t t he s che me s eems b o th e arl ier a nd more amb it ious. R izza c al ls t he s tatue ' Pro todeda l ic ' , t ha t i s o f t he e nd o f t he e igh th c entury t o 6 90 6 7 o n t he b as is o f t he s im i lar ity t o t ubu lar t orsos p a in ted o n P ro todeda l ic v ases.
But a s t he t ubu lar s k ir ted t orso o f Deda l ic wo men e ndures v irtual ly
u nchanged i n v ases a nd t erracot ta r e liefs n early t o t he e nd o f t he s even th c ent ury , i n t he a bsence o f a ny c o mparab le s tone s ea ted f igure i n Greek a rt b ef ore t he Pr in ias l in tel f igures a t t he e nd o f t he c en tury , w e c an o n ly s ay o f 2 5
t he f or m o f t he l ower t orso t hat i t must b e e ar l ier t han t he E leu therna f igure ( P lates 1 4-15 ) a t t he e nd o f t he L ate Deda l ic p er iod , a s t he wa ist i s s o much more t ubu lar, a nd f or t he s a me r eason i s p erhaps e ar l ier t han t he Astr its i s tatue ( P la te 1 3b ) wh ich o ugh t t o b e p laced l a te i n t he M idd le Deda l ic p er iod ( be low , p p. 3 5f f.). The o rna men t p rov ides a m ore u sefu l i ndex f or d at ing. i tc o mpares c losest w ith G eo metr ic d ecora t ion .
R izza f inds t hat
Wh i le i ti s t rue t hat c ompass-
d rawn o rna men ts a re c haracter ist ic o f Geo metr ic p a inted p o ttery , t he u se o f t he c o mpass i n t he a ctua l i nc is ing o f t he d es igns i n to a r es istan t med ium , t ha t i s meta l o r s tone, was a pparen t ly n o t p ract ised i n Crete b efore t he s even th 8 c entury .6
As f or t he o rna men t i t se lf , o n ly r unn ing s p ira ls a nd l eaf-crosses
( t he f orerunners o f t he l eaf-roset ere ) a re f ound o n G eo metr ic p ot , tes h t ery a nd l ate Geo metr ic a t t ha t , f or e xa mp le o n a Cyc lad ic o r Eubo ian k ra ter f ro m 9 Cyprus o f a bou t 7 50-725. 6
A P rotoat f t he e ar ly s even th c entic amphora o
t ury b y t he Ana la tos Pa in ter h as S s p ira ls e nd t o e nd , b ut t he r oset nd tes a c ab les a re b lobby a nd i mprec ise, a s o n o ther P rotoat ots .7 ° The p rec ise tic p Cyclad ic c ircle d ecorat ion o n ly f i rst f used w ith f l a mboyan t Pro toatt ic d ecorao n Me l ian amphoras o ft he
1 t ive f or ms i n t he ' Me l ia & g roup o f af ter 6 50 :7 2 t h ird q uarter o f t he s even th c en tury 7
we s ee f or t he f i rst t ime t he who le
Gortyn r eperto ire o f mot ifs b rough t t ogether i n af l a mboyan t l ight-and-dark s ty le, t he h uge o pposed S s p ira ls, t he s p ira l v o lutes w ith u nderdeve loped 3 p al met s w el s c ha ins a nd r unn ing s p ira ls .7 t es, a l a
s ty le c haracter izes C retan
Ab r ight p o lychrome
O r ien ta l iz ing p ot ro m e arly i n t he s even th tery f
c en tury , wh ile t he t echn ique o f r eservat ion a ga inst a d ark g round b ecomes 4 p opu lar l a ter i n t he c entury .7
For C retan r e l ief p itho i o f S chäfer 's P er iod
I , 6 60-640/30 , at wo-tone c o lour s ty le i s d eve loped , d if feren t f ro m t he u se I 5 o f c o lour i n t he p er iods p reced ing a nd f ol ing i t ;7 l ow
a nd a Cypr io t s even th
c en tury k rater i n t he L ouvre h as a metope f r ieze a t t he s hou lder o f e igh tl eaf r oset t es
6 r eserved a ga inst a d ark g round. 7
Espec ial ert inen t c o mly p
p ar isons a re t he t wo w heel- made t erracot do ls f ound i n S iphnos, d ecora ted ta i w ith t he p a inted p at f N ax ian p o ttery. 7 7 terns o
The e ar l ier , d ecorated w ith
o u t l ine a nd s i lhouet at f t he f i rst h a l f o f t he s eventh c entury 7 te p terns o 8 h as as i mp le h or izon ta l l ine o f p la ited Ws s ketched a t t he b ot to m o f t he s k ir t ;
t he
s econd a nd more e labora te ( F igure 2 h ) h as a b o lder b and o f o pposed S -sp ira ls r unn ing u p e ach s ide o f t he s k irt , a nd t he p a in ted a n i ma ls a re t rea ted p art ly i n r eserve.
Cre tan a rt ists a ppear t o h ave c op ied t he d ecorat ions o f t he s k irts
ta o f t he Cyc lad ic i do ls f i rst i n t erracot , a s t he C re tan s er ies o f s im i lar w hee lmade f igur ines s hows :
t he e arl iest ( Protodeda l ic, o r s i mp ly L ate G eometr ic )
l ad whee l made ' Pal ion ' f ro m Gortyn h as a p la in v arn ished s k irt , b y o ne w ith a c hecked a nd d ot ldrt ; 8° t ed s
7 9
f ol l owed
a n a rm d oubt less f ro m s uch a w heel-
made i do l , f ro m t he D ik taean Cave, i s p a in ted w ith a f ew p at ike t he t erns l f i l ing o rna men t o f t he S iphnos f i gures, a pparen t ly o f a bou t 6 50 ;8 1 l
f i nal he ly t
s k irt o f t he l a test Gortyn wheel made f i gure , o f t he Midd le Deda l ic p er iod , i s d ecorated w ith w ha t s ee ms a s i mp l if ied im ita t ion o f t he a n i ma l p anels a nd 2 l ines o f f l ora l p a tterns o f t he S iphn ian f igures ;8
t he d ecorat ions o n t he s k irt
o f t he s tone Gortyn f igure must b e n early c on te mporary . The d ecora t ive s che me o f t he s eated t orso a nd r e lated f rag men ts wou ld f i t e qual el n to t he m idd le o r t h ird q uarter o f t he s even th c en tury. ly w l i
Wh t
i s t he ir r e lat ionsh ip t o t he b u ild ing p rogra m me wh ich i nc luded t he t r iad f r iezes
2 6
a nd p orta l s ph inx?
Whereas t he t r iad f r iezes n os. 8a nd 9 a nd t he s ph inx n o.
1 4 c ame t o l ight i n t he e xcava t ion o f t he t e mp le i t sel f , t he g roup o f d ecora ted f ragmen ts n os. 5 , 6 , 7 , 1 6 a nd 1 7 w ere f ound i n t he a rea o f t he a l tar a t ad ist ance o f 3 0 m d ownh il r r eused i n i t s t errace w al h ich w as d ated b y t he l, o l, w e xcavators t o t he m id s eventh c en tury. 8 3 A l though i ti s p oss ib le t hat t he s ea ted f igure b elonged t o t he a l tar p rec inct , i t s monumen ta l s ca le s uggests i t b elonged t o t he t e mp le. The c el oor a t t he n or th e nd o f t he t e mp le w as la d 4 t wo s eated f i gures c ou ld h ave b een i ncorporated a bou t t hree metres w ide ;8 i n to b enches f l ank ing t he i n ter ior o f t he e n trance way. The f i gure i s t oo l arge
a nd h eavy t o h ave r ested v ery f ar f ro m f l oor l eve l ;
n o f ounda t ions f or b enches
o r s ta tues were p reserved i nside t he c el , w hereas t wo h uge l imestone b locks, la f oundat ion b locks s ee m ing ly , w ere f ound n ot f ar f rom t he p robab le l oca t ion o f t he ma in e n trance i n t he n orth w a l 1. 8 5 The u pper j a mbs o f t he d oor c ou ld h ave r ested u pon t he f igures' h eads, o r a lternat ive ly , t he f i gures c ou ld h ave b een r a ised s evera l f eet u pon t he mono l iths a nd h ave s upported t he l in tel d irect ly . The w id th o ft he n orth wal uf or t wo s uch p rof ile f igures, i n a dd it ion l s fices f t o t he e n trance, a nd t h is r econstruc t ion w ou ld e xp la in t he l ack o f f eet i n t he f i gures—the a bsence o f t he t wo l owest v o lu tes i n t he d ecorat ion o f t he s k irt f ron t s uggests t ha t t he a rt ist may h ave c on te mp lated p a inted f eet. The s uggest i on i s p art icu lar ly a tract ive f or t he l i ght i t wou ld t hrow u pon t he P r in ias t d es ign , where t he l oca l a rt is t m ight h ave w ished t o i m itate t he f a mous a nd amb it ious Gortyn t e mp le, b u t w as o b l iged b y t he smal idth o f h is t e mp le l er w t o r a ise t he f igures o ver t he c el oor o pen ing , t hereby c arry ing a n e ssen t ial la d ly Egyp t ian s che me o ne s tep f ur ther f ro m i t s o r ig ina l mode 18 6
( f or e xamp le,
p y la o f Dynast ies XVI nd X IX i n t he t e mp les a t K arnak a nd L uxor ) .8 7 The I a a rch itectura l b locks w ith c ompass-drawn i nc ised d ecorat ion wh ich w ere f ound r eused i n l oca l b u i ld ings n ear Pr ina is 8 8 r e lat ionsh ip.
s treng then t he p oss ib i l ity o f ac lose
One may t hus i mag ine t he L ate Geo metr ic t e mp le a t Gortyn r edecorated i n t he c ourse o f t he s even th c entury , f i rst w ith s eated f e ma le f i gures a t t he c el la d oor , t hen w ith t r iad f r iezes a nd p orta l s ph inxes. Davaras h as made t he i mpor tan t p o in tt hat t he Gortyn t orso a nd t he Astr its i s tatue ( t o wh ich t he E leu therna s tatue s hou ld p erhaps b e a dded ) p rov ide t wo e xamp les o f at echn ique, p ecu l iar t o s even th c en tury Crete a nd s een n owhere e lse i n t he Greek w orld, o fb u i ld ing u p as i t t ing f i gure f rom t wo b locks o f l imestone, a c ub ic o ne f or t he h ips a nd l egs, a n arrower v ert ical o ne o f s l ight 9 Two f urther p o in ts may b e d ep th f or t he b reast , h ead a nd u pper a r ms .8 d rawn f ro m t h is o bserva t ion . F irst , t he i nvent ion i n C rete i n t he t h ird q uart er o f t he s even th c en tury o f a n e ssen t ial ly p r im it ive method o f b u ild ing u p a monumen ta l f igure f ro m more t han o ne b lock ( o f a mater ia l t hat C retan c raf tsmen w ere e ither u nable t o q uarry i n al arger s ize, o r e lse u nab le t o t r im d eep ly i n t he c ourse o f s cu lp t ing , a s wou ld b e d e manded b y an arrow-wa isted s ea ted f i gure ), must b e s een a s ar esponse t o t he d eve lopment i n t he Cyclades o r East G reece s hort ly b efore t h is t ime o f monumen ta l marb le s cu lpture. The s of t Cretan l imestone i sb y i t s n ature u nsu ited t o t he l arge s ca le f igures i n t he r ound wh ich C retan a rt ists s trove f or a g enerat ion t o r eproduce. S econd , w e a re d ea l ing h ere n o t w ith a s tatue b u i l t u p o f t wo l arge b locks o n ly , b u t w ith o ne i nvo lv ing a t l east t wo f ur ther s ubs id iary p ieces. B , r e t he d iscovery o ft he Gortyn f i gure, o ne m ight h ave b e l ieved t hat t he s tumps
2 7
o f t he u pper a r ms o f t he Astr its i a nd E leu therna f i gures e nded where t hey i n tersected t he l ower s urface o f t he b lock f orm ing t he b reast , a nd t ha t t he l ower a r ms b e low t h is l evel w ere c ut a s o ne w ith t he l ower b lock .
But i ti s
c lear f ro m t he e xa mp le o f al ower t orso n ow s upp l ied b y t he Gortyn f i gure t hat t he l ower a r ms w ere n ot a lways s cu lpted w i th t he l ap—they must , a t l east i n t h is e ar l iest e xa mp le o f t he t ype, h ave b een s cu lpted s eparately a nd j o ined. They r ested a long t he o uter e dges o f t he l ap , a nd t h is may e xp la in w hy i n t h is e ar ly f igure, t he wa ist i s s et s o s harp ly i n f rom t he s ides o f t he h ips , i n o rder t o p rov ide a dd it iona l r est ing s urfaces u nder t he e lbows. P ern ier h as s uggested t hat t he t wo h ands o f t he Pr in ias g oddess w ere h eld i n s l igh t ly d if feren t a t t itudes , 9 ° a nd t h is i s p roved f or b o th t he Gortyn a nd E leu therna f i gures. That o ne h and o f t he Gor tyn f igure c urved o ver t he k nee , a nd t he o ther r ested u pon i t , p robab ly i n af i s t , i s i nd icated b y t he f act t hat t he l e f t -hand r ow o f r oset t es d own t he s ide o f t he s k irt f ron t i s d isp laced s l igh t ly d ownwards i n r espect t o t he r ow o n t he r ight ( P late 1 1a ).
I n t he
E leutherna s tatue, t he c lue i s g iven b y t he s oph ist ica ted manner i n w h ich t he 1 h a ir a t t he b ack i s s hown a t a n o bv ious s lan t. 9
s ixth c entury k ore 9 2
A c ompar ison w ith a C h iot
i n w h ich t he h a ir l ine r ises t o t he r ight t o i nd icate a turn
o f t he h ead t o t he l ef t , t he s ide o n wh ich o ne h and i s r a ised t o t he b reast , s uggests t hat t he s im i lar r ise i n t he E leutherna s tatue 's h a irl ine o n t he r ight , c oup led w ith t he s omewha t h igher a nd more p ul n c arr iage o f t he l e f t l ed i s houlder, i nd icates c arr iage o f t he l ef t h and—perhaps i n af i st—nearer t he b ody . The q uest ion o f where t he C retan a rt ist g o t h is t ype o f t he monu men ta l s eated f i gure i n t he r ound i s a baf ing o ne. Davaras ' l i st o f l oca l t erracot .s fl ta 3 The e ar l iest d oes n o t c on ta in a t ype o f a dequa te a ge, d eta il o r p opu lar ity. 9 s ea ted t ypes p opu lar a t Gortyn a re l ate Midd le a nd L ate Dedal ic 9 4 a nd s how
a tiny f igure more o r l ess i n r el ief a ga inst a f u l t hrone; a s ea ted t erracot l ta f rom Anav lochos 9 5 w ith t hrone s hown a l a round l ooks p ost-Deda l ic a nd r el h i le a n ude s eated w o man s e mb les t he marble s ea ted s tatuet rom De los; 96 w tes f i n t erracot ro m L ato 9 7 p ropped o n a hand made t hrone w ith s epara te t errata f c ot egs, a l though p robab ly a s o ld a s t he mid c entury , i s a pparen t ly modelta l l ed o n a n Arg ive t ype p ropped o n c lay s trut d 8 Möb ius i n h is s em ina l s tudy o f t he s ub ject d er ived a l s even th c en tury l s eated f i gures f ro m a n o r ien ta l p rof i le f i gure w ith s hort u pper b ody a nd l ong 9 9 Recen t ly , o p in ion h as t h ighs , s louched i n al arg ish t hrone w ith a r mrests . t urned a ga inst s ee ing o r ien ta l i n f luence a s d ec is ive i n t he d eve lopmen t o f t he
a rcha ic Greek s eated s tatue.
Tuchelt h as d e monstrated t he l ack o f a ny East
Greek s eated f igures e ar l ier t han t he s ix th c entury , a s w el l a s t he l ack o f o r ien ta l mode ls i n t he r ound f or t he s tatues o ft he s ix th c en tury t o b e b ased 1 00 K ran tz wou ld t race a rcha ic monu men ta l s eated f i gures t o G eome-
u pon .
01 t r ic G reek f igur ines e xc lus ively. 1
K ran tz a pproached t he p rob le m b y d ist ingu ish ing t hree t ypes o f t hrone o r s ea t. P erhaps a-more u sefu l a pproach i s t o d ist ingu ish t wo t ypes o f s ea ted f igure, r egard less o f t he t ype o f s eat : t hose s unk i n to o r embedded i n as eat o r t hrone, l ike Me ib ius ' e xa mp les, t he Branch idae f rom D idy ma ,1 02 a nd s uch r ela ted a rcha ic s tatues a s t he h ard l imestone s eated f igure i n S parta f rom Magu la ;1 03
a nd t hose i n wh ich t he s eated f igure i s u pr ight a nd t a l l , w ith
2 8
t ubu lar b ody w el reed f rom a ny b ackground. Exa mp les o f t he s econd t ype l f a re t he s er ies o fb one f igur ines f ro m t he O rth ia s anctuary a t S parta , f ound w ith p ot tery o f b efore 6 20 ,1 04 t he Ear ly Deda l ic g roup o f t erracot ta s ta tut 05 e tes o f s eated w omen f rom t he s anctuary o f Hera L i men ia a t P erachora , 1 a nd most s ign if ican t b ecause o f i t s s ize, mater ia l a nd e arly d ate, t he f uneral s te le f ro m Paros o f n ot l a ter t han 6 50 ( Figure 3 7 )1 06
s how ing a s eated woman
i n p ro f i le w ith a smal l u pr igh t u pper t orso a nd w a ist , a nd c urvaceous h ips a nd t h ighs. The t i ny s too l-l ike t hrones i n a l l t he e xamp les o f t he s econd c lass a re a ccoun ted f or b y t he d i ff icu lt ies o f s how ing a n e labora te, e ncompass ing t hrone i n t he r ound. Bu t t he u pr ight f i gure may s t il l b e s een t o d er ive f rom o r ien ta l p rototypes o f t he Egyp t ian iz ing t ype , s uch a s t he u pr igh t , t ubu lar f i gure o n a n i vory p laque f rom Meg iddo ( Figure 4 6 ). The r e lat ionsh ip o f s uch o r ien ta l p ictures t o t hat o f as eated wo man o n t he Cretan m itra f ro m O lymp ia ( Figure 3 8 ) i s a pparen t ;
a nd t he s ea ted f igure Gor tyn n o. 7 rese mb les t he
f i gure o n t he m itra v ery c lose ly i n f or m , p osture a nd c ostume. The Ha l f-Rel ief S tatue f rom Mal l es
( Figure 2 7 )
07 The h a lf-rel ief smal igure o f as eated woman f ound n ear Mal l f l es 1
i s
p laced b y Davaras i n t he S trong Deda l ic g roup o f s cu lptures a long w ith t he s tatue f ro m Astr its i , t hat i s , a t o r b efore t he m idd le o f t he s even th c en tury ; L ev i c ons idered i tt he e arl iest C retan a te mpt t o t rans late t he f or ms o f l oca l t t erracot cu lpture i n to s tone. L ev i a nd Pern ier n a tural id n o t k now o f ta s ly d t he Astr its i s tatue, whose h ead , h a ir a nd s hou lders b ear a f ar s tronger r es e mb lance t o t he Mal tatue t han P ern ier 's c ompar ison , t he Pr in ias l es s s ea ted g oddess; b u t i t s d iscovery h as p ro mp ted Davaras t o make a s im i lar p o in t , a ssert ing t ha t t he Astr its i s tatue p roves t hat monumen ta l s eated s tone f igures i nt he r ound were d eveloped i n C rete t hrough a d irect t rans it ion f rom l oca l t erracot el iefs o f s ea ted f igures .1" L ev i d id n ot s pec ify t he e xamp les ta r h is t heory was f ounded u pon ; Davaras c i tes s ome e xa mp les o f t erracot ta f igures, b u t a s h as b een n o ted e arl ier i n e xam in ing t h is q u ite c omp lete l i st o f C retan s ea ted f i gur ines f or i conograph ica l p aral l els
w ith t he Gortyn
s eated s tatue ( above , p . 28),n one e xcep t t he Arg ive-look ing f igur ine f rom L ato 1 09
i n h er f our-legged s eat a re e arly e nough , a nd s he i s e ven l ess s u it-
a b le a p aral or t he Mal a l f-re l ief t han s he w as f or t he Gortyn t orso. l el f l es h The f ac ia l c on tour a nd p eruke o ft he r e l ief s tatue im med iately r ecal l t he s tatue f ro m Astr its i ( P late 1 3b ) . The most s tr ik ing s im i lar ity i s i n t he w ig a nd i t s r elat ionsh ip t o t he f ace : i td raws a beeh ive s hape b etween t he t ops o f t he t wo s hou lders;
t he h e igh t o fh ead a nd n eck t ogether i s s urpassed b y
t he w idth o fh a ir a nd c h in a t t he l ower e dge o f t he p eruke.
The f l a ttened
d ome o f t he c ran ia l h a ir h as c orners t hat e x tend f ar b eyond t he s ides o f t he f ace , a nd t he s ide p ieces o f h a ir h ave c onvex o u ter b orders ; t he v o lu me o f t he h a ir i s g reater t han t he v o lume o f t he f ace. Al l t hese t ra its a re o n ly t ru ly a t h o me i n t he 2 nd a nd 3 rd p hases o f t he Midd le Dedal ic p er iod. 1 1u The s hort l eng th o f t he h a ir i s n o t a t h o me i n s tone s cu lp ture o f a ny Deda l ic p er iod.
S hort b ut w ide h a ir w edges a re t he r u le f or Deda l ic t erracot ta p ro-
t o me h eads o f a l l p er iods, 1 a s w el l a s f or many o f t he s ph inxes o n Deda l ic r el iefs f rom Gortyn. 1 12 The p ro to me h eads o n a group o f g o ld a nd b ronze j ewe lry o ft he s econd h a l f o f t he s even th c en tury a t tr ibu tab le t o v ar iou c en tres i n t he Cyc lades a nd E ast Greece , 13 a l low u s t o f o l low t he d e ? , men t o f t he ' p rotome w ig ' d ur ing t h is p er iod. 2 9
P ro tome h eads o n g o ld j ewe lry
o f a bou t t he m idd le o f t he s even th c en tury h ave s ide h a ir w edges w hose o u ter l ines r un n early v ert ical ownwards f rom t he c orners o f t he f ace a t t he ly d t e mp les; t he c rown c ap o f h a ir a long w ith t he f ace f or m a paral logra m t a ler le l I n e xa mp les o f t he e ar ly t h ird q uarter o f t he s even th c ent han i ti s w ide .14 t ury , t he c rown h a ir h as b egun t o b roaden b u t t he p rotome a s aw ho le i s s t il l t a l ler t han i ti s w ide .15
The f i na l s tage, when t he u pper c orners o f t he w ig
b roaden t re mendously u n t il t he p ro to me a s aw ho le b ecomes a s quare, i s o n ly r eached i n p ro tom .es o f a bou t 6 25 a nd a f ter .16
The b ronze k ouros a t Delph i
o f t he f i na l p hase o f t he M idd le Deda l ic, 17 w ith a w ig o f t he p rotome t ype l a e nd ing w el bove t he s hou lders, c oncludes t h is d evelopmen t. The w ig o f t he l es r Mal e l ief i s more p r im it ive t han t he k ouros ' , b u t more a dvanced t han t he e xa mp les o f p rotomes b efore t he l a te t h ird q uarter o f t he s even th c en tury. The f ace o f t he s tatue i s h eav ily worn a nd p it ted , s o t hat n o t e ven t he o u tl ine o f t he j aw c an b e made o u t i n t he p ho tographs o f t he i n it ia l p ub l icat ion , b ut must b e d iscussed o n t he b as is o f P ern ier 's l i thograph. The f ace i s much n arrower t han t hat o f t he Astr its i s ta tue , b u t s o a re t he f aces o n an umber o f ' Deda l ic ' h eads i n b ronze a nd t erracot ta f ro m A frat i o f t he l ast q uarter o f t he s eventh c en tury ; 18
i fP ern ier 's s ketch i s a ccura te, t he l ine o f t he j aw makes
t wo o btuse t urns o n e ach s ide , ac on f igurat ion f i rst s een i n Cor inth ian a nd C retan h eads o f t he 2 nd p hase o f t he Midd le Deda l ic .1 19 Wh i le l i t t le c an b e s a id p os it ively a bou t t he b lurred f eatures, R izza 's d a te o f Ear ly Deda l ic f or 2° wh ich i s f o lowed b y Davaras, 1 21 p art icular ly i n v iew o f t he h igh t he p iece 1 l l im its o f 6 90-70 B .C. a ss igned b y R izza t o t he p er iod , i s u n just if ied. Ha ir
a nd f ace i nd ica te a d a te i n t he Midd le Deda l ic, most p robab ly i n t he s econd p hase. The s ingu lar t echn ique o f t he h a lf-rel ief , w ith i t s h ast i ly c h isel l ed b road p lanes a t r igh t a ng les, t ogether w ith t he s tra igh t g ar men t wh ich a pparen t ly i s u ng irded , a n e xcept ion i n C retan a rt , p rov ide c lues t o t he p oss ib le o r ig in o f t he t echn ique o f t he smal a l f-rel ief s tatue. The n early i den t ica l s eated l h s tatue f rom Ha la i i n Bo iot ia ( P late 2 9 ) h as a more d eveloped h ead a nd must b e l ater , t hus o f n o h e lp h ere f or t he o r ig in o f t he s ty le a nd t echn ique. The d eta ils o f t he h a ir a nd t he c loak o ver t he s hou lders s how t he s tatue h ad r eached i t s f i na l s tages, a nd i s n ot u n f in ished.
A s pec if ic t ype o f s eated f unerary
s ta tue i n as em i-re l ief t echn ique c orrespond ing c losely t o t he Mal a lfl es h r el ief i s f ound f requen t ly i n L a te H itt ite s i tes o f N orth S yr ia. The most f am il iar e xa mp le i s t he s tatue o f as eated woman f ro m a tomb c hapel a t Tel l I ia laf ;1 22
t he l ong-robed f igure s i ts w ith h ands u pon k nees, t he b ody f or m ing
as harp s tep a t t he k nees, a nd t he t wo f eet p ro trud ing f rom t he r e l ief b elow t he h em o f t he d ress, t o r est u pon a smal l l edge ( Figure 2 8 ).
The s tone h as
b een c u t away a t t he b ack a nd s ides o f t h is f i gure , b u t i tr e ma ins a s aI dnd o f u ncharacter ized t a l l t hrone l ike t hat o f t he Manes r e l ief , i n n umerous s im ilar s eated s tep-l ike f unerary r e l iefs f rom T el l Ha laf a nd Marash. 1 23 The t echn ique o ft he L ate H it tite s ea ted s tatues h ad i t s e f fect u pon Cypr iot s cu lpt ure a s w el l, a s i l lustrated b y t he l i t t le l imestone r el ief o f t he s even th c en tury f rom O ld Paphos w ith a s ea ted f igure i n as tepped n iche ( Figure 1 6 ). l ed Th is f igure h as t he s a me s quare s hou lders a nd l ap d ef ined b y r ough ly model f l at p lanes a t r ight a ng les , t he r el ief s urface r ound t he e dges o f t he f i gure b e ing l ef t a t d i fferen t d ep ths f or b ackground a nd p oss ib ly a throne, a s i n t he Marash f igures. May o ne s ay t hat Cypr iot s cu lpture s erved a s a n i n ter med iary
3 0
b etween t he N or th S yr ian a nd Cretan s choo ls?
P oss ib ly ;
b u t a s i n t he c ase
o f Gortyn s tatuet o. 1 0 ( Plate 5 b ), t he C retan s cu lp ture s tands i fa ny th ing te n c loser t o t he N orth S yr ian p ro totype t han d oes t he c o mparab le Cypr iot s cu lpt ure. 24 i nc lude a n e xL ev i 's s uggest ions f or t he o r ig ina l p urpose o f t he s ta 1ue 1 v oto d ep ict ing t he d ed ican t , o r a smal epu lchra l s tele. He r u les o u t t he l s
i mage o f a de ity i n ar ust ic s anctuary o n t he g rounds t hat i tw ears n o p o los. The f i rst t wo s uggest ions h owever wou ld p resent e qual reat d if f icu l t ies i f ly g w e w ished t o i n terpret t he m i n t he c lass ic G reek Archa ic s ense : a rcha ic G reek e x-vo tos s how ing d ed ican ts o r o ferers d o n ot s i t h ierat ical n throned ; f ly e a nd t he r e l ief i s n o th ing l ike t he e arly a rcha ic Greek s epu lchra l s te la i , c onsi s t ing o f t al l p il lars a t f i rst s i mp ly d ecorated w ith p a in t o r i nc is ion , t hen p resent ly t opped w ith a n i ma l s cu lptures, b eg inn ing t o b e made a t t h is t ime .1 25 At nd d ress o f t he Mal el ief f i gure a re a s i n t he Ha laf monutitude a l es r men t , F igure 2 8 : a person b are-headed a nd b are-footed , l ower a r ms a nd h ands p ressed a long t he t h ighs, t he l e f t h and f l at , t he r igh t h and a pparen t ly h o ld ing s o meth ing a t t he k nee. The N orth S yr ian t o mb monu men ts p ortray t he h ero ized d ead a s r ec ip ien ts o f o ffer ings , at ype wh ich a lso g a ined g rea t p opu lar ity i n s o me p arts o ft he a rcha ic Greek wor ld , where t he l ong s er ies o f L akon ian r el iefs o f e n throned d raped f igures h o ld ing h ands a nd v esse ls 26 Both c lasses o f f orward f or o f fer ings a re t he b est-known e xa mp les. 1 monumen ts, L akon ian a nd N orth S yr ian , u se t he s eated f igure i n o r o ver a
t omb t o r epresen t o r embody t he h ero ized d ead , o r t he s p ir it o f t he d ead t o w h ich o fer ings may b e made. f p urpose.
The Mal e l ief l ooks i n tended f or t he s a me l es r
The f ron t o f t he s tatue i s weathered t o as p lotchy g rey-brown ,
d arken ing d ownwards t o b ecome a sh-b lack o ver t he k nees;
a t al i ne a bou t
6 cm b e low t he t op o f t he k nees, t he b lack e nds a brup t ly , a nd t he r e ma inder o f t he s tone i s al i gh tb uf h ich a ppears t o h ave b een more p rotected. The f w s tatue must h ave b een s unk p artway i n to t he g round , o n w h ich b urn t o fer ings f were made i n f ron t o f i t .
Bo th f or m a nd u se a ccord w el ith t he Greek l w
Geometr ic a nd e ar ly Archa ic p ract ice o f p art ial ink ing smal ough ly ly s l r worked b locks o r s labs d irect ly o ver g raves a s markers f or o fer in gs 1 27 f The c usto m i s p oss ib ly t raceab le t o t he e nd o f t he Mycenaean p er iod : s im il ar ly s ized a nd p roport ioned s tele-l ike s tones w ere p laced o ver f i ve t ho lo i i n t he Mycenaean n ecropo l is a tI a lysos i n Rhodes , e ach i nc ised w ith a bstract s ymbo ls .12 8
The f or m o f d ecorat ion d id n o t s urv ive t he c lose o f t he B ronze
Age, b u t t he f or m a nd u se o ft he b locks t he mselves d id.
K f ibler h as t raced
t he d evelop men t o f t hese smal n t he K erame ikos c e metery 1 l markers i 29
a nd
f ound t hat t he a l together r ough e arly G eo metr ic s tones a re f i rst g iven r igh t a ng les a nd b eco me b lock-l ike i n t he n in th c en tury B .C.; t he b locks b ecome t h inner a nd s lab-l ike d ur ing t he e igh th c en tury ; a nd a n e xa mp le o f t he t h ird q uarter o f t he s even th c en tury 1 3 °h ad d i mens ions c o mparab le t o t hose o f t he Mal les r e l ief , a lthough i t moves i n an ew e irect ion i n i t s u se o f a dd it iona l h or izon ta l me mbers t o g ive h e ight a nd g randeur. Meanwh ile t here i s e v idence t hat i n s evera l p rov inc ia l c en tres i n t he s even th c en tury t h is S ubgeo metr ic f or m o f marker s tone was b eg inn ing t o b e c rude ly f i gured ; b u t o f t he e xamp le w ith a to mb c on tex t , n a me ly f rom 3 los ( K i mo los )1 31
t here i s n o c erta in ty t hat i tw as a tomb marker , wh i le e :
3 1
, p les
32 a nd Ha la i1 33 s urely w ere n ot. T he i n as im ilar t echn ique f ro m Cyprus 1 Mal el ief may w el e t he e arl iest f igured f unera l s tele f ro m t he G reek l es r l b w orld ; b u t a s a typ ical retan h ybr id o f f or ms t aken d irec t f ro m t he E ast ly C
a nd g raf ted o n t o ac onservat ive Geo metr ic p ract ice , i ti s a n e vo lut ionary d ead-end , a nd l i es o uts ide t he l ine o f d evelopmen t j ust u nderway o n t he ma inl and. The Auxerre S tatuet te
( Plate 1 3a )
Ever s ince J enk ins p laced t he Auxerre s tatuet ith in h is s equence f or te w Deda l ic p last ic h eads, f ix ing h er i n t he s econd p hase o f t he M idd le Deda l ic a t a bou t 6 45-40 ,1 34 t he s tatuette h as r e ma ined a fi xed p o in t i n Cretan s cu lpt ura l c hrono logy. A s ing le v o ice h as b een r a ised w ish ing t o p lace t he s tat uet n t he l ast q uarter o f t he s even th c entury , R ich ter 's , te i
1 35
i n o rder t o a l low
ar easonab le amoun t o f t ime f or t he d evelop men ts l ink ing t he N ikandre s tatue o f m id c en tury a nd t he S oun ion g roup o f At tic s cu lp tures t o t ake p lace—bu t t he e xpectat ion t hat d eve lop men ts i n s even th c en tury s cu lpture s hou ld h ave t aken p lace a t a n e ven p ace i s u n founded. Ho mann- Wedek ing , o ne o f a group o f s cho lars who wou ld l ike t o s ee t he d ates f or t he p hases o f C or in th ian p a in t ing , t he b as is f or t he i n it ia l d at ing o f t he Auxerre s tatue, l owered b y s evera l d ec ades, n evertheless c ons iders t he s tatuet te f i xed a bso lutely i n t he t h ird 36 Most r ecen t ly o f a l , c on f ir ma t ion c omes f rom q uarter o f t he c en tury .1 l R izza 's t horough t ypo log ica l s tudy o f t he mass ive b ody o f Deda l ic mater ia l
f rom t he Gortyn s anctuary . The Midd le Deda l ic p hase i s c arr ied d own t o 6 40 37 As R izza 's d a tes a re a nd t he Auxerre s ta tuet te p laced i n i t s f ina l y ears. 1 a rguab ly h igh , a nd s o me o f h is L ate Deda l ic mater ia l c er ta in ly s ee ms t o p ost-date 6 20 B .C., h is t er m ina l d ate f or t he D edal ic s ty le a t Gortyn , t he d ate o f t he Auxerre s tatuet ught p erhaps t o f a l s o mewhere i n t he 6 30s , te o l more i n l ine w ith R ich ter 's i deas, b u t s t il o inc id ing w ith Ho mann- Wede ld .ng 's. l c I ft he i den t ity o f t he s ta tuet 's workmansh ip a s C retan h as b een s er ious ly te d oubted i n r ecen t y ears 1 38
t he q uest ion i s n ow f i nal et y t he d iscovery ly s tled b
among t he Gortyn t erracot f as izeab le n umber o f l a te M idd le Deda l ic t as o t ypes o f f aces wh ich m igh t b e t w in s ister t o t he s tone s ta tuet 39 t e .1 I ti s p erhaps t he q u in tessen t ial retan f ace o f t he s ta tuet h ich , t aken ly C te w t ogether w ith t he f act t hat i ti s t echn ical he f i nest e x tan t p iece o f C re tan ly t work i n s tone , h as o bscured i t s d ebt t o t he monumen ta l s cu lpture a s w el s l a t o t he m inor a r ts o f East Greece a nd t he I slands. I ti s t rue t ha t t he s tatuette 's g esture, w ith o ne h and b etween t he b reasts a nd t he o ther a ga inst t he s ide , was a t t h is t ime a n e xclus ively C retan f eature, o ne wh ich C rete b orrowed d irect ly f ro m b eyond Greece a nd a dap ted t o t he d raped f igure.
I n t he s er ies o f Deda l ic p laques o f f ron ta l wo men f rom G ortyn ,
t he g esture o f t he h and b etween t he b reasts o ccurs a t f i rst o n ly i nt he l east Hel ized o f t he p laques, t hose most r ese mb l ing t he As tarte p roto type , where l en t he wo man i s q u ite n aked , a nd g rasps h er g en ita ls w ith t he o ther h and ;1 40 t he h and b etween .the b reasts f i rst a ppears o n af i gure i n Hel ic s k irt a nd l en c ape i n t he s econd p hase o ft he Midd le Deda l ic p er iod. 1 41 The g esture i s a s o ld a t Gortyn a s t he G eo metr ic c a mpan ifor m i do ls ,
1 42
a nd impor tan t e nough
t o b e a dop ted a longs ide t he ' Pal ion ' s cheme f or t wo o f t he whee lmade l ad i do ls, a lbe it t he smal nes . 1 43 l er o
I ti s r ela ted t o t he g esture o f a n o b ject
3 2
h eld b etween t he b reas ts i n c on te mporary Rhod ian a nd C ypr iot l imestone s cu lp44 whereas t here a re n o s even th c en tury e xa mp les f rom East G reece , t ure ,1 d esp ite t he p opu lar ity o f t he g esture t here i n s cu lp ture o f t he e arly s ix th c en-
t ury a nd l ater . 1 45
The g esture, a s w el l a s t he f ace, a re C retan p ecu l iar it ies.
But t he Auxerre s tatuette i s t he o n ly Cretan s tone s cu lp ture k nown w ith t h is p ose ; i n f act i ti s t he o n ly e x tan t C retan Deda l ic s tand ing s tone s cu lpture i n t he r ound ; t ure.
a nd i ti s h ard ly l arge e nough t o b e c ons idered a monumen ta l s cu lp-
On t he o ther h and , e v idence o f monumen ta l s cu lptures i n t he r ound o f
s tand ing g irls i n f u ly Deda l ic d ress f ro m East Greece a nd t he i s lands b y 6 50 l o r s hort ly t hereaf ter, i s i ncreas ing a l t he t ime. l
F irst , t here a re t he monu-
men ta l N ax ian w heel made i do ls f ro m S iphnos, o f w el efore 6 50 ,1 46 whose l b c y l indr ica l n arrow s k irts e nd ing f l ush w ith t he g round a re c op ied b y t he e ar l iest s tand ing s cu lptures o f women i n s tone 1 47
( no te t ha t t he p at f c oncen tr ic tern o
s quares f or t he med ian v er t ica l s tr ip o n t he s k irt o f t he l arger o f t he S iphnos f i gures i s r epea ted o n t he s k ir t o f t he Auxerre st at uet )• 148 te t he N ax ian N ikandre,
1 49
N ex t t here a re
a nd c lose t o t he N ikandre s tatue , t he f ragmen tary
marb le Deda l ic s tand ing s tatue f ro m t he Hera ion a t S a mos .1 5 ° I to nce s tood o ne a nd a h alf t imes l i fe s i ze. The t wo p r inc ipa l f eatures o f t he S am ian s tatue s t il is ib le , t he e nds o f t he l ocks, a nd t he f eet emerg ing b elow t he h em , a re l v n ear ly i den t ica l t o t hose o f N ikandre, b ut w ith s l ight a dvances o f t he s ort o ne might e xpect o f e ar l ier a nd l a ter works b y t he s a me h and.
The l ocks o f t he
S am ian s tatue a re a rt icu la ted b y h or izon ta l a s w el s v er t ica l g rooves, a l a c ape i s s hown a cross t he n eck , t he f eet , o f s hape i den t ica l t o N ik andre 's, p rot rude f urther f ro m u nder t he h em o f t he s k irt a nd a re s l igh t ly s eparated , a nd t he b ase o f t he s t atue , c arved i n o ne w ith i t , p rotrudes a bit b eyond t he s k irt a t t he s ides ( co mpare N ikandre ).
A l t hese a dded f ea tures o f t he s econd , l
a pparen t ly s l igh t ly l a ter , I on ian s tatue may b e s een i n t he Auxerre s tatuet te. The Auxerre s tatuet hows a dvances wh ich c on t inue t he d eve lopmen t j ust te s n oted b etween N ikandre a nd t he S am ian ' Hera ' : t he e nds o f t he l ocks more d eta iled w ith a l i t le c ord o r h oop , t he f eet p rotrud ing f urther f rom t he a rched t h em , t he s urface o f t he b ase a round t he s k ir t b roader.
Even i ft hese d eta i ls
may b e e xp la ined b y t he s o ft er s tone a nd smal ize o f t he Auxerre s tatuet l er s te, t he s tatuet s s urely t o b e s een a s l ater t han N ikandre, a nd t he d er ivat ive o f te i a monumen ta l Cyc lad ic p rototype. The Auxerre s tatuet s n or mal ated te i ly d a round 6 40 , i fn o t l a ter ; 1 51 t he u sua l d ate g iven f or t he N ik andre d ed icat ion , 52 6 50 , r e ma ins t he most a ccura te o n p resen t e v idence. 1
N ikandre l acks t he Deda l ic s haw l i n t he f ron ta l v iew ( a l though i t may o nce h ave e x isted i n p a in t ). Bu t as p lend id c arved wooden s tatuet rom t he Hera ion te f a t S amos, r ecen t ly r estored a nd f u l ly p ub l ished , n ow p rov ides a n I on ian e xamp le p robab ly e arl ier t han t he Auxerre s tatuet f as tand ing f e ma le d e ity te o f u ly i n t he Deda l ic i d iomand c ostume .1 53 l r ange f ro m 6 50 154
t o 6 40 ;1 55
Est i mates o f t he d ate o f t he f igur ine
t he l arge f l a t l i feless e yes s lan t ing o b l iquely
b ack t owards t he e ars a nd l ack o fb one s truc ture n ex t t o t he m a re f eatures o f e arly Midd le Deda l ic h eads .1 56 O h ly s uggests t he c ostume a nd i conography , i fn o t s ty l ist ic t reatmen t , d er ive f ro m a s tand ing c u l t s tatue i n t he r ound o f e ven e ar l ier s even th c en tury d ate . 1 57
The Deda l ic s equence i n East G reece
a nd t he I slands h as o n ly r ecen t ly b egun t o b e f i led i n i n a ny d e ta i 1 , l
1 58
i s c lear t hat t he Auxerre s tatuet fn o t i n Deda l ic i conography , i n te, i
1 . i t i t
F .' ay
c ase
a s af ree-stand ing s even th c en tury s cu lp ture o f af e ma le, i s ar ef lec t D I o f e ven ts i n t he Cyclades a nd t he East G reek world. 3 3
l eled i Even a f eature o f t he Auxerre s tatuette n o t p aral n I on ian s cu lpture, ly r t t he p last ical endered f i nger-and t oe-na ils, may b e a tr ibu tab le t o c on tact w ith East G reece.
N ik andre a nd t he f rag men tary S am ian s tatue h ave n o t oes ,
feren ly t a nd N ikundre t he c lenched f i sts w ith f ingers u nd if t ia ted u sual aken t o i nd icate t he d irect i nf luence o f Egyp t ian s cu lp tura l t echn ique.
Or ien ta l izing
ta s t erracot cu lp tures o f Crete a nd Cyprus, a nd l imestone s cu lp tures o f Cyprus te a nd Rhodes, o ften h ave f i ngers l ike t he Auxerre s tatuet 's ,
1 59
b u t most o f
t hese e xa mp les a re c rudely c arved , a nd n one h ave f i nger-or t oe-na ils.
One
must l ook t o Egyp t ian minor s cu lp ture a nd r el ief f or t he f ine model f ling o n a i ls o n l ong e legan t f i ngers a nd t oes —f ingers a nd n a ils i den t ica l t o t he Auxerre s ta tuette 's may b e s een o n t wo f rag men tary Egyp t ian o in tmen t s poons o f marb le a nd a labaster ( Fig ure 3 2 ), f ound a t t he Hera ion i n S a mos i n a n e ar ly a rcha ic 6 ° c on tex t .1
The f eet t he mselves a re h ere s een a t t he ir most d e ta i led a nd amb it ious i n a ny Deda l ic s cu lp t ure.
S eparate f eet h ad b een a n e ssen t ia l f eature o f
Cretan l arge-sca le t erracot cu lpture f ro m t he b eg inn ing o f t he Dark Age , ta s a s N ichol ' s um mary o f t he c on t inuous h istory o f whee l made i do ls i n C rete ls 61 c learly d e monstrates .1
The f ive M inoan g oddesses f ro m Gazi h ave s i mp le
mou ld ings a t t he b o tto ms o f t he ir s k irts, 63 g oddesses o f a bou t 1 000 1
o pen ings i n t he s k ir t.
1 62
b u t t he n ear ly i den t ica l K arph i
h ave a dded a nk les a nd f eet b eh ind a rch-shaped
A g lobular c y l indr ica l f igure o f t he Protogeo metr ic o r
Geo metr ic p er iod f ro m Gortyn a ppears t o h ave h ad t he f ron t o f i t s h em p ushed u p w ith t he t hu mb w h ile s t il or t he a dd it ion o f t wo l u mps o f c lay f or l wet f f eet , wh ile a D eda l ic wheel made f igur ine f rom t he s a me s i te e xh ib its a d if fere n t s o lu t ion , t wo t oe less f eet c u t f ro m t he e n larged s p layed b ase when t he c lay 64 was n early d ry .1
The t reatmen t o f t he f ee t i n a l t he e xa mp les men t ioned l
d iffers f ro m t ha t o f t he Auxerre s tatuette i n t he e x tre me c rudeness a nd i nd if ference t o n atura l ist ic e fect. f
Deda l ic p laques f ro m Gortyn w ith n aked
wo men s how model eet f ro m e ar ly i n t he s even th c en t ury , l ed f
1 65
b u t h ere t he
d if f icu l ty o f c o mb in ing t he m w ith a g ar men t o f g round l eng th was a bsen t , a nd t he f eet c ou ld b e p art c arved , p art mou lded i n r el ief a ga inst t he a dded p roj ect ing b ase.
There i s n o Cretan p rototype f or t he Auxerre s tatuet 's f eet . te
S uch f eet may b e s een o n o ne e xcept iona l Cypr iot t erracot igure o f t he ta f s even th c en t ury ,
1 66
wh ich i s s et a part f ro m o thers o f t he p er iod 1 67
b y al ong
u ng irded g ar men t o f As s3 rr ian t ype , w ith s hor t s leeves a nd r ows o f p leats a t t he c en tre a nd s ides.
One must a ssu me a n A ssyr ian s tatuet he p ro tot e was t
t ype ( as f or e xa mp le, F igure 3 0 ).
Another e ar ly Greek e xa mp le o f t he As-
s yr ian s ty le o f s cu lpt ing f eet may b e s een i n af rag men tary l imestone s tatue f ro m Megara Hyb laea ( Figure 2 9 ). The Auxerre s tatuet e monstrates t ha t C rete — in c on trast t o East G reece , te d wh ich c a me t o d evelop l arge s cu lpture i n t he r oung t hrough d irect c on tact w ith Egyp t a nd Egyp t ian s cu lptura l t echn ique —fe lt t h is i nf luence o n ly i nd irect ly , v ia I on ia a nd t he I slands, u pon wh ich s he was t o a g reat e x ten t d ependen t t hrougho u t t he d eve lopmen t o f h er ma jor Deda l ic s cu lpture.
What N ear Eastern t ech-
n ica l c onnect ions t here were i n t he l ater s even th c en tury , were w i th As ia , p erhaps v ia Cyprus, o r p erhaps o n ly b y w ay o f Greek c en tres s uch a s Rhodes a nd t he I on ian c i t ies.
3 4
The S tatue f ro m Astr its i
( Plate 1 3b )
T he u pper h a lf o f ac o lossa l s eated s tatue o f l imestone, f ound i n 1 960 n ear t he v i lage o f As tr its i, 1 68 h as b een d ea l t w ith e x tens ively b y Davaras, who l c ons iders i t aw ork o f n o l a ter t han 6 50 a nd p erhaps e arl ier, t est ify ing t ha t C rete w as b eyond d oubt t he b irth-p lace o f Greek monumen ta l s cu lp ture. Whether t he mater ia l a nd t echn ique o f C retan l arge s cu lp ture c an a low u s t o l a tr ibu te t h is p r ior ity t o i t , i s a q uest ion b et ea l t w ith i n t he t echn ica l t t er d s ect ion a t t he e nd o f t h is s tudy. Here w e must r e-exam ine t he s ty l ist ic e v idence t o d eter m ine whether a d ate a t o r b efore t he e nd o f t he s econd q uarter o f t he s eventh c en tury c an b e j ust if ied. Wh i le Davaras ' p o in t t hat o ne c annot f o low J enk ins ' d at ing f or t he Deda l ic l f aces b l ind ly i s w el aken , a s h e o fers u s n o a lternat ive c r iter ia we mus t b el t f g in b y a te mp t ing t o p lace t he s tatue g eneral ith in J enk ins ' s equence. The t ly w s tatue i s s o b ad ly w orn t hat t he e n t ire f ron t s urface o f t he f ace i s g one, a long w ith a l t he f ac ia l f eatures. l
Thus o f t he f ace w e h ave o n ly t he o ut l ine a long
ap lane r unn ing v er t ical eh ind t he e yes a s a poss ib le i nd icat ion o f i t s s tage ly b o f d eve lop men t.
As i th appens, t he h ead i s a dvanced e nough t o d isp lay a most
d ist inc t ive o u t l ine. A t t he t op o f t he f ace b es ide t he t e mp les, t he o u t l ine i s v ert ica l f or a s hor t d istance. J ust b elow t he l eve l where t he h ol ing f or t he l ow e ye s ockets c an b e d etected i n at hree-quarter v iew f rom b eh ind ,
1 69
t he u pper
j awbones c urve o u tb u lbously a nd u nnatura l ist ical ly , t hen c urve s low ly i n t owards e ach o ther a nd wou ld f or m t he b ot t om o f a heart s hape w ere t hey n ot c ut s hort b y t he s harp ly h or izon ta l l ine o f as trong b ony c h in . The l at ter i s k nocked o f a t t he f ron t , b ut c an a lso b e s een i n t he t hree-quarter b ack p rof i le , f a s c an t he manner i n wh ich t he mou th ( now g one ) was c arved i n as unken a rea b e tween t he n ose a nd t he c h in . S uch a fac ia l c on tour i s u n th inkable i n t he Ear ly Deda l ic, M idd le Deda l ic f i rst p hase o r e ven s econd p hase , Deda l ic p hase 1 71
1 7°
f or a t a l t imes b efore t he f ina l Midd le l
t he c on tour o f t he f ace i s f or med b y t wo l onger s tra ighter
l ines r unn ing f rom t he t e mp les t o t he l eve l o f t he mou th o r b elow , t hen a 72 s hal urve c onnect ing t hem u nder t he c h in .1 l ow c
Th is c on tour a s s een o nt he Astr its i s tatue, o n t he o ther h and , i s p rec ise ly t hat o f t he h ead o nt he r e l ief f ro m Mycena i .1 73 Further more, t he t rea tmen t o f t he h a ir , wh ich t o Davaras s ee ms u nusual i n as tatue d ated e arl ier t han L ate Deda l ic,
1 74
i s i n e very w ay c o mparab le t o t hat o f t he Mycena i r e l ief ,
h ang ing i nt wo t h ick w edges t o al eve l j ust a bove t he a r mp its , b u t c on t inu ing r ound t he h ead a nd n eck t o t he b ack i n as o l id mass ; a rt icu lated b y p rec ise h or izon ta l l ines ( carved r a ther more f i nely i n t he Cor in th ian h ead , where i ti s model n to t roughs a nd r ol rude ly i nc ised i n t he Cretan h ead ), l ed i ls, more c a nd c overed w ith a s urface d ecorat ion o f l i gh t i nc is ions i n ah err ingbone p att ern , l i ke t he h a ir o nt he M istress o f B irds o n av ase f rom Arkades; 1 75 Davaras s uggests t hat t he mu l t ip le i nc is ions s erved a s g u ide l ines f or p a in ti ng. 1 76 A s er ies o f wooden s tatuet t es f rom t he Hera ion a t S a mos h ave Deda l ic h a ir t reated l ikew ise, a s as o l id d o me-l ike mass u nbroken a t t he s ides o f t he h ead , t he h a irs a rt icu lated b y l ines i n a herr ingbone p at . t ern The e ar l iest , t he f u l l-leng th ' Hera ' s tatuet te o f 6 40 o r s l igh t ly e ar l ier,
1 77
h as t he h a ir a t t he v ery b ack o f t he h ead t i ed i n ap igta il , b u t t he s o mewha t more d eve loped Deda l ic h ead-vase a lso d ated b yK opcke t o a bout 6 40 1 78
3 5
h as
as o l id d o me o f h err ingbone h a ir a l l t he w ay a round ( Figure 3 1);
b o th s how
ad e ta il s een o n t he Astr its i s tatue a nd o n t he Mycena i s tone r el ief , a wide f lat ld ing a round t he b ot dge o f t he h a ir mass i n p lace o ft he tish mou to m e f i na l r ows o f h err ingbone ;
i n t he t wo s tone s ta tues, f rom Astr its i a nd Myce-
n a i, t he mou ld ing i s a qu ite t a l l a nd f l at o ne, d iv ided b y a med ian g roove i n t he Mycena i r e l ief a nd p oss ib ly o nce i n Astr its i a lso. I n t he Astr its i s tatue t he t wo s ides o f e ach w edge i n tersect a t t he t wo e dges o f t he c rown h a ir, wh ich i s as hal l ow d o me whose e nds e x tend f ar o ut b eyond t he s ides o f t he f ace.
Th is w ide e x tens ion o f t he c rown d ome a nd c onsequen t o r ig in o f t he
w edges a t a po in t q u ite f ar a bove a nd t o t he s ide o f t he t e mp les, i s t yp ica l o f many o ft he h eads i n t he M idd le Deda l ic t h ird p hase ,1 79 b ut o n ly o f t he he s hal l ow d o me mee ts t he Cor in th ian e xa mp les i n e arl ier p er iods .1" T f orehead t hrough t he med iu m o f an arrow s urface s lan t ing o bl ique ly d ownly a l w ards, wh ich r uns h or izon tal nd i s d ecora ted i n many c ases w ith smal c ircles o r s p ira ls , n ot i n r el ief b u t f l a t a ga ins t t he s urface. Th is i s t he t rea t men t o ft he f orehead b and o f t he Mycena i r e l ief , a s w el l a s o f t he w ooden h ead-vase f ro m S a mos.
I n t he Astr its i s tatue , t h is a rea i sb at t er-
e d , b u t w e a re c erta in ly j ust if ied i n r estor ing s uch a f orehead b and h ere, r ather t han t he f a t p last ic s p ira l c ur ls o f t he Auxerre s tatuet t e, o r t he i nc ised c ur ls o f t he E leutherna s ta tue, wh ich f o l low t he c on tour o f t he s kul l. The S am ian ' Hera '
1 77
d oes n ot h ave t he f l at o b l ique f orehead b and , b u t a
ling mou swel ld ing u nder h er p o los wh ich a long w ith t he c on tour o f h er n arrow f ace a re c lose t o t he f ace o f t he G ortyn t r iad f r ieze f igure n o. 8 ( P late 8 ) , w h ich we h ave p laced a round 6 40 ( above p . 2 3 ).
The g roup u s ing o b l ique f orehead
b and a long w ith h err ingbone d o me o f h a ir , t he Mycena i r el ief , t he S am ian l h ead-vase ( Figure 3 1), a nd t he Astr its i s tatue , a re a l s omewhat more d ely i v e loped , a nd f i t n atural n to t he l at ter p art o f t he t h ird q uarter o f t he s even th c en tury. l amoun The t orso e xh ib its o n ly a smal t o f o r ig ina l s urface, most ly o n t he p roper r igh t s ide, b u t t he r ear v iew s hows c learly e nough t hat t he c on tour a nd p roport ions o fh a ir mass, b road s hou lders a nd b ack s helv ing i n t o a highl a ly f l aced n arrow w a ist , a s w el s t he u pper a rms h eld g raceful ar o u t f ro m te .1 t he b ody , a re p rec isely t hose o f t he Auxerre s tatuet 81
Davaras h as p o in ted
o u t t he v o lume o f t he c hest o f t he Astr its i s tatue i n t he f ron ta l v iew a s c omt p ared w ith t he Auxerre s tatue tte , a nd a s tu te ly a tr ibu tes t h is t o t he l a tt er ' s s tand ing p osture :1 82
b u t i n t he b ack v iew , t he t wo a re a ltogether c omparab le.
The o n ly d if ference i s as l ight o ne i n t he c on tour o f t he s hou lders ;
whereas
t he Auxerre s ta tue 's a re u ncomfortab ly s quare a nd p laced r a ther t oo f ar b ack i n c o mpar ison w ith t he h ead a nd c hest , t he Astr its i s ta tue 's a re n atural ist icl a ly r ounded b oth a long t he c on tour o f t he t ops o f t he s hou lders , a nd e ven more s ign if ican t , a round t he b ack a t t he l eve l o f t he s hou lder b lades. The Auxerre s tatuette a nd t he r el ief f rom Mycena i , w ith t he ir c lose s ty l ist ic r elat ionsh ips t o Cor in th ian p last ic h eads , may b e c ons idered s ecure, r e la t ive t o t he Cor in th ian v ase-pa in t ing s equence, i n t he ir r espect ive d ates o f a bou t 6 45-35 a nd 6 35-30. 1 83 I n v iew o f i t s s im i lar it ies t o b o th , t he s tatue f rom Astr its i o ugh t t o b e d a ted n o e arl ier t han a bou t 6 40-30. I nsofar a s, t ogether ly w ith t he Mycena i r el ief a nd t he L ate Deda l ic t h ird p hase g eneral , i th as f eatures s een i nt he p reced ing p er iods i n C or in th ian p last ic h eads o n ly , a nd c ons ider ing t he c lose c onnect ions w ith I on ian s cu lpture n oted b o th f or t he
3 6
Astr its i s tatue a nd t he Auxerre s tatuet ts ee ms t hat t he p er iod o f f inest te, i Cretan p roduct ion i n s tone c o inc ided w ith t he p er iod o f s trongest Cor in th ian a s w el s I on ian i n f luence. l a The C retan a rt ists o f t he Astr its i a nd Auxerre s tatues h ad mastered a d egree o f s k il n r ender ing t he l imbs h e ld f ar o u t f ro m t he b ody , a nd i n r enl i d er ing p last ical he c lo th o f t he c ape s tretched b etween a rm a nd b ody , o f ly t wh ich t he a rt ist o f t he E leu therna s tatue w as a pparen t ly i ncapab le. S uch f luctua t ion a nd r e lapse i n t he t echn ique o f l imestone c arv ing i n t he i s land i n t he s pace o f ag enera t ion w ith l i t le a pparen t c on t inuous d eve lopmen t e xcept t i n i conography , s uggests t hat t he i n f luence o f f ore ign s cu lp tura l s choo ls w as af ac tor i n l ater s even th c entury C rete. The E leutherna S ta tue
( P lates 1 4-15 )
J enk ins u sed t he s tatue f ro m E leu therna a s t he c entra l e xa mp le o f h is L ate Deda l ic g roup wh ich h e d ated 6 30-20; t he g roup i s s ecure i n i t s r elat ionsh ip w ith p last ic h eads o n Cor in th ian v ases. 1 84 The s a l ien t f eatures o f t he h ead o f t he E leu therna s tatue c on for m t o t he g roup , wh i le a n umber o f p ecu l iar it ies may b e u sed t o p inpo in t s ome o ther s pec if ic c onnect ions w ith East Med i terr anean s cu lpture n ot p rev ious ly d iscussed. l The s tatue e xh ib its a l t he L ate Deda l ic c haracter ist ics e numera ted b y J enk ins—a s horter a nd s quarer f ace w ith g rea ter d epth , a model l ed e ye , ly b s hort er n ose a nd s tra ighter mouth —w ithou t a ctual ear ing t he c lose r eta h s e mb lance t ot he t erracot eads, n oted b y K au len.
Whereas t he e yes o f
t he o ther Deda l ic s cu lp tures a re a l mond s haped , g eneral ly w ith e qua l c urvat ure o f u pper a nd l ower l i d , o r s o met i mes w ith u pper l i d s tra igh ter t han l ower ,1 85 t he E leu therna s tatue h as a s tra igh t l ower l i d , a nd a c urv i l inear u pper o ne , p art icu larly e xaggerated a t t he i nner c orner. I n t he o ther L a te t er c Deda l ic h eads, t he e yebrows h ave a f l at urve, a nd mee t i n af l at v ert ica l l a a rea w el bove t he e yes;
t he e yebrows o f t he E leu therna s tatue c ut s harp ly
l ows, a i n a nd d own t o meet t he i nner c orner o f t he e ye i n p ronounced h ol nd t he e yes t he mse lves a re p os it ioned d if feren t ly i n t he f ace, f ar l ower t han i n t he o ther Deda l ic h eads, g iv ing t he s tatue a g reater e xpanse o f f orehead , a l though t he t o ta l h e igh t o f t he f ace i s c omparat ive ly more c ompressed. A lly h t hough L ate Dedal ic f aces g eneral ave s hort n oses, o n ly i n t he E leu therna ta h 86 s ta tue a nd i n Cretan a nd Rhod ian t erracot eads 1
d oes t he t i p o f t he n ose
o ccur a s h igh a s h a lf t he d istance f rom t he e yes t o t he mou th ; i n t he L acon ian , Cor in th ian a nd I t a l iot e xa mp les, t he n ose e nds t wo-th irds o f t he w ay d own f ro m e yes t o mouth , o r f urther, a nd i s v ery f ine.
The Rhod ian
n oses b eco me f ine a t t he b r idge ; o n ly t ha t o f E leu therna a nd o f o ne C retan ta 1 l a t erracot 87 a re c oarse a t t he u pper b r idge a s wel s a t t he t ip. As f or t he mouth , t he mou ths o n ly o f t he E leutherna s tatue a nd t he s a me C retan ta 1 t erracot 87 p resen t a n i ncrease i n c oarseness o n p rev ious p er iods; t hese ta a t wo a nd o ne Rhod ian t erracot lone n o l onger b etray a trace o f t he c harmi ng u pcurved sm ile o f t he e arl ier p er iods .1ö8 The mou th w h ich J enk ins d escr ibes a s h av ing b een c haracter ist ic o f Cor in th f ro m t he f i rst , a nd b ec om ing t he t yp ica l o ne i n t he L ate Deda l ic, h as a l ong t h in u pper l i p u sed t o d raw a nu pcurv ing sm ile , w h i le t he d eep ly i nc ised d iv is ion b e tween t he l i ps r e ma ins s tra igh t. 1 89
t as, a Bu tu n l ike t he L a te Deda l ic t erracot nd
3 7
a lso u n l ike l ater p ost-Deda l ic s cu lpture s uch a s t he C leob is s ta t ue,
1 90
t he
l ine s epara t ing t he l i ps o f t he E leu therna s ta tue h as a g reater l eng th t han e i ther t he u pper o r l ower f l eshy l i ps, a nd c urves b ack i n to t he c heek s. ly i To d iscover whether a ny o f t hese t ra its o ccur o ccas ional n o ther C retan Deda l ic h eads, a nd t o p lace t he E leu therna s ta tue more p rec isely w ith in t he l ect g enera l g roup o f L ate Deda l ic h eads, t he c op ious c ol ion o f Deda l ic t errac ot t as f ro m Gortyn i s u sefu l.
The E leu therna s tatue h as a n o t iceab ly s horter
a nd s quarer j aw l ine t han t he Gor tyn L ate Deda l ic h eads , a nd t hus must b elong l el l a te i nt he g roup , w h ich R izza d ates 6 40-20. 1 91 There i s as ing le p aral among t he Gortyn r el iefs f or t he a rrange men t o fh a ir a nd e ars o n t he E leu therna ta p s tatue, a t erracot laque p erhaps d ep ic t ing t he murder o fA ig isthos .1 92 The l ef t-hand f igure, a wo man , h as t he e ars l i ke h a lf-c ircles s tand ing o ut o n e ither s ide o fh er f ace a t e ye l eve l , o f t he E leutherna s tatue;
a bove t he e ars
may b e s een t he b eg inn ing o f af i l let e nc irc l ing t he b ack o f t he h ead ;
b e low
l t he f i let , t he h a ir makes a c urv ing b u lge, a nd f ans o u t o ver t he s hou lders w ith t he v ert ica l d iv is ions emphas ized , a l l a s i n t he E leu therna s tatue.
The
p laque 's s ty le a nd c o mpos it ion s ee m i n a dvance o f t he o ther L ate Deda l ic my tho log ica l c o mpos it ions : b oth i ta nd t he c omparab le E leutherna s tatue b el l ong a t t he e nd o f t he s equence. The o ther Gortyn r el iefs o f a l p er iods i nc lud ing t he L ate, h ave i nstead t he more p r im it ive a rrange men t o f s ide h a ir l wh ich o r ig ina tes n ear t he c rown , a nd f a ls s tra igh t d own o n e ither s ide o f t he f ace , g eneral ly o bscur ing t he e ars.
As a high p o los o r l ower s tephane i s
i nvar iably worn , t here a re n o p aral l els , a part f rom t ha t o f t he A ig isthos p laque, f or t he h a ir a rrange men t o f t he E leu therna s tatue o ver t he c ran ium. The d ist inct ive e ye d escr ibed a bove, w ith b el l -curved u pper l i d , s tra ight l ower l i d , a nd i nner b row c orners a l most meet ing i nner e ye c orners i n a deep h ol l ow , d oes o ccur o n av ery f ew o f t he L ate Deda l ic h eads f rom Gortyn .
B u t t he
e x tre mely l ow s et ting o f t he e yes w ith a high e xpanse o f f orehead o ver t he m h as n o p aral l els among a ny o f t he Gortyn r el iefs. The c o mpar ison w ith l oca l Deda l ic t erracot tas j ust if ies a d ate l a te i n t he L a te Dedal ic p er iod , n o e ar l ier t han 6 20 ,
1 93
f or t he E leutherna s tatue, b u t
fic f urn ishes i nsuf ien t a na log ies f or t he s tatue 's p ecu l iar ly f or med e yes, p rof j ect ing n ose a nd l ower f ace, s quared o f a nd b ack-t il ted c ran iu m , o r h a irs ty le , wh ich c anno t mere ly b e t er med l og ica l d evelopmen ts o f t he maturing Deda l ic s ty le. S o me f urther a na log ies a re, h owever, f urn ished b y t he g roup o f Cypr iot t erracot ta f igur ines o f wo men f ound o n S a mos .194 Early a nd r ecurrent f eatures o f t he Cypr iot t erracot ta h eads f ound o n S a mos a re a s hor t b road f ace w ith s quared o f f c h in , c oarse l ips s eparated b y al ine l onger t han e ither, a s hort t h ick n ose , e yes t i l t ing d ownwards a t t he o u ter e dges w ith a bel l -shaped u pper l i d , a nd s et q u ite l ow i n t he f ace. The s tatuet 901 ( Figure 3 5 ) i s a part icu larly g ood , b ecause l arge a nd f u ly te T 1 l model l ed , e xa mp le. S ch m idt p laces i tl a te i n t he t h ird q uarter o f t he s even th c en tury. The f ace i s mou lded f ro m a ma tr ix ; i t s s isters c ou ld h ave t ravel l ed. The h ead T 3 79 ( Figure 3 4 ) e xh ib its, d esp ite p oor model nd b lurred ling a f eatures, w ide e yes w ith b el pper l i ds a nd e yebrows whose c orners l -shaped u a re more e ngraved t han model l ed , a h umpy n ose , a nd t hrust o u t e ars s haped l ike o ne s ide o f a heart , a l a s i n t he E leu therna s tatue. l
The g reatest v a lue
o f t h is p art icu lar c o mpar ison i s i t s i lustra t ion o f t he E leutherna s tatue 's l
3 8
f ormer p ret tiness.
S ch m id t p laces t he h ead i n h is t h ird g roup , ' r ipe t o l a te
s even th c en tury ' , b u t e ar ly i n t h is g roup , i n o ther words, a bou t 6 30. Both T 1 901 a nd T 3 79 i l lustra te t he h ab itua l d epth a nd b u lk a t t he l eve ls o f t e mp le a nd c heekbone o f t he Cypr iot t erracot ta h eads, o ne o f t he f eatures o f t he E leu therna s tatue w h ich i s n o t p aral le led i n Cretan t erracot tas, 1 95 b u t t he t erracot ta f i gur ines d o n o t f urn ish a na log ies f or t he s tatue 's o dd t ipp ing o f t he s kul l b ack o ver t he t op o f t he n eck a nd c onsequen t t i lt ing away f rom t he v ert ica l o f t he f ac ial s urface.
Th is h owever, i s an o tab le f eature
o f C1 62, a l imestone h ead a nd t orso o f a pprox i mate ly h a lf l i fe s ize ( F igure 3 3 ). L ike t he E leutherna s tatue, i th as s quare b u t d el icate s hou lders, a s lender b oy ish t orso ( i n s p ite o f t he model l ed f e ma le b reasts ), a nd a neck s o s lumped t hat t he u pper b ack e dge o f t he c ran iu m ( squared o f f a nd o f d eep p ro f i le, l ike t he E leu t herna s tatue 's ) l i es d irec t ly o ver t he midd le o f t he s hou lder, s een i n p rof ile. The b ack s urface o f t he l ock o f h a ir wh ich f a l ls f orward o n t he b reast d raws a s tra igh t o b l ique l ine f ro m t he b ack u pper e dge o f t he c ran iu m d own t o t he f ron t s urface o f t he b reast , a s i n t he E leu therna s tatue. The Egyp t ian iz ing h eaddress, i n t he f or m o f al ow d rum a l l r ound t he t op o f t he c ran iu m , l ooks much a s t he c on f igurat ion o f t he E leu therna s tatue 's h ead must h ave d one b efore t he b eads o fh a ir w ere s cu lpted o n to i t . There i s e ven a l i tt le l oop o f h a ir c ut ting a n o b l ique l ine a cross t he t e mp le b etween t he l ower e dge o f t he h eadgear a nd t he u pper e ar , as i mp ler f or m o f t he E leu therna a rrange men t. The Cypr iot s tatue 's c on tex t d oes n o t p er m it i tt ob e d ated more c lose ly t han 6 40/30-570 ; b u t t here a re mu l t ip le e xa mp les o f t h is t ype f ro m t he Hera ion , a t l east s o me o f wh ich must f al l e ar ly i n t he p er iod. 1 96
t as r The c o mpar ison w ith Cypr io t t erracot evea ls t he s ource f ro m
wh ich t he C retan s cu lptor may h ave t aken h is u nusua l s ty l izat ion f or t he f eat ures o f t he f ace a nd i t s s hape, a nd t he p oss ib le s ource o f t he Egypt ian iz ing u pper t orso. T he s tatue 's h a irsty le i s r elated i n a genera l way t o h a irsty les o n o ther te C retan s even th c en tury l imestone s cu lp tures : l ike t he Auxerre s tatuet 's, i tc onsists i n t hree p r inc ipa l masses, o ne f a l l ing o n t he b ack a nd t wo f orward o n to t he b reast , e ach s ubd iv ided h or izon tal nd v ert ical n to s quare ly a ly i b eads , e ach v ert ica l r ow o fb eads t er m ina t ing i n a po in ted l ock . B u t a bove e ar l evel , t he s ty le i s more c o mp l icated t han t hat o f t he o ther Cre tan s tone s culptures. A f i l let r uns a l l r ound t he h ead ; t he b ack a nd s ides o f t he s kul l a bove t he f i l let h ave a n a ngu lar c on tour; t he s p ira ls o ver t he f orehead a re n o t t he s i mp le r ow o f d iscs o f t he Auxerre s tatuet nd Deda l ic te a t erracot ta h eads, b u t l ike t he h a ir o n t he c rown o f t he h ead a bove t he m , t hey a re p ortrayed a s w av ing l ocks , i n wh ich i nd iv idua l s trands o f h a ir a re e tched i n l i nes w ith s harp c on tours. The f i let r uns r ound t he h ead a t t he l eve l o f l t he s p ira ls , s o t ha t o ver t he f orehead , w here i ti s n ow f or t he most p ar t worn away , i t must h ave b een s hown r unn ing u nder o r t hrough t he m.
The s ca lp
a rea a bove a nd i n f ron t o f t he e ars ( an a rea i gnored i n a l o ther Cretan h eads, l monumen tal o r min iature , o f t he s even th c en tury , ma in land s cu lptures 1 98
1 97
a s w el l a s i n c on te mporary
a nd a l Cretan t erracot eads ) i s c overed b y s im i lar l ta h
s harp-edged , p aral l wav ing g rooves, c o mbed d own f ro m u nder t he f i let , le l o ver a nd b eh ind t he e ars. Th is d eta i l s uggests f ore ign i nsp irat ion a t work , f or a n i den t ica l s ty l izat ion may b e s een i n t he i vory f igure o f ac rouch ing b oy
3 9
f ro m t he Hera ion a t S a mos , n ow e xp la ined a s o ne a rm o f ac i thara a nd d a ted t o t he l a ter s even th c en tury. 1 99 Ah or izon ta l f i let e nc irc les t he h ead o ver l t he e ars, p art ly d isappear ing u nder a nd p art ly s ecur ing f our w ide f lat s p ira l c urls ( a f ea ture o ft he E leu therna s tatue 's s p ira ls u n typ ica l o f C retan h a irs ty les i s t he ir l arge s ize , f l at p rof i le a nd smal u mber ). From u nder t he l n f i let , f our l ocks o f t e mp le h a ir , e tched i n p aral rooves, a re c o mbed b ack l l el g r ound t he e ars.
Wav ing l ocks o fh a ir d ef ined b y i dent ica l g rooves r un d own
o ver t he c rown t o t he s p ira l c urls. There a re g ood r easons f or t h ink ing t hat t he s ty l izat ion was c op ied b y t he s tone s ta tue f ro m o ne l ike t he i vory o ne , a nd n ot t he r everse . 2" The d e l ic ate b u t s harp a nd d eep c h ise l g rooves a re e n t irely a ppropr iate t o t he t echn ique o f c arv ing w ith smal l s harp t oo ls i n w ood o r i vory , a nd u npreceden ted i n G reek s tone c arv ing—none o f t he e ar l ier C retan s tatues emp loys s uch at echn ique.
S econd ly s uch a t echn ique i s f requen t ly e ncoun tered i n I on ian m inor
a rts f or t he r epresen ta t ion o f h uman h a ir.
A w el l -known e xa mp le i s t he i vory
s tatuet te o f ag ir l f ro m t he Arte m is ion a t Ephesos ; 201
Ephes ian i vory c arvers
c op ied t he t echn ique f ro m ' N i mrud ' i vor ies, o f wh ich a n umber w ere f ound i n 2 02 The P hoen ic ian e xa mp les a re man i fest ly t he t he s a me d epos it a t Ephesos . o r ig ina l s ource o f t he p aral l wav ing l i nes. le e xa mp les f ro m Ephesos h ave s p ira ls ;
N one o f t he o r ien ta l o r G reek
t he h a ir i s p arted i n t he c en tre o f t he
f orehead a nd c o mbed b ack smoo th ly b eh ind t he e ars.
The s p ira ls mus t h ave
b een a dded t o t he s che me a t S a mos, w here t he s equence o f t erracot tatuta s e tes d ocu men ts f i rst a t re mendous i nf lux o f C ypr iot t erracot ith t he ir t t as w c haracter ist ic f orehead h ook c ur ls ,Z 03 n ex t t he r esu lt ing S am ian a ss im i lat ion o f t he s p ira l c ur l i n to t he l oca l h a ir s che me o f d e l icate p aral l l ines . 2 04 le The h a ir s ty l izat ion o f f orehead c ur ls o r s p ira ls w ith f i let r unn ing r ound t he l h ead f ro m b eh ind t he e ars, a ppears a s w el n t wo c on te mporary Cretan b ronze l o works, a n a pp l ique i n t he L ouvre , a nd t he S ch i mmel h elme t f rom A frat i, 205 a l though w ithou t t he f ine g rooved h a ir o ver t he t e mp les o f t he I on ian i vor ies a nd t he E leu therna s tatue. Another f ea ture o f t he E leuthern a s tatue n o t p aral n e arl ier C retan l eled i s cu lp ture a re model ars i n c on junct ion w ith a f ul l ic w ig. l ed e l Deda t erracot ron ta l h eads a re v irtual lways e ar less .2 " ta f ly a o f ten h ave e ars, p a in ted p ottery.
2 07
C retan
Prof ile f igures
wh ich a re d rawn l ike t he e ars o n p rof ile h eads o f C retan
Bu t t he e ars o f t he E leu therna s tatue d o n ot d er ive f ro m
t he C retan p ro f i le e xa mp les, a s t hey a re n early i nv is ib le i n t he p rof i le v iew ( P late 1 5 ). They s ee m more l ikely t o h ave b een c op ied f rom I on ian w ood o r i vory f i gur ines, s uch a s t he w ooden y ou th i n s hort b elted c h iton o f s hort ly b efore 6 30. 208 The h a ir o n t he c rown i s worked s im i lar ly t o t he E leu therna s ta tue 's , i n wav ing l ocks c o mbed o ver t he c rown a nd e nd ing i n s p ira l c urls a cross t he f orehead , c o mb ined w ith a f i let a t e ar l eve l a nd h a ir b u lg ing o u t l b eh ind t he e ars, wh ich a re t urned o u twards a nd l i e a ga inst t he mass o f s ide h a ir. I ft h is s tatuet s t o b e d a ted s l igh t ly b efore 6 30, a nd t he c rouch ing te i c i thara-f igure 6 25 o r l a ter, t he c usto mary d ate o f 6 20 f or t he E leu therna s tatue r ece ives a dd it iona l s upport . F inal he p roport ions o f t he s tatue, w ith h ead o verly l arge f or t he ly t s hou lders a nd t orso may b e a n i nd icat ion o f t he i nf luence o f I on ian m inor s cu lpture.
The r at io o fh ead t o s hou lders i s u nsu itab le f or a p iece o f s cu lp-
t ure n ear ly o f l i fe s ize, b u t u sua l i n s tatuet tes. 4 0
T he Pr in ias S tela i ( Figure 3 6 ) Unt il r ecen t ly , t he P r in ias s te la i c ons isted o f ag roup o f t en f ragmen ts The c ircu mstances o f f ind ing a re r ecoun ted i n f ound e arly t h is c en tury . 209 d e ta i l i n L ebess i 's n ew monograph o n a l t he s tela i, 2 1 ° in w h ich t he o r ig ina l l f ragmen ts a re d es ignated A l-A10. F ive o f t he f rag men ts r epresen t a wo man s tand ing i np rof i le u pon a l ow b ase, h o ld ing o u t b efore h er a d istaf nd a f a s p ind le;
o ne f ragmen t , A l, i s v irtual o mp lete a nd i lustrates t he who le ly c l
f i gure, 2 11
a s wel s g iv ing t he c o mp lete d i mens ions o f t he s tele, 0 .72 m l a h igh b y 0 .365 w ide b y 0 .112 t h ick .2 12 The r e ma in ing f ragmen ts s how v ar ious s ect ions o f a warr ior i n p ro f ile , w ith s h ield , g reaves, h e l met a nd a pa ir o f s pears, s tr id ing t o t he l ef t . N o s ing le p iece p reserved t he who le f i gure ; 13 n o . 2 35 ( A6 ) s hows t he l egs d own t o t he a nk les , a nd n ear ly t he who le s h ield ,2 w h i le n o. 2 36 ( A5 ) g ives t he most d eta iled r end it ion o f t he l egs a nd i n a dd it ion
s hows t he t iny f igure o f a n e ne my s ue ing f or mercy b efore t he m. 2 14
The
f ee t o f t he warr ior a re n o t p reserved i n a ny o ft he o r ig ina l f ragmen ts, b u t t he l eng th o fh is s tr ide s ee med t o p reclude t he p oss ib il ity t hat h e s tood o n a n i nd iv idua l p od iu m l i ke t he woman 's.
There were t hus t wo ' p ictures ' t o d ea l
w i th , i den t ica l i n s ty le a nd t echn ique.
N one o f t he f ragmen ts was f ound i n
c on tex t , b u t t he s ing le p reserved l ower e dge o f n o. 2 34 ( Al), e xh ib ited n o t races o f ar est ing s urface, t h icken ing o r o ther p rov is ion f or a j o in . P ern ier 's s uggest ion t hat t he b ot f t he s labs w ere s unk i n to c av it ies b y t he g raves, t o ms o 15 o ne o f wh ich was e xcavated ,2
was g eneral ccep ted , a s w ere J ohansen 's ly a
s upport ing p o in ts t hat t he s labs a re c omp letely s u itab le i n f or m , d i mens ions a nd i conography t o j o in t he s er ies o f Greek g ravestones a s t he e ar l iest e xa mp les i n t he g roup. 2 16 Then i n 1 959 e xcava t ions a t S in terospel ia o n t he r oad t o Pr in ias b rought t o l i gh t af urther f ourteen s te1a i2 17
d es igna ted B 1-B14 b y L ebess i, who h as g iven
av ery c o mp lete a nd e n l igh ten ing a ccoun t o f t he c ircu mstances a nd c ontex t o f 18 t he ir f ind ing. 2
Another s tele o bv ious ly f rom t he s a me s ource i s n ow i n
19 M issour i ( Figure 3 6 ). 2
T he r e markab le s tate o f p reservat ion o f t he B g roup
a nd o f t he Missour i s tele ( Lebess i 's G 2 ), a nd t he a dd it ion o f s everal n ew t he mes o r ' p ictures ', c lar ify o ur u nderstand ing o f t he s ty le o f t he s tela i, p er m it ting a much more i n for med a ssess ment o f d ate a nd d est inat ion . I n t he f o low ing l d iscuss ion o f t echn ique a nd c hrono logy most o f t he p aral ls may b e f ound i n le L ebess i 's monograph w ith f ul escr ip t ion a nd i lustrat ion , b ut t hey h ave l er d l b een r eta ined h ere i n t he h opes t hat t hey may b e o f s o me b enef it t o n onGreek r eaders. To b eg in w ith t he t echn ique o f t he r e l iefs, t h is i s n ot t rue r el ief , b u t o utl in ing a c o mb ina t ion o f r e l ief a nd i nc ised b orders.
P ern ier i n terpreted t h is
t echn ique a s as pon taneous s tage o f i nc ip ien t r e l ief work2 2 °a nd r eferred i tt o ap er iod n ot l ater t han t he b eg inn ing o f t he s even th c entury. C asson o n t he o ther h and d escr ibed t he t echn ique a s a n e ar ly a t tack o f t he c arpen ter w ith h is w ood-carv ing t oo ls u pon a harder mater ia 1 ,2 21
c it ing t he g roup o f s labs a s
e v idence f or ,t he t heory t hen c urren t t hat c arv ing i n s of t s tone was d eve loped f rom woodcarv ing. s even th c entury. 2 22
J ohansen d ated t he s labs t o a round t he m idd le o f t he Ab r ief r ev iew o f t he e v idence t hrows s ome l i ght u pon
t he t echn ica l r e la t ionsh ip o f t he s tela i w ith work i n ma ter ia ls o ther t han s tone.
4 1
Our k now ledge o f C re tan meta lwork a nd p a int ing h as i ncreased v ast ly s ince P ern ier a nd C asson w ro te, a nd t he s ource o f t he P r in ias a rt ist 's i nsp ira t ion i s t oday i m med ia tely a pparent . The f i rst f ragmen t t o b e d iscussed b y Pern ier i s p art o f t he w arr ior p icture s how ing most o f t he s h ield d ev ice i n g reat d eta i l. 2 23 With i t s c en tra l r oset te s urrounded b y c oncen tr ic b ands, s o me w ith r a ised b orders a nd o ne made u p o f smal l er c ircles w ith r e l ief b orders, i ti s a n i m itat ion o f t he l i t t le v o t ive s h ields, i n r e l ief , u sual ly b ronze , f ound a t e ar ly G reek s anctuar ies s uch a s O lymp ia 2 24 a nd P erac hora. 2 25 Roset tes s urrounded b y b ands a nd b eads a lso a ppear i n C retan p ot t ery o f t he f i rst h a lf o f t he s even th c entury , a s o n ak oty le f rom For tets a , 2 26 b u t t he t echn ique o f t he r oset t es o n t he s te la i i s p la in ly t hat o f t he me ta l s h ie lds. Correspond ing ly t he s tand ing s p inner i s c losely r e la ted t o t he v ot ive a r mour w ith r el iefs o f t he s econd h a lf o f t he s even th c en tury f ound a t O lymp ia. The 27 a re c hased i n a low s tand ing f i gures o n t he C rowe c orse le t f ro m O lymp ia 2 r el ief t echn ique, w ith b orders a nd o u t l ines d one i n c hased d oub le l ines f or mi ng a l ow b and. A l though t he f igures o f t he C rowe c orse let a re b et rot er p p ort ioned a nd d eta i led , t here a re s ome s tr ik ing s im i lar it ies w ith t he P r in ias s te le w oman.
The s haw l o f t he c i tharod ist ( Apol ) o n t he c orse let f a ls l o? l
o ver t he s hou lder a nd d own o n to b oth b reast a nd b ack , l ike t hat o f t he P r in ias s p inner, a nd l ike h ers h as o b l ique l ower b orders e nd ing i n t assal o in ts, l ed p as haw l s che me n ot s een e lsewhere i n C retan a rt . The l ong h a ir o f t he f igures o n t he c orse let i s d rawn w ith mu lt ip le p aral l l i nes i n t iny waves, le wh ich t he c onnected p unctures o n t he s tone s te la i s ee m t o b e i m itat ing.The c ostu me o f t he woman ( Arte m is? ) o nt he c orse let i s n oth ing l ike t hat o n t he s te la i , b u t w ith i t s s ca le d es ign o n t he b reast a nd r oset n t he s k irt , b oth tes o s ect ions o f t he d ress b e ing w ithou t a dd it iona l f o lds a nd p ieces, i ti s more c omparab le t o C re tan s cu lptures i n t he r ound s uch a s t he s tatues o f Gor tyn , Auxerre a nd E leu therna. But a c hased b ronze m itra r ecen t ly d iscovered a t O lymp ia , p robab ly o f C retan work mansh ip ( Figure 3 8 )2 28
f urn ishes a n
i dea l c ompar ison f or t he c o mp l icated g ar men ts o f t he P r in ias s p inner , a s w el l a s f or t he t echn ique. The m itra d ep icts o n t he r igh t s ide a n e laborate ly d ressed e n throned woman h o ld ing a tassal l ed s haw l h igh o ver h er h ead. The t echn ique c omb ines r a ised r idges r ound t he ma jor o u t l ines a nd i nc ised l ines f or i n ter ior d ecorat ion . A l l t he c orners o f h er mu l t ip le s haw ls h ave smal l t assels ; h er s k irt h as s evera l l ayers o f g ar men t b orders a t t he l ower e dge , s o me d ecorated w ith o b l ique p aral le l l i nes, o thers w ith s tr ipes ; s ev era l v ert ica l b orders r un d own t o t he m f rom u nder t he b elt , d ecora ted w ith t iny c ircles b etween b ands. l ines.
The h a ir i s p at terned i n l ong wav ing i nc ised
S uch b ronze r e l iefs c ou ld h ave b een mode ls f or t he P r in ias s p inner.
As L ebess i h as p o in ted o u t , t he t echn ique o f t he s te la i o f b oth g roups i s, l ike t he ir a rch itectura l f or m , i den t ica l. 2 29
Th is , t aken w ith t he s i mp l ic ity ,
e ven c rud ity , o f s ty le o f most o f t he s tela i, d efy ing t he a ccuracy o f d a t ing p oss ib le f or more amb it ious works o f a rt , a rgues f or s eek ing t he s i mp lest p oss ib le a pproach t o q uest ions o f s ty le a nd d ate.
Bu t L ebess i h as d rawn u p
ac hrono logy f or t he t wen ty-four s te la i s tretch ing o ver s o me s eventy t o e ighty y ears. 2 30 Four s tela i , s p inners A2/3 a nd B 10 , a nd warr iors B 1 a nd B 2, a re d a ted i n t he t h ird q uarter o f t he s even th c en tury .
These a re i ndeed
t he s t if fest a nd most e longated o f t he f igures , b u t t h is c ou ld b e a t tr ibu ted t o
4 2
p oor workmansh ip , o r i ndeed t o L ebess i 's own a rgumen t o f ' a rcha is m ' u sed t o e xp la in t he l atest g roup. 2 31
S p inner A2/3 h as g ar men ts i den t ica l t o t hose
o f s p inner A l a nd t hose s hown o nt he O ly mp ia mitra ( Figure 3 8 ). S p inner B 10 h as h a ir d ep icted much a s o n s tele A l. Warr iors B 1 a nd B 2 h ave l eg s ty l izat ions l i t t le d if feren t t han t hose o f w arr ior A6 d ated 6 30-20 . A l l h ave f aces r ese mb l ing t hose o f ' Theseus a nd Ar iadne ' o n t he v ase o f t ha t n a me f rom Arkades ( P late 3 5a ). 2 32 Another s ix s tela i , w arr iors A6 , B6 , B7 a nd G 2, a nd s tand ing w omen B 11 a nd B 12, a re s ing led o ut a nd d a ted i n t he l ast q uarter o f t he s even th c en tury . H ere t he a rgumen t d epends v ery l arge ly u pon w hat a re s een a s t he p rogress ive ly s quat , more r ea l ist ic p roport ions ,2 t er 33 b u t t h is c ou ld a s e as ily b e a t tr ibuted t o a workman w ith more f eel ing f or s cu lptura l f or m , f or t he f ac ia l f or ms a nd s ty l izat ions o f musc les r e ma in much t he s a me a s b efore.
O f
c ourse , n o t wo s tela i a re i dent ica l , a nd d if ferences i n p ro f ile a nd muscu lature w ou ld b eco me c ruc ia l h ad i tt o d o w ith mater ia l e xcavated f ro m s equen t ia l c on tex ts. Bu t n e ither J enk ins n or R izza was a b le t o d e monstrate a d eve lopmen t i n Deda l ic p rof i les r e l iab le e nough t o b e a pp l ied t o f inds o u t o f c on tex t. Regard ing a na to m ica l s che ma t izat ions, K enf ie ld h as p o in ted o u t t hat a bstract i ons a nd p roport ions f or muscu la ture b orrowed f rom t he a r mourer r e ma ined u nchanged i n t he c en tury p reced ing t he S oun ion g roup o f k ouro i .2 34 The t endency t o t ry t o c lose t he g ap b etween e ar ly ma le r epresen ta t ions o f r ea l ist i c p ropor t ions a nd t he e ar l iest marb le k ouro i i s n ot a v a l id o ne. L ebess i' s s ty l is t ic a rgumen ts f or t he c en tra l g roup o f s tela i, A l, A5, A7 , B 3-B5, a re t horough a nd p ersuas ive , 2 35 r igh t ly d raw ing u pon s uch p aral l els a s t he Arkades v ase, t he t erracot t as o f Gortyn , C retan b ronze c u t-ou t p laques , a nd t he Pra isos p late.
These works, a nd a long w ith t he m t he m idd le g roup o f
s te la i , L ebess i wou ld p lace a bou t 6 50-40. Bu t t he Gortyn Deda l ic g roups h ave b een d ated v ery e ar ly ; e lsewhere t he Arkad es v ase h as b een p laced a s l ate a s t he l ast q uarter o f t he s even th c en tury2 36
a s h as t he P ra isos p late. 2 37
Without g o ing s o f ar i n t he c ase o f t he s tela i , i ts ee ms r easonab le t o b r ing t he m idd le g roup d own i n to t he L ate Deda l ic d ecade, 6 30-20 , a nd t o a dm it t hat n o th ing i n t he e ar l ier a nd l ater g roups a bso lu te ly o b l iges u s t o d a te t he m o uts ide t h is p er iod. The p oss ib i l ity r e ma ins o pen o f t reat ing t he s te la i a s a c hrono log ical g roup , a lbe it a l oose o ne. Any c ons iderat ion o f t he s te la i a s ac hrono log ica l a nd a rch itectura l e n t ity ling imp h as c o mpel l icat ions a ga inst t he ir i n terpretat ion a s i nd iv idua l g rave monumen ts.
Before g o ing o nt o e xa m ine t he ir a rch itectura l f orm , i t may b e
wor thwh ile r ev iew ing b r ief ly t he s u itab i l ity o f t he ir i conography a s g raver e l iefs f or i nd iv idua ls. ly b l ed f The A g roup o f s te la i h ave u sual een c al unerary s te la i, 2 38
a nd
l t t he f act t hat t he t wo n ew ' p ictures ' p rov ided b y t he B g roup r ecal wo o f t he most p opu lar t he mes o f s ix th c en tury f unerary a rt l ends f orce t o af resh a rgumen t f or t he s tela i a s g rave-rel iefs . 2 39 Bu t a s L ebess i p o in ts o u t , t he a pl p aren t c onnec t ion i s i lusory .2 40
ly r ls The e n throned f i gure B 9 n atural ecal
t he C hrysapha r el ief a nd o thers f ro m S parta. 2 41
More c on te mporaneously ,
ac omp lete marb le s te le f ro m t he i s land o f Paros , 1 .19 m h igh b y 0 .46 m w ide , l ike t he Pr in ias s te la i p art ly c arved i n l ow r el ief a nd p ar t ly e ngraved ( F igure 3 7 ), 2 42
s hows a wo man s eated i n p rof ile o n at hrone ;
4 3
t he d a te i s
b efore 6 50.
N earer t o h and a re t he s ea ted s ta tues a bound ing i n Crete a t t h is
p er iod , o f wh ich t he e xa mp les f ro m Gortyn ( Plates 1 0 , 1) ( c lose t o s te le B9 i n i t s t ubu lar f or ms ) a nd f ro m P r in ias i t se l f ( P la tes 1 7-18a ) h ave a s acra l r ather t han a f unerary c on tex t , a nd must b e mean t t o r epresen t g oddesses. As f or t he s tand ing g irl w ith b ird a nd g ar land B il, t here a re many e xa mp les o f g irls w ith f lowers a nd b irds among t he Cypro-Rhod ian a nd N auk rat ite v oAn i nstruct ive e xa mp le o f t h is e astern
43 t ar ies o f t he l a te s even th c en tury .2
t he me i s t he c opper p laque f ro m U rartu ( Figure 5 ) where n o t o n ly t he g ar land h e ld b y t he wo man , b u t t he w ho le c o mpos it ion , w ith s t ick-l ike f igures, e labor ate ly embro idered g ar men ts, a nd d ecora t ion b y p unched r oset ecal t es, r ls t he s te la i, p art icu lar ly t he s t if p inners A l a nd A 2/3, a s wel s t he O lymp ia f s l a m itra ( Figure 3 8 ). I n i conography t he O lymp ia m itra c o mpares i n a genera l way w ith t he s tela i, a s t he s eated woman w ith s haw l must b e aw ife o r b r ide, a s a wo man w ith s p inn ing t h ings s hou ld b e , a nd s he i s a pproached b y a mascu l ine f igure w ith ak ind o f h el met .
Both p a irs a re p resaged i n e arl ier C retan a rt b y t he p a in t-
2 44 i ng o f t wo f i gures o n av ase f ro m Knossos .
Each f igure s tands o n a n i n-
d iv idua l p od ium o r b ase much l ike t he o ne b e low t he P r in ias s p inner.
T he
s ty le i s o bv iously more a rcha ic t han t hat o f t he s tela i , f or m ing a t rans it ion f ro m t he s ty le o f t he Fortetsa g ird le;
t he s che mat ized l ines o n t he s k ir t o f
t he w o man p erhaps i nd ica te a g ar men t w ith mu lt ip le l ayers a t t he b ot dge t om e a nd d own t he s k ir t , s upp ly ing a n a dequate l oca l p recursor f or b oth s tela i a nd O ly mp ia m itra. The s p inners b lend w el ith C retan a nd G reek n on-funerary i conography l w o f t he m id a nd l ater s even th c en tury. 45 t erracot Pal ia ' f ro m Gortyn 2 ta ' l ad 46 ( F igure 2 6 ). 2
The s p inner a lso h as t he p ose o f t he a nd t he t erracot do ls f ro m S iphnos ta i
N o t a l a re c er ta in t o h ave w orn h e l me ts, a nd s o me may l
h ave h e ld t he d o mest ic r ather t han t he war l ike a tr ibu tes o f A thena. t b ird o f s te le B 11 wou ld b e a ppropr iate f or Hera.
T he
The w arr ior f igures, a c-
c oun t ing f or t he ma jor ity o f t he r epresentat ions , s ee ms t he f arthest o f a l l f rom t he t ime-honoured i conography o f t he h ero ized d ead a s e ither i d le o r s eated o r b oth.
A l though h is w eapons may b e p laced n ear h im o r e ven i n
h is h ands, t he s ub ject o f ag rave-rel ief i s s ign if ican t ly i d le —a warr ior a t a s p ir itua l d istance f ro m t he s cene o f t he b at tle. I n t he a bsence o f a ny c erta in e xa mp les o f f igured g rave-re l iefs o f t he s even th c en tury ( an i nscr ibed s tele o f b efore 6 50 was f ound a t Bartata s outh o f Akrocor in th , b u t i t s a ssu med p a in ted d ecora t ion h ad v an ished )
4 7
i ti s
o n ly p oss ib le t o s ay t ha t t he Pr in ias s tela i may d ep ic t h ero ized i nd iv idua ls, i ft hey d o n ot s how g ods o r o rd inary morta ls. Bu t t here i s a s y et n o e v id ence t hat t he p ictures o f h eroes h ad b een c onnected w i th t he s cu lp tured f unerary monumen ts o f p r ivate i nd iv idua ls a t t h is t ime. The a rch itectura l f or m o f t he i nd iv idua l s tela i h as b een v ery t horough ly d escr ibed b y L ebe s s i. 248
The s labs h ave a n e x tre me ly s lender s ec t ion ,
b etween 0 .08 a nd '0.19 m w ith most measur ing 0 .12-0.14, a nd a re f or t he most p ar t t w ice a s t a l a s t hey a re w ide. l most r ese mb le w ide b oards.
S urface f in ish ing i s r ough ;
t hey
He ights r ange f ro m 0 .45 ( B9 ) t o 1 .09 ( B1 ).
Bu t h ere t he i mportan t p o in t t o n o t ice i s t ha t h e igh t i s af unc t ion o f t he h e igh t o f t he r el ief f i gures, wh ich a re a l t he s a me s ca le, s o t hat t he s labs l
4 4
w ith warr iors a re 0 .835 t o 1 .09 m h igh , t ha t w ith s p inner, i .e. a du l t wo man , 0 .725 m, t he s ea ted a du l t f i gure 0 .67 m, a nd t hat w ith a y oung g ir l ( B11) 0 .485 m. Th is t aken w ith i den t ica l t echn ique a nd f in ish ing s trong ly s uggests a n a rch itectura l g roup a ssoc ia ted i n as ing le ( or p erhaps s evera l s im ilar ) s tructures. Wha t p oss ib le f or m c ou ld s uch a s tructure h ave t aken , a nd a re i t s c onno ta t ions f unerary , s acred o r s ecu lar? The q uadrangu lar s hape o fb oardl ike s ec t ion w ith c rude d ecorat ions i n l ow ls t l ad 49 r e l ief r ecal he s te la i o f t he l a te Midd le Hel ic g rave c irc le A a t Mycena i ,2 b u t t hese p receded t he P r in ias s labs b y e ight h undred y ears, a nd w ere s oon b ur ied.
A l though K üh ler a nd Andron ikos h ave s hown t he c ustom o f s tone t o mb
markers e ndured i n S ub mycenaean , P ro togeo metr ic a nd Geo me tr ic Greek n ec ropo le is, 250 l i t t le emphas is s ee ms t o h ave b een p laced u pon a s tr ik ing f or m , s ign if ican t d ecorat ion , o r f i n ish o f a ny k ind. 251
The t wo k nown P ro t ,ogeome-
t r ic e xa mp les f rom t he A then ian K era me ikos w ere smal l s hape less b locks o f l imestone ; 252 t he ir more n umerous Geo metr ic s uccessors f rom E leus is, 253 Anavyssos, 254 a nd t he E r idanos 255 a nd K erame ikos 256 n ecropo le is a t A thens, w ere g eneral ly q uadrangu lar, b e ing b lock-l ike i n t he e ar l ier e xa mp les ( Athens ), more l ike s labs i nt he l ater ( Anavyssos, E leus is; Kü h ler d escr ibes t h is d eve lo pmen t i n t he K era me ikos f u l ly ), 257
b u t c ons isten t ly u ndecora ted a nd u n f in ished.
The s lenderest i n s ect ion , f ro m Anavyssos, p reserve n o n ear r ectangu lar c ont our ;
t he o thers w ere f or t he most p art n early a s t h ick a s t hey w ere w ide,
n ecessary i ft he b locks w ere t o s upport t he mse lves i n t he e arth c over ing t he g rave. I n e ach c ase t he e xcavator h as p o in ted o u t t hat t he ' s te la i ' s ee med i nt ended t o a ct a s markers a nd h e lp i n t he l ocat ion , r a ther t han t he d ecora t ion , o f t he g rave.
A l though i n i so la ted c ases ( Anavyssos ) t he markers w ere n early
a s t a l a s t he Pr in ias s te la i, t he l a re c ons isten t ly b roader a nd t h inner, l tter a a s w el s b e ing s et a part b yt he ir d ecora t ion . The Geometr ic s te le f ro m l a E leus is h ad measure men ts a nd s ect ion c lose t o t he C retan s labs, b u t w as u ndecorated. T he P r in ias s te la i a re o bv iously n o t d escended f rom t he o nes o f Bronze Age Mycena i. Bu t a re t here c o mpar isons f or t he m among p ost-Geome tr ic o r s even th c en tury g rave s te la i? I n t h is p er iod w e f ind t he f i rst e xa mp les o f f igured s te la i , a nd o f u n f igured s tela i d es igned t o b e s tr ik ing o r p repossess ing i n f or m a nd d i mens ions.
The Mal l es h a l f-rel ie f , i fi ti s i ndeed a grave monu-
men t , wh ich s ee ms a l most a ssured b y t he b and o f b urn ing a t t he f ron t o f t he s ta tue , 258 p rov ides y et a no ther e xa mp le— in c on trast t o t he P r in ias s labs —of ar ough b lock-l ike f or m , w ith mass a t t he b ot t om s uf fic ien t f or s upport ing i t i n t he e arth.
O f t wo t a l , b road a nd q u ite t h in s ch ist s labs o f t he t h ird q uarter l
o f t he s even th c en tury f ro m t he K era me ikos a t A thens,
2 59
t he f i rs t c ompares
c lose ly i n measure men ts w ith t he c o mp lete s lab Herak le ion n o. 2 34. 2 60 i ti s n o t d ecorated, n or c ou ld i te ver h ave b een p a in ted.
Bu t
F urther more i t was
n o t s upported i n t he e arth b u t i n a heavy s tone b ase, a s w ere t he o ther e xamp les o f t he s even th c en tury f ro m t he K erame ikos, a nd e ach o ne e i ther r ema ins embedded i n i t s b ase , o r r eta ins t races o f t he l ead f i l ing. The P r in ias l s tela i a re t oo t h in i n s ect ion t o h ave s upported t he mse lves i n t he e arth o r t o h ave s tood i n s ink ings i n s tone b ases w ithou t t he a id o f al ead f i l ing , n o t races l o f wh ich s urv ive o n e ven t he most c o mp lete. They must t herefore h ave s tood n ot a s i so lated monumen ts , b u t a s ag roup i n s ome s tructure e nab l ing t he m t o s tand u pr igh t b y p rov id ing s upport a t t he s ides o r b ack .
4 5
The c ircu it o f t h in s tone s labs a t Mycena i f or m ing t he e nc losure o f g rave c irc le A2 61
r a ise t he q uest ion whether t he s tela i c ou ld n o t h ave f or med a
s im i lar c onstruct ion o n a smal l er s ca le. The s o-cal l ed P lat t enbauen f ound ls i n an umber o f G reek n ecropo le is o f t he G eome tr ic p er iod 2 6z c ons ist o f w al o f s labs s et o n e nd a round o ne o r more g raves.
Cou ld t hey b e c ons idered
d escendan ts o f t he Mycena i s labs a nd a ncestors o f ap oss ib le s im ilar c onst ruct ion a t Pr in ias? When t he i nd iv idua l e xa mp les o f s lab-constructed e nc losure w al ls a re e xa m ined , t he w al ls f or med o f s labs d o n o t s erve a ny more ls i d ecorat ive o r s pec ia l ized a purpose t han c on temporary r ough s tone w al n Greek n ecropo le is. The most c o mp lex e xamp le i s t he n etwork o f s labs , w ith d i mens ions s im i lar t o t he P r in ias o nes, s eparat ing more t han a s core o f e igh th c en tury g raves i n t he K era me ikos; 263 b u t t he e arth mounds a bove t he g raves c overed t he m s o t hat o n ly t he t op s urfaces were v is ib le, t hereby s upp or t ing t he m i n p lace.
S uch a f or m o f s uppor t f or t he P r in ias s te la i w ou ld
r ender t he ir d ecora t ion s uperf luous. I n a n A t t ic Geome tr ic c e metery , g raves were s eparated i n s evera l c ases b y w al ls o f smal l p laques, s upported b y b e ing s et a l ternately i n f ron t a nd b eh ind ;2 64
a t E leus is t wo g rave b oundar ies w ere
c onstructed o f l ow s labs , o ne f ence a lterna t ing s quare a nd o b long s labs ,
2 65
a t C or in th a g roup o f s labs 0 .75 m h igh b ounded a n a rea o f c ist g raves a bout 66 measure men ts c o mparab le t o t he P r in ias s labs a nd t he ir h ypo4b y 9 m,2 l t he t ica l e nc losure. But i n a l t hese c ases, t he s labs w ere e i ther embedded
q u ite d eep i n t he g round , o rc overed w ith e arth o r a sh s oon a f ter e rec t ion , e ither o f w h ich s ee ms u nsu itab le f or t he P r in ias s labs w ith t he ir e ngraved f igures, s ure ly mean t t o r e ma in v is ib le , r each ing n ear ly t o t he l ower b order. tenbau w ls a ly n The P lat al re r eal o d if feren t i n u se f rom t he r ough Geometr ic ls o l s, f wal f u nworked s tones o r o fb r ick , o r t he c lass ica l a sh lar w al ound i n s o many Greek n ecropo le is w here t hey d iv ide g rave mounds, e nc irc le u nbu ilt g raves, o r s upport t umu l i .2 67 The c o mpar ison w ith b o th i nd iv idua l g rave- markers a nd s tone c onstruct ions i n e ar ly Greek n ecropo le is s ee ms u nsat isfac tory .
Cou ld t he s labs h ave s erved
a s ar el ief d ado o r o rthostate i n s o me p iece o f c iv ic o r r el ig ious a rch itecture? Co mpar isons wh ich s pr ing t o m ind a t o nce a re t he s er ies o f r epe t it ive a nd l oosely c onnec ted f i gures o n t he s cu lptured o rthostate b locks o f N orth S yr ian c it ies o f t he p er iod : t he e n trance n iches a t t he n orth a nd s ou th g ates o f t he l f ort if ied h i l t own o f K aratepe ,2 68 t he g ate n iche w ith s cu lp ted o rthostates a t l Ha t he e n trance t o t he K aparu p a lace a t Tel laf ,
2 69
a nd t he s outhern g ate t o
t he c i tadel o f Z inc ir l i, 2 7 ° a re t hree e xamp les w here t he r o le o f t he o rthostate ls b b lock i n r elat ion t o t he w al eh ind may b e s tud ied . 2 71 The i den t if icat ion o f t he P r in ias s tela i a s d ecorat ions f or a f or t if ied e n trance o r s im ilar s tructure model l ed o n N orth S yr ian p ro to types i s p ar t icu lar ly a t tract ive i n v iew o f t he f act t hat t he t iny s econdary f i gure o n t he w arr ior s t e le Herak l ion n o. 2 36 i s a pure N orth S yr ian t ype. ( H is l oose, c a lf-length , s hort s leeved t un ic w ith f r inge a nd d oub le b orders, c h in less p rof ile w ith s lan t ing f orehead a nd o bl ique l els i l a l mond e ye, a nd s qua t p roport ions, h ave many p aral n t he r el ie fs o f Tel Ha laf2 72 a nd K aratepe. 2 73 The amb iguous g esture o f t he a r ms h e ld b efore t he b ody w ith b en t e lbows c o mb ined w ith s low wa lk t o t he r igh t h as b een g iven a c u l t i n terpretat ion i nb o th t he p rev ious e xa mp les. On t he o ther h and , t he P r in ias f i gure c ou ld h ave b een c op ied f rom t he f i gure o f aS yr ian i n a ta p t un ic , p opu lar i n mou lded t erracot laques o f P ra isos o f a bou t t he m id c en t ury . ) 274 4 6
Ap rec ise a rch itectura l c o mpar ison o f t he Pr in ias s te la i w ith t he S yr ian o rthostate b locks i s l ess s at isfactory .
The o rthostate a t K aratepe s tood o n
a fl a t p ro ject ing s tone s oc le w ith mor t ises a nd w as b acked b y a heavy w al l o f smal l er s tones a nd r ubb le. 2 75 Most o f t he b locks measured 1 .30 m h igh b y 0 .60-1.00 m w ide a nd w ere 3 0 t o 4 0 cm t h ick ; p er iod ic b ind ing b locks l Ha l more w ere e ven d eeper . 2 76 The o rthostate b locks a t Tel laf w ere s t il l o l b 2 77 b u lky a nd s tood f l ush w ith a s tone s oc le a ga inst a w al f smal locks . I nb o th c ases t he h uge t h ick b locks w ere k ep t u pr igh t b y means o f t he ir own w e ight a nd s upported t he w al l b eh ind a s much a s t hey w ere s upported b y i t . T h is t ype o f c onstruct ion h as d irect b ear ing u pon t he d i mens ions a nd manner o f s upport o f t he h eavy a nd t h ick b locks o f t he t r iad f r iezes a t Gortyn , 2 0 t o r p erhaps o f t he h orse f r ieze o f t e mp le A a t P r in ias, 279 3 0 cm t h ick , 278 o 1 5 t o 1 7 cm t h ick .2 8 ° C onstruct ions w ith h eavy u nscu lp tured o rthostates a t P r in ias a nd Arkhades a re c lose ly r e lated :
f or e xa mp le, t he e n trance t o a
h ouse o n t he n orth s lope o f t he P at ' e la a t P r in ias h ad o rthostate j a mb b locks 81 ad oorway o f s im i1 .10 m h igh , 0 .97-1.10 m b road a nd 5 3-59 cm t h ick ;2 l ar c onstruct ion i n t he h ouse C asa G rande a t Arkhades h ad t h ick s quare o rthos ta te b locks; t wo b u il t t o mbs a tt he s a me s i te h ave s quare e n trances c ons truc ted o f t hree h eavy s labs f or j a mb a nd l in tel , a l 0 .65-1.05 m l ong a nd l 3 0 t o 4 0 cm t h ick .2 82 The P r in ias s tela i c ou ld n o t p oss ib ly h ave s uppor ted t hemselves u pr igh t , n or s hared i n t he s upport o f aw al l h eavy e nough f or a h ouse, g ate o r b u il t t o mb. They must h ave b een p art o f s ome l i gh ter f rees tand ing c onstruct ion i n w h ich t hey w ere s upported a t t he s ides. l -known a The most wel rcha ic e xa mp le o f s uch a l i gh t c onstruct ion i nvo lv ing s tone s labs o f s im i lar d i mens ions i s t he A l tar o f t he Twe lve G ods i n t he Agora a tA thens, i n i t s e ar l ier p hase o f t he l a tter s ix th c en tury .2 83
On a s quare
l imestone s ocle d el im it ing a n a rea o fp acked e arth , t wen ty-s ix s o f t l imestone s labs a bou t 1 0 cm t h ick a nd 8 0 cm b road w ere h e ld u pr ight b y p osts w ith a r ec tangu lar s ect ion measur ing a bou t 2 0 b y 2 5 cm.
I n i t s s econd, f ourth c en-
t ury , p hase 2 84 t he a l tar e nc losure h ad p osts a nd c op ing b locks e n t ire ly o f s tone. The f ence s urround ing t he p edesta l o f t he Eponymous Heroes i n t he ted wood a Agora a t A thens c omb ined s lot nd s tone i n i t s e ar l iest , c lass ica l , p hase ; i n i t s s econd p hase , i tw as c o mposed o f s labs 0 .80 m w ide b y 1 .20 m h igh . 2 85
These c onstruct ions w ere b o th o f s acred o r ' h ero ic ' n a ture. There
h as b een much i nd irect e v idence t o i nd ica te t he ir e x istence a nd p opu lar ity a s s acred f ences i n a rcha ic t imes. The metope f r ieze o f Dor ic t e mp les h as o f ten b een c i ted a s a n e xa mp le o f as creen o f a l ternat ing wood a nd s tone ( or t erracot ta ) me mbers i n i t s e arly s tages . 2 86
The w ooden metopes h ave
u sual ly b een i n terpreted a s t he e nds o f t he l arge h or izon ta l b ea ms s upport ing 87 g iv ing t he f r ieze l i t t le s tructura l t he r oof i nt he p re-stone Dor ic t e mp le, 2 r elat ionsh ip t o af ree-stand ing p ost-and-slab s creen. B eyer, h owever, p os-
t u lates t ha t t he t hree b ars o ft he t r ig lyphs w ere s tone c op ies o f t hree smal l er v er t ical wooden p osts, i n to t he t wo o u ter o f w h ich t he i n terven ing s tone me tope s labs were s lot t ed. 2 88 S uch a n i n terpretat ion wou ld a l low u s t o s ee t he p uzzl ing Tr ig lyph Wal l a bove t he s acred s pr ing-cha mber a t C or in th 2 89
a s a
l ate a rcha ic c opy i ns tone o f a post-and-slab f ence f or c ordon ing o f a n a rea f i n w h ich r i tua ls o f ar el ig ious n a ture w ere p er iod ical o b e p erfor med. One ly t c ou ld c ite t he s toa o f o rthostate s labs s upport ing a l i gh t r oo f a t D idyma 2 9 ° a nd t he f oun ta ins s urrounded b y o rthosta te b locks i n ar ec tang le n o t f ar f ro m t he Rho ikos a ltar a t t he S am ian Hera ion2 91 4 7
a s e ar ly a rcha ic c onstruct ions o f
as im i lar s em i-re l ig ious n a ture ; t ogether b y i ron c la mps.
t he f oun ta in s labs w ere h eld u pr igh t a nd
Bu t n ow t he e xcava t ion o ft he e ar ly s ix th c en tury ' Hero Te menos ' i n t he a rea o f t he Ro man Forum a t Cor in th 2 92
l p h as a t l ast r evea led a w el reserved s acred e nc losure o f t he e arly a rcha ic p er iod w ith e v idence o f a n a rcha ic a nd c lass ica l p opu lar c u l t o r ig ina t ing i n t he h ero-worsh ip o f P ro togeo metr ic
g raves. The t e menos ( Figures 3 9-40 ) measured 4 .48 b y 3 .77 m, h ad a n e nl o t rance o n t he e ast , a nd c ons isted o f aw al f l imestone s labs mort ised i n to o ne a no ther a nd h eld i n p lace b y as tone c op ing.
The s labs were most ly c .
l 0 .72 m w ide ; n one was p reserved t o t he f u l h e ight , b u t t h is i s l ikely t o h ave e xceeded 1 .00 m. Abou t t wen ty-four s labs w ou ld h ave b een r equ ired f or t he f c ircu i t , a lthough i ti s d i f icu lt t o b e p rec ise a s t here a re s evera l much n ar2 93 r ower s labs . Two a spects o f t he t e menos h ave p art icu lar b ear ing u pon t he r econs truct ion o f t he P r in ias s labs. F irst , s o me o f t he d eta ils o f t he c onstruct ion. T he e nc losure a t Cor in th was b u i l t u pon u neven , r is ing g round. S o me o f t he o r thos ta tes s at u pon a to ichobate, s o me w ere s unk i n to b edrock t erraced b ack , s o t ha t b es ides b e ing o f u neven w idth t hey w ou ld a lso h ave b een o f u neven h e igh t , s o a s t o a t ta in a n e ven h e ight a t c op ing l eve l.
I ft he P r in ias s tela i b e longed
t o a n e nclosure s i tuated o n t he s lop ing s ides o f t he P atMa , s labs o f d if feren t h e igh ts may h ave b een n ecessary. A l ternat ive ly , t he P r in iasenc losure n eed n ot h ave h ad a c op ing. The e dges o f t he s labs w ith t he ir i nc ised b orders t ed i c ou ld s i mp ly h ave b een s lot n to w ooden u pr ights, a s i n t he A then ian e xt amp le , w ith l i t le d im inu t ion o f v is ib le s tone s urface. The s tone s labs o f t he f i rst a l tar e nc losure a tA thens w ere f i xed t o t he l imestone s oc le w i th d owe ls, a s t hey must h ave b een o ver a metre i n h e igh t , 294 b u t t h is may n o t l er P h ave b een t hought n ecessary i n t he c ase o f t he s omewhat smal r in ias ly i fic s labs , e spec ial ft he i n terven ing w ooden p osts w ere f i xed s uf ien t ly d eep i n t he g round.
The u se o f wooden b ea ms a s s upports i n s tone a rch itec ture
w as a n o utstand ing f eature o f M inoan a rch itecture, 2 95 a nd a ppears t o h ave l; a s c haracter ized a rcha ic C retan a rch itecture a s w el ubstan t ia l a rcha ic tings i h ouse a t Pr in ias h ad d eep r ectangu lar c ut n t he s tone o rthostate c ourse , ls o l a pparen t ly f or t he s upport o f t imbers mean t t o b ind t he u pper wal f smal s tones . 2 96
I ft he c reator o f t he Prin ias e nc losure n eed i nsp ired i n h is d es ign
b y t he r el ief o rthostates o f e igh th a nd s even th c en tury N orth S yr ian c i t ies, a s s ee ms l ike ly , h e may s t il l h ave b rough t i tt o f ru it ion b y means o f more l oca l a rch itectura l p ract ices. S econd a nd much more s ign if ican t i s t he r e la t ionsh ip o f t he Cor in th e nc losure t o t he P rotogeometr ic c e metery w h ich p receded i to n t he h i l ls ide a t t he s ou thern e nd o f t he Forum. S tudy o f t he s trat igraphy o f t he t e menos makes i tp la in t hat t he c u l t owed i t s o r ig in t o t he d iscovery , l oot ing a nd r ec over ing i n t he l a te s even th c en tury o f aP ro togeo metr ic g rave l ong f orgotten .2 97 As t here w as n o o ther i den t if iab le o b ject o f w orsh ip w ith in t he t e menos ( as f or e xa mp le t he r ough b ou lder i nt he Agora a t A thens, r ecen t ly f ound t o h ave f b een f enced o f i n t he c lass ica l p er iod b y means o f as im i lar s lab c onstruet i on )2 98 t he c onc lus ion s ee ms i nescapab le t hat t he Cor in th c u l t b egan a s w orsh ip o ft he o ccupan ts o f P rotogeo metr ic g raves a pparen t ly i den t if ied a s h eroes.
4 8
Tha t t he c onstruct ion r epresen ted b y t he P r in ias s labs h ad a s im i lar d est inat ion s ee ms a ssured b y t he d iscovery o f t he s te la i o f Group B b u i l t i n to l ed g as o-cal rave e nc losure o f t he e arly s ix th c en tury. 299
S acred e nclosures
where o fer ings c ou ld b e made, a ssu mab ly t o t he d ead whose g raves a re f ound f he e nclosure c lose b y , a re k nown b oth a t V rokastro i n e ast C rete , 3 " where t c on ta ined o fer ing t ab le, b urn t r e ma ins a nd f i gur ines much a s a t Cor in th , a nd f 3 01 n ow e lsewhere i n t he a rea o f Pr in ias .
I ts ee ms r easonab le t ha t s labs f ro m a s im i lar f ence o f ag enerat ion e arl ier s hou ld h ave b een r eused i n t he e ar ly s ix th c en tury e nclosure a t P r in ias. S uch ar econstruct ion f or t he r e l iefs wou ld r eso lve t he v exed q uest ion o f w hether t he ir i conography i s t o b e u nderstood a s s acred , s ecu lar o r f unerary .
What-
e ver was p ract ised i n e ar ly a rcha ic s acred e nc losures, l i es o n t he b order l ine o f p opu lar r e l ig ion a nd worsh ip o f t he d ead.
NOTES
1 .
R izza-Scr inar i 1 55-157 n rs. 1 -17 , w ith b ib l iography ;
p hotographs
p ls. 1 -6. 2 .
I b id. 2 00f f.
R idgway d isagrees t hat t erracot cu lp ture i nf luenced ta s
s tone s cu lp ture t o t h is e x ten t :
The Archa ic S ty le i n Greek Art ( 1977 )
2-24. 2 3 .
I b id. 2 16, 2 19 , 2 30 a nd 2 34 r espect ively .
4 .
I b id. 2 44.
R idgway a lso f indsthese d ates t oo h igh :
The Archa ic S ty le
i n Greek S cu lpture ( 1977 ) 1 9. 5 .
For t he Cypr iot f igures s ee G jerstad S CE I I p ls. 1 88 f igs. 5 -7 a nd 1 90 f i gs. 5 -8 f ro m Arsos; S CE I V.2, 9 3 f or t he d at ingof t he f i rst g roup i n t he 2 nd Pro to-Cypr iot p er iod , a nd t he s econd i n e astern N eo-Cypr iot . S ch m idt S a mos V I , 9 4 d a tes t he 2 nd Proto-Cypr io tsty le 6 50-620 , t he I N eo-Cypr io t s ty le 6 10-560. For t he Rhod ian f i gures, Pryce p l. 3 6 B 349, a nd 1 63 f i g. 2 00 B 3389 , 1 65 f ig. 2 03 B346 ;
1 59.
6 .
G jerstad S CE I I p l. 1 88 f ig. 6 .
7 .
I b id. p l. 1 88.
8 .
I b id. p l. 1 90.
9 .
P ryce p l. 3 6.
B 3 46 o n p age 1 65 f i g. 2 03 s hows a n i n ter med iate s tage.
1 0.
I b id. 1 63.
1. 1
I b id. p l. 3 6. T he f i gure measures 0 .298 m i n h e ight a nd i s b roken a t t he wa ist .
1 2.
Myre 's Handbook Cesno la Col ion 1 23f l ect f.
1 3.
A lex iou , P laton Gu ide t o t he Herak l ion Museu m ( 1968 ) 1 22.
1 4.
P ryce 1 62.
4 9
1 5.
K au len Da ida l ika 5 7.
1 6.
P ryce p l. 3 7 B 334.
1 7.
I b id. 1 63 f i g. 2 00 l ef t , B 338.
1 8.
R ich ter K ora i f igs. 2 5-27, 8 0 , 8 2-83.
1 9.
G jerstad S CE I , p l. 6 f igs. 1 -2, p l. 9 fi g.3, p l. 1 0 f igs. 1 -3, p l. 1 1 l f i gs. 1 -4, p l. 1 2 f i gs. 1 -2, p l. 2 4 f i gs. 1 -3, a l f ro m K it ion . l
The
e ar l iest a re p erhaps s t il f t he 7 th , t he l atest o f t he 5 th c en tury. l o 2 0.
G jerstad S CE I I p l. 1 88 f i g. 7f or t he h ands, a nd p l. 1 88 f i g. 5f or t he o b ject , p erhaps a g ob let ,o r a lterna t ive ly a n u n f in ishedf lower, a s i th as t he s a me s ize a nd s hape a s t he l otus f l ower i n t he h and o f al imestone v o tary f ro m N aukra t is :
P ryce p l. 1 94 f i g. 2 34.
2 1.
S CE I p l. 2 39 n r. 1 063, a nd p age 7 07.
2. 2
I b id. p l. 2 39 n r. 1 228, a nd p age 7 16.
2 3.
P ryce p l. 3 7 B 358.
2 4.
I b id. 1 63 f i g. 2 00 B 338 a nd B 339.
2 5.
Akurga l B irth o f Greek Art 8 2, p l. 2 2b.
2 6.
K au len Da ida l ika 4 7.
2 7.
Ddr ig i n DNd K unst 1 21-123 d iscusses t he ' l ady i n aw indow ' t he me a nd g ives b ib l iography .
2 8.
Akurga l Phryg ische K unst 6 1, p l. 3 8b , a free-stand ing n iche n ear t he g rave monu men t o f Aslan tas.
Haspe ls a rgues t hat s o me o f t he r ock
monumen ts b elong t o a much e ar l ier p er iod : I , 1 44-146.
The H igh lands o f Phryg ia
Bu t Young AJA 7 6 ( 1972 ), 4 45-446, c on tests Haspe ls'
d a t ing o f a ny o f t he n iche f igures i n t he e ighth c entury , a nd s e ts t he m s quare ly i n t he s ix th w ith Akurga l. 2 9.
f.; Re inach BCH 1 3 ( 1889 ) p l. 8 r igh t , 5 43f
Tuchel t D ie a rcha ischen
S ku lpturen v on D idyma 1 27, 1 50, 1 81, p l. 4 , 1 . 3 0.
S ch m id t S a mos WI , 9 8, n o ted n o Cypr io t s cu lpture o f t he Cypr iot Archa ic l p er iod i n t he d epos its a t t he Hera ion , a l o f wh ich d ated t o b efore 5 60. 5 60 t hus b eco mes t he u pper l im it o f t he Archa ic s ty le i n Cyprus.
3 1.
G jerstad S CE I I p l. 7 7 f ig. 2 n o. 5 61.
3 2.
ta F Young Terracot igur ines f ro m K our ion i n Cyprus 4 3, p l. 1 3 n o. 8 67.
3 3.
t as 9 H igg ins Greek Terracot 6 , p l. 4 7 n r. 2 74.
3 4.
I b id. 2 24-225 , p l. 1 16 n os. 8 45-846.
3 5.
G jerstad S CE I p l. 2 25 f i g. 2 .
3 6.
t as 2 H igg ins Greek Terracot 42, p l. 1 30 n os. 8 94-896.
3 7.
Ho mann- Wedek ing AA 7 9 ( 1964 ) 2 23 f i g. 4 , 2 25.
5 0
3 8.
As R izz i-Scr inar i 1 48 n . 7 0.
One wou ld e xpect t he v o t ives o f t he d epos it
t o e x tend a t l east s o me way i n to t he s ix th c en tury , o n t he e v idence o f t he c o mparab le s er ies o f v ot ives a t Dreros a nd a t P r in ias :
K irsten i n
RE s upp l. 7 ( 1940 ), 1 38. 3 9.
R izz-Scr inar i 1 57.
4 0.
J enk ins Deda l ica 5 9-64.
4 1.
Von Geartr ingen Thera I 3 05 f i gs. 4 92-493.
Mi ler F r ee P last ik i n
G r iechen land u nd K le inas ien 6 5 p l. 1 9 n o. 2 71.
K on to leon A th M itt 7 3
( 1959 ) 1 37 Be il. 1 04-105. 4 2.
J enk ins Deda l ica p l. 5 .
4 3.
J enk ins Deda l ica p l. 5 .9.
4 4.
As a rgued b y Cook , J HS 8 7 ( 1967 ) 2 8-29.
Con tra , R idgway The Archa ic
S ty le i n Greek S cu lpture 2 2-24. 4 5.
R izza-Scr inar i 1 56, p l. 3 ;
2 30 f or t he d iscuss ion a nd d at ing , 4 9 f ig.
7 7 f or a r econstruct ion . 4 6.
I b id. 1 56-157, p l. 4 ;
d a ted a nd d iscussed , 2 34 ;
4 9 f ig. 7 8 f or r econ-
s truct ion. 4 7.
I b id. 2 00.
4 8.
J enk ins Deda l ica 6 4.
4 9.
t en Mit , Doer inger Master Bronzes, f igure p age 5 0.
I nscr ip t ions o n t he
t hree b ronzes f ound w ith t he m itra d a te t o t he c apture o f t he p ieces a s b ooty a t a bou t 6 00 : f.; 3 6f
c en tury : 5 0.
i b id. 4 5.
l Her mann d a tes a l f our 6 20 i n Däd Kunst
f ann p l l Hofm laces t he mitra s t il ater , a t t he e nd o f t he s even th Ear ly C re tan Ar morers 1 1, 4 3-44, p ls. 3 0 , 3 2, 4 2.1.
BCH 1 962 p l. 3 0.
t 8 K opcke A th M it 2 ( 1967 ) 1 07 , f or a d iscuss ion o f t he
d ate. 5 1.
R izza-Scr inar i 5 0-52 ( Scr inar i ts d iscuss ion o f t he t e mp le a nd i t s s cu lptures ), 1 57 ( R izza 's c ata logue e n try ) f or t he d e ta ils b e low.
5 2.
Frank fort Anc ien t O r ien t f ig. 8 3 ( Zin9 ir l i ) a nd f i gs. 8 5-6 ( Ha laf ).
5 3.
I b id. 2 01 f i g. 9 8, 1 99 ;
5 4.
Kunze KB p l. 4 9 n o. 7 4.
5 5.
S tevenson Sm ith Anc ien t Egypt p l. 1 79a.
5 6.
Frank fort Anc ien t O r ien t 2 00 f ig. 9 7 , 1 99.
5 7.
Thureau-Dang in Ars lan-Tash p lates
5 8.
Young AJA 6 2 ( 1958 ) 1 41-44.
5 9.
L ou c i Meg iddo I vor ies 1 3, p lates 1 -3, n o. 1 ;
G jerstad OpusArch 4 ( 1946 ), 8 , p l. 5 .
Mertzen fe ld I vo ires
Phgn ic iens p l. 2 9.322 (a ). 6 0.
I f n o t ap o los , p erhaps t he ' f eather c rown ' o f t he Rhod ian j acka l-faced f a ience f igur ine :
C lara Rhodos 6 -7 ( 1932-33 ) 3 13, f ig. 4 9.
5 1
6 1.
L ethaby J HS 3 7 ( 1917 ) 1 -2.
P ryce 6 4 ( B 1 41-44 ).
6 2.
Gruben J d I 7 8 ( 1963 ) 1 58 Abb. 3 9.
6 3.
R izza-Scr inar i 1 57, p l. 6 .
6 4.
Davaras S tatue 1 9.
6 5.
I b id. 1 9.
6. 6
Pern ier Te mp l i Arca ic i 6 2-63, f rag men t n o. 1 0.
6 7.
R izz i-Scr inar i 2 19.
6 8.
Board man h as s u m mar ized t he e v idence u seful n t he d iscuss ion o f ly i
R izza-Scr inar i 1 56.
t he s even th c en tury C retan b ronze c up i n Ox ford :
CCO 8 4-86.
O f t he
Cretan e xa mp les c ited t here f ro m t he f i rst h a lf o f t he s even th c en tury , t he e ar l iest s ecure e xa mp le i s t he Axos m itra o f a bou t t he m id c en tury. Cretan s h ields r ely h eav i ly u pon d es igns d rawn w ith t he c o mpass , b u t t he a ctua l e tch ing o f t he d es igns l ooks f reehand i n e very c ase e xcep t t hat o f t he l ate s h ield n o. 2 7 c i ted b y Boardman . 6 9.
Ar ias, H ir mer Greek V ase P a in t ing f i g. 2 4. p a in ter a s a E ubo ian work ing a round 6 50 :
Co ldstrea m i den t if ies t he
L ondon I nst itu te o f C lass ical
l et S tud ies, Bul in 1 8 ( 1971) 1 -11. 7 0.
Ar ias, H ir mer Greek Vase P a in t ing p l. I , f igs. 1 2-14.
7 1.
tery 1 Cook Greek P a in ted Pot 13.
7 2.
Ar ias , H ir mer Greek V ase P a in t ing f i gs. 2 2-23.
7 3.
The s ta t ic maeanders, b u il t u p w ith in s quares i n ar ow b e tween l ines i s tery t yp ica l o f l a te s even th c en tury East Greek p ot , f or i nstance a k rater f ro m t he S am ian Hera ion :
t 5 A thMit 8 ( 1933 ) 8 6 , f i g. 3 2.
For t he d ate,
t as I s ee H igg ins Br it ish Museu m , Ca ta logue o f Terracot , 1 47.
Th is i s
t he t ype o f maeander u sed f or t he Gortyn f rag men t n o. 1 7. 7 4.
tery 1 Cook Greek P a in ted Pot 44.
7 5.
S chäfer S tud ien 2 0-21, 2 6.
7 6.
K arageorgh is J d I 8 0 ( 1965 ) 9 , f ig. 1 0.
7 7.
Brock BSA 4 4 ( 1949 ) p ls. 6 .1-2, 7 .1-3.
7 8.
I b id. p l. 6 .1-2, p ages 1 8-19.
7 9.
R izza-Scr inar i 1 61 n o. 5 9, p l. 1 1.
8 0.
I b id. 1 60 n o. 5 3, p l. 1 0.
8 1.
Board man CCO 6 0-62, n o. 2 57, p l. 2 1.
8 2.
R izza-Scr inar i 1 68 n o. 1 03, p l. 1 8.
K au len Da ida l ika 2 8 p laces a l t he l
hase (i. e . i do ls w ith .Pal ion p ose t ogether i n h is s econd Deda l ic p l ad Early Deda l ic ).
L eav ing a s ide t he q uest ion o f t he p ose, a c on t inuous
l a d eve lop men t may b e t raced i n t he c lay f or ms a s w el s i n t he p a in ted d ecorat ion .
N o. 5 9, p l. 1 1, h as a mou lded b el t a nd u n f lared s k ir t
e dge w ith n o mou ld ing , l ike t ha t o f t he S iphn ian f i gures.
5 2
N o. 5 3, p l.
1 0, d eparts f ro m t he Cyclad ic mode l i n a more a ccen tuated wa ist mou ldi ng , f lar ing e dge o f s k irt a nd t he a dd it ion o f p last ic f eet.
The Cretan
l ove o f h eavy mou ld ings i s g iven g reatest p lay i n n rs. 1 03-104, p l. 1 8, where t hey a re n ow a dded a t t he b ot f t he s k irt a s wel tom o l. 8 3.
R izza-Scr inar i 1 56-57 f or t he p rovenances o f t he s cu lptures, a nd 9 9, 1 47-48 f or t he s trat igraph ical r elat ionsh ips o f t e mp le a nd a ltar t errace.
8 4.
S ee t he r econstruct ion , R izza-Scr in a .r i 4 8.
8 5.
I b id. 5 1.
8 6.
The u se o f s cu lp tured h u man f i gures b acked a ga inst p ilasters o r p illars a t p orta ls i s n ot n ecessari ly a s ign o f d irect Egyp t ian i n f luence, e ither h ere o r a t Pr in ias.
The i dea may h ave c o me v ia Phoen ic ian i vor ies,
w here p a irs o f s eated a nd s tand ing wo men a re s een i n d oorway-l ike s ett ings :
t N Barnet i mrud I vor ies p l. 6 5.
8 7.
S tevenson Sm ith Anc ien t Egyp t p ls. 8 7a, 1 55b.
8 8.
Ha lbherr AJA 5 ( 1901) 4 00, f ig. 1 1.
l b One a ppears t o b e a wal ase
mou ld ing a nd d ado s lab, w ith a r el ief b order l ike t he Gor tyn s eated s tatue's, b u t n o measure men ts o r p hotographs a re p rov ided i n t he p ubl icat ion , a nd Ih ave b een u nab le t o f ind a more r ecen t d iscuss ion. 8 9.
Davaras S tatue 1 8-20.
A s im ilar t echn ique i s u sed f or t he s even th
c en tury k ore f ro m t he P to ion , Athens N . M. n os. 2 -3:
Ducat L es Kouro i
d u P to ionno. 4 6, p l. 1 7. 9 0.
Pern ier Te mp l i Arca ic i 5 9, 6 2.
9 1.
I l 6wy 0Jh 1 2 ( 1909 ) 2 45, f ig. 1 20.
9 2.
Board man An t ike P last ik 1 .1-5 , p ls. 4 2-43, Ch ios Museu m i nv. n o. 2 26. On i n ten t iona l d issym metr ies i n o ther s even th c en tury s tatues, s ee A lscher AA 6 8 ( 1953 ) 1 47-158.
9 3.
Davaras D ie S tatue 1 4 n . 2 6.
9 4.
L ev i Gort ina 2 55 , f i g. 5 1.
R izza-Scr inar i p ls. 3 1 n r. 2 03, 37 n os.
2 55-6. 9 5.
De margne BCH 5 5 ( 1931) 4 04, f ig. 3 6.
9 6.
t 4 Möb ius Ath . Mit 1 ( 1916 ) 1 8.
9 7.
De margne BCH 5 3 ( 1929 ) p l. 2 6.1.
9 8.
t as 5 H igg ins Greek Terracot 0.
9 9.
t 4 Möb ius AthMit 1 ( 1916 ) 1 59-164.
1 00.
Tuchelt D ie a rcha ischen S ku lp turen v on D idy ma 1 71-74.
1 01.
t 8 Kran tz A thM it 7 ( 1972 ) 1 -55.
1 02.
Tuchelt D ie a rcha ischen S ku lpturen v on D idyma 7 1f f.
1 03.
Tod , Wace Cata logue o f t he S parta Museu m 1 91, f i g. 6 6.
5 3
1 04.
Dawk ins AO 2 20-21, p l. 1 23.1.
For more r ecen t d at ing f or L akon ian
G eo me tr ic a nd L akon ian Ip ot , s ee C ook G reek Pa in ted Pot , 9 1t ery tery 9 3, a nd Board man BSA 5 8 ( 1963 ) 1 -4. 1 05. 1 06.
Payne P erachora I , 1 97-199 n os. 3 a nd 6 -12, p ls. 8 7.3 a nd 8 8.6. Z aphe iropou los De lt ion 1 6 ( 1960 ) p l. 2 15. o f b efore 6 50 :
1 07.
P ern ier ASAtene 2 ( 1916 ) 3 12-314, w ith t wo p hotographs ( 313 ) a nd a l i thograph ( 314 );
Davaras S tatue 5 3;
1 08.
Davaras S tatue 1 4, a nd n o te 2 6.
1 09.
De margne BCH 5 3 ( 1929 ) p l. 2 6.1.
10. 1
J enk ins Dedal ica p l. 6 .
11. 1
K aryd i a grees w ith a date
AA 7 9 ( 1964 ) 2 74.
L ev i Arkades 7 01.
I b id. p l. 1 .5 a nd 7 , o f t he P rotodeda l ic ;
2 .4 o f t he Ear ly Deda l ic ;
De margne 5 3 ( 1929 ) p l. 2 7 n rs. 4 a nd 5o f t he Midd le Dedal ic. 12. 1
R izza-Scr inar i p ls. 1 9 n o. 1 07 , 2 0 n o. 1 22 , 2 5 n o. 1 62a , 2 6 n o. 1 69a , 2 7 n o. 1 72 , 3 0 n o. 2 07.
13. 1
K aryd i AA 7 9 ( 1964 ) 2 66-85.
14. 1
A g o ld p ro to me h ead i n Berl in f ro m De los, p robab ly N ax ian : 7 9 ( 1964 ) 2 67 f i g. 1 , d ated 6 50 , 2 72. f ro m Ephesos :
K aryd i AA
Ap inhead i n t he Br it ish Museu m
Marshal ata logue o f J ewel , Br it ish Museum p l. l C l ery
1 0. 9 63, wh ich K aryd i d a tes a bou t 6 50 :
AA 7 9 ( 1964 ) 2 67.
A p laque
w ith p endan t f ro m Rhodes i n t he L ouvre , Coche d e L a Ferte B i joux An t iques p l. 1 3.2-3. i n Berl in :
Ab ronze d isc w ith p roto me f ro m O ly mp ia , n ow
AM 7 4 ( 1959 ) 4 6, Be i l. 9 7.2;
ta h A lso a t erracot ead f ro m N axos : AA 7 9 ( 1964 ) 2 74.
K aryd i AA 7 9 ( 1964 ) 2 77.
AA 1 940 , 2 84 f ig. 8 6 , a nd K aryd i
To t hese s hou ld b e a dded t he Deda l ic p ro tome h eads
l i o n smal vory o rna men ts r ecen t ly e xcavated i n t he S a mos West N ecrop o l is : 1 15.
AAA 2 ( 1969 ) 2 04 f i g. 4 .
The g o ld p endan t w ith a p ro to me f ro m F ortetsa :
Brock Forte tsa p l.
7 6.1144 , wh ich K aryd i d a tes e ar ly i n t he s even th c en tury : 2 77. 1 16.
Go ld r ings f ro m Megara :
AA 7 9 ( 1964 )
i b id. 2 77 f ig. 8 , o f af ter 6 50.
A g o ld h ead f ro m t he I daean Cave, i n A thens :
AJA 4 9 ( 1945 ) 3 15 , f ig.
2 3, wh ich K aryd i d ates i n t he l ast q uar ter o f t he s even th c en tury : 7 9 ( 1964 ) 2 77.
w ith t he b ronze k ouros f ro m Delph i : 1 17.
J enk ins Deda l ica p l. 6 .2. l o s t il pen .
AA
The b ronze p endan t i nA thens, f ro m Melos, c on te mporary AA 7 9 ( 1964 ) 2 68 f ig. 2 , 2 78.
The q uest ion o f t he o r ig in o f t he k ouros i s
I n s upport o f a Cyc lad ic o r ig in o f t he k ouros , Ho mann
Wedek ing D ie An fänge d er g r. Grossp last ik 6 8 a nd K aryd i AA 7 9 ( 1964 ) 2 78.
ten a I n s upport o f a Cretan o r ig in , M it nd Doer inger Master
l a Bronzes 5 7, a s wel s t he r ecen t ly p ub l ished h ead a nd t orso o f a terrata k te f c ot ouros s tatuet ro m t he a rc ' -t ic d epos it a t Gortyn :
R izza-
S cr inar i 1 75 p l. 2 4 n o. 1 61, a nd 2 35 f i gs. 3 14-316. 1 18.
Däd Kunst 3 6 p ls. I a nd 1 0 , t he b ronze m itra o f a bout 6 20 i n t he l ect S ch i m mel Col ion i n N ew York ; i b id. p ls. 3 1, 3 3 a nd 3 7b, r e l ief
5 4
amphoras o f t he l ater s even th c en tury.
The m i tra h as r ecen t ly b een
p ub l ished b y Hofm ls. 3 0, 3 2, 4 2.1, a nd f ann Early Cretan Ar morers p d ated a t t he e nd o f t he s even th c en tury : 19. 1
J enk ins Deda l ica p l. 5 .2 a nd 7 .
1 20.
R izza-Scr inar i 2 23.
p ages 4 3-44.
1 21. Davaras S tatue 5 3. 1 22.
Oppenhe i m- Moortga t Tel laf I I, 3 5, p l. I A. l Ha
1 23.
O rth mann Un tersuchungen z ur s pä theth it ischen Kunst p ls. 1 3e , 4 3h.
1 24.
ASAtene 2 ( 1916 ) 3 13-314.
1 25.
Kurtz, Board man G reek Bur ia l Custo ms 8 4f f.
1 26.
Tod , Wace C ata logue o f t he S parta Museu m 1 02 f i g. 1 , 1 03 f i g. 2 , 1 07 f i g. 1 0, e tc.
Andron ikos, P e loponn is iaka 1 (1956 ), f i gs. 2 -4, 6 , 8 -9.
1 27.
K urtz, Board man G reek Bur ia l Custo ms 5 7.
1 28.
Andron ikos Delt ion 1 7 ( 1961-2 ) 1 68, p l. 8 5b a nd g .
Ma iur i ASAtene
6 -7 ( 1923-4 ) 2 08, f i g. 1 31. 1 29.
K t ib ler K era mek ios V I.2, 4 07.
1 30.
I b id. 5 61 n o. 1 , p l. 2 9.
1 31. Andron ikos De lt ion 1 7 ( 1961-2 ) 1 94. K on to leon i n Theor ia. Festschr if t f ür S chuchhard t 1 29-137, 1 31-133 f i gs. 1 a nd 2 . 1 32.
G jerstad S CE I p l. 2 39 n o. 1 063, o f A jia I r in i S ty le 1 .
The h e igh t o f
5 3.8 cm i s a lso c lose t o t he Mal tatue , i b id. 7 07. l es s 1 33.
Go ld man Hesp 9 ( 1940 ) 4 13 f ig. 5 4.
1 34.
J enk ins Deda l ica 4 2.
1 35. R ich ter K ora i 2 4. 1 36.
Ho mann- Wedek ing D ie An fänge d er g r. Grossp last ik 1 06.
1 37. R izz-Scr inar i 2 30. 1 38. Davaras S tatue
5 , f or f ul ib l iograph ica l r eferences t o i t s v ar ious 5 l b
a tr ibu t ions t o Crete , S parta, Argos a nd Cor in th. t 1 39.
L ev i Gort ina 2 84 f i g. 1 79, l ef t. R izza-Scr inar i 2 31 f i g. 3 08 n o. 1 18, a nd p l. 2 3; 2 32 f i g. 3 09 , 2 33 f i gs. 3 10-312, p l. 2 0 n os. 1 14 a nd 1 16, p l. 2 1 n os. 1 18 a nd 1 23.
1 40. R izza-Scr inar i p l. 1 2 n o. 6 1a o f t he P ro todeda l ic s ty le ; p l. 1 5 n os . 9 3-95 o f t he Ear ly Deda l ic s ty le; p l. 1 7 n o. 1 00 , p l. 1 9 n o. 10 , p l. l 1 20 n o. 1 14, p l. 2 1 n o. 1 19 , a l o f t he e ar ly Midd le Deda l ic. 1 41.
I b id. p l. 2 2 n o. 1 34.
1 42.
I b id. p l. 9 n o. 5 1.
1 43.
I b id. p l. 9 n o. 5 4, a nd p l. 1 0 n o. 5 3.
5 5
1 44.
P ryce p l. 3 6 B 329, p l. 3 7 B 358-B360 ;
a nd t he c ur ious s cu lp ture f ro m
A jia I r in i S CE I p l. 2 39 n o . 1 063. 1 45.
B l i f me l D ie a rcha ische g r. S ku lp turen f i gs. 7 4-76, t he u pper h a l f o f a marb le f em in ine f i gure i n t he Berl in Museum w ith h and t o b reas t , o f a bou t 5 50.
Board man An t ike P last ik 1 .1-5, p ls. 3 8-44, a C h io t marb le
k ore w ith h and t o b reast , o f a bou t 5 80-570.
R ichter Kora i f i gs. 1 83-
1 84, Chera myes t d ed icat ion t o Hera a t S a mos, a bou t 5 75-550.
I ti s i n-
t erest ing t o n ote t hat t he o ther s tatues o f t he Chera myes d ed ica t ion , l a nd a l s ubsequen t I on ian k ora i, c lasp a n o b ject i n t he h and o ver t he b reast , a s i ft he emp ty h and l a id o n t he b reast was a n o ld-fash ioned g esture l os ing i t s s ign if icance i n s ix th c en tury I on ia.
The I on ian s ta-
l t ues a l s how t he h and i n af i st , p erhaps a s ign o f more d irec t t echn ic a l i n f luence f ro m Egyp t. 1 46.
Brock B SA 4 4 ( 1949 ) p ls. 6 -7.
1 47.
Grace o n t he o ther h and s uggests t hat t h is e ar ly g roup w as i nsp ired b y as er ies o f e longated Assyr ian s cu lptures o f t he e arly s even th c en tury i nb ronze :
1 48.
AJA 4 6 ( 1942 ) 3 44-346.
le t ern i S quares b e tween p aral l l ines a re a p opu lar p at n p a in t ing o n v ases a nd f igures o f t he l a ter s even th c en tury i n I on ia : Hogarth Archa ic t as, Br H igg ins C a ta logue o f T erracot it ish Museu m I
Arte m is ion 2 19;
n r. 5 37 p l. 7 1, 1 46-47; 1 49. 1 50.
t 5 E il mann A thM it 8 ( 1933 ) 8 6 f i g. 3 2.
R ichter K ora i 2 6, f i gs. 2 5-27. Buschor A ltsa m ische S tandb i lder I , 2 3, f igs. 7 2-3, 7 5. f igs. 8 0 , 8 2-3.
R ich ter Kora i
t 6 S ee O h ly 's r econstruc t ion i n A thMit 8 ( 1953 ) 7 9 f ig.
1 . 1 51.
te c A lscher c ons iders t he Auxerre s ta tuet ons iderab ly l a ter t han N ikandre : Gr iech ische P last ik I , 7 3-6.
1 52.
On g rounds o f e p igraphy :
fery J ef , L oca l S cr ip ts 2 91, R ich ter K ora i 2 3.
P ed ley s uggests a d ate o f 6 25 t o b r ing t he s tatue more i n to l ine w ith t he c hrono logy o f t he f i rst k ouro i : The I sland Workshops 2 0.
Greek S cu lpture o f t he Archa ic P er iod :
But t h is t akes n o a ccoun t o f t he s tatue 's c on-
n ect ions w ith a rt works i n o ther med ia.
For e xa mp le, n o te t ha t
V ierne ise l d etects t he i n f luence o f a monu men ta l Deda l ic s tatue a t S a mos i n l oca l t erraco ttas o f t he m id s even th c en tury :
t 7 A thM it 6 ( 1961 ),
4 4. 1 53.
At hM itt 8 2 ( 1967 ) Be il. 4 3-47.
1 54.
Buschor AA 8 5 ( 1970 ) 5 77.
1 55.
t 8 K opcke A thM it 2 ( 1967 ) 1 07.
tles f K au len Da ida l ika s et or a da te o f
6 48-640, p ages 5 4 a nd 1 26. 1 56.
J enk ins Deda l ica.
1 57.
t 8 Oh ly A th M it 2 ( 1967 ) 9 0.
1 58.
For East Greece , s ee t he c i t ies i n q uest ion i n K au len Da ida l ika ;
f or
s o me n ew Cyc lad ic c en tres o f Deda l ic s ty le, s ee K aryd i AA 7 9 ( 1964 ) 2 66-285. 5 6
1 59.
C rete :
R izza-Scr inar i p l. 1 0 n o. 5 3, p l. 1 1 n o . 5 9, p l. 1 8 n o. 1 04b a nd
e , p l. 1 9 n o . 1 06.
Cyprus :
S CE I I p l. 2 03 f igs. 1 a nd 2 , 8a nd 9 ,
N eo-Cypr io t t erracot ta tuettes f ro m Arsos. ta s
Rhodes :
J acop i C lara
Rhodos 6 -7 ( 1932-3 ) 2 88 f i g. 1 1, a R hod ian o r Cypr io t i nscr ibed b asa lt s tatue f ro m t he K a me iros a rcha ic d epos it , a nd P ryce p l. 3 5 B 330, p l. 3 6 B349, 1 65 f i g. 2 03 B 346. 1 60.
D ieh l AA 8 0 ( 1965 ) 8 46-847, f i g. 2 4.
There a re e xa mp les o f d irect
b orrow ing b y C rete f ro m I on ia a t t h is t ime i n o ther med ia :
S chäfer
S tud ien 2 9, f or a v ase-p a in t ing mot if a dop ted who lesa le. 1 61.
N ichol n Auck land C lass ica l Essays P resen ted t o E . M. B la ik lock , ls i 4 -6.
1 62. 1 63.
Mar inatos ArchEph 1 937, 2 78, f ig. 1 . P end lebury , Money-Cout 8 ( 1937-38 ) p l. 3 1. t s BSA 3
Ho mann- Wedek ing
D ie An fänge d .gr.Grossp last ik , 1 05. 1 64. R izza-Scr inar i 1 60, p l. 9 no. 5 0 f or t he G eo metr ic f i gure, p l. 1 0 n o. 5 3 f or t he Deda l ic. 1 65.
Protodeda l ic :
R izza-Scr inar i p l. 1 2 n os. 6 0 a nd 6 1.
i b id. p l. 1 5 n o. 9 1c.
Midd le Deda l ic :
1 66.
S CE I p l. 2 07 n o. 1 509.
1 67.
I b id. p ls. 1 90-1, 1 93-6.
Early Deda l ic :
p l. 2 0 n o. 1 20 , p l. 2 4 n o. 1 53.
1 68. Davaras De lt ion 2 5 ( 1970 ) A , 8 6-96, 2 57-258;
Davaras S tatue 3 8, a nd
p ass i m. 1 69. Davaras De lt ion 2 5 ( 1970 ) p l. 2 8 l ower l ef t. 1 70.
J enk ins Deda l ica p ls. 2 , 4a nd 5 .
1 71.
I b id. p l. 6 .
1 72. R izza f inds o f t he Gortyn s er ies t ha t t he c on tour o f t he s ide o f t he c heek i s ad eter m in ing f actor, a lthough t h is i s n ot a lways t he c ase w ith t he w idth a nd s hape o f t he c h in : 1 73.
J enk ins Deda l ica p l. 6 .7.
R izza-Scr inar i 2 22f . A g ood p hotograph i nR ich ter K ora i f ig. 8 4.
1 74. Davaras S tatue 2 5. 1 75. Davaras De lt ion 2 5 ( 1970 ) A , p l. 2 9.
For i vory e xa mp les, s ee Marangou
L akon ische E lfenbe inschn itzere ien 2 9-30, f ro m S parta ;
a nd Wa lter
A thM it 4 ( 1959 ) f i gs. 8 7-96, f ro m S a mos. t 7 1 76. Davaras S ta tue 2 5. 1 77.
BCH 1 962 p l. 3 0 ;
A thM it 2 ( 1967 ) Be il. 4 3-47, p age 1 07. t 8
1 78.
Ho mann- Wedek ing AA 8 1 ( 1966 ) 1 60 , f igs. 3 -4.
K opcke , A thM it 2 t 8
( 1967 ) 1 15, Be il. 5 8 f i g. 3 . 1 79.
J enk ins Deda l ica p l. 6 , e sp. f igs. 3 -6 , a part f ro m t he Mycena i r e l ief ; t hese a re Rhod ian , L akon ian a nd Cretan .
5 7
1 80.
I b id. p l. 4 .4 o f t he Midd le Dedal ic i st p hase, a nd p l. 5 .7-8 o f t he 2 nd p hase.
1 81.
S ee a bove, p ages 2 9-30 .
Co mpare Davaras De lt ion 2 5 ( 1970 ) A , p l. 2 8 l ower r igh t , t he b ack o f t he Astr its i s tatue, w ith p l. 3 0 l ower l e f t , t he Auxerre s tatuet te.
1 82.
Davaras S ta tue 1 4.
1 83.
J enk ins Deda l ica 8 7.
1 84.
J enk ins Deda l ica 5 1, 6 1;
1 85.
I b id. p l. 7 .5.
1 86.
I b id. p l. 7 . 3 , 4a nd 6 .
1 87.
I b id. p l. 7 .6
1 88.
I b id. p l. 7 .3;
1 89.
I b id. p ls. 2 .2 ;
1 90.
I b id. p l. 8 .2.
1 91.
R izza-Scr inar i 2 44.
1 92.
I b id. 2 41 n o . 2 12, f ig. 3 34.
1 93.
K au len Da ida l ika 9 7-8.
Rhod ian. 4 .4;
5 .7;
6 .4 a nd 7 ;
7 .2;
8 .2.
K au len Da ida l ika 9 8 wou ld p lace i te ar ly i n t he L ate Deda l ic , b u t h is s elect ion o f p aral ls d oes n o th ing t o p rove i t . le
He d escr ibes t he L ate
Deda l ic ( h is s ix th p hase ) a s ap er iod o f t rans it ion b etween Deda l ic a nd t he Ear ly Archa ic ( page 9 6 ); t he E leu therna s ta tue h as b een p laced e arly i n t he s ix th p hase o n t he g rounds o f b e ing more Deda l ic i n a ppeara nce t han Archa ic.
Bu t t he Deda l ic s ty le i n C rete d id n o t e vo lve i n to
ad eve loped a rcha ic s ty le b y t he e nd o f t he s even th c en tury , a s w il e l b a pparen t i n t he f o low ing c hap ter ; l
w h i le Deda l ic f or ms l ingered o n i n to
t he e ar ly s ix th c en tury i n t he t erracot t G ortyn , L ato a nd A frat i. t as a The a bsence o f e ar ly a rcha ic f or ms i n t he E leu therna s tatue i s n o b as is f or a d a t ing e arl ier t han 6 20. 1 94.
S ch m id t S a mos 7p ub l ishes t he g roup :
1 95.
H igg ins Greek Terracot 7. t as 3
1 96.
S ch m id t S a mos 7 pls. 1 05-9.
1 97.
Co mpare Davaras S tatue f igs. 3 5-6 , t he K ar lsruhe b ronze h ead f ro m O lymp ia ;
s ee p p. 2 9 , 5 4.
f igs. 3 2-3, t he b ronze s tatuette o f ak ouros f ro m De lph i;
a s wel s t he l imestone s cu lp tures u nder d iscuss ion i n t he p resen t l a c hap ter. 1 98.
I b id. f i g. 3 0, t he r el ief f ro m Mycena i , a nd f igs. 1 9-22, t he s tatuet te i n t he L ouvre.
1 99.
Oh ly A thMit 4 ( 1959 ) Be il. 8 9, p age 5 3. Bu t K au len p laces i ti n h is t 7 t h ird Deda l ic p hase, Da ida l ika 5 3, b eg inn ing i n 6 50, i b id. 1 26.
2 00.
It h ink o ne may d isregard K au len 's h ypo thes is t hat t he S am ian s choo l o f wood c arv ing o f t he s even th c en tury i s a tr ibu tab le t o t he i n f luence t o f t he ma in land , where D ipo inos a nd S kyl ere c arvers o f w ood. lis w
5 8
2 01.
Hogarth Archa ic Arte m is ion p l. 2 2.
More r ecen t d iscuss ions i n
J acobstha l J HS 7 1(1951 ) 8 7f nd i n Tuche lt , D ie a rcha ischen S ku lpf., a t uren v on D idy ma , 1 24 n o. L 35. 2 02.
Hogarth Archa ic Arte m is ion p l. 2 9.
2 03.
O h ly A thM it t 6 6 ( 1941 ) p ls. 2 5 , 2 7.
2 05.
nd 4 2-43 w ith p l. 1 4c. Her mann i n Däd Kunst 2 8-29 , w ith p ls. 5 -6 , a
2 06.
here a re t wo i so lated I n t he Deda l ic s er ies o f r e l iefs f ro m Gortyn , t
erracot 7. H igg ins Greek T t as 3
i nstances o f f ron ta l f aces w ith e ars, b o th i n t he Ear ly Deda l ic p er iod : R izza-Scr inar i p ls. 1 3 n o. 7 3, a nd 1 5 n o. 8 9.
The s econd a ppears t o
b e u nder t he i n f luence o f Rhod ian t ypes. 2 07.
I b id. p l. 2 7.
2 08.
O h ly A th M it 4 ( 1959 ) Be i l. 9 5 , p age 4 4. t 7
K au len Da ida l ika p laces t he
S am ian f igure e ar ly i n h is s ix th Deda l ic p hase, 5 4;
t hat i s t o s ay , t he
e xact c on te mporary o f t he E leu thernastatue. 2 09.
P ern ier Vest ig ia , w ith l ine d raw ings o f n ine e xa mp les.
2 10.
in ia 1 7-18. L ebess i O i S teles t ouP r
2 11.
. P ern ier Vest ig ia 6 0 ,fig. 9
2 12.
P ern ier Vest ig ia 6 0.
2 13.
ig. 1 9. 22, f P ern ier Vest ig ia 2
2 14.
i O i S te les p la tes 6 -7. 20 ,fig. 9 . L ebess Pern ier Vest ig ia 2
2 15.
0. P ern ier V est ig ia 6
2 16.
0-82. J ohansen At l iefs 8 tic Grave-Re
2 17.
P laton i n BCH 8 4 ( 1960 ) 8 40.
2 18.
L ebess i O i S teles 1 9-20.
2 19.
L ebess i O i S te les, p la tes 2 -3.
L ebess i O i S teles 2 1. L ebess i O i S teles p lates 8 -9.
MUSE 7 ( 1973 ) p hotograph 5 page9.
Erw in B lelefe ld Kunstwerke d er
ischeu nd b yzan t in ische K unst n o. An t ike , Ga lere i f r iech ische, rö m ir g 2( Yaganeh Gal , F rank furt ). l ery 20. Pern ier Vest i _g ia 6 1. 2 21. 2
Casson Techn ique 6 9.
22. 2
J ohansen At iefs 8 1. tic Grave-Rel
23. 2
P ern ier Vest ig ia 5 9 , f i g. 8 .
24. 2
K unze O lymp ia.
V I B er icht ( 1958 ) p l. 3 1, 2 , ar oset n r el ief s urte i
r ounded b y ar e l ief b and. 25. 2
P ayne Perachora 1 147 , p l. 4 9.9 a nd 1 2, b ronze r oset f t he l ater t es o s even th c en tury f ro m t he t e menos o f Hera L i men ia. a re j ust u nder h a lf t ha t o f t he P r in ias r e l ief .
The ir d ia meters
There i s ar oset n r ete i
l i ef o u t l ined b y ar a ised l ine a nd s urrounded b y b ands o f r a ised b eads, p erhaps i n im ita t ion o f t hetechn ique o f g ranu la t ion p opu lar f or o r ient a l iz ing g o ld j ewelry. 5 9
2 26.
L ev i Hesper ia 1 4 ( 1945 ) 2 6, p l. 2 1.1.
l r t es c I dent ica l smal oset over
t he s h ie ld o f Herak l ion Museu mno. 2 35 , 2 27.
Board man CC O f ig. 5 5c.
Casson Techn ique f i g. 2 6.
Herbert Cahn i n K unstwerke d er An t ike,
l en Auk t ion 4 0 , Mt inzen u nd Meda il , 1 3 Dec. 1 969, n o . 1 40.
Herbert
f ann Early Cretan Ar morers ( Hofm 1972 ) 5 0-53, p ls. 2 5-26, w here t he workmansh ip i s i den t if ied a s ma in land i n c haracter a nd 6 30-610 i n d ate. 2 28.
I I Kunze O ly mp ia, V I Ber ich t ( 1967 ) 2 05 , p lates 1 03-4, B 4 900.
H erbert
f ann Early Cretan Ar morers ( Hofm 1972 ) 2 6, p lates 4 6.2 a nd 4 7.2. Kunze c ons iders t he mitra t o b e Cretan work.
De margne i n Däd K unst
2s uggests t hat t he Crowe c orselet i s a Cor in th ian c opy o f impor ted Cretan meta lwork ;
f ann o a nd Hofm p.c it. 5 0-53, 2 6 c ons iders t he C rowe
c orselet s ure ly ma in land work , a nd t he n ew mitra f ro m O lymp ia s urely Cretan.
A f urther i nd icat ion t hat t he n ew mitra i s Cretan i s t he f act
t hat i ti s b y f ar t he e arl iest e xa mp le o f t he a ssi m i lat ion i n a Greek work o f a rt o f a n o r ien ta l t ype o f c ouch l eg. i n t he s ix th c entury :
Kyr iele is Throne u nd K l inen 1 20f.
2 29.
L ebessi O i S teles 3 7-40 , 1 66.
2 30.
I b id. 4 5-61, 1 67-9.
2 31.
I b id. 1 68.
2 32.
L ev i Hesper ia 1 4 ( 1945 ) 2 4, p l. 1 6. 8 1.
l O ther Greek e xa mp les f a l w ith-
tic Grave-Re S ee J ohansen At l iefs
L ebess i O i S teles p l. 4 3b.
2 33.
L ebess i O i S teles 5 9-61, 1 68.
2 34.
Ken f ield Op Ro m 9 ( 1972 ) 1 52.
2 35.
f., 5 f. L ebess i O i S teles 4 6f 6f
2 36.
ly l R ichter Kora i 2 4 g ives t he v ase a n e xcep t ional ow d ate i n t he s even th c en tury .
2 37.
Board man CCO 1 46;
s ee L ebess i O i S te les 5 8.
2 38.
Pern ier Vest ig ia 6 0.
2 39.
L ebess i O i S teles B9, p ls. 2 8-9, a nd B 11, p ls. 3 2-3; 6 8-70 , 1 70.
2 40.
I b id. 1 73-4.
tic Grave-Rel J ohansen At iefs 8 0-82.
t The s eated f igure B9 i s a tr ibu ted t o t he i nf luence o f
o r ien tal izing i vor ies, a nd t he g irl w ith b ird B 11 t o g eneral i nsp irat ion f ro m t he East. 2 41. 2 42.
f., w Tod a nd Wace Cata logue o f t he S parta Museu m 1 02f ith f igures. Zaphe iropou los Delt ion 1 6 ( 1960 ) 2 45 , p l. 2 15.
Karyd i c onc luded t hat
t as o t he s tele p reda ted 6 50 o n t he b as is o f. ac o mpar ison w ith t erracot f Paros :
AA 1 964, 2 74.
2 43.
Pryce 1 94-5.
2 44.
tic Grave-Rel Payne BSA 2 9 ( 1927-8 ) 2 40 , p l. 1. 1. S ee J ohansen At iefs 8 1.
2 45.
R izza-Scr inar i n os. 5 9 , 1 03 a nd 1 04.
6 0
2 46.
Brock BSA 4 4 ( 1949 ), p ls. 6 a nd 7 .
2 47.
L ol th Mit 1976 ), 4 0-44. ling A t 1(
2 48.
L ebess i O i S teles 2 1-36.
2 49.
My lonas AJA 5 5 ( 1951 ), 1 34-147.
2 50.
J ef oca l S cr ipts 1 27, 1 31. f ery The L
K t ib ler K era me ikos V I.2, 4 07 s um mar izes Protogeo metr ic t o a rcha ic d eve lop men ts.
Andron ikos De lt ion 1 7 ( 1961-2 ), 1 77 a nd 2 93.
2 51.
Kurtz, Boardman Greek Bur ia l Custo ms 5 6f .
2 52.
K t ib ler K era me ikos V .1, 7 .
2 53.
Ph il ios ArchEph 1 889 , 1 76 f igure.
2 54.
V erdel is, Davaras Delt ion 2 1 ( 1966 ), B , 9 7 , p l. 9 2z.
2 55.
S ch lörb , V ierne ise l A thM it i ( 1966 ) 5 , 1 12. t 8
2 56.
Andron ikos Del t ion 1 7 ( 1961-2 ), 1 82.
S ch lörb , V ierne ise l Del t ion 2 0 ( 1965 ) B , 4 0.
Kn igge De lt ion 2 1(1966 )
B , 5 1. 2 57.
K t ib ler K era me ikos V I.2, 4 07.
2 58.
S ee a bove p age 3 1.
2 59.
K t ibler K era me ikos V I.2, 5 61 a nd 4 07 n os. 1a nd 2 , p l. 2 9 a bove.
2 60.
Pern ier V est ig ia 6 0.
2 61.
My lonas Anc ien t Mycenae 1 03f f.
2 62.
Kurtz, Board man Greek Bur ia l Custo ms 5 6.
2 63.
K i lb ler K era me ikos V .1, 7 1-19, Be il. 2 , 4 .1.
2 64.
Bruckner, P ern ice A thM it 8 ( 1893 ) 9 5. t 1
2 65.
S k ias ArchEph 1 898, 8 6.
2 66.
S hear AJA 3 3 ( 1929 ) 5 38-9.
2 67.
S tauropou los Del t ion 2 0 ( 1965 ) B , 8 0 , ac lass ica l wal or a g rave p rel f c inct a tA thens. Mel iad i Prak t ika 1 955 , 4 4-5 , af ourth c en tury w al or l f
Andron ikos De lt ion 1 7 ( 1961-2 ) A , 1 83.
ag rave e nclosure n ear t he Acropo l is.
My lonas P rak t ika 1 953, 8 1-3,
aG eo metr ic r e ta in ing wal or g raves a t E leus is. l f
Andron ikos Delt ion
1 7 ( 1961-2 ) A , 1 78, 1 79 a nd 1 82, Geo metr ic p er ibo lo i e nc los ing g raves a t Dreros, N ea I on ia a nd E leus is. t o mbs a t O ld Pha leron .
I b id. 1 82, a b r ick d iv id ing wal or l f
I b id. 1 86-8, c y l indr ica l w al round g roups ls a
o f t o mbs a tA bs i n Thessa ly , V erg ina a nd I sch ia. 2 68.
Bossert K aratepe 5 7-9 , 4 7 a nd p ls. 9 f.
2 69.
O ppenhe i m-Nau mann Tel la f I , 8 4 f ig. 4 0. l Ha
2 70.
F rank fort Anc ien t O r ien t , 1 71 f i g. 8 3.
2 71.
A s er ies o f s ix l imestone o rthostates f ound r eused i n t he p av ing o f a g ate a t Tel ina t , a nd p resen t ly i n Ant ioch a nd Ch icago , a re f ar l Ta c loser t o t he Pr in ias s tela i i n d i mens ions a nd c o mpos i t ion o f as ing le f igure, b u t t here i s n o i n for mat ion a bou t t he ir o r ig ina l p os it ion : McEwan AJA 4 1(1937 ) 1 5 , f i g. 1 0. 6 1
2 72.
Oppenhe i m- Moortgat Tel laf I I 5 2, p l. 3 2 A3 n o. 4 3, a nd p ass i m. l Ha
2 73.
Bossert K aratepe 5 8, p l. 1 8 n o. 9 0 , a nd p ass i m.
2 74. Dohan MetMusStud 1 1.2 ( 1931) 2 15f . o f Terracot , 1 59. t as I I , 3 0f .
Board man CCO 1 10.
Kunst museu m , Bonn 4 2f . 2 75.
H igg ins Br it ish Museu m C a ta logue
Mol ouvre, Cata logue d es F igur ines l ard-Besques L Kyr iele is i n An t iken a us d . a kade m ischen
Feyr i n Däd K unst 1 02.
S uch a wal s s hown o n t he Cypro-Phoen ic ian b ow l f ro m Amathus : l i G jerstad OpusArch 4 ( 1946 ) 1 0 , p l. 6 .
2 76.
Bossert K ara tepe 5 7.
2 77.
Oppenhe i m-Naumann Tel laf I , 1 00. l Ha
2 78.
R izza-Scr inar i 1 561.
2 79.
S ee b elow p ages 7 6-7.
2 80.
Pern ier Te mp l i Arca ic i 5 3.
2 81.
P ern ier V est ig ia 5 6 , p l. 1 3 f ig. 5 .
2 82.
L ev i Arkades 5 0 f i gs. 3 1f ., a nd 5 6 , f or t he h ouse ;
1 771 ., 1 84 f i g. 1 98a,
a nd 1 79 f i g. 1 98b f or t he t o mbs. 2 83.
Tho mpson , Wycherley Agora 1 4, 1 30f .
2 84.
I b id. 1 33f f.
2 85.
Tho mpson , Wycher ley Agora 1 4, 1 33 f i g. 3 4.
2 86.
L awrence Greek Arch itecture 1 04.
2 87.
Beyer A thMit 7 ( 1973 ) f igs. p p. 2 00-207 h as c ol ar l ier r econst 8 l ected e t ruct ions.
2 88.
I b id. 2 14f.
2 89.
L awrence Greek Arch itecture 2 36 p l. 1 30b.
H il in th 1 .6 , 1 38-141, l Cor
1 79-185. 2 90.
N aumann AA 7 9 ( 1964 ) 3 70-375 , 3 74 f i g. 1 9.
2 91.
Ho mann- Wedek ing AA 7 9 ( 1964 ) 2 55.
Buschor , S ch le if A thM it 8 ( 1933 ) t 5
1 68-169. 2 92.
lia ms Hesper Wil ia 4 2 ( 1973 ) 6 -9, a nd H esper ia 4 3 ( 1974 ) 1 -6.
2 93.
lia ms Hesper Wil ia 4 2 ( 1973 ) 9 .
2 94.
Tho mpson , Wycherley Agora 1 4, 1 33.
2 95.
Pend lebury Archaeo logy o f Crete 7 8 , 1 54, 1 88, 1 95.
2 96.
Pern ier V est ig ia 5 6 , p l. 3 f ig. 5 .
2 97.
Hesper ia 4 3 ( 1974 ) 5 -6. lia ms Wil
2 98.
S hear Hesper ia 4 2 ( 1973 ) 1 26-34.
The e nc losure was smal .75 b y l, 2
2 .94 m, b u t t he s labs 1 .22 m i n h e igh t a nd o f v ary ing w id ths c o mpare c losely t o t he o thers u nder d iscuss ion h ere.
6 2
2 99.
L ebess i O i S teles 1 9.
3 00.
Hal l Excava t ions i n Eastern Crete 1 70.
3 01.
L ebess i O i S te les 1 9 n o te 2 6.
6 3
CHAPTER 3 THE POST-DEDAL IC S CULPTURES
C retan l imestone s cu lptures o f t he l a te s even th c en tury h ave o f ten m ist aken ly b een c lassed w ith t he Deda l ic o nes, w hose i conography a nd o r ien tal iz ing t ypes t hey r eta in . l The f ew e x tan t Cretan s cu lp tures o f t he f i rst h a lf o f t he s ix th c en tury s t il d isp lay o r ien ta l iz ing a spects a longs ide more c anon ica l a rcha ic o nes. Ad iscuss ion o f t he b ird s cu lptures f ro m Amn isos h as b een i nc luded b ely a c ause t hey a re u sual ssu med t o b e a rcha ic, a nd b ased u pon o r ien ta l models , b u t a re n e ither. The S ea ted S ta tue f ro m Gu led iana ( Plate 1 6 ) te, n ly h A s izeab le s tatuet ow h ead less ( w i th t he h ead i t wou ld o r ig inal ave l es s measured s l ight ly more t han t he Mal tatue ), i n t he Rethymnon Museu ml i s t he o n ly o ne o f t he C retan g roup o f a rcha ic s eated f e ma le f igures t o b e f ound s o f ar w est i n C rete, a l though Gu led iana , i t s f indspot , i s n ot a ltogether b eyond t he s phere o f t he c luster o f s i tes i n c en tra l C rete wh ich h as p roduced t he o ther f i gures o f t he s er ies. in o ther Davaras p laces t he s tatue among h is R ipe Deda l ic Is cu lptures 2— words, s hort ly a f ter t he midd le o f t he s even th c en tury—desp ite t he f act t hat i n t he a bsence o f h ead a nd a l s urface d eta il o r d ecorat ion , t he s tatue p rel s erves n o e as i ly d a tab le t ra its. Y et i th as a re markab le f eature : t he l ack , a lone among t he Cretan s cu lptures, o f t he smal haw l o ver t he s hou lders a nd l s b ack a nd o f t he c haracter ist ic C re tan b road b e l t w ith r a ised o r o fse t b orders. f I na dd it ion , i ts i ts u pon a n u nusual eta iled t hrone, wh ich h as p ar t ly h ol ly d l owed a rched s ides e x tend ing b eyond t he t h ighs o f t he f igure.
Cretan s cu lptures b e-
f ore t he t ime o f t he Pr in ias l in te l h ave g enera l ized t hrones f or med o f t he s tone l ef t o ver, u nder ( i n r ound s cu lp tures ) o r u nder a nd b eh ind t he f igures ( i n r el iefs a nd p laques ). Fore ign r e lat ions, i fa ny , a re w ith t he N ear E ast , a s i n t he c ases o f t he Mal tatue a nd t he s eated g oddess f rom P r in ias , where l es s t he t hrones b oth r ese mb le N orth S yr ian models ( see a bove p . 3 0 ,
a nd b elow
p . 7 0 ). The t ype u sed i n t he Gu led iana s ta tue a s Davaras h as s hown , i s o ne nner l egs o ccur o u ts ide Egyp t a lso o n f ound i n Egypt ian s ta tuary. 3 Arched i t he c lay mode l o f a throne o f t he s i mp le N orth S yr ian t ype f ro m K it ion i n Cyprus;4
b u t t he L ate Bronze Age d ate o f t he mode l d etracts f rom t he u se-
f u lness o f t he c o mpar ison . I n t hese p ecu l iar it ies t he s tatue i s r ela ted more c losely t o a smal l er s eated s tatuet n t he L ouvre ( P late 3 1a ) g eneral upposed t o c ome f ro m te i ly s Cha lk : is , t han t o t he o ther C retan s even th c en tury s ea ted s tatues. T h is s tat uet ike t he e arly a rcha ic monu men ta l s ea ted f i gure f ro m Hagh igeorg it ika t e, l
6 4
n ear T egea ( Plate 3 4 ), h as r ese mblances t o t he C retan s er ies b u t a lso s ome n otab le d ivergences, n a me ly h a irsty le a nd a throne w h ich a re b ased more d irect ly u pon Egyp t ian mode ls , f eet s cu lpted u pon a f oo tstoo l p ro ject ing f ro m tom o t he b ot f t he t hrone ( an Egyp t ian d eta il n o tab le i n i t s a bsence i n t he s eat ed P r in ias f igure, whose s upposed Egyp t ian r ela t ions h ave b een much dwe lt u pon ), a nd u n-Cre tan b are s hou lders a nd n arrow , p last ic, u ndecorated b el t l b ( see b e low p p. 1 24-5 ) . The f ul od ily f or ms, d isproport ionate ly l ong a r ms t es, t a nd s hort l ower l egs a re a l ike i nt he t wo s tatuet he Gu led iana s tatue h av ing l er b t he smal reasts o ne wou ld e xpect i n aC retan work ( as f or e xa mp le , i n t he E leu therna a nd Astr its i s ta tues ). But t he c losest c ompar ison f or b od i ly l f ting wo man f or ms a lone i s t he smal a ience v ase i n t he f or m o f as quat , f rom a group o f e ighth t o s ix th c en tury Egyp t ian iz ing f a iences f ound i n t he H era ion a t S amos ( Figure 4 1) — it h as t he n early s teatopygous b u ild , o verlong f orel a r ms w ith f i ngers c url ing o ver k nees, a nd g ar men ts i l-def ined e xcep t f or a ly r p la in b e lt o r wa istband p last ical endered.
The s ty le i s am ixed East
l ed t Greek-Egyp t ian o ne —a c o mparab le e xa mp le a t C a iro h as b een c al he Egypt ian i m itat ion o f a G reek Egyp t ian iz ing p iece —and D ieh l h as d ated t he p iece t o t he l ate s even th c en tury .5 S uch a d ate i s c on f ir med f i rst o f a l l b y t he t reatmen t o f t he m idr if f a nd b e l t , t he f or mer b e ing s l igh t ly s unk a nd c on trac ted a s c ompared w ith t he l att er , w h ich r ises o ver t he c en tre o f t he b ody a s i n t he P r in ias s ea ted f igure ; e arl ier C retan s ea ted s tatues h ave a marked ly p ro trud ing midr if f, a nd t he b elt i s s tra ight o r c urves s l igh t ly d ownwards o ver t he c en tre o f t he b ody ( see P lates 1 3, 1 4a , 1 5 ). S econd ly , i n o ne i mportan t r espect t he t echn ique i s more a dvanced t han t hat o f a l l t he ma jor C retan s tone s tatues b efore t he Pr in ias g oddess :
t he Gor tyn t orso ( Pla tes 1 0-11), t he E leu therna s tatue
( P la tes 1 4-15 ), t he Auxerre s tatuet te ( Plate 1 3a ).
I n a l l o f t hese o ne i s s t il l
c onsc ious o ft he b road c ub ic s urfaces r ounded a t t he c orners, a nd o f t he a rt ist 's g reater a b i l i ty i n muster ing s urface o rnamen t t han i n model lanes. ling p I n t he L ouvre ( Plate 3 1a ) a nd Gu led iana s tatuet t es, t he b lock h as b een d eep ly t r i mmed i n o rder t o s ketch a s er ies o f r ounded p lanes w h ich b lend i n to o ne a nother ; t he a rt ists h ave b egun t o master t he model f s tone. The s tatue ling o f rom G u led iana i s w orn , r eworked i n p laces a nd p erhaps u n f in ished ; s t il t l i i s a pparen t t hat t he a rt ist e schewed t he n or ma l C retan p ract ice o f o u t l in ing f or ms a nd c on tours w ith g rooves a nd i nc is ions. I n v iew o f i t s s ource a nd t he t echn ica l a nd s ty l ist ic s im ilar it ies t o t he L ouvre s tatuet te a nd f i gur ine f rom S a mos , t he Gu led iana s tatue may b e c onsi dered a p iece d a t ing f ro m t he l ate s even th c en tury u nder t he i n f luence o f o ther G reek c en tres.
I ti s i n terest ing t o n o te t hat t he Egyp t ian iz ing t hrone
a nd h eaddress 6 a pparen t ly c ame l ate t o C rete. The S cu lptures f rom Te mp le A a t P r in ias ( P lates 1 7-18, f i gure 4 5 ) Appear ing a t t he e nd o f t he Deda l ic s er ies o f s cu lptures i n C rete , t he a rch it ectura l d ecorat ion o f t he t e mp le a t P r in ias 7 p resen ts u s f or t he f i rst t ime i n C retan s tone s cu lpture w ith a s izeab le g roup b oth o f r el iefs a nd works i n t he r ound , r easonab ly w el l p reserved , c learly a ssoc ia ted w ith e ach o ther a nd w ith a bu i ld ing o f w h ich w e h ave t he g enera l p lan a nd s o me a rch itectura l me mbers .8 Here f i nal ly i s a m onu men t o f s uf fic ien t s cope a nd p reserva t ion t o g ive a n i dea o f t he r elat ionsh ip o f C retan a rt a nd a rch itecture t o t hat o f
6 5
c on te mporary c entres i n Greece a nd t he e astern Med iterranean .
The d ate o f
t he s cu lptures must b e a scerta ined w ith r easonab le a ccuracy. When P ern ier, t he e xcava tor o f t he s cu lp tures a nd t he ir f i rst a nd most p a instak ing s tuden t , a na lysed t he ir s ty le a nd a t te mp ted t o g ive t he m ap lace i n C retan a rt o f t he s even th c en tury , t he g reater f orce o f h is i nvest iga t ion w as b rough t t o b ear o n t he f r ieze o f moun ted h orses. H e r igh t ly c ompared t he h orses t o h orses o n C retan r e l ief p i tho i , f or e xa mp le a p ithos f rom Lyt t os , a t t hat t ime t hough t t o d ate n ear t he m idd le o f t he s even th c en tury. F or t he s eated g oddesses t here w as n o c o mparable ma ter ia l i t se l f more c lose ly d ated t han t he s tatues f ro m E leu therna a nd Hagh iogeorg it ika. The o n ly c lose c omp ar ison f or t he f e ma le f igures i n r el ief w as t he Auxerre f igure ; c ons ider ing i t s d a te t o b e a bou t 6 50 , P ern ier f ound t he P r in ias r el iefs s l igh t ly more p r i mi t ive, t hus s o mewhat e ar l ier t han 6 50. 9 Bu t a lready t he a dvanced f eatures o f t he s eated s cu lptures h ad n o t e scaped t he n o t ice o f Col lignon l ° w ho p laced t he m a t t he e nd o f t he s even th c en tury w ith wh ich J enk ins, i nh is s yste mat ic e xa m inat ion b ased o n t he d eve lopmen t o f f ac ia l d ep th a nd o u t l ine, c oncurredl l ( Alscher wou ld b r ing t he m d own i n to t he e arly s ix th c en tury ) .1 2 Y et i nstead o f r est ing h ere, t he g oddesses h ave t ended t o s l ip b ack i nto t he g roup o f f ul l ic works, t hrough t he a tracl y Deda t Hutch inson 's s uggest ion t ha t w e s hou ld
3 t i on o f t he ' pr im it ive ' r ider f r ieze .1
s ee t he g oddesses a s al a te s even th c en tury r es torat ion o f a n e ar l ier g roup i nclud ing t he r ider f r ieze 1 4 mu st b e o verr idden b y Pern ier 's i n it ia l o bservat ions o nt he s im i lar ity i n s ty le a nd t echn ique b e tween t he h orses a nd t he a n i ma ls o f t he smal r iezes, l er f
1 5
n o ted a lso b y Hu tch inson ,
1 6
a nd R izza 's
r ecen t o nes o n t he i den t ity o f f ac ia l d eve lopmen t i n t he r iders a nd t he r el ief g oddesses . 1 7 The s ty l ist ic c haracter ist ics o f r ider f r ieze a nd l i n te l g oddesse s t ogether must b e r eexa m ined a nd d a ted o n t he b as is o f t he ir most a dvanced f eatures. N early e veryone a grees t hat t he g oddess s ea ted o ver t he l i n tel ( P la tes 1 7-18a , a nd F igure 4 5 ) d isp lays a n umber o f a dvanced f eatures. The b est p reserved s ect ion o f t he f i gure i s t he b lockl ike l ower b ody a nd l egs. A lt hough c rude, i tp resen ts t ang ible a dvances u pon t he s eated f i gure n o. 7 from Gortyn ( P lates 1 0-11 ).
The p roport ions o f t he u pper a nd l ower l eg a nd t he ir
r at io t o t he g irth o f l egs a nd w a ist more c losely a pprox i mate t hose o f a h uman b e ing. The f eet a re s hown i n t he r ound p ro trud ing f rom t he b ot t om o f t he d ress. The e dges o f t he s eat p ro ject b eyond t he t h ighs o f t he g oddess, where i n t he Gortyn s cu lpture t he t hrone was f ash ioned b y c ut ting i n f rom t he s urface o f t he t h ighs, c aus ing t he l egs t o b u lge u ncomfortab ly o ver t he t hrone e dge. The l ower b ody h as b een more d eep ly t r i m med. The d ecorat ion o n t he g odd ess ' s k ir t i s c arr ied o u t i n r a ised r el ief , a n a dvance n ot o n ly o n t he Gortyn f i gure , b u t o n a l p rev ious Dedal ic s tone works i nclud ing t he Auxerre f i gure l a nd t he s ta tue f ro m E leu therna , a l o f wh ich d isp lay d ecorat ion b y i nc is ion l a lone .1 8 The p aral nc is ions d own t he c en tre o f t he s k ir t b etween t he l egs l el i a pparen t ly i nd icate t he f o lds o f ap aryphe , f or wh ich t here i s n o G reek c o mp ar ison b efore I on ian s cu lpture o ft he e ar ly s ix th c en tury 1 9
( see F igure 4 5 ).
The s ea ted f igure o ugh t t o f o low t he Gortyn s cu lp ture , wh ich w e h ave p laced l i n t he t h ird q uarter o ft he s even th c en tury , b y a t l east a genera t ion , a nd t he s tatue f ro m E leu therna , o f a bou t 6 20 , b y a n a pprec iable s pace.
6 6
S o mewha t l ess wel l p reserved i s t he f ace o ft he g oddess. We h ave t he f ron t h a lf a nd u pper t hree-quar ters. There i s n o b as is a t a l l f or t he r estorat i on o f t he f am i l iar monkey-l ike e ars wh ich s tand o u t a t r igh t a ng les t o t he s ides o f t he f ace. " I ti s d i f f icu l t t o f i tt h is f ace s uccessful ly i n to t he s equence o f Deda l ic f aces.
The b road f orehead 's d ep th a nd s ubs tance a re p a lpab le
d esp ite t he l ow-r id ing p o los.
I n Deda l ic f aces, f oreheads c u t o f fb y h a ir o r
h eadgear c ease t o e x ist a bove t hat l ine ; 2 1
b are o nes c on t inue u pwards i n a
mean ing less e xpanse . 2 2
I n t he s tone t r iad r el iefs f ro m Gortyn ( Pla tes 8 -9 ) t he p o lo i b eg in a t a n a rb itrary p o in t w el l a bove t he a ctua l f u l lest g ir th o f t he s kul l, a nd s ee m s upported b y t he r e l ief s urface b eh ind t he m r ather t han t he h ead b enea th.
The p o los o ft he P r in ias f igure s i ts r ea l ist ical ly o ver t he e ars
a t t he p o in t o f t he s kul l's g reatest v o lu me, a s i td oes i n t he p rof i le h ead o f a man i n f l a t c ap f ro m a r e l ief amphora o f t he e ar ly s ix th c en tury , n ow a t G eneva . 2 3 The e yes a re h or izon ta l , s i t a t t he c orrect h e ight i n t he s kul l, a nd h ave t he c orrec t p ropor t ions o f l eng th t o h e igh t a nd t o d istance b etween t he i nner c orners, a n a dvance o n a l l t he Dedal ic h eads . 2 4
The n ose o r ig i-
n a tes a s i ts hou ld a t a po in t b e tween t he e yebrows we ll a bove t he e yes, r a ther t han a t t he l evel o f t he i nner c orners o f t he e ye, a s i n t he ma jor ity o f Deda l ic h eads o f a l l p er iods, a nd h as a s tra ight a nd n arrow b r idge a nd f ine n ostr i ls u n l ike t he g eneral ly c oarse-nosed , a nd i n t he L ate Deda l ic p er iod , o f ten h ump-nosed , Dedal ic h eads . 2 5 For t hese a nd s im ilar r easons, J enk ins d ates t he Pr in ias g oddess t o t he v ery e nd o ft he s even th c entury. 26 Turn ing t o Greek s tatuary o f t ha t p er iod , t he p reoccupat ions s een t here a re e n t irely a bsen t i n t he Pr in ias f i gure, a t l east i nt he smal l p art o ft he p hys iogno my s t il l a va i lab le t o u s f or c ompar ison : t he f orehead , e yes, u pper c heeks a nd n ose.
The Greek a rt ists t i pped t he
e yebal l a t v ar ious a ng les i n a n e f fort t o s how i tc orrect ly , b u t a l l s et i tt oo h igh u p u nder t he b row ; 27
t he P r in ias e yebal l i s s et a t t he c orrect h e igh t , b u t
i s q u ite v ert ica l. The Greek a rt ists a t te mp ted t o i nd icate t he b u lge o f t he e yebal l b eh ind t he l i ds, a nd i t s r oundness b e tween t he l i ds, r esu l t ing i n c urv i l inear l i ds; 2 8
t he P r in ias a rt ist e schewed t he a tte mp t , d raw ing a s ym-
metr ica l l en t il s hape i n o ne p lane.
The s cu lp tors o f k ouro i a t te mp ted t o
s how t he e yebrow f o low ing t he r ounded c on tour o f t he f orehead , a nd a ch ieved l a n u nrea l ist ic o g iva l l ine ;
t he P r in ias a rt ist d rew a s i mp le c urve a t a n e ven
d istance h igh o ver t he e ye , more s che ma t ic t han t he u sua l G reek t rea tmen t , y e t b et ter c oord inated w ith t he r oots o f t he n ose. Th is f ac ia l t rea tmen t i s a t o nce l ess amb it ious i n t echn ique b u t more p ract ised i n a nato my t han t hat s een i n t he c on te mporary G reek s er ies, t o wh ich i ts ee ms f ore ign . The l ong v ert ica l e yes w ith c on t inuous p last ic r im a l l r ound , s eparated b y a puf finess r a ther t han b y ah ol l ow f ro m l ow-rel ief b rows i n al ow s i mp le c urve, h ave a f in it ies w ith Egypt ian p ortra iture a tr ibu ted t o t he 2 6th Dynasty. 29 f t Bu t d esp ite a n a pparen t d ebt t o Egypt ian f or ms a nd s ty l izat ions , t he a dvanced n a ture o f Egyp t ian r ender ing o f f l eshy f or ms i n t he d e mand ing t echn ique o f h ard s tone s cu lp ture makes i tu n l ike ly t hat t he P r in ias s cu lp tor c an h ave s een a ny ma jor Eg ypt ian works a t f i rst h and , much l ess l earned h is t rade i n works hops i n Egypt o r f ro m Egyp t ian s cu lp tors work ing i n C rete. The Pr in ias s cu lp tor i s much more l ike ly t o h ave d rawn Egyp t ian i nsp irat i on v ia Cypr iot s cu lpture o ft he l ate s even th c en tury.
The r egu lar a l mond-
s haped e ye w ith c on t inuous p last ic r im , s et v ert ical n i t s s ocket , h or izon ta l ly i 6 7
o r e ven s lop ing d own a t t he o u ter c orner , w ith b row i n r e l ief c urv ing a bove a t a n e ven d istance , i s o ne o f t he most d ist inc t ive f eatures o f Cypr io t e ar ly a rcha ic s cu lp ture, a s i s a smal egu lar n ose , i l-def ined i n i t s f l eshy p arts, l r l w ith s tra igh t n arrow b r idge o r ig inat ing c orrect ly j ust b elow t he b row . 3 ° The Cypr iotlook ing p last ic r im o f t he e ye a nd b road g en t ly c urved p last ic b row may b e s een o n at erracot e l ief h ead i n Hamburg , o f C retan f abr ic ;3 1 ta r
b u t
t he h ead p ostdates t he Pr in ias s cu lptures, p robab ly b y s evera l d ecades. L it e ma ins o f t he g oddess b etween n ose a nd wa ist a par t f ro m a f ew tle r f ragmen ts o f o r ig ina l s urface a long t he s hou lder p reserv ing t he e nds o f t he l ocks, a nd s ome o f t he l ef t b reast a nd l ef t f l ank .
The p resent r estorat ion o f
t he u pper t orso e rrs i n s evera l r espects ( f or e xa mp le, t he a dvanced modell ing o f t he f u l a r ms ), a nd i tw ou ld b e wrong t o p lace t oo much f a ith i n t he l o veral mpress ion i tp resen ts. l i
S t il hat l i t le may t en ta t ively b e d educed l, w t
f ro m t he f rag men ts s upports o ur d at e.
The h eads o f o ther Dedal ic s tone
s cu lp tures, s uch a s t he f igures f ro m Auxerre a nd E leu therna , a ppear n or mal ly p laced i n t he f ron t v iew , b u t f ro m t he s ide s ee m t hrust f orward a nd s unken d own i n to t he s hou lders.
2 Th is i s ap ers isten t t ra it o f Egyp t ian s cu lp ture 3
a nd o f Greek s cu lpture o f t he m id s even th c en tury a s w e l 1 ,
3 3
a nd r esu l ts f ro m
t rea t ing t he b ack a s as quare f l a t p lane , o f wh ich t he s hou lders f or m t he t wo u pper c orners.
The s hou lders o f t he P r in ias g oddess may b e j udged w ith
l r easonab le a ccuracy b y f o low ing t he l ine o f t he h a ir b etween f ace a nd f ron t s urface o f t he s hou lder.
They h ave n o t t he s hape a nd b u lk i nsp ired i n Greek
s cu lp ture o f t he s even th c en tury b y Egyp t ian mode ls, b u t s ee m t o b e n arrow , 3 4 a nd t o s lope d own a nd f orward i n an a tura l ist ic manner .
O ther Deda l ic s tone
f p l ed s s cu lptures o f wo men h ave a bu lg ing m idr if ul harp ly i n a t t he w a ist b y t he g ird le.
f Th is e fect i s p ar t icu larly p owerfu l i n t he Auxerre f igure ( P late
l i 1 3a ) , b u t n o t iceab le a s w el n t he E leu therna t orso ( Pla te 1 5 ), i n t he Dreros l s phyrelaton a nd i n t he s lender s tatue f ro m Astr its i ( P late 1 3b ), i n a l o f wh ich f b t he l ine o f t he m idr if etween a r mp it a nd b e l t , a nd f ro m u nder t he b reasts t o t he b el t , f or ms a c onvex c urve.
Bu t i n t he P r in ias s tatue, t h is l ine i s s tra igh t
o r e ven c oncave, a s i n t he Gu led iana s ta tue ( Plate 1 6 ).
ly F inal , t he p last ic
c ape e dge o f t he Pr in ias f igure h as a v o lume t hat i ncreases i n t h ickness o r p ro ject ion f ro m t he b ody , a s o ne moves o u t f ro m t he b reastbone t owards t he a r ms.
I ti s an atura l d evelopmen t f ro m t he t rea t men t o f t he c ape o n t he
ly Astr its i f i gure ( P la te 1 3b ), where t he e dge o f t he c ape i s r endered p last ical o ver t he a r mp it b u t i s q u ite f l a t o ver t he b reast . On t he b as is o f t he s ea ted g oddesses t he l i n te l o ugh t t o b elong a t t he v ery e nd o f t he s even th c en tury , i fn o t l ater.
The a n i ma ls i n r el ief o n t he g oddess '
s k irt a nd o n t he l in tel b lock b elow must b e c on te mporary.
Because s uch s tock
i ngred ients o f t he O r ien ta l iz ing r eperto ire a s t he p an ther, s tag a nd s ph inx a re t o f l i t le u se i n p rec ise d at ing , t hey h ave r are ly b een c ons idered i n t he l i terat ure d evo ted t o t he g oddesses a nd r ider f r ieze.
S uch a c ons idera t ion i s o f
i n terest , h owever , f or t he l i gh t i tt hrows u pon t he v ar ious f ore ign i n f luences a t work i n t he s cu lptures a s a who le. ls t A l ong r eg ister o f w a lk ing o r g raz ing a n i ma ls c al o m ind i m med iately t he z ones o f C or in th ian p o ttery , a nd t he l i ons o r p an thers b elow t he p roper l ef t-hand s ide o f t he g oddess c on for m c losest t o Cor in th ian mode ls.
I ti s
o n ly t he C retan l imestone t echn ique t hat o bscures t he s im ilar i ty o f t he
6 8
3 5 P r in ias l i ons t o t hose o n C or in th ian p a in ted p o ts .
The P r in ias l i ons a re
e xact ly l ike t hose o n Trans it iona l v ases; 36
t he a rt ist c ou ld h ave c op ied t he m
d irec t f ro m a n i mported C or in th ian p ot . 37
A p an ther 's h ead a rybal robl os p
a b ly f ro m A frat i3 8
i lustra tes t ha t C retan a rt ists o f t he e nd o f t he s even th l
c en tury a nd l ater were s t il ing u se o f t he e arl ier Cor in th ian p a in ted l mak f ron ta l p an ther t ype. A c o mpar ison o f t he P r in ias s tags w ith t hose o n Cor in th ian p ots i s l ess d ec is ive.
The P r in ias s tags a re s im ilar o n ly i n a genera l w ay t o t he r are
3 9 A l t he e xamp les o f Trans it iona l s tags, a nd l ess l ike Cor in th ian o nes . l h orned a n i ma ls o n East G reek Wild Goa t S ty le v ases a re e longa ted a nd s ty l-
i zed —e legan t ly i n t he s even th c en tury , c om ical ater ;40 ly l
a nd t he s tags h ave
as ing le a n t ler t er m inat ing i n ak nob w ith a l ong u pr igh t s ing le e ar s hown b eh ind.41
A s ketch f ro m a C or in th ian o r East Greek v ase i s o u t o f t he q ues-
t i on . S tags w ith d oub le p ro f i le h orns a ppear o n Cre tan b ronze s h ields, 42 b u t a re l onger , t al n i ma ls t han t he P r in ias s tags. The c haracter isat ion o f l er a t he s tags a t Pr in ias, w ith h eavy t ubu lar b ody , f l a t b ack , s hort h umped n eck , f u l c heeks a nd t wo a nt lers i s t he o ne c urren t among N ear Eastern i vor ies. l An e xa mp le f ro m Arslan Tash ( Figure 4 2 ) h as t he p en is i nd icated b y a tr ia ngu lar p endan t f ro m mid b el , l ike t he Pr in ias s tags. I vory p laques f ro m ly Assur, N i mrud a nd S a mar ia a l s how s im ilar s tags;43 l
t he f ragmen t f ro m
S amar ia h as t he l en t il-shaped e ye, w ith c urved b row e qu id istan t f rom t he u pper l i d , o f t he Pr in ias a n i ma ls. The s cu lp tor c ou ld h ave c op ied h is s tags d irect f ro m o r ien ta l i vor ies o f Phoen ic ian t ype —an i vory w ith s tags o f t he N i mrud t ype h as b een f ound i n C rete. " For t he a n i ma ls i n r e l ie f o n t he l ower p art o f t he s eated g oddess ' s k irt ( Figure 4 5 ), t he Pr in ias a r t ist a ppears t o h ave p referred l oca l mode ls t o t he more e xo t ic Cor in th ian a nd e astern mode ls o f t he l in te l.
The s ph inx o n t he
l ower l ef t45 h as t he s lender p roport ions a nd q u ie t s i t ing p osture o f Trans it t i ona l Cor in th ian p a in ted s ph inxes, 46 b u t l acks a t a il a nd h as a dif t t ype o f f eren o f w ing , n a mely o ne s een o nC retan v ase-pa in t ings a nd r el ief p itho i o f t he m id s even th c en tury . 47
Ar el ief p ithos o f t he l ater s even th c en tury s hows
t ha t t he s tra igh t C retan w ing h as n ow d eveloped a Cor in th ian iz ing s ick le c urve t h is i s t he s tage o f d evelopmen t s een i n t he P r in ias s ph inx , a t i t s t ip ;48 wh ich must h ave b een c op ied f rom a pithos r el ief o f t he e nd o f t he s even th c en tury . T he f e l ine o n t he f ron t o f t he g oddess' s k irt i s l ess w el reserved. l p Pern ier i s p robab ly r igh t i n i den t ify ing i ta s al i on , 49 b u t n o t i n d is m iss ing i ta s e xact ly l ike t he l i ons b e low o n t he l in te l. I th as d if feren t p ropor t ions , w ith a s horter b ody a nd l onger l egs ; i t s h indquarters a re a rched l ike a c at 's , h ump ing a t t he b ase o f t he s p ine;
t he t a i l s tands s tra igh t u p a nd c ur ls a t t he
e nd , a nd t he r ib c age b u lges i n c on trast t o t he t h in h ips. An i den t ica l c hara cter isat ion o f af e l ine o ccurs o n t wo t ypes o f t erracot ta p inakes f rom a s even th-cen tury d epos it a t G or tyn ( Figure 4 3 ). R izza d er ives t h is t ype o f C retan t erracot ro m o r ien ta l meta lwork . 5°Bu t t he Gortyn f e l ines w ere ta f more l ikely b orrowed a t s econd h and v ia ' Phoen ic ian ' m inor a rts o f t he e ighth c en tury , s uch a s a n i vory c arv ing f ro m S pa in ,5 1 a nd a v essel f ound i n t he Regu l in i-Ga lass i t o mb i n E trur ia ( Figure 4 4 ), b oth o f wh ich h ave j ust s uch a rched
6 9
e last ic l i ons i n l ow r el ief ;
o r e ven a t t h ird h and , v ia Phoen ic ian iz ing m inor
a rts p roduced i n l ands n earer C rete.
Ab ronze c hased b ow l f ro m Rhodes
f urn ishes a n e xa mp le 5 2 w ith a f r ieze o f wa lk ing a n i ma ls : ' p an ther ' o r l i on w ith f ron ta l f ace , s tag , f e male d eer, s ph inx , l i on w ith u pcurved t a il a nd h ead i np rof i le. As a who le, t h is c ol ion o f a n i ma ls i s t he c losest c o mpar ison l ect f or t he c ho ice o f a n i ma l t ypes made b y t he Pr in ias a rt ist f or t he l i n te l s cu lpt ures — it e ven p rov ides a n e xa mp le o f as tag w ith d ouble a n t lers f ro m t he Greek world.
The v esse l l ooks n o e ar l ier t han t he s even th c en tury , b u t a n te-
d ates t he P r in ias s cu lptures, p ref igur ing r ather t han f o l low ing t he Wild Goat a n i ma l s ty le o f p a in ted p ot 3 tery. 5 The t ypes o ft he a n i ma ls i n t he g oddess ' c or tege a re t he d er iva t ives o f Cor in th ian , East Greek a nd ' Phoen ic ian ' i mpor ted minor a rts. Bu t w hat o f t he i conography o ft he l in te l a s a who le? Chr istou h as l i sted t he Pr in ias g oddess i nh is c ata logue o f Greek p otn ia i t heron , a nd h as s uggested a P hoen ic ian d er iva t ion .5 4 The e arly a rcha ic M istress o f An i ma ls, s t il nder s trong o r ien ta l i n f luence l u a nd a pparen t ly u sed t o r epresen t av ar iety o fG reek my tho log ica l f igures, 55 i s n or mal ly s hown s tand ing.
There a re v ery f ew e xamp les o f s eated d iet ies
a cco mpan ied b y a n i ma ls i n Greek a rt.
The c hased b ronze mitra f rom O lymp ia
( Figure 3 8 ) s hows a wo man o r g oddess w ith a n i ma ls d rawn o n h er s haw l a nd t hrone; l i ons c rouch u nder t he t hrones o f t wo g oddesses o n a n i vory c arv ing f ro m t he O rth ia s anc tuary a t S parta , s tone s tela i a lso a tS parta. 5 7
5 6
a nd o f t wo h eroes o n o ne o f t he l ime-
There a re n o e x tan t e xa mp les o f t he t he me i n
l arge-sca le s cu lpture. The c u l t s tatue o f H era a t O lymp ia d escr ibed a s t s i t ing b y Pausan ias ( V.17.1) may h ave b een c haracter ized a s ap o tn ia , i f t he f rag men tary a n i ma l p aw f ound i n h er t e mp le was p ar t o f at hrone e labora te ly d ecora ted w ith a n i ma ls .5 8 I fs o , t he s tatue wou ld h ave r ese mb led b o th t he m itra a nd i t s ' Phoen ic ian ' p roto types, l i ke t he Meg iddo i vory ( F igure 4 6 ), much more c lose ly t han d oes t he P r in ias f igure. The N or th S yr ian g rave f igures a lready c i ted i n c onnect ion w ith t he h a lfl es ( r el ief f ro m Mal above p . 3 0 ) a re more a p t o r ien ta l c o mpar isons f or t he Pr in ias g oddess t han Phoen ic ian c arv ings i n s evera l r espects. The b asalt g rave f igure o f as eated wo man f ro m Tel l H a laf ( Figure 2 8 ) h as b een c u t a s as er ies o f c ubes ( one f or t he l egs a nd t hrone, t he o ther f or t he u pper b ody ) i n p lanes a t r igh t a ng les t o e ach o ther, f orm ing a r ig id f igure w ith a r ms r est ing a long t he t op o f t he t h ighs.
A s econd g rave f i gure f rom T el l Ha 1af 5 9
a pprox i mates more c lose ly t he r ound ing o f t he b od i ly f or ms a t t he c orners o ft he C retan s cu lp ture ;
t he l at ter 's d e l ica tely p o ised e lbows h eld o u t f rom
t he b ody a re a r ef ine men t o f t he Cretan a rt ist.
I n t he f i rst Ha laf f igure
( Figure 2 8 ), t he h ands f a l l s hort o f t he k nees, a nd t he r ight h and i s t urned p a lm u p t o h o ld a c up ; b u t i n t he s econd f igure, t he l ef t h and r eaches t he k nee a nd c urls o ver i te xact ly a s i n t he P r in ias g oddess, wh ile t he r igh t h and r ests i t s h ee l o nt he t i p o f t he k nee , a s was t he c ase w ith t he P r in ias f igures, a s af rag men t o f r igh t h and i n t h is p os it ion6° s hows , d esp ite t he p resen t r estorat ion w ith b o th h ands c url ing o ver t he k nees.
The f l at s lab-
l ike f ee t o f t he g oddess a re c u t i n r e l ief f rom t he p ro ject ing l in te l b e low , j ust a s t he s labl ike f eet o f t he l arger H a la f f igure a re c u t i n r el ie f a ga ins t t he p ro ject ing f oo tstoo l.
7 0
fic The s i mp le t hrone o n w h ich t he Pr in ias f i gure s i ts i s o f s uf ien t s cale a nd p reserva t ion t o e nab le u s t o i dent ify a N orth S yr ian p ro to type. Davaras h as d rawn a n a na logy b etween t he l ow c ub ic t hrones o f t he s even th c en tury 1 a s p ar t o f t he Cretan f igures a nd a n umber o f O ld K ingdom Egyp t ian mode ls 6
a rgumen t f or a c lose r e la t ionsh ip b etween Cretan a nd Egyp t ian s cu lpture, i t ly a b e ing g eneral greed t hat G reek c en tres l ike ly t o h ave d eveloped monumen ta l s cu lpture e arl iest s hou ld b e t hose i n d irect c on tact w ith Egypt .6 2 Bu t t here i s i n f act n o n eed t o c i te Egyp t ian p roto types o f t he O ld a nd Midd le K ingdo m , a s t he t ypes s een i n Cretan s cu lp tures c orrespond more c lose ly t o t he s i mp lest v ers ion o f aN or th S yr ian t hrone c urren t i n t he e igh th a nd s even th c en tur ies, a nd f requen t ly d ep icted i n s tone r e l iefs a nd m inor a rtworks . 6 3
Th is i s c o m-
l p osed o f u ndecora ted v ert ica l a nd h or izon ta l me mbers, a l s quare i n s ect ion , l a a nd o ccurs w ithou t ( as w el s w ith ) a backrest , a s p robab ly i n t he P r in ias f igures. I ti s u n l ike t he o ther t hrones o f t he p er iod i n t he N ear E ast-Assyr ian , Urar t ian , Ach mae men id , a nd Phoen ic ian—and w h i le i tr ese mb les t he c ub ic t hrone o f Egyp t ian s cu lpture , d if fers f ro m i ti n a n a dd it iona l d eta i l wh ich l: may b e s een i n t he Pr in ias t hrone a s w el
t he v ert ica l f ron t s uppor ts
p ro ject s l igh t ly a bove t he h or izon ta l me mbers i n al ow s quare r em in iscen t o f modern wooden c ha irs w i th r ope o r c ane s ea ts.
The P r in ias t hrone d oes
ly s n o t h ave t he s econdary h or izon ta l s upports g eneral een i n t he N orth S yr ian l r el iefs, b u t t he c lay t hrone a lso f ro m P r in ias i lustrated b y Davaras a s a f urther e xa mp le o f Egypt ian i n f luence " h as t he m , w hereas t he Egyp t ian e xamp les h ave n ot .
Th is s treng thens t he c ase t hat t he c ur iously r ig id a nd c ub ic
s eated Cretan f i gures o f t he s econd h a lf o f t he s even th c en tury d eve loped w ith North S yr ian i nsp irat ion . The s ea ted h ero ized d ead o f N orth S yr ian a rt a re n ot s hown w ith a n i ma ls, a nd i ti s d if f icu l t t o n a me a n o r ien ta l s tone s cu lpture o f t he p er iod w ith t h is t he me. i s l a ter.
A r e l ief f ro m Dura w ith a s eated A targa t is f l anked b y l i ons ( Figure 4 7 ) The o n ly c on te mporary f ree-stand ing c ompos it ion o f as ea ted f e-
ta f ma le f igure a nd a n i ma ls k nown t o t he a u thor i s t he t erracot igur ine o f a s eated g oddess f l anked b y s ph inxes f ro m A jia I r in i i n Cyprus . 6 5 Her h ands r est u pon h er k nees , b ack a nd s hou lders a re c overed b y as haw l w h ich c rosses h er a r ms a t t he e lbows a nd c loses o ver t he b reast. G jerstad h as n o t s uggested ta ad a te , b u th er f ace a nd t hose o f t he s ph inxes c o mpare t o Cypr iot t erracot f igur ines f aces o fA jia I r in i S ty le 1 , Cypr iot Ip er iod ,
6 7
6 6
t ha t i s , o f t he l at ter p art o f t he P ro to-
d atab le t o t he l ast t h ird o f t he s even th c en tury. 6 8
I ti s i n terest ing t hat b o th t he i vory c arv ing a nd t he s tele f rom S parta ment ioned a bove s how t w in g oddesses o r h eroes, c al ling t o m ind t he D ioskouro i. There i s l i terary e v idence o f as ymbo l ic i den t if ica t ion b etween t he D ioskouro i a nd t he d okana , t he Greek s ymbo l o f t he d oor w ith d oub le l in tels ( Plu tarch d e F rat Amore 4 78 A ). The a rchaeo log ica l r ecord a l lows u s t o t race t he d evelop men t i n G reek r epresen tat ion 6 9 a nd t o f o l low i tb ack a t l east a s f ar a s t he f i f th c en tury B .0 C . The D ioskouro i were n o t d iv in it ies b u t h ero ized d ead , a nd we h ave s een t hat t he s che me o f t he P r in ias f igures r e l ies u pon North S yr ian i conography o f t he h ero ized d ead. One wonders i ft he s cu lp tor a t Pr in ias c ou ld h ave k nown o f s uch Assyr ian p ictures o f o r ien ta l t e mp les a s t he r el ief o f a n U rart ian t e mp le f ro m t he p a lace o f S argon I a t K horsabad , whose t al l c ere mon ia l d oors ( eastern v ers ions o f t he d okana a ccord ing t o De mange1 )7 1 a re f l anked b y h iera t ic s cu lptura l f igures, o r t he s te le o f t he
7 1
7 0
N eo-Baby lon ian k ing N abupa l idd ina, w ith t he t e mp le o f S ha mash a t S ippur, where t w in d e it ies s pr ing w a ist-h igh f rom what o ugh t p robab ly t o b e i n terpret ed a s t he f ron t o f as hr ine w ith c o lumn (s ) i n a nt is , o ver t he c olumnar s upport o f t he d oor o pen ing ;7 2 o r s uch N orth S yr ian e n trance c o mpos it ions a s t he g ate o f t he H i lan i a t Tel la f , w here c o lossa l f i gures moun ted o n l ions s upl Ha p orted t he l in tel o n t a l h ats , t he mse lves a c t ing a s j a mbs i n t he o pen g a teway. 7 2 l The o n ly s urely Egypt ian f eature o f t he d oorway c o mpos it ion i s t he d es ign o f t he d oor i t sel f , t a l a nd n arrow , w ith o u ter s quare mou ld ings r unn ing a cross l t he t op a nd d own t he s ides, a nd a n i nner s horter d oor w ith a n o pen s pace o ver t he l in te l. Th is i s t he Egypt ian ' f a lse d oor ' , as ymbo l ic p assage f or t he s ou l f ro m t he i nner t o mb c ha mber i n O ld K ingdom t o mbs .7 4 I t was s t il n u se i n l i Egyp t a t t he t ime o f t he f i rst Greek c o lon ies, f or C ar ians wrote i n Greek l et ters o nt wo l imestone s tela i o f ' f a lse d oor ' d es ign f ro m Me mph is , n ow i n t he L ouvre .7 5 E as t G reeks w ere t hus f am il iar w ith t he c o mpos it ion b y t he e arly s ix th c en tury ;
a lterna t ively , i t may h ave b eco me k nown t hrough i t s
a dop t ion o n Phoen ic ian i vor ies, i n w h ich a w o man 's h ead i s p laced a bove t he l in te l t o f or m t he ' Wo man i n t he W indow ' c ompos it ion. 7 6 I n e ither e ven t , t he Egyp t ian d es ign must h ave r eached C re te b y w ay o f E ast Greek o r Phoen ic ian i n ter med iar ies. To t he a rt h istor ian t he l in tel s ee ms a n u ncomfortab le m ix ture o f C retan a nd N ear Eastern i conograph ica l d eta ils. I ti s p oss ible o n ly t o s pecu late a bou t what b lend o f Greek a nd N ear Eas tern b e l iefs l ay b eh ind i t , o r why t he f or m i tt ook a t Pr in ias h ad n o d escendan ts i n a rcha ic r e l ig ious r epresen ta t ion . I ft he s cu lp tured l i n te l i s t o b e c ons idered a p roduct o f a bou t 6 00 , t he q uest ion r e ma ins w hether t he p arts o f t he g roup o f s cu lptures wh ich make t he most a rcha ic impress ion , t he s labs o f t he r ider f r ieze ( Pla te 1 . 8b ), may b e c ons ider7 e d c on te mporary .7
There i s n o n eed t o dwel l u pon t he a rcha ic f eatures o f t he f r ieze, o f wh ich t he d isproport ion b etween t he l ong-legged h orses a nd t he m in iscu le r iders, t he r ig id ity a nd r epet it ion o f t he f i gures , t he r ese mb lance o f v ar ious d eta i ls o f t he h orses ' b od ies t o G eo metr ic h orses, a nd t he Deda l ic s che me o f t he r iders ' f aces a nd h a irsty le, a re t he most s a l ien t .
A s cu lp ture wh ich s hows
n o s igns o f r ework ing must b e j udged b y i t s most r ecen t t ra its. A t i ssue i s w hether a s uf fic ien t q uan t ity a re p resen t h ere t o j ust ify d at ing t he f r ieze a s l ate a s t he e nd o f t he s even th c en tury. The Pr in ias h orses e xh ib it a n umber o f f eatures s o p r im it ive t ha t t hey a re n o l onger f ound o nh orses o f Cor in th ian p a in ted v ases a f ter t he Midd le Protocor in th ian p er iod. The o u ts ide l egs move i n u n ison , a s o n s evera l Ear ly Pro tocor in th ian a ryba1 1o i7 8 a nd o n a Midd le Pro tocor in th ian c up 7 9 ( t he c up h as a n a dd it iona l p r im it ive f ea ture, t he o ut l in ing o ft he b r id le b y i nc is ion o ver t he n eck b u t n ot o ver t he muzzle, r em in iscen t o f t he Pr in ias b r id les, wh ich s ee m t o d isappear u nder t he muzzles ). The f orelegs a nd h ind legs o f t he Pr in ias h orses a re e qu id istan t ; t he h ooves a re h eavy a nd h em ispher ica l , w ith a l ong l ock a l mos t r each ing t he g round ; t he l ong t ubu lar t a il h ugs t he r ump a nd t h ickens d ownwards; t he f at c heek g ives t he h ead a p ear s hape a nd t he e ar i s p laced t oo f ar f orward. i n t he c up c i ted a bove,
7 9
These f ea tures a re s een
b u t n ot i n a ma jor ity o f Protocor in th ian v ases ,
7 2
8 0
w h ich s how a d if feren t t ype , t he t ype o f t he Ch ig i Vase, t o b ecome t he r u le i n 8 1 Ad irect c ompar ison w ith C or in th ian Trans it iona l a nd Cor in th ian v ases . h orses i s i nconclus ive , f or b y t he m idd le o f t he s even th c en tury Cor in th ian
p a in ters h ad a lready moved b eyond t he G eo metr ic model t o wh ich t he more a rcha ic f eatures o f t he Pr in ias h orses h ark b ack .8 2 Bu t t here i s n o n eed t o c ons ider t he Pr in ias h orses c on te mporary w ith P ro tocor in th ian v ase-pa in t ing ( as S chefo ld a nd Davaras ), 8 3 w hen c ompar is ons f or a l l t hese a rcha ic f eatures may b e f ound n earer t o h and i n l oca l Cretan h orses o f t he e nd o ft he s even th c en tury a nd l a ter, i n t he r elated t echn iques o f t he t erracot , b ronze a nd i vory r el ief .8 ta 4
The l ong t ubu lar t a i l , h ugged t o t he r ump a nd t h icken ing d ownwards, i s s een o n t he c har io t s cene o f t he r e l ief s i ma f ro m Pa la ikastro o ft he s ix th c en tury. 8 5 The d ist inct ive p ear-shaped
f ace , t he mane l y ing l ow o ver a l ong f l a t c ran ium t o f a l l i n al ock o ver t he f orehead a nd e yes , a nd t he l arge we igh ty h ooves ( a l though n ot o f t he P r in ias l s d umb-bel hape ) c haracter ize t he h orse o n ar el ief p ithos o f a bou t 6 00 f ro m 6 Pha istos ( Figure 5 0 ). 8
The h orses i n r el ief o n a he l met o f s hor t ly b efore
6 00 , p robab ly f rom A frat i, n ow i n N ew York , f ace a nd f orehead l ock ;
8 7 h ave t he s a me p ear-shaped l er i b ody a nd l egs a re s horter a nd h ooves smal n
c ompar ison w ith h ead a nd n eck , b u t t he i nner a nd o u ter p a irs o f l egs move i n u n ison .
The h orse o n aC retan r e l ief p i thos o f u ncerta in p rovenance s hows
t hat t he p ear-shaped f ace a nd d ist inct ive mane a nd e ar e ndured i n to t he s ix th 8 i ti s s een i n c onnect ion w ith l arge we igh ty h ooves o n a c en tury i n Crete ;8 h orse f ro m a p ithos o f Pra isos o f t he l a te s even th c en tury .8 9 S chäfer d ates
a horse o ft h is t ype o n ap ithos f ro m I a lysos i n Rhodes a t o r af ter 6 00. 9 0 A l l t he h orses c i ted h ave a l arge h ead a nd n eck i n c ompar ison w ith t he h e igh t o f t he l egs a nd l ength o f t he b ody , w hereas t he Pr in ias h orses s ee m t o d ecrease p ropor t ionate ly u pwards, c reat ing t he s ensa t ion i n t he s pectator t ha t h e i s s ee ing t he m f ro m b e low . The s a me v isua l t r ick may b e s een i n as tr id ing ma le f igure f ro m a r el ief p i thos o f Lyt t os , a lso o f a bou t 6 00. 9 1 A l onglegged l -known p h orse w ith t iny r ider a ppears o n t he w el late f ro m Pra isos o f a bou t 2 o n t he r everse o f w h ich i s a man whose l egs a re p roport ioned s im i lar ly 6 00 ,9 t o t he Pr in ias r iders '. De mange l s uggests t hat t he m in iscu le r ider o n l ong-
l egged h orse i s ac haracter ist ic o f a rcha ic I on ian a rt g eneral ly ,9 l a 3 a s w el s a ppear ing o n N aukra t ite p ot tery. An I on ian i vory r el ief o f t he s econd q uar ter o f t he s ix th c en tury h as a w el l p roport ioned r ider , b u t t he moun t s t il l d isp lays al ong t ubu lar b ody a nd g round-leng th s tove-p ipe t a il ;9 4 t he c ompos i t ion o f t he p laque , w ith h orse f i l l ing t he who le h e igh t o f t he r el ief f i eld , a nd w ide f l a t b order b e low o n wh ich a re i nc ised a r unn ing g eo metr ic d ecora t ion , i s n o l ess p r im it ive t han t he P r in ias f r ieze s labs. A lso f rom t he S am ian Hera ion te w i s a n i vory s tatuet ith t wo Pegasus p rotomes, a g ood e xamp le o f t he p earl s haped f ace , h uge c ircu lar e ye a nd f orelock f a l ing f ar d own t he f orehead , i n t he f i rst q uar ter o f t he s ix th c en tury. 9 5 The c ur ious d umb-bel l h ooves o f t he P r in ias h orses f ind a p aral l el i n a ta s t erracot ta tue , p ar t ly i n r el ief a nd p art ly i n t he r ound , f ro m Ca tan ia , i n t he S yracuse Museum . 9 6 The d ate o f t he h orse i s p robably n o t e arl ier t han tery f t ha t o f t he e arl iest Greek p ot ound a t C atan ia , a bou t 6 00. 9 7 The h ead a nd n eck a re miss ing , b u t t he p roport ions f ro m t he l ower n eck d own a re i den t ica l t o t hose o f t he P r in ias h orses :
t he h e igh t f ro m b ase t o t op o f b ack
b e ing r ough ly e qua l t o t he l eng th o f t he b ody f ro m t he f ron t o f t he b reast t o
7 3
t he e nd o f t he r ump , s o t hat t he l egs a nd b ack d escr ibe t hree s ides o f as quare. The t h ickness o ft he t ubu lar s to mach i s o ne q uarter t he l ength o f o ne s ide. The f ul reast i s c u t o fh or izon tal rom t he t op o f t he o u ter f ore leg , f urther l b f ly f h e igh ten ing t he c ub ic impress ion . Huge b el l ike h ooves a ppear a ga in o n a lL akon ian k y l ix i n The B r it ish Museum , o f t he s ix th c en tury ,
9 8
a nd o n a
L akon ian h ydr ia f ound a t I a lysos , n ow i n Rhodes, s how ing a min iscu le r ider o n a h uge h orse . 9 9 The c rude r e l iefs i n s of t l imestone f rom t he Arte m is O rth ia s anctuary i nS parta , n ow t hought t o d ate t o t he e ar ly s ix th c en tu ry ,1 00 a lso s how a t ype o f h orse s im ilar i n a l l e xcep t s hortened t runk t o t he P r in ias h orses .1°1
Thus t he a r t ists o f s evera l p rov inc ia l c en tres, a s wel l a s C rete,
c on t inued t o u se t h is a rcha ic f or ma t f or h orses w el l i n to t he s ix th c en tury. l The p r im it ive f ea tures o f t he P r in ias h orses a re a l a t h o me i n Cre tan a nd p rov inc ia l Greek r el ief h orses o f t he t urn o f t he c en tury. When c o mpared w ith a f ine ly e xecu ted e xa mp le o f a C retan r e l ief h orse p robab ly o f t he t h ird q uarter o f t he s even th c en tury , t he h orse o n a m y tho log ica l p inax f rom Gortyn ,1 02 a dd it iona l a dvances i n t he P r in ias h orses b eco me a pparen t. Cert t a in o f t he m a re p erhaps a tr ibu tab le t o t he h orses ' monumen ta l s ize : t he t er p ta t runk i nb et roport ion t o t he l egs, wh ich a re t oo l ong i n t he t erracot t r el ief ; t he e ye i n c orrect p roport ion t o t he f ace, b u t t oo l arge i n t he l i t le r el ief .
l Bu t i n t he f o low ing t ra its t he s tone h orses s how a dvances i n r epre-
s en ta t ion : t he s ect ions o f t he mane b efore a nd b eh ind t he e ars a re d ist ingu ished ta h wh ile t he mane o f t he t erracot orse p ro jects p erpend icu larly a t a n e ven l h e ight a l r ound t he h ead a nd d own t he b ack .
ta r I n t he t erracot el ief , t he b ase
o f t he n eck j o ins t he b ody i n a hor izon ta l l ine ; i n t he s tone h orses, i n a more ta c r ea l ist ic o b l ique o ne. The p ro trus ion o f t he b reast i n t he t erracot o mes ly t o a n e nd a t t he l evel o f t he u nders ide o f t he b el ;
t he p rotrus ion o f t he
b reast o f t he s tone h orse e x tends, a s i n n ature, b eyond t he l ower s urface o f ly i ta r t he b el n p rof ile. I n t he t erracot el ief , t he h e igh t o f t he h ead a nd n eck t ogether i s g reater t han t he h e igh t o f t he b reast ; s econd measure men t i s g rea ter, a s i s c orrect.
i n t he s tone h orses , t he Tha t t he a rt ist o f t he monu-
men ta l s tone r el ief h ad more s cope t o d isp lay d eta ils o f musc if Mure d oes n ot e xp la in t hese a dvances , f or t he c oncern o f t he a rt ist o f t he p inax w ith l i l l l ed n muscu lature i s w el lustrated i n t he f u ly model eck a nd r ump o f t he ta h t erracot orse , a nd t he d if feren t ia t ion o f t he muscu lar a reas i n t he f ace. The P r in ias a rt ist w as s ee m ing ly l ess c oncerned w ith d eta i led e xp lorat ion o f muscu la ture, y et s hows i ncreased u nders tand ing o f t he b reast muscles, a t t he ir g reatest d evelop men t d irect ly o ver t he t op o f t he f orelegs, a s i s n at t ura l , a nd n ot a t t he a tach men t w ith t he n eck , a s i n t he p inax.
ly F inal , t he
t P r in ias a rt ist h as d e monstrated a good u nderstand ing o f t he a tachmen t o f tom t he f ore-and h ind legs t o t he s ides , r a ther t han t o t he b ot , o f t he h orses ' 03 b od ies, t hus c rea t ing a n i mpress ion o f d ep th 1
r esu lt ing f ro m t he s uggest ion
t ha t t he u nders ide o f t he b el ly h angs l ower i n t he c en tre t han i td oes a t t i e s ides o f t he b ody where t he l egs a re a t tached.
The n eck w ith i t s t h ick b u lge
o f t hroa t musc les, a nd t he e yes c lose a ga inst t he f ron t e dge o f t he b row , p resage t he c hased h orses o f t he Axos a r mour, n ow t hought t o b e o f s ixth c en tury d ate .1 04 Cor in th ian v ase-pa in t ings f urn ish n o p rec ise a na log ies f or t he r iders. C or in th ian r iders a lways wear a tun ic a nd n ever a p o los; 105 t hey r arely c arry s pears, a nd when t hey d o , t hey c arry t he m l owered r igh t b efore t he b reast. 1"
The h ead i s i n p rof i le , a nd t he r iders a re n ot a r med w ith
7 4
s h ie lds .1°7
Bu t i ft he Pr in ias r iders a re c ompared i n a genera l w ay w ith
r iders o f Cor in th ian v ase-pa in t ing , t he q u iet mood a nd p osture o f r ider a nd h orse, t he l ong h or izon ta l l i ne o f t he t au t r e in b r id l ing i n t he h orses ' h eads , a nd t he a r ms w ith e lbows h e ld c lose t o w a ist , d o n o t b ecome c om mon i n Cor in th ian p a in t ing b efore t he Ear ly Cor in th ian p er iod ;1 0 8 a nd t he r ea l ist ic r id ing p osture o f t he Pr in ias r iders, u pon , r a ther t han a d jacen t t o , t he t op 1°9 ( The r are o f t he h orse 's b ack , n o t u n t i l t he Midd le Cor in th ian p er iod . r iders o n Cretan r el ief p itho i a re model irec t ly o n t he P rotocor in th ian l ed d
t ype o f l i vely r ider i n t un ic . )11 0 T he s che me o f as er ies o f w arr iors w ith Deda l ic h a irsty les, b are-legged b e low t he ir s h ie lds , mov ing t o t he l ef t , i s af am i l iar o ne i n e ar ly a nd m id s even th c en tury a rt . The s er ies o f warr iors i nc ised o n t he wal f t he s econd l o p er iptera l Hera ion a t S a mos ( Figure 1 5 ) a nd t he r ow o f w arr iors f rom a C retan c hased g o ld s hee t f ound i n a T heran g rave 11
a re t yp ica l e xa mp les , a nd s erve t o
t o d emonstrate t he c onservat is m o f Pr in ias i conography.
Bu t t he p roport ions
o f t he P r in ias r iders, t he ir h eads l arge i n c o mpar ison w ith t o ta l h e ight , a nd u pper a nd l ower l egs o f r ough ly e qua l l ength , c on trast w ith t he p roport ions o f t he m id a nd t h ird q uarter o f t he s even th c en tury a s s een o n t he g o ld r el ief f rom Thera , a nd , i n as ca le a nd mater ia l c omparab le t o t he P r in ias r iders ' , o n t he ' metope ' r e l iefs f rom Mycena i :1 12 e longa ted n arrow l ower l eg , c o mp ara t ively a bbrev ia ted a nd t h ick t h igh , h ead smal n c o mpar ison w ith t o ta l l i h e igh t o f f i gure .13 T he Deda l ic f or mat o f h a ir a nd p o los , a lthough most c om mon i n a r t o f t he s econd a nd t h ird q uarters o ft he s even th c en tury , 14 d oes n ot n ecess itate a n e arly d ate. The s hape a nd p os it ion o f t he e ye i n t he Pr in ias f aces, t he a rch ly t o f t he b rows, t he s hort s tra igh t n ose, a nd e spec ial he w ide h eavy u pper c heek , a re l ess c o mparab le t o f aces o f Deda l ic t erracot t as t han t o t he f ace o f P erseus i n a n i vory r e l ie f o f t he e nd o f t he s even th c en tury f rom t he Hera ion 15 P erseus ' s hort Deda l ic h a irsty le h id ing t he e ars , a t S amos ( Figure 4 9 ). 1 a nd c ap f or m ing a broad h or izon ta l a cross t he f orehead ( a l though t he t op e nds
i n a po in t )1 16
r ese mble t hose o f t he P r in ias r iders c lose ly.
T here i s n o r eason n o t t o c ons ider t he r ider f r ieze t he c on te mporary o f t he l i n tel s cu lptures. L ike t he m , i te xh ib its Cor in th ian iz ing t ra its w h ich s ome t i mes h ark b ack t o Cor in th ian d eve lop men ts o f t he t h ird q uarter o f t he s even th c en tury r ather t han r ef lect ing more r eden t o nes; t he h ierat ic d ep ict ion o f f i gures wh ich a ppear t o h ave a s acred c onnect ion b u t i n n o s pec if ic my tho log ica l s et ting , g ives i tt he a ppearance o f b e ing more a rcha ic t han Cor in th ian a rt o f t he p er iod o ft he Mycena i r el iefs. Bu t , a ga in l ike t he l in tel s cu lp tures, i tr evea ls c erta in d evelop men ts i nb od ily r epresen tat ion w h ich p rec lude a d a te e arl ier t han t he e nd o f t he s even th c en tury , a nd a f ew b u t s tr ik ing s igns o f ac onnec t ion w ith East G reek a r t o f t hat p er iod ; a s w el l a s a n e qual ly s tr ik ing l ack o f a ny d irec t c onnect ion w ith Egyp t o r t he O r ien t , e xcep t v ia Phoen ic ian m inor a r ts. P ern ier 's i ngen ious r econstruct ion o f t he s cu lp ted l in te l i n t he d oorway o f t he c el la o f Te mp le A 17
s o lved t he v ar ious d if f icu lt ies p osed b y t he s ize
a nd s hape o ft he b locks a nd t he ir r e la t ionsh ip t o t he t e mp le 's g round p lan more s at isfactor i ly t han t he h ypo thes is o f a n e n tab lature f r ieze c arr ied o n t wo a n tae a nd a c en tra l p ilas ter d oes f or t he r ider f r ieze.
7 5
The p r inc ipa l o b ject ions , e nunc iated b y K aro 18
a nd r e iterated b y
We icker t ,1 19 a re t he h e igh t a nd w e igh t o f t he f r ieze. Pern ier d efended h is r estora t ion b yp o in t ing o u t t he e x tre me s o l id ity o f t he f oundat ions u nder t he n arrow p rona .os .1 20 A l though t hese f ounda t ions l ook e qua l t o t he t ask o f s upp ort ing t he w e igh t o f t he f r ieze ( as Mar inatos t h inks a lso ), 1 21 a nd a l though ac on t inuous f r ieze 1 .20 m h igh ( i nclud ing t he p a l met te c ourse )1 22 w ou ld h ave g iven t he f acade o f a bu i ld ing 6 m w ide a s tr ik ing i f t op-heavy a ppearance, a n umber o f s er ious o b ject ions r e ma in .
The u pper s urface o f t he f r ieze p re-
s en ts n o t race o f a rrange ments f or a n e n tab lature c ourse a bove , o r f or t he s upport e ven o f t he l igh t w ooden r oof p ostu lated b y Pern ier .1 23 I ti s d if f icu l t t o s ee h ow a f r ieze o f f our s labs , e ach w ith t wo moun ted h orses ( t he l ength o f e ach h orse i s a bou t 0 .75 m , r equ ir ing e igh t o f t he m t o f i l l a facade w id th o f 5 .92 m.
One s lab p reserved t wo h orses, a nd a no ther s ee ms t o c ome f rom
t t he r igh t h a lf o f a no ther s uch s lab .1 24 C erta in ly n o s lab c ou ld h ave a ta ined t he l eng th r equ ired f or t hree , much l ess f our , h orses ) c ou ld h ave b a lanced u pon t hree s upports, h owever s turdy , o ver t wo i n terva ls o f n early t hree metres e ach.
The e xp lana t ion o f a n e xposed w ooden b ea m r unn ing t he w id th o f t he
25 l eaves u nso lved t he p rob le m o f s upport f or t he p laques f rom b eh ind. f acade 1 I n s o e xposed a pos it ion , t he s labs o f t he r ider f r ieze o ught t o h ave w eathered
much more q u ick ly t han t he l in tel s cu lp tures, wh ich t hey h ave n o t . I n f act t he ir c ond it ion g eneral ly i s b et t er. They w ere f ound f ace d own i n f ron t o ft he p rot ered a n aos , a nd w ere n o t s cat s f ar a s t he l i n te l s cu lp tures,
1 26
s uggest ing
l t hat t hey d id n o t f a l f ro m s o g reat a h e igh t. t o m-heavy d The c ur iously b ot es ign o f t he f r ieze f i gures, wh ich w ou ld h ave b een e ven more a ccen tua ted b y t he h e igh t o f 0 .40 m o f t he p a l met te c ourse, 1 27 s ee ms b et t er d es igned t o b e s een a t e ye o r b reast l eve l t han f ro m b e low ( as P ern ier ) . 128 A l ow p lace men t , r a ther t han a high o ne , wou ld a ccoun t f or t he o ne t echn ica l f ea ture w h ich d ist ingu ishes t he r ider f r ieze f ro m t he a n i ma l f r ieze o f t he l in tel , t he d eep g rooves o u t l in ing t he h orses ' b od ies, l egs a nd t a ils.
The f r ieze may h ave s erved a s ad ado ,
1 29
a t o r s o mewha t a bove g round
l a wal l o la d l eve l , i n t he c el ne ither s ide o f t he c el oor , a nalogous t o t he t wo la d s e ts o f r e l ief s labs wh ich p oss ib ly f l anked t he c el oor o f t he a rcha ic t e mp le a t Gor tyn .1 3°
te c The h e igh t o f t he r ider f r ieze i nclud ing t he p a lmet ourse i s
f our f i f ths t he h e igh t o ft he Gortyn r el iefs, n early t he s a me r a t io a s t hat b e1 31 t ween t he f acade w id ths o f t he t wo t e mp les .
s es o f t he t wo s ets o f s labs c ompare c lose ly .1 32
More i mpor tan t , t he t h icknesThe l ower e dges o f t he
Gortyn s labs a re n ot p reserved , b u t t he c onstruct ion o f t he o uter c el l a wal l i n t he a rcha ic t e mp le a t Axos 1 33 s uggests h ow t he s labs may h ave b een i n tels a g rated i n to t he w al t Gortyn a nd Pr in ias : t here , a n o u ter l ayer o f f inely l t f in ished l imestone s labs , n o t e qua l t o t he t o ta l w al h ickness, w as c o mp leted l er s o n t he i n ter ior b y c ourses o f smal tones. On ly t he s labs f or m ing t he l l. The P j ambs w ere e qua l t o t he f u l t h ickness o f t he w al r in ias r e l ief s labs , r est ing i n t he g rooves n oted b y P ern ier i n t he u pper s urface o f t he p reserved la w l c c el al ourses,
1 34
wh ich h e p ostu la tes may h ave b een i n tended t o s upport
la w l made o l arge s labs s et 0 .07 m f urther b ack , c ou ld h ave f aced a c el al f smal l er s tones , ' wh ich w ere f ound i n g rea t q uan t ity w ith in t he r u ins o f t he c el la ,
1 35
w ith t he t h icker s lab 1 36
b ase j a mb b lock .1 37
a s t he c el la d oor j a mb , a bove t he d ecora ted
The d oorja mb f rag men t n o. 1 0 h as n e ither u pper n or
l ower s urface p reserved , b u t t he p resen t h e igh t o f 0 .18 1 38 te c s hort o f t he h e igh t o f t he p a l met ourse a t 0 .235 m. 1 39 7 6
l f a ls o n ly s l igh t ly I fo ne r estores t he
j a mb t o t he l a tter h e igh t , a nd p laces b o th u pon t he p reserved c ourse o f t he l a w al t 0 .25-0.27 m,
1 4
°t he h orse f r ieze a nd t h icker s lab a t t he d oorway
c o me t o r est a d jacen t t o e ach o ther a t a he ight o f 0 .485-0.505 m, a s u itab le o ne f or a l arge a nd i mportan t s cu lptured d ado. The h eavy f ounda t ions o f t he o u ter p ronaos w al h ich c aused P ern ier o r ig inal o p lace t he h eavy f r ieze l, w ly t o f h orses o ver t he m , m igh t b e a ccoun ted f or b y h eavy u se o f t he p orch b y v is itors, Mar ina tos
e xp lana t ion o f as im i lar p henomenon a t Dreros, w here
41 t here i s as o l id ly b u i lt p orch w ith n o s tone s uperstructure .1
By p lac ing
t he t a l r ider f r ieze i n t he c el further d i f icu l ty i n P ern ier 's r estol l a wal l, a f r at ion i s a vo ided , t hat o f o bscur ing t he e labora te c arved l in te l a nd s eated g oddesses a bove i tw ith a n e nor mous f r ieze o n ly a s hort d istance i n f ron t o f i t . The c ere mon ia l s cu lp ted c el al ld h ave b een c lear ly v is ib le t hrough , la w l wou a s wel s s uf ien t ly p ro tec ted b y , al i ght p orch s uperstructure .1 42 l a fic The i n ter ior s urfaces o f t he c ere mon ia l d oor wou ld t hen b e d ecora ted i n ac ons isten t f ash ion w ith s tand ing f i gures i n r el ief—overhead , t he g oddesses, a nd a t t he s ides, t wo o ther f i gures, e i ther t wo f urther g oddesses o r t wo d ismoun ted warr iors, i fP ern ier 's i n terpretat ion o f t he b are ly p reserved f or m a t t he b ot orner o f t he s horter r e l ief s urface o f t he b lock i s c orrec t. 1 43 to m c S tand ing warr iors t a l e nough t o f i l t he r e l ief f i e ld o f 0 .75-0.76 m 1 44 wou ld l l c on tras t w ith t he t i ny s ca le o f t he moun ted r iders. On t he o ther h and , a s tand ing g oddess w ith in a f i e ld 0 .75 m h igh c ompares c lose ly w ith t he s tandi ng g oddesses o verhead , a pprox i ma te ly 0 .70 m h igh. 1 45 The g rea test d iff i cu l ty i n t he r econstruct ion i s P ern ier 's a ssert ion t hat t he h orse i den t if iab le o n t h is c orner f r ieze s lab i s mov ing t o t he r ight. The f i ve p reserved l ef tw a lk ing h orses a ccoun t f or a bou t 3 .64 m o f t he l eng th ,
1 46
a lready more t han
h a lf t he w idth o f t he b u ild ing a t t he l eve l o f t he c el la f ron t wal l, mak ing i mp oss ib le a r econstruct ion w i th h orses mov ing t owards t he d oor f rom e i ther s ide.
Two c onsecu t ive h orses n ose t o n ose o r r ump t o r ump s ee m u n l ike ly .
But a w al r ieze w ith a l l e f t- mov ing h orses, a nd t he o ne t o t he l ef t o f t he l f l c en tra l d oor t urned r ound t o f ace t he g oddess ' h ouse, i s p referab le t o Pern ier 's s uggest ion o f a n e n tab la ture f r ieze w ith a l ine o f h orses mov ing l ef t , a nd t he l ast o ne o n t he l e f t t urned r ound t o f ace t he o thers n ose t o n ose. 1 46
The q u iet p ace o f t he moun ted men a nd t he ir p o lo i s u its a s acred p rocess ion .1 47 A lthough t he r iders h ave t he ir w eapons r a ised a nd a t t he r eady , i n c on trast t o t he c asua l c arr iage o f w eapons i n t he Cor in th ian v ase-pa in t ings c i ted a bove, a r ea l b at tle s uch a s t hat d ep icted o n t he t erracot ta P a la ikastro s i ma 1 4 8 or t he o r ien tal iz ing C han ia s tone f r ieze s lab ( Pla tes 3 -4 ) o ugh t t o i nvo lve f ar more a ct ion a s wel s c har io ts. Wh i le t he C han ia s lab d oes l a a t l east b r ing t he f i gure o f a goddess i n to c onnec t ion w ith w arr iors a nd h orses, t here i s e very r eason t o b e l ieve i t was c op ied f rom a n o r ien ta l c ompos it ion d ep ict ing a n a ctua l b at ; p la in ly n o t t he c ase i n t he P r in ias c ompos it ion , tle where t here a re n o s igns o f a n e ne my .
Two e x tan t r epresen tat ions o f r iders
w ith s h ields i n C re tan s even th c en tury a rt a re o n r e l ief p i tho i, b o th f ro m P r in ias ; o n t he s econd a nd l a ter , t he a r med r iders a ppear b elow a Potn ia Theron , a lso w ith h orses , o n t he n eck o f t he v ase .1 49 P oss ib ly a r med r iders h ad a r itua l c onnect ion w ith t he g oddess ' c u l t a t t he s i te. The mu l t ip l icat ion o f t he r iders i n to a r epet it ive p rocess ion o n a monumen ta l s ca le i s r em in isc en t o f Assyr ian r e l ief s cu lp ture o f t he e igh th a nd s even th c en tur ies.
7 7
O f t he
le 5° o n ly t he S yr ian/Assyr ian o ther p aral ls a nd p ro to types t o b e p roposed, 1 s ee m r e levan t ; we h ave s een Egyp t h ad s ingu lar ly l i t t le e f fect u pon t he s ty le a nd f or m o f t he g roup o f s culptures, a nd w h i le t he Xan thos s cu lp ted t o mb monumen ts s ee m s tr ik ing ly a k in w ith t he ir h iera t ical ea ted f igures, f anly s t ast ic a n i ma ls, f a lse d oors, f i gures p erched u pon t he l in te l , a nd f r iezes o f w arr iors a nd a n i ma ls p erhaps w ith a n a po tropa ic f unct ion ,1 51 t he s er ies i s n ow r ecogn ized t o b eg in n o t e arl ier t han t he m idd le o f t he s ix th c en tury . 152 I f Mar ina tos ' c on jectura l r econstruct ion o f t he Dreros a nd P r in ias t e mp les ( t o w h ich t he G ortyn a rcha ic t e mp le may n ow b e a dded , a nd p oss ib ly t he Axos t e mp le a s w el s c orrec t ,1 53 t he l i gh t wood s tructures o f g ab led r oof o ver l) i c el nd l ow f l a t-roofed p orch o ver t he p ronaos wou ld h ave p resen ted s tr ikla a i ng s im i lar it ies t o t he s tructures c op ied o n L yc ian t o mbs a nd s arcophag i. But e ven i f , o nt he o ther h and , t he s im i lar g round p lans o f t he C re tan a rcha ic t e mp les a re t o b e r estored w ith h eavy , c ub ic f l a t-roo fed s uperstructures a long t he l i nes o f o r ien ta l t e mp les, 1 54 i ti s t ime t hat t he P r in ias t e mp le c eased t o b e c ons idered w ith in t he n arrow t er ms o f I on ic a nd Dor ic a rch itecture .1 55
The Gorgone ion P roto me f ro m Dreros ( Figure 5 1) The s of t l imestone g orgone ion f ro m Dreros p resen t ly f i xed o ver t he d oor o f t he a rcha ic s cu lp ture g al nt he Herak l ion Museum 1 56 w as f ound b u i l t l ery i i n to a modern c hape l a d jacen t t o t he s i te o f t he l i t le t e mp le o f Apol t t lo a Dreros, a nd a l most c erta in ly b e longed t o i t . I ti s o f s ome s ign if icance i n s p ite o f i t s e x tre me s tate o f w ear. I ti s w orked i n c rude r e l ief o n o ne e nd o f al imestone b lock w h ich i s a pparen t ly a rch itectura l , f or t he e nd o ppos ite t he g orgone ion h as b een t r i m med d own t o a ta i l ; t he r el ief f ace i s a t r igh t a ng les t o t he r est ing s urface. I tl ooks a s t hough i tw as i n tended t o b e i m mured i n t he w al f t he t e mp le, o n t he mode l o f t he t wo s im ilar l imestone h eads o f l o r oar ing l i ons f ro m a n e ar ly s even th c en tury P hryg ian b u ild ing a t Gord ion ( F igure 1 9 ); t he e xcavator s uggested a r ow o f h eads d own t he f acade o f t he b u ild ing .1 57 The g orgone ion mask a t Dreros r epresen ts i n a ny c ase a c onc ess ion t o s uch c anon ica l Greek a rch itectura l d ecora t ions a s t he t erracot ta g orgon o f t he l a ter s even th c en tury f rom t he t e mp le a t S yracuse 1 58 t
o r t he
59 p ed i men t o f t he Arte m is t e mp le a t Corcyra o f t he e arly s ix th c en tury. 1 The c rude Dreros p iece l ooks a n a f terthough t , a modern iza t ion o f t he l i t le t
c oun try t e mp le wh ich i s a t l east a s o ld a s t he p ot f t he l ater e ighth c entery o t ury f ound i ns ide i t .1 6 ° Wh en d id t h is Hel iza t ion o cc u r? l en Mar inatos w ished t o p lace t he g orgone ion i n t he s even th c en tury o n a ccoun t o f i t s r ud i men tary work , l ack o f r e l ief i n t he f ace, h or izon ta l mou th , a bsence o f f orehead , a nd s hort s tra igh t t ongue .1 61 H e f e lt t hese t ra its d ist ingu ished i ta s t he o ldest p reserved s cu lp tured g orgon , a nd p erhaps e ven t he o ldest g orgon p or tra it.
Bu t a re t hese f ea tures n ecessar ily a s ign o f h igh a n t iqu ity?
Cor in th ian p a in ted g orgons, whose s er ies b eg ins a lready b efore 6 50 ,16 2 d isp lay n early f ro m t he b eg inn ing a broad a nd a rch ing mou th i n wh ich c an ines s oon a ppear , ad ecora t ion o f l ocks o r s p ira ls a cross a f orehead wh ich i s d o med r ather t han f l a t , a nd , b y t he Trans it iona l p er iod , al ong c urv ing t ongue . 1 63 The l ast n a med e xa mp le, t he S yracuse t erracot orgon , a lta g t hough s tr ict ly s peak ing a r el ief , h as a f l at n ose.
On t he o ther h and , as hort
more h or izon ta l mou th w ithou t c an ines a nd a s hort t ongue may b e s een i n s o me p a in ted g orgons o ft he Midd le Cor in th ian p er iod , i n t he s econd q uarter 64 o f t he s ix th c en tury .1
7 8
Mar ina tos c ited t he g orgon p a in ted i n t he t ondo o f a Rhod ian v ase o f t he 65 l ate s even th c en tury 1
a s t he Dreros g orgone ion 's c losest p aral l el.
The
Rhod ian g orgon h as t he s quar ish f ace, smal or izon ta l e yes a nd mou th , a nd l h f l at f orehead o f t he l imestone g orgone ion .
Th is was a s tandard s even th c en-
t ury East Greek c haracter isat ion a nd a ppears a lso o n ac arved i vory d isc o f t he s even th c en tury f ound i n t he Arg ive Hera ion , p erhaps imported f ro m 66 I on ia. 1
Bu t b oth t he Rhod ian p a in t ing a nd t he I on ian i vory a re t iny s ketches,
a nd s how n one o f t he more i mpor tan t t ra its o f t he Dreros r e l ie f , s uch a s t he r ol f f ac ia l f l esh , b road b est ia l n ose a nd model yes. ls o l ed e o f t he who le e ar ly I on ian s er ies o f g orgons ,
1 67
As P ayne s ays
t he f ac ia l s ty l izat ion i s weak
a nd t here i s l i tt le d istor t ion o f t he f eatures i n e ither —the v ery o ppos ite o f t he c ase w ith t he Dreros g orgon . A lthough t he o r ig in o f t he g orgon t ype h as b een i nvest igated r epea ted ly168 t he d evelop men t o f t he t ype w ith in t he a rcha ic p er iod a nd e spec ial ith in ly w t he s ix th c en tury h as r e ma ined o bscure.
K arag iorga 's s tudy o f f orty-three
a rcha ic L akon ian g orgons t hrows l i gh t o n t he i ssue,
1 69
a s L akon ian g orgons
o f b oth a ' pure ' a nd a Cor in th ian iz ing t ype may b e s een t o c o-ex ist t hroughou t most o f t he s ix th c en tury , d e monstrat ing t hat n on-Cor in th ian f eatures a re n o t as uf ien t g round f or d a t ing a g orgon e arly. fic k on ian t he f o llow ing f ea tures :
K arag iorga l i sts a s ' pure ' L a-
s hort h or izon ta l mou th , l arge c reased n ose
a nd f ac ia l f o lds, a nd f at f or ms g iv ing a n impress ion o f im mob il ity a nd h eav in ess a nd a n e xpress ion o f r estra ined f eroc ity .1 70 71 marb le g orgone ion i n t he Tegea Museu m 1
The l ate s even th c en tury
i s t he c losest o f t he s even th c en-
t ury e xa mp les t o t he Dreros r el ief , b u t l acks t he f urrows i n t he c heeks a nd b row t hat a re t he l at ter 's most c haracter ist ic f ea ture ;
t hese a re f i rst s een
72 o n L akon ian g orgons o f t he s ix th c en tury .1
I n f act , t he d evelop men t o f p last ic r ol f f l esh i n t he g orgon 's f aces ls o t akes p lace t hroughou t t he G reek w or ld i n t he f i rst h a lf o f t he s ix th c en tury , a nd must b e d ue t o t he i ncreased p opu lar ity o f b ronze a nd t erracot orgonta g e ion p ro to mes, a s o pposed t o t he g rea ter p opu lar ity o f p a in ted g orgons i n t he s even th.
The Gorgone ion G roup o f p last ic v ases, p robab ly manu factured i n
73 Rhodes, s upp l ies a s er ies o f g orgons o f t he f i rst h a lf o f t he s ix th c entury. 1
An e arly s ix th c en tury e xa mp le i n Ro me 1 74
i s e n t irely Cor in th ian izing, t he
w ho le f ace b e ing f i led w ith t he e xaggerated f eatures wh ich g ive a n impress ion l o f merr i men t ;
am id s ix th c en tury e xa mp le s hows smal or izon ta l e yes a nd l h
a mou th e ngu lfed i n h orr ib le r ol f f l esh , w ith a s hort w ide b est ial n ose, ls o l ike t he Dreros e xa mp le
"F igure
a Cypr io t g o ld p endan t ,
' 5
5 2 );
t he d evelop men t i s c arr ied f urther i n
a nd may s t il e s een l ate i n t he s ix th c en tury o n l b
as carab p robab ly o f East G reek manu facture ( Figure 5 4 ).
The s a me d eve l-
o p men t may b e o bserved w ith in t he s phere o f Cor in th ian p roduct ion :
ab ronze
g orgon s tatuet f t he m id s ix th c en tury f ro m P erachora h as w ide c urv ing te o Cor in th ian mou th a nd c an ines, b u t smal or izon ta l e yes a nd f l eshy c heeks l h a nd b rows ( Figure 5 3 );
wh i le a b ronze g orgone ion o f t he l a te s ix th c en tury
h as a s hort h or izon ta l mou th a nd smal ongue a s w el 1. l t
1 76
The Gorgon h ead
o ver a r unn ing b ody o f d eveloped a rcha ic s ty le o n a bronze s h ie ld a r mguard f ro m O lymp ia i s, w ith i t s s hor t s l igh t ly c urved mou th s et i n a n o b long o f f l esh , a nd f l at h ead w ith f orehead c u t o f d irect ly o ver t he f l eshy b rows, f p art icu lar ly c lose t o t he Dreros e xa mp le. 1 77
The e yes a nd mou th e ven i n
p a in ted Cor in th ian g orgons b eg in t o l ose t he ir e xaggerat ion i n t he Midd le Cor in th ian p er iod. 7 9
I n a nswer t o Mar ina tos ' p o in t t hat t he f l at r el ief o f t he f ace i nd ica tes a n e arly d ate, t he marb le a kro ter ion w ith a gorgone ion i n t he S parta Museum o f 78 t he e nd o ft he s ix th c en tury 1
t h as j ust a s l i t le , a nd y et h as t re mendous p las-
t t i c p ower, a s d oes t he Dreros e xa mp le. I ft he c on trast o f t he l a ter w ith t he Cor in th ian izing Dreros b ronze g orgone ion 1 79 s ee ms t oo g reat f or c on te mpora ry p ieces, o ne n eed o n ly c i te t he l aka ina f rom t he a kropo l is o f S par ta, o f 5 90-80 ,1 80 o n w h ich b o th t he Cor in th ian iz ing a nd p last ic t ypes o f g orgon a pp ear t ogether , p erhaps f rom t he h and o f as ing le c raf ts man Ad ate i n t he s econd q uarter o f t he s ix th c en tury 1 81 wou ld s ee m a ppropr ia te f or t he Dreros r el ief , p ar t icu larly i n v iew o f t he p opu lar ity d ur ing t ha t t ime o f t he Gorgone ion v ases i n t he e astern Med iterranean.
A t t h is d ate t hen ,
t t he l oca l p eop le a t Dreros a te mp ted t o modern ize t he ir t e mp le i n c on for m ity w ith ma in land Greek i deas o f a rch itectura l d ecorat ion , a lthough n o t c on for m ing s o f ar a s t o b e e n t irely f ree o f c onnect ions w ith e astern a rch itecture.
Ap-
l i p aren t ly i t was n ot u n t il w el n to t he s ix th c en tury t hat C re te b egan t he move t oward t he ma instrea m o f G reek a rcha ic a rch itecture a nd c anon ica l a rch itect ura l d ecorat ion , i nt he e arly d evelopmen t o f w h ich s he c annot h ave p layed a s ign if ican t p art. As f or t he Gorgon h ead , e ven i n i t s worn s tate, i ti s e asy t t o s ee t hat i t s c rea t ion i nvo lved l i t le o r n o t r i mm ing o f t he b lock a f ter t he t a il h ad b een s haped.
The Axos Head ( P lates 1 9-20 ) A c har m ing h a l f l i fe-s ize h ead o f ay ou thfu l f i gure w it h s hou lderlength l h a ir a nd a f i let w as f ound a s hort d istance d own t he s lope f ro m t he Aphrod ite 82 t e mp le a t Axos .1
As t he h ead w as o bv ious ly o nce p ar t o f ah igh r e l ief ,
t p reserv ing r e ma ins o f a tach men t o n t he c rown a nd b e low t he n eck , i t may b e b rought i n to c onnec t ion w ith t he t e mp le i t se lf a s a rch itectura l d ecorat ion , ting. c hrono logy p er m it A lex iou h as a ss igned a l ow d ate o f 5 60-550 t o t he s ta tue, 1 83 b ased p r inly u c ipal pon f eatures o f t he h a ir a rrange men t , n a mely , t he p earl l ocks wh ich h e d escr ibes a s s of t u ndu la t ions r ather t han g lobu lar b uck les, t he c urv ing l ine o f t he f ron t h a ir a ga inst t he c heek , t he c omb ina t ion o f t he mot ifs o f f orel l h ead a nd c ran ia l f i let , a nd a lso o n t he f u ler c on f igura t ion o f t he c ran ium .1 84 l a Bu t t here a re g eograph ica l a s w el s c hrono log ica l c ons idera t ions i n t he s tyl i st ic d evelop men t o f t hese d if feren t a spects o f h a ir a rrange men t a nd f ace s hape i n G reek s tatues o ft he f i rst h a l f o f t he s ix th c en tury , t o w h ich g enera l p er iod t he Axos h ead b e lo n gs. Ear ly s ix th c en tury k ouro i a re d ist ingu ished b y an ew t ype o f h a ir r epres en ta t ion d ist ict f rom t he ' p earl l ocks ' o f s even th c en tury Dedal ic s cu lptures , a nd wh ich c on t inues a t l east i n to t he t h ird q uarter o f t he s ix th c entury ( i t i s 85 —a c ohes ive mass s een i nR ichter 's Anavysos-Ptoon 1 2 g roup o f 5 40-520 )1 o f h a ir w ith r opes o f p earls c omposed o f v ert ical a nd h or izon ta l l i nes c ross ing
o ne a no ther a t r igh t a ng les. I n t he At tic members o f t he S oun ion g roup o f 6 15-590, 1 86 t he p ear ls a re l ike k ernels o f c orn , s quar ish c losely p acked b eads l l s eparated b y s harp l ines wh ich f o low t he c urve o f t he k ernels, a l met icul ous ly f in ished ( ah ead i n t he A thens N at iona l Museum h as h a ir more l ike t he l ed i Axos h ead , b u t R ichter 's e arly d ate f or i th as b een c al n to q uest ion ) .1 87 Bu t o n s evera l Theran k ouro i o f t he s a me c hrono log ica l g roup , ak ouros f rom S an tor in i a nd o ne i n L eyden ,
1 88
t he p earls a re s eparated b y b roader d epress ions 8 0
w h ich c a tch t he s hadow , a s i nt he Axos h ead. The At ouro i s how a t r ick tic k o f s tagger ing t he k erne ls; t he Theran k ouro i l ike t he Axos h ead i nstead emphas ize t he r ad iat ing s pread o f t he h a ir o ver t he h ead , g iv ing t he i lus ion l o f a rounder more n a tura l c ran ium. W ith in t he n ex t c hrono log ica l g roup , t he O rchomenos-Thera o f 5 90-70 , t he Moschato k ouros f rom P ha leron h as h a ir s im i lar t o t he Axos h ead , w ith g reater s oph ist ica t ion i n t he r ender ing o f t he 89 d irect ion o f t he v er t ica l l ocks 1
p erhaps f ro m N axos,
1 9
i n t he h a ir mass;
a head i n Copenhagen ,
°h as s fuma to p earls h ang ing n ex t t o o ne a nother a s i f
i n h eavy c ha ins w here t he mass o f t he h a ir t urns a c orner n ex t t o t he c heek , s im i lar ly t o t he h a ir o nt he l ef t s ide o f t he Axos f ace ; b u t i n n e ither c ase h ave t he p earls t he v o lume o f t he Axos h ead 's.
O ther r epresen ta t ives o f t he
O rchomenos Thera g roup h ave p ear ls l ike c heckerboards o r r ep lace t he m a ltoge ther b y h or izon ta l d epress ions i nstead o f g rooves o r l ines; 1 91
i n t he
f o low ing Tenea-Vo lu mandra g roup o f 5 75-550 , At ouro i r e ta in s t if ernell tic k f k l ike p ear ls, wh i le Cor in th ian o nes d eve lop model l ed waves,
1 92 a nd i n t he Me los g roup o f 5 55-540, e astern s fuma to p earls h ave r eached At u t i n tica, b a smal nd f l at or m , w h i le i n t he e astern k ouro i, e xper i men tat ion w ith l er a t er f
wav ing v ert ica ls h as b egun .1 93 The Axos h ead h as u ndergone t he d eve lopmen t s een i n t he S oun ion g roup o f an ew s che me o f s pher ica l p ear ls o n ar educed a nd c ohes ive h a ir mass ; w ithi n t h is g roup i tb ears most r ese mblance t o Theran k ouro i w i th t he ir s hadowed a nd s fumato t echn ique f or t he p earls, a lthough i ta lso r ese mbles t he s omewhat l ater Moschato k ouros ' l ess g lobu lar p earls. I to ugh t t o f a l w ith in t he S ounl i on g roup , a t t he v ery e nd—chrono log ical , t here may b e al ag o f af urther ly d ecade. Turn ing t o t he c urv ing h a ir l ines o f t he Axos h ead , wh ile i ti s t rue t hat t he p reference among t he S oun ion k ouro i f or r ig id s heets o f h a ir i s ap ro mi nen t c haracter ist ic o f t he ir n ew s ty le , e ven among t he At ouro i, a l ove tic k f or l ong c urves a t c heek a nd n eck l eve l may c learly b e s een i n t he o u ter l i ne o f t he c o if f t he D ipy lon h ead , f ure o
1 94
wh ich f or ms a r ig id s heet i n t he p ro-
f i le v iew , b u t av o luptuous c urve s een f rom t he f ron t o r i n t hree-quarter v iew. S of t l imestone w as n o t s u ited t o t he d isp lay o f t echn ica l mastery s hown b y t hese n arrow s heets o f h a ir n early f reed f rom t he n eck i n t he S oun ion marb le k ouro i.
Prov inc ia l r epresen ta t ives o f t he g roup i n s of t l imestone
emphas ize swel urves w ithou t r ig id s heets : ling c
g ood e xa mp les a re t he f ul l
l ocks o f Der mys a nd K ity los w ith t he ir l ong c urves ( P late 2 8 ) ,a nd , among t he k ora i o f t he s a me p er iod , a head f ro m L anzarel ich u t il izes c urves l o wh i n af u l h a ir mass t o s o f ten a nd g ive v o lume t o a n a usterely n arrow f ace .1 95 l The t echn ique h as a n e ar l ier h istory i n C retan l imestone s cu lpture, f or i t h as b een s een i n t he Auxerre s tatuet P la te 1 3a ), where t he h a ir mass te ( s een i np ro f ile d raws a d e l ica te o g iva l c urve a ga inst t he c heek , a nd i n t he E leu therna s tatue i n ac ruder a nd more o bv ious f or m. A lex iou 's ' a dm irab le 96 a re w ith in s even th c en tury C retan t rad it ion , a nd a re r e ta ined b y c urves '1 s of t s tone s cu lptures o f o ther r eg ions i nt he e arly s ix th c en tury , a s b e ing s u ited t o t he t echn ique. The Axos h a ir f i ts w el he p rov inc ia l S oun ion l among t s cu lp tures i n s of t s tone. As f or t he p attern o ver t he c ran iu m :
t he s kul s g iven a n i lus ion o f l i l
a dd it iona l d ep th b y t he way i n w h ich t he p r i mary v ert ica ls o f t he l ower h a ir mass
a re c on t inued u pwards u nder t he f i let a nd j o in a t t he c rown ; l 8 1
t he
l ocks t hus s ee m t o r ad iate o u t a nd d own f rom t he c rown , d escr ib ing a doub le c urve. Among t he k ouro i, t he o n ly o nes w ith a s im i lar r ad iat ing t rea tmen t a re t he i s land k ouro i o f t he S oun ion g roup ( t he T hasos K r iophoros, t he f ragmen ts f ro m Thera , a nd t he L eyden h ead ), 1 97 a nd t he N ax ian Copenhagen 98 o f 5 90-570. S ucceed ing g roups d eh ead o f t he O rcho menos-Thera g roup 1 v elop v ar ious manner ist ic a pproaches t o t he c rown h a ir, i nvo lv ing e xper i ment a t ion w ith h a ir l ines c ross ing t he c rown f rom e ar t o e ar .1 99
K ouro i o f
l ater t han 5 70 h ave moved d ec ided ly away f rom t he Axos t reat men t , mak ing ad ate o f l a ter t han 5 70 f or t he h ead u n l ikely o n t h is g round a s w el l. N or i s t he c o mb ina t ion o f f orehead s p ira l a nd f orehead b and a r ea l b as is f or d at ing t he h ead i nt he s econd q uarter o f t he s ix th c en tury ( as A lex iou ). 200 A l though t here a re s evera l o ccurrences o f t he c omb inat ion o f ab and a nd s p in one o f t he m b ear a ny r ese mb lance r als i n t he O rcho menos-Thera g roup , 201 t o t he a rrange men t o f t he Axos h ead. The h ead d er ives t h is a rrangemen t f ro m Deda l ic t rad it ion ;
t he c o mb ina t ion o f l ow f orehead b and u nder f orehead
h a ir i n c ircles o r s p ira ls i s c o m mon o n c lay h eads i n C re te t hroughou t t he s even th c en tury . 202 The r oset i let h as n o c lose Greek p aral ls b efore m id c en tury , t he te f l le t ime o f p art icu lar ly s trong I on ian i n f luence o n ma in land a rt. The h ead o f a marb le s ph inx p erhaps f ro m Pha leron i s a n e ar ly e xa mp le;
t he f i let h as l
t hree a tach men t h o les d oubt less f or r oset ne o n e ach s ide a nd o ne i n t t es, o t he c en tre, a nd was made a bou t 5 50 ;2 03 p ar ison .
a lready t oo l ate t o b e a usefu l c o m-
The o rna men t o n t he Cretan h ead must d er ive f ro m t he l eather o r
c lo th h eadbands, w ith metal iscs w ith i nc ised o r r e l ief r oset f Aslic d t es, o s yr ian a rt ( Sargon I o f 7 21-705 a nd Ashurban ipa l o f 6 68-630 b o th w ear t he m i n a labaster r el iefs f ro m K horsabad a nd N ineveh ). 204 The Assyr ian h eadbands h ave f i ve metal oset et a t r egu lar i n terva ls, o ne o ver t he f orehead lic r tes s a nd t wo o n e ach s ide , a s i n t he Axos h ead.
T he s a me o rna men t a ppears i n
L ate H it cu lp ture : t he s ph inx a t t he p or ta l o f t he Z in9 ir l i t e mp le o f tite s a bou t 7 30 , i n t he Ara maean izing s ty le, 205 h as a r ibbon f i let d ecora ted w i th l n ine-leaf r oset t w ide i n terva ls, a nd a n i den t ica l a rrange men t a ppears t es a o n a ma le f igure f ro m a n o rthostate r el ief o f S ak9egözu , 206 P oss ib le i n ter med iar ies a re Phoen ic ian i vor ies :
a lso o f a bou t 7 30.
t wo i vory s tatuet eads te h
i nS yr ian s ty le f ound a t Ephesos 2 " h ave s im ilar f i le ts w ith l arge r oset l t es, a nd a n arrow b order o fh a ir b elow , b u t t he r oset t es h ave mu lt ip le l eaves a nd a re c on t iguous , e xpos ing n o b and.
Cypr iot l imestone s cu lptures m ight s erve
a s more a ppropr iate i n ter med iar ies :
a head i n N ew Y ork f rom t he C esno la
c ol t ion h as f ive l arge w idely s paced r oset ted o n a broad s trap o r l ec t es moun b and ; 208
t he s ty le i s w estern N eo-Cypr iot ( 6 10-560 , f o low ing S chm idt ). 2" l
There a re many o ther Cypr iot l imestone h eads w ith r osette f i lets , b ut t hey l a re o ft he Archa ic o r Cypro-Greek p er iods a nd mus t p ostda te t he Axos h ead. 2 1 ° S a l ien t f eatures o fh a ir a nd o rna men t s uggest t he Axos h ead b e longs l ate i n t he f i rst q uarter o f t he s ix th c entury , c . 5 90-570. 2 11
An e xa m inat ion o f
t he f ac ia l f or ms a nd model ears o u t t h is c onclus ion . ling b
A l though t he p ro-
n ounced c urve a t t he b ack o f t he h ead g ives t he impress ion o f c ran ia l d eve lo p men t ( P late 2 0 ), i ti s a ctual he u nderdeveloped l ower f ace a nd s kul ly t l wh ich make t he u pper s kul ee m t o s wel n c ontrast. l s l i
L ike t he Axos h ead ,
t he S oun ion g roup o f k ouro i h ave c ran ia h igh ly i fi ncorrect ly d eve loped i n t he
8 2
p rof i le v iew , b u t n arrow i nt he f ron t v iew.
I n t he p rof i le v iew , t he f orehead ,
ly u pper l i p a nd c h in wh ich a re l ined u p v ert ical , f or m a t r iang le w ith t he s tra ight l ower l i ne o ft he u nderdeve loped j aw a nd c h in , a nd t he s tra ight l ine o f t he b and o ver t he f orehead , a s i nt he N ew York k ouros, t he D ipy lon h ead , t he S oun ion k ouros a nd t he L eyden h ead.
The f l a t g eo metry o f t he f or m i s
a ccen ted b y t he l evel f eatureless s urface o f t he c heek a nd s ide o f t he t e mp le i np ro f ile, a nd b y t he s harp p o in t o f t he f l esh less c h in ( t he c h in i s p reserved o n ly i nt he N ew York k ouros;
t he S oun ion k ouros ' c h in h as b een r estored p er-
h aps w ith t oo much f l esh a nd b one ).
The t r iangu lar a bstract ion o f t he p rof ile
d oes n ot a ppear o n t he b ronzes o r s ta tuet t es o f t he p er iod , a nd i s d ispel l ed i n marb le monumen ta l s cu lp tures a s s oon a s t he j aw b eg ins t o d evelop i n f u l lness a nd c urvature , a nd t he f orehead , u pper l i p a nd c h in t o b e a l igned f i rst a long a s ing le ( i n k ouro i o f t he O rcho menos-Thera g roup ) t hen a d oub le c urve ( kouro i o f t he Tenea-Vo lu mandra g roup , where t he l ower p art o f t he f ace d escr ibes a c oncave a rc ).
The p ro f i le o f t he Axos h ead c anno t b e c on-
s idered a t hrowback t o l oca l Deda l ic t rad it ion ;
w itness t he b ackwards-
s lop ing f oreheads, r eced ing j aws a nd b ony c h ins w ith c urv ing j awbones o f t he E leu therna s tatue ( Pla te 1 5 ) a nd t he Auxerre s tatuet te. The Axos h ead i s b ased a t l east p art ly o n s pec if ic g eo metr ic f or mu las o f marb le s cu lp ture o f t he S oun ion p er iod. A s tra igh t p rof ile w ith smal l p o in ted f ea tures c ont inues a s af eature o f Cretan s ix th c en tury a rt , a nd may b e s een o n t erraco tt a r e l iefs o f t he s ix th a nd e arly f i f th c en tur ies i n Ox ford f rom L ato , a nd f rom 12 Bu t a lready i n t he e arl iest o f t hese, t he Ox ford r el ief o f t he Gortyn .2 s econd q uarter o f t he s ix th c en tury , t he j aw i s w el eve loped a nd s trong ly l d c urved , t he c h in s et o u t f rom t he n eck , t he c ran ium h eavy a nd r ounded i n b ack . Al l t hese a re c haracter ist ics l ater t han a ny th ing s een i n t he Axos h ead. I ft he s hape o ft he Axos f ace f ro m t he f ron t ( P late 1 9 ) s ee ms u n l ike t he c on tours o f t he S oun ion g roup , o ne h as o n ly t o d raw a n imag inary h or izon ta l o ver t he b rows o f t he S oun ion k ouro i o r D ipy lon h ead t o s ee t he s im i lar ity o f t he p endu lous o va ls. The c reator o f t he D ipy lon h ead a t te mp ted t o g ive more f ul o t he l ower f ace b y i n f lat ing t he c heeks i n a manner i rra t iona l i n t he l ness t a bsence o f a b one s tructure t o s upport t he m.
The Axos h ead h as i den t ica l
p uf u t c heeks. A f ter t he c lose o f t he S oun ion p er iod , d eve lop men ts i n t he fed o r epresen tat ion o f t he c heek-and j aw-bones f o low r ap id ly ; t he c h in o f t he l Moscha to k ouros, e ar ly i n t he O rcho menos-Thera s equence, i s f aceted t hree t imes a round t he l ine o f t he j aw , a nd s ucceed ing k ouro i o f t h is g roup c on t inue t he d eve lop men t .
The c heek s o f t he s a me k ouros b u lge g en t ly o n e ach s ide
o f t he f ace j ust b e low t he e yes; g roup o f k ouro i, n arrows.
a t t h is l evel , t he Axos h ead , l ike t he S oun ion
T he n arrow ing j us t b e low t he e yes , g iv ing t he
f ace ah eart s hape, i s s een i n a more e xaggerated f or m i n b ronzes o f t he S oun ion g roup , f or e xa mp le a s tatuet nA thens a nd a s tatuet ro m S a mos , te i te f i n b o th o f wh ich t he l ower f ace i s g iven f ul y a p uf f t he c heeks , l ness b finess o wh ich s erves t o a ccen tua te t he l ack o f b one s truc ture, a s i n t he Axos h ead. I n a ny a te mp t t o r ela te t he h igh-rel ief h ead o f a bou t 5 90-70 t o t he l i t le t t t e mp le n ear wh ich i tw as f ound , t wo t h ings must b e t aken i n to c ons iderat ion , t he p lan o f t he t e mp le, a nd t he p r inc ipa l f inds i n i t s e xcava t ion , t he s p lend id s er ies o fb ron zes o f t he f i rst h a lf o f t he s ix th c en tury .2 14 L it an b e s a id f or s ure a bou t t he a rcha ic t e mp le, a s i tu nderwen t t wo tle c s uccess ive r estorat ions , b u tb oth s ee m t o h ave b een c arr ied o u t o n t he 8 3
2 13
o r ig ina l p lan :
t hat o f al ong b u i ld ing w ith a s ing le e n trance o n o ne o f t he
s hort s ides, p erhaps w i th i n terna l s upports.
The p lan a ppears t o h ave b een
ly t t much l ike t hat o f t he Dreros a nd e spec ial he Pr in ias t e mp le ; i ft he l a ter was e rected l ike t he s cu lptures i n a bou t 6 00 , o ne m igh t e xpect t o s ee a s im il ar o ne e rected a t Axos t en o r t wen ty y ears l a ter. As f or t he b ron zes , t hey a re t oday c ons idered works o ft he f i rst h a lf o f t he s ix th c en tury. The b ronzes w ere f ound i n s evera l s pots n ear t he t e mp le , t o o ne s ide o f t he e n trance a nd s l igh t ly d own t he s lope f rom i t , m ixed i n w ith t i le, b r ick te f a nd s tatuet rag men ts f ro m t he t e mp le.
I ts ee ms l ike ly t hat t hey t oo c a me
f ro m i ns ide t he t e mp le , where t hey must h ave b een e xh ib ited a s v o t ives i n t he e arl ier p art o f t he s ix th c en tury. The l imestone h ead w as f ound a bit f urther o n , n ear s o me l a te t o mbs . 2 15
l ed f As i ti s h eav ier, i t wou ld h ave r ol urther d own t he s lope f ro m t he t e mp le, b u t s ee ms l i ke ly t o h ave c o me f rom i ta lso ; i fi tw as a f unerary monumen t a s A lex iou s uggests,
2 16
o ne might h ave e xpec t-
e d i tt o h ave b een f ound a t a greater d istance f rom t he t e mp le , a nd n ear a rcha ic t o mbs, wh ich w ere n o t f ound a t Axos i n t he t e mp le a rea. The s ugg est ion t ha t i tw as a n e x-voto i n t he t e mp le must b e d iscarded ; a l though a l r l arge s cu lp ture i n t he r ound , o r a smal e l ief m igh t b e d ed icated i n t he le t e mp le , s uch a l arge r el ief v ot ive i s u nparal led , a nd i ts ee ms c erta in f rom t he r ough f in ish ing o n t he s ides a nd b ack o f t he h ead t ha t i tc a me f rom a l arger c o mpos it ion .
By d efau l t t he h ead may b e c ons idered a s p ar t o ft he
t e mp le 's a rch itectura l d ecorat ion . Bo th t echn ique a nd s ca le s uppor t t h is l i den t if ica t ion . The h ead , f ree a l r ound e xcep t o n t op a nd f rom t he n eck d own , r ese mb les t he h eads f ro m t he my tho log ica l s cenes o f t he Arte m is t emp le a t Corcyra.
I n t he f i gure o f Chrysaor,
2 17
s ince t he b ody moves t o t he l ef t wh ile
t he f ace i s t urned f orward , a sy m metr ies o f t he f ace s im ilar t o t hose i n t he Axos h ead r esu l t , wh ile t he merg ing o f t he f i gure i n to t he b ackground b e low l d t he n eck c auses r ather f ul evelop men t o f t he u pper c ran ium a s c ompared w ith d im in ished d epth o f t he h ead a t c h in l evel. The h ead o f ak nee l ing g ian t t l y Z eus h as s im i lar a sym metr ies, 2 18 a nd t he f eatures h ave a l b een a tacked b r evo lved r ound t o t he f ron t p lane o f t he f ace, a s i s a lso t he c ase i n t he Axos h ead.
Co mpar ing t he a ss3 rmetr ies i n t he f aces o f Chrysaor a nd t he g ian t ,
l er c t he f ul heek a nd l ower e ye o n t he p roper l ef t s ide o ft he g ian t 's f ace s ugg est t hat t he Axos f igure was t urned t o t he s pec tator 's r igh t , l ike t he g ian t , a nd l ike t he v e iled wo man o f t he Mycena i ' me tope ' r e l ief . The Axos h ead , 1 6 cm h igh , i s a bou t t wo-th irds t he h e igh t o f t he h eads o f t he s ubs id iary f i gures o f t he Arte m is t e mp le p ed i men t ;2 19 t he w id th o f t he Axos t e mp le, 6 .42 m ,
2 2
° is o n ly a q uar ter t he s ize o f t he Ar tem is
t e mp le , a t 2 3.45 m. 2 21 The s ca le o f t he Axos h ead i s t oo l arge e ven f or t he c en tra l f i gure o f a ped i men t. One wou ld n ot e xpect t o f ind a p ed i men t i n Crete a t t h is d a te, b u t o nt he b as is o f t he t e mp les a t Gor tyn a nd e spec ial ly P r in ias , ad ado f r ieze. Bas ing t he c a lcu la t ions u pon t he r at ios o f f r ieze h e igh t t o w id th o f t e mp le a t Gortyn a nd P r in ias r espect ively , t he d ado a t Axos s hou ld h ave b een b etween 0 .80 a nd 0 .90 m h igh.
A s tand ing f i gure i s r u led o u t ,
f or t he h eads i nt he t r iad f r iezes a t Gor tyn a re h ard ly l arger t han t he Axos h ead.
A s ph inx , o n t he o ther h and , a s s uggested b yA lex iou ,
8 4
2 22
w ou ld
measure , o nt he b as is o f t he i nnumerab le s ph inxes o n p inakes o f Gortyn , f our t imes t he h e igh t o f i t s h ead b efore a dd ing t he p o los.
The Axos s ph inx would
h ave measured 0 .64 m w h ich , w ith t he a dd it ion o f p o los a nd b orders a bove a nd b e low , wou ld h ave f i l led a f r ieze o f 0 .80-0.90 a dm irab ly , a s wel l a s s o lv ing t he v ar ious t echn ica l d if f icu l t ies men t ioned a bove —assy rnetry , a t tachmen t a bove v ia p o los, t he t urn t o t he s pecta tor 's r igh t. I t wou ld a lso e xp la in w hy t he s ex o ft he h ead i s s o u nspec if ic. A p inax f rom Gortyn o f d eveloped l s ty le i s i lustrated t o s uggest a r econstruct ion f or t he s ph inx f r ieze ( Figure 5 3 ) ; t he l at ter wou ld o f c ourse h ave b een i n much h igher r el ief. A l though t he Axos h ead may d ocumen t t he c on t inu ing u se o f t he t rad it iona l l i d ado f r ieze wel n to t he s ix th c en tury , i ti s a t t he s ame t ime t he e ar l iest l e x tan t C retan s cu lpture t o s how s igns o f t he d irec t i n f luence o f marb le a s w el a s l imestone s cu lp ture o ft he ma in land. The a ustere l ines a nd l ong c urves tica a a re f ac ia l c haracter ist ics d ist ingu ish ing e arly s cu lpture o f At nd t he i s lands ;
t he d eep t r i mm ing away a round t he s ides a nd b ack o f t he h ead w ith
q u ick s trokes o f a broad c h isel , a nd t he c on f iden t manner i n w h ich a reas n o t t o b e s een a re l ef t c rude , i s r em in iscen t o f t he h igh r e l iefs a t Corcyra.
Two B ird S culptures f ro m Amn isos ( Pla te 2 1 ) Two s cu lptures d isp layed i n t he r oo m o f a rcha ic s cu lp ture i n t he Herakl i on Museum may b e s tud ied a s af ina l c hapter i n t he h istory o f l imestone s cu lpture i n C rete. These a re t wo c o lossa l s o f t l imestone b irds, r econstructed f rom f rag men ts e xcavated b y Mar inatos i n t he s anctuary d ed ica ted t o Z eus Thena tas a t Amn isos b etween 1 933 a nd 1 938. 2 23 A t t he t ime o f e xcavat ion , t hey w ere t hough t t o b e long t o t he Ro man p er iod o f t he s anctuary . 224 As t he c omp lex ity o f t he s trat igraphz i n t he s anctuary b eca me a pparen t , t hey were a ss igned t o t he l ater p er iod. z 25 Whether Hel l en ist ic o r Ro man , t hey w ere f e l tt o i l lustrate t he c lose c onnect ions w ith Egyp t t owards t he e nd o f t he s anc tuary 's h istory , a lready a pparen t f ro m a w ea lth o f Egyp t ian m inor o b jects p resen t i nb oth s trata , b u t o ccurr ing w ith e ver i ncreas ing f requency u pwards . 2 26 The b r ief n ot ice i den t ify ing t he s cu lptures d ates t he m 5 50-530 , ad ate a ppare n t ly c hosen o nt he g rounds t hat i ft hey a re t o b e b rough t i n to c onnect ion w ith t he a rcha ic s tra tum i n t he s anctuary , t hey c anno t p ostdate t he e nd o f t he S a ite p er iod , when t he i mport o f smal l Egypt ian o b jects n o d oubt c eased , a s i td id f or e xa mp le a t S a mos . 2 27 P laton 's g u ide t o t he museum moved t he m b ack t o t he e ar ly s ix th c en tury. 2 28 I ti s u n fortuna te t hat t he s trat igraphy i n t he Thenatas s anc tuary w as t oo d isturbed t o b e o f r ea l u se i n d a t ing t hese r are e xa mp les o f s of t l imestone s cu lp tures e xcavated i n s i tu. The r e ma ins c ons isted o f a smal l Minoan b u i ld ing , u pon wh ich w ere d irect ly f ounded f urther w al ls o f Hel l en ic c haract er . 2 29 The c o mp lex c on ta ined t wo ma jor d epos its, a n u pper o ne o verly ing t he H el l en ic a nd e arl ier a rch itectura l r e ma ins, c haracter ized b y Ro man p ot tery a nd Egyp t ian i mports, s eparated b y al ayer o f s and a nd p ebb les f ro m ad ark e arthy d epos it o fb urn t o f fer ings w ith in t he b ounds o f t he e arly s anet uary ,2 30 wh ich y ie lded b ronze o b jects i n p oor c ond i t ion ( t aken b y t he e xc ava tor t o b e a rcha ic ), G eometr ic o r O r ien ta l izing p ot t ery , smal l Egyp t ian to m 2 31 f a ience imports, a nd a t t he v ery b ot , Minoan o b jects . were f ound i n f rag men ts most ly w ith in t he u pperlayer, 2 32 t he l ower l ayer a s w el 1. 2 33
The b irds
b u t p art ly w ith in
Bu t i n a ny e ven t t he d epos its a re n o t s ea led
8 5
l en l ene ven w ith in t he b road l im its o f ' a rcha ic ' a nd ' Hel ist ic-Ro man ' , f or H el Geometr ic o r O r ien ta l iz ing
34 tery was f i st ic p ot ound i nt he l ower s tratum ;2
p ot ound a bove a rcha ic, a ssoc ia ted w i th a l eky thos o f a bout 4 00 tery was f 35 The t wo b irds m igh t h ave b een e rected a t a ny t ime i n t he a rcha ic, B. 0 .2 c lass ica l o r Hel ist ic p er iods. The ir d ate must b e d eter m ined b y s ty l isl en
t i c c ons iderat ions. P rev ious d iscuss ions o f t he b irds h ave b een b ased u pon a n a ssumed c lose a rt ist ic c onnect ion w ith Egyp t , b u t t he ir i den t if icat ion w ith k nown Egyp t ian t ypes p resen ts d if f icu lt ies.
Mar ina tos t er ms b o th b irds ' f a lcons ' o r ' s parrow-
h awks ', a nd L erner le a nd K irsten f o low h im , l d if feren t t ypes. p ort ions :
2 36
b u t t he t wo b irds a re i n f ac t
Many d iscrepanc ies may b e s een i n t he p reserved o r ig ina l
n r. 3 81 ( Plate 2 1a , b ) h as a w ide f l at c ran ium a nd s quat n arrow
n eck , n r. 3 82 ( P late 2 1c , d ) a high n arrow c ran ium a nd t a l s pread ing n eck ; l 3 81 a l ong c hubby o b l ique b ody , 3 82 a n u pr igh t , s hor t s lender o ne ; 3 81 h as s hort s tumpy l egs , 3 82 l ong s tra igh t o nes; 3 81 a ta i l w h ich sweeps o ut b eh ind h im , 3 82 o ne wh ich r uns d irect ly d own t o t he g round. I s e i ther im itated f ro m c urren t Egyp t ian ty pes?
Egyp t ian h e irog lyph ic
s cr ip t o f t he S a ite p er iod c on ta ins f i ve b ird s ymbo ls,
b u t n e ither b ird f ol pec if ic Egyp t ian t ype c losely ; a nd n e ither i s more Egyp t ian t han l ows a s t he o ther. I ft he Cretan s cu lptor i n tended t o p ortray a n Egyp t ian c u l t i mage , 2 37
h is c reat ions a re r elated o n ly i n av ery g enera l way t o t he Egyp t ian t ypes. The impress ion i s c on f ir med w hen t he C retan b irds a re c ompared t o a ctua l Egyp t ian b ird s cu lptures i n t he r ound.
On ly t he f a lcon w as p or trayed
i nt he r ound , a nd t he t ype l a id d own i n t he O ld K ingdom p ers isted u na l tered i n to t he Ro man p er iod. A g roup o f s ix b ronze f a lcons f ro m a n Egyp t ian 38 t o mb o ft he 3 0th Dynas ty2
may b e u sed t o i lustrate t he d egree o f v ar iat ion l
i n t he r epresen ta t ion o f t he v ar ious p arts o f t he b ody wh ich o ne m igh t e xpect t o f ind i n Egyp t ian f a lcons i n a ny p er iod. C er ta in f eatures o f t he C re tan b irds a re s een i n n one o f t he f a lcons. The f a lcons a l h ave s heathl ike b ody l w ith w ings f o lded f l ush a ga inst t he t a il ; s eparated f rom t he t a i l.
b o th C retan b irds h ave w ings wel l
The f a lcons a l h ave l ong l egs w ith a s ty l ized t ubul
l ar c as ing o f f ea thers, l ike t hose o f 3 82;
t hose o f 3 81, s hor t , a nd emerg ing
n atura l ist ical ro m t he s of t f l eshy l ower s tomach , a re n o t p aral led. The ly f le f a lcons ' b eaks a re n ever l onger t han t hey a re h igh , b u t s horter i n t wo c ases . The b eak o f 3 82 i s ar estorat ion , b u t t hat o f 3 81 i s much l onger t han i ti s h igh. C lear ly t hese f eatures d er ive f rom e lsewhere. The w ho le s p ir it o f t he b irds i s u n-Egyp t ian . The Egypt ian b irds a re t ense, b u t r ig id a nd l i fel ess.
The C re tan b irds h ave s lacker , more l oosely j o ined b od ily p arts.
N or a re t he C re tan b irds model n Egyp t ian iz ing b irds, s uch a s t he l ed o s er ies o f s of t l imestone s tatuet f Cypr iot o r ig in f ro m t he Hera ion a t t es o S a mos, 2 39 wh ich a s imports m ight h ave i nsp ired a rcha ic Egyp t ian iz ing c op ies. The b irds f ro m S a mos, a l t o b e d ated b efore 5 60 o n g rounds o f l s trat igraphy , a re s ty l ist ical l v ery s im i lar. S evera l s i mp le, a bstrac t ly a l a nd w el ised c urves sweep a part t o d e l ineate t he f l at ead, e ye l -pract t ened h c av ity a nd c on tour o ft he w ing , meet ing e legan t ly a t t i p o f b eak a nd t a il. The s hea thl ike b ody , a ga inst w h ich t he w ings a re c lose ly t ucked , i s mass ive , c o mpact a nd u ndecorated.
The t ype i s c op ied f rom s uch Egyp t ian i mports
a s t he b ronze f a lcon e xcava ted i n t he Hera ion. 2 40 8 6
As t he l a ter s tone b irds
a re d oubt less model l ed o n t he e arl ier o nes r ather t han o n t he o r ig ina l Egyp t ian model (s ), t he g roup g ives u s a n i dea o f t he amoun t o f v ar ia t ion a nd c hange l i ke ly t o b e f ound among a rcha ic Egyp t ian iz ing b irds.
A lthough t he b ird s cu lp-
t ures f ro m Amn isos a re r e lated t o t he Cypr io t o nes i n p ose a nd p roport ion , t he c o mpar ison o n ly s erves t o h e ighten t he Greek c haracter o f t he C retan b irds, w ith h ead s et o f f c lear ly f ro m n eck , w ings a nd t a il d if feren t iated f rom b ody , a nd i n terest i n ad ecora ted s urface p at t erned o n n atural f eather f or mat i ons;
a s w el l a s t he l ack o f t he s oph ist icat ion a nd s ty l iza t ion t o b e e xpected
i n monumen ta l w orks o f t he a rcha ic p er iod.
Ap lace must b e s ough t f or t he m
among Greek works o f af ter 5 60. There a re n o o ther e x tan t e xa mp les o f l arge-sca le Greek r epresen ta t ions o fb irds; smal l b ronze a nd s tone b irds d o n o t a ppear i n Greek a rt u n t il t he e nd o f t he s ix th c en tury B .0 . , a nd t hen o n ly r arely. 2 41 Co in r epresen tat ions f urn ish t he o n ly c on t inuous s er ies o f G reek b ird p ortra its. Eag les a ppear o n t he c o in-types o f s evera l c i t ies o f t he G reek ma in land i n t he s ix th c entury. C ha lk is i ssued a c o in w ith a n e ag le o bverse i n t he l ast q uarter o f t he s ix th 2 42 c en tury , a nd E l is a n a l most i den t ica l o ne s hort ly t hereaf ter ;
as im ilar
b ird a ppears o n a n e ar ly s ix th c en tury v ot ive b ronze s h ie ld f rom S a mos . 2 43 T he b od ies, s een i n t he a rcha ic f l y ing p os it ion f am il iar t o s ix th c en tury p ot ,2 44 h ave n oth ing i n c o m mon w ith t he Amn issos s cu lptures i n a t itude tery t o r s hape. Bu t t he d ecora t ive p a tterns u sed t o i nd icate t he ir f eathers a re t he s a me o nes u sed b y t he s cu lp tor o f t he s tone b irds : s hort p aral trokes l el s a round t he n eck , u nbroken p aral l el l ines r unn ing t he l eng th o f t he w ings, a nd g lobu les ( t he d ie-cut 's s ubst itu te f or t he r ow o f s cal arved o n t he t er l ops c s tone b irds ) o n t he u pper w ings, b reast a nd s tomach. There a re s evera l l ater a rcha ic Greek s cu lp tures o fb irds i n s tone a nd b ronze.
Ah ead less s of t l imestone s iren i n Cor in th d ated t o t he s econd h a lf
o f t he s ix th c en tury2 45 i s t echn ical o mpact. I ti s c arved i n o ne p iece w ith ly c a support r unn ing t he who le l eng th o f t he l ower b el , a nd t he w ings a re u nly d i feren t ia ted f rom t he f ul ody. f l b
The i n terest s hown b y t he C re tan a rt ist i n
f ree ing t he l egs, f eet , w ings a nd t a il f rom t he s tone mass i s l ack ing. more, t he t reatmen t o f t he s urface i n t he Cor in th b ird i s f ar f iner :
Further-
t he l ong
w ing f eathers a re r endered b y f l at s taggered p lanes wh ich g ive a n impress ion o f o ver lapp ing.
The s urface d ecorat ion o f t he C retan b irds i s b o th h asty
a nd f ussy b y c o mpar ison.
The Cor in th s iren s ee ms o f f iner b u t more a rcha ic
w orkmansh ip t han t he Cre tan b irds.
The s a me may b e s a id o f as tone e ag le
f rom a d ed ica t ion o f t hree a n i ma ls a t S ard is : 2 46
c ompact b ody , w ings a nd
l egs n o t f reed , b reast f ea thers i n s cal ike t he C retan b irds' , b u t more l ops l c areful xecu ted ; a n i nscr ip t ion o f t he m id f ourth c en tury i den t if ies t he m ly e w i th e ven ts o f t he s ix th , s o t he e ag le 's d ate i s p robab ly l a te s ix th , a l though i ti s o pen t o q uest ion— in f or m i ti s s t il loser t o t he Horus b irds. l c
A smal l
o w l o f s o f t l imestone i n B er l in i s p robab ly s o mewhat l a ter , o f t he e nd o f t he s ix th c en tury. 247
The f ussy d ecora t ion c over ing t he e n t ire s urface o f t he
b ody i s a ch ieved t hrough a c o mb ina t ion o f i nc is ion a nd r el ief. I nsofar a s t he H erak l ion •b irds c on t inue t he a pparen t t rend f or t he c o lor ist ic e fec t o f i nf c ised l inear o rna men t t o r ep lace t he more p a instak ing l a te s ix th c en tury e ff ec t o f r el ief s urfaces, t hey s hou ld b e p laced l a ter t han t he Berl in ow l , i n t he e ar ly f i f th c en tury o r l ater. R ich ter d ates a bronze ' p igeon ' f rom t he a cropo l is o f A thens t o t he e arly f i f th c en tury. 248
8 7
I th as t he b od ily p roport ions
o f Hera ld ion n o. 3 81;
l ong , f ul l b ody w ith c omparat ively smal l h ead a nd
t a il , l egs s hort a nd f l eshy a t t he t op where t hey merge n a tural ist ical ly i n to t he s to mach. I th as s im ilar s urface p at terns a s w el l: l ong p aral le l g rooves o n t he w ings, s cal l ops o nt he b reast a nd n eck . The w ings a re c learly d i ff eren t iated f rom t he b ody.
When a l lowance h as b een made f or d if ferences i n
s ca le a nd mater ia l , i ti s t he c losest o f t he l a te a rcha ic G reek s cu lptures t o 2 49 t he C retan b irds .
I nt he f i rs t h a lf o ft he f if th c en tury , t he a rcha ic f ly ing p os it ion o f t he s ix th c en tury c o in t ypes i s f i nal el inqu ished , a nd b irds o n G reek c o ins c ome ly r d own t o t he g round i n a n a t itude l ike t ha t o f t he Amn isos b irds. t Akragas o f a bou t 4 80 250
A c o in o f
s hows a n e ag le i n p rof i le s tand ing q u iet ly w ith h ead
s tra ight f orward , n o t ors ion o r move men t i n h is b ody ;
t he t ype i s r epea ted
2 51 o n l ater f i f th c en tury c o ins o f Akragas .
' Cretan i ssues b eg in a round t he m idd le o f t he f if th c en tury . 252 A n umber o f C retan c i t ies o f t he c lass ica l p er iod s howed b irds w h ich h ave b een i den t if ied a s e ag les o n t he ir c o ins.
S i lver c o ins o f P ra isos i n e ast Crete s how a s tand-
i ng b ird w ith i t s w ings r a ised. 253 I th as a l t he e ssen t ia l c haracter ist ics o f l Herak l ion n o. 3 81: l ong b ody , smal ead , l ong f at s tomach p aral o t he l h l el t g round , f l at c ran iu m , b eak c urved a bove b u t s tra igh t b elow. Head p os it ively , Wroth t en tat ively , i den t ify t he b ird a s a n e ag le, b u t i tl ooks l ike a pigeon . The s a me p igeon-l ike b ody a nd f l a t c ran ium a re t o b e s een i n af l y ing b ird o n t he o bverse o f as i lver c o in o f L yt ou theast o f Knossos; 254 t os, s r uns t hrough t he f if th a nd f ourth c en tur ies.
t he s er ies
Bo th Wroth a nd H ead p os i t ively
i den t ify t he b ird a s a n e ag le , a s L yt igured c en tral n t he a ccoun t o f t os f ly i t he b irth o f Z eus i n Hes iod ( Theogony 4 77 ). 2 55 A q u ite d if feren t s ort o f ' eag le ' a ppears o n c on te mporary i ssues o f I t anus o n t he e ast c oast. 2 56 The t ype i s t hat o f n o . 3 82 : smal hort b ody o f e qua l l eng th w ith t he c omb ined l s w ings a nd t a i l , t a l s turdy u pr igh t l egs, l arge h ead w ith t a l n arrow r ounded l l c ran iu m.
The f eathers o n a l t he b irds o n c o ins f rom C rete a re s im ilar t o l
t hose o f t he l imestone b irds, l ong p aral l i nc is ions f or t he f o lded w ings a nd le s hort l ines o n t he n eck . The t wo l imestone b irds a re t hus p erfect ly a th o me w ith in t he l oca l Cretan s er ies o fb ird r epresen tat ions o n c o ins.
Un for tunate ly ,
n one o ft he C re tan i ssues h as b een p rec ise ly d a ted , a nd t here i s s ome a rgumen t a s t o whether a ny o f t he m may b e d a ted e arl ier t han t he f ourth c entury .2 57 S t il ti s a pparen t t ha t a s t he s er ies p roceeds, t here i s a n e ver g rea ter t enl i d ency t o s how b irds i n d ra ma t ic move men t a nd w ith f ea thers s t irr ing. Both t ra its a re a lready a pparen t o nt he e arly f ourth c en tury c o ins o f C roton , w ith a n e ag le o n t he o bverse . 2 58
Con t inu ing i n to t he f ourth c en tury , t he o ld c on-
v en t ions f or t he f eathers g radual ive w ay t o a more impress ion ist ic r enly g d er ing , i n w h ich t he d if feren t p ar ts o f t he b ody a re n o l onger d ist ingu ished o ne f ro m a nother b y d if feren t s or ts o f s ty l izat ion o f t he f ea thers ( f or e xa mp le , ac o in o f E ls w ith e ag le o nt he r everse ) . 2 59 l
The C retan c o ins s how ing a
b ird w ith s ty l ized f eathers i n as ta t ic p ose s hou ld f a l e arly i n t he s er ies o f l c lass ical C retan c o ins a s a who le, p erhaps n o t l ater t han t he e nd o f t he f i f th c en tury. A s urvey o f a rcha ic a nd c lass ica l Greek b ird t ypes h as s hown t ha t a l l t he c harac ter ist ics o f t he b irds f ro m Amn isos, i nclud in f t he d i ferences b ef t ween t he m , a re a tr ibu tab le t o a rt ist ic c urren ts i n t he Greek wor ld . t
Bu t i t
h as n ot f urn ished a p rec ise d ate, f or t he s ty l izat ion a nd t echn ique o ft he 8 8
f eathers i s f ound o n s tone b irds o f t he l a te s ix th c entury , s tone , b ronze a nd c o in b irds o f t he f i f th , a nd p erhaps e ven o n C retan c o in t ypes o f t he f ourth ; t he q u iet p osture i s n o t c om mon o n c o ins a f ter t he e arly f if th c en tury ;
where-
l p a s t he t ru ly b ird-l ike smal roport ions o f t he b ody c o mpared t o t he h ead , w ings a nd t a il a re n ot c o m mon o n c o ins b efore t he l a te f if th c en tury ( a l though t he Acropo l is b ronze p resen ts t he p oss ib i l ity t ha t t hey may h ave a ppeared o n b ronzes n ow l ost b eg inn ing e arly i n t he f i f th c en tury ). There r e ma ins o ne p iece o f e v idence , t he c ur ious a rch itectura l moun t ing o f t he b irds. The l arge q uadrangu lar b locks u pon w h ich t hey a re s upported i n t he museum a re a l mos t e n t irely r estora t ion , b u t o r ig ina l s tone s urfaces a re p reserved a t s everal v i ta l p o in ts.
On n o. 3 81 ( Plate 2 1b ), n early t he e n t ire u pper v o lu te i s p reserved.
A l though v ery worn , t he v o lu tes a re c arved i n t hree t urn ings c lockw ise f ro m f ly t he i ns ide o u t , e ach t urn ing t i l ted s o t ha t i t s u pper p art i s o fset p last ical a ga inst t he t urn ing o u ts ide a nd a bove;
i n o ther words t he t urn ings a re s epa-
ly l r a ted s cu lp tural , r ather t han b y means o f f i lets , l ines o r c hannels.
On
n o. 3 82, n e ither e nd o f t he u pper c y l inder i s p reserved , b u t an arrow v ert ica l s ect ion o f t he s tone b lock i s ( P late 2 1d ), e nab l ing t wo f urther c y l inders, o f d im in ish ing d ia me ter, t o b e made o u t , f o l lowed a t t he b ot t om b y a base p l in th w ith v ert ica l f ace. The p reserved v ert ica l s ect ion i n n o. 3 82 s hows t he l ed u c y l inders i n r etreat d ownwards. The b ase i s a pparen t ly model pon t r iv o lu te I on ic a n ta c ap ita ls , as er ies wh ich b egan a bou t t he m idd le o f t he s ix th c en tury , a nd c on t inued i n to t he C lass ica l p er iod. Hah land f inds t he Amn isos v o lu tes c lose t o a n a n ta c ap ita lf ro m S a mos o f a bou t 5 50. 260
The v o lu tes o f
t h is c ap ita l a re e ach , a s a w ho le , s l ight ly c oncave i i n t hat t he c en tres a re d epressed a s c o mpared w ith t he o u ts ide t urn ing ; 261
b u t t he r ol ads a re l ed p
t hemse lves c onvex , a nd s eparated f ro m o ne a no ther b y af i let , a s i n c anon il c a l e xa mp les o f h igh a rcha ic v o lu tes s uch a s t hose o f t he m id-s ix th c en tury t e mp le o f Arte m is a t Ephesos,
2 62
where t he v o lu te a s a who le l i es i n as ing le
f lat p lane. A N ax ian s ix th c en tury a lterna t ive t o t he c onvex r ol ad i s t he l ed p r ol nt he f orm o f as hal ven c hannel , h ol u t b etween s eparat ing , l i l ow e l owed o u sual t ip le , f i lets. l y mul l
The N ax ian s ph inx d ed ica ted a t De lph i i s a n e ar ly
e xamp le , f ol y t he N ax ian s ph inx f rom Delos . 2 63 The N ax ian t ype was l owed b av ery p opu lar o ne t hroughou t Greece a t t he e nd o f t he s ix th c en tury ; g ood e xamp les a re t he v o lu tes o f t he I on ic c onso les o f t he l a te s ix th c entury Amyk la ion a t S parta ,
2 64
w here h ol hanne ls w ere s epara ted b y d oub le l ow c
r a ised f i lets, s o me c ap ita ls i n t he Paros Museum , w ith h ol hanne ls a nd l l ow c t r ip le r a ised f i lets, l
2 65
a nd c ap ita ls f ro m a n I on ic t e mp le o f t he e nd o f t he
s ix th c en tury a t Thessa lon ik i2 66 w ith s ing le r a ised f i let u sed i n terchangeab ly l b etween h ol r r a ised p ads. I n a l t he s ix th c en tury e xa mp les o f c oncave l ow o l p ads , t he f i let i s n ecessary b ecause t he h ol ad i s n ot a plast ic b u t a l l ow p n ega t ive f or m ;
a nd t he t urn ings a l l i e i n t he s a me f l a t p lane. l
N o t b efore a
t r i-vo lu te a n ta c ap ita l o f t he s econd h a l f o f t he f i f th c en tury f rom D idyma 2 67 c an w e i den t ify a n e xa mp le where t he c oncave c hannels h ave o u ter e dges wh ich a re r a ised a s c o mpared w ith t he i nner e dges o f t he n ex t t urn ing o u t , f or m ing a s uccess ion o f p last ical ef ined p lanes wh ich make t he d ef in ing ly d f i let s uperf luous. The p last ic s yste m o f t he f i f th c en tury , r a ther t han t he l c o lour ist ic o ne o f t he s ix th , i s t he o ne c op ied i n t he Amn isos p edesta ls . 2 68 Re la ted f i f th c en tury e xamp les c o me f rom Ch ios a nd J eraka . 2 69 A s f or t he p os it ion o f t he b irds :
n oth ing wou ld p reven t t he r estorat ion o f
a n o b l ique l ower s urface f or t he moun t ing b locks, s uch a s wou ld b e r equ ired 8 9
bu i ld ing w ith r ak ing r oof ; b y c orner a kro ter ia o f at e mp le o r la
b u t t he r a ther
h igh f ace p resen ted b y t he s uper i mposed c y l inders, n ear ly t he h e igh t o f t he b irds a s econd t ime, s ee ms u nsu itab le f or c orner a kro ter ia , whether a t t he e nds o f af l at o r r ak ing r oo f ; n or w ere a ny o f t he a rch itectura l r e ma in s a t Amn isos o f s uf ien t s cope t o e nab le a te mp le r equ ir ing a kroter ia l s cu lp tures fic o f s uch a s ize t o b e r estored. 2 " There w ere a p rofus ion o f smal nd s ubs id iary r oo ms, n o d oub t l wal ls a o r ig inal oo fed , a t t he Amn isos s anctuary , b u t a s c an b e s een f ro m t he s ecly r t i on o f t he s i te g iven i n t he f i na l y ear 's e xcava t ion r eport ,2 71 c avator p o in ted o u t ,
a nd a s t he e x-
a l t he w al ith t he e xcep t ion o f t he Hel ic s uperl ls w l en
2 72
s tructure f ounded u pon t he Minoan w al est u pon t he l ayer o f s and s epara t ing l, r t he ' Ro man ' l evel f ro m t hose b elow , a nd s o a re p robab ly o f L ate Hel ic o r l en Ro man d ate.
Mar inatos c onc luded t hat t he Hel ic- M inoan w al ound ing l en l, b
t o t he s ou theast t he a rea where t he l imestone b irds a nd t he o ther o b jec ts were f ound i n ad eep d epos it , f or med t he p r inc ipa l b oundary o f a h ypaethra l s anct uary. 2 73 The p a ir o f l imestone b irds o n t he ir a n ta-cap ita ls c ou ld h ave s urmoun ted t he a n tae a t e ither s ide o f t he e n trance ; t r i-vo lu te a n ta c ap i ta ls p robab ly o f p ost-Pers ian d ate 2 74 were u sed s im i lar ly a t D idy ma a t t he e n trance t o a smal nclosure, p oss ib ly a n a iskos o r a l tar . 2 75 l e
Mar inatos s uggested
t ha t t hey w ere moun ted o n p il lars n ear t he a l tar l ike t wo e ag les i n t he s anci fs o , n oth ing r e ma ins o f t he p i lars. l
76 t uary o f Z eus Lyka ios i n Arcad ia ;2
One w ay o r t he o ther , ar a ised p os it ion s ee ms p referab le , a s t he b irds w ere a pparen t ly mean t t o b e s een f ro m b e low , a nd p r i mar i ly f rom t he f ron t ; a l l t he d eta i ls a nd b od i ly p at ccur o n t he f ron t a nd l ower s ides o f t he b od ies , t erns o t he b ack f ea thers a re c rude a nd c ursory , t he u pper s urface o f t he a n ta s upports c annot h ave b een mean t t o b e s een , n or c an t he t a il s upport o f n o. 3 81; a nd t he c oarse l inear d e ta il ing s ee ms mean t t o c reate a c o lour ist ic e fec t f ro m a f smal istance. l d Ad ed icatory i nscr ip t ion f ro m t he s i te i n for ms u s t hat i tw as a s anctuary o f Z eus ' o f Thenas . 2 77
N o. 3 82 i s d oubt less t he e ag le o f Z eus.
D iodoros
( 5 .72.20 ) .r ela tes t hat a t as pot n ear Thena i ( t he p lace n ear Knossos w h ich g ives i t s n a me t o t he Amn isos s anctuary ) t he s acred marr iage o f Z eus a nd Hera w as r eenacted y early d own t o h is own t ime; a nd P ausan ias ( 1 .18.5 ) t hat Cretans o f t he K nossos a rea b el ieved t ha t Hera 's c h ild E ile ithye ia was b orn a t Amn isos . 2 78
One c annot e xc lude t he p oss ib il ity t ha t t he h ypaethral
s anc tuary a t Amn isos was t he s cene o f ar i tua l o r c u l t s urround ing t he s acred b irth. The s econd b ird may i n t h is c ase b e t he h awk o f Hera ; 279 o r may p erhaps r epresen t t he me tamorphos is o f t he h awk w ith t he c uckoo , w h ich l at ter a ppeared a ccord ing t o Pausan ias ( 2 .17.4 ) o n Hera 's s cep tre i n t he Arg ive Hera ion , a s t he f or m i n w h ich Z eus c our ted h er o n Mt . Thoranax. 2 8° Whether o ne o r b o th o f t he b irds w ere e ag les, i n u se a nd d ecora t ion t he s anctuary a ppears t o h ave h ad s o me r ela t ionsh ip t o t he p eak s anctuary o f Z eus Lyka ios i n Arcad ia.
The o ldest l i terary r eference t o t he L yka ios c u l t
i s A lc man 's ;2 81 P indar men t ions t he g a mes a nd a l tar o n s evera l o ccas ions ;2 82 P ausan ias d escr ibes t wo g i lt e ag les moun ted o n c o lumns t o t he e ast o f t he a ltar o f Z eus ( 8 .38.7 ).
The b ases o f t he s tatues h ave b een e xcava ted a nd
p art ly r estored , a nd d ated e ar ly i n t he f i f th c en tury o n a rch itec tura l g rounds ;2 83 t he o r ig ina l s tatues wou ld h ave b een o f t he s ame d ate.
Ad jacen t t o t he a ltar
w ere f ound a s er ies o fb ronze s tatuet f Z eus, r ang ing i n s ty le f ro m tes o 9 0
T rans it iona l2 84 t o C lass ica l ;2 85 o n t he h and o f as tatuet te o f t he f i f th c en tury p erched a l ovely b ronze e ag le , whose f or ms a nd p roport ions , a nd l i ve ly s urf ace d eta il , s t il l more d ecora t ive t han n a tura l ist ic, a re c o mparab le t o t he Amn isos b irds '. 286 The e xcava ted s tratum o f a sh c on ta ined o f fer ings a nd p ot tery o f t he f i f th a nd f ourth c en tur ies . 2 87
The c o mb ined a rchaeo log ica l
a nd l i tarary e v idence s hows t hat t he p hase o f t he c u lt i nvo lv ing s cu lpted e ag les n ear t he a l tar a nd g a mes n earby b egan e arly i n t he f i f th c en tury , s omewhat e arl ier t han t he d ate s uggested f or t he Amn isos b irds. I ft he t wo b irds a re i n f act e p iphan ies o f Z eus ( or Z eus a nd Hera ) o f t he s econd q uarter o f t he f i f th c en tury , w e may imag ine t he C retans o f t he Knossos a rea t o h ave b een i nsp ired b y t he t re mendous a rch itectura l a c t iv ity i n Z eus ' h onour t hen u nder w ay a t O lymp ia ( and more h ypothet ical ly b y t he e rect ion l o f s cu lp ted e ag les o np i lars a t t he Arcad ian s anc tuary o f Z eus L yka ios; t he Arcad ian b irds w ere n o t n ecessar ily o f s tone ).
I n i conography a nd t echn ique,
w ith t he ir d eep u ndercut ting a nd s hadowed s urface p at t erns , t hey a re p urely Greek ;
b u t t he c ho ice o f ab ird e p iphany f or a l arger s ca le p or tra it o f ad e ity
i s p re-Greek , a nd t he b irds d e monstrate t he c on t inu ing r e l iance o f C re tan s cu lp tors u pon m inor a r ts, a s mode ls f or l arge s ca le s cu lpture i n s tone , a nd t he ir s p ir it ia l d istance f ro m t he c oncerns o f ma in land s choo ls o f s cu lp ture.
NOTES
1 .
Wa lter AA 5 5 ( 1940 ) 3 05.
Davaras S tatue 1 4f ., 2 5-27 , 5 3, a nd f i gs.
1 6-18. 2 .
Davaras S ta tue 5 3.
3 .
Davaras S ta tue 1 5.
4 .
K yr ie le is J c l I 2 4th s upp l. ( 1969 ), 6 4 f i g. 1 8.
5 .
D ieh l AA 8 0 ( 1965 ) 8 40 f i g. 1 8, 8 43.
6 .
The r idge i n al ow s hal l ow c urve d escr ibed b y Davaras ( S ta tue 2 5 ) a t t he t op o f t he p reserved a rea o f t he b ack o f t he s tatuet ld h ave t e wou c o mpared w ith t he Egyp t ian iz ing w ig o r v e il o f t he s tatuet te i n t he L ouvre ( S tatue f i g. 2 0 ).
I n e i ther c ase , t he h a ir e nded i n b ack a long
a n u nbroken l i ne, l ike t he L ouvre s tatuet te, a nd n o t i n s eparate p o in ted l ocks. 7 .
P ern ier Te mp l i Arca ic i 2 0-111; r ider f r ieze;
p p . 4 8-54, 8 4f ., a nd f i g. 1 9 f or t he
5 4-63, 8 6-91, a nd f i gs. 2 1-24 f or t he l in te l s cu lp tures.
8 .
P ern ier Te mp l i Arca ic i 2 0-47, 6 3f ., 7 6-84.
9 .
I b id. 9 3-106; L yt t os.
1 0. 1 1.
9 6 f i g. 4 8, a nd L ev i Arkades 7 6, f or t he p ithos f rom
C ol lignon MonP iot 2 0 ( 1913 ) 1 0-12. f., 8 J enk ins Deda l ica 7 9f 7 , f or a c onv inc ing d escr ip t ion o f t he g oddess a s manner ist ic a nd t herefore p ost-Deda l ic. K au len Da ida l ika 9 0f., t t h as a te mp ted t o r econc i le t he c lass ic Deda l ic a nd p ost-Deda l ic a tr ibu-
9 1
t i ons b y i den t ify ing a manner ist Dedal ic p hase b etween c lass ic Deda l ic a nd L ate Deda l ic , h is f ourth s ty l ist ic Deda l ic p hase ( descr ibed Da ida l ika 9 0 ). Bu t t he p aral le ls c i ted t here b ear n o s pec ia l r ese mb lance t o t he f aces o f t he s cu lptures a t Pr in ias. The C or in th ian h ead P erachora I p l. 8 9, 1 9a-b , h as n ot t he b road v ert ica l b row , f l at a l mond e yes , a nd e yebrows f ar a bove. The r ese mb lances i n h a irsty le a nd p o los c anno t b e ac r iter ion o f d a te. 1 2.
A lscher Gr iech ische P last ik I , 1 42.
1 3.
Ma tz i n Gno mon 1 3 ( 1937 ), 4 07 , p laces t he m among L ate Deda l ic w orks, f o l lowed b yR izza i nR izza-Scr inar i , 2 36. Davaras a nd S chefo ld w ou ld h ave t he m ' R ipe Deda l ic t hat i s t o s ay , a ssoc ia ted w ith t he P ro toc or in th ian s ty le o fb efore 6 40 , i n :
S tatue 4 , 5 5.
K au len i n Da ida l ika ,
9 0f ., p laces t he g oddess i n h is f ourth Dedal ic p hase , t he ' post-c lass ic ' , o r t he o ld 2 nd p hase Midd le Deda l ic. 1 4.
Hu tch inson Preh istor ic Crete 3 43.
1 5.
Pern ier Temp l i Arca ic i 9 8.
1 6.
Hu tch inson Preh istor ic Crete 3 43, o f t he h orses a nd r iders a nd o f t he s tand ing f e ma le f i gures i n r el ief b e low t he l in te l.
1 7.
R izza-Scr inar i 2 36.
1 8.
The c hange f ro m i nc is ion a nd l inear d ecora t ion t o f u l ler h igher r el ief model ling i s n o ted b y S chäfer i n C retan r el ief p itho i o f a bou t 6 00 : S tud ien 2 3.
1 9.
The f i ve g rooves d e l im it ing f our n arrow p aral l el f o lds i s t he t rea t men t f am il iar f ro m t he l arge I on ian s ea ted f i gures o f t he s ix th c en tury f ro m D idyma :
T uchel tD ie a rcha ischen S ku lpturen v on D idyma , 1 43, 7 1-74.
Br it ish Museum B 2 72, f or wh ich s ee a lso P ryce p l. 7 , a nd Möb ius An t ike P last ik 1 .2 ( 1963 ) 2 7 , i s p ar t icu lar ly c omparab le t o t he s eated f igure f ro m P r in ias i n t he p r im it ive d ep ict ion o f t he f ive n arrow f o lds d own t he c en tre o f a smooth c h iton , a nd i n t he p a l ms wh ich r est o n t he k nees o ver wh ich t he f i ngers s pread , a lso i n t he s i mp le t hrone p ro jecti ng b elow t he s ides o f t he t h ighs, w ith t wo v ert ica l s upports a nd a h or izon ta l me mber i nd ica ted i n r e l ief o n t he s ide s urfaces, t he s upport ing me mbers p ro ject ing s l igh t ly a bove t he h or izon ta l o nes, a nd i n t he f eet p ro ject ing f ro m b e low t he s k irt . f rom D idyma p ortrays a wo man.
L ike t he P r in ias s tatue , t he o ne
The g rooves o f t he p aryphe a re s o l i ght ly i nc ised o ver t he p r inc ipa l r el ief d ecora t ion o f t he s k ir t o f t he P r in ias f igure t hat t hey c an o n ly b e l i s een w el n P ern ier 's s ketch a f ter t he s tatue :
Te mp l i Arca ic i f i gs. 2 1f .
t ly The a rt ist a te mp ted t o c arry t he f o lds o u t r at ional , f or h e h as t aken c are t ha t t hey o ver l ie t he d ecora t ion o f i nc ised a n i ma ls. There i s n oth ing c o mparab le i n C retan o r I on ian a rt o f t he s even th c en tury. S uch a treatmen t o f d rapery d eta il u pon a Cretan s cu lp ture must d emonstrate I on ian i n f luence a t t he t urn o f t he s even th t o s ix th c en tury . 2 0.
P ern ier Te mp l i Arca ic ii06 j ust if ies h is r estorat ion o f e ars o n a na logy w ith t he E leu therna s tatue. Bu t when t he t wo a re c o mpared i n p rof i le
9 2
v iew , a s b y J enk ins i n Deda l ica p l. 1 0.2-3, t he d if ferences b e tween t he m a re t oo g reat t o j ust ify s uch a n a na logy . The p osture o f t he h ead , s lope a nd b read th o f f orehead , o r ig in a nd c on f igura t ion o f t he n ose , p lace men t o f t he e ye a nd i t s d istance f rom t he e yebrow , a re a l l q u ite d if feren t. The l ine d escr ibed b y t he s ide l ocks o fh a ir i n t he p rof ile v iew i s o g iva l i nt he E leu therna s tatue b ecause i ti s c augh t b eh ind t he e ars , t hen swel ls o u tb elow. On t he P r in ias s tatue , j udg ing f rom t he p reserved e nds o f t he l ocks, a nd f ro m t he c o mparab le r el ief g oddesses, t h is l ine was s tra igh ter. When o ne c ons iders t hat t he E leut herna t ype o f o f e ar i s u nparal le led i n o ther C retan s cu lptures, a nd t hat t he r el ief g oddesses a re e arless , t here i s e very r eason t o r estore t he s eated g oddess w ithou t e ars. 2 1.
For e xamp le J enk ins Deda l ica p ls. 4 .4-5 , 6 .6-7.
2 2.
I b id. p ls. 6 .1 a nd 3 , 4 .6 a nd 3 .
2 3.
Did K unst 9 0 , p l. 3 9c. Co mpare t he l a te s even th c en tury h ead v ase a lso i n Geneva , i b id. p ls. 5 2-3 a nd 18. The l at ter i l lustrates a high b u t s t il l Deda l ic f orehead , c on t inu ing mean ing less ly u pwards.
2 4.
The b ronze s tatuet te o f as ph inx i n t he S taa t l iche Museum , Ber l in , s a id t o b e f ro m C rete a nd d a ted b y Mit ten t o t he l a te s even th c en tury , h as as im ilar b road f orehead a nd f ul l c ran ium , b rows i n a n e ven l ow c urve, a nd s tra igh t n ose whose b r idge s pr ings d irect ly f rom t he p lane o f t he f orehead a t t he l eve l o f t he b rows : Master Bronzes 5 7. For t he f ron ta l v iew , K irsten D ie An t ike 1 4 ( 1938 ) 3 21, f i g. 9 . A s im i lar t rea tmen t o n t a mask f l ardt he f rag men tary t erracot ro m Pra isos i n t he L ouvre, Mol Besques Ca ta logue d es F igur ines e t Rel iefs, Musc le d u L ouvre I , p l. 2 3 n o. B 176 ; a l though h ere d a ted 6 20 o n t he g rounds o f ar ese mb lance t o ly c t he E leu therna s tatue, i ti s a ctual loser t o t he f ace o f t he P r in ias g oddess.
2 5.
J enk ins Deda l ica p l. 7 for t he h ump-nosed L ate Deda l ic f aces, a nd p ls. 5 .2, 6 .7 a nd 8 .1-la f or t he c oarse n ostr ils a nd l ower n ose.
2 6.
I b id. 8 2.
2 7.
R ich ter K ouro i f i gs. 3 8 , 8 1 a nd 1 07, t o b e c ompared w ith J enk ins l Deda l ica p l. 1 0.3 f or t h is a nd t he f o low ing p o in ts.
2 8.
S im ilar o r ien ta l l ook ing e yebrows a ppear o n a bronze h ead v ase i n t he L ouvre s upposed ly f rom Cyprus , b u t c ons idered b y Board man t o h ave ly c e qual lose Dedal ic c onnect ions : S tudn iczka i n Ant ike P last ik 2 47-8, f i gs. 3 -4; Board man CCO 8 0 n ote 7 . The t reatmen t o f t he f ac ia l ling a model nd t he f or m o f t he e ar l ook a dvanced f or a d a te e ar l ier t han t he l a te s even th c en tury .
2 9.
For e xa mp le, t he g ran ite p ortra it h ead o f P sa met icus I i n t he L ouvre , Capar t Art Egyp t ien I : S tatua ire p l. 3 82; a nd t he h ead o f s ch is t i n t he Berl in Museum , F echhe i mer D ie P last ik d er Agypter p l. 1 07. Bu t G race d oub ts whe ther t he g roup o fh eads i n t h is s ty le a re n ecessar ily t o b e a ttr ibu ted t o t he 2 6th Dynasty , a nd wou ld p refer p lac ing t he m a f ter 4 00 : Grace AJA 4 6 ( 1942 ), 3 50. The i nsp ira t ion f or t he p last ic e yebrows i n t he c ases b o th o f t he Egyp t ian p or tra it h eads a nd t he P r in ias g oddess i s most l ike ly Assyr ian. 9 3
3 0.
These f ea tures a re a lready s een i n monumen ta l t erracot ta h eads o f t he P roto-Cypr io t Is ty le : Cypr iot I s ty le :
S CE I V. 2 , p l. 1b elow , a nd o f t he Pro to-
i b id. p l. 3 , l ower r igh t .
N eo-Cypr iot s ty le :
They c on t inue o n i n to t he
S CE I p l. 2 15 f i gs. 3 -4.
I n s tone h eads t hey a p-
p ear f i rst i n t he Pro to-Cypr iot I s ty le : S CE W.2, p l. 5 . Th is l ast h ead , i n S tockho lm , h as a n o val ly c urved h eaddress w ith f lat tened t op a nd s ing le r oset t es i n l ow r el ief o ver t he e ar a t t he s ides, a l l s im i lar t o t he h eadgear o f t he Pr in ias s ea ted g oddess.
The n arrow l en t i l-
s haped e yes o f t he S tockho lm h ead a nd o f a head i n t he Metropo l i tan Museum , S CE I V.2 , p l. 1 0 u pper l ef t , a re v ery c lose t o t hose o f t he r el ief f i gures b elow t he l in tel. The d ates f or t he N eo-Cypr iot s ty le p roposed b y G jerstad , S CE I V.2, 2 08, i .e. 5 60-520 , wou ld h ave made a ny i n f luence o n t he P r in ias s cu lp tures o u t o f t he q uest ion . Bu t t he n ew e arl ier o nes p roposed b y S chm id t o n t he g rounds o f S am ian s trat ig raphy i n S a mos 7 , 9 4-5, i .e. 6 10-560, p u ts i tw ith in t he r ea lm o f p oss ib i l ity t hat t he P r in ias a r t ist may h ave worked w ith Cypr io t a rt ists i n Crete o r Rhodes, o r w ith C retan a rt ists i n Cyprus.
An i nscr ip t ion
o f t he s ix th c en tury f ound n ear L ap ithos i n Cyprus t est if ies t o ac ommun ity o f C retans f ro m Axos a pparen t ly r es iden t i n Cyprus : Me ister S itzungsb. d . k . P reuss. Akad. d . Wissens. 1 910 , v o l. 9 , 1 48-55. 3 1.
Hofm f an i n Däd Kuns t 1 05-6 , p l. 4 9a , d ates t he h ead t o t he p er iod o f t he Arte m is t e mp le a t Corcyra.
3 2.
S tevenson Sm ith Anc ien t Egyp t p ls. 4 -5 , 1 5a , 2 1b a nd 2 3, e tc.
3 3.
R ich ter K ouro i f i gs. 8 4-6 , t he K r iophoros f ro m Thasos, a nd K ora i f i gs. 2 5-7, t he N ikandre d ed ica t ion .
3 4.
The s hou lders o f t he E leu therna s tatue a ppear n arrow , b u t t h is i s d ue t o t he o ver large s ize o f t he h ead i n c ompar ison w ith t he t orso a s a who le. The s hou lders t he mse lves a re t oo l arge a nd b road f or t he t orso.
3 5.
The Cor in th ian t ype o f s lender s ta lk ing l i on w ith f ron ta l h ead i s o f ten t er med a ' pan ther '. Actual ly t he f ron ta l h ead w ith l ower j aw o f d ec reased v o lume a s c o mpared w ith p rof ile l i ons, i s t he r esu lt o f a n a tt e mp t o p or tray t he t op o f t he h ead a nd f ace o f a li on whose j aws a re w ide o pen. Th is i s p roven b y t he Ear ly Cor in th ian ' pan ther ', P ayne N ecrocor in th ia p l. 2 2.4, whose j aws o verlap t he r ump o f h is p rey , a nd b y t he f act t hat P ro tocor in th ian a nd T rans it iona l ' p an thers ' h ave t he n eck d arkened t o i nd ica te t he mane j ust a s i n t he ir l eon ine p rof i le c oun terparts : i b id. p l. 1 6.3 a nd p l. 1 3.2-3. The r epresen tat ion i s d oub t less model l ed o n t he v iew f rom a bove o f o r ien ta l o r o r ien tal iz ing s cu lp ted l i ons i nt he r ound. S o me o r ien ta l e xa mp les o f t he s even th c en tury a re t wo b ronze l i on h eads f rom U rart ian f urn iture, o ne f ro m Toprakka le , n ow a t Ha mburg , t he o ther f ro m Pa tnos i n V an : U rartä ische u . A l t iran ische K unstzen tren 6 0 , f i gs. 2 4 a nd 2 7.
Akurga l The
Pro tocor in th ian p last ic v ases w ith w ide o pen s narl ing j aws a re o r ient a l izing e xa mp les :
P ayne N ecrocor in th ia 1 71-2.
I n t he Ear ly Cor in-
t h ian p er iod , a rt ists h ave b egun t o f orget t hat t he s a me a n i ma l , t he l i on , was i n tended o r ig inal ly , a nd b eg in t o g ive h im s po ts , a s i n t he l imestone f e l ines o f t he Corcyra p ed i men t , a nd t he marb le l i ons f rom
9 4
t he a cropo l is o f A thens.
The a n i ma ls o n t he P r in ias l in te l h ave b een
l ed ' c al l ions ' h ere b ecause t hey h ave n o s pots. 3 6.
Payne N ecrocor in th ia p ls. 1 1-13.
I n p ar t icu lar t he c on f igura t ion o f t he
muzzle, w ith t he l ines o n e ither s ide o f t he n ose e x tend ing t he who le l eng th o f t he f ace, i s i den t ica l ; 4 ; 3 7.
1 2.1-2 a nd
1 3.1,3 a nd 4 .
I b id., where Payne n o tes t hree v ases o f Cor in th ian manu facture f ound i n Crete,
3 8.
i b id. p ls. 1 1.2,4 a nd 5 ;
n os. 4 2 , 3 26A, a nd 3 54A, o f 6 50-600 :
f ann i Hofm n Däd Kuns t 1 12-113, a nd p l. 5 0c.
p ages 2 72, 2 82-3.
He d ates i tl ate s even th
t o e arly s ix th c en tury. 3 9.
Exa mp les o f Trans it iona l s tags : 1 1.3;
1 1 b is. 1 ;
1 3.5.
Payne N ecrocor in th ia p ls. 8 .10 ; 9 .7;
The more n u merous s tags o f Ear ly Cor in th ian
v ases h ave a n o verabundance o f i n ter ior d e ta i l a nd a t endency t owards c om ic e n large men t o f i nd iv idua l f ea tures s uch a s e ars o r a n t lers, mak ing t he m e ven l ess l ike t he P r in ias s tags : 2 3.4 a nd 5 ;
i b id. p ls. 1 8.3;
ly 2 2 4.2, a nd e spec ial 5.7.
2 0.1 a nd 3 ;
The n oses o f t he Cor in th ian
s tags r each n early t o t he g round , whereas t he Pr in ias s tags h ave a n a bbrev iated n eck ;
ly c t he C or in th ian s tags h ave a s ing le o g ival urved
a n t ler , wh ile t he Pr in ias s tags h ave t wo s tra ight a n t lers f l ank ing a s ing le e ar. 4 0.
ten o S ch ier ing , Werkstät r ien ta l is ierender K era m ik a u f Rhodos p l. 1 2. l 1 -5, i lustra tes t he c hrono log ica l r ange.
4 1.
t ery p Cook , Greek Pa in ted Pot ls. 3 0B a nd 3 1A.
4 2.
Kunze KB p l. 4 2 n o. 5 4 , 4 4 n o. 6 .
4 3.
t, JHS 6 Barnet 8 ( 1948 ) p l. 1 1; N i mrud I vor ies p l. 5 8 n o. S 67. f oot Early I vor ies f ro m S a mar ia p l. 1 0.8-10.8a.
4 4.
t 6 Kunze A thM it 1(1936 ) 2 20 n o. 2 .
C row-
De margne Crete Ddda l ique 2 11 d is-
c usses t he i n f luence o f o r ien ta l c arv ings o n C retan a rt , a nd t he l esser i nf luence o f Greek a n i ma l s ty les. For t he a ppearance o f a n o r ien ta ltic p t ype s tag o n a n At o t o f a bout 5 60 , s ee Boysa l AA 7 4 ( 1959 ), 1 4, 1 8 f ig. 7 . 4 5.
Pern ier Te mp l i Arca ic i f ig. 2 1 C l.
4 6.
Payne Necrocor in th ia p ls. 1 1.1 a nd 4 ;
4 7.
Brock Fortetsa p l. 1 01.
4 8.
1 2.6;
1 3.4;
1 6.14.
Dunbab in BSA 4 7 ( 1952 ) p l. 2 8.1 a nd 3 .
, a nd p l. 4 4 n o. 3 7 L ev i Arkades 7 3 f ig. 5 0 i n t he Herak l ion ,Museum f ro m Profeta E l ia.
The f or mer i s ar el ief p ithos o f t he t ype d a ted t o
t he e nd o f t he s even th c en turiby Mar ina tos :
Delt ion 1 5 ( 1933-5 ),
Parar., 5 8. 4 9.
Pern ier Te mp l i Arca ic i 5 9.
5 0.
R izza-Scr inar i p l. 3 2 n r. 2 16, o f wh ich t wen ty-s ix e xa mp les w ere f ound , a nd p l. 3 3 n o. 2 17.
P . 2 58 a nd f i g. 3 63 f or t he t heory o f d er ivat ion
f ro m o r ien ta l meta lwork .
9 5
5 1.
Pou lsen Der O r ien t u . f rühgr. Kunst 5 2 f i g. 4 7.
5 2.
I b id. 8 7 f ig. 8 6.
5 3.
A t l east s o me o f wh ich i s o f Rhod ian manu facture : Pot 22. tery 1
5 4.
V il , Mon P iot 4 8 ( 1954 ), 3 7. l ard
Chr istou Potn ia Theron 4 1-2 , 4 7. 36; 3
Cook G reek Pa inted
The s ty le b eg ins a bou t o r s hort ly af ter 6 50 :
P icard s uggested Lyc ia , Manue l I ,
De mange l N aukrat is, L a Fr ise I on ique 1 63;
A thM it 1 ( 1916 ) 1 65 ; t 4
i b id. 18.
Möb ius Assyr ia ,
Pern ier , f ro m a Cha ldeaninf luenced Minoan
p ro to type, Te mp l i Arca ic i 1 07-9. 5 5.
Chr istou Potn ia Theron 9 4 ( Arte m is ), 9 5 ( N ike ), 1 14 ( Aphrod ite ).
5 6.
Dawk ins AO p l. 1 24 ;
5 7.
Tod , Wace Ca ta logue o f t he S parta Museum 1 03 f i g. 2 ;
Marangou L akon ische E lfenbe inschn itzere ien 1 49. Andron ikos
P eloponn is iaka 1 (1956 ), 2 60 F ig. 3 . 5 8.
Dörpfeld A thM it t 3 1 ( 1906 ), 2 10 f i gs. 1 -2.
5 9.
Oppenhe i m- Moortga t Tel l Ha laf I I, 3 6 , p ls. 6 -8, n o. A2.
6 0.
Pern ier Te mpl i Arca ic i 6 1 f ig. 2 4.
6 1.
Davaras S tatue 1 4-15.
6 2.
As R idgway AJA 7 0 ( 1966 ), 6 8-70.
6 3.
Kyr ie le is, ' Throne u nd K l inen ', J d I 2 4th s upp l. ( 1969 ) 5 5 , t ype 1 . t hrones w ithou t b ackrest , 2 0, 3 4 ;
For
f or o ther t hrone t ypes o f t he p er iod ,
5f .; f or t he s econdary h or izon ta l s upports, p l. 1. 5 6 4.
Davaras S ta tue 1 5 f i gs. 1 3-14, a nd n o te 3 7.
6 5.
G jerstad S CE I p l. 2 33 n os. 1 563 a nd 2 026, f i gs. 1 0-12.
6. 6
I b id. p ls. 1 97-203.
6 7.
S CE I V.2, 9 4.
6 8.
Fol ing S ch m id t 's c hrono logy b ased o n s trat igraphy i n t he S am ian l ow Hera ion :
S a mos 7 , 9 5.
6 9.
Wa ites AJA 2 3 ( 1919 ), 1 -2.
De mange l ArchEPh 1 937, 1 44-50.
7 0.
L eh mann-Haup t Ar men ien 1 .2, 3 44.
7 1.
De mange l ArchEph 1 937, 1 50-152.
7 2.
Frank fort Anc ien t O r ien t 1 06-107, p l. 1 21.
7 3.
. Akurga l The B irth o f Greek Art 9 1, p l. 2 3a.
O ppenhe i m- Moortgat
Tel laf I I p ls. 1 30f l Ha f. 7 4.
For e xa mp le t he mastaba c hape l o f Akhet-Hotep a t Me mph is , f ro m t he 5 th Dynasty :
7 5.
P etr ie S even Me mph ite To mb Chape ls 7 , p l. 2 1 n o. 2 4.
Masson , Yoyet b jets P haraon iques 2 , 6 . te O
Masson RHA 5 5 ( 1963 )
v o l. 1 2, 3 2-38 , p l. 1 3. 7 6.
Akurga l The B irth o f Gk Art 1 51, p l . 3 8, a n i vory o f t he e arly s even th c en tury f ro m N i mrud. 9 6
7 7.
The a rgu men ts i n f avour o f s eek ing c on te mporary d ates f or t he r ider ly e f r ieze a nd t he l in tel s cu lptures a re t hose o r ig inal nunc ia ted b y Pern ier a nd r ecap itu lated b y h im i n AJA 3 8 ( 1934 ), 1 75 :
t he i den t ity
o f mater ia l a nd t echn ique, i n wh ich h e i s s upported b y C asson , Techn ique 6 8-69, a nd t he c ircumstances o f f ind ing a nd f act t hat t he a rch itecture s hows n o s igns o f ar estorat ion , t o wh ich We ickert a ssen ts : a rcha ischen Arch itek tur 5 9-60. P reh istor ic C rete 3 49.
7 8.
Typen d .
Hutch inson p os its s uch a r estora t ion :
R izza h as made t he a dd it iona l p o in t t hat t he
f aces o f h orse men a nd g oddesses a re i den t ica l i n s ty le : 2 36.
R izza-Scr inar i
P ayne Pro tokor in th ische Vasenma lere i p l. 1 0.1 a nd 6 .
Bu t h ere t he
o u ts ide l egs a re b ack a nd t he i ns ide f orward , t he o ppos i te o f t he Pr in ias h orses. 7 9.
I b id. p l. 2 4.2, where t he o u ts ide l egs a re f orward.
8 0.
I b id. p ls. 1 0.1 a nd 6 ;
8 1.
Payne N ecrocor in th ia 7 1-2, f i g. 1 7.
8 2.
As P ern ier s hows : Te mp l i Arca ic i 9 6.
8 3.
Davaras S tatue 5 , 5 4.
8 4.
S chäfer s hows t hat t he p r im it ive t ype o f h orse u sed o n C retan r e l ief
1 1.1;
2 0.2;
a nd 2 2.1.
2 1.1;
p itho i o f t he s even th c en tury e ndured i n to t he s ix th : 8 5.
l BSA 1 943 p l. 1 7 f or t he b est i lustrat ion . ( 1940 ), 8 0 , o n t he b as is o f t he h e l mets.
S tud ien 2 7.
Da ted 6 00 b y Ben ton BSA 4 0 The h eads a nd mane a re t hose
o f Early Cor in th ian p a in ted h orses, c .f. Payne N ecrocor in th ia 7 2, f ig. l 1 8 b -e, a l d a ted 6 25-600.
Probab ly a n a rcha izing work o f t he s ix th
c en tury . 8 6.
L ev i Axos 1 14 f ig. 3 4, t here d ated t o t he s econd h a lf o f t he s even th c en tury , p . 1 13, w ith in t he c lass o f r el ief p itho i e xe mp l if ied b y ap ithos l f ro m Pha istos, w ith a c ock ,i lustra ted i n L ev i Arkades 7 5 , f i g. 5 2. The c ock c o mpares most c lose ly w ith t hose f ro m a Midd le Cor in th ian tern o p yx is o f 6 00-575 i n t he p at f t he f eathers o f t he n eck , w ings a nd t a i l , t he s hape o f t he h ead a nd f eet , a nd f l opp ing l ong b ack t a i l f eathers : Payne N ecrocor in th ia f i g. 2 0f .
The c lass o f p itho i t o wh ich t he h orse
p ithos b e longs must c en tre a round 6 00 a t t he e arl iest . 8 7.
ten i Mit n Master Bronzes, f i g. o n p . 4 8, d iscuss ion p . 4 5.
f ann Hofm
Early Cretan Ar morers 4 , 4 3-4, p ls. 8 -10. 8 8.
Dunbab in BSA 4 7 ( 1952 ), 1 55 , p l. 2 8 n o. 6 .
8 9.
Mar ina tos De l t ion 1 5 ( 1933-5 ), P arar., 5 8, f igs. 1 6-17.
9 0.
S chafer S tud ien 1 61 f i g. 1 4 r igh t , 5 1, 5 3.
As Rhod ian p itho i a re u n-
f igured b efore a bou t 6 00 ( i b id. 6 5 ), t he h orse t ype may h ave b een b orr owed f ro m C retan p ithos r el iefs. 9 1.
L ev i Arkades 7 7 , f i g. 5 3.
Th is p ithos b e longs t o t he g roup o f t he
Pha istos p ithos w ith a c ock , s ee n o te 8 6 a bove.
9 7
9 2.
L ev i Hesp 1 4 ( 1945 ), 3 0 p l. 2 9.
The d ate i s Board man 's :
CCO 1 46.
9 3.
De mangel L a Fr ise I on ique 1 62 n . 2 .
9 4.
Freyer-Schauenburg E lfenbe ine a us d . S am ischen Hera ion 4 2-44, p l . 9 a.
9 5.
I b id. 2 9 , p l. 4 b r igh t.
9 6.
Van Buren J HS 4 1(1921 ) 2 13, 2 12 f i g. 5 .
ta r A t erracot el ief h orse a nd
r ider c o mes f ro m t he a rcha ic d epos it a t K a me iros :
J acop i C lara Rhodos
l I ti s t oo f ragmen tary t o t e l u s a ny th ing a bou t
6 -7 ( 1932-3 ) 2 98, f i g. 2 5.
t he p roport ions o f t he h orse, b u t t he e x istence o f s uch a r ider r e l ief i s a R hod ian d epos it o f t he l a te s even th t o e arly s ix th c en tury i s s ign if ican t. 9 7.
Board man The Greek Overseas 1 84.
9 8.
L ane BSA 3 4 ( 1933-4 ), 1 50 , p l. 4 5b.
9 9.
Chr istou De lt ion 1 9 ( 1964 ) A ,p l. 1 00.
I ti s c lass if ied a s L akon ian 4 . The s ty le i s L akon ian 3 , o f
6 20-580. 1 00.
Board man BSA 5 8 ( 1963 ), 1 -7.
1 01.
Dawk ins AO p l. 6 6 n o. 2 4, f or t he l ong s tra igh t t a i l ;
n os. 2 3 a nd 2 7
f or t he wa lk ing p ose w ith b oth o u ter l egs i n a dvance o f t he i nner , f or mi ng a n arrow t r iang le w ith t he l atter. 1 02.
R izza-Scr inar i p l. 3 5 n o. 2 36.
1 03.
S chäfer f inds t hat t he r el ief a n i ma ls o f t he Fourth Phase o f Cretan r el i ef p itho i o f t he l ast q uarter o f t he s even th c entury s tress i nc is ion a nd l er p a in ted d e ta il , w h i le t he F if th Phase o f 6 00 a nd af ter r eturns t o a ful ling a model nd g rea ter b u lk i n r e l ief a n i ma ls :
S tud ien 2 1-23.
Th is d e-
l w v elop men t a ccords w el ith a d ate o f a round 6 00 f or t he h orses. 1 04.
L ev i Axos p l. 1 4 b elow.
f ann E S ee Board man CCO 1 42, a nd Hofm ar ly
C re tan Ar morers. 1 05.
l os i Bu t n ote a n Early Cor in th ian r ound a rybal n t he Br it ish Museum , Payne N ecrocor in th ia f ig. 1 8c n o. 5 04 , where t he r ider h as a s hou lderl ength h a irdo c over ing t he e ars, h eld b y ah or izon ta l u pr igh t d iade m o ver t he f orehead.
S uch a n a rrange men t , s een f ro m t he f ron t , w ou ld
h ave r ese mb led t he l ow p o los o f t he P r in ias r iders. 1 06.
I b id. f ig. 1 9a n o. 1 475.
1 07.
Before t he m id s ix th c entury e xa mp le c i ted i n n o te 1 06.
S chäfer c oncurs
tic o t hat r iders w ith s h ields a re n ever s een i n At r Cor in th ian s even th c en tury a rt , b u t o n ly i n Cretan a nd S partan : 1 08.
S tud ien 3 7.
P rotocor in th ian r iders a re a ct ive, a nd g est icu late w i ld ly , h o ld ing t he r e ins c lose a ga inst t he h orse 's n eck : p ls. 2 0.1a ;
2 2.1c ;
2 3.1b ;
3 0.2b ;
J ohansen Vases S ikyon iennes, 3 1.1f ;
3 5.2-3.
L ate P ro to-
l b c or in th ian -r iders b eco me more s eda te, b ut s t il r id le t he h orse c lose a ga inst t he n eck :
i b id p ls. 3 8.1;
3 9.1a, t he Ch ig i v ase.
Ear ly
Cor in th ian r iders s i t q u iet ly , a l most s lack ly , w ith b ack s tra igh t a nd r e in-ar m l ow , emphas iz ing t he l ong h or izon ta l o f t he r e in b etween h and a nd b it.
P rotocor in th ian r iders t end t o s it c lose u p a ga inst t he
9 8
h orse 's n eck , a nd t he e arl iest e xa mp le o f ar ider s eated f ar e nough b ack s o t hat t he l ine o f t he f ron t o f h is s h in f al e low t he b ack o f t he h orse 's ls b n eck , wh ich a ppears i n a more p ronounced f or m i n t he P r in ias r iders, i s o n a n Early Corin th ian r ound a rybal l os i n Ber l in :
P ayne N ecrocor in th ia
f ig. 1 8a. 1 09.
P ayne N ecrocor in th ia 7 2, f ig. 1 8a-e, a nd p l. 2 1.10.
Al hese Early l t
Cor in th ian r iders ' t runks a re s p l it b y t he h orses ' s p ines. 1, p l. 2 6d , a n amphora o fb efore 6 50 , a nd 8 5-86 , p l. 3 2b , 10. Däd Kunst 7 1 al ate s even th c entury amphorain J erusa le m. 11. 1
P fuh l AM 1 903, 2 28, p l. 5 .15.
I den t if ied a s Cretan b y Re ichel , Gr.
Go ldrel ief 4 6. io tes J d I 1 6 ( 1901 ), f igures p . 2 1. 12. K ouroun 1 13. 1
The p roport ions o f t he l egs o f t he s toop ing warr iors i n r epoussee o n a b reastp late f ro m A frat i i n t he Ha mburg Museu m f or m a t rans it ion b etween t hose o n t he Mycena i a nd P r in ias s tone r e l ief warr iors ;
t hey
a re d ated t o 6 20 b y Her mann i n Däd Kunst p ls. 1 -2, p age 3 3. 14. 1
Fro m t h is p er iod c o mes a n e xa mp le, u n ique a ccord ing t o S chä fer , o f r iders wear ing p o lo i o n ap i thos f ro m A frat i : 1.33. 1
15. 1
S chi ller S tud ien 3 5 n o.
I lustrated AJA 5 ( 1901) p l. 1 4-9, a nd Hesp 1 4 ( 1945 ) p l. 3 1.5. l
Oh ly AM 7 4 ( 1959 ) Be i l. 9 6.3.
I t was f ound i n as ea led d epos it w ith
Greek s herds o f s hort ly b efore 6 00 :
S a mos 7 9 7.
Freyer-Schauenburg
E lfenbe ine a us d em s am ischen Hera ion , 3 0f l. 6 a ( E. 1. 5 ). f., p 16. 1
Poss ib ly d er ived f ro m Assyr ia v ia s ou thwestern As ia Minor, s ee Tr itsch JHS 6 2 ( 1942 ), 4 7 f i g. 6 ( t he Assyr ian e xa mp le ), 4 5 f i g. 5 ( a P ers ian e xa mp le ) a nd 4 2 f ig. 2 ( i ts a ppearance o n t he Harpy To mb a t Xan thos ).
17. 1
Pern ier Te mp l i Arca ic i 8 6-90.
An a l terna t ive r econstruct ion w ith
t ly b een p roposed g oddesses i n t he t wo d oors o f t he o u ter wal asrecen l h b y Got ib , AJA 5 7 ( 1963 ) 1 06-7. tle 18. 1
Karo , i n Pau ly- W issowa RE 1 1 c o l. 1 796.
19. 1
We ickert Typen d . a rcha ischen Arch itek tur 5 9.
ier AJA 3 8 ( 1934 ), 1 76. 1 20. P ern 1 21.
Mar inat ,os BCH 6 0 ( 1936 ), 2 47.
1 22.
P ern ier Te mp l i Arca ic i 4 8, 5 3.
1 23.
I b id. 8 4.
1 24.
P ern ier Te mp l i Arca ic i 5 3, 7 7.
1 25.
Pern ier AJA 3 8 ( 1934 ) 1 85.
N o a rrange men t f or c over ing t he b ea mcan b e imag ined i n t he a bsence o f a ny t races o f t erracot evetmen ts. ta r
1 26.
P ern ier Te mp l i Arca ic i 2 0.
1 27.
I b id. 4 8.
9 9
1 28.
As P ern ier AJA 3 8 ( 1934 ), 1 76.
These o b ject ions a pp ly e qual o t he ly t
s uggest ion o f a .r econstruct ion a s p arapet f r ieze :
R idgway Hesp 3 5
( 1966 ) 1 95 n . 3 1. 1 29.
A d ado h as b een s uggested b y Board man , b u t f or t he p orch , i nD ie g r. Kunst 1 3.
Im mo Beyer i s r eported t o h ave made a n ew r econs truct ion
o f t he t e mp le w ith t he h orse men f r ieze a s ad ado i n t he f ron t w al l: Broneer, I sth m ia Vo l. I . 1 30.
Te mp le o f Pose idon , 3 5 n o te 3 2.
R izza-Scr inar i p l. 3 n o. 8 , a nd p l. 4 .
For r econstruct ion a s as oc le
r el ief , i b id. 5 0, 4 8 f ig. 7 6. 1 . 31.
The h e igh t o f t he r econstructed Gortyn s labs i s 1 .57 t o 1 .50 m , i b id. 1 56-157.
1 32.
The w idth o f t he Gortyn t e mp le i s 8 .80 m, i b id. 2 3.
0 .15 m f or t he P r in ias s labs: 0 .15 m f or t he Gor tyn s labs :
P ern ier Te mp l i Arca ic i 5 3.
0 .16 m a nd
R izza-Scr inar i 1 56-157.
1 33.
L ev i Axos 5 0.
1 34.
Pern ier Te mp l i Arca ic i 3 0.
1 35.
I b id. 8 0.
1 36.
I b id. 5 4 n o. 7 , f ig . 2 0.
1 37.
I b id. 6 2-63 n o. 1 0 , f igs. 2 5-26.
1 38.
I b id. 6 3.
1 39.
I b id. 4 8.
1 40.
I b id. 3 0.
1 41.
Mar inatos BCH 6 0 ( 1936 ), 2 47-248.
RE s upp l. 7 ( 1940 ), 1 33, a nd
f igure p age 1 34. 1 42.
For Mar inatos ' s uggested r econstruc t ion , w ith p orch r oof s upported b y h or izon ta l b ea ms p ro ject ing l eng thw ise f ro m t he c el oof : la r 6 0 ( 1936 ) 2 49.
BCH
S ee a lso P ayne 's s uggested r econstruct ion o fb u i ld ing
models f ro m P erachora a nd t he Arg ive Hera ion , Perachora I , 4 6 f ig. 8 .
Both models i lustrate a p ro ject ing r oof o ver t he p ronaos , b u t n o l
p ronaos f ron t w alel as t he p r inc ipa l o ne. l the c l a wal l w
K irsten RE
s upp l. 7 ( 1940 ) 1 34 c oncurs. 1 43.
Pern ier Te mp l i Arca ic i 5 4 n o. 7 .
1 44.
I b id. 5 3.
1 45.
I b id. 6 1.
1 46.
I b id. 8 4.
1 47.
L öwy OJh 1 4 ( 1911), 1 2 n . 1 0.
1 48.
BSA 1 943 .p l. 1 7.
1 49.
S chäfer S tud ien 3 7, n os. 1 .3 a nd 1 1.3, b oth a t Herak l ion .
1 50.
R izza-Scr inar i 5 4 o n t he s im ilar ity o f Cretan t e mp les w ith o rthostate s cu lptures t o t hose o f Z in9 ir l i a nd K aratepe;
1 00
De mangel L a F r ise
I on ique 1 63 f or t he s uggest ion o f Egyp t ian d er ivat ion ;
P ern ier AJA 3 8
( 1934 ) 1 77 a nd p l. 2 0 f or c o mpar isons w ith t erracot t a mode ls o f Hepha iste ia , L e mnos ;
P icard Manuel I , 3 36 f or s ty l ist ic c o mpar ison
o f t he t wo P r in ias l in tel g oddesses w ith t he west f ace o f t he Harpy To mb a t Xan thos. 1 51.
Pryce p ls. 1 9, 2 4 , 2 6-27.
On t he o pen ing o ver t he l in te l a nd a p oss ib le
s hared s ign if icance a t Pr in ias a nd i n Lyc ian p il lar-to mbs , Tr itsch J HS 6 3 ( 1943 ), 1 13-115.
On t he a po tropa ic s ign if icance o f s ubs id iary f r iezes
w ith a n i ma ls, Ho lscher Bedeu tung d . a rch. T ierka mp f ., p ass i m. 1 52.
l es d De margne Fou il e Xan thos I .
1 53.
Mar inatos BCH 6 0(1936 ) p l. 2 6.
1 54.
R izza-Scr inar i 5 4.
1 55.
L es P il iers Fundra ires 1 29-131.
t 4 As Rodenwa ld t , A thM it 6 ( 1921) 3 5 ;
a nd a lso De margne, C rete
Deda l ique 1 55, where h e s uggests t hat t h is may b e t he e arl iest I on ic t e mp le, i f We ickert is r econstruct ion o f t he f rag men ts o f v o lutes f ound i n t he e xcavat ion a s I on ic c ap ita ls i s c orrect .
The v o lu tes c ou ld b e
r estored a s a kroter ia l d ecora t ion f or a f l at , l igh t ly b u i l t r oo f , w ithou t ling i c al n to q uest ion a ny s pec if ic r ela t ionsh ip w ith t he d eveloped a rcha ic I on ic o rder. l y Greek K irsten f inds t he Dreros a nd P r in ias A t e mp les more t yp ical i n f or m t han o ther C retan a rcha ic t e mp les : 1 56.
RE s upp l. 7 ( 1940 ), 1 33.
Xan thoud ides Del t ion 1 918, 4 , s upp l. 2 , 3 0 f ig. 5 ; ( 1933 ) 2 29 ;
De margne BCH 5 7
l y Mar a nd e spec ial inatos BCH 6 0 ( 1936 ) 2 51-53, f i gs. 2 0-21.
1 57.
Young AJA 6 0 ( 1956 ) 2 62, p l. 9 2 f igs. 4 2-3.
1 58.
O rs i MonAn t 2 5 ( 1918 ), p l. 1 6. Trans it iona l d ate.
1 59.
f Rodenwald t Korkyra I , p ls. l f.
1 60.
tery s For a d iscuss ion o f t he c on tex t p ot ee K irsten i n RE s upp l. 7 ( 1940 ),
S ee Payne N ecrocor in th ia 8 1 f or t he
1 38. 1 61.
Mar inatos BCH 6 0 ( 1936 ), 2 53.
1 62.
Payne N ecrocor in th ia 8 0.
For a n e ven e arl ier g orgon mask , o n a
b ronze? a kro ter ion f ro m t he A then ian a cropo l is, s ee Tou loupa , BCH f. 9 3 ( 1969 ), 8 62f 1 63. Payne N ecrocor in th ia f i g. 2 3a-3 1 64.
I b id. 8 2 f ig. 2 5a a nd c .
1 65.
Buschor Greek Vase-Pa int ing f i g. 5 9. f ew d ecades o f t he s even th c en tury :
S hef ton d a tes i tw ith in t he l ast
Ar ias , H ir mer Greek Vase-Pa in t-
i ng , 2 81. 1 66.
Wa ldste in Arg ive Heraeu m I , 3 51 n o. 4 .
1 67.
Payne Necrocor in th ia 8 8.
1 01
1 68.
f S ee Mar inatos ArchEph 1 927-8, l f .; f Ausf if irl iches L ex ikon I , p . 1 706;
Furtwäng ler i n Roscher ,
Harden The Phoen ic ians 1 99 f i g. 6 2.
l c A f ul ata logue, n ow s o mewhat o u tdated : ( 1937 ).
Two r ecen t d iscuss ions :
B es ig Gorgo u nd Gorgone ion
Board man i n A rcha ic Greek G e ms
i K ( 1968 ) 3 7-38, a nd K arag iorga Gorgei epha le ( 1970 ). 1 69.
f. K arag iorga Delt ion 1 9 ( 1964 ) A , 16f
1 70.
I b id. 1 17.
1 71.
I b id. p l. 6 8 l ower l ef t.
1 72.
tom a I b id. p l. 7 2 b ot nd p l. 7 3.
1 73.
t as 3 H igg ins Greek Terracot 0. Museu m 7 ( 1965 ), 1 25-156.
G re ifenhagen J ahrbuch d er Ber l iner
Duca t , L es Vases P last iques Rhod iens
I I I a rcha iques e n Terre Cu ite , 5 1-54, p la tes V I. 4-6 , V I.1-2. 1 74.
H . S tuart J ones, e d. Pa lazzo Conserva tor i, Cata logue o f Anc ien t S cu lp ture, p l. 7 6 , Cast. 1 1.18.
For t he d a te, H igg ins Br it ish Museu m ,
t as I Ca ta logue o f Terracot , 4 6. 1 75.
Cesno la Cyprus, i t s Ancien t C it ies, p l. 2 2.
1 76.
Payne P erachora 1 40, p l. 4 4.11.
1 77.
f AA 1 Z azof 970 , 1 62 f ig. 1 0.
Kunze , S ch le if O lymp ia.
I I Ber ich t ,
f., f 1 00f ig. 9 2. 1 78.
K arag iorga De lt ion 1 9 ( 1964 ), A p l. 7 2 b e low.
1 79.
Mar ina tos BCH 6 0 ( 1936 ) p l. 2 9 , t o b e d ated i n t he e ar ly s ix th c en tury o n t he g rounds o f t he i nc ised s ea- monsters , s im ilar t o t hose o f t he Axos h e l met.
Bu t S ch ier ing p refers a d ate l ate i n t he s even th c en tury :
J d I 7 9 ( 1964 ), 1 5. 1 80.
K arag iorga De l t ion 1 9 ( 1964 ) A , 1 17.
1 81.
l w S t il ith in wha t K irsten d ef ines a s t he f l oru it o f t he t e mp le 's a rcha ic c u l t :
RE s upp l. 7 ( 1940 ), 1 38.
1 82.
L ev i Axos , 5 7.
1 83.
A lex iou BCH 7 6 ( 1952 ) 1 6.
1 84.
I b id. 1 5.
1 85.
R ich ter K ouro i f igs. 4 15 , 4 19, 4 28, 4 30.
1 86.
I b id. f i gs. 3 1, 5 1.
l I n t h is a nd t he f o low ing d iscuss ion o ne must b ear
i n m ind Harr ison 's a rgu men ts f or r e-dat ing t he e nd o f t he S oun ion G roup t o a bou t 5 80 :
Agora X I.
Archa ic a nd Archa ist ic S cu lp ture 3 -4.
l c ase , t he Axos h ead wou ld f a l n earer 5 70 t han 5 90. f. Ducat L es K ouro i d u P to in 1 15f
1 87.
I b id. 4 8 , f ig. 7 3.
1 88.
R ich ter K ouro i 4 8 , f ig. 7 3.
1 89.
I b id. f igs. 1 36-137.
1 90.
I b id. f i gs. 1 72-173.
f. Ducat L es K ouro i d u P to in 1 15f
1 02
I n t h is
1 91.
I b id. f igs. 1 40, 1 42 , 1 53, 1 68 a nd 1 71.
1 92.
I b id. f igs. 2 09, 2 17 , 2 19 , 2 22 a nd 2 49.
1 93.
I b id. f ig. 2 32.
1 94.
I b id. f ig. 5 2.
1 95.
R ichter K ora i f ig. 1 37.
1 96.
A lex iou BCH 7 6 ( 1952 ) , 1 5.
1 97.
R ich ter K ouro i f i gs. 8 4, 9 7-102, 1 05.
1 98.
I b id. f ig. 1 73.
1 99.
I b id. f igs. 1 71, 2 16 , 2 40 , 3 04, e tc.
2 00.
A lex iou BCH 7 6 ( 1952 ), 1 6.
2 01.
R ich ter K ouro i f igs. 1 39, 1 43 a nd 1 72.
2 02.
R izza-Scr inar i p l. 1 7 n o. 9 7, p l. 2 0 n o. 1 14c, p l. 2 4 n o. 1 61,
p l. 2 2
n o. 1 36, p l. 3 1 n o. 2 03, a nd many o thers. 2 03.
tica 8 R ichter Archa ic Gravestones o f At , f i g. 6 2.
2 04.
Akurga l The B ir th o f Greek Art p ls. 3 a nd 4 .
2 05.
I b id. f ig. 1 1, p age 5 5.
2 06.
I b id. p l. 1 4.
2 07.
Pou lsen Der O r ien t u .d. f rühgr .Kunst 4 7, f i gs. 3 3, 3 5.
2 08.
G jerstad S CE I V.2, p l. 1 0 u pper l ef t .
2 09.
S ch m idt S a mos 7 , 9 4-95.
2 10.
G jerstad S CE I I , 2 64 n o. 1 7 , 2 65 n o. 1 6.
2 11.
Karouzos ' d a te o f 6 00 wou ld s e t t he h ead among t he s cu lptures o f t he l S oun ion g roup , b u t f a i ls t o a low a s u ff ic ien t l apse o f t ime f or S oun ion d eve lop men ts t o r each Crete :
2 12.
ArchEph 1 953-4, 3 , p age 2 5 n . 4 .
Board man CCO p l. 4 1 n os. 5 05-507.
De margne BCH 5 3 ( 1929 ) p l. 2 9.2.
Guarducc i ASAtene n .s. 1 -2 ( 1939-40 ), 2 36. 2 13. 2 14.
R ich ter Kouro i f ig. 1 14 ( Athens ) a nd f ig. L ev i Axos 4 3-146.
1 17 ( Sa mos ).
For r ecen t d iscuss ions o f t he Axos b ronzes :
mann Early C retan Ar morers 2 1, 2 8, 3 8, 4 1-43, p ls. 1 4-15 ; CCO 1 42-3. 2 15.
L ev i Axos 5 7.
2 16. A lex iou BCH 7 6 ( 1952 ), 8 . 2 17. Rodenwa ld t K orkyra I , p lates 1 1-12. 2 18.
I b id. p lates 2 8-29.
2 19.
I b id. 8 8 f ig. 7 5.
1 03
fHof
Board man
2 20.
L ev i Axos 5 2.
2 21.
Rodenwa ld t K ork 3 rra I , p l. 2 2.
2 22.
A lex iou BCH 7 6 ( 1952 ) 8 .
2 23.
Mar ina tos i n Prak t ika 1 933, 9 3; L e merle i n BCH 1 934, 2 70 ;
1 934, 1 28;
1 935, 3 06 ;
1 935 , 1 96;
1 938, 4 83.
1 938, 1 30.
K irsten RE s upp l.
7( 1940 ), 3 4-37. 2 24.
Mar ina tos Prak t ika 1 934, 1 31.
2 25.
Mar inatos Prak t ika 1 935 , 2 00.
2 26.
As s upport f or t he i dea o f a Cretan s anctuary o f t he Ro man p er iod d ed icated t o Egyp t ian g ods, s ee o n t he s hr ine o fI s is a nd S erap is a t Gortyn :
2 27.
Gaspare ASAtene 1 ( 1914 ), 3 76 ;
J an tzen S a mos 8 , 9 0.
1 ( 1916 ), 3 09.
An a dd it iona l f actor wh ich p erhaps i n f luenced t he
c ho ice o f d ate i s t he l ack o f a ny ma ter ia l i n t he s anctuary t o wh ich d ates b etween t he s ix th a nd f ourth c en tur ies may b e a ss igned : ( 1940 ),
3 8.
2 28.
P laton Gu ide t o t he Herak l ion Museum ( 1955 ), 1 41.
2 29.
Mar ina tos Prak t ika 1 935 , 1 96.
2 30.
As i n terpreted b y K irsten RE s upp l. 7 ( 1940 ), 3 4.
2 31.
f. Mar ina tos Prak t ika 1 933, 9 6f
2 32.
Mar ina tos Prak t ika 1 934, 1 31.
2 33.
Mar inatos Prak t ika 1 935 , 2 00.
2 34.
Mar inatos Prak t ika 1 935, 2 99.
2 35.
Mar inatos Prak t ika 1 933, 9 7.
2 36.
L e merle BCH 5 9 ( 1935 ), 3 06.
2 37.
RE s upp l . 7
RE s upp l. 7 ( 1940 ), 3 6.
Gard iner Egyp t ian Gra m mar , 4 67 , t he s ymbo ls G I, G 4, G5 , G 36 a nd G37 r espect ive ly .
Th is s cr ip t , t he M idd le Egyp t ian o ne , was t he p re-
f erred s cr ip t o f s cr ibes o f t he S a ite p er iod , i b id. 1 , t hus t hese s y mbo ls c over t he c ho ices a va i lab le t o a rt ists o f t he p er iod. 2 38.
l enn Co mpare t he O ld K ingdo m f a lcon o n a re l ief o f t he t h ird m il iu m , Fechhe i mer D ie P last ik d . Agyp ter p l . 1 09, w ith t he b ronze f a lcon f ound i n t he s even th c en tury c on tex t i n t he S am ian Hera ion , S a mos 8p l. 2 0 , a nd b o th w ith t he s er ies o f b ronze f a lcons f ro m a 3 0th Dynasty t o mb : Emery J EA 1 971, p l. 9 .3.
2 39.
S ch m id t S a mos 7 , 9 8, p ls. 1 13-114.
Ano ther g roup o f ( m in iature )
e astern Egyp t ian iz ing f a lcons o r h awks i n s tone a nd f a ience c omes f ro m t he a rcha ic ( seven th t o s ix th c en tur ies ) v ot ive d epos it i n K a me iros : J acop i C lara Rhodos 6 -7 ( 1932-3 ), 2 87 , f ig. 1 0 , 3 17-318, f igs. 5 7-58. 2 40.
J an tzen S a mos 8 , p l. 2 0 n o. B 1687.
2 41.
Except ions a re t he many t iny h awks i n e very ma ter ia l f ro m t he a rcha ic
1 04
d epos it a t Ephesus.
These a re o f ten o f n o i den t if iab le t ype , o r a re o n
t he Egyp t ian model :
Hogarth Ephesus 9 5 , 1 16, 1 46, 1 56 , 1 61 ,2 02
a nd 3 36. 2 42.
K raay , H ir mer Greek Co ins p l. 1 21 n o. 3 67 o f c . 5 20-506 , a nd p l. 1 54 n o. 4 89 o f 5 10-500.
2 43. 2 44.
Gehr ig AA 8 2 ( 1967 ), 6 09 f ig. 2 . tery f Cook Greek Pa in ted Pot i g. 2 8a , a Bo iot ian c up o f a bou t 5 50. Ru mp f Cha lk id ische Vasen p ls. 7 , 1 0 , 1 2, e tc.
2 45.
Cor in th 1 5.1, p ls. 2 6-27, a nd p age 7 0.
2 46.
Boeh mer AA 8 2 ( 1967 ) , 5 88, 5 89 f i g. 4 .
A lthough Greek i n s ty le , t he
S ard is e ag le h as more i n c o m mon w ith t he b ird-ded ica t ions o f Anato l ia. These c o mpare i n s ize t o t he Amn isos b irds, b u t a re d if feren t i n d est inat ion a nd d ecorat ion . 2 47.
linck S ee Mel , Exped it ion 6 ( 1964 ) 2 8-32.
i B l i mel T ierp last ik p l. 5 7 n r. 5 4.
i B l i mel D ie a rcha isch g r. S ku lpturen
d er S taa t l ichen Museen z u Ber l in 1 9 , f igs. 2 7-28. 2 48. A thens N at iona l Museum n o. 6 667. R ichter An i ma ls i n Greek S cu lpture ls t P l. 6 1 f ig. 2 05. De R idder c al he s a me b ird a c row i n Ca ta logue d es Bronzes s ur L 'Acropo le d 'Athenes, 1 99 n o. 5 42. l f 2 49. The c on trast b etween t wo smal i ct ile b irds f ro m t o mbs , o ne p robably o f t he s econd h a lf o f t he s ix th c en tury , t he o ther o f t he s econd q uarter o f t he f i f th , i n t he K a me iros n ecropo l is a t Rhodes, i s i nstruc t ive. The ls ix th c entury b ird , C lara Rhodos 4 ( 1931), 2 89 f ig. 3 19, h as t he f ul b lown f ar myard p roport ions o f t he f ow l o n r el iefs f ro m Xan thos , i n t he Br it ish Museu m :
P ryce p . 1 39 f i g. 1 83.
The f i f th c en tury b ird ( Clara
Rhodos 4 , 1 02 f ig. 8 9( d isp lays t he more s lender p roport ions a nd r estf u l b ut a lert p ose o f t he b irds a t Herak l ion . 2 50.
Kraay , H ir mer Greek Co ins p l. 5 9, f ig. 1 69.
2 51.
I b id. p l. 5 9, f ig. 1 70.
2 52.
I b id. 3 46.
2 53. Wroth Br it ish Museum , Ca talogue o f Greek Co ins. d a ted b efore 4 00 , p . 7 0.
Crete p l. 1 7.6-7 ,
Dated i n t he s econd h a lf o f t he f i f th c en tury b y
Head , H istor ia Numoru m 4 75. 2 54.
Wroth Cata logue.
2 55.
Head H istor ia 4 71.
2 56. Wroth Cata logue.
C rete p l. 1 4.3, p ages 5 5.6 ;
C re te p l. 1 3.5-6.
2 57.
K raay , H ir mer Greek Co ins 3 46.
2 58.
I b id. . p l. 9 3, f igs. 2 68-9, b o th d ated 4 00-300.
2 59.
I b id. p l. 1 58 f i g. 5 05 , d ated 3 50.
2 60.
Hah land J d I 7 9 ( 1964 ), 1 70.
2 61.
I b id. 1 73, f ig. 2 9. 1 05
Head H istor ia 4 71.
2 62.
Robertson Greek a nd Ro man Arch itecture 9 2, f ig. 4 0.
2 63.
l es d Amandry Fou il e De lphes I . 3 9 ( 1959 ) 1 99.
L a Co lonne d es n ax iens, 2 6 a nd p l.
Bu t Board man b r ings t he d ate d own t o 5 50 :
1 2.1, d ated 5 70-60.
Ped ley Greek S cu lp ture o f t he Archa ic Per iod :
An tJ
t he
f., p I sland Workshops, 2 6f l. 4 c ( De lph i ), 2 5-26 , p l. 3 1b-c ( Delos ). 2 64.
Robertson Greek a nd Ro man Arch itecture 1 04 f ig. 4 7.
Del ivorr ias AAA
1( 1968 ) 4 3, f ig. 5 . 2 65.
K on to leon AAA 1 (1968 ), 1 79 f ig. 2 .
Gruben AA 8 7 ( 1972 ), 3 77 , f i g.
3 6a-b. 2 66.
Desp in is AAA 2 ( 1969 ), 1 75 , f i g. 1 .
2 67.
Hah land J d l 7 9 ( 1964 ), 1 77 , f ig. 3 4.
Board man c oncurs w ith W iegand
a nd D ins moor i n ad a te n ot e ar l ier t han 4 50 : 2 68.
An t J3 9 ( 1959 ), 2 08.
An e arly e xa mp le o f t he p last ic t urn ing f ro m o u ts ide t he Greek w or ld i s t he v o lute o n ad ecorat ive b ronze f urn iture c as ing f ro m A lt in tepe, o f t he e igh th c en tury .
Bu t i t s ee ms t oo r e moved i n t ime a nd p lace t o b e
o f s ign if icance h ere : 2 69.
Kyre i le is J d l s upp l. 2 4 ( 1969 ) p l. 8 .4.
9 ( 1959 ) p l. 3 8 , a bove , a nd 2 06, 1 88 n o. 5 2. Board man Ant i-3 5 2 ( 1927 ) p l. 2 7 b elow ;
2 70.
Mar inatos Prak t ika 1 938, d iagra m o ppos ite 1 30.
2 71.
I b id., s ect ion o ppos ite 1 30.
2 72.
Mar inatos Prak t ika 1 936 , 8 1.
2 73.
Mar inatos Prak t ika 1 938, 1 38.
2 74.
D ins moor Arch itecture o f Anc ien t Greece 1 33, p l. 3 1, l ef t .
2 75.
Berve , Grüben Greek Te mp les, Thea tres a nd S hr ines 4 64.
2 76.
Mar ina tos AA 7 7 ( 1962 ), 9 13.
2 77.
Mar ina tos Prakt ika 1 938, 1 36.
2 78.
RE 8 ( 1913 ), 3 80. ( 1940 ) 2 7.
A th Mit t
1 67.
On t he c ave o f E ile ithye ia a t Amn isos, RE s upp l. 7
K irsten p refers t o d es igna te t he s anctuary a s Artem is ' o n
t he b as is o f t he s a me c onnect ion :
b id. 3 7. i
2 79.
As A lex iou Gu ide t o t he Herak l ion Museu m ( 1968 ), 1 20.
2 80.
Tho mpson G lossary o f Greek B irds 1 52-3 f or t he c uckoo 's c onnect ion w ith t he h awk , a nd w ith t he s acred marr iage o f Z eus a nd Hera.
2 81.
A lc man f rags. 1 -8 :
RE 1 3 s .v. L yka ios, c o l . 2 244.
2 82.
O ly mp ia 7 .84, 9 .96, 1 3.104.
2 83.
Meyer RE 1 3, c o l. 2 242.
2 84.
Kouroun io tes ArchEph 1 904, 1 81 f i gs. 8 -10 , 1 85 f ig. 1 1, 1 87 f i gs. 1 2-14.
2 85.
I b id. p ls. 9 a nd 1 0 , p age 1 94 f igs. 1 6-17.
N e mea 1 0.48.
K ouroun io tes ArchEph 1 904, 1 73 f i g. 7 .
1 06
2 86.
I b id. 1 95 f i gs. 1 8-19 , a nd f i gs. 1 6-17 f or t he h and a nd f oo t wh ich may b elong.
2 87.
RE 1 3, c o ls. 2 241-2.
1 07
PART I MAINLAND ORIENTALIZING S CULPTURE I N S OFT L I MESTONE
1 08
BOIOT IA CHAPTER 4
T here i s a t p resen t n o c o mparable s equence o f e ar ly a rcha ic s cu lpture i n s of t l imes tone o u ts ide C re te . I np ar t t h is i s o w ing t o t he f ac t t ha t many a reas o f ma in land G reece where marb le was o bta inable t urned e ar ly t o i m it a t ing t he C yc lad ic c en tres i n emp loying t he h arder ma ter ia l . I n t he r eg ions n ow t ob e d iscussed , where a fine-gra ined h o mogeneous s o f t l imes tone was o bta inable a nd i n u se b y t he s even th c en tury , a nd where t he r esu l t ing s cu lpt ures d ocu men t t he c on t inu i ty o f al oca l s t y le p ecu l iar t o t he s o f ter s tone , f ur ther e xcava tion may r evea l s choo ls a s p roduc t ive a s t he C re tan . E xcavat ion o f a rcha ic s tra ta i n s anc tuary a reas h as a dded mos t t o o ur k now ledge o f o r ien ta lizing s tone s cu lpture i n C rete a nd migh t wel o t he s a me i n c en tra l l d Greece , t o j udge f ro m t he r esu l ts a t t he p rov incia l t own o f H a la l i n L ok r is. Bu t w e may t race a d eve lop men t c o mparable t o t ha t o f C re te i n t he e x is t ing b ody o f s o f t l imes tone s cu lp tures f ro m c en tra l G reece ( exc lud ing A t ica ) ; t i ta ppears e ar ly i n t he p r inc ipa l c en tres a nd c on t inues l a ter i n p rov incia l o nes . The S t one T r ipod V essels f ro m P la taea ( P la te 2 2 ) I n C re te s of t l imes tone w as a pparen t ly f irs t s cu lpted b y i mm igran ts f ro m t he o r ien t a nd b y l oca l s em i-sk il toneworkers i m i tat ing t he ir p roduct ions l ed s a nd t he p roduc t ions o f t he o r ien ta l izing s choo ls o f meta l c ra f ts men i n t he i s land . N o f igured s cu lptures h ave b een f ound i n B o io t ia a nd L okr is wh ich may b e a tr ibu ted t o o r ien ta l c ra f ts men ; t
b u t t wo s tone t r ipod v esse ls f ro m
ugges t t he p oss iP la taea o n d isplay i nt he Thebes Museum ( nos . 19 a nd 2 0 )1 s b i l i ty o f a n o r ien ta l c on tr ibu t ion t o t he l oca l t echn ique o f work ing s o f t l imes tone . The t wo v esse ls a re r ough ly h ewn f ro m a s of t h o mogeneous l imestone i den t ica l i n c o lour a nd t ex ture t o t ha t o f t he c o lum n ar t orso f rom Tanagra ( P la te 2 7 ) a nd t he Der mys-K ity los d ed ica t ion ( Plate 2 8 ), a nd i n t ex ture i fn ot c o lour t o t he h ead a nd b ust f rom L iatan i ( P lates 2 4-26 ); t hey h ave d eep h em is pher ica l b ow ls a nd t hree b road v ert ica l l egs. Pharak las p laced t he p a ir e ar ly i n t he s even th c en tury o n t he b as is o f t he ' subgeometr ie d ecorat ion a nd emp has ized t he ir d ebt t o c on t inen ta l Greek metal t r ipods, 2 o n ly men t ion ing t he c onnec t ion w ith o r ien tal s tone t r ipod v esse ls. Wh i le t he s econd a nd more s k il lf ul ash ioned o f t he Bo io t ian b ow ls, Thebes 2 0 ( P late 2 2 c -d ) , c op ies t he f or m ly f art icu lar ly t he a tach men t o f o f t he G reek b ronze v essels more f a ithful ,3 p ly t t he l egs t o t he b ow l , ac o mpar ison o f t he o ther , Thebes 1 9 ( P late 2 2 a -b ), s haped l ess s ym metr ical u t u n l ike Thebes 2 0 , d ecorated , w ith c on te mporary ly b e xa mp les o f o r ien ta l s tone t r ipod v esse ls s hows i t owes l i t le t o t he meta l t t r ipods. Buchho lz h as s hown t he v essels w ere p roduced i n g reat n umbers p r inc ipal n S yr ia t hroughou t t he s econd m il ium a nd t he f i rst h a lf o f t he ly i l enn f i rst m il iu m B . 0 .; 4 t owards t he e nd o f t he Bronze Age Cyprus b eca me l enn
1 09
t he s econd ma jor c en tre o f p roduc t ion , e xpor t ing t he v esse ls wes t t o t he Aegean .
The C ypr io t t r ipod v essels were made o f s tea t i te , l imes tone , t u fa
o r b asa l t a nd d ecora ted w i th i nc ised e le men tary p at ypes a nd t erns whose t c oord ina t ion c o mpare e xac t ly w i th t hose o f T hebes 1 9.
5
T he s hapes h owever
a re r a ther more s hal nd e legan t w i th a n emphas is o np ure v er t ica ls a nd l ow a s tra igh t l ines i n t he c ons truc t ion o f t he l egs ,
6
a nd t he d es igns c arr ied o u t w i th
a far g rea ter c are t han i s t he c ase w i th T hebes 1 9 . P roduc t ion c on t inued i n to t he I ron Age a nd o r ien ta l izing p er iod i n n or th a nd s ou th S yr ia . Greek ,
7
The t ype o f d eep b ow l i n a tr ipod v esse l i s n o t e xc lus ively
t here a re a n u mber o f i ns tances o f t he d eep f or m o f b ow l f ro m S yr ia ,
f or e xa mple a v esse l f ro m H a ma 8 whose d ia me ter o f 3 2 cm c o mpares w i th t he 3 1 cm o f Thebes 1 9.
O ther v esse ls f ro m H a ma a nd S endsch ir l i f urn ish
g ood e xa mp les o f l egs whose o u ter s ur faces r e ta in d oub le c urva ture l i ke Thebes 1 9 , b u t u n l ike Greek t r ipods i nb ronze , o r Bronze Age s tone t r ipods f ro m t he or t he d ecora t ion o f t he C ypr io t L a te Bronze Age t ype , B uchho lz Aegean . 9 As f s uppl ies t hree f irs t mil ium S yr ian im i ta tions o f t he C ypr io t s che me f ro m l enn Ha ma a nd Qa tna ; 1° a n o r ien ta l izing t r ipod v esse l f ro m T el a laf i lus tra tes l H l t he c o mpara t ive l ooseness w i th wh ich d es igns w ere a pp l ied i n S yr ia .
1 1
Buchho lz s ur m ises t ha t t he S yr ian a nd P a les t in ian t r ipod v essels p layed P harak las d educed f ro m o ne a n impor tan t p ar t i n ar i tua l f or t he d ead . 12 t er f 3 p erhaps b et in ished s ide t ha t t he T hebes b owl was i n tended f or v iewing ;1 a n o r ien ta l i mm igran t b rough t al oca l r i tua l a s wel l a s al oca l v esse l t ype t o B o iot ia .
I n a ny e ven t , t he e ar l ies t B o io t ian e xa mples o f monumen ta l d ed ica-
t ions i n s of t l imes tone a ppear t o h ave c lose c onnec t ions w i th S yr ia . The D eda l ic S ta tue f ro m t he P toan S anc tuary ( P la te 2 3 ) I n C re te a g roup o f D eda l ic s cu lp tures p roper f ol l owed t he e ar ly s cu lp tures w i th p r i mar i ly o r ien ta l c onnec t ions .
The i n f luence o f t he C yc lad ic a nd E as t
Greek c en tres o f marble s cu lp ture o n t he o ne h and a nd o f C or in th ian s cu lpture o n t he o ther h ad v as t ly i ncreased .
A c o mparab le s tage i n t he e vo lu t ion o f
Bo io t ian s of t l imes tone s cu lp ture i s t ypi f ied b y t he o ver l i fe-s ize k ore a t A thens lo P f ro m t he s anc tuary o f A pol toos . 14 R ich ter p laced t he k ore i n t he s econd h a l f o f t he s even th c en tury ,
1 5
f ery J ef
c hose t he f irs t h a l f o f t h is p er iod f or t he i nscr ipt ion , »d a t i n g i t6 50-625 ,1 6 a nd t Duca t f ur ther n arrowed t he r ange t o t he l a ter p ar t o f t he t h ird q uar ter o f t he c en tury .1 7 The s ta tue a ppears t o o we much i n s ty le t o t he N ikandre s ta tue .
1 8
The
B o io t ian a r t is t migh t a l mos t h ave made n otes u pon t he f or ma t ion o f t he l ower ly o b ody a nd b e l t a nd e spec ial f t he u pper t orso a nd b reas t , a l though i n h is own work h e h as s tead i ly i ncreased t he v o lu me d ownwards , p erhaps n o t t rus t ing t he s o f ter ma ter ia l .
O f t he b od i ly f or ms o n ly t he b u lge o ver t he b e l t i s
r em in iscen t o f C re te ( as i n t he E leu therna s ta tue , P la te 1 4a ) b u t a marked b u lge a bove a n arrow u ndecora ted r a ised b e l t , c o mbined a s i n t he k ore w i th as hor t-s leeved b od ice , c harac ter izes a s er ies o f B o io t ian whee l made f igur ines a bou t 2 0 cm h igh i n t he L ouvre a nd i n A thens a nd a r e la ted e xa mp le f ro m Thera ,
1 9
a l o f t he l a te s even th c en tury . l
t h ian mode ls . "
F or t he h a ir Duca t s ugges ts C or in-
The a r tis t c hose a l oca l v ers ion o f t he Deda l ic c os tu me , i n
wh ich a l ong n arrow man t le r uns o ver t he s hou lders , f or m ing f laps r ese mb l ing 10 1
v ery s hor t s leeves , t hence d own a pron-l ike b o th f ron t a nd b ack n ear ly t o t he h em o f t he d ress , r unn ing u nder t he g ird le ( a s tatue f rom Vu lc i i n t he Br it ish Museum , i n wh ich s uch a man t le i s l e f t u ng irded , h e lps t o make t he a rrangemen t c learer ).
2 1
S uch a man t le mus t a ccoun t f or t he i den t ica l a rrange men t
o f s hort s leeves i n t he L ia tan i s ta tue ( P la te 2 6) , t he t orso f ro m T anagra ( P la te 2 7) , t he p er irrhan ter ion f igur ine f ro m t he P toan s anc tuary , a nd t he k ore s ta tuet te f ro m H a la i ( P la te 3 0 ). Me mory o r s k il l f a i led h i m when h e c ame t o t he f ee t ; h e d id n o t a te mp t t he Assyr ian izing f ee t o f N ikandre , p rot j ec t ing u p a nd o u t f ro m t he i n tersec t ion o f h em a nd b ase i n t wo l ow a rcs , b u t i ns tead c rea ted a r el ief g round f or t he m b y s l icing t he s tone o f t he l ower d ress b ack o bl iquely . The b orders o f t he l ower man t le a nd a n i nscr ip t ion a re t he o n ly i nc ised d ecora t ions o r p at t erns , i n s tr ik ing c on tras t t o t he n ear ly c ont e mporary A uxerre s ta tuet te . T he s ta tue c anno t s tr ic t ly b e c al r ien ta l izing a s i to wes n o th ing d irec t ly l ed o t o o r ien ta l izing minor a r ts o r t o o r ien ta l s cu lp ture , e ven t o t he e x ten t t ha t t he Auxerre a nd E leu therna s ta tues d o . T he s ta tue f ro m As tr i ts i p ar takes o f o r ien ta l o r o r ien ta l izing i deas i nb eing a monu men ta l s ea ted f igure . T he s ta tue f ro m t he P toan s anc tuary i l lus tra tes a paral le l s tage i n t he d eve lop men t o f s o f t l imes tone t echn ique a nd s ty le i n B oio t ia : a s i n t he c ase o f t he As tr i ts i s ta tue , t he a r t is t was o bl iged t o b u i ld u p h is s ta tue f ro m t wo o r t hree b locks , t o c rea te t he impress ion o f monumen ta l i ty more a ppropr ia te t o C yc lad ic
2 2
marb le s cu lp ture . The S ta tue f ro m L ia tan i ( Sk i ma tar i ) ( P la tes 2 4-26 ) T he p os t-Deda l ic p hase o f t he l a te s even th a nd e ar ly s ix th c en tur ies i s a s wel l r epresen ted a t T hebes a s a t H erak l ion , f irs t o f a l l b y a fragmen tary h a l f l i fe-s ize s ta tuet te f ro m L ia tan i ( Thebes Museum 2 29 ) .2 3 L ike t he t wo s cu lpt ures wh ich f ol l ow , i ti s o f t he h o mogeneous s o f t l imes tone o f t he P lataean t r ipods ; a l l t hree c o me f ro m n ear T anagra a nd were p erhaps q uarr ied i n c lose p rox im i ty . G race f o l lowed J enk ins ' d a te o f 6 10 f or t he s ta tue , a s h as Duca t , who f inds i th owever a n u pper r a ther t han a l ower l im i t . K arouzos s ugges ted a d a te o f 6 20 ; wh i le Kau len p ushed i tb ack t o b e fore 6 50 o n t he g rounds o f t he h a irs ty le o f t w is ted f ron t l ocks c o mbined w i th s tor ied b ack o nes i n a mass , f or wh ich h e f ound c o mpar isons among minor a r ts o f t he mid s even th c en tury — t he s a me g rounds o n wh ich Duca t h as b ased h is c hrono logy b y s eek ing c o mpar isons among s tone s cu lp tures o f t he t urn o f t he s even th t o s ix th c en tur ies . L eav ing a s ide f or a mo men t t he q ues t ion o f t he t w is ted f ron t l ocks , t he g enera l t rea t men t o f t he masses o f t he h a ir p rec ludes a d a te e ar l ier t han t he f ina l d ecade o f t he s even th c en tury. I fo ne c arr ies t he o u ter l ines o f t he f ul l s ide a nd b ack h air masses u pwards a nd i nwards t owards t he miss ing t op p ar t o f t he h ead , t he p ro jec ted l ines mus t mee t , e ven i n an arrow h ead , wel l b e low t he c rown ; o ne i n fers a smoo th c ap o f c rown h a ir c overed t he c ran ium d own t o e ar l eve l a t t he s ides a nd b ack ; i ti s l i kely t o h ave b een f ul l a nd s wel ling l ike t he l ocks . Ab reak b e tween c ap o f c rown h a ir a nd f ul l p eruke b e low , t q u i te a par t f ro m t he n umber o f d iv is ions i nt he l a ter , i s n o l onger D eda l ic , b u t c harac ter izes a g roup o f s cu lp tures a nd p a in t ings c en ter ing o n t he t urn o f t he s even th a nd s ix th c en tur ies , wh ich r e ta in D eda l ic i conography i n a more d eve loped s ty le .
The s uppor t ing f igures o f t he l a ter p er irrhan ter ia f ro m 11
4 R hodes , O ly mpia a nd t he P toan s anc tuary 2
h ave a d is t inc t a rea o f c rown h a ir
mee ting f ul ide l ocks a t t he e ars , whe ther o r n o t t he l a ter a re t wis ted . l s t T he e xa mple f ro m Rhodes i s c lose t o t he L ia tan i s ta tue n o t o n ly i nt he o b l ique t w is ting o f t he f ron t l ocks , b u t i nt he c on t inuous f l at rc b e tween c rown t ened a a nd wa is t d rawn b y t he o u t l ine o f t he b ack h a ir a nd l ower b ack i n p ro f i le ( P la te 2 4 ) , i nt he t wo f a t f ron t l ocks wh ich s hove t he e ars o u t , a nd i n t he j o in ing i n ag roove o ver t he s hou lder o f t he f ron t a nd b ack h a ir masses , where t he h or iz on ta l h a ir l ines mee t .
I np rof i le t he f igure 's b ody i s n arrower t han t he
L ia tan i s ta tue 's , a nd t he s hou lders r ig id a nd i l-p laced ; l
Duca t d a tes t he v essel
5 B u t t he p er irrhan ter ion f igure f ro m t he B oio tian s anc tuary , d a ted 6 25 .2 6 00 , 2 6 h as t he f ul hou lders w i th c ap s leeves , f ul pper b ody , a nd l er s l er u s hou lders c orrec t ly c arr ied i np ro f i le n earer t he s pine t han t he b reas t . T he v o lu me o f t he f igure 's h a ir mass a nd i nd iv idua l c ur ls f ar e xceed ing t ha t o f
t he P toan k ore ( P la te 2 3 ) , i s at ra i t f irs t o bservable i n minor a r ts o f t he e nd o f t he c en tury ( see F igure 5 b ) , a nd o ne wh ich b eca me p opu lar i n t he s o f t l imes tone s cu lp ture o f Magna G raec ia i nt he f irs t q uar ter o f t he s ix th c en tury . T he t u fa h ead i n S yracuse f ro m L anganel 7 o f 5 80-70 c o mbines a smoo th lo 2 b u t s wol rown c ap o f h a ir w i th t err i f ical u lg ing b eads o n f a t s ide l ocks ; l en c ly b a ga in i nt he h igh r el ie f f igure f ro m Mon te C asa le 2 8 t he i nd iv idua l b eads o f h a ir b eco me e nor mous i n s ec t ion i nt he g roove o ver t he s hou lder where t wo l ong l ocks p rogress ive ly d iv ide . As r egards t he t w is ted f ron t l ocks , wh i le i ti s t rue t ha t a massed h a irdo w i th f ron t l ocks p ul u t a nd t w is ted i s a n o ld o ne ( appear ing f or e xa mp le l ed o i n t he i vory s ta tuet f P hoen ician s ty le f ound a t D elph i , o f t he n in th o r e igh th te o c en tury ) ,2 9 i te n joyed a per iod o f g rea t p opu lar i ty i n minor a r ts a s w el s l a l arge s tone s cu lpture j us t a t t he e nd o f t he s even th c en tury . The f ol ing l ow e xa mp les s upp le men t Duca t 's l i s t a nd s uppor t h is d a t ing : a b ronze k ouros s ta tuet ro m t he S am ian H era ion ( F igure 5 1) , a terracot laque i n l ow te f ta p r e l ief f ro m A t ica , " a plaque o f ' Deda l ic ' t ype i n B ase l p robab ly f ro m C re te , t where t he d rapery f o lds p rec lude a d a te e ar l ier t han 6 00 ( F igure 5 b ) , a nd t he 1 T he t wo f ina l f igur ines a re e n throned i vory f igur ine f ro m S par ta o f 6 00 .3 s plend id e xa mples o f t he e xaggera ted ly s wel rea t men t b o th o f i nd iv idua l ling t
t wis ts a nd o f masses o f s ide a nd b ack h a ir a s a w hole , wh ich o ne n ormal ly a ssoc ia tes w i th s of t l imes tone s cu lp ture a lone . Apart f ro m t he f anci fu l d ec ora t ion o f t he c rown h a ir a nd e nds o f t he b ack l ocks ; a l i t le c en taur o f s o f t t s tone i n Vu lc i o f a bou t 6 00 h as a h a irs tyle s im i lar t o t ha t o f t he L ia tan i t orso i n e very d e ta i l — l eng th , v o lume , t rea t men t o f b ack mass a s wel s f ron t l a l ocks , a nd g radua l d iv is ion o f t he t wo a bove t he s hou lders .
3 2
The f igure i s t o b e r egarded a s ap iece o f a bou t 6 10-600 a nd makes a m os t i lu m ina t ing c o mpar ison w i th i t s p redecessor f ro m t he P to ion . T he w orkmanl s h ip i s s t il ine ; b u t t he a r t is t h as g iven u p t he C yclad ic a nd E as t G reek l f o r ien ta tion t owards monu men ta l i ty i nf avour o f as ize u nder h a l f l i fe-s ize , l ike t he l arges t o f t he Dreros s phyre la ta . I ti s imposs ible t o b e s ure a bou t t he miss ing l ower p art o f t he s ta tuet , b u t i t may wel ave t er m ina ted i n te l h c o lumnar f or m l i ke t he p er irrhan ter ion f igures , w i th n o a te mpt t o p or tray t f ee t . Those o f D er mys a nd K i ty los f ro m t he s a me l oca l s choo l s how n o a dvance u pon t he f ee t o f t he P toan s ta tue . T he p re ference f or l oca l c os tume a nd h a ir i n h or izon ta l r ol on t inues . The s ta tue i s l ess d ependen t u pon t he ls c c en tres o f marb le s cu lp ture t han . i t i s u pon e ar ly a rcha ic minor a r ts .
12
C o lumnar T orso f ro m T anagra ( P la te 2 7 ) Af rag men tary c o lu mnar h ead less f igure o f a bou t h a l f l i fe-s ize , w i th t he l ower p ar t o f af ul Deda l ic ' s hee t o f h a ir , h or izon tal tor ied a t t he b ack l ' ly s o f t he n eck a s i nt he P toan k ore a nd t he L ia tan i s ta tue , was f ound r ecen t ly n ear T anagra .3 3 Ma ter ia l a nd s ca le a re t he s a me a s i n t he L ia tan i b us t . P harak las h as r ecogn ized t he l a t ter a s t he d ec is ive c o mpar ison b u t c hosen t o p lace t he c o lumnar t orso b e fore r a ther t han a f ter i to n t he g round o f i t s ' Deda l ic ' d es ign i n t r iang les , t he g rea ter b u lk f or i t s h e igh t , a nd t he s t if f er t rea t men t o f t he b ack h a ir .
3 4 T he e x is tence o f t wo l ong f ron t s ing le l ocks l i nc l in ing t owards e ach o ther a s t hey f a l d own t he b reas t , o ne o f t he ' Deda l ic
t r iang les ' c i ted b y P ha .rak las , i s a n i nd ica t ion o f d a te n o t i n D eda l ic t imes , when f ron t h a ir t akes t he f or m o f s o l id w edge-shaped masses o r o f f ann ing mu l t ip le l ong l ocks , b u t o f o ne a t t he e nd o f t he s even th c en tury when e xa mples o f t he p a ir o f i so la ted l ong f ron t l ocks p ro li fera te ( see a bove p . 12 ). T he mass o f s tor ied b ack h a ir i n c o mbina t ion w i th s epara te f ron t l ocks s hows t he s ame s tage o f d eve lop men t o f t he s ty le a s i n t he L ia tan i s ta tue . The o n ly g rounds f or t h ink ing t he h a ir e ar l ier i s i t s r ig id i ty a nd t he a bsence o f s ubt le ling model , wh ich l i ke t he b u lky f or m o f t he f igure a s a w ho le b ears w i tness lingness t t o ad ec l ine i n t echn ique , a n i nabi l i ty o r u nwil o c u t i n to t he b lock o f ly s tone more t han s uper f ic ial . The s tatue t yp if ies n o t a n o lder l ess d eveloped s tage o f s cu lpture f or, a s l w e h ave s een i n t he c ase o f t he P toan s tatue, t he f u l Deda l ic p er iod i n Bo iot ia w as marked b y ah igh s tandard o f t echn ique a nd a s trugg le t o c on for m w ith t he c en tres o f Greek marble s cu lp ture —bu t ay ounger o ne, when t he p ostl Deda l ic a r t ist l owered h is t echn ica l s tandards a nd a lowed h i msel f t o a bbrev iate a nd g enera l ize.
The s a me p o in t w as r eached i n C rete a t t he
e nd o f t he c en tury w ith t he s eated g oddesses o f t he Pr in ias t e mp le l in te l a nd , l ike t he g oddesses, t he Tanagra t orso b etrays i t s p ost-Dedal ic d ate b y t he f ac i le , more n a tura l is t ic r ender ing o f b as ic b od i ly f or ms n o t iced b y P harak las .
t er A l though s quat , t he p ropor t ions wou ld b e c o mparable t o t hose
t o f t he k ora i o nt he p er irrhan ter ion f ro m t he P to ion ( f igure 6 2 ) were t he l a ter n o t t r im med i n s harp ly a t t he wa is t .
I n t he f ron t v iew , b o th f igures h ave
t he s a me b u lky s quare s hou lders a nd u pper t orso a bove t he wa is t , f or m ing , t w i th t he a r ms , a per fec t s quare . T he u pper a r ms h ave l i t le b u lk i n t h is v iew : ine ; t he c ap s leeve i s i n h igh t he s leeve e dges t raverse t he m i n as hor t s teep. l r e l ief a ga ins t t he b are a rm ; t he f ron t h a ir p ieces f a l l t o t he s a me p o in t o ver t he b reas t . I n t he b ack v iew , t he o u t l ine a round t he s leeves a nd a r ms i s i den t ica l ; i np rof i le , o ne c an r es tore a n i den t ica l c ubic f or m f or t he k ore b y imag in ing t he miss ing s tone s t il l i np lace b e tween b ut t ocks a nd b ack h a ir , a nd b e low t he b reas ts ;
t he s hou lders a re t hrus t s l igh t ly f orward , t he u pper a r ms
a re n o t s tr ic t ly v er t ica l b u t p o in t b ack a t t he e lbows ( c o mpare P la te 2 7 b ) . There a re t he s a me wel l r ounded b u t muscu lar ly u nde f ined a r ms a nd h eavy s hou lders v ery b road a nd f l a t o nt op . T he s hape o f t he c o lumnar t orso a s a who le i s t he s a me a s t ha t o f t he k ore b e low t he h ips :
ac ubic s haf t r ounded
a t t he c orners , l ean ing a bi t f orwards f ro m t he v er t ica l . T he t orso mus t b e c on te mporary w i th o r p erhaps s l igh t ly l a ter t han t he k ore . I n v iew o f i t s e cono m ica l d esign w ith a r ms a nd t he o b ject t hey g rasp c arved i n as hal l ow a rea g a ined b y h ack ing b ack t he s tone s l igh t ly a t t he wa ist a nd a l l b e low a pparen t ly l ef t v ery n ear t he o r ig ina l d i mens ions o f t he b lock , t he s tatue l ar o s eems l ike ly t o h ave t er m ina ted merely a s a pil r c o lu mn. Two c omparab le c lasses o f c o lu mnar s cu lp tures s pr ing t o m ind. 1 13
F irst t here i s t he s o-cal l ed
' M is tra k ore ' ( F igure 6 1) , l i ke t he s uppor t ing f igures o f p er irrhan ter ia i n ma ter ia l ( hard l imes tone ) a nd t ype o f f igure , b u t d if t i n f or m . T he k ore f eren i s c arved i n h igh r el ie f o n t he f ron t o f ac y l indr ica l b lock o nce p erhaps c . 0 .80 m h igh , whose t op s ur face i s h ol o f orm a smal as in w i th l owed t l b c hanne l , p erhaps a n a l tar .3 5 S uch a r es tora t ion f or t he s l igh t ly l arger T anagra t orso i s n o t i nconceivab le , a nd wou ld s u i t i t s f indspot n ear t o mbs ( Pharak las i den t i f ied i ta s ag rave monumen t ) .
T he s econd c lass i nc ludes t he l a ter s ix th
c en tury marble s ta tue o f an ude ma le f igure a t S par ta , b roken o f b e low t he f n ave l , b u t w i th n o d e f in i t ion o f l ower a bdo men , t h ighs , b ack o r b ut , w i th t ocks s tr ik ing ly s imi lar d i mens ions a nd p ropor t ions , a l though t he a ssumed c o lumnar l ower b ody i s l ess b u lky t han i nt he T anagra t orso .
3 6
The l ower h a l f o f a
s ta tue-l ike s tone p il , s ee m ing ly l eaded d irec t ly i n to a s tone b ase wh ich l ar s tood w i th in t he s ix th c en tury s hr ine o n t he a cropo l is a t H a la i i n L okr is 3 7 may b e c i ted a s a no ther me mber o f t he g roup . Wid th a nd d ep th c o mpare g eneral ly w i th t he Theban a nd S par tan s ta tues . I fs uch s cu lp tures were e rec ted a s o b jec ts o f worsh ip i np rov inc ia l s hr ines o f t he s ix th c en tury , t hey a re a s epara te p henomenon f ro m t he p r im i t ive o r ' Deda l ic ' x oana f ormer ly t hough t t o i n i t ia te s tone s cu lpture i n Greece .3 8 T he t echn ical uper ior Deda l ic works o f t he T anagra ly s r eg ion may h ave b een t heir a n teceden ts , b u t c ou ld n o t h ave b een t he ir s uccess ors . O f t he t wo i den ti f ica t ions wh ich P harak las s ees a s p oss ible f or t he b at t ered t ubu lar o b jec t c ur l ing u p t he f igure 's b ody b e tween h is h ands ( see P la te 2 7a ) , as nake a nd t he t a i l o f al i on ,
3 9
h e r e jec ted t he f irs t o n t he g rounds o f l ack
o f p aral ls i n e ar ly G reek s cu lp ture , a nd p re ferred t he s econd , s ugges t ing le t he l i on , i n l ow r e l ie f a ga ins t t he f ron t o f t he s ta tue , h ung o f t he g round b y f i t s t a i l .
Wh i le mis tresses o f l i ons a re w el epresen ted i n G reek a r t o f t he l r
s even th c en tury a nd mas ters t o al ess e x ten t , 4 °n one o f t he p aral ls c i ted le g ives a v ery c lear i dea h ow t he t he me migh t h ave b een c arr ied o u t h ere . Many o f t he G reek p laques a nd r e l ie fs s how a goddess w i th a l arge a n ima l e xt end ing f ar b eyond t he o u t l ine o f h er s k ir ts o n e i ther s ide , 41 imposs ible h ere u n less t he l i on was f ash ioned f ro m a s epara te b lock b e low a s i n t he p er irrhant er ia , i n wh ich e ven t h is t a i l o ugh t t o b e a t t he s ide . B o th G reek a nd o r ien ta l r e l ie fs o f t he p er iod more o f ten s how t he mis tress s ide b y s ide w i th o ne o r more l i ons , whe ther a c t ive ly g rappl ing o r s tanding q u ie t ly . 42 A s er ies o f s ix th a nd f i f th c en tury t erracot laques o f Ar te m is w i th l i ons a nd o ther w i ld ta p a n i ma ls f ro m C orcyra e xp lore t he r ange o f p oss ibi l i t ies o pen t o t he a r t is t o f p or traying a s ea ted o r s uspended a n i ma l i n r e l ie f w i th in t he c on f ines o f i t s mis tress ' s k ir ts . 43
I n e very c ase t he a n i ma l 's h ead o r h indquar ters r each
u p t o j us t b e low t he g oddess ' wa is t a nd i n e very c ase s he h o lds h im b y t he h indp aws , f orepaws o r h ead , a s i nt he N i mrud i vor ies , 44 a l lowing t he t ai l t o c ur l f ree ly . Al imes tone f igure f ro m N aukra t is a lso h olds a l i on u ps ide d own b y h is h ind p aws — t he a n i ma l 's r u mp r eaches t he man 's wa is t .
4 5
I tw ou ld b e
d if l t t o r econs truc t a be l ievable s cu lp tura l c o mpos i t ion w i th e ven a tiny ficu l i on , y e t t he t h ick o b jec t i nt he f igure 's h and r equ ires a n e normous o ne . S nakes , o n t he o ther h and , o ccur w i th g rea t r egu lar i ty i n t he t erracot ta s cu lpture o f b o th C re te a nd C yprus .
I n C re te t he h abi t o f c o mbin ing s nakes
a nd whee l made f igur ines w i th t ubu lar t orsos much l i ke t he t orso i n T hebes g oes b ack t o t he B ronze Age : s nakes w ind a round t he wa is t a nd r igh t u pper a rm o f a w hee l made f igur ine f ro m G ourn ia , 46 o bl iquely a cross t he b ody a nd
14
u p t he b ack o f t he n eck f ro m b o th s ides o n ac y l indr ica l t erracot le f igure t a ma p robab ly o f t he e igh th c en tury f ro m K issa mo , n ow i n Ox ford , 47 a nd u p t he r igh t o r l e f t s ide o f t he c y l indr ica l b ody t o t he h ands o f t wo f igures f ro m P ra isos ( F igure 5 9 ) . 48 T he K issa mo man i s 3 6 cm h igh , t he f irs t o f t he P ra isos f igures 4 4 cm , t he s econd o r ig inal ver 6 0 cm , n ear ly t he s ca le o f t he s tone ly o f igure f ro m T anagra , a s w el s b e ing c o mparably f or med . l a
I n t he t wo P ra isos
f i gures , t he s nakes a re c er ta in ly t o b e i n terpre ted a s s uch r a ther t han a s p las t ic g ar men t b orders , f or b orders a re e lsewhere s hown b y i nc is ion a nd l inear p at . t erns T he c oi l o nt he K issamo f i gure h as b een c al a ldr ic , 49 b u t ac o mpar ison l ed ab w i th s o me o f t he n u merous C ypr io t ma le f igur ines w i th s nakes i nt erracot ta a nd s tone p roves i t s i den t i ty a nd e xp la ins t he c ur ious p lace men t o f t he c oi ls u p a nd o ver t he b ack o f t he n eck , a s i nt he t erracot en taur f ro m A jia I r in i . ta c The s nakes ' h eads a ppear o ver t he f orehead a t a fi le t , t he b od ies c ur l d own l t he b ack a nd a ppear a t t he s ides u nder t he a r mpi ts . "
On a c y l indr ica l t erra-
c ot i gure a lso f ro m A jia I r in i , f ormed l i ke t he K isa mo f igure , as nake w inds ta f u p t he g ar men t f ro m t he h em , a s i nt he P ra isos f igures , c ur l ing o ver t he s hou lders ( F igure 6 0 ) . These c y lindr ica l f i gur ines h o ld b o th a r ms u p o r o u t ( f or f ur ther s nakes?) ; b u t a monumen ta l t erracot igure f ro m P a tr ik i , 5 1 ta f whose c olu mnar t orso measures 8 5 .5 cm f ro m h ips t o c rown , h o lds t hree s e ts o f s nakes t o h is b reas t w i th a r ms b en t a t n ine ty d egrees a t t he e lbow a nd h e ld a ga ins t h is wa is t , a pos ture i den t ica l t o t he T anagra s tone t orso . T he p os ture o f t he a rms i s r epea ted i n al a ter a rcha ic t erracot n te f ix f ro m P a la ikas tro ta a i n C re te i nt he f orm o f ag orgon w i th s nakes .
5 2
A C ypr io t l imes tone s ta tuet te
i n t he C esno la c ol t ion s hows a man w i th n eckleng th massed h a ir , al ong l ec c olumnar u ng irded g ar men t w i th o bl ique s hor t s leeves a nd a r ms b en t a t t he wa is t h o ld ing a pa ir o f s erpen ts c lose t o t he b ody , a l a s i n t he T anagra t orso ; l h e h as a smoo th c ap w i th t hree s nakes a nd t he p a ir h e h o lds r un v er t ical ly d own t he t h ighs ( F igure 5 8 ) . S nakes were a favour i te mot i f o n t he l a te e igh th a nd e ar ly s even th c en tury p ot f B o io t ia b o th a s p a in ted d es igns a nd a s net dd i t ions .5 3 Bu t t he t ery o tle a c olumnar t orso w i th s nakes i s n o t k nown i n B oio t ian a r t . T he Tanagra t orso a ppears t o b e c lose ly model pon t he g roup o f C ypr io t a nd C re tan ' snake l ed u p r ies ts ' , e ven t o t he p o in t o f a dop t ing t he h al f l i fe-s ize s ca le a nd c o lumnar b od ies o f s o me o f i t s r epresen ta t ives .
T he s nake c u l t a nd p or traya l o f s nakes
c oi led r ound f igures i n l ong r obes e x is ted i n B ronze Age P a les tine 5 4 a nd was a p opu lar i n B ronze a nd e ar ly I ron Age C re te a s i n C yprus ; b u t t he s even th c en tury C ypr io t i ns tances a re more f requen t a nd more d e ta i led , a nd s erve more s a t is fac tor i ly a s p ro to types f or t he T anagra t orso .5 5 T here a re n o p aral le ls among l oca l t erracot ta s cu lp tures , b u t t he p las t ic s nake v ases o f a B oio t ian p ot t er work ing a t t he m idd le o f t he s ix th c en tury h ave f a t c o i ls r es e mbl ing t hose b e tween t he h ands o f t he Tanagra f igure .5 6 The o b lique a nd v er t ica l l ines i ncised o nt he T anagra t orso , wh ich Pharak las h as i n terpre ted a s t he b orders o f ah i ma t ion , may b e a taen ia s lung o bl ique ly a cross t he s hou lders , a s i n t he C re tan t erracot ta f igure i n H a mburg , wh ich t o j udge f ro m t he f i l le t w i th U raeus-l ike p ro jec t ion o ver t he f orehead , b are s ca lp , a nd C ypr io tin f luenced f ree ly s cu lp ted l egs u nder a b el l -shaped b ody , may d epic t as nake p r ies t .
5 7
T he e nds o f t he t aen ia h ang d own o n e i ther s ide o f t he r igh t
s hou lder , wh i le t he d oub le l ines d own t he s pine mus t o r ig ina te o n t he c rown ,
15
where t here may h ave b een a n a rrange men t o f s nakes a nd f i le t ; ag armen t l s o a rranged t ha t d oub le v er t ica l b orders h ang d own t he b ack f ro m t he n ape o f t he n eck 5 8 i s d if l t t o i mag ine . ficu D er mys a nd K i ty los ( P la te 2 8 ) H av ing t raced t he p os t-Deda l ic s choo l o f t he T anagra r eg ion i n to t he e ar ly s ix th c en tury , we a re i n a pos i t ion b r ie f ly t o d iscuss t he i mpor tan t g rave-re l ie f i nt he N a t iona l Museum a t A thens s tand ing a t t he e nd o f i t , a nd t o s ee whe ther t he f orego ing d iscuss ion h as s hed a ny l i gh t o n i t s p ecu l iar i t ies . The p r incipa l d if l ty i nvo lved i s o ne o f d a t ing , f or R ich ter f o low ing ficu l G race h as p laced t he D er mys-K i ty los monumen t n ear 6 00 i n h er S oun ion g roup ,
5 9
wh i le J ohansen a nd Lul lies h ave s e t i ta t a bou t 5 75 a nd 5 50 .
6 0
E xponen ts o f t he e ar ly d a te h ave c i ted t he p r im i t ive b od i ly r epresen ta t ions , a rcha ic c o mpos i t ion a nd f oreign o r d ev ian t e lemen ts s uch a s t he o pposed f ee t , p os it ion o f t he i nner a r ms a nd a spects o f t he h a ir a rrange men t. Bu t when o ne c o mpares t he s ta tue w i th t he p reced ing B oio t ian o nes , r a ther t han w i th c on te mporary marb le s cu lp ture o f A t ica a nd o ther a dvanced c en tres , t i tb eco mes a pparen t t ha t t he s ta tue o ugh t t o b e p laced w el f ter 6 00 . T ak ing l a t he L ia tan i t orso a s ar epresen ta t ive o f T anagra s cu lp ture a t t he t urn o f t he c en tury a nd t he s nake p r ies t p erhaps a s al oca l f unera l monumen t o f 6 00 o r a f ter , t he D er mys-K i ty los monumen t h as g one f ar i n c on for m ing w i th A t ic t s tandards . F or t he f i rs t t ime t he G reek a rcha ic k ouros t ype i s s hown , a lbei t w i th minor mod i f ica t ions ( t he k ouros t yp i f ied e ar ly C yc lad ic marble s cu lp ture , b u t n ever e ar ly o r ien ta l izing s of t s tone s cu lp ture ) . The k ouros t ype f i rs t a ppeared i nt he P toan s anc tuary i nt he s econd q uar ter o f t he s ix th c en tury ;6 1 i t s a ppearance h ere s hou ld b e o n ly a l i t le e ar l ier . S econd ly , t he B o io t ian t s cu lptor w i th h is p reference f or a monumen t i n t he f orm o f ac o lumnar h uman b ody h as made a c oncess ion t o A t ic t as te t hrough t he t enon i n t he u pper s urt f ace f or i nsert ion o f ac avet ld ing a nd s ph inx s cu lp ture o r t he l i ke . 62 to mou The i dea o f a ma le f igure i n v ery h igh r e l ie f a ga ins t as lab o r s te le i s n o t a l oca l o ne , b u t i s p aral led b y a marb le k ouros i n h igh r e l ie f o n as te le f ro m le t he n ecropo l is a t N axos . 63 S o me y ears mus t s tand b e tween s uch a g rave monumen t a s t he s nake p r ies t a nd t h is p rov inc ia l e xa mp le o f af orm o n ly d ev e loping i n A t ica e ar ly i nt he s ix th c en tury . F inal , t he Egypt ian i n f luence t ly e v iden t i n t he p os ture o f t he y ou ths ' i nner a rms a nd i nner l egs , a nd i nt he f la t-fron ted l ong l ocks o f w ig o r h a ir r em in iscen t o f ac ere mon ia l h eaddress , " n eed n o t i nd ica te a h igh d a te , a s i th as n ot p roved p oss ible t o l oca te s uch s trong o r d irec t E gyp tian i n f luence i n a ny o f t he e ar l ies t s of t l imes tone s cu lpt ura l s choo ls o u ts ide t he C ypro-Rhod ian o rb i t . L ev in h as s hown t ha t t he e c lec t ic u ti l isa t ion o f s pec i f ic E gyp t ian f orms , a s c o mpared w i th a borrowing o f b as ic E gypt ian t echn ique f or s cu lp ture i nt he mid-seven th c en tury , c haract er ized a s econd p hase o f E gyp t ian i n f luence o n G reek s cu lpture , s pann ing t he h a l f c en tury o f Amas is ' r e ign a f ter 5 80 B . C . 65 The a ppearance o f t he Egypt ian h eaddress a nd h ierog lyph f or a n embrace i n Der mys a nd K i tylos i s t o b e c o mpared w i th t he a dop t ion o f a n Egyp t ian manner is m f or c arry ing t he c a l f i n t he A then ian Moschophoros o f a bou t 5 70 .
6 6
A t t he s a me t ime , c on t inu i ty
w i th t he B o io t ian s choo l i s s hown i nt he c rude manner o f i nscr ibing o n t he s ta tue i t sel f , a s o nt he P toan s ta tue ( P late 2 3 ) a nd t he s nake p r ies t ( P la te 2 7 ) ; i n t he f ee t , h ard ly a na dvance u pon t he P toan s ta tue o f t he s even th c en tury ; 16
a nd i nt he h a ir , where a fur ther s ign o f ad a te wel l a f ter 6 00 i s t he r enunc ia t ion a t l ong l as t o f t he b e loved B oio t ian s ol id b ack mass w i th h or izon ta l u ndu la t ions . T he t w is ted l ocks o f t he L ia tan i s ta tue h ave b een r e ta ined , b u t moved t o t he b ack , t o make way f or a n ewer f ash ion o f v ery l ong f ron t l ocks d iv ided i n to h or izon ta l b eads , a s i nt he y ou ths o f t he S ikyon ian T reasury me topes o f t he 7 s econd q uar ter o f t he s ix th c en tury .6
T he s che me o f c rown c ap o f h a ir o ver
f u l l ong l ocks c on t inues i n af or m p aral led b y S ou th I t a lian s cu lptures t o b e l le d a ted a t t he e nd o f t he f irs t q uar ter o f t he s ix th c en tury .
6 8
T he s ta tue i s a fina l p roduc t ion o f a ma jor p rov incia l B oio t ian c en tre o f s cu lp ture o nt he e ve o f c on for m ing w i th t he p reva i l ing t ypes o f a rcha ic Greek s cu lp ture , t hose o f t he c en tres o f marb le s cu lp ture . I tb r idges t he g ap t ypol og ical nd c hronolog ical e tween t he B o io t ian s choo l o f o r ien ta l izing ly a ly b s cu lp ture i n s of t l imes tone a nd t he e ar l ies t p roduc t ions o f t he B o io t ian s choo l o fp roper Greek k ouroi i n h ard a nd s o f t l imes tone a nd marb le i n terchangeably . Fro m e ar l ies t t imes t he B o io t ian s cu lp tor a pparen t ly l i ked r ounded s wel ling f orms , b road s hal epress ions a nd g rooves a d jacen t t o f l a ttopped u ndu lal ow d t i ons , s ur faces f ree o f i nc is ion , a nd b road p lanes mee t ing a t o btuse a ng les . I n v iew o f t hese p re ferences , t he s ty le o f d ef in ing b od ily f or ms o n t he e ar l iest Bo io t ian k ouro i d oes n o t c ome a s as urpr ise .
NOTES 1 .
Pharak las B SA 6 5 ( 1 970 ) , 1 75-9 , p is 4 3 f .
2 .
I b id ., 1 76.
3 .
Wil ie Drei fusskesse l v on O ly mp ia p l . I . l e msen D
4 .
5 .
Buchho lz J d I 7 8 ( 1 963 ) 1 -77. o f t ypes :
1 0 f i g . 4 .
p er iods :
5 9 f i g . 1 9 .
C har t s howing c hrono log ica l d is tr ibu t ion
C har t o f g eograph ica l d is tr ibu t ion i n d if t f eren
I b id . 2 2 f ig . 9 , 2 3 f i g . 1 0 .
T he v essel f ig . 1 01 i s n ear ly i den t ica l , w i th
smal igzag a t t he l i p , l arge z igzag o f d oub le l ines o n t he l egs , a nd l z c oncen tr ic c irc les b e tween . P age 9 for t he ma ter ia l . 6 .
I b id .
1 3 f ig . 5 .
F or t he e xa mp les e xpor ted t o t he A egean , 3 fi g . 1 .,
5f ig . 2 7 .
As Pharak las ,
BSA 6 5 ( 1 970 ) , 1 76.
8 .
B uchho lz J d I 7 8 ( 1 963 ) 3 6 C 84 ;
9 .
I b id . 3 8 C 92 ;
4 7 f ig . 1 4p .
4 7 f ig . 1 4q .
1 0 .
I b id . 2 6.
1 1.
Oppenhei m T el l Ha la f I I , 9 -11 .
1 2 .
B uchho lz J dI 7 8 ( 1 963 ) 6 2 f .
1 3.
P harak las BSA 6 5 ( 1 970 ) , 1 75 .
1 4.
A thens NM 2 +3 .
Descr ipt ion w i th p rev ious b ibl iography i n Duca t L es
K ouroi d u P to ion 7 7-83 , p ls. 1 7-18.
1 17
1 5 .
R ich ter K ora i 2 7.
1 6.
f ery The L J ef oca l S cr ip ts o f Archa ic G reece 9 2 , 9 4 .
1 7.
Duca t L es K ouroi d u P to ion 8 2 f .
1 8 .
C o mpare R ich ter K ora i f igs . 2 5-27 a nd 2 8-30 .
1 9 .
I b id . f igs . 8 6-100 , p ages 3 3-34 .
2 0 .
P erukes w i th s ubdued h or izon ta l u ndu la t ions were p opu lar i n C or in th ian s cu lpture o f t he s even th c en tury :
f or e xa mple o n t he r e l ief f ro m Mycena i
( R ich ter K ora i f ig . 8 4 ) , a nd o n aP ro tocor in th ian p las t ic v ase i n N ew Y ork ( R ich ter Me tropol i tan Museu m C lass ica l C ol l ec t ion Handbook f ig . 2 4 ) .
V ery f ul l h or izon ta l r ol ls i np erukes d o n ot o ccur b e fore t he t urn
o f t he s even th t o s ix th c en tury ( an e ar ly e xa mple i s t he l imes tone r e l ie f h ead o f a bou t 6 00 , B ook id is H esp 3 9 ( 1 970 ) , 3 14 p l . 7 7.1) , a s e lsewhere . 2 1.
R ich ter K ora i f igs . 1 59-62 .
2 . 2
Duca t L es K ouroi d u P toion 7 8 .
2 3 .
P icard Manue l I , 5 08 ; Deda l ica 7 1-2 ;
Grace Archa ic S cu lp ture i n B oio tia 5 2 ;
Duca t L es K ouroi d u P to ion 8 2f.,
G u ide t o t he Thebes Museum ( 1934 ) , 1 1; 2 4 .
a lso 1 46;
J enk ins
Karouzos ,
K au len Da ida lika 7 8-80 .
R ich ter K ora i f igs . 4 1-43 ( Rhodes ) , f igs . 4 5-48 ( O ly mpia ) , a nd f igs . 4 9-52 ( P toan s anc tuary ).
2 5 .
Duca t BCH 8 8 ( 1 964 ) , 6 04 .
2 6.
I b id . 6 04 .
2 7.
R ich ter K ora i 3 9 , f igs . 1 35-138 .
2 8 .
I bid . 4 2 , f igs . 1 55-158 .
2 9 .
S chefo ld AA 8 5 ( 1970 ) , 5 79 f ig . 1 .
3 0 .
R ich ter K ora i 3 3 f ig . 8 5 .
3 1.
Marangou L akon ische E l fenbeinschn i tzere ien 1 48 , f ig . 1 12a-c .
3 2 .
Hus R tcherches s ur l a S ta tua ire e n P ierre r tvusque Archa ique , 1 44-161 , 1 48 f ig . 1 .
3 . 3
Thebes Museu m 3 6. 1 27b ;
Threps iades D e l t ion 1 6 ( 1960 ) Chron ika , 1 48 p l .
ArchEph 1 963 Chron ika , 9 .
P harak las De l t ion 2 4 ( 1 969 ) A ,
6 3-73 , p ls . 4 3 f . 3 4 .
Pharak las Del t ion 2 4 ( 1969 ) A , 6 9-70 .
3 5 .
J enk ins BSA 3 3 ( 1932-3 ) , 6 9-70 , p l . 8n o . 6 ;
Deda l ica 3 2 , p l . 1 .11;
Ha mdor f A th M it 9 ( 1974 ) 5 7 n o . 1 0 , p l . 2 9 , 2 -3 . t 8 3 6 .
Tod , Wace C a ta logue o f t he S par ta Museu m 1 67 , f ig . 4 6.
3 7.
G o ld man H esp 9 ( 1 940 ) , 3 98 f ig . 2 6 , 3 99 , 4 00 f ig . 2 7 , 4 01.
3 8 .
P icard Manue l I1 63-167 s u ms u p t h is t heory .
3 9 .
Pharak las Del t ion 2 4 ( 1969 ) A , 7 1 f .
18 1
4 0 .
Chr is tou P o tn ia Theron 7 8 f ., 1 90 .
4 1 .
Dunbabin P erachora I p l . 1 72 A2 , p ages 4 04-405 , a n E as t Greek i vory r el ie f o f a bou t 6 00 .
4 2 .
Hogar th Archa ic Ar te m is ion p l . 2 6.6
t N Barnet i mrud I vor ies p ls . 2 2 ,
2 5 .S7, 2 6.S20 , 2 3 .S26 . 4 3 .
Lech .a t BCH 1 5 ( 1891) , p l . 2 .3 ( page 3 8 ) , p l . 2 .2 ( 25 ) , p l . 2 .1 ( 41 ) , p l . 2 .4 ( 66 ) , i n o rder o f s tyl is t ic d eve lop men t .
4 . 4
Barnet i mrud I vor ies p l . 1 2. F4. t N
4 5 .
Pryce p l . 4 0 B 448 .
4 6.
Boyd Hawes , G ourn ia , p l . 1 1 , p age 4 8 .
4 7.
B oard man CCO 8 9 , 9 2 , p l . 3 0 .
4 8 .
Fors ter BSA 8 ( 1901-2 ) , 2 78 f ., f ig . 5 for t he o ther f igure .
4 9.
B oard man CCO 8 9.
5 0 .
SCE I p ls . 2 27 f .
5 1.
Karageorgh is R epor t o f t he Depar t men t o f An t iqu i t ies , C yprus ( 1971 ) , 2 9-33 , p l . 1 5 n o . 7 .
5 2 .
Mar ina tos ArchEph 1 927-8 , 2 8f ., f ig . 1 2b .
5 3.
Rucker t , Fr i the K era m ik B bo t iens ( 1976 ) , 1 8-22 .
5 4 .
Hankey AA 8 2 ( 1967) , 3 02 .
5 . 5
Ano ther i ns tance o f s im i lar i ty among t erracot o mb s cu lptures f ro m ta t B o iot ia a nd C yprus i s t he t ype o f q uadr iga w i th mu l t iple f ig ures ,p opu lar i nb o th p laces i n t he e ar ly s ix th c en tury . Greek S cu lp tures f ig . 2 1.
F ro m B oio t ia :
F ro m A jia I r in i :
D eva mbez
S CE I p ls. 2 34-235.
For
f ur ther d ark a ge c onnec t ions o f C yprus w i th ma in land G reece a nd C re te s ee Bowra JHS 5 4 ( 1934 ) , 5 4 . 5 6.
Raubi tschek H esper ia 3 5 ( 1966 ) , 1 59-61, p l . 5 1b .
CVA L ouvre 1 7
( France 2 6) , p la te 1 7.1 s ugges ts t ha t o n ly t he Ash mo lean e xa mp le i s a u then t ic . 5 7.
L aubscher i n D 5d Kuns t 1 06-108 , p ls . 4 0-1.
5 8 .
As Pharak las De l t ion 2 4 ( 1969 ) A , 6 8 .
5 9.
R ich ter K ouroi 4 8 f ig . 7 6 f . , w i th e ar ly b ib l iography ; tica 1 s tones o f At 3 f igs . 3 1-33 , 1 92-195 . Bo iot ia 5 3-55 , w ith b ibl iography .
Archa ic G rave-
Grace Archa ic S cu lp ture i n
Harr ison 's r e-dat ing o f t he c lose o f
t he S oun ion s ty le t o 5 80 wou ld s o lve t he c hrono log ical d if f icu l ty : X I.
Agora
Archa ic a nd Archa ist ic S cu lpture , 3 -4.
6 0 .
tic Gr J ohansen At ave-Re l ie fs 1 04 f .
6 1.
Duca t L es K ouroi d u P to ion , c hap ter o n G roup o f Thebes 1 .
6 2 .
tic Grave-Re J ohansen At l ie fs 1 04 f . tica 1 o f At 3 .
1 19
lies J Lul d I 5 1 ( 1936 ) , 1 50 .
R ich ter The Archa ic Gravestones
6 3 .
K on to leon Aspects d e l a Grece P rec lass ique , 5 2 p 1. 2 2.
6 4.
L ev in AJA 6 8 ( 1964 ) , 1 7. 5 7 ( 1937) , 2 27.
C on tra , C ook 's v iew o f t he c hrono logy i n JHS
D escr ip t ion a nd d iscuss ion o f t he v ar ian t E gyp tian
h eaddress i n L ev in AJA 6 8 ( 1964 ) , 2 5 . 6 5 .
L ev in AJA 6 8 ( 1 964 ) 2 7-28 .
S ee a lso An thes P rocA rnPh i lSoc 1 07 ( 1 963 )
6 0 f ., a nd R idgway 's a nswer i n AJA 7 0 ( 1 966 ) 6 8-70 .
Gura ln ick 's
c lus ter a na lys is o f t he E gyp t ian Dynas ty 2 6 C anon I w i th p ropor t ions i n men a nd G reek k ouro i s uppor ts t h is .
On ly i n t he f irs t h al f o f t he
s ix th c en tury d id t he k ouroi c lus ter w i th t he C anon : 6 6 .
AJA 5 7 ( 1973 ) , 2 15 .
P ayne , Young The Archa ic Marble S cu lp ture o f t he A cropo lis , f igs . 2 -4 . Pro fessor B .S . R idgway h as p o in ted o u t t o me t ha t t he p os i t ion o f t he a r ms a nd o f t he a n i ma l a re s tandard i n r e l iefs s how ing c a lves c arr ied t o make t he c ows f ol low . Os ir ide :
L ev in f inds t he c loak a nd p os i t ion o f t he a r ms
AJA 6 8 ( 1 964 ) 1 8 .
6 7.
D e La C os te- Messe l ibre Au Musge d e D e lphes p ls . 1 5 , 1 8 .
6 8 .
R ich ter K ora i 3 9 f igs . 1 35-38 ;
4 2 f igs . 1 55-58 .
1 20
CHAPTER 5 LOKR IS I nh er d iscuss ion o f t he e ar l ies t k nown i nscr ip t ion o f Opo tu l t ian L okr is , a n i nscr ibed p il l ar f ro m t he a cropo l is o f H a la i , J ef f ery s ugges ted a r econs truc t ion o ver a s te le w i th t he r e l ie f o f a fron ta l f igure , a nd l oose ly g rouped t he D errnys-K i tylos monu men t , s o me s cu lp tures f ro m H a la i , a nd t he h ead i n s unken r e l ie f f ro m Ma less ina ( P la te 3 1b ) a s r elated r epresen ta t ives o f ap rov inc ia l c lass o f s te le-rel ie fs . 1 The f irs t p iece , D er mys a nd K i ty los , h as b een i n terpre ted a bove a s a pil l ar monumen t o f h ybr id A t t ic/Boio t ian f or m . The s i ze i s more monu men ta l , t he r e l ie f h igher a nd t he e xecu t ion more c o mp lete t han i n a ny o f t he L okr ian p ieces .
Bu t t he o r ig in a nd d eve lop men t o f
t he L okr ian s tele-scu lptures , a p rov inc ia l t ype c arr ied o u t e xc lus ive ly i n s o f t l imes tone , f ol he p at f t he B oio t ian p il ike s cu lp tures i n an uml ows t t ern o l ar-l b er o f impor tan t p ar t icu lars . T he c o mpara t ive ly l arge n umber o f s cu lp tures f ro m H a la l p er m i t t he c ons truc t ion o f ac hrono log ica l f ra mework w i th in wh ich t he c on trovers ia l r e l ie f f ro m Ma less ina may b e b et nders tood . t er u The S cu lptures f ro m H a la i ( P la tes 2 9-30 ;
f i gures 6 3-65 )
E igh t s o f t l imes tone s cu lp tures were f ound e ar ly i n t he c en tury i n e xcavat ions o n t he a cropo l is a t H a la i , t he n eares t g ood p or t t o t he c i ty o f Opous i n Lokr is . 2 They may b e d iv ided i n to t wo g roups o f t he e ar l ier a nd l a ter s ix th c en tury , o f wh ich o n ly t he e ar lier c oncerns u s h ere :
f ive s cu lptures , f our
f ro m t he F irs t Te mp le P recinct a nd o ne f ound n earby o u t o f c on tex t , n umbered h ere f or c onven ience H a la i 1 -5 .
3
The ma ter ia l o f t he o n ly p iece a va i lab le f or
s tudy i n t he Thebes N useum , H a la i 2( P la te 3 0 ) , i s ag ranu lar s o f t l imes tone o f s andy h ue n o t e n tire ly l i ke t he f ine-gra ined p a le g rey t o y el l ow ish l imes tone o f t he B o io tian a nd C re tan s cu lptures a l though p erhaps s im i lar t o t he ma ter ia l o f t he r ough f igur ines f ro m T hera ( f igure 1 4 ). I t wou ld s ee m t o h ave p rec luded af ine s ur face f in ish . H a la i 1( P la te 2 9 ) , t he o ther s ta tuet te , a ppears t o h ave b een o f t he s a me s tone . T he p ho tographs o f t he r e main ing l arger s ta tues ( f igures 6 3-65 ) s how a finer s ur face f in ish ing ;
t hey may h ave b een o f a finer-
g rained more h o mogeneous s t one . The f ive s cu lptures a re n o t a l l e qual ly p r im i t ive . Numbers 2 and 5a re s uf fic ien t ly d e ta i led t o e nab le t he m t o b e t rea ted a s f ixed c hrono log ica l p o in ts w i th wh ich t he r e ma inder may b e c o mpared . H a la i 2( P la te 3 0 ) , t he u pper h a lf o f as ta tuet te o f ak ore o r ig inal ly a bou t 5 0c m h igh , was d a ted 5 75-500 b y t he e xcava tor ,
4
b u t i n f act t he s tyle s hows p ro found i n f luence o f B o io t ian works
o f a bou t t he middle o f t he s ix th c en tury . T he p ear-shaped h ead w i th l ow h eavy c h in a nd a s kul l v ery n arrow a t t he e ars , a nd t he t h in s hee t o f h a ir f a l l ing f ro m h alw l ay d own t he b ack o f t he h ead o n to t he s hou lders a re t hose o f t he k ouros T hebes 2 fro m t he P toan s anc tuary , d a ted 5 50 o r s l igh t ly l a ter b y b oth R ich ter a nd Duca t .
5
Thebes 3o f j us t a f ter 5 50 6 h as a h igh d o med h ead a nd
f orehead c ur ls s im i lar t o t hose o f H a la i 2 ;
1 21
b u t Thebes 1 , aP toan k ouros o f
5 60-50 ,7h as more f or ma l p r im i t ive h a ir . H a la i 2 mus t b e a p roduc t ion o f s hor t ly a f ter 5 50 . S tand ing a t t he e nd o f t he f i rs t o r o r ien ta l izing g roup o f s cu lptures f ro m H a lal , i td ocumen ts t he c ap itu lat ion o f t he L okr ian s chool t o B oio t ian t as te . H a la i 5( f igure 6 5 ) , t he l ower p ar t o f ak ore i n r e l ie f a ga ins t as lender s tele , o n as lender p l in th , r epresen ts t he o ther f ixed p o in t i n t he s er ies , wh ich i ta ppears t o i n i t ia te t o j udge f ro m c o mparab le i ns tances o f t he t rea t men t o f t he h em o f t he d ress o ver t he b are f ee t o f k ora i o f t he e ar ly s ix th c en tury : A l though t he d ress w idens a t t he s ides , i td oes n o t t ra i l a long t he g round o r b il l ow o ver t he f ee t , b u t f a l ls a bove t he m i n t wo a rcs i n av er t ica l p lane , w i th i nc ised f o lds o n e ach s ide o f t he s k ir t . G o ld man f ound t he v er t ica l t rea t men t o f t he e dge o f t he d ress o ver t he i ns tep p rov inc ia l ,
8
b u t i n f ac t a b ron ze s ta tu-
e te a t O ly mpia o f t he e nd o f t he s even th c en tury h as f ee t p rotrud ing f ro m a t d oub le a rched h e m wh ich f a l ls v er t ical ly t o t he i ns tep , a l though i t s plays o u t a t t he s ides , a s wel s t r ip le g rooved f o lds a t e i ther s ide o f t he d ress .9 l a T he f eet o f t he A t t ic B er l in k ore o f 5 80-70 " a ppear t hrough t wo n iches i n t he l e v er t ica l p lane o f t he d ress a nd a re v ery c lose t o H a la i 5 in t he ir f ul xposure , e leva ted h ee l , a nd t echn ique o f r e l ie f a ga ins t ap l in th . K ora i o f R ich ter 's s ucceed ing C hera myes-Genelaos g roup o f 5 75-555 emphas ize t he I on ic s che me o f s k ir t ;
s l im a nd c y lindr ica l a t a nk les , b u t w iden ing b e low t o s weep t he t ops
l y. o f t he f ee t h or izon tal
1 1
H a la l 5t hus s tands c lose i n s ty le t o ma in land works
o f 5 80-70 ; i ti n i t ia tes t he H a la i s er ies w i th a w ork o f l arge s ize ( t he o r ig ina l h e igh t mus t h ave b een a bou t 1 .50 m ) i n as tyle c opy ing t ha t o f t he ma jor Greek c en tres . H a la i 1( P la te 2 9 ) , a l though u nde ta i led , i s t he o n ly c o mple te s cu lp ture , a smal l s ea ted f igur ine b u i l t u p f ro m a s er ies o f d im in ish ing c ubes i n a techn ique o f h a l f-re l ie f , e xact ly a s i n t he C re tan f igur ine f ro m Mal l es a l mos t a cen tury o lder ( f igure 2 7 ).
G o ld man p laced t he s ke tch a t t he h ead o f t he s er ies o n t he
g rounds o f i t s p r im i t ive t echn ique a nd l ack o f f ore ign c on tac ts .
1 2
B u t an um-
b er o f d e ta i ls s ugges t i ts tands c lose i n d a te t o H a la i 2( P la te 3 0 ) -t he l ow f orehead w i th b rows p ushed d own a nd t oge ther , t he s hor t n ose a nd h igh n arrow mou th , t he r ol l o f f l esh e nc irc ling t he n ose a nd mou th , t he l ack o f f acia l b one s truc ture w i th p uckers o f f l esh j us t u nder t he e yes a nd a ga ins t t he n ose , a lso t he s quar ish t rea t men t o f t he u pper g ar men t a nd t he .s ugges t ion o f s im i lar s hor t r ounded s leeves . Fur ther d e ta i ls s ugges t c onnec t ions w i th o ther s choo ls o f o r ien ta l izing l imes tone s cu lp ture : t he c rude t echn ique o f t he t iny f or m less f ee t a nd h igh p l in th a re r em in iscen t o f s ea ted f igures o f t he Rhod ian s chool ,1 3 a nd t he b road s quare f ace , d ownward s lan t o f t he e yes a nd b rows , a nd smoo th w ig o f s hou lder-leng th h a ir r ecal l t he h ead o f t he Cha lk is s tatuet te ( P late 3 1a ) The c rude s ke tch t hus f a l ls n o t a t t he b eg inn ing o f t he s er ies b u t t owards t he e nd , p erhaps a bou t 5 60 . H a la i 3( f igure 6 3 ) , aq uadrangu lar s lab 2 6c m d eep w i th t he a bbrev ia ted r ender ing o f a fron ta l f igure 's d ress f ro m wh ich p ro trude t wo l ong f ee t o f s a tis fac tory model ling , was i n terpre ted b y G o ld man a s a th ird e xa mp le o f a s tand ing k ore l i ke H a la l 4a nd 5 .1 4 Bu t t he d eep s ec t ion o f t he s te le i n p rof i le a s wel l a s t he s tra igh t s ides o f t he s k ir t p rove we a re d ea l ing w i th a l arger a nd b et t er d e ta i led e xa mp le o f ac ubic s ea ted h a l f-re l ie f f igure l i ke t he p rec ed ing o ne , o r ig inal ly p erhaps lm h igh . Duca t 's r ecen t p ubl ica t ion o f an umb er o f t he f ee t o f t he k ouroi o f t he f irs t h a l f o f t he s ix th c en tury f ro m t he 1 22
P to ion s hows t ha t f l a t f ee t were a B o io t ian p ecu l iar i ty .
T he f la t f ee t o f t wo
5 a nd a f ter 5 90 1 6 r espec t ively , h ave s tubby p aral le l marble k ouroi o f 6 00-590 1 t oes a nd n a i ls s im i lar t o H a la l 3 , b u t t he f ina l d ig i ts o f t he t oes a re n o t b al l-
s haped a nd s epara te ly a r ticu la ted a s i n t he L okr ian s cu lpture . I nd iv idua l a r t icu la t ion o f t he f i na l j o in ts i s f irs t s een i n t wo k ouro i d a ted 5 80 1 7 a nd s o me8 wh i le t he f ee t o f ak ouros o f a bou t 5 60 19 a re t oo a dvanced i n wha t l a ter ;1 t he c urva ture o f t he t oes . On t hese g rounds H a lal 3 s hou ld d a te t o b e fore 5 60 , f or i ti s e ar l ier , l arger a nd b et eta i led t han H a lal 1 . t er d
The f ina l s cu lp ture , Ha la l 4( f igure 6 4 ) , s hows t he s k ir t h em a nd f ee t o f a k ore i n l ow r el ief s tand ing o n a th ick p l in th ; t here i s n o r el ie f g round t o e i ther s ide o f t he f igure a s i nt he r e l ie f s tele H a la i 5 , b u t t he s can t d ep th o f t he f igure a nd i t s l oca t ion a t t he b ack o f t he p l in th s ugges t i t was c loser t o as te le-rel ief t han t o a figure i nt he r ound . t han t hose o f H a la l 3 ; 20
G o ld man n o ted t ha t t he f ee t were more p r im i t ive
t he l i t le t oe b are ly c urves i nwards , a nd t he f ina l t
j o in ts o f t he t oes a re n o t a r t icu la ted .
T hey c o mpare b et i th t he B o io t ian t er w
k ouro i o f a round 5 90 t han w ith t hose o f a f ter 5 80 ( see a bove ), b u t may l ag s o me y ears b eh ind t he f or mer. The s tatue i s t he r ichest o f t he g roup i n i den ti f iab le e as tern c onnec t ions .
The t echn ique o f c arv ing a fla t f ree f igure
w i th s tele-l ike l ower b ody a t t he b ack o f a pl in th s erv ing a s b ase i s f am i liar f ro m Rhod ian , C ypr io t a nd N aukra t i te s cu lp ture o f t he l a te s even th a nd e ar ly s ix th c en tur ies .2 1 The s che me o f t oes b arely emerg ing f ro m b e low a s ing le o r d ouble a rc i n as k ir t , w i th mu l t iple v er t ica l g rooves f or f o lds b e tween t he f ee t , c harac ter izes t he s ea ted s ta tues o f t he Branch idae f ro m D idy ma o f t he s econd q uar ter o f t he s ix th c en tury .2 2 I t wou ld b e f oo lish t o a te mpt a g rea ter d egree o f p rec is ion i n t he a bso lu te t d a tes f or t he H a lal s cu lptures , b u t t he i n terna l c hronolog ica l r e la t ions o f t he g roup s hou ld n ow b e more c lear . H a la l . 5( f igure 6 5 ) mus t b e t he o ldes t . A h igh r e l ie f s ta tue i s b acked a ga ins t a plank ; i n t h is a s i n d a te i ti s c o mparab le t o t he B o io t ian D er mys a nd K i ty los . N ex t o ldes t wou ld a ppear t o b e Ha la l 4( f igure 6 4 ) , where t he s tone h as b een t r i m med f ro m a round a fi gure i t sel f e ssen t ial lanklike . I n H a la l 3 ly p ( f igure 6 3 ) , t he f ee t a re r endered p las t ical , b u t t he g ar men t mere ly i ncised ly o n a pil . V iewed i n t o to , t he d eve lop men t a t H a lal i s n o t , a s G o ld man t hough t , l ar f ro m a pr im i t ive p lank-l ike s cu lpture , b u t b ack t o a plank-scu lp ture b y g radua l s i mpl i f ica t ion f ro m a monumen ta l s cu lp ture b ased i n s ty le , t echn ique a nd s ize u pon work o f o ther G reek c en tres o f t he l a te s even th a nd e ar ly s ix th c en tur ies . T he f al way i nt echn ique i s i lus tra ted a lso b y t he s teadi ly d ecreas ing s ize ling a l o f t he s cu lp tures . Dur ing t he y ears o f a pparen t ly o n ly s l igh t c on tac t w i th o ther Greek s choo ls o f s cu lp ture , i lus tra ted b y t he s cu lptures p reced ing H a la l l 2 , t he c ra f ts men a t H a la l r esor ted t o a techn ique wh ich h ad n oth ing t o d o w i th t he t rad i t iona l a rcha ic method o f a t tack ing a s cu lpture i n t he r ound f ro m a l l s ides c onsecu t ive ly , o r o f a ch iev ing l ow r el ie f t hrough f oreshor ten ing . R a ther t he s cu lp ted f or ms , a s i nt he Mal ta tue a nd i t s S yr ian a n teceden ts ( f igures l es s 2 7-28 ) , w ere i nd iscr im ina tely e ngraved , o fse t o r t hrown i n to r e l ie f b y h ol f l owi ng , o n o ne o r more s ides o f a n e ssen t ial lock-l ike o r p lankl ike f or m . T he ly b r esu l t was t he h a l f-re l ief s ta tue v ary ing f ro m a n ear ly r ound s cu lpture a ga ins t ab ack p lank t o a m ere e ngrav ing o nt he f la t s ur face o f as te le , a nd a l s tages l b e tween .
1 23
The R e l ie f f ro m Ma less ina ( P late 3 1b ) On a n u nusua l s te le i n t he L ouvre ,
2 3
f ro m Ma less ina , n o t f ar f ro m H a la i
i n L okr is , t he h ead a nd n eck o f a w o man h ave b een s cu lp ted i n t he i d iosyncra t ic c o mbina t ion o f h ol ing , r e l ief a nd i nc is ion h ere t er med ' ha l f-rel ief '. l ow
T he
h ead f i ts e as i ly i n to t he g roup o f L okr ian works o f t he l a te f irs t a nd s econd q uar ters o f t he s ix th c en tury ; 6 3 ) t er m ina ted i n s uch a h ead .
i ti s n o t d if l t t o imag ine t ha t H a la i 3( F igure ficu F or mer ly a l ack o f s a t is fac tory p aral ls c aused le
s cho lars t o p lace t he h ead among D eda l ic works , a s J enk ins , o r s hor t ly t herea f ter , a s R ich ter , o r t o c al tu nda table , a s G race . l i
2 4
B u t D ör ig i s s ure ly
c orrec t i n h is r ecen t i n terpre ta t ion o f t he s ty le a s o ne h ard ly p oss ible b e fore 5 t he s econd d ecade o f t he s ix th c en tury ;2
t he r e l ief s hou ld p robab ly p os tda te
5 80 , t he d a te o f D ör ig 's p r incipa l c o mpar ison , t he h eads o f t he Ar te m is t e mple p ed i men t a t C orcyra .
T he p resen t s tudy o f t he d eve lop men t o f t he h a l f-re l ie f
s ty le i n L okr is c on f ir ms t h is d a te . D ör ig p o in ted o u t t ha t t he e n fra med h ead o wed s o me th ing t o P hoen ician i vor ies o f t he wo maninthe-w indow s che me . p ro to types o f c on te mporary manu fac ture .
2 5
There a re a lso g ood G reek
An i vory s ta tuet f E as t Greek te o
o r L yd ian work mansh ip i n B er lin ( F igure 6 6 ) s hows a man o r p r ies t moun ted u pon a n i so la ted h ead i n t h ick w ig ( a s ph inx?) .
2 6
The p udgy o va l o f t he f ace
s uspended b e low a n a rc o f s p ira l c ur ls o ver r a ther a h igh f orehead f ro m wh ich t he c rown o f h a ir s weeps u p i n s t if ngraved l i nes , d iverg ing s l igh t ly t o f or m f e ac en tra l p ar t ing a nd b rushed o u t f ro m t he f ace a t t he s ides s o t ha t t he c o mp os i t ion a s a who le f or ms t wo c oncen tr ic o va ls , a re a l e xact ly a s i n t he l Ma less ina r e l ie f , whose e ngraved a l mond-shaped e yes w i th smal en tra l l c p unc tures c o mpare w i th many o r ien ta lizing i vor ies .
2 7
b een d a ted t o t he s econd q uar ter o f t he s ix th c en tury .
The B er l in i vory h as T he i n f luence o f s im i lar
i vor ies o f e as tern manu fac ture a c en tury e ar l ier a ccoun ted f or a l i ke s che me o f o va ls a nd b ackswep t h a ir i n a n E ar ly Deda l ic t erracot ead f ro m C or in th ; 28 ta h wha t s hou ld b e p o in ted o u t h ere i s t he c on t inued manu fac ture a nd i n f luence o f s uch o r ien ta l izing minor a r ts a s l a te a s 5 80 a nd a f ter . 2 9 I ti s p oss ib le t ha t t he r e l ie f e nded b e low t he n eck o f t he k ore, a s Dör ig f inds .
Bu t t he u pper mou ld ings s ee m v ery h eavy f or s o l ow a piece .
A s av o t ive
r e l ie f , t he s te le wou ld s ee m t o h ave r equ ired a fur ther me mber t o r a ise i t a bove g round l eve l .
The b ody o f t he k ore c ou ld h ave b een f in ished b e low o n
t he s a me o r o n as epara te s lab b y ac o mbina t ion o f i nc is ion a nd o fse ts f or t he f v ar ious p ar ts o f t he d ress , w i th h ands a nd f ee t , l i ke t he h ead , i n r el ief a ga ins t ah ol round . l owed g
A s lab o ne meter h igh wou ld a low t he c o mp le t ion o f a l
s tand ing f igure , 7 0 cm a s ea ted h al f-rel ief f i gure ;
t he o veral ts l measure men
t hus o b ta ined a nd t he p ropor t ions o f h e igh t , w id th a nd t h ickness , c o mpare w i th t he H a la i h a l f-rel iefs 3 , 4a nd 5 . The S ea ted S ta tuet , L ouvre 3 100 ( P la te 3 1a ) te 0 b e longs among t he o r ien ta l izing s cu lpA s ea ted s ta tuet n t he L ouvre 3 te i
t ures b y v ir tue o f i t s ma ter ia l , a fine-gra ined s o f t l imes tone o f y el one l owish t c o mparab le t o t ha t u sed f or t he B o io t ian a nd C re tan p ieces , a nd o f i t s t he me , t ha t o f ah eroic f e ma le f igure s ea ted u pon a c ubic t hrone i n t he o r ien ta l manner . H ow much i s owed t o S yr ian p roto types c an b e i lus tra ted b y ac o mpar ison w i th l a no ther o f t he b asa l t s ea ted s ta tues f ro m T el a la f , ah a l f l ike-s ize d oub le l H
1 24
s ea ted f igure f ro m t he c u l t r oo m ,3 1 wh ich s hows s qua t , s tocky f igures o f p ropor t ions much l ike t he L ouvre f igure 's o n ar ectangu lar b ench , i n to wh ich t he t h ighs a nd b ut ee m h al unken w i thou t d e trac t ing f ro m t he t ocks s l s l i fe l ike a nd a ler t a t i tude . T he b road f ace w i th v ei l o r h a ir s pread ing o n to t t he s hou lders b eh ind , f ul ounded s hou lders , c hes t a nd a rms , o ver large e xl r p ress ive h ands , c ubic p lanes o f g enerous l ap a nd l ower l egs , smal l a t f ee t l f i n r e l ie f a ga ins t al ower p ro jec t ing p l in th , a nd g rea ter g ir th a t t he wa is t i n t he r ear v iew t han i nf ron t a re a l t he s a me , a s i s t he i conograph ica l d e ta i l l o f t he h and i n a fis t r es t ing o n i t s h ee l . I n i t s l i keness t o t he H a la f s ea ted f igures , i nt he d ecora t ion o f t he s k ir t o ver t he l ower l egs , a nd i nt he s cu lp t ing o f t he f eet o n t heir p l in th , t he s ta tue i s c lose t o t he s ea ted g oddess o f P r in ias ( F igure 4 5 ) , a s t he e ar l ies t p ubl ic a t ions a pprec ia ted .3 2 A ssum ing a d a te a round 6 00 f or t he P r in ias g oddess , t he L ouvre f igure c anno t b e s o much y ounger a s L ul ' s ugges ted d a te o f lies 3 The E gyp t ianlook ing smoo th v ei ll ike h a irdo w i th t he s ide h a ir a f ter 5 50 .3 o r ig ina t ing q u i te f ar b ack b eh ind t he t e mp les a nd s wing ing f orward a nd d own
t o c over t he f ron t o f t he s hou lders , may b e s een o n s o me i vory a nd b one s ke tches o f s ea ted f igures i n as im i lar p ose f ro m t he Or th ia s anctuary a t S par ta , f ound i n al a te s even th c en tury c on tex t , 3 4 a nd a ga in , a l though i n c o mb ina t ion w i th a po los , o n al imes tone s ph inx i n N ew Y ork s a id t o b e f ro m At tica . 35 R ich ter h as d a ted t he s ph inx l a te i n t he s even th c en tury , b u t a c o mpar ison o f t he s ph inx w i th o ne i n C openhagen d a ted 5 90 3 6 r evea ls t hey a re i den t ica l i n t rea t men t o f t he b ack h a ir , a rcha ic p os ture , d ecora t ion b y r a ised b ands , w ing d ecora t ion , c on tour o f t he l ower f ace a nd model ling o f t he n eck . The N ew Y ork s ph inx mus t b e a no ther work o f t he e ar ly s ix th c en tury . The a ler t s i t t ing p os ture o f t he L ouvre f igure , w i th u pr igh t b ack l ean ing s l igh t ly f orward a nd a r ms muscu lar i fr e laxed i s , a l low ing f or t he d i f ference i n s ca le , much l i ke t ha t o f t he s ea ted l imes tone s ta tue f ro m H agh iogeorg i t ika i n A rcad ia ( Pla te 3 4 ) . Probab ly t he mos t a dvanced f ea tures o f t he s ta tue a re t he f ea tures o f t he f ace :
e yes w i th f ul l p las t ic r i ms , s e t c lose t oge ther a ga ins t t he n ose ,
b rows p ul l ed t oge ther a nd u p w i th d eep s hadows u nder , l ong e xpress ive mou th a nd s trong c h in t hrus t o u t .
T hese may b e s een i n v ar ious p rov inc ia l a r t works
o f t he f i rs t h a lf o f t he s ix th c en tury , f or e xa mple t he s o f t s tone s ta tue f ro m Vu lc i n ow i n t he Br i t ish Museum ,
3 7
a nd t he marb le p ro to me b ow l i n S par ta .
3 8
T he s ta tuet te e xh ibi ts o ne d ec ided ly E as t G reek f ea ture , t he b road o u t l ine o f t he f ace , o f wh ich t he f ea tures t he mse lves o ccupy o n ly h a l f t he w id th . T he w ide c on tour a t c heekbone a nd j aw i s a fea ture o f E as t G reek D eda l ic p ro to mes , o f i vory c arv ings f ro m S a mos o f t he e ar ly s ix th c en tury " a nd o f c on te mporary e lec trum f igur ines f ro m E phesos .4 1 F or t h is r eason t he a ssumed s ource , C ha lk is , w i th i t s t rad i t ional r e la t ions w i th c i t ies o f t he C yclades a nd E as t G reece , s ee ms a l i kely o ne .
1 25
3 9
NOTES
1 .
J ef he L oca l S cr ipts o f Archa ic G reece 1 07. f ery T
2 .
Wa lker , G old man AJA 1 9 ( 1915 ) 4 19-437.
Go ld man Hesp 9 ( 1940 ) ,
3 81-514. 3 .
C oncordance :
Ha la i 1 G o ld man H esp 9 ( 1940 ) 4 13 f ig . 5 4 , 4 12 n o. 1 . 2 I b id . 4 13 f igs . 5 5-56, 4 14 n o. 2 3 lid . 4 13 f ig . 5 7 , 4 14 n o. 3 . 4 I b id . 4 13 f ig . 5 8 , 4 14 n o. 4 . 5 ] b id . 4 99 f ig . 2 42 n o. 1 .
4 . 5 .
Go ld man Hesp 9 ( 1 940 ) , 4 14. R ich ter ' Archaic Greek Ar t 9 2 .
Duca t L es Kouro i Du P toion 1 51 p l . 4 1.
The f ace i s b roken o ff , b u t t he o u t l ines o f f ace a nd c h in a ppear c lear ly a long t he b reak . 6 .
Duca t Les Kouroi d u P to ion 2 90 n o. 1 57 , p l. 8 5.
7 .
I bid . 1 32 p l . 3 1.
8 .
G o ld man H esp 9 ( 1 940 ) 4 99f .
9 .
R ich ter Kora i 3 4 n o. 2 8, f ig . 1 07.
1 0 .
I b id . 3 9 n o. 4 2, f ig . 1 46.
1. 1
I bid . f igs . 1 83-262 , i ncluding a n u mber o f e xa mples o f main land o r ig in .
1 2 .
Go ld man Hesp 9 ( 1940 ) , 4 12.
1 3 .
Pryce 1 67 f ig . 2 07 B 390 .
1 4.
Go ld man Hesp 9 ( 1940 ) 4 14.
1 5 .
Duca t L es Kouroi d u P toion 1 06 n o. 5 2 p l. 2 5.
1 6.
I bid . 1 08 n o. 5 3 p l . 2 5 .
1 7.
I bid . 1 22 n o. 5 9 p l . 2 9 .
1 8 .
I bid . 1 23 n o. 6 0 p l . 2 9.
1 9.
I b id . 1 36 n o. 6 6 p l . 3 5 .
2 0.
Go ld man H esp 9 ( 1940 ) 4 14.
2 1.
Pryce 1 63 f ig . 2 00 B 338-B339 f ro m Ka m iros ;
1 93 f igs . 2 31-232 B 453-454 ,
1 96 f ig . 2 36 B 461 , f ro m Naukra t is . 2 2 .
I bid . p ls . 7 -15 .
Tuchel t D ie a rcha ischen S ku lpturen v on D idy ma p ls .
4 2-44 , 4 7-49 .
1 26
2 3 .
lignon MonP C ol lo t 2 0 ( 1 913 ) 2 8 p l . 3 . ( 1922 ) 4 1 n o . 3 099 .
V igneau L e Musee d u L ouvre . 2 4 .
J enk ins Deda l ica 7 1;
C a ta logue S o m ma ire d u L ouvre
P icard Manuel I , 5 08 n . 2 .
lier-Vere C hevel l ,
L a S cu lpture g recque 1 , 1 34c .
R ich ter K ora i 3 3 ;
G race Archa ic S cu lp ture i n
Boeot ia 5 2. 2 5 .
Dör ig i n Däd K uns t 1 21-123 .
Phoen ic ian i vor ies w i th t he wo manin-the-
l ected a w indow s che me a re c ol nd d iscussed i n Mer tzen fe ld , I vo ires Phen iciens p l . 1 4 n o. 4 1 ( Sa mar ia ) , p ls . 7 6-77 ( Ars lan Tash ) , p ls . 9 91 01 ( Khorsabad ) . 2 6.
Ber l in Museu m i nv . 1 964 .36.
S che fo ld AA 8 5 ( 1970 ) , 5 79 f ig . 2 , 5 81.
Grei fenhagen J ahrbuch d . B er l iner Museen 7 ( 1965 ) 1 25-156 , where a n e ar ly s ix th c en tury d a te a nd L yd ian o r ig in a re a rgued . 2 7 .
S chefo ld AA 8 5 ( 1970 ) 5 79 f ig . 1 .
2 8 .
J enk ins Deda l ica p l . 1 .
2 9 .
Did Kuns t 1 23 .
3 0 .
C a ta logue S o m ma ire d u L ouvre n o. 3 100 p l . 2 2 . 6 6 ;
Manuel I , 4 51 , 5 07 f ig . 1 63 .
t 4 Möb ius A th M it 1 ( 1916 ) , 1 64 .
P icard RA 1 5 ( 1910 )
F ern ier T e mpl i Arca ici 1 09 f ig . 6 3 . lies J Lul dI 5 1 ( 1936 ) , 1 44 .
Vgrel , V igneau L e Musee d u L ouvre .
lierC heval
L a S cu lpture g recque 1 , 1 34a-b .
Grace Archa ic S cu lpture i n Boeot ia 6 2. Davaras S ta tue 1 7 , f igs . 1 9-22 l f or t he b es t i lus tra t ions . 3 1 .
l Ha Oppenhei m- Moor tga t T el la l I I , 1 20 p ls . 1 46-148 .
3 2 .
Pern ier Te mpl i Arca ic i , 1 09 .
3 3 .
lies J Lul dI 5 1 ( 1936 ) , 1 44 .
3 4 .
Dawk ins Ar te m is Or th ia 2 21, p l . 1 22 l ower f igure , s econd f ro m l e f t i n t op r ow ;
1 23 n o. 2 .
3 5 .
t R ich ter The Archa ic G raves tones o f A t ica 1 0 f ig . 5 -9 .
3 6 .
I b id . 1 0-11, f igs . 1 0-15 .
3 7 .
R ich ter Kora i 4 1, f ig . 1 62 .
3 8 .
Wace AO 3 87-88 , f ig . 1 47;
3 9 .
Ha mdor f A th M it 9 ( 1 974 ) 5 8 p l . 3 0 .1. t 8
Karyd i AA 7 9 ( 1 964 ) 2 83 f ig . 1 1 , p erhaps f ro m E phesos , 2 79f .; f ig . 3 , p robab ly f ro m R hodes , 2 78.
2 69
These a re a l l ess d eve loped t han l
t he L ouvre s ta tuet n l ow f orehead a nd r ig id f ea tures . te i 4 0 .
Freyer-Schauenburg E l fenbeine a us d em s am ischen H era ion p ls . 3 ,6.
4 1.
J acobs tha l JHS 7 1 ( 1951 ) p l . 3 3g , k ,1. e lectru m.
1 27
A l t hese a re d escr ibed a s o f l
CHAPTER 6
THE PELOPONNESE
T he t wo s hor t n otes wh ich f o low a re o fered b ecause t he p ieces c oncerned l f c annot e as i ly b e c o mpared w ith c on te mporary w orks o f e ar ly a rcha ic s cu lpt ure , b u t a re b et nderstood i n t he l i ght o f o r ien ta l iz ing minor a r ts i nt he t er u o ne c ase , a nd e astern a r t f or ms i n t he o ther . I nt h is s ense , t here a re 'o r ien ta l iz ing ' l imestone s cu lp tures t o b e f ound a lso i n t he Pe loponnese . B u t t hese must b e s ough t o uts ide t he C or in th ian s phere , f or i n a nswer t o t he q uest ion , was t here a s choo l o f o r ien ta l iz ing s cu lpture s pec if ical nt he ly i n or th-east P e loponnese , t he a nswer r e ma ins n ega t ive . Wal l enste in h as r ei t era ted t he e x istence o f a n i mpor tan t s choo l o f s cu lpture i n C or in th f rom 6 50, b ut h as b een u nab le t o a tr ibute t o i t s s even th c entury p hase a ny s tone w orks t e xcep t t he 'me tope ' f ragmen ts f ro m Mycena i , o r a ny b ronze works e xcep t a tach men t p ieces. t
I
T he e asy a ccess ib i l ity o f f i ne s of t wh i te l imestone n ear C or in th ; t he e x ist ence o f a n e ar ly e xa mp le o f l imestone a rch i tectura l d ecorat ion , n a me ly t he Mycena i f ragments o f a bout 6 30 ;2 t he e xcel f s uch s ix th c en tury a rch il ence o t ectura l works i n l imestone a s t he ( a ssu mab ly C or in th ian ) r e l iefs o f t he nd f ragmen ts f ro m C or in th i t se lf ;4 S ikyon ian T reasury a t D e lph i3 a
a nd t he
a tr ibu t ion t o a C or in th ian s choo l o f s uch p rov inc ia l works a s t he g rave l i on t f ro m C orcyra 5 a nd t he p ed i men ts o f t he t e mp le o f Ar tem is a t C orcyra ,6h ave c o mb ined t o mes mer ize s cho lars r egard ing a n e ar ly d a te f or t he C or in th ian s choo l o f l imestone s cu lp ture .
T he o ne e xamp le a tr ibu tab le t o t he s even th t
c entury , t he Mycena i f r ieze , may b e b ased e xc lusive ly o n l oca l v ase-pa in t ing a nd c orop last ic work , s uggest ing t ha t t h is may b e t he s ource a s w el or t he l f a rch itectura l s cu lpture o f t he s ix th c en tury . Recen t ly , Wr igh t h as i lustrated t he l c onnect ions o ft he l imestone s ph inx f ro m Cor in th w ith t erracot ;7 a nd t a work R idgway h as s hown t hat t he e xcel t l imestone k ouros f rom I sth m ia d epends u pon l en t he t echn ique o f marb le s cu lpture .8 T he n or th-east Pe loponnese s ee ms u n l ike ly t o h ave h ad a s even th-cen tury s choo l o f l imestone s cu lp ture c apab le o f b e ing i n f luenced b y o r ien ta l iz ing a r t . I nstead i td eve loped a rch itectura l s cu lpture i n c lay , wh ich i n t urn was t he d ec is ive i n f luence when C or in th ian l imestone s cu lpture g ot u nder way i nt he s ix th c en tury . T he L ion Wa terspou t f ro m O ly mp ia ( P lates 3 2-33 ) Al imestone wa terspou t i n t he s hape o f a crouch ing l i on 0 .79 m l ong was f ound b u i lt i n to t he f ounda t ions o f t he Ph i l ippeon a t O lymp ia 9 ( P la tes 3 2-33 ) . I th as b een h a i led b y Cro me a s a p ure Pe loponnesian ' work o f t he s econd q uar ter o ft he s even th c en tury . Cro me a rr ived a t h is d a t ing b y f i nd ing t he l i ons o n aProtocor in th ian p yx is l i d f ro m A ig ina a nd o n t he P rotoat essos tic N amphora i n New York t o b e t he c losest p aral ls, a nd c al he l i on Prededa l ic le l ed t 1 28
( an amb iguous d escr ip t ion i nv iew o f t he f act t ha t l i ons o n D eda l ic p laques a re t hemse lves n or mal op ied f ro m Protocor in th ian a nd C or in th ian r epresen taly c t i ons) .
1 0
S ubsequen t wr iters h ave c oncurred i n C ro me ' s ana lysis .
T he A ig ina
1 2
a nd Nessos
1 3
l i ons a re a p t c o mpar isons r espect ive ly f or t he
t er t O lymp ia l i on ' sb ody a nd s ca ley mane , b ut n o b et han t he t wo h era ld ic l i ons o n ap la te o f c en tra l Aegean manufacture ( F ig . 6 8 ) f ound n ear t he t errace o f t he A rte m is ion a t T hasos a nd d a ted a bout 6 25 . 1 4 T he l i ons h ave t he s a me b u i ld , w ith s lender f l anks, r ib c age , n eck a nd h ead , b u t d eve loped s hou lders l a nd h aunches, w ith f l ow ing l i nes u n it ing l arge o va l s hapes ; t he s ame sma l l, mu p o in ted e ar w ith t h ick r im l a id b ack a ga inst t he s kul lt ip le l i nes o ver t he l l f orehead a nd a round t he e yes , U -shaped o pen muzz le a nd smal ower j aw ; t he s ame mane o f s ca les p o in t ing t owards t he f ace , b ordered b y c urv ing d oub le l i nes b eh ind t he e ars a nd a round t he s hou lders ; t he s ame c on tour o f d oub le l i nes a long t he l imbs, a nd t h in t a i l w ith l ea f-shaped t ip .
Cro me was r ight i n
ling t c al he s lender h ound-l ike l i on b ody a Pro tocor in th ian d evelop men t , b u t i tw as o ne wh icn e ndured i n Greek a rt t hroughou t t he s even th c en tury—the l ion o n ac u irass o ft he l ast q uarter o f t he s even th c en tury f ro m O lymp ia , l 5 r eta ins i n a l e xcep t t he h ead t he f or ms o f P ro tocor in th ian n ow a tA thens, 1 a nd r e lated l i ons o ft he m id c en tury .1 6 l l T he s lender b u i ld o f a l t hese Greek l i ons o f t he s even th c en tury , a s wel t a s t he ir a t i tude , s tre tched a nd p o ised b e tween f ore legs a nd h ind legs w i th f s tomach o f t he g round a nd t a i l c ur l ing u p , a round a nd o ver t he t op o f o ne h ind l eg , d er ives f ro m t he l ong s lender l i on o f Eyp t ian p a in t ings a nd r e l iefs . 1 7 Egyp t ian monu men ta l s tone l i ons h ave t he s a me c rouch a nd p os it ion o f t he t a i l , 8 b ut a re f ar more mass ive a nd muscu lar ;1
a pprox i ma tes t he m .
1 9
t he l i on monumen t f ro m C orcyra
The l ong f e l ine b ody a nd Egyp t ian p osi t ion o f t he t a i l
t ° b u t n ot a re s een o n s o me e ar ly s ix th c en tury l imestone s ph inxes f rom A t ica 2 t y e t o n t he A t ic marb le s ph inx i n New York o f a bou t 6 00, 2 1 wh ich i s a clu msy t a n i ma l . I fA t ic s cu lp tors a dop ted t he f i ne Egyp t ian f or m o n ly a f ter 6 00 , i t l s eems u n l ike ly t ha t , e ven a low ing f or a n a ssu mab le C or in th ian a dvance u pon tic a At n i ma l s cu lpture i n t he l a te s even th c entury , t h is a dvance s hou ld h ave b een g rea ter t han a quar ter c entury . T he h ead o f t he O ly mp ia l i on a ppears t o h ave a dop ted A s ia t ic f orms a t s econd h and v ia o r ien ta l iz ing m inor a r ts.
The h ear t-shaped e ars l a id b ack
l a a ga inst t he h ead , t he mu lt ip le wr ink les o ver t he e yes a s wel s a round t he l sma l muzz le , may b e s een o n a n i vory g roup o f l i on a nd man f ound a t De lph i l ed ( F igure 6 7 ) , p robab ly o f East G reek manufacture a l though c lose ly model u pon P hoen ic ian i vor ies o f t he N or th S yr ian t ype ;
a nd a ga in o n t he p la te f ro m
T hasos ( F igure 6 8) . A ssyr ian l i on s cu lptures f avour n ose a nd muzz le wr ink les l z i n wh ich t hey a re f o lowed b y many e ar ly East Greek l i ons, f or e xa lone , 2 amp le a n i vory a nd ab ronze l i on f ro m S amos ; 23 b u t t he De lph i i vory s hows t ha t o ther East Greek l i ons a dop ted t he wr ink les o ver t he e yes ; a nd Cre tan ta l a nd C or in th ian t erracot i ons o f t he l a te s even th c en tury h ave wr ink les v ery much l i ke t he O ly mp ia l i on 's . 24 I n c on trast t o t he l i on f ro m C orcyra d esigned e n t ire ly w ith in t he Protol much o c or in th ian i d io m ,2 5 t here i s s t il f t he o r ien ta l izing a bou t t he O lymp ia s pou t ; t he more r e markab le , a s t here i s e very r eason t o t h ink t he t wo c ont e mporary works o f t he l a te s eventh c en tury . 1 29
Plate 3 4 ) The S eated S tatue f ro m Hagh iogeorg it ika ( Af i na l o r ien ta l izing s ea ted f i gure i n s of t l imestone , p resen t ly a t A thens, c o mes f ro m t he s o-cal e mp le o f De me ter b y Hagh iogeorg it ika n ear T egea l ed t i n Arcad ia . 2 6 T he f ace , t he o n ly f ea ture wh ich c ou ld h ave made p oss ib le p rec ise a na lys is o f t he s ty le a nd d a te , i s c o mp le te ly d estroyed . T he s ta tue h as g eneral een p laced i n t he f i rst q uar ter o f t he s ix th c entury o n t he b asis ly b o f t he l i keness o f t he t rea tmen t o f t he h a irsty le t o t he C leob is a nd B iton s ta tues, 2 7 a l though t he i n it ia l d a t ing n earer t he E leu therna s ta tue i n t he s even th c en tury o n t he b as is o f t he o ld-fash ioned s ty le o f t he h a ir h as r ecen t ly b een r e itera ted .
2 8
T he a ler t p ose w ith s p ine s tra ight a nd t hrust s l ight ly f orward o ver t he h ips, a nd t he s uggest ion o f a turn i n t he h ead u p a nd t o t he s ide , a re t hose o f t he L ouvre s ea ted s ta tut P la te 3 1a ) , b u t t he d e ta i ls o f c ostu me , c ha ir a nd b od i ly te ( f orms a re c loser i n s o me ways t o e astern a r t . T he s i mp le b ack less s ea t i s t he most g raph ic e ar ly a rcha ic Greek v ers ion k nown o f K yr ie le is ' Nor th S yr ian t ype 1 : t he f our s quare-sect ioned v er t ica l s uppor ts p ro ject a bove t he s ur face o f t he s ea t a s i n t he t hrone mode ls f ro m Cyprus. 2 9 The f u l l eng th l man t le i s s lung o b l ique ly a cross t he c hest a nd t erm ina tes b eh ind i n at assel l ed p o in t a pparen t ly model pon t he p o in ted a nd t assel oose c loak e nd o f f u l l ed u l ed l l A ssyr ian man t les .
3 0
I ti s u sed f or Z eus ' c loak i n al a te a rcha ic b ronze
s ta tuet ro m t he L yka ion i n Arcad ia , a nd c on f irms t he impress ion t ha t t he te f Hagh iogeorg i t ika s tatue i s mascu l ine . 3 1
F inal he who le b u ild o f t he t orso l y-,t
w ith mass ive s quare s hou lders, b road b u t f la t c hest a nd wa ist , n arrow h ips a nd f la t n arrow b ut orm ing a trapezo id i n t he b ack v iew , wel t ocks f l -proport i oned p ower fu l a rms a nd wel les, a nd i t s p hys ica l p resence l -formed musc a bove a nd a par t f ro m t he s ea t , a re c loser t han i n a ny o ther e ar ly Greek s ta tue t o t he c usto mary Egyp t ian r epresenta t ion o f s ea ted f i gures, whe ther m in ia ture o r monu men ta l . 3 2 A s a w ork o f t he f i rst q uar ter o f t he s ix th c en tury t he Hagh iogeorg it ika s ta tue d ocu men ts t he c on t inued d eve lop men t i n t he Pe loponnese o f a type o f s ea ted f i gure i n s of t l imestone q u ite d if ferent f ro m t he o ne c urren t ly e vo lv ing i n I on ian marb le s cu lpture wh ich was t o d om ina te l a te a rcha ic Greek a r t , a nd s ee m ing ly b ased more d irect ly , i fe c lect ica ly , u pon o r ien ta l mode ls . l
NOTES 1 .
Wal in K or in th ische P last ik 9 , 1 04-5 . l enste
F or t he p er iod 6 50-600
t here i s l i t le t o a dd t o Payne ' s ou t l ine : Necrocor in th ia 2 44 f . t 2 .
K ouroun iot is J d I 1 6 ( 1901) 1 8-22 .
T soun tas Prak t ika 1 886, 5 9 .
K arouzos Na t iona l Archaeo log ica l Museu m , C ol ion o f S cu lp ture l ect ( 1968) 4 . J enk ins Deda l ica 4 5, 5 0 . R odenwa ld t i n Corol ur t ius 6 3f f . la C R ich ter K ora i 3 2 . Wal in K or in th ische P last ik 2 5 , 1 04 . Har ll enste S chal Jh 5 0 ( 1972-73) 9 4-116 r econstructs t he f rag men ts a s a d ado l er 0 f r ieze o f c . 6 30 .
1 30
De L a Coste- Messe l iere Au Musse d e De lphes 1 9-233 . d e De lphes 4 .1, 1 8-39 . 4 .
Ho mol ou les le F l l
A lso s ee Casson T echn ique 1 38f .
Book id is Hesper ia 3 9 ( 1970) 3 13-25 .
Wal in K or in th ische P last ik l enste
1 37 . 5 .
Payne Necrocor in th ia 1 72f , 2 44 .
Cro me Mne mosynon Wiegand 5 0f .
Don tas Od igos 5 3 . 6 .
Rodenwa ld t K orkyra I . P last ik 5 3 , 1 27 .
D ie B i ldwerke .
Wal in K or in th ische l enste
An ew p ed i men t , a pparen t ly f ro m a smal u i ld ing o f l b
t he mid o r l a te s ix th c en tury , h as r ecen t ly c o me t o l i gh t o n C orcyra : Chore m is AAA 7 ( 1974) 1 83-86 . 7 .
Wr igh t Hesper ia 4 6 ( 1977 ) 2 51.
F irst p ub l ished b y Morgan AJA 4 0 ( 1936)
4 76 . 8 .
R idgway Hesper ia 4 4 ( 1975) 4 27 .
R idgway wou ld d a te t he k ouros 5 50 o r
a f ter . 9 .
Cro me i n Mne mosynon W iegand 4 7-53 , Ergebn isse I I , 2 6 f ig . 2 3
p l . 5 .
2 6 f ig . 2 3 , p l . 5 . Treu O ly mp ia .
Dunk ley BSA 3 6 ( 1935-36) 1 93 .
Karo
Greek Persona l ity i n Archa ic S cu lpture 6 1-63 . 1 0 .
S ee R izza-Scr inar i p ls. 2 5 n os. 1 62a-d ;
1 1.
K unze , S ch le if O ly mp ia . I Ber ich t , 1 15 .
3 2 n o . 2 16 ;
3 3 n o . 2 17 .
G abe l mann S tud ien 2 2-23 ,
p l . 1 .2 .3 . 1 2 .
Payne Protokor in t ische Vasen ma lere i p l . 1 3 .1 -2 .
1 3 .
Cro me Mne mosynon Wiegand p l . 8 .
1 4 .
l BCH 8 S a lv ia t , We il 5 ( 1961) 9 8-122 , f ig . 8 , p age 1 09 .
J acobstha l G reek
l l P ins 8 0-81, f ig . 3 10 , wou ld d a te t he p la te s t il a ter , 6 25-600 . 1 5 .
Dugas MonPiot 2 8 ( 1925-6) , 2 7 f ig . 4 .
1 6 .
Payne JHS 4 6 ( 1926) p ls . 9 -10 .
Brock BSA 4 4 ( 1949) , 8 0 .
R ober tson
JHS 6 0 ( 1940) p ls . I h , t i c. 1 7 .
S tevenson Sm ith Anc ien t Egyp t p l . 8 6 , ' a xehead o f Queen Ah-Hotep o f t he 1 8th Dynasty ;
p l . 1 50a , 2 0 th Dynasty t o mb p a in t ing f ro m T hebes .
1 8 .
K ees Anc ien t Egyp t p l . 1 8b , a venue o f s ph inxes a t Karnak .
1 9 .
ls. l if f. Cro me .Mne mosynon Wiegand p
2 0 .
R ich ter The Archa ic Gravestones o f A t ica f igs. 1 0-15 i n Copenhagen , t f igs. 1 7-19 f ro m Vanii n At , a t A thens. tica
2 1.
I b id . 1 0 f igs. 1 -7 .
2 . 2
Hal aby lon ian a nd Assyr ian S cu lpture , Br it ish Museu m p l . 1 8 . l B
2 3 .
B uschör A ltsam ische S tandb i lder I I f igs . 2 13-217 .
2 4 .
Payne Necrocor in th ia 1 73 f igs . 7 4D , 7 6 .
2 5 .
I b id . 1 72 , 2 44 .
G abe l mann S tud ien 4 4-47 , p l . 4 .3 .
1 31
2 6 .
Berard BCH 1 4 ( 1890) 3 82-384 .
L Öwy OJh 1 2 ( 1909) , 2 44f . f ig . 18 .
Col lignon MonPiot 2 0 ( 1913) , 9 -10 . H isto ire d e I . , ' Ar t 8 , 4 30f f.
P icard Manue l I , 4 51.
2 7 .
J enk ins Deda l ica 7 6-77 .
2 8 .
K au len Da ida l ika 9 7-98 .
2 9 .
K yr ie le is J d I 2 4th s upp l . ( 1969) 5 5, 6 3 .
3 0 .
Perro t
Kavvad ias G lyp ta In o. 5 7.
Frank for t Anc ien t Or ien t p l . 9 0 , g r if fin d ae mons f ro m N i mrud , p l . 9 5, wal l p a in t ing i n t he t hrone r oo m o f S argon , f ro m K horsabad .
3 1.
K ouroun iot is ArchEph 1 904, 1 87 f igs. 1 2-14 .
3 2 .
S tevenson Sm ith Anc ient Egyp t p ls . 2 9b, 3 9a , 4 0 , 5 5 , 1 15 , 1 19 a nd e sp ec ial ly 1 81 o f Dynasty 2 6. Kastr io t is r ecogn ized t he v a lue o f Egyp t ian c o mpar isons f or t he s ta tue :
Ka ta logon t on G lyp ton 1 3 .
1 32
PART I I TECHN IQUE, TYPES AND CONCLUSIONS
1 33
THE TECHN IQUE Adam h as s hown t ha t G reek s cu lp tors i n marb le o f t he e ar ly a rcha ic p er iod l n h ad a r e la t ive ly smal u mber o f t oo ls a t t he ir d isposa l .
1
O f t hese , d esp ite
t he p oor s ta te o f p reserva t ion o f t he ir c rea t ions, i ti s s afe t o s ay t ha t s cu lpl. t ors i n l imestone u sed f ewer s t il Ma ter ia l a nd T er m ino logy P ern ier c onc luded o f t he f ragmen ts o f e ngraved s te la i f ro m Pr in ias t hat l a l were o f i den t ica l s tone , a nd t ha t t he s tone u sed f or t he s te la i was t he s a me l u sed f or t he wa ls a nd i nscr ip t ions o f Pr in ias.
2
R izza c onc luded t ha t a n i den-
t i ca l s tone h ad b een u sed f or t he who le r ange o f t he G or tyn f ragmen ts 3 wh ich c over a t l east a c en tury 's w ork ; J oub in f ound t he E leu therna s tatue 's mater ia l i den t ica l t o t he l oca l b u ild ing s tone . 4 O bserva t ions i n t he Herak l ion Museu m l h ave l ed t o t he c onc lus ion t ha t t he mater ial o f a l t he C retan s cu lp tures a part f rom t he Amn isos b irds , o f ac oarser l imestone , a nd t he e arly r e l iefs f ro m Tekke , o f k ouskouras, i s a n i den t ica l s of t , f i ne , e ven-gra ined l imestone wh ich l ow h as w eathered a yel ish g rey , b u t p roduces a p ure wh ite c ha lk i n af resh b reak , w here i t may e as i ly b e worked w ith a f i ngerna il. I th as n o n atural p oros it i es b u th as o f ten b een s uscep t ib le t o t he a ct ion o f water. Two n atura l w eakn esses a re i mpor tan t : where l arge b locks h ave b een c u t i n at h in s ect ion a s i n t he P r in ias r ider f r ieze a nd t he s tela i , a nd t he t r iad f r iezes f rom Gor tyn , t hey t ered e h ave s hat as i ly , a l though l arge c ub ic b locks h ave r e ma ined i n g ood c onting d i t ion w ithou t s p l it , e ven when r idd led w i th wa ter c av it ies . T he ma ter ia l i s n o t s trong , b u t h as n o n a tura l g ra in o r c leavage p lanes wha tever . O n t he lier s o ther h and t he l imestone d oes h ave o ccasiona l s tra ta o f a h arder s hel ubs tance wh ich may h ave p reven ted b locks w i th d i mens ions o f more t han s evera l ly t f ee t b e ing q uarr ied . S uch av e in r uns h or izon tal hrough t he b ack o f t he h ead f o f t he A str i ts i s ta tue , a nd must h ave b een d i f icu lt t o d ea l w ith where at h inn ing wedge i n tersec ts t he o u ter s ur face a t t he r igh t t e mp le .
L i mestone i st he r e-
l f s u l t o f d eposi ts l a id d own i n s ha low o fshore c ond it ions, a nd i t s g ra in a nd c ont en t c an v ary w ith in s evera l y ards. T he ma ter ia l f or t he s of t l imestone s cu lpt ures o f c en tra l Cre te must h ave c o me f ro m a few q uarr ies w i th v ery s im i lar l d epos its, a l i n t he e nv irons o f K nossos .
5
Around I da i n t he n or thern p ar t o f
c en tra l C rete b eh ind K nossos l imestone o utcropp ings a re f requen t , a nd t he l oca t ion a nd q uarry ing o f t he s tone , wh ich f or v ar ious r easons t ends t o o utc rop a t l ower a l t itudes t han marb le , must h ave b een r e la t ive ly e asy . T he c on te mporary s of t l imestone s cu lptures o f s even th a nd e ar ly s ix th c entury B o iot ia a re o f a n a l together s im i lar ma ter ia l 'c lear , f i ne-gra ined v ery h o mogeneous a nd r elat ive ly f i rm ' , a s Duca t d escr ibes i tf or t he P toan race l i kens t he ma ter ia l o f t he L ia tan i b ust t o t ha t o f t he D ermysk ore .6 G K ity los monumen t ,
7
a nd Pharak las, t he t orso f ro m T anagra t o b oth .
8
The
l oca l s choo l o f s of t l imestone c arv ing c en tred o n T anagra , where a n i dent ica l l q s tone i s s t il uarr ied .
8
T he v ar ia t ions o f c o lour n oted b y t he a uthors a re
ow ing t o a cc iden ts o f wea ther ing a nd t he v ary ing i ron c on ten t o f t he s tone . l ow-grey f T he C orcyra l i on i s d escr ibed a s o f ' yel i ne l oca l l imestone '
9
t he
Ma lessina r e lief a s o f ' wh i te l imestone ' ,1 0 t he Hagh iogeorg i t ika s ta tue a s o f ' cru mb ly t ufa ' ,1 1 a l l v ary ing o bserva t ions a bout a s tone c o mparab le t o t he Cre tan a nd Tanagraean . T he ma ter ia l o f t he Ha la l s cu lptures a ppears t o b e
1 34
o f p oorer q ua l ity , p robab ly ow ing t o l ess s e lect ive q uarry ing . The o r ien ta l izi ng s ty le a nd t echn ique b losso med i n r eg ions where s im i lar s of t l imestones were r ead i ly a va i lab le .
T he t rend i s f ro m a carefu l q uarry ing o f t he f i ner
s ec t ions o f t he ma ter ia l i n t he s even th c en tury , t owards g rea ter c are lessness i nt he s ix th , p erhaps u nder t he i n f luence o f t he G or in th ian s choo l w here l imes tone a rch itectura l s cu lp tures were t o b e t h ick ly p a in ted .
1 2 By t he t ime o f t he amn isos b irds t he c oarser ma ter ia l was f e l t t o b e a n a dvan tage .
T he mater ia l j ust d escr ibed i s o f ten r eferred t o a s ' poros ' b y a rchaeo lol ected a l g ists. 1 3 I n ar ecen t a rt icle, Wycherley h as c ol nd r e-exa m ined a l t he k nown i nstances o f t he a nc ien t w ords d es ignat ing l imestone , p oros a nd p or inos t tho, n a te mp o s o he pz l ng e ty mo f t en .7" n . "1 4 H e cnl o c udes l i s i n a t t lve t u zi logy o he t t ha t t he t erm h as n oth ing wha tever t o d o w i th p oros ity , b u t i s r a ther t o b e I n terpre ted , f o l low ing a nc ien t med ica l a nd p h i losoph ica l u sage , a s a hard 'l ump ' i n s of ter mat t er . G reek a rch itectura l b u i ld ing a ccounts u se t he t erm t o d enote b u i ld ing s tones, b u t n ot s tones f or s cu lp tures . Ex trapo la t ing f ro m t h is a rgu men t o ne m igh t s ay t ha t t he t ruest a ncien t c onno ta t ion o f t he word f I nd ica ted o u tcrops o f r ough l imestone f ro m wh ich b u i lders b roke o f s tone f or ls wal . T o r each t he s of ter a nd u nwea thered s tone g ood f or s ta tues, o f ten r equ ired i n l arge b locks, i t was n ecessary t o q uarry s o me d istance i n to t he r ock a nd t o s eek o u t t he f iner , h o mogeneous v e ins. The e xa mp les o f n a mes o f s uch b eds c ol l ected b y Wycher ley a nd b y H eberdey
a re i nvar iab ly d er ived f ro m t he l oca t ion o f t he q uarry o f t he s tone . T hus t he f i ne-gra ined g o lden C or in th ian l ed K l imestone i s c al or in th ia p e tra i n t he b u i ld ing a ccoun ts o f Ep idauros, a nd 1 5
I ti s l i ke ly t ha t t he s of t l imestones f ro m C rete a nd c en tra l G reece , o f f i ne g ra in a nd g ood c o lour , were g iven s uch n a mes, a l though t hey a re n ow l ost . Wycherley c onc ludes t ha t i nso far a s t he a nc ien t t er m p oros may b e u sed l t o d es ignate a l imestone , i t must i nclude a l l imestones u p t o t he v ery h ardest line. Thus t a nd s em i-crystal he t er m i s a l together m islead ing when a pp l ied l i n modern u sage t o t he p resen t s cu lpture f or i td oes n o t a low u s t o d raw a d ist inct ion b etween s tones l ike K or in th ia p etra a nd t he h ard L akon ian a nd Bo iot ian l imestones. T he q uest ion o f a ppropr iate t er m ino logy f or b u ild ing ma ter ials i s av ex ing o ne t o s tuden ts o f a nc ien t a rch itecture, a s G reek masons made u se o f s o many f line d i feren t g rades o f l imestone f ro m s of t t o s em i-crystal . t or o f t he e ar ly a rcha ic p er iod .
Not s o t he s cu lp-
A lready i n t he s even th c entury t he t hree
d iv is ions a re c lear : marb le , s of t l imestone ' a s d escr ibed a bove , a nd t he v ery h ard c rystal line b lu ish l imestone o f t he p er irrhan ter ia a nd s im i lar d ecora ted v esse ls, 1 6 a nd o f t he H era ' h ead a nd r e la ted f rag men ts f ro m O lymp ia . A s t here a re n ot b order l ine c ases , i ts ee ms a pparen t t ha t s cu lp tors c hose t o
1 7
work i n a m ed iu m o f c lear ly d ef ined p roper t ies. T r i mm ing B efore d escr ib ing t he t oo ls w i th wh ich t he s cu lp tor i n s of t l imestone mode ll ed a nd d ecora ted h is s ur face , s o me th ing s hou ld b e s a id a bout t he t oo ls w i th wh ich t he l imestone was q uarr ied a nd s haped o r t r i m med , a s t he d if feren t r eq u ire men ts f or t he q uarry ing a nd t r imm ing o f s of t l imestone h ave s o me th ing
1 35
t o d o w ith t he f or ms l imestone s cu lp ture t ook i n Cre te , B o iot ia a nd t he P e loponn ese , a nd s how u s why i n Cre te , where h ard l imestone a nd marb le were n o t r ead i ly a va i lab le a s o n t he ma in land , s cu lp ture f e l l h ope less ly b eh ind d eve lopmen ts i n o ther p ar ts o f t he Greek wor ld i n t he l a te s even th c en tury . I n G reek t imes marb le a nd h arder, h eav ier s tones h ad t o b e r e moved f ro m l er s t he s tone ma tr ix i n t he q uarry , a nd t hen r educed t o b locks o f smal ize i f d esired , b y a dif ficu lt p rocess o f d r iv ing wedges i n to t he s tone , t hen s p l it ting 8 w h ich a re p resen t i n a l l me tamorph ic r ocks i ta long t he p lanes o f c leavage 1 t o ag rea ter o r l esser d egree , d epend ing u pon t he e x ten t o f t he h ea t a nd p ress ure t o wh ich t he s tone h as b een s ub jected .
1 9
T h is was n e ither p ossib le n or
n ecessary i n t he c ase o f Cre tan a nd ma in land s of t l imestone , wh ich c ou ld b e s awn i n to b locks o n t he s po t , p erhaps a f ter i n i t ia l l oosen ing o f t he s tone a long t he c racks c aused b y wea ther ing w h ich c harac ter ize o u tcropp ings o f l imestone . T he l imestone c ou ld b e s awn e fect ive ly b y s aws o f al ess r ef ined n a ture a nd f ma ter ia l t han t hose r equ ired f or s aw ing marb le , h ence t he p opu lar ity f ro m a n e ar ly p er iod i n Cre te o f n ea t a sh lar b u i ld ing b locks .
T he s awn s ur faces p re-
s erved o n t he A str i ts i s ta tue a t t he l ower e dge o f t he t orso, 2 0 a nd p erhaps o n t he G or tyn t oso d own t he f ron t s ur face o f t he l egs ( P la te 1b) s how t ha t t he Cre tan s cu lp tor s e t t o work d irect ly u pon h is s awn b lock w i thou t f ur ther t r imm ing . S igns o f work w ith k n ives, c h ise ls a nd p o in ted e ngrav ing i nstru men ts a re a pp aren t i n many c ases t o b e d iscussed b e low , b u t a pparen t ly i n ter med ia te t r i mm ing i nstrumen ts, s uch a s t he t r imm ing h a mmer , p o in t o r t he ir e qu iva len ts, were n o t k nown t o t he Cretan a r t ist , o r f e l t n o t t o b e n ecessary . The e x tensive t r i mm ing b e tween t he b od ies a nd b ases o f t he Amn isos b irds p roves t ha t i t was p oss ib le t o t r i m Cre tan l imestone e f fect ive ly , a s d oes t he t echn ique , s im il ar t o t ha t o f marb le s cu lp ture , o f t he s er ies o f k ouro i i n a n e qual ly s of t l imes tone f ro m t he P to ion i n B o iot ia .2 1 T he l ack o f d es ire o r a b i l ity t o d epar t v ery f ar f ro m t he o r ig ina l s awn s urf ace e xp la ins t he p ecu l iar l i fe lessness n ot iceable i n s o many o f t he l arger Cre tan s ta tues, a nd t he ir s ingu lar l ack o f d eve lop men t a s who le works o f a r t , i n s p ite o ft he a dvances a pparen t i n t he r epresen ta t ion o f i nd iv idua l b od i ly f or ms a nd o f p ropor t ions g eneral . T he b ot , s ide a nd f ron t s ur faces o f t he G or tyn ly to m t orso p reserve t he o r ig ina l o u ter s ur faces o f t he c ube ( a lthough t he p resen t f ron t s ur face must h ave b een r esawn s evera l c en t i metres i n t o c rea te t he r a ised b order a t t he b ot to m e dge) ; t he t op s ur face was s awn d own t o t he l eve l o f t he l ap , a nd f l a t i n f ro m t he s ides t o t he wa ist ; t he i n tersect ions o f t he p lanes t hen s u mmar i ly r ounded a nd smoothed w i th k n ives a nd c h ise ls ( ch ise l s trokes a re p reserved a t t he b ack o f t he t orso) .
2 2 T he t hree c onverg ing p lanes f orm ing t he f ace o f t he E leu therna s ta tue ( P la te 1 5) a s we ll a s t he p lanes o f t he c ran iu m
a nd h a ir , l ook c lose t o o r ig ina l s awn s ufaces, a s d o t he c onverg ing f ron t a nd s ide s ur faces o f t he s ide h a ir wedges o f t he A str its i s ta te . T he s cu lp tures o f t he Pr in ias l i n te l, a l though more a dvanced i nb od i ly r epresen ta t ion ( f or e xa mp le t he o u t l in ing o f t he p an thers ' musc les i n s ha l low g rooves) a nd more c ons isten t i n t he w id ths o f e ngraved l i nes, s t il l d isp lay at echn ique o f r ound ing a nd d ecorat ing c ubes a nd r ec ta ng les wh ich i s n ot more a dvanced t han t ha t s een o n t he E leu therna s ta te o f a genera t ion e ar l ier . T he a r t ist o f t he Auxerre s ta tuet te e xecuted a tour d e f orce i n t he d eep c ut ting a round t he wa ist a nd t he f ree ing o f t he a rms he was o ver-amb it ious o n t he l e f t s ide o f t he b ody where t he wa ist i s c u t i n more d eep ly t han a t t he r igh t .
T he l ower p ar t o f t he P toan k ore
1 36
( P la te 2 3 ) a nd t he e n t ire t orso o f T hebes 3 6 ( P la te 2 7 ) l i e c lose t o o r ig ina l l ed o s ur faces o f t he b lock a nd h ave b een model n ly s um mar i ly .
T he s ea ted
s cu lp ture H a la i 1 w as l e f t s o n ear t he o r ig ina l s ur faces o f t he b lock t ha t n o ma ter ia l c ou ld b e g a ined f or t he p or traya l o f a r ms ( P la te 2 9 ) . The P e loponn es ian s ea ted s ta tue f ro m H agh iogeorg i t ika a nd t he s ea ted s ta tue p erhaps f ro m C ha lk is c on tras t s harp ly i nt h is r espec t — h ere t he l i vely a nd a dvanced c arr iage i s o w ing p ar t ly t o t he a bi l i ty o f t he a rt ist t o c u t d eep ly i n f rom t he t r i m med s urfaces ( P lates 3 4 , 3 1a ). T he s tory i s s im i lar f or t he s er ies o f r e l ie f s cu lptures . T he r e l ie f b locks were f ash ioned w i th t he s aw . T he p rov inc ia l workers o f s o f t l imes tone s ee m t o h ave h ad l i t t le i n teres t i n c ut ting d eep ly i n to t he r esu l t ing b lock ; t hey d ep ar ted f ro m t he o r ig ina l f ron t s ur face o f t he r ec tangu lar b lock o ver a s smal l as ur face o f t he r e lie f a s p oss ible . T hus t he r e l ie f g round a round t he P r in ias r iders , a n i ma ls a nd s tanding wo men i s h ol l owed d eepes t n ex t t o t he f igure , t hen i m med ia te ly c urves b ack t o r e jo in t he o r ig ina l s ur face a t t he e dges o f t he b lock ( P late 1 7b ), a nd i n t he s a me way , a wide r a ised b order i s l e f t i n r e l ie f a t t he t op o f t he G or tyn t r iad f r iezes ( P la tes 8 -9 ) , a nd mus t h ave b een a t t he b ot to m e dge a s wel l.
T he a l terna t ive , t r i mm ing t he who le a rea o f t he r el ie f
g round d own t o t he d eepes t l eve l , wou ld h ave i nvo lved t oo much e f for t w i th l igh t t ools s uch a s c h ise ls a nd k n ives . T he me thod o f g a in ing r e l ie f p urely b y h ol l ow ing i s s t il l s een a t t he t urn o f t he c en tury i n t he a rms a nd s nake o f t he t orso f ro m T anagra ( P la te 2 7 ) , a nd wel l i n to t he s ix th c en tury i n t he r e l ie f f ro m Ma less ina ( P la te 3 1b ) . When a d eep s o l i tary c ut ting was r equ ired a s f or t he mor t ises p reserved 3 a nd o f t he G or tyn o n t he u pper s ur face o f t he h ead o f t he P r in ias g oddess 2 4 as imple b or ing-bi t was u sed ; i t may a lso b e s een i n t he e ar a n ima l mask 2 o f t he E leu therna s ta tue , i n t he d ecora t ion o f t he d ress o f t he ' Cha lk id ian '
s ea ted f igure ( P la te 3 1a ) , a nd i nt he d ecora t ion o f t he s tone t r ipod b ow l Thebes 1 9 ( P la te 2 2a ,b ) . Too ling F or s ur face f in ish ing t here a re p len t i fu l e xa mp les o f t he work o f t he k n i fe , c h ise l a nd e ngrav ingtoo l s t il is ible o n t he s ur faces o f many o f t he s cu lptures . l v The e ar l ies t o f t hese t oo ls was t he k n i fe , wh ich i s u sed e xc lus ively o n t he Khan ia le T ekke r e l ie fs , where t he u nsy m me tr ica l d epress ions o f t he d ecorat ion i nt he a n i ma l 's mane a re t yp ica l o f work d one w i th t he p o in t o f t he k n i fe ( F igure 6 , b elow ) . T he k n i fe was u sed e xc lus ive ly f or t r imm ing a nd f in ish ing t he e ar l ies t min ia ture G or tyn s cu lp ture i n t he r ound , t he t rans i t iona l D eda l ic p iece n o. 1 ( P la te 6 c ) . The h ead i s s imi lar t o c on te mporary t erracot eads . ta h a nd may h ave b orrowed t he t echn ique o f s cu lp t ing a smal iece o f s tone e n t irely l p w i th t he k n i fe f ro m t he G or tyn t erracot , f or t he k n i fe i s u sed e xt a workshop t ens ive ly i nf in ish ing t he e ar ly h and made t erracot , a nd t he b acks o f t he t as l a ter mou lded o nes .2 5 ( The h orses o f t he t erracot i ma f ro m P a la ikas tro ta s a re a s much c arved a s mou lded , t he c arv ing a round f ace , e yes a nd b r id le b eing i den t ica l t o t ha t o f t he P r in ias s tone r ider f r ieze ) . T he k n i fe was u sed t o s o me e x ten t i n e ngrav ing t he P r in ias s te la i — t he c rude c ircu lar i nc is ions i n t he s hawl o f n o. 2 34 were made w i th t he p oin t o f ak n i fe — a nd a pparen t ly e xc lus ively f or t he f ea tures , h ands a nd f ee t o f t he Auxerre s ta tuet , 2 6 t he te f ee t o f t he P toan k ore ,
2 7
a nd l i kew ise f or t he E leu therna s ta tue ( J oub in n o ted 1 37
k n i fe s trokes e xpecial ly a round t he n ose ; 28 t hey a re a lso v is ib le i n t he t eard uc ts o f t he e yes ) , t he f ace , n eck a nd b reas t o f t he L ia tan i s tatue, 29 d eta ils o f t he t orso f ro m Tanagra 3 °a nd o f t he C ha lk is s ta tue 3 1 a nd o f H a lal n o . 2 . Thus t he k n i fe c on t inued t o b e u sed f or t r im m ing , smoo th ing a nd f ash ion ing s ur faces t hroughou t t he s even th c en tury a nd wel l i n to t he s ix th . I n C re te t he c h ise l f o l lowed t he k n i fe . I tw as u sed f or t r i mming , s haping a nd smoo th ing o n Gortyn smal l b ust n o. 1, 3 2 t he Auxerre s tatuet t e, 3 3 t he Pr in ias s ea ted g oddess f or t he d ress , a nd r ider f r ieze f or t he h orses , 3 4 a nd t he E leu therna s ta tue , 3 5 a l l a f ter t he midd le o f t he s even th c en tury . T he p ract ice p iece G or tyn n o. 2 may wel l s igna l t he v ery f irs t a t te mpt b y t he • G or tyn a r t is t t o u se h is n ew t oo l , b u t i ti s u n for tuna te ly n o t p rec isely d a table . On t he P r in ias s tele n o. 2 34 , f a in t t races o f a fl a t c h ise l u sed f or l ower ing t he r e l ie f s ur face may b e s een i n t he l ower r igh t c orner ;
aV -shaped o ne
d rew t he g rooves b etween t he f i ngers. Thus t he u se o f t he c h ise l i n C re te b elongs t o t he s econd h a lf o f t he s even th c entury , t he p er iod o f c onnect ions w i th t he s cu lpture o f R hodes a nd C yprus , whence t he t oo l may h ave b een b rough t . Bu t C re tan a r t is ts d id n o t u se t he t ool t o c u t d eep ly i n to t he b lock a nd s hape i t t hree-d i mens ional , u n t i l t he t ime o f c on tac t w i th t he s cu lpture o f ma in land ly Greece . T he s ta tuet te f ro m Gu led iana , p robab ly u nder t he i n f luence o f l a ter s even th c en tury ma in land s cu lp ture , i s t he f i rs t C re tan s cu lpture t o s how e xt ens ive t r i mm ing a nd r adica l d epar ture f ro m t he o r ig ina l c ube o f t he s t one b lock , a nd a n e xc i t ing s tructura l q ua l i ty ( P la te 1 6 ). T he Axos h ead o f t he s ix th c en tury s hows e x tens ive u se o f t he c h ise l f or f ree ing t he t op a nd b ack o f t he h ead f ro m t he r e l ie f b ackground ( P la te 1 9 ) , p lac ing i tf ul ly i n t he s trea m o f o f a rcha ic s cu lp tura l t echn ique . On t he ma in land o n t he o ther h and t he c h ise l was u sed f or t r i mm ing a s e ar ly a s t he t ime o f t he s tone t r ipod b ow ls a t T hebes , where n u merous t races o f a tr i mm ing c h isel may b e s een o n t he i ns ide o f n o. 1 9. T he t echn ique o f i ncised d ecora t ion i s f i rs t s een i n C re te i n t he Auxerre s ta tuet t e where i ti s u sed i nt he e yebrows ( P la te 1 3a ) , a nd i n t he E leu therna s ta tue where i th as b een u sed t o p roduce t he s y m metr ica l d epress ions o f t he r oset t es o nt he s haw l , a nd t he d eep i nc is ions o f t he h a ir o ver t he f orehead a nd t e mples ( P la te 1 4a ,b ) .
The l as t-na med s ta tue h as b een s hown t o b e u nder
t he i n f luence o f E as t G reek min ia ture wood a nd i vory c arv ings ( above ) ; P ou lsen f ound t he t echn ique o f c h ise l-hol l owed e yebrows o n t he Auxerre s ta tuet t e much l i ke t ha t o f t he N i mrud i vor ies .3 6 Among t he ma in land s cu lp tures , c on tras t ing ly , t he P la taean s tone t r ipod Thebes 1 9 i s a n e ar ly e xa mp le o f t he u se o f t he b ul l -nosed c h ise l f or s o me o f t he d ecora t ive g roov ing . The l ines o f t he f o lds o nt he t orso f ro m T anagra l -nosed c l ook c arr ied o u t w i th a b ul h ise l . I n t he more a dvanced a reas o f t he ma in land i nt he s ix th c en tury t he c h ise l r ep laced t he k n i fe f or t he model ling o f d e ta i ls , a s i n t he f ee t a nd h a ir o f D er mys a nd K i ty los a nd o n a nd u nder t he a r ms o f t he H agh iogeorg i t ika s ta tue ( P la te 3 4 ) . F in ish ing C asson p os tu la ted t ha t s tone o r emery r ubbers were employed i nf in ish ing t he s ur face o f t he s cu lp tures b efore t he f ina l d ecora t ion o f i ncis ion a nd c o louri ng 3 7 b u t was u nab le t o c i te a ny e xa mples . 1 38
C lose e xa m ina t ion o f t he f in ished
s ur faces s ugges ts t ha t smoo th ing a nd p lan ing was d one w i th t he c h ise l o r o ne l ong s ide o f ak n i fe b lade . On t he E leu therna s ta tue , t he i ns ides o f t he u pper a rms b e low t he a r mpi ts a nd t he s ide o f t he b reas t o ppos i te r e ta in t heir o r ig ina l s ur face .
T he b low e nds o f t he f ina l l igh t c h ise l s trokes may b e s een where
t he t wo s ur faces j o in ;
u p t o t h is p o in t t here i s n o c hange wha tever i n t he t ex-
t ure o f t he s ur face , a s t here w ou ld b e h ad smoo th ing w i th a no ther i ns trumen t f o l lowed t he f ina l c h isel work , f or n o i ns trumen t o f s tone c ou ld h ave r eached i n to t he n arrow c rack o f t he a r mp i t w i thou t l eav ing a tiny u ns moo thed a rea . On t he p roper r igh t s ide a t t he wa is t ( P la te 1 5 ) t he c h ise l was u sed t o l ower t he a rea o n e i ther s ide o f t he r a ised b and o f t he b el t b order a nd n o t f in ished f ur ther .
D own t he s ides o f t he n eck i n t he t wo t r iangu lar a reas b e tween t he
l ed s v er t ica l s ur faces o f t he f ron t a nd b ack h a ir wedges t he f la t-ch isel ur faces were n ot r ounded o r f i n ished f ur ther . C o lour T he o n ly c o lour p reserved o nt he C re tan s cu lp tures i s r ed — t here i s n o t race o f a ny u ndercoa t o f s tucco , wash o r wh i te mat t, a s o ne m igh t e xpec t t ery a t as o c ons ider ing t he c o lour fu l p a in ted p ot nd t erracot f s even th c en tury L ebess i h as p os tu la ted t ha t t he b ackground a nd u nc lo thed p ar ts o f C re te . 38 t he b od ies o n t he P r in ias s te la i , i fn o t t he e n tire s ur faces , w ere p a in ted r ed , w i th t he p oss ible a dd i t ion o f wh i te o verpa in t f or t he f l esh .
3 9 On ly s o me r ed c o lour ing r e ma ins . T he b r il t wh i te o f t he f resh s ur face o f t he s tone was lian d eemed s uf ien t f or t he G or tyn s cu lp tures ; more l i ke ly t he P r in ias s tela i fic
were p a in ted p ar t ly i n o u t l ine , p ar t ly i n s o l id a reas , l i ke t he s im i lar f igures o n av ase o f t he e ar ly s even th c en tury f ro m Knossos ,
4 0
o r t he p inax f ro m
G or tyn ( P la te 3 5b ). T he f irs t s cu lp tures t o p reserve r ed c o lour ing a re t he G or tyn t orso a nd r e la ted f ragmen ts o f d ecora ted a rch i tec ture . T he t echn ique o f r eserv ing a ga ins t ar ed g round p aral le ls d eve lop men ts i n C re tan v ase-pa in t ing o f t he s econd h a l f o f t he s even th c en tury , wh ich may h ave b een i nspired b y C yc lad ic v ase-pa in t ing . The d e l ica te t echn ique o f i nc is ing t he p at t erns t o b e p a in ted s ugges ts t ha t o ther C re tan s ta tues o f t he M idd le D eda l ic a nd l a ter , o n wh ich n o c o lour ing i s p reserved b u t wh ich h ave d ecora t ion s ke tched i n t he s a me l igh t i ncis ion may a lso h ave h ad r ed-co loured r eserved o rna men t . T he Auxerre s ta tuet te , w i th i t s l i gh t ly i ncised s k ir t d ecora t ion i np at t erns c opied f ro m t he d ecora t ive b orders o f E as t G reek v ases , i s a n o bv ious c and ida te — t he s quares c ou ld h ave b een o u t l ined a nd t he ir c en tres a l terna te ly r eserved a s o n t he a pron b order o f al a te s even th c en tury s ta tuet te f ro m E phesos . 41 Davaras h as s ugges ted t ha t t he f a in t h err ingbone i nc is ions w i th in t he h eav ier h or izon ta l g roov ing o f t he h a ir o f t he As tr i ts i s ta tue s erved a s o u t l in ing f or c o lour ing . 42 I t may h ave t aken t he f or m o f a l terna te ly f i led a nd r eserved l c hequers a s o n l a te G eo me tr ic a nd e ar ly o r ien ta l izing A egean v ases . 43 The d oub le i nc ised l ines f o lowing t he b orders o f t he c ape o f t he As tr i ts i s ta tue l ( P la te 1 3b ) may h ave b een f i l led i n w i th r ed , a nd l i kew ise t he r a ised d oub le b orders o f t he b road b e l t , a l though t here i s a lways t he p oss ibi l i ty t ha t t hese a reas were l e f t r eserved a ga ins t ag ar men t e n t irely r ed , a s o n t he mis tress o f a n ima ls o n t he v ase f ro m A rkades . 44
S im i lar l ines a t t he b orders o f t he
b e l t a nd c ape o f t he s ta tue f ro m E leu therna ( P la te 1 4a ) may i nd ica te r ed b orders , b u t t here i s n o i nd ica t ion o f t he r eserved t echn ique f or t he r oset te
1 39
o rna men ts o n t he c ape , wh ich c ons is t o f h ol l owed l eaves n o t c ircumscr ibed , o r f or t he r epresen ta t ion o f t he h a ir , i n wh ich model l ed a nd more h eav i ly i nc ised p at t erns p redo m ina te . T he i nc ised v o lu tes a nd p a l met t es b e low , a nd maeander a bove , t he r iders oL the f r ieze f ro m T e mp le A a t P r in ias ( P la te 1 8b ) , w i th t heir t races o f r ed c o lour ,45 may s how t ha t t he r eserve t echn ique o f p a in t ing was u sed f or a rch it ec tura l d ecora t ion d own t o t he e nd o f t he s even th c en tury . T races o f r ed 6 were a lso n o ted o n t he g ar men t a nd p o los o f t he s ea ted f igure o n t he l i n te 1 .4 J udg ing f ro m t he r ed r oset a in ted w i thou t i nc is ion u pon t he s k ir t o f t he t es p
s tand ing f igure u nder t he l in te 1 ,
4 7
r ed was u sed s imp ly t o c o lour i n t he r oset t es
a nd c ircles o f t he p o los , a nd t he a n i ma ls a nd b orders o f t he s k ir t o f t he s ea ted g oddess . C retan s cu lptors o f t he s even th c en tury p icked o u t s hapes a nd b orders u pon t he f l a t s ur faces o f s cu lp tures a nd r e l ie fs ( t he P r in ias s tela i ) a nd u pon s l igh t ly r a ised b orders ( o f t he b e l ts a nd c apes o f a l t he s ea ted f igures ) i n muchthe l way t ha t C re tan c orop las ts d ecora ted p at nd b orders o f t erracot ta tut erns a ta s e tes t hroughou t t he c en tury . 48 T he a r t is t o f t he P r in ias l in te l s t il sed t h is t l u t echn ique a t t he e nd o f t he c en tury , n ow t o c o lour i n s hapes r a ised i n al ow r e l ie f a ccord ing t o a new t echn ique p robab ly b orrowed f ro m C or in th . I n t he t h ird q uar ter o f t he s even th c en tury a v ery f ine t echn ique c o mbin ing l i gh t i nc is ion a nd r eserve p a in t ing , a l mos t a pro to-red f igure , was d eveloped ( u nder t he i n f luence o f C yclad ic p a in t ing?) f or t he smoo th s ur faces o f C retan s cu lpt ures . B u t w i th t he i ncreased p opu lar i ty o f h eav ier more s hadowed i nc is ion ( under t he i n f luence o f E as t G reek c arv ing?) a nd f inal f r a ised l ow r e l ief ly o ( under C or in th ian i n f luence?) t he r edf igure t echn ique f e l o u t o f u se . l I th as u sual een a ssu med t ha t t he C re tan l imes tone s cu lp tures w ere ly b c overed w i th c olour , i fn o t i n s o me f or m o f s tucco , f ace f in ish ing h as b een a tr ibu ted t o t h is . t
4 9
a nd d is in teres t i n s ur-
B u t n o p as te , c o lour o r s tucco i s
t o b e s een i n t he c racks o f t he s cu lp tures a t H erak l ion , a s i s o f ten t he c ase w i th s o f t s tone s cu lp tures o nce p a in ted o ver b road a reas . Mat o lour ing i s t c p reserved o n mos t o f t he s ix th c en tury f ragmen ts o f l imes tone s cu lp tures i n t he C or in th Museum , a nd o n t he f ragmen tary a rcha ic p ed i men ts f ro m t he A cropo lis a t A thens ( t he c ha lky l i gh t b lue p reserved o n t he Dreros g orgoneion d ates f ro m t he p iece 's r e-use i n t he w al f ac hurch ) 5° . F ul o lour ing n eed l o l c n o t h ave b een a fea ture o f s even th c en tury l imes tone s cu lp tures b u t may h ave b een a n a dd i t ion o f t he e ar ly s ix th , p erhaps u nder t he i n f luence o f t he p a in ted t erracot ta a rch i tec tura l s cu lpture o f C or in th . One may h azard a g uess t ha t t he Axos h ead , e spec ial ly i fi ts erved a s p ar t o f ap ed i men t , was c o lour ful ly p a in ted .
C er ta in ly t he Amn isos b irds , o f g r it ter ia l a nd c oarser s urtier ma
f ace , were s tuccoed a nd p a in ted . T he s o f t l imes tone s cu lptures o f t he p er iod f ro m o u ts ide C re te f urn ish s can t i n for ma t ion a bou t c o lour ing , b u t i n n o way c on trad ic t t he c onc lus ions a bove . The P toan k ore h ad r ed p a in t p reserved i n t he i nscr ipt ion a nd o n t he p l in th ,
5 1
t he t orso T hebes 3 6 o nt he b ack ,
5 2
H a la i 2( P la te 3 0 ) o n t he f i let 53 l
a nd t he H agh iogeorg i t ika s ta tue p erhaps o n t he h a ir .5 4
Ma in land G reece
a ppears n o t t o h ave s hared i nt he d eve lop men t o f t he C re tan t echn ique o f r eda nd-wh i te c o lour ing , b u t t he e v idence i s i nsuf t t o p rove t he c ase e i ther ficien way .
1 40
THE TYPES I ti s i ns truc t ive t o r ev iew t he s cu lptures b y t ype a nd t o c o mpare t he c a teg or ies w i th t hose c urren t i n t he ma ins trea m o f a rcha ic G reek s cu lpture . A rch i tec tura l s cu lpture i s l argely c on f ined t o t he o r thos ta te o r d ado .
The
P f r in iäs s tela i ( f igure 3 6 ) , t he f r ieze o f r iders f ro m T e mp le A a t P r in ias ( P la te 1 8b ) , t he t r iad f r iezes f ro m G or tyn ( P la tes 8 -9 ) a nd p erhaps t he Axos h ead ( P la tes 1 9-20 ) a re t o b e r econs truc ted a s d ado f r iezes .
l er The smal
r e l iefs f ro m Chan ia ( P lates 3 -4 ) a nd Maless ina ( P late 3 1b ) a re r ough ly t he l -fr s a me h e igh t a nd s hou ld p erhaps b e r econstructed a s wal iezes. v at ion i s N ear Eastern.
The d er i-
C re te may h ave b een r espons ib le f or p ass ing i to n
t o o ther p arts o f G reece, t o Mycena i f or e xa mp le , where t he ' metope ' f ragl f men ts may b e p art o f ad ado o r wal r ieze. W i th t he e xcep t ion o f t he s labs f ro m P r in ias whose t echn ique o f l ow r e lie f l i s r e la ted t o me ta l work , a l t he f r iezes b eg inn ing w i th t he o ne f ro m C han ia , a re c arved i n at echn ique o f h igh r ounded f or ms .
I tc on tras ts w i th b o th t he
Greek a rcha ic t echn ique o f h igh r e l ie f , where many p ar ts o f t he d es ign a re f reed f ro m t he b ackground , a nd o f l ow r e l ie f , wh ich i n t urn i s r e la ted t o Egyp t ian l ow r e lie f . T he f or m was p re-e mp ted b y t he I on ian e n tab la ture f r ieze a nd h ad n o d irec t d escendan ts . T he s ph inx f ro m G or tyn ( f igures 2 0 , 2 5 ) s hows t ha t t he N ear E as tern p ract ice o f c rea t ing a n ear ly l i fe-s ize f an tas t ic a n i ma l t o g uard s acred d oorways r eached C re te .
I ti s s een i n i t s p ure ly o r ien ta l f or m o n ly a t G or tyn , b u t o ne
wonders wha t i n f luence i th ad o n s cu lptures s uch a s t he l i on wa terspou t f ro m l f O lymp ia ( P la tes 3 2-33 ) . T he p ro to me h ead f or a wal ro m Dreros ( f igure 5 1) l i lus tra tes t he r ela tionsh ip b e tween e as tern a n i ma l p ro to mes l ike t he o nes f ro m G ord ion ( above p . 2 4 )
a nd c anon ica l Greek l i on-head wa terspou ts .
T he s ea ted f igure i s c op ious ly r epresen ted among o r ien ta l izing s cu lptures l es ( b y t he s ta tues f ro m As tr i ts i ( P la te 1 3b ) , Mal f igure 2 7) , E leu therna ( P la tes 1 4-15 ) a nd H agh iogeorg i tika ( P la te 3 4 ) , t he a rch i tec tura l f igures f ro m t es f Gor tyn ( P la tes 1 0-11 ) a nd P r in ias ( P la tes 1 7-18a ) a nd t he s ta tuet ro m Gu led iana ( P la te 1 6) a nd ?Cha lk is ( P la te 3 1ä ) .
The C retan s ea ted s cu lp tures
a re t he e ar lies t i n Greece , a nd a ppear t o h ave b een d eve loped u nder t he d irec t i n f luence o f S yr ian f unerary p or tra i ts o f t he h eroized d ead , w i th s o me i n f luence o f ' Phoen ician ' i vor ies ( above p p. 2 8-9 ). T he me thod o f s cu lpt ing t he f igure , a nd i t s p ose , were a dop ted a l mos t who lesa le f ro m t he e as t .
I n t he e ar l ies t i ns tance ( Gor tyn n o . 7 , P la tes 1 0-11 )
t he t ype a ppears t o h ave b een u sed f or t he h eroized g uard ian o f ah o ly p lace ; t h is i s more e xpl ic i t a t Pr in ias ( P la tes 1 7-18a ) . u ncer ta in .
L a ter i t s i conography b eco mes
Are t he E leu therna a nd As tr i ts i s ta tues t o b e s een a s c u l t s ta tues?
a nd i fs o , a s images o f d iv in i t ies o r h eroes?
The s ea ted f igure i n l a ter a rch-
a ic a nd c lass ica l a r t r epresen ts a d e i ty o n ly ; b u t t h is i conograph ica l d evelopmen t h ad p robably n o t t aken p lace i n l a te s even th c en tury C rete . The r ep lace men t o f t he f e ma le t ype w ith t he ma le i n t he s tatue f ro m Hagh iog eorg it ika ( P late 3 4 ), t he l atest o f t he s er ies, may d e monstrate i ncreased Egyp t ian i n f luence i n t he s ix th c en tury .
1 41
The k ore o r s tand ing f e ma le f igure i n t he r ound i s s een i n C re te o nce o n ly , a nd i n smal ca le , i n t he A uxerre s ta tuet P la te 1 3a ) . l s te ( k ore i s C yc lad ic/Eas t G reek ( above p . 3 3 ), i n C re te .
The t ype o f s t and ing
a nd n ever d eveloped monumen tal ly
Among t he ma in land s cu lp tures , t he k ore t ype a ppears o n ly u nder
n f luence o f C yc lad ic a nd A t ic marb le s cu lpture , a s i n t he k ora i f ro m t he t he .i t P toion ( P la te 2 3 ) a nd f ro m H a la i ( f igures 6 3-65 ). The k ouros o r s tand ing ma le f igure i n t he r ound d oes n o t make a s ing le a ppearance i n t he g roup o f s even th a nd e ar ly s ix th c en tury s of t l imes tone s cu lpt ures .
I t s a bsence among t he o r ien ta l izing s cu lp tures d e f ines C re te a nd t he
n on-At in land a s a reas o u ts ide d irec t Egyp t ian a r t is t ic i n f luence i n t he tic ma s even th c en tury , t o C re te .
5 6
a l though impor ted minor a r ts made t he ir way f ro m E gypt
5 5
The d irec t c on tac t b etween E gyp t a nd E as t G reece a t t h is p er iod 5 7
mus t a ccoun t f or t he d eve lop men t o f t he k ouros t ype . te ( F ree-s tand ing v o t ive s ta tuary i nc ludes t he Auxerre s ta tuet P la te 1 3a ) , t he G or tyn s cu lptures n os . 3 , 1 0 a nd 4 ( P la tes 5 -6a ) , a nd p erhaps t he Amn isos b irds ( P la te 2 1) ;
f ro m t he ma in land , t he H a la i s cu lp tures ( P la te 3 0 , f igures
6 3-65 ) , p erhaps t he P lataea t r ipods ( P late 2 2 ) , a nd t he d ed icat ion f rom t he P toan s anc tuary ( P la te 2 3 ) .
The d ed ica t ion o f s ta tuary was more a t h o me o n
l t he G reek main land -t he C re tan e xa mp les a l r e f lec t t he i n f luence o f o ther c en tres ( above p p. 3 3, 1 9-22, a nd 9 0 ). l es s I ft he i den t i f ica t ion o f t he Mal ta tue ( f igure 2 7) a nd t he t orso f ro m Tanagra ( P la te 2 7) a s g rave monu men ts i s c orrec t , o r ien ta l izing s cu lp ture p ossessed a v ar ie ty o f t ypes f e l t t o b e s u i table f or t h is u se .
l A l mus t h ave
b een a bandoned i n t he c ourse o f t he s ix th c en tury i n f avour o f t he r e l ie f s te le . The monu men t o f Der mys a nd K i ty los ( P la te 2 8 ) s hows o ne s tage o f t h is t ransf or ma t ion . CONCLUS IONS S tone s cu lpture i n G reece d id n ot h ave i t s b eg inn ings w i th t he D eda l ic o r e ven t he P ro to-deda l ic s ty le .
I tb egan i n t he O r ien ta l izing p er iod , w hen b oth
o b jects a nd c ra f ts men f ro m t he N ear E as t were f ind ing t heir way a cross t he Aegean .
The C re tan s er ies o f l imes tone s cu lp tures d ocumen ts a p er iod o f
i nc ipien t s tone s cu lp ture , b eg inn ing w i th a work o f p ure o r ien ta l s ty le , t he Amn isos h ead , a nd p ass ing t hrough s evera l P re-deda l ic phases ( represen ted b y t he T ekke p laques a nd t he C han ia r e l ief ) b e fore a dopt ing t he D eda l ic s ty le , a s i n G or tyn n o . 1 .
The t r ipods f ro m P la taea ( P la te 2 2 ) a nd t he s t ick f igur ines
f ro m Thera ( f igure 1 4 ) s ugges t t ha t t he s a me e ven ts may h ave b een r epea ted e lsewhere .
L i mes tone was s cu lp ted a s much a s ac en tury b e fore marb le i n
l s Greece , a lbe i t o n a smal ca le . A c ons idera t ion o f t he t ypes o f C re tan l imes tone s cu lptures o f t he s even th a nd s ix th c en tur ies h as d e mons tra ted h ow g rea t i s t he ir d ebt t o t he a rch i tecl a t ura l s cu lp ture o f t he N ear E as t , a s wel s t o o r ien ta l minor a r ts , f or many o f t he C re tan s cu lp tures were d es igned t o d ecora te a rch i tec ture i n ap ure ly o r ien ta l manner . Or ien ta l i deas a bou t a rch i tec ture e xer ted t heir i n f luence l i i n C re te wel n to t he s ix th c en tury ( as w i th t he Dreros g orgoneion , a nd p res u mab ly t he Axos h ead ) .
1 42
On p resen t e v idence , t he e ar l ies t G reek s tone a rch i tec tura l s cu lpture i s C re tan .
Are t he C re tan s cu lptures t he e ar l ies t G reek monumen ta l o nes?
I tw ou ld b e imposs ib le t o a ss ign a bso lu te d a tes e i ther t o t he s ea ted t orso f ro m G or tyn ( no . 7 ) o r t o t he N ikandre d ed ica t ion , b u t i th as b een s hown a bove t ha t t he t orso n o . 7n eed n ot b e a s e ar ly a s 6 50 , a nd t ha t t he Auxerre , As tr i ts i l a nd E leu therna s ta tues a l p os t-da te t he i ncep t ion o f marb le s cu lpture i n t he i slands a nd p erhaps i n S a mos ( above , p p. 2 5-6 , 3 3, 3 5-36 , a nd 4 0 ). C rete h ad n o f ree-stand ing monu men ta l t ype o f h er own c reat ion . The Auxerre te i l -sca s tatuet s a n i so lated , smal le e xa mp le a nd r ef lects t he i nf luence o f t he i s lands a nd East Greece o n C re te i n t he t h ird q uarter o f t he s even th c en tury. Crete must h ave g ot t he i dea o f monumen ta l i ty f ro m t he marb le workshops o f t he Cyclades. s cu lp ture;
C retan l imestone was u nsu itab le f or l arge f ree-stand ing
l t he monumen ta l s cu lp tures o f s even th c en tury C rete a re a l b u il t
u p f rom b locks. t as f T he s er ies o f e ar ly s even th c en tury t erracot ro m G or tyn h as c o me c lose t o p rov ing t hat t he D eda l ic s ty le o r f or ma t was a C re tan d eve lop men t .
N ow-
ly a a days i ti s g eneral ccep ted t hat t he Dedal ic s ty le was i nsp ired b y t he a dopt ion o f t he mou ld f ro m t he N ear E as t , a nd a long w i th i tt he s ty le o f t he mou ldmade ' As tar te ' f igur ines .
5 8
The i n ference t ha t monu men ta l Deda l ic s cu lpture
o r ig ina ted o n C re te d oes n ot n ecessar i ly f ol . l ow
5 9
The d eda l ic s ty le was a
min ia ture s ty le i n C rete a s i n t he P e loponnese i n t he s even th c en tury , a par t f ro m i t s a ppearance i n t he s ea ted f igures .
T he s choo ls o f marb le s cu lp ture
a r is ing i n t he C yc lades a nd o n S a mos b orrowed D eda l ic i conography f or t he ir e ar l ies t c rea t ions . D esp i te t he v ery e ar ly a ppearance o f o r ien ta l izing s cu lp ture i n s o f t l imes tone , i t s ee ms c er ta in t ha t G reek monumen ta l s cu lp ture was d eve loped i n t he marb le-r ich C yclades a t a time o f c on tac t a t f irs t h and w i th Egyp t ian s cu lp ture a nd c ra f ts men . 6° t he ir o r ig in h ere .
T he s ty le a nd t ypes t o c harac ter ize Greek a rcha ic a r t h ad D eda l ic i conography p rov ided t he s cu lptors w i th a for ma t
f or t he ir f igures , b u t c ou ld n o t h ave b een t he d ec is ive i n f luence i n t he o r ig in o f workshops o f s cu lp tors where t here h ad b een n one b e fore . 61 L i mes tone s cu lpture was o lder t han marb le s cu lpture i n G reece , a nd i n b ackward a reas a type o f l imes tone s cu lp ture o r ien ta l izing i n t echn ique , c hoice o f t ypes a nd d ependence u pon minor a r ts c on t inued t o b e p rac t iced wel n to l i t he s ix th c en tury .
L i mes tone s te le-re l ie fs o r s te le-scu lp tures were a p ro-
v inc ia l d eve lop men t o f t he s ix th c en tury .
T hey a re s i mp li f ica t ions , n o t f ore-
r unners , o f t he p r inc ipa l t ypes o f t he s even th c en tury .
NOTES 1 .
A da m T echn ique 1 3 ( p o in t ) , 2 3 ( drove , b u t n o t u n t i l l a te i n t he s even th c en tury ) , 3 0 ( f la t c h ise l ) , 4 2 ( dr il . l)
S ee a lso B l i l me l G r iech ische
B i ldhauerarbei t 4 -7 , a nd C asson T echn ique 9 1-92 . 2 .
P ern ier Ves t ig ia 5 9 .
3 .
R izza-Scr inar i 2 00 .
N os . 8a nd 9 h ave s o me c oarser i nc lus ions , b u t
t he s tone i s i n o ther r espec ts t he s a me .
1 43
4 .
J oubin RA 1 893 , 1 1.
5 .
S ee Davaras S ta tue 3 1 f or d is tr ibu t ion map o f Deda l ic s cu lptures .
6 .
Duca t L es Kuroi d u P to ion 7 7.
7 :
Grace Archa ic S cu lpture i n Boeot ia 5 2.
8 .
Pharak las D el tion 2 4 ( 1969 ) A , 7 3.
9 .
C ro me Mne mosynon 5 0 .
1 0 .
Dör ig i n Däd Kuns t 1 21.
1 1.
B erard BCH 1 890 , 3 82.
1 2 .
Book idis H esp 3 9 ( 1970 ) , 3 13 f .
1 3.
Heberdey a ppears t o h ave i n i t ia ted t he p rac t ice among a rchaeo log ists f or r easons o u t lines i n A l tat tische P orossku lptur , 1 92-97.
Wiegand
h ad u sed i t more a ppropria tely f or v ar ious b u i ldings o f s o ft l imes tone o n t he Acropol is : A then . 1 4.
D ie a rcha ische P orosarch i tek tur d er Akropo l is z u
C asson a dopts i t :
Wycher ley i n eOPOS .
T echn ique 7 2 f .
t ( Tr ibu te t o Ben ja m in Dean Merit 1974 ) , 1 79-87.
The a rgu men ts a re s u m mar ized i n Greece a nd R o me 2 1 ( 1974 ) , 5 8-60 . 1 5 .
Heberdey A lta tt ische P orossku lptur , 1 83 n o te 1 .
1 6.
Duca t BCH 8 8 ( 1964 ) , 5 77-606 .
De livorr ias AAA 2 ( 1969 ), 7 -10 .
t 8 Ha mdor f A th M it 9 ( 1974 ) , 4 7-64.
f ( H iese l i n Z azof ed .) Opus Nobi le
( 1969 ) , 7 7-81. 1 7.
Treu O ly mpia , Ergebn isse I I , 1 -4 , p l. 1 .
t 3 Dörp feld A th M it 1 ( 1906 ) ,
2 10 f igs . 1 -2 . 1 8 .
Ada m Techn ique 4 2-44.
1 9.
t AJA 5 tic S ee Herz a nd Pr i tchet 7 ( 1953 ) , 7 1 f , o n c leavage p lanes i n At marbles .
2 0 .
Davaras S ta tue 1 9 .
2 1.
Duca t Les Kuroi d u P to ion 1 90 .
2 2 .
R izza-Scr inar i 2 00 .
2 3.
Pern ier T e mpli Arca ici 5 4.
2 4.
R izza-Scr inari 5 1.
2 5 .
R izza-Scr inar i 2 02 .
2 6.
C asson T echn ique 7 0 .
2 7.
Duca t Les Kuroi , 7 8 .
2 8 .
893 , 1 1 a nd 1 5. J oubin RA -1
2 9.
Grace Archa ic S cu lpture i n Boeot ia 5 2.
3 0 .
Pharak las Del tion 2 4 ( 1969 ) A , 7 2-73.
3 1.
Grace Archa ic S cu lpture i n Boeot ia 6 2. 1 44
3 2 .
R izza-Scr inar i 2 00 .
3 3 .
C asson T echn ique 7 0 .
3 4 .
I b id . 6 7 a nd 6 9.
3 5 .
J oubin RA 1 893 , 1 5 .
3 6.
Pou lsen Der Or ien t 1 62-162.
3 7.
C asson T echn ic t ue 7 2 .
• 3 8 .
t ery 1 C ook Greek P a in ted P ot 44.
3 9 .
L ebess i O i S te les t ou P r in ia 4 3-44 , 1 67. r ed p a in ting :
t as 2 H igg ins Greek T erracot 7. l P ern ier s ugges ted a l-over
V es t ig ia 6 1, 2 20 .
4 0 .
P ayne BSA 2 9 ( 1927-8 ) , p l . 1 1.11.
4 1.
t as I H igg ins Br i t ish Museu m , C a ta logue o f T erracot , p l . 7 1. n o . 5 37.
4 2 .
Davaras S ta tue 2 5.
4 3 .
F or e xa mple t he s even th c en tury Ar is tonothos k ra ter ; Greek Vase P a in t ing f igs . 1 4-15 ;
q uar ter o f t he s even th c en tury , f igs . 2 2-23 ; k ra ter f ro m C yprus , f ig . 2 4 .
Ar ias, H ir mer
a' Me lian ' amphora o f t he t h ird t he C ycladic G eo metr ic
t ern s The p at ee ms p r i mar i ly a C yc ladic
o ne . 4 4 .
Davaras S ta tue f ig . 2 7.
4 5 .
P ern ier Te mpl i Arca ici 5 4.
4 6.
I b id . 6 1.
4 7.
I b id . 6 1.
4 8 .
BCH 1 931, p l . 1 5 .1-3 .
4 9 .
C asson Techn ique 7 2 .
5 0 .
Mar ina tos BCH 6 0 ( 1936 ) , 2 53 .
5 1.
Duca t L es Kuro i d u P toion 7 9 .
5 2 .
Pharak las De l t ion 2 4 ( 1 969 ) A , 6 8 .
5 3 .
G o ld man Hesper ia 9 ( 1940 ) , 4 14.
5 4 .
B erard BCH 1 890 , 3 83.
5 5 .
R idgway , Hesperia 4 4 ( 1 975 ) 4 28-30 , n otes a l ike p auci ty o f k ouroi i n t t he P e loponnese , a nd a tr ibu tes t he p heno menon t o t he l ack o f marble . The t wo a rgu men ts a re n ot i n c on f l ict , a s t he c raf ts men o f marble-r ich a reas wou ld h ave b een q u icker t o s eek t he h elp o f Egypt ian t echn ique a t f irs t h and .
5 6.
Board man BSA 5 7 ( 1962 ) 3 0-31;
CCO 7 4 , 1 22-24.
5 7,
An thes ProcA mPh i lSoc 1 07 ( 1963 ) 6 1.
5 8 .
l owing R i B es t a rgued b y C ook „ THS 8 7 ( 1967) 2 8 , f ol is , B ery tus ( 1948-49 ) 8 4-89.
1 45
D iodoros 1 .98 .5-9. 9
5 9 .
As Davaras h as a rgued : t ion i n ar ev iew :
S ta tue 4 4-46.
Board man h as d rawn t he d is t inc-
C lass ica l R eview 2 4 ( 1974 ) 3 11.
6 0 .
As R idgway p os i ts :
The Archa ic S ty le i n Greek S cu lpture 2 6, 3 2 .
6 1,
C ook i n JHS 8 7 ( 1967 ) i s r igh t i n h is i n ference t ha t t he e ar lies t monul ed v ly u men ta l Greek s cu lpture i s model isual pon Deda lic f igur ines ( 29 ) , bu t n o t t o d is m iss t he i n f luence o f Egypt ian t echn ique ( 25-6).
1 46
ABBREV IAT IONS
AA
Archäo log ischer Anze iger
AAA
A thens A nna ls o f Archaeo logy
Ada m T echn ique
S he i la Ada m T he T echn ique o f G reek S cu lpture i n t he Archa ic a nd C lass ica l Per iods, 1 966, Br it ish S choo l o f Archaeo logy a t A thens, s upp l . v o l . 3 .
Akurga l B ir th
Ekre m Akurga l T heBir th o f Greek Ar t , L ondon , 1 968 .
Akurga l UAKunst
Ekre m Akurga l Urar tä ische u nd A lt iran ische K unstzen tren , Ankara , 1 968 .
Boardman CCO
l ect J ohn Board man T he Cretan C ol ion i n Oxford . C larendon Press , 1 961.
Bosser t Kara tepe
H . T . Bosser t e t a l .
K ara tepeK az i lar i .
Ausgrabungen a uf d e m Kara tep
D ie
Erster F orber ich t
Ankara , 1 950 . Casson T echn ique
S tan ley Casson T he T echn ique o f Ear ly Greek S cu lpture , Ox ford , 1 933 .
Davaras S ta tue
C ost is Davaras D ie S ta tue a us A str its i, Bern , 1 972 , An t ike K unst Be ihef t 8 .
Dawk ins AO
R . M . Dawk ins e t a l .
T he S anctuary o f Arte m is
Or th ia a t S par ta , L ondon , 1 929 , S oc ie ty f or t he l en Pro mot ion o f Hel ic S tud ies, s upp l . p aper 5 . Frank for t Anc ien t Or ien t
H enr i Frank for t The Ar t a nd Arch itecture o f t he Anc ien t Or ien t , Pe l ican H istory o f Ar t , 1 954 .
G jerstad S CE
E inar G jerstad T he Swed ish Cyprus Exped it ion , S tockho lm , Vo lu me I , 1 935, Vo lume I I , 1 937 , V o lu me I V . 2 , 1 948 .
Däd K unst
Däda l ische K unst a uf K re ta i m 7 .
J ahrhunder t ,
H a mburg Museu m f l ir Kunst a nd G ewerbe , 1 970 . Kunze KB
t gar Em i l K unze Kre t ische Bronzere l iefs, S tut t , 1 931 .
L ev i A rkadeä
D oro L ev i 'Arkades ', ASAtene 1 0-12 ( 1927-1929) , B ergamo , 1 931.
L ev i A xos
D oro L ev i
IBronz i d i Axos '
( 1930-1931) , Berga mo , 1 933 .
1 47
ASAtene 1 3-14
Lev i G or t ina
l'Acropo Doro L ev i ' Gi l S cav i d e l 1 954 s ul l i d i G or t ina ', ASA tene 1 7-18 ( 1955-1956) , Rome , 1 957.
Oppenhei m-Nau mann
l Ha M . v on Oppenhei m T el la f . I :
l Halaf T el
B er l in , 1 950 .
Oppenhei m-M oor tga t
l Ha M . v on Oppenhei m T el la f . I I :
l Ha Tel laf
Ber l in , 1 955 .
D ie B auwerke ,
D ie B i ldwerke ,
Oppenhei mH rouda
l Ha M. Von Oppenhei m Tel la f . I V :
l H Tel a la f I V .
f unde a us h is tor ischer Z ei t, Ber l in , 1 962 .
P ern ier Ves t ig ia
tä E l ' Ves t ig ia d i Una C it len ica Arca ica i n C reta ',
D ie K le in-
Me mor ie d el R . I s t i tu to L o mbardo d i S cienze e t ere L et , Volu me 2 2 , f as . 2( 1910 ) 5 9-61, f as . 7 ( 1912 ) 2 19-222. P ern ier T e mpl i Arca ici
l a Pa ' Te mpl i Arcaici s ul tela d i Pr in ias .
C on-
l'Ar t r ibu to a l b oS tud io d el te D eda l ica ', ASA tene 1( 1914 ) 1 9-111. P icard Manuel
C har les P icard Manuel d 'Archeolog ie g recque. La S cu lpture. I :
Pryce
P eriode Archaique P ar is , 1 935 .
F . N . Pryce C a ta logue o f S cu lpture i n t he Depar t men t o f Greek a nd R o man An t iqu i t ies o f l en t he Br i t ish Museu m , Vol . I . Prehel ic a nd a nd Ear ly Greek , L ondon , 1 928 .
R izza-Scr inar i
G . R izza , V . S an ta Maria S cr inar i l'Acropo s ul l i d i G or tina .
V ol . 1 :
I iS an tuario ' La S cu l tura
ti i n P ietra , IBronzi F igura t i e La P las tica F it le ' , la S R o me , 1 968 , Monograf ie d el cuola Archeol og ica d i A tene , 2 . S chäfer S tud ien
J örg S chä fer S tud ien z u d en g r iech ischen R e liefp i thoi d es 8 .-6.
J ahrhunder ts v . C hr . a us Kre ta ,
l münz. Rhodos , T enos u nd Böo tien , 1 957, Kal S tevenson Smi th
W. S tevenson Sm i th The Ar t a nd Arch i tec ture
Ancien t Egyp t
o f Ancien t Egyp t , P engu in H is tory o f Ar t , ( 1958 ) , 1 965 .
1 48
B IBL IOGRAPHY
Ada m , S he i la .
The T echn ique o f Greek S cu lp ture i n t he Archa ic a nd C lass ica l
P er iods ( Br i t ish S choo l a t A thens s upp l . 3 ) , London , Tha mes a nd Hudson , 1 966. Akurga l , Ekre m .
Phryg ische Kuns t , Arc h äo log isches I ns t i tu t d er Un ivers i tä t
Ankara , 1 955 . Akurga l , E kre m .
T he B ir th o f G reek Ar t , London , Me thuen , 1 968 .
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I LLUSTRATIONS
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