Oceanographic Atlas of the Pacific Ocean 9780824891541

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Océanographie Atlas of the Pacific Ocean

Océanographie Atlas of the Pacific Ocean by Richard A. Barkley Oceanographer,

Bureau of Commercial

Fisheries

Biological

Laboratory,

Honolulu,

M University of Hawaii Press Honolulu 1968

Hawaii

Contents

Acknowledgments

Introduction

Many members of the staff of the Bureau of Commercial

To Dr. O.E. Sette,

Fisheries Biological Laboratory, Honolulu, have contributed

founder and guiding spirit of P.O.F.I.,

Station data

7 7

Data processing

7

Explanation of figures Literature cited

13

Sources of data

14

Figures

and the other men and women, on ships of many nations,

appreciation to Tamotsu Nakata, who prepared the charts

who wrested the data from the sea

and figures for publication, Betty Ann Keala and Eugene R. Murphy Jr., who programmed all the computational procedures for data processing, and the various members of the staff who performed the demanding work of plotting and checking values on the preliminary working charts and preparing the lengthy bibliography for publication. The

23

Index to figures

9

to this publication. The author wishes to express his special

cooperation of the National Oceanographic Data Center

23

and of the University of Hawaii Statistical and Computing Center is gratefully acknowledged.

Copyright 1968 by the University of Hawaii Press Library of Congress Catalog Card No. 68-13889 Manufactured in the United States of America

Océanographie Atlas of the Pacific Ocean

"He had bought

a large map representing

the sea,

Without the least vestige of land; And the crew were much pleased when they found it to be A map they could all

understand." Lewis

Carroll

The Hunting of the Snark

I n t r O d U C t i O n

This

atlas

summarizes

the

results of observations made throughout the Pacific Ocean during a period of over fifty years. It is primarily concerned with conditions in the uppermost mile of water. This is a region of great interest to oceanographers and biologists because it contains the major current systems, it is the most variable part of the ocean, and it is the habitat of most of the animals and all of the plants that live in the sea. The techniques for analyzing the data, particularly the use of density (sigma-t) as the independent variable, are specially apt for analyses of conditions in these uppermost layers. The atlas is based on more than 50,000 oceanographic stations, representing some 3 million individual observations of temperature, salinity, dissolved oxygen, and depth of sampling. Many of these stations have never been used in an ocean-wide context before. This massive fund of data is quite unevenly distributed in both time and space, but in many areas it is adequate for representing conditions at each of the four quarters of the year, as is done here for the first time.

STATION DATA The oceanographic station data used to compile the atlas were provided by the National Oceanographic Data Center (NODC) and by its predecessor, the U.S. Navy Hydrographic Office (now the Oceanographic Office). All the station data available from these two sources prior to 1965 were used in the preliminary processing for the atlas. The atlas is therefore based upon almost all (an estimated 96%) of the station data published prior to 1960, plus lesser proportions of data published between 1960 and 1964. Publications used by the Hydrographic Office and NODC for preparing the punched cards upon which the data are tabulated are listed in the section Sources of Data, which is based upon NODC Publication C-1 (1961, revised 1965). The original sources of station data were not usually consulted, except in those few cases where questionable values from a few stations were suspected of exerting an undue influence on the contours of the charts and sections. The information furnished for each station consisted of one master card which contained weather observations and other such data as were common to the entire station; a set of observed data cards, one for each depth at which measurements were made; and a set of interpolated data cards, one for each standard interpolated depth. The master cards were not used in the work on the atlas. Only those interpolated data cards containing values interpolated at 10 meters were used. These form the basis for the charts of properties at 10 meters (Figs. 110 through 121). The observed data cards were used to prepare all other presentations in the atlas.

7

DATA P R O C E S S I N G Interpolation The usual procedure for reducing data from various oceanographic stations to a common basis for comparison is to interpolate observed data to obtain values at a series of selected depth levels. This procedure forms the basis for a number of data summaries. It has the disadvantage, however, of being sensitive to internal waves and other temporary vertical displacements within the water column. Such displacements do not in general greatly change the properties within the water layers, but instead

simply change the depth relationships between layers. Wherever significant vertical gradients exist, such motions appear as changes in interpolated properties at fixed depths. The effect of depth-dependent interpolation, then, is to emphasize variability. Since density surfaces tend to follow the vertical displacements associated with such phenomena as internal waves, interpolations based on density instead of depth minimize the effects of such vertical displacements on the interpolated values of temperature, salinity, and other properties, while the full effect of the displacements is retained in the depth estimate, where it belongs. Statistical comparisons of the internal consistency of the two methods of interpolation, when applied to the same observed data, showed that where vertical gradients were large, the variances of the densityinterpolated values were considerably lower than those of the depth-interpolated values. In addition, depth interpolation obscured or completely masked correlations between the dissolved oxygen and both salinity and temperature, correlations that proved highly significant in the densitydependent interpolation as well as in the original observed data. There can be little doubt that interpolated values derived from the density relationship reflect conditions in the upper layers of the sea better than do values obtained from depth interpolation. In the deeper portions of the sea, where vertical density gradients are very small, the depth-dependent interpolation may produce equal or better results. The most significant feature of the procedures for processing observed data for this atlas is the use of an interpolation technique based upon density rather than depth as the independent variable. Density appears in the atlas as sigma-t, which is basically an abbreviation. Sigma-t can be defined by the equation o-,= ( p - 1 ) 1 0 0 0 where p represents the density as computed from salinity and in situ temperature, without any correction for pressure effects. Thus a density value of, for example, 1.02456 grams per liter would be written as a sigma-t value of 24.56, with units of milligrams per liter. The sigma-t interpolation procedure, as adapted for machine computations, consisted of a linear, point-to-point interpolation between observed data points, with sigma-t treated as the independent variable, and temperature, salinity, dissolved oxygen, and depth all treated separately as dependent variables. The result is a set of interpolated values at a series of selected sigma-t levels for each station. The sigma-t levels chosen for this operation ranged from 22.00 to 26.80 at intervals of 0.20 unit, and from 26.80 to 27.80 at intervals of 0.10 unit. This choice provided detailed interpolated information throughout that portion of the water column in which vertical density gradients are most pronounced. In the Pacific Ocean the sigma-t interpolation technique provided good results from the top of the thermocline down to about 2,000 meters. Below 2,000 meters, gradients of density and other properties become very small, and other techniques for analysis of the data are better than the sigma-t interpolation procedure. The reader desiring information on deep and bottom waters of the Pacific Ocean is referred to the atlases by Muromtsev (1963a, 1963b).

SUMMARY OF DfcPTHS IN ^ARSDtN SQUARE 159 AT SIGMA-T OF 2 6 . 6 0 FOP CONTHS OF JULY, AUG., 1 0 +

10

152. 1.

0. 0.

9 +

09 + 0. 0.

0. 0.

+ 0. Ü.

8 + 186. 1. 7 + 0. 0.

0. 0.

0. 0.

0. 0.

6 +

5 +

0. 0.

+ 0. 0. + 0. 0.

0. 0.

0. 0.

+

0. 0.

0. 0. 2 +

0. 0.

0. 0.

0. 0.

+ 0. 0. +

0. 0. 1 + 0. 0.

0. 0. + 0. 0.

0. 0.

0. 0.

0. 0.

0. 0.

+ 0. 0.

166. 1. + 165.

0. 0.

0. U.

0. 0.

+ 0. 0. +

0. 0.

0. 0.

+ 0. 0.

0. 0. +

+

0. 0.

0. 0. + 279. 1. +

0. 0.

0. 0.

+ 0. 0.

0. 0. +

0. 0.

U. 0.

+

0. 0.

+ 0. 0. +

0. 0.

0. 0.

0. 0.

+ 0. 0.

+

0. 0.

0. 0.

+

+ 295. 1. +

0. 0.

0. 0.

+ 0. 0.

+

+

0. 0.

0. 0.

+

+

0. 0.

0. 0. +

0. 0.

0. 0.

+ 0. 0.

+

0. 0.

0. 0.

+ 302. 1.

+

+ C. 0. +

0. 0.

+

being contoured on the rough figures. The atlas is, therefore, based upon a net total of slightly more than 50,000 stations.

+ 0. 0.

+

235. 265. 250.

0. 0.

0. 0. +

0. 0.

puter, so that the operator could observe the plotted values and make a with the faster IBM 1401. When all observed data had been interpolated with respect to sigma-t,

The unit of area selected for use in the chart averages was 1° of longitude by 1° of latitude. For each of the sigma-t surfaces selected for the atlas, all interpolated values within each 1° area were averaged; for the deeper surfaces, with a sigma-t of 27.00 or higher, all the data were averaged together,

0. 0.

+

but for shallower surfaces, with a sigma-t of 27.00 or less, the averaging was performed by quarters to approximate seasonal mean conditions. For each 1° area, the computer listed the maximum and m i n i m u m interpolated values encountered, as well as the average value and the number of stations mak-

+

ing up the average. The same procedure was used to obtain average values at 10 meters, f r o m the 10-meter interpolated data cards. Figure A shows a sample of the print-out produced by the computer for use in charting. The unit of area selected for use in the vertical sections was 2° of longi-

+•

0. 0.

counting machine at about the same speed as it was produced by the com-

summaries: one for use in preparing charts of properties along individual

0. 0. 0. 0.

machine it was possible to list and plot the interpolated output on an ac-

sigma-t surfaces, and another for use in preparing vertical sections.

0. 0.

+

imately 25,000 stations were interpolated on the IBM 650; the remaining

the interpolated values were averaged to produce two different types of

+

+

ital computer; thereafter it was done on the much faster IBM 1401. Approx-

note of any points w h i c h looked questionable. It was not feasible to do this

2.

0. 0.

+

sented on the scale of the figures used in the atlas. Finally, some 500 stations were eliminated during the final stages of processing, when the data were

processing procedure occurred in this changeover. With the older, slower

250. 1.

0. 0.

processed but not used in the atlas figures because they were taken in small,

35,000 were interpolated using the IBM 1401. Some minor differences in

+ 250. 1.

of depth, salinity, and temperature per station. Another 4,000 stations were

northwest coast of the United States, which could not be properly repre-

1.

0. 0.

locations, or observed data. Many more stations —approximately 6,000 — were rejected because they consisted of less than five sets of observations

isolated inland areas, such as Japan's Inland Sea or Puget Sound on the

+

0. 0.

193.

+

liminary processing. Slightly less than 1% of these stations were rejected during preliminary processing owing to gross errors in dates, geographic

Prior to 1963, the sigma-t interpolation was performed on an IBM 650 dig-

+

348. 1. 0. 0.

0. 0.

0. 0.

0. 0.

2 89. 316. 306. 3.

+

154. 185. 170. 4.

0. 0.

0. 0.

00 +

+

+ 0. 0.

0. 0. 0. 0.

210. 225. 218. 2.

+ 0. 0.

+

0. 0.

0. 0.

0. 0.

+ 0. 0.

+

+

148. 152. 150. 3.

+

+ 0. 0.

0. 0. 0. 0.

0. 0.

194. 1.

0. 0.

182. 187. 185. 2.

01 +

189. 192. 191. 2.

0. 0.

+• 0. 0.

179. 195. 190. 3.

0. 0.

0. 0.

02 +

+

+ 0. 0.

0. 0. 0. 0.

0. 0.

0. 0.

0. 0.

0. 0.

0. 0.

0. 0.

+ 229. 1.

+

0. 0.

03 +

0. 0.

+ 2 30. 1.

0. 0. 0. 0.

C. 0.

Processing A total of 62,000 oceanographic stations was available for pre-

+ 156. 1.

0. 0.

+

0. 0.

146. 1.

0. 0.

+

0. 0.

04 +

+ 0. 0.

0. 0. 0. 0.

149. 18 3. 166. 2.

+ 0. 0.

0. 0. 0. 0.

0. 0.

0. 0.

232 • 1. +

0. 0.

0. 0.

+

+

0. 0.

0. 0.

+

2 04. 210. 207. 2.

05 +

+ 0. 0.

1.

0. 0. 0. 0.

0. 0.

+

+

61. 170. 116. 2.

+

+

¿19. 1 .

0. 0.

0. 0.

06 +

162. 18 5 . 174. 2.

0. 0.

0. 0. •0. 0.

0. O.

+• 0. 0.

154. 1.

0. 0.

+

3 +

+

0. 0.

4 + 0. 0.

0. 0.

0. 0.

07 +

+

+• 185. 1.

0. 0.

0. 0.

0. 0.

+ 0. 0.

0. 0.

+ 154. 1.

0. 0.

08 +

SEPT.

0. 0.

tude by 2° of latitude. All interpolated values within a 2° area were averaged by sigma-t level. Figure B shows a sample of the computer print-out for this type of summary. The two types of averages were intended to complement each other. The first provided information on average conditions along a single sigma-t surface, retaining as much detail as was practicable t h r o u g h the use of 1°

FIGURE A Sample computer listing of the type used in preparing the atlas charts. The listing is geographically oriented, with north toward the top and east toward the right. It includes data for one sigma-t surface, arranged within unit areas 1° of latitude by 1° of longitude in size, and covers a 10°x 10° area (one Marsden square).The digits along the left and upper borders show units of latitude and longitude. Each 1°x 1°

area for which data from two or more stations were available has the following information listed, from top to bottom: the minimum and maximum interpolated values encountered, the mean value, and the number of interpolated values used in computing the mean.

areas. The second provided the same information in a vertical plane (in contrast to the approximately horizontal sigma-t surfaces), sacrificing detail to provide averages based upon the larger numbers of observations w h i c h were usually present in 2° areas (as compared to the 1° unit of area used for charts).

SUMMARY

22.00 22.20 22.AO 22.60 22.80 ¿3.00 23.20 23.40 23.60 23.80 24.00 24.20 24.40 24.60 24.80 25.00 25.20 25.40 25.60 25.80 26.00 26.20 26.40 26.60 26.80 26.90 27.00 2 7 . 10 27.20 27.30 27.40 27.50 27.60 27.70 27.80 27.90

OF

VARIABLES

IN

3 . ON i 9 . ow DEPTH TEMP. SALT» 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0.

MARSDEN

SQUARE ON,

UXY.

DEPTH 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 6. 14. 22. 27. 32. 36. 41 . 4b . 50. 73. 126. 147. 182. 279. 377. t i e . 45« . 579. 709. 821. 983. 1200. 0. 0. 0. 0.

159

FOR

7 . 3W S'VLT. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 3 3 . 12 3 3 . 14 3 3 . 16 3 3 . 19 33.22 33.25 33.28 33.31 3 3 . 34 33.33 33.43 33.68 33.92 33.93 33.99 34.05 34.12 3 4 . 15 34.21 34.29 34.38 34.46 0. 0. 0. 0.

TEtfP. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 17.39 16.53 15.77 14.89 14.00 13.11 12.22 11 . 3 4 10 . 4 5 9.20 8.40 8.40 8.28 6.98 5.80 5.38 4.96 4.28 3.81 3 .50 3.13 2.75 0. 0. 0. 0.

ALL

MCUHS

Editing The data were edited at several stages. The computer was pro-

COMBINl-D

3 . ON, 5. 0* DEPTH TEMP. S A L T . • 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. .604 17.65 33.20 11. .626 8. 16.00 32.96 12. 1 5 . 54 3 3 . 0 9 . 648 .666 18. 14.85 33.15 .684 24. 33. 1 6 13.93 12.85 .701 28. 3 3 . 16 .719 33. 1 1 . 7 7 3 3 . 15 40. 10.68 3 3.15 . 7 37 9 . 59 3 3 . 1 6 48. . 755 8 . 74 3 3 . 2 3 .695 82. 13.47 . 701 135. 8.63 8.61 33.72 .658 147. 8.18 33.94 173. .613 7.00 33.94 .566 262. 34.00 . 391 405. 5.75 . 3 36 4 78. 3 4 • 0'( 5.21 4 . 74 3 4 . 10 560. .282 . 160 651 . 4.28 34 . 16 3.83 .094 74ß. 34.22 3 . 39 3 4 . 2 8 .072 850. .053 1 005. 3.02 34.36 34. 4 4 .047 1279. 2.61 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0XY.

.. .. .. ..

..

3 . OW 3 . 0W. D E P T H TEMP . S A L T . 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. • 0. 0. 0. • 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. • 0. 0. 0. • 0. 0. 0. • 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. .559 0. 0. 0. .586 7. 15.94 32.94 .59 3 20. 14.98 32.93 30. 14. J 3 32.96 . 608 .631 39. 13.28 32.99 .650 12.48 3 3.05 50. .669 11.83 68. 33.15 8 7. 1 1 . 1 9 3 3 . 2 6 .66 8 .668 101 . 1 0 . 4 9 3 3 . 36 .634 116. 9.72 33.45 .546 132. 8.95 3 3.55 .523 163. 8 . 6 2 3 3 . 72 .510 231 . 7.98 33.86 .471 306. 7.10 33.95 4 14. .33? 5 . 8 1 3 3 . 99 4 79. .258 5.12 34.01 4 . 4 9 3 4 . 05 . 198 552. 4 . 0 8 3 4 . 12 .137 661 . 3 . 7 4 3 4 . 20 7 68. .095 .055 878. 3 . 4 4 3 4 . 29 3.08 34.3 7 .042 1056. .045 1281. 2.75 34.46 1562. 2 . 3 9 3 4 . 55 • 2015. 1.97 34.6 3 0. 0. 0. • 0. 0. 0.

ÜXY.

.

.

.

3 . O'l, 1 . ow DEPTH TEMP. S A L T . 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. • 0. 0. 0. • 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. • 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. .574 0. .579 0. 0. 0. 18. 14.47 33.05 . 593 27. 1 3 . 5 0 33 . 0 5 .606 12.45 33.06 .611 33. 11.40 33.07 .581 40. 46. 1 0 . 35 3 3 . 0 7 .552 9.26 33.09 .550 63. . 560 105. 3.72 33.23 118. 8.38 33.43 .572 148. 8.26 33.66 .548 8.03 33.36 .493 182. .442 274. 6 . 92 3 3 . 9 2 .324 5.55 33.95 380. . 246 460. 4 . 86 3 3 . 9 8 .168 542. 4.40 34.04 4 . 0 7 3 4 . 12 . 122 632. 729. 3.74 34.20 .097 86 7 . .057 3.41 34.28 .035 1048. 3.06 34.37 2.67 34.45 .037 1297. .066 1606. 2.31 34.54 0. . 140 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0.

... . . ..

OXY.

.

grammed to detect unstable density structure and to perform validity checks OXY.

which set rather broad limits on acceptable ranges for observed variables.

.

The interpolated data were checked against observed data at critical sigma-t

•

.. .

levels, such as those where a maximum or minimum in salinity was known to occur; this comparison was performed on a spot-check basis on approximately 10% of the stations in all geographic areas. The final editing procedure was much the most sensitive. It was based on close examination of final averaged values during the stage at which these were being plotted on base charts and contoured. The few remaining anomalous values quickly

• •

.(,23 .647 .65 5 .66 3 .670 .635 .613 .594 . 563 . 5 38 . 4 70 .307 .225 . 166 .112 .075 . 044 .029 .062 . 118

.. •

became obvious when cross-checked against adjacent or nearby values, and again when data for the same surfaces at different seasons were compared in detail. Where such anomalies were unusually numerous or could influence the contours on the final smoothed figures, the original computer print-out (see Fig. A) was examined to determine whether the anomaly might be due to a single value. Such anomalous interpolated values almost always appeared as maximum or minimum values in the print-out for the 1° area in question and could thus be readily detected. A new average could then be calculated which did not contain the suspect interpolated value. Analysis The various figures were analyzed and contoured in several ways, depending upon the density of observations, the over-all range of values, and the magnitudes of the gradients encountered. The rough figures were contoured using small intervals, so as to produce more detail than could normally be used in the final figures. At the first stage of contouring, no values were ignored. Ambiguities in contouring were resolved by examining other figures for neighboring sections, seasons, or sigma-t surfaces. When contours on the rough figures were transferred to the smooth versions, closed contours based upon single, geographically isolated average values were ignored. In addition, those irregularities in the contours that were due to single values were smoothed over. All features in the contours defined

FIGURE B Sample computer listing of the type used in preparing sections for the atlas. The listing covers an area 2° in latitude by 10° in longitude, with one set of averages for each 2°x 2° area. A heading shows the position of the nominal center of each 2°x 2° area in unit degrees of latitude and longitude. The column on the left identifies the sigma-t level represented by each line. Within each 2°x 2° area, columns show averaged values of depth (m.), temperature (° C.), salinity (%o), and dissolved oxygen (ml./•£,.) for each sigma-t surface. (The decimal point in the oxygen values was printed

one position too far to the left by mistake.) In general, the number of interpolated values used in computing means can vary from line to line, since the range of sigma-t sampled by a single oceanographic station depended upon the time of year as well as the depth of the deepest sample. The above listing includes values from stations represented in Figure A for the region from 42° N. to 44° N., together with data from that same area for the other quarters of the year.

by two or more contiguous average values were retained on the final smooth figures. Where gaps appeared in the geographic coverage, a single point was assumed to represent values over a maximum distance of 5° of latitude or longitude in the North Pacific and 10° in the South Pacific, where far fewer data are available. That is, points falling on the same isolines were joined if they were 5° or less apart in the North Pacific, and 10° or less apart in the South Pacific. More distant points were joined by dashed lines if data on other figures were available to support such interpolation.

EXPLANATION OF FIGURES Although most of the figures are self-explanatory, the following information may be useful: Figures of Density of Observations (Figs. 1-10) Figures were compiled to show the density of observations per unit area actually used in preparing the various summaries. They were prepared at several sigma-t levels to reflect the fact that there are fewer data available at deeper levels. Sigma-t Charts (Figs. 11-109) Although the use of sigma-t as the basis for interpolation and analysis of such large quantities of observations is unprecedented, the method itself is a well-established one. Introduced by Parr

(1938), it has been used a number of times, most recently by Taft (1963) and

10-Meter Charts (Figs. 110-121) Quarterly 10-meter temperature, salinity,

Reid (1965). The advantage of using sigma-t as the basis for the charts

and density charts are presented because no comparable information is

(and sections) lies in the fact that any parcel of sea water is in static equilib-

available for the latter two properties in the upper mixed layer. Less subject

rium only when it lies within that surface whose density equals its own. If a

to diurnal changes than the sea surface, the 10-meter level better represents

parcel of sea water is displaced into neighboring layers of different density,

properties of the water lying above the thermocline. The 10-meter charts

it will tend to be buoyed up or sink to its own density level. Such displace-

have the virtue of being based on station data —a homogeneous and rather

ments require that work be done against the forces of buoyancy. Much more

precise set of o b s e r v a t i o n s - w h i c h are directly related to the data on which

energy is therefore required to move a parcel of water from one sigma-t sur-

the sigma-t charts are based. These 10-meter charts make it possible to

face to another than is required to move that parcel of water along its own

relate other existing sea surface temperature charts to the subsurface values

sigma-t surface. The resulting tendency for water to move primarily along

presented here on sigma-t levels.

sigma-t surfaces makes it more meaningful to examine conditions in the

Sections (Figs. 122-139) To provide information on conditions between

sea along sigma-t surfaces than along surfaces of constant depth. For de-

the sigma-t surfaces represented on the atlas charts, a series of vertical

tailed discussions of the significance of sigma-t surfaces, see Montgomery

sections was prepared. The sections were based upon the year-round 2°x 2°

(1938) and Sverdrup, Johnson, and Fleming (1942), as well as Parr (1938).

averages referred to above under "Processing." The geographic positions

Contours of equal depth, salinity, and dissolved oxygen concentration

of the averages used for each section are shown in Figure 122.

are shown on each sheet as continuous lines where data are present, and

The sections are presented in a format derived from that used by Redfield

as dashed lines where data are lacking but continuity can reasonably be

(1942) for presenting nutrient and disolved oxygen data. Sigma-t, increasing

inferred from other figures, as for example from the chart for the previous

downward on the graph as it does in the ocean, is used as the ordinate in-

or following season on the same sigma-t surface. On many charts a dotted

stead of depth. By ignoring values representing depths of less than 10

line is present to indicate the location of the 10-meter isobath, marking the

meters, where very low —even negative —values of sigma-t can occur, it is

approximate geographic limits of the sigma-t surface in question. These

possible to present data from the entire Pacific Ocean using a sigma-t range

limits were determined from the charts of sigma-t at 10 meters in this atlas

of 20.00 to 27.90 for the sections.

wherever possible. Where these charts were inadequate for the purpose,

To indicate the approximate range of sigma-t from winter to summer, the

the position of the geographic limits of a sigma-t surface were estimated

10-meter sigma-t values for the February and August quarters are shown on

on the basis of sea surface density charts presented in the Morskoi Atlas

the sections as dotted and dashed lines, respectively. These values were

(Isakov, Shuleikin, and Demin, 1953) and by Muromtsev (1963b).

derived from the corresponding 10-meter charts in this atlas and from similar

The characteristics of the ocean, the methods of measurement, and the technique used in interpolation all tend to make depth the most inherently variable property in the atlas figures. This does not diminish the value of

charts in Muromtsev (1963b) and the Morskoi Atlas (Isakov, Shuleikin and Demin, 1953). The appearance and characteristics of this type of section are relatively

depth information shown on the figures for areas where the density of

unfamiliar, and therefore deserve some further discussion. Figure C presents

observations is great, but it is a factor which should be kept in mind when

a comparison between sections based upon sigma-t as the ordinate and the

working poorly sampled regions. For example, one can examine the depth

more usual type of section based upon depth as the ordinate. For the sake

contours near California and Japan at different seasons on the 25.40 sigma-t

of brevity, these sections will be referred to as sigma-t sections and depth

surface; there is no appreciable difference with season in the location of the

sections, respectively.

100-meter isobath off California, but there are pronounced changes near

The sections in Figure C are based upon the same averaged values of

Japan. In both areas the numbers of observations are such that one can

salinity, dissolved oxygen, sigma-t, and depth. They extend along latitude

conclude that the change or lack of change is statistically significant, but

47° N. from Sakhalin Island to the coast of Washington. The sigma-t sections

this is not necessarily the case in mid-ocean.

in this figure are reproduced from Figure 132 in the atlas.

Since sigma-t is a function of salinity and temperature alone, salinity con-

Comparisons between the two types of sections can be made by consider-

tours on the sigma-t figures also define the temperature field, and the in-

ing major features or individual isopleths. Both salinity sections, for example,

clusion of temperature charts in the atlas would be redundant. Recalling

show low salinities at shallow, low-density levels, with minima at the coasts

that isotherms must parallel the isohalines, one can determine the tempera-

and a mid-ocean maximum value of slightly more than 33.00%o salinity. On

ture field from the salinity contours. To facilitate this, a nomogram relating

either of the sections showing the relationship between depth and sigma-t,

temperature, salinity, and density (sigma-t and thermosteric anomaly) has

one can, for example, follow the variations with longitude of sigma-t along

been included in the atlas as Figure 156. More precise values can be deter-

the 500-meter isobath, and of depth along the isopleth for 27.00 sigma-t.

mined using tables such as those by LaFond (1951) or Keala (1965).

In either case, the presence of the Oyashio east of 158° E. can be inferred

The figures showing the distribution of dissolved oxygen were prepared

from the change in slope of the isopleths. Such comparisons show that

with all possible care, but the numbers of observations are so much more

features of the ocean's structure are presented in the same relative positions

limited than for the other variables presented here that they should be used

on each type of section, but that density sections tend to emphasize the

with some caution.

details which are present within strong vertical density gradients, where

crowding of the isopleths may tend to obscure such details on the depth sections. An important consideration in the choice of sigma-t sections for this atlas was the fact that these sections represent powerful tools for the analysis of the ocean's structure. As an illustration of this, consider the almost isohaline layer just below the sea surface near longitude 180° in Figure C. On both sections it can be seen that the salinity in the upper layer ranges between approximately 33.00%o and 33.25%o. On the sigma-t section, however, it is obvious that this layer contains a vertical density gradient amounting to some 1.5 sigma-t units, which implies that it contains a strong temperature gradient. This layer thus represents the shallow thermocline which is formed in summer at these latitudes. As might be expected, this thermocline is not present in the winter, as shown by the position of the dotted line representing the 10-meter sigma-t for the February quarter. A halocline which is present all year is apparent beneath the summer thermocline. The nomogram relating temperature, sigma-t, and salinity (Fig. 156) can be used to calculate the temperature at any point on a salinity sigma-t section such as that in Figure C. The temperature at the bottom of the summer thermocline, which is the temperature at the top of the halocline and the winter 10-meter temperature as well, is found to be about 4.1° C. near longitude 180°, based upon salinity and sigma-t values at that point of 33.25°/oo and 26.40, respectively, for example. Turning from examination of vertical structure to consider east-west variations, it is evident that dilution is occurring in and near the Okhotsk Sea and near the surface off the Washington coast, but that there is a marked intrusion of high-salinity water at the deeper levels off the Washington coast. These effects are clearly shown on the sigma-t section, but on the depth section there are irregularities in the depths of isohalines and sigma-t contours which tend to obscure this pattern of dilution and enrichment. The sigma-t sections take advantage of the fact that buoyancy tends to restrict movements of sea water to lateral motion along surfaces of uniform density. In the upper one to two thousand meters of the sea, the effects of compressibility can often be neglected, and sigma-t surfaces closely approximate surfaces of uniform density. As a result, many features of the ocean's distribution of properties appear horizontal on the sigma-t sections. One example of this effect is the oxygen minimum which appears in Figure C: on the depth section, this minimum varies in depth quite irregularly; on the sigma-t section, on the other hand, it appears extremely regular, coinciding everywhere (outside of the Okhotsk Sea) with the 27.35 sigma-t surface. Finally, an unusual feature of the depth contours on the sigma-t sections is the fact that several contours may coincide or even cross. When the density stratification is stable, the depth contours appear in their normal FIGURE C Vertical sections along 47° N. showing relationships among salinity (%„), depth (m.), sigma-t, and dissolved oxygen (ml./\,.) plotted with depth as the ordinate (left), and with sigma-t as the ordinate (right). The latter sections are reproduced from Figure 132. Both sets of sections are based upon the same averaged values, summa-

rized as in Figure B. The 10-meter isopleths on the atlas-type sections (right) show the sigma-t at 10 meters for the February (dotted line) and August (dashed line) quarters, to indicate the magnitude of summer-winter changes.

relationship, with values increasing downward. However, where neutral stability occurs, sigma-t does not change with depth, and several depth contours can coincide at one sigma-t value. With unstable equilibrium, sigma-t decreases with depth and a 10-meter depth contour, for example, may cross the graph at a larger sigma-t value than the 100-meter contour. Conditions which appear to indicate unstable equilibrium are not uncommon for nearsurface, lower density portions of the sigma-t sections in the atlas. Irregularities in the oxygen and salinity contours are also associated with such

conditions. These minor anomalies are primarily due to the irregular distribution of observations in time; adjacent 2°x 2° averages may be based upon winter data in one case and summer data in the other. This has little or no effect on deeper, denser layers, but it can have marked effects on nearsurface values, thus reflecting the variable nature of these near-surface layers. Variability To provide information on the magnitude and type of variability associated with the mean conditions shown in the atlas figures, frequency histograms were prepared which summarize all values of each variable which were encountered within each of a series of Marsden squares (10° of latitude by 10° of longitude). To permit regional comparisons, Marsden squares were selected which represent oceanic conditions in the eastern, central, and western Pacific Ocean, from the northern boundaries to 10° S. or 20° S., where the density of observations decreases to a point where such treatment is no longer warranted. In each case, those Marsden squares were chosen which had the largest number of observations and a minimum of coastal influence. Each variability figure represents one Marsden square. The locations of all Marsden squares used for this treatment are shown in an inset chart at the lower right of each figure; the Marsden square which is treated in each figure is marked there. For each sigma-t chart in the atlas, there is a corresponding histogram on each of the variability figures. In addition, for the shallower sigma-t surfaces, which are represented on quarterly charts, there is also a histogram showing the data for all quarters taken together. The variability histograms show the frequency of occurrence (ordinate) of interpolated depth, salinity, and dissolved oxygen by class intervals (abscissa). The class intervals vary in the case of depth and salinity data. For depth histograms, the class interval is 10 meters for sigma-t levels from 23.00 to 27.00, 20 meters for the 27.20 and 27.40 surfaces, and 40 meters for the 27.60 and 27.70 sigma-t surfaces. For salinity histograms, the class interval is 0.10%o for the two shallowest surfaces, 23.00 and 24.40 sigma-t, and 0.05%o for all other surfaces. Class intervals for dissolved oxygen are 0.10 ml./£. at all levels. Scales of class interval and absolute frequency are shown in the lower middle portion of each figure.

12

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Fish and Wildlife Service 1

U.S.S.R. Kiryeyeva, I. A., Gidrologicheskie nabludeniia, Morskikh Ekspeditsii

2

Manuscript data, Hugh M. Smith cruise 1. [14-21 December 1949.] 1954

Sci. Rep. Fish. 136.

and Bering Sea. Glavnoe

Gidrograficheskoe

Upravlenie,

Gidro-Méteorologiches-

3

1957

Serv., Spec. Sci. Rep. Fish. 217.

Méteorologique.) Obsns. Hydro-Mét. Exped. Hydrogr. 3, 4, 5, 6, and

U.S.S.R. 1

16

Austin, T. S., Summary, oceanographic and fishery data, Marquesas Islands area, August —September 1956 (equapaq U.S. Fish Wildl.

koyachast. (Administration Général d' Hydrographie, Section Hydro7. Observations Hydrologiques faites en 1923, 1924, 1925, 1926 and

Austin, T. S., Mid-Pacific oceanography, part V, Transequatorial waters, May-June 1952, August 1952. U.S. Fish Wildl. Serv., Spec.

1932-1933 T VI-VII, East Siberian and Chukchi Seas, Bering Strait

2

4

1959

Callaway, R. J., and J. W. McGary, Northeastern Pacific albacore

1927.

survey, part 2. Oceanographic and meteorological

[See also entry under Texas A & M. IGY World Data Center A.]

U.S. Fish Wildl. Serv., Spec. Sci. Rep. Fish. 315.

World Data Center, Institute of Aeroclimatology 1957-1958

5

1951

Cromwell, T., Mid-Pacific

oceanography,

observations.

January —March

1950.

U.S. Fish Wildl. Serv., Spec. Sci. Rep. Fish. 54.

Manuscript data of the t w e n t y - f i f t h cruise of the expedition

ship Vityaz.

North-

wind, Bering Sea patrol, 1948.

Bruneau, L., N. G. Jerlov, and F. F. Koczy, Physical and chemical Chemistry 3(4):99-112.

1

Manuscript data. [Cruise, 7 October—17 November 1960.]

9

the U.S. Navy Hydrographic Office, for a number of prewar cruises

1

during

1928-1929. Publ. Carnegie Inst. 545.

tions, 17. 5

Fleming, J. A., H. U. Sverdrup, C. C. Ennis, S. L. Seaton, and W. C. Hendrix, Observations and results in physical oceanography. Ocean-

tions, 16. 4

Manuscript data of the twenty-seventh cruise of the expedition ship Vityaz.

The results of marine meteorological and oceanographical observations, 15.

Manuscript data of the twenty-sixth cruise of the expedition

ship Vityaz.

tions, 14. 2

1957-1958

6

1954

Cromwell, T., and T. S. Austin, Mid-Pacific oceanography, parts II

7

a n d III, t r a n s e q u a t o r i a l w a t e r s 1950-51. U.S. Fish W i l d l . Serv., S p e c .

1960

7

1958

H o l m e s , R. W., et al., P h y s i c a l , c h e m i c a l a n d b i o l o g i c a l

oceano-

g r a p h i c o b s e r v a t i o n s o b t a i n e d o n e x p e d i t i o n SCOPE in t h e e a s t e r n t r o p i c a l P a c i f i c , N o v e m b e r — D e c e m b e r 1956. U.S. Fish W i l d l . Serv.,

8

1957

1956

11

M a n u s c r i p t data. [Cruise, A p r i l - J u n e 1961.]

12

Manuscript

M c G a r y , J. W., a n d E. D. S t r o u p , O c e a n o g r a p h i c o b s e r v a t i o n s in t h e

M c G a r y , J. W., a n d J. J. G r a h a m , B i o l o g i c a l a n d

13

U.S.

oceanographic

o b s e r v a t i o n s in t h e c e n t r a l N o r t h P a c i f i c , J u l y — S e p t e m b e r

1958.

1955

1 J u l y — 15

August

M a n u s c r i p t d a t a . [Cruise, 17 N o v e m b e r - 1 2 D e c e m b e r 1961.]

Navy Electronics Laboratory, San Diego, California 1

M a n u s c r i p t data. [ C r u i s e , 11-23 N o v e m b e r 1948.]

2

M a n u s c r i p t d a t a . [ C r u i s e , M a r c h 1949.]

3

M a n u s c r i p t d a t a . [ C r u i s e , M a y - J u n e 1949 ]

4

U.S. Fish W i l d l . Serv., S p e c . Sci. Rep. Fish. 358. 12

d a t a of t h e B e r i n g Sea. [ C r u i s e ,

1961.]

M c G a r y , J. W., a n d E. D. S t r o u p , M i d - P a c i f i c o c e a n o g r a p h y , p a r t

Serv., S p e c . Sci. Rep. Fish. 252. 1960

M a n u s c r i p t data. [ C r u i s e , 15 M a r c h - 1 5 A p r i l 1960.]

K i n g , J. E., T. S. A u s t i n , a n d M. S. Doty, P r e l i m i n a r y r e p o r t o n e x p e d i -

c e n t r a l N o r t h Pacific, S e p t e m b e r 1 9 5 4 - A u g u s t 1955. U.S. Fish W i l d l .

11

9

M a n u s c r i p t d a t a . [ C r u i s e , 6 A u g u s t — 6 O c t o b e r 1960.]

Serv., S p e c . Sci. Rep. Fish. 180. 1958

M a n u s c r i p t data. [Cruise, 25 J a n u a r y - 2 2 F e b r u a r y 1960.]

10

VIII, m i d d l e l a t i t u d e w a t e r s , J a n u a r y — M a r c h 1954. U.S. Fish W i l d l .

10

8

S p e c . Sci. Rep. Fish. 279.

t i o n EASTROPIC. U.S. Fish W i l d l . Serv., S p e c . Sci. Rep. Fish. 201. 9

O c e a n o g r a p h i c o b s e r v a t i o n s , A r c t i c w a t e r s , task f o r c e five a n d six, s u m m e r - a u t u m n 1956. T e c h . Rep. 58.

Sci. Rep. Fish. 131.

1949

L a F o n d , E. C., R. S. Dietz, a n d D. W. P r i t c h a r d , I n t e r i m r e p o r t : o c e a n o g r a p h i c m e a s u r e m e n t s f r o m the U.S.S. Nereus

S e c k e l , G. R., M i d - P a c i f i c o c e a n o g r a p h y , part VII, H a w a i i a n o f f s h o r e

on a cruise to the

B e r i n g a n d C h u k c h i Seas, 1947. Rep. 91, P r o b l e m 2A5.

w a t e r s S e p t e m b e r 1 9 5 2 - A u g u s t 1953. U.S. Fish W i l d l . Serv., S p e c . 5

Sci. Rep. Fish. 164.

1954

O c e a n o g r a p h i c c r u i s e t o t h e B e r i n g a n d C h u k c h i Seas, s u m m e r 1949. Part IV. P h y s i c a l o c e a n o g r a p h i c s t u d i e s , vol. 2. Data Rep., Res.

13

1954

S t r o u p , E. D., M i d - P a c i f i c o c e a n o g r a p h y , p a r t IV, t r a n s e q u a t o r i a l

Rep. 416.

w a t e r s , J a n u a r y - M a r c h 1952. U.S. Fish W i l d l . Serv., S p e c . Sci. Rep.

U.S.

Fish. 135. 14

1957

Texas A & M. IGY World Data Center A M a n u s c r i p t d a t a of Hugh M. Smith

1

W i l s o n , R. C., a n d M. O. R i n k e l , M a r q u e s a s a r e a o c e a n o g r a p h i c a n d Rep. Fish. 238.

U.S.

M a n u s c r i p t d a t a of t h e 2 9 t h c r u i s e of t h e e x p e d i t i o n s h i p Vityaz.

2

A n o c e a n o g r a p h i c s t u d y b e t w e e n t h e p o i n t s of T r i n i d a d Head a n d Eel River. A n n u a l r e p o r t 1958 — 1959 a n d p r o g r e s s r e p o r t s

north

c o a s t a l i n v e s t i g a t i o n s 1958 — 1961.

U.S.

Inter-American Tropical Tuna Commission, La Jolla, California 1

U.S.

University of California. Scripps Institution of Oceanography 1 2

M a n u s c r i p t data. [ C r u i s e , 18-27 A u g u s t 1934.] 1961

3

1961

1936; 16 F e b r u a r y — 2 5

Oceanic

September

December

1956; 2 J a n u a r y - 1 5 J u l y 1957 ]

N o v e m b e r 1949 ] Univ. Calif. Press. 4

1960

c o l l e c t e d by t h e U.S.S. Hannibal

M a n u s c r i p t data. [ C r u i s e , 2 - 2 2 A u g u s t 1950.]

3

M a n u s c r i p t d a t a of o p e r a t i o n S h u t t l e . [ C r u i s e , 24 A p r i l — 3 J u n e 1952.]

4

M a n u s c r i p t d a t a of B e r i n g Sea. [ C r u i s e , 1 J u n e — 1 5 S e p t e m b e r 1954.]

5

1958

O c e a n o g r a p h i c s u r v e y results, B e r i n g Sea area, w i n t e r a n d s p r i n g ,

6

1957

O p e r a t i o n Deep Freeze II, 1956 — 1957, o c e a n o g r a p h i c s u r v e y results.

Press.

October,

1948;

June-

O b s e r v a t i o n s of t h e P a c i f i c O c e a n o g r a p h i c G r o u p for c r u i s e 1 of O c e a n i c o b s e r v a t i o n s of t h e P a c i f i c - 1 9 5 0 .

Univ.

Calif. Press.

a n d t h e y a c h t Velero III, 1 9 3 3 - 1 9 3 4 .

2

1947; F e b r u a r y - A p r i l , J u n e - S e p t e m b e r

t h e Cedarwood.

Dynamic oceanographic data for the central eastern Pacific Ocean,

1947.] Univ. Calif.

o b s e r v a t i o n s of t h e P a c i f i c , p r e - 1 9 4 9 . [ C r u i s e ,

b e r 1954; 11 J a n u a r y — 2 6 D e c e m b e r 1955; 9 J a n u a r y — 1 9 D e c e m b e r

Naval Oceanographic Office, Washington, D.C. 1

O c e a n i c o b s e r v a t i o n s of t h e Pacific, p r e - 1 9 4 9 . [ C r u i s e , 24-30 N o v e m ber

M a n u s c r i p t d a t a of h y d r o g r a p h i c a n d b i o l o g i c a l o b s e r v a t i o n s t a k e n at 2 - w e e k i n t e r v a l s in t h e G u l f of P a n a m a . [29 N o v e m b e r — 2 4 D e c e m -

U.S.

[12

O c t o b e r - D e c e m b e r 1958; 11 M a r c h 1959.]

Humboldt State College, Areata, California 1

c r u i s e s 33, 34, a n d 36. [9-24 M a r c h

1956; 28 A p r i l — 2 9 J u n e 1956; 3 - 5 N o v e m b e r 1956.]

f i s h e r y data, J a n u a r y — M a r c h 1957. U.S. Fish W i l d l . Serv., S p e c . Sci.

5

1960

O b s e r v a t i o n s of t h e P a c i f i c O c e a n o g r a p h i c G r o u p f o r c r u i s e 2 of t h e Cedarwood.

O c e a n i c o b s e r v a t i o n s of t h e P a c i f i c - 1 9 5 0 .

Univ.

Calif. Press. 5a

1960

O b s e r v a t i o n s of t h e P a c i f i c O c e a n o g r a p h i c G r o u p for c r u i s e 3 of t h e William

J. Stewart.

O c e a n i c O b s e r v a t i o n s of t h e P a c i f i c - 1 9 5 0 .

Univ. Calif. Press.

1955. T e c h . Rep. 46.

17

T e c h . Rep. 29.

6

Physical

and

chemical

data, CCOFI c r u i s e 5305. M a n u s c r i p t

[ C r u i s e , 30 A p r i l — 2 9 May 1953.]

data.

1956 8

1956

NORPAC

hydrographic data,

CCOFI

cruise 5508. SIO Ref. 56-4.

Data collected by Scripps Institution vessels on

EASTROPIC

1957

EQUAPAC

10

1958

1958

32

1958

33

1958

1960

Data report. Physical and chemical data of the Vermillion Sea Ex-

34

1958

1951

Physical and chemical data, cruise 21, MLRP. SIO Ref. 51-55. [10-m.

35

1958

1952

Physical and chemical data, cruise 22, MLRP. SIO Ref. 52-6. [10-m.

36

1958

1952

Physical and chemical data, cruise 23, MLRP. SIO Ref. 52-9. [10-m.

37

1958

1952

Physical and chemical data, cruise 35, MLRP. SIO Ref. 52-35.

16

1952

Physical and chemical data, cruise 36, MLR-36. SIO Ref. 52-37.

17

1956

Physical and chemical data, cruise 37, MLR-37,

CCOFI

cruise 5205.

38

1958

1956

Physical and chemical data,

39

1959

1956

20

1957

CCOFI

cruise 5206, MLR-38. SIO Ref.

Physical and chemical data, cruise 39, MLR-39,

40

1959

CCOFI

cruise 5207.

41

1959

1957

CCOFI

cruise 5208, MLR-40. SIO Ref.

42

1959

1957

Physical and chemical data, MLR-41,

Physical and chemical data,

CCOFI

cruise 5209. SIO Ref.

43

1959

1957

24

1957

Physical and chemical data,

CCOFI

cruise 5210, MLR-42. SIO Ref.

44

1959

CCOFI

cruise 5211, MLR-43. SIO Ref.

45

1959

Physical and chemical data, cruise 44, MLR-44,

Physical and chemical data,

CCOFI

cruise 5301.

46

1959

1957

Physical and chemical data,

CCOFI

cruise 5302, MLR-45. SIO Ref.

47

1959

1958

Physical and chemical data,

CCOFI

cruise 5303, MLRP-46. SIO Ref.

48

1959

1958

Physical and chemical data,

CCOFI

cruise 5304, MLR-47. SIO Ref.

49

1959

1958

Physical and chemical data, 58-23.

CCOFI

cruise 5402.

Physical and chemical data,

CCOFI

cruise 5403, MLRP-58. SIO Ref.

Physical and chemical data, cruise 59, MLR-59,

CCOFI

cruise 5404.

Physical and chemical data, cruise 61, MLR-61,

CCOFI

cruise 5406.

Physical and chemical data, cruise 62, MLR-62,

CCOFI

cruise 5407.

Physical and chemical data, cruise 63, MLR-63,

CCOFI

cruise 5408.

Physical and chemical data, cruise 64, MLR-64,

CCOFI

cruise 5409.

Physical and chemical data, cruise 65, MLR-65,

CCOFI

cruise 5410.

Physical and chemical data,

CCOFI

cruise 5411, MLR-66 and

CCOFI

Physical and chemical data,

CCOFI

cruise 5501, MLR-68, and

CCOFI

Physical and chemical data,

CCOFI

cruise 5503, MLR-70, and

CCOFI

Physical and chemical data,

CCOFI

cruise 5505, MLR-72. SIO Ref.

Physical and chemical data,

CCOFI

cruise 5506, MLR-73. SIO Ref.

Physical and chemical data,

CCOFI

cruise 5509, MLR-76. SIO Ref.

CCOFI

cruise 5510, MLR-77. SIO Ref.

CCOFI

cruise 5511, MLR-78. SIO Ref.

59-47. CCOFI

cruise 5306, MLR-49. SIO Ref.

50

1960

58-15. 29

Physical and chemical data, cruise 57, MLR-57,

59-45.

58-13. 28

cruise 5401.

59-44.

57-37, and oceanographic data summary sheets. 27

CCOFI

cruise 5504, MLR-71. SIO Ref. 59-37.

57-33. 26

Physical and chemical data, cruise 56, MLR-56,

cruise 5502, MLR-69. SIO Ref. 59-36.

SIO Ref. 57-32. 1957

cruise 5312.

cruise 5412, MLR-67.

57-22.

25

CCOFI

SIO Ref. 59-43.

57-13. 23

Physical and chemical data, cruise 55, MLR-55,

SIO Ref. 59-43.

57-10. 22

cruise 5311.

SIO Ref. 59-42.

57-20. 21

CCOFI

SIO Ref. 59-35.

SIO Ref. 56-32. Physical and chemical data,

Physical and chemical data, cruise 54, MLR-54,

SIO Ref. 59-16.

56-27. 19

cruise 5310.

SIO Ref. 58-65.

SIO Ref. 56-24. 18

CCOFI

58-65.

values, only.] 15

Physical and chemical data, cruise 53, MLR-53,

SIO Ref. 58-38.

values, only.] 14

cruise 5309.

SIO Ref. 58-38.

values, only.] 13

CCOFI

SIO Ref. 58-44.

pedition. SIO Ref. 60-51. 12

Physical and chemical data, cruise 52, MLR-52,

SIO Ref. 58-44.

E x p e d i t i o n - 2 1 October 1957 to February 1958. SIO Ref. 58-85. 11

cruise 5308, MLR-51. SIO Ref.

SIO Ref. 58-44.

Physical and chemical data, Chinook Expedition 29 June to 23 August 1956; Mukluk Expedition 8 July to 26 August 1957; Downwind

CCOFI

SIO Ref. 58-44.

Expedi-

tion, data report 1956. SIO Ref. 57-25.

Physical and chemical data, 58-23.

31

Data collected by Scripps Institution vessels on

1958

Expedi-

tion. SIO Ref. 56-28. 9

30

Physical and chemical data, 60-2.

CCOFI

cruise 5307, MLR-50. SIO Ref.

51

1960

Physical and chemical data, 60-3.

52

1960

Physical and chemical data,

74

cruise 5512, MLR-79. SIO Ref.

CCOFI

1960

60-4. 53

1960

Physical and chemical data,

75

cruise 5602, MLR-81. SIO Ref.

CCOFI

1957

1958

Physical and chemical data report, CCOFI

55

1958

1958

57

1958

Physical and chemical data report,

77

1941

58

1958

Tech. Ser. 4(10):261-378. 78

cruise 5706, MLR-97. SIO Ref. 58-33.

1942

1(1).

cruise 5708, MLR-99. SIO Ref. 58-63.

Physical and chemical data report,

CCOFI

79

cruises 5709 thru cruise

Sverdrup, H. U., and staff of SIO, Oceanographic observations on the E. W. Scripps cruises in 1939. Rec. Obsn. Scripps Inst. Oceanogr.

5712, MLR-100 thru 103. SIO Ref. 58-64. 59

1959

Physical and chemical data,

CCOFI

1(2):65-160.

cruise 5801, MLR-104. SIO Ref.

80

59-03. 60

1959

61

1959

Sverdrup, H. U., and staff of SIO, Oceanographic observations on the E. W. Scripps cruises of 1940. Rec. Obsn. Scripps Inst. Oceanogr. 1(3).

Physical and chemical data report,CCOFI cruise 5802, MLR-105, and CCOFI

cruise 5803, MLR-106. SIO Ref. 59-8.

Physical and chemical data report,

CCOFI

81

1947

1959

Sverdrup, H. U., and staff of SIO, Oceanographic observations on the E. W. Scripps cruises of 1941. Rec. Obsn. Scripps Inst. Oceanogr.

cruise 5804, MLR-107. SIO

1(4).

Ref. 59-14. 62

Sverdrup, H. U., and staff of SIO, Oceanographic observations on the E. W. Scripps cruises of 1938. Rec. Obsn. Scripps Inst. Oceanogr.

cruise 5707, MLR-98, and

CCOFI

Sverdrup, H. U., and R. H. Fleming, The waters off the coast of southern California, March to July 1937. Bull. Scripps Inst. Oceanogr.

cruise 5705, MLR-96, and

CCOFI

Physical and chemical data report, CCOFI

Faughn, J. L., Results of oceanographic survey at Eniwetok, Novem-

salinity observations for 1936.

Physical and chemical data report, CCOFI cruise 5703, MLR-94, and cruise 5704, MLR-95. SIO Ref. 58-24.

CCOFI

cruise 5906, MLR-121. SIO Ref.

Fleming, R. H., and E. C. LaFond, USS Hannibal, temperature and

76

cruise 5701, MLR-92, and

CCOFI

cruise 5702, MLR-93. SIO Ref. 58-22.

CCOFI

56

CCOFI

ber—December 1956.

60-5. 54

Physical and chemical data, 60-39.

Physical and chemical data report,

CCOFI

cruise 5805, MLR-108. SIO

CCOFI

cruise 5806, MLR-109. SIO

Ref. 59-28 63

1959

Physical and chemical data report,

1959

University of Washington. Department of Oceanography 1

Ref. 59-29. 64

U.S.

Physical and chemical data report,

CCOFI

cruise 5807, MLR-110. SIO

2

Manuscript data. [Cruise, 8-19 August 1955.] 1956

Ref. 59-33. 65

1959

Physical and chemical data report,

CCOFI

1958

Ref. 56-13.

cruise 5808, MLR-111. SIO 3

Ref. 59-48. 66

Physical and chemical data report,

CCOFI

cruise 5809, MLR-112. SIO

CCOFI

cruise 5810, MLR-113. SIO

1938

1959

Physical and chemical data report,

Univ. Wash. Publ. Oceanogr. 3(2):35-79, Append. 1-164. 4

1954

1959

69

1959

Dept. Oceanogr. Univ. Wash. 28, Ref. 54-12.

Physical and chemical data report, CCOFI

CCOFI

cruise 5811, MLR-114, and

cruise 5812, MLR-115. [No SIO number.]

Physical and chemical data report,

CCOFI

1960

Physical and chemical data,

5

1960

Physical and chemical data,

1954

1960

Physical and chemical data,

Oceanogr. Univ. Wash. 35, Ref. 54-23. CCOFI

cruise 5903, MLR-118. SIO Ref.

7

1956

1960

Physical and chemical data, 60-38.

Barnes, C. A., and E. E. Collias, Physical and chemical data for Puget Sound and approaches January-December 1953. Tech. Rep. Dept.

CCOFI

Oceanogr. Univ. Wash. 45, Ref. 56-1.

cruise 5904, MLR-119. SIO Ref. 8

60-37. 73

Barnes, C. A., and E. E. Collias, Physical and chemical data for Puget Sound and approaches October—December 1952. Tech. Rep. Dept.

cruise 5902, MLR-117. SIO Ref.

60-36. 72

1952. Tech. Rep. Dept.

Oceanogr. Univ. Wash. 24, Ref. 54-8.

60-13 71

Barnes, C. A., and E. E. Collias, Physical and chemical data for Puget Sound and approaches M a r c h - A u g u s t

6 CCOFI

1954

cruise 5901, MLR-116. SIO

Ref. 59-58. 70

Barnes, C. A., and E. E. Collias, Physical and chemical data for Puget Sound and approaches February 1949-February 1952. Tech. Rep.

Ref. 59-49. 68

Barnes, C. A., and T. G. Thompson, Physical and chemical investigations in the Bering Sea and portions of the North Pacific Ocean.

Ref. 58-84. 67

Physical and chemical data for Puget Sound and approaches January 1955—March 1956. Tech. Rep. Dept. Oceanogr. Univ. Wash. 51,

CCOFI

cruise 5905, MLR-120. SIO Ref.

1956

Barnes, C. A., and E. E. Collias, Physical and chemical data for Puget Sound and approaches January—December 1954. Tech. Rep. Dept. Oceanogr. Univ. Wash. 46, Ref. 56-7.

9

1956

Collias, E. E„ C. M. Love, and R. G. Paquette, Eastern North Pacific and Gulf of Alaska offshore physical and chemical data, April 1954 — January 1955. Tech. Rep. Dept. Oceanogr. Univ. Wash. 49, Ref. 56-10.

10

1957

Favorite, F., and C. M. Love, A preliminary tabulation of oceanographic data collected by vessels of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Northeast Pacific Ocean and Gulf of Alaska, physical and chemical data summer and fall 1955. Spec. Rep. Dept. Oceanogr. Univ. Wash. 28, Ref. 57-3.

11

1956

Fleming, R. H., et al., NORPAC 1955, M. V. Brown Bear August 1 to September 19, 1955. Spec. Rep. Dept. Oceanogr. Univ. Wash. 22, Ref. 56-4.

12

1958

Fleming, R. H „ Cruise 176, M. V. Brown Bear, J u l y - S e p t e m b e r 1957, for the International Geophysical Year of 1957-1958. Spec. Rep. Dept. Oceanogr. Univ. Wash. 29, Ref. 58-22.

13

1959

Fleming, R. H., Cruise 199, M. V. Brown Bear for J u l y - A u g u s t 1958 for the International Geophysical Year of 1957—1958. Spec. Rep. Dept. Oceanogr. Univ. Wash. 30, Ref. 58-32.

14

1940

Goodman, J., and T. G. Thompson, Characteristics of the waters in sections from Dutch Harbor, Alaska, to the Strait of Juan de Fuca and from the Strait of Juan de Fuca to Hawaii. Univ. Wash. Publ. Oceanogr. 3(3):81-103, Append. 1-48.

15

1942

Goodman, J. R., J. H. Lincoln, T. G. Thompson, and F. A. Zeusler, Physical and chemical investigations, Bering Sea, Bering Strait, Chukchi Sea during the summers of 1937 and 1938. Univ. Wash. Publ. Oceanogr. 3(4):105-169, Append. 1-117.

16

1957

Love, C. M., Northeast Pacific Ocean physical and chemical data, summers of 1955 and 1956. A preliminary tabulation of oceanographic data collected by the M. V. Brown Bear and M. V. John N. Cobb. Tech. Rep. Dept. Oceanogr. Univ. Wash. 55, Ref. 57-27.

17

1957

Love, C. M., Physical and chemical data Gulf of Alaska, spring and summer 1956 and spring 1957. Tech. Rep. Dept. Oceanogr. Univ. Wash. 56, Ref. 57-28.

18

1960

Love, C. M., Physical and chemical data for a portion of the northeast Pacific Ocean extending from the coasts of Washington and British Columbia westward to 131° W. April 1956-April 1958. Tech. Rep. Dept. Oceanogr. Univ. Wash. 66, Ref. 60-18.

20

Figures

Index to Figures CHARTS DENSITY OF OBSERVATIONS 10 METERS 2 6 . 2 0 SIGMA-T 2 7 . 0 0 SIGMA-T 2 7 . 6 0 SIGMA-T

ALL DATA

VARIABILITY HISTOGRAMS

SECTIONS

JAN. FEB. MAR.

APR. MAY JUNE

1 5

2 6

JULY AUG. SEPT. 3 7

OCT. NOV. DEC.

LOCATIONS OF SECTIONS

4 8

9 10

LONGITUDE

FIGURE NO. 122

MARSDEN SQUARE NO.

FIGURE NO.

9

140

16

141

FIGURE NO.

127° E.

123

141 ° E.

124

20

142

161 ° E.

125

52

143

179° E.

126

57

144

159° W.

127

87

145

139° W.

128 93

146

122

147

129

148

158

149

PROPERTIES ON SIGMA-T SURFACES SIGMA-T

SIGMA-T

23.00

DEPTH SALINITY OXYGEN

1 1 12 13

14 15 16

17 18 19

20 21 22

24.40

DEPTH SALINITY OXYGEN

23 24 25

26 27 28

29 30 31

32 33 34

SIGMA-T

25.40

DEPTH SALINITY OXYGEN

35 36 37

38 39 40

41 42 43

44 45 46

SIGMA-T

26.20

DEPTH SALINITY OXYGEN

47 48 49

50 51 52

53 54 55

56 57 58

26.60

DEPTH SALINITY OXYGEN

59 60 61

62 63 64

65 66 67

68 69 70

71 72 73

74 75 76

77 78 79

83 84 85

86 87 88

89 90 91

SIGMA-T

SIGMA-T

26.80

DEPTH SALINITY OXYGEN

SIGMA-T

27.00

DEPTH SALINITY OXYGEN

95 96 97

27.20

DEPTH SALINITY OXYGEN

98 99 100

27.40

DEPTH SALINITY OXYGEN

101 102 103

SIGMA-T

SIGMA-T

SIGMA-T

27.60

DEPTH SALINITY OXYGEN

104 105 106

SIGMA-T

27.70

DEPTH SALINITY OXYGEN

107 108 109

121° W.

129

101 ° W.

130

80 81 82

8 5 ° W.

131

92 93 94

LATITUDE

PROPERTIES AT A DEPTH OF 10 METERS TEMPERATURE SALINITY SIGMA-T

1 10 1 14 1 18

1 1 1 1 15 1 19

1 12 1 16 120

1 13 1 17 121

FIGURE NO.

4 7 ° N.

132

165

150

3 5 ° N.

133

195

151

2 5 ° N.

134

308

152

1 1 ° N.

135

315

153

5 ° N.

136 320

154

349

155

5 ° S.

137

15° S.

138

2 5 ° S.

139

TEMPERATURE-DENSITY-SALINITY NOMOGRAM

FIGURE NO. 156

PACIFIC OCEAN

DENSITY OF OBSERVATIONS 10 METERS January-February-March

SYMBOL

NUMBER OF OBSERVATIONS

o

IO — 1 9

Û

20 — 39

. J) U, HAWAII

FIGURE 25

Dissolved oxygen (ml./•£,.) at the 24.40 sigma-t surface, first quarter

OXYGEN 24.40 SIGMA-T January-February-March

BASEDOW GOODE'S SERIES Of BASE MAPS COPYRIGHT 1938 BY THE U N I V E R S E OF CHICAGO GOOOE'S HOMOLCS1NE EOUAL AREA PROJECTION

PACIFIC O C E A N

PREPARED BY TAMO'SU NAKATA U S BUREAU OF COMMERCIAL FISHERIES BI0L0GI8AL LABORATl R> HONOLULU, HAWAII

F I G U R E 26

Depth (m.) of the 24.40 sigma-t surface, second quarter

DEPTH 24.40 SIGMA-T April-May-June

PACIFIC OCEAN

PRE PAREO B» TAMOISU NAKATA U S BUREAU O f COMMERCIAL FISHERIES BIOLOGICAL LABORATORY HONOLULU, HAWAII

FIGURE 27

Salinity (%o) at the 24.40 sigma-t surface, second quarter

SALINITY 2 4 . 4 0 SIGMA-T April-May-June

BASEOOM GOODE'S SERIES OF BASE MAPS COPYRIGHT 1936 BY THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO GOOOE'S HOMOLOSINE EOUAL AREA PROJECTION

FIGURE 28

Dissolved oxygen (ml./t.) at the 24.40 sigma-t surface, second quarter

FIGURE 29

Depth (m.) of the 24.40 sigma-t surface, third quarter

FIGURE 30

Salinity (%o) at the 24.40 sigma-t surface, third quarter

FIGURE 31 Dissolved oxygen (m\./t.) at the 24.40 sigma-t surface, third quarter. Oxygen contours surrounding the minimum northeast of the Philippines are based on data from 52 stations in 42 1°x 1° areas; 39 of these stations had oxygen values of less than 4.0 m \ . / l .

FIGURE 32

Depth (m.) of the 24.40 sigma-t surface, fourth quarter

FIGURE 33

Salinity (%o) at the 24.40 sigma-t surface, fourth quarter

FIGURE 34

Dissolved oxygen (ml./t.) at the 24.40 sigma-t surface, fourth quarter

PACIFIC O C E A N

PREPARED BY TAMOTSU NAKATA u S BUREAU OF COMMERCIAL FISHERIES B'OLOGICAL LABORATORY HONOLULU, HAWAII

FIGURE 35

Depth (m.) of the 25.40 sigma-t surface, first quarter

DEPTH 25.40 SIGMA-T January-February-March

BASED ON GOODE'S SERIES OF BASE MAPS COPYRIGHT 1938 BYTHE UNIVERS'T* OF CHICAGO GOODE'S HOMOLOSINE EQUAL AREA PROJECTION

F I G U R E 36

Salinity (%o) at the 25.40 sigma-t surface, first quarter

PACIFIC OCEAN

PREPARE! 8» ' A M o r s u NAKA1A U S BURS AU :0MMf ' < ' ME R E S B'"« " < X A l . A * W ..U, HA/,.'.

FIGURE 37

Dissolved oxygen (ml./I.) at the 25.40 sigma-t surface, first quarter

OXYGEN 25.40 SIGMA-T January-February-March

BASED ON GOOOE'S SERIES OF BASE MAPS COPYRIGHT >918 0R THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICABO GOOOE'S HOMOLCSINE EQUAL-AREA PROJECTION

PACIFIC O C E A N

PREPARED B> TAMOTSU NAKATA U S BUREAU OF COMMERCIAL FISHERIES BiOLOGiQAL LABORATORY HONOLULU, HAWAII

F I G U R E 38

Depth (m.) of the 25.40 sigma-t surface, s e c o n d quarter

DEPTH 25.40 SIGMA-T April-Mciy-June

F I G U R E 39

Salinity (%>o) at the 25.40 sigma-t surface, second quarter

PACIFIC OCEAN

PREPARED BV TAMOTSU NAKATA U S BUREAU OF COMMERCIAL FISHERIES BIOLOGICAL LABORATORY HONOLULU, HAWAII

FIGURE 40

Dissolved oxygen ( m l . / t . ) at the 25.40 sigma-t surface, second quarter

OXYGEN 25.40 SIGMA-T April-May-June

BASED ON GOODE'S SERIES OF BASE MAPS COPYRIGHT 1938 B V r»E U N I V E R S E OF CHICAGO GOOOE'S HOMOLOSINE EQUAL-AREA PROJECTION

FIGURE 41

Depth (m.) of the 25.40 sigma-t surface, third quarter

PACIFIC OCEAN

PRE PARE 0 B v T A M O T S U N A K A T â U S BUREAU OF COMMERCIAL FISHERIES BIOLOGIC«. LABORATORY H O N O L U L U , MAïVAII

FIGURE 42

Salinity (%o) at the 25.40 sigma-t surface, third quarter

SALINITY 25.40 SIGMA-T July-August-September

B A S E D O N G O C O E ' S S E R I E S OF B A S E M A P S COPYRIGHT 1938 BY T H E U N I V E R S I T Y OF CHICAGO GOOOE'S H O M O L O S I N E E J U A l A R E A P R O J E C T I O N

PACIFIC OCEAN

PREPARED &• TAW' "SU; NAKATA U ' 3 110! OW'.' A, r R E 'i 9 0. OG . ABOYAT - H0-|0_ :J. HAWA

FIGURE 43 Dissolved oxygen (ml./I.) at the 25.40 sigma-t surface, third quarter. Oxygen contours surrounding the minimum northeast of the Philippines are based on data from 43 stations in 34 1°x 1° areas; 26 of these stations had oxygen values of less than 3.5 ml./t.

OXYGEN 25.40 SIGMA-T July-August-September

BASEDOW GOODE S SER • : JF BASE MAPS VJD.oighT 938 BV THE WV£«$T'0» CHICAG O GOODES ' HOMOLOSINE EQUAL AREA PROjE-.'rlON

FIGURE 44

Depth (m.) of the 25.40 sigma-t surface, fourth quarter

FIGURE 45

Salinity (%o) at the 25.40 sigma-t surface, fourth quarter

FIGURE 46

Dissolved oxygen (ml./t.) at the 25.40 sigma-t surface, fourth quarter

PACIFIC OCEAN

PREPARED BY TAMOTSU NAKATA U.S BUREAU OF COMMERCIAL F I S H E R I E S BIOLOGICAL LABORATORY H O N O L U L U , HAWAII

FIGURE 47

Depth (m.) of the 26.20 sigma-t surface, first quarter

DEPTH 26.20 SIGMA-T January-February-March

BASEDOW GOODE'S SERIES OF BASE MAPS COPYRIGHT 1938 B f THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO GOODE'S HOMOIOSINE EQUAL-AREA P R O J E C T I O N

SALINITY 2 6 . 2 0 SIGMA-T

PACIFIC O C E A N

January-February-March

34.2034.40

34.00

34.30

.34.40«4.20

3440

• 34.40

:^4.40 34.60 34.80

34.50 b

34.50

'3480I

^34.80-

-.—35.00"

34.80. - - -34.70•34.60.

PREPAREO BY TAMOTSU NAKATA U S BUREAU OF COMMERCIAL FISHERIES B .. :/GICAL LA80RAT0RY HONOLULU, HAWAII

F I G U R E 48

S a l i n i t y (%o) at t h e 2 6 . 2 0 s i g m a - t s u r f a c e , first q u a r t e r

BASED ON GOODE'S SERIES Of BASE MAPS C C P y . G H T 1938 3 V THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO GOODE'S HOMOLCSINE EQUAL AREA PROJECTION

PACIFIC OCEAN

PREPARED BY TiMOTSU NAKATA U S BUREAU OF COMMERCIAL FISHERIES BIOLOGICAL LABORATORY HONOLULU, HAWAII

F I G U R E 49

Dissolved oxygen ( m l . / I . ) at the 26.20 sigma-t surface, first quarter

OXYGEN 26.20 SIGMA-T January-February-March

BASEDOW GOCDE'S SERIES OF Si.SE MAPS COPYRIGHT 1936 BY THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO GOOOE'S HOMOLOSINE EOUAl-AREA PROJECTION

FIGURE 50

Depth (m.) of the 26.20 sigma-t surface, second quarter

F I G U R E 51

Salinity (%0) at the 26.20 sigma-t surface, second quarter

FIGURE 52

Dissolved oxygen ( m l . / i . ) at the 26.20 sigma-t surface, second quarter

PACIFIC O C E A N

PREPARED BY TAMOTSU NAKATA U S BUREAU OF COMMERCIAL FISHERIES BIOLOGICAL LABORATORY HONOLULU, HAWAII

FIGURE 53

Depth (m.) of the 26.20 sigma-t surface, third quarter

DEPTH 26.20 SIGMA-T July-August-September

BASED ON GOODE'S SERIES OF BASE MAPS COPYRIGHT 1938 BY THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO GOOOE'S HOMOLOSINE EQUAL-AREA PROJECTION

SALINITY 26.20 SIGMA-T

PACIFIC O C E A N

>33.001

July-August-September

34.00/' j A ' 34.30

,34.40/ 34.30

3440;

jAAbyk 34.60^-1

'3460.34.80' 35.30.

.35.10

33.30

35.40

PREPARED BY TAMOTSU NAKATA U S BUREAU OF COMMERCIAL FISHERIES BIOLOGICAL .LABORATORY HONOLULU, HAWAII

F I G U R E 54

Salinity (%o) at the 26.20 sigma-t surface, third quarter

FIGURE 55 Dissolved oxygen (m\./l.) at the 26.20 sigma-t surface, third quarter. Oxygen contours surrounding the minimum northeast of the Philippines are based upon data from 33 stations in 26 1°x 1° areas; 16 of these stations had oxygen values of less than 2.5 m \ . / l .

FIGURE 56

Depth (m.) of the 26.20 sigma-t surface, fourth quarter

SALINITY 26.20 SIGMA-T

PACIFIC OCEAN

October-November-December

34~DCr-

3440

3460

34.80

4—35.00-

34.90

3480'

35.00'

•34.00,

PREPARED BY TAMOTSU NAKATA U S BUREAU OF COMMERCIAL FISHERIES BM-OGfCAl LABORATORY HONOLULU, HAWft11

F I G U R E 57

Salinity (%o) at the 26.20 sigma-t surface, fourth quarter

8ASE0CN GOOOeS ' SERIES Or BASE «APS COPYRIGHT 1938 BY THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO GOOOES HOMOCOSINE EQUAL AREA PROJECT iON

PACIFIC OCEAN

PREPARED BY TÄMOTSU NAKATA U S BUREAU OF COMMERCIAL FISHERIES BIOLOGICAL LABORATORY HONOLULU, HAWAII

F I G U R E 58

Dissolved o x y g e n (ml./t.) at the 26.20 sigma-t surface, fourth quarter

OXYGEN 26.20 SIGMA-T October-November-December

BASED ON GOODE'S SERIES Of BASE MAPS COPYRIGHT ¡938 PY THE UNIVERSITY O f CHICAGO GOOOE'S HOMOLOSINE EQUAL A R E A PROJECTION

PACIFIC O C E A N

PREPARED BY TAMOTSU NAKATA U S BUREAU OF COMMERCIAL FISHERIES BIOLOGICAL LABORATORY HONOLULU, HAWAII

FIGURE 59

D e p t h ( m . ) of t h e 2 6 . 6 0 s i g m a - t s u r f a c e , first q u a r t e r

DEPTH 2 6 . 6 0 SIGMA-T January-February-March

BASED ON GOODE'S SERIES OF BASE MAPS COPYRIGHT 1938 BY THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO GOOOE'S HOMOLOSINE EQUAL-AREA PROJECTION

SALINITY 26.60 SIGMA-T

PACIFIC OCEAN

January-February-March

V _ 100°

FIGURE 60

_ . 110°

Salinity (% 0 ) at the 26.60 sigma-t surface, first quarter

„, 1 2 0 °

1 3 0 °

\ 140°

150°

"

V

.

—

160°

\

•—~ ^ 170°

\

\

_Y 180°

\

3 V 0 170°

»"i"' 1

_i 160°

I 5 0

8

. 140°

1 3 0 °

1 2 0 °

110°

1 0 0 °

9 0 °

8 0 °

7QO

BASED ON GOOOE S SERIES OF B A S E MAPS COPYRIGHT 1938 BY THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO GOOOE S HOMOLOSINE EQUAL A R E A PROJECTION

FIGURE 61

Dissolved oxygen (ml./•£-.) at the 26.60 sigma-t surface, first quarter

PACIFIC OCEAN

PREPARED BV TAMOTSU NAKATA u S BUREAU OF COMMERCIAL FISHERIES BIOLOGICAL LABORATORY HONOLULU, HAWAII

FIGURE 62

Depth (m.) of the 26.60 sigma-t surface, second quarter

DEPTH 2 6 . 6 0 SIGMA-T April-May-June

BASED ON GOODE'S SERIES O f BASE MAPS COPYRIGHT 1938 fff THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO GOOOE'S HOMOLOSINE EQUAL A f ^ A PROJECTION

PACIFIC OCEAN

PREPAREO BY TAMOTSU NAKATA IJ S BUREAU OF COMMERCIAL FISHERIES BIOLOGCAL LABORATORY HONOLULU, HAWAII

FIGURE 63

Salinity (% 0 ) at the 26.60 sigma-t surface, second quarter

SALINITY 26.60 SIGMA-T April-May-June

BASEDGN GOODE'S SERIES OF BASE MAPS COPYRIGHT 1936 8YTHE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO GOOOE'S HOMOLOSINE EOUAL AREA PROJECTION

FIGURE 64

Dissolved oxygen (ml./•£..) at the 26.60 sigma-t surface, second quarter

FIGURE 65

Depth (m.) of the 26.60 sigma-t surface, third quarter

PACIFIC OCEAN

PREPARED BY TAMOTSU NAKATA Li 5 BUREAU OK COMMERCIAL FISHERIES BiOLOGICAb LABORATORY HONOLULU, HAiVAl I

FIGURE 66

Salinity (%o) at the 26.60 sigma-t surface, third quarter

SALINITY 26.60 SIGMA-T July-August-September

BASED OM GOOCE'S SERIES OF BASE MAPS COPYRIGHT 1938 BY THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO GOOOES HOMOLOSINE EOUAL AREA PROJECTION

FIGURE 67

Dissolved oxygen (ml./t.) at the 26.60 sigma-t surface, third quarter

PACIFIC OCEAN

PREPARED BY TAMOT5U NAKATA U S BUREAU Of COMMERCIAL FISHERIES B'OLOGICAL LABORATORY HONOLULU, HAWAII

FIGURE 68

Depth (m.) of the 26.60 sigma-t surface, fourth quarter

DEPTH 26.60 SIGMA-T October-November-December

BASED ON GOODE'S SERIES CF BASE MAPS COPYRIGHT >938 BY THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO GOOOE'S HOMOLOStNE EÛUAL AREA PROJECTION

PREPARED BY TAMOTSU NAKATA u S BUREAU OF COMMERCIAL FISHERIES BIOLOGICAL LABORATORY HONOLULU, HAWAII

FIGURE 69

100°

110°

Salinity (%o) at the 26.60 sigma-t surface, fourth quarter

120°

130°

!40°.'50°

160°

170°

180°

170°

160°

150°

140°

130°

120°

i lO"

100°

90°

80°

70"

cootie's HOMOLOSINE

EQUAL AREA PROJECTION

PACIFIC O C E A N

P R E P A R E D BY T A M O T S U N A K A T A U. S B U R E A U O F C O M M E R C I A L F I S H E R I E S BIOLOGICAL LABORATORY HONOLULU, HAWAII

FIGURE 70

D i s s o l v e d o x y g e n ( m l . A t . ) at t h e 26.60 s i g m a - t s u r f a c e , f o u r t h q u a r t e r

OXYGEN 2 6 . 6 0 SIGMA-T October-November-December

B A S E O O N GOODE'S S E R I E S OF B A S E M A P S COPYRIGHT 1938 BY T H E U N I V E R S I T Y OF CHICAGO GOOOE'S H O M O L O S I N E E O U A L - A R E A P R O J E C T I O N

F I G U R E 71

Depth (m.) of the 26.80 sigma-t surface, first quarter

FIGURE 72

Salinity (%o) at the 26.80 sigma-t surface, first quarter

F I G U R E 73

Dissolved o x y g e n (ml.¡I.) at the 26.80 sigma-t surface, first quarter

F I G U R E 74

Depth (m.) of the 26.80 sigma-t surface, s e c o n d quarter

F I G U R E 75

Salinity (%0) at the 26.80 sigma-t surface, s e c o n d quarter

FIGURE 76

Dissolved oxygen (m\./l.) at the 26.80 sigma-t surface, second quarter

FIGURE 77

Depth (m.) of the 26.80 sigma-t surface, third quarter

FIGURE 78

Salinity (%o) at the 26.80 sigma-t surface, third quarter

F I G U R E 79

Dissolved o x y g e n (ml./I.) at the 26.80 sigma-t surface, third quarter

FIGURE 80

Depth (m.) of the 26.80 sigma-t surface, fourth quarter

PACIFIC OCEAN

PREPARED BY TAMOrSU NAKATA U S BUREAU Of COMMERCIAL F I S H E R I E S BIOLOGICAL LABORATORY HONOLULU, HA/iA'l

F I G U R E 81

Salinity (%o) at the 2 6 . 8 0 sigma-t surface, fourth quarter

SALINITY 26.80 SIGMA-T October-November-December

BASED ON GOODE'S S E R I E S OF B A S E M A P S COPYRIGHT 1938 BY THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO GCOOES HOMOLOSINE EQUAL-AREA PROJECTION

PACIFIC O C E A N

P R E P A R E D 3Y T/suoTSU NAKATA U S B U R E A U OF COMMERCIAL FISHERIES BIOLOGICAL LABORATORY H O N O L U L U , HAWAII

F I G U R E 82

Dissolved oxygen (m\./l.) at the 26.80 sigma-t surface, fourth quarter

OXYGEN 26.80 SIGMA-T October-November-December

BASED ON GOODE'S SERIES CF B A S E MAPS COPYRIGHT 1938 BY THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO GOODE 'S HOMOLOSINE EOOAL A R E A PROJECTION

F I G U R E 83

Depth (m.) of the 27.00 sigma-t surface, first quarter

FIGURE 84

Salinity (%o) at the 27.00 sigma-t surface, first quarter

PACIFIC OCEAN

PREPARED BY TAMOTSU NAKATA U S BUREAU OF COMMERCIAL FISHERIES BIOLOGICAL LABORATORY HONOLULU, HAWAII

FIGURE 85

Dissolved oxygen (ml./£.) at the 27.00 sigma-t surface, first quarter

OXYGEN 27.00 SIGMA-T January-February-March

BASEDOW GOCDE'S SERIES CF BASE MAPS COPYRIGHT 1938 BY THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO GOOOE'S HOMOLOSINE EQUAL AREA PROJECTION

PACIFIC O C E A N

PREPARED BY TAMOTSU NAKATA U S BUREAU OF CCMMFRCIAL FISHERIES BIOLOGICAL LABORATORY HONOLULL), HAWAII

F I G U R E 86

Depth (m.) of the 27.00 sigma-t surface, second quarter

DEPTH 27.00 SIGMA-T April-May-June

BASED ON GOOOE'S SERIES OF BASE MAPS COPYRIGHT 1938 BY THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO GOOOE 'S HOMOLOSINE EQUAL AREA PROJECTION

FIGURE 87

Salinity (%o) at the 27.00 sigma-t surface, second quarter

PACIFIC OCEAN

PREPARED BY TAMOTSU NAKATA U S BUREAU OF COMMERCIAL FISHERIES BIOLOGICAL LABORATORY HONOLULU," HAWAII

FIGURE 88

Dissolved oxygen (ml./t.) at the 27.00 sigma-t surface, second quarter

OXYGEN 27.00 SIGMA-T April-May-June

BASED ON GOODE'S SERIES OF BASE MAPS COPYRIGHT 1938 BY THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO GOOOE'S HOMOLOSINE EQUAL-AREA PROJECTION

PACIFIC OCEAN

PREPARED BY T A M O r S ü NAKATA U S BUREAU OF COMMERCIAL FISHERIES BIOLOGICAL LABORATORY HONOLULU, HAWAII

FIGURE 89

Depth (m.) of the 27.00 sigma-t surface, third quarter

DEPTH 2 7 . 0 0 SIGMA-T July-August-September

BASEDOW GOODE'S SERIES OF BASE MAPS COPYRIGHT 1938 BY THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO GOOOE S HOMOLOS1NE EQUAL-AREA PROJECTION

FIGURE 90

Salinity (%o) at the 27.00 sigma-t surface, third quarter

F I G U R E 91

Dissolved o x y g e n (ml./I.) at the 27.00 sigma-t surface, third quarter

PACIFIC OCEAN

PREPARED BY TAMOTSU NAKATA U S BUREAU OF COMMERCIAL FISHERIES BIOLOGICAL .LABORATORY HONOLULU. HAWAII

F I G U R E 92

Depth (m.) of the 27.00 sigma-t surface, fourth quarter

DEPTH 27.00 SIGMA-T October-November-December

BASED ON GOODES SERIES OF B A S E MAPS COPYRIGHT 1938 BY THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO GOOOE'S HOMOLOSINE EQUAL-AREA PROJECTION

F I G U R E 93

Salinity (%o) at the 27.00 sigma-t surface, fourth quarter

FIGURE 94

Dissolved oxygen (ml./•£-.) at the 27.00 sigma-t surface, fourth quarter

PACIFIC OCEAN

PREPARED BY TAMOTSU NAKATA U S BUREAU OF COMMERCIAL FISHERIES BIOLOGICAL LABORATORY HONOLULU, HAWAII

F I G U R E 95

Depth (m.) of the 27.00 sigma-t surface, all data

DEPTH 27.00 SIGMA-T All Data

8ASED0N G O M E ' S SERIES Cf BASE MAPS COPYRIGHT 1938 BY THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO GOOOE'S HOMOLOSINE EQUAL-AREA PROJECTION

SALINITY 27.00 SIGMA-T

PACIFIC OCEAN

All Data

•34.00 34.05

3405,

.34.3(7

34.30

34.4Q 34.60

34.50-

34.40

3460 34.60 '34.70

34.70

34.60

34.70'

•34.60'

•34.60

34.50.

34.40.

34.50

•34 70

•34 60'

,34.70

•34.60

PREPARED BV TAMOTSU NAKATA U S BUREAU OF COMMERCIAL FISHERIES BIOLOGICAL LABORATORY HONOLULU, HAWAII

F I G U R E 96

Salinity (%o) at the 27.00 sigma-t surface, all data

34.40.

•34.30.

PACIFIC OCEAN

PREPARED BY TAMOTSU NAKATA U S BUREAU OF COMMERCIAL FISHERIES BIOLOGICAL LABORATORY HONOLULU, HAWAII

FIGURE 97

Dissolved oxygen (ml./I.) at the 27.00 sigma-t surface, all data

OXYGEN 27.00 SIGMA-T All Data

BASED ON GOODE'S SERIES OF BASE MAPS COPYRIGHT 1938 BY THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO GOODE'S HOMOLOSINE EOUAL-AREA PROJECTION

PACIFIC O C E A N

P R E P A R E D BY T A M O T S U N A K A T A U. 5 B U R E A U OF C O M M E R C I A L F I S H E R I E S BIOLOGICAL LABORATORY HONOLULU, HAWAII

FIGURE 98

D e p t h ( m . ) of t h e 2 7 . 2 0 s i g m a - t s u r f a c e , all d a t a

DEPTH 2 7 . 2 0 SIGMA-T All Data

SALINITY 27.20 SIGMA-T

PACIFIC OCEAN

All Data

34.00

34 30

34.4034.40 34 50

3450

34.60

.34.70

34.5CK

34.40 "3450

PREPARED BY TAMOrSU NAKATA u S BUREAU OF COMMERCIAL FISHERIES BIOLOGICAL LABORATORY HONOLULU, HAWAII

F I G U R E 99

Salinity (%o) at the 27.20 sigma-t surface, all data

34.20.

PACIFIC OCEAN

PREPARED 8Y TAMOTSU NAKATA 0 S BUREAU OF COMMERCIAL FISHERIES BIOLOGICAL LABORATORY HONOLULU, HAWAII

F I G U R E 100

Dissolved oxygen (ml./t.) at the 27.20 sigma-t surface, all data

OXYGEN 27.20 SIGMA-T All Data

BASED ON GOOOE'S SERIES OF BASE MAPS COPYRIGHT 1938 BY THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO GOOOE'S HOMOLOSINE EQUAL AREA PROJECTION

FIGURE 101

Depth (m.) of the 27.40 sigma-t surface, all data

FIGURE 102

Salinity (%o) at the 27.40 sigma-t surface, all data

PACIFIC OCEAN

PREPAREO BY TAMOTSU NAKATA U S BUREAU OF COMMERCIAL FISHERIES BIOLOGICAL LABORATORY HONOLULU, HAWAII

FIGURE 103

Dissolved oxygen (ml. 11.) at the 27.40 sigma-t surface, all data

OXYGEN 27.40 SIGMA-T All Data

BASED ON GOODE'S SERIES CF BASE MAPS COPYRIGHT 1938 BY THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO GOODE'S HOMOLOSINE EOUAL AREA PROJECTION

FIGURE 104

Depth (m.) of the 27.60 sigma-t surface, all data

SALINITY 27.60 SIGMA-T

PACIFIC OCEAN

All Data

34.60 /

/ 34.60

34.60

34.60

34.60 •34.70'

34.60

34.60 34.70

34.60

PREPARED B f TAM0T5U NAK6TA U S BUREAU OF COMMERCIAL FISHERIES BIOLOGICAL LABORATORIHONOLULU, HAWAII

F I G U R E 105

Salinity

(%o)

BASED ON GOOOE'S SERIES OF BASE MAPS COPYRIGHT 1938 BYTHE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO GOOOE'S HOMOLOSINE EQUAL-AREA PROJECTION

at the

27.60

sigma-t surface, all data

OXYGEN 27.60 SIGMA-T

PACIFIC OCEAN

All Data

PREPARED BY TAMOTSU NAKATA U S BUREAU OF COMMERCIAL FISHERIES BIOLOGICAL LABORATORY HONOLULU, HAWAII

FIGURE 106

Dissolved oxygen

BASED ON GOCDE'S SERIES Of BASE MAPS COPYRIGHT 1936 BY THE UNIVERSITY OP CHICAGO GOOOE'S HOMOLOSINE EQUAL-AREA PROJECTION

(ml./1.)

at the 27.60 sigma-t surface, all data

DEPTH 27.70 SIGMA-T

PACIFIC OCEAN

All Data 2000'

2000

2500:

.2000

2 0 0 0

2000i

2000

2000

•2000'

•2000

•2000. - - 2 0 0 0

PREPARED BY TAMOTSU NAKATA u S BUREAU OF COMMERCIAL FISHERIES BIOLOGICAL LABORATORY HONOLULU, HAWAU

FIGURE 107

Depth (m.) of the 27.70 sigma-t surface, all data

FIGURE 108

Salinity (%o) at the 27.70 sigma-t surface, all data

PACIFIC OCEAN

PREPARED BY TAMGTSU NAKATA U S BUREAU OF COMMERCIAL FISHERIES BIOLOGICAL LABORATORY HONOLULU, HAWAII

FIGURE 109

Dissolved oxygen (ml./t.) at the 27.70 sigma-t surface, all data

OXYGEN 27.70 SIGMA-T All Data

BASEDON GOOOE'S SERIES OF BASE MAPS COPYRIGHT 1938 BYTHE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO GOOOE'S HOMOLOSINE EOUAL AREAPROJECTION

PACIFIC OCEAN

PREPARED BY TAMOTSU NAKATA U S BUREAU OF COMMERCIAL FISHERIES BIOLOGIOAL LABORATORY HONOLULU, HAWAII

FIGURE 110

Temperature (° C.) at 10 meters, first quarter

TEMPERATURE 10 METERS January-February-March

8ASED0N GOOOE'S SERIES OF BASE MAPS COPYRIGHT 1938 BY THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO GOOOE'S HOMOLOSINE EQUAL-AREA PROJECTION

PACIFIC OCEAN

PREPARED BY TAMOTSU NAKATA U S BUREAU OF COMMERCIAL FISHERIES BIOLOGICAL LABORATORY HONOLULU, HAWAII

FIGURE 111

Temperature (° C.) at 10 meters, second quarter

TEMPERATURE 10 METERS April-May-June

BASED ON GOOOE'S SERIES OF BASE MAPS COPYRIGHT 1938 BY THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO GOOOE 'S HOMOLOSINE EQUAL-AREA PROJECTION

PACIFIC O C E A N

PREPARED 8Y TAMOTSU NAKATA U.S BUREAU OF COMMERCIAL FISHERIES BIOLOGICAL LABORATORY HONOLULU, HAWAII

FIGURE 112

Temperature (° C.) at 10 meters, third quarter

TEMPERATURE 10 METERS July-August-September

PACIFIC OCEAN

PREPARED BY TAMOTSU NAKATA U S BUREAU OF COMMERCIAL F I S H E R I E S BIOLOGICAL LABORATORY H O N O L U L U , HAWAII

F I G U R E 113

Temperature (° C.) at 10 meters, fourth quarter

TEMPERATURE 10 METERS October-November-December

BASEDOW GOODE'S SERIES OF B A S E MAPS COPYRIGHT 1938 BY THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO GOOOE'S HOMOLOSINE EQUAL-AREA PROJECTION

PACIFIC OCEAN

SALINITY 10 METERS

32.00

January-February-March

34.00 '34.00'

35.00 •34.00'

35.00

35.50

36.00'

35.00 \

134.00,

•35.00

PREPARED BY TAMOTSU NAKATA U S BUREAU Of COMMERCIAL FISHERIES BIOLOGICAL LABORATORY HONOLULU, HAWAII

F I G U R E 114

Salinity (%o) at 10 meters, first quarter

BASED ON GOODE S SERIES OF BASE MAPS COPrRIGHT 1938 BY THE UNIVERSITY Of CHICAGO GCOOES HOMOLOSINE EQUAL-AREA PROJECTION

FIGURE 115

Salinity (%o) at 10 meters, second quarter

SALINITY 10 METERS

PACIFIC OCEAN

July-August-September

-34.50-

34.00

35.00

35.00' 34.50.

34.00

'34.00 N

134.50

,35.00"

PREPARED BY TAMOTSU NAKATA U S BUREAU OF COMMERCIAL FISHERIES BIOLOGICAL LABORATORY HONOLULU, HAWAII

FIGURE 116

Salinity (%o) at 10 meters, third quarter

•35.00

FIGURE 117

Salinity (%o) at 10 meters, fourth quarter

PACIFIC OCEAN

PREPARED BY TAMOTSU NAKATA U. S BUREAU OF COMMERCIAL FISHERIES BIOLOGICAL LABORATORY HONOLULU, HAWAII

F I G U R E 118

Sigma-t at 10 meters, first quarter

DENSITY 10 METERS January-February-March

BASEDON GOODE'S SERIES OF BASE MAPS COPYRIGHT 1938 Br THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO GOOOE'S HOMOLOSINE EQUAL-AREA PROJECTION

PACIFIC OCEAN

PREPARED BY TAMOTSU NAKATA U S BUREAU OF COMMERCIAL FISHERIES BIOLOGICAL LABORATORY HONOLULU, HAWAII

FIGURE 119

Sigma-t at 10 meters, second quarter

DENSITY 10 METERS April-May-June

BASED ON GOODE'S SERIES OF BASE MAPS COPYRIGHT 1938 BY THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO GOOOE'S HOMOLOSINE EOUAL-AREA PROJECTION

PACIFIC OCEAN

PREPARED BY TAMOTSU NAKATA U S BUREAU OF COMMERCIAL FISHERIES BIOLOGICAL LABORATORY HONOLULli, HAWAII

F I G U R E 120

Sigma-t at 10 meters, third quarter

DENSITY 10 METERS July-August-September

BASED ON GOODE'S SERIES OF BASE MAPS COPYRIGHT 1938 BY THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO GOOOE'S HOMOLCSINE EQUAL-AREA PROJECTION

FIGURE 121

Sigma-t at 10 meters, fourth quarter

PACIFIC OCEAN

PREPAREO BY TAMOTSU NAKATA U S BUREAU OF COMMERCIAL FISHERIES BIOLOGIGAL LABORATORY HONOLULU, HAWAII

FIGURE 122 Location of the salinity and oxygen sections (Figs. 123 through 139, inclusive). Dots show locations of 2°x 2° averages used in preparing the sections.

LOCATIONS OF SECTIONS

BASED ON GOOOt'S SERIES OF BASE MAPS COPYRIGHT 1938 BY THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO GOOOE'S HOMOLOSINE EQUAL-AREA PROJECTION

1 2 7 ° E.

FIGURE 123 Salinity, dissolved oxygen, and depth, plotted as functions of density (sigma-t), along longitude 127° E. from the East China Sea (right) to Halmahera. Dashed line: density at 10 meters in August. Dotted line: density at 10 meters in February.

1 4 1 ° E.

FIGURE 124 Salinity, dissolved oxygen, and depth, plotted as functions of density (sigma-t), along approximately longitude 141° E. from Japan (right) to New Guinea. Dashed line: density at 10 meters in August. Dotted line: density at 10 meters in February.

161° E.

FIGURE 125 Salinity, dissolved oxygen, and depth, plotted as functions of density (sigma-t), along approximately longitude 161° E. from Kamchatka (right) to latitude 57° S. Dashed line: density at 10 meters in August. Dotted line: density at 10 meters in February.

179° E.

FIGURE 126 Salinity, dissolved oxygen, and depth, plotted as functions of density (sigma-t), along approximately longitude 179° E. from the Bering Sea (right) to latitude 57° S. Dashed line: density at 10 meters in August. Dotted line: density at 10 meters in February.

159° W.

34.00

28-L-pLATITUDE FIGURE 127 Salinity, dissolved oxygen, and depth, plotted as functions of density (sigma-t), along approximately longitude 159° W. from the Alaska Peninsula (right) to latitude 20° S. Dashed line: density at 10 meters in August. Dotted line: density at 10 meters in February.

139° W.

2000

28 LATITUDE

"1 4 0 ° S.

10° N.

1 5 0 ° N.

FIGURE 128 Salinity, dissolved oxygen, and depth, plotted as functions of density (sigma-t), along approximately longitude 139° W. f r o m Vakutat, Alaska (right) to latitude 57° S. Dashed line: density at 10 meters in August. Dotted line: density at 10 meters in February.

121° W.

FIGURE 129 Salinity, dissolved oxygen, and depth, plotted as functions of density (sigma-t), along approximately longitude 121° W. from California (right) to latitude 57° S. Dashed line: density at 10 meters in August. Dotted line: density at 10 meters in February.

101° w.

85° W.

0\

21

22

23

24

25

26

27 28 LATITUDE

30° S.

20°

10° S

0

10° N.

FIGURE 130 Salinity, dissolved oxygen, and depth, plotted as functions of density (sigma-t), along approximately longitude 101° W. from Mexico (right) to latitude 40° S. Dashed line: density at 10 meters in August. Dotted line: density at 10 meters in February.

28LATITUDE

4 0 ° S.

IO° S.

10° N

FIGURE 131 Salinity, dissolved oxygen, and depth, plotted as functions of density (sigma-t), along approximately longitude 85° W. f r o m Costa Rica (right) to latitude 57° S. Dashed line: density at 10 meters in August. Dotted line:density at 10 meters in February.

47° N.

FIGURE 132 Salinity, dissolved oxygen, and depth, plotted as functions of density (sigma-t), along latitude 47° N. from Sakhalin Island (left) to the coast of Washington. Dashed line: density at 10 meters in August. Dotted line: density at 10 meters in February.

35° N.

FIGURE 133 Salinity, dissolved oxygen, and depth, plotted as functions of density (sigma-t), along latitude 35° N. from Japan (left) to the coast of California. Dashed line: density at 10 meters in August. Dotted line: density at 10 meters in February.

25° N.

FIGURE 134 Salinity, dissolved oxygen, and depth, plotted as functions of density (sigma-t), along approximately latitude 25° N. from Taiwan (left) to Baja California, Mexico. Dashed line: density at 10 meters in August. Dotted line: density at 10 meters in February.

11° N.

FIGURE 135 S a l i n i t y , d i s s o l v e d o x y g e n , a n d d e p t h , p l o t t e d as f u n c t i o n s o f d e n s i t y ( s i g m a - t ) , a l o n g l a t i t u d e 11° N. f r o m t h e P h i l i p p i n e s ( l e f t ) t o N i c a r a g u a . D a s h e d l i n e : d e n s i t y at 10 m e t e r s in A u g u s t . D o t t e d l i n e : d e n s i t y at 10 m e t e r s i n F e b r u a r y .

5 o N.

34.00

34.50

2000

LONGITUDE FIGURE 136 Salinity, dissolved oxygen, and depth, plotted as functions of density (sigma-t), along latitude 5° N.from Borneo (left) to Colombia. Dashed line: density at 10 meters in August. Dotted line: density at 10 meters in February.

5° S.

• • • • • • • • • • •

28LONGITUDE

160°

170° E.

180°

170° W.

160°

J

n 80° W

FIGURE 137 Salinity, dissolved oxygen, and depth, plotted as functions of density (sigma-t), along latitude 5° S. from New Guinea (left) to Ecuador. Dashed line: density at 10 meters in August. Dotted line: density at 10 meters in February.

15° S.

FIGURE 138 Salinity, dissolved oxygen, and depth, plotted as functions of density (sigma-t), along approximately latitude 15° S. from Australia (left) to Peru. Dashed line: density at 10 meters in August. Dotted line: density at 10 meters in February.

25° S.

FIGURE 139 Salinity, dissolved oxygen, and depth, plotted as functions of density (sigma-t), along approximately latitude 25° S. from Australia (left) to Chile. Dashed line: density at 10 meters in August. Dotted line: density at 10 meters in February.

I

1 1

DEPTH I

III

SALINITY

23.00

IV

400

M

i

2C 0

i

UL

3300

jL

J

OXYGEN

11

2540

400

3300

3400

2300

3500

3500

33

24.40

"5405

iu 3500

jik,

5505"

34 0 0

35 00

3400

A.

i

400

U k

34 00

i t UL

Jl

400

200

400

26.60

34 00

400

600

400

800

3500

3400

200

400

27.00

600

3300

JLL

34.00

35.00

3400

-

600

8

2000

2200

3400

27.20 33 0 0

K

¡400

3300

2400

2600

33.00

1800

2400

2800

3305"

35 0 0

3500

3400

0

L. l L 3500

3500

34 0 0

3500

27.20 34 0 0

35 0 0

f 3400

M.

27.40 3500

27.60 3400

m

" 35O0

27.70 1600

34 0 0

27.00

27.60 -

3500

26.80

27.40 200

3500

26.80

1.

200

3300

3500

2620

26.60

A.

200

3300

1L E ID

25.40

26.20

400

0

27.70 3400

IStt

FIGURE 140 Histograms showing the frequency distributions of depth, salinity, and dissolved oxygen in Marsden square 9 (see inset chart, lower right), for every atlas sigma-t surface. For each variable, histograms showing all the

-1

i!o-

*)•

no-

«w

iw

w

so-

data are on the left. Quarterly summaries for the shallower surfaces are shown in the small panels to the right of the all-data histograms. Roman numerals (upper panels) show the arrangement of the quarterly data.

DEPTH

JUL 200

n

11

23.00

IV

h i

. Mi_

400

400

I V

3400"

35.00

3400

24.40

200

•

00

A

A 200

200

I1-fiL1I

400

Hk

200

•

400

•

400

26.20

U J

~

fc

2C

460

ZOO

3400

400

3400

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400

200

200

400

400

600

35 0 0

1

1

3400

35.00

i

3 .00

3500

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m

3400

3400 !

3500

k l L

LL

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m

a

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•

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•

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-

3500

3400

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35C0~

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35 0 0

34.00

23.00

_Ji

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34 00

i

24.40

111 14i-

34.00

26 80

3400

1

2540

lI 200

... , A

3500

J

400

JL

OXYGEN

SALINITY i

JL

I

II

III

IV

M

0

.

•

1

1 I

i.k

1

Ufc—

26.60 • 3500

-

•

Lh_.

111

!

•

26.80

"

3500

34.00

3500

'

34

:

uLi

11

_JU .

• 0

27.00 -A

200

200

400

400

27.20 200

400

1000

1200

1400

27.40 200

400

800

1000

«00

14»

W

3400

800

1000

1200

1400

1600

1800

2000

"

3500

27.40 g

40-

En s 27.60

3400

27 70 200

1400

1600

2200

k

27.20

2 7.60 600

_L•

3500

3500

Li.

3400

3460

27.70 JS66

FIGURE 141 Histograms showing the frequency distributions of depth, salinity, and dissolved oxygen in Marsden square 16 (see inset chart, lower right), for every atlas sigma-t surface. For each variable, histograms showing all

MO*

«0*

OO-

«0*

the data are on the left. Quarterly summaries for the shallower surfaces are shown in the small panels to the right of the all-data histograms. Roman numerals (upper panels) show the arrangement of the quarterly data.

OXYGEN

SALINITY

DEPTH II

!

ill

LL

.1 200

wH no

x T

600

iL '

I

II

-

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Jkh.

J

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200

40

600

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200

34®5

4—

400

200

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4' >0

600

400

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35 00

36 0 0

35

36 0 0

34 00

600

L

3500

4.00

4

350O

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35.00

a

35 00

3 100

26.60 00

34 00

3500

3400

3400

.

1

3500

A

600

1200

1400

3500

3400

1 t

3500

3400

1400

3600

60 —

3600

27.60 I

"3500

27.70 2000

2200

3430-

3600

27.40

27.60

«00

0

3600

§

34.00

3600

27.20

27.40

1200

-•

27.00

27.20

400

4

56

26.80

1

34.00

36

L*

k l

il

3500

26.20

35 00

I

26.80

25.40

Ihi,

35 Go

400

.A ldL_

3500

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34.00

26.60

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L

Ji.

27.00

^6CK)

34 0 0 "

35 00

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26.20

.... ... »«J

i 0

4 00 40

r

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34.00

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.—

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jl

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23.00

III

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in m m i M iim I nil] 2770

3500-

FIGURE 142 Histograms showing the frequency distributions of depth, salinity, and dissolved oxygen in Marsden square 20 (see inset chart, lower right), for every atlas sigma-t surface. For each variable, histograms showing all

the data are on the left. Quarterly summaries for the shallower surfaces are shown in the small panels to the right of the all-data histograms. Roman numerals (upper panels) show the arrangement of the quarterly data.

DEPTH

OXYGEN

SALINITY

I

i.

23.00

J1

24.40

Ib^

4CO

-J. 200

600

i

8C

i

t

. y J i l

600

400

800

JLl

34 00

3500

34.00

35.00

800

. J

Jl

20

200

200

400

35 00

34 0 0

35 00

35.00

34.00

3500

t

34 00

35 00

34.00

35.00

800

34.00

3500

34 0 0

3500

1600

34.00

27.40 400

600

1000

1200

1600

34.00

1200"

"TSOC

1600

l«00 ~

2000

2200

240C

2600

•

. • a • B-

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hk . » « . 0 •L

26.80

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jiL

27.00

.

JB.I

i J L jt*

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J -

5

S U) 0

27.40 40—

1

34.00 27.70

400

•.

_j la 1 .

26.60

34 OC

5

3400

FIGURE 143 Histograms s h o w i n g the f r e q u e n c y distributions of depth, salinity, and dissolved o x y g e n in Marsden square 52 (see inset chart, lower right), for every atlas sigma-t surface. For each variable, histograms s h o w i n g all

L

20-

27.60 1000

jk

j*.

27.20

J

. .jt

*

3400

27.20 400

1

26.20

3400

27.00

IV

JL

34 0 0

26.80

600

... a.

3400

fa.

3400

III

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25.40

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26.60

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..

24.40

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27.60 lllllllll|lllllllll| 27.70 >*cr d>o-

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ac

the data are on the left. Quarterly summaries for the shallower surfaces are s h o w n in the small panels to the right of the all-data histograms. Roman numerals ( u p p e r panels) s h o w the arrangement of the quarterly data.

IV

200

23.00

23.00

24.40

24.40

25.40

25.40

2620

26.20

26.60

26.60

26.80

26.80

in

400

400

Lit

? —

J*.

OXYGEN

SALINITY

DEPTH

405

400

600

400

wjbJ

0

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MM** 400

200

600

400

2(

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600

600

200

400

600

34 00

k

27.00

400

600

800

~ ~ boo'

400

LB: 600

27.20

800

1200

1400

1600

1800

3500 "

35.00

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5600

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340O

k

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36.00

34.00

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3400

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27.60 ! H ! ! I'M || I I H I I I I |

27.70

27.70 IO

3600

2700

2740

1200

35,00

3 5 0 0 3 6 0 0

FIGURE 144 Histograms showing the frequency distributions of depth, salinity, and dissolved oxygen in Marsden square 57 (see inset chart, lower right), for every atlas sigma-t surface. For each variable, histograms showing all

| e f t Quarterly summaries for the shallower surfaces are shown in the small panels to the right histograms. Roman numerals (upper panels) show the arrangement of the quarterly data.

the data are on the o f t h e a|)_clata

11

I

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IV 23.00

III

24 40 400

400

it

i. j J ^ h - . . .

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25.40

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26.60

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27.20

2200

2400

2600

ZMO

FIGURE 145 Histograms showing the frequency distributions of depth, salinity, and dissolved oxygen in Marsden square 87 (see inset chart, lower right), for every atlas sigma-t surface. For each variable, histograms showing all

•1 1

j t i l h

35X)

26.80

T

27.00 .

27.60 M I 11F11111H Ml 11

27.70 I 2400 I I

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