Ocean Politics in Southeast Asia 9789814414227

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Ocean Politics in Southeast Asia

by

PETER POLOMKA

INSTITUTE OF SOUTHEAST ASIAN STUDIES SINGAPORE

Institute of Southeast Asian Studies The Institute of Southeast Asian Studies was established as an autonomous corporation in May 1968. It is a regional research centre for scholars and other specialists concerned with modern Southeast Asia. The Institute's research interest is focused on the many-faceted problems of development and modernization, and political and social change in South· east Asia. The Institute is governed by a twenty-four-member Board of Trustees on which are represented the University of Singapore and Nanyang University, appointees from the government, as well as representatives from a broad range of professional and civic organizations and groups. A ten-man Executive Committee oversees day-to-day operations; it is ex-officio chaired by the Director, the Institute's chief academic and administrative officer.

Published in 1978 by Institute of Southeast Asian Studies Cluny Road Singapore 10 ©Institute of Southeast Asian Studies

Printed at Stamford College Press Pte. Ltd. Singapore. ii

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Map 8: Proposed Traffic Separation Scheme at One Fathom Bank. Source: KD. Mitchell.

Tanjong Pechah

100 °55'.8E. 02 °53'.7N., 100°59'.5E. 02 °49'.5N., 101 °04'.0E. 02°47'.1N., 101 °03'.7E. 02°46'.7N., (5) 100 o59' .5E. (6) 02 °49'.0N., (7) 02 a 53'.4N., 100 °55'.4E. 100°47'.1E. (8) 03 °00'.3N., (b) A traffic lane for north·westbound traffic is established between the separation zone and a line connecting the following geographical positions:(9) 03 °02'.7N., 100°48'.8E. (10) 02°52'.5N., 101 °00'.0E. (11) 02 °49'.4N., 101 °05'.4E. (c) A traffic lane for south-eastbound traffic is established between the separation zone and a line connecting the following geographical positions:(12) 02°54'.7N., 100°43'.1E. (13) 02 °44'.4N., 101 °02'.2E. (2) (3) (4)

Ill: IN THE SINGAPORE STRAIT (new scheme) (Reference charts: Japanese 622A, edition date: Japanese 750A, edition date: Japanese 7508, edition date:

2 July 1973; 4 September 1976: 4 September 1976)

Description of the traffic separation scheme (a) A separation zone is bounded by a line connecting the following geographical positions:(1) 01 °23'12"N., 103 o 12'24"E. (2) 01 °13'12"N., 103 °23'24"E. (3) 01 °07'48"N., 103°31'42"E. 103 o 38'57"E. (4) 01 °03'36"N., 103 o 43'23"E. (5) 01 °05'54"N 103 o 45'26"E. (6) 01 °08'36"N:: 103 o 43'43"E. (7) 01 °07'30"N., 103 °39'51"E. (8) 01 °l0'21"N (9) 01 o10'21"N., 103 o 33'48"E. (10) 01 o 13'48"N., 103 °24'00"E. 103 o 13'36"E. (11) 01 °24'12"N., (b) A separation line connects the following geographical positions:(12) 01 °08'36"N., 103 °45'26"E. (13) 01 o 10'17"N., 103 o 48'06"E. (14) 01 °l1'42"N., 103°51'31"E. (15) 01°13'21"N., 103°55'00"E. (16) 01 o 14'53"N., 103 a 59'00"E. (c) A separation zone is bounded by a line connecting the following geographical positions:(17) 01 o 14'53"N., 103 o 59'00"E. 225

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Map 9: Prosposed Traffic Separation Scheme in the Singapore Strait. Source: KD. Mitchell.

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01 °15'40"N., 104 °03'24"E. 01 °15'25"N., 104 °03'27"E. (d) A traffic lane for westbound traffic is established between the separation zones/line and a line connecting the following geographical positions:103 o 15'00"E. 01 o 25' 30"N ., (20) 103 °25'18"E. 01 o 15'12"N., (21) 103 °30'00"E. 01 a 14'13"N., (22) 103 °40'33"E. 01 o 11'30"N., (23) 103 °44'24"E. 01 °08'39"N., (24) 103 o 47'30"E. 01 o 10'27"N ., (25) 103 °51'12"E. 01 o 11'57"N., (26) 103 °55'00"E. 01 o 14'00"N., (27) 104 °00'00"E. 01° 16'01"N., (28) 104 °03'19"E. 01 "16'36"N., (29) (e) A traffic lane for eastbound traffic is established between the separation zones/line and a line connecting the following geographical positions:103°11'06"E. 01 °22'00"N., (30) 103°22'48"E. 01 °1l'33"N., (31) 103°39'39"E. 01 °01'36"N., (32) 103°43'40"E. 01 °05'00"N., (33) 103°46'15"E. 01 °07'48"N., (34) 103°48'42"E. 01 °09'28"N., (35) 103°52'51"E. 01 °1l'27"N., (36) 103°57'40"E. 01 °13'30"N., (37) 104 °03'35"E. 01 o 14'03"N., (38)

IV: DEEP WATER ROUTES IN THE SINGAPORE STRAIT (Reference charts: Japanese 622A, edition date: 2 July 1973; Japanese 750A, edition date: 4 September 1976; Japanese 750B, edition date: 4 September .1976) Description of the deep-water routes:(a) The deep-water route is established within the eastbound lane described in paragraph (e) of the traffic separation scheme "In the Strait of Singapore". The deep-water route is bounded by a line connecting the following geographical positions:103 o 38'57"E. 01 °03'36"N., (39) 103 o 43'23"E. 01 °05'54"N .. (40) 103 o 45'26"E. 01 °08'36"N .. (41) 103 o 48'06"E. 01°10'17"N., (42) 103 o 48' 17"E. 01 °09'57"N., (43) 103 o 46'49"E. 01 °08'54"N., (44) 103 o 42'52"E. 01 °04'57"N., (45) 103 o 39'06"E. 01 °02'58"N., (46) 227

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Map 10: Proposed Traffic Separation Scheme at the Horsburgh Lighthouse Area. Source: K.D. Mitchell

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(b) The deep-water route is established within the eastbound lane described in paragraph (e) of the traffic separation scheme "In the Strait of Singapore". The deepwater route is bounded by a line connecting the following geographical posi· lions:01 o l0'17"N., 103 o 48'06"E. (47) 103°51'31"E. 01 o 11'42"N., (48) 01 o 12'04"N., 103 o 52'15"E. (49) 103 o 52'38"E. (50) 01 o 11'48"N., (51) 103 o 48'17"E. 01 °09'57"N.,

V: AT HORSBURGH LIGHT AREA (new scheme) (Reference chart: Japanese 749, edition date: 2 June 1973) Description of the traffic separation scheme:(a) A separation zone is bounded by a line connecting the following geographical positions:(52) 104 o 15'00"E. 01 °l7'19"N., (53) 01 o 18'00"N., 104 o 19'42"E. (54) 104 o 27'03"E. 01 o 24'33"N., (55) 104 o 27'15"E. 01 °24'18"N., (56) 01 o 17'48"N., 104° 19'51"E. 104 o 15'00"E. (57) 01 o 17'06"N., (b) A traffic lane for south-west bound traffic is established between the separation zone and a line connecting the following geographical positions:(58) 01 °25'24"N., 104°26'19"E. (59) 01 °19'24"N., 104°19'30"E. (60) 01 o 18'38"N., 104 o 15'00"E. (c) A traffic lane for north-east bound traffic is established between the separation zone and a line connecting the following geographical positions:(61) 01 o 15'24"N., 104 o 15'00"E. (62) 01°16'18"N., 104°19'51"E. (63) 01 o 23'24"N., 104 o 27'57"E. VI: LIST OF NAVIGATIONAL AIDS TO BE INSTALLED OR IMPROVED The following navigational aids are required to be installed or improved:1. Resilient light beacon with radar reflector to be installed. 03°02'18"N., 100°49'00"E. 2. Piled light beacon with radar reflector to be installed. 02°48'15"N., 100°53'30"E. 3. One Fathom Bank to be fitted with Racon. 4. Piled light beacon (Blenheim Shoal 2.4 m.) to be installed. 03°04'24"N., 100°56'48"E. 229

5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14.

Resilient light beacon with radar reflector (18m. patch) to be installed. 02°33'36"N., 101 °23'30"E. Light beacon at Tg. Tohor to be improved vis. 10 miles. Light beacon to be installed at Tg. Piai vis. 10 miles. Resilient light beacon to replace existing buoy (north of Pulau Nipa Lt. Bn.) 01 o 10'04"N., 103 o 39'56"E. Resilient light beacon with radar reflector to replace existing buoy. 01 °03'51"N., 103°39'00"E. Resilient light beacon with Racon to replace existing buoy. 01 °05'48"N., 103°43'48"E. Resilient light beacon with radar reflector to be installed. 01 °09'39"N., 103°47'06"E. Resilient light beacon to replace existing buoy at Buffalo Rock. 103°48'15"E. 01 °09'54"N., Resilient light beacon to replace existing buoy at Batu Berhanti. 103°52'36"E. 01 °1l'45"N., Batu Berhanti light beacon to be fitted with Racon.

230

APPENDIX C

The Indonesian Archipelagic Claim Base-line Co-ordinates of the Indonesian Archipelagic Claim Number of

Latitude

Longitude

01 o -13.8'N 01 °-02.9'N 00°-56.0'N 00°-24.4'N 00°-18.0'S 00°-45.7'S 01 °-08.5'5 00°-54.5'5 01 °-36.0'S 02°-16.4'5 02°-24.1'5 02° -31.8'5 02°-31.4'5 02°-38.5'5 01 °-42.0'S 01 °-16.9'S 00°-07.2'N 00°-14.7'N 00°-05.9'N 00° -33.1'N 00°-55.2'N 01 °-32.2'N 02°-18.1'N 02°-44.6'N 03°-05.5'N 03°-l9.8'N 03°-26.5'N 03°-18.0'N 03°-55.0'N 04°-31.l'N 04°-48.0'N 04°-0l.l'E 03°-03.3'N 02°-38.5'N 02 o -04.1'N 02°-05.2'N 04°-lO.O'N 04°-07.6'N 04 °-03.7'N

104 o -35.6'E 104 o -40. 7'E 104°-55.8'E 104 o -33.7'E 105 o -Ol.O'E 104 o -56.2'E 105 o -16.9'E 105 o -45.4'E 106 o -03.0'E 106°-26.7'E 107 o -04.8'E 107 o -37.0'E 107 o -49.1'E 108 o -12.2'E 108 o -41.1 'E 108 o -52.4'E 108 o -36.1'E 108 o -01.5'E 107°-14.0'£ 106 o -58.2'E 106 o -44.5'E 106 o -26.6'E 105 o -35.5'E 105 o - 23.0'E 105 o- 35.0'E 105°-57.0'E 106 o -16.0'E 107 o -33.9'E 107 o -54.0'E 107 o -43,9'E 108°-01.9'£ 108°-25.9'N 108 o -52.2'E 109° -10.5'E 109 o -06.9'E 109°-38.3'E l17°-53.7'E l17°-55.3'E 117 o -55.5'E

Position 1. 1A. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 36A. 368.

231

Distance in miles 19.6 9.3 38.7 50.4 28.3 31.1 32.1 45.3 48.1 38.6 33.4 11.6 20.3 61.0 28.0 85.0 35.0 43.9 31.3 26.2 41.4 68.9 29.7 24.3 26.5 20.4 78.5 41.6 37.8 24.5 52.8 64.0 30.9 34.8 32.0 2.9 2.8 35.3

Location Tg. Perakit Sentut Merapas Kuju Meranti Saja P. Pekatjang Toty Punggul Gasper Langkuas Tg. 5iantu Busung 5erlang Serutu Leman Datu Pengiki Pedjantan Anak Awur Tokong Kemudi Kaju Ara Malang Biru Damar Mangkai Nanas Balajar Noord Hooiberg 5alor 5emioen 5ekatoeng 5enua 5ubi Kepala Merundung Tg. Datu Tg. 5aima

Number of Position

37. 38. 39. 40. 41. 42. 43. 44. 44A. 45. 46. 47. 48. 49. 50. 51. 52. 53. 54. 55. 56. 57. 58. 59. 60. 61. 62. 63. 64. 65. 66. 67. 68. 69. 70. 71. 72. 73. 74. 75. 76. 77.

78. 79.

Latitude

03°-28.5'N 02°-22.2'N 02°-19.0'N 01 °-46.4'N 01 °-01.3'N 00°-35.5'N 01 °-00.5'N 01 °-20.5'N 01 °-22.6'N 01 °-19.2'N 01 °-02.2'N 00°-58.0'N 01 °-09.6'N 01 °-45.2'N 02°-21.5'N 02°-44.5'N 03°-42.9'N 04°-14.0'N 04°-40.4'N 04°-44.5'N 05°-34.8'N 04°-45.0'N 04 ° -37.4'N 03°-45.4'N 02°-38.5'N 02°-30.2'N 01 °-32.7'N 00°-43.5'N 00°-20.8'N 00°-32.0'N 01 °-04.7'N 00°-36.0'N 00°-11.0'5 00°-43.5'5 00°-20.2'5 00°-21.8'5 00°-56.8'N 00°-11.6'5 00°-23.5'5 00°-41.4'5 00°-42.1'5 01 °-04.9'5 01 °-27.8'5 02°-35.5'5

Longitude

117 o -52.5'E 118 o -12.2'E 118 o -33.8'E ll9°-01.7'E ll8°-59.5'E ll9°-47.9'E 120 o -12.8'E 120°-47.6'E 120 o -53.5'E 121 o -28.1'E 122°-27.0'E 123 o -15.0'E 124°-20.1'E 124 o -43.9'E 125° -17.6'E 125°- 9.5'E 125 o -23.9'E 125°-19.l'E 125 o -25.6'E 125°-28.5'E 126 o -36.5'E 127 o -09.0'E 127 o -09.2'E 126 o -51.2'E 128 o -33.5'E 128 o -40.4'E 128°-43.9'E 129° -08.1'E 129 o -52.4'E 130°-44.0'E 131 °-15.6'E 131 o -11.9'E 131 °-18.8'£ 131 o -32.5'E 132 o -10.5'E 132 o -43.0'E 134°-17.2'E 134°-59.1'£ 135°-16.1'E 135 o -23.5'E 135 o -48.5'E 136 o -23.3'E 137 o -55.0'E 138 o -43.0'E 232

Distance in miles

68.5 22.4 42.9 45.0 55.1 35.4 40.1 6.1 34.5 61.5 48.0 66.1 42.9 50.2 24.4 60.4 32.9 27.2 5.0 83.5 60.0 8.0 55.0 122.7 11.0 57.6 54.7 50.2 53.2 45.6 32.1 44.1 35.5 44.7 33.4 122.5 79.9 20.8 15.5 25.4 42.0 95.0 49.0

Location

Tg. Arang Panjang Tg. BuiTawattan 5ambit Tg. Mangkalihat Tuguan Lingian 5traat Kapar Dalangan H. Kandi Tg. 5umalata Tg. Dulang Tg. Lainpangi Wanterwu Pasige Makalehi Tg. Talawid Kawalusu Kawio Marore Mia gas Marampit Kakarutan Darnau Tg. 5opi Tg. Gorango Gam Tjaka Jiew Ai Budd Fani Aju eiln H. Lamarche Dore Hoem Bi Mios 5oe Valsche Kaap Mapia Eil Ajawi Bepondi Tg. Imbieri Tg. Praisbari Tg. Warari Hoek d. Uriville Liki

Number of Position

80. 80A. 81. 82. 83. 84. 85. 86. 87. 88. 89. 90. 91. 92. 93. 94. 95. 96.

97. 98. 99. 100. 101. lOlA. 102. 103. 104. 105. 106. 107. 108. 109. 110. 111. 112. 113. 114. 115. 116. 117. 118. 119. 120.

Latitude

02° -18.5'5 02°-26.2'5 02°-36.2'5 09°-12.7'5 09°-00.4'5 08°-09.9'5 08°-12.8'5 08°-22.9'5 08°-25.1'5 08°-27.0'5 06°-55.1'5 06°-22.0'5 05°-43.1'5 05°-22.5'5 04°-55.0'5 04°-38.8'5 04°-27.7'5 05 o -19.3'5 05°-22.4'5 06°-04.5'5 06°-19.7'5 06°-52.5'5 07°-07.0'5 07°-01.8'5 06 °-57.2'5 06°-00.5'5 07°-15.0'5 08°-03.8'5 08°-08.0'5 08°-21.6'5 08° -13.7'5 08°-22.0'5 08°-14.9'5 08°-06.4'5 07°-58.7'5 08°-01.1'5 08°-59.0'5 09°-08.0'5 09°-28.0'5 09°-38.3'5 10°-09.1'5 10°-16.5'5 10°-49.6'5

Longitude

140°-07.0'E 140 o -36.9'E 141 °-00.0'E 141 o -01.7'E 140°-49.9'E 139° -52.8'E 139 o -20.0'E 138 o -54.6'E 138°'-47.7'E 137°-35.1'E 138 o -32.5'E 138 o -24.5'E 138°-05.0'E 137°-43.~E

136 o -49.8'E 136 o -07 .O'E 135 o -12.8'E 134 o -35.0'E 134°-44.1'E 134 o -52.0'E 134 o -52.2'E 134 o -43.4'E 134 o -28.9'E 134 o -40.1 'E 134 o -10.6'E 132°-50.2'E 131 o -59.0'E 131 °-17.5'E 131 °-10.5'E 130 o -48.5'E 129° -50.1'E 128°-3l.O'E 127 o -38.0'E 127 o -09.5'E 126 o -28.2'E 125 o -48.6'E 124 o -24.0'E 124 o -OO.O'E 125 o -05.1'E 124°-58.7'E 125 o -OO.O'E 124 o -Ol.O'E 123 o -13.4'E 233

Distance in miles

95.5 21.6 25.5 17.0 56.6 32.9 27.1 7.6 72.5 108.7 34.4 43.1 30.3 59.8 46.0 55.7 63.5 10.0 52.0 14.5 34.6 12.9 10.2 20.4 98.8 91.0 63.8 8.3 25.5 59.0 79.2 53.5 29.9 41.9 29.8

Location

Tg. Kamdara Oinake Wanme Biak R. Wolob Kaap Kaol Mom Boem Kaap Valsch De Jong's punt Cook R. Laag E. Kp. 5teenboon Amarapaja Tg. Namaripi Warilade Djedah Eil Kawaera Ei!· Penambulai Kultu bai Enu Karang Tg. Ngabordamlu Tg. Weduar La rat Asutuban Adat,~t

Bat. Arkdusu Masela Meaty Miarang Luhelele Jen Tu Eden Pibia

26 11.9 45.0 26.5 58.4

Mota Massin Tg. We Toh Puleh

Number of Position

121. 122. 123. 124. 125. 126. 127. 128. 129. 130. 131. 132. 133. 134. 135. 136. 137. 138. 139. 140. 141. 142. 143. 144. 145. 146. 147. 148. 149. 150. 151. 152. 153. 154. 155. 156. 157. 158. 159. 160. 161. 162. 163. 164.

Latitude

11 °-00.9'5 10°-37.5'5 10°-50.0'5 10°-19.0'5 10°-20.6'5 09°-48.0'5 09°-45.5'5 09°-40.5'5 08°-53.6'5 09°-06.8'5 08°-54.9'5 08°-50.0'5 08°-49.4'5 08°-51.0'5 08°-46.4'5 08°-44.5'5 08°-39.0'5 08°-30.0'5 08°-24.0'5 08°-12.1'5 08°-08.5'5 07°-47.0'5 07°-47.5'5 07°-49.0'5 07°-44.9'5 07 °-23.2'5 07°-01.2'5 06 °-50.5'5 06°-37.8'5 05°-57.0'5 05 °-39.1'5 05°-14.5'5 04°-49.0'5 05°-33.1'5 05°-22.1'5 04°-02.0'5 03°-21.3'5 03°-18.0'5 02°-50.0'5 02°-18.0'5 01 °-41.0'5 01 °-12.4'5 00°-31.8'5 00°-05.5'5

Longitude

122°-52.5'E 121 °-50.8'E 121 °-17.0'E 120° -27.2'E 120 o -06.8'E ll9°-23.6'E 119° -11.6'E ll9°-02.0'E ll8°-29.9'E 117 o -02.0'E 116 o -OO.O'E 115 o -50.3'E ll5°-35.9'E 115°-08.1'E 114 o -30.9'E 114 o -20.8'E 114 o -01.5'E 113 o -18.5'E 111 °-42.2'E l10°-42.2'E 110 o -33.0'E 109°-25.2'E 109°-02.1'E 108 o -26.l'E 107 o -50.0'E 106 o -24.5'E 105 o -31.6'E 105 o -14.5'E 105 o -06.0'E 104 o -35.8'E 104°-18.1'E 103 o -54.5'E 103 o -20.1'E 102 o -19.0'E 102°-05.3'E 101 °-02.1'E 100 o - 27 .8'E 100°-19.9'E 99°-59.6'E 99"-36.2'E 98"-52.8'E 98 o -35.0'E 98°-17.0'E 97 o -5l.O'E 234

Distance in miles

23.5 65.9 35.9 59.2 20.9 53.4 12.0 11.6 54.8 88.8 63.2 10.9 19.2 23.4 37.0 10.8 20.0 43.9 96.9 61.8 10.0 71.0 23.3 31.2 38.4 92.3 57.5 19.8 15.2 51.0 23.2 34.9 42.3 75.3 17.8 102.5 54.3 6.2 34.5 39.0 58.1 33.4 43.8 38.9

Location

Dana Tg. Merabu Dana Tg. Ngudju Atangudu Tg. Rau Tg. Mambo Tore Doro Tg. Talenan Tg. Pangga Tg. Bt. Gemdang Nusa Tafelhoek Tg. Bantenas Tg. Purwa Mustaka Barung 5kel Bt. Tugur Kambangan Tg. Gedeh Genteng Deli Tg. Goha Koah Ganalia Balimbing Og. Walor Tg. Bandar Tg. Kooma Mega Baru·Baru Tg. Ratai Tg. 5imailupa 5iberut 5iberut Tg. Halik 5emuk

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Continental Shelf

D A

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Baseline Boundary

12- Milt Territorial Waters Limit lti

100

iiO

120

Map 11: The Indonesian Archipelagic Claim. Source: Office of the Geographer, Department of State. From H.O. 5590 4th Ed., April 28, 194 7: Revised 7/14/69. (This map predates developments in East Timor since 1975.)

THE AUTHOR Peter Polomka, Ph.D., has written extensively on Southeast Asian affairs. Research on Ocean Politics in Southeast Asia was carried out under the Institute of Southeast Asian Studies' Australian-Southeast Asian Relations Fellowship Programme while the author was on leave-of-absence from the Australian Prime Minister's Department, Canberra. Among his other publications are Indonesia Since Sukamo (Harmondsworth, England: Penguin Books, 1971), Indonesia's Future and Southeast Asia, Adelphi Papers No. 104 (London: International Institute for Strategic Studies, 197 4) and ASEAN and the Law of the Sea: A Preliminary Look at Regional Co-operation Occasional Paper No. 36, (Singapore: ISEAS, 1975).