Nester's Microbiology: A Human Perspective [9 ed.] 9781259709999, 125970999X, 2017040501

Table of contents :
Cover
Nester's Microbiology
Brief Contents
About the Authors
Acknowledgments
Contents
PART I: Life and Death of Microorganisms
1: Humans and the Microbial World
A Glimpse of History
Key Terms
1.1 The Dispute over Spontaneous Generation
Early Experiments
Experiments of Pasteur
Experiments of Tyndall
The Golden Age of Microbiology
The Scientific Method
1.2 Microbiology: A Human Perspective
The Human Microbiome
Microorganisms in the Environment
Commercial Benefits of Microorganisms
Microbes as Research Tools
Microbes and Disease
1.3 Members of the Microbial World
Scientific Names
Bacteria
Archaea
Eukarya
Acellular Infectious Agents
FOCUS ON A CASE 1.1
FOCUS YOUR PERSPECTIVE 1.1: Every Rule Has an Exception
FOCUS ON THE FUTURE 1.1: Meet the Microbiomes!
SUMMARY
REVIEW QUESTIONS
2: The Molecules of Life
A Glimpse of History
Key Terms
2.1 Elements and Atoms
Atomic Structure
Isotopes
The Role of Electrons
2.2 Chemical Bonds and Reactions
Ions and Ionic Bonds
Covalent Bonds
Hydrogen Bonds
Molarity
Chemical Reactions
2.3 Water, pH, and Buffers
Water
pH of Aqueous Solutions
Buffers
2.4 Organic Molecules
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic Acids
FOCUS ON A CASE 2.1
FOCUS YOUR PERSPECTIVE 2.1: Right-Handed and Left-Handed Molecules
Summary
Review Questions
3: Microscopy and Cell Structure
A Glimpse of History
Key Terms
MICROSCOPY AND CELL MORPHOLOGY
3.1 Microscopes
Principles of Light Microscopy: Bright-Field Microscopes
Light Microscopes That Increase Contrast
Light Microscopes That Detect Fluorescence
Electron Microscopes
Scanning Probe Microscopes
3.2 Preparing Specimens for Light Microscopy
Simple Staining
Differential Staining
Special Stains to Observe Cell Structures
Fluorescent Dyes and Tags
3.3 Morphology of Prokaryotic Cells
Shapes
Arrangements
Multicellular Associations
PROKARYOTIC CELLS
3.4 The Cytoplasmic Membrane of Prokaryotic Cells
Structure of the Cytoplasmic Membrane
Permeability of the Cytoplasmic Membrane
The Role of the Cytoplasmic Membrane in Energy Transformation
Transport of Small Molecules Across the Cytoplasmic Membrane
Protein Secretion
3.5 The Cell Wall of Prokaryotic Cells
Peptidoglycan
The Gram-Positive Cell Wall
The Gram-Negative Cell Wall
Antibacterial Substances That Target Peptidoglycan
Cell Wall Type and the Gram Stain
Bacteria That Lack a Cell Wall
Cell Walls of Archaea
3.6 Structures Outside the Cell Wall of Prokaryotic Cells
Capsules and Slime Layers
Flagella
Pili
3.7 Internal Components of Prokaryotic Cells
Chromosome and Plasmids
Ribosomes
Cytoskeleton
Storage Granules
Gas Vesicles
Endospores
EUKARYOTIC CELLS
3.8 Cytoplasmic Membrane of Eukaryotic Cells
Structure and Function of the Cytoplasmic Membrane
Transfer of Molecules Across the Cytoplasmic Membrane
3.9 Protein Structures Within Eukaryotic Cells
Ribosomes
Cytoskeleton
Flagella and Cilia
3.10 Membrane-Bound Organelles of Eukaryotic Cells
Nucleus
Mitochondria
Chloroplasts
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
Golgi Apparatus
Lysosomes and Peroxisomes
FOCUS ON A CASE 3.1
FOCUS YOUR PERSPECTIVE 3.1: Pathogens Hijacking Actin
Summary
Review Questions
4: Dynamics of Microbial Growth
A Glimpse of History
Key Terms
4.1 Principles of Microbial Growth
4.2 Microbial Growth in Nature
Biofilms
Interactions of Mixed Microbial Communities
4.3 Microbial Growth in Laboratory Conditions
Obtaining a Pure Culture
The Growth Curve
Colony Growth
Continuous Culture
4.4 Environmental Factors That Influence Microbial Growth
Temperature Requirements
Oxygen (O2) Requirements
pH
Water Availability
4.5 Nutritional Factors That Influence Microbial Growth
Required Elements
Growth Factors
Energy Sources
Nutritional Diversity
4.6 Cultivating Microorganisms in the Laboratory
General Categories of Culture Media
Special Types of Culture Media
Providing Appropriate Atmospheric Conditions
Enrichment Cultures
4.7 Methods to Detect and Measure Microbial Growth
Direct Cell Counts
Viable Cell Counts
Measuring Biomass
Detecting Cell Products
FOCUS ON A CASE 4.1
FOCUS YOUR PERSPECTIVE 4.1: Can Microorganisms Live on Only Rocks and Water?
FOCUS ON THE FUTURE 4.1: Seeing How the Other 99% Lives
SUMMARY
REVIEW QUESTIONS
5: Control of Microbial Growth
A Glimpse of History
Key Terms
5.1 Approaches to Control
Principles of Control
Situational Considerations
5.2 Selecting an Antimicrobial Procedure
Type of Microbes
Number of Microorganisms
Environmental Conditions
Risk for Infection
Composition of the Item
5.3 Using Heat to Destroy Microorganisms and Viruses
Moist Heat
Dry Heat
5.4 Using Other Physical Methods to Remove or Destroy Microbes
Filtration
Irradiation
High Pressure
5.5 Using Chemicals to Destroy Microorganisms and Viruses
Effectiveness of Germicidal Chemicals
Selecting the Appropriate Germicidal Chemical
Classes of Germicidal Chemicals
5.6 Preservation of Perishable Products
Chemical Preservatives
Low-Temperature Storage
Reducing the Available Water
FOCUS ON A CASE 5.1
FOCUS ON THE FUTURE 5.1: Too Much of a Good Thing?
SUMMARY
REVIEW QUESTIONS
6: Microbial Metabolism: Fueling Cell Growth
A Glimpse of History
Key Terms
6.1 Principles of Microbial Metabolism
Energy
Components of Metabolic Pathways
Precursor Metabolites
Overview of Catabolism
6.2 Enzymes
Mechanisms and Consequences of Enzyme Action
Cofactors
Environmental Factors That Influence Enzyme Activity
Allosteric Regulation
Enzyme Inhibition
6.3 The Central Metabolic Pathways
Glycolysis
Pentose Phosphate Pathway
Transition Step
Tricarboxylic Acid (TCA) Cycle
6.4 Cellular Respiration
The Electron Transport Chain (ETC)ÑGenerating a Proton Motive Force
ATP SynthaseÑUsing the Proton Motive Force to Synthesize ATP
ATP Yield of Aerobic Respiration in Prokaryotes
6.5 Fermentation
6.6 Catabolism of Organic Compounds Other Than Glucose
Polysaccharides and Disaccharides
Lipids
Proteins
6.7 Chemolithotrophs
6.8 Photosynthesis
Capturing Radiant Energy
Converting Radiant Energy into Chemical Energy
6.9 Carbon Fixation
Calvin Cycle
6.10 Anabolic PathwaysÑSynthesizing Subunits from Precursor Molecules
Lipid Synthesis
Amino Acid Synthesis
Nucleotide Synthesis
FOCUS ON A CASE 6.1
FOCUS YOUR PERSPECTIVE 6.1: Mining with Microbes
FOCUS ON THE FUTURE 6.1: Fueling the Future
SUMMARY
REVIEW QUESTIONS
7: The Blueprint of Life, from DNA to Protein
A Glimpse of History
Key Terms
7.1 Overview
Characteristics of DNA
Characteristics of RNA
Regulating Gene Expression
7.2 DNA Replication
Initiation of DNA Replication
The Process of DNA Replication
7.3 Gene Expression in Bacteria
Transcription
Translation
7.4 Differences Between Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic Gene Expression
7.5 Sensing and Responding to Environmental Fluctuations
Signal Transduction
Natural Selection
7.6 Bacterial Gene Regulation
Mechanisms to Control Transcription
The lac Operon as a Model
7.7 Eukaryotic Gene Regulation
7.8 Genomics
Analyzing a Prokaryotic DNA Sequence
Metagenomics
FOCUS ON A CASE 7.1
FOCUS YOUR PERSPECTIVE 7.1: RNA: The First Macromolecule?
FOCUS ON THE FUTURE 7.1: Gems in the Genomes?
SUMMARY
REVIEW QUESTIONS
8: Bacterial Genetics
A Glimpse of History
Key Terms
8.1 Genetic Change in Bacteria
MUTATION AS A MECHANISM OF GENETIC CHANGE
8.2 Spontaneous Mutations
Base Substitution
Deletion or Addition of Nucleotides
Transposons (Jumping Genes)
8.3 Induced Mutations
Chemical Mutagens
Transposition
Radiation
8.4 Repair of Damaged DNA
Repair of Errors in Nucleotide Incorporation
Repair of Modified Nucleobases in DNA
Repair of Thymine Dimers
SOS Repair
8.5 Mutant Selection
Direct Selection
Indirect Selection
Screening for Possible Carcinogens
HORIZONTAL GENE TRANSFER AS A MECHANISM OF GENETIC CHANGE
8.6 DNA-Mediated Transformation
Competence
The Process of Transformation
8.7 Transduction
8.8 Conjugation
Plasmid Transfer
Chromosome Transfer
F′ Donors
8.9 The Mobile Gene Pool
Plasmids
Transposons
Genomic Islands
Phage DNA
8.10 Bacterial Defenses Against Invading DNA
Restriction-Modification Systems
CRISPR Systems
FOCUS ON A CASE 8.1
FOCUS YOUR PERSPECTIVE 8.1: The Biological Function of DNA: A Discovery Ahead of Its Time
FOCUS YOUR PERSPECTIVE 8.2: Bacteria Can Conjugate with Plants: A Natural Case of Genetic Engineering
SUMMARY
REVIEW QUESTIONS
9: Biotechnology
A Glimpse of History
Key Terms
9.1 Fundamental Tools Used in Biotechnology
Restriction Enzymes
DNA Gel Electrophoresis
CRISPR/Cas9
9.2 Genetic Engineering
Genetically Engineered Bacteria
Genetically Engineered Eukaryotes
Techniques Used to Clone DNA
Concerns Regarding Genetic Engineering
9.3 DNA Sequencing
DNA Sequencing Methods
9.4 Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)
Variations of Conventional PCR
PCR Methods
9.5 Probe Technologies
Colony Blotting
Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization (FISH)
DNA Microarrays
FOCUS ON A CASE 9.1
FOCUS ON THE FUTURE 9.1: Precision Medicine
SUMMARY
REVIEW QUESTIONS
PART II: The Microbial World
10: Identifying and Classifying Microorganisms
A Glimpse of History
Key Terms
10.1 Principles of Taxonomy
Strategies Used to Identify Microorganisms
Strategies Used to Classify Microorganisms
Nomenclature
10.2 Identification Methods Based on Phenotype
Microscopic Morphology
Culture Characteristics
Metabolic Capabilities
Serological Testing
Protein Profile
10.3 Identification Methods Based on Genotype
Detecting Specific Nucleotide Sequences
Sequencing Ribosomal RNA Genes
10.4 Characterizing Strain Differences
Biochemical Typing
Serological Typing
Molecular Typing
Phage Typing
Antibiograms
10.5 Classifying Microorganisms
Sequence Analysis of Ribosomal Components
DNA Hybridization
G + C Content
Phenotypic Methods
FOCUS ON A CASE 10.1
FOCUS ON THE FUTURE 10.1: Pushing the Limits of MALDI-TOF MS
SUMMARY
REVIEW QUESTIONS
11: The Diversity of Bacteria and Archaea
A Glimpse of History
Key Terms
METABOLIC DIVERSITY
11.1 Anaerobic Chemotrophs
Anaerobic Chemolithotrophs
Anaerobic ChemoorganotrophsÑAnaerobic Respiration
Anaerobic ChemoorganotrophsÑFermentation
11.2 Anoxygenic Phototrophs
Purple Bacteria
Green Bacteria
Other Anoxygenic Phototrophs
11.3 Oxygenic Phototrophs
Cyanobacteria
11.4 Aerobic Chemolithotrophs
Sulfur-Oxidizing Bacteria
Nitrifiers
Hydrogen-Oxidizing Bacteria
11.5 Aerobic Chemoorganotrophs
Obligate Aerobes
Facultative Anaerobes
ECOPHYSIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY
11.6 Thriving in Terrestrial Environments
Bacteria That Form a Resting Stage
Bacteria That Associate with Plants
11.7 Thriving in Aquatic Environments
Sheathed Bacteria
Prosthecate Bacteria
Bacteria That Derive Nutrients from Other Organisms
Bacteria That Move by Unusual Mechanisms
Bacteria That Form Storage Granules
11.8 Animals as Habitats
Bacteria That Inhabit the Skin
Bacteria That Inhabit Mucous Membranes
Obligate Intracellular Parasites
11.9 Archaea That Thrive in Extreme Conditions
Extreme Halophiles
Extreme Thermophiles
FOCUS ON A CASE 11.1
FOCUS ON THE FUTURE 11.1: Astrobiology: Searching for Life Beyond Earth
SUMMARY
REVIEW QUESTIONS
12: The Eukaryotic Members of the Microbial World
A Glimpse of History
Key Terms
12.1 Fungi
Types of Fungi
Structure of Fungi
Fungal Habitats
Symbiotic Relationships of Fungi
Reproduction in Fungi
Economic Importance of Fungi
Medical Importance of Fungi
12.2 Algae
Types of Algae
Structure of Algae
Algal Habitats
Algal Reproduction
Medical Importance of Algae
12.3 Protozoa
Types of Protozoa
Structure of Protozoa
Protozoan Habitats
Protozoan Reproduction
Medical Importance of Protozoa
12.4 Slime Molds and Water Molds
Slime Molds
Water Molds
12.5 Multicellular Parasites: Helminths
Life Cycles and Transmission of Helminths
Roundworms (Nematodes)
Tapeworms (Cestodes)
Flukes (Trematodes)
12.6 Arthropods
FOCUS ON A CASE 12.1
FOCUS YOUR PERSPECTIVE 12.1: What Causes River Blindness?
SUMMARY
REVIEW QUESTIONS
13: Viruses, Viroids, and Prions
A Glimpse of History
Key Terms
13.1 General Characteristics of Viruses
Viral Architecture
Viral Taxonomy
13.2 Bacteriophages
Lytic Phage Infections: T4 Phage as a Model
Temperate Phage Infections: Lambda Phage as a Model
Filamentous Phage Infections: M13 Phage as a Model
13.3 The Roles of Bacteriophages in Horizontal Gene Transfer
Generalized Transduction
Specialized Transduction
13.4 Methods Used to Study Bacteriophages
13.5 Animal Virus Replication
Attachment
Penetration and Uncoating
Synthesis of Viral Proteins and Replication of the Genome
Assembly and Maturation
Release
13.6 Categories of Animal Virus Infections
Acute Infections
Persistent Infections
13.7 Viruses and Human Tumors
13.8 Cultivating and Quantitating Animal Viruses
Cultivating Animal Viruses
Quantitating Animal Viruses
13.9 Plant Viruses
13.10 Other Infectious Agents: Viroids and Prions
Viroids
Prions
FOCUS ON A CASE 13.1
FOCUS YOUR PERSPECTIVE 13.1: Microbe Mimicker
SUMMARY
REVIEW QUESTIONS
PART III: Microorganisms and Humans
14: The Innate Immune Response
A Glimpse of History
Key Terms
14.1 Overview of the Innate Immune Defenses
14.2 First-Line Defenses
Physical Barriers
Antimicrobial Substances
Normal Microbiota (Flora)
14.3 The Cells of the Immune System
Granulocytes
Mononuclear Phagocytes
Dendritic Cells
Lymphocytes
14.4 Cell Communication
Surface Receptors
Cytokines
Adhesion Molecules
14.5 Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRRs)
Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRRs) that Monitor a CellÕs Surroundings
Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRRs) That Monitor Material Ingested by a Cell
Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRRs) That Monitor a CellÕs Cytoplasm
An Outcome of Cytoplasmic Pattern Recognition: The Interferon Response
14.6 The Complement System
Complement System Activation
Effector Functions of the Complement System
Regulation of the Complement System
14.7 Phagocytosis
The Process of Phagocytosis
Characteristics of Macrophages
Characteristics of Neutrophils
14.8 The Inflammatory Response
Factors That Trigger an Inflammatory Response
The Inflammatory Process
Damaging Effects of Inflammation
Cell Death and the Inflammatory Response
14.9 Fever
FOCUS ON A CASE 14.1
FOCUS YOUR PERSPECTIVE 14.1: For Schistosoma, the Inflammatory Response Delivers
SUMMARY
REVIEW QUESTIONS
15: The Adaptive Immune Response
A Glimpse of History
Key Terms
15.1 Overview of the Adaptive Immune Response
Humoral Immunity
Cell-Mediated Immunity
15.2 Anatomy of the Lymphatic System
Lymphatic Vessels
Secondary Lymphoid Organs
Primary Lymphoid Organs
15.3 The Nature of Antigens
15.4 The Nature of Antibodies
Structure and Properties of Antibodies
Protective Outcomes of Antibody-Antigen Binding
Immunoglobulin Classes
15.5 Clonal Selection and Expansion of Lymphocytes
15.6 The B-Cell Response: Humoral Immunity
B-Cell Activation
Characteristics of the Primary Response
Characteristics of the Secondary Response
The Response to T-Independent Antigens
15.7 The T-Cell Response: Cell-Mediated Immunity
General Characteristics of T Cells
Activation of T Cells
Effector Functions of TC (CD8) Cells
Effector Functions of TH (CD4) Cells
15.8 Natural Killer (NK) Cells
15.9 Lymphocyte Development
Generation of Diversity
Negative Selection of Self-Reactive B Cells
Positive and Negative Selection of Self-Reactive T Cells
FOCUS ON A CASE 15.1
FOCUS YOUR PERSPECTIVE 15.1: What Flavors Are Your Major Histocompatibility Complex Molecules?
SUMMARY
REVIEW QUESTIONS
16: Host-Microbe Interactions
A Glimpse of History
Key Terms
MICROBES, HEALTH, AND DISEASE
16.1 The Anatomical Barriers as Ecosystems
16.2 The Human Microbiome
Composition of the Microbiome
Beneficial Roles of the Human Microbiome
16.3 Principles of Infectious Disease
Pathogenicity
Characteristics of Infectious Disease
16.4 Determining the Cause of an Infectious Disease
KochÕs Postulates
Molecular KochÕs Postulates
MECHANISMS OF PATHOGENESIS
16.5 Establishing Infection
Adherence
Colonization
Delivering Effector Proteins to Host Cells
16.6 InvasionÑBreaching the Anatomical Barriers
Penetrating the Skin
Penetrating Mucous Membranes
16.7 Avoiding the Host Defenses
Hiding Within a Host Cell
Avoiding Destruction by Phagocytes
Avoiding Killing by Complement System Proteins
Avoiding Recognition by Antibodies
16.8 Damage to the Host
Exotoxins
Endotoxin and Other Bacterial Cell Wall Components
Damaging Effects of the Immune Response
16.9 Mechanisms of Viral Pathogenesis
Binding to Host Cells and Invasion
Avoiding Immune Responses
Damage to the Host
16.10 Mechanisms of Eukaryotic Pathogenesis
Fungi
Protozoa and Helminths
FOCUS ON A CASE 16.1
FOCUS ON THE FUTURE 16.1: The Potential of Probiotics
SUMMARY
REVIEW QUESTIONS
17: Immunological Disorders
A Glimpse of History
Key Terms
17.1 Hypersensitivities
Type I Hypersensitivities: Immediate IgE-Mediated
Type II Hypersensitivities: Cytotoxic
Type III Hypersensitivities: Immune Complex_Mediated
Type IV Hypersensitivities: Delayed-Type Cell-Mediated
17.2 Autoimmune Disease
The Range of Autoimmune Diseases
Treatment of Autoimmune Diseases
17.3 Immunodeficiency Disorders
Primary Immunodeficiencies
Secondary Immunodeficiencies
FOCUS ON A CASE 17.1
FOCUS YOUR PERSPECTIVE 17.1: The Fetus as an Allograft
SUMMARY
REVIEW QUESTIONS
18: Applications of Immune Responses
A Glimpse of History
Key Terms
IMMUNIZATION
18.1 Principles of Immunization
Active Immunity
Passive Immunity
18.2 Vaccines and Immunization Procedures
Attenuated Vaccines
Inactivated Vaccines
The Importance of Vaccines
An Example of Vaccination StrategyÑThe Campaign to Eliminate Poliomyelitis
IMMUNOLOGICAL TESTING
18.3 Principles of Immunoassays
Quantifying Antigen-Antibody Reactions
Obtaining Known Antibodies
18.4 Common Types of Immunoassays
Immunoassays That Use Labeled Antibodies
Immunoassays That Involve Visible Antigen-Antibody Aggregates
FOCUS ON A CASE 18.1
FOCUS YOUR PERSPECTIVE 18.1: Monoclonal Antibodies
FOCUS ON THE FUTURE 18.1: Conquering Cancer
SUMMARY
REVIEW QUESTIONS
19: Epidemiology
A Glimpse of History
Key Terms
19.1 Basic Concepts of Epidemiology
19.2 Chain of Infection
Reservoirs of Infection
Portals of Exit
Disease Transmission
Portals of Entry
19.3 Factors That Influence the Epidemiology of Disease
Characteristics of the Pathogen
Characteristics of the Host
Characteristics of the Environment
19.4 Epidemiological Studies
Descriptive Studies
Analytical Studies
Experimental Studies
19.5 Infectious Disease Surveillance
National Disease Surveillance Network
Worldwide Disease Surveillance
Reduction and Eradication of Disease
19.6 Emerging Infectious Diseases
19.7 Healthcare-Associated Infections
Reservoirs of Infectious Agents in Healthcare Settings
Transmission of Infectious Agents in Healthcare Settings
Preventing Healthcare-Associated Infections
FOCUS ON A CASE 19.1
FOCUS YOUR PERSPECTIVE 19.1: Standard PrecautionsÑProtecting Patients and Healthcare Personnel
FOCUS ON THE FUTURE 19.1: Maintaining Vigilance Against Bioterrorism
SUMMARY
REVIEW QUESTIONS
20: Antimicrobial Medications
A Glimpse of History
Key Terms
20.1 History and Development of Antimicrobial Medications
Discovery of Antimicrobial Medications
Discovery of Antibiotics
Development of New Antimicrobial Medications
20.2 Characteristics of Antimicrobial Medications
Selective Toxicity
Antimicrobial Action
Spectrum of Activity
Effects of Antimicrobial Combinations
Tissue Distribution, Metabolism, and Excretion of the Medication
Adverse Effects
Resistance to Antimicrobials
20.3 Mechanisms of Action of Antibacterial Medications
Inhibit Cell Wall Synthesis
Inhibit Protein Synthesis
Inhibit Nucleic Acid Synthesis
Interfere with Metabolic Pathways
Interfere with Cell Membrane Integrity
Effective Against Mycobacterium tuberculosis
20.4 Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing
Conventional Disc Diffusion Method
Minimum Inhibitory and Minimum Bactericidal Concentrations (MIC and MBC)
Commercial Modifications of Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing
20.5 Resistance to Antimicrobial Medications
Mechanisms of Acquired Resistance
Acquisition of Resistance
Examples of Emerging Resistance
Preventing Resistance
20.6 Mechanisms of Action of Antiviral Medications
Prevent Viral Entry
Interfere with Viral Uncoating
Interfere with Nucleic Acid Synthesis
Prevent Genome Integration
Prevent Assembly and Release of Viral Particles
20.7 Mechanisms of Action of Antifungal Medications
Interfere with Cytoplasmic Membrane Synthesis and Function
Interfere with Cell Wall Synthesis
Interfere with Cell Division
Interfere with Nucleic Acid Synthesis
Interfere with Protein Synthesis
20.8 Mechanisms of Action of Antiprotozoan and Antihelminthic Medications
FOCUS ON A CASE 20.1
FOCUS YOUR PERSPECTIVE 20.1: Measuring the Concentration of an Antimicrobial Medication in Blood or Other Body Fluids
FOCUS ON THE FUTURE 20.1: Combating Antibiotic Resistance
SUMMARY
REVIEW QUESTIONS
PART IV: Infectious Diseases
21: Respiratory System Infections
A Glimpse of History
Key Terms
21.1 Anatomy, Physiology, and Ecology of the Respiratory System
The Upper Respiratory Tract
The Lower Respiratory Tract
UPPER RESPIRATORY TRACT INFECTIONS
21.2 Bacterial Infections of the Upper Respiratory System
Pink Eye, Earache, and Sinus Infections
Streptococcal Pharyngitis (ÒStrep ThroatÓ)
Post-Streptococcal Sequelae
Diphtheria
21.3 Viral Infections of the Upper Respiratory System
The Common Cold
Adenovirus Respiratory Tract Infections
LOWER RESPIRATORY TRACT INFECTIONS
FOCUS ON Pneumonia
21.4 Bacterial Infections of the Lower Respiratory System
Pneumococcal Pneumonia
Klebsiella Pneumonia
Mycoplasmal Pneumonia (ÒWalking PneumoniaÓ)
Pertussis (ÒWhooping CoughÓ)
Tuberculosis (ÒTBÓ)
Legionellosis (ÒLegionnairesÕ DiseaseÓ)
Inhalation Anthrax
21.5 Viral Infections of the Lower Respiratory System
Influenza (ÒFluÓ)
Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) Infections
Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome
SARS and MERS
21.6 Fungal Infections of the Lung
Coccidioidomycosis (ÒValley FeverÓ)
Histoplasmosis (ÒSpelunkerÕs DiseaseÓ)
Pneumocystis Pneumonia (PCP)
FOCUS ON A CASE 21.1
SUMMARY
REVIEW QUESTIONS
22: Skin Infections
A Glimpse of History
Key Terms
22.1 Anatomy, Physiology, and Ecology of the Skin
22.2 Bacterial Diseases of the Skin
Acne Vulgaris
Hair Follicle Infections
Staphylococcal Scalded Skin Syndrome
Impetigo
Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever
Cutaneous Anthrax
22.3 Viral Diseases of the Skin
Varicella (Chickenpox)
Rubeola (Measles)
Rubella (German Measles)
Other Viral Rashes of Childhood
Warts
22.4 Fungal Diseases of the Skin
Superficial Cutaneous Mycoses
Other Fungal Diseases
FOCUS ON A CASE 22.1
FOCUS YOUR PERSPECTIVE 22.1: The Ghost of Smallpox: An Evil Shade
SUMMARY
REVIEW QUESTIONS
23: Wound Infections
A Glimpse of History
Key Terms
23.1 Anatomy, Physiology, and Ecology of Wounds
Wound Abscesses
Anaerobic Wounds
23.2 Common Bacterial Infections of Wounds
Staphylococcal Wound Infections
Group A Streptococcal ÒFlesh-Eating DiseaseÓ
Pseudomonas aeruginosa Infections
23.3 Diseases Due to Anaerobic Bacterial Wound Infections
Tetanus (ÒLockjawÓ)
Clostridial Myonecrosis (ÒGas GangreneÓ)
23.4 Bacterial Infections of Bite Wounds
Human Bites
Pasteurella multocida Bite Wound Infections
Bartonellosis (ÒCat Scratch DiseaseÓ)
Streptobacillary Rat Bite Fever
23.5 Fungal Wound Infections
Sporotrichosis (ÒRose GardenerÕs DiseaseÓ)
FOCUS ON A CASE 23.1
FOCUS YOUR PERSPECTIVE 23.1: Infection Caused by a Human ÒBiteÓ
SUMMARY
REVIEW QUESTIONS
24: Digestive System Infections
A Glimpse of History
Key Terms
24.1 Anatomy, Physiology, and Ecology of the Digestive System
The Upper Digestive System
The Lower Digestive System
UPPER DIGESTIVE SYSTEM INFECTIONS
24.2 Bacterial Diseases of the Upper Digestive System
Dental Caries (Tooth Decay)
Periodontal Disease
Acute Necrotizing Ulcerative Gingivitis
Helicobacter pylori Gastritis
24.3 Viral Diseases of the Upper Digestive System
Oral Herpes Simplex (Cold Sores)
Mumps
LOWER DIGESTIVE SYSTEM INFECTIONS
FOCUS ON DIARRHEAL DISEASES
24.4 Bacterial Diseases of the Lower Digestive System
Cholera
Shigellosis
Escherichia coli Gastroenteritis
Salmonella Gastroenteritis
Typhoid and Paratyphoid Fevers
Campylobacteriosis
Clostridium difficile Infection (CDI)
24.5 Viral Diseases of the Lower Digestive SystemÑIntestinal Tract
Rotavirus Gastroenteritis
Norovirus Gastroenteritis
24.6 Viral Diseases of the Lower Digestive SystemÑLiver
Hepatitis A
Hepatitis B
Hepatitis C
24.7 Protozoan Diseases of the Lower Digestive System
Giardiasis
Cryptosporidiosis (ÒCryptoÓ)
Cyclosporiasis
Amebiasis
FOCUS ON A CASE 24.1
SUMMARY
REVIEW QUESTIONS
25: Blood and Lymphatic Infections
A Glimpse of History
Key Terms
25.1 Anatomy, Physiology, and Ecology of the Blood and Lymphatic Systems
The Heart
Blood Vessels
Lymphatics (Lymphatic Vessels)
Spleen
25.2 Bacterial Diseases of the Blood and Lymphatic Systems
Infective Endocarditis
Sepsis and Septic Shock
Plague (ÒBlack DeathÓ)
Lyme Disease
Vibrio vulnificus Infection
Tularemia (ÒRabbit FeverÓ or ÒDeer Fly FeverÓ)
Brucellosis (ÒUndulant FeverÓ or ÒBangÕs DiseaseÓ)
25.3 Viral Diseases of the Blood and Lymphatic Systems
Infectious Mononucleosis (ÒMonoÓ or ÒKissing DiseaseÓ)
Ebola Virus Disease (EVD) and Marburg Virus Disease (MVD)
Yellow Fever
Dengue Fever
Chikungunya
Zika Virus Disease
25.4 Protozoan Diseases of the Blood and Lymphatic Systems
Malaria
FOCUS ON A CASE 25.1
SUMMARY
REVIEW QUESTIONS
26: Nervous System Infections
A Glimpse of History
Key Terms
26.1 Anatomy, Physiology, and Ecology of the Nervous System
CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM INFECTIONS
FOCUS ON Meningitis
26.2 Bacterial Diseases of the Central Nervous System
Pneumococcal Meningitis
Meningococcal Meningitis
Haemophilus influenzae Meningitis
Neonatal Meningitis
Listeriosis
26.3 Viral Diseases of the Central Nervous System
Viral Meningitis
Viral Encephalitis
Poliomyelitis
Rabies
26.4 Fungal Diseases of the Central Nervous System
Cryptococcal Meningoencephalitis
26.5 Protozoan Diseases of the Central Nervous System
African Trypanosomiasis (ÒAfrican Sleeping SicknessÓ)
Toxoplasmosis
Primary Amebic Meningoencephalitis (PAM)
26.6 Diseases Caused by Prions
Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies in Humans
PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM INFECTIONS
26.7 Bacterial Diseases of the Peripheral Nervous System
HansenÕs Disease (Leprosy)
Botulism
FOCUS ON A CASE 26.1
FOCUS YOUR PERSPECTIVE 26.1: Rabies Survivors!
SUMMARY
REVIEW QUESTIONS
27: Genitourinary Tract Infections
A Glimpse of History
Key Terms
27.1 Anatomy, Physiology, and Ecology of the Genitourinary System
The Urinary System
The Genital System
27.2 Urinary Tract Infections
Bacterial Cystitis (ÒBladder InfectionÓ)
Leptospirosis
27.3 Genital System Diseases
Bacterial Vaginosis (BV)
Vulvovaginal Candidiasis (VVC)
Staphylococcal Toxic Shock Syndrome
SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED INFECTIONS
FOCUS ON Sexually Transmitted infections
27.4 Bacterial STIs
Chlamydial Infections
Gonorrhea
Mycoplasma genitalium Infections
Syphilis
Chancroid
27.5 Viral STIs
Genital Herpes
Human Papillomavirus STIs: Genital Warts and Cervical Cancer
HIV/AIDS
27.6 Protozoan STIs
Trichomoniasis (ÒTrichÓ)
FOCUS ON A CASE 27.1
FOCUS YOUR PERSPECTIVE 27.1: The Death of Syphilis?
FOCUS ON THE FUTURE 27.1: Getting Control of Sexually Transmitted Infections
SUMMARY
REVIEW QUESTIONS
PART V Applied MicrobioloÕgy
28: Microbial Ecology
A Glimpse of History
Key Terms
28.1 Principles of Microbial Ecology
Nutrient Acquisition
Microbes in Low-Nutrient Environments
Microbial Competition
Microorganisms and Environmental Changes
Microbial Communities
28.2 Studying Microbial Ecology
28.3 Aquatic Habitats
Marine Environments
Freshwater Environments
Specialized Aquatic Environments
28.4 Terrestrial Habitats
Characteristics of Soil
Microorganisms in Soil
28.5 Biogeochemical Cycling and Energy Flow
Carbon Cycle
Nitrogen Cycle
Sulfur Cycle
Phosphorus Cycle and Other Cycles
Energy Sources for Ecosystems
28.6 Mutualistic Relationships Between Microorganisms and Eukaryotes
Mycorrhizas
Symbiotic Nitrogen-Fixers and Plants
Microorganisms and Herbivores
FOCUS ON A CASE 28.1
SUMMARY
REVIEW QUESTIONS
29: Environmental Microbiology: Treatment of Water, Wastes, and Polluted Habitats
A Glimpse of History
Key Terms
29.1 Microbiology of Wastewater Treatment
Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD)
Municipal Wastewater Treatment Methods
Individual Wastewater Treatment Systems
29.2 Drinking Water Treatment and Testing
Water Treatment Processes
Water Testing
29.3 Microbiology of Solid Waste Treatment
Sanitary Landfills for Solid Waste Disposal
Municipal and Backyard CompostingÑAlternative to Landfills
29.4 Microbiology of Bioremediation
Pollutants
Strategies of Bioremediation
FOCUS ON A CASE 29.1
SUMMARY
REVIEW QUESTIONS
30: Food Microbiology
A Glimpse of History
Key Terms
30.1 Factors Influencing the Growth of Microorganisms in Foods
Intrinsic Factors
Extrinsic Factors
30.2 Microorganisms in Food and Beverage Production
Lactic Acid Fermentations by the Lactic Acid Bacteria
Alcoholic Fermentations by Yeast
Changes Due to Mold Growth
30.3 Food Spoilage
Common Spoilage Bacteria
Common Spoilage Fungi
30.4 Foodborne Illness
Foodborne Intoxication
Foodborne Infection
30.5 Food Preservation
FOCUS ON A CASE 30.1
FOCUS YOUR PERSPECTIVE 30.1: Botox for Beauty and Pain Relief
SUMMARY
REVIEW QUESTIONS
Appendix I: Microbial Mathematics
Appendix II:Pronunciation Key for Bacterial, Fungal,Protozoan, and Viral Names
Appendix III: Metabolic Pathways
Appendix IV: Answers to Multiple Choice Questions
Appendix VMicrobial Terminology
Glossary/Index