Nazlet Tuna: An Archaeological Survey in Middle Egypt 9780860545330, 9781407346953

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Nazlet Tuna An Archaeological Survey in Middle Egypt

Joyce A. Tyldesley and S. R. Snape

BAR International Series 414

1988

B.A.R. 5, Centremead, Osney Mead, Oxford OX2 ODQ, England.

GENERAL EDITORS A.R. Hands, B.Sc., M.A ., D.Phil. D.R. Walker, M.A.

BARS 414,1988 : 'Nazlet Tuna'. © Joyce A. Tyldesley and S. R. Snape, 1988

The authors’ moral rights under the 1988 UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act are hereby expressly asserted. All rights reserved. No part of this work may be copied, reproduced, stored, sold, distributed, scanned, saved in any form of digital format or transmitted in any form digitally, without the written permission of the Publisher. ISBN 9780860545330 paperback ISBN 9781407346953 e-book DOI https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860545330 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library This book is available at www.barpublishing.com

T ABLE O F C ONTENTS

P age L ist o f F igures L ist o f P lates

i i i v

P reface

C HAPTER 1 : T HE B ACKGROUND T O T HE S URVEY 1 .1 1 .2 1 .3 1 .4

I ntroduction 1 T he P etosiris N ecropolis 1 T he R egion B etween t he P etosiris N ecropolis a nd N azlet T una. 2 T he N azlet T una S ite 8

C HAPTER 2 : T HE P ALAEOLITHIC A RTIFACTS 2 .1 I ntroduction 2 .2 T he P rehistoric B ackground 2 .3 T he W ork o f t he S urvey

9 9 1 2

C HAPTER 3 : T HE " ROMAN T OWN" A T N AZLET T UNA 3 .1 3 .2 3 .3 3 .4

I ntroduction T he P ottery AG lossary o f N azlet T una S ites A t o L A n I llustrated C orpus o f D iagnostic P ottery

B ibliography P lates

1 7 1 8 1 9 2 9

1 51 1 54

L IST O F F IGURES

F igure

P age

1 . 1M ap o f E gypt s howing t he l ocation o f T una e l-Gebel v i 1 . 2S chematic s ketch-plan o f t he r egion a round T una e l-Gebel....3 1 . 3P etrie's s ketch-plan o f T una e l-Gebel 5 1 . 4T he s ite o f N azlet T una 7

2 . 1F lakes w ith f aceted s triking p latforms 2 . 2C ores 2 . 3B iface

1 1 1 3 1 5

3 . 1F ine c ooking p ots 3 . 2F ine c ooking p ots 3 . 3F ine c ooking p ots 3 . 4 F ine c ooking p ots 3 . 5F ine c ooking p ots 3 . 6F ine c ooking p ots 3 . 7F ine c ooking p ots 3 . 8F ine c ooking p ots 3 . 9F ine c ooking p ots 3 .10 F ine c ooking p ots 3 .11 Q awadis 3 .12 Q awadis 3 .13 Q awadis 3 .14 Q awadis 3 .15 " Tripods" 3 .16 " Tripods" 3 .17 " Tripods" 3 .18 " Tripods"/"casseroles" 3 .19 B owls/dishes 3 .20 B owls/dishes 3 .21 B owls/dishes 3 .22 B owls/dishes 3 .23 B owls/dishes 3 .24 B owls/dishes 3 .25 L arge b owls/jars 3 .26 L arge b owls/jars 3 .27 L arge b owls/jars 3 .28 L arge b owls/jars 3 .29 L arge b owls/jars 3 .30 L arge b owls/jars 3 .31 L arge b owls/jars 3 .32 L arge b owls/jars 3 .33 L arge b owls/jars

3 1 3 3 3 5 3 7 3 9 4 1 4 3 4 5 4 7 4 9 5 1 5 3 5 5 5 7 5 9 6 1 6 3 6 5 6 7 6 9 7 1 7 3 7 5 7 7 7 9 8 1 8 3 8 5 8 7 8 9 9 1 9 3 9 5

11

3 .34 3 .35 3 .36 3 .37 3 .38 3 .39 3 .40 3 .41 3 .42 3 .43 3 .44 3 .45 3 .46 3 .47 3 .48 3 .49 3 .50 3 .51 3 .52 3 .53 3 .54 3 .55 3 .56 3 .57 3 .58 3 .59 3 .60

P ainted j ars P ainted j ars/jar f ragments H andled j ars H andled j ars/jugs H andled j ars/jugs J ars B owls B owls C arinated b owls C arinated b owls F ineware b owls F ineware b owls F ineware b owls F ineware b owls " Flanged" f ineware b owls " Flanged" f ineware b owls F ineware b owls F ineware b owls F ineware b owls F ineware b owls F ineware b owls S tamped f inewares L arge p ottery s tands ( ?) M arl v essels S trainer(?) f ragments S trainer/brazier(?) v essels A ssorted f orms

9 7 9 9 1 01 1 03 1 05 1 07 1 09 11 13 1 15 17 19 1 21 1 23 1 25 1 27 1 29 1 31 1 33 1 35 1 37 1 39 1 41 1 43 1 45 1 47 1 49

i ii

L IST O F P LATES

P late

P age

I V iew o f T una e l-Gebel m odern c emetery f rom t he c liffs I I T una e l-Gebel c emetery a nd S ite L I II T he a rea o f t he S urvey I V A S ection o f t he l imestone c liffs V T he " Church" t o t he s outh o f S ite C V I S ite B f rom t he n orth V II S ite H f rom t he e dge o f t he c ultivation V III P itted a rea i n t he c entre o f s ite H I X S herd m aterial o n t he s urface o f s ite I T

1 55 1 55 1 57 1 57 1 59 1 59 1 61 1 61 1 63

i v

PREFACE This monograph represents the final report on the fieldwork carried out at Nazlet Tuna during the months of March-April 1986 and 1987, by the Quaternary Research Centre (Oxford University) Expedition to Middle Egypt. For both seasons the survey team consisted of Dr Joyce Tyldesley and Dr Steven Snape. The Egyptian Antiquities Organisation was represented in the first season by '1r Mahmoud Hanafi Haridi and in the second season by Mr Magdi Fauzi Yassa; we would like to extenrl our thanks to both Inspectors, who helped the team in every way possible. We would also like to express our gratitude to Mr Mohammed Abdel-Aziz Awad and Mr Adel Hassan of the E.A.O. in Minya, and Dr Ahmed Kadry, Dr Aly el-Kholy and Mr Mutawe Balboush in Cairo. Nazlet Tuna forms the northernmost part of the better known site of Tuna el-Gebel, but has been virtually ignored by archaeologists. The work of the team was concentrated on an intensive ground survey of the desert littoral between the cemeteries of the modern villages of Tuna el-Gebel and Nazlet Tuna, covering area of 1.75 x 0.35 Kilometres. The survey methods used were adapted from those developed by the team while working in the Nile Delta (Snape 1986). The work had three main objectives: 1. The collection and examination of Palaeolithic implements, following Sandford's (1934) identification of such artifacts in the Tuna el-Gebel gravels. The results of this work are presented in Chapter 2. 2. The recording of the large sherd-mounds which indicate substantial settlement of the Nazlet Tuna area during the Roman period. Discrete areas of surface material were located and planned. An illustrated corpus of diagnostic sherds, and the discussion which accompanies it, is presented in Chapter 3 and forms the major part of this text. 3. To gain an indication of the potential of Nazlet Tuna as area for possible future research.

an

The work at Nazlet Tuna was made possible by generous financial support from the Gerald Averay Wainwright lear Eastern Archaeological Fund, and by the award of the Egypt Exploration Society Studentship: to both bodies we extend our gratitude. It could not have been completed without the help and encouragement of many people, and we would like to take this opportunity of collectively thanking all those who have in any way given assistance. Particular thanks must go to Don Bailey (British Museum) for his helpful comments on the pottery corpus. Joyce Tyldesley (Institute of Prehistoric Sciences and Archaeology, Liverpool) Steven Snape (University College, London) V

T una e l-Gebel

F IGURE 1 .1 - M AP O F E GYPT S HOWING T HE L OCATION O F T UNA E L-GEBEL

v i

CHAPTER ONE THE BACKGROUND TO THE SURVEY 1.1 INTRODUCTION The site of Nazlet Tuna forms the northernmost part of the archaeological region of Tuna el-Gebel, situated in Minya Province, Middle Egypt (consult Figure 1.1 for the location of Tuna el-Gebel; Figure 1.2 for the precise location of the Nazlet Tuna site). Tuna el-Gebel is an important desert site which is well-known to both Egyptologists and tourists alike as it possesses some of the most impressive Pharaonic and post-Pharaonic monuments in Middle Egypt. However, those remains which are now generally held to be synonymous with the "Tuna el-Gebel site" the closely-packed complex of structures around the Late Period/Graeco-Roman necropolis - are only a closely grouped and immediately visible part of what is in fact a much larger archaeological area. Kessler, in his review of the various excavations carried out at Tuna el-Gebel (1981), identifies the southern limit of the site as the so-called Korn el-Ahrnar or "Red Mound'' near the village of Derwa, not far to the south of the Petosiris Necropolis (consult Figure 1.3), and regards its northern limit as the modern cemetery of Nazlet Tuna. This is a distance of approximately 7 kilometres,- making Tuna el-Gebel a very large site by any standards. This large site may, for convenience, be divided into three major regions: the celebrated southern site which is referred to in the present monograph as the Petosiris Necropolis, the central region which stretches from the Petosiris Necropolis to the cemetery of the modern village Tuna el-Gebel, and the northern Nazlet Tuna site which is the subject of the present survey. This Chapter briefly considers the history of archaeological interest in each of these regions of Tuna el-Gebel, concentrating on those regions which have attracted little attention in the past. It then defines the area selected for fieldwork at Nazlet Tuna, and thus serves as an introduction to the work described in more detail in Chapters 2 and 3. 1.2 THE PETOSIRIS NECROPOLIS Tuna el-Gebel is best known as the necropolis of the important ancient Egyptian city of Hermopolis Magna (Ashmunein). The most obvious indication of this role is the series of tombs of high-ranking Hermopolite officials. Concentrated archaeological attention in this region was initiated by Lefebvre ' s excavation and publication of the super- and sub-structure of the most important, and probably the first, tomb in the group, that of the High-Priest of

1

the god Thoth at Herrnopolis, Petosiris (Lefebvre 1923-4; Nakaten 1982). This tomb, which may be dated to the period around the beginning of the Macedonian domination of Egypt, was followed by others built close to it which were, for the most part, excavated by Gabra (1939; 1971). This period also witnessed the expansion of the subterranean galleries located not far to the north of the tomb of Petosiris. These galleries chiefly functioned as burial places for the mummified bodies of ibises and baboons; animals which were considered to be particularly sacred to Thoth (Kessler 1986). It is perhaps natural that, since the work of Lefebvre and Gabra, archaeological attention at Tuna el-Gebel has been focussed on the substantial funerary complex of the Petosiris Necropolis - work which has continued almost uninterrupted up to the present day. General accounts of the history of archaeological fieldwork in this area of Tuna el-Gebel have been presented by Grimm (1975), Kessler (1981) and el-Sayed (1982).

1.3 TIIE REGION BETWEEN THE PETOSIRIS NECROPOLIS AND NAZLET TUNA Remarkably little attention has been given to the area to the north of the Petosiris Necropolis, on the desert littoral to the west of the cultivated land and to the east of the limestone cliffs, both of which run in a north-south direction up to, and beyond, the modern cemetery of the village of Tuna el-Gebel itself. This neglect of a potentially important area is presumably a direct result of its lack of monumental structures, with the notable exception of the Amarna Boundary Stela. Extensive surface scatters of Late Period and Roman material (mainly pottery but also red and mud brick, bone and glass) indicate that this would be a worthwhile area for archaeological investigation, and it seems highly likely that the whole region forms a vast cemetery made up of tombs of varying dates. The area has also yielded several prehistoric stone implements, principally Mousterian-type disc-cores (see Chapter 2). So�e field-wor� was conducted in this rezion of Tuna el-Gebel in what may be loosely referred to as the pre-Lefebvre era; that is, before the Petosiris Necropolis complex rose to prominence as the principal Tuna site. In his report on discoveries at Tuna, Weill (1914, 90) commented that the central part of the site was well-known from the many stray finds made there: On connait depuis longtemps, par les beaux objets en terre emaillee qui, a plusieurs reprises, sont sortis de ses tombes, la grande necropole de Tounah, qui couvre de vastes etendues de d�sert au pied de la montagne de la rive gauche du fleuve, 3 une quinzaine de kilometres a l'ouest de la ville moderne du Mellaoui.

2

Tuna

GRAVEL

el-Gebel

Cemetery

0 ;,---,

Tuna el-Gebel Village

TERRACE

Magnetic North

CULTIVATION (Hod Tuna)

.

I

I I \

,

....

---·,.

_____ ,

Bahr

'

\

I I I

Yussef Waterway

'Petosiris Necropolis'

Korn el-Ahmar

FIGURE 1.2 - SCHEMATIC SKETCH-PLAN OF THE REGION AROUND TUNA EL-GEBEL 3

Weill also noted (op cit, 91) that the site was, as it is, very difficult to guard because of its size:

indeed

still

Tres eloignee du fleuve, tres etendue, tres difficile a garder, la necropole est, depuis de longues annees, la proie ordinaire des paysans domicilies aux alentours, principalement de ceux de Tounah, pour lesquels le pillage des antiquites est une industrie pratiquee de pere en fils, avec le secours d'une experience tres developpee, tres dangereuse pour les monuments qu'ils savent atteindre. It is therefore unfortunate, but not unexpected, that the vast majority of objects that come from, or are said to come from, this part of Tuna el-Gebel do not have a firm provenance, since they either passed into collections through the hands of tomb-robbers and dealers, or were found in the early years of this century and were recorded in only a cursory fashion. It can only be generally surmised that many of these objects were recovered in the Ashrnunein (Hermopolis)/Tuna el-Gebel region from their association with the cult of Thoth at Hermopolis, either iconographically or because of the inscriptional evidence they bear. To take just one example of the sparse recording of finds from Tuna - in the 1907 volume of Annales du Service, Chaban reported his discovery at Tuna of part of a red granite naos inscribed for Nectanebo I. The circumstances of this recovery are given as follows (p.222): Ce au de de

monument a ete trouve a la lisiere du desert qui s'etend pied de la montagne Libyque. Il ftait enfoui sous un amas decombres provenant d'un edifice en briques crues detruit fond en comble. Il est aujourd'hui au Musee du Caire.

It would be interesting to know which part of the desert edge this piece came from but unfortunately, and typically, this information has not been recorded.

The first attempt to conduct official field-work in this central part of Tuna el-Gebel took place in 1903 when Andre Gombert started to excavate a portion of the necropolis on behalf of the Institut Francais d'Archeologie 0rientale (Chassinat 1904). The area selected for study was a part of the site to the east of the Amarna Boundary Stela and to the north of the Petosiris Necropolis. Unfortunately for M. Gombert, the excavations were tragically cut short when the intrepid director was killed by a fall from the cliffs above the Boundary Stela, which he had climbed in an attempt to get a better view of his sondages. The work of the Institut at the site was immediately abandoned, never to be recommenced. However, Gombert's work had yielded a number of interesting discoveries taken from what Chassinat described as a cemetery of the New Kingdom. Evidence to support this interpretation includes Gombert's finding of a stelophorous statue dating from the Eighteenth Dynasty and inscribed for a dignitary of the Hermopolite priesthood of Thoth, named Imaunefer (Zivie 1975).

4

SCALE 1:52,500 (approx.)

FIGURE 1.3 - PETRIE'S SKETCH-PLAN OF TUNA EL-GEBEL (after Petrie 1894, pl.34) 5

T hroughout t he f ollowing d ecades m ore u nsystematic w ork t ook p lace i n t he c emeteries o f T una e l-Gebel. 1J eill, a gain i n h is 1 914 r eport ( p.91), r eferred t o t he a rea t o t he w est a nd s outh-west o f T una v illage a s c ontaining " ... b eaux c imetieres d e l 'epoque t hebaine e t d e l 'epoque s aite". H e n oted t hat t he t ombs w hich h ad b een c onstructed h ere w ere o f a r oughly c onsistent f orm: s hafts d ug t hrough t he l oose s andy g ravel u ntil t he m ore h omogenous l ayers w ere r eached w hich w ould f acilitate t he c utting o f h orizontal c hambers. N one o f t hese t ombs h as a ny s urviving s uperstructure. T he b est e xample o f t his t omb-type w as d iscovered b y l ocal v illagers i n 1 910. I t w as a v ery l arge t omb, t he s haft a lone m easuring 1 2 m etres d eep, a nd c ontained a f ine s arcophagus i nscribed f or D jehuty-ir-di-sw , s on o f S hepses-ir-di-sw ( Weill i bid). B oth f ather a nd s on b ore h igh s acerdotal t itles o f t he H ermpolite p riesthood. I t i s i mportant t o n ote t hat h igh-ranking F ermopolite o fficials w ere b uried i n t his p art o f t he c emetery d uring t he L ate P eriod, a nd t hat t he s outhward s hift t o t he c losely g rouped P etosiris N ecropolis w ith i ts e laborate s uperstructures w as a l ater i nnovation; p resumably t his s tarted d uring t he t enure o f o ffice o f P etosiris, i f a uthorities s uch a s K essler a re c orrect i n i dentifying t he P etosiris t omb a s t he e arliest o ne i n t his g roup. O ne w ould n ot e xpect t o f ind P etosiris-style t ombs i n t he e arlier c emeteries t o t he n orth o f t he N ecropolis i f, a s h as b een s uggested, t he f orm o f t he P etosiris t omb i s i tself a n i nnovation, p ossibly i nfluenced b y P etosiris' r ole i n t he c onstruction o f t he G reat P ortico a t H ermopolis M agna ( Snape a nd B ailey 1 988, 5 -7).

I t i s c lear, f rom t he e vidence p resented a bove, t hat m ost, i f n ot a ll, o f t he a rchaeological m aterial o riginating f rom t he a rea t o t he n orth o f t he P etosiris N ecropolis i s o f a f unerary n ature. O ther o ccasional e xcavations c onducted i n t his a rea s upport t his c onclusion. F or e xample, i n 1 927 I nspector H akim A bu S eif r eported h is d iscovery o f t wo s arcophagi d ating t o t he t he L ate P eriod. O ne o f t hese w as f ound i n a c emetery k nown l ocally a s G abbanet G hereifa, l ocated ( Abu S eif 1 928, 6 2): .. i n t he G ebel o n t he n orth s ide o f t he v illage o f e l-Gebel, 6 k ilometres n orth o f t he t omb o f P etosiris.

T una

T he c ircumstances o f t he d iscovery o f o ne o f t hese s arcophagi s erves t o i llustrate t he t radition o f r obbing t ombs i n t he a rea. I t w as n oted w hen t he s arcophagus w as r ecovered t hat s ubstantial c hunk o f i t w as m issing. A g roup o f v illagers, w ho h ad a ttracted A bu S eif's a ttention t o t he s arcophagus i n t he f irst p lace, h elpfully r emarked t hat t hey k new o f a nother v illager w ho, b efore h is d eath o ver a d ecade p reviously, h ad b uried a s imilar f ragment w ithin h is h ouse. T he m atter w as s olved i n a n e quitable f ashion - t he f loor o f t he d eceased's h ouse w as e xcavated t o a d epth o f o ver t wo m etres b efore t he m issing p iece w as l ocated, a nd t he w idow o f t he h ouse w as g iven a s mall f inancial c ompensation f or t he i nconvenience c aused b y h aving a n a rchaeological e xcavation i n h er h ome ( ibid).

6

N azlet T unaC emetery

A\

" Church"

S urvey P oint

C ULTIVATION G RAVEL

T ERRACE

L ine o f : — C liff E dge ( approx .) M agnetic N orth

• s e J )

2 00 m R uined. S helter T una C emetery

F IGURE 1 .4 - T HE S ITE O F N AZLET T UNA

7

1.4 THE NAZLET WNA SITE The area of interest for the present survey lies to the north of the region just described, between the modern cemeteries of Tuna el-Gebel to the south and Nazlet Tuna to the north. Although included on Petrie's 1894 sketch-plan of the environs of Tell el-Amarna as an area of archaeological potential (Petrie 1894, pl.34: Figure 1.3), the region is to all intents and purposes unpublished, and has been virtually ignored by archaeologists, with the exception of various unpublished diggings (see below, Chapter 3). The site is quite clearly defined by its geographical features, which run in an approximate north-south direction (consult Figure 1.4). To the east lies the cultivation - the fertile basin of Hod Tuna. This is replaced to the west by a wide terrace of sandy gravel, which is itself clearly delimited by the face of the limestone cliffs yet further to the west. The area within these boundaries, which is here referred to as the site of Nazlet Tuna, measures 1.75 kilometres from north to south. The site occupies a strip 0.35 kilometres wide running along the fringe of the desert next to the cultivation, and it seems more than likely that originally the site extended further to the east although, because of intense agricultural activity in the area, there is now scant trace of this. This region is now under threat, not only from the continuing westward advance of the reclaimed cultivation, but also from the quarrying of the limestone cliff-edge to the west. For illustrations of the main geographical features Tuna site consult Plates I-IV.

8

of

the Nazlet

CHAPTER TWO THE PALAEOLITHIC ARTIFACTS 2.1 INTRODUCTION As Sandford (1934, 78) has indicated the occurrence of archaeologically in situ Middle Palaeolithic tools in the Tuna el-Gebel gravels, the Survey conducted a methodological search for Palaeolithic artifacts in the region under investigation. This was accomplished by intensive field-walking over a series of 20 x 20m squares, selected on a random number basis. 2.2 THE.PREHISTORIC BACKGROUND The banks of the River Nile and its tributaries provided attractive living sites for Early Man and, as the river allowed access to the Jordan Valley, the Nile formed a natural route both in and out of Africa. Traces of Palaeolithic occupation and activity have been recovered both beside the Nile itself and, more commonly, in the now-dry wadis which were once Nile tributaries. However, as Wendorf et al. (1970, 1161) have stated: Until recently, most archaeologists assumed that there were few Palaeolithic remains along the Nile in Egypt. The general belief was that most of the places where Palaeolithic man was likely to have lived would have been deeply covered by later deposits of Nile silts or, if near the surface, the evidence would have been destroyed by the intensive cultivation of the sites during the past several thousand years. The classic studies of Egyptian prehistory are all 0ased on field-work conducted prior to World War II (e.g. Caton-Thompson and Gardiner 1934; 1946; 1952; Sandford and Arkell 1929; 1933; 1934; 1939). Wendorf and Schild (1976) summarise and provide references to more recent Palaeolithic research in the Nile Valley, mainly concentrated to the south of Aswan. The geological history of Middle Egypt, including Tuna el-Gebel, and its relationship to known Palaeolithic artifacts has been systematically examined and recorded in detail by Sandford (1934; consult for earlier references). His discussion ranges from pre-Pliocene times to the advent of the Neolithic, and the following summary of the fluviatile terraces and palaeoliths in the region of Tuna el-Gebel is based principally on his work. The Nile valley, which originated in Miocene times, was invaded by the sea during the Pliocene and probably owes its present course to erosion and not to lines of faulting (Alimen 1957, 77; but see 9

d iscussion i n A bu A l-Izz 1 971, 7 6ff). I n M iddle E gypt t he N ile i s b ordered b y E ocene l imestone r idges o r c liffs o n b oth s ides, t he w estern c liff b eing m uch l ower t han t hat t o t he e ast. T he N ile r uns c lose t o t he e astern r idge, a nd t he f lood p lain o n t he w estern b ank i s c orrespondingly w ide: t he r iver e rodes t he e ast b ank a nd d eposits o n t he w est ( cf. B utzer 1 961, 6 3 a nd A bb. 1 ). I t s eems h ighly l ikely t hat s ome o f t he h igh g ravel t erraces o f t he N ile w ere f ormed d uring t he P leistocene. H owever, t hese h igh t erraces c ontain n o a rtifacts a nd a re n ot r elevant t o t his d iscussion. T he o ldest a rtifacts h ave b een r ecovered f rom t he 1 00-ft ( 30m) t errace ( taking t he h eight o f t he p resent-day N ile a lluvium a s t he d atum). T his t errace c ontains a r ange o f L ower P alaeolithic t ool-types d escribed b y S andford a s " primitive C hellean, C hellean, O lder A cheulian a nd p rimitive c ore-and-flake i ndustry" ( 1934, 5 6): t he l ast-mentioned i ndustry i s d irectly c ompared b y S andford w ith t he B ritish C lactonian, a lthough " in E gypt t he f lakes h ave n ot b een f ound i n b eds s eparate a nd d istinct f rom t hose w hich c ontain C hellean o r A cheulian i mplements". T he l ess w ell-preserved 5 0-ft ( 15m) N ile t errace a lso c ontains A cheulian m aterial: t he " evolution o f A cheulian t o i ts h ighest d evelopment i n E gypt" ( ibid). I n U pper E gypt, M iddle P alaeolithic M ousterian ( Sandford 1 934) o r L evalloisian ( Caton-Thompson 1 946) i mplements h ave b een r ecovered f rom t erraces b elow t he 5 0-ft t errace: t he 2 5- t o 3 0-ft ( 9m) t errace w hich a lso c ontains r olled L ower P alaeolithic t ools, a nd t he 1 0- t o 1 5-ft ( 3m) t errace w hich h as y ielded m ore a dvanced " Mousterian" t ools. I n s itu f laking a reas o n t he s urface o f t he 2 5t o 3 0-ft t errace a ppear t o b elong t o t he i ndustry o f t he 1 0- t o 1 5-ft t errace. H owever, i n t he n orthern p art o f M iddle E gypt t his t errace s equence i s n ot s o w ell-preserved ( Sandford 1 934, 6 9): L ittle i s k nown o f t he f ate o f t he E arly M ousterian 2 5- 3 0-ft t errace i n M iddle E gypt. A g ravel i s s een a t t hat h eight a t i ntervals, b ut f ew i mplements h ave b een f ound i n s itu; a nd w ithout t hem i t i s d ifficult t o d iscriminate b etween t he g ravels o f t he 2 5- 3 0-ft E arly M ousterian t errace a nd t hose o f t he 2 5-foot M ousterian a ggradation p hase. S andford g oes o n t o r eport t hat ( op c it,

7 8-9):

A n i mportant s ection w as o bserved a t T una e l-Gebel, w here t he s and w as l ocally c oncentrated i nto d unes w ith c onsiderable b are p atches o f [ Mousterian] g ravel b etween t hem. A bout t wo m iles n orth o f t hat v illage a s hallow w adi o riginating i n t he s carp o f t he 2 50- t o 2 00-ft g ravels r uns d own a l ong a nd g entle s lope f rom a bout 1 50ft t o t he a lluvium; i t i s e vidently a n o ld l ine o f d rainage, a nd a 1 0-ft " terrace" i s d eveloped w ithin i t a t i ts u pper e nd. T owards t he l ower e nd t he o ld s urface r ises a bove t he w adi f loor u ntil i t p resents a c liff o f s ome 2 5ft t o t he f ields b elow a nd t hus h eralds t he f ull a mount o f a ggradation n oted a long t he N ile-Fayum d ivide. M ousterian i mplements r ecalling t he l ater t ypes f ound i n t hose g ravels a lso o ccur h ere i n s itu i n t he u ppermost f ew f eet o f t he g ravels w ithin t he w adi a nd a bout 5 00 y ards f rom t he 2 50- t o 2 00-ft s carp.

1 0

F IGURE 2 .1 - F LAKES W ITH F ACETED S TRIKING P LATFORMS

e : } z 2 g 50

MIR

1

Sandford illustrates (Plates XXXVI and XXXVII) two "Mousterian" cores (44, 45) and three prepared-core flakes (42, 43, 46) recovered from the 10- to 15-ft and 25-ft gravels at Tuna el-Gebel: one of the cores (44) is of particular interest as it was made with two striking platforms for the removal of a flake at each end - cores with two or more striking platforms have been found at other Egyptian Middle Palaeolithic sites with varying degrees of frequency (e.g. Vermeersch et al. 1978, 247). 2.3 THE WORK OF THE SURVEY The surface gravel in the region under examination includes relatively large (diameter of up to 15cm) and rounded re-deposited cobbles of flint and chert (consult Plates III and IV). Many of these cobbles show both mechanical and thermal post-depositional damage, and many have one or more mechanical flake scars. These could perhaps be classed as primitive pebble tools, but seem more likely to have been accidentally produced: it is possible that some of the more battered cobbles were used as harnrnerstones. The Survey discovered no in situ palaeoliths, and no concentrations of Palaeolithic material either in the desert area or associated with the cliffs. However, field walking did reveal some artifacts scattered on the surface of the gravel. These were as follows: 4 Mechanically struck flakes with faceted striking platforms, all apparently made fr9m local flint pebbles, and all showing some mechanical damage and sand abrasion (Figure 2.1). None of the flakes has any secondary retouch. 2

Typical disc-cores similar to those illustrated by Sandford (Figure 2.2).

1

Broken blade core with three clear blade removals. This was recovered close to a concentration of Roman pottery at the base of the cliff, and is probably post-Palaeolithic in date (Figure 2.2). The artifact has a white patination.

1

Bifacially worked flint cobble (Figure 2.) made from a battered brown flint pebble. It has an unworked butt and a roughly-worked but presumably functional tip and a straight cutting-edge extending round the top third of the implement. The implement has sustained some mechanical damage and some sand polishing, and has slight traces of patination on the upper face.

12

FIGURE 2.2 - CORES

13

T he d isc c ores a nd f lakes m ay b e r egarded a s M iddle P alaeolithic i n d ate, t he b iface m ay b e a ssigned t o t he M iddle o r L ower P alaeolithic. A s t hese i mplements w ere n ot r ecovered g eologically o r a rchaeologically i n s itu t hey w ere n ot s tudied i n a ny f urther d etail. H owever, t he a bsence o f a ny m ore d iagnostic o r w ell-made t ool-forms i s w orthy o f n ote; V ermeersch e t a l. ( 1978) h ave c ommented t hat, w ith t he e xception o f d enticulates, M iddle P alaeolithic t ools w ith s econdary r etouch a re a lso r are i n t he L ower D esert o f M iddle E gypt. I t i s t his l ack o f d iagnostic o r o bviously M ousterian t ools, c ombined w ith t he s carcity o r l ack o f r ecognition o f w ell-stratified s ites, w hich h as l ed t o c onfusion o ver t he c lassification o f t he M iddle P alaeolithic o f E gypt. L ater P rehistoric a nd H istoric l ithic a rtifacts w ell-represented i n t he i mmediate r egion o f T una e l-Gebel t he p ossible e xception o f t he b lade c ore m entioned a bove, e ncountered d uring t he f ield w alking.

1 4

a re a nd, n one

n ot w ith w ere

F IGURE 2 .3 - B IFACE

1 5

CHAPTER THREE THE "ROMAN TOWN" AT NAZLET TUNA 3.1 INTRODUCTION As has been stated previously, Nazlet Tuna has been virtually ignored by archaeologists. Even the "Roman Town" identified by Petrie in 1894 (consult Figure 1.3) has been neglected, ann has only been the subject of one archaeological excavation. This excavation, conducted by the Egyptian Antiquities Organisation in 1968 under the direction of Inspector Ahmed Said Hindi, revealed a building which was identified as a Coptic Church but which is now marked only by two broken limestone pillars (Plate V; consult Figure 1.4 for the location of the Church). Small finds from the excavation included Coptic stelae and coins dated to the Islamic period and to the reign of the Emperor Heraclius (Kessler 1981, 19). It was in this area that the Survey concentrated its work in a ground-survey aimed at providing evidence relating to the extent and nature of the Nazlet Tuna site. The series of sherd mounds which constitute Nazlet Tuna were planned by the Expedition and, for the.sake of reference, were lettered in the series A-L, running from north to south: this lettering is indicated on Figure 1.4. A series of 10 metre squares was established on each of these concentrations of surface material, the number of the squares being relative to the size of the individual "site". These squares were used as a basis for the collection of diagnostic potsherds, as well as the recording of other significant surface finds and features at each site. The illustrated corpus of diagnostic potsherds presented at the end of this Chapter (Figures 3.1-3.60) forms the major result of the work at Nazlet Tuna, and is intended to be an objective presentation of the ceramic material collected by the Survey. The short verbal description which accompanies each potsherd includes details of the mound from which it was collected, and a description of the fabric/surface of the sherd in terms of its Munsell Colour and Number. The scale bars shown represent 5cm. The glossary of sites A to L (Section 3.3, below) includes a concordance showing which illustrated potsherd was found at each site.

17

3 .2 T HE P OTTERY M uch o f t he c eramic m aterial f rom N azlet T una c an b e c losely c ompared t o t he c lasses o f L ate R oman p ottery r ecorded b y D on B ailey f rom t he e xcavations o f t he B ritish M useum E xpedition a t t he n earby s ite o f H ermopolis M agna. F or i nstance, t he F ine C ooking P ots i llustrated i n t he T una c orpus ( Figures 3 .1-10) m ay b e r egarded a s b elonging t o B ailey's G roup C ( Bailey 1 982, 2 0-21, F igures 6 -19), p articularly a s t hey s hare w ith t he H ermopolite e xamples a n otable l ack o f h andles w hen c ompared t o s imilar v essels f rom o ther E gyptian s ites ( ibid). T he Q awadis ( Figures 3 .11-14) a re v essels u sed o n t he S aqqiya, o r w ater-wheel, a nd a re d irectly c omparable w ith B ailey's G roup J ( Bailey 1 983, 4 3-44, F igures 6 4 & 6 5). T he T una " tripods" ( Figures 3 .15-18) a re i dentified a s s uch ( even t hough n one w as f ound w ith f eet a t N azlet T una), a fter B ailey's a ttribution o f s imilarly f ormed v essels a t A shmunein ( op c it, 3 7-38, F igures 5 3-55). H ermopolite a mphora s herds ( Bailey 1 982, 1 6-20, F igures 4 & 5 ) w ere b y f ar t he m ost c ommon t ype o f p otsherd t o b e s een a t N azlet T una, a lthough n one w as s ubstantial e nough t o b e i llustrated. B roadly s peaking, t he c eramic m aterial r ecovered f rom N azlet T una w ould s eem t o f all w ithin a d ate r ange o f a pproximately 3 50-650 A .D ., w ith v ery f ew v essels c apable o f m ore e xact d ating. E xceptions t o t his a re t he " frog"-lamp ( Figure 3 .60 .5) w hich m ay b e d ated t o t he 4 th C entury A .D. a nd w hose p otter's m ark i s p aralleled o n a l amp e xcavated a t I hnasya ( Petrie 1 904, P lates L XVIII Y .65 & L XXIV 2 99), a nd t he A frican R ed S lip b owl ( Figure 3 .55.1) w hose s hape ( Hayes 1 972, 6 8 & 7 1, [ Form 5 0 B ]) a nd s tamp ( op c it 2 29-232, [ Type 3 S tyle B ]) p robably p lace i t i n t he s econd h alf o f t he 4 th C entury A .D.

T he q uantitative p roportions o f t he d ifferent c lasses o f v essel v ary, t o ac ertain e xtent, f rom t hose f ound a t A shmunein. A t N azlet T una t here s eems t o b e ah igher p roportion o f q awadis a nd r ough-wares, a nd a c orrespondingly l ower p roportion o f f inewares. M oreover, t here i s a g ood d eal o f v ariation i n t he f orms o f i ndividual v essels w ithin t hese t ype-classes. T hese d ifferences b etween t he a ssemblage a t N azlet T una a nd t hat a t A shmunein m ay b e e xplained a s t he r esult o f o ne o r m ore p henomena. I t m ay b e t hat, a lthough o verlapping, t he d ate r anges o f t he N azlet T una a nd A shmunein m aterial d o n ot c oincide e xactly, o ne h aving a n e arlier d ate r ange t han t he o ther. I n a ddition, i t i s l ikely t hat d ifferences i n t he f orms o f b asically s imilar v essels a re d ue t o i ndividual p otters i nterpreting t he s hapes o f ab asic c orpus t o t heir o wn p ersonal/regional s tyles. I t m ay a lso b e t hat t he c omposition o f e ach c eramic a ssemblage i s p rimarily d ue t o d istinct f unctional d eterminants, w ith v essels b eing p roduced t o s erve t he " purpose" o f e ach s ite ( e.g. a r ange o f f inewares f or t he u rban c ommunity a t A shmunein, b ut m ore r oughwares a nd q awadis f or t he a gricultural c ommunity o f N azlet T una?). T his l atter h ypothesis m ay b e s upported b y t he p resence a t N azlet T una o f t he " strainer" v essels/fragments, w hich h ave n ot b een r ecovered d uring t he r ecent e xcavations a t A shmunein. H owever, s uch h ypotheses c an, a t p resent, o nly s erve a s p ossible s uggestions a s t o t he r elationship b etween t he c eramic a ssemblages f rom t he s ites o f N azlet T una a nd A shmunein. O ur p resent k nowledge o f t he

1 8

m aterial f rom t he f ormer s ite n eeds t o b e e xpanded b y f urther f ield-work - c hiefly i n t erms o f e stablishing t he c hronological a spect o f t he a ssemblage t hrough c ontrolled e xcavation - b efore a ny f irmer c onclusions m ight b e r eached. I t i s h oped t hat t he p resent r eport o f a m odest s urvey a t N azlet T una w ill e ncourage o ther s cholars t o t ake a n i nterest i n t he p ossibilities f or r esearch p resented b y t his l ittle-known a nd u nappreciated s ite.

G iven t he s ize o f s ettlement i ndicated b y t he N azlet T una s herd m ounds, i t m ight b e e xpected t hat a t oponym a ssociated w ith t his s ite w ould a ppear i n c ontemporary p apyri. T he m ost o bvious c andidate f or i dentification i n t his w ay i s t he t own o f g üv5 ,a s ettlement i n t he H ermopolite N ome w hich a ppears i n a dministrative d ocuments f rom 1 04 A .D . u ntil t he 7 th/8th c entury A .D ., a nd i n C optic s ources u ntil t he 8 th c entury a s 96 ) 1 4 e . ( Drew-Bear 1 979, 1 18). I n v iew o f t he f act t hat t he t oponym g i ,v % 5 i s a lmost c ertainly a d irect a ncestor o f t he n ame T una ( and w as t herefore s ituated i n t he a rea o f T una e l-Gebel), a nd t hat t he p eriod o f i ts o ccupation a ccording t o t he p apyri c losely c oincides w ith t he d ating o f t he p ot-sherds f rom N azlet T una s ampled i n 1 987, t he a ssociation o f t he s ite a nd t he t oponym s eems v ery l ikely.

W ith t he e xception o f t he a rtifacts d escribed i n C hapter 2 , t he o nly p re-Roman m aterial l ocated b y t he S urvey a t N azlet T una w as a s mall n umber o f b lue-glazed L ate P eriod u shabti f ragments, f ound a t s ites A a nd H . T heir p resence, i n t he d isturbed s urface m aterial o f t he R oman s ites o n t he e dge o f t he d esert, m ay s uggest t hat t he L ate P eriod c emeteries a t G abbanet G hereifa, l ying d ue w est o f N azlet T una, m ay h ave o riginally s tretched a s f ar e ast a s t his a nd b een l ater o verlaid b y t he w estward s pread o f t he R oman t own, o r b y t he d umping o f i ts r ubbish. A gain, t his i s aq uestion w hich c an o nly b e s atisfactorily r esolved b y e xcavation a t N azlet T una.

3 .3 A G LOSSARY O F N AZLET T UNA S ITES A - L E ach e ntry i n t he g lossary i ncludes t he h eading f rom t he f igure i llustration, s o t hat s ome i mpression m ay b e g ained o f t he r ange o f v essel t ypes t o b e f ound a t e ach s ite.

1 9

SITE A A concentrated collection of potsherd material, some of which may have been excavated during the construction of modern tombs in the nearby Nazlet Tuna Cemetery. A small fragment of a blue-glazed ushabti was found at Site A. Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure

3. 2.3 3. 3.4 3. 8.4 3. 8.5 3.11.5 3.12.1 3.12.2 3.12.6 3.14.6 3.15.2 3.16.2 3.18.3 3.19.4 3.20.6 3.22.3 3.23.2 3.25.1 3.25.4 3.27.1 3.27.5 3.33.1 3.35.2 3.37.2 3.38.5 3.39.5 3.40.2 3.44.4 3.46.1 3.46.3 3.47.4 3.47.3 3.48.3 3.48.5 3.50.1 3.50.2 3.52.3 3.53.3 3.54.3 3.56.2 3.59.2 3.60.4

-

Fine Cooking Pots Fine Cooking Pots Fine Cooking Pots Fine Cooking Pots Qawadis Qawadis Qawadis Qawadis Qawadis "Tripods" "Tripods" "Tripods"/"Casseroles" Bowls/Dishes Bowls/Dishes Bowls/Dishes Bowls/Dishes large Bowls/Jars large Bowls/Jars large Bowls/Jars Large Bowls/Jars Large Bowls/Jars Painted Jars/Jar Fragments Handled Jars/Jugs Handled Jars/Jugs Jars Bowls Fineware Bowls Fineware Bowls Fineware Bowls Fineware Bowls Fineware Bowls "Flanged" Fineware Howls "Flanged" Fineware Bowls Fineware Bowls Fineware Bowls Fineware Bowls Fineware Bowls Fineware Bowls Large Pottery Stands (?) Strainer/Brazier(?) Vessels Assorted For�s

20

SITE B PLATE VI A substantial mound on a high ridge at the edge of the desert, overlooking the cultivation. Besides the extensive surface scatters of potsherds and areas of decomposed mud brick, a number of fragments of red granite were found, although none of these had any visible worked surface. Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Fi0 er2

3. 1.3 3. 1.4 3. 1.5 3. 4.1 3. 4.2 3. 9.5 3.12.3 3.15.1 3.15.3 3.18.2 3.20.4 3.25.2 3.32.1 3.34.2 3.40.3 3.41.2 3.43.1 3.45.5 3.45.6 3.47.1 3.47.2 3.49.3 3.51.5 3.51.6 3.52.2 3.52.5 3.58.2

-

Fine Cooking Pots Fine Cooking Pots Fine Cooking Pots Fine Cooking Pots Fine Cooking Pots Fine Cooking Pots Qawadis "Tripods" "Tripods" "Tripods"/"Casseroles" Bowls/Dishes Large Bowls/Jars Large Bowls/Jars Painted Jars Bowls Bowls Carinated Bowls Fineware Bowls Fineware Bowls Fineware Bowls Fineware Bowls "Flanged" Fineware Bowls Fineware Bowls Fineware Bowls Fineware Bowls Fineware Bowls Strainer(?) Fragments

SITE C Almost certainly an artificially detached portion of Site B, separated from B by a modern trackway. No diagnostic sherds were collected here, although Hermopolite amphora sherds were in evidence. Immediately to the south-west of Site C are the limestone columns of the "Church" excavated by the Egyptian Antiquities 0rsanisation(Plate V).

21

S ITE D

A l arge m ound, w ith a s ubstantial c overage o f s urface m aterial i ncluding b roken f ragments o f l ocal n ummulitic l imestone a nd b oth m ud a nd r ed b ricks.

F igure F igure F igure F igure F igure F igure F igure F igure F igure F igure F igure F igure F igure F igure F igure F igure F igure F igure F igure F igure F igure F igure F igure F igure F igure F igure F igure F igure F igure F igure F igure F igure F igure F igure

3 . 1 .1 F ine C ooking P ots 3 . 1 .2 F ine C ooking P ots 3 .10.1 F ine C ooking P ots 3 .11.4 Q awadis 3 .13.2 Q awadis 3 .13.3 Q awadis 3 .14.1 Q awadis 3 .14.3 Q awadis 3 .18.4 " Tripods"/"Casseroles" 3 .19.3 B owls/Dishes 3 .19.5 B owls/Dishes 3 .20.2 B owls/Dishes 3 .21.2 B owls/Dishes 3 .21.3 B owls/Dishes 3 .22.1 B owls/Dishes 3 .28.2 L arge B owls/Jars 3 .36.1 H andled J ars 3 .38.6 H andled J ars/Jugs 3 .39.3 J ars 3 .41.1 B owls 3 .46.2 F ineware B owls F ineware B owls 3 .46.5 3 .50.3 F ineware B owls 3 .50.4 F ineware B owls 3 .51.3 F ineware B owls 3 .52.1 F ineware B owls 3 .52.6 F ineware B owls 3 .53.1 F ineware b owls 3 .53.2 F ineware B owls 3 .53.5 F ineware B owls 3 .54.5 F ineware B owls 3 .55.2 - S tamped F inewares 3 .58.1 - S trainer ( ?) F ragments 3 .58.4 - S trainer ( ?) F ragments

2 2

S ITE E

At hick s catter o f s urface m aterial, c hiefly c omprised o f f ragments r ed b ricks.

F igure F igure F igure F igure F igure F igure F igure F igure F igure F igure F igure F igure F igure F igure F igure F igure F igure F igure F igure F igure F igure F igure F igure F igure F igure

3 .12.8 3 .13.4 3 .13.7 3 .13.8 3 .14.5 3 .23.1 3 .24.3 3 .28.4 3 .28.5 3 .30.3 3 .30.4 3 .31.3 3 .37.1 3 .37.3 3 .37.4 3 .37.5 3 .39.1 3 .39.2 3 .39.4 3 .41.4 3 .49.1 3 .55.1 3 .57.6 3 .58.5 3 .60.1

-

Q awadis Q awadis Q awadis Q awadis Q awadis B owls/Dishes B owls/Dishes L arge B owls/Jars L arge B owls/Jars L arge B owls/Jars L arge B owls/Jars L arge B owls/Jars H andled J ars/Jugs H andled J ars/Jugs H andled J ars/Jugs H andled J ars/Jugs J ars J ars J ars B owls " Flanged" F ineware B owls S tamped F inewares M arl V essels S trainer(?) F ragments A ssorted F orms

2 3

o f

SITES F & G Two smaller concentrations of surface material on a slope running south-west from Site E down to the cultivation. Both sites were seen to contain fragments of local nummulitic limestone, and numerous small (up to c. 2cm in length) fragments of skeletal materal. No diagnostic bones were recovered.. Site F Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure

3. 6.1 3. 7.1 3. 7.2 3.11.1 3.11.3 3.13.1 3.15.4 3.16.4 3.17.2 3.18.5 3.20.3 3.24.5 3.26.1 3.26.2 3.26.3 3.27.2 3.27.4 3.28.3 3.29.1 3.31.2 3.34.1 3.35.1 j.4i.o 3.51.1 3.51.7 3.52.4 3.53.4 3.54.6 3.57.1 3.58.3 3.58.6 3.59.5

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Fine Cooking Pots Fine Cooking Pots Fine Cooking Pots Qawadis Qawadis Qawadis "Tripods" "Tripods" "Tripods" "Tripods"/"Casseroles" Bowls/Dishes Bowls/Dishes Large Bowls/Jars Large Bowls/Jars Large Bowls/Jars Large Bowls/Jars Large Bowls/Jars Large BowlsjJars Large Bowls/Jars Large Bowls/Jars Painted Jars Painted Jars/Jar Fragments iineware �owls Fineware Bowls Fineware Bowls Fineware Bowls Fineware Bowls Fineware Bowls Marl Vessels Strainer(?) Fragments Strainer(?) Fragments Strainer/Brazier(?) Vessels

3. 9.2 3.11.2 3.26.4 3.32.3 3.41.3 3.45.4 3.57.5

-

Fine Cooking Pots Qawadis Large Bowls/Jars Large Bowls/Jars Bowls Fineware Bowls Marl Vessels

Site G Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure

24

SITE H PLATES VII, VIII, IX A large mound which rises to a height of approximately 4 metres above the surrounding desert. The surface finds include a quantity of red bricks and a fragment of a blue-glazed ushabti. Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Fi 6 ure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure

3. 3.1 3. 9.1 3. 9.4 3.10.2 3.16.1 3.21.4 3.24.1 3.24.4 3.24.6 3.31.4 3.33.3 3.34.3 3.35.5 3.36.2 3.36.3 3.38.1 3.38.3 3.43.2 3.43.5 3.44.1 3.44.3 3.44.5 3.48.6 3.49.5 3.49.6 3.54.1 3.54.4 3.54.7 3.57.2 3.59.3 3.59.4 3.60.2

-

Fine Cooking Pots Fine Cooking Pots Fine Cooking Pots Fine Cooking Pots "Tripods" Bowls/Dishes Bowls/Dishes Bowls/Dishes Bowls/Dishes Large Bowls/Jars Large Bowls/Jars Painted Jars Painted Jars/Jar Fragments Handled Jars Handled Jars Handled Jars/Jugs Handled Jars/Jugs Carinated Bowls Carinated Bowls Fineware Bowls Fineware Bowls Fineware Bowls "Flanged" Fineware Bowls "Flanged" Fineware Bowls "Flanged" Fineware Bowls Fineware Bowls Fineware Bowls Fineware Bowls Marl Vessels Strainer/Brazier(?) Vessels Strainer/Brazier(?) Vessels Assorted Forms

25

S ITES I , J & K

T hree s maller c oncentrations o f m aterial l ying t o t he s outh o f S ite A ll t hree c ontain s mall q uantities o f r ed b ricks.

S ite I

F igure F igure F igure F igure F igure F igure F igure F igure F igure F igure F igure F igure F igure F igure F igure F igure F igure F igure F igure F igure F igure F igure F igure

3 . 2 .5 3 . 3 .2 3 . 3 .3 3 . 6 .4 3 .12.4 3 .16.3 3 .19.2 3 .21.5 3 .24.2 3 .27.3 3 .28.1 3 .29.3 3 .33.2 3 .35.3 3 .38.4 3 .42.2 3 .42.3 3 .46.6 3 .47.5 3 .48.2 3 .49.2 3 .51.4 3 .60.6

F ine C ooking P ots F ine C ooking P ots F ine C ooking P ots F ine C ooking P ots Q awadis " Tripods" B owls/Dishes B owls/Dishes B owls/Dishes L arge B owls/Jars L arge B owls/Jars - L arge B owls/Jars -L arge B owls/Jars -P ainted J ars/Jar F ragments -H andled J ars/Jugs -C arinated B owls -C arinated B owls - F ineware B owls -F ineware B owls - " Flanged" F ineware B owls - " Flanged" F ineware B owls -F ineware B owls -A ssorted F orms

3 . 2 .2 3 . 4 .4 3 . 5 .2 3 . 5 .3 3 . 5 .4 3 . 6 .2 3 . 6 .3 3 . 7 .3 3 . 7 .4 3 . 8 .3 3 .12.5 3 .13.5 3 .17.3 3 .20.1 3 .33.2

-

S ite J

F igure F igure F igure F igure F igure F igure F igure F igure F igure F igure F igure F igure F igure F igure F igure

F ine C ooking P ots F ine C ooking P ots F ine C ooking P ots F ine C ooking P ots F ine C ooking P ots F ine C ooking P ots F ine C ooking P ots F ine C ooking P ots F ine C ooking P ots F ine C ooking P ots Q awadis Q awadis " Tripods" B owls/Dishes 7 andled J ars/Jugs

2 6

P .

F igure F igure F igure F igure F igure

3 .43.3 3 .43.4 3 .45.1 3 .48.1 3 .56.1

-

3 . 2 .4 3 . 3 .5 3 . 4 .5 3 . 5 .1 3 . 8 .1 3 . 8 .2 3 .14.2 3 .14.4 3 .17.1 3 .21.1 3 .22.2 3 .25.3 3 .30 .1 3 .30.2 3 .31.1 3 .32.2 3 .40 .1 3 .42.1 3 .42.4 3 .4 / 4 .2 3 .45.2 3 .45.3 3 .46.4 3 .48.4 3 .54.2 3 .57.3 3 .57.4

F ine C ooking P ots F ine C ooking P ots F ine C ooking P ots F ine C ooking P ots F ine C ooking P ots -F ine C ooking P ots Q awadis -Q awadis - " Tripods" -B owls/Dishes -B owls/Dishes -L arge B owls/Jars -L arge B owls/Jars -L arge B owls/Jars -L arge B owls/Jars -L arge B owls/Jars -B owls -C arinated B owls -C arinated B owls -F ineware B owls -F ineware B owls -F ineware B owls -F ineware B owls - " Flanged" F ineware B owls -F ineware B owls -M arl V essels -M arl V essels

C arinated B owls C arinated B owls F ineware B owls " Flanged" F ineware B owls L arge P ottery S tands ( ?)

S ite K

F igure F igure F igure F igure F igure F igure F igure F igure F igure F igure F igure F igure F igure F igure F igure F igure F igure F igure F igure F igure F igure F igure F igure F igure F igure F igure F igure

2 7

SITE L A substantial and dense concentration of potsherds, lying immediately to the north-west of the present-day cemetery of Tuna el-Gebel. The sherds appeared to be in situ, and not the result of excavation in the Tuna el-Gebel cemetery. Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure

3. 2.1 3. 4.3 3. 6.5 3. 9.3 3.10.3 3.12.7 3.13.6 3.18.1 3.19.1 3.20.5 3.23.3 3.29.2 3.35.4 3.40.4 3.41.5 3.41.6 3.49.4 3.51.2 3.59.1 3.60.3 3.60.5

-

Fine Cooking Pots Fine Cooking Pots Fine Cooking Pots Fine Cooking Pots Fine Cooking Pots Qawadis Qawadis "Tripods"/"Casseroles" Bowls/Dishes Bowls/Dishes Bowls/Dishes Large Bowls/Jars Painted Jars/Jar Fragments Bowls Bowls Bowls "Flanged" Fineware Bowls Fineware Bowls Strainer/Brazier(?) Vessels Assorted Forms Assorted Forms

28

3 .4 A N I LLUSTRATED C ORPUS O F D IAGNOSTIC P OTTERY F ROM N AZLET T UNA

2 9

F IGURE 3 .1 - F INE C OOKING P OTS

( 1) R ed f abric l OR 5 /6 ,

s moke-blackened o n l ower b ody.

S ite D

( 2) R ed f abric 2 .5YR 5 /6. S ite D

( 3) R ed f abric l OR 5 /6,

s moke-blackening.

S ite B

( 4) R ed f abric 1 OR 5 /6,

s lipped R ed l OR 4 /6.

S ite B

( 5) R ed f abric l OR 4 /6. S ite B

3 0

1

9 4

5

3 1

F IGURE 3 .2 - F INE C OOKING P OTS

( 1) R ed f abric 1 OR 5 /6. S ite L

( 2) R ed f abric l OR 5 /6,

t hick b lack c ore.

S ite J

( 3) R ed f abric l OR 5 /8,

s lipped R ed l OR 4 /8.

S ite A

( 4) R ed f abric l OR 5 /8. S ite K

( 5) R ed f abric 2 .5YR 5 /8 . S ite I

3 2

2

5

3 3

F IGURE 3 .3 — F INE C OOKING P OTS

( 1) R ough L ight R ed f abric 2 .5YR 6 /6. S ite H

( 2) R ed f abric 1 OR 5 /6. S ite I

( 3) R ed f abric 1 OR 5 /6. S ite I

( 4) W eak R ed f abric 1 OR 5 /4,

s lipped R ed 1 OR 5 /6.

S ite A

( 5) R ed f abric 1 OR 5 /6. S ite K

3 4

1

2

3

3 5

F IGURE 3 .4 — F INE C OOKING P OTS

( 1) R ed f abric 1 OR 4 /6, e vidence o f s moke—blackening. S ite B

( 2) R ed f abric 1 OR 5 /6. S ite B

( 3) R ed f abric 1 OR 5 /8. S ite L

( 4) R ed f abric 1 OR 5 /8,

s lipped R ed 1 OR 5 /6 .

S ite J

( 5) W eak R ed f abric 1 OR 5 /4. S ite K

3 6

3 7

F IGURE 3 .5 - F INE C OOKING P OTS

( 1) R ed f abric l OR 5 /6. S ite K

( 2) W orn R eddish-Brown f abric 5 YR 5 /4. S ite J

( 3) R ed f abric l OR 5 /8. S ite J

( 4) R ed f abric 2 .5YR 5 /8. S ite J

3 8

4

3 9

F IGURE 3 .6 - F INE C OOKING P OTS

( 1) R ed f abric 2 .5YR 5 /6. S ite F

( 2) R ed f abric l OR 5 /8. S ite J

( 3) W eak R ed f abric l OR 5 /4. S ite J

( 4) R eddish-Brown f abric 2 .5YR 4 /4,

s lipped R ed 2 .5YR 5 /6.

S ite I

( 5) R ed f abric l OR 5 /6. S ite L

4 0

4

4 1

F IGURE 3 .7 - F INE C OOKING P OTS

( 1) R ed f abric l OR 5 /6. S ite F

( 2) R ed f abric l OR 5 /8. S ite F

( 3) R eddish-Brown f abric 2 .5YR 4 /4. S ite J

( 4) R ed f abric 2 .5YR 5 /6. S ite J

4 2

I

M

4 3

F IGURE 3 .8 - F INE C OOKING P OTS

( 1) R ed f abric 1 OR 5 /6. S ite K

( 2) R ed f abric 1 OR 5 /6. S ite K

( 3) R ed f abric 2 .5YR 5 /8 . S ite J

( 4) R ed f abric 1 OR 5 /8. S ite A

( 5) L ight R ed f abric l OR 6 /8, s lipped R ed 1 OR 4 /6. S ite A

4 4

4 5

F IGURE 3 .9 - F INE C OOKING P OTS

( 1) R ed f abric 2 .5YR 5 /6. S ite H

( 2) R ed f abric 2 .5YR 5 /6. S ite G

( 3) L ight R ed f abric l OR 6 /6. S ite L

( 4) R ed f abric 2 .5YR 5 /6. S ite H

( 5) R ed f abric 2 .5YR 5 /6 S ite B

4 6

1

2

4 7

F IGURE 3 .10 - F INE C OOKING P OTS

( 1) R ed f abric 2 .5YR 5 /6. S ite D

( 2) R eddish-Brown f abric 5 YR 5 /4. S ite H

( 3) R ed f abric l OR 5 /6. S ite L

4 8

e l

C O

4 9

F IGURE 3 .11 - Q AWADIS

( 1) R ed f abric 1 OR 5 /6,

t races o f c ream w ash o n e xterior.

S ite F

( 2) R ed f abric 1 OR 5 /8. S ite G

( 3) R ed f abric 1 OR 5 /6. S ite F

( 4) L ight R ed f abric 2 .5YR 6 /6. S ite D

( 5) L ight R ed f abric 1 OR 6 /8. S ite A

5 0

?

'2

2

2 5 1

FIGURE 3.12 - QAWADIS (1) Red fabric lOR 5/6, thick black core. Site A (2) Red fabric lOR 5/6, thick black core. Site A (3)

Red fabric 2.5YR 5/6, thick black core. Site B

(4)

Red fabric 2.5YR 5/6. Site I

(5) Red fabric lOR 5/6, thick black core. Site J (6) Light Red fabric lOR 6/8. Site A (7)

Red fabric 2.5YR 5/6. Site l

(8)

Red fabric 2.5YR 5/8, thick black core. Site E

52

8

5 3

F IGURE 3 .13 — Q AWADIS

( 1) W eak R ed f abric 1 OR 5 /3,

t hick b lack c ore.

S ite F

( 2) R ed f abric 2 .5YR 5 /6. S ite D

( 3) R ed f abric 2 .5YR 5 /6. S ite D

( 4) R ed f abric 1 OR 5 /6. S ite E

( 5) L ight R ed f abric 1 OR 6 /8,

t hick b lack c ore.

S ite J

( 6) R ed f abric 1 OR 5 /6. S ite L

( 7) R ed f abric 1 OR 5 /8 . S ite E

( 8) R ed f abric 1 OR 5 /8. S ite E

5 4

s:'

5 5

F IGURE 3 .14 - O AWADIS

( 1) L ight R ed f abric 1 OR 6 /8. S ite D

( 2) W eak R ed f abric 1 OR 5 /4. S ite K

( 3) R ed f abric 1 OR 5 /8. S ite D

( 4) R ed f abric 1 OR 5 /6. S ite K

( 5) R ed f abric 1 OR 5 /6. S ite E

( 6) R ed f abric 1 OR 5 /8. S ite A

5 6

6

5 7

F IGURE 3 .15 - " TRIPODS"

( 1) R eddish-Yellow f abric 5 YR 6 /6,

b lack p aint b and.

S ite B

( 2) R ed f abric l OR 5 /6, w ith c ream/white p atch. S ite A

( 3) R ed f abric l OR 5 /6, w ith w hite s pots a nd b lack b and. S ite B

( 4) R ed f abric l OR 4 /6,

b lack p aint b ands.

S ite F

5 8

2

5 9

F IGURE 3 .16 - " TRIPODS"

( 1) R ed f abric l OR 4 /6. S ite H

( 2) R ed f abric l OR 6 /6, e xterior s lipped L ight R ed 1 OR 6 /8. S ite A

( 3) R ed f abric l OR 5 /6. S ite I

( 4) R ed f abric l OR 4 /6. S ite F

6 0

3

I I I I CIM IN C IM IO

6 1

F IGURE 3 .17 - " TRIPODS"

( 1) R ough R ed b rickish f abric l OR 5 /8, b ands. S ite K

( 2) R ed f abric 2 .5YR 5 /6. S ite F

( 3) R ed f abric 1 OR 5 /8. S ite J

6 2

p ainted b lack

s pots

a nd

w hite

6 3

F IGURE 3 .18 - " TRIPODS"/"CASSEROLES"

( 1) W eak R ed f abric 1 OR 5 /4. S ite L

( 2) W eak R ed f abric 1 OR 5 /4,

s lipped a nd b urnished t o R ed 1 OR 4 /6.

S ite B

( 3) R ed f abric R ed f abric 1 OR 5 /6, 4 /6.

s lipped a nd

b urnished

t o

R ed

1 OR

S ite A

( 4) R ed f abric 1 OR 5 /8 ,

s lipped a nd b urnished t o R ed 1 OR 5 /6.

S ite D

( 5) R ed f abric 1 OR s moke-blackened.

5 /6,

s lipped

S ite F

6 4

a nd

b urnished

t o

R ed

1 OR

5 /8,

3

6 5

F IGURE 3 .19 - B OWLS/DISHES

( 1) L ight R ed f abric l OR 6 /6. S ite L

( 2) R ough R ed f abric l OR 5 /8. S ite I

( 3) L ight R ed f abric 1 OR 6 /6,

s lipped a nd b urnished t o R ed l OR 5 /8.

S ite D

( 4) R ed f abric 1 OR 5 /6. S ite A

( 5) R ed f abric l OR 5 /8 , 5 /4.

s lipped a nd b urnished

S ite D

6 6

t o

R eddish-Brown

2 .5YR

M

I

6 7

F IGURE 3 .20 - B OWLS/DISHES

( 1) W eak R ed f abric l OR 5 /4, 5 /8.

i nterior s lipped a nd b urnished t o R ed

S ite J

( 2) R ed f abric 2 .5YR 5 /6. S ite D

( 3) R ed f abric 2 .5YR 6 /6,

i nterior s lipped R ed 1 OR 5 /6.

S ite F

( 4) P inkish-White m arl f abric 5 YR 8 /2. S ite B

( 5) R ed f abric l OR 5 /6. S ite L

( 6) R ed f abric l OR 5 /8,

s lipped R ed l OR 5 /6 .

S ite A

6 8

l OR

5

F IGURE 3 .21 - B OWLS/DISHES

( 1) R ed f abric 1 OR 5 /8, f aint g round.

t races

o f

b rown

' swag'

o n

a

y ellow

w ith

b lack

S ite K

( 2) R ed f abric 1 OR 5 /8 . S ite D

( 3) L ight R ed f abric 1 OR 6 /8, s lipped L ight R ed 2 .5YR 6 /6 , a nd r ed p aint ' swags'. S ite D

( 4) L ight R eddish-Brown f abric 5 YR 6 /4, e xterior s lipped R ed 1 OR 5 /6. S ite H

( 5) R ed f abric 1 OR 5 /8. S ite I

7 0

1

2

el

\

4

M IR

M K -71 1 11

71

F IGURE 3 .22 — B OWLS/DISHES

( 1) L ight R ed f abric l OR 6 /6. S ite D

( 2) R ed f abric 2 .5YR 5 /6 . S ite K

( 3) R ed f abric l OR 5 /8 , i nterior s lipped a nd b urnished t o R ed 1 OR 5 /6. S ite A

7 2

7 3

F IGURE 3 .23 - B OWLS/DISHES

( 1) L ight R ed f abric 1 OR 6 /8,

i mpressed c ord d ecoration.

S ite E

( 2) R ed f abric 1 OR 5 /8,

s lipped a nd b urnished t o R ed 1 OR 4 /8.

S ite A

( 3) R ed f abric 1 OR 5 /6,

s lipped a nd b urnished t o R ed 1 OR 4 /8.

S ite L

7 4

7 5

F IGURE 3 .24 - B OWLS/DISHES

( 1) W orn R ed f abric 2 .5YR 5 /6 ( 4-holed v essel ? ). S ite H

( 2) W eak R ed f abric l OR 5 /4,

i nterior s lipped R ed l OR 5 /8 .

S ite I

( 3) R eddish-Brown f abric 2 .5YR 5 /4. S ite E

( 4) W orn R eddish-Brown f abric 2 .5YR 5 /4. S ite H

( 5) R ed f abric l OR 5 /6. S ite F

( 6) R ed f abric l OR 5 /6. S ite H

7 6

7

/ 1

2

M IIMM IET TAN I

7 7

)

F IGURE 3 .25 - L ARGE B OWLS/JARS

( 1) R ough R ed f abric 1 OR 5 /6,

t races o f w hite p ainted b ands.

S ite A

( 2) W orn R ed f abric 1 OR 5 /8, s lipped a nd b urnished t o R ed 1 OR 4 /6. S ite B

( 3) R ed f abric 1 OR 5 /8,

s mall w hite g rits a nd m ica.

S ite K

( 4) R ed f abric 1 OR 5 /6,

s lipped a nd b urnished t o R ed l OR

S ite A

7 8

4 /8

.

2

1

4

7 9

F IGURE 3 .26 - L ARGE B OWLS/JARS

( 1) R ed f abric l OR 5 /8. S ite F

( 2) R ed f abric l OR 5 /8. S ite F

( 3) R ed f abric l OR 5 /6,

t hick b lack c ore.

S ite F

( 4) R ed f abric l OR 5 /6. S ite G

8 0

8 1

F IGURE 3 .27 - L ARGE B OWLS/JARS

( 1) W eak R ed f abric 1 OR 5 /4. S ite A

( 2) W eak R ed f abric 1 OR 5 /4 t hick b lack c ore, s lipped a nd b urnished R ed 1 OR 5 /6. S ite F

( 3) R ed f abric 1 OR 5 /8. S ite I

( 4) R ed f abric 2 .5YR 5 /6. S ite F

( 5) R ed f abric 1 OR 5 /6. S ite A

8 2

t o

83

F IGURE 3 .28 - L ARGE B OWLS/JARS

( 1) R ed f abric 1 OR 5 /8. S ite I

( 2) R ed f abric 1 OR 5 /8 , i nterior s lipped a nd b urnished t o R ed 1 OR p atches o f w hite p aint o n e xterior. S ite D

( 3) W eak R ed f abric 1 OR 4 /4. S ite F

( 4) R ed f abric 1 OR 5 /6. S ite E

( 5) R ed f abric 1 OR 5 /6. S ite E

8 4

4 /6,

8 5

F IGURE 3 .29 - L ARGE B OWLS/JARS

( 1) W eak R ed f abric l OR 5 /4,

s lipped a nd b urnished t o R ed 1 OR 5 /6.

S ite F

( 2) L ight R ed f abric l OR 6 /6. S ite L

( 3) R ed f abric l OR 5 /8, w ith t races o f w hite p aint o n e xterior. S ite I

8 6

07

F IGURE 3 .30 - L ARGE B OWLS/JARS

( 1) R ed f abric

1 OR 5 /8,

s lipped a nd b urnished t o R ed 1 OR 5 /6.

S ite K

( 2) W orn R ed f abric 1 OR 5 /6. S ite K

( 3) R ed f abric l OR 5 /8,

t hick b lack c ore.

S ite E

( 4) R ed f abric 2 .5YR 5 /6,

t hick b lack c ore.

S ite E

8 8

3

"4

8 9

F IGURE 3 .31 — L ARGE B OWLS/JARS

( 1) R ed f abric 1 OR 5 /6. S ite K

( 2) R ed f abric 2 .5YR 5 /6,

t hick b lack c ore.

S ite F

( 3) R ed f abric 1 OR 5 /8. S ite E

( 4) W eak R ed f abric 1 OR 5 /4,

s lipped a nd b urnished t o R ed 1 OR 4 /6.

S ite H

9 0

9 1

F IGURE 3 .32 - L ARGE B OWLS/JARS

( 1) R ed f abric 2 .5YR 5 /6,

s ome t races o f b lack p aint o n u pper b ody.

S ite B

( 2) R ough R ed f abric l OR 5 /8. S ite K

( 3) R eddish-Brown f abric 5 YR 5 /4,

t races o f c ream p aint o n e xterior.

S ite G

9 2

1 1

9 3

F IGURE 3 .33 - L ARGE B OWLS/JARS

( 1) R ough R ed f abric l OR 5 /8. S ite A

( 2) R ed f abric 1 OR 5 /6,

s mall w hite g rits a nd m ica.

S ite I

( 3) L ight R ed f abric l OR 6 /8, s lipped a nd b urnished t o R ed l OR 5 /8, p ainted W eak R ed l OR 4 /3 . S ite H

9 4

r im

9 5

F IGURE 3 .34 - P AINTED J ARS

( 1) L ight R ed f abric 1 OR 5 /8, w ith o range a nd b lack p aint. S ite F

( 2) R ed f abric 2 .5YR 5 /6, w ith t races o f b lack a nd c ream p aint. S ite B

( 3) R ed f abric l OR 5 /8, w ith b lack p aint. S ite H

9 6

. • •r . . ‚; ;

I la r

9 7

J IM

r

. ;•

F IGURE 3 .35 - P AINTED J ARS/JAR F RAGMENTS

( 1) R ed f abric 1 OR 5 /8,

b lack p ainted l ines.

S ite F

( 2) R ed f abric 1 OR 5 /8,

b lack p aint.

S ite A

( 3) R ed f abric 1 OR 4 /6, w ith c ream a nd b lack p aint. S ite I

( 4) R ed f abric 1 OR 5 /8, w ith b lack p aint. S ite L

( 5) R ed f abric 1 OR 4 /6, w ith c ream a nd b lack p aint. S ite H

9 8

''2

5

4 9 9

F IGURE 3 .36 - H ANDLED J ARS

( 1) W eak R ed f abric

1 OR 4 /4,

e xterior s lipped R ed l OR 5 /6.

S ite D

( 2) L ight R eddish-Brown f abric 5 YR 6 /4, e xterior s lipped 5 YR 5 /6. S ite H

( 3) R ough R ed f abric l OR 5 /8. S ite H

1 00

s mall

w hite

g rits

a nd

m ica,

2

3 1 3 1 1 1 1

BM

1 01

F IGURE 3 .37 - H ANDLED J ARS/JUGS

( 1) L ight R eddish-Brown f abric 5 YR 6 /4. S ite E

( 2) R ed f abric l OR 4 /6. S ite A

( 3) L ight R eddish-Brown f abric l OR 6 /4,

s lipped R ed l OR 5 /6.

S ite E

( 4) R eddish-Brown f abric 2 .5YR 5 /4. S ite E

( 5) L ight R eddish-Brown e xterior.

f abric

5 YR

S ite E

1 02

6 /4,

t races

o f

c ream

s lip

o n

1

' 4

1 03

F IGURE 3 .38 - H ANDLED J ARS/JUGS

( 1) R ed f abric l OR 5 /6,

s lipped a nd b urnished t o R ed l OR 5 /8.

S ite H

( 2) R ed f abric 1 OR 5 /8. S ite J

( 3) R ed f abric l OR 5 /6,

e xterior s lipped P ale Y ellow 2 .5Y 8 /4.

S ite H

( 4) R ed f abric 2 .5YR 5 /8,

7 -hole n eck s trainer.

S ite I

( 5) R ed f abric l OR 5 /8,

t races o f w hite p aint,

S ite A

( 6) R ed f abric l OR 5 /6, w hite s lip. S ite D

1 04

7 -hole n eck s trainer.

-

5 6 m

1 05

F IGURE 3 .39 - J ARS

( 1) R eddish-Brown f abric 5 YR 5 /4. S ite E

( 2) R ed f abric 1 OR 4 /6,

s moke-blackened.

S ite E

( 3) R ed f abric 1 OR 5 /8. S ite D

( 4) R ed f abric 1 OR 5 /8. S ite E

( 5) R ed f abric 1 OR 5 /6,

s lipped R ed 1 OR 4 /6.

S ite A

1 06

2

4

1 07

F IGURE 3 .40 - B OWLS

( 1) L ight R ed f abric 1 OR 6 /8, 5 /8.

i nterior s lipped a nd b urnished t o R ed 1 OR

S ite K

( 2) R ed f abric 1 OR 4 /6. S ite A

( 3) R ed f abric 1 OR 5 /6. S ite B

( 4) R ed f abric 1 OR 5 /6,

i nterior s lipped a nd b urnished t o R ed 1 OR 5 /8.

S ite L

1 08

1 09

F IGURE 3 .41 - B OWLS

( 1) R ed f abric

l OR 5 /8.

S ite D

( 2) R ed f abric

l OR 5 /6,

s lipped a nd b urnished t o R ed l OR 4 /6.

S ite B

( 3) R ed f abric 2 .5YR 5 /6. S ite G

( 4) R ed f abric 2 .5YR 5 /8. S ite E

( 5) R ed f abric

l OR 5 /6.

S ite L

( 6) L ight R ed f abric 1 OR 6 /8. S ite L

10

1

3

,-

4

5

--111

F IGURE 3 .42 - C ARINATED B OWLS

( 1) R ed f abric 1 OR 5 /8,

s lipped a nd b urnished t o R ed 1 OR 4 /8.

S ite K

( 2) R ed f abric 1 OR 5 /8,

s lipped a nd b urnished t o R ed 1 OR 4 /8.

S ite I

( 3) R ed 1 OR 5 /6,

s lipped R ed 1 OR 5 /8.

S ite I

( 4) L ight R ed f abric 1 OR 6 /8,

s lipped a nd b urnished t o R ed 1 OR 5 /8.

S ite K

12

1

2

3

13

F IGURE 3 .43 - C ARINATED B OWLS

( 1) R ed f abric 2 .5YR 5 /6,

s lipped a nd b urnished t o R ed 2 .5YR 5 /8.

S ite B

( 2) R ed f abric l OR 5 /6. S ite H

( 3) R ed f abric

l OR 5 /6.

S ite J

( 4) R ed f abric 2 .5YR 5 /6. S ite J

( 5) P ale R ed f abric

l OR 6 /4,

s lipped a nd b urnished t o R ed

S ite H

14

l OR 5 /6.

1

2

5

15

F IGURE 3 .44 - F INEWARE B OWLS

( 1) W orn L ight R ed f abric 2 .5YR 6 /6. S ite H

( 2)

L ight R ed f abric 1 OR 6 /6, i nterior s lipped L ight t races o f p aint V ery P ale B rown 1 0YR 7 /4 o n r im .

G rey

2 .5Y

7 /2,

S ite K

( 3) L ight R ed f abric 2 .5YR 6 /6,

s lipped w ith R ed

1 OR 5 /6.

S ite H

( 4) R eddish-Yellow f abric 5 YR 6 /6. S ite A

( 5) L ight R ed f abric 2 .5YR 6 /6, 1 OR 5 /6 .

i nterior s lipped a nd b urnished

S ite H

16

t o

R ed

[ 0 1 3 000000g0000061

\ \ \

O HO o 0000000 w 0 0 0 00000000000

1

1/ / 1 0 1 I1 0 0 0 0i, // 0 / 1 / 0 I II I D D

// i ,

II I /

01 10

OD II I o / e e t a i l o a a I // / /

2

3

r

H9 4

1 17

F IGURE 3 .45 - F INEWARE B OWLS

( 1) P ale R ed f abric 1 OR 6 /4 ,

s lipped a nd b urnished t o R ed

l OR 5 /8.

S ite J

( 2) F ine R ed f abric l OR 5 /8 ,

r im p ainted W eak R ed l OR 5 /4.

S ite K

( 3) R ed f abric l OR 5 /8. S ite K

( 4) R ed f abric 2 .5YR 5 /6, s lipped a nd b urnished t o R ed 1 OR 4 /8, ' rouletted' d ecoration.

i ncised

S ite G

( 5) L ight R ed f abric 2 .5YR 6 /6, 2 .5YR 6 /8,

i ncised

s lipped

' rouletted'

a nd

b urnished

t o

L ight

R ed

d ecoration

S ite B

( 6) L ight R ed f abric l OR 6 /8, s lipped a nd b urnished t o R ed 1 OR 5 /8, ' rouletted' d ecoration o f r aised b ands w ith i ncised l ines b etween. S ite B

18

2

V

‘

/

'4

d 0 0, 1 0JOJO600l ldü0 Oy 5

.

) /

I

M

19

6

F IGURE 3 .46 - F INEWARE B OWLS

( 1) R ed f abric 2 .5YR 5 /6,

s lipped a nd b urnished t o R ed l OR 5 /6.

S ite A

( 2) R ed f abric l OR 5 /8,

s lipped a nd

b urnished t o R ed

1 OR 4 /6.

S ite D

( 3) R ed f abric l OR 5 /8,

s lipped a nd b urnished t o R ed l OR 4 /6.

S ite A

( 4) R ed f abric

l OR 5 /8,

r im p ainted W eak R ed l OR 5 /4.

S ite K

( 5) P ink f abric 5 Y2 7 /4. S ite D

( 6) R ed f abric

l OR 5 /8,

s lipped a nd b urnished t o R ed l OR 4 /6.

S ite I

1 20

1 21

F IGURE 3 .47 - F INEWARE B OWLS

( 1) R ed f abric 1 OR 5 /6,

i nterior s lipped a nd b urnished t o R ed 1 OR 4 /8.

S ite B

( 2) R ed f abric 1 OR 5 /8,

i nterior s lipped a nd b urnished t o R ed 1 OR 5 /6.

S ite B

( 3) L ight R ed f abric 1 OR 6 /8,

s lipped a nd b urnished t o R ed 1 OR

4/ 8

.

S ite A

( 4) R ed f abric 1 OR 5 /6,

s mall w hite g rits a nd m ica.

S ite A

( 5) P ink f abric 5 YR 7 /4, r im 2 .5YR 5 /4.

t races o f aR eddish-Brown p ainted b and o n

S ite I

( 6) P ink f abric 5 YR 7 /6,

p aint b and L ight R ed 1 OR 6 /8.

S ite F

1 22

t he

2

4

5

6

1 1 1 111.71M I

12 " ) ,

F IGURE 3 .48 - " FLANGED" F INEWARE B OWLS

( 1) W orn R ed f abric 1 °R 5 /8. S ite J

( 2) L ight R ed f abric 1 OR 6 /8, 6 /8.

s lipped a nd b urnished t o L ight R ed

2 .5YR

S ite I

( 3) L ight R ed f abric

l OR 6 /6,

s lipped a nd b urnished t o R ed l OR 5 /8.

S ite A

( 4) P ale R ed f abric 1 OR 6 /4 ,

i nterior s lipped a nd b urnished t o l OR 4 /8.

S ite K

( 5) W orn L ight R ed f abric 1 OR 6 /8. S ite A

( 6) R ed f abric 2 .5YR 5 /6,

s lipped a nd b urnished t o R ed 1 OR 5 /6.

S ite H

1 24

1

)

\ \

. -/

2

3

4

5

1 25

F IGURE 3 .49 - " FLANGED" F INEWARE B OWLS

( 1) R ed f abric 2 .5 Y R 5 /6. S ite E

( 2) R ed f abric 1 OR 5 /6,

s lipped 1 OR 4 /8.

S ite I

( 3) L ight R ed f abric 1 OR 6 /8,

s lipped a nd b urnished t o R ed 1 OR 5 /6.

S ite B

( 4) R ed f abric 1 OR 5 /6,

s lipped a nd b urnished t o R ed 1 OR 5 /8.

S ite L

( 5) R ed f abric 1 OR 5 /6. S ite

( 6) R eddish-Yellow f abric 2 .5 Y P 6 /6, R ed 1 OR 5 /6. S ite H

1 26

i nterior s lipped a nd b urnished t o

2

---�L-�--��� ===-�--,-=-� -

'

3

----i_ _ -_-_-_----=_=---=T)t

'

I

�

---.---==\

�. . I /;: .

127

---

)

FIGURE 3.50 - FINEWARE BOWLS (1) light Red fabric lOR 6/8, slipped and burnished to Red lOR 5/6, rim painted Red lOR 4/6, incised decoration. Site A (2) Light Red fabric lOR 6/8, slipped and burnished to Red lOR 5/8, rim painted Red lOR 5/6. Site A (3) Light Red fabric lOR 6/8, slipped and burnished to Red lOR 5/8, rim painted Red lOR 4/6. Site D (4) Light Red fabric 2.5YR 6/6, rim painted Red lOR 5/6. Site D

128

1 29

F IGURE 3 .51 - F INEWARE B OWLS

( 1) R eddish-Yellow f abric 5 YR 6 /6, l OR 5 /3.

p ainted a bove

c arination

W eak

R ed

S ite F

( 2) L ight R ed f abric 1 OR 6 /8, p ainted r im R ed 1 OR 4 /6.

i nterior s treaky R eddish-Yellow 5 YR

7 /6,

S ite L

( 3) L ight R ed f abric 2 .5YR 6 /8, s lipped L ight R ed r im R eddish-Brown 2 .5YR 5 /4.

2 .5YR

6 /6,

p ainted

S ite D

( 4) P ink f abric 5 YR 7 /4,

p ainted r im R ed 1 OR

4/ 8

.

S ite I

( 5) R eddish-Yellow f abric 7 .5YR 6 /6, 5 YR 7 /6, p ainted r im R ed l OR 4 /6.

i nterior

s treaky

R eddish-Yellow

S ite B

( 6) R eddish-Yellow f abric 5 YR 7 /8, i nterior 6 /8, p ainted r im W eak R ed l OR 4 /4.

s lipped

L ight

S ite B

( 7) R eddish-Yellow f abric 5 YR 7 /6,

p ainted r im R ed l OR 5 /6.

S ite F

1 30

R ed

2 .5YR

1

2

5

1 31

F IGURE 3 .52 - F INEWARE B OWLS

( 1) L ight R ed f abric 2 .5YR 6 /6, s lipped a nd 2 .5YR 6 /8, p ainted r im R ed 2 .5YR 5 /6.

b urnished

t o

L ight

R ed

( 2) L ight R ed f abric 2 .5YR 6 /6, s lipped a nd b urnished 2 .5YR 6 /8, p ainted r im R eddish-Brown 2 .5YR 5 /6.

t o

L ight

R ed

S ite D

S ite B

( 3) R ed f abric l OR 5 /6,

p ainted r im R ed l OR 4 /6.

S ite A

( 4) R ed f abric 2 .5YR 5 /6,

p ainted r im R eddish-Brown 2 .5YR 5 /4.

S ite F

( 5) R ed f abric l OR 6 /6, s treaky p aint o n e xterior L ight p ainted r im R ed l OR 4 /6.

R ed

1 OR

6 /8,

S ite B

( 6) L ight R ed f abric 2 .5YR 6 /6, s lipped a nd b urnished R eddish-Brown 2 .5YR 6 /4 , p ainted r im R ed l OR 4 /4. S ite D

1 32

t o

L ight

6

1 33

F IGURE 3 .53 - F INEWARE B OWLS

( 1) W eak R ed f abric 1 OR 6 /8,

p ainted r im W eak R ed l OR 5 /4.

S ite D

( 2) P ink f abric 5 YR 7 /4, s lipped a nd b urnished t o L ight p ainted r im R ed 1 OR 5 /6.

R ed

1 OR

6 /8,

S ite D

( 3) L ight R ed f abric 1 OR 6 /8 ,

p ainted r im W eak R ed 1 OR 5 /4.

S ite A

( 4) P ink f abric 5 YR 7 /4 , i nterior s lipped L ight R ed 2 .5YR 6 /8, r im W eak R ed 1 OR 5 /3. S ite F

( 5) L ight R ed 1 OR 6 /8,

p ainted r im W eak R ed 1 OR 5 /4.

S ite D

1 34

p ainted

3

1 35

F IGURE 3 .54 - F INEWARE B OWLS

( 1) L ight R ed f abric 2 .5YR 6 /6,

r im p ainted W eak R ed l OR 5 /4.

S ite H

( 2) L ight R ed f abric 2 .5YR 6 /6, p ainted W eak R ed l OR 5 /4.

i nterior p ainted L ight R ed l OR 6 /8,

r im

p atches o f p aint o n r im

R ed

l OR

t o

R ed

5 /8,

r im

S ite K

( 3) L ight R ed f abric 2 .5YR 6 /6, 5 /4.

W eak

S ite A

( 4) R ed f abric l OR 5 /6,

p ainted a bove c arination R ed 1 0P 4 /6.

S ite H

( 5) L ight R ed f abric 2 .5YR 6 /6,

r im p ainted W eak R ed l OR 5 /4.

S ite D

( 6) L ight R ed f abric 2 .5YR 6 /6, i nterior s lipped a nd b urnished 2 .5YR 5 /8, r im p ainted R eddish-Brown 2 .5YR 5 /4. S ite F

( 7) L ight R ed f abric 2 .5YR 6 /6, p ainted W eak R ed l OR 5 /4.

i nterior

S ite H

1 36

s treaky

R ed

1 OR

1 7 8P01 ; 11140041 11111

r 3

5

1 37

F IGURE 3 .55 - S TAMPED F INEWARES

( 1) S tamped A frican R ed S lip W are. a nd b urnished t o R ed 1 OR 5 /8.

L ight R ed f abric

l OR

6 /8 ,

s lipped

S ite E

( 2) S tamped A frican(?) R ed S lip W are. a nd b urnished t o R ed l OR 5 /8. S ite D

1 38

L ight R ed f abric l OR 6 /6,

s lipped

C ‘ I

1 39

F IGURE 3 .56 - L ARGE P OTTERY S TANDS (9 )

( 1) R ough R ed f abric l OR 5 /8, w ith t hick b lack c ore. S ite J

( 2) R ough R ed f abric

l OR 5 /8, w ith t hick b lack c ore.

S ite A

1 40

1 41

F IGURE 3 .57 - M ARL V ESSELS

( 1) P ale Y ellow m arl f abric 2 .5Y 7 /4. S ite F

( 2) W orn R eddish-Yellow m arl f abric 7 .5Y9 7 /6. S ite

( 3) P ink m arl f abric 5 YR 7 /4. S ite K

( 4) W eak R ed f abric

l OR 4 /3,

s treaky P ink s lip 5 YR 7 /4.

S ite K

( 5) R ed f abric 1 OR 5 /6,

c reamy/white w ash.

S ite G

( 6) Y ellow m arl f abric 2 .5Y 7 /4. S ite E

1 42

I I

8 3

M

1 43

F IGURE 3 .58 - S TRAINER(?) F RAGMENTS

( 1) R ough R ed b rickish f abric l OR 5 /8,

t hick b lack c ore.

S ite D

( 2) L ocal n ummulitic l imestone. S ite B

( 3) R ough R ed b rickish f abric 2 .5YR 5 /6. S ite F

( 4) R ough R ed b rickish f abric 1 OR 5 /6. S ite D

( 5) R ough R ed b rickish f abric 1 OR 5 /6. S ite E

( 6) R ough R ed b rickish f abric 2 .5YR 5 /6. S ite F

1 44

1 3

0

0 0

_MIL

1 45

2

F IGURE 3 .59 - S TRAINER/BRAZIER(?) V ESSELS

( 1) R ed f abric l OR 5 /6. S ite L

( 2) R ed f abric l OR 5 /8. S ite A

( 3) R ed f abric l OR 5 /6. S ite 1 . 1

( 4) R ed f abric 2 .5YR 5 /6. S ite H

( 5) R ed f abric 5 /4.

l OR 4 /6,

s lipped a nd b urnished t o W eak

S ite F

1 46

R ed

f abric

l OR

•

1

1 1 11 1 111 -

1 47

F IGURE 3 .60 - A SSORTED F ORMS

( 1) R ed f abric l OR 5 /8. S ite E

( 2) R ed f abric 1 OR 5 /6. S ite H

( 3) R eddish-Yellow f abric 5 YR 7 /6. S ite L

( 4) R ough R ed f abric 2 .5YR 5 /6,

s mall w hite g rits a nd m ica.

S ite A

( 5) M arl f abric P ale Y ellow 2 .5Y 7 /4, S ite L

( 6) M arl f abric P ale Y ellow 2 .5Y 7 /4. S ite I

1 48

i ncised m arkings.

W IWI . _I NK_ _ MO

1 49

B IBLIOGRAPHY

A bu a l-Izz, M .S. ( 1971), L andforms o f E gypt, F ayid, A merican U niversity i n C airo, C airo.

t ranslated b y Y .A.

A bu S eif, H . ( 1928), R apport s ur d eux s arcophages d gcouverts a T ouna e l-Gebel, A nnales d u S ervice d es A ntiquitgs d e l 'Egypte, 2 8: 6 1-64. A limen, M . ( 1957), T he P rehistory o f A frica, t ranslated b y A .F. B rodrick, H utchinson a nd C o., L ondon. B ailey, D .M . ( 1982), F our g roups o f L ate R oman p ottery, i n A .J. S pencer & D .M . B ailey, A shmunein ( 1981), B ritish M useum , L ondon, 1 1-39. B ailey, D .M . ( 1983), M ore g roups o f L ate R oman p ottery, i n A .J. S pencer, D .M. B ailey A A . B urnett, A shmunein ( 1982), B ritish M useum, L ondon, 2 6-52. B utzer, K .W . ( 1951), A rchäologische F undstellen O ber- u nd M ittelägyptens i n i hrer g eologischen L andschaft, M itteilungen d es D eutschen A rchgologischen I nstituts A bteilung K airo, 1 7: 5 4-68. C aton-Thompson, G . ( 1946), T he L evalloisian i ndustries o f E gypt, P roc. P rehist. S oc., 1 2: 5 7-120. C aton-Thompson, G . P ress, L ondon.

( 1952), K harga O asis i n P rehistory, A thlone

C aton-Thompson, G . AG ardner, E .W . A nthropological I nstitute, L ondon.

( 1934), T he D esert F ayum, R oyal

C haban, 7 ! . ( 1907), F ouilles A chmounein, A nnales d u S ervice d es A ntiquitgs d e l 'Egypte, 8 : 2 11-222. C hassinat, E .G. ( 1904), U ntitled c ontribution t o t he E gypt E xploration F und A rchaeological R eport 1 903-4: 3 1-33. D rew-Bear, M . ( 1979), L e n ome M ernopolite: A merican S tudies i n P apyrology, M issoula.

t oponymes e t s ites,

G abra, S . ( 1939), R apport s ur l es f ouilles d 'Mernopolis O uest, T onnah e l-Gebel, A nnales d u S ervice d es A ntiquitgs d e l 'Egypte, 4 63-496. G abra, C airo.

S .

( 1971), C hez l es D erniers A dorateurs d u T rismegiste,

1 51

3 9:

G rimm , G . ( 1975), T una e l-Gebel: 1 913-1973, M itteilungen d es D eutschen A rchäologischen I nstituts A bteilung K airo, 3 1: 2 21-236. H ayes, J .W . L ondon.

( 1972), L ate R oman P ottery, B ritish S chool a t R ome,

K essler , D . ( 1981), H istorische T opographie d er P egion z wischen M allawi u nd S amalut, T AVO , T übingen. K essler, D . ( 1986), T una e l-Gebel, L exikon d er A gyptologie B and 6 , W iesbaden : 7 97-804. L efebvre, G .

( 1923-4), L e T ombeau d e P etosiris, 3 V ols, C airo .

N akaten, S . ( 1982), P etosiris, L exikon d er A gyptologie B and 4 , W iesbaden : 9 95-998. P etrie, W .M .F . L ondon.

( 1894), T ell e l-Amarna, E gypt E xploration F und ,

P etrie, W .M .F .

( 1904), E hnasya, E gypt E xploration F und,

L ondon.

S andford, K .S. ( 1934), P alaeolithic M an a nd t he P ile V alley i n U pper a nd M iddle E gypt, U niversity o f C hicago O riental I nstitute P ublications 1 8 , C hicago. S andford, K .S . &A rkell, W .J . ( 1929), P alaeolithic M an a nd t he N ile-Fayum D ivide , U niversity o f C hicago O riental I nstitute P ublications 1 0 , C hicago. S andford, K .S. & A rkell, W .J . ( 1933), P alaeolithic M an a nd t he N ile V alley i n N ubia a nd U pper E gypt, U niversity o f C hicago O riental I nstitute P ublications 1 7, C hicago. S andford, K .S . &A rkell, W .J . ( 1939). P alaeolithic M an a nd t he r ile V alley i n L ower E gypt, U niversity o f C hicago O riental I nstitute P ublications 4 6 , C hicago. e l-Sayed, R . ( 1982), T ounah e l-Gebel - b ilan e t p rojets d e t ravaux, L 'Egyptologie e n 1 979 V ol 1 , WES : 2 75-278. S nape , S .P. ( 1986), S ix a rchaeological s ites i n S harqiyeh P rovince, L iverpool U niversity P ress, L iverpool. S nape, S .R. & B ailey, D .M . ( 1988), T he G reat P ortiko a t F ermopolis M agna , B ritish M useum , L ondon . V ermeersch, P .-M ., P aulissen, E ., O tte, M ., G ijselings, G . & D rappier, D . ( 1978), M iddle P alaeolithic i n t he E gyptian N ile V alley, P al LTient, 4 :(245-521 W eill, R . 9 0-93 .

( 1914), T hotiritis d e T ounah, R ecueil d e T ravaux, 3 6 :

1 52

W endorf, F ., S aid, P . & S child, P . ( 1970), E gyptian p rehistory: s ome n ew c oncepts , S cience, 1 69: 1 161-71. W endorf, F .,and S child, I . A cademic P ress, P ew Y ork.

( 1976), P rehistory o f t he N ile V alley,

Z ivie A .P . ( 1975), U ne s tatue s t ' nephore a u n o : d 'Imaounefer d '7ermopolis I . : aGna, B ull. I nst. F raniais A rchgolo ie O rientale, 7 5: 3 21-342.

1 53

P LATE

T

V iew o f T una e l-Gebel m odern c emetery f rom t he c liffs t o t he w est. I n t he f oreground i s t he g ravel t errace, a nd i n t he b ackground t he s harply d efined c ultivation.

P LATE I I T he p resent-day T una e l-Gebel c emetery a nd S ite L , s helter ( consult F igure 1 .4).

1 54

f rom t he r uined

.

•

- 21-

• 4;

4 e.

'

1 55

P LATE I II T he a rea o f t he S urvey, l ooking s outh f rom S ite A , w ith S ite D i n t he m iddle-ground a nd t he l imestone c liffs o n t he h orizon t o t he r ight o f t he p icture.

P LATE I V A s ection o f t he l imestone c liffs s howing t he d eposited g ravel.

15 6

1 57

P LATE V T he t wo s tanding c olumns o f t he " Church" t o t he s outh o f S ite C . T he m odern c emetery o f N azlet T una m ay b e s een o n t he h orizon t o t he l eft.

P LATE V I S ite B f rom t he n orth.

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P LATE V II S ite H f rom t he e dge o f t he c ultivation t o t he n orth e ast.

P IATF V III P itted a rea i n t he c entre o f S ite H .

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P LATE I X I llustration o f t he d ensity o f s herd m aterial o n t he s urface o f S ite H .

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