Naturally Occurring Chemicals against Alzheimer’s Disease 0128192127, 9780128192122

Table of contents :
Front-Matter_2021_Naturally-Occurring-Chemicals-Against-Alzheimer-s-Disease
Naturally Occurring Chemicals against Alzheimer’s Disease
Copyright_2021_Naturally-Occurring-Chemicals-Against-Alzheimer-s-Disease
Copyright
Contributors_2021_Naturally-Occurring-Chemicals-Against-Alzheimer-s-Disease
Contributors
Editors--biographie_2021_Naturally-Occurring-Chemicals-Against-Alzheimer-s-D
Editors’ biographies
Chapter-1---Introduct_2021_Naturally-Occurring-Chemicals-Against-Alzheimer-s
1. Introduction
Introduction
References
Chapter-2---Alzheimer-s-disease--et_2021_Naturally-Occurring-Chemicals-Again
2. Alzheimer’s disease: ethanobotanical studies
Introduction
Medicinal plants used against AD
Gingko biloba
Curcuma longa
Salvia officinalis
Tinospora cordifolia
Melissa officinalis
Glycyrrhiza glabra
Centella asiatica
Convolvulus pluricaulis
Withania somnifera
Bacopa monnieri
Gaps and future challenges
Proper documentation of traditional medicinal system
Lack of information of scientific evidences on dose and ways of administration
Globalization effects and species lost
Challenges in mass cultivation
Conclusions
Acknowledgment
References
Chapter-3-1-1---Resvera_2021_Naturally-Occurring-Chemicals-Against-Alzheimer
3.1.1. Resveratrol
Introduction
Sources
Natural sources
Pharmacokinetics
Chemistry
Resveratrol in Alzheimer’s disease
Toxicology and adverse drug reactions
Clinical trials
References
Chapter-3-1-2---Curcu_2021_Naturally-Occurring-Chemicals-Against-Alzheimer-s
3.1.2. Curcumin
Introduction
Alzheimer’s disease, symptoms, and pathophysiology
Phytomedicinal properties of curcumin in relation to Alzheimer’s disease
Role of curcumin in clinical studies/trials
Impact of curcumin on Alzheimer disease
Treatment of Alzheimer’s disease
Conclusion
References
Chapter-3-1-3---Omega-3-_2021_Naturally-Occurring-Chemicals-Against-Alzheime
3.1.3. Omega 3 PUFA
Introduction
Alzheimer’s disease (AD)
Why omega 3?
Importance of omega 3
Clinical trials
Conclusion
References
Chapter-3-1-4---Galanta_2021_Naturally-Occurring-Chemicals-Against-Alzheimer
3.1.4. Galantamine
Introduction
Biological and geographical distribution
Biological sources
In vitro production of galantamine
Chemistry
Pharmacology
Galantamine in Alzheimer’s disease
Toxicology and adverse drug reactions
Conclusion
References
Chapter-3-1-5---Rivastig_2021_Naturally-Occurring-Chemicals-Against-Alzheime
3.1.5. Rivastigmine
Introduction
Rivastigmine
Sources
Chemistry of rivastigmine
Methods of synthesis
Mechanism of action
Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics
Drug interactions
Different hybrids and their actions
Available dosage forms of rivastigmine
Intranasal route
Injections
Oral
Inhalation
Transdermal
Tolerability
Conclusion
References
Chapter-3-1-6---Querce_2021_Naturally-Occurring-Chemicals-Against-Alzheimer-
3.1.6. Quercetin
Introduction
Quercetin and its pharmacological properties
Preclinical studies on the anti-AD activity of que
Clinical studies on the anti-AD activity of que
Side effects and toxicological profile of que
Conclusion
References
Chapter-3-1-7---Valerenic-and-acet_2021_Naturally-Occurring-Chemicals-Agains
3.1.7. Valerenic and acetoxyvalerenic acid
Introduction
Occurrence
Chemical structure
Pharmacological potential of valerenic acid and acetoxyvalerenic acid
Role in brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and Alzheimer’s disease
Dementia
Anesthetic action
Sedative and anxiolytic potential
Insomnia
Physical and psychological stress
Antiinflammatory
Gastrointestinal activity
Inhibitory effects on CYP3A4-mediated metabolism
Anticonvulsant
Clinical studies
Conclusion
References
Chapter-3-1-8---Huperzi_2021_Naturally-Occurring-Chemicals-Against-Alzheimer
3.1.8. Huperzine A
Introduction
Chemistry of huperzine A
Conclusions
References
Chapter-3-1-9---Caprylic-capric_2021_Naturally-Occurring-Chemicals-Against-A
3.1.9. Caprylic/capric triglyceride
Caprylic/capric triglyceride
Synthesis and chemistry of caprylic triglyceride
Properties of capric triglyceride
Uses of capric triglyceride
Alzheimer’s disease and capric triglyceride-based medical food
Mechanism of action and biochemistry
Case studies related to caprylic triglyceride-based treatment in Alzheimer’s disease
Precautionary advice
Conclusion
References
Chapter-3-1-10---Berbe_2021_Naturally-Occurring-Chemicals-Against-Alzheimer-
3.1.10. Berberine
Introduction
Berberine and its pharmacological properties
Anti-oxidant activity of BBR
Anti-apoptotic activity of BBR
Anti-inflammatory activity of BBR
Anti‐cholinesterase activity of BBR
Anti-amyloidogenic activity of BBR
Side effects and toxicological profile of BBR
Conclusion
References
Chapter-3-1-11---Hypericin-and-p_2021_Naturally-Occurring-Chemicals-Against-
3.1.11. Hypericin and pseudohypericin
Introduction
Description of Hypericum perforatum L.
Bioactive constituents
Hypericin and pseudohypericin
Pharmacological activities of HP
Effect on AChE inhibitor
Effects on β-amyloid peptides
Antiinflammatory
Antioxidant activity
Safety
Conclusion
References
Chapter-3-1-12---Proto_2021_Naturally-Occurring-Chemicals-Against-Alzheimer-
3.1.12. Protopine
Introduction
Synthesis of protopine
Crystal structure of protopine hydrochloride (salt of protopine)
Biological activities of protopine
Acetylcholinesterase inhibition/anti-Alzheimer’s activity
Other pharmacological activity
Hepatoprotective activity
Antioxidant and anticancer activity
Concluding remarks
References
Chapter-3-1-13---Spino_2021_Naturally-Occurring-Chemicals-Against-Alzheimer-
3.1.13. Spinosin
Introduction
Causes and mechanism of Alzheimer’s disease
Diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease
Current therapies for Alzheimer’s disease
Spinosin
Potential of spinosin against Alzheimer’s disease
Future directions and conclusion
References
Chapter-3-1-14---Nobil_2021_Naturally-Occurring-Chemicals-Against-Alzheimer-
3.1.14. Nobiletin
Introduction
Chemistry and sources of nobiletin
Metabolism and distribution in the human body
Pharmacological effects of nobiletin in the prevention and treatment of AD
Antineuroinflammatory and neuroprotective activities
Neuroprotective effect against hydrogen peroxide-induced oxidative stress
Cholinesterase inhibitory activities
Effects in cognitive impairment
Effects on amyloid-β protein (Aβ)
Studies in humans
Conclusions
References
Chapter-3-2-1---Ginkgo-b_2021_Naturally-Occurring-Chemicals-Against-Alzheime
3.2.1. Ginkgo biloba
Introduction
Ginkgo biloba
Alzheimer’s disease
Major constituents of Ginkgo biloba and their modes of action
Antioxidant activity
Protective effects on mitochondrial function
Antiapoptotic effect
Antiinflammatory effect
Preventive effects on amyloidogenesis and Aβ aggregation
Some other mechanisms
Possible mechanism of actions
Conclusion
References
Chapter-3-2-2---Panax-ginseng_2021_Naturally-Occurring-Chemicals-Against-Alz
3.2.2. Panax ginseng c.a. Meyer
Introduction
Taxonomy and distribution
Bioactive constituents
Mechanism of action
Pharmacological studies
Dosage
Side effects
Conclusion and recommendations
References
Chapter-3-2-3---Melissa-officina_2021_Naturally-Occurring-Chemicals-Against-
3.2.3. Melissa officinalis (lemon balm)
Introduction
Taxonomy
Cultivation
Phytochemical profile
Traditional uses and pharmacology
Treatment
Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors (AChEI)
N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonists
Alternative treatment by Melissa officinalis
Mechanism of action
Effect of M. officinalis on AchE
Effects of M. officinalis on β-amyloid (Aβ)
Antioxidant activity of M. officinalis
Anti-inflammatory activity
Safety
Conclusion
References
Chapter-3-2-4---Bacopa-monnie_2021_Naturally-Occurring-Chemicals-Against-Alz
3.2.4. Bacopa monnieri (Brahmi)
Introduction
Taxonomical classification of B. monnieri
Mechanism of action of B. monnieri in Alzheimer’s disease (AD)
Experiments on B. monnieri related to Alzheimer’s disease (AD) using in vitro and in vivo methods
Clinical studies on B. monnieri with respect to Alzheimer’s disease (AD)
Adverse effects associated with B. monnieri
Conclusion
References
Chapter-3-2-5---Centella-a_2021_Naturally-Occurring-Chemicals-Against-Alzhei
3.2.5. Centella asiatica
Introduction
Distribution
Chemical constituents
Pharmacological activity
Alzheimer’s disease
In vitro and in vivo studies
Clinical studies
Toxicity and interactions
Conclusion
References
Chapter-3-2-6---Rosmarinus-off_2021_Naturally-Occurring-Chemicals-Against-Al
3.2.6. Rosmarinus officinalis L.
Introduction, botanical description, and distribution
Bioactive compounds
Rosemary–drug interactions
Impact of rosemary on diseases of central nervous system
Side effects
Conclusion
References
Chapter-3-2-7---Valeriana-offici_2021_Naturally-Occurring-Chemicals-Against-
3.2.7. Valeriana officinalis (valerian)
Valeriana officinalis
Natural chemicals in V. officinalis
Medicinal uses of V. officinalis
Mechanism of action of key constituent of V. officinalis plant
V. officinalis and Alzheimer disease
Clinical studies
Safety issues
Conclusion
References
Further reading
Chapter-3-2-8---Matricaria-_2021_Naturally-Occurring-Chemicals-Against-Alzhe
3.2.8. Matricaria recutita
Introduction
M. recutita L
Preclinical studies
Clinical studies
Side effects of M. recutita L.
Conclusion
References
Chapter-3-2-9---Galanthus-nivali_2021_Naturally-Occurring-Chemicals-Against-
3.2.9. Galanthus nivalis L. (snowdrop)
Background
Distribution and habitat associated with Galanthus nivalis
Botany of Galanthus nivalis
Phytochemistry and structure–activity relationship
Importance of snowdrops in neurodegenerative disorders
Galanthus nivalis against AD
Galanthus nivalis actions against other neurodegenerative diseases
Clinical studies on Galanthus nivalis with respect to Alzheimer’s disease
Conclusion
References
Chapter-3-2-10---Guggulu--Commiphora-_2021_Naturally-Occurring-Chemicals-Aga
3.2.10. Guggulu [Commiphora wightii (Arn.) Bhandari.]
Introduction
Pathophysiology of Alzheimer’s disease (AD)
Antioxidants and Alzheimer’s disease
Guggulu (Commiphora wightii (Arn.) Bhandari)
Chemistry
Antioxidant and antiinflammatory activity (preclinical and clinical studies)
Preclinical studies
Clinical studies
Mechanism of action
Safety issues
Drug interactions
Conclusion
References
Chapter-3-2-11---Lepidium-_2021_Naturally-Occurring-Chemicals-Against-Alzhei
3.2.11. Lepidium meyenii
Introduction
Chemical composition of maca
Mechanism of action and pharmacological actions of Lepidium meyenii
Clinical studies of Lepidium meyenii
Toxicity profile of Lepidium meyenii
Conclusion
References
Chapter-3-2-12---Acorus-c_2021_Naturally-Occurring-Chemicals-Against-Alzheim
3.2.12. Acorus calamus
Introduction
Phytochemical investigation of Acorus calamus L.
Pharmacology of Acorus calamus L.
Cognitive impairment
Cholinergic system and cognitive impairment: mechanism of action
Clinical trials and safety issues related to A. calamus in AD
Role of Acorus calamus in AD
Conclusion
References
Further reading
Chapter-3-2-13---Tinospora-c_2021_Naturally-Occurring-Chemicals-Against-Alzh
3.2.13. Tinospora cordifolia
Plants and their extracts
Tinospora cordifolia
Classification, description, and distribution
Chemical constituents
Medicinal uses and biologic activities
T. cordifolia against Alzheimer disease and other related memory disorders
Side effects/adverse effects
Conclusion and future directions
References
Chapter-3-2-14---Magnolia-officinalis_2021_Naturally-Occurring-Chemicals-Aga
3.2.14. Magnolia officinalis Rehder & E.H.Wilson
Alzheimer disease and treatment approaches
Magnolia officinalis Rehder & E.H.Wilson (Magnoliaceae)
Neuroprotective effects of M. officinalis and its secondary metabolites
Safety of M. officinalis extract and its principle components
Conclusion and future prospects
References
Chapter-3-2-15---Collinsonia-c_2021_Naturally-Occurring-Chemicals-Against-Al
3.2.15. Collinsonia canadensis L.
Introduction
Botanical description
Traditional uses of Collinsonia canadensis
Collinsonia canadensis and Alzheimer’s disease
References
Chapter-3-2-16---Bertholleti_2021_Naturally-Occurring-Chemicals-Against-Alzh
3.2.16. Bertholletia excelsa
Introduction
Distribution
Chemical constituents
Mode of action of Brazilian nuts (B. excelsa) against Alzheimer disease
Clinical studies
Adverse effect
Conclusion
References
Chapter-3-2-17---Urtica-d_2021_Naturally-Occurring-Chemicals-Against-Alzheim
3.2.17. Urtica diocia
Introduction
Plant description
Chemical constituents and mechanism of action of U. dioica
Oxidative stress and Alzheimer disease
Inflammatory cascades and AD
Toxicologic studies
Conclusion
Summary
References
Chapter-3-2-18---Withania-s_2021_Naturally-Occurring-Chemicals-Against-Alzhe
3.2.18. Withania somnifera
Introduction
Pharmacokinetics
Ashwagandha in Alzheimer’s disease
Toxicological studies
References
Chapter-3-2-19---Convolvulus-_2021_Naturally-Occurring-Chemicals-Against-Alz
3.2.19. Convolvulus prostratus
Introduction
Pharmacological activities of C. prostratus
Anti-Alzheimer’s activity
Effect on amyloid β (Aβ) inhibition
Effect on acetylcholinesterase and lipoxygenase inhibition
Effect on neuroprotection
Effect on cognitive function
Activity against other CNS-related disorders
Depression
Stress
Anxiety
Huntington’s disease
Epilepsy (seizure disorder)
CNS stimulation
Alcohol addiction
Effect on oxidation and oxidative stress
Clinical evidence to support CNS-related activities of C. prostrates
Toxicity studies
Conclusion
References
Chapter-3-2-20---Celastrus-p_2021_Naturally-Occurring-Chemicals-Against-Alzh
3.2.20. Celastrus paniculatus
Introduction
Botanical description (Bhanumathy et al., 2010a; John et al., 2017)
Plant taxonomy(Celastrus paniculatus Wild, 1875; Premila, 2006)
Medicinal parts
Physical properties (Deodhar and Shinde, 2014)
Chemical constituents
Therapeutic effects
Pharmacological activities
Benefits and uses
Dosage and administration
Safety issue
Conclusion
References
Chapter-3-2-21---Uncaria-rhynchoph_2021_Naturally-Occurring-Chemicals-Agains
3.2.21. Uncaria rhynchophylla (Miq.) Jacks
Introduction
Phytochemistry
Overview of the pharmacological activity of U. rhynchophylla
Antioxidant properties
Antiinflammatory properties
Hypotensive and cardioprotective effects
Antiangiogenic properties
Anticancer properties
Antiviral activity
Uncaria rhynchophylla and central nervous system (CNS)-related activity
Anticonvulsion
Anti-Parkinson’s disease
Alzheimer’s disease
Conclusion
Acknowledgment
References
Chapter-3-2-22---Alpinia-off_2021_Naturally-Occurring-Chemicals-Against-Alzh
3.2.22. Alpinia officinarum
Introduction
A. officinarum used for medicinal purpose
Varieties around the world of Alpinia
A. officinarum application in other disease
A. officinarum application in Alzheimer disease
Working mechanism of A. officinarum on Alzheimer disease
Clinical studies and safety issues
Conclusion
Acknowledgement
References
Chapter-3-2-23---Himatanthus-lancifo_2021_Naturally-Occurring-Chemicals-Agai
3.2.23. Himatanthus lancifolius (Müll.Arg.) Woodson
Introduction
Phytochemistry
Overview of pharmacological properties
Conclusion
Acknowledgment
References
Chapter-3-2-24---Nelumbo-n_2021_Naturally-Occurring-Chemicals-Against-Alzhei
3.2.24. Nelumbo nucifera
Nutrition and cognitive function
Glycative and oxidative stress and Alzheimer’s disease
Constituents of Nelumbo nucifera
Role of Nelumbo nucifera as a potent antiglycation treatment and antioxidant
Preventive effect of Nelumbo nucifera in amyloid accumulation and cognitive impairment
Nelumbo nucifera and cognitive impairment: in vitro evidence
Nelumbo nucifera and cognitive impairment: in vivo evidence
Nelumbo nucifera, behavioral studies, and neuropathology
Future direction
References
Chapter-3-2-25---Zingiber-of_2021_Naturally-Occurring-Chemicals-Against-Alzh
3.2.25. Zingiber officinale
Introduction
Distribution and cultivation
Chemical composition
Role of Zingiber officinale in Alzheimer’s disease
In vitro and in vivo studies of Zingiber officinale with respect to Alzheimer’s disease
Clinical studies on Zingiber officinale with respect to Alzheimer’s disease
Toxicological studies
Conclusion
References
Index_2021_Naturally-Occurring-Chemicals-Against-Alzheimer-s-Disease
Index
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