Native Sources of Japanese Industrialization, 1750-1920 9780520908741, 0520908740

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The Philip E. Lilienthal imprint honors special books in commemoration of a man whose work at the University of California Press from 1954 to 1979 was marked by dedication to young authors and to high standards in the field of Asian Studies. Friends, family, authors, and foundations have together endowed the Lilienthal Fund, which enables the Press to publish under this imprint selected books in a way that reflects the taste and judgment of a great and beloved editor.

NATIVE SOURCES OF JAPANESE INDUSTRIALIZATION,

1750-1920 THOMAS C. SMITH

UNIVERSITY OF

CALIFORNIA

: PRESS

University of California Press Berkeley and Los Angeles, California

University of California Press, Ltd. London, England © 1988 by The Regents of the University of California

First Paperback Printing 1989 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Smith, Thomas C. (Thomas Carlyle), 1916— Native sources of Japanese industrialization, 1750—1920 / Thomas

C.p.Smith | cm.

“A Philip E. Lilienthal book” —Series t.p. Includes index. Contents: Premodern economic growth: Japan and the West—The land tax in the Tokugawa period-—Farm family by-employments in preindustrial Japan——-Peasant families and population control in eighteenth-century Japan—Japan’s aristocratic revolution—The discontented—‘“Merit” as ideology in the Tokugawa period—Okura Nagatsune and the technologists—Peasant time and factory time in Japan—tThe right to benevolence: dignity and Japanese workers, 1890—1920. ISBN 0-5 20-05837-2 (alk. paper). ISBN 0-520-06293-0 (pbk.)

1. Japan—Economic conditions. 2. Japan-—Social conditions. 3. Japan—lIndustries—History. I. Title. HC462.8617 1988

330.952—dc19 87-27470 CIP

Printed in the United States of America

3 45 6 7 8 9

TO J.M.S.

CONTENTS

Acknowledgments Introduction ixI 1

Premodern Economic Growth: Japan and the West 15 2

The Land Tax in the Tokugawa Period 50

4, 3

Farm Family By-Employments in Preindustrial Japan 71 Peasant Families and Population Control in

Eighteenth-Century Japan 103 5

Japan’s Aristocratic Revolution 133

The Discontented 148 6

7

“Merit” as Ideology in the Tokugawa Period 156 Vil

Vill CONTENTS

8

Okura Nagatsune and the Technologists 173 9

Peasant Time and Factory Time in Japan 199 10

1890-1920 2.36

Index 271

The Right to Benevolence: Dignity and Japanese Workers,

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

In the course of writing these articles, | have had more help and encouragement from friends and strangers than | can properly acknowledge in a short space. I hope I have expressed my gratitude for these kindnesses in print and less public ways sufficiently that 1 may be excused from listing names. It would be a very long list and lists are poor acknowledgment. Instead, I would like to use the occasion to express my special gratitude to two friends for things that have no ostensible connection to these essays but much to do with them. I am deeply indebted to my undergraduate teacher Harry Girvetz, who first excited me with the possibilities of history by abolishing the hard-and-fast distinction in my mind between what has been and what is; and to my colleague Irwin Scheiner, whose gift for friendship and intellectual discourse has made a difference in life for me as for many others.

It is an honor to have this book become the first in a series to be published by the University of California Press in memory of Phil Lilienthal, whom I liked and admired from our first meeting in Palo Alto in 1948. In this and other ways, friends at the press have made the production of this book a pleasure; | owe special thanks to Betsey Scheiner, who in editing the manuscript rarely put pencil to a sentence without improving It.

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Awa 42 Mimasaka 57 Awa (Boéshu) 13 Mino 23 Awaji 41 Musashi 15 Bingo 50 Mutsu 1 Bitchi 49 Nagato 47 Bizen 51 Noto 17 Bungo 63 Omi 22 Buzen 62 Osumi 69 Chikugo 64 Owari 31 Chikuzen 61 Rikuchi 2

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Echizen 20 Sagami 14 Etcha 18 Sanuki 45 Harima 52 Satsuma 68

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