Nagapattinam to Suvarnadwipa: Reflections on the Chola Naval Expeditions to Southeast Asia (Tamil edition) 9789814345323

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eye;jh - =tp[a ntspaPLfs; nghJ njhFg;ghrphpah;fs;: lhd;nrd; nrd;> [pNaht; Ntl; eye;jh - = tp[a ntspaPLfs; njd;fpof;fhrpa Ma;Tf; fofj;jpd; ntspaPLfspd; xU gFjpahfr; nray;gLfpwJ. eye;jh - = tp[ah Ma;Tg; gphpT> fhy Xl;lj;jpy; Mrpa murpaYk; rKjhaq;fSk; khwpAs;s jd;ikfis Muha;e;J> Muha;r;rp E}w;fis ntspapl;L tUfpwJ. Mrpa tuyhw;NwhL njhlh;Gs;s vy;yh Ma;TfisAk; mJ tuNtw;fpwJ. ehLfSf;F ,ilNa ele;j murpay; cwTfs;> th;j;jfk;> epjpg; ghpkhw;wk; kw;Wk; tl;lhuj; njhlh;Gfs; Kjyhdtw;iwf; fUg;nghUl;fshff; nfhz;l Ma;TfisAk; tuNtw;fpwJ. tsh;jkpo; ,af;fk;> Mf];l; jpq;fs; 2000-Mk; Mz;L> jfty;-njhlh;G-fiyfs; mikr;rpd; Mjutpy; mikf;fg;gl;lJ. rpq;fg;G+upy; jkpo;g; Goq;FNthh; kj;jpapy; jkpio tsh;g;gNj tsh;jkpo; ,af;fj;jpd; Kf;fpa Nehf;fk;. jkpopd; vjph;fhy tsk; ,isaiuAk; ,sk; FLk;gj;jpdiuAk; rhh;e;J ,Uf;Fk; vd;gjhy;> mth;fs; kj;jpapy; jkpio tsh;f;f> tsh;jkpo; ,af;fk; r%f mbj;js mikg;Gfs;> jfty; rhjdq;fs;> gs;spfs; Mfpatw;Wld; $l;L eltbf;iffspy; rKjha epiyapy;> kpfKf;fpa epfo;r;rpahf ,d;W fUjg;gLfpwJ. mj;Jld;> jkpiog; Nghw;Wk; gy rKjha Kaw;rpfSf;Fk; mJ cjtp tUfpwJ. rpq;fg;G+u; thndhyp 'xyp 96.8"ld; $b jkpopy; kpd;dQ;ry; cUthf;Ftjw;Fk;> Njrpag; gy;fiyf;fofj;jpy; jkpo;j;njhlh;gpyhd midj;Jyf khehL eilngWtjw;Fk; cjtpAs;sJ.

jkpo;nkhopia tsh;f;Fk; njhlh;gzpfspy; xd;whf> njd;fpof;fhrpa Ma;Tf; fofj;Jld; [ISEAS]> ,e;E}iy ntspapLtjpy; tsh;jkpo; ,af;fk; ngUikailfpwJ. ,e;E}y; jkpOyfpw;F rpwe;j fUT+ykhf mikAk; vd tsh;jkpo; ,af;fk; ek;GfpwJ. njd;fpof;fhrpa Ma;Tf; fofk; [ISEAS], Ra eph;thfk; ngw;w epWtdkhf 1968Mk; Mz;L epWtg;gl;lJ. njd;fpof;fhrpahtpy; epfOk; r%f ­ - murpay;> ghJfhg;G> nghUshjhu tsh;r;rp Kjyhdtw;iw tl;lhu hPjpapy; Muha;tJ mjd; Nehf;fk;. Ma;Tf; fofj;jpd; Ma;Tfs; gy gphpTfshf Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;LtUfpd;wd. tl;lhug; nghUshjhu Ma;T> tl;lhug; ghJfhg;G-murpay; Ma;Tfs;> tl;lhur; r%f> gz;ghl;L Ma;Tfs; vd gy Ma;Tj;jsq;fs;> Ma;Tf; fofj;jpy; nray;gLfpd;wd. ISEAS ntspaPl;Lg; gphpT> Rkhh; 2>000 E}w;fisAk;> Ma;tpjo;fisAk; ntspapl;Ls;sJ. njd;fpof;fhrpah njhlu;gpyhd mjpf Muha;r;rp ntspaPLfisr; nra;Ak; epWtdkhf ,t;tl;lhuj;jpy; mJ tpsq;FfpwJ. njd;fpof;fhrpa Ma;Tfisg; gug;g mJ ,ju ntspaPl;lhsh;fNshLk;> ,ju fy;tp epiyaq;fSlDk; ,ize;J nray;gLfpwJ.

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2011Mk; Mz;L> rpq;fg;G+hpy; ntspaPL fhZk; jkpo; E}y;. ntspapLNthh;:Institute of Southeast Asian Studies 30 Heng Mui Keng Terrace Pasir Panjang Singapore 119614 E-mail : [email protected] Website : http://bookshop. iseas.edu.sg ,e;E}y; Mq;fpyj;jpy; Kjd;Kjyhf 2009Mk; Mz;by; Nagapattinam to Suvarnadwipa: Reflections on the Chola Naval Expeditions to Southeast Asia vDk; jiyg;gpy; ntspaplg;gl;lJ. njhFg;ghrphpah;fs; n`h;kd; Fy;Nf> K. Nfrtghzp> tp[a; rhf;F[h. E}y; rpq;fg;G+hpy; cs;s njd;fpof;fhrpa Ma;Tf; fofj;jpy; ntspaplg;gl;lJ.

jkpopy; Kjd;Kjyhf 2011Mk; Mz;by; ehfg;gl;bdk; Kjy; Rth;zG+kp tiu: njd;fpof;fhrpahtpy; Nrhoh;fspd; flw;gazq;fs; vd;w jiyg;gpy; ntspaplg;gLfpwJ. Mq;fpy %y E}iyj; jkpohf;fk; nra;jth; vl;bf;fz; rz;Kfk;. jkpohf;f E}ypd; njhFg;ghrphpah; m.tPukzp (m.kzp). midj;J E}y; chpikfSk; njd;fpof;fhrpa Ma;Tf; fofj;ijr; rhUk;. E}ypd; gFjpfis> njd;fpof;fhrpa Ma;Tf; fofj;jpd; mDkjpapd;wp gad;gLj;jf;$lhJ. ©2001 Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, Singapore E}ypy; fhzg;gLk; jfty;fSk; fUj;JfSk;> fl;Liufs; gilj;j Mrphpah;fisNa rhUk;. fl;Liuahsh;fspd; fUj;Jf;fs; E}ypd; ntspaPl;lhsiuNah> mth;jk; Mjuthsh;fisNah rhh;e;jJ my;y. ISEAS Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data Nagapattinam to Suvarnadwipa : reflections on the Chola naval expeditions to Southeast Asia / edited by Hermann Kulke, K. Kesavapany, Vijay Sakhuja. 1. Chola dynasty, 850–1279—Congresses. 2. India—Relations—Southeast Asia—Congresses. 3. Southeast Asia—Relations—India—Congresses. 4. Asia—Commerce—History—Congresses. I. Kulke, Hermann. II. Kesavapany, K. III. Sakhuja, Vijay. IV. Conference on Early Indian Influences in Southeast Asia : Reflections on CrossCultural Movements (2007 : Singapore) DS523.2 N14 2011 ISBN 978-981-4345-30-9 (soft cover) ISBN 978-981-4345-31-6 (hard cover) ISBN 978-981-4345-32-3 (E-book PDF) ,e;E}y; fy;tprhh;e;j Nehf;fq;fSf;fhf ntspaplg;gLfpwJ. E}ypd; fl;Liuahsh;fs;> ,e;E}ypd; fl;Liufisg; gilg;gjpy; ftdj;Jld; nray;gl;ldh;. elg;gpy; cs;s E}y; chpikfisAk;> ,ju vOj;jhsh;fspd; mwpTlikia ghjpf;fhkYk; fl;Liufs; gilf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. gad;gLj;jg; gl;Ls;s gFjpfs; rk;ge;jg;gl;l Mrphpah;fisAk; ntspaPl;lhsh;fisAk; mwpahky; ghjpj;jpUe;jhy;> ,e;E}y; ntspaPl;lhsUf;F njhptpf;Fk;gb Ntz;LfpNwhk;.

Kfg;G ml;ilg; glk;: IuhtNjr;Rtuh; Nfhapy;> jhuhRuk;> jkpo; ehL. glj;ij toq;fpath; hPrh yP. cs; ml;ilg; gFjpapy; gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;s tiuglk; K.A. ePyfz;l rh];jphp vOjpa Nrhoh;fs; (nrd;id: nrd;idg; gy;fiyf;fofk;> 1955 gf;fk; 212) vDk; E}ypy; Kjd;Kjypy; ntspaplg;gl;lJ. Typeset and printed by Stamford Press Pte., Ltd., Singapore.

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gilg;ghsh;fs;......................................................................................... xxvii 1. Mrpa tuyhw;wpy; Nrhoh;fspd; fly; gazq;fs; n`h;kd; Fy;Nf....................................................................................................1 2. rPdg; gPq;fhd; Jz;Lfs; kw;Wk; njd;dpe;jpa> ,yq;if fy;ntl;Lfs; fhl;Lk; ,e;jpag; ngUq;fly; thzpgk;. NehGU fuh\pkh. ................................................................................................ 25 3. Nrho – = tp[a – rPd Kf;Nfhz cwtpy; ,uhN[e;jpu Nrhodpd; ,uhZt Kw;Wiffs; lhd;nrd; nrd;.. .................................................................................................. 68 4. Kjyhk; ,uhN[e;jpu Nrhodpd; njd;fpof;fhrpaf; flw;gilnaLg;G tp[a; rf;F[h> rq;fPjh rf;F[h................................................................. 87 5. Nrho ehl;bd; flw;giliag; gw;wpa Fwpg;G .................................................................................................... 106 Y. Rg;guhaY. 6. ,uhN[e;jpu Nrhodpd; jiyefuhd fq;if nfhz;l NrhoGuj;jpy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l mfo;thuha;r;rpAk; mjd; Kf;fpaj;JtKk; v];. tre;jp. ....................................................................................................... 112

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8. ,e;jpag; ngUq;flypYk; njd;fpof;fhrpahtpYk; njd;dpe;jpa tzpfr; rq;fq;fs; NehGU fuh\pkh. .............................................................................................. 156 9. mQ;Rtz;zk; - kj;jpa fhyj;Jf; fly; thzpfr; rq;fk; Y. Rg;guhaY..................................................................................................... 183 10. ,uhN[e;jpu Nrhodpd; fly; gilnaLg;Gk; njd; fpof;fhrpahTldhd Nrhoh;fspd; th;j;jfKk;. A. kPdhl;rpRe;juuh[d;. ................................................................................ 195 11. Nrhoh;fspd; Jzp th;j;jfKk; njd;fpof;fhrpahtpy; mJ Vw;gLj;jpa fyhrhuj; jhf;fKk;. N`kh NjtNu. .................................................................................................. 208 12. nghydhW murhl;rpf; fhyj;jpd;NghJ ,yq;ifAk; njd;fpof;fhrpahTk; mDuh khdJq;fh........................................................................................... 228 13. ,e;NjhNdrpahTldhd njd;dpe;jpaf; fyhrhuj; njhlh;Gfs; P. rz;Kfk;....................................................................................................... 247 14. ,uhN[e;jpu Nrhodpd; gilnaLg;Gk; mah;yq;fhtpd; tsh;r;rpAk; ePdp Rrhe;jp........................................................................................................ 268 15. rKjha cUthf;fk;: Fthq;#tpy; ,e;jpar; rpw;g Ntiyg;ghLfs; hP\h yP. ................................................................................................................ 284 ,izg;Gfs; i. jkpopYk; tlnkhopapYk; vOjg;gl;l njd;fpof;fhrpah> rPdh njhlh;gpyhd goq;fhy-kj;jpafhy fy;ntl;Lfs;. NehGU fuh\pkh> Y. Rg;guhaY................................................................ 317 ii. Nrhog; Nguurpid ]{dpad; vd;W Fwpg;gpLk; rPd thrfq;fs; NehGU fuh\pkh> lhd;nrd; nrd;............................................................. 339 Ma;Tr;nrhw;fs; ml;ltiz. .............................................................................. 366

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njd;fpof;fhrpa Ma;Tf;fofk; (ISEAS), 2007-Mk; Mz;L etk;gh; jpq;fs; 21 Kjy; 23-Mk; ehs;tiu> ‘njd;fpof;fhrpahtpy; ,e;jpah;fspd; njhlf;ffhyj; njhlh;Gfs;’ vDk; Ma;tuq;f khehl;il elj;jpaJ. mjpy; gilf;fg;gl;l Ma;Tfs;> ,uz;L E}y;fshf ntspaplg;gl;Ls;sd. 2010-Mk; Mz;L njd;fpof;fhrpahTf;Fk; Nrhog; NguuRf;Fk; ,ilNa Vw;gl;l njhlu;gpd; Mapuj;jhz;L epiwthFk;. mjidnahl;b ‘ehfg;gl;bdk; Kjy; Rth;zG+kp tiu: Nrhoh;fspd; njd;fpof;fhrpa flw;gazq;fs;’ vDk; E}iyj; jkpopy; ntspapl;L> Nrhoh;fspd; jiyefuhapUe;j jQ;rht+hpy; E}y; mwpKfk; nra;aNtz;Lnkd vd; kdk; tpioe;jJ. kpfTk; Mo;e;j Muha;r;rpf; fl;Liufisf; nfhz;l Mq;fpy %y E}iyj; jkpohf;fk; nra;tjpy; vjph;Nehf;fpa rpf;fy;fshy;> ,t;thz;L E}y; KOikngw;W ntsptUfpwJ. E}ypd; fUg;nghUs; jkpoh;fisg; gw;wpajhf ,Ue;jhYk;> Mq;fpyj;jpYs;s tpthjq;fisj; jkpo;g;gLj;Jk;NghJ cs;s rpf;fy;fisr; rkhspj;J E}iyj; jahhpj;Js;s Nguhrphpah; m. tPukzp mth;fSf;Fk;> rpq;fg;G+h; kPbahfhh;g; epWtd njhiyf;fhl;rp nra;jpahsh; jpU vl;bf;fd; rz;Kfk; mth;fSf;Fk; vdJ ghuhl;Lfisj; njhptpj;Jf; nfhs;fpNwd;. ,e;E}iy ntspapl epjp MjuT toq;fpa tsh;jkpo; ,af;fj;jpdUf;F vdJ kdKte;j ed;wpiaj; njuptpf;fpNwd;. njd;fpof;fhrpa Ma;Tf; fofj;jpd; (ISEAS) Kjy; jkpo; E}yhf ,J ntsptUfpwJ. ,jidj; jkpopy; mr;Nrw;wpa rpq;fg;G+h; ];lhk;gh;L mr;rfj;jhUf;F vdJ ed;wp.

viii

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ehfg;gl;bdk; Kjy; Rth;zG+kp tiu: njd;fpof;fhrpahtpy; Nrhoh;fspd; flw;gazq;fs; vDk; ,e;E}y; gy;NtW tpaf;fj;jf;f Muha;r;rpfis Kd; itj;Js;sJ. mtw;wpy; rpy: yy Mrpa tuyhw;wpYk;> ,e;jpag; ngUq;fly;; thzpgj;jpYk;> Nrhoh;fspd; flw;gilg; gazq;fs;@ yy Nrhoh;fNshL Gfo; ngw;W tpsq;fpa njd;dpe;jpa th;j;jfr; rq;fq;fSk;> Nrhoh;fspd; flw;gilnaLg;gpy; mtw;wpd; jPtpug; gq;Nfw;Gk;@ yy Nrhoh;fspd; gilnaLg;ghy; ,yq;ifapYk; ,e;NjhNdrpahtpYk; Vw;gl;l khw;wq;fs;@ ‘fpof;F Nehf;Fk; nfhs;if’ia> 1990-fspypUe;J ,e;jpah jpl;ltl;lkhfg; gpd;gw;wp te;Js;sJ. Mrpahd; vdg;gLk; njd;fpof;fhrpa ehLfspd; $l;likg;Gld; ,e;jpah Nkw;nfhz;Ls;s neUf;fkhd cwT mf;nfhs;ifapd; mbg;gilahFk;. mf;nfhs;ifapd; mkyhf;fj;jpdhy; ,e;jpa – Mrpahd; cwtpy; gbg;gbahd Kd;Ndw;wk; Vw;gl;Ls;sJ. ,e;jpaMrpahd; eilKiw xUikg;ghL gy;NtW gFjpfisf; nfhz;ljhfTk; gytifahdjhfTk; cs;sJ. murpay; - ghJfhg;G mk;rq;fspy;> gaq;futhjk;> midj;Jyff; Fw;wg; gpur;rpidfs; Kjyhdtw;wpy; Mrpahd; ,e;jpahTld; xj;Jiof;f tpUg;gk; fhl;bAs;sJ. nghJ th;j;jf xg;ge;jk; xd;iw ,e;jpah MrpahDld; nra;J nfhz;Ls;sJ.

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,jdhy;> jPh;itaw;w gy nghUl;fs; th;j;jfj;jpy; ,lk; ngWk;. vdNt nghUl;fSf;fhd thpfs; FiwAk;. gz;ghL> fy;tp> rkak; Kjyhd Jiwfspy;> ,e;jpah ,U jug;G kf;fSf;F ,ilapy; cwTfis tsh;f;f Kad;W tUfpwJ. ,jdhy;> rkak; rhh;e;j Rw;Wg; gazq;fSk;> cah; fy;tp epWtdq;fSf;F ,ilapyhd njhlh;GfSk; mjpfhpf;Fk.; ,e;j E}y;> jw;fhy Nehf;fq;fSf;F Vw;Gilajha; mike;Js;sJ. gjpNdhwhk; E}w;whz;by; njd;dpe;jpahit Mz;l Nrhog; Nguurpd; flw;gilnaLg;Gg; gw;wpa ,e;E}y;> ,e;jpag; ngUq;fly; Ma;TfSf;F Vw;wjha; cs;sJ. ,e;jpahtpd; gue;j kwf;fg;gl;l xU tuyhw;wpidg; gbg;NghUf;F czh;j;Jk; vd ehd; ek;GfpNwd;.

lhf;lh; r]p jh&h;> ntspAwTj; Jiz mikr;rh;> ,e;jpa ntspAwT mikr;R> 10 mf;Nlhgh; 2009.

Mq;fpy E}y; tho;j;Jiu

,e;jpa epidNthl;lk; jdJ rpwg;Gkpf;f tuyhw;iwAk; mjd; ntw;wpfisAk; gbg;gbahf ,oe;JtUk; fhyf;fl;lj;jpy;> njd;fpof;fhrpa Ma;Tf; fofk; (ISEAS)> xU khehl;ilf; $l;baNjhL ,e;j E}iyAk; ntspapl;bUg;gJ kpfTk; ghuhl;Ljw;FhpaJ. ,e;E}y; Nrhog; NguuR njd;fpof;fhrpahTf;F Nkw;nfhz;l flw;gilg; gazq;fisAk;> mjdhy;> tpise;j gz;ghl;Lj; jhf;fj;ijAk; vLj;jpak;GfpwJ. ,e;E}y; toq;Fk; fUj;Jf;fSk; tpthjq;fSk; Ma;thsh;fs;> fy;tpahsh;fs; kw;Wk; khzth;fSf;F tuyhW gw;wpg; gy rpe;jidfis toq;Fk; vd ehd; ek;GfpNwd;. ,jdhy;> mth;fs; NkYk; gy Muha;r;rpfis ,j;Jiwapy; Nkw;nfhs;syhk;. nrd;idapy; cs;s vq;fs; KUfg;gh FLk;gj;jpdh;> AMM mwepWtdj;jpd; top> Xh; rpwpa topapy;> ,e;jj; jpl;lj;jpy; gq;Nfw;wpUg;gjpy; ngUikg; gLfpNwhk;.

M. V. Rg;igah> eph;thfg; ghJfhtyh;> KUfg;gh FOkj;jpd; AMM mwepWtdk;> nrd;id> ,e;jpah.

Mq;fpy KfTiu

njd;fpof;fhrpa Ma;Tf; fofk; (ISEAS)> 2007-,y; etk;gh; jpq;fs; 21 Kjy; 23-Mk; ehs; tiu> ‘njd;fpof;fhrpahtpy; ,e;jpah;fspd; njhlf;ffhyj; njhlh;Gfs;: gz;ghl;Lg; ghpkhw;wq;fs; gw;wpa rpe;jidfs;’ vd;w Muha;r;rp khehL xd;iwf; $l;baJ. khehl;ilf; $l;lr; nrd;idapYs;s KUfg;gh FOkj;jpd; AMM mwepWtdk; NgUjtp Ghpe;jij ehq;fs; ghuhl;LfpNwhk;. ,k;khehl;bd; fl;Liufisj; jhq;fp ,uz;L E}y;fs; ntspte;Js;sd: ‘ehfg;gl;bdk; Kjy; Rth;zG+kp tiu: njd;fpof;fhrpahtpy; Nrhoh;fspd; fly; gazq;fs;’ rpy Ma;Tf; fl;Liufis xd;wpizj;J ntspte;jJ. mLj;j E}y;> khehl;bd; jiyg;ghfpa ‘njd;fpof;fhrpahtpy; njhlf;ff;fhy ,e;jpaj; njhlh;Gfs;’ vd;w jiyg;gpy; ntspte;Js;sJ. njd;dpe;jpahit Mz;l Nrho kd;dh;fs; fly;top thzpgj;jpd; top> kyhah> Rkj;jpuh> rPdh Mfpa ,lq;fNshL th;j;jfj;ijg; ngUf;fpdh;. ,jdhy;> cUthfpa neLq;fly; gazf; fg;gy;fspd; top Kjyhk; ,uhN[e;jpu Nrhod; =tp[a murpd; kPJ Nghh; njhLf;f Kbe;jJ. ,e;E}ypy; cs;s fl;Liufs;> jQ;rhT+h; nghpa Nfhapypy; cs;s fy;ntl;Lr; (fp.gp. 1030-31) nra;jpahd flw;gilnaLg;gpidg; gw;wp Muha;fpd;wd. ,e;E}ypy; ,lk; ngw;Ws;s fl;Liufspy; kpfTk; Kf;fpakhd Ma;Tfis Mrpa tuyhw;W Ma;thsh;fSk; Kd;dzp tuyhw;W Mrphpah;fSk; gilj;Js;sdh;. Mrpa flw;gaz tuyhW gw;wpa jfty;fis xUq;fpizj;Jj; jUtjpy; ,e;E}y; ntw;wpngw;Ws;snjd ek;GfpNwd;. njd;fpof;fhrpah> rPdh gw;wp kj;jpa fhyj; jkpopYk; tlnkhopapYk; cs;s jfty;fisj; jUtNjhL> rPdf; Fwpg;Gfs; #-epad; vdr; Nrhoiuf; Fwpg;gpLk; jftiyAk; ,e;E}y; xUq;fpizj;Jj; jUfpwJ.

xvi

Mq;fpy KfTiu

Nrhoh;fspd; njd;fpof;fhrpa flw;gilnaLg;Gj; njhlh;gpyhd cs;shh;e;j fUj;Jfis ,e;E}ypy; Kd;itj;Js;s fl;Liuahsh;fis ehd; ghuhl;LfpNwd;. Nguhrphpah; n`h;kd; Fy;Nf toq;fpa mwpthh;e;j jiyikj;Jtk;> ,e;E}y; cUthtjw;Fg; nghpJk; cjtpaJ. ,e;E}ypd; top njd;fpof;fhrpahtpy; epfo;e;j njhlf;f fhy ,e;jpaj; njhlh;Gfis mwptNjhL NkYk; gy Muha;r;rpfs; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLnkd ek;GfpNwd;. njd;fpof;fhrpa Ma;Tf; fofk; (ISEAS) ,k;khehl;ilr; rpwg;Gw elj;j cjtpa Ma;thsh;fSf;Fk;> Fwpg;ghfg; Nguhrphpah; gp. ,uhkrhkpf;Fk; vdJ cskhh;e;j ed;wpiaj; njhptpj;Jf; nfhs;fpNwd;. ,e;j %d;W ehs; khehL> E}w;Wf;Fk; mjpfkhd Ma;thsh;fsplkpUe;J fl;Liufisg; ngw;wJ. mtw;iw Muha;e;J> rpwe;jdthf Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;l 52 fl;Liufs; kl;LNk khehl;by; Ma;thsh;fshy; gilf;fg;gl;ld. njd;fpof;fhrpa Ma;Tf; fofj;jpy; (ISEAS) cs;s gyUk; khehl;Lf;Fk;> ,e;E}y; ntspaPl;Lf;Fk; NgUjtp Ghpe;Js;sdu;. ngl;b Fthd; khehl;bd; Vw;ghl;Lf;F mauhJ cioj;jhh;@ eph;thfg; gphptpd; jiytuhd Y.L. yP> eph;thf xj;Jiog;G toq;fpdhh;@ ntspaPl;Lg; gphptpd; eph;thf Mrphpauhd jpNua;dh Xq;> ,e;E}y; ntsptu NgUjtp toq;fpdhh;.

J}jh; K. Nfrtghzp ,af;Fdh; njd;fpof;fhrpa Ma;Tf; fofk;.

Mq;fpy E}y; njhFg;Giu

epyj;J topNa eilngw;w gl;Lth;j;jfg; ghijf;F (Silk Road) mLj;jjhf cyfshtpa epiyapy; Muhag;gl;L tUtJ fly;top gl;L th;j;jfg; ghijahFk; (Maritime Silk Road). MapDk; ,e;jpag; ngUq;fly; Ma;Tfs; ,uz;L fhyf; fl;lj;ijg; gw;wp kl;LNk Muha;e;J te;jpUg;gJ tpNehjkhf cs;sJ. ‘goq;fhyk;’ vd;W kj;jpa jiuf; fly; njhlh;igAk;> INuhg;gpah;fs; ,lk;ngw;w njhlf;f etPd tuyhw;Wf; fhyj;ijAk; ngUk;gFjp Ma;Tfs; Kd;itj;Js;sd. Ie;jhk; E}w;whz;Lf;Fk; gjpdhwhk; E}w;whz;Lf;Fk; ,ilg;gl;l ePz;l fhyg; gFjpapy; ,e;jpag; ngUq;flypy; ele;j ghpkhw;wq;fs; midj;Jyf Ma;Tfspy; Fiwe;Nj vOjg;gl;Ls;sd. ,e;jpag; ngUq;fly;; Ma;tpy; cs;s ,e;j tuyhw;W ,ilntspiar; rw;Nw Fiwf;f> njd;dpe;jpar; Nrhoh;fspd; flw;gazq;fs; gw;wpa ,e;E}y; XusT cjTk; vd ek;GfpNwhk;. Kjyhk; ,uhN[e;jpu Nrhodpd; ‘miyfly; elTl; gyfyQ; nrYj;jp’> gd;dpuz;Lf;Fk; mjpfkhd JiwKf efuq;fis ntd;wNjhL> njd;fpof;fhrpa murhd =tp[ag; Nguurpid Kw;Wif ,l;lJ ,e;jpa tuyhw;wpy; Xh; jpUg;G KidahFk;. fp.gp. 1025-,y; epfo;e;j ,e;jf; fly; Kw;Wif ,e;jpa-njd;fpof;fhrpa gz;ghl;Lg; ghpkhw;wj;jpy; Xh; Kf;fpa epfo;r;rpahFk;. fpwp];JTf;F Ke;jpa E}w;whz;LfspNyNa njd;fpof;fhrpTldhd ,e;jpaj; njhlh;Gfs; kpfTk; cWjpahf ,Ue;jd. Rkhh; gj;jhk; E}w;whz;L tiu> tq;fhs tphpFlhtpd; ,UgFjpfspYk; ,Ue;j ehLfspilNa th;j;jfj;NjhL gz;ghl;Lg; ghpkhw;wKk; eilngw;wJ. ngsj;jKk;> ,e;J rkaKk; njd;fpof;fhrpahtpy; cUthfpa gz;ghLfspy; Mo;e;j ,lj;ijg; ngw;wd. mkuhtjpapd; ngsj;j fiyAk;> gy;yth;fspd; fpue;j vOj;JfSk; ,e;NjhNdrpahtpd; gz;ghl;by; Ie;jhk; E}w;whz;bNyNa ,lk;ngw;wd. ,tw;wpd; njhlh;r;rpahfg; gy;yt – Nrhou; fiyfs; njd;fpof;fhrpa fl;blf; fiyapy; gpujpgypj;jd.

xviii

Mq;fpy E}y; njhFg;Giu

njd;dpe;jpahTld; njd;fpof;fhrpah nfhz;bUe;j mikjpahd cwTk; Nrhoh;fs; 1025-Mk; Mz;by; =tp[ahkPJ Nkw;nfhz;l flw;gilnaLg;Gk; gpd;dh; 1070-Mk; Mz;by; ele;j kw;WnkhU gilnaLg;Gk; tuyhw;W Muha;r;rpahsh; kj;jpapy; Fog;gj;ij Vw;gLj;jpAs;sJ. njd;dpe;jpa tuyhw;W Ma;thsh;fspy; kiynadf; fUjg;gLk; ePyfz;l rh];jphp mth;fs; 1955-Mk; Mz;by;> “flhuj;J (= tp[a) kd;ddpd; kPJ flw;gilnaLg;G Vd; elj;jg;gl;lJ? mjdhy; vd;d tpisTfs; Vw;gl;ld?” vDk; Nfs;tpia vOg;gpdhh;. mtUf;Ff; fpilj;j jfTfspd; mbg;gilapy; gpd;tUk; KbTfisj; je;jpUe;jhh;: “fpof;Nf ele;j Nrhoh;fspd; fly; thzpgj;jpy; =tp[ak; jilfis tpjpj;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk;@ my;yJ ,uhN[e;jpudpd; jpf;tp[aj;jpd; Xh; $whf ,Ue;jpUf;fyhk;. jdJ kf;fSf;F ed;F njhpe;j fly; fle;j ehLfspd; kPJ gilnaLg;G elj;jpj; jdJ Gfio mtd; epiyehl;bf; nfhz;bUf;fyhk;. ,jdhy;> mtd; jdJ Ml;rpf;Fg; ngUk;Gfo; Nrh;f;f epidj;jpUf;fyhk;.”2 1983-,y; mnkhpf;f tuyhw;whrphpauhd G. W. ];ngd;rh; ,yq;if> =tp[ak; kPJ Nrhoh;fspd; gilnaLg;gpd; tpisTfis Muha;e;J jdpnahU E}iy ntspapl;lhh;. Nrhoh;fspd; gilnaLg;ig mth; ‘tphpthf;f murpay;’3 vd tUzpj;jNjhL> 1976-,y; ntspapl;l xU fl;Liuapy; ‘#iwahLk; murpay;’4 vd tUzpj;jpUe;jhh;. mz;ika fhy Ma;Tfs;> thzpgk;jhd; ,uhN[e;jpud; gilnaLg;Gf;F Kf;fpaf; fhuznkd Kd;itj;Js;sd. kj;jpa fhy th;j;jfr; rq;fq;fis Muha;e;j kPuh Mg;uh`hk;> “jkpo; th;j;jfh;fs; mt;tl;lhuq;fspy; th;j;jf chpikfisg; ngwNt gilnaLg;G epfo;e;jJ. th;j;jfj;jhy; fpilj;j ,yhgk; Nrho muRf;Fk;> kd;dh;fSf;Fk; th;j;jfh;fSf;Fk; Vw;wjhf ,Ue;jJ.”5 kpfTk; mz;ika fhyj;jpy; lhd;nrd; nrd; vd;ghhpd; Muha;r;rp> ,Jtiu Muhag;glhj rPdj; jfty;fisf; nfhz;L> ‘th;j;jf Nehf;fj;ijAk; Fwpf;NfhisAk;’ gilnaLg;Gf;F tpsf;fkhf toq;fpAs;shh;.6 Nrhq; Ml;rpfhy ‘#thd; ]p’ vDk; E}ypy; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;s fUj;ijAk; mth; Kd;itj;Js;shh;. =tp[a JiwKfq;fSf;Fr; nrd;W thpfl;lhj fg;gy;fis =tp[ak; jPf;fpiuahf;fpaijr; rPd E}y; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;sJ. “,J cz;ikahdhy;> njd;dpe;jpa JiwKfq;fSf;Fk; rPdhTf;Fk; ,ilapy; ele;j thzpgj;jpy; ,ilkwpay; nra;j fhuzj;jhy; Nrhoh;fs; 1025-Yk;> 1070-fspYk; flw;gilj; jhf;Fjiy Nkw;nfhz;bUf;fyhk;.”7 ,ju Ma;thsh;fs;> ,uhN[e;jpu Nrhodpd; =tp[ag; gilnaLg;gpid ,e;jpag; ngUq;fly; thzpgj;jpy; Vw;gl;l khw;wq;fspd; mbg;gilapy; tpsf;fpAs;sdh;.8 Gjpa Mrpa NguuRfspd; vOr;rpahdJ gj;jhk;

Mq;fpy E}y; njhFg;Giu

xix

E}w;whz;bd; gpw;gFjpapy; fly;top thzpgj;jpy; fpilj;j Nkk;gl;l ,yhgj;ij miltjpy; Nghl;bfs; cUthdJ> Nrhoh;fspd; flw;gil tsh;r;rpf;Fk; tphpthf;fj;jpw;Fk; fhuzkhf vLj;jpak;gg;gl;Ls;sd. rpq;fg;G+hpy; ele;j khehl;by; gilf;fg;gl;l Ma;Tf;fl;Liufs;> Nrhoh;fspd; flw;gilnaLg;igg; Ghpe;J nfhs;tjpy; cs;s Fog;gq;fis Muha;e;jd. kj;jpa fhy vOj;Jtbtpyhd Mjhuq;fSk;> mfo;thuha;r;rpfshy; fpilf;fg;gl;l Mjhuq;fSk; Nghjpa mstpy; ,y;iy vd;gij khehl;Lf; fl;Liufs; czh;j;jpd. flw;gilnaLg;Gg; gw;wpa nra;jp> ,d;dKk; xNunahU jftiyr; rhh;e;Nj cs;sJ. ,uhN[e;jpur; Nrhodpd; gpurpj;jpahd fy;ntl;L xd;Wjhd; mbg;gilahf tpsq;FfpwJ.9 tpaf;fj;jf;f nra;jp vd;dntd;why;> ,uhN[e;jpur; Nrhodpd; gilnaLg;G gw;wpa nra;jp vJTk; rPdj; jfty;fspy; ,y;iy. MapDk;> njd;fpof;fhrpa ehLfSlDk; rPdhTlDk; Nrhoh;fs; itj;jpUe;j Neubj; njhlh;G gw;wp mf;fhy tlnkhop> jkpo;> rPdk; Kjyhd nkhopfspy; cs;s jfty;fs; nghpjstpy; ,g;nghOJ fpilj;Js;sd.10 ,tw;wpd; mbg;gilapy;> ,e;jpag; ngUq;fly; thzpgj;ij epiyepWj;jr; Nrhoh;fs; fg;gw;gilnaLg;G elj;j Ntz;bajw;fhd fhuzq;fis ehk; Cfpf;f KbfpwJ. jw;NghJ Nrh;e;Js;s jfty;fs; gy midtiuAk; nrd;wilahkYk; nkhopg;ngah;f;fg;glhkYk; cs;sd. ,jdhy;> ,e;j E}ypd; njhFg;ghrphpah;fs; cl;gl> ,e;jpa tuyhw;W Mrphpah;fs;> ,e;jpag; ngUq;fly; Ma;thsh;fs;> Nguhrphpah;fs; NehGU fu\pkh> Y.Rg;guhAY> lhd;nrd; nrd; MfpNahUf;F kpfTk; flikg;gl;Ls;Nshk;. khehL Kbe;j gpd;dh;> ,e;j E}Yf;nfd ,izg;G mj;jpahaq;fshf> %d;W Nguhrphpah;fSk; ,Jtiu ntspaplg;glhj jfty;fisj; njhFj;Jj; je;Js;sdh;. ,it Kjd;Kjyhf ,e;E}ypy; ntspaplg;gl;Ls;sd. mj;Jld; Nguhrpupah; fu\pkhTk; Nguhrphpau; Rg;guhAYTk; NkYk; rpy mj;jpahaq;fisg; gilj;J> ,e;j E}Yf;F xU KOik ju cjtpdh;. ,tw;why;> Nrhoh;fspd; flw;gazq;fs; Ma;tpy; jw;Nghijf;F xU KOikahd Njhw;wj;ij ,e;E}ypd;top fhzKbfpwJ. ,it vjph;fhy Muha;r;rpf;F cWJizahf mikAk;. ,e;E}ypd; Kjy; %d;W mj;jpahaq;fs;> mf;fhy Mrpa tuyhw;wpd; mbg;gilapYk; ,e;jpag; ngUq;fly; thzpg mbg;gilapYk; Nrhoh;fspd; flw;gazq;fis Muha;fpd;wd. n`h;kd; Fy;Nf vOjpa Kjy; mj;jpahak; ,uhN[e;jpu Nrhod;> =tp[a JiwKfq;fspd; kPJ elj;jpa jhf;Fjypd; gpd;dzpia Muha;fpwJ. ,uh[uh[Dk;> mthpd; Gjy;tu; ,uhN[e;jpuDk; njd;dpe;jpaf; fly; thzpgj;ijf; fl;bf;fhg;gjw;fhfr;

xx

Mq;fpy E}y; njhFg;Giu

Rw;wpAs;s jPTfisAk; fly; gFjpfisAk; jq;fs; fl;Lg;ghl;Lf;Fs; nfhz;L te;jdh;. vfpg;jpy; ghj;jpikl;]; NguuRf;Fk;> rPdhtpy; Nrhq; NguuRf;Fk; ,ilapy; epfo;e;j fly; thzpgj;jpd; ,yhgj;ij miltjpy; mth;fs; EZf;fkhd ftdk; fhl;bdh;. ,jdhy;> kyhf;fh ePhpiziaj; jq;fs; fl;Lg;ghl;Lf;Fs; nfhz;Lte;jpUe;j =tp[aj;Jld; ,aw;ifahfNt Kuz;ghLfs; vOe;jd. kyhf;fh ePhpiz rPdr; re;ijapd; thapyhf tpsq;fpajhy; Nrhoh;fs; mjidj; jq;fs; fl;Lg;ghl;bd; fPo; itj;jpUf;f Kad;wdh;. mNj rkaj;jpy; Nrhoh;fs; =tp[aj;Jld;> ehfg;gl;bdj;jpy; ,Ue;j =tp[a Nfhapy;fSf;Fj; jhdq;fs; toq;fp el;G mbg;gilapyhd cwTfisAk; tsh;f;f Kad;wdh;. tq;fhs tphpFlhtpy; ele;j thzpgg; Nghl;lh Nghl;bia Fy;Nf jdJ fl;Liuapy; tpsf;fpAs;shh;. lhd;nrd; nrd; vOjpAs;s ,uz;lhtJ mj;jpahak;> Nrho-=tp[a-rPd Kf;Nfhz cwTfis tpthpg;gNjhL> gj;jhk; E}w;whz;L gpw;gFjpapy; ,e;jpag; ngUq;fly; thzpgj;jpy; rPdhit Mz;l Nrhq; Nguurpd; Mjpf;fj;ij Muha;fpwhh;. Nrhoh;fspd; flw;gilnaLg;G Ma;thsh;fs; Nkw;nfhs;Sk; nghJthd Muha;r;rp topfis tpLj;J> rPdh;fspd; jfty;fis kl;LNk nfhz;L lhd;nrd; nrd; Gjpa tpsf;fq;fisj; jUfpwhh;. njhlf;fj;jpypUe;Nj> Nrho=tp[a cwTfs; el;GKiwapy; nray;gltpy;iy vd;fpwhh; lhd;nrd; nrd;. Nrhoh;fis Muha;e;j ePyfz;l rh];jphp mth;fs; njhlf;fj;jpy; el;Gld; ,Ue;jjhfTk;> gpd;dh;jhd; KwpT Vw;gl;lJ vd;W $Wtij> lhd;nrd; nrd; mth;fspd; fl;Liu kWf;fpwJ. khwhf> =tp[aj; J} jh;fs; njhlh;e;J Nrhoh;fisg; gw;wpa ngha;ahd jfty;fisNa rPdhtpd; Nrhq; muritf;Fj; je;jij mtuJ fl;Liu Fwpg;gpLfpwJ. Nrhoh;fspd; gilnaLg;Gg; gw;wpr; rPdj; jfty;fs; vJTk; Fwpg;gplhjjw;F ,JNt fhuzkhfyhk;. Nrho ehL jq;fSf;F Ml;gl;l ehL vd =tp[ak; $wpte;jpUg;gjpy; ,Ue;J ,J Gyg;gLfpwJ. k[{k;jhh; mth;fs; Fwpg;gpl;lJNghy;> fp.gp.1017-Mk; Mz;bNyNa rpW jhf;Fjy; xd;iwr; Nrhoh;fs; Nkw;nfhz;ldh; vd;gij lhd;nrd; nrd; mth;fspd; fl;Liu Fwpg;gpLfpwJ. Nrhoh;fspd; flw;gilnaLg;G> njd;dpe;jpahTf;Fk; Nrhq; rPdhTf;Fk; ,ilapy; th;j;jfj;ij tsh;f;fNt Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;lnjd mtupd; fl;Liu tpsf;FfpwJ. fu\pkh vOjpa %d;whtJ mj;jpahak;> njd;dpe;jpahtpYk; ,yq;ifapYk; mth; Nkw;nfhz;l rPdg; gPq;fhd;fs; Muha;r;rp rPd-,e;jpa th;j;jfj;ij tpsf;FfpwJ. xd;gjhk; E}w;whz;by; njhlq;fpa rPd-njd;dpe;jpa th;j;jfk; gjpd;%d;whk; E}w;whz;bypUe;J Jhpj tsh;r;rpaile;jij mtuJ fl;Liu tpsf;FfpwJ. Nrhokz;lykyghh; flw;fiufspy; mth; Njhz;bnaLj;j rPdg; gPq;fhd; XLfisf; nfhz;L> rPdj; jfty;fspy; $wg;gLk; ,lq;fNshL nghpagl;bdk;> fhay;>

Mq;fpy E}y; njhFg;Giu

xxi

nfhy;yk; Kjyhd ,lq;fis xg;gpl;L Muha;e;Js;shh;. ,uhN[e;jpu Nrhodpd; jiyefukhfpa fq;ifnfhz;l NrhoGuj;jpy; fz;nlLj;j apd;Fapq; gPq;fhd; XLfs;> Nrhoj; J}jh;fs; rPd muritapy; ngw;w ghpRg;nghUl;fshf ,Uf;Fnkd;W mtu; Fwpg;gpLfpwhh;. mtuJ fl;Liuapy; th;j;jfr; rq;fq;fs; gw;wpa nra;jpfSk; ,lk; ngw;Ws;sd. E}ypd; ehd;fhtJ> Ie;jhtJ mj;jpahaq;fs; ehtha; njhlh;gpyhd jfty;fisAk;> flw;gil gw;wpAk; tpsf;Ffpd;wd. tp[a; rf;F[h> rq;fPjh rf;F[h MfpNahh; vOjpa fl;Liu> tuyhw;Wj; jfty;fs; ,y;yhj #oypy;> rpwg;ghdnjhU tpsf;fj;ij Vw;gLj;j Kad;Ws;sJ. 1025-Mk; Mz;by; flw;gilnaLg;G Nkw;nfhz;l Nrhoh;fsplk;> Rkhh; Mapuk; Mz;LfSf;Fk; Nkyhfj; jkpoh; mwpe;jpUe;j khf;fly; mwpT ,Ue;jnjd mth;fs; fUJfpd;wdh;. ,e;j ePz;l fhy mwpNthL> Nrhog; Nguurplk; mz;ilj; jPTfs; kPJ flw;Nghh; elj;jpa mDgtKk; ,Ue;jij mth;fs; Rl;bf;fhl;Lfpd;wdh;. ,yq;if> khyj;jPTfs;> me;jkhd;> flhuk; tiu mth;fSf;F ,Ue;j fly; mDgtk;> mth;fSila gilnaLg;Gf;Fj; jFe;j gpd;zzpiaj; je;jpUe;jJ. thd rh];jpuj;jpYk;> fg;gy; fl;LtjpYk;> fly; gazf; Fwpg;GfisAk; mth;fs; ngw;wpUe;jij mth;fs; tpsf;Ffpd;wdh;. Nrhoh;fspd; flw;gilf;fhd fg;gy;fis> ngUq;fly; gaz th;j;jff; fg;gy;fs; Nghd;wtw;iwg; ngw;wpUe;jdu; vd mth;fs; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wdh;. Rg;guhAY mth;fspd; Nrhoh;fspd; flw;gilf; fg;gy;fs; gw;wpa fl;Liu> Nrhoh;fs; Nkw;nfhz;l flw;gilnaLg;gpy; cs;s Fog;gq;fis Kd;itj;J Muha;fpwJ. fy;ntl;L Muha;r;rpahsuhd mth;> fy;ntl;Lf;fspy; ngUk;ghyhdit ed;nfhilfisf; Fwpg;gjw;nfd;Nw vOjg;gl;ld vd;fpwhh;. mjdhy;> Nrhoh;fisg; gw;wpa nra;jp vJTk; Neubahf fpilf;ftpy;iy. epyj;jpd; topahfTk; fly; topahfTk; Nrhoh;fs; Nkw;nfhz;l Nghh;Kiwfs; mtw;wpd; top njspthf mwptjw;fpy;iy. 1187-Mk; Mz;by; gilf;fg;gl;l xNunahU fy;ntl;by;jhd;> ‘flNyhug; gilj;jsgjp’ vDk; gjtp fg;gw;gilapy; ,Ug;gJ njhpatUfpwJ. ,uhN[e;jpudpd; fy;ntl;Lf;fspy; ‘fyk;’ vd;w nrhy; fg;giyf; Fwpf;fpwJ. 1088-,y; ghU];(Rkj;jpuh) vDkplj;jpy; epWtg;gl;l fy;ntl;by;> ‘kuf;fyk;’ my;yJ kuj;jhy; Md fg;gy; vDk; nra;jp Nrhoh;fspd; tzpff; fg;gy; gw;wpa jftiyj; jUfpwJ. ,uhN[e;jpudpd; jiyefukhd fq;ifnfhz;l NrhoGuk; gw;wpAk;> Nrhoh;fspd; JiwKfq;fspy; Kf;fpakhdjhd ehfg;gl;bdk; gw;wpAk; njhlh;e;J tUk; ,U mj;jpahaq;fs; Muha;fpd;wd. ,uhN[e;jpud;

xxii

Mq;fpy E}y; njhFg;Giu

mhpaiz Vwpa MwhtJ Mz;by; fq;ifnfhz;l NrhoGuk; Nrhog; Nguurpd; jiyefuhf khwpapUf;fyhk; vd S. tre;jp Fwpg;gpLfpwhh;. gjpd;%d;whk; E}w;whz;bd; gpw;gFjpapy; me;efu; ghz;bah;fshy; jiukl;lkhf;fg; gl;bUf;fyhk;. ,uhN[e;jpudpd; jQ;irg; nghpa Nfhapiyj; jtph;j;J> mf;fhyj; jkpo;g; ghf;fs; GfOk; fq;ifnfhz;l NrhoGuk; mjidr; Rw;wptho;e;j fpuhkkf;fshYk; mopf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. fpuhk kf;fs; ,d;Wk; jq;fs; tPLfisf; fl;l fq;if nfhz;l NrhoGuj;jpd; fw;fis vLj;Jr; nry;fpd;wdh;. jkpo; ehl;L mfo;tha;Tj; Jiwapd; mfo;thuha;r;rpypUe;J> gy goq;fhyg; nghUl;fSk;> moFg; nghUl;fSk;> rPdg; gPq;fhd;fSk; fpilj;Js;sd. Nr\hj;jphpapd; fl;Liu> ehfg;gl;bdj;jpd; tuyhw;iw ,yf;fpaj; jfty;fs; nfhz;L tpsf;FfpwJ. Mwhk; E}w;whz;Lf;F Kd;djhf cs;s jfty;fspd; mbg;gilapy; (vLj;Jf; fhl;lhf> rq;ffhyf; ftpijfs;> Gl;Nlhskp> ghypnkhop ,yf;fpak;)> ehfg;gl;bdk; gw;wp ve;jtpjf; Fwpg;Gk; ,y;yhjij mth; Rl;bf;fhl;Lfpwhh;. ehad;khh;fspy; xUtuhd mg;gh; Vohk; E}w;whz;bd; njhlf;fj;jpy; ehfg;gl;bdj;ijg; gw;wpf; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shh;. ,uz;lhk; eurpk;kth;kd;> rPdhTf;F mDg;gpa J}Jf;FO gw;wpAk;> mtd; fl;ba rPdf; Nfhapy; gw;wpAk; gphpl;b]; E}yfj;jpy; fpilj;j gjpndl;lhk; E}w;whz;L Xtpak; xd;iwAk; Nr\hj;jphp ekf;Ff; fhl;Lfpwhh;. Nrhoh;fs; fhyj;jpy; ehfg;gl;bdk; mile;j cr;repiy tsh;r;rpAld; fl;Liu KOikngWfpwJ. Nrhoh;fs; fhyj;jpy;jhd; =tp[ak;> ehfg;gl;bdj;jpy; ngsj;jf; Nfhapnyhd;iwf; fl;b mjw;fhd epyjhdj;ijr; Nrhoh;fsplkpUe;J ngw;W murpay; el;gpid tsh;j;Jf;nfhs;s Kad;wJ. njhlUk; ,U mj;jpahaq;fs;> Nrhoh; fhyj;jpa njd;dpe;jpa th;j;jfr; rq;fq;fis Muha;fpd;wd. =tp[aj;jpw;F vjpuhd flw;gilnaLg;Gf;F ,e;j th;j;jfr; rq;fq;fNs ,af;F rf;jpahf Nrhoh;fSf;F ,Ue;jd. NehGU fu\pkhtpd; Ma;tpd; ,uz;lhtJ gFjpahf mtuJ njd;dpe;jpa th;j;jfr; rq;fq;fs; gw;wpa fl;Liu mike;Js;sJ. Rg;guhaYTk; rz;KfKk;> mth;jk; Ma;Tf; FOtpdUld; Kd;D} Wf;Fk; mjpfkhd fy;ntl;Lf;fisr; Nrh;j;J> mtw;wpYs;s nra;jpfspd; mbg;gilapy; th;j;jfr; rq;fq;fisg; gw;wpf; fl;Liu vOjpAs;sdh;. IE}w;Wth; my;yJ MaN`hNy vd;wiof;fg;gl;l tzpff; FOkk; gw;wp mth;fspd; fl;Liu Muha;fpwJ. gj;jhk; E}w;whz;bd; kj;jpapypUe;J jkpofk; KOtJk; ,e;j tzpff; FOkk; gutp nray;gl;L te;Js;sJ. tzpff; FOkq;fspd; Muha;r;rp> mth;fisg; gw;wpa Gfohuq;fis MuhAk; mNj Ntisapy;> mth;fSf;Fk; Nrhog;

Mq;fpy E}y; njhFg;Giu

xxiii

NguuRf;Fk; ,Ue;j njhlh;gpid Muha;fpwJ. gjpNdhwhk;> gd;dpuz;lhk; E}w;whz;Lfs; Nrhog; NguuR cr;repiyia mile;j fhykhdhYk;> mf;fhyf; fl;lj;jpy; tzpff; FOkq;fspd; fy;ntl;Lf;fs; kpff;Fiwe;j mstpNyNa fhzg;gLfpd;wd. Mdhy;> ,d;iwa fh;dhlfh khepyg; gpuNjrj;jpy; kl;Lk; fy;ntl;Lf;fs; mjpfkhff; fpilj;jpUf;fpd;wd. ,e;jg; Gjpiu tpsf;f KaYk; fuh\pkh> tzpff; FOkq;fspd;kPJ Nrho muR tpjpj;j fl;Lg;ghl;ilf; fhuzkhff; fhl;Lfpwhh;. mQ;Rtz;zk; vdg;gLk; tzpff; FOkk; rpwpaNjhh; mikg;G. Mdhy;> ,e;J khf;fly; thzpgj;jpy; mth;fSk; Kf;fpa ,lj;ij tfpj;jdh;. Rg;guhaY jdJ fl;Liuapy; mth;fis ‘Nkw;F Mrpa tzpfh;fs; $l;lk;’ vdf; Fwpg;gpLtNjhL A+jh;fs;> fpwpj;jth;fs;> K];yPk;fs; MfpNahiu m/J cWg;gpdh;fshff; nfhz;bUe;jJ vd tUzpf;fpwhh;. kyghh;> Nrhokz;lyk;> rhtfk; Kjyhd flw;fiug; gl;bdq;fspy; mth;fs; thzpgk; n;ra;jdh;. vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf> fp.gp. 1220-,y; rphpad; fpwpj;jth; xUtUf;F Nfhl;laj;jpy; nfhLf;fg; gl;l gl;laj;jpy; cs;s ifnahg;gq;fs; muhgpa> A+j nkhopfspy; cs;sd. ehfg;gl;bdj;jpy;> K];yPk; mQ;Rtz;zk; tzpfh;fSf;Fj; jug;gl;l 12-Mk; E}w;whz;L gl;lak; jkpopy; cs;sJ. mQ;Rtz;zk; cWg;gpdh;fs; njd;dpe;jpa thzpgf; FOkkhd kzpfpuhkk; FOkj;Jld; xd;wpize;J nray;gl;lJ njhlh;gpyhd Rg;guhaYtpd; tpsf;fq;fs;> njd;dpe;jpah cyf th;j;jfj;NjhL nfhz;bUe;j njhlh;ig vLj;jpak;g cjTfpwJ. ,tw;iwj; njhlUk; ,uz;L fl;Liufs;> ,e;jpag; ngUq;fly; tzpfj;jpw;Fg; Gjpa tpsf;fq;fisf; nfhLf;fpd;wd. Nrhoh;fspd; tzpff; nfhs;ifapy; tzpff; FOkq;fSf;F ,Ue;j Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij kPdhl;rpRe;juuh[Dk; ;Vw;Wf;nfhs;fpwhh;. Mdhy;> mtw;wpd; tphpthf;fj;ijf; fp.gp. 1000-Mk; Mz;by; Mrpa fly; tzpfj;jpy; Vw;gl;l khw;wq;fNshL ,izj;J Muha;fpwhh;. Nrhoh;fspd; tsh;r;rpahy;> rPdhTf;Fk; muhgpaf; flYf;Fk; ,ilNa ele;j thzpgk;> gy cl;gFjpfisg; ngw;wJ. muhgpaf; fly;> tq;fhs tphpFlh> njd;rPdf; fly;> rhtff; ;fly; vdf; fly; thzpgk; gy gFjpfisAk; ,izj;Jr; nray;glNtz;bapUe;jJ. ,jdhy;> njw;F MrpahtpYk; njd;fpof;fhrpahtpYk; ,Ue;j JiwKfq;fs; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ngw;wNjhL> mtw;iwf; fl;Lf;Fs; nfhz;LtuTk; midtUk; te;J nry;Yk; ,lq;fshf itj;jpUf;fTk; Nghuhl;lq;fs; vOe;jd. N`kh NjtNuapd; fl;Liu> njd;fpof;fhrpa gz;ghLfspy; ,e;jpag; gz;ghl;Lj; jhf;fj;ij NkNyhl;lkhff; fhl;LtNjhL> ,e;jpaj; Jzp th;j;jfk; ,U tl;lhu ,izg;gpy; tfpj;j gq;if tpsf;FfpwJ. Nrhoh; fhyj;jpy; nerTj; njhopYk;> JzpfSf;F rhakpLk; njhopYk;

xxiv

Mq;fpy E}y; njhFg;Giu

Jhpj tsh;r;rp fz;ljhy;> Jzp th;j;jfk; top gz;ghL gutyhapw;W. Nrhog; Nguurpd; tphpthf;fj;jhy; ghjpf;fg; gl;l ,yq;if gw;wpAk;> ,e;NjhNdrpah gw;wpAk; %d;W fl;Liufs; Muha;fpd;wd. khdj;Jq;fhtpd; fl;Liu> njd;fpof;fhrpahtpy; Vw;gl;l ,e;jpag; gz;ghl;Lj; jhf;fj;jpy; ,yq;ifapd; nghydhW mth;fspd; eph;thfj; jiyefuhf tpsq;fpaJ. ,yq;ifapy; fpof;Ff; fiuianahl;b me;efuk; ,Ue;jjdhy;> jpUNfhzkiy JiwKfkhdJ. NkYk;> =tp[aj;Jf;F vjpuhd flw;gilnaLg;Gf;F Kf;fpag; gzpAk; Mw;wpaJ. rz;Kfj;jpd;; fl;Liu> rq;ffhyk; njhl;Lj; jkpofj;jpw;Fk; njd;fpof;fhrpahTf;Fk; ,ilNa eilngw;w fly; thzpgk; gw;wp Fwpg;GfspYk; mfo;thuha;r;rpapYk; fpilj;Js;s jfty;fis Muha;fpwJ. ,uhN[e;jpu Nrhodpd; gilnaLg;gpdhy; ,e;jj; njhlh;Gfs; jw;fhypfkhfNt Jz;bf;fg;gl;ld vd;fpwhh; mth;. ,e;NjhNdrpaf; fl;blf;fiy> rpiyfs;> rpw;gf;fiy Kjyhdtw;wpy; Nrhou;fspd; gz;ghl;Lj; jhf;fj;ij mth;> [hk;gp> jpaq; kiyj;jpl;L> guk;ghdhd; Kjypa ,lq;fspy; cs;s fl;llq;fisf; nfhz;L tpsf;Ffpwhh;. ,Ug;gpDk; mth; midj;ijAk; Nrhoh;fhyg; gpujpgypg;ghff; Fwpg;gplhky;> ‘rhay;fisAk;’ ‘jhf;fj;ijAk; kl;Lk; tUzpf;fpwhh;. ePdp Rrhe;jpapd; fl;Liu> Nrho – = tp[ag; Nghuhl;lj;jhy; mah;yq;fh muR tsh;e;jij tUzpf;fpwJ. rhtfj;jpy; tsh;e;j mah;yq;fh muR> = tp[a eWkz czTg; gz;l thzpgj;ijr; Nrhoh;fspd; cjtpahy; ifg;gw;wpaJ. ,uhN[e;jpudpd; ntw;wpapdhy; fpof;Fr; rhtfj; jPtpid mah;yq;fh jd; fPo; xd;wpizf;f Kbe;jJ. ,jdhy; mah;yq;fh rhtfj;jpd; tuyhw;wpy; Gfo;ngw;w kd;dd; Mfpwhd;. ,e;jpa – rPd cwTfs; gw;wpa jfTfs; Nrhog; NguuR KOikahf tPo;j;jg;gl;l tuyhw;W Kuz;ghLfspy; xd;nwdyhk;. Nrhoh;fs;jhk; rPdhTld; mjpf thzpgk; nra;j muR vd;gNjhL mjpfkhd fy;ntl;Lfisj; njd;dpe;jpahtpYk; njd;fpof;fhrpahtpYk; tpl;Lr; nrd;Ws;sJk; mtu;fNs. Fthq;# efhpy; vOg;gpa rptd; Nfhapiy> njd;dpe;jpa – rPd cwTfSf;F milahskhff; fhl;Lfpwhh; hPrh yP. rptd; Nfhapypd; FlKOf;fpw;Fk;> 1279-,y; Fg;yha; fhd; njd;rPdhit KOikahf ntw;wpngw;wjw;Fk; njhlu;GgLj;jp mtu; fl;Liu gilj;Js;shh;.

Mq;fpy E}y; njhFg;Giu

xxv

Athd; murguk;giuapduhd kq;Nfhypah;fs; rPdhit Mz;l may;ehl;bdh;. Fthq;# efu ntspehl;L tzpfh;fs; kq;Nfhypahpd; Ml;rp cUthf cjtpajhy;> mth;fSf;F MjuitAk; rYiffisAk; Gjpa murhl;rp toq;fpaJ. Rkhh; Ke;E}W cile;j gPq;fhd; gFjpfisf; nfhz;L> mit njd;dpe;jpa gz;ghl;NlhL ,ize;jit vd mth; fhl;Lfpwhh;. MapDk;> mtw;iw cUthf;Ftjpy; gy r%fq;fs;

mjd; ,af;Fdh; J}jh; NfrtghzpiaAk;> mf;fofj;jpy; gzpahw;Wk; Nguhrphpah; lhd;nrd; nrd;> lhf;lh; [pNaht;Nu Ntl;> Fkhhp ufpyh A+rg; KjyhNdhUf;F vdJ ed;wpiaAk; ghuhl;LjiyAk; njhptpj;Jf; nfhs;fpNwd;.

Nguhrphpah; n`h;kd; Fy;Nf> Mrpa tuyhw;Wj; Jiwj; jiyth;> fpay; gy;fiyf;fofk;> n[h;kdp.

Notes   1. K.A. Nilakanta Sastri, The Co-l.as, 2nd revised ed. (Madras, 1955), p. 218.   2. Ibid., p. 220.   3. G. W. Spencer, The Politics of Expansion: The Chola Conquest of Sri Lanka and Sri Vijaya (Madras, 1983).   4. Idem, “The Politics of Plunder: The Cholas in Eleventh Century Ceylon”, in Journal of Asian Studies 35 (1976): 405–20.   5. M. Abraham, Two Medieval Merchant Guilds of South India (New Delhi, 1988), p. 142.   6. Tansen Sen, Buddhism, Diplomacy and Trade: The Realignment of Sino-Indian Relations, 600–1400 (Honolulu, 2003), p. 223; see also K. R. Hall, Maritime Trade and State Development in Early Southeast Asia (Honolulu, 1985); R. Champakalakshmi, Trade, Ideology and Urbanization: South India 300 BC to AD 1300 (Delhi, 1996).

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  7. Sen, Buddhism, Diplomacy and Trade, p. 225.   8. For example, K. R. Hall, “International Trade and Foreign Diplomacy in Early Medieval South India”, Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient 21 (1978) 75–98; Sen, Buddhism, Diplomacy and Trade; and H. Kulke, “Rivalry and Competition in the Bay of Bengal in the Eleventh Century and Its Bearing on Indian Ocean Studies”, in Commerce and Culture in the Bay of Bengal, 1500–1800, edited by Om Prakash and Denys Lombard (New Delhi, 1999), pp. 17–36.   9. See Appendix I, No. 6. 10. See Appendix II.

gilg;ghsHfs; (Mq;fpy tupirg;gb)

N`kh NjtNu gy;NtW gz;ghl;L-,yf;fpaj; Jiwfspy; `pe;jp> kuhj;jp Mfpa nkhopfspy; vOjp tUfpwhH. mz;ika Mz;Lfspy; ,e;jpaj; Jzpfisg; gw;wpAk;> mtw;wpd; tuyhW> ghuk;ghpak; Kjyhdtw;iwAk; Muha;e;Js;shH. njd;fpof;fhrpahtpy; ,e;jpaj; Jzpfisg; gw;wpg; gutyhf Muha;e;Jk; vOjpAk; tUfpwhH. ghypj; jPTf;Fk; xhprhTf;Fk; ,ilNa epfo;e;j gz;ila njhlHgpid xl;b “ghyp ahj;jpiu” vDk; ehl;ba-ehlfj;ij vOjpAs;shH. “,e;jpahTf;Fk; njd;fpof;fhrpahTf;Fk; ,ilNa Vw;gl;l Jzpfs; ghpkhw;wk;” vDk; fl;Liuia i`jughj; efhpy; 2005Mk; Mz;by; ele;j midj;Jyf khehl;by; gilj;Js;shH. “,izf;Fk; E}y;” vDk; nra;jpg;glj;jpd; top; ,e;jpahTf;Fk; ,e;NjhNdrpahTf;Fk;; ,ilNa cs;s gz;ghl;Lj; njhlHGfisf; fhl;bAs;shh.; ,e;jr; nra;jpg;glk; ,e;jpah> ,e;NjhNdrpah> rpq;fg;G+H Kjyhd ehLfspy; fhl;lg;gl;lJ. ‘rhhp #j;jpuk;’ vDk; njhFg;G Ehypy; ,e;NjhNdrpahTf;Fk; ,e;jpahTf;Fk; ,ilNa epfo;e;j gl;L Milfs; ghptHj;jidg; gw;wp vOjpAs;shH. jw;rkak; mtH ,e;jpahTf;Fk; njd;fpof;fhrpahTf;Fk; ,ilNa epfo;e;j gz;ghl;Lj; njhlh;Gfs; gw;wpa Ehiy vOjpf; nfhz;bUf;fpwhH. NehGU fuh\pkh> Njhf;fpNah gy;fiyfofj;jpd; rpwg;Gg; NguhrphpaH. mtH gpd;tUk; gzpfis Nkw;nfhz;lNjhL gy ghuhl;LfisAk; ngw;Ws;shH : jiytH> ,e;jpa fy;ntl;L Ma;thsH fofk;(1985)@ jiytH> [g;ghd; tuyhw;Wf; fofk;(1993)@ midj;Jyj; jkpohuha;r;rpf; fofk;(1995)@ jiytH> [g;ghd; njw;fhrpa Ma;Tf; fofk;(1996-2000)@ /Gf;FNthf;fh Mrpa gz;ghl;L tpUJ(1995)@ [g;ghd; Ma;tf tpUJ(2008). mtUila E}y;fs; gpd;tUtdthFk;: njd;dpe;jpahtpy; tuyhWk; rKjhaKk; : Nrhou;fs; Kjy; tp[aefuk; tiu(2001)@ ehaf;fHfspd; tuyhW : njd;dpe;jpahtpy; tp[aefug; Nguurpd; fy;ntl;Lfs;(2002)@ njd;dpe;jpahtpYk; ,yq;ifapYk; rPdg; gPq;fhd; XLfisj; Njb (njhFg;ghrphpaH) (2004).

xxviii

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fp;. Nfrtghzp> 2002Mk; Mz;L etk;gH khjj;jpypUe;J> rpq;fg;G+H njd;fpof;fhrpa Ma;Tf; fofj;jpd; ,af;Fduhf gzpahw;wp tUfpwhH. mjw;F Kd; 1997Mk; Mz;L khHr; khjk; Kjy; kNyrpahTf;fhd J}juhfg; gzpahw;wpdhH. rpq;fg;G+u; ntspAwT mikr;rpd; gzpapy; Kg;gj;ije;J Mz;Lfs; gzpahw;wpajpy;> n[dpthtpy; cs;s If;fpa ehLfs; epWtdj;jpw;F rpq;fg;G+hpd; epue;jug; gpujpepjpahfTk; ,Ue;jhh;. rpq;fg;G+H ntspAwT mikr;rpy; tfpj;j gy;NtW gjtpfspy; Mrpahd; epWtd ,af;FdH> tl mnkhpf;f-INuhg;gpa ehLfSf;fhd ,uz;lhtJ gphptpd; ,af;FdH Kjyhdit Fwpg;gplj;jf;fit. cUFNta; tl;l Nkir fye;jhNyhridf; $l;lj;jpd; ,Wjpf; fl;lf; $l;lq;fs; Mfpatw;wpy; Kf;fpag; gq;fhw;wpdhH. 1995Mk; Mz;by; cyf th;j;jf epWtdj;jpd; epHthff; FOtpd; jiytuhf midtuhYk; Vw;Wf; nfhs;sg;gl;lhH. mjd;top> 1996Mk; Mz;by; eilg;ngw;w cyf th;j;jf epWtdj;jpd; mikr;rH epiy khehl;il rpq;fg;G+hpy; elj;j Vw;ghL nra;jhH. N`h;kd; Fy;Nf> fpay; gy;fiyf;fof Mrpa tuyhw;Wj; Jiw rpwg;Gg; NguhrphpaH. jdJ ,e;jpatpay; lhf;lH gl;lj;jpw;F rpjk;guk; gw;wpa Muha;r;rpia 1967y; nra;J Kbj;jhH. jdJ ,uz;lhtJ lhf;lH gl;lj;jpw;F xuprhtpd; f[gjp kd;duhl;rpia Muha;r;rp nra;J> 1975y; n`a;ly;gHf;; gy;fiyf;fofj;jpd; Mrpa Ma;Tf; fofj;jpy; rkHg;gpj;jhH. 1987y; rpq;fg;G+H njd;fpof;fhrpa Ma;Tf; fofj;jpy; Ma;thsuhfTk;> 2007y; rpq;fg;G+H Njrpa gy;fiyf;fof Mrpa Ma;Tf; fofj;jpy; tUif Ma;thsuhfTk; gzpahw;wpdhH. mtuJ Ma;tpy; ,e;jpa-njd;fpof;fhrpa njhlf;fhy-kj;jpa fhy tuyhW> njhlf;ffhy murikg;G> ,e;jpag; ngUq;fly; Ma;Tfs;> tuyhw;W Ma;tpay; Kjyhd Jiwfisj; jOtp Muha;e;Js;shH. mtUila rpwe;j E} y;fshf gpd;tUtdtw;iwf; Fwpg;gplyhk; : The Devaraja cult (1978). The cult of Jagannath and the regional tradition of Orrisa (1978). Kings and cults : State Formation and Legitimation in India and Southeast Asia (1993). The State in India 1000-1700 (1995). (D. Rothermund MfpatUld;) A History of India (4tJ gjpg;G> 2004). hP\h yP> epA+ahHf; efu nfhyk;gpah gy;fiyfofj;jpd; fiy tuyhWGij nghUshuha;r;rpg; gpuptpy; KJfiy-Kidtu; khzhf;fuhfg; gapy;fpwhH. mtuJ Ma;T tuyhw;Wf;F Ke;jpa njd;dpe;jpa fl;llf;fiy> rpw;gk;> fy;ntl;Lfs;> thzpg mikg;Gfspd; njhlHGfs;> rPdhTf;Fk; ,e;jpahTf;Fk; ,ilNa epfo;e;j fiy-gz;ghl;L-rkamurpay; njhlHGfs; Kjyhdtw;iw cs;slf;fpaJ. mtuJ njhlH Ma;thf> ‘,e;jpahtpYk; may;ehLfspYk; jkpo; tHj;jfHfs; vOg;gpa

gilg;ghsHfs;

Nfhapy;fs’; vDk; jiyg;gpy; Nkw;nfhz;bUf;fpwhH. gy;fiyf;fofj;jpy; mtH ,sq;fiyg; gl;lk; ngw;whH.

xxix

`hHthHL

mDuh khdj;Jq;fh> ,yq;ifapYs;s fpshdpah gy;fiyf;fofj;jpy; njhy;nghUshuha;r;rpg; gpuptpd; NguhrphpaH. mNj gy;fiyf;fofj;jpYs;s Mrpa Ma;T ikaj;jpd; ,af;FeuhfTk; gzpahw;WfpwhH. NkYk; nghydhW cyfg; ghuk;ghpaj; jyk;;> kj;jpa gz;ghl;L epjp> nfsut E}yfH> ,yq;if uhay; Mrpa fofk;> ,yq;if njhy;nghUshuha;r;rpahsH FOtpd; Jizj; jiytH Kjyhd nghWg;GfisAk; tfpf;fpwhh;. V.kPdhl;rpRe;juuh[d;> ehfHNfhapy; S.T. ,e;J fy;Y}hpapy; nghUspay; Jiwapy; gzpahw;WfpwhH. mtH gy;NtW Ma;Tfis Nkw;nfhz;Ls;shH. “Njhl;lq;fspy; r%fg; ghJfhg;G”> “Fkhp tl;lhuj;jpy; Rw;Wg;gazpfs; thfd epHthfk;”> “cyf thzpgf; fofr; Rw;Wr;#oy; epYitfSk; mtw;wpd; ,e;jpa may;ehl;L tHj;jfj;jpd; kPjhd ghjpg;GfSk;” Kjyhd Ma;Tfis Nkw;nfhz;Ls;shH. jw;rkak; mtH ehfHNfhapy; S.T. ,e;J fy;Y}hpapd; Kjy;tuhfg; gzpahw;WfpwhH. rq;fPjh rf;F[h> GJby;ypapYs;s ,e;jpa flw;gilg; gs;spapy; Mrphpauhfg; gzpahw;WfpwhH. by;yp gy;fiyf;fofj;jpd; ,e;jpa tuyhw;Wj; Jiwapy; mtH KJfiyg; gl;lk; ngw;Ws;shH. tp[a; rf;F[h> rpq;fg;G+H njd;fpof;fhrpa Ma;Tf; fofj;jpy; %j;j Ma;thsuhfg; gzpahw;wpAs;shH. Kd;dhs; flw;gil mjpfhhpahd mtH> by;yp gy;fiyfofj;jpy; lhf;lH gl;lk; ngw;Ws;shH. GJby;ypapYs;s Mg;rHtH Ma;thsH epWtdk;> jw;fhg;G Ma;tpay; fofk;> If;fpa Nritfs; epWtdk; Kjyhdtw;wpy; gzpahw;wpAs;shH. lhd;nrd; nrd;> epA+ahHf; efug; gy;fiyfofj;jpd; Mrpa tuyhW> Mrpa rkaq;fs; Mfpa Jiwfspy; Jizg; Nguhrpupauhfg; gzpahw;WfpwhH. mtH gpd;tUk; Fwpg;gplj;jf;f Ma;Tfis Nkw;nfhz;Ls;shH. ‘ngsj;jk;> J}jufj; njhlHG> tHj;jfk; : rPd ,e;jpa cwTfs;> 600-1400’ vDk; E}iy 2003-,y; ntspapl;lhH. gy Ma;T ,jo;fspy;> gz;ilf;fhyr; rPd-,e;jpa cwTfisg; gw;wpg; gy;NtW fl;Liufis ntspapl;Ls;shH. jw;rkak; rpq;fg;G+H njd;fpof;fhrpa Ma;Tf; fofj;jpy; eye;jh =tp[a Ma;Tj; Jiwapy; jiyikg; nghWg;G Vw;Ws;shH. NfhFy; Nr\hjphp> varallaru.com vDk; khj Ma;tpjioj; njhlq;fp elj;jp tUfpwhH. me;j Ma;tpjo; njd;dpe;jpa tuyhw;W Ma;tpid

xxx

gilg;ghsHfs;

Nkw;nfhz;L tUfpwJ. njd;dpe;jpaf; Nfhapy; fl;llf;fiy> rpw;gf; fiy> Kjyhd Jiwfspy; mtH rpwg;G Ma;thsuhfg; gzpfis Nkw;nfhz;Ls;shH. jQ;ir nghpa Nfhapypd; Xtpaq;fisf; fzpdptop kPz;Lk; cUthf;f Kaw;rp nra;Js;shH. mtH epA+ahHf; efuj;jpy; fzpdpj; Jiwapy; gzpahw;wptUfpwhH. gp. rz;Kfk;> nrd;idg; gy;fiyfofj;jpd; njw;F-njd;fpof;fhrpa ghuk;ghpag; gz;ghl;L fof ,af;Fduhfg; gzpahw;WfpwhH. jkpofj;jpd; JiwKfq;fs; gw;wpa tphpthd Ma;tpid mtH ntspapl;Ls;shH. ‘NrhoH fhy epjpj; jpl;lk;’ (1987)@ ‘rq;ffhy ehzaq;fs;’ (2004)@ ‘tp[aefug; NguuR njhlHgpyhd Ma;Tfspy; mz;ikafhy Kd;Ndw;wk;’ (2005) Kjyhd E}y;fis mtH ntspapl;Ls;shH. jkpo; ehl;by; nfhw;if> nfhLkzy;> ciwA+H> fhQ;rpGuk; Mfpa ,lq;fspy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l mfo;thuha;r;rpapy; mtH gq;Nfw;Ws;shH. vl;bf;fz; rz;Kfk;> rpq;fg;G+u; kPbahfhh;g; njhiyf;fhl;rp nra;jpg; gpuptpy; gzpahw;Wfpwhh;. ,sikapypUe;Nj gy nghJg;gzpfspy; ‘,e;J’ vd;w ,jioj; njhlq;fpg; gjpide;J Mz;Lfs; elj;jpdhu;. rpq;fg;G+u; murpd; Njrpa ehs; tpUjpy;> nghJg; gzpf;fhd ghuhl;L tpUjpidg; ngw;whh;. 1993ypUe;J 1995 tiu> mUs;kpF khhpak;kd; Nfhapypd; tuyhw;iw Muha;e;J> Nfhapy; njhlq;fpa 1824Mk; Mz;Lf;Fg; gpd;du; fpilj;j midj;Jj; jfty;fisAk; Njrpa fhg;gfj;jplk; xg;gilj;jhh;. mtu; gpd;tUk; E}y;fisj; njhFj;J> jkpou;fspd; tuyhw;iwg; ghJfhf;f cjtpAs;shh;: A Glorious Moment (1996); Behind Divine Doors (2005); A Sacred Sanctuary (2010); Down Memory Lane (2010); and Our Journey (2011). Y. Rg;guhaY> jQ;rhT+hpYs;s jkpo;g; gy;fiyf;fofj;jpd; NguhrphpaH. mtH njd;dpe;jpaf; fy;ntl;Lfs;> tuyhw;W G+Nfhsk;> njd;dpe;jpa tuyhW Kjyhd Jiwfspy; rpwg;G Ma;Tfis Nkw;nfhz;Ls;shH. GJitapYs;s gpuQ;R Ma;Tf;fofj;jpy;> ‘njd;dpe;jpa tuyhw;Wg; G+Nfhsk;’ vDk; Ma;tpd; xUq;fpizg;ghsuhfg; gzpahw;wpAs;shH (2001-2004). mtuJ E}y;fs; gpd;tUtd MFk; : ‘Nrho ehl;L murpay; G+Nfhsk’; (1973)@ ‘NrhoH fy;ntl;Lfspy; ngaHfspd; xUq;fpizg;G’ (1978)@ ‘jpUr;rpuhg;gs;sp tl;lhuj;jpd; gid Xiyr; Rtbfs;’ (1989)@ NrhoHfhy tuyhw;W Ma;Tfs;’ (2001)@ ‘jkpo;f; fy;ntl;Lfspd; mfuthpir’ (2002-2003).

gilg;ghsHfs;

xxxi

ePdp Rrhe;jp> ,e;NjhNdrpag; gy;fiyf;fofj;jpy; njhy;nghUs; Muha;r;rpj; Jiwapd; Nguhrphpauhf gzpahw;WfpwhH. fy;ntl;Lfis Muha;tjpYk; mtH nrd;idg; gy;fiyf;fofj;jpy; KJfiyg; gl;lj;ijAk;> lhf;lH gl;lj;ijAk; ngw;whH. gz;ilafhy tuyhW> njhy;nghUshuha;r;rp Mfpa Jiwfspy; gapw;;rp ngw;wpUe;jhH. 1982y; njhy;nghUshuha;r;rpj; Jiwapy; NrHe;J %d;W Mz;Lfs; nrd;idapy; gzpahw;wpdhH. gpd;dH> G+z;bapYs;s Mjpfhy njhy;nghUsfg; nghWg;ghsuhfg; gzpkhw;wk; ngw;whH. Ie;jhz;Lfs; G+z;bapy; gzpahw;wpa gpd;dH> mfo;thuha;r;rp kw;Wk; njhy;nghUshuha;r;rpj; Jiwapy; gzpahw;wp tUfpwhH. Myq;Fsk;> jpUf;NfhapY}H> G+k;GfhH> khspif NkL> Mz;bg;gl;b> kuf;fhzk;> juq;fk;ghb> nrk;gpad; fz;bA+H Kjyhd ,lq;fspy; mfo;thuha;r;rpg; gzpfspy; [tfHyhy; NeU epWtdj;jpd; rpwe;j khztUf;fhd ,uz;lhtJ ghpR> tpf;Nlhhpah-My;gHl; njhy;nghUsfj;jpy; cs;s ,e;jpaj; njhy;nghUs;fis Muha [tfHyhy; NeU epWtd Ma;Tj; njhif Kjyhdtw;iwg; ngw;Ws;shH. m. tPukzp> kyhah gy;fiyf;fof ,e;jpatpay; Jiwapy; ,sq;fiyg; gl;lKk;> rpq;fg;G+u; gy;fiyf;fofj;jpy; KJfiyg; gl;lKk;> mnkhpf;fhtpd; tp];fhd;rpd; gy;fiyf;fofj;jpy; Kidtu; gl;lKk; ngw;wtu;. rpq;fg;G+u; njd;fpof;fhrpa Ma;Tf; fofk;> rpq;fg;G+u; Njrpa gy;fiyf;fofk;> G&iz jhUryhk; gy;fiyf;fofk; Kjyhdtw;wpy; gzpahw;wpAs;shh;. jw;rkak; [g;ghdpd; ,hpl;RNka;fhd; Mrpa grpgpf; gy;fiyf;fofj;jpy; NguhrpupauhfTk;> gy;fiyf;fof ,iz Nte;juhfTk; gzpahw;Wfpwhh;. jkpopy; gpd;tUk; E}y;fis ntspl;Ls;shh;: tl Rkj;jpuhtpy; jkpou;fs; (1983)@ ghtyu; neQ;rk;(1991)@ rpq;fg;G+u; tsu;r;rpapy; jkpo; nkhop(1996). gy khehLfis elj;jpg; gy njhFg;G E}y;fisAk;> gpw vOj;jhsu;fspd; gilg;Gfis E}y; tbtpYk; ntspl;Ls;shu;. Mq;fpyj;jpYk; gy fl;LiufisAk; E}y;fisAk; ntspapl;Ls;shh;: vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf Indian Communities in Southeast Asia (1993); Rising India and Indians in East Asia (2008); Asia Pacific's Enchanting Social Landscapes (2011) Mfpatw;iw Fwpg;gplyhk;.

1 Mrpa tuyhw;wpy; Nrhou;fspd; fly; gazq;fs;1 n`h;kd; Fy;Nf

jQ;rhT+h; nghpa Nfhapypy; cs;s fy;ntl;L xd;W ,uhN[e;jpur; Nrhod; 1025 Mk; Mz;by; mDg;gpa flw;giliaAk; ifg;gw;wpa ehLfisAk; gpd;tUkhW Gfo;fpwJ: ….miyfly; eLTl; gyfyQ;nrYj;jpr; rq;fpuhk tpirNahj;Jq;f te;kdhfpa flhuj;jurid thfak; nghU fly; Fk;gf; fhpnahL kfg;gLj;Jhpikapy; gpwf;fpa ngUndjpg; igUf;fKk; Mh;j;jtd fdfu; nghh;j; njhopy; thrypy; tpr;rhjpj; njhuzKk; nkha;j;njhsph; Gidkzpg;GjtKk; fdfkzpf; fjtKk; epiwrPu; tpiraKk; Jiw eph;g;gz;izAk; td;kiyA+nuapw; nwhd; kiyA+Uk; Mo;fly; #o; khapUbq;fKk; fyq;fh ty;tpid ,yq;fh nrhfKk; fhg;GW epiw Gdy; khg;ghsKk; fhtyk; Ghpir nltpypk;gq;fKk; tisg; ge;J}Wil tisg;ge;J}Wk; fiyj;jf; nfhu; Gfo; jiyj; jf;nfhyKk; epjkhty;ypid khjkhypq;fKk; fyh Kjpuf; fLe; jpwy; ,yhKup NjrKk; njdf;f thu; nghopy; khef;fthuKk; njhLfly; fhty;

2

n`h;kd; Fy;Nf

fLKul; flhuKk; khg;nghU jz;lhw; nfhz;l nghg;gu nf]hpte;kuhd cilahu; = uhN[e;jpu NrhoNjtu; fq;if nfhz;l NrhoGuj;Jj; Njth;f;Fahz;L…2 mjd; nghUs;: “miy epiwe;j flypd; eLNt gy fg;gy;fis mDg;gpa mtd;; flhuj;J kd;dd; rq;fpuk tp[aJq;f th;kidAk;> Gfo; tha;e;j mtDila gilapy; ,Ue;j ahidfisAk; gpbj;Jf; nfhz;lhd;. Neh;ikahd topapy; me;j murd; Nrh;j;J itj;jpUe;j nry;tf; FtpaiyAk; vLj;Jf; nfhz;lhd;; gue;Jtphpe;jpUe;j mtDila efukhd =tp[ahtpd; “Nghu; thapypy;” epd;wpUe;j tpj;jpahju Njhuzk; vd;w tisit ntw;wp Kof;fj;Jld; ifg;gw;wpdhd;. n[hypf;Fk; ,uj;jpdq;fs; gjpj;j rpWthapiyAk; nghpa ,uj;jpdq;fshy; Md thapiyAk; Nrh;j;Jf; nfhz;lhd;. jPh;j;j gbj;Jiwfspy; ePu; epiwe;jpUe;j gz;iz; ghJfhg;G muzhf typikahd kiyiag; ngw;wpUe;j kiyA+u;; mfopNghy Mo;flyhy; #og;gl;bUe;j kA+ubq;fk;; vj;jifag; NghUf;Fk; mQ;rh ,yq;fNrhfh; Mo;flyhy; ghJfhf;fg;gl;l khg;ghyk;; typikahd Rtiug; ghJfhg;G muzhff; nfhz;bUe;j Nktpypk;gq;fk;;; tiyg;ge;J}U vd;w tpyg;ge;J}u;; mwptpay; Gyik tha;e;jth;fshy; Gfog;ngw;w jiyj;jf;Nfhyk;; %h;f;fkhd> nghpa Nghh;fspYk; epiyFiyahj khlkhypq;fk;; Nghhpdhy; typik $ba ,sKhpNjrk;; G+e;Njhl;lq;fspy; Njd; Njq;fp epd;w khdf;ftuk;; mj;Jld; Mo;flyhy; ghJfhf;fg;gl;lJk; kpfTk; rf;jp tha;e;jJkhd flhuk;” kyhah jPgfw;gk;> Rkj;uh> epf;Nfhghu; jPTfspy; cs;s gd;dpuz;L ,ju JiwKf efuq;fisAk; Nrhou; flw;gil ifg;gw;wpa jftYk; me;jf; fy;ntl;by; fhzg;gLfpwJ. njd;fpof;fhrpa ehLfSld; gd;ndLq;fhykhf ,e;jpah mikjpahd cwitAk; ghuk;ghpa fyhrhug; gpizg;igAk; nfhz;bUe;jJ. me;j Ntisapy;> =tp[a NguuRf;F vjpuhf ,uhN[e;jpu Nrhod; Nkw;nfhz;l flw; jhf;Fjy; ,e;jpa tuyhw;wpy; jdpj;jd;ik tha;e;jjhFk;. me;jg; gilnaLg;Gf;F cz;ikahd fhuzk; vd;d vd;gJ ,d;Wtiu kh;kkhfNt ,Uf;fpwJ. Nrhoh;fs; gw;wp tuyhw;whrphpau; ePyfz;l

Mrpa tuyhw;wpy; Nrhou;fspd; fly; gazq;fs;

3

rh];jpup Nkw;nfhz;l Ma;tpy;> “fpof;fj;jpa ehLfSld; Nrhoh;fs; elj;jp te;j th;j;jfj;Jf;F Kl;Lf;fl;il Nghl = tp[ah Nkw;nfhz;l Kaw;rp mjw;Ff; fhuzkhf ,Uf;fyhk;” vd;W $wpapUf;fpwhu;. NkYk;> fly;fle;J jkJ jpf;tp[aj;ij tphpTgLj;Jk; uhN[e;jpu Nrhodpd; Ntl;ifAk; mjw;F toptpl;bUf;fyhk; vd;fpwhu; rh];jphp.3 mnkhpf;f tuyhw;whrphpau; ];ngd;ru; (G.W. Spencer), Nrhoh;fs; gy Mz;Lfshf Nkw;nfhz;L te;j ‘mz;il ehLfis #iwahbg; Nguuir tphpthf;Fk;’ murpay; jpl;lk; mtu;fspd; gilnaLg;Gf;Ff; fhuzk; vd;fpwhu;. njd;dpe;jpahtpYk; ,yq;ifapYk; ePz;lfhykhf mth;fs; Nghhpy; “th;j;jfg; Nghhpd; rhj;jpaj;ij” epuhfhpj;Jtpl KbahJ vd;fpwhu;. =tp[ah ntspehl;Lf; fg;gy;fisj; jq;fs; JiwKfj;jpy; epWj;JkhW tw;GWj;jp te;jijAk;> mg;gb epw;fhj fg;gy;fis =tp[ah fg;gw;gil jhf;fp mopj;J te;jijAk; mtu; Rl;Lfpwhu;. Mifahy;> th;j;jfg; gazg; ghijapy; Vw;gl;bUe;j Kl;Lf;fl;ilia ePf;fr; Nrhoh;fs; Nkw;nfhz;l ,yl;rpa eltbf;ifahf mijf; fUjyhk; vd;fpwhu; mtu;.5 2003Mk; Mz;by; mtu; vOjpAs;s fl;Liuapy; “,e;jpahTf;Fk; rPdhtpd; Nrhq; (Song) NguuRf;Fk; ,ilapyhd fly; thzpfj; njhlh;Gfisj; Jz;bf;f =tp[ah Nkw;nfhz;l murje;jpu> uhZt Kaw;rpfs; Nrhoh;fspd; me;j Kw;Wiff;Ff; fhuzkhf ,Uf;fyhk;” vd;W $wpapUf;fpwhu;.6 mz;ikf;fhy tuyhw;whrpupau; gyu; mijNa typAWj;jpapUf;fpd;wdu;. mj;Jld; mq;fpUe;j nry;tq;fs; kw;nwhU fhuzk; vd;fpwhu; mtu;. mt;tl;lhuj;jpypUe;J ifg;gw;wg;gl;l nry;tq;fs; gw;wpj; jQ;rhT+h; fy;ntl;by; Fwpg;gplg;gl;bUg;gijAk; mtu; Rl;Lfpwhu;.7 kzpfpuhkk;> MaNthiy tzpfr; rq;fq;fs;> Nrhoh;fspd; murpaypy; Nkw;nfhz;bUe;j Neubr; nry;thf;F me;j Kw;Wiff;F kw;nwhU fhuzkhf ,Ue;jpUf;fyhk; vd;W kPuh Mg;u`hk; njd;dpe;jpa tzpfr; rq;fq;fs; gw;wp vOjpAs;s Ma;Tf; fl;Liuapy; njhptpj;Js;shu;.8 ,e;j tpsf;fq;fspy; XusT cz;ik ,Ug;gJ njhpfpwJ. vdpDk;> =tp[ah kPJ ,uhN[e;jpu Nrhod; Nkw;nfhz;l fly; Kw;Wifia Mrpa tuyhw;wpd; mbg;gilapYk;> ,e;jpag; ngUq;flypy; cUthfp te;j murpay;> nghUspay; khw;wq;fspd; mbg;gilapYk; Muha;e;jhy;jhd;> NkYk; gy fhuzq;fs; njspthFk;.

4

n`h;kd; Fy;Nf

gj;jhk; E}w;whz;bd; gpw;gFjpapy; %d;W Gjpa> rf;jp tha;e;j NguuRfs; Mrpahtpy; cUthapd. vfpg;jpy; ghj;jpikl;]; (Fatimids fp.gp. 969)> rPdhtpy; Nrhq; (Song fp.gp. 960)> ,e;jpahtpy; Nrhog; NguuR Mfpait mit. me;j %d;Wk; ,e;jpag; ngUq;flypd; th;j;jf mikg;gpy; jiyaplj; njhlq;fpd. ghf;jhj;jpy; mghrpj;Jfspd; (Abbasid) rhpTk; vfpg;jpy; ghj;jpikl;rpd; nry;thf;Fk; K];ypk; cyfpd; Kf;fpa khw;wq;fshff; fUjg;gl;ld. kfj;jhd efukhf tpsq;fpa ghf;jhj; moif ,oe;J ghoile;JNgha;f; fplg;gjhff; fp.gp. 985-,y; vOjpapUf;fpwhu; muG tuyhw;whrphpau; my; kf;jp]p (al-Magdisi). ,];yhkpa cyfpy; ifNuhitg; (Al-Fustat of Misr) Nghd;w NtnwhU efuk; ,y;iy vd;Wk; mtu; Fwpg;gpLfpwhu;.9 ghj;jpikl;rpd; nry;thf;fpdhy; muG cyfpd; th;j;jf eltbf;iffs; ghurPf tisFlhtpypUe;J (Persian Gulf) nrq;flYf;F (Red Sea) khwpd.10 mjd; %yk; Gjpa rf;jpahf cUthfp te;j Nrho ehl;Lf;F mLj;jpUe;j kyghu; fiuapd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; mjpfhpj;jJ. ghurPf tisFlhTf;Fk; ,e;jpahTf;Fk; ,ilapyhd th;j;jfk; mJtiu ngUk;ghYk; fiuia xl;ba F[uhj; JiwKfq;fs; thapyhfNt ele;J te;jJ. Mdhy; nrq;flypy; ,Ue;Jk; VldpypUe;Jk;> Gwg;gl;l fg;gy;fs; Nfhilg; gUtf;fhw;wpd; NghJ vspjpy; muGf; fliyf; fle;J njd;dpe;jpahtpd; kyghu; fiuia mile;jd. ,j;jftiy ifNuhitAk; VlidAk; Nrh;e;j A+j tzpfh;fs; Gfo;ngw;w nfdp]h (Geniza) Mtzq;fspy; gjpT nra;Js;sdu;.11 J}uf;fpof;fpy; NtW ve;jr; rPd Nguuirf; fhl;bYk; Nrhq; NguuR fly; tzpfj;ijr; rpwg;ghf Cf;fg;gLj;jTk; eph;tfpf;fTk; njhlq;fpaJ.12 mNj Ntisapy; fpof;fhrpahTf;Fk; rPdhTf;Fk; ,ilapyhd th;j;jfj;jpy; Mjpf;fk; nrYj;Jtjw;fhd midj;Jyfg; Nghuhl;lj;jpy; ,e;jpahTk;> njd;fpof;fhrpahTk; Nrh;e;Jnfhz;ld. mjpfhpj;Jte;j ,e;jg; Gjpa rf;jpfspd; nry;thf;fpd; mbg;gilapy;jhd; Nrhoh;fs; =tp[ahkPJ Nkw;nfhz;l jhf;Fjiy ehk; ghh;f;f Ntz;Lk;. fp.gp. 985-f;Fk; 1025-f;Fk; ,ilapy; Nrhoh;fspd; nry;thf;F Mr;rhpag;gLk; Ntfj;jpy; mjpfhpj;jJ. fhtphp fopKfg; gFjpia kl;LNk Ml;rpGhpe;J te;j ,uh[uh[ Nrhod;> njd;dpe;jpahtpd; midj;J ehLfisAk; mtw;wpd; fiuNahug; gFjpfisAk; ifg;gw;wpdhd;. mjd; gpwF kj;jpa ,e;jpahTf;Fs; CLWtpaJld;> ,yq;if> khiyj; jPTfs; (Maldives) Mfpatw;iwAk; jdjhf;fpdhd;. 1020-fspy; ,uh[uh[dpd; Gjy;tuhd ,uhN[e;jpu Nrhod;> jkJ je;ijapd; mbr;Rtl;by; tq;fhsj;ijAk;

Mrpa tuyhw;wpy; Nrhou;fspd; fly; gazq;fs;

5

njd;fpof;fhrpahitAk; Nrhou; Ml;rpapd; fPo;f; nfhz;Lte;jhd;. njd;dpe;jpah KOikahfr; Nrhoh;fsplk; fPo;gbe;jNghJ Nrhokz;ly> kyghu; fiuNahuj; JiwKfq;fSk; mth;fspd; fl;Lg;ghl;bd; fPo; te;jd. Kf;fpaf; fly; th;j;jf ikaq;fshf tpsq;fpa ,yq;ifAk;> khiyj; jPTfSk; mLj;Jf; ifg;gw;wg;gl;ld. mjd; gpwF ,e;jpahtpd; fpof;Ff; fiuNahuj;jpy; Kd;Ndwp tq;fhsk; tiu nrd;W (cjhuzj;jpw;F xhprhtpd; Nrhktk;rh) jdJ vjphpfis Kwpabj;jhd; ,uhN[e;jpu Nrhod;. mjd; gpwFjhd; kyhf;fh ePhpiz (Straits of Malacca), Rz;lh ePhpiz (Sunda Straits) %ykhfj; njd;fpof;fhrpa th;j;jfg; ghijfspy; Mjpf;fk; nrYj;jp te;j =tp[ah jhf;FjYf;F cs;shdJ. gj;jhk; E}w;whz;bd; ,Wjp Mz;Lfspy;> ,e;jpahtpYk; njd;fpof;fhrpahtpYk; xNu khjphpahd ehl;likg;G Kiw cUthfpaJ. ,J ‘njhlf;f fhy Ml;rp KiwapypUe;J khw;wk; ngw;w kd;duhl;rp’ Kiwnad gy ntspaPLfspy; vOjg;gl;Ls;sd. fp.gp. 752 thf;fpy; kj;jpa ,e;jpahtpy; uh\;buFlhtpd; (Rashtrakuta) nry;thf;F mjpfhpj;jJ. fp.gp. 802y; mq;Nfhu; (Angkor) NguuR cUthdJ. ,uh[uh[d;> ,uhN[e;jpud; MfpNahhpd; fPo; Nrhog; NguuR tphptile;Jnfhz;bUe;j mNj fhyf;fl;lj;jpy;> mq;Nfhu; NguuRk; ,d;iwa yhNthrpd; gFjpfisAk;> kj;jpa jha;yhe;J> kyhahtpd; tlf;Fg; gFjpfisAk; jdJ fl;Lg;ghl;bd; fPo;f; nfhz;L te;jpUe;jJ. tpiutpy; mJ rahk; tisFlhtpYk; (Gulf of Siam) Mjpf;fr; rf;jpahf khwpaJ. mjdhy;> njd;fpof;fhrpahtpd; Kf;fpakhd fpof;Ff; fiu fly; tzpfg; ghijfisf; fl;Lg;gLj;Jtjpy; mq;Nfhh; NguuRf;Fk; lha; tpal; (Dai- Viet), rhk;gh (Champa) Mfpatw;Wf;Fk; ,ilapy; jfuhW %z;lJ.14 jdJ fl;Lg;ghl;by; ,Ue;j kyha; jPgfw;gj;jpd; tlf;Fg; gFjpf;Fs; mq;Nfhu; CLUtpaJ =tp[ahTf;Fg; gpbf;ftpy;iy.15 gy E}w;whz;Lfshf ypNfhu; (Ligor)> irah (Chaiya) tiuapyhd kyha; jPgfw;g gFjpAk;> rpwpJ fhyj;Jf;Ff; fpuh G+re;jpAk; (Isthmus of Kra) =tp[ahtpd; fl;Lg;ghl;bd; fPo; ,Ue;jd. ypNfhhpy; =tp[a kd;dd; xUtd; 775-Mk; Mz;by; gj;kghzp> t[;ughzp vd;w Gj;j Myaq;fis vOg;gpajhff; $Wk; fy;ntl;L xd;W> kyha; jPgfw;gj;jpy; mjw;F ,Ue;j nry;thf;ifg; Gyg;gLj;JfpwJ.16 11Mk; E}w;whz;bd; kj;jpapy;> gfhd; NguuR tq;fhs tphpFlhtpd; tlfpof;Fg; gFjpapy; vOe;jJ. kj;jpa gh;khitAk; mijnahl;ba flNyhug; gFjpfisAk;> kyha; jPgfw;gj;jpd; tlNkw;Ff; fiuNahug;

6

n`h;kd; Fy;Nf

gFjpiaAk; gfhd; NguuR jdJ Ml;rpapd; fPo; nfhz;Lte;jJ. ,jdhy;> njd;fpof;fhrpa tuyhw;wpy;, Kjd;Kiwahf tq;fhs tphpFlh fly; tzpfk;> A+dhDldhd epyg;ghij %yk; rPdhTld; Nehpilahf ,izf;fg;gl;lJ. me;jf; fhyf;fl;lj;jpy; tq;fhs tphpFlhTf;F kWg;gf;fk; ,Ue;j ehLfSlDk; ,yq;ifAlDkhd gh;khtpd; cwT gykhf ,Ue;jJ. gfhd; Ml;rp fhyj;jpd;NghJ mq;F Xhprh fl;llf;fiyapd; jhf;fk; mjpfk; ,Ue;jJ> mjw;F Xu; cjhuzk;. jw;Nghija kyha; cyfkhd ,e;NjhNdrpa epyg; gFjpapy; mg;NghJ =tp[ah Nkw;fpYk;> [hthtpy; kjhuk; vd;Wk; gphpe;J fple;jJ. gj;jhk; E}w;whz;bd; njhlf;fj;jpy; kjhuk; mjd; jiyefiu kj;jpa [hthtpYs;s Nahf;[hfh;j;jhtpypUe;J (Yogjakarta) tlfpof;F [hthtpYs;s RughahTf;F (Surabaya) khw;wpapUe;jJ. GuGJ}h;> nguk;gdhd; (Borobudur, Perambanan) Nghd;w Gdpj jyq;fSf;F mUfpy; ,Ue;j Nahf;ahfh;j;jh iftplg;gl;ljw;fhd fhuzq;fs; ,d;Wk; njspthfj; njhpatpy;iy.17 RughahTf;Fj; njd;Nkw;Nf ,Ue;j nropg;ghd ney; tay;fisAk;> nkhYf;fR jPTfspypUe;J (Moluccus) njhlq;fpa eWkz czTg; nghUs; th;j;jfg; ghijiaAk; fl;Lg;gLj;JtJ mjd; Nehf;fkhf ,Ue;jpUf;fyhk;. jPgfw;gj;jpd; tlf;Fg; gFjpapd; Kf;fpakhd th;j;jfg; ghijfSk; Vohk; E} w;whz;bypUe;J =tp[ahtpd; fl;Lg;ghl;by; ,Ue;J te;jd. fly;Njrk; vd;W miof;fg;gl;l =tp[ah> kj;jpa murhq;fj;ijf; nfhz;l tptrhak; rhh;e;j ehlhf ,y;yhky;> JiwKfq;fSk; mij xl;ba gFjpfisAk; mlf;fpa nry;tr; nropg;Gkpf;ff; $l;Lg; gpuNjrkhf tpsq;fpaJ.18 ,e;jpag; ngUq;flypy; Gjpa ty;yuRfs; jiynaLg;gjw;F Kd;Ng> 956-Mk; Mz;by; muG epytpay; Ma;thshu; k#jp (Ma’sudi) cyfpd; mjpNtff; fg;gy;fshy; $l =tp[ag; Nguurpd; midj;Jj; jPTfisAk; ,uz;L Mz;Lfspy; Rw;wptu KbahJ vd;W vOjpapUf;fpwhu;. mjd; kfhuh[h> kw;w ve;j ehl;L muriuf; fhl;bYk; mjpfkhd tUtha; nrhe;jkhf MAjq;fisAk; Njitahd jsthlq;isAk; jpul;lf;$bath;fs;. vjphpfSld; Jzpe;J Nghuhb capiuAk; tplj; jahuhdth;fs;. mg;gFjp topahfr; nry;Yk; tzpff; fg;gy;fs; mth;fspd; JiwKfj;Jf;Fs; Eioahtpl;lhy; mth;fspd; glFfs; $l;lhfr; Nrh;e;J mf;fg;gy;fisj;

Mrpa tuyhw;wpy; Nrhou;fspd; fly; gazq;fs;

7

jhf;Fk;. mjpy; capiuf;$l tplj; jaq;fhkhl;lhh;fs; mjd; tPuh;fs;. mjdhy;jhd;> me;ehL nghpa fg;gy; ikakhf tpsq;FfpwJ.”20 ,e;jpahTlDk; rPdhTlDk; njd; fpof;fhrpa ehLfspd; cwTfs; neUf;fkhfTk; mNj Ntisapy; khWgl;Lk; ,Ue;jd. ngsj;jk;> ,e;J rkaq;fSf;fhd Gdpj jykhfTk; Kf;fpa th;j;jf ikakhfTk; ,e;jpah njd;fpof;fhrpa ehLfSf;F tpsq;fpaJ. Mdhy;> murpay; hPjpahfTk;> nghUspay; hPjpahfTk; rPdhNt mjpf Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ijg; ngw;wpUe;jJ. njd;fpof;fhrpahitr; Nrh;e;j midj;J ehLfSk;> Fwpg;ghf mz;il ehLfshy; kpul;lg;gl;l rpwpa ehLfs; rPdhTf;Fg; ghpRg; nghUl;fSld; J}jh;fis mDg;gp te;jd.21 njd; fpof;F Mrpahitr; Nrh;e;jth;fisj; “njw;fj;jpaf; fhl;Lkpuhz;bfs;” vd;W rPdh;fs; mioj;jdu;. me;ehLfs; kPjhd rPdhtpd; mf;fiw lhq; Ml;rpapd; NghJ (Tang Dynasty, 618907) mjpfhpj;jJ.22 rPdhTf;Fk; muG ehLfSf;Fk; ,ilapyhd fly; th;j;jfk; njhlq;fpa Neuj;jpy; lhq; Ml;rp ele;jJ.23 gj;jhk; E}w;whz;bd; ,Wjpapy; Nrhq; Ml;rp fhyj;jpd; NghJ epfo;e;j rPd xUq;fpizg;Gk;> mjpfhpj;J te;j ghj;jpikl;];> Nrhoh;fs; MfpNahhpd; nry;thf;Fk; Mrpahtpd; fly; th;j;jf tuyhw;iw khw;wpaikj;jd. Kjyhk; Nrhq; kd;du;> Ml;rp Vw;Wf;nfhz;l clNdNa fly; th;j;jfk;> thpfs; Fwpj;j cj;juTfisg; gpwg;gpj;jhu;. mtuJ Ml;rpapd; NghJ> ntspehl;Lg; nghUl;fis thq;fr; “rYif ngw;w th;j;jfg; gphpT” xd;W mikf;fg;gl;lJ. mJ ntspehl;Lg; nghUl;fis thq;fp kf;fSf;F tpw;Fk; KO chpikiaAk; ngw;wpUe;jJ. fp.gp.987-,y; tq;fhs tphpFlhtpy; ngUk; Nghl;lhg; Nghl;bf;F toptFj;j cj;juT xd;iwr; rPd murhq;fk; gpwg;gpj;jJ. mur mjpfhuk; ngw;w ehd;F fg;gy;fisg; ghpRg; nghUl;fSld; njw;fj;jpa ehLfSf;F mJ mDg;gp itj;jJ. ntspehl;L tzpfh;fisr; rPdj; JiwKfq;fSf;F ,wf;Fkjp chpkq;fSk; mwptpf;fg;gl;ld.24 me;j tha;g;ig Kjypy; gad;gLj;jpf; nfhz;l =tp[ah> kW Mz;bNyNa rPdhTf;Fg; ghpRg; nghUl;fSld; xU fg;giy mDg;gp itj;jJ. Mdhy>; me;jf; fg;gy; rPdhtpy; ,Ue;jNghJ [hthitr; Nrh;e;j kj;jhuk;> =tp[ah kPJ Nghu; njhLj;Js;sjhf nra;jp te;jJ. =tp[ah rz;il ele;Jnfhz;bUg;gijr; rPdhtpy; ,Ue;j [hth J}jufk; fp.gp.992-,y; cWjpg;gLj;jpaJ.25 Mdhy;> me;jr; rr;ruTf;F

8

n`h;kd; Fy;Nf

vd;d fhuzk; vd;W njhpatpy;iy. vdpDk; rPdhTldhd eWkz czTg; nghUs; th;j;jfj;jpy; ,U ehLfspilNa ,Ue;j Nghl;lh Nghl;b fhuzkhf ,Uf;fyhk; vd;W fUjg;gLfpwJ. ryryg;Gfs; kpFe;j ,e;jf; fhyf;fl;lj;jpy; njd;fpof;fhrpa kd;dh;fs; rPdhTf;Fk; ,e;jpahTf;Fk; ghpRg; nghUl;fis mDg;gp itf;Fk; Nghf;F mjpfhpj;jJ. fp.gp.1003-,y; =tp[ah ,uz;L J}jh;fs; %yk; ghpRg; nghUl;fis mDg;gp itj;jjhfr; Nrhq; Ml;rpfhyg; NgNuL $WfpwJ. rPd kd;dhpd; ePz;l MASf;fhfg; ngsj;j Myak; xd;W vOg;gg;gl;bUg;gjhfTk; me;jf; NfhapYf;F ngah; itg;gJld; Mya kzp xd;iwAk; kd;dh; ed;nfhilahf toq;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W me;jj; J}jh;fs; Nfl;Lf; nfhz;ldu;. mjd;gb “nrhh;fj;jpypUe;J gj;jhapuk; Mrpfs;” (Ch’eng-t’en-wan-shou) vd;W Myaj;Jf;Fg; ngau; #l;lg;gl;lJ. Myaj;Jf;fhf kzp xd;iwr; nra;a cj;jutplg;gl;lJ.26 mjw;F kW Mz;bYk; =tp[ah kPz;Lk; J}jh;fisr; rPdhTf;F mDg;gp itj;jJ. rPdhtpd; Mjuitg; ngWk; tifapy; fp.gp.1018-Mk; Mz;Lf;Fs; ehd;F ehLfs; mq;Fj; J}jufq;fis mikj;jpUe;jd. rPd kd;dhpd; MAs; tpUj;jpf;fhff; Nfhapy; fl;ba mNj Ntisapy; =tp[ah njd;dpe;jpahtpy; Nrhoh;fSlDk; cwT ghuhl;baJ. =tp[ahtpd; irNye;jpu kd;dd; = khwtp[Nahj;Jq;f th;kd; (Sri Maravijiayothunga Varman), ehfg;gl;ldj;jpy; jkJ je;ijahhpd; epidthfr; “#lhkzp tpfhuk;” vd;w ngsj;j Myaj;ijf; fl;bdhd;. me;j Myaj;ijg; guhkhpg;gjw;fhf ,uh[uh[ Nrhod; xU fpuhkj;jpd; tUkhdj;ij vOjpj; je;jhd;. mjw;fhd rhd;W fp.gp.1005-Mk; Mz;L vOjg;gl;l nghpa Leiden gl;laj;jpy; fhzg;gLfpwJ.27 rPd kd;dUf;fhff; Nfhapy; fl;Ltjhf =tp[ah J}jh;fis mDg;gpa mNj Mz;by; ehfg;gl;bd ngsj;j Myaj;Jf;fhd mbg;gil Ntiyfs; ele;jpUf;fyhk; vd;W fUjg;gLfpwJ. =tp[a kd;dhpd; ,e;j eltbf;if rPd> ,e;jpa Fwpg;Gfspy; gjpT nra;ag;gl;Ls;sd. fpof;F Mrpahtpy; mjd; fly; th;j;jf typikiaf; fl;bf;fhf;fg; NguuRfshf tpsq;fpa rPdhTlDk; ,e;jpahTlDk; =tp[ah el;ig ehbaJ. Kjypy; njd;dpe;jpahit tplr; rPdhNt =tp[ahTf;F Kf;fpakhf ,Ue;jJ. Mdhy;> Nrhoh;fs;> njd;dpe;jpaj; JiwKfq;fisAk;> khiyj; jPTfs;> ,yq;if Mfpatw;iwAk; ifg;gw;wpaijj; njhlh;e;J fij khwpaJ. njd; fpof;fhrpaf; fly; th;j;jfj;ij vg;gb =tp[ah jdJ fl;Lg;ghl;bd; fPo; itj;jpUe;jNjh> mijg; NghyNt ,e;jpag; ngUq;fly; th;j;jfj;ij Nrhoh;fs; jq;fs; gpbapd; fPo;f; nfhz;L te;jdu;. tq;fhs tphpFlhtpy;

Mrpa tuyhw;wpy; Nrhou;fspd; fly; gazq;fs;

9

th;j;jfg; Nghl;lh Nghl;b epytpa NtisapYk; ,U ehLfSk; R%f cwitNa nfhz;bUe;jd.28 fp.gp.1014-,y; uhN[e;jpu Nrhod; Ml;rpf;F te;j gpwFk; me;j ey;YwT njhlh;e;jJ. fp.gp.1015-,y; jk; je;ij ehfg;gl;bdj;jpy; =tp[ah fl;ba NfhapYf;F toq;fpa jhdj;ij ,uhN[e;jpu Nrhod; kw;nwhU fy;ntl;L %yk; kWTWjpg;gLj;jpdhd;. me;j Mz;bYk; fp.gp.1018-Yk; ehfg;gl;bdj;jpy; ,e;Jf; Nfhapy; xd;iwf; fl;l =tp[ah ngUkstpy; jq;fj;ijg; (rPdf; fdfk;) ghprhf mDg;gp itj;jJ.29 me;jf; fhyf;fl;lj;jpy; njd;fpof;fhrpa jiyepyj;jpd; Kf;fpar; rf;;jpahf tpsq;fpa mq;Nfhu; muRk; Nrhoh;fSld; el;Gwit tsh;j;Jf; nfhz;lJ. rahk; tisFlhitj; jk; Ml;rpapd; fPo;f; nfhz;L te;jpUe;j Kjyhk; #h;ath;kd; (King Suryavarman 1)> Nrho kd;dDf;F mhpa ghpR xd;iw mDg;gp itj;jhd;. jkJ mhpaiziag; (Mj;k yl;Rkp) ghJfhj;Jf; nfhs;tjw;fhf vjphpfis tPo;j;jg; gad;gLj;jpa Njiu ,uhN[e;jpu NrhoDf;Fg; ghprhf mtd; mspj;jhd;.30 mij mtd; nra;jjw;fhd fhuzk; ,d;Dk; njspthf ,y;iy. =tp[ahtpd; nry;thf;F kpFe;j tl;lhuj;Jf;Fs; Eioe;jjhy; mtDf;F Vw;gl;l gpur;rpidfs; mjw;Ff; fhuzkhf ,Ue;jpUf;fyhk; vd;W fUjg;gLfpwJ. rPdhTldhd th;j;jfj;Jf;F kyhf;fh ePhpiz top nry;tJ Mgj;jhdjhf mg;NghJ fUjg;gl;lJ. mjw;F khw;Wg; ghij fpuh G+re;jp (Isthmus of Kra) topahfr; nry;tJ. =tp[ahtpd; mlhtbj;jdkhd fl;Lg;ghLfisj; jtph;f;f epidj;j tzpfh;fs; fpuh G+re;jpia tpUk;gpdh;. =tp[ahtpd; fl;Lg;ghLfs; Fwpj;J 12Mk; E}w;whz;Lr; rPdf; Fwpg;Gg; gpd;tUkhW $WfpwJ. “mz;ika Mz;Lfspy; =tp[ah muR> re;jdf; fl;ilfs; kPJ VfNghf chpik nfhz;lhLfpwJ. mjd; kd;du; jk;kplNk mtw;iw tpw;Fk;gb tzpfh;fis tw;GWj;Jfpwhu;. mjdhy;> re;jdf; fl;ilfspd; re;ij kjpg;Gg; gy klq;F mjpfhpj;jpUf;fpwJ. kf;fs; mijj; jdpg;gl;l Kiwapy; tpw;f mQ;Rfpd;wdh;. ,e;ehL njw;Ff; flypd; ikag; gFjpapy; ,Uf;fpwJ. muG ehLfSf;Fr; nry;Yk; fg;gy;fs; ,q;Fg; gz;lkhw;Wr; nra;fpd;wd. fg;gy;fSk; gOJ ghh;f;fg;gLfpd;wd. gyehl;L tzpfh;fs; ,q;F xd;W $Lfpd;wdu;. mjdhy;> ,e;j ehL kpfr; nropg;ghdjhff; fUjg;gLfpwJ.”31

10

n`h;kd; Fy;Nf

11Mk; E}w;whz;bd; njhlf;fj;jpy; tq;fhs thpFlhTf;Fk; rPdhTf;Fk; ,ilapyhd th;j;jfj;ijj; jdJ fl;Lg;ghl;bd; fPo; ,Ue;j fpuh G+re;jp> rahk; tisFlh topahfj; jpUg;gptpl mq;Nfhu; NguuR Kad;wpUf;fyhk;. 11Mk; E}w;whz;by; =tp[ahTf;Fk; mq;NfhUf;Fk; ,ilapy; Neubg; G+ry; Vw;gl;ljw;fhd Fwpg;Gfs; ,y;iy. Mdhy;> rk;ghtpy; (Champa) fhzg;gLk; 8-Mk; E}w;whz;L fy;ntl;Lfs;> [ththtpypUe;Jk; kw;wj; jPTfspypUe;Jk; fg;gy; %yk; te;jth;fs; Nfhapy;fisAk; flTs; rpiyfisAk; Nrjg;gLj;jpajhff; $Wfpd;wd.32 #h;ath;kdpd; ikj;JdUk; muritf; FUTkhd rjhrptd; (Sadasiva)> Gfo;ngw;w jkJ Sdok Kak Thom fy;ntl;by;> fhk;Ngh[k; kPz;Lk; [hthtpd; gpbapy; rpf;fhky; ,Uf;fNt jkJ Kd;Ndhuhd rptifty;ah> fp.gp.802Mk; Mz;by; Njtuh[h Nfhl;ghl;il mq;Nfhhpd; mur Nfhl;ghlhf Mf;fpajhff; $Wfpwhu;.33 11Mk;; E}w;whz;by; [hth> =tp[ah Mfpatw;Wf;F vjpuhf mq;Nfhu; tpopg;Gld; ,Ue;jij 1052-Mk; Mz;L fy;ntl;L xd;W fhl;LfpwJ. kPz;Lk; [hthtpd; gpbapy; rpf;ff;$lhJ vd;w tpUg;gj;jpy; mq;Nfhu; kd;dd;> njd;dpe;jpa murUf;F jkJ nrhe;jg; Nghu;j; Njiu ghprhf toq;fpapUf;ff;$Lk;. mNj Ntisapy; Nrhoh;fSk; =tp[ahTf;Fg; Nghl;bahf khwpapUe;jdu;. mjdhy;> mq;Nfhhpd; el;G mth;fSf;F mtrpakhf ,Ue;jJ.34 tq;fhs tphpFlh ehLfs; gyjug;gl;l murje;jpu eltbf;iffspy; Nrhoh;fs; rPdhTf;Fj; jq;fs; Kjy; J} Jf; FOit mDg;gp itj;jdu;. mth;fspd; fg;gy; =tp[ahtpy; gy khjq;fs; jq;fpa gpwF 1015-,y; rPdhitr; nrd;wile;jJ. =tp[ah kPJ Nrhoh;fs; gilnaLg;gjw;Fg; gj;jhz;LfSf;F Kd; ,J ele;jJ vd;gjhy; =tp[ahtpy; ,Ue;jNghJ Nrhoh;fs; mij ed;F NtT ghh;j;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk;. ,e;jpaj; J}jh;fs; muz;kidf;F te;jJ Fwpj;J rPdf; fiyf;fsQ;rpakhd Wenxian tong kao fp.gp.1319-Mk; Mz;by; KO tptuk; jUfpwJ. “rPdg; NguuRld; ,Jtiu njhlh;Gfs; ,y;yhj “Nrhopah;fs;”> Nrhq; guk;giuf; fhyj;jpy; Kjd; Kjyhfj; J}jh;fis mDg;gpdu;”. ,uh[uh[ Nrhodpd; fbjj;ijr; Nrhoh;fspd; jiyikj; J}ju; rPd kd;dhplk; nfhLj;jhu;. Mdhy;> mjw;Fs; ,uh[uh[d; kuzkile;jpUe;jhu;. mthpd; fbjj;jpy; “vdJ taJk;> ePz;l fly; gazKk; ehd; Nehpy; tUtjw;Fj; jilahf ,Uf;fpd;wd. ehNd ghpRg; nghUl;fis Neubahff; nfhz;Ltu tpUk;gpNdd;. Mdhy;> ehd; mDg;gpAs;s 52 J}jh;fs; mtw;iw vdJ rhh;gpy; jq;fsplk; toq;Ftu;.

Mrpa tuyhw;wpy; Nrhou;fspd; fly; gazq;fs;

11

Kj;Jf;fs; gjpj;j Nkyq;fpiaAk;> njhg;gpiaAk; jq;fSf;Fj; ju ehd; cj;jutpl;Ls;Nsd;. mtw;Wld; 21 Mapuk; ypahq; vilapyhd gy tif Kj;Jf;fisAk; mDg;gpAs;Nsd;. 60 ahidj; je;jq;fs;> 60 gTz;L eWkzj; jputpaq;fs; MfpaitAk; mtw;wpy; mlq;Fk;.”35 rPdhTf;fhd Nrhoh;fspd; me;jg; gazk; ngUk; ntw;wpia mspj;jJ. Fthd;# efhpy; J}jh;fspd; vz;zpf;if gy;fpg; ngUfpajhy; me;efuj; jiytu; Nrhq; muritf;F xU Nfhhpf;ifia itj;jhu;. Nrho> muG> =tp[ah> [hth Mfpa “ehd;F nghpa” ehLfspd; J}jh;fs; vz;zpf;if 20-f;F Nkw;Nghfhky; ,Uf;Fk;gb mtu; Nfl;Lf; nfhz;lhu;.36 Mdhy; me;j Nfhhpf;if Vw;fg;gltpy;iy. fp.gp.11-Mk; 12-Mk; E}w;whz;Lfspy; rPdh;fspd; ghh;itapy; Nrhoh;fspd; kjpg;igf; Fiwg;gNj =tp[ahtpd; Kf;fpa murje;jpu ,yf;fhf ,Ue;jJ vd;gij lhd;nrd; nrd; typAWj;Jfpwhu;.37 Kd;G $wpagb ,uhN[e;jpu Nrhod; Muk;gj;jpy; =tp[ahTldhd cwtpy; jkJ je;ijapd; nfhs;ifiaNa gpd;gw;wp te;jhd;. ehfg;gl;bdj;jpy; cs;s ngsj;j Myaj;Jf;Fj; jkJ je;ij nfhLj;j jhdj;ij kWTWjpg;gLj;jpdhd;. mjw;Fg; gjpyhf =tp[a kd;dd; mtDf;F tpiyAah;e;j ghpRfis mDg;gpdhd;. Mdhy;> ,e;jf; fhyf;fl;lj;jpy; tq;fhs tphpFlhtpYk; [hth flypYk; Kf;fpar; rf;jpfSf;F ,ilapy; Nghl;b tYj;jpUe;jJ. fp.gp.1016-,y; fpof;F [hthitr; Nrh;e;j kj;jhuk; Nkw;F [hth gilfshy; jhf;fg;gl;lJ. mjd; jiyefuk; #iwahlg;gl;lJ. mjw;F =tp[ahtpd; xg;GjYk; MjuTk; ,Ue;jjhff; fUjg;gLfpwJ.38 fpof;fj;jpaj; jPTfspd; eWkzr; rikay; nghUs; th;j;jfj;jpy; =tp[ahTf;Fk; kj;jhuj;Jf;Fk; ,ilapy; ,Ue;Jte;j Nghl;b mLj;j gj;jhz;LfSf;F Xa;e;jJ. njd;fpof;fhrpa flw; gFjpapd; xNu ty;yuR vd;w jFjpiag; ngw;w =tp[ah fp.gp.1016> fp.gp.1017> fp.gp.1018 Mfpa Mz;Lfspy; rPdhTf;Fj; njhlh;e;J J}jh;fis mDg;gp itj;jJ. =tp[ahtpd; kjpg;G cah;e;J tUtijAk;> njd; fpof;fhrpahTf;fhd fly; ghij mjd; KOf; fl;Lg;ghl;bd; fPo; te;jpUg;gijAk; fz;Lnfhz;L Nrhoh;fs; Rk;kh ,Uf;ftpy;iy. Nghl;bahf tuf;$ba kw;wj; njw;fhrpaj; jPTfisAk; mth;fs; tpl;L itf;ftpy;iy. fp.gp.1017-,y; rpq;fs murpd; vQ;rpapUe;j gFjpfs; ,yq;ifapy; mopf;fg;gl;ld. mjd; fpof;Ff; fiuf;Fk; jdJ JiwKfq;fSf;Fk; mUfpy; ,Ue;j nghydhW Nrhoh;fspd; ,yq;ifj; jiyefukhfpaJ. mNj Mz;by; Nrhoh;fspd; rpwpa

12

n`h;kd; Fy;Nf

fg;gy; mzp kyha; jPgfw;gj;jpy; =tp[ahtpd; Kf;fpaj; JiwKfkhd flhuj;ij mile;jpUf;ff; $Lk;. Nrhoh;fspd; re;Njfq;fisf; Fiwf;Fk; tifapy; fp.gp.1018-,y; =tp[ah Nrhog; NguuRf;F xU J}Jf; FOit mDg;gp itj;jJ.39 mNj Mz;by; Nfus flw;fiuAk; mjd; Kf;fpaj; JiwKfq;fSk; Nrhoh;fspd; fl;Lg;ghl;bd; fPo; te;jd. khiyj; jPTfs; kWgbAk; jhf;fg;gl;ld. rPdhTf;F Kjd; Kjypy; J}jh;fis mDg;gpa Ie;J Mz;Lfs; fopj;J fp.gp.1020-,y; mq;F kPz;Lk; xU J}Jf; FOit mDg;gp itj;jdu; Nrhoh;fs;.40 rpy Mz;Lfs; fopj;J fp.gp.1022/23-,y; fypq;fk; (Kalinga) topahff; fq;iff;fiu tiu nrd;W ntw;wpf; nfhb ehl;bdu; Nrhoh;fs;. mjd; %yk; ,e;jpaj; Jizf; fz;lj;jpd; fpof;Ff;fiu Nrhoh;fspd; KOf; fl;Lg;ghl;bd; fPo; te;jJ. mjd; gpwNf fp.gp.1025-,y; =tp[ahTf;F vjpuhd mth;fspd; gilnaLg;G njhlq;fpaJ. jdJ nry;thf;F tl;lj;Jf;Fs; ,Uf;Fk; fly; ghijfisAk; JiwKfq;fisAk; KOf; fl;Lg;ghl;bd; fPo; nfhz;L tUk; =tp[ahtpd; Kd;khjphpiar; Nrhoh;fs; njhlf;fj;jpy; gpd;gw;wpajhfj; Njhd;WfpwJ. tq;fhs tphpFlhtpy; tl;lhu MSikiaf; iftpl;Lj; njd;fpof;fhrpah tiu jdJ nry;thf;if tphpTgLj;jr; Nrhoh;fs; Nkw;nfhz;l eltbf;iff;F cz;ikahd fhuzk; ,d;Dk; njhpatpy;iy. ,U ehLfSf;Fk; ,ilapyhd Nghl;b> ghuk;ghpa Kiwapy; jPh;f;f Kbahj fl;lj;ij vl;bapUf;fyhk;. tof;fkhd kj;jpa Mrpa gl;Lg; ghijf;Fg; gjpyhf fly; topg; ghijiag; gad;gLj;JkhW fp.gp.1023-,y; muGj; J}jh;fsplk; rPd kd;du; Ntz;LNfhs; tpLj;jhu;.41 mjdhy;> Nrhoh;fSf;Fk; =tp[ahTf;Fk; ,ilapyhd Nghl;b mjpfhpj;jJ. me;jj; jUzj;jpy; fly; tzpfj;jpy; jq;fs; gq;if tYthf;fpf; nfhs;s epidj;jd njd;dpe;jpa th;j;jf rq;fq;fshd MaN`hNyAk;> kzpfpuhkKk;.42 mjdhy;> mit Nrho muRf;F neUf;Fjiyf; nfhLj;jpUf;ff;$Lk;. kyha; jPgfw;gj;jpYk; Rkj;uhtpYk; cs;s 14 JiwKfq;fs;kPJ Nrhoh;fs; elj;jpa jhf;Fjy; njd;fpof;fhrpa ehLfSf;F mjpu;r;rpia mspj;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk;. mijj; njhlh;e;J ve;jnthU ehLNk rPdhTf;F mLj;j %d;W Mz;LfSf;Fj; J}jh;fis mDg;gp itf;ftpy;iy. Nfz;Nlhd; (Canton) JiwKfj;Jf;F ve;jf; fg;gYNk tUtjpy;iy vd;W fp.gp.1028-,y; Nrhq; kd;du; Fiwgl;Lf; nfhz;lhu;. Nfz;NlhDf;F kPz;Lk; tu tzpfh;fSf;F miog;G tpLf;FkhW me;efu mjpfhhpf;F mtu; cj;jutpl;lhu;.43 rpy thuq;fSf;Fg; gpwF =tp[ahtpypUe;J xU fg;gy; te;jJ. mjw;Fr; rfy khpahijfSk; fpilj;jd. ,jd; mbg;gilapy; =tp[ah Nrhou; gilnaLg;ghy; ghjpf;fg;gltpy;iy

Mrpa tuyhw;wpy; Nrhou;fspd; fly; gazq;fs;

13

vd;fpwhu; Nthy;lh;]; (O.W. Wolters). rPdhTf;Ff; fg;giy mDg;gp itj;jjpypUe;J mJ njhpfpwJ vd;fpwhu; tp];kd; fpwp];l;B (J. Wisseman Christie). Nrhou; gilnaLg;ghy; gy;NtW JiwKf efuq;fSf;F ,ilapy; Nkhjy;fs; epfo;e;j NghjpYk; kyha; cyfpYk; mij xl;ba ePhpizapYk; =tp[ah mjd; Mjpf;fj;ij kPz;Lk; ngw;wJ.45 rPdhTld; jdJ epiyia Nkk;gLj;jpf; nfhs;tjw;fhd tof;fkhd Kaw;rpfisAk; mJ Nkw;nfhz;lJ. fp.gp.1079-,y; Nfz;Nlhdpy; cs;s jhNth Nfhapypd; gOJghh;g;Gg; gzpf;fhf 6 yl;rk; jq;fg; ghyq;fisf; nfhLj;J kiyf;f itj;jJ =tp[ah muR.46 12Mk; E}w;whz;ilr; Nrh;e;j rPdh;fspd; Fwpg;G ,g;gbf; $WfpwJ> “=tp[ah kPz;Lk; Kf;fpaj; JiwKfkhf khwpaJ. fpof;Nf [hthtpypUe;Jk; (She-p’o) Nkw;Nf muG ehLfspypUe;Jk; (T’a-shi) ,e;jpahtpd; nfhy;yj;jpypUe;Jk; (Kulin) rPdhTf;Ff; fg;gy;fs; =tp[ah topahfNt te;jd.”47 =tp[ah kPjhd Kw;Wiff;Fg; gpwF Nrhoh;fs; fp.gp.1033-,y; rPdhTf;F kw;nwhU gazj;ij Nkw;nfhz;ldu;. =tp[ahtpy; jq;fs; ,uhZt ntw;wpf;Fg; gpwF mg;gFjpiaj; jq;fs; epue;jug; gpuNjrkhf;fpf; nfhs;s tpUk;gtpy;iy mth;fs;. jq;fs; mjpfhuj;ijg; gad;gLj;jp kyhf;fh ePhpizapy; jkpo; tzpfh;fspd; Mjpf;fj;ijg; gyg;gLj;jTk; ,y;iy mth;fs;. nrhy;yg;Nghdhy; 9-Mk; E}w;whz;L gy;yt Ml;rp fhyj;jpd; NghNj fpuh G+re;jpapy; cs;s jf;Nfhsj;jpy; (Takuopa) kzpfpuhkj;ijr; Nrh;e;j jkpo; tzpfh;fspd; Mjpf;fk; mjpfk; ,Ue;jJ.48 Mdhy;> ,uhN[e;jpu Nrhodpd; fly; Kw;Wiff;Fg; gpwF> [hth fy;ntl;Lfspy; Nrhoh;fSk; kw;wj; njd;dpe;jpah;fSld; Nrh;j;Jg; Ngrg;gl;ldu;. Nrhoh;fspd; Gfo; guTk; tiuapy; ,e;jpahtpd; fpof;Ff; fiuapypUe;J te;jth;fis [hth fy;ntl;Lfs; “fpypq;” my;yJ “fypq;fh” vd;Nw Fwpg;gpLfpd;wd. fp.gp.1021-,y; njd;dpe;jpah Kf;fpaf; fly; tzpf rf;jpahf khwpaNghJ “jpuhtplh” vd;w gjk; fy;ntl;Lfspy; Nrh;f;fg;gl;lJ.49 mjd; gpwF fp.gp.1053-Mk; Mz;L fy;ntl;L xd;W “Nrhopfh” vd;w gjj;ijg; gad;gLj;jpaJ. =tp[ahtpd; nry;thf;F ,Ue;j gFjpfspYk; njd;dpe;jpa tzpfh;fs; jq;fs; th;j;jfj;ijj; njhlh;e;jdu;. MaN`hNy tzpfu; rq;fj;jpd; 1088Mk; Mz;L fy;ntl;by; mJ ed;F Gyg;gLfpwJ. Nkw;Fr; Rkj;uhtpy; cs;s ghU]; (Barus) vDk; ,lj;jpy; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;l me;jf; fy;ntl;by; cs;s jftiy mz;ikapy;jhd; Rg;guhaY ntspapl;Ls;shu;.50 efu tzpfj; jiytu; toq;fpa xU ed;nfhil gw;wp me;jf; fy;ntl;L tpthpf;fpwJ. ghU]py; tskhd jkpou; FbapUg;G ,Ue;jjw;fhd rhd;whfTk; mJ tpsq;FfpwJ.

14

n`h;kd; Fy;Nf

fp.gp.11-Mk; E}w;whz;bypUe;J njd;dpe;jpa th;j;jfj;jpd; jhf;fk; njd;fpof;fhrpahtpy; mjpfhpj;jJ. tzpfj;Jld; njd;dpe;jpa fyhrhuj; jhf;fKk; Nrh;e;J te;jJ. mjw;F Kd; mg;gFjpapy; ,Ue;j gy;ytu; fyhrhu> fl;llf; fiyapd; jhf;fk; Nrhou; gilnaLg;Gf;Fg; gpwF khwpaJ. gy;yth;fspd; ,lj;ijr; Nrhou; fyhrhuk; gpbj;jJ. me;jf; fyhrhuj; jhf;fk; nky;y cs;ehl;L tbtj;ijg; ngw;wJ. tl Rkj;uhtpd; $Ndhq; Jth (Gunong Tua), Nfhj;jh rPdh (Kota Cina) Mfpa gFjpfspy; fz;nlLf;fg;gl;Ls;s nrg;Gr; rpiyfSk;> fw;rpiyfSk; mjw;Fr; rhd;whf cs;sd. cs;@hpy; tbf;fg;gl;l Nyhfehju;> jhuh Mfpa nja;tq;fspd; rpiyfspy; gioa kyha; vOj;jpy; fp.gp.1039Mk; Mz;L vd;W Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,it Nrhou; ghzpapy; nra;ag;gl;lit.51 Nfhj;jh rPdhtpy; fz;nlLf;fg;gl;l fw;rpiyfs;> tl Rkj;uhtpy; gpd;gw;wg;gl;l cs;@u;r; Nrho rpw;gf; fiyf;F cjhuzkhf tpsq;Ffpd;wd.52 gjpNdhwhk; E}w;whz;bd; ,Wjpapy;> Fwpg;ghf Kjyhk; FNyhj;Jq;fdpd; (1070 – 1118) Ml;rpapd; fPo;> tq;fhs tphpFlhtpy; Nrhoh;fs; kPz;Lk; jq;fs; eltbf;iffisj; njhlq;fpdu;.53 flhuj;jpy; ele;j Ml;rpg; Nghuhl;lj;jpy; xU jug;Gf;F cjtr; Nrhoh; gil kPz;Lk; fp.gp.1067/68-,y; =tp[ahtpy; jiyapl;lJ. mg;NghJ flhuk; kyha; jPgfw;gj;jpy; =tp[ahtpd; ,uz;lhtJ jiyefukhf tpsq;fpaJ. Mdhy;> Nrhoh;fspd; me;jj; jiyaPL rPdhtpy; mth;fspd; nry;thf;if cah;j;j cjttpy;iy. gy fhykhfNt rPdg; gjpNtLfspy; Nrho ehL =tp[ahTf;F mbgzpe;j gFjpahfj; jtwhff; fhl;lg;gl;L te;jJ. ,J> rPdhTf;Fr; nrd;Wte;j =tp[ahtpd; J}jh;fs; Ntz;Lnkd;Nw nra;j xd;whf ,Uf;ff;$Lk;. FNyhj;Jq;fdpd; Ml;rpapd;fPo; fp.gp.1077,y; Nrhoh;fs; rPdhTf;F Nkw;nfhz;l Gjpa gazj;jpd; NghJjhd; me;jj; jtW jpUj;jg;gl;lJ. me;jg; gazj;jpy; ,;lk;ngw;wpUe;j 72 Nghpy; ngUk;ghyhNdhu; tzpfh;fs;. mth;fSf;Fj; jdpr; rpwg;G tha;e;j ,uz;L muR rhh;e;j rYiffs; toq;fg;gl;ld. me;jr; rYiffisg; ngw =tp[ah fp.gp.1079-Yk; fp.gp.1088-Yk; ,uz;L Kiw J}Jf; FOit mDg;g Ntz;bapUe;jJ.54 Mdhy;> 20 Mz;LfSf;Fg; gpwF =tp[ahtpd; “Nrhou; vjph;g;Gg; gphptpd;” if Xq;fpaJ. rPd muritapy; kWgbAk; mth;fs; jq;fs; fPoWg;G Ntiyfisj; njhlq;fpdu;. rPd muritapy; Nrhoh;fSf;F toq;fg;gl;l khpahij> gfhidr; (Pagan) Nrh;e;j J}jh;fSf;Fk; toq;fg;gLtij fp.gp.1066-,y; rPdr; rlq;F kd;wj;jpd; jiytu; vjph;j;jjhff; $Wfpwhu; lhd;nrd; nrd;. “Nrhoh;fs; =tp[ahTf;Ff; fl;Lg;gl;lth;fs;. mjdhy;jhd;> ]pdpq; (Xining) Ml;rp fhyj;jpy; (1068-

Mrpa tuyhw;wpy; Nrhou;fspd; fly; gazq;fs;

15

1077) Nrho kd;dUf;F rhjhuzj; jhspy; fbjk; vOjpNdhk;. Mdhy; gfhd; xU NguuR. mijf; fg;gk; fl;Lk; rpwpa ehLfSld; xg;gpl KbahJ. mNugpah;fs;> tpal;ehkpah;fs; Nghd;wth;fSf;F toq;fg;gLk; cahpa khpahij gfhDf;Fk; toq;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.”55 me;jf; fhyf;fl;lj;jpy; =tp[ah tptfhuq;fspy; Nrhoh;fs;> Fwpg;ghf FNyhj;Jq;fr; Nrhodpd; gq;F rh;r;irf;FhpaJ. fp.gp.1079-Mk; Mz;L Nfz;Nlhd; fy;ntl;L xd;wpy; FNyhj;Jq;fd; (Di-hua-jia-luo) =tp[ahtpd; murd; vd;W Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;shd;. Mdhy; Nrhq; NgNuLfspy; fp.gp.1077Mk; Mz;by; rPdhTf;Fj; J}Jf; FOit mDg;gpa Nrho kd;dd; vd;W mtd; ngau; ,lk;ngw;Ws;sJ.56 Nrhoh;fs; kPz;Lk; fp.gp.106768-,y; Nkw;nfhz;l fly; Kw;WifAk; ,ju eltbf;iffSk; mJ =tp[ah Ml;rpapd; xU jug;ig Mjhpj;J te;jijf; fhl;Lfpd;wd. Nghl;bj; jug;gpiu;> Nrhoh;fs; =tp[ahTf;Ff; fl;Lg;gl;lth;fs; vd;w ngha;ahd jftiyg; gug;gpapUf;f Ntz;Lk;. =tp[ahtpy; fLikahd gjtpg; Nghuhl;lk; ele;J nfhz;bUe;j Neuk; mJ. rpwpJ fhyj;jpy; =tp[ahTk; gnyk;ghq;Fk; (Palembang) mt;tl;lhuj;jpy; ,Ue;j Kf;fpaj; JiwKfq;fspd; Mjpf;fj;ij [hk;gpaplk; (Jambi) ,oe;jd. Nfz;Nlhd; fy;ntl;il Ma;T nra;j lhd; Nahf; rpNahq; (Tan Yeok Seong)> fp.gp.1076-,y; elj;jg;gl;l fly; gazj;Jf;Fg; gpwF FNyhj;Jq;fd; flhuj;jpNyNa rpwpJ fhyk; jq;fpapUf;ff; $Lk; vd;W $Wfpwhu;. mq;Ff; flhu kd;diu kPz;Lk; mhpaizapy; Vw;wpa gpwNf fp.gp.1070-,y; kPz;Lk; njd;dpe;jpahTf;Fj; jpUk;gp Nrhou; Ml;rpg; nghWg;ig mth; Vw;wpUf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;fpwhu; mtu;.57 fp.gp.1090-,y; =tp[ah kd;dhpd; Ntz;LNfhSf;F ,zq;f ehfg;gl;ldj;jpy; cs;s ngsj;j Nfhapiyg; guhkhpf;f ,uh[uh[ Nrhod; Kd;ida =tp[ah kd;dUf;Fj; jhdkhf toq;fpa fpuhkq;fis kPz;Lk; cWjpg;gLj;jpdhd; FNyhj;Jq;fd;. mjw;fhd rhd;W Smaller Leidan grant vd;w gl;laj;jpy; cs;sJ.58 njd;fpof;fhrpahtpd; ,U ngUk; NguuRfshf tpsq;fpa gh;khTlDk; fk;NghbahTlDk; ey;Ywitf; fl;bf;fhj;J te;jhd; FNyhj;Jq;fd;. Gfo;ngw;w mq;Nfhu; thl; (Angkor Wat) Nfhapiyf; fl;ba ,uz;lhtJ #h;ath;kd; (Suryavarman II)> fp.gp.1114-,y; Ml;rpf;F te;jTld; Nrhou; muz;kidf;Fg; ghpRg; nghUl;fis mDg;gp itj;jhd;. mtw;Ws; tpiyAah;e;j ,uj;jpdf; fy; xd;Wk; mlq;Fk;. gfhdpy; cs;s fy;ntl;L xd;wpy; gh;kpa kd;du; fpahd;rpe;jh (Kianzintha) (fp.gp.1077-1112)> jhk; Nrho ,sturiug; Gj;jhpd; ghijf;F khw;wpajhff; $Wfpwhu;. Nrho

16

n`h;kd; Fy;Nf

,sturUf;Fj; jq;f ,ioapy; vOjpa fbjj;jpy; Gj;jhpd; Gfio vLj;Jiuj;jpUg;gjhf mtu; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shu;.59 me;jg; gazq;fSk; ghpRfSk; th;j;jfj;ijAk; Cf;Ftpj;jd. mjw;F cjtpahf Rq;f thpia mfw;wpajw;fhff; FNyhj;Jq;fd; ghuhl;lg;gLfpwhd;.60 JiwKfj;Jld; njhlh;GgLj;jg;gl;Ls;s xNu Nrho kd;dd; mtd;jhd;. Me;jpug; gpuNjrj;jpy; ,Uf;Fk; tprhfg;gl;lzk;> FNyhj;Jq;fr; Nrhog;gl;lzk; vd;W ngahplg;gl;lJ> tq;fhs tphpFlhtpd; kWgf;fk; ,Ue;j gh;kh> fk;Nghbah Mfpaw;Wldhd th;j;jfj;Jf;F mtd; nfhLj;j Kf;fpaj;Jtj;Jf;F m/J vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf tpsq;FfpwJ.61 fp.gp.12-Mk; E}w;whz;L ,Wjpapy; Nrhoh;fspd; Mjpf;fk; rhpaj; njhlq;fpa NghjpYk; njd; fpof;fhrpahtpYk; rPdhtpYk; njd; ,e;jpah;fspd; th;j;jfk; Fiwatpy;iy. fp.gp.12> 13-Mk; E}w;whz;Lfspy; njd;dpe;jpa tzpfr; rq;fq;fshd MaN`hNy> kzpfpuhkk; Mfpatw;iwr; Nrh;e;j tzpfh;fspd; eltbf;if> Fwpg;ghf> njd;dpe;jpahtpYk; ,yq;ifapYk; mjpfhpj;jd.62 mNj Ntisapy; gh;kh> njd; jha;yhe;J Mfpatw;wpYk; mth;fs; Jbg;Gld; nray;gl;L te;jdu;. fp.gp.13-Mk; E}w;whz;by; gfhdpy; fl;lg;gl;l xNu ,e;Jf; Nfhapypy; cs;s fy;ntl;L ehdhNjrp (Nanadesi) ,e;jpa th;j;jfh;fspy; xUtu; toq;fpa ed;nfhiliag; gw;wpf; $WfpwJ.63 ,e;jpa tzpfh;fSf;fhf me;jf; Nfhapy; fl;lg;gl;bUf;f Ntz;Lk;. Nghuk;kjhl;L Gj;ju; Nfhapypy; (Wat Boromodhatu) cs;s ehNfhd; rp jkuhl; (Nakhon Si Thammarat) jkpo;f; fy;ntl;L> jh;k Nrdhgjp vd;gtu; toq;fpa gpuk;kNja mUl;nfhil gw;wpf; Fwpg;gpLfpwJ. mtu; mNdfkhfr; Nrho kz;lyj;ijr; Nrh;e;jtuhf ,Ue;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk;.64 13Mk; E}w;whz;L ,Wjpapy; Nrhou; Ml;rp tYtpoe;j NghJ> tq;fhs tphpFlhtpYk; mjd; JiwKfq;fspYk; Eioe;J th;j;jfk; Ghpa kw;w ehLfSf;F tha;g;ghf mike;jJ. tl Me;jpuj;jpd; fhf;fhl;bah (Kakatiya) muirr; Nrh;e;j kd;du; fzgjpapd; Gfo;ngw;w nkhl;Lg;gs;sp (Motupalli) fy;ntl;L mjw;Fr; rhd;whf mikfpwJ. fp.gp1244-,y; me;j murd;> mq;fpUe;J Gwg;gLk; tzpfh;fSf;Fk; gy ehLfspypUe;J te;J NrUk; tzpfh;fSf;Fk; ghJfhg;Gk; toq;fg;gLk; vd;W mwptpj;jhd;.65 xhprh khepyj;jpd; rpy;fh Vhpapy; (Chilka Lake) ,Ue;j goq;fhyj; JiwKfkhd khzpf;fg;gl;lzj;jpy; mz;ikapy; elj;jg;gl;l mfo; Ma;tpy; me;jf; fhyf;fl;lj;jpy; mg;gFjp rPdhTld; mjpf th;j;jfk; elj;jpajw;fhd Mjhuq;fs; fpilj;Js;sd. fp.gp.13-Mk; E}w;whz;by; rPdhtpy; nghpa njd;dpe;jpar; r%fk; trpj;jjw;Fk;> njd;dpe;jpahtpy; epiwar; rPd tzpfh;fs; ,Ue;jjw;Fkhd

Mrpa tuyhw;wpy; Nrhou;fspd; fly; gazq;fs;

17

Mjhuhq;fs; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fit. Fthd;#tpy; (Quanzhou) mz;ikapy; ,e;Jf; Nfhapy; xd;wpd; mbg;ghfKk;> cs;ShpNyNa nra;ag;gl;l Rkhu; 300 Nrhou; ghzp ,e;J tpf;ufq;fSk; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;ld.66 rPdhtpy; nghpa mstpyhd njd;dpe;jpaf;; FbapUg;G ,Ue;jjw;F ,JNt Kf;fpa Mjhuk;.67 Nrhq; Ml;rp fhyj;jpy; rPdhtpd; Mf Kf;fpakhd JiwKfk; vd;w jFjpia Nfz;NlhdplkpUe;J Fthd;# gwpj;Jf; nfhz;lJ. mjdhy;> mJ mjpf mstpy; ntspehl;L th;j;jfh;fisAk; 838 rPdf; fhRfs; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. mit VjhtJ xU fUT+yj;Jf;Fr; nrhe;jkhdjhf ,Ue;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk;. me;jf; fhRfs; fp.gp.2-Mk; E}w;whz;Lf;Fk; fp.gp.13-Mk; E}w;whz;Lf;Fk; ,ilg;gl;lit. Mf mz;ikaf; fhy ehzaq;fs; fp.gp.1265-Mk; Mz;Lf;Fk; fp.gp.1275f;Fk; ,ilapyhdit. mJjhd; ehfg;gl;bdj;jpy; rPdf; NfhGuk; fl;lg;gl;l fhyk; vd Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ. njd;dpe;jpahtpy; rPdg; gPq;fhd; Jz;LfSk; mjpf mstpy; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ ,Uehl;L th;j;jf cwTf;F Kf;fpar; rhd;whf mikfpwJ. gPq;fhd; Jz;Lfspy; ngUk;ghyhdit fp.gp.13-Mk;> fp.gp.14-Mk; E}w;whz;ilr; Nrh;e;jit.70 MfNt> me;jf; fhyf; fl;lj;jpy;jhd; ,e;jpahtpd; njw;F> fpof;Fg; gFjpfSf;Fk; rPdhTf;Fk; ,ilapyhd Neub th;j;jfk; cr;rf;fl;lj;ij vl;baJ vd;gJ GydhfpwJ.71

18

n`h;kd; Fy;Nf

fp.gp.1206-,y; by;ypapy; Njhd;wpa Kfyha Ml;rp> gpwF fp.gp.14Mk; E}w;whz;by; kj;jpa> njd;dpe;jpag; gFjpfSf;Fk; jw;fhypfkhf tphptile;jJ. Me;jpuh> fh;dhlfh> kJiu Mfpa tl;lhuq;fspy; ,];yhkpa Ml;rp Vw;gl;lijj; njhlh;e;Jk; ,e;jpaj; JiwKfq;fspy; ,];yhkpa rkak; gutpaijj; njhlh;e;Jk; ,e;jpag; ngUq;fly; th;j;jfj;jpy; ,e;jpah;fspd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; mjpfhpj;jJ. ,e;jpaj; JiwKfq;fs; mjd; cs;ehl;L> ntspehl;L K];ypk; tzpf r%fq;fspd; %yk; midj;Jyf ,];yhkpa th;j;jfj;Jld; ,izf;fg;gl;lJ. njd;dpe;jpa th;j;jfh;fshd njYq;F fpypq;FfSk;> jkpo; #ypahf;fSk; kyha;g; gpuNjrq;fspy; Jbg;Gld; nray;gl;ldu;.72 fp.gp.1200 thf;fpy; tq;fhsj;ij K];ypk; gil ifg;gw;wpaijj; njhlh;e;J mq;Fk; fly; rhh;e;j tzpfk; ngUfpaJ. by;yp Ry;jhdpd; fl;Lg;ghl;by; te;j JiwKfq;fs; ,];yhkpa tzpfh;fis njd;fpof;fhrpah> rPdh Mfpatw;iwAk; ,izf;f cjtpd. fp.gp.15-Mk; E}w;whz;bd; njhlf;fj;jpy; tq;fhsj;jpd; Kfyha Ml;rp mbf;fb rPdhTf;Fj; J}jh;fis mDg;gp te;jJ> ,U jug;GfSf;Fk; ,ilapy; mjpf th;j;jfk; ele;jjw;Fr; rhd;whf tpsq;FfpwJ.73 fp.gp.15-Mk; E}w;whz;bd; njhlf;fj;jpy; ,e;jpag; ngUq;fly; th;j;jfk; ,uz;L Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;e;j mk;rq;fisg; ngw;wJ. KjyhtJ> INuhg;gpah;fs; kyhf;fhitf; ifg;gw;wpaJ. ,uz;lhtJ> kpq; Ml;rpapd;NghJ rPdg; Nguurpd; gpujpepjpahfr; nrq; Nf (Zheng He) Nkw;nfhz;l gazq;fs;. murit mypahd nrq; Nf (Zheng He). fp.gp.1405-Mk; Mz;Lf;Fk; fp.gp.1433-f;Fk; ,ilapy; VO gazq;fis Nkw;nfhz;L njd;fpof;fhrpahtpy; rPdhtpd; nry;thf;if epiyehl;bdhu;. ,yq;if> njd;dpe;jpah> ghurPf tisFlh> nrq;fly;> fpof;F Mg;gphpf;fh tiuapyhd rPdhtpd; th;j;jf Mjpf;fk; mjd; %yk; jw;fhypfkhf tphptile;jJ.74 nrq; Nf (Zheng He) Nkw;nfhz;l gazj;jpd; %yk; ,e;jpag; ngUq;flypy; khngUk; th;j;jf ikakhf tsh;e;jJ kyhf;fh.75 Mdhy;> kpq; Ml;rp> mjd; ntw;wpfukhd fly; tzpf tphpthf;fj;ij vg;gbj; jpBnud;W njhlq;fpaNjh> mijg;NghyNt jpBnud;W epWj;jpf; nfhz;lJ. kyhf;fhtpd; eph;khzKk; nrq; Nfapd; gazKk; Mrpahtpy; ele;j gy;NtW khw;wq;fspd; cr;rf;fl;lkhf mike;jd. mj;jifa khw;wq;fspy; xd;whd Nrhoh;fspd; fly; gazq;fSk;> tq;fhs tphpFlhtpy; murpay;> nghUspay; Mjpf;fj;ijg; ngw mth;fs; fp.gp.11Mk; E}w;whz;by; Nkw;nfhz;l eltbf;iffSk; ,e;j mj;jpahaj;jpy; Muhag;gl;ld. me;jf; fly; gazq;fs; vg;gb murpay;> nghUspay;> fyhrhu khw;wq;fisf; nfhz;L te;jd vd;gijAk; kj;jpa fpof;F>

Mrpa tuyhw;wpy; Nrhou;fspd; fly; gazq;fs;

19

njw;F> njd;fpof;F> fpof;F Mrpah Mfpait vg;gb ,izf;fg;gl;ld vd;gijAk; ehk; ghh;j;Njhk;. me;jf; fly; gazf; fl;likg;Gf;Fg; G+Nyhf hPjpapYk;> fyhrhu hPjpapYk; ikakhfj; jpfo;e;jJ njd;dpe;jpahNt.

Notes   1. Earlier versions of this paper were published in Om Prakash and Dennis Lombard, eds., Commerce and Culture in the Bay of Bengal, 1500–1800 (New Delhi, 1999), pp. 17–36 and in P. Borschberg and M. Krieger, eds., Water and State in Europe and Asia (New Delhi, 2008), pp. 19–34.   2. South Indian Inscriptions, vol. II, p. 109, quoted after K. A. N. Sastri, The Co-l.as (Madras, 1955), p. 211.   3. Sastri, The Co-l.as, p. 220.   4. G. W. Spencer, “The Politics of Plunder: The Cholas in Eleventh Century Ceylon”, Journal of Asian Studies 35 (1976): 405–420; idem, The Politics of Expansion: The Chola Conquest of Sri Lanka and Srivijaya (Madras, 1983).   5. Tansen Sen, “Maritime Contacts between China and the Cola Kingdom of South India: 850–1279”, in Mariners, Merchants and Oceans: Studies in Maritime History, by K. S. Mathew (New Delhi, 1995), pp. 25–42.   6. Tansen Sen, Buddhism, Diplomacy, and Trade: The Realignment of Sino-Indian Relations, 600–1400 (Honolulu, 2003), p. 225.   7. K. V. Ramesh, “Reconsidering Cultural Intercourse between India and Southeast Asia: An Epigraphical Report”, in Ancient and Medieval Commercial Activities in the Indian Ocean: Testimony of Inscriptions and Ceramic-sherds. Report of the Taisho University Research Project 1997–2000, edited by N. Karashima (Tokyo, 2002 [printed in Chennai]), pp. 147–59.   8. “Our belief is that the raid was undertaken partly at least to establish trading rights for Tamil-speaking merchants in those areas, a trade from which the ruler, the merchant and the Chola bureaucracy could expect sizable profits”, M. Abraham, Two Medieval Merchant Guilds of South India (New Delhi, 1988), p. 142.   9. G. F. Hourani, Arab Seafaring in the Indian Ocean in Ancient and Early Medieval Times (Beirut, 1963), p. 79; for a comprehensive overview, see K. N. Chaudhuri, Trade and Civilisation in the Indian Ocean: An Economic History from the Rise of Islam to 1750 (Cambridge, 1985). 10. “Fatimid ships moved aggressively throughout the Mediterranean and into the Red Sea and the Indian Ocean. It was at this time that the centre of Islam in the Indian Ocean shifted from the Persian Gulf to the Red Sea.” (J. Abu-Lughod, Before European Hegemony: The World System A.D. 1250–1350

20

n`h;kd; Fy;Nf

(Oxford, 1989), p. 226.) A major factor of this development was the unification of the Red Sea (including Yemen) under the political authority of the Fatimids, see U. Haarmann and B. Zantana, “Zwischen Suez und Aden: Pilger und Fernhaendler im Roten Meer vom zehnten bis zum sechzehnten Jahrhundert”, in Der Indische Ozean in historischer Perspektive, edited by S. Conermann (Hamburg, 1998), pp. 109–42. 11. S. D. Goitein, “From the Mediterranean to India. Documents on the Trade to India, South Arabia, and East Africa from the Eleventh and Twelfth Centuries”, Speculum 29 (1954): 181–97; idem, “From Aden to India. Specimens of the Correspondence of India Traders of the Twelfth Century”, Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient 23 (1980): 43–66. 12. Wang Gungwu, “The Nanhai Trade: A Study of the Early History of Chinese Trade in the South Sea”, Journal of the Malayan Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society 31 (1958): 1–135. 13. Hermann Kulke, “The Early and the Imperial Kingdom. A Processural Model of Integrative State Formation in Early Medieval India”, in The State in India 1000–1700, edited by H. Kulke (New Delhi, 1995), pp. 233–77; idem, “The Early and the Imperial Kingdom in Southeast Asian History”, in Southeast Asia in the 9th to 14th Centuries, edited by D. G. Marr and A. C. Milner (Singapore, 1986), pp. 1–22. 14. K. R. Hall, “International Trade and Foreign Diplomacy in Early Medieval South India”, Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient 21 (1978): 75–98; idem, “Eleventh-Century Commercial Developments in Angkor and Champa”, Journal of Southeast Asian Studies 10 (1979): 420–34. 15. O. W. Wolters, “Tambralinga”, Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 21 (1958): 587–607. 16. B. Ch. Chhabra, Expansion of Indo-Aryan Culture During Pallava Period (Delhi, 1965) pp. 26–34. 17. Boechari, Some Considerations of the Problem of the Shift of Mataram’s Center of Government from Central to East Java in the 10th Century A.D., Bulletin of the Research Centre of Archaeology of Indonesia. No. 10 (Jakarta, 1976). 18. O. W. Wolters, Early Indonesian Commerce. A Study of the Origins of Srivijaya (Ithaca and London, 1967); H. Kulke, “‘Kadatuan Srivijaya’: Empire or Kraton of Srivijaya? A Reassessment of the Epigraphical Evidence”, Bulletin de l’École Française d’Extrême Orient 80 (1993): 159–80; P. Y. Manguin, “The Amorphous Nature of Coastal Polities in Insular Southeast Asia: Restricted Centres, Extended Peripheries”, Moussons 5 (2002): 73–99. 19. G. R. Tibbetts, A Study of the Arabic Texts Containing Material on South-East Asia (Leiden, 1979), p. 38. 20. H. Hirth and W. W. Rockhill, Chau Ju-kua: His Work on the Chinese and Arab Trade in the Twelfth and Thirteenth Centuries, entitled Chu-fan-chih (St

Mrpa tuyhw;wpy; Nrhou;fspd; fly; gazq;fs;

21

Petersburg, 1911), p. 64, quoted from So Kee-Long, “Dissolving Hegemony or Changing Trade Pattern? Images of Srivijaya in the Chinese Sources of the Twelfth and Thirteenth Centuries”, Journal of Southeast Asian Studies 29 (1998): 295–308, see p. 301. 21. The report of a rather early mission from He-luo-dan on Java in the year AD 430 is very informative for this type of East Asian diplomacy. “My country once had a large population and was prosperous [and] never bullied by other countries. But now the situation is different and we have become weak. My neighbours vie with each other in attacking me. I beg Your Majesty to extend Your protection from far. I also hope that there will be no trading restrictions which will affect the coming and going [of our merchants]. If you pity me I hope that you will send missions ordering these countries not to maltreat us so that Your Majesty’s repudiation as the protector of the weak will be known everywhere. I hope that you will instruct the Canton officials to send back my ship and not permit them to rob and hurt [my traders]. I wish hereafter to send missions every year.” Liu Song shu, 5, 33b, quoted by O. W. Wolters, Early Indonesian Commerce. A Study of the Origins of Srivijaya (Ithaca, 1967), p. 151. 22. Wang Gungwu, “The Nanhai Trade”; see also P. Wheatley, “Geographical Notes on Some Commodities Involved in Sung Maritime Trade”, Journal of the Malay Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society 32, no. 2 (1959): 5–140 (21); Jung-Pang Lo, “Maritime Commerce and its Relation to the Sung Navy”, Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient 12 (1969): 57–101 and see particularly Tansen Sen, Buddhism, Diplomacy and Trade. 23. K. N. Chaudhury, Trade ands Civilisation in the Indian Ocean. 24. P. Wheatley, “Geographical Notes on Some Commodities”, p. 24ff. 25. G. Coedès, The Indianized States of Southeast Asia (Honolulu, 1968), p. 132. 26. W. P. Groeneveldt, Historical Notes on Indonesia and Malaya. Compiled from Chinese Sources (Reprint)(Jakarta 1960), p. 65. 27. Epigraphia Indica, XXII, p. 257. Already in ca. AD 860, Balaputra, the first Sailendra king of Srivijaya, established a Buddhist monastery at Nalanda, which was endowed by the Pala King Devapala with land grants; see F. D. K. Bosch, “Een oorkonde van het Groote Klooster te Nalanda”, Tijdschrift voor Indische Taal-, Land-, en Volkenkunde 65 (1925): 509–88. 28. For a comprehensive study of the involvement of the Cholas in this struggle for hegemony in the eastern section of the Indian Ocean, see also Sen, “Maritime Contacts” and Buddhism, Diplomacy and Trade; K. A. N. Sastri, The Co-l. as; G.W. Spencer, The Politics of Expansion; and K. R. Hall, Trade and Statecraft in the Age of the Colas (New Delhi, 1980). 29. K. R. Hall, “International Trade and Foreign Diplomacy”, p. 88.

22

n`h;kd; Fy;Nf

K. A. N. Sastri, The Co-l. as, p. 220. Canton Stories (Pingzhou daida), quoted from So Kee-Long, see note 20. G. Coedès, The Indianized States, p. 91. H. Kulke, The Devaraja Cult (Ithaca, 1978), p. 75; reprinted in Kings and Cults. State Formation and Legitimation in India and Southeast Asia (New Delhi, 1993), p. 344. 34. K. R. Hall, “Khmer Commercial Development and Foreign Contacts under Suryavarman I”, Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient 18 (1975): 318–36; idem, “International Trade and Foreign Diplomacy”. 35. Quoted from Sen, “Maritime Contacts”. 36. Song hui yao, quoted by Sen, Buddhism, Diplomacy and Trade, p. 319, note 95. 37. Sen, Buddhism, Diplomacy and Trade, pp. 220–27. 38. G. Coedès, The Indianized State, p. 144. 39. For a more detailed discussion of the disputed naval expedition of the year 1017 see the chapter by Tansen Sen in this volume. 40. N. Karashima, “Relations between South India and China in Chola Times”, in Professor K. A. Nilakanta Sastri Felicitation Volume (Madras 1971), p. 69f. 41. K. N. Chaudhuri, Trade and Civilisation in the Indian Ocean, p. 56. 42. M. Abraham, Two Medieval Merchant Guilds of South India (Delhi, 1988). 43. P. Wheatley, “Geographical Notes on Some Commodities”, p. 25. 44. O. W. Wolters, “Tambralinga”, p. 251. 45. J. Wisseman Christie, “The Medieval Tamil-language Inscriptions in Southeast Asia and China”, Journal of Southeast Asian Studies 29 (1998): 254. 46. Tan Yeok Seong, “The Sri Vijayan Inscription of Canton (AD 1079)”, Journal of Southeast Asian History 5 (1964): 17–26. 47. Chou K’u-fei (AD 1178) quoted by F. Hirth and W. W. Rockhill, Chau Ju-kua, p. 23. 48. K. A. N. Sastri, “Takuapa and its Tamil Inscription”, Journal of the Malayan Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society 22 (1949): 25–30; J. Wisseman Christie, “The Medieval Tamil-language Inscriptions”, p. 251. 49. J. Wisseman Christie, “Asian Sea Trade between the Tenth and Thirteenth Centuries and Its Impact on the States of Java and Bali”, in Archaeology of Seafaring: The Indian Ocean in the Ancient Period, by H. P. Ray (Delhi, 1999), pp. 221–70. 50. Y. Subbarayalu, “The Tamil Merchant-Guild Inscription at Barus, Indonesia: A Rediscovery”, in Ancient and Medieval Commercial Activities, edited by Karashima, pp. 19–26; see also K. A. N. Sastri, “A Tamil Merchant Guild in Sumatra”, Tijdschrift voor Indische Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde 72 (1932): 30. 31. 32. 33.

Mrpa tuyhw;wpy; Nrhou;fspd; fly; gazq;fs;

23

314–27. For the other Tamil inscriptions in Southeast Asia and China, see N. Karashima, “Tamil Inscriptions in Southeast Asia and China”, in Ancient and Medieval Commercial Activities, edited by Karashima, pp. 11–17; J. Wisseman Christie, “The Medieval Tamil-language Inscriptions”, and now particularly N. Karashima and Y. Subbarayalu in Appendix I of the present volume. 51. R. Mulia, “The Ancient Kingdom of Panai and the Ruins of Padang Lawas (North Sumatra)”, Bulletin of the Research Centre of Archaeology of Indonesia, No. 14 (Jakarta, 1980), p. 27 and plates 21–23. 52. E. McKinnon, A. C. Milner, and Tengku Luckman Sinair, “A Note on Aru and Kota Cina”, Indonesia 26 (1978): 1–42. 53. For a thorough analysis of these peculiar “misunderstandings” see Sen, Buddhism, Diplomacy and Trade, pp. 23–27; see also K. R. Hall, “International Trade and Foreign Diplomacy”, and K. A. N. Sastri, The Co-l. as, p. 316f. 54. O. W. Wolters, The Fall of Srivijaya in Malay History (London 1970), p. 93. 55. Quotation from the song shi, see Sen, Buddhism, Diplomacy and Trade, p. 224. 56. For details, see Tan Yeok Seong, “The Sri Vijayan Inscription”; see also Sen, “Maritime Contacts”, and Buddhism, Diplomacy and Trade. 57. Tan Yeok Seong, “The Srivijayan Inscription”, p. 21 and K. A. N. Sastri, The Co-l.as, pp. 316–18. 58. K. A. N. Sastri, The Co-l. as, p. 318. 59. J. Stargardt, “Burma’s Economic and Diplomatic Relations with India and China from Early Medieval Sources”, Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient 14 (1971): 38–62; K. R. Hall, “International Trade and Foreign Diplomacy”, p. 94. 60. K. A. N. Sastri, The Co-l. as, p. 331. Kulottunga’s “generosity” might have had quite concrete reasons as Chau Ju-Kua reports in 1225: “As the taxes and imposts of the [Chu-lien] kingdom are numerous and heavy, traders rarely go there”; see F. Hirth and W. W. Rockhill, Chau Ju-kua, p. 95. 61. Ranabir Chakravarti, “Kulottunga and the Port of Visakhapattanam”, Indian History Congress Proceedings 42 (1981): 142–45; idem, “Rulers and Ports: Visakhapattanam and Mottupalli in Early Medieval Andhra”, in Mariners, Merchants and Oceans. Studies in Maritime History, edited by K. S. Mathew (Delhi, 1995), pp. 57–78. 62. M. Abraham, Two Medieval Merchant Guilds, pp. 127–81; Burton Stein, “Coromandel Trade in Medieval India”, in Merchants and Scholars: Essay in the History of Exploration and Trade, edited by J. Parker (Minneapolis, 1965), pp. 47–62. 63. Epigraphia Indica, VII, pp. 197–98; see also J. Wisseman Christie, “The Medieval Tamil-language Inscriptions”, pp. 265–66, and N. Karashima, Ancient and Medieval Commercial Activities, p. 15.

24

n`h;kd; Fy;Nf

64. N. Karasima, Ancient and Medieval Commercial Activities, p. 13. 65. Epigraphia Indica, XII, p. 196; see particularly M. Abraham, Two Medieval Merchant Guilds, p. 147, and R. Chakravarti, “Kulottunga”, pp. 66–71. 66. John Guy, “The Lost Temples of Nagappattinam and Quanzhou: A Study of SinoIndian Relations” in Silk Road Art & Archaeology 3 (1993/94): 291–310. 67. Sen, Buddhism, Diplomacy and Trade, p. 228. 68. T. N. Subrahmaniam, “A Tamil Colony in Medieval China”, South Indian Studies (1978): 1–52 (quoted by J. Guy, p. 298). 69. J. Guy, “The Lost Temples”, p. 300; see also J. Wisseman Christie, “The Medieval Tamil-language Inscriptions”, pp. 267–68. 70. Y. Subbarayalu, “Chinese Ceramics of Tamil Nadu and Kerala Coasts”, in Tradition and Archaeology. Early Maritime Contacts in the Indian Ocean, edited by H. P. Ray, J.-F. Salles (New Delhi, 1996), pp. 109–14. 71. Haraprasad Ray, “Trade between South India and China 1368–1644”, in Commerce and Culture in the Bay of Bengal, 1500–1800, edited by Om Prakash, D. Lombard, pp. 37–46; idem, Trade and Diplomacy in India-China Relations: A Study of Bengal during the Fifteenth Century (New Delhi, 1993); for Orissa see D. Pradhan, P. Mohanty, J. Misra, “Manikapatana: An Ancient and Medieval Port on the Coast of Orissa”, in Archaeology of Orissa, edited by K. K. Basa and P. Mohanty (Delhi, 2000), pp. 473–94. 72. S. Arasaratnam, “The Chulia Muslim Merchants in Southeast Asia 1650–1800”, paper presented at the 10th Conference of the International Association of Historians of Asia, Singapore, 1986. 73. T. Yamamoto, “International Relations between China and the Countries along the Ganges in the Early Ming Period”, Indian Historical Review 4 (1977/78): 13–19. 74. R. Ptak, ed., China and the Asian Seas. Trade, Travel and Visions of the Other (1400–1700) (Aldershot, 1998). 75. Wang Gungwu, “The Opening of Relations between China and Malacca, 1403–5”, in Malayan and Indonesian Studies. Essays Presented to Sir Richard Winstedt, edited by J. Bastin and R. Rollvink (Oxford, 1964), pp. 87–104.

2

rPdg; gPq;fhd; JäLfs; kw;Wk; njd;dpe;jpaé ,yq;if fy;ntl;Lfs; fhl;Lk; ,e;jpag; ngUq;fly; thzpgk; NehGU fuh\pkh

njd;fpof;fhrpahTf;Fk; ,e;jpahTf;Fk; ,ilapyhd Muk;gfhy tuyhw;W cwTfs; Fwpj;J ehd; ePz;l fhykhf Muha;r;rp nra;J tUfpNwd;. fpgp.1990-fspy; ,e;jj; jiyg;ignahl;ba Ma;Tf;fhfg; gy ,e;jpa fy;tpkhd;fisj; njd;fpof;fhrpa ehLfSf;F mioj;Jr; nrd;Nwd;. me;ehLfspy; Muk;gfhy ,e;jpaj; jhf;fj;ij Ma;T nra;tNj mjd; Nehf;fk;. cq;fSf;Fk; ,j;jpl;lj;jpy; Mh;tk; ,Ue;jhy; fPo;f;fhzg;gLk; vdJ ntspaPLfisg; ghh;f;fTk;. (1) “Indian Commercial Activities in Ancient and Medieval Southeast Asia”, in Contributions of Tamil Culture in the Twenty First Century Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference Seminar of Tamil Studies, Thanjavur. 1995, edited by Karashima, Annamalai, and Rajaram.1 (2) Ancient and Medieval Commercial Activities in the Indian Ocean, published by Taisho University, 2002. ,uz;lhtJ ntspaPL %d;W jiyg;Gfspy; nra;ag;gl;l Ma;Tfspd; $l;lwpf;if. ,e;jpag; ngUq;flypy; Muk;gfhy> kj;jpaf;fhy tzpf eltbf;iffs;> ,e;jpahtpYk; ,yq;ifapYk; rPdg; gPq;fhd; Jz;Lfs;> ,e;jpahtpYk; ,yq;ifapYk; cs;s tzpfr; rq;ff; fy;ntl;Lfs; Mfpait me;jj;

26

jiyg;Gfs;. mikfpwJ.

NehGU fuh\pkh

,e;jf;

fl;Liu

filrp

,uz;L

jiyg;Gfis

xl;b

rPdhtpy; Kjd;Kjypy; 9-Mk; E}w;whz;by;jhd; gPq;fhd; ghj;jpuq;fisr; nra;aj; njhlq;fpdhh;fs;. mtw;wpd; ntspehl;L Vw;Wkjp 13-Mk; E}w;whz;by; ntFthf mjpfhpj;jJ. njd;fpof;F> Nkw;F Mrpa ehLfspYk;> fpof;fpy; nfhhpah> [g;ghd; Nghd;w ehLfspYk; mjpf mstpy; gPq;fhd; Jz;Lfs; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;bUg;gJ mjw;Fr; rhd;W. vdpDk;> fpof;fhrpahtpy;> Fwpg;ghf ,e;jpahtpy; mt;tg;NghJjhd; mit njd;gl;ld. Mdhy;> 1985Mk; Mz;by; uhNk];tuj;Jf;F mUfpy; cs;s nghpagl;lzj;jpy; fz;nlLf;fg;gl;l cah;jukhd rPdg; gPq;fhd; Jz;Lfs; mtw;iwnay;yhk; khw;wpaJ. (glq;fs; 2.1> 2.2) me;jf; fz;Lgpbg;ghy; cw;rhfkile;j ehd;> njd;dpe;jpa ,yq;iff; fiufspy; rPdg; gPq;fhd; Jz;Lfisj; NjLk; Muha;r;rpj; jpl;lj;ijj; njhlq;fpNdd;. mjd; %yk; gy kj;jpa fhyj; JiwKfg; gFjpfspYk; gioa NguuRfspd; jiyefuq;fspYk; ,Ue;J Fwpg;gplj;jf;f msT gPq;fhd; Jz;Lfs; ekf;Ff; fpilj;jpUf;fpd;wd.2 nghpagl;lzj;jpy; fz;nlLf;fg;gl;l gPq;fhd; Jz;Lfs; lh-gh-lhd; (Daba-dan) tifiar; Nrh;e;jit vd;W milahsk; fhzg;gl;bUf;fpwJ. rPdhTf;Fj; njw;Nf mike;Js;s ehLfs; gw;wpa jNthap \pYNa (Daoyi Zhilue) vd;w fp.gp.14-Mk; E}w;whz;L gjpT mtw;iw milahsk;

glk; 2.1

Longquan Celadon ufk;

27

rPdg; gPq;fhd; Jz;Lfs;

glk; 2.2

fhZtjw;F cjtpaJ. rPdf; fy;tpahsh; xUth;> lh-gh-lhd; JiwKfj;ij tlf;Ff; Nfushtpy; cs;s jh;kjj;Jld; (Dharmadam) njhlh;GgLj;jpapUe;jhh;. Mdhy;> ehd; mijg; nghpagl;bdj;Jld; njhlh;GgLj;JfpNwd;. nghpagl;lzj;Jf;Fk;> lh-gh-lhd; JiwKfj;Jf;Fk; ,ilapy; xyp> nghUs; xw;Wikfs; cs;sNj mjw;Ff; fhuzk;. rPd nkhopapy; ‘lh’ vd;why; “nghpa” vd;W nghUshfpwJ. tzpfk; elf;Fk; efuk; my;yJ JiwKfk; “gl;bdk;” vdg;gLfpwJ. ehfg;gl;bdk;> FyNrfug;gl;bdk; Nghd;wit mjw;F vLj;Jf;fhl;L. mj;jifa efuq;fs; ‘gh-lhd;’ vd;W xyp xw;WikAld; rPdf; Fwpg;Gfspy; Fwpg;gplg;gLfpd;wd. Mifahy;> “nghpagl;bdk;” rPdj;jpy; cs;s ‘lhgh-lhd;’ ,lj;Jld; xj;Jg;NghfpwJ. me;j xyp> nghUs; xw;WikfSld; rPdg; gjptpy; fhzg;gLk; xU tUzid> lh-gh-lhd; Nrhokz;lyf; fiuapy;jhd; ,Ue;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gjw;F Mjhukhf tpsq;FfpwJ. lh-gh-lhd; gw;wpr; rPdg; gjpthd jNthap \pYNt ,g;gbf; $WfpwJ: ,e;j ,lj;jpypUe;J ghh;j;jhy; gy E}W ‘yp’3 J}uk; tiu njhpfpwJ. ,q;Fs;s ney; tay;fs; rkntspahf cs;sJld; ey;y tpisr;riyj; jUfpd;wd. gUtkio ney; tay;fSf;F Ntz;ba ePiuj; jUfpd;wJ… fly; ePh; nfhjpf;f itj;J cg;ghf;fg;gLfpwJ.

28

NehGU fuh\pkh

nghpagl;bdj;jpd; Njhw;wj;ijf; fPo;f;fhZk; glq;fspy; (glk; 2.3> 2.4) ghh;f;fyhk;. me;jf; fhl;rp Nfushittpl lh-gh-lhd; gw;wpr; rPdf; Fwpg;gpy; fhzg;gLk; tUzidAld; xj;Jg; NghfpwJ. jh;kjk; tl;lhuj;jpy; Nkw;fj;jpa kiyj; njhlh; flw;fiuia milAk; gFjpapy; (glk; 2.5) mj;jifa J}uk; tiu ghh;g;gJ rhj;jpakpy;iy. Nrhjidf;fhf nghpagl;lzj;jpy; ehq;fs; Njhz;ba Fopfs; (glq;fs; 2.6> 2.7y;) fhzg;gLfpd;wd. me;j Ma;tpy; fz;nlLf;fg;gl;l gPq;fhd; Jz;Lfspd; tptuq;fs; ml;ltiz 2.1-y; ,lk;ngw;Ws;sd. me;jg; gPq;fhd; Jz;Lfspd; glq;fs; (glq;fs; 2.8 Kjy 2.12 tiu) fhzg;gLfpd;wd. mit 13-Mk; E}w;whz;Lf;Fk; 14-Mk; E}w;whz;Lf;Fk; ,ilg;gl;l fhyj;ijr; Nrh;e;jit. 13-Mk; E}w;whz;by; nghpagl;lzk; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ngWk; Kd;G mjw;Fj; njw;Nf ,Ue;j fhay;gl;lzNk ghz;bah;fspd; gpujhd JiwKfkhf tpsq;fpaJ. khh;Nfh NghNyhtpd; (Marco Polo) gazf; Fwpg;Gfspy; ghurPf tisFlh ehLfs; kw;Wk; mNugpahTldhd Fjpiu tzpfj;jpy; Kf;fpaj; JiwKfkhf fhay; ,Ue;jjhff; Fwpg;gplg;gl;bUf;fpwJ. mthpd; Fwpg;G ,g;gbf; $WfpwJ:4

glk; 2.3

29

rPdg; gPq;fhd; Jz;Lfs;

glk; 2.4

glk; 2.5 jiyr;Nrhpf;F mUNf epy mikg;G (kyghh;)

30

NehGU fuh\pkh

glk; 2.6

glk; 2.7

31

rPdg; gPq;fhd; Jz;Lfs;

fhay;> ehd;F mur rNfhjuh;fspy; %j;jtuhd FyNrfuDf;Fr; nrhe;jkhd rpwe;j> Nkd;ikahd efuk;. N`hh;K]; (Hormos)> fp]; (Kis) (,uz;Lk; ghurPf tisFlh JiwKfq;fs;) Mfpatw;wpypUe;Jk; Vld;> mNugpahtpypUe;Jk; FjpiiufisAk; ,jug; nghUl;fisAk; tzpfj;Jf;fhf Vw;wp tUk; midj;Jf; fg;gy;fSk; fhaiyNa Kjypy; nrd;wile;jd. mjdhy;> ehL KOtjpypUe;Jk; kf;fs; mq;Ff; Ftpfpd;wdh;. mjd;top fhay; rpwe;j th;j;jf ikakhfj; jpfo;fpwJ.

ml;ltiz 2.1 gPq;fhd; tif rpyNlhd;(celadon)

tpOf;fhL 60

nts;isg; gPq;fhd;

15

ePyKk; nts;isAk; gsgsg;ghd gOg;G kw;wit

10 10 5

nra;ag;gl;l ,lk; Langquan Fujian Dehua Jingdezhen Jingdezhen Guangdong njhpatpy;iy

glk; 2.8 nghpagl;bdk; gPq;fhd; Jz;Lfs;

tpOf;fhL 35 25 10 5 10 10 5

32

NehGU fuh\pkh

glk; 2.9

glk; 2.10

33

rPdg; gPq;fhd; Jz;Lfs;

glk; 2.11

glk; 2.12 Athd; fhy ePy-nts;is epwj; Jz;Lfs; Nrhjidf; Fopapd; mbg; ghfj;jpy; fpilj;jit

34

NehGU fuh\pkh

gioa fhaypy; 13-Mk; E}w;whz;ilr; Nrh;e;j epiwa Longquan celadon uf gPq;fhd; Jz;LfSk; ,ju tifj; Jz;LfSk; fpilj;jd. /G[pahd; Fthq;nlhq; Mfpa rPd khepyq;fisr; Nrh;e;j #isfspy; nra;ag;gl;l gPq;fhd;fSk; mtw;Ws; mlq;Fk;.5 glk; 2.18 /G[pahdpy; nra;ag;gl;l gPq;fhd;fisf; fhl;LfpwJ. ,uz;L jl;LfSf;F ,ilapy; rpWrpWf; fw;fis itj;Jr; rikj;jJ mjd; %yk; njhpa tUfpwJ. rpW fw;fs; ,uz;L jl;LfSk; xd;Wld; xd;W xl;lhky; ghh;j;Jf; nfhz;ld. NkYk;> rpy cjhuzq;fs; glk; 2.25-,y; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ,e;j celado uf Gl;bfs; kJiu khepyj;jpy; cs;s Fd;dj;J}h; fpuhkj;jpy; 1990-Mk; Mz;by; fpilj;jit. tptrhap xUth; jkJ epyj;ijj; jpUj;jpaNghJ mtw;iw vjph;ghuhjtpjkhff; fz;nlLj;jhh;. 14-Mk; E}w;whz;ilr; Nrh;e;j mit jw;NghJ kJiu murhq;f mUk;nghUsfj;jpy; ghJfhf;fg;gLfpd;wd. mNugpaf; fliyg; ghh;j;jgb kyghh; fiuapy; ,Uf;fpwJ nfhy;yk; (Quilon). njd; fly; ehLfs; gw;wpa 12-Mk; E}w;whz;L rPdf; Fwpg;ghd ypq;tha; lha;lh (Lingwai Daida) me;jj; JiwKfj;ijf; $-ypd; (Gulin) vd;W miof;fpwJ. mq;fpUe;Jjhd; mNugpahTf;Fr; nry;Yk; rPd tzpfh;fs; nghpa glFfspypUe;J rpwpa glFfSf;F khwpajhf mjpy; $wg;gl;Ls;sJ.

glk; 2.13 fhaypy; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;lit: Longquan 13-Mk; E}w;whz;L

35

rPdg; gPq;fhd; Jz;Lfs;

glk; 2.14

glk; 2.15 Longquan 14-Mk; E}w;whz;L

36

NehGU fuh\pkh

glk; 2.16

glk; 2.17 /G[pahd; 14-Mk; E}w;whz;L

37

rPdg; gPq;fhd; Jz;Lfs;

glk; 2.18

glk; 2.19 /G[pahd; 14-Mk; E}w;whz;L

38

NehGU fuh\pkh

glk; 2.20

glk; 2.21 12/13-Mk; E}w;whz;L (Southern Kiln Yingping)

39

rPdg; gPq;fhd; Jz;Lfs;

glk; 2.22

glk; 2.23 13/14-Mk; E}w;whz;L (Dehua White/Yingping)

40

NehGU fuh\pkh

glk; 2.24

glk; 2.25 Fd;dj;J}hpy; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;lit 14-Mk; E}w;whz;L

41

rPdg; gPq;fhd; Jz;Lfs;

mNugpahTf;Fr; nry;y tpUk;Gk; rPd tzpfh;fs; $-ypdpy; jq;fs; nghpa fg;gypypUe;J rpwpa fg;gYf;F khwNtz;Lk;…. muGf;fhuh;fs; tUk;NghJ> njw;Nf rpwpa fg;gy;fspy; $-ypDf;F tUth;. mq;fpUe;J nghpa fg;gy;fspy; Sanfoqif;F (Rkj;uh kw;Wk; kyha; jPgfw;gk;) nry;th;. nfhy;yj;jpy; epiwar; rPdg; gPq;fhd; Jz;Lfs; fpilj;Js;sd. jq;fr;Nrhp vDk; ,lj;jpy; miy mhpj;j flw;fiuapypUe;J epiwa celadon ufj; Jz;Lfs; fpilj;jd (glq;fs; 2.26> 2.27). 14-Mk; E}w;whz;by; Nkw;fj;jpa ehLfSf;F Vw;Wkjp nra;aj; jahhpf;fg;gl;l cah; uf gPq;fhd; Jz;LfSk; mjpy; mlq;Fk; (glq;fs; 2.28> 2.29). gpw;fhyj;Jg; gPq;fhd; Jz;LfSk; mq;Ff; fpilj;jd. 17-Mk; 18Mk; E}w;whz;Lfspy; Jingdezhen #isapy; cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gl;l ePy> nts;is epwq;fspyhd furong ufj; jl;LfSk; mjpy; mlq;Fk;. xU rpwpa gPq;fhd; Jz;bd; mbg;ghfj;jpy; da-ming-wan vd;w rPd vOj;J fhzg;gLfpwJ. mjdhy;> mJ kpq; Ml;rpapd; Wan-li fhyj;jpy; jahhpf;fg;gl;lJ vd;W njhpa tUfpwJ. 1573 Kjy; 1620 tiu Wan-li fhyk; ePbj;jJ.

glk; 2.26 jq;fr;Nrhp (nfhy;yk;)

42

NehGU fuh\pkh

glk; 2.27

glk; 2.28 jq;fr;Nrhp (nfhy;yk;)

43

rPdg; gPq;fhd; Jz;Lfs;

glk; 2.29

Nfhopf;Nfhl;Lf;F tlf;Nf ,Uf;Fk; ge;jyhapdp – nfhy;yk; JiwKfj;jpy;jhd; rPdf; fg;gy;fs; Fsph;fhyj;ijf; fopj;jjhff; $Wfpd;wd jNthap \pYNtAk;> ,GD ghj;Jj;jhtpd; Fwpg;GfSk; (glk; 2.30). ,q;Fk; 13-Mk;> 14-Mk; E}w;whz;L gPq;fhd; Jz;Lfs; epiwaf; fpilj;jpUf;fpd;wd6 (glk; 2.31). ge;jyhapdp nfhy;yk; gw;wpr; (Shao-junan) rPdf; Fwpg;Nglhd jNthap \pYNt ,g;gbf; $WfpwJ:7 rpy Ntisfspy; Nkhrkhd gUtepiyahy; Fjpiufis Vw;wp te;j fg;gy;fs; Gwg;gl;l gpwNf rPdf; fg;gy;fs; mq;F nrd;WNrUk;. KOr; ruf;F ,y;yhj epiyapy; gyj;j fhw;W tPRk; tl Rkj;uhtpd; yhk;gphp fliyNah (Sea of Lambri) ghiwfs; epiwe;j nfhOk;G tphpFlhitNah (Kao-lan-fu) fle;Jr; nry;tJ Mgj;jhdJ. mjdhy;> Fsph;fhyj;ij mq;NfNa fopj;Jtpl;L mLj;j Mz;L Nfhilf; fhyk; tUk; tiu fhj;jpUg;gJ tof;fk;. vl;lhtJ khjk; my;yJ xd;gjhtJ khjk; th;j;jfk; elj;jf; fg;gy;fs; kPz;Lk; nfhy;yj;jpw;F tUk;.

44

NehGU fuh\pkh

Fjpiufis Vw;wptUk; fg;gy;fs; kPz;Lk; nfhy;yk; tUk;tiu miuahz;Lf;F Nky; rPdf; fg;gy;fs; mq;NfNa fhj;jpUe;jJ ,jd; %yk; njhpatUfpwJ. ,yq;ifapy; ke;jha; (Mantai) vDk; ,lj;jpy; kl;LNk goq;fhyr; rPdg; gPq;fhd; Jz;Lfs; fpilj;jd. mit 9-Mk; E}w;whz;Lf;Fk; 12Mk; E}w;whz;Lf;Fk; ,ilg;gl;lit (glq;fs; 2.32 – 2.40). Gongxian tl;lhuj;ijr; Nrh;e;j gsgsg;ghd gr;ir epwg; ghz;lq;fs;> Ding, Xiang tl;lhuq;fisr; Nrh;e;j nts;is epwg; gPq;fhd;> Yuezhou, Changsha tl;lhuq;fisr; Nrh;e;j gPq;fhd;fSk; mtw;Ws; mlq;Fk;.8 njd;dpe;jpahtpy; Nrhoh;fspd; jiyefukhf tpsq;fpa fq;ifnfhz;l NrhoGuj;jpy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l mfo; Ma;Tfspy; (glq;fs; 2.41> 2.42) yingqing tif gPq;fhd; Jz;Lfs; fpilj;jd. 11> 12-Mk; E}w;whz;Lfspy; Jingdezhen #isapy; jahhpf;fg;gl;lit9 mit (glq;fs; 2.43> 2.44). ,uhN[e;jpu Nrhod; 11-Mk; E}w;whz;by; rPdhTf;F mDg;gpa J}jh;fs; mtw;iwf; nfhz;L te;jpUf;ff;$Lk;.

glk; 2.30 ge;jyhapdp tisFlh

rPdg; gPq;fhd; Jz;Lfs;

glk; 2.31 ge;jyhapdp – nfhy;yk; gPq;fhd; Jz;Lfs;

glk; 2.32 ke;jha; (,yq;if) ,ul;il mfopg; gFjp

45

46

NehGU fuh\pkh

Gongxian

glk; 2.33 gsgsg;ghd gr;ir 9/10-Mk; E}w;whz;L

glk; 2.34

47

rPdg; gPq;fhd; Jz;Lfs;

glk; 2.35 9/10-Mk; E}w;whz;L (Ding/Xing nts;is)

glk; 2.36

48

NehGU fuh\pkh

glk; 2.37 9/10-Mk; E}w;whz;L (Yuezhou Celadon)

glk; 2.38

49

rPdg; gPq;fhd; Jz;Lfs;

glk; 2.39 9/10-Mk; E}w;whz;L (Changsha Celadon)

glk; 2.40

50

NehGU fuh\pkh

glk; 2.41 fq;iff;nfhz;l NrhoGuk; rptd; Nfhapy;

glk; 2.42 fq;iff;nfhz;l NrhoGuk; muz;kid mfoha;T

51

rPdg; gPq;fhd; Jz;Lfs;

glk; 2.43

glk; 2.44

52

NehGU fuh\pkh

njd;dpe;jpahtpy; ,Jtiu fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;Ls;s gPq;fhd; ghj;jpuj;jpNyNa Mfg; gioikahdJ kJiu khtl;lj;jpy; cs;s Nrj;J}h; vDk; ,lj;jpy; fpilj;jJ. Yue celadon tifg; ghj;jpuk; mJ (glq;fs; 2.45> 2.46). 10-Mk; E}w;whz;bd; ,Wjp my;yJ 11Mk; E}w;whz;bd; njhlf;fj;ijr; Nrh;e;j me;jg; ghj;jpuk; jw;NghJ kJiu murhq;f mUk;nghUsfj;jpy; ghJfhf;fg;gLfpwJ. ehd; ,dp ,e;jpag; ngUq;flypYk; njd;fpof;fhrpahtpYk; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l tzpf eltbf;iffSf;Fr; rhd;whf tpsq;Fk; fy;ntl;Lfs; gw;wp tpsf;fg; NghfpNwd;. tlf;Fr; Nrhokz;lyf; fiuapy;> Fz;^Uf;F mUfpy; ,Ue;j fhfhj;jpah;fspd; JiwKfkhd nkhl;lg;gs;spapYk; 13-Mk;>14-Mk; E}w;whz;ilr; Nrh;e;j jukhd rPdg; gPq;fhd; gFjpfs; fpilj;Js;sd (glq;fs; 2.47> 2.48). me;jj; JiwKfj;Jf;Fr; nrd;wjhf khh;f;Nfh NghNyh(Marco Polo) vd;w gazpAk; vOjpapUf;fpwhh;. ,g;NghJ me;efhpy; xU rpW fpuhkKk;> ,uz;L goq;fhy ,e;Jf; Nfhapy;fSk; kl;LNk cs;sd. me;jf; Nfhapy;fspy; xd;wpy; ,uz;L J}z;fspy; tzpf eltbf;iffs; gw;wpa fy;ntl;Lfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. njYq;F nkhopapy; vOjg;gl;bUf;Fk; xU fy;ntl;by; 13-Mk; E}w;whz;ilr; Nrh;e;j fhf;fhj;jpa kd;dd; fzgjp Njtdpd; fl;lis cs;sJ10 (glk; 2.49). ntspehl;L tzpfh;fs; epahakhf elj;jg;gLth; vd;w cj;juthjKk; Rq;f thpfspd; tptuq;fSk; mjpy; ,lk;ngw;Ws;sd. mjd; Kjy; gFjp ,g;gbf; $WfpwJ: kfhuh[h fzgjpNjth ,e;j cj;jutpd; %yk; ,q;fpUe;J Gwg;gLk;> te;J NrUk; ntspehl;L> ntsp efu th;j;jfh;fs; midthpd; ghJfhg;Gf;Fk; cj;juthjk; mspf;fpwhh;. ,jw;F Ke;jpa kd;dh;fs; Gayhy; jiuj;jl;Lk; fg;gy;fspy; ,Ue;j jq;fk;> ahidfs;> Fjpiufs;> uj;dq;fs; Nghd;w nghUl;fs; midj;ijAk; gyte;jkhf mgfhpj;Jf; nfhz;ldh;. Mdhy; capiuAk; nghUl;gLj;jhky; Mgj;jhd flw;gazk; Nkw;nfhz;L tUk; midtUf;Fk; fUizapd; mbg;gilapy; midj;Jg; nghUl;fisAk; ehq;fs; jpUk;gj; jUfpNwhk;. chpa thpiar; nrYj;jpdhy; NghJk;.

53

rPdg; gPq;fhd; Jz;Lfs;

glk; 2.45 Nrj;J}hpy; fz;nlLj;j Yue Celadon ghj;jpuk;

glk; 2.46

54

NehGU fuh\pkh

glk; 2.47 nkhl;lg;gs;sp gPq;fhd; Jz;Lfs;

glk; 2.48

rPdg; gPq;fhd; Jz;Lfs;

55

glk; 2.49 nkhl;lg;gs;sp tPugj;uRthkp Nfhapy; njYq;F fy;ntl;L

kw;nwhU 14-Mk; E}w;whz;L fy;ntl;L jkpo; nkhopapy; cs;sJ11 (glk; 2.50). mjpy; cs;@h;j; jiytuhd md;dNghjp nul;b12 gy;NtW jug;G tzpfh;fSk; epahakhd Kiwapy; elj;jg;gLthh;fs; vd;W mjd; %yk; cj;juthjk; jUfpwhh;. ehdhNjrp tzpfh;fSk; mjpy; mlq;Fth;. fy;ntl;L ,g;gbf; $WfpwJ: md;dNghj nul;b ,jd; %yk; ntspehl;L tzpfh;fSf;Fk;> flw;fiu efuq;fisr; Nrh;e;j ehdhNjrp tzpfh;fSf;Fk; ,Lk; cj;juT ahnjdpy;> nkhl;lg;gs;spapy; FbNaWk; midtUf;Fk; Njitahd trjpfs; nra;J jug;gLk;. G+h;tPff; fhzp epyq;fs;> Njhl;lq;fSf;fhd chpikfs; toq;fg;gLk;. vq;F Ntz;LkhdhYk; FbNaw chpikAz;L. thhpR ,y;yhky; rhTk; guNjrpfspd; (ntspehl;L tzpfh;fs;) nrhj;Jfs; gwpKjy; nra;ag;glhJ. jq;fk;> nts;sp Mfpait kPjhd mak; (thp) mfw;wg;gLfpwJ. re;jdf;fl;il kPjhd Rq;fk; %d;wpy; xU klq;F js;Sgb nra;ag;gLfpwJ.

56

NehGU fuh\pkh

glk; 2.50 nkhl;lg;gs;sp tPugj;uRthkp Nfhapy; jkpo; fy;ntl;L

nkhl;lg;gs;spf;Fj; njw;Nf ney;Y}Uf;F mUNf cs;sJ Nfhl;lgl;lzk;. mq;Fr; rPdh> jha;yhe;J> tpal;ehk; Mfpa ehLfisr; Nrh;e;j 13-Mk; E}w;whz;Lf;Fk; 16-Mk; E}w;whz;Lf;Fk; ,ilg;gl;l gPq;fhd; Jz;Lfs; epiwaf; fpilj;jpUf;fpd;wd (glq;fs; 2.51-2.54). Mdhy;> me;j ,lj;ijg; gw;wpa fy;ntl;LfNsh ,yf;fpaf; Fwpg;GfNsh fpilah. cs;@h; jiyth; nul;bapd; fy;ntl;by; Fwpg;gplg;gl;bUf;Fk; ehdhNjrp (gy;NtW ehLfs;)> 18 ehLfisf; Fwpf;Fk; gjpndd; G+kp vd;wg; gjj;Jld; xj;Jg;NghfpwJ. MaN`hNy IE}w;Wth; vd;W miof;fg;gl;l tzpfr; rq;fj;jpd; xU gFjpahf mJ ,Uf;ff;$Lk;. me;jr; rq;fk; RUf;fkhf IE}w;Wth; vd;Wk; miof;fg;gl;L te;jJ. 9-Mk; E}w;whz;by; njd;dpe;jpahtpy; kzpfpuhkk;> mQ;Rtz;zk; vd;w ,uz;L tzpfr; rq;fq;fs; ,aq;fpd. Mdhy;> 12-Mk; E}w;wz;Lf;Fg; gpwF mit IE}w;Wth; vd;w ngahpy; ,izf;fg;gl;ljhfj; njhpfpwJ.13 tzpfr; rq;ff; fy;ntl;Lfs; Fwpj;J ehq;fs; Nkw;nfhz;l Ma;tpy; njd;dpe;jpahtpy; ,Ue;Jk; ,yq;ifapy; ,Ue;Jk; 314 fy;ntl;Lfs; fpilj;jd. mit ve;jf; fhyj;ijr; Nrh;e;jit> vq;Ff; fpilj;jd Nghw;w tptuq;fs; ml;ltiz 2.2-y; jug;gl;Ls;sd.14

57

rPdg; gPq;fhd; Jz;Lfs;

glk; 2.51 Nfhl;lg;gl;lzk; 14-Mk; E}w;whz;L Longquan Celadon

glk; 2.52

58

NehGU fuh\pkh

glk; 2.53 Nfhl;lg;gl;lzk; 14-16-Mk; E}w;whz;L tpal;ehk; gr;ir. 15/16-Mk; E}w;whz;L jha;yhe;J Celadon.

glk; 2.54

59

rPdg; gPq;fhd; Jz;Lfs;

ml;ltiz 2.2 tzpfr; rq;ff; fy;ntl;Lfspd; fhyKk; mit ,Uf;Fk; ,lq;fSk; Mz;L

Me; Nfu

fh;

kf

j.eh ,yq; nj.fp. nkhj;jk;

801-900

1

2

0

1

0

1

5

901-1000

2

1

0

24

0

0

27

1001-1100

5

3

25

0

18

1

1

53

1101-1200

6

0

56

2

12

11

0

87

1201-1300

9

2

33

0

46

1

1

92

1301-1400

6

0

8

0

11

2

0

27

1401-1600

9

0

6

0

5

0

0

20

njhpahjit

0

0

2

0

1

0

0

3

nkhj;jk;

35

8

133

2

118

15

3

314

Fwpg;G: Me;=Me;jpug; gpuNjrk;> kf=kfuh\;buh> j.eh=jkpo;ehL> fpof;fhrpah

Nfu=Nfusk;> fh;=fh;dhlfh> ,yq;=,yq;if> nj.fp=njd;

me;j ml;ltizapy; ,Ue;J fh;dhlfk;> jkpo;ehL Mfpatw;wpNyNa Mf mjpfkhd tzpf eltbf;iffs; ,Ue;jjhfj; njhpfpwJ. Me;jpuh> ,yq;if> Nfusk; Mfpatw;wpy; vQ;rpa fy;ntl;Lfs; cs;sd. tzpfh;fspd; $l;L eltbf;iffs; 9-Mk; E}w;whz;by; njhlq;fp 16Mk; E}w;whz;L tiu ePbj;jJ. ,Ug;gpDk; 11-Mk; E}w;whz;Lf;Fk; 13Mk; E}w;whz;Lf;Fk; ,ilapy;jhd; mth;fs; gutyhf nray;gl;ldh;. njhlf;ff; fhyj;jpy; NfushtpYk; jkpo;ehl;bYk; kzpfpuhkj;jpd; nry;thf;F mjpfkpUe;jJ. A+jh;fs;> fpwp];Jth;fs;> K];ypk;fs; Nghd;w ntspehl;L tzpfh;fspd; mikg;ghf ,Ue;jJ mQ;Rtz;zk;. me;j tzpfh;fs; njhlf;ff; fhyj;jpy; Nkw;fpypUe;J te;J kyghh; fiuapy; FbNawpath;fs;. IE}w;Wth; Kjypy; jq;fs; eltbf;iffis 10-Mk; E}w;whz;by; jkpo;ehl;by; njhlq;fpdh;. Mdhy;> mth;fs; fh;dhlfhitr; Nrh;e;j MaN`hNy (Aihole) gpwg;gplkhff; nfhz;lth;fs; vd;fpd;wd rpy Fwpg;Gfs;.15

60

NehGU fuh\pkh

mQ;Rtz;zk;> kzpfpuhkk; Mfpait gw;wp Fwpg;gpLk; %d;W Kf;fpakhd fy;ntl;Lfs; Nfushtpy; cs;sd. mit: [1] ];jhD utpapd; nfhy;yk; jfL (9-Mk; E}w;whz;bd; ,Wjp) nfhy;yj;jpy; cs;s xU fpwp];Jt Njthyaj;Jf;F epyKk;> Ntiyf;fhuh;fSk; jhdkhf toq;fg;gl;lijf; Fwpg;gJld; mijg; guhkhpf;Fk; nghWg;G mQ;Rtz;zj;Jf;Fk; kzpfpuhkj;Jf;Fk; toq;fg;gLfpwJ. [2] gh];fu utpth;kdpd; nfhr;rp jfL (11-Mk; E}w;whz;bd; njhlf;fk;) Kaphpf;NfhL (jw;NghJ gl;lzk; vd;W milahsk; fhzg;gl;Ls;sJ) vd;w Ciur; Nrh;e;j A+juhd N[hr/g; ughDf;F (Joseph Rabban) mQ;Rtz;zk; jFjpAk; th;j;jfj;jpy; rYiffSk; toq;fg;gLtjhff; $WfpwJ [3]. tPu uhfthtpd; Nfhl;lak; jfL (13-Mk; E}w;whz;L) kNfhjag; gl;bdj;ijr; (jw;NghJ nfhLq;fhY}h;) Nrh;e;j utpNfhud; vd;gtUf;F kzpfpuhkk; jFjpAk; rYiffSk; toq;fg;gl;lijf; Fwpf;fpwJ. tzpfh; rq;fq;fisg; gw;wpa fy;ntl;Lfs; Nfushtpy; FiwT vd;whYk; mq;fpUe;J te;j tzpfh;fs; gw;wpa fy;ntl;Lfs; NfushTf;F ntspapy; epiwa cz;L. kpad;khhpy; cs;s gfhd; fy;ntl;L xd;Wk; mjpy; mlq;Fk; (glk; 2.55). Nfus tzpfh; xUth; mq;fpUe;j tp\;Z NfhapYf;F kz;lgk; xd;iwf; fl;bj; je;jjhf me;jf; fy;ntl;L $WfpwJ. me;jf; Nfhapy; “ehdhNjrp tpd;dfh;” vd;W miof;fg;gLfpwJ.16 vq;fspd; Ma;tpypUe;J IE}w;Wth; vd;gth;fs; gy;NtW gphpT tzpfh;fSk; ,juj; njhopy;fisr; Nrh;e;jth;fSk; mlq;fpa tphpthd mikg;G vd;W njhpfpwJ. ,yq;ifapYs;s tp`hur;rpd;dh fy;ntl;L (12-Mk; E}w;whz;L)17 tzpfh;fisAk; gpuKfh;fisAk; ghJfhj;j tPuh;fspd; JzpT gw;wpAk; IE}w;Wth; vLj;j KbT Fwpj;Jk; $WfpwJ. me;j Kbit vLf;fj; jpuz;lth;fs;: jtyj;Jr;nrl;b (mg;gFjpiar; Nrh;e;j tzpfh;fs;)> nrl;b Gj;jpud; (tzpfh;fs;)> ftiu (tzpfh;fs;)> fj;hpgd; (ntw;wpiy tzpfh;fs;)> fhKz;l Rthkp (epyr; nrhe;jf;fhuh;fspd; jiyth;)> xl;ld; (J}J nry;gth;)> cs;gRk;gha;f;fhud; (rhf;fpy; nghUl;fis tpw;gth;)> mq;ff;fhud; (Nghuhspfs;)> Mtzf;fhud; (filf;fhuh;)…. tPud;> ghthil tPud; kw;Wk; NkYk; ,uz;L FOf;fs; Fwpg;gplg;gLfpd;wd. “rk];fpujKk; jkpOk; NgRgth;fs;” – (GNuhfpjh;fshf ,Uf;fyhk;)> “fOijapy; gazk; nra;Nthh;” – (Nghf;Ftuj;J Copah;fs;??)

rPdg; gPq;fhd; Jz;Lfs;

61

glk; 2.55 gfhd; (gh;kh) jkpo;f; fy;ntl;L

$bapUe;Njhhpy; tzpff; FOf;fs; kl;Lky;yhky; epy chpikahsh;fs;> gil tPuh;fs; kw;Wk; ,ju njhopy; rhh;e;jth;fSk; ,Ue;jdu;. ,ju fy;ntl;LfspypUe;J nghw;nfhy;yh;> kl;ghz;lk; nra;Nthh; Nghd;NwhUk; me;j mikg;gpy; ,Ue;jJ njhpa tUfpwJ. IE}w;Wth; vd;w nghpa tzpfh; rq;fk; mikf;fg;gl;lJ> gz;lkhw;W th;j;jfk; tsh;e;jij kl;Lky;yhky; gUj;jp nerT> vz;nza; Ml;Ljy; Nghd;w Gjpa njhopy;fSk; cUthdijf; fhl;LfpwJ. 13-Mk; E}w;whz;bypUe;J njd;dpe;jpahtpy; gUj;jpj; njhopy; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ngwj; njhlq;fpaJ.18 fy;ntl;Lfspy; gy tifahd gz;lq;fs; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sd. tzpfk; nra;ag;gl;l gz;lq;fspd; Mf ePskhd gl;bay; gpuhd;kiy fy;ntl;by; fhzg;gLfpwJ. Nfhtpy;gl;b fy;ntl;by; fhzg;gLk; gz;lq;fspd; gl;bay; ,J: mfpy; (rhk;gpuhzp)> mhprp> mtiu> vUJ (fhis khL)> vUik> fLF> fk;gp> fdkhiy> fw;G+uk;> fUtiy khiy> f];J}hp> fplh (ML)> Fjpiu> kapu;> kpsF> ney;> xl;il (xl;lfk;)> gR> ghf;F> Glit> Gy;> Gsp> rik (fk;G jhdpak;)> re;jdk;> rq;F> je;jk;> Jtiu> cye;J Glit (fk;gpsp)> cg;G kw;Wk; tuF (Nfo;tuF jhdpak;). gj;Jf;Fk; mjpfkhd fy;ntl;Lfspy; ,lk;ngw;Ws;s nghUl;fs;: nfhl;ilg; ghf;F> ntw;wpiy> vz;nza;> ney;> mhprp> jhdpaq;fs;> re;jdk;> gUj;jp E}y;> Jzp Mfpait.19

62

NehGU fuh\pkh

9-Mk; E}w;whz;Lf;Fk; 13Mk; E}w;whz;Lf;Fk; ,ilapy; jQ;rhT+hpypUe;J njd;dpe;jpahit ehD}W Mz;Lfshf Mz;L te;j Nrhoh; guk;giu kyha; jPgfw;gj;jpd; kPJ ,uz;L Kiw gilnaLj;jJ. 11-Mk; E}w;whz;by; rPdhtpd; Nrhq; muritf;F %d;W Kiw J}Jf; FOf;fis mDg;gpaJ.20 mNj E}w;whz;by; IE}w;Wth; mikg;G mjd; eltbf;iffs; Fwpj;Jr; Rkj;uhtpd; ghU]; vDk; ,lj;jpy; cs;s fy;J}zpy; vOjp itj;jJ (glk; 2.56). mJ Rkj;uhtpy; mg;NghJ jkpo; tzpfh;fs; ,aq;fpajw;Fr; rhd;whf tpsq;FfpwJ. mg;gb xU fy; ,Ug;gJ Kjypy; 1892-Mk; Mz;by;jhd; Kjypy; njhpate;jJ. gpwF mJ 1932-y; ePyfz;l rh];jpup mth;fshy; tpthjpf;fg;gl;lJ. Mdhy;> me;jf; fy;ypy; cs;s thrfq;fs; vd;dntd;W njhpahky; ,Ue;jJ. mjw;Fg; gpwF me;jf; fy;Yk; ntF fhyk; fhzhky; NghdJ. vdpDk;> vq;fs; Ma;Tf; FO 1993-Mk; Mz;by; [f;fh;j;jh Njrpa mUk;nghUsfj;Jf;Fr; nrd;wNghJ> mq;F me;jf; fy; kPz;Lk; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;lJ. me;jf; fy;ypy; cs;s thrfq;fis Kjd; Kjyhf vq;fs; FOtpy; ,lk;ngw;wpUe;j Nguhrphpah; Rg;guhaY ntspapl;lhh;.21

glk; 2.56 [f;fh;j;jh Njrpa mUk;nghUsfj;jpy; cs;s ghU]; jkpo;f; fy;ntl;L

63

rPdg; gPq;fhd; Jz;Lfs;

Athd; (Yuan Dynasty) Ml;rp fhyj;jpy; (1271 – 1368) rPdhTf;Fk; njd;dpe;jpahTf;Fk; ,ilapyhd neUf;fkhd cwT njhlh;e;jJ. 1283f;Fk; 1291-f;Fk; ,ilapy; rPdhTf;Fk; (Athd; Ml;rp fhyk;) khghUf;Fk; (ghz;ba ehL) ,ilapy; Mz;LNjhWk; J}Jf; FO gupkhw;wq;fs; ele;jjhf Yuan Shi vDk; Athd; Ml;rpf; Fwpg;Gfs; fhl;Lfpd;wd. njd; rPdhtpy; cs;s Gfo;ngw;w JiwKfkhd Fthd;#tpy; (Guanzhou) 1281-Mk; Mz;by; xU rptd; Nfhapy; mikf;fg;gl;lijf; Fwpf;Fk; jkpo;f; fy;ntl;L (glk; 2.57) cs;sJ. mg;NghJ Fthd;#tpy; mjpf mstpy; ,e;jpah;fs; trpj;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk;.

glk; 2.57 Fthd;# jkpo;f; fy;ntl;L

15-Mk; E}w;whz;L ,Wjpapy; INuhg;gpah;fs; tUtjw;F Kd;G ,e;jpag; ngUq;flypy; fpof;ifAk; Nkw;ifAk; ,izj;j cs;@h; tzpf mikg;Gfspd; th;j;jf eltbf;iffs; Kk;Kukhf ,Ue;jjw;F Nkw;fhzg;gLk; jfty;fNs rhd;whf tpsq;Ffpd;wd. njd;dpe;jpahtpy; me;j tzpf mikg;Gfs; 9-Mk; E}w;whz;by; Njhd;wp 14-Mk; E}w;whz;L tiu gbg;gbahf tsh;e;J te;jd. 15-Mk; E}w;whz;bd; njhlf;fj;jpy; ,e;jpag; ngUq;flypy; nrq; Nf (Zheng He) Nkw;nfhz;l Gfo;ngw;w rPdf; fly; gazq;fspd;NghJ (glq;fs; 2.58> 2.59) cs;@h; th;j;jf mikg;Gfspd; eltbf;iffs; cr;rf;fl;lj;jpy; ,Ue;jd. Mdhy;> murhq;fj;jhy; Vw;ghL nra;ag;gl;l nrq; Nfapd; gazq;fs;> ,e;jpag; ngUq;flypy; tzpfr; rq;fq;fs; Nkw;nfhz;L te;j eltbf;iffSf;Fg; ghjfkhf mike;jpUf;ff;$Lk;.

64

NehGU fuh\pkh

vg;gbapUe;jhYk; 15-Mk; E}w;whz;Lf;Fg; gpwF tzpfh; rq;fq;fspd; eltbf;iffs; Fiwe;jd. mjw;fhd fhuzk; Fwpj;Jk; tzpfh; rq;fq;fSf;Fk; 16-Mk; E}w;whz;by; ,e;jpag; ngUq;flypy; GFe;j INuhg;gpa tzpfh;fSf;Fk; ,ilapy; ,Ue;j tuyhw;W cwT gw;wpAk; mLj;J Muhag;gl Ntz;Lk;.

glk; 2.58 njd;dpe;jpahtpd; tl gFjpiaf; fhl;Lk; nrq; Nfapd; fly;gaz tiuglk;

rPdg; gPq;fhd; Jz;Lfs;

glk; 2.59 nrq; Nfapd; fy;ntl;L> fhNy> ,yq;if

65

66

NehGU fuh\pkh

Notes   1. Though the volumes are printed and ready for distribution, it seems that the Tamil University which keeps those volumes has not yet been permitted by the State Government to release them for sale and distribution to the contributors. However, the paper is available in a booklet, Plenary Session Papers, distributed on the occasion of the Conference.   2. N. Karashima, ed., In Search of Chinese Ceramic-sherds in South India and Sri Lanka (Tokyo: Taisho University Press, 2004).   3. One li was equal to 552.96 metres during the Yuan period.   4. A.C. Moule and P. Pelliot, Marco Polo: The Description of the World, Vol. I (London), p. 412.   5. Karashima, ed., In Search of Chinese Ceramic-sherds, pp. 24-26.   6. On the discovery in the Malabar Coast, see ibid, pp. 44-54.   7. W.W. Rockhill, "Notes on the Relations and Trade of China with the Eastern Archipelago and the coast of the Indian Ocean during the Fourteenth Century: Part II", T'oung Pao, XVI (1915), p. 446.   8. Karashima, ed., In Search of Chinese Ceramic-sherds, pp. 56-63.   9. Ibid., pp. 36-37. 10. Epigraphia Indica, XII, 22, pp. 188-97. See also N. Karashima, ed., In Search of Chinese Ceramic-sherds, pp. 4-5. 11. South Indian Inscriptions, XXVI, 635. See also N. Karashima, ed., In Search of Chinese Ceramic-sherds, pp. 5-6. 12. Annapota Reddi was one of the Reddi chiefs who established their power in the Kondavidu area, including Motupalli, after the decline of the Kakatiyas in the fourteenth century. 13. For these merchant guilds, see N. Karashima, ed., Ancient and Medieval Commercial Activities in the Indian Ocean: Testimony of Inscriptions and Ceramic-sherds (Tokyo: Taisho University, 2002). 14. Ibid., p. 5. 15. Ibid., pp. 72-76. 16. Ibid., p. 15. 17. Ibid., pp. 27-35. 18. References to tariyirai (tax on weaving) began to appear in Chola inscriptions from the eleventh century. N. Karashima, South Indian History and Society: Studies from Inscriptions AD 850-1800 (New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1984), p. 92. 19. N. Karashima, "Ainnurruvar: A Medieval Merchant Guild Engaged in Trade in the Indian Ocean" (in Japanese), Tohogaku, No. 105 (Tokyo, 2003), p. 6.

rPdg; gPq;fhd; Jz;Lfs;

67

20. N. Karashima, "Indian Commercial Activities in Ancient and Medieval Southeast Asia", in Contributions of Tamil Culture to the Twenty First Century: Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference-Seminar of Tamil Studies, Thanjavur, 1995, edited by N. Karashima, E. Annamalai, and S. Rajaram (Chennai, 2005 [yet to be released]). 21. Y. Subbarayalu, "Tamil Merchant-guild Inscription at Barus, Indonesia: A Rediscovery", in Ancient and Medieval Commercial Activities, edited by N. Karashima, pp. 19-26. 22. N. Karashima, ed., Ancient and Medieval Commercial Activities, pp. 15-16. 23. A general discussion on this decline was made by J.L. Abu-Lughod in her book, Before European Hegemony: The World System AD 1250-1350 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1989), but the particular reason for merchant guild decline in South Asia is yet to be studied.

3 Nrho - =tp[a - rPd Kf;Nfhz cwtpy; ,uhN[e;jpu Nrhodpd; ,uhZt Kw;Wiffs; lhd;nrd; nrd;

,uhN[e;jpu Nrhod; (1012–44) ,e;jpag; ngUq;fly; ehLfSf;F vjpuhfg; gy ,uhZt Kw;Wiffis Nkw;nfhz;lJ njhpatUfpwJ. njw;F MrpahTf;Fk; Nrhq; rPdhTf;Fk; (960–1279) ,ilapy; tzpf eltbf;iffs; tsh;e;J te;j #oypy;> =tp[ah JiwKfq;fs;kPJ mtd; Nkw;nfhz;lj; jhf;Fjy;fspy; ,e;j Ma;T ftdk; nrYj;JfpwJ. njd; ,e;jpahTf;Fk; Nrhq; rPdhTf;Fk; ,ilapyhd Neub th;j;jfj;jpy; jiyapl;ljw;Fg; gjpybahfNt =tp[ah JiwKfq;fis uhN[e;jpur; Nrhod; Kjypy; 1017-Yk;> kPz;Lk; %h;f;fkhf 1025-Yk; ,UKiw jhf;fpdhd; vd;gij typAWj;JfpwJ ,e;j Ma;T. =tp[ah kPjhd Nrhoh;fspd; uhZt eltbf;iffSf;F mJNt fhuzk; vd;W ePyfz;l rh];jphp> thy;lh;]; Nghd;w fy;tpkhd;fs; Vw;fdNt $wpapUf;fpd;wdh;. vdpDk;> Nrhoh;fspd; flw;gilj; jhf;Fjy;fSf;Ff; fhuzkhd =tp[ahtpd; jiyaPLfs; gw;wpa tptuq;fs; ,Jtiu KOikahf tpsf;fg;gltpy;iy. rPdf; Fwpg;Gfs; rpytw;iw Muha;tjd; top> Nrhoh;fSf;Fk; Nrhq; muritf;Fk; ,ilapyhd Neub tzpfj; (murpay;) njhlh;Gfisj; jLf;f =tp[ah vd;ndd;d topfisf; ifahz;lJ vd;gijg; ghh;f;fg; NghfpNwhk;.

Nrho - =tp[a - rPd Kf;Nfhz cwT

69

rPdr; re;ijfs; kPjhd fth;r;rp 11-Mk; E}w;whz;bd; njhlf;fj;jpy; rPdhtpd; re;ijfSk; JiwKfq;fSk; ,yhgfukhd midj;Jyf th;j;jf ikaq;fshfj; jiynaLj;jd. Mrpahtpd; midj;Jg; gFjpfisr; Nrh;e;j th;j;jfh;fSk; gPq;fhd;> gl;L Nghd;w rPdg; nghUl;fis thq;fTk;> eWkz rikay; nghUl;fspypUe;J Fjpiufs; tiuapyhd ntspehl;Lg; nghUl;fis tpw;fTk; me;jj; JiwKfq;fspy; Ftpe;jdh;. nrhy;yg; Nghdhy;> 10Mk;> 11-Mk; E}w;whz;by; rPdhtpd; th;j;jf eltbf;if> ,e;jpag; ngUq;fly; ehLfs; gytw;wpd; cs;ehl;Lg; nghUspaiy ghjpf;fj; njhlq;fpaNjhL kj;jpa jiuf; fly; tiuapyhd tzpf r%fq;fspd; tho;f;ifapy; khw;wj;ijAk; Vw;gLj;jpaJ. rPdr; re;ijfis cyfpd; kw;wg; gFjpfspy; ,Ue;j nghUspay;fSlDk; r%fq;fSlDk; ,izj;j midj;Jyf th;j;jf Kiwapd; gpd;dzpapy;jhd; ,uhN[e;jpu Nrhodpd; gilnaLg;Gfis ehk; Ghpe;Jnfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. `hd; (Han) Ml;rpf; fhyj;jpypUe;Nj ntspehl;L tpahghhpfs; rPdhTf;F tuj; njhlq;fptpl;lhh;fs; vd;w NghjpYk; 8-Mk; E}w;whz;bd; gpw;gFjpapNyNa tzpfh;fspd; vz;zpf;if Fwpg;gpLk; msTf;F mjpfhpj;jJ. rPdr; re;ijfs; kPjhd mf;fiw mjpfhpj;jjw;F Kd;G mq;F elg;gpypUe;j nfLgpbahd nghUspay; Kiw mfw;wg;gl;lJ Kf;fpaf; fhuzkhf tpsq;FfpwJ. 755-Mk; Mz;by; lhq; Ml;rpf;F vjpuhf ele;j md; Y}\hd; Gul;rp ntw;wp ngwhtpl;lhYk;> eilKiwapypUe;j murpay;> r%f fl;likg;gpy; Fwpg;gplj;jf;f jhf;fj;ij Vw;gLj;jpaJ. me;jg; Gul;rp gy epjpj;Jiw khw;wq;fisf; nfhz;L te;jJ. cs;ehl;L> ntspehl;L th;j;jfk; %yk; nghUs; jdpahh; tzpfq;fs; gy;NtW tifapy; nray;glTk; mjd; tsh;r;rpiaAk; Cf;Ftpj;jJ. mj;Jld; rPdhtpy; re;ij> fld; fl;likg;GfisAk; khw;wpaikj;jJ (Sen 2003). lhq; Ml;rp fhyj;jpYk; mijj; njhlh;e;J te;j Ie;J Ml;rpfspYk; Fwpg;gplj;jf;f gy;NtW nghUspay; Nkk;ghLfs; Vw;gl;ld. njd;fpof;fhrpahtpypUe;J Gjpa tifg; gaph;fs; rPdhtpy; mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;ld> Nkk;gl;l ePh;ghrdf; fUtpfSk;> ghrd KiwfSk; tpiuthfg; gutpd. rPd kf;fs;njhif ehl;bd; tskhd

70

lhd;nrd; nrd;

njw;Fg; gFjpf;Ff; FbNawj; njhlq;fpaJ. mjdhy;> rPdhtpd; kf;fs; njhif ehd;F klq;fhf tsh;e;J 961-Mk; Mz;by; 32 kpy;ypaidAk;> 1109-y; 121 kpy;ypaidAk; vl;baJ (Chao 1986. P.35). mjd; efuq;fs; tphptile;jd> kf;fs; njhif neUf;fk; $baJ. efh;g;Gw tsh;r;rp> rPdh KOtjw;Fkhd re;ijf; fl;likg;G tpjpfspYk; tzpf eilKiwfspYk; NkYk; khw;wq;fisf; nfhz;L te;jJ. re;ijfs; ,aq;ff;$ba tl;lhuq;fs; Fwpj;J lhq; Ml;rpfhyj;jpy; ,Ue;Jte;j fl;Lg;ghLfs; mfw;wg;gl;ld (Twitchett 1968). nfLgpbahd re;ij Kiw mfw;wg;gl;ljhy; jdpahh; njhopy;Kidth;fspd; eltbf;iffs; mjpfhpj;jd. mjdhy;> rPdhTf;Fs; tzpfg; ghpkhw;wq;fs; #Lgpbj;jJld; ehsiltpy; rPd epjpf; nfhs;ifapy; midj;Jyf th;j;jfj;ijAk; Nrh;j;Jf;nfhs;s top Vw;gl;lJ (Sen 2003). epjpf; nfhs;ifapy; nra;ag;gl;l khw;wq;fspd; xU gFjpahf mjpff; fhyk; Gwf;fzpf;fg;gl;bUe;j fly; tzpfk; murhq;fj;jpd; fl;Lg;ghl;bd; fPo; te;jJ. fly; tzpfj;ijf; fl;Lg;gLj;Jtjw;Fk; thp t#ypg;gjw;Fkhd mjpfhuk; cs;@h; mjpfhhpfSf;F toq;fg;gl;lJ. fly; rhh;e;j tzpfj;ij eph;tfpf;f 714-Mk; Mz;by; \pNgh\p vd;w fly; tzpfj;Jiw Fthq;#tpy; (Guangzhou) mikf;fg;gl;lJ. 8-Mk; E}w;whz;bNyNa Fthq;#tpy; fly; th;j;jfk; rpwe;J tpsq;fpajw;F mJ rhd;whFk;. ghurPf tisFlh> njd;fpof;fhrpah> njw;F Mrpah Mfpa tl;lhuq;fisr; Nrh;e;j tzpfh;fs; mjpf mstpy; me;efhpypUe;j ntspehl;bdUf;fhd FbapUg;gpy; trpj;J te;jijr; rPdf; Fwpg;Gfs; fhl;Lfpd;wd. 8-Mk; E}w;whz;bd; kj;jpapy; Fthq;#tpy; %d;W ,e;Jf; Nfhapy;fs; ,Ue;jjw;fhd Fwpg;GfSk; cs;sd (Sen 2003, p.163, Schafer 1963, pp.14-15). 879Mk; Mz;Lf;F Kd; me;efhpy; ntspehl;L tzpfh;fspd; vz;zpf;if xU ,yl;rj;ijj; jhz;btpl;ljhfj; njhpfpwJ. mt;thz;by; `{thq; nrs vDk; egh; Nkw;nfhz;l fpsh;r;rpapy; ntspehl;L tzpfh;fs; gyh; gLnfhiy nra;ag;gl;ldh;. mjdhy;> Fthq;#tpd; fly; tzpfk; jilg;gl;lJ. rpwpJ fhyj;Jf;Fg; gpwF ntspehl;L tzpfh;fs; Fthq;#Tf;F kPz;Lk; tuj; njhlq;fpdh;. Nrhq; Ml;rpf; fhyj;jpy; ntspehl;L th;j;jf eltbf;iffs; kPz;Lk; jioj;Njhq;fpd. Nrhq; murit> fly; tzpfj;ij Cf;Ftpg;gjpy; jdpg;gl;l mf;fiw vLj;Jf; nfhz;lJ. rpwg;Gr; rYiffis toq;fpajd; %yk; rPdhTf;Fg; ghpRg; nghUl;fisf; (fg;gk;) nfhz;Ltuf; fly; tzpfh;fis mJ J}z;baJ. mg;Nghija epytop th;j;jfg; ghijfs; ehNlhbfshd fpl;lhd;> lhq;Fl;> [u;nrd; (Khitan,

Nrho - =tp[a - rPd Kf;Nfhz cwT

71

Tangut, Jurchen) ,d kf;fspd; fl;Lg;ghl;bd; fPo; ,Ue;jd. mjdhy;> tUtha;f;fhff; fly; tzpfj;ij ehLk; eph;g;ge;jk; Nrhq; Ml;rpf;F Vw;gl;lJ. flNyhb tzpfh;fs; jw;NghJ Nfz;lhd; khepyj;jpypUf;Fk; Fthq;# cl;glg; gy;NtW JiwKfq;fspy; th;j;jf eltbf;ifapy; nkhj;j cs;ehl;L cw;gj;jpapy; 1.7 tpOf;fhl;il vl;bapUe;jjhff; $Wfpwhh; ,uhgh;l; `hh;l;nty; (1989> pp. 453-54). rPdhtpy; Vw;gl;L te;j efh;g;Gw> kf;fs; njhif khw;wq;fs;> Fwpg;ghff; fiuNahu tl;lhuq;fspy; mjpfkhNdhh; FbNawpaJ> ntspehl;Lg; nghUl;fSf;fhd Njitia mjpfhpj;jJ. jw;fhg;G> kUj;Jtk;> topghL> tPL> Njhl;lk;> mYtyfk;> Mil> moFg; guhkhpg;G> Nghf;FtuT> czT njhlh;ghd ntspehl;Lg; nghUl;fSf;F mjpfj; Njit Vw;gl;lJ vd;fpwhh; `hh;l;nty; (1989> p.453). 10-Mk; E}w;whz;bd; ,WjpapypUe;J 12Mk; E}w;whz;bd; eLg;gFjp tiu Nrhq; rPdhtpd; ntspehl;L th;j;jfk;> Mlk;gug; nghUl;fshff; fUjg;glhj rhk;gpuhzp> re;jdf;fl;il> kpsF> fpuhk;G Nghd;wtw;iwNa rhh;e;jpUe;jJ vd;fpwhh; mth;. mjpfhpj;J te;j ntspehl;Lg; nghUl;fSf;fhd Njitiar; rkhspf;f ghuk;ghpaf; fg;gk; fl;Lk; Kiwia khw;wp mij tUkhdj;Jf;fhd Kf;fpa topahf Mf;fpaJ Nrhq; Ml;rp. khw;wpaikf;fg;gl;l Kiwapd; fPo;> gzk; nrYj;jhky; murhq;fj;Jf;F ntspehl;Lg; nghUl;fs; fpilj;jd. mtw;iwf; nfhz;L te;jth;fs; rPdr; re;ijapy; tpw;w nghUl;fs;kPJ thp tpjpf;fg;gl;lJ. mjd; top fzprkhd tUkhdKk; te;jJ. me;j thp %yKk;> fg;gk; top ngwg;gl;l nghUl;fis tpw;wjd; %yKk; fpilj;j njhif murhq;f tUkhdj;jpy; 9.29 tpOf;fhl;il vl;baJ (Hartwell 1988). fg;gk; nrYj;Jk; Gjpa Kiw> ntspehl;L tzpfh;fSf;Fk; gy tifapy; ,yhgfukhf mike;jJ. ghpRg; nghUl;fSld; te;jth;fSf;F thpf; fopTfs; fpilj;jd. mj;Jld; Nrhq; muritapy; ,Ue;J gjpYf;Fg; ghpRfisAk; nfsut tpUJfisAk; mj;jifNahh; ngw;wdh;. me;jg; ghpRfSk;> tpUJfSk; rPd murhq;fj;Jldhd tzpfj;ij tof;fkhd re;ij th;j;jfj;ijf; fhl;bYk; ,yhgfukhf Mf;fpaJ. cjhuzj;Jf;F> 1077-,y; tpal;ehkpaj; J}jufj;jpy; ,Ue;J te;j 3>600 nuhf;fk; kjpg;Gs;s ghpRg; nghUl;fSf;Fg; gjpyhf 4>000 nuhf;fk; kjpg;Gs;s ghpRg; nghUl;fis toq;FkhW Nrhq; muz;kid

72

lhd;nrd; nrd;

cj;jutpl;lJ. 1077-,y; Nrhoh;fs; rhh;gpy; te;jth;fSf;F 81>800 nuhf;fKk; 52>000 japy; (taels) nts;spf; fl;bfSk; toq;fg;gl;ld. mijg; NghyNt> muG tzpfh; Pu-Ma-wu-tuo-po-lif;F (Abu Muhammad Dawal?) mspf;fg;gl;l “jsgjp” (Jiangjun) Nghd;w tpUJfs;> ghpR nfhz;L te;jth;fspd; nfsutj;ijr; rPdhtpy; th;j;jfk; Ghpe;j ntspehl;lthpilNa cah;j;jpaJ. mj;jifa tpUJfs; Rq;fr; rhtbia vspjpy; fle;J nry;y mj;jifa tzpfh;fSf;F cjtpapUf;ff;$Lk;. Nrhq; Ml;rp fhyj;jpd;NghJ Vw;gl;l ntspehl;L th;j;jf tsh;r;rp> murhq;fk;> ntspehl;L tzpfh;fs;> ghpR nfhz;L te;jth;fs; vd;W midj;Jj; jug;gpdhpd; NjitiaAk; G+h;j;jp nra;jJ. Nrhq; Ml;rpfhyj;jpy; fly; th;j;jfj;Jf;F mspf;fg;gl;l Cf;Ftpg;Gk;> rPdhtpy; mjpfhpj;jpUe;j ntspehl;Lg; nghUl;fSf;fhd NjitANk 11-Mk;> 12-Mk; E}w;whz;Lfspy; ,e;jpag; ngUq;fly; th;j;jf Kiw tphptila Kf;fpaf; fhuzq;fshf tpsq;fpd. fpof;F MrpahtpypUe;J kj;jpaj; jiuf;fly; tiu me;j th;j;jf Kiw tphptile;jpUe;jJ (Abu-Lughod 1989). nrhy;yg;Nghdhy; me;j tsh;r;rpNa 13-Mk; E}w;whz;by; cyfg; nghUspay; Njhd;Wtjw;Ff; fhuzkhf mike;jJ. Nrhq; mjpfhu vy;iyapy;jhd; cyfr; re;ijf;F cfe;j th;j;jfr; #oy; epytpaJ vd;W vOjpAs;sdh; [hh;[; nkhnly;fp> tpy;ypak; Mu;. jhk;rd; (1996> P.149) MfpNahh;. Nrhq; re;ijapd; khw;wpaikf;fg;gl;l mjd; fg;gk; nrYj;Jk; KiwapdhYk; ftug;gl;ldh; =tp[ah> Nrho> muG ehLfisr; Nrh;e;j th;j;jfh;fs;. Nrhq; JiwKfq;fspy; mjw;FKd; fz;buhj msTf;F ntspehl;L tzpfh;fspd; vz;zpf;ifAk;> FbapUg;Gfspd; vz;zpf;ifAk; mjpfhpj;jd. ,yhgkila Ntz;Lk; vd;w tzpfh;fSf;fpilapyhd Nghl;bAk; jPtpukile;jJ. re;ij th;j;jfj;ijf; fg;gk; nrYj;Jk; KiwAld; ,izf;fr; Nrhq; Ml;rp vLj;j KbNt me;jg; Nghl;bf;F Kf;fpaf; fhuzk;. Nrhq; muritf;F mjpf mstpyhd fg;gq;fisf; nfhz;LtuTk; mjpfkhd ehLfisg; gpujpepjpj;J tuTk; tzpfh;fs; Kad;wdh;. Nrhq; muritapd; mq;fPfhuj;ijg; ngWtNj mth;fspd; Kf;fpa Nehf;fkhf ,Ue;jJ. mj;Jld; thpf; fopTfs; %yk; ey;y ,yhgKk; mth;fSf;Ff; fpilj;jJ. fg;gk; nfhz;L te;jth;fspy; ngUk;ghyhNdhh; Nrhq; JiwKfq;fspy; trpj;Jte;j K];ypk; tzpfh;fs;> my;yJ njd;fpof;fhrpah> njw;fhrpahitr; Nrh;e;j K];ypk;fs;> rPdf; Fwpg;Gfspy; mj;jifNahh; “fg;gy; jiyth;fs;” (hozhu) vd;W miof;fg;gl;bUg;gJ> mth;fs; ntWk; th;j;jfh;fNs>

73

Nrho - =tp[a - rPd Kf;Nfhz cwT

ntspehl;L murhq;fq;fspd; gpujpepjpfs; my;y vd;gJ Nrhq; Ml;rpf;Fj; njupe;jpUe;jijf; fhl;LfpwJ> Fthq;R+> rpNad; Nrh Nghd;w efuq;fspy; trpj;J te;j ntspehl;Lf;fhuh;fs;> Nrhq; muritapy; ntspehl;Lj; J}jh;fshfj; jq;fisf; fhl;bf; nfhz;lJk; njhpatUfpwJ (Chafee 2006 ghh;f;fTk;). Mdhy;> Nrhq; Ml;rp> mg;NghJ tlf;fpypUe;J te;j kpul;ly; Fwpj;Jk;> tUkhdk; Fwpj;JNk mjpf mf;fiw nfhz;bUe;jJ. mjdhy;> Gjpa th;j;jf Kiwapd; fPo; ntspehl;L tzpfh;fs; mbj;J te;j nfhs;is yhgk; gw;wp mJ mjpfk; fz;Lnfhs;stpy;iy. fg;gk; nfhz;L tUgth;fs; xNu rkaj;jpy; gy;NtW ehLfisg; gpujpepjpj;jJk;> jq;Fkplq;fis mbf;fb khw;wpf; nfhz;lJk;> ntspehl;Lj; J}Jf; FOf;fisf; fz;fhzpg;gijr; rpukkhf;fpaJ. cjhuzj;Jf;F Nrho ehl;ilg; gpujpepjpg;gjhfr; nrhy;yp 1077-,y; te;j J}Jf; FO cz;ikapy; Nrho kd;dh; mDg;gpaJjhdh vd;w re;Njfk; cs;sJ. mjdhy; Nrhq; muz;kidf;Ff; fg;gq;fSld; nrd;w FOf;fs; gw;wpa gjpTfisf; ftdj;JlNdNa ghh;f;f Ntz;bAs;sJ.

=tp[ahtpd; Kf;fpag; gq;F 7-Mk; E}w;whz;bd; ,Wjpapy;> rPdf; fiuapypUe;J njw;F MrpahTf;Fg; gazk; nra;Ak; fg;gy;fs; epd;W nry;tjw;fhd jiyaha JiwKfq;fspy; xd;whf =tp[ah cUthfpapUe;jJ. rPdj; Jwtp aP[pq;> ,e;jpahtpd; fpof;Ff; fiuf;F Nkw;nfhz;l gazj;jpypUe;J mJ njupa tUfpwJ. 671-,y; gazj;ijj; njhlq;fpa me;jj; Jwtp> =tp[ahtpy; MW khjq;fs; jq;fpapUe;j gpwNf kPz;Lk; fg;gypy; ,e;jpahTf;Fg; Gwg;gl;lhh;. ,e;jpahtpypUe;J rPdhTf;Fj; jpUk;Gk; topapy; kPz;Lk; =tp[ahtpy; jq;fpdhh;. ,k;Kiw mth; mq;F MW Mz;Lfisf; (687 – 693) fopj;jhh; (Wang 1996, pp. 12-14; Wolters 1996; Spencer 1983, pp.107-11). mijg;NghyNt ,e;jpag; ngsj;jj; Jwtpahd t[;uNghjp (Vajrabodhi) njd;dpe;jpahtpypUe;J rPdhTf;Fg; ghurPff; fg;gy; xd;wpy; gazk; Nkw;nfhz;lNghJ =tp[ah topahfNt nrd;whh;. mtu; gazk; nra;j fg;gy; 719-,y; Fthq;# nrd;wilAk; Kd; gy njd;fpof;fhrpa ehLfspy; epd;W th;j;jfk; Ghpe;jJ. t[;uNghjp ,we;jJk; mthpd; rPlh; mNkhft[;uh (Amoghavajra) Fthq;#tpypUe;J njd;fpof;fhrpaf; fg;gy; xd;wpy; (mNdfkhf =tp[ah fg;gy;) ,yq;iff;Fk; ,e;jpahTf;Fk; gazkhdhh; (Sen 2003, p. 214). ngsj;jj;

Jwtpfs;

,e;jpahTf;Fk;

rPdhTf;Fk;

,ilapy;

gazk;

74

lhd;nrd; nrd;

nra;jJ Fwpj;j gjpTfs; =tp[ahtpy; ngsj;jk; jioj;jpUe;jijf; fhl;LfpwJ. mj;Jld; njw;fhrpahTf;Fk; rPdhTf;Fk; ,ilapyhd fly; topg; ghijapy; Kf;fpakhd tzpf> fyhrhuj; jsk; vd;w me;j];ij mJ ngw;wpUe;jJk; njhpfpwJ. tzpfj;jpy; =tp[ah Mw;wpa gq;F Fwpj;J muG th;j;jfh;fshd ,GD Fh;jhj;gp> mG iraJ Nghd;Nwhh; (Reinaud 1845) Fwpg;gpl;Ls;sdh;. Nfe;jpu Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;e;j jq;fs; epyg;gFjpiag; gad;gLj;jpr; rPd muritAlDk; njw;fhrpa ehLfSldhd jq;fs; murje;jpu cwit Nkk;gLj;jpf; nfhz;ldh; =tp[ah murh;fSk;> mjd; tzpfh;fSk;. me;jj; njd;fpof;fhrpa uh[paj;jpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ijg; Ghpe;Jnfhz;l lhq; Ml;rp> Vw;fdNt 683-,y; =tp[ahTf;F xU J}Jf; FOit mDg;gpapUe;jJ (Wolters 1961, p. 418). =tp[ahtpd; Kjy; J}Jf; FO> lhq; muritf;F 702,y; nrd;W Nrh;e;jJ. 8-Mk; E}w;whz;by; =tp[ah NkYk; ehd;F J} Jf; FOf;fis lhq; muritf;F mDg;gp itj;jJk; njhpa tUfpwJ. me;jj; J}Jf; FOf;fs;> cs;@h; nghUl;fSld; gQ;rth;zf; fpspfs;> rpj;jpuf;Fs;sh;fs; Nghd;w mhpa md;gspg;Gfisf; nfhz;L nrd;wd. mjw;Ff; ifkhwhf =tp[ah kd;dh;fSf;Fg; gl;lq;fis toq;fp rpwg;gpj;jJ lhq; muz;kid (Bielenstein 2005, pp. 58-59). Nrhq; Ml;rpf; fhyj;jpy; =tp[ah mbf;fb rPdhTf;Fj; J}Jf; FOf;fis mDg;gp itj;jJ. 960-f;Fk; 1017-f;Fk; ,ilapy; mj;jifa 16 J}Jf;FOf;fs; Nrhq; muritiar; nrd;wile;jd (Harrwell 1983, pp. 172-75); Bielstein 2005, pp. 59 – 60). me;jj; J}Jf; FOf;fSf;F nghWg;Ngw;wth;fs; ngUk;ghYk; K];ypk;fNs. 976-y; Pu-tuo-ban (Abu-Dahan?) jiyikapYk;> 983-y; Pu-Ya-tuo-li (Abu Abdullah?) jiyikapYk;> 1017-y; Pu Mou-xi (Abu Musa?) jiyikapYk; FOf;fs; nrd;wd. 985-y; nrhq; muritf;F =tp[ah mDg;gp itj;j J}Jf; FOTf;Fj; jiyikNaw;Wr; nrd;wth; fg;gy; jiytuhd [pd; `{th. me;jj; J}Jg; gazq;fspd;NghJ tof;fkhd cs;@h; nghUl;fs;> G+i[ rhkhd;fNshL fly; tzpfj;Jf;F mj;jpahtrpakhd nghUl;fisAk; fg;gy;fs; nfhz;L nrd;wd vd;fpwhh; `hh;l;nty;. rPdhTf;Fr; nrd;w =tp[ah fg;gy;fs; Fiwe;jJ 50 ld; rhk;gpuhzpia vLj;Jr; nrd;wd vd;fpwhh; mth; (Hartwell 1989, p.456). =tp[ah mjd; tYthd flw;gilapd; cjtpAld; Rz;lh> kyhf;fh ePhpizfis fl;Lg;gLj;jp te;jjhf mth; $Wfpwhh;. mjd; %yk; ,e;NjhNdrpah> njw;fhrpa ehLfs; Mfpait rPdhTld; nfhz;bUe;j th;j;jfj; njhlh;Gk; mjd; fl;Lg;ghl;bd; fPo; te;jJ. gnyk;ghq; (Palembang) muR> rPd ghzpapy;> me;j Vfhjpgj;jpa njhopy; Kiwiaf; ifahz;lJ. fpof;F [hth

Nrho - =tp[a - rPd Kf;Nfhz cwT

75

kw;Wk; Rz;lh tl;lhuj;jpy; cw;gj;jpahd re;jdf; fl;ilfs; midj;Jk; Rkj;uh murUf;F tpw;fg;gl;ld. mjd; gpwF mit Nfz;Nlhd; nrd;w tzpfh;fSf;Fg; gy klq;F ,yhgj;jpw;F tpw;fg;gl;ld. muG ehLfspypUe;J te;j rhk;gpuhzpf;Fk; mNj Kiw ifahsg;gl;lJ. rhk;gpuhzpia 13 tifahfj; juk; gphpj;jJ gnyk;ghq; Rq;f eph;thfk;. mjd; gpwF mit rPdhTf;Fg; nghpa mstpy; kW Vw;wkjp nra;ag;gl;ld (Hartwell 1989, p. 456). =tp[ahtpy; ,Ue;J nrd;w fg;gq;fspy; kpsF> gd;dPh;> mfpy; fl;ilfs;> thridj; jputpaq;fs;> kUe;Jg; nghUl;fs; Kjyhdit Kf;fpakhf ,lk;ngw;wpUe;jd. mtw;Wf;Fr; rPdr; re;ijapy; mjpfj; Njit ,Ue;jJ. =tp[ahtpypUe;J nrd;w J}Jg; gazq;fs;> kw;w ehLfisg; Nghy> tzpf Nehf;fj;ijNa Kf;fpakhff; nfhz;bUe;jd. Kd;G Fwpg;gpl;Ls;sijg; Nghy> Nrhq; Ml;rpf;Fk; =tp[ahTf;Fk; ,ilapyhd murpay;> murje;jpu cwTfs; gw;wpa Ma;Tfis Nkw;nfhs;Sk;NghJ fg;gk; nfhz;L nrd;w ,e;jg; gazq;fisf; ftdj;JlNdNa Muha Ntz;Lk;. fg;gq;fisf; nfhz;L nrd;w gazq;;fSf;F tpj;jpl;lth;fs; =tp[a kd;dh;fNs vd;w NghjpYk; mjd; gpwF Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l gazq;fSf;Fk; mth;fSf;Fk; njhlh;G ,Ue;jdth vd;gJ njspthfj; njhpatpy;iy. 1077-,y; =tp[ah J}jh;fs; Nkw;nfhz;l gazj;jpd;NghJ jhq;fs; Nrho kd;duhd FNyhj;Jq;fid (fp.gp. 1070 – 1118) gpujpepjpg;gjhf mth;fs; njhptpj;jij ehk; fUj;jpy; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. =tp[ah kd;dh;fSf;Fk; njw;fhrpa muRfSf;Fk; ,ilapyhd ghpkhw;wq;fs; gw;wp ,e;jpaf; Fwpg;Gfspy; epiwa cs;sd. ehye;jhtpy; (Nalanda) fhzg;gLk; fy;ntl;Lfs;> =tp[a kd;dh;fSf;Fk;> ngsj;jj; JwtpfSf;Fk;> tq;fhs ghyh kd;dh;fSf;Fk; ,ilapy; mZf;fkhd cwT ,Ue;jjhff; $Wfpd;wd. =tp[a kd;duhd jud; ,e;jputh;kd; (Dhranindravarman), tq;fhsj;ijr; Nrh;e;j FkuNfhrh (Kumaraghosa) vd;w Jwtpapd; rPlh; vd;fpwJ xU fy;ntl;L. 9-Mk; E}w;whz;by; Ml;rpGhpe;j ghyGj;uNjth (Balaputradeva) vd;w =tp[a kd;dd;> ehye;jhtpy; ngsj;j Mrpukk; xd;iw mikf;fg; ghyh (Pala) kd;dd; Njtghyhtplk; (Devapala) mDkjp Nfl;Lj; J}jiu mDg;gpdhd; vd;fpwJ kw;nwhU ehye;jh fy;ntl;L. “me;j Mrpukj;ijg; guhkhpf;f Ie;J fpuhkq;fisf; nfhilahf mtd; Nfl;lhd;.” me;j Ntz;LNfhis Vw;Wg; ghyh kd;dd; Ie;J fpuhkq;fis toq;fpdhh; vd;Wk; njhpfpwJ (Niyogi 1980, p.23).

76

lhd;nrd; nrd;

=tp[a kd;dh;fs;> Nrhog; Nguurpy; ,Ue;j rka mikg;GfSf;Fk; ed;nfhilfis toq;fpdh;. cjhuzj;Jf;F> 1005-,y; ehfg;gl;bdj;jpy; ngsj;j tp`huk; xd;iwf; fl;Ltjw;fhd nryit =tp[a kd;dd; #lhkzpth;kd; (Chudamanivarman) Vw;Wf;nfhz;lhd;. gj;jhz;LfSf;Fg; gpd;> ehfg;gl;bdj;jpy; cs;s xU Nfhapy; tpf;uj;jpw;fhf uj;df; fw;fis nfhz;L te;jhh; =tp[a kd;dhpd; J}jh;. mjd; gpwF =tp[ah tzpfh; xUth; me;jf; NfhapYf;F tpsf;Ffisg; ghprspj;jhh;. 1018-Mk; Mz;L thf;fpy; “flhuj;J murh;” vd;W miof;fg;gLk; =tp[a kd;dd;> ehfg;gl;bdf; NfhapYf;F kw;wg; ghpRg; nghUl;fSld; “rPdf; fdfk;” vd;W Fwpg;gplg;gLk; rPdj;Jj; jq;fj;ijAk; ghprspj;jhd; (Hall 1978, pp.87-88; Abraham 1988, p.138). mj;jifag; ghpRfs; %yk; rf;jptha;e;j Nrhoh; Ml;rpAld; tzpf cwTfis tsh;j;Jf; nfhs;s =tp[a kd;dh;fs; tpUk;gpajhfg; gy fy;tpkhd;fs; Rl;bf;fhl;bAs;sdh;. Nrho> =tp[ah Ml;rpfSf;F ,ilapy; el;ghh;e;j> neUf;fkhd cwT ,Ue;jjw;F rhl;rpahf mijf; fy;tpkhd;fs; Kd;itj;jhYk;> mJ jtwhd fzpg;G vd;gijf; fhl;lg;NghfpwJ gpd;tUk; gFjp.

rPd - =tp[a – Nrho Kf;Nfhz cwT 11-Mk; E}w;whz;bd; njhlf;fj;Jf;Fs; ,e;jpag; ngUq;flypy; tzpf eltbf;if rpf;fyhdjhf khwpapUe;jJ. mjw;Fr; Nrhq; Ml;rpapd; Gjpa fg;gk; nrYj;Jk; Kiw kl;Lk; fhuzky;y. kyhf;fh ePhpizapd; top ele;j tzpfj;ij Mf;fpukpf;Fk; =tp[ahtpd; Kaw;rpAk;> ,e;jpag; ngUq;flypy; jdJ nry;thf;ifg; ngUf;fpf; nfhs;sr; Nrho muR nfhz;bUe;j tpUg;gKk; mjw;Ff; fhuzq;fshf tpsq;fpd. Kd;ida uh\;buFl> gy;yt Ml;rpfsplkpUe;J murpay;> nghUspay; mbg;gilfisf; fw;Wf; nfhz;l Nrhoh;fs;> 10-Mk; E}w;whz;bypUe;J 13Mk; E}w;whz;L tiu ,e;jpaj; jPgfw;gj;jpd; Kf;fpa Mjpf;fr; rf;jpfspy; xd;whf khwpapUe;jdh;. Kjyhk; ,uh[hjpuh[d; (fp.gp. 985 – 1014)> Kjyhk; ,uhN[e;jpud; (fp.gp. 1014)> Kjyhk; ,uh[uh[d; (fp. gp. 1018 – 1054) MfpNahupd; Ml;rpapd; fPo; Nrhoh;fs; ,yq;ifkPJ gilnaLj;jdh;@ mz;il ehLfs; rpytw;iwg; gpbj;jdu;@ tq;fhs tphpFlh uh[paq;fs; kPJ Nghh; njhLj;jdh;@ njd;fpof;fhrpaj; JiwKfq;fisAk; ifg;gw;wpdh;. me;j %d;W kd;dh;fspd; fPOk;> ehd;F E}w;whz;Lfs; ePbj;j Nrhoh; Ml;rp fhyk; KOJk; cs;ehl;by; epiyj;jd;ik Vw;gl;lJ> rkaKk; fiyfSk; jioj;Njhq;fpd> kf;fspd; jpwd;fs; tsh;e;jd> cs;ehl;L ntspehl;L th;j;jfk; ngUfpaJ (Hall 1980, Abraham 1988, Champakalakshmi 1996, Heitzman 1997).

Nrho - =tp[a - rPd Kf;Nfhz cwT

77

=tp[ahitg; NghyNt> Nrho kd;dh;fSk;> th;j;jfh;fSk; rPdhTld; tzpf cwTfis tsh;j;Jf;nfhs;s Mh;tk; fhl;bdh;. =tp[ahtpd; JiwKfq;fisg; NghyNt> Nrhoh;fspd; fl;Lg;ghl;by; ,Ue;j JiwKfq;fSk; Kf;fpa ,iltop fg;gy; Nghf;Ftuj;J epiyaq;fshf tpsq;fpd. ghurPf tisFlh my;yJ rPdr; re;ijfSf;fhd nghUl;fis tpw;wjd; %yKk;> thpfs; %yKk; ,U Ml;rpfSNk ey;y ,yhgj;ij mile;J te;jd. Nrhoj; JiwKfq;fspy; cs;s Nfhapy;fSf;F =tp[ah ghpRg; nghUl;fis mDg;gp te;j NghjpYk;> ,yhgk; jUk; fly; th;j;jfj;ijf; fl;Lg;gLj;Jtjpy; ,UehLfSf;F ,ilapy; Nghl;b ,Ue;jJ. Nrhoh;fSf;Fk; =tp[ah;fSf;Fk; ,ilapyhd Kjy; Nkhjy; 1017,y; Vw;gl;bUf;ff;$Lk;. mjd; gpwF 1025-,y; =tp[ah JiwKfq;fs; tphpthd jhf;FjYf;F ,yf;fhapd. Nrhoh;fspd; %d;whtJ gilnaLg;G 1070fspy; ele;jjhff; $wg;gLfpwJ. ,uhN[e;jpu Nrhod; Ml;rp Vw;w MwhtJ Mz;by; (fp.gp. 1017 – 1018) vOjg;gl;l jpUtsq;fhL gl;laj;jpd;gb ghh;j;jhy; Nrhoh;fs; =tp[ahit 1017-,y; jhf;fpapUf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;fpwhh; Mh;.rp. k[{k;jhh; (1937> p.171-72). Nrho kd;dd; “flh`j;ij” ntw;wpfukhff; ifg;gw;wpajhff; $WfpwJ me;jg; gl;lak;. mJ kyha; jPgfw;gj;jpy; ,Uf;Fk; jw;Nghija nflh vd;W mwpfpNwhk;. Mdhy;> k[{k;jhhpd; me;jf; fUj;ij kWf;fpwhh; kw;nwhU tuyhw;W Mrphpauhd ePyfz;l rh];jphp (Neelakanta Sashtri 1949, 1984). uhN[e;jpur; NrhoDk; =tp[a kd;dDk; ez;gh;fshf ,Ue;jjhy; me;jf; fhyf;fl;lj;jpy; ,uhZt Nkhjy; ele;jpUf;f tha;g;gpy;iy vd;W mtu; thjpLfpwhu;. uhN[e;jpu Nrhod; flhuj;ijg; gpbj;jjhff; $Wk; jpUtsq;fhL gl;laj;jpd; gFjp gpwF Nrh;f;fg;gl;bUf;fyhk; vd;fpwhh; mth;. ePyfz;l rh];jphpapd; me;j thjj;Jf;F vjpu;thjkhfg; Gj;J}u; vd;w fpuhkj;jpy; fpilj;j nrg;Gg; gl;laq;fis Kd; itf;fpwhh; k[{k;jhh; (1961). ,uhN[e;jpu Nrhod; gjtpNaw;w vl;lhtJ Mz;by; (fp. gp. 1019 – 20) vOjg;gl;l me;jg; gl;lak; 1025-Mk; Mz;by; Nrhoh;fs; Nkw;nfhz;l gilnaLg;Gf;F Kd;Ng xU jhf;Fjiy elj;jpajw;F Mjhukhf tpsq;FfpwJ. rPdg; gjpTfisf; ftdkhfg; ghh;f;Fk;NghJ ePyfz;l rh];jphp $WtJNghy 1025-f;F Kd;G> Nrhoh;fSf;Fk; =tp[ahTf;Fk; ,ilapy; mt;tsT neUf;fkhd cwT ,Ue;jjhfj; njhpatpy;iy. khwhf> rPdhTf;Fr; Nrhoh;fs; 1015-,y; Kjy; J}Jf; FOit mDg;Gk; tiu =tp[ah gpujpepjpfs; Nrhog; Nguurpidg; gw;wpj; jtwhd jfty;fis

78

lhd;nrd; nrd;

Nrhq; muritf;F mspj;J te;jdh; vd;gijf; fhl;Lfpd;wd rPdf; Fwpg;Gfs;. Nrhoh;fSf;Fr; Nrhq; murit toq;fpa jFjpapypUe;Jk;> 1106-,y; Nrhq; kd;dh; `{a;n[hq; ,lk; (fp.gp. 1101-25) mspf;fg;gl;l muz;kidf; Fwpg;gpypUe;Jk; mJ njhpatUfpwJ. Nrhog; gpujpepjpfSf;F toq;fg;gLtJ Nghd;w mNj khpahij ghfhd; J}jh;fSf;F (jw;NghJ kpad;khhpd; xU gFjp) toq;fg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;W kd;dh; `{a;n[hq; cj;jutpl;lNghJ> rlq;FfSf;fhd kd;wj;jpd; jiyth; jdJ muz;kidf; Fwpg;gpy; ,g;gbg; gjpyspj;jhh;: Nrho ehL =tp[ahTf;Ff; fl;Lg;gl;lJ. mjdhy;jhd; \Pdpq; Ml;rp fhyj;jpy; (fp.gp. 1068 – 1077) Nrho kd;dUf;Fr; rhjhuzj; jhspy; fbjk; vOjpNdhk;. khwhf gfhd; xU nghpa ehL. mijf; FWepy murhq;fkhff; fUjf;$lhJ. muGfs;> [paht;[p (jw;Nghija tpal;ehk;) Nghd;w ehLfSf;F toq;fg;gLk; me;j];J mth;fSf;F toq;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;. (Song shi, p. 489: 14087; Sen 2003, p. 224) Nrhoh;fs; =tp[ahTf;Ff; fPo;g;gbe;jth;fs; vd;w jtwhd jfty; Nrhoh;fspd; Kjy; J}Jf; FO rPdh nrd;wiltjw;F Kd; nrhq; muritf;F mspf;fg;gl;bUe;jJ njhpfpwJ. Nrhq; muritia nrd;wile;j Nrhoh;fSf;F kj;jpa Mrpahtpy; Nrhq; Ml;rpf;F cl;gl;l FWepyg; gpuNjrkhd Fr;rhTf;F toq;fg;gl;lijg; Nghd;w me;j];J mspf;fg;gl;lJ. xt;nthU ehl;Lf;Fk; mjd; ,uhZt typikapd; milg;gilapy; me;j];J toq;fg;gl;lJ. mij itj;Nj Nrhq; muritapy; khpahijAk; fpilj;jJ. $Ljy; me;j];J toq;fg;gl;l ehLfisr; Nrh;e;j tzpfh;fSf;Fr; Nrhq; JiwKfq;fspy; $Ljy; chpikfs; fpilj;jd. Nrho ehL =tp[ahTf;Ff; fl;Lg;gl;lJ vd;W tifg;gLj;jg;gl;L ,Ue;jjhy; ,uhZt hPjpapy; mJ tYtpy;yhjJ vd;W Nrhq; Ml;rp epidj;jpUf;ff;$Lk;. mjdhy; njd; fpof;fhrpa ehLfSld; xg;gpLk;NghJ njd;dpe;jpa tzpfh;fSf;Fr; Nrhq; re;ijfspy; Fiwe;j rYiffNs fpilj;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk;. =tp[ahitr; Nrh;e;j tzpfh;fSk; mjpfhhpfSk;> Nrhoh;fspd; ,uhZt typikiag; gw;wpr; rPdh;fSf;F Ntz;Lnkd;Nw jtwhd jfty;fis mspj;jpUf;f tha;g;gpUf;fpwJ. 11-Mk; E}w;whz;by; Nrhoh;fspd; fl;Lg;ghl;bd; fPopUe;j ,yq;ifAk;$l =tp[ahTf;Ff; fl;Lg;gl;lJ vd;w jtwhd jfty; rPdf; Fwpg;Gfspy; cs;sJ. njw;fhrpa tl;lhuk; Fwpj;J mg;NghJ rPd tuyhw;Wg; gjpthsh;fSf;F Kf;fpaj;

Nrho - =tp[a - rPd Kf;Nfhz cwT

79

jfty; toq;fp te;jth;fs; =tp[ahitr; Nrh;e;jth;fNs. =tp[ah JiwKfq;fs;kPJ Nrhoh;fs; elj;jpa jhf;Fjy;fs; gw;wpr; rPd VLfspy; gjpthfhjjw;Fk; Nrhoh;fs; =tp[ahTf;Ff; fl;Lg;gl;lth;fs; vd;W 12Mk; E}w;whz;L tiu rPdh;fs; vz;zpapUe;jjw;Fkhd fhuzq;fs; ,g;NghJ Ghpe;jpUf;Fk;. =tp[ahitr; Nrh;e;jth;fspd; me;jf; fPoWg;G Ntiy jkpo; th;j;jfh;fSf;Fj; njhpe;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk;. Nrhq; muritf;F Kjy; J} Jf; FOit mDg;gpa gpwF Nrho mjpfhhpfSf;Fk; mJ njhpa te;jJ. jq;fspd; tzpf tphpthf;fj;Jf;fhfj; njw;fhrpahtpy; gy ,uhZtj; jhf;Fjy;fis Nkw;nfhz;l jkpo; tzpfh;fSk;> Nrho muRk; (Hall 1980; Spencer 1983), ,yhgfukhd rPdr; re;ijAld; Neubj; njhlh;ig tpUk;gpapUf;f Ntz;Lk;. Mdhy;> Nrhoh;fSf;Fk; rPdh;fSf;Fk; ,ilapyhd mj;jifa Neub th;j;jf cwT> =tp[ahtpd; tzpf eyidg; ghjpj;jpUf;Fk;. jkpo; tzpfr; rq;fq;fs;> rPdr; re;ijf;fhd kpsF> kj;jpaf; fpof;Fg; nghUl;fs; Nghd;wtw;iw jq;fs; KOf; fl;Lg;ghl;bd; fPo; itj;jpUe;jd. mijg; NghyNt Nrhoh; gpuNjrj;jpy; ,Ue;J nray;gl;l A+j> muG tzpfh;fSf;fhd rPdg; nghUl;fspd; tpdpNahfKk; jkpo; tzpfh;fspd; fl;Lg;ghl;by; ,Ue;jJ. mit =tp[ahtpd; tUkhdj;Jf;F Mgj;jhf mike;jd. njd; rPdf; flYf;Fs; Nrhoh;fs; Eioe;jJ jdJ ,iltop th;j;jfj;Jf;F kpul;lyhf =tp[ah epidj;jpUf;ff;$Lk;. mjdhy;> rPdh;fSf;Fk; Nrhoh;fSf;Fk; ,ilapy; Neub th;j;jf cwT Vw;gLtijj; jLf;fTk;> njd;dpe;jpa tzpfr; rq;fq;fSf;F th;j;jfr; rYiffs; fpilf;fhky; ,Ug;gjw;Fk; Gj;jprhypj;jdkhfg; gy eltbf;iffis =tp[ah Nkw;nfhz;ljhfj; njhpfpwJ. Mjyhy;> Nrhoh;fs;> rPdhTf;F Nkw;nfhz;l Kjy; gazj;Jf;Fg; gpwF mtu;fs; 1017-,y; =tp[ahitj; jhf;fpaJ> Ghpe;Jnfhs;s Kbahj xd;wy;y. mj;jhf;Fjy; gw;wpa jfty; rPdf; Fwpg;Gfspy; gjpthftpy;iy vd;w NghjpYk;> mjd; gpwF Rkhh; gj;jhz;LfSf;Fr; (1018 – 1028) Nrhq; muritf;F> =tp[ah J}Jf; FO vJTk; nrd;wjw;fhd Fwpg;Gk; ,y;iy. vdpDk;> 1020-,y; Nrhoh;fspd; kw;nwhU J}Jf; FO Nrhq; muritiar; nrd;wile;jJ. mjd; jiyikj; J}jh;> Pa-lan-de-malie-di Fthq;# nrd;wile;jJk; Neha;tha;g;gl;Lr; rpwpJ fhyj;jpy; kuzkile;jhh;. Ie;jhz;LfSf;Fg; gpwF 1025-,y; ,uhN[e;jpu Nrhod;> =tp[ah JiwKfq;fs; kPJ khngUk; jhf;Fjiy elj;jpdhd;. Nrho J}jhpd; kuzj;jpw;Fk; =tp[ahitr; Nrh;e;jth;fSf;Fk; VjhtJ njhlh;G

80

lhd;nrd; nrd;

,Ue;jjh vd;gjw;F Mjhukpy;iy. vdpDk;> Nrhoh;fs; Nkw;nfhz;l rpwpa mstpyhd Kjy; jhf;Fjy; ve;jg; gyidAk; jutpy;iy vd;Nw Njhd;WfpwJ. 1025-,y; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l jhf;Fjyhy;$lr; Nrhoh;fSf;Fk; Nrhq; rPdhTf;Fk; ,ilapyhd ghpth;j;jidfspy; =tp[ah jiyapLtijj; jLf;f Kbatpy;iy vd;Nw njhpfpwJ. 1077,y; rPdh nrd;wile;j =tp[ah J}Jf; FO %yk; mJ Gyg;gLfpwJ. 1077 gazj;ijr; Nrhoh;fSk; =tp[ah;fSk; Nkw;nfhz;ljhf Fog;Gfpd;wd Nrhq; Fwpg;Gfs;. Nrhq; Ml;rp gw;wpa tuyhw;Wf; Fwpg;ghd Song shiy; ,lk;ngw;Ws;s Nrhoh;fs; gw;wpa gFjpapy;> Nrho kd;duhd Di-hua-jia-luo (jpthfuh?) me;jj; J}Jf; FOit mDg;gp itj;jjhfj; njhptpf;fg;gl;bUf;fpwJ. jiyikj; J}jh; Qi-luo-luo, Jizj; J}jh; Nan-bei-pa-da, FO cWg;gpdh; Ma-ru-hua-luo MfpNahh; J}Jf; FOTf;Fj; jiyikNaw;W te;jjhfTk; mth;fSf;F 1077 [{d; 26-Mk; Njjp kd;dh; Ngl;b je;jjhfTk; $wg;gl;bUf;fpwJ. Mdhy;> mNj Fwpg;gpd; NtnwhU gFjpapy; Di-hua-jia-luo =tp[ahtpd; “ngUk; jsgjp” vd;W Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ. vdpDk;> Fthq;#tpy; cs;s jhNth Nfhapypy; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;l fy;ntl;L xd;W Di-hua-jia-luo ahh; vd;gijAk; mtUld; te;jth;fspd; milahsq;fis mwpe;Jnfhs;sTk; cjtpapUf;fpwJ. rPd nkhopapy; cs;s me;jf; fy;ntl;il lhd; Nahf; nrq; (1964) Mq;fpyj;jpy; nkhop ngah;j;Js;shh;. mJ ,g;gbf; $WfpwJ:

Chih Pingd; (Zhiping 1064 – 67) Ml;rp fhyj;jpy; =tp[ahtpd; (San-fo-qi) gpuG> cr;rj; jiyth; Ti Hao Ka Lo ( Di-hua-jialuo) jdJ ,dj;ijr; Nrh;e;j xUtuhd Chih Lo Loit (Zhi-luo-luo) ,e;efUf;F (Fthq;#) mDg;gp itj;jhh;. Chih Lo Lo Nfhapy; ghoile;J> mjd; mbj;jsk; Gije;J fplg;gijf; fz;lhh;. mth; ehL jpUk;gp mJ Fwpj;Jj; jdJ gpuGtplk; njhptpj;jhh;. mjd; gpwF Ti Hua Ka Lo-Tf;Fj; jhNth rkak; kPJ Mh;tk; Vw;gl;lJ. jw;NghJ Ma Ti Hua Lo vd;w ngahpy; khpahijf;Fupa ePjpgjpahf tpsq;Fk; mth;> muritf;F te;J khpahijiaj; njhptpj;Jf; nfhz;lhh;. mur E}yfj;jpy; San Ching kz;lgj;ijf; fl;l mth; toq;fpa ed;nfhilia Vw;Wf;nfhs;Sk;gb mth; Nfl;Lf; nfhz;lhh;. ,e;jf; fy;ntl;bYk;> Song Shi tuyhw;Wf; Fwpg;gpYk; Fwpg;gplg;gLk;

Nrho - =tp[a - rPd Kf;Nfhz cwT

81

Di-hua-jia-luo, Nrho> =tp[a uh[paq;fis xNu Neuj;jpy; Ml;rp Ghpe;j Nrho kd;dh; FNyhj;Jq;fNd vd;fpwhh; lhd;. “ifg;gw;wg;gl;l gpuNjrkhd =tp[ahtpy; Di-hua-jia-luo nghpa me;j];ijg; ngw;wpUe;jjhff; $Wfpwhh; lhd; (1964 p.20). tPuuhN[e;jpuh vd;W miof;fg;gl;l uhN[e;jpu Njt FNyhj;Jq;fd; 1067-f;F Kd; =tp[ahitf; ifg;gw;wpdhd; vd;Wk; vOjpAs;shh; mth;. 1077-,y; ,e;jpahTf;Fj; jpUk;gpa FNyhj;Jq;fd;> Nrhoh; Ml;rpg; nghWg;ig Vw;Wf; nfhz;lhd;. 1119 tiu mtdJ ey;yhl;rp njhlh;e;jJ.” lhdpd; $w;iw epuhfhpf;Fk; [hh;[; ];ngd;rh; (1983)> khwhf> Nrhoh;fSf;Fk; =tp[ahTf;Fk; ,ilapy; jpUkz cwT Vw;gl;bUf;fyhk; vd;fpwhh;. rPdf; Fwpg;Gfspy; Vw;gl;l Fog;gj;Jf;F mJNt fhuzkhf ,Uf;Fk; vd;fpwhh; mth;. “Njhw;fbf;fg;gl;lth;fSlDk;> ithpahf tuf;$bath;fSlDk; Nrhoh;fs; jpUkz cwT itj;Jf;nfhs;tJ tof;fkhf ,Ue;jJ. mjdhy;> ,uhN[e;jpu Nrhod; 1025-,y; =tp[ahitf; ifg;gw;wpa gpwF mjDld; mj;jifa cwit Vw;gLj;jpf; nfhz;lij epuhfhpf;f KbahJ” vd;fpwhh; ];ngd;rh; (1983> pp. 146 -47). jkJ $w;iw cWjpg;gLj;j nr[huh kyhA (Sejara Melayu) vdg;gLk; kyha; tuyhw;Wg; Gj;jfj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; 15-Mk; E}w;whz;L kyhf;fh kd;dh; topj;Njhd;wy;fs; gw;wpa gFjpia ];ngd;rh; Mjhukhff; fhl;Lfpwhh;. mg;gFjpapy;> ,e;jpa kd;dh; ,uh[ ]{yd; (Kjyhk; ,uhN[e;jpu Nrhod;) 1025-,y; Nkw;nfhz;l fly; jhf;FjYf;Fg; gpwF> tPo;j;jg;gl;l #ypd; uh[htpd; kfshd Xdhq; fpA+it kze;jhh; vd;fpwJ. Xdhq; fpA+Tf;Fk; Nrho kd;dUf;Fk; gpwe;j kfs; gpwF> kyhf;fh Ry;jhd;fspd; topj; Njhd;wyhd uh[h ,];fe;jiu kze;jhh;. mth;fspd; kfdhd ,uh[ #yd;> gpw;fhyj;jpy; ,e;jpahtpy; Nrho kd;duhf nghWg;Ngw;wjhff; $WfpwJ me;j kyha; tuthw;Wg; Gj;jfk;. nr[huh kyhAtpy; fhzg;gLk; me;jf; fijia Rl;bf;fhl;bdhYk;> mjd; gpwF jpUkz cwT gw;wpa $w;iwr; re;Njfj;JlNdNa ghh;f;fpwhh; ];ngd;rh;. “nr[huh kyhAtpy; $wg;gLk; rk;gtq;fs;> 11Mk; E}w;whz;by; uh[h #oDf;Fk; (,uhN[e;jpur; Nrhod;) 14-Mk; E}w;whz;by; rpq;fg;G+iu Ml;rp nra;j = jphp GtdhTf;Fk; (Sri Tri Buvana) ,ilg;gl;lf; fhyj;ijf; Fwpf;fpwJ. Mdhy; 3 E}w;whz;Lfspy;> ntF Fiwthd jiyKiwfisNa mJ gl;baypLfpwJ. mjdhy;> me;j tuyhW ntFthf RUf;fg;gl;bUf;f Ntz;Lk;. my;yJ Nrhoh;fSldhd njhlh;G gw;wpa gFjp ntWk; fw;gidahff; $l ,Uf;ff;$Lk;.”

82

lhd;nrd; nrd;

Mjyhy;> 1077-Mk; Mz;by; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l gazk; gw;wpa Fog;gkhd Nrhq; gjpTfSk; Fthq;# fy;ntl;Lk; NghJkhd Mjhuq;fshf mikatpy;iy. Nrhoh; gilnaLg;Gfshy; ,e;jpag; ngUq;flypy; nry;thf;if ,oe;j =tp[ahtpd; tzpfh;fs; rPdhTldhd jq;fs; th;j;jfj; jFjpiaf; fl;bf;fhf;f tpUk;gpdh; vd;Nw mijf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. Di-hua-jia-luo vd;gth;> rPdf; fy;ntl;Lf; Fwpg;gpLtijg; Nghy> Nrhoh; gilnaLg;Gf;Fg; gpwF rPdhTld; tzpf cwTfisf; fl;bf;fhf;f Kad;w rhjhuz cs;@h; epyg;gpuGthf (rPd nkhopapy; dishu = epyg;gpuG) ,Ue;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk;. “njd;fpof;fhrpa JiwKfq;fisj; jhf;fpa gpwF FNyhj;Jq;fd; jiyikapyhd Nrhoh;fs;> =tp[ah Ml;rpapd; xU jug;igNah xU Fwpg;gpl;l Jiw Kfj;ijNah Mjhpj;jpUf;ff;$Lk;” vd;fpwhh; n`h;kd; Fy;Nf (1999> p.29). “mjdhy; NrhoehL =tp[ahTf;Ff; fl;Lg;gl;lJ vd;W kw;nwhU jug;G ngha;ahd jftiyg; gug;gpapUf;ff;$Lk;” vd;Wk; mth; nrhy;fpwhh;. Nrhq; muritf;F 1077-,y; Nrhoh;fs; mDg;gpajhff; $wg;gLk; J}Jf; FO FNyhj;Jq;fDf;F vjpuhd jug;G mDg;gpajhfTk; ,Uf;ff;$Lk;. Nrhoh;fs; ,e;jpag; ngUq;flypd; Kd;dzp rf;jpahf tpsq;Ffpd;wdh; vd;gijf; fhl;LtJ me;jg; gazj;jpd; Nehf;fky;y vd;gJ kl;Lk; njhpfpwJ. khwhf Nrhoh;fis mbgzpa itf;Fk; ,uhZt typik ngw;w ehL =tp[ah vd;W rPdh;fsplk; epytpa vz;zj;ij kWTWjpg;gLj;JtNj mg;gazj;jpd; Nehf;fkhf ,Ue;jJ. mjd; %yk; rPdj; JiwKfq;fspy; jdf;fpUe;j rpwg;Gr; rYiffisf; fl;bf;fhf;f mJ Kad;wJ. Nrhoh;fs; =tp[ahtpd; Ml;rpf;F cl;gl;lth;fs; vd;W 1106-,y; rPd mjpfhhp me;ehl;L kd;dhplk; mwptpj;j muz;kidf; Fwpg;G> Di-hua-jia-luo jdJ ngha;ia kiwg;gjpy; ntw;wpngw;whh; vd;gijNa fhl;LfpwJ. mjd; %yk; mth; Nrhq; Ml;rpaplkpUe;J rYiffisj; njhlh;e;J ngw Kbe;jJ (,e;jf; Fog;gj;ijg; gw;wpa Nguhrphpah; fu\pkhtpd; tpsf;fj;ijAk;> mth; nra;Js;s nrhq; \P gjpTfspd; nkhopg; ngah;g;igAk; ghh;f;fTk;).

KbTiu rPdhtpy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l epjpj;Jiw> th;j;jff; nfhs;if khw;wq;fshYk;> rPuikf;fg;gl;l fg;gk; nrYj;Jk; KiwapdhYk; rPdf; fiuNahu tl;lhuq;fSf;F mjpfkhd ntspehl;L tzpfh;fis Nrhq; murhq;fk; kf;fspd; elkhl;lj;jpw;Fk; nghUl;fspd; elkhl;lj;jpw;Fk; Kf;fpa topahf khwpaJ. mj;jifa

Nrho - =tp[a - rPd Kf;Nfhz cwT

83

khw;wq;fshy; ,e;jpag; ngUq;fly; ehLfSf;F ,ilapyhd murje;jpu ghpth;j;jidfspYk; khw;wq;fs; te;jd. ,e;jpag; ngUq;fly; ehLfs; gytw;Wf;F> Fwpg;ghf> Nrhoh;fSf;Fk; =tp[ahTf;Fk;> midj;Jyf th;j;jfj;jpy; ,Ue;J fpilj;j ,yhgk;> cs;@h; nghUspay; kw;Wk; tl;lhu murpaypd; Kf;fpaf; $whf khwpaJ. midj;Jyf th;j;jfj;jpy; cs;ehl;Lg; nghUspay; eltbf;iffSf;F cjtpaNjhL tl;lhu kd;dh;fspd; murpay; kjpg;igAk; $l;baJ. mjdhy;> ,e;jpag; ngUq;fly; ehLfSf;F ,ilapyhd tzpf> murje;jpu ghpkhw;wq;fs; xd;Wld; xd;W gpize;jpUe;jd. murh;fSf;Fk; tzpfh;fSf;Fk; ,ilapyhd cwT> Mrpa tuyhw;wpy; Kd;G vg;NghijAk;tpl> kpf mZf;fkhf khwpaJ. mjd; %yk; ,e;jpag; ngUq;fly; tl;lhuj;jpd; Kf;fpar; re;ijfs;> rPdhtpypUe;J kj;jpa jiufly; tiu tphpe;jpUe;j El;gkhd th;j;jf Kiwapd; fPo; xd;wpize;jd. Nrhq; rPdhtpypUe;j re;ijfSf;Fs; Eioa epytpa Nghl;lh Nghl;bNa Nrhoh;fSf;Fk; =tp[ahTf;Fk; ,ilapyhd NkhjYf;F Kf;fpaf; fhuzk;. ntspehl;Lg; nghUl;fSf;Fr; rPdhtpy; ,Ue;j NjitAk;> kj;jpaf; fpof;F ehLfSf;F Vw;Wkjp nra;ag;gl;;l rPdg; gPq;fhd;fSk; ,jug; nghUl;fSk; rPdhTld; th;j;jfk; Ghptijr; Nrho> =tp[a murh;fSf;Fk; tzpfh;fSf;Fk; ,yhgfukhf Mf;fpaJ. mt;tpU ehLfSk; mike;jpUe;j ,lKk;> mtw;wpd; tYthd flw;gilfSk; 11Mk; E}w;whz;by; ,e;jpag; ngUq;fly; th;j;jfj;ij mit fl;Lg;gLj;j cjtpd. njw;fhrpa ehLfSf;Fk; njd;fpof;fhrpa ehLfSf;Fk; ,ilapy; Vw;gl;l flw;gil Nkhjy;fSf;F> rPdhtpy; jdJ nry;thf;if tphpTgLj;j Nrho tzpfh;fSk; kd;dh;fSk; Nkw;nfhz;l Kaw;rpNa fhuzk; vdyhk;. Nrhoh;fs; =tp[ahit ntd;W mjd; JiwKfq;fisf; ifg;gw;wpdh; vd;W jkpo;f; Fwpg;Gfs; $wpaNghJk;> Nrhq; rPdhtpy; 12-Mk; E}w;whz;Ltiu =tp[a tzpfh;fSk; murh;fSk; rpwg;Gr; rYiffisg; ngw;W te;jijr; rPdg; gjpTfs; fhl;Lfpd;wd. nrhy;yg; Nghdhy;> =tp[ahtpy; uhN[e;jpur; Nrhod; ngw;w ntw;wpahy; Nrhq; rPdhTldhd Nrhoh;fspd; th;j;jf cwtpy; cldb khw;wk; Vw;gl;ljh vd;gJk; njhpatpy;iy. Nrho ehl;ilr; Nrh;e;j th;j;jfh;fshy; 12-Mk; E}w;whz;by;jhd rPdhtpy; fhy; gjpf;f Kbe;jJ (Clarke 1995; Sen 2006). Nrhq; mjpfhhpfisg; nghWj;jtiu> 1106-Mk; Mz;L muz;kidf; Fwpg;gpd; mbg;gilapy;> Nrhoh;fs; =tp[ahtpd; Ml;rpf;F cl;gl;lth;fshff; fUjg;gl;ldh;. njd;fpof;fhrpahtpy; nghpa ntw;wpfisg; ngw;whYk;> rPdr; re;ijf;Fs; Nrhoh;fshy; CLUt Kbatpy;iy vd;gijNa me;jr; rPd muz;kidf; Fwpg;G fhl;LfpwJ.

84

lhd;nrd; nrd;

Nrhq; rPdh> Nrhoh;fs;> =tp[ah;fs; MfpNahhpilNa ,Ue;j Kf;Nfhz cwT Mrpa tuyhw;wpy; epytp te;j fyhrhuj; njhlh;gpd; jd;ikia ntFthf khw;wpaJ. Kd;G njw;fhrpahTf;Fk; fpof;fhrpahTf;Fk; ,ilapyhd murje;jpu> tzpfj; njhlh;Gfs; jiu topahfNt ele;jd. njd;dpe;jpahtpy; Nrhoh;fspd; gpuNtrKk;> njd;fpof;fhrpahtpy; =tp[ahtpd; Njhw;wKk;> fly; tzpfj;ij Cf;Ftpf;fr; Nrhq; murit vLj;j KbTk; mtw;iwnay;yhk; khw;wpd. kj;jpa Mrpah topahd epyg; ghijfSf;Fg; gjpyhfj; njd;fpof;fhrpah topahd fly; ghij Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ngw;wJ. me;j khw;wk; ,e;jpaf; flNyhu ehLfSf;Fk; rPdhtpd; njw;Fg; gFjpfSf;Fk; ,ilapyhd tzpf> murje;jpu> rkak; Kjyhd ghpkhw;wq;fs; mjpfhpf;ff; fhuzkhf tpsq;fpaJ. Mrpahtpd; fly; th;j;jff; fl;likg;G INuhg;gpah;fspd; iffSf;Fr; nrd;w gpd;dUk; me;jg; ghpkhw;wq;fs; njhlh;e;jd. Nrhq; rPdh> Nrhoh;fs;> =tp[ah Mfpatw;Wf;F ,ilapyhd cwT> fly; topahf ele;j ghpkhw;wq;fs; vg;NghJNk mikjpahf ,Uf;f cjttpy;iy vd;gijAk; fhl;LfpwJ. mjd; gpwF rPdhtpy; Ml;rpf;F te;j Athd; kpq; muRfSk; jq;fs; flw;gil typikiag; gad;gLj;jp ,e;jpag; ngUq;flypy; ele;j tzpf> murje;jpug; ghpkhw;wq;fisf; fl;Lg;gLj;j Kad;wd. Mdhy;> Nrhoh;fs; =tp[ah kPJ elj;jpa jhf;Fjy; tzpf Nehf;fk; nfhz;lJ vd;gjhy; mJ jdpf; ftdj;ijg; ngWfpwJ. njw;F MrpahTf;Fk; rPdhTf;Fk; ,ilapy; mJtiu ,Ue;Jte;j ghpkhw;wq;fs; ngsj;j rpe;jidiag; gug;Gtij mbg;gilahff; nfhz;lit. Mdhy;> Nrhq; rPdh> Nrhoh;fs;> =tp[ah Mfpatw;Wf;F ,ilapyhd Kf;Nfhz cwT> ,e;jpa – rPdj; njhlh;Gfspy; th;j;jfj;Jf;fhd gq;if mjpfhpj;jJ> Mrpahtpy; fyhrhug; ghpkhw;wq;fs; ngUf toptFj;jJ.

Nrho - =tp[a - rPd Kf;Nfhz cwT

85

References Abraham, Meera. Two Medieval Merchant Guilds of South India. New Delhi: Manohar, 1988. Abu-Lughod, Janet L. Before European Hegemony: The World System A.D. 1250– 1350. New York: Oxford University Press, 1989. Bielenstein, Hans. Diplomacy and Trade in the Chinese World, 589–1276. Leiden: Brill, 2005. Chaffee, John. “Diasporic Identities in the Historical Development of the Maritime Muslim Communities of Song-Yuan China”. Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient 49, no. 4 (2006): 395–420. Champakalakshmi, R. Trade, Ideology and Urbanization: South India 300 BC to AD 1300. Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1996. Chao, Kang. Man and Land in Chinese History: An Economic Analysis. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1986. Clark, Hugh R. “Muslims and Hindus in the Culture and Morphology of Quanzhou from the Tenth to the Thirteenth Century”. Journal of World History 6, no. 1 (Spring 1995): 49–74. Hall, Kenneth R. “International Trade and Foreign Diplomacy in Early Medieval South India”. Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient 21, no. 1 (1978): 75–98. ———. Trade and Statecraft in the Age of Colas. New Delhi: Abinav Publications, 1980. Hartwell, Robert. Tribute Missions to China, 960–1126. Philadelphia: n.p., 1983. ———. “The Imperial Treasuries: Finance and Power in Sung China”. The Bulletin of Sung-Yuan Studies 20 (1988): 18–89. ———. “Foreign Trade, Monetary Policy and Chinese ‘Mercantilism’ ”. In Collected Studies on Sung History Dedicated to James T.C. Liu in Celebration of his Seventieth Birthday, edited by Kinugawa Tsuyoshi. Kyoto: Do-ho- sha, 1989: 453–88. Heitzman, James. Gifts of Power: Lordship in an Early Indian State. Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1997. Kulke, Hermann. “Rivalry and Competition in the Bay of Bengal in the Eleventh Century and its Bearing on Indian Ocean Studies”. In Commerce and Culture in the Bay of Bengal, edited by Om Prakash, pp. 17–35. New Delhi: Manohar, 1999. Majumdar, R.C. Ancient Indian Colonies in the Far East: Vol. 2, Suvarnadvipa. Dacca: Dacca University Press, 1937. ———. “The Overseas Expeditions of King Rajendra Cola”. Artibus Asiae 24, no. 3–4 (1961): 338–42.

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Modelski, George and William R. Thompson. Leading Sectors and World Powers: The Coevolution of Global Politics and Economics. Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 1996. Nilakanta Sastri, K.A. History of Sri Vijaya. Madras: Madras University Press, 1949. ———. The Colas. Madras: Madras University Press, 1955 (reprint 1984). Niyogi, Puspa. Buddhism in Ancient Bengal. Calcutta: Jijnasa, 1980. Reinaud, J.T. Relation des voyages faits par les Arabes et les Persans dans l’Inde et à la Chine dans le IXe siècle de l’ère chrétienne. 2 vols. Paris: l’Imprimerie Royale, 1845. Schafer, Edward H. The Golden Peaches of Samarkand: A Study of T’ang Exotics. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1963. Sen, Tansen. Buddhism, Diplomacy, and Trade: The Realignment of Sino-Indian Relations, 600–1400. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 2003. ———. “The Yuan Khanate and India: Cross-Cultural Diplomacy in the Thirteenth and Fourteenth Centuries”. Asia Major 19, no. 1–2 (2006): 299–326. Song shi (History of the Song Dynasty). Compiled by Tuo Tuo (1212–55) et al. Beijing: Zhonghua shuju, 1995. Spencer, George. The Politics of Expansion: The Chola Conquest of Sri Lanka and Sri Vijaya. Madras: New Era, 1983. Twitchett, Denis C. “Merchant, Trade and Government in the Late T’ang”. Asia Major 14, no. 1 (1968): 82–95. Tan, Yeok Seong. “The Sri Vijayan Inscription of Canton (A.D. 1079)”. Journal of South East Asian History 5, no. 2 (1964): 17–24. Wang Bangwei. Tang gaoseng Yijing shengping ji qi zhuzuo lunkao (An Examination of the Life and Works of the Eminent Tang[-Dynasty] Monk Yijing). Chongqing: Chongqing chubanshe, 1996. Wolters, O.W. “Srivijayan Expansion in the Seventh Century”. Artibus Asiae 24, no. 3–4 (1961): 417–24. ———. “Restudying Some Chinese Writings on Sriwijaya”. Indonesia 2 (1989): 1–41. Yu, Ying-shih. Trade and Expansion in Han China: A Study in the Structure of Sino-Barbarian Economic Relations. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1967.

4

Kjyhk; ,uhN[e;jpu Nrhodpd; njd;fpof;fhrpa flw;gilnaLg;G tp[a; rf;F[h> rq;fPjh rf;F[h

,e;jpahtpd; etPd tuyhw;wpy; fly; rhh;e;j uhZt Mw;wiy tsh;j;jjpy; Nrho kd;dh;fspd; gq;F> Fwpg;ghf Kjyhk; ,uh[uh[d;> Kjyhk; ,uhN[e;jpud; MfpNahhpd; gq;F> jdpj;jd;ik tha;e;jJ. me;j Mw;wYf;fhd mDgtk; ,e;jpahtpy; mth;fs; Nkw;nfhz;l gy;NtW gilnaLg;gpd; gydhff; fpilj;jJ. tlf;Nf> xhprh topahfr; nrd;W fq;ifr; rkntsp> Nfhryh> jz;lGf;jp (kpj;dhG+h;)> fq;if ejpapd; Kfg;Gf;F mUfpy; ,Ue;j uhjh> Ntq;if ehL (fpof;F tq;fhsk;)>1 mq;fpUe;J Nkw;Nf nrd;W kyghh; fiuapypUe;j NruehL> mjd; gpwF nlf;fhd; rkntspiar; Nrh;e;j rhSf;fpah;fs;> mth;fsplkpUe;j gpuNjrq;fs; Nghd;wit ,e;jpahtpy; Nrhoh;fs; gilnaLj;Jg; gpbj;j gFjpfs;. Nkw;Nf mNugpaf; fly; Nehf;fpr; nrd;W> ,e;jpag; ngUq;fly; th;j;jfg; ghijapd; eLNt tPw;wpUe;j ,yl;rj;jPT> khyj; jPT Mfpatw;iwAk; mth;fs; ifg;gw;wpdh;. mjd; gpwF njw;Nf ,yq;if Nehf;fpr; nrd;W> mq;fpUe;j rpq;fs uh[paq;fs; kPJ Nghh; njhLj;jdh;. mj;jifag; gilnaLg;Gfspy;> 1025-,y; njd;fpof;fhrpahtpy; cs;s

88

tp[a; rf;F[h> rq;fPjh rf;F[h

Rkj;uh> ,e;NjhNdrpah> kyhah Mfpait kPJ elj;jg;gl;l jhf;FjNy> Nrho kd;ddhd Kjyhk; ,uhN[e;jpur; Nrhodpd; jdpg;gl;l typikf;F vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf tpsq;FfpwJ. ,e;jpahtpy; kfj;jhd murpay;> ,uhZt Mw;wiyg; ngw;wpUe;jtd; mtd;. “kyha; jPgfw;gj;jpd; kPJk; fpof;Fg; gpuNjrq;fs; kPJk; tYthd mjpfhuj;ijg; ngw;wpUe;j” kjpf;fj;jf;f xNu ,e;J Ml;rp ,uhN[e;jpur; Nrhodpd; jiyikapyhd Nrhog; NguuNr vdyhk;>2 njd;fpof;fhrpahtpy; fpilj;j nghpa ntw;wpf;Fr; Nrho kd;dh;fspd;> Fwpg;ghf> Kjyhk; ,uh[uh[d; (fp.gp. 984 – 1014) mtuJ Gjy;th; Kjyhk; ,uhN[e;jpur; Nrhodpd; (fp.gp. 1014 – 44)> epiyahd> tYthd fly; tzpff; nfhs;iffNs fhuzk;. may; ehLfSf;F th;j;jfj; J}Jf; FOf;fis mDg;gpaJ> fly; rhh;e;j tzpfj;ij Mjhpj;jJ> Nkw;Nf ,Ue;j kj;jpajiuf; fly;> ghurPfk;@ fpof;Nf ,Ue;j kyhah> Rkj;uh kw;Wk; rPdhitr; Nrh;e;j ntspehl;L tzpfh;fSf;Fr; Nrho jiyepyj;ijj; jpwe;Jtpl;lJ Nghd;w eltbf;iffs; %yk; ntspehl;Lf; fly; tzpfj;ijr; Nrho kd;dh;fs; Cf;Ftpj;jdh;. mjd; %yk; xNu Neuj;jpy; gy fg;gy;fisf; ifahSk; Mw;wiy mth;fs; ngw;wdh;. mj;jifa fg;gy;fNs njd;fpof;fhrpah kPJ mth;fs; 1025-,y; elj;jpa jhf;FjYf;fhf xd;W jpul;lg;gl;ld. fly; Kw;Wiff;Fj; Njitahd gpuj;Naff; flw;gil Nrho kd;dh;fSf;Ff; fpilahJ vd;gij ,q;Ff; Fwpg;gpl Ntz;Lk;. mjdhy;> th;j;jfj;Jf;fhf te;j fg;gy;fis xd;W jpul;bf; fg;gw;gil xd;iw mth;fs; cUthf;fpdh;. njd;fpof;fhrpah kPJ flw;gilj; jhf;Fjy; elj;jr; Nrho kd;dd; Kjyhk; ,uhN[e;jpud; gpwg;gpj;j cj;juit Muha KaYfpwJ ,f;fl;Liu. jQ;rhT+h; nghpa Nfhapypy; cs;s 1030 – 31 fhyj;Jf; fy;ntl;bypUe;J fpilf;Fk; nrhh;g;gkhd jfty;fisf; nfhz;L nra;ag;gLk; Ma;T ,J. me;jj; jhf;Fjypd; gy;NtW fly;gaz mk;rq;fis ehk; MuhatpUf;fpNwhk;. jhf;Fjy; Vd; elj;jg;gl;lJ> fg;gw;gilapy; ,lk;ngw;wpUe;j fg;gy; tiffs; ahit> gazkhd ghij vJ> Nrhof; flNyhbfspd; fly;gazj; jpwd;fs; vg;gbg;gl;lit> vjphpfis Vkhw;w mth;fs; ifahz;l #j;jpuk; vd;d> vd;gd ,jpy; Muhag;gLk;. mth;fs; Nkw;nfhz;lJ neLe;J}ug; gazk; vd;gjhy; mjw;Fr; rpy jpdq;fs; gpbj;jpUf;Fk;. mjw;F mjpf mstpyhd czT> FbePh;> gha;kuq;fs; cs;spl;l gOJghh;g;Gg; nghUl;fs;> MAjq;fs;> Mapuf;fzf;fhd tPuh;fSf;Fj; Njitahd Nghf;FtuTr; rhjdq;fs; (tz;bfs;> fhy;eilfs; cl;gl)> Mfpatw;NwhL cjtpahsh;fs;>

Kjyhk; ,uhN[e;jpu Nrhod;

89

fg;gy; khYkpfs; Nghd;NwhUk; Njitg;gl;bUg;ghh;fs;. mit gw;wpAk; ,f;fl;Liu MuhAk;.

fy;ntl;Lk; mjd; tpsf;fKk; Kjyhk; ,uhN[e;jpur; Nrhod; njd;fpof;fhrpah kPJ elj;j cj;jutpl;l flw; jhf;Fjy; gw;wpj; jQ;rhT+h; nghpa Nfhapypy; fhzg;gLk; 1031-32Mk; Mz;Lf; fy;ntl;L ,g;gbf; $WfpwJ: “miyfly; eLTl; gyfyQ;nrYj;jpr; rq;fpuhk tpirNahj;Jq;f te;kdhfpa flhuj;jurid thfak; nghU fly; Fk;gf; fhpnahL kfg;gLj; Jhpikapy; gpwf;fpa ngUndjpg; igUf;fKk; Mh;j;jtd fdfh; nghh;j; njhopy; thrypy; tpr;rhjpj; njhuzKk; nkha;j;njhsph; Gidkzpg;GjtKk; fdfkzpf; fjtKk; epiwrPh; tpiraKk; Jiw eph;g;gz;izAk; td;kiyA+nuapw; nwhd; kiyA+Uk; Mo;fly; #o; khapUbq;fKk; fyq;fh ty;tpid ,yq;fh nrhfKk; fhg;GW epiw Gdy; khg;ghsKk; fhtyk; Ghpir Nktpypk;gq;fKk; tisg; ge;J}Wil tisg;ge;J}Wk; fiyj;jf; nfhh; Gfo; jiyj; jf;nfhyKk; epjkhty;ypid khjkhypq;fKk; fyh Kjpuf; fLe; jpwy; ,yhKhp NjrKk; njdf;f thh; nghopy; khef;fthuKk; njhLfly; fhty; fLKul; flhuKk; khg;nghU jz;lhw; nfhz;l nghg;gu nf]hpte;kuhd cilahh; = ,uhN[e;jpu NrhoNjth; fq;if nfhz;l NrhoGuj;Jj; Njth;f;F ahz;L” me;jf; fy;ntl;L Nrhoh; gil jhf;fpa ,lq;fisg; gl;baypLfpwJ. mt;tplq;fs; tuyhw;W> epytpay; Ma;TfSf;F cl;gLj;jg;gl;l gpwF> mtw;Ws; 6 kyha; jPgfw;gj;jpYk;> 4 Rkj;jpuhtpYk; ,Ug;gJ njhpatUfpwJ. fy;ntl;by; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;s khef;fthuk;> epf;Nfhghh; jPTfs; vd;W milahsk; fhzg;gl;Ls;sJ. tisg;ge;J}W> nktpypk;gq;fk; Mfpa ,lq;fs; ahit vd;gJ njhpatpy;iy>5 tuyhw;W Mrphpah;fSk; fy;tpkhd;fSk; me;j ,lq;fspd; ngah;fs; gw;wpj; jPtpu Muha;r;rp nra;j gpwFk;> mit rhpjhdh vd;w tpthjk; njhlh;fpwJ.6 mj;jifaj; jhf;Fjy; xd;W cz;ikapNyNa ele;jjh vd;W$lr; rpy tuyhw;W Mrphpah;fs; Nfs;tp vOg;gpAs;sdh;. jhf;Fjy; gw;wpj; njspthd tptuq;fs; ,y;iy vd;W $Wk; [hh;[; ];ngd;rh;> “gy ,lq;fspd;

90

tp[a; rf;F[h> rq;fPjh rf;F[h

ngah;fs; xU Gfo;khiyahf (prasasti) Nfhh;f;fg;gl;bUg;gij kl;LNk ghh;f;f KbfpwJ vd;fpwhh;”.7 “njw;fhrpah> njd;fpof;F Mrpah gw;wpa tuyhw;W Ma;Tfis> Mjhuq;fspd; kPJ itf;fg;gl;Ls;s fl;LkPwpa ek;gpf;if ghjpj;jpUg;gjhf”8 mth; Fwpg;gpLfpwhh;. vdpDk;> me;jj; jhf;Fjy; ele;jJ> Mdhy;> jhf;fg;gl;l ,lq;fs; vit vd;gJ cWjpg;gLj;jg;gLk; tiuapy; “Gfo;khiyapd; Neh;ikiaf; fsq;fg;gLj;j KbahJ”9 vd;W Nghy; tpl;yp(Paul Wheatley) vOjpapUg;gij ];ngd;rh; Vw;Wf; nfhs;fpwhh;. “Kjyhk; ,uhN[e;jpur; Nrhodpd; gpw;fhyf; fy;ntl;Lf;fs; gy fz;L gpbf;fg;gl;Ls;s NghjpYk; mtw;wpYs;s Gfo;khiyfs; vjpYk; flw;gilj; jhf;Fjy; gw;wpa tptuk; ,y;iy vd;fpwhh; gh. mUzhr;ryk; (B. Arunachalam). Gjpa fz;Lgpbg;Gfs; %yk; Gjpa jfty;fs; fpilf;Fk;tiu> me;jj; jhf;Fjy;> fly;Jiwiar; rhh;e;j kl;by;> njhlUk; kh;kkhfNt ,Ue;J tUk;”.10 Gfo;khiyapy; Fwpg;gplg;gLk; ,lq;fis `Py;l;r;> Ntq;ifah> NfhB];> ePyfz;l rh];jphp MfpNahh; njspthf milahsk; fz;bUg;gjhff; $Wfpwhh; mUzhr;ryk;. jQ;rhT+h; nghpa Nfhapypy; fhzg;gLk; nka;f;fPh;j;jp fy;ntl;L> nkhopngah;f;fg;gl;Ls;sd vd;fpwhh; mUzhryk;. Mdhy;> ve;j ,lk; vg;NghJ jhf;fg;gl;lJ vd;gJ Fwpj;j tpthjk; njhlh;fpwJ. mJ ,e;jf; fl;Liuapd; gpw;gFjpapy; tphpthf tpsf;fg;gLfpwJ.

jhf;FjYf;fhd fhuzq;fs; =tp[a muRf;Fk; ,e;jpa muRfSf;Fk;> Fwpg;ghfr; Nrhoh;fSf;Fk; ,ilapy; r%f> fyhrhu> rka> th;j;jf cwTfs; ,Ue;J te;jJ ahtUk; mwpe;j xd;Nw. =tp[ah muritf;Fk; Nrhoh; muritf;Fk; ,ilapy; murje;jpu cwTfs; ,Ue;jJk; njhpa tUfpwJ.12 Kf;fpakhf =tp[ah murh;fs; ,e;jpahtpy; ngsj;j rkaj;ij Mjhpj;J te;Js;sdh;. flhuj;ijr; Nrh;e;j irNye;jpu kd;ddhd tp[aJq;f th;kdpd; Ntz;LNfhSf;F ,zq;fNt ehfg;gl;bdj;jpy; ngsj;j #lhkzp tp`huk; fl;lg;gl;ljhff; Fwpg;Gfs; $Wfpd;wd.13 Rkj;uhitr; Nrh;e;j ahj;hPfh;fSf;fhf mJ fl;lg;gl;lJ. mjd; guhkhpg;Gf;fhf mUfpypUe;j fpuhkq;fspd; tUthAk; jhdkhf toq;fg;gl;lJ. Mdhy;>

Kjyhk; ,uhN[e;jpu Nrhod;

91

mjw;Fg; gpwF ,uz;L muRfSf;Fk; ,ilapyhd cwtpy; tphpry; Vw;glj; njhlq;fpaJ. ,uhN[e;jpur; Nrhod; njd;fpof;fhrpah kPJ Nkw;nfhz;l jhf;Fjy; gw;wpj; njd;dpe;jpahitr; Nrh;e;j ngUk;ghyhd tuyhw;W Mrphpah;fSk;> fy;tpkhd;fSk; fUj;Jj; njhptpj;jpUf;fpd;wdh;. ,Ue;jhYk; =tp[a – Nrho kd;dh;fSf;F ,ilapyhd cwT Nkhrkile;jjw;Fr; rhpahd fhuzj;ij ahUk; tpthpf;ftpy;iy. =tp[ah kPjhd jhf;FjYf;Fk; gy;NtW fhuzq;fs; ,Ue;jpUf;fyhk;. rPdhTf;Fk; ,e;jpahTf;Fk; ,ilapyhd th;j;jf cwit =tp[ah Kwpf;f Kad;wNj mjw;Ff; fhuzk; vd;gJ rhpahfj; Njhd;wyhk;> Mdhy;> mij cWjpg;gLj;j KbahJ vd;fpwhh; ];ngd;rh;. jdJ tl;lhuj;jpy; fly; th;j;jfj;ijf; fl;Lg;gLj;Jk; mstpw;F =tp[ah Mjpf;fj;ijg; ngw;wpUe;jJ vd;Wk; Njhd;wtpy;iy. rPdhTf;Fr; nrd;Wnfhz;bUe;j A+jf; fg;gy; xd;W> =tp[ah fly; gpuNjrj;ijf; fle;J nry;y 20 Mapuk; bdhiu jPh;itahfr; nrYj;j Ntz;bapUe;jJ vd;W m[ha;g; - my; - `pe; $WfpwJ. mj;jifa mjpfg;gbahd jPh;it ,e;jpaf; fg;gy;fSf;Fk; tpjpf;fg;gl;bUf;ff;$Lk;. mjdhy;> Nfhgkile;j Nrho kd;dh;fs;> 1025,y; =tp[ahitj; jhf;f KbT nra;jpUf;fyhk;. Mdhy;> “njd;dpe;jpa tzpfh;fSf;Nfh ehLfSf;Nfh nghUspay; Mjpf;fk; nrYj;j Ntz;Lk; vd;w vz;zk; ,Ue;jjpy;iy”15 vd;fpwhh; ePyfz;l rh];jphp. ,e;jpa tzpfu;fSf;F th;j;jfk; vd;gJ mj;Jld; Kbe;JtpLk; xd;W. ,yhgk; fpilf;Fk; tiu tpahghuk; nra;a mth;fs; jahuhf ,Ug;ghh;fs;. “mz;il ehLfsplk; fj;jp Kidapy; nghUl;fis thq;fp> tpw;f Ntz;Lk; vd;w vz;zk; mth;fSf;Fj; Njhd;wpajpy;iy.”16 njd;fpof;fhrpah kPjhd jhf;Fjiyr; Nrho kd;dh;fspd;> Fwpg;ghf Kjyhk; ,uh[uh[d;> Kjyhk; ,uhN[e;jpudpd; ,aw;ifahd gpuNjr Mirahff; nfhs;syhk; vd;fpwhh; ];ngd;rh;. ,e;jpahtpYk; may;ehLfspYk; jq;fs; guhf;fpukj;ijf; fhl;l me;jr; Nrho kd;dh;fs; Kidj;jpUe;jdh;. #iwahbr; nghUs; Nrh;f;f Ntz;Lk; vd;w fl;lhak; Kjyhk; ,uhN[e;jpur; NrhoDf;F ,Ue;jJ vd;fpwJ kw;nwhU thjk;. ,yq;ifkPJ Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l Nrhoh;fspd; gilnaLg;G mjw;F Xh; cjhuzk;. gpuNjrq;fisg; gpbf;Fk; Nrhoh;fspd; ghzpia me;jj; jhf;Fjy; Gyg;gLj;Jtjhf ehk; nfhs;syhk;.

92

tp[a; rf;F[h> rq;fPjh rf;F[h

me;jf; nfhs;if Kjyhk; ,uh[uh[d; fhyj;jpypUe;Nj filg;gpbf;fg;gl;L te;jJ. njd;fpof;fhrpahtpd; gy ,lq;fspy; “IE}w;Wth;” vdg;gLk; Nrho tzpfr; rq;fq;fs; ,aq;fpajpypUe;Nj tq;fhs tphpFlhtpy; Nrhoh;fspd; Mjpf;fk; mjpfkhf ,Ue;jJ vd;gijg; Ghpe;Jnfhs;s KbfpwJ. ntw;wpfukhf ele;j fly; tzpfk;> tq;fhs tphpFlhitr; Nrhoh; Vhpahf khw;wpapUe;jJ. tq;fhs tphpFlhitAk; fle;J> =tp[a kd;dh;fspd; gpbapy; ,Ue;j kyhf;fh ePhpiziaAk; jdJ fl;Lg;ghl;Lf;Fs; nfhz;Ltu Ntz;Lk; vd;w vz;zk; Kjyhk; ,uhN[e;jpur; NrhoDf;F ,Ue;jJ vd;W ek;Gtjw;Ff; fhuzq;fs; cs;sd. mjd; %yk; mq;F tl;lhu Ml;rpahsh;fs; tpjpj;J te;j fl;Lg;ghLfisf; fisar; Nrhoh;fs; tpUk;gpdh;. 1025-,y; njd;fpof;fhrpahtpy; =tp[ah kPJ elj;jg;gl;l flw; jhf;Fjyhy; “njd; fly; Njrq;fs;> rPd rhk;uh[pak; Mfpatw;Wldhd njhlh;G Kd;G ,Ue;jijtpl kpfr; RygkhdJ> tof;fkhdJ>"17 vd;fpwhh; ePyfz;l rh];jpup. mijg; Nghy> Nrhoh;fspd; flw; jhf;Fjy;> 11-Mk; E}w;whz;by; tq;fhs tphpFlhtpy; mth;fSf;F ,Ue;j Mjpf;fj;ijg; gpujpgypg;gjhff; $Wfpwhh; mUzhr;ryk;. mjd; %yk; flypy; mth;fspd; Mjpf;fk; mjpfhpj;jNjhL> Nrhoh; gpuNjrq;fSf;Fk; rPdhTf;Fk; ,ilapyhd Neub th;j;jfKk; tsh;e;jJ vd;fpwhh; mth;.

Nrhoh;fspd; fly; gazg; gz;Gfs; ve;jnthU fly; gazj;Jf;Fk;> “gazj; jpl;lk;” mj;jpahtrpakhdJ. mJTk; Mo;flypy; gazk; nra;Ak;NghJ mJ ,d;wpaikahjhJ. fhw;W> gUtepiy> miy ePNuhl;lk; Mfpatw;iwg; nghUj;J me;jf; fhyf; fly; gazq;fs; mike;jd. mj;Jld; jPh;e;J Nghd nghUl;fis epug;gpf; nfhs;sTk;> fyd;fisg; gOJghh;f;fTk;> Xa;ntLf;fTk; topapy; JiwKfq;fs; mike;jpUg;gJk; gazj; jpl;lj;jpd; Kf;fpa mk;rkhf tpsq;fpapUf;Fk;. Nrhof; flNyhbfspd; gazj; jpl;lk; gw;wpa Neubj; jlaq;fs; fpilf;fhj epiyapy;> ahj;hPfh;fs;> murje;jpuf; FOf;fs;> ,ju flNyhbfs; je;j Neuf; fzf;Ffs; fly; gazj;Jf;fhd fhyj;ij eph;zapf;f mth;fSf;F cjtpapUf;Fk;. tq;fhs tphpFlh> njd;fpof;fhrpaf; fly;fs;> rPdh tiuapyhd flw;gFjp Mfpatw;wpy; epytpa fhw;W> ePNuhl;l tptuq;fisj; jkpo;f; flNyhbfs; ed;F mwpe;J itj;jpUe;jdh;. me;j mwpT> njhiyJ}u

Kjyhk; ,uhN[e;jpu Nrhod;

93

th;j;jfg; gazq;fSf;F cjtpapUf;f Ntz;Lk;. me;j Mw;wy; cs;@h; flNyhbfsplkpUe;Jk;> Nrho kz;lyj; JiwKfq;fSf;F mbf;fb nrd;W te;j ntspehl;Lf; flNyhbfs; %yKk; Vw;gl;bUf;f Ntz;Lk;. njd;fpof;fhrpahtpy; fpilj;jpUf;Fk; Mfg; goikahd fy;ntl;L> ,uz;lhk;> %d;whk; E}w;whz;ilr; Nrh;e;j ghz;bah; fhyj;Jj; jkpoh;fsJ vd;fpwhh; [Pd; gpypNahrj;. tpal;ehkpd; fpof;Ff; fiuapy; cs;s Nthfhd; vDk; ,lj;jpy; mJ fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;lJ. tq;fhs tphpFlhtpypUe;J tpal;ehKf;F mg;NghJ jkpoh;fs; Nkw;nfhz;l fly; gazk;> Rkj;uh jPTfspd; njw;Ff; fiuiaj; jhz;b> Rz;lh ePhpiziaf; fle;J> Neuhf tpal;ehkpd; njw;F Kidiaj; njhLk; tifapy; mike;jpUe;jJ vd;fpwhh; mth;. njd;dpe;jpah my;yJ ,yq;ifapypUe;J fg;gy;fs; Rz;lh jPTfSf;Fr; (Rkj;uhtpy; cs;s gnyk;ghq;) nry;tnjd;why; Mh;ifah;> gh&];> rpz;il> rgNla;gp Mfpatw;iwf; fle;J ,aghbAtpy; gazj;ij Kbj;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;fpwJ> Gj;Njhskpapd; epytpay; Fwpg;Gfs; gw;wp G.E. Gerini nra;Js;s Ma;T. me;jf; fg;gy;fs; rj;jpNuhd; jPTfs; topahfr; rPdhTf;F gazj;ijj; njhlh;e;jpUf;fyhk;. me;j ,lq;fspd; jw;Nghija ngah;fs; milahsk; fhzg;gl;Ls;sd. mit Mr;ir Kid – epah]; jPTfs; (gh&]; vDk; ,lj;jpYs;s Rkj;uh fiug; gFjp)> rp ngUl; (,e;jpu[rpe;j] Gwk; vDk; ,lj;jpYs;s Rkj;uh fiug; gFjp)> rp–Nghuh kw;Wk; nghfp jPTfs;> Rz;lh ePhpiz. gazk; KbtilAk; ,lk; =Ngh[h (gnyk;ghq;). rPdhTf;fhd gazk; rpahe;jhd; jPTfs; (nghpa mdk;gh];) topahf mike;jJ.19 jkpo;f; flNyhbfs; gad;gLj;jpa fg;gy;fspy; Rf;fhd;fNsh (rudder) fhe;jj; jpirf;fhl;bfNsh (magnetic compass) nghUj;jg;gl;bUf;ftpy;iy vd;gij ehk; ftdpf;f Ntz;Lk;. mjdhy;> mth;fs; tq;fhs tphpFlhtpy; mt;tg;NghJ epytpa fhw;W epiyfisAk;> ePNuhl;l epytuq;fisAk; ed;F mwpe;J itj;jpUe;jdh;. tq;fhs tphpFlhtpy; Nkw;fj;jpa gUtf;fhw;Wk;> fiuia Nehf;fpa fpof;fj;jpa gUtf;fhw;Wk; tPRtJ tof;fk;. Vg;uy; Kjy; [{d; tiuapYk;> mf;Nlhgh; Kjy; brk;gh; tiuapYk; Gay; tPRk; fhyq;fs;. fpof;F Nehf;fpa gazj;Jf;F [{iy Kjy; Mf];L tiuapYk; brk;gh; ,WjpapypUe;J [dthp tiuapYk; cfe;j fhykhff; fUjg;gl;lJ. mg;NghJ tlfpof;Fj; jpiria Nehf;fp tPrpa fhw;Wk;> fpof;F Nehf;fpa ePNuhl;lKk; tpiuthd gazj;Jf;F rhjfkhf mike;jpUe;jd. jkpo;f; flNyhbfs; thd rh];jpuj;jpy; (el;rj;jpuq;fs;> #hpad;> re;jpud;)

94

tp[a; rf;F[h> rq;fPjh rf;F[h

ey;y Njh;r;rp ngw;wpUe;jdh;. mijg; gad;gLj;jpf; fpof;fpypUe;J Nkw;fj;jpag; gazq;fis Nkw;nfhs;tjpYk; jpwd; ngw;wpUe;jdh;. G+kpapd; tlf;Fg; ghfj;jpd; (Northern Hemisphere) fPo; epy Neh;f;NfhLfspy; (Latitude - ml;rNuif) njd;gLk; Fiwe;jJ 56 el;rj;jpuq;fis mth;fs; ed;F mwpe;J itj;jpUe;jdh; vd;W $wg;gLfpwJ. njd;fpof;fhrpahTf;Fg; Gwg;gLk; fg;gy;fs;> Kjypy; njw;fj;jpa ePNuhl;lj;jpd; cjtpAld;> Nrho kz;lyf; fiuNahukhf ,yq;ifia Nehf;fpg; gazj;ijj; njhlq;Fk;. ,yq;ifapd; fy;Kid my;yJ jpUf;Nfhapy; Mfpa ,lq;fspy; ,Ue;Jjhd; fpof;F Nehf;fpa gazk;> 7 bfphp tlf;F epy Neh;f;NfhL (7 degrees North Latitude) thapyhfj; njhlq;Fk;. fg;gy;fs; rJu> ePs; rJug; gha;fisg; gad;gLj;jpajhy; fhw;wpd; jpirf;F Vw;gf; fyd;fis vspjpy; jpUg;g Kbahky; ,Ue;jJ mjw;Ff; fhuzk;. mNj Ntisapy; kpUfrPhpl el;rj;jpuk;> mD$ykhd epiyapy; ,Ue;J> Jy;ypjkhd gazj;jpw;F topfhl;baJ. el;rj;jpuq;fisg; ghh;j;Jg; gazk; nra;tjpy; ifj;Njh;e;jth;fshf tpsq;fpdh; jkpo;f; flNyhbfs;. tq;fhs tphpFlhitf; fle;J> kyhf;fh ePhpiz topahfr; nrd;W> mq;fpUe;J rPdh Ngha;r; Nrh;tjw;F MFk; fhyk; Fwpj;J gy;NtW gazg; gjpTfs; jfty;fis toq;Ffpd;wd. jkpo;f; flNyhbfs;> fpof;F Nehf;fpa jq;fs; gazj;jpy;> 130 bfphp epyNeh;f;NfhL topahf Iahapuk; fly; iky; fle;J jpNkhh; tiu nrd;wdh; vd;fpwhh; mUzhr;ryk;. me;jf; flNyhbfs;> kyhah> kpad;khh;> Rkj;uh> [hth> Rz;lh ePhpiz Mfpatw;wpy; ,Ue;j JiwKfq;fs; gw;wp ed;F mwpe;J itj;jpUe;jdh;. Nrhof; flNyhbfs; tq;fhs tphpFlhitf; fle;jNghJ> Ntz;ba nghUl;fis epug;gpf; nfhs;sTk;> fg;gy;fisg; gOJ ghh;f;fTk;> Xa;ntLf;fTk; epf;Nfhghh; jPTfspy; epr;rakhf epd;wpUg;gh; vd;W fUjg;gLfpwJ.

Gwg;gl;l JiwKfk; Kjyhk; ,uhN[e;jpur; Nrhodpd; flw;gil njd;fpof;fhrpahtpd; gy efuq;fisj; jhf;fpg; ngUk; Nrjj;ij Vw;gLj;jpaJ vd;gJ njspthfpwJ. ,uhZt hPjpapy; ghh;f;Fk;NghJ> Nrhoh;fspd; flw;gil Mw;wYk;> Nrhog; Nguurpd; flNyhbfspd; jpwDk; ed;F Gyg;gLfpwJ. Nrhoh;fspd; Kf;fpaj; JiwKfkhfTk; mjpfhuj; jskhfTk; ehfg;gl;bdk; tpsq;fpaJ. ehfg;gl;bdj;ijr; Rw;wpa fiu> jl;ilahfTk;> Mq;fhq;Nf kzy; jpl;Lfs; epuk;gpajhfTk; ,Ue;jJ. mjd; flw;fiu Mokpy;yhkYk;> kzy; NkLfs; epiwe;Jk; ,Ue;jjhy; fg;gy;fs; mizag; ghJfhg;G

Kjyhk; ,uhN[e;jpu Nrhod;

95

mw;wjhff; fUjg;gl;lJ. kzy; NkLfspy; Nkhjpa miyfs;> fiuiaj; njhl;lNghJ tYg; ngw;wjhy; fl;Lkuq;fshy; kl;LNk mijr; rkhspf;f Kbe;jJ. Fwpg;ghf etk;gh;> brk;gh; khjq;fspy; me;jj; JiwKfj;jpy; fg;gy;fs; miztJ Mgj;jhdjhff; fUjg;gl;lJ. Nrhoh; fhyj;J ehfg;gl;bdj; JiwKfk;> jw;Nghija JiwKfj;jpw;Fj; njw;Nf ,Ue;jJ. tq;fhs tphpFlhitj; jhf;fpa #whtspfshy; Vw;gl;l kzy; rhpT mJ ,lk; khWtjw;Ff; fhuzkhf ,Uf;fyhk;. Nrjkile;j Nrhoh; fhyj;Jf; fyq;fiu tpsf;fk; xd;W Nfhbaf;fiu JiwKfj;Jf;F njw;Nf ,d;Wk; fhzg;gLfpwJ.21 Nrhoh; JiwKfq;fspy; nrq;fy;> Rz;zhk;G Kjyhdtw;why; fl;lg;gl;l gy fyq;fiu tpsf;fq;fs; ,Ue;jjhfTk;> fg;gy;fis JiwKfq;fSf;F topfhl;l mit ,utpy; xspA+l;lg;gl;ljhfTk;22 $Wfpwhh;> uhjh FKj; Kfu;[p (Radha Kumud Mookerji). njd;fpof;fhrpah kPJ ,uhN[e;jpur; Nrhod; Nkw;nfhz;l fly; Kw;Wif ehfg;gl;bdj;jpy; ,Ue;Nj njhlq;fpapUf;f Ntz;Lk;. Mdhy; flw;gil mzpapy; ,lk;ngw;wpUe;j fg;gy;fs; midj;Jk; ehfg;gl;bdj;jpy; fl;lg;gl;ljw;fhd rhj;jpak; ,y;iy vd;fpwhh; gh. mUzhr;ryk;. nghpa mstpyhd fg;gy; fl;Lk; eltbf;if> epr;rakhf me;efhpy; tho;e;j ntspehl;L tzpfh;fSf;Fk;> thzpgk; nra;a te;jth;fSf;Fk; njhpe;jpUf;Fk;. mth;fs; ehL jpUk;gpaNghJ Nrhoh;fspd; Nghh; Maj;jk; Fwpj;Jj; jq;fs; kd;dh;fsplk; njhptpj;jpUg;ghh;fs;. mjdhy;> ehfg;gl;bdj;Jf;Fj; njw;Nf ,Ue;j kw;nwhU JiwKfk;> fg;gy; fl;Lk; ikakhf tpsq;fpajhff; $wg;gLfpwJ. mJ Ntjhuz;ak; my;yJ Njhg;Gj;Jiw tl;lhuj;jpy; mike;jpUf;fyhk;. vdpDk;> Nghh; jsgjpiaj; jhq;fpr; nrd;w fg;gy; ehfg;gl;bdj;jpy; ,Ue;Jjhd; Gwg;gl;bUf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;fpwhh; mUzhr;ryk;. kw;wf; fg;gy;fs; eL;f;flypy; mjDld; Nrh;e;J nfhz;bUf;fyhk;. Nrhof; flNyhbfsplk; ,Ue;j je;jpu kdg;ghd;ikAk;> flw;gilr; #j;jpuKk; ,jpypUe;J njhpa tUfpwJ.

Gwg;gl;l fhyk; tq;fhs tphpFlhtpy; tPrpa gUtf; fhw;iwAk; ePNuhl;lj;ijAk; fUj;jpy; nfhz;lhy;> Nrhokz;lyf; fiuapypUe;J Rkj;uhTf;fhd gazk; brk;gh; (khh;fop) khj ,Wjpapy;jhd; njhlq;fpapUf;f Ntz;Lk;. kpUfrPhpl>

96

tp[a; rf;F[h> rq;fPjh rf;F[h

jpUthjpiu> xw;iwnts;sp Mfpa el;rj;jpuq;fs; fPo;thdj;jpy; Njhd;wpa gpwNf gazk; njhlq;Fk;.23 khh;fop khjg; ngsh;zkpia xl;b tUk; jpUthjpiu jhprd (MUj;uh jhprdk;) tpohTf;F Kd;djhfg; gazj;ijj; njhlq;FtJ Kf;fpak;. vf;fhuzk; nfhz;Nlh me;jg; gazk; ij khjk; tiu jilg;gl;lhy;> mjd; gpwF jpUNthz el;rj;jpuk; tUk; tiu fhj;jpUf;f Ntz;bapUe;jJ. ,yq;ifapypUe;J (rpq;fsk;) Nkw;Fr; Rkj;jpuh tiu nry;y 12 Kjy; 15 jpdq;fs; tiu gpbj;jJ. Rkj;uh fiuia mile;j gpwF> fiuNahukhfNt Rz;lh ePhpizapy; gazk; nra;J> kyhf;fh ePhpizia mile;jd fg;gy;fs;.

fg;gy;fs; Nrhoh;fs; fly; tzpfj;Jf;F %d;W tifahd fg;gy;fisg; rq;fuh> gad;gLj;jpajhff; $wg;gLfpwJ. nghpa fg;gy;fshd nfhyhz;bah MfpaitAk; fl;Lkuq;fSk; mtw;Ws; mlq;Fk;. ntl;L kuq;fis xd;whff; fl;b cUthf;fg;gl;l rq;fuh> epiwar; ruf;Ffisj; jhq;fpr; nry;yf;$ba fiuNahuf; fg;gyhf ,Ue;jJ. nfhyhz;bah> Mo;flypy; kyhah> Rkj;uh> fq;if tiu ePz;l J}uk; gazk; nra;Ak; fg;gy;. rpwpa fl;Lkuk;> JiwKfj;jpy; mize;jpUe;j fg;gy;fspypUe;J ruf;Ffis Vw;wptug; gad;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. xd;whff; fl;lg;gl;l kuq;fspy; Md kpjitNa fl;Lkuk; vd;W miof;fg;gl;lJ. ,f;fhyj;J mjpNtff; fl;lkuhd; (Catamaran) tpirg;glF> jkpoh;fspd; fl;Lkuj;jpd; ngaiuNa jhq;fpapUg;gjhff; $wg;gLfpwJ. mNj Ntisapy; rq;fuh> nfhyhz;bah Mfpait kyhah my;yJ ,e;NjhNdrpahitg; G+h;tPfkhff; nfhz;lit> ,e;jpahitr; Nrh;e;jit my;y vd;Wk; nrhy;yg;gLfpwJ. nfhyhz;bah epiwar; ruf;Ffis Vw;wpf;nfhz;L ntF J}uk; nry;Yk; Mw;wy; nfhz;l nghpa fg;gy; vd;W tUzpf;fg;gLfpwJ. ghJfhg;Gf;fhf mjd; gf;fq;fspy; ,Uk;G> v/F ftrq;fs; nghWj;jg;gl;l eLj;ju mstpyhd fg;gy;> rq;fuh. Nkw;$wg;gl;l tUzidapypUe;J Nrhoh; fg;gw;gilapy; vj;jifaf; fg;gy;fs; ,lk;ngw;wpUe;jd vd;gijg; Ghpe;Jnfhs;s KbfpwJ. Kd;G $wpagb> NghUf;Fr; nry;tjw;fhd jahh; epiyf; flw;giliar; Nrhoh;fs; ngw;wpUf;ftpy;iy. tzpfh;fSf;Fr; nrhe;jkhd rq;fuh> nfhyhz;bah tiff; fg;gy;fis> njd;fpof;fhrpahTf;Fg; gilfis Vw;wpr; nry;y mth;fs; jpul;bapUf;fyhk;. mNj Ntisapy; mf;fg;gy;fspy; ,Ue;J tPuh;fisf; fiuf;Ff; nfhz;L nry;y

Kjyhk; ,uhN[e;jpu Nrhod;

97

fl;Lkuq;fs; gad;gLj;jg;gl;bUf;fyhk;. Mo;flypy; gazk; nra;Ak; Mw;wy; nfhz;l nghpa fg;gy;fspypUe;J> Mok; Fiwe;j> miyfs; kpFe;j fiuf;F tPuh;fis Vw;wpr; nry;Yk; kpjitfshff; fl;Lkuq;fs; tpsq;fpd.

flw;gazr; rhjdq;fs; gw;wpa rpW tpsf;fk; Nrhof; flNyhbfs; jq;fs; flw;gazq;fspy; gy tifahd rhjdq;fisg; gad;gLj;jpdh;: (m) uhg;gyif (nfsnts;sp gyif): el;rj;jpuq;fis milahsk; fhz (M) lg;Gg; gyif: Ntfj;ij mstpl (,) tpuy; fzf;F : el;rj;jpuq;fspd; cauj;ijf; fzf;fpl (26 gy;uhk; =tj;rh (Balram Srivatsa). Kjy; ehzaj;jpy; fpof;Fg; ghh;j;jgb mkh;e;jpUf;Fk; Gypapd; cUtk; ,Ue;jJ. me;jg; Gypf;Fg; gpd;dhy; Nrhou; tpy;Yk;> Gypapd; tyg;Gwk; nrq;Fj;jhff; fplf;Fk; ,uz;L ghz;ba kPd;fSk; fhzg;gl;ld. eLtpy; Fj;J tpsf;Ffs; ,Ue;jd. me;jr; rpd;dj;ij cj;jkr; Nrhod; (973-85) mwpKfg;gLj;jpajhff; $wg;gLfpwJ. mkh;e;jpUf;Fk; Gyp> Nrho ehl;ilAk;@ kPd;fs;> Nrhoh;fs; ghz;bah;fis tPo;j;jpaijAk; Fwpj;jd. ghz;ba ehzaq;fspy; kPd; ePe;Jk; epiyapy; fhzg;gl;lJ. Mdhy;> Nrhoh;fspd; ehzaj;jpy; fhzg;gl;l kPd;fs;> nrq;Fj;jhf kuzkile;j epiyapy; ,Ue;jd. ghz;ba rhk;uh[paj;jpd; mopitf; fhl;Ltjhf mJ ,Ue;jJ.27

98

tp[a; rf;F[h> rq;fPjh rf;F[h

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Kjyhk; ,uhN[e;jpu Nrhod;

99

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100

tp[a; rf;F[h> rq;fPjh rf;F[h

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Kjyhk; ,uhN[e;jpu Nrhod;

101

kyhf;fh ePhpiz topahd gazg; ghij flNyhbfsplk; gpugyk; MFk; Kd;> ruf;FfSld; ,e;jpah> ,yq;if> tlf;Fr; Rkhj;uh Mfpa gFjpfspypUe;J rPdhTf;Fg; Gwg;gl;l fg;gy;fs; %d;W JiwKfq;fspy; ruf;Ffis ,wf;f Ntz;bapUe;jJ. mit kyhahtpd; Nkw;Ff; fiuapypUe;j jf;Ftg;gh (Takuapa), buhq; (Trang), flhuk; (Kedah) Mfpait. mq;fpUe;J ruf;Ffs; epyk; topahfg; ghz;Nlhd; tphpFlhtpy; (Bay of Bandon) ,Ue;j irah (Chaiya), ypNfhhp (Ligor), gl;lhzp (Patani) Mfpa JiwKfq;fSf;F Vw;wpr; nry;yg;gl;ld. mq;fpUe;J fg;gy;fs; rahk; tisFlhtpy; gazk; nra;J /G+dhd; (Funan) JiwKfkhd Xf; Nah (Oc Eo) topahfr; rPdhtpd; Nfz;Nlhd; (Canton) JiwKfj;ij mile;jd. ,e;jpahTf;Fk; rPdhTf;Fk; ,ilapyhd th;j;jfj;jpy;> tq;fhs tphpFlh> kyha; jPgfw;gj;jpd; ,U gf;fq;fs; topahd ,ilr; Nrit xd;W mg;NghJ elg;gpy; ,Ue;jJ. flhuk; (Kedah), tq;fhs tphpFlhitg; ghh;j;jgb Njhjhd ,lj;jpy; ,Ue;jJ. fg;gy;fs; miza mJ ghJfhg;ghf ,Ue;jjdhYk; tzpfh;fs; mq;F mjpfkhfr; nry;yj; njhlq;fpdh;. rk];fpUjj;jpy; flf; vd;Wk;> jkpo; ,yf;fpag; gilg;ghd fypq;fj;Jg;guzpapy; flhuk; vd;Wk; miof;fg;gl;l flhuk;> rpwe;j ,iltopj; JiwKfkhf cUntLj;jJ. tzpfh;fs; mq;Fg; nghUl;fis tpw;fTk; thq;fTk; nrd;wdh;. Njhjhd gUtf;fhw;Wf;fhff; fhj;jpUe;j flNyhbfs;> mq;F Xa;ntLj;jdh;. gy fplq;FfSk; mq;F mikf;fg;gl;ld. jPh;e;JNghd nghUl;fis epug;gpf; nfhs;tNjhL> fg;gy;fisg; gOJ ghh;f;Fk; ikakhfTk; mJ khwpaJ. mNjhL> fyhrhu> rka> r%f eltbf;iffSf;fhd ghpkhw;w epiyakhfTk; mJ cUthdJ. ehfg;gl;bdj;jpy; ,Ue;J Gwg;gl;l flw;gilf; fg;gy;fs; mq;F vg;gbr; nrd;W Nrh;e;jpUf;Fk; vd;w milahsk; fhz Kad;wpUf;fpwhh;> mUzhr;ryk;. xU tiuglj;jpy; mk;Gf; FwpaPLfspd; top mth; mijf; fhl;bapUf;fpwhh;. Nghh;f; fg;gy;fs;> Rkj;uhTf;Fj; njw;Nf nrd;w ghU];> =tp[ah rhk;uh[paj;jpd; Ml;rp gPlkhd gnyk;ghq;> [hk;gp> gz;iz> Nklhd;> flhuk;> ,sKhpNjrk;> khef;fthuk; Mfpatw;iwj; jhf;fptpl;L ehL jpUk;gpajhf mth; fhl;Lfpwhh;. jQ;rhT+h; fy;ntl;by; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;s “midj;J ,lq;fSk; flhuj;J murdplkpUe;J xNu gazj;jpd;NghJ ifg;gw;wg;gl;ld vd;gJ njspthfpwJ” vd;W mth; $Wfpwhh;. NkNy Fwpg;gplg;gl;l topahfj;jhd; Nrhoh; fg;gy; gil njd;fpof;fhrpahTf;Fr; nrd;wpUf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gJ epahakhd thjNk.

102

tp[a; rf;F[h> rq;fPjh rf;F[h

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Kjyhk; ,uhN[e;jpu Nrhod;

103

flhuk; nfhz;l Nrho gpuk;kuhah; vd;gtUf;F mthpd; ,uhZtr; Nritf;fhf tho;ehs; nfhilia ,uhN[e;jpur; Nrhod; toq;fpdhd; vd;W njhptpg;gjhff; $Wfpwhh;> mUzhr;ryk;. mjd; %yk; flhuk; kPJ Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l jhf;Fjypy; mtNu gilj; jiytuhf ,Ue;jpUf;fyhk; vd;W njhpatUfpwJ.34 Kd;G Fwpg;gpl;lijg; Nghy> Nrho kd;dh;fsplk; KONeu flw;gil fpilahJ. =tp[ahTf;F vjpuhd jhf;Fjypy;> gilfis mq;Ff; nfhz;L nry;y> tzpff; fg;gy;fisNa mth;fs; ek;gpapUe;jdh;. “me;jf; flNyhbfSf;F tzpf mikg;GfspYk; Nrhoh; eph;thfj;jpYk; Fwpg;gplj;jf;f gpujpepjpj;Jtk; ,Ue;jJ. ,uhZtj; jiyth;fs;> Nghh;fspy; gq;Nfw;wJld;> cs;ShpYk;> ntspehl;bYk;> gazq;fspd;NghJk; tzpfh;fspd; eyd;fisg; ghJfhj;jdh;”35 vd;W $WfpwJ mDuhjGuj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; fy;ntl;L> vd;fpwhh; mUzhr;ryk;. jhf;fg;gl;l ,lq;fspy; tho;e;j ,e;jpa tzpfh;fSf;F> jhf;Fjy; gw;wp Kd;$l;bNa mwpe;jpUf;f tha;g;Gz;L. mth;fs; NtTj; jfty;fisAk;> fg;gy;fs; miztjw;fhd cjtpfisAk; toq;fpaNjhL> jhf;FjypYk; gq;Nfw;wpUf;ff;$Lk;.

KbTiu 1025-,y;> Kjyhk; ,uhN[e;jpur; Nrhod; njd;fpof;fhrpahkPJ Nkw;nfhz;l jhf;Fjy; Fwpj;J tuyhw;W Mrphpah;fSk;> njhy;nghUs; Ma;thsh;fSk;> fy;tpahsh;fSk;> fly;Jiwiar; rhh;e;jth;fSk; Muha;r;rp nra;Jk; tpthjpj;Jk; te;Js;sdh;. th;j;jfj;ijg; ngUf;fTk; njd;fpof;fhrpahtpy; Gjpa fyhrhu jhf;fj;ij Vw;gLj;jTk; Nrhoh;fspd; ntspehl;Lg; gazq;fs; cjtpd vd;gJ mj;jifa Ma;TfspypUe;J njspthfpwJ. =tp[ahtpd; Vfhjpgj;jpaj;ij vjph;f;fj; Njhd;wpa rf;jpahfr; Nrhoh;fs; cUthfpdh;. Nrhoh;fspd; flw;gil Mw;wy; njd;dpe;jpahtpy; kl;Lky;yhJ> vy;yhj; jpirfspYk;> njd;fpof;fhrpah tiuapYk; njhpa te;jJ. Nrhoh;fisg; nghUj;j tiuapy;> ,e;jpa th;j;jfj;Jf;Ff; Fe;jfk; tpistpj;j =tp[a kd;dh;fisf; Fwpitj;Jj; jhf;fpdh;. Nrhoh;fspd; jhf;Fjy;> mth;fspd; flw;gil typikiaAk;> njhiy J}uj;jpw;Fg; nghpa giliaf; nfhz;L nry;Yk; mth;fspd; Mw;wiyAk; fhl;LfpwJ. mNj Ntisapy; mj;jhf;Fjiy vg;gb mth;fs; Gj;jprhypj;jdkhf Nkw;nfhz;lhh;fs; vd;gijAk;> Gyg;gLj;JfpwJ.

104

tp[a; rf;F[h> rq;fPjh rf;F[h

,Wjpahf> vjphpahd =tp[ah Nguurpd; gy gpuNjrq;fis> Neuj;jpy; ifg;gw;wpa Nrhoh;fspd; typik njhpa tUfpwJ.

Notes

xNu

  1. K. Nilakanta Sastri, The Co-.l as (Madras: University of Madras, 2000), pp. 207–09.   2. Ibid., p. 165.   3. See B. Arunachalam, Chola Navigation Package (Mumbai: Maritime History Society, 2004), p. 42 and p. 28. Arunachalam notes that Chola navigation knowledge and expertise is a knotty and challenging poser that can best be answered only by speculation and scientific conjectures. Also, given the limited and sketchy database available on the nautical wisdom of Tamil seafarers, scholars of South Indian craft and technology have to probe deeper into written material and palm leaves providing narrative on the Chola nautical wisdom.   4. K. A. Nilakanta Sastri, The Co-.l as, pp. 211–13.   5. B. Arunachalam is of the opinion that these two places may have been in Malaysia, keeping in mind the sequence of places attacked   6. K. A. Nilakanta Sastri, The Co-.l as, pp. 213–21.   7. George W. Spencer, “Royal Leadership and Imperial Conquest in Medieval South India: The Naval Expedition of Rajendra Chola I, 1025 A.D.”, unpublished Ph.D. dissertation (University of California, Berkley, 1967), p. 191.   8. Ibid. p. 194.   9. Ibid. 10. B. Arunachalam, Chola Navigation Package, p. 28. 11. Ibid., pp. 24–25. 12. George W. Spencer, “Royal Leadership and Imperial Conquest”, p. 200. 13. B. Arunachalam, Chola Navigation Package, p. 21. 14. Kenneth Hall, Maritime Trade and State Development in Early Southeast Asia, p. 85, citing the “Aja’ib al-Hind” in G.R. Tibbetts, A Study of the Arabic Texts Containing Material on Southeast Asia (Leiden, 1979), p. 44. 15. K. A. Nilakanta Sastri, The Co-.l as, p. 598. 16. Ibid. 17. Ibid., p. 606. 18. Jean Filliozat, The Oldest Sea Routes of the Tamil Trade (Madras: Bull. Institute, 1976) cited in B. Arunachalam, p. 3. 19. G.E. Gerini, Researches on Ptolemy’s Geography of Eastern Asia (Further India and Indo-Malay Archipelago) (New Delhi: Oriental Books, 1974), Table XI.

Kjyhk; ,uhN[e;jpu Nrhod;

105

20. B. Arunachalam, Chola Navigation Package, p. 78. 21. Ibid., p. 79. 22. Radha Kumud Mookerji, Indian Shipping: A History of the Sea-borne Trade and Maritime Activity of the Indians from the Earliest Times (Bombay: Longmans, Green and Co., 1912), p. 137. 23. For more details, see B. Arunachalam, Chola Navigation Package, pp. 81– 82. 24. K. A. Nilakanta Sastri, The Co-.l as, pp. 85–86. 25. Ibid., p. 20. 26. Balram Srivastava, Rajendra Chola (New Delhi: National Book Trust of India, 1973), p. 57. 27. For more details see . 28. K. A. Nilakanta Sastri, The Co-.l as, p. 80. 29. B. Arunachalam, Chola Navigation Package, p. 23. 30. Ibid., p. 75. 31. For instance, Faxian, the Chinese pilgrim, had boarded a ship that transited south of Sumatra, through the Sunda Strait, and landed at Ye-po-ti or Taruma on West Java. 32. K. A. Nilakanta Sastri, The Co-.l as, p. 454. 33. Ibid., p. 459. 34. B. Arunachalam, Chola Navigation Package, p. 28. 35. Ibid., p. 17.

5

Nrho ehl;bd; flw;giliag; gw;wpa Fwpg;G Y. Rg;guhaY

Nrho kd;dh;fspd; flw;gil Kw;Wiffs; gw;wpa Mjhuq;fis> mth;fspd; fy;ntl;Lfspy; fhzg;gLk; nka;f;fPh;j;jpfspd; topahfNt RUf;fkhf mwpe;Jnfhs;s KbfpwJ. mtw;Wf;F ,yf;fpaq;fspy; fhzg;gLk; Mjhuq;fs; kpff; FiwT. gj;jhk; E}w;whz;bd; njhlf;fj;jpypUe;Nj Nrho kd;dh;fs; ,yq;ifkPJ Nghh; njhLj;J te;jpUf;fpd;wdh;. mjw;F mth;fs; ghf; ePhpiz (Palk Strait) topahfNth kd;dhh; tisFlh (Gulf of Mannar) topahfNth tPuh;fisg; glfpy; Vw;wpr; nrd;wpUf;f Ntz;Lk;. mjw;F mth;fs; flypy; 50-,ypUe;J 150 fpNyh kPl;lh; J}uk; kl;LNk gazk; nra;a Ntz;bapUe;jJ. Kjyhk; ,uh[uh[d; ifg;gw;wpa gd;dpuz;lhapuk; goe;jPTfs; jw;NghJ khyj; jPTfs; (Maldives) vd;W milahsk; fhzg;gl;bUf;fpwJ. khyj; jPTfis Nrhoh;fs; ifg;gw;wpaJ cz;ik vd;gjw;Fr; #o;epiyr; rhd;Wfs; cs;sd vd;fpwhh; ePyfz;l rh];jphp (Neelakanta Sastri 1955, p.192; Indrapala 1985, p.51)1. mg;gbnad;why; mjw;fhf 800 Kjy; 1>000 fpNyhkPl;lh; J}uk; tiu Nrhoh; gil gazk; nra;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk;. Mjyhy;> 1026-Mk; Mz;L thf;fpy; Kjyhk; ,uhN[e;jpur; Nrhod; = tp[ahTf;Fj; jdJ flw;gilia mDg;gpaNghJ> ntFJ}uk; gazk; nra;Ak; Mw;wy; Nrhoh; flw;gilf;F Vw;fdNt ,Ue;jJ. Mdhy;> ,j;jifa Cfq;fisj; jtpu Nrhoh; flw;giliag; gw;wpa tphpthd

Nrho ehl;bd; flw;giliag; gw;wpa Fwpg;G

107

jfty;fs; vq;Fk; fhzg;gltpy;iy. mth;fs; vj;jifa fyd;fisg; gad;gLj;jpdh;> jhf;Fjypd; NghJ vj;jid tPuh;fs; ve;jj; JiwKfq;fisf; flw;gilj; jsq;fshfg; gad;gLj;jpdh; vd;gjw;fhd Mjhuq;fs; ntFf; FiwNt. ,ilf;fhyj; njd;dpe;jpa tuyhw;iwg; ngUk;ghYk; fy;ntl;Lfs; %ykhfj;jhd; ehk; mwpe;Jnfhs;s KbfpwJ. mj;jifa Mapuf;fzf;fhd fy;ntl;Lfs; njd;dpe;jpahtpy; cs;sd. mj;jifa fy;ntl;Lfs;> Nfhapy;fSf;Nfh ,ju mwepWtdq;fSf;Nfh epyq;fs;> fhy;eilfs;> jq;fk; Nghd;w nghUl;fs; jhdkhf toq;fg;gl;ljw;fhd gjpTfshfNt ngUk;ghYk; cs;sd. me;jf; fy;ntl;LfspypUe;J mf;fhyj;jpy; epytpa Ntshz;ik eltbf;iffs;> Nfhapy; rlq;Ffs;> rka> fyhrhu mk;rq;fs; gw;wpa gy jfty;fis ehk; mwpe;Jnfhs;s KbfpwJ. mf;fhyj;Jr; r%fk;> nghUspay;> murhq;fk; Nghd;wtw;iwg; gw;wpAk; XusT Ghpe;Jnfhs;s KbfpwJ. Mdhy;> mf;fhyj;jpy; epytpa mwptpay;> njhopy;El;g tptuq;fis tpsf;Fk; tifapy; me;jf; fy;ntl;Lfs; ,y;iy. fy;ntl;Lfspd; njhlf;fj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; nka;f;fPh;j;jpfs;> kd;dh; kw;Wk; mtuJ ghpthuq;fspd; jdpg;gl;l rhjidfisAk;> ,uhZt ntw;wpfisAk;> ifg;gw;wg;gl;l vjphp Njrq;fisAk; gw;wp XusT jfty; toq;Ffpd;wd. Mdhy; jhf;Fjy;fs; vg;gb elj;jg;gl;ld> ,uhZtj;jpd; typik vd;d> vj;jifa MAjq;fs; gad;gLj;jg;gl;ld> neLe;J}ug; gazq;fSf;F tPuh;fSk; rhjdq;fSk; vg;gb Vw;wpr; nry;yg;gl;ldh; Nghd;w tptuq;fs; kpff; FiwthfTk; Jz;Lj; Jz;lhfTk; kl;LNk fhzg;gLfpd;wd. Jz;L Jz;lhff; fpilf;Fk; jfty;fis xd;W Nrh;g;gjd; %yNk md;iwa ,uhZtk; gw;wpa mh;j;jKs;s KbTf;F ek;khy; tuKbfpwJ. gy gilg;gphpTfs; mlq;fpa ,uhZtk; 10-Mk; E}w;whz;bd; njhlf;fj;jpypUe;Nj Nrhoh;fsplk; ,Ue;jJ. gy;NtW gilg; gphpTfspd; ,ay;Gfis tUzpf;Fk; gy ngah;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. iff;Nfhyh;> Ntiyf;fhuh;> ghpthuk;> nfhq;fthy;> tpy;ypfs;> Midahl;fs;> Fjpiur; Nrtfh;fs;> xw;iwr; Nrtfh; Nghd;w ngah;fs; Fwpg;gplg;gLfpd;wd. me;jg; ngah;fs; Nrhoh; gilapy; tpy; tPuh;fs;> ths; tPuh;fs;> Fjpiug; gil> ahidg; gil> fhyhl;gil Nghd;wit ,Ue;jijf; Fwpf;fpd;wd. jkpo;ehl;Lf;F ntspapy; kiyahsk;. fh;dhlfk;> tLfk; Mfpa gFjpfspypUe;Jk; gilfSf;F Ms; Nrh;f;fg;gl;ld. gilg; gphpTfspd; ngah;fisj; jtpu gil mzpiag; gw;wpNah mtw;wpd; eltbf;iffs; gw;wpNah vJTk;

108

Y. Rg;guhaY

njhpatpy;iy. gilapd; Kf;fpakhd ,U gphpTfshd iff;Nfhyh;> Ntiyf;fhuh; Mfpait gw;wp ntF Fiwthd tptuq;fNs cs;sd. mjdhy;> mit Fwpj;Jf; fy;tpahsh;fspilNa Fog;gKk; jfuhWNk kpQ;RfpwJ.2 ,uhZt Kfhk;fs; flfk;> ghpfpu`k;> gil tPL vd;Wk;> Gwf;fhty; epiyaq;fs; epiy vd;Wk; miof;fg;gLfpd;wd. gil mzpapd; jiyth; - gilehafk; vd;Wk;@ jsgjp – jz;lehafk;> Nrdhgjp> Kjyp vd;Wk; rpy ,lq;fspy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;bUf;fpwhh;fs;. mth;fs; gilajpfhhpfshf ,Ue;jNjhL Nfhapy;fspd; Gutyh;fshfTk; ,Ue;jpUf;fpd;wdh;. Nrhoh; Ml;rpapd; cr;rf; fl;lkhd 11-Mk; E}w;whz;by;> mth;fspd; gil kpf typikAld; ,Ue;jJ. rhSf;fpah;fs; kPJ Nrhoh; gil Nkw;nfhz;l jhf;Fjy; gw;wp 1007Mk; Mz;L fd;dl fy;ntl;L xd;W (EI, XVI, pp. 74-75), Nrhoh; gilapy; 9 yl;rk; tPuh;fs; ,Ue;jjhfTk;> mth;fs; nrhy;y Kbahj msTf;Fj; Jf;fj;ijAk;> mtkhdj;ijAk; Vw;gLj;jpajhf nrhy;fpwJ. fy;ntl;Lfspy;> Nrhoh;fspd; flw;gil gw;wpa jfty;fs; mG+h;tkhfNt fhzg;gLfpd;wd. jQ;rhT+h; khtl;lj;jpy; cs;s rPh;fhop vDkplj;jpy; fz;nlLf;fg;gl;l 1187-Mk; Mz;L fy;ntl;L xd;W (SII V, 990), murhq;fj;Jf;F thp nrYj;j Ntz;ba rpy epyr; nrhe;jf;fhuh;fSf;Fg; gpiz epd;wth;fspy; xUtuhd miuad; fly;Nfhykpl;lhe;jhd; vd;w mkuNfhd; gy;ytuhad; gw;wpf; $WfpwJ. mth; fiug;gilapyhiur; Nrh;e;j xU jz;ly;ehafk; vd;W mjpy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ. me;jj; jz;ly;ehafj;Jld; ngah; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;s kw;w ehy;tUk; tpy;Yg;giuad; vd;Wk; gy;ytuhad; vd;Wk; nrhy;yg;gl;bUf;fpwJ. mit kjpg;G kpFe;j gjtpfs; vd;W Njhd;Wtjhy;> mNdfkhf mth;fs; xNu gilAld; njhlh;Gilath;fshf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. fiug;gilapyhh; vd;gJ flw;fiuia xl;ba ,uhZtj;ijf; Fwpf;Fk;. mjdhy;> mijf; flw;gilahff; fUjyhk;. jz;ly;ehafk; vd;gJ jz;;lehafk; vd;gjd; khw;Wg; gjNk. mJ uhZtj; jsgjpiaf; Fwpf;fpwJ. fly;Nfhykpl;lhe;jhd; vDk; ngah; ftdj;ij mthpd; FLk;gj;Jf;Nfh flYld; ,Uf;Fk; ghuk;ghpag; gpizg;ig mJ fhl;LfpwJ. Nrhoh; flw;gil gw;wpf; fpilj;jpUf;Fk; xU rpW jftyhf mij ehk; nfhs;syhk;. me;jf; fy;ntl;Lf; fz;nlLf;fg;gl;l flw;fiug; gFjpiar; Nrh;e;j kPdth; r%fkhd gl;bdth;> Nrhoh; flw;gilapy; Kf;fpag; gq;F tfpj;jpUf;f tha;g;Gz;L. Kjyhk; ,uhN[e;jpur; Nrhodpd; nka;f;fPh;j;jpapy;3 Fwpg;gplg;gLk; fyk;

Nrho ehl;bd; flw;giliag; gw;wpa Fwpg;G

109

vDk; fg;giyj; jtph;j;J me;jf; fy;ntl;by; Nrhoh; flw;gilapy; fg;gy; gw;wpa NtW jfty; vJTk; fpilahJ. fyk; vDk; nrhy; fg;gy;fisf; Fwpf;f Mjpfhyj;jpypUe;Nj jkpo; ,yf;fpaq;fspy; gad;gLj;jg;gl;L te;Js;sJ. 1088-Mk; Mz;L gh&]; fy;ntl;L> kuj;jhy; Md kuf;fyk; gw;wpf; Fwpg;gpLfpwJ. me;jf; fyk; th;j;jfh;fshy; gad;gLj;jg;gl;bUf;f Ntz;Lk;. Mdhy;> me;jf; fg;gypd; msT vd;d> mJ vq;F> vg;gbf; fl;lg;gl;lJ Nghd;w Nfs;tpfSf;F tpil fhz;gJ rpukk;. njd;dpe;jpaf; fiufspy; ifahsg;gl;l ghuk;ghpa flw;Jiw njhopy;El;gj;ijg; gw;wp mz;ikapy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l Ma;tpy; rpy gaDs;s jfty;fs; fpilj;Js;sd. fy;tpahsh; xUth;> Nrhoh; fg;gy;fs; vg;gbg; gazk; Nkw;nfhz;bUf;Fk; vd;gijr; nray;Kiwapy; kWgbAk; cUthf;fpf; fhl;bapUf;fpwhh; (Arunachalam 2004). me;jr; Nrhjid> Cfq;fs; kw;Wk; tha;nkhop tof;fpd; mbg;gilapy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;bUe;jhYk;> fg;gy; fl;Lk; gl;liwfs; vq;nfy;yhk; ,Ue;jpUf;ff;$Lk;> vt;tiff; fg;gy;fs; gad;gLj;jg;gl;bUf;Fk; vd;gjw;fhd Mzpj;jukhd Mjhuq;fs; rpy fpilj;jpUf;fpd;wd. ghf; tphpFlh (Palk Bay) fiuapy; fg;gy; fl;l VJthd gy;NtW JiwKfq;fs; ,Ue;jd vd;W $wg;gLfpwJ. ,g;NghJk;$l mq;Fg; ghuk;ghpa glF fl;Lk; njhopy; XusT ele;J tUfpwJ. Nrhoh;fs;> jq;fs; flw;gilia cUthf;f me;jj; JiwKfq;fisg; gad;gLj;jpapUf;fyhk;. vjph;jpirapy;> ghf; tphpFlhtpd; fpof;Fg; gFjpapy; cs;s ,yq;iff; fiuapy;> rpq;fs kd;dh;fs; jq;fs; flw;gilia epWj;jp itf;fTk;> glFfisf; fl;lTk; gad;gLj;jpa gy jsq;fs; ,Ue;jd. 1175Mk; Mz;Lj; jkpo; fy;ntl;L xd;W (Epigraphia Indica, xxii, p. 87), Nrhoh;fSld; neLk; Nghhpy; ghf; ePhpiziag; ghh;j;jpUe;j fiuNahuj; jsq;fshd cuhj;Jiw> Giyr;Nrhp> khNjhl;lk;> ty;ypfhkk;> kl;bthy; Mfpatw;wpy; jdJ gil epiyiag; gyg;gLj;jp> mq;Fg; glFfisf; fl;lj; njhlq;fpajhff; $WfpwJ. fyk;> glF Mfpatw;wpd; jd;ikiag; gw;wpNah msitg; gw;wpNah ve;jf; Fwpg;gpYk; tUzpf;fg;gltpy;iy. Mdhy;, Me;jpuf; fiuNahuj;jpYs;s ney;Y}Uf;Fj; njw;Nf cs;s fpU\;zg;gl;bdk; vDk; ,lj;jpy; fz;nlLf;fg;gl;l 1256-Mk; Mz;Lj; jkpo;f; fy;ntl;L (Nellore Inscriptions, Gudur 39: ARE, 1963 – 64: no.79) xd;wpd; %yk; rpy tptuq;fs; njhpa tUfpwJ. gjpndl;L G+kp vd;w tzpf mikg;igr; (MaN`hNy Ie;E}w;Wtiu Nghd;wJ) Nrh;e;j ,lk; tpl;L ,lk; ngaUk; tzpfh;

110

Y. Rg;guhaY

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thp (khil) 1 1 ½ ¼ ¼

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111

Notes 1. Indrapala says, quoting Clarence Maloney (1980), that the Maldives are called Mahaladipa in Sinhala language, which is obviously the earlier form of Maldive. Mahaladipa in Sinhala actually means “Ancient Islands”, and corresponds to the Tamil designation Palantiu in Rajaraja I’s inscription. 2. The latest position of these discussions is summarized in Y. Subbarayalu (1982). 3. The relevant passage is alaikatal natuvut pa[la] kalam=chelutti, meaning “having dispatched many ships in the midst of the rolling sea”.

References Arunachalam, B. Chola Navigation Package. Mumbai: Maritime History Society, 2004. Champakalakshmi, R. Trade, Ideology and Urbanization: South India 300 BC to AD 1300, New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1996. Hall, Kenneth R. Trade and Statecraft in the Age of the Co-.las, New Delhi: Abhinav Publications, 1980. Indrapala, K. “The Overseas Campaigns of Rajaraja I”. Tamil Civilization 3, nos. 2–3 (1985): 48–58. Karashima, Noboru, ed. Ancient and Medieval Commercial Activities in the Indian Ocean: Testimony of Inscriptions and Ceramic-sherds. Chennai: Taisho University, 2002. Maclean, C. D. Manual of the Administration of the Madras Presidency, Vol. III: Glossary. Madras, 1893. Nilakanta Sastri, K. A. The Co-.las. 2nd ed. Madras: University of Madras, 1955. Spencer, G. W. The Politics of Expansion: The Chola Conquest of Sri Lanka and Sri Vijaya. Madras, 1983. Stein, Burton. Peasant State and Society in Medieval South India. New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1980. Subbarayalu, Y. “The Co-.la State”. Studies in History IV, no. 2 (1982): 265–306. Revised version included in S. Rajagopal, ed., Kaveri: Studies in Epigraphy, Archaeology and History (Professor Y. Subbarayalu Felicitation Volume). Chennai: Panpattu Veliyiittakam, 2001. ———. “The Merchant-Guild Inscription at Barus, Sumatra, Indonesia — Rediscovery”. In Histoire de Barus: Le Site de Lobu Tua, edited by Claude Guillot, Vol. I (Cahiers d’Archipel 30), pp. 25–33.

6

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jiyefuk;

117

gjpf;fg;gl;bUe;jitahf ,Uf;ff;$Lk;. rpfg;G epwf; fy;yhy; Md gy myq;fhug; nghUl;fSk; Njhz;bnaLf;fg;gl;ld. mit> jhkiu> gwitfs;> kdpjj;jiy Nghd;w tbtq;fisf; nfhz;lit. mit muz;kid cl;$iuia myq;fhpf;fg; gad;gLj;jg;gl;bUf;fyhk;. rpfg;G epwf; fy;ypdhy; Md me;j myq;fhug; nghUl;fs;> fypq;fk; (jw;Nghija xhp]h)> tq;fhsk; Mfpa gFjpfspypUe;J nfhz;Ltug;gl;bUf;fyhk;. Yingqing ghzpapyhd rPd gPq;fhd; ghz;lq;fspd; gFjpfSk;> 11Mk; E}w;whz;ilr; Nrh;e;j rPd nts;is epwg; gPq;fhd; gFjpfSk; Kjyhk; fq;ifnfhz;l NrhoGuj;jpy; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.7 ,uhN[e;jpu Nrhod; 1033-,y; rPdhTf;F mDg;gpa J}Jf;FO nfhz;L te;j gPq;fhd;fshf mit ,Uf;fyhk; vd;fpwhh; fu\pkh.8 rPdh;fSld; ,uhN[e;jpu Nrhod; Nkw;nfhz;bUe;j Neubj; njhlu;G xUGwkpUf;f> njd;fpof;fhrpahTldhd Nrhoh;fspd; njhlh;Gk; mg;gFjpkPJ mth;fs; Nkw;nfhz;l jhf;FjYk; fq;ifnfhz;l NrhoGuj;jpy; rPdg; gPq;fhd; gFjpfs; fz;nlLf;fg;gl;ljw;Ff; fhuzkhf ,Uf;fyhk;. fUg;G> kQ;rs;> ePy epwj;jpyhd fz;zhb tisay;fSk; mq;Ff; fpilj;jd. fspkz;> gbf;fy;> rpg;gp Mfpatw;why; Md cUkzpfSk; (beads) mfo; Ma;tpy; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;ld. mtw;iwj; jtpu nre;epwj;jpyhd gytifg; ghidfSk; fpilj;Js;sd.

KbTiu fq;ifnfhz;l NrhoGuj;jpy; elj;jg;gl;l mfo; Ma;tpypUe;J> ntt;NtW fhyf;fl;lq;fisr; Nrh;e;j %d;W fl;ll mikg;G Kiwfs; mq;F ,Ue;jJ njhpfpwJ. muz;kid Rl;l nrq;fy;yhy; fl;lg;gl;bUe;jJ. mjd; cl;$iufs;> Rz;zhk;Gf; fhiuapy; gjpf;fg;gl;l jl;ilahd XLfshy; %lg;gl;bUe;jd. J}z;fs;> fUq;fy; mbj;jsj;Jld; totog;ghd kuj;jhy; nra;ag;gl;bUf;f Ntz;Lk;. mtw;wpy; rpy J} z;fs; ,d;Wk; cs;sd. ,Uk;ghyhd MzpfSk; kw;wg; nghUl;fSk; khspif Nkl;by; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. Mifahy;> mq;F Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l mfo; Ma;T> Nrhoh; fhyj;ijr; Nrh;e;j Gije;JNghd muz;kidiaAk;> mjd; ,bghLfisAk; ntspr;rj;jpw;Ff; nfhz;L te;jpUf;fpwJ vd;Wjhd; nrhy;y Ntz;Lk;.

118

v];. tre;jp

Notes 1. Ottakkuttar, Muvar Ula, U.V. Swaminathan Ayyar Library, Adyar, 1957. 2. ARE 275/1910. 3. R. Nagaswamy, Gangaikondacholapuram (Chennai: Department of Archaeology, 1979), p. 14. 4. N. Kasinathan, Metropolis of Medieval Cholas (Chennai: State Department of Archaeology, 1998). 5. S. Selvaraj, Tamil Civilization 5, nos. 1&2, p. 124. 6. Ibid., p. 125. 7. Noboru Karashima, In Search of Chinese Ceramic-sherds in South India and Sri Lanka (Tokyo: Taisho University Press, 2002), p. 37. 8. Ibid., p. 37.

7 ehfg;gl;bdk; gw;wpa Gjpa ghh;itfs;: njd;dpe;jpahé njd;fpof;fhrpah kw;Wk; rPdhTf;F ,ilapyhd murpay;é rkaé tzpfg; ghpkhw;wq;fspd; mbg;gilapy; gj;jhk; E}w;whz;L fhyj;jpa JiwKf efuk; NfhFy; Nr\hjphp

njd;dpe;jpahtpd; fpof;Ff; fiuapy; mike;Js;s JiwKf efuk; ehfg;gl;bdk;. mJ ehif khtl;lj;jpd; jiyefukhf tpsq;FfpwJ. Rkhh; Mapuk; Mz;LfSf;F Kd; njd;dpe;jpah> njd;fpof;fhrpah> rPdh Mfpatw;Wf;F ,ilapy; ele;j murpay;> rka> th;j;jfg; ghpkhw;wq;fspy;; mJ Mw;wpa Kf;fpag; gq;if Muha;tNj ,e;j Ma;tpd; Nehf;fkhFk;.

120

NfhFy; Nr\hjphp

fp.K. 3Mk; E}w;whz;L Kjy; fp.gp. 3-Mk; E}w;whz;L tiu: Fwpg;Gfs; gw;wpa kW Ma;T kj;jpa fhyj;jpy; me;j JiwKf efuk; mile;j Nkk;ghLfs; gw;wpg; ghh;f;Fk; Kd;> me;efh; Fwpj;J mjw;F Kd;gpUe;j Fwpg;Gfis Muha;e;j gy;NtW fy;tpahsh;fs; vd;d nrhy;ypapUf;fpwhh;fs; vd;gijj; njhpe;Jnfhs;tJ mtrpak;. mjd; %yk; gpw;fhyj;jpy; me;efhpd; tsh;r;rpf;F cjtpa mk;rq;fis ehk; Ghpe;Jnfhs;s KbAk;. fp.K 3-Mk; E}w;whz;Lf;Fk; fp.gp 3-Mk; E}w;whz;Lf;Fk; ,ilg;gl;lf; fhyj;ij> njd;dpe;jpa tuyhw;W E}y;fs; “rq;f fhyk;” vd;W tUzpf;fpd;wd (Zvelebil 1997, p. 12). mf;fhyj;ijr; Nrh;e;j gy ,yf;fpa E}y;fSk;> xUrpy fy;ntl;LfSk;> rpy tuyhw;Wj; jyq;fSk;> ehzaq;fSk;> kl;ghz;lq;fSk; mijg; gw;wpj; njhpe;Jnfhs;s Kf;fpa Mjhuq;fshf tpsq;Ffpd;wd. ,Jtiu fpilj;jpUf;Fk; rq;f fhyg; nghUl;fspy;> ehifj; JiwKfj;ijg; gw;wpNah efuj;ijg; gw;wpNah Neubf; Fwpg;Gfs; vJTk; ,y;iy. ehfg;gl;bd tl;lhuj;jpypUe;J rq;f fhyj;ijr; Nrh;e;j ehzaq;fs; vJTk; ,Jtiu fz;Lgpbf;fg;gltpy;iy.1 Mdhy;> ehfg;gl;bdj;Jf;F mUfpy; cs;s thQ;#h;> fPo;NtY}h; Mfpa ,lq;fspy; KJkf;fs; jhopfs; (urn burials) fz;L gpbf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. mjdhy;> mf;fhyj;jpy; mq;F kf;fs; trpj;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gJ Gyg;gLfpwJ. vdpDk;> mg;gFjp rka> th;j;jf> murpay; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; vijAk; ngw;wpUf;ftpy;iy. Mdhy;> mNj fhyf;fl;lj;jpy;> ehfg;gl;bdj;Jf;F 50 fpNyh kPl;lh; tlf;Nf ,Ue;j fhtphpg;G+k;gl;bdk; (jw;NghJ G+k;Gfhh;) rq;f fhyj;jpy; Nrho kd;dh;fspd; jiyefukhf tpsq;fpaJ. rq;f fhy ,yf;fpakhd gj;Jg;ghl;bd; xU gFjpahf tpsq;Fk; gl;bdg;ghiyapy; fhpfhyr; Nrhoidg; gw;wpg; ghbAs;s fbaY}h; cUjpuq;fz;zdhh;> me;efhpd; tzpf> murpay;> rka Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ijg; gw;wp tphpthf tpthpj;Js;shh;. thzpay; epGzuhd Klaudios Ptolemaios (Ptolemy – fp.gp. 1Mk;> 2Mk; E} w;whz;L) Fwpg;gpl;bUf;Fk; ghl;Nlha; (Batoi) vd;w ehl;ilr; Nrh;e;j epfkh (Nikama) vd;w efuk;> ehfg;gl;bdNk vd;W milahsk; fz;bUf;fpwhh; fh;dy; n`d;wp A+y; (Colonel Henry Yule 1873, p.332). mjdUfpy; ,Uf;Fk; Thelkheir jw;Nghija eh$h; ,Uf;Fk; ,lk; vd;Wk;> Kouroula fhiuf;fhy; vd;Wk; mth; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shh;.

ehfg;gl;bdk; gw;wpa Gjpa ghh;itfs;

121

Mdhy;> epfkh vd;w ngahpy; ehfg;gl;bdk; xU efukhf ,Ue;jjw;fhd NtW Mjhuk; vJTk; ,y;iy vd;gjhy; fh;dy; n`d;wpapd; fzpg;G re;Njfj;Jf;F chpajhff; fUjg;gLfpwJ. Mdhy;> epfkh vd;wg; ngah;> mfo; Ma;Tfspy; fpilj;j kl;ghz;lj;jpy; gpuk;kp vOj;jpy; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. kpypz;lh gd;N`h (Milinda Panho) vd;w ghyp (Pali) nkhopapyhd ngsj;j E}iy MuhAk;NghJ re;Njfq;fs; mjpfkhfpd;wd. fp.gp. Kjyhk; E}w;whz;L thf;fpy; vOjg;gl;l me;E}y; kpypz;lh kd;dhpd; Nfs;tpfs; vd;Wk; miof;fg;gLfpwJ (Davids 1890, p.xxiii). fpNuf;f kd;duhd Meander-f;Fk; ehfNrdh vd;w ngsj;j Jwtpf;Fk; ,ilapyhd ciuahly; ehd;F ghfq;fshfj; njhFf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. me;E}y; mf;fhyj;jpy; Gfo;ngw;wpUe;j 34 efuq;fisAk; ehLfisAk; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;sJ. me;E}ypd; Fwpg;gpl;l xU gFjp> tzpff; fg;gy;fs; fiuNahukhfg; gazk; nra;af;$ba 6 JiwKfq;fs; gw;wpf; $WfpwJ (Trenckner 1928. P. 359). me;jg; gl;baypy; ehfg;gl;bdk; ,lk;ngwtpy;iy. Yatha maharaja sadhano naviko pattane katasunko mahasamuddam pavasitva Vangam Takkolam Cinam Soviram Surattham Alasandam Kolappattanam Suvannabhumim gacchati annam pi yam kinci navasanearanam me;E}iy nkhopg;ngah;j;jth; (Davids 1890, p. xiii), mjpy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;s midj;Jj; JiwKfq;fisak; efuq;fisAk; milahsk; fz;Lnfhs;s Kad;wpUf;fpwhh;. mjpy; Nfhyg;gl;bdk; njd;dpe;jpaf; fiuNahuk; mike;jpUf;ff;$Lk; vd;W mth; Fwpg;gpl;bUf;fpwhh;. Nfhyg;gl;bdk; vd;gJ ngUk;ghYk; fhtphpg;G+k;gl;bdkhfj;jhd; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.

fp.gp. 6-Mk; njhlh;Gfs;

E}w;whz;Lf;F Kd;G: Muk;gf;fhyg; ngsj;jj;

rq;f fhyj;jpNyNa Gj;j rkak; njd;dpe;jpahtpy; fhY}d;wpapUe;jJ. fhtphpg;G+k;gl;bdk;> kJiu> fhQ;rpGuk; Mfpait Kf;fpag; ngsj;j rka epiyaq;fshf cUthfpapUe;jd.2 Mdhy;> fsg;gpuh; Ml;rp fhyj;jpy;jhd; njd;dpe;jpahtpYk;> ,yq;ifapYk; ngsj;j rkak; Nt&d;wj; njhlq;fpaJ. njuthlh ngsj;jg; gpuptpd; Kf;fpar; rkaj; jiytu;fs;> njd;dpe;jpahtpy; ,Ue;J Njhd;Wk; mstpw;F mjd; jhf;fk; ,Ue;jJ. ehfg;gl;bdj;ijg; nghWj;j tiuapy;> Gfo;ngw;w %tuhd njuh Gj;jjj;jh> njuh Gj;jNfhrh> Mr;rh;ah jk;kghyh MfpNahh; mjd; tuyhw;wpy; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tfpf;fpd;wdh;.

122

NfhFy; Nr\hjphp

cufGuj;ijr; (ciuA+h;> jkpo;ehL) Nrh;e;j Gj;jjj;jh> fp.gp 5-Mk; E}w;whz;by; tho;e;jhh;. fsg;gpu kd;ddhd mr;Rj tpf;uhe;jh (mr;Rj ehuhazh) mthpd; rPluhf ,Ue;jhh;. Gj;jjj;jh ehd;F E}y;fis ,aw;wpdhh; vd;fpwJ ngsj;j ,yf;fpaq;fs; gw;wpa 17-Mk; E}w;whz;L gh;kpa Vlhd fe;j tk;rh (Gandha Vamsa – Bode 1894-96, p.69). mthpd; rpy gilg;Gfs;> fhtphpg;G+k;gl;bdj;jpy; tp\;Zjhrh (fpU\;zjhrh) vd;gth; fl;bapUe;j klj;jpy; ,aw;wg;gl;ld. mth; jkJ gilg;Gfspy; cufGuk;> fhtphpg;G+k;gl;bdk;> mDuhjGuj;jpy; cs;s kfhtp`huh> fhQ;rpGuk; Mfpatw;iwg; gw;wpf; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shh;. Gj;jjj;jh; tho;e;j mNj fhyj;ijr; Nrh;e;jth; Gj;jNfhrh. mtUf;F Fg;j kd;dd; Fkhu Fg;jh (fp.gp. 414-55) rPluhf ,Ue;jhh;. mth; vOjpa kNdhujGuhzp vDk; E}ypd; KbTiuapy; fhQ;rpGuj;ijg; gw;wp mth; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shh;. mth; kJu Rj;jgl;lzhtpy; (kJiu)4 jq;fpapUe;jNghJ ggQ;r#lzp vDk; E}iy ,aw;wpdhh;. Gj;jjj;jNuh> Gj;jNfhrNuh my;yJ mf;fhyj;ijr; Nrh;e;j NtW ngsj;j mwpQh;fNsh ehfg;gl;bdj;ijg; gw;wp vJTk; Fwpg;gpltpy;iy. mjdhy;> 5Mk; E}w;whz;L ,WjpapNyh 6-Mk; E}w;whz;bd; njhlf;fj;jpNyh me;efuj;Jf;Fg; ngsj;jj; njhlh;G ,Uf;ftpy;iy vd;gJ njspthfpwJ. ,f;fhyf; fl;lj;jpy;jhd; fhQ;rpGuj;ijr; Nrh;e;j Kd;dhs; gy;yt ,sturuhd> Gfo;ngw;w ngsj;j Jwtp Nghjpjj;kh rPdhTf;Fg; Gwg;gl;lhh;. mg;NghJ rPdhtpy; Lianh Wudi (fp.gp.520) Ml;rp elj;jp te;jhh;. njd;dpe;jpahitr; Nrh;e;j Mr;rhh;ah jk;kghyh (fp.gp. 528-60)> Gfo;ngw;w eye;jh gy;fiyf;fofj;jpd; jiytuhfg; nghWg;Ngw;whh;. njd;dpe;jpahTf;F jpUk;Gk; Kd;dh; mth;> mDuhjGuj;jpy; cs;s uh[ tp`hhpy; Fwpg;gpl;l fhyk; jq;fpapUe;jhh;. mth; njuthlh ngsj;j gphpTf;Fg; ngUk; gq;fhw;wpapUf;fpwhh;. jk;kghyh> 14 E}y;fisAk;> tpsf;fTiufisAk; ,aw;wpajhff; fe;j tk;rh (Bode 1894-96, p.64) $WfpwJ. Gj;jhpd; Neubr; rPluhd fhr;rhadh vd;w ngsj;jj; Jwtp ,aw;wpa nel;b gf;fuhdhTf;F (Netti-pakarana), mth; vOjpa tpsf;fTiu nel;b gf;fuhdh ml;lfjh5 vd;W miof;fg;gLfpwJ. ngsj;j rkaj;jpy; ghyp nkhopapyhd Kf;fpag; gilg;ghff; fUjg;gLk; mjd; ,Wjpapy; ,lk;ngw;Ws;s KbTiu> ehfg;gl;bdj;jpy; cs;s Gj;j tp`hh; gw;wpf; Fwpg;gpLtjhfg; gy E}yhrphpah;fs; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;sdh;. mjdhy;> mJ mZf;fkhff; ftdpf;fg;gl Ntz;ba xd;whfpwJ.

ehfg;gl;bdk; gw;wpa Gjpa ghh;itfs;

123

nel;b gf;fuhdh ml;lfjhtpd; Kjy; gjpg;gpy;> mij vOjpa jk;kghyh ahh; vd;gij Muha;fpwhh; (Hardy 1902) Nguhrphpah; `hh;b. ngsj;j cyfpy; jk;kghyh vd;gJ tof;fkhd xU ngau;. mjdhy; me;E}iy vOjpaJ Mr;rhh;ah jk;kghyhjhd; vd;gij eph;zapg;gjpy; rpf;fy; ,Ug;gjhf mth; $Wfpwhh;.7 mth; vOjpa KbTiuapd; %d;whtJ thp Kf;fpakhdJ. mjpy; jk;kghyh me;j KbTiuia vOjpa ,lk; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ. jhk; jq;fpapUe;j “jk;knrhfh kfhuh[h tp`huh”> gl;lNd ehfrhthNa (Pattane Nagasavhaye) vDk; ,lj;jpy; ,Ue;jjhf mth; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shh;. “gl;bdk;” vDk; milnkhopia> Nrhoh; fhyj;jpy; Kf;fpaj; JiwKfkhf tpsq;fpaNghJjhd; ehfg;gl;bdk; ngw;wJ. mjw;F Kd; mJ fy;ntl;LfspYk;> ,yf;fpaq;fspYk; “ehif” vd;Nw miof;fg;gl;lJ. mjdhy; jk;kghyh Fwpg;gpLk; gl;bdj;ij> ehfg;gl;bdj;Jld; Neubahfj; njhlh;G gLj;JtJ rpukkhfpwJ. mg;gbapUf;f> me;efhpy; jk;knrhfh kfhuh[h tp`huhit milahsk; fhZtJ Fjpiuf; nfhk;ghfpwJ. me;j tp`hhpd; ngaiu itj;Jf; nfhz;L kl;Lk; mij ngsj;j kd;ddhd mNrhfth;j;jdh9 my;yJ mtdJ Ml;rpf; fhyj;JlNdh njhlh;GgLj;jptpl KbahJ. rPd ahj;hPfh;fshd Xuanzang (Hsuen Tsang) kw;Wk; Yijing, ehfg;gl;bdj;ijg; gw;wpf; Fwpg;gpl;bUe;jhYk; me;j tp`huhitg; gw;wp vJTk; $wtpy;iy. Mr;rhh;ahtpd; tho;f;if tuyhW gw;wp vOjpAs;s Xuanzang> me;j Mr;rhhpahh; jq;fpapUe;j tp`huhTf;Fr; nry;yhjJk;> mJ Fwpj;Jf; Fwpg;gplhjJk; re;Njfj;ij tutiof;fpwJ. “jk;knrhfh” vd;w gjk; njd;dpe;jpahitf; fhl;bYk; ,yq;ifAldhd neUf;fj;ijNa fhl;LfpwJ. kd;dd; mNrhfth;j;jdh ,e;jpahtpy; “jk;knrhfh” vd;W miof;fg;gLtjpy;iy. Mdhy;> ,yq;if E}y;fs; mtiu me;jg; ngah; nfhz;L miof;fpd;wd. kfhuh[h tp`huh vd;W nrhy;Yk;NghJ> me;jf; fhyj;jpy; gy uh[ tp`hh;fs;12 ,Ue;jd. mtw;Ws; fhQ;rpGuk;> mDuhjGuk; Mfpatw;wpy; ,Ue;j uh[ tp`hh;fs; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fit. ,yq;ifapd; lk;Gy;yh (Dambulla) efhpy; cs;s gy Fiff; Nfhapy;fspy; xd;W> ,d;Wk; “kfhuh[h tp`huh” vd;W miof;fg;gLfpwJ. Mr;rhh;ah jk;kghyhTf;F ,yq;ifAld; ,Ue;j njhlh;G midtUk; mwpe;jnthd;W. Mjyhy; me;j tp`huhitg; gw;wpa tptuq;fis ,yq;ifapy; NjLtJ gaDs;sjhf ,Uf;Fk;. Mr;rhh;ah jk;kghyhtpd; tpsf;fTiuapd; ,Wjpapy;> ntspaPl;lhshpd; jftYk; ,lk;ngw;Ws;sJ.

124

NfhFy; Nr\hjphp

Badaratitthavihare vasina acariya – Dhammapalena kata Nettipakaranassa attjasamvannana samatta ti me;j ntspaPl;lhshpd; tptuk;> jk;kghyh gjhpjpl;lh tp`hhpy; tho;e;jjhff; Fwpg;gpLfpwJ. me;j tptuk; gpwF Nrh;f;fg;gl;bUf;ff;$Lk;. Vnddpy;> vq;fpUe;J mJ vOjg;gl;lJ vd;W jk;kghyhNt jkJ tpsf;fTiuapy; $wpAs;shh;. ,Ue;jhYk; me;j ntspaPl;lhsh; tptuk; fhyq;fhykhfj; njhlh;e;J> 17/18-Mk; E}w;whz;L gh;kpa ngsj;j E}yhd rhrdtk;rhtpy; (Sasanavamsa) kPz;Lk; ,lk;ngWfpwJ. gjhpjpl;lh> Damilaratthe (jkpofk;) gFjpapy; ,Ue;jjhf me;j E}y; (Bode 1897, p.33) $WfpwJ. [k;G jPgj;ijr; (,e;jpa jPgfw;gk;) Nrh;e;j Mr;rhh;ah;fisAk; mth;fs; tho;e;j ,lq;fisAk;13 gl;baypLfpwJ fe;j tk;rh (Minayeff 1886, pp. 66,67). mjpYk; ehfg;gl;bdj;jpd; ngah; ,lk;ngwtpy;iy. Mjyhy;> gjhpjpl;lh tp`hiu ehfg;gl;bdj;JlNdh> ,d;iwa MThpj;jply; clNdh njhlh;GgLj;JtJ Mjhukw;wJ.

fp.gp. 7-Mk; E}w;whz;bd; njhlf;fk;: JiwKf efukhf ehif Mr;rhh;ah jk;kghyh> jkJ gilg;Gfspy; fhtphpg;G+k;gl;bdj;jpy; ,Ue;j tp`hh;fisg; gw;wp vJTk; Fwpg;gpltpy;iy. me;jg; goikahd efuk; mg;NghJ ,Ue;jpUe;jhy;> mth; mq;Fr; nry;yhky; ,Ue;jpUf;fkhl;lhh;. Mjyhy;> fp.gp. 6-Mk; E}w;whz;bd; kj;jpapy;> fhtphpg;G+k;gl;bdj;jpd; ngUk;ghyhd gFjp ,Ue;j ,lk; njhpahky; Ngha;tpl;lJ vd;W ijhpakhfr; nrhy;yyhk;. fhtphpg;G+k;gl;bdk; mope;jjhNyNa ehfg;gl;bdk; mjd; ,lj;ijg; gpbj;jJ vd;Wk; $wyhk;. rpwpa flNyhuf; fpuhkkhf ,Ue;j mJ> nky;y th;j;jfh;fis nghpa JiwKfkhf khw;wk; fz;lJ. 7-Mk; E}w;whz;bd; njhlf;fj;jpy;> kjpy; Rth;fisf; nfhz;l RWRWg;ghd JiwKfkhf mJ khwpapUe;jJ vd;gJ jpUehTf;furh; ehadhhpd; (mg;gh;) vOj;Jf;fspy; ,Ue;J njhpa tUfpwJ. ehfg;gl;bdj;ifg; gw;wp Kjd; Kjypy; vOj;Jf;fspy; ,Ue;J njhpa tUfpwJ. ehfg;gl;bdj;ijg; gw;wp Kjd; Kjypy; njspthfj; jkJ Njthug;ghf;fspy; Fwpg;gpl;bUg;gth; mth;jhd;. mg;gh;> gy;yt kd;dd; kNfe;jpu th;kd; (fp.gp. 604-30)

ehfg;gl;bdk; gw;wpa Gjpa ghh;itfs;

125

fhyj;ijr; Nrh;e;jth;. me;efiur; #o;e;jpUe;j fUq;fliyg; gw;wpAk;> fiuNahuk; ,Ue;j fopKfq;fs; gw;wpAk; gy ,lq;fspy; tUzpj;Js;shh; mg;gh;. Njthuj;jpy; ,lk;ngw;Ws;s 4.108-tJ ghly;> ehfg;gl;bdj;jpy; “tq;fk;” vDk; nghpa fyq;fs; epiwa ,Ue;jjhff; $WfpwJ (tq;fkyp fly; ehif). mg;giuj; njhlh;e;J jpUQhdrk;ge;jUk; ehfg;gl;bdj;jpy; ,Uf;Fk; fhNuhzk; Nfhapy; gw;wpg; ghbapUf;fpwhh;. mtUk; tq;fk; gw;wpf; Fwpg;gpLfpwhh;. mit kiyfisg; Nghy efh;tjhf mth; ghbAs;shh; - (ghly; 1.84.7 – tiuahh;td Nghy tsUk; tq;fq;fs; fiuahh; fly; ehif). mg;gh; kw;Wk; Qhdrk;ge;jhpd; ghly;fspypUe;J> ehfg;gl;bdk; Nfhl;ilr; Rth;fisAk;> fl;llq;fisAk;> ey;y rhiyfisAk;> RWRWg;ghd JiwKfj;ijAk; ngw;w> tsh;r;rpaile;j efukhf ,Ue;jJ> vd;gJ njhpa tUfpwJ. me;epiyf;F mJ tsh;tjw;Fr; rpy fhyk; gpbj;jpUf;Fk;. me;j tsh;r;rp> 6-Mk; E}w;whz;by;> my;yJ mjw;F Kd;djhf Vw;gl;bUf;fyhk;. Mdhy; mg;gFjpapy; ngsj;jh;fs; tho;e;jJ Fwpj;J ,U ehad;khh;fSNk Fwpg;gpltpy;iy. ,uz;L kfhd;fSNk> Fwpg;ghf Qhdrk;ge;jh;> ngsj;j rkaj;Jf;F vjph;g;Gf; fhl;bath;fs;;; ngsj;j gpf;Ffis tpthjj;Jf;F mioj;jth;fs;. ngsj;j jhf;fk; ,Ue;j ,lq;fs; gw;wpr; rk;ge;jh; njspthff; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shh;. ,e;epiyapy; ghlw;ngw;w jykhd ehif fhNuhzk; Nfhapiyg; gw;wpg; NgRtJ mtrpak;. mg;gh;> Qhdrk;ge;jh; MfpNahUld; Re;juUk; me;j Myaj;ijg; gw;wpg; ghbAs;shh;. fhNauh`dk; vd;w nrhy;ypy; ,Ue;Nj fNuhzk; vd;w ngah; cUthdjhfj; jkJ Ma;Tf;fl;Liufspy; $wpAs;shh; N. NrJuhkd;. fhak; vd;why; cly;. MNuh`dk; vd;why; vOk;Gjy; vd;W nghUs;. Mjyhy;> ehfg;gl;bdj;jpy; cs;s Nfhapy;> F[uhj;jpy; cs;s fhahNuh`dk; Nfhapypd; kWgjpg;Ng vd;W $wg;gLfpwJ. F[uhj; Nfhapy;> ghRgjh vd;w irtg; gphpitr; Nrh;e;jJ. Mdhy;> ehfg;gl;bdj;jpy; cs;s Nfhapy; mg;gphpitr; Nrh;e;jjy;y. Kdpth; xUth; jkJ rhPu clYld; nrhh;f;fj;ij miltjw;F ,f;Nfhapy; fhuzkhf ,Ue;jjhy; mg;ngaiu mJ ngw;wjhff; $wg;gLfpwJ. mijj; jtpu ehfg;gl;bdk; NfhapYf;Fk; ghRgjh gphpTf;Fk; ve;jj; njhlh;Gk; ,Ue;jjhfj; njhpatpy;iy. me;jf; Nfhapy; gpd;dh; gy;yt> Nrhoh; fhyj;jpy; kWrPuikf;fg;gl;lJ. 7-Mk; E}w;whz;bd; njhlf;fj;jpy; jw;Nghija nrd;idf;F mUfpypUf;Fk; khky;yGuk;> gy;yt kd;dh;fspd; Kf;fpaj; JiwKfkhf tpsq;fpaJ. Kf;fpakhd tzpf eltbf;iffs; mq;Nfjhd; ele;jd. me;j ,lj;ijg; gpbf;f ehfg;gl;bdk; miu E}w;whz;L fhj;jpUf;f Ntz;bapUe;jJ.

126

NfhFy; Nr\hjphp

fp.gp. 7-Mk; E}w;whz;L kj;jpapy;: ehif ,iltopj; JiwKfk; fhtphpg;g+k;gl;bdk; mope;JNghd gpwF> ,yq;iff;Fk; njd;fpof;fhrpahTf;Fk; nry;Yk; gazpfSf;F ehfg;gl;bdk; trjpahd ,iltopj; JiwKfkhf khwpaJ. rPd ahj;hPfuhd Xuanzang, jkJ Fwpg;gpy; mJ gw;wpf; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shh;. fhtphpg;gl;bdk; vd;W ngsj;j VLfs; Fwpg;gpLk; fhtphpg;G+k;gl;bdj;jpy; ,Ue;j ngsj;jh;fs;> mq;F ,aw;ifg; Nghplh; Vw;gl;l gpwF ehiff;F Fbngah;e;jhh;fsh vd;gjw;fhd Mjhuq;fs; ,y;iy. Mdhy;> mq;fpUe;J ,yq;iff;Fk; njd;fpof;fhrpahTf;Fk; nrd;wth;fspy; mjpfkhNdhh; ngsj;jh;fshf ,Ue;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk;. mjdhy; me;jj; JiwKfk; XusT rka Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ijg; ngw;wpUf;fyhk;. Xuanzang, eurpk;kg; gy;ytd; (fp.gp. 630-68) fhyj;jpy; njd;dpe;jpahTf;Fg; gazk; nra;jhh;. Mjyhy;> mth; te;j fhyj;ij ehad;khh;fSf;Fg; gpe;jpa fhykhff; nfhs;syhk;. mth; vOjpAs;s Xiyouji (Si-YuKi) vd;w Fwpg;gpy;> kJiu> nghl;lyhfh kiy Mfpait Fwpj;Jf; Fwpg;gpl;bUg;gJld;> ehif gw;wpAk; Nfhbfhl;bapUf;fpwhh;. mth; vOjpAs;sjpd; jkpo; nkhopngah;g;G ,J:

nghl;Nlyhf;fpah kiyapypUe;J tlfpof;Nf nrd;why;> fiuNahukhf xU efuk; tUfpwJ. ,q;fpUe;Jjhd; njd; flypy; ,Uf;Fk; fp rhq; fpah NyhTf;F (,yq;if) Gwg;gLfpwhh;fs;. ,q;fpUe;J 3000Li (rPd fly; msT) nrd;why; rpq;fs Njrj;ij milayhk; vd;W kf;fs; nrhy;fpd;wdh;. mthpd; rPluhd Yiiging vOjpAs;s Fwpg;Gfspd; mbg;gilapy; ghh;j;jhy;> Xuanzang Fwpg;gpl;Ls;s flNyhu efuk; ehfg;gl;bdNk vd;gij ehk; cWjpg;gLj;jyhk;. ,e;jpahtpYk; kyha; jPgfw;gj;jpYk; gpd;gw;wg;gLk; ngsj;j rkak; gw;wpa gjpT (fp.gp 671-95) mij kWTWjp nra;fpwJ. mjpy; Yijing-,d; Fwpg;ig NtW MW ngsj;j ahj;hPfh;fs; kWTWjpg;gLj;Jfpd;wdh;.

=tp[ahtpy; Xa;ntLj;j gpwF> Ou-hing mur glfpy; Gwg;gl;lhh;. gjpide;J ehl;fSf;Fg; gpwF kyhA (Ma-louo-yu) vd;w jPtpy; jiuapwq;fpdhh;. NkYk; gjpide;J jpdq;fs; fopj;J Kie-tcha vd;w

ehfg;gl;bdk; gw;wpa Gjpa ghh;itfs;

127

ehl;il mth; mile;jhh;. kiof; fhyj;jpd; filrp khjj;jpy; jkJ gazj;ij Nkw;F Nehf;fp mth; jpUg;gpdhh;. Kg;gJ ehl;fSf;Fg; gpwF mth; Na-kia-po-tan-na (ehfg;gl;bdk;) nrd;W Nrh;e;jhh;. Mq;fpUe;J Gwg;gl;l mth;> ,uz;L ehs; gazj;jpw;Fg; gpwF rpq;fsj; jPit mile;jhh;. mq;F mth; Gj;jhpd; Gdpjg; gy;iy topgl;lhh;. rpq;fsj;ij tpl;Lg; Gwg;gl;l mth;> tlNkw;F Nehf;fpg; gazkhdhh;. xU khjk; fopj;J mth; Harikela-itr; nrd;wile;jhh;. Xuanzang, Yijing Mfpa ,UtUNk ehfg;gl;bdj;jpy; ngsj;j eltbf;iffs; gw;wp vijAk; Fwpg;gpltpy;iy. mg;gb VJk; ,Ue;jpUe;jhy;> jPtu ngsj;jh;fshd mth;fs; mijg; gw;wpf; Fwpg;gpl;bUg;ghh;fs;. MfNt> mf;fhyf;fl;lj;jpy; me;efhpy; ngsj;j njd;dpe;jpa tuyhw;wpy;> Fwpg;ghf ehfg;gl;bdj;jpd; tuyhw;wpy;> Kf;fpakhd xd;W. rpt#lhkzp vd;w gl;lj;ijg; ngw;wpUe;j ,uh[rpk;kdpd; fhyj;jpy; gy;NtW eltbf;ifapy; kf;fs; 23 gidkiy>24 khky;yGuk;25 Mfpa ,lq;fspy; cs;s Nfhapy;fspy; ,d;Wk; fhzyhk;. ehfg;gl;bdj;jpy; cs;s fhahNuh`zrhkp Nfhapypd; %y];jhdj;Jf;Fg; gpd;dhy; ,Uf;Fk; Nrhk];fe;jh; rpw;gk; mthpd; iftz;zj;jpy; cUthd kpfr; rpwg;ghd xd;whFk;. mj;jifa rpw;gq;fis Nkw;$wg;gl;Ls;s midj;Jf; Nfhapy;fspYk; fhzyhk;. fhahNuh`zk; Nfhapy; %y];jhdj;jpd; mikg;G> gpw;fhyr; Nrhoh; fhyj;Jf; fl;Lkhdq;fshy;> mjd; gy;yt iftz;zj;ij ,oe;Jtpl;lJ. jw;Nghija mjd; mikg;G Kjyhk; ,uh[uh[ Nrhod; (fp.gp.985-1014) fhyj;ijr; Nrh;e;jJ (glk; 7.1). ,uh[rpk;kd;> jkJ Ml;rp fhyj;jpd; ,Wjpapy; (fp.gp. 720) rPdhTf;F xU J}Jf; FOit mDg;gp itj;jjhfj; njhpfpwJ. ehfg;gl;bdj;ijg; nghUj;j tiuapy; kpf Kf;fpakhd xd;whf> mJ fUjg;gLfpwJ. mijg; gw;wpa Kf;fpaj; jfty;fs; rPdf; Fwpg;Gfspy; ,Ue;J kl;LNk njhpa tUfpwJ. njd;dpe;jpaf; fy;ntl;LfNsh> ,yf;fpaq;fNsh mJ gw;wp xd;Wk; $wtpy;iy.

128

NfhFy; Nr\hjphp

mijg; gw;wpj; jfty; $Wk; rPdf; Fwpg;Gfs; ,it: 1. Cefu Yuangui 20 njhFg;Gfspy;. fp.gp. 1013-,y; njhFf;fg;gl;l ,e;jr; rPd fiyf;fsQ;rpak;> Nrhq; Ml;rpf; fhy E}y;fspd; Mfg; nghpa njhFg;ghFk;. 2. Wenxian Tongkao my;yJ Ma Duanlind; Ma;Tfs; - ,J Fg;yha; fhdpd; (Kublai Khan) cwtpduhd kq;Nfhypa kd;dd; Yingzong, 1321-Mk; Mz;by; ntspapl;lJ. 25 jiyg;Gfspy; 348 mj;jpahaq;fisf; nfhz;Ls;sJ ,J. khh;f;Nfh NghNyh (Marco Polo) rPdhtpy; ,Ue;jNghJ (fp.gp. 1275 – 95) Ma Duanlin ,e;j E}iy vOjpdhh;. 3. Siku Quanshu vDk; KOikahd njhFg;gpy; xU gFjpahf ,lk;ngw;Ws;sJ Jiu Tang Shu. ,J kd;dh; Qianlong-,d; cj;jutpd; Nghpy; fp.gp. 1773-,y; njhFf;fg;gl;lJ.

glk; 7.1 ehfg;gl;bdk; - fhtphpg;G+k;gl;bdk; flw;fiu

ehfg;gl;bdk; gw;wpa Gjpa ghh;itfs;

129

ed;whf Ml;rp nra;Ak; Kiwia ,yf;fpaq;fspd; top fw;Wf; nfhs;syhk; vd;W rPd mwpQh;fs; ek;gpdh;. mjdhy;> xt;nthU Ml;rpf;fhyj;jpYk; E}y;fisj; njhFg;gjw;Fk;> ghJfhg;gjw;Fk; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; jug;gl;lJ. mj;jifa tof;fj;jhNyNa> tuyhw;iwj; njhpe;J nfhs;tjw;F VJthd Nkw;$wg;gl;l gjpTfs; ekf;Ff; fpilj;jpUf;fpd;wd. me;jg; gjpTfs; ekf;F toq;Fk; jfty;fs; ,it (Sastri 1939, pp 116-17).

(m) fp.gp.720-Mk; Mz;by;> njd;dpe;jpahitr; Nrh;e;j Che-li-Na-loseng-kia vd;w kd;dd; =eurpk;k nghl;ltu;kd;> muGf;fisAk; (Ta-che) jpngj;jpah;fisAk; (Tou-po) kw;wth;fisAk; mlf;fp itf;fj; jkJ ahidg; giliaAk;> Fjpiug; giliaAk; nfhLj;J cjt Kd; te;jhd;. mg;gilf;F xU ngah; itf;Fk;gbAk; mtd; Nfl;Lf; nfhz;lhd;. mijg; ghuhl;ba murh;> me;jg; gilf;F> “ghuhl;LjYf;F chpa Mw;wy; nfhz;l gil” vd;W ngahpl;lhh;. (Fwpg;G 1) (M) 9-tJ khjk;> njd;dpe;jpa kd;dh; Che-li-Na-lo-seng-kia-to-pa, rPd uh[paj;jpd; eyDf;fhff; Nfhapy; xd;iwf; fl;bdhd;. me;jf; NfhapYf;Fg; ngah; itf;f> ngah;g; gyif xd;iw nra;J jUkhW muriu mtd; Ntz;bdhd;. NfhapYf;F “newpf;Fj; jpUk;Gk; Mw;wy; jUtJ” (Koei-hoa se) vd;w ngah; itj;J> mf;Nfhapypd; thapypy; nghUj;Jtjw;fhd ngah;g; gyifiaAk; nra;J ,e;jpahTf;F mDg;gp itj;jhhh; rPd murh;. (Fwpg;G 2) (,) 720-Mk; Mz;L> 8-tJ khjk;> njd;dpe;jpa kd;dh; ghpRg; nghUl;fSld; xU J}jiu mDg;gp itj;jpUg;gjhf muz;kidf;Fr; nra;jp mDg;gg;gLfpwJ. me;jj; J}jiu ed;F ftdpj;J ehL jpUk;Gk; tiu mthpd; Njitfisg; G+h;j;jp nra;AkhW muz;kid cj;jutpl;Ls;sJ. Gwg;gLk; Kd; mtUf;Fg; G+Ntiy nra;ag;gl;l gl;L mq;fpAk;> jq;fj;jpyhd ,Lg;GthUk;> kPd; rpd;dk; nfhz;l gzg;igAk;> VO ,jug; nghUl;fSk; mspf;fg;gl;ld. mjd; gpwF mth; topaDg;gp itf;fg;gl;lhh;. ( kj;jpa ,e;jpahitr; Nrh;e;j J}jh; xUth; njd;dpe;jpahtpd; Nfhb tiu %d;W Kiw nrd;W te;jhh;. Mdhy; xU Kiwjhd;> NgRk; gQ;rth;zf; fpspfis ,q;Ff; nfhz;L te;J nfhLj;jhh;. muGfSf;Fk; (Ta-she) jpngj;jpah;fSf;Fk; (Toofan) vjpuhf cjtp nra;a

130

NfhFy; Nr\hjphp

Ntz;Lk; vd;W mth; Nfl;Lf; nfhz;lhh;. mjw;fhd gilf;Fj; jiyikNaw;f jhk; jahh; vd;Wk; Fwpg;gpl;lhh;. kd;dh; Heuentsung (Ml;rpf;fhyk; fp.gp. 713-56) mtUf;Fj; jiyikj; jsgjp gjtpia toq;fpdhh;. me;j ,e;jpaj; J}jh;> kd;dhplk; “jpngj;jpa fhl;Lkpuhz;bfs;> MilfSf;Fk; nghUl;fSf;FNk kaq;Fth;. mjdhy;> jkf;F ePz;l gl;L mq;fpAk;> jq;fk; gjpj;j Njhy; ,Lg;GthUk;> kPd; tbtj;jpyhd igAk; Ntz;Lk;” vd;W Nfl;lhh;. me;jg; nghUl;fis mtUf;Fj; jUkhW kd;dh; cj;jutpl;lhh;. (Fwpg;G 2) (c) 11-tJ khjj;jpy;> kd;dd; Che-li Na-lo-seng-kia-to-pa-Tf;Fj; (= eurpk;k nghl;lth;kd;) njd;dpe;jpa uh[paj;jpd; khkd;dd; vd;w gl;lj;ij toq;fj; J}jh; xUth; mDg;gp itf;fg;gl;lhh;. (Fwpg;G 1) fp.gp. 692-,y; ,e;jpahitr; Nrh;e;j Ie;J muRfs; rPdhTld; cwT itj;jpUe;jjhf me;jf; Fwpg;Gfs; $Wfpd;wd. 7-Mk; E}w;whz;bd; ,WjpapYk; 8-Mk; E}w;whz;bd; njhlf;fj;jpYk; njd;fpof;fhrpah Tldhd fly; tzpfj;jpy; rPdh Kf;fpa rf;jpahf khwpapUe;jJ. mjdhy;> mjDld; ey;Ywit itj;Jf; nfhs;sg; gy ,e;jpa muRfs; tpUk;gpd. njd;dpe;jpa kd;dd; ,uh[rpk;kd;> xUgb NkNy nrd;W> nghJ vjphpfisf; (muGf;fs;> jpngj;jpah;fs;) fl;Lg;gLj;Jtjw;Fg; gil cjtpiaAk; toq;f Kd;te;jhd;. ,uh[rpk;kdpd; me;jf; flg;ghl;Lf;fhd cz;ikahd fhuzk; njhpatpy;iy vd;whYk;> njd;dpe;jpah> rPdh> njd;fpof;fhrpah Mfpatw;Wf;F ,ilapyhd th;j;jfj;Jf;F mit njhe;juthf ,Ue;jpUf;ff; $Lk; vd;W czug;gLfpwJ. rPdh;fspd; eyDf;fhfj; njd;dpe;jpahtpy; fl;lg;gl;l Nfhapy; ,Ue;j ,lk; gw;wpa tptuq;fs; Fwpj;J rPd VLfs; vJTk; $wtpy;iy. Wang Xuance28 jiyikapy; te;j rPdj; J}Jf; FOitg; gw;wpa Fwpg;G> Nkw;fz;ltw;iw cWjpg; gLj;JfpwJ. fp.gp 642> 646> 657 Mfpa Mz;Lfspy; %d;w Kiw Wang ,e;jpahTf;F te;jhh;. mthpd; Fwpg;G t[;uNghjp (fp.gp. 661 – 740) vd;w ngsj;j Mr;rhhpahiu ekf;F mwpKfg;gLj;JfpwJ. ehL gQ;rj;jpy; thbaNghJ kd;dd; ,uh[rpk;kDf;F Mr;rhh;ah t[;uNghjp cjtpajhf me;jf; Fwpg;G $WfpwJ. gpwF Mr;rhh;ah rPdhTf;Fr; nrd;W kQ;R=ia(ngsj;j ru];tjp) topgl tpUk;gpaNghJ> kfhgpu[;dgukpl;lh vd;w rka E}ypd; rk];fpUj gpujpAld; cjtpahsh;fisAk; mtUld; mDg;gp itj;jhd; kd;dd; ,uh[rpk;kd;. me;j Mr;rhhpahh;> ,yq;if>

131

ehfg;gl;bdk; gw;wpa Gjpa ghh;itfs;

=tp[ah topahfr; nrd;W> gy ,d;dy;fSf;F ,ilapy; filrpahff; fp.gp. 720-,y; rPdhtpd; Nfz;lhd; (Canton) efiur; nrd;wile;jhh;. t[;uNghjp> gpw;fhyj;jpy; rPdhtpy; Gfo;ngw;w t[;uhad29 ngsj;j Mrphpauhf Mdhh;. fp.gp. 741-Mk; Mz;by;> mth; rPdhtpy; ,we;jNghJ> mthpd; epidthfj; ];J}gp xd;W mq;F mikf;fg;gl;lJ. kd;dd; ,uh[rpk;kd; rPdhTf;F Nkw;nfhz;l gazk; murpay; hPjpapYk; rka hPjpapYk; Kf;fpakhdJ vd;W ehk; nfhs;syhk;. vdpDk;> ,e;j Ma;tpd; Kf;fpa Nehf;fk; mtd; fl;ba rPd NfhGuk; gw;wpaJ. ,uh[rpk;kd; me;jf; NfhGuj;ijj; jdJ ehl;by; vq;F Ntz;LkhdhYk; fl;bapUf;fyhk; vd;whYk;> rPdh;fs; mjpfkhf tUk; ,lj;jpy;jhd; mijf; fl;bapUf;f Ntz;Lk;. rPdh ngsj;j ehL vd;gjhYk;> mq;fpUe;J tUgth;fs; ngsj;jh;fs; vd;gjhYk;> me;jf; NfhGuk; ngsj;j mk;rq;fisf; nfhz;bUf;f Ntz;Lk;. Mdhy;> njd;dpe;jpa tuyhw;W E}y;fs;> xNu rPd NfhGuj;ijg; gw;wpj;jhd; NgRfpd;wd. mJ ehfg;gl;bdj;jpy; mike;jpUe;jJ. mg;gbnad;why;> khky;yGuj;Jf;Fg; gjpyhf ehfg;gl;bdj;jpy; NfhGuj;ijf; fl;lg; gy;yt kd;dd; Vd; KbntLj;jhd;? (m) 8-Mk; E}w;whz;bd; njhlf;fj;jpy; ehfg;gl;bdKk; mjd; Rw;W tl;lhuKk; gy;yth;fspd; fl;Lg;ghl;bd; fPo; ,Ue;jd. (M) rPdh;fSk; kw;wj; njd;fpof;fhrpa ehLfSk; JiwKfkhf ehfg;gl;bdk; ,Ue;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk;.

gad;gLj;jpa

ehfg;gl;bdj;jpy; cs;s fhahNuh`drhkp NfhapYk; ehfehjh; NfhapYk; gy;yth;fspd; jhf;fj;Jf;F Mjhukhf tpsq;Ffpd;wd. rPdf; NfhGuKk; mq;Ff; fl;lg;gl;ljhy; me;efuk; gy;yth;fspd; nry;thf;Fkpf;fj; JiwKfkhfTk; ,Ue;jjhf ek;gyhk;.

fp.gp. 8-Mk; E}w;whz;L ,Wjp – 9-Mk; E}w;whz;L: ,iltopj; JiwKfj;jpypUe;J Kf;fpaj; JiwKfk; tiu gy;yt kd;ddhd ,uz;lhk; ee;jpth;kDk; itzt kfhd; jpUkq;if Mo;thUk; 8-Mk; E}w;whz;bd; ,Wjpapy;> rkfhyj;ijr; Nrh;e;jth;fs;. Mo;thh;> ehfg;gl;bdj;jpy; cs;s kfhtp\;Zitg;31 ghbAs;shh;. Mo;thhpd; ghly;fspy; ehfg;gl;bdj;ijg; gw;wp mt;tsthfj; jfty;

132

NfhFy; Nr\hjphp

,y;iy. Mdhy;> ehfg;gl;bdj;jpy; mth; tho;f;ifiag; gw;wpa jfty; Muhapug;gb FUguk;gu gpugt ([Pah; 1880)32 vd;w E}ypy; gjpthfpAs;sJ. me;j 12-Mk; E}w;whz;Lr; rkaE}y;> =uq;fk; uq;fehju; Nfhapiyg; GJg;gpf;fg; gzk; Njitg;gl;ljhy; jpUkq;if Mo;thh;> ehfg;gl;bdj;jpy; cs;s tp`hhpypUe;J jq;fj;jpyhd Gj;j tpf;ufq;fisj; jpUbajhff; $WfpwJ. me;jj; jfty; ve;j msTf;F cz;ik vd;w Nfs;tp vOe;jNghjpYk;> ehfg;gl;bdj;jpy; ,Ue;j tp`hh;> nry;tr; nropg;Gld; ,Ue;jJ vd;gJ njhpa tUfpwJ. me;j tp`hh;> mNdfkhf ,uh[rpk;kd; fl;ba rPdf; NfhGukhfj;jhd;53 ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;w KbTf;F ehk; tuyhk;. kd;dd; gy;ytky;yDf;F mg;gFjpAld; Neubj; njhlh;gpUe;jJ vd;gJ gl;ljl;ly; kq;fyk; nrg;Gj; jfLfs; %yk; njhpatUfpwJ. Njthuk; ghba %th;fspy; xUtuhd Re;juh;> gy;yt kd;dd; %d;whk; ee;jpth;kd; (fp.gp. 840 - 65) fhyj;ijr; Nrh;e;jth;. Re;juh; fhahNuh`dk; rptd; Fwpj;J 22 ghly;fisg; ghbAs;shh;. mjpy; mf;fhyj;J ehfg;gl;bdk; Fwpj;J epiwaj; jfty;fisj; je;jpUf;fpwhh;. Fwpg;ghff; fPo;f; fhzg;gLk; ehd;F ghly;fs; gy tuyhw;W cz;ikfisf; $Wfpd;wd. (m) ghly; 7.101.4 – ehfg;gl;bdk; ,utpYk; gpufhrkhd efh;> me;jj; JiwKfj;ij mjpfkhd fg;gy;fs; gad;gLj;jpaJk;> mjpf tzpf eltbf;iffs; ele;jJk; mjw;Ff; fhuzkhf ,Ue;jpUf;fyhk;. efhpd; Nfhl;ilr; Rtiur; Rw;wp ,uhZt tPuh;fs; fhtYf;F ,Ue;jjhfTk; (Nrz;jhh; Ghpir – jhh; vd;why; ,q;F gil vd;W nghUs;) mJ $WfpwJ. mjdhy;> me;jj; JiwKf efuj;ij fhtyh;fs; ghJfhj;J te;jdh; vd;gJ Re;juhpd; ghly; %yk; mwpa KbfpwJ. ehfg;gl;bdj;ijr; Rw;wpf; Nfhl;il mike;jpUe;jij Vw;fdNt ehk; ghh;j;Njhk;. (M) ghly; 7.101.5 – th;j;jfk; kw;Wk; tzpfh;fspd; eltbf;if gw;wp ,jpy; mwpe;J nfhs;s KbfpwJ. me;efu tzpfh;fs; fdfk; (jq;fk;)> fw;G+uk; Mfpatw;iw thq;fp tpw;wjhf mg;ghly; $WfpwJ. gfh;dh; vd;why; th;j;jfk; Ghpgth;fs;. Mjyhy;> gfh;e;j vd;gij th;j;jfk; Ghptjhf ehk; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. gg;guth; vd;w nrhy;Yk; ,g;ghlypy; ,lk;ngw;Ws;sJ. mjw;Fg; nghUs; njhpatpy;iy.

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(,) ghly; 7.101.7 - ,ijr; #o; njd;dhif vd;W $WfpwJ. ,jw;Fg; nghpa gha;kuq;fisf; nfhz;l fg;gy;fshy; #og;gl;l efuk; vd;W nghUs;. ( ehfg;gl;bdj;jpy; Rq;fk; nrYj;j mizfpd;wd. Ntiy vd;w nrhy; “fiu” vd;gjw;Fg; gjpyhf “Xa;ntLf;f” vd;Wk; nghUs;gLk;. Mjyhy;> Re;juhpd; ghlypy; ,Ue;J> nghpa fg;gy;fs; Rq;fk; nrYj;Jtjw;Fk;> Xa;ntLf;fTk; fiuapy; mize;jd vd;gijg; Ghpe;J nfhs;syhk;. Mjyhy;> ehk; Njbf; nfhz;bUe;j ehfg;gl;bdj; JiwKf eltbf;iffisg; gw;wpr; Re;juh; ,g;ghlypy; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shh;. (c) ghly; 7.101.9 – gy;NtW kd;dh;fSf;F ehif kPJ ,Ue;j ~njd;ehif| vd;W Re;juu; Vd; Fwpg;gpLfpwhh; vd;gJ njhpatpy;iy. Mdhy;> mtu; ~njd;ehif| vd;W tUzpg;gJ efuj;ij kl;LNk> mq;Fs;s Nfhapiy my;y vd;gJ kl;Lk; GydhfpwJ. jkpo;ehl;bd; njw;Fg; ghfj;jpy; me;efuk; mike;jpUe;jjhy; mg;gb $wpdhNuh vd;dNth? mWgj;J ehd;F ehad;khh;fspy; xUtuhd ehfg;gl;bdj;ijr; Nrh;e;j Mjpgl;l ehadhh; gw;wp Re;juh; jkJ jpUj;njhz;lu; njhifapy; vOjpAs;shu;. Mdhy; mth; vf;fhyj;jpy; tho;e;jhh; vd;gjw;fhd Fwpg;Gfs; VJk; ,y;iy. efhpd; murpay;> tzpf Kf;fpaj;Jtk; gw;wpa fy;ntl;LfSk; fpilahJ. ehfehjh; Nfhapypy; kl;Lk;> me;efiu ehif vd;W miof;Fk; (Jayakumar 2001, p.215) fy;ntl;L xd;W cs;sJ.

fp.gp. 10-Mk; - 11-Mk; E}w;whz;L: Nrhoh;fspd; fPo; ehfg;gl;bdk; gj;jhk; E}w;whz;by;> njd;dpe;jpahtpd; Mfr; rf;jptha;e;j Ml;rpahsh;fshf tpsq;fpa Nrhoh;fspd; KOf; fl;Lg;ghl;bd;fPo; te;jJ> ehfg;gl;bdk;. me;efuk; Nrhoh; Nguurpy; vg;NghJ ,izf;fg;gl;lJ vd;gJ njspthfj; njhpatpy;iy. me;jj; JiwKf efhpy; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;Ls;s Mfg; gioa Nrhoh; fy;ntl;L> Kjyhk; ,uh[uh[d; (fp.gp. 985 – 1014) fhyj;ijr; Nrh;e;jJ. Mdhy;> mjw;F Kd;djhfNt mJ ,izf;fg;gl;L ,Uf;fyhk; vd;W ek;gg; Nghjpa fhuzq;fs; ,Uf;fpd;wd. ehfg;gl;bdj;Jf;F 24 fpNyhkPl;lh; njhiytpYs;s jpUth&hpy;> kJiu nfhz;l guNfrhp vDk; kd;ddpd; fy;ntl;L fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. mJ me;j kd;dd; Ml;rpNaw;w 33-Mk; Mz;by; vOjg;gl;lJ (ARE No. 573 of 1904). me;j kd;dd; tp[ahya tk;rhtopiar; Nrh;e;j guhe;jfr; NrhoNd (fp.gp. 907 – 953) vd;W ek;gg;gLfpwJ. guhe;jfdpd; fhyj;jpypUe;Njh> mjw;Fg; gpwNfh me;j tl;lhuk; Nrhoh;fspd; fl;Lg;ghl;bd;fPo; te;jJ vd;W ek;Gtjw;Ff; fhuzq;fs; ,Uf;fpd;wd. vdpDk;> mt;tl;lhuj;jpypUe;J fpilj;jpUf;Fk; ngUk;ghyhd fy;ntl;Lfs; gj;jhk; E}w;whz;bd; gpw;gFjpiar; Nrh;e;jitNa. fhahNuh`Nd];tuh; NfhapypypUe;J fpilj;j fy;ntl;Lfs; gw;wpa ,e;jpaj; njhy;nghUs; Ma;T ,yhfhtpd; tptuq;fs; gpd;tUtd MFk;.

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ehfg;gl;bdk; fhahNuh`drhkp Nfhapypy; cs;s fy;ntl;Lfspd; gl;bay; ,uh[uh[ Nrhodpd; fy;ntl;L> ehfg;gl;bdk; gl;bdf; $w;wj;jpd;fPo; tUk; Ch; vd;W Fwpg;gpLfpwJ. kz;lyk; - tsehL – ehL - $w;wk; vd;w ,uh[uh[d; fhyj;jpy; ehL gphpf;fg;gl;bUe;jJ. mtw;iw> jw;Nghija khepyk; - khtl;lk; - tl;lk; Nghd;wtw;Wld; xg;gplyhk;. tsehL vDk; cl;gphpT> epyq;fis NkYk; rpwg;ghf eph;tfpf;f ,uh[uh[d; mwpKfk; nra;j Xh; mk;rkhFk;. gl;bdf; $w;wk; vd;gJ> \j;hparpfhkzp tsehl;bd; xU gFjp vd;W NtW jfty;fs;36 %yKk; ekf;Fj; njhpa tUfpwJ. ,uh[N[e;jpur; Nrhodpd; %d;W fy;ntl;Lfs;> Nrhoh;fSf;Fk; =tp[ahitr; Nrh;e;j irNye;jpu kd;dh;fSf;Fk; ,ilapy; ,Ue;j cwitg; gw;wp Kf;fpaj; jfty;fis toq;Ffpd;wd. mtw;Ws; KjyhtJ fy;ntl;L (ARE 1956 – 57, p. 164) mtdJ Ml;rpf;fhyj;jpd; 3tJ Mz;by; vOjg;gl;lJ. Ml;rpapd; KO mjpfhuKk; ,uhN[e;jpuDf;F toq;fg;gLk; Kd;> ,uz;L Mz;LfSf;Fj; je;ijAk; kfDk; xNu Neuj;jpy; Ml;rpg; nghWg;gpy; ,Ue;jhh;fs;37 vd;gij ehk; ,q;F epidT$w Ntz;Lk;. ehifmofh; vd;w rptdpd; nts;sp tpf;ufj;Jf;F =tp[ah kd;dhpd; gpujpepjp> kufjk;> rptg;Gf; fy; Nghd;w tpiy cah;e;j ,uj;jpdq;fshy; Md Mguzj;ij ed;nfhilahf toq;fpdhh; vd;W me;jf; fy;ntl;L $WfpwJ. me;jg; gpujpepjp> fPo;r;nrk;gp ehl;bYs;s Nky;Njhd;wpg; gl;bdj;jpy; tho;e;J te;jhh; vd;Wk; $wg;gl;bUf;fpwJ. me;jf; fy;ntl;by; fz;kp vd;W Fwpg;gplg;gLk; me;jg; gpujpepjpapd; ngah; mope;J Ngha;tpl;lJ. fPo;r;nrk;gp ehL vd;gJ jw;NghJ ,uhkehjGuk; fiuNahuk; cs;s gFjp vd;W fUjg;gLfpwJ. Nky;Njhd;wpg; gl;bdk; vd;gJ xU JiwKfkhf ,Ue;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk; (Jayakumar 2001, p.66). me;jf; fy;ntl;bypUe;J> =tp[ahtpd; eyd;fisg; ghh;j;Jf;nfhs;s Xh; mjpfhhp epue;jukhfj; njd;dpe;jpahtpy; ,Ue;jhh; vd;W njhpatUfpwJ. Mdhy;> me;j mjpfhhp ,e;jpahitr; Nrh;e;jtuh my;yJ =tp[ahitr; Nrh;e;jtuh vd;gJ njspthf ,y;iy. ,uz;lhtJ fy;ntl;by; (ARE 1956 – 57, p. 161), kd;dhpd; Ml;rpf; fhyk; gw;wpa jfty; mope;JNgha; tpl;lJ. =tp[ah kd;dhpd; gpujpepjpahd epkyd; mfj;jP];tud;> gy;NtW tif tpsf;Ffisg; ghprhf toq;fpajhf me;jf; fy;ntl;L $WfpwJ. me;j tpsf;Ffs; Vud;

136

NfhFy; Nr\hjphp

glk; 7.2 Nrhk];Re;juhfr; rptngUkhd;> gy;ytu; fhy Xtpak;> ifyhrehjh; Nfhapy;

glk; 7.3 ehfg;gl;bdj;jpd; gy;NtW flw;fyq;fs;

ehfg;gl;bdk; gw;wpa Gjpa ghh;itfs;

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jfty; : gpupl;b\; E}yfk;>,yz;ld;

glk; 7.3 ehfg;gl;bdj;jpd; rPdf; NfhGuk;

138 NfhFy; Nr\hjphp

ehfg;gl;bdk; gw;wpa Gjpa ghh;itfs;

139

rilad; vd;w Njtfz;l Mr;rhhpadhy; tbtikf;fg;gl;lit vd;Wk; fy;ntl;L nrhy;fpwJ. Kjy; fy;ntl;by; Fwpg;gplg;gLgtUk;> ,uz;lhtJ fy;ntl;by; Fwpg;gplg;gLgtUk; =tp[a kd;ddpd; fz;kpahd epkyd; mfj;jP];tuNd vd;W ek;g MjhuKs;sJ. ,U fy;ntl;LfspYNk Vud; riladpd; ngah; ,lk;ngw;Ws;sJ. %d;whtJ fy;ntl;L (ARE 1956 – 57, p. 162), flhu kd;ddpd; (kNyrpahtpd; jw;Nghija nflh khepyk;) mjpfhhp> Nfhapypy; gpujp\;il nra;j mh;j;jehhP];tuh; tpf;ufj;ijg; gw;wpf; $WfpwJ. me;j mjpfhhpapd; ngah;> =FUj;jd; NfRtd; vd;w mf;uNyif vd;W fy;ntl;L Fwpg;gpLfpwJ. Mdhy;> mth; vq;Fj; jq;fpapUe;jhh;> ve;j ehl;ilr; Nrh;e;jth; Nghd;w tptuq;fs; mjpy; ,lk;ngwtpy;iy. me;j mjpfhhp fPo;f;fhZk; rkar; rlq;FfSf;fhf> rPdf; fdfk; vDk; rPdj; jq;f ehzaq;fis (foQ;R) ed;nfhilahf toq;fpajhff; fy;ntl;L $WfpwJ: yy 87 foQ;Rfs; : = mh;j;jehhp];tuUf;F Mtph;gyp mh;r;ridf;F yy 87 foQ;Rfs; : 2000 khfyk; kw;Wk; 2 fyk; jhdpak; toq;f yy 60 foQ;Rfs; : gpuhkzh;fSf;Fk; G+i[ nra;NthUf;Fk; nea;> ghy;> japh; Mfpa nghUl;fis gz;bifg; nghd;dhff; nfhLf;f me;jf; fy;ntl;bd; gpw;gFjp Nrjkile;Js;sJ. mjdhy; mjpy; cs;sJ Ghpatpy;iy. vdpDk;> rPdj; jq;f ehzaq;fs; mg;NghJ njd;dpe;jpahtpy; gutyhfg; gad;gLj;jg;gl;lJk;> mij itj;Jg; nghUl;fs; thq;fg;gl;lJk; ekf;Fj; njhpatUfpwJ. me;j mjpfhhp ed;nfhilahf toq;fpa mh;j;jehhP];tuh; tpf;ufk;> Nrhoh; rpw;gf;fiyapd; rpwe;j vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf tpsq;FtJld;> ,d;Wk;; Nfhapypd; mh;j;j kz;lgj;jpy; tPw;wpUf;fpwJ. me;j tpf;ufj;jpd; Mz; ghfk; rptid hp\ghe;jpfuhfg; gpujpgypf;fpwJ. mh;j;jehhpapd; ngz;ikg; gFjp rw;W $Ljyhfj; njhptijg;Nghy; rpw;gk; tbf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. tyJ Kd;fuj;ij md;Gld; hp\ gj;jpd; Nky; epWj;jp> tyJ gpd;fuk; kONte;j> cik ghfj;jpd; xNu fuk; fz;zhbnahd;wpidg; gpbj;J moifr; rhpghh;g;gJNghy; mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. mjd; Kftbtk; fq;ifnfhz;l NrhoGuj;jpy; cs;s mh;j;jehhP];tuiu epidTgLj;JfpwJ.

140

NfhFy; Nr\hjphp

glk; 7.5 = fhahNuhfz Rthkp Nfhapypy; cs;s mh;j;juhhP];tuh;> ehfg;gl;bdk;

jfty; : fl;Liuahsupd; glk;

jfty; : Indian Antiquary, Vol II

glk; 7.6 ehfg;gl;bdj;jpd; NfhGuq;fs; : ru; thy;l;lu; vypal; tiue;jit

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142

NfhFy; Nr\hjphp

Kjyhk;> ,uz;lhk; fy;ntl;Lfs; =tp[ah (jw;NghJ Rkj;uh) kd;dhpd; mjpfhhpAilaJ38 vd;whYk;> %d;whtJ fy;ntl;L flhuj;J (jw;NghJ kNyrpahtpd; nflh) kd;dhpd; mjpfhhpAilaJ. Fwpg;gplg;gLk; fhyj;jpy; =tp[ah> flhuj;Jr; irNye;jpu kd;dh;fspd; Ml;rpapd;fPo; ,Ue;jJ. Mdhy;> tuyhw;W Nehf;Fg;gb ghh;j;jhy; mit ,uz;Lk; ntt;NtW ehLfs;. me;jf; fhyf;fl;lj;jpy; Nrhoh;fSf;Fk; irNye;jpuh;fSf;Fk; ,ilapy; ,Ue;j Mo;e;j el;gpd; milahskhf me;j ,uz;L fy;ntl;LfisAk; fUjyhk;. nejh;yhe;jpd; Nya;ld; gy;fiyf;fof mUk;nghUsfj;jhy; (Leiden University Museum) ghJfhf;fg;gLk; Nrhoh; khdpa nrg;Gj; jfLfs;> Nrho - =tp[a ehLfSf;F ,ilapypUe;j fly;rhh;e;j cwtpd; kWg;gf;fj;ijf; fhl;Lfpd;wd. rpwpa> nghpa Nyld; nrg;NgLfs; vd;W miof;fg;gLk; mtw;wpy;> ehfg;gl;bdj;Jf;Fk; Kf;fpag; gq;F ,Uf;fpwJ. nghpa nrg;Ngl;by; nkhj;jk; 21 jfLfs; ,Uf;fpd;wd. Kjyhk; ,uh[uh[d; Ml;rpNaw;w 21-tJ Mz;by; (fp.gp. 1006) khdpaj;jpw;fhd cj;juT gpwg;gpf;fg;gl;L> Kjyhk; ,uhN[e;jpud; fhyj;jpy; mit vOjg;gl;ld. rpwpa nrg;NgL %d;W jfLfisf; nfhz;lJ. mJ Kjyhk; FNyhj;Jq;fd; fhyj;jpy; vOjg;gl;lJ. me;jj; jfLfspy; fhzg;gLk; thpfs; nrk;gpy; nghwpf;fg;gl;lit my;y. Kjypy; nkOfpy; vOjg;gl;L> gpwF nrk;gpy; thh;f;fg;gl;lit. me;j khdpaq;fs; gw;wpa tphpthd tpsf;fj;ij K.V. Rg;ukzpa Iah; (Epigraphia Indica xxii, p.213) jUfpwhh;. nghpa nrg;Ngl;by; rk];fpUj nkhopapy; vOjg;gl;l 111 thpfs; cs;sd. mit 5 jfLfspy; ,U gf;fq;fspYk; vOjg;gl;Ls;sd. jkpo;g; gFjpapy; 332 thpfs; cs;sd. mit 16 jfLfspy; ,U gf;fq;fspYk; vOjg;gl;Ls;sd. jkpo;j; jfLfspy;> rk];fpUj %yr; nrhw;fs;> fpue;j vOj;jpy; vOjg;gl;Ls;sd. rk];fpUjg; gFjpapy; ,lk;ngw;Ws;s jfty; ,Jjhd;: “fspg;G+l;Lk; efukhd ehfg;gl;bdj;jpy;> kfu Kj;jpiuAld; $ba irNye;jpu Fyj;ijr; Nrh;e;j =tp[a> flhuj;J kd;dd; khu tp[NahJq;f th;kd;> jkJ jfg;gdhh; #shkzpth;kd; epidthf vOg;gpa #shkzpth;kd; ngsj;j tp`huj;jpy; cs;s Gj;jh; rd;djpapd; guhkhpg;Gf;fhf> Mizkq;fyk; fpuhkj;ij Ml;rpNaw;w 21-tJ Mz;by;

ehfg;gl;bdk; gw;wpa Gjpa ghh;itfs;

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,uh[uh[d; khdpakhf toq;fpdhh;. ,uh[uh[dpd; kiwTf;Fg; gpwF mtuJ Gjy;tuhd kJuhe;jfd;> jkJ jfg;gdhhpd; jhdj;ij cWjpg;gLj;jpdhh;. me;jg; ngsj;j tp`huk;> fdffphpiatpl (NkU kiy) caukhf ,Ue;jJ.” ehfg;gl;bdk; fspg;G+l;Lk; efuk; vd;W tUzpf;fg;gl;bUg;gJ ,q;Ff; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ. jkpo;j; jfLfspd; Kjy; 2 gf;fq;fspy; fhzg;gLk; thrfq;fs; ,it: ];t];jp = NfhNdhpd;ik nfhz;lhd; \j;hpa rp`hkzp tsehl;Lg; gl;ldf; $w;wj;J ehl;lhh;f;Fk; gpukNja fpoth;f;Fk; Njtjhdg; gs;spr; re;jf;fzp Kw;W}l;L ntl;lg; ngw;W}fspyhh;f;Fk; efuq;fspyhh;f;Fk; ekf;F ahz;L ,Ugj;njhd;whtJ ehs; njhz;Z}w;wpuz;bdhy; jQ;rhT+h;g; Guk;gb khspif uh[];uadpy; njw;fpy; kz;lgj;J ehk; ,Uf;ff; fplhuj;jiuad; #shkzpkd;dd; \j;hpa rp`hkzp tsehl;Lg; gl;lef; $w;wj;J ehfg;gl;bzj;J vLg;gpf;fpd;w #shkzp gd;k tp`huj;Jg; gs;spf;F Ntz;Lk; epte;jjj;Jf;F \j;hpa rp`hkzp tsehl;Lg; gl;lef; $w;wj;J Midkq;fyk; gs;spr;re;jk; ,wq;fYs;gl mse;jgb ePq;fy; ePq;fp epd; njhz;Z}NwNo apuz;Lkh Kf;fhzpaiuf;fhdp Ke;jphpiff; fPo; %d;W kh Kf;fhzp Ke;jphpiff; fPo; miuNa ,uz;L khtpdhy; ,iwf;fl;bd fhzpf;fld; ney;Y vz;zhapuj;Jj; njhs;shapuj;J ehw;gj;J Kf;fyNd ,U J}zpf; FWzp xUehopAk; flhuj;jiuad; \j;jphpa rpfhkzp tsehl;Lg; gl;ldf; $w;wj;J ehfg;gl;ldj;njLg;gpf;fpd;w #shkzp gd;k tpfhuj;Jg; gs;spf;F ,Ug;gjhf ahz;L ,Ugj; njhd;whtJ Kjy; gs;spr; re;j ,iwapypahf thpaypl;Lf; FLf;f ntd;W ehk; nrhy;y ek; Xiy vOJk; epj;jtpNehj tsehl;L M T+h;f; $w;wj;J tpsj;J}h; fpotd; mKjd; jPh;j;jfud; vOjpdhYk; ek; Xiy ehafd; ca;af; nfhz;lhh; tsehl;L ntz;zhl;Lf; Nfushe;jfr; rJh;t;Ntjp kq;fyj;J fpU\;zd; ,uhkdhd Kk;Kbr;Nrho gpuk;kuhaDk; epj;j tpNdhj tsehl;Lg; ghk;Gzpf; $w;wj;J miu#Uilahd; flhf murd; #skzpth;kd; fl;bAs;s #skzp tp`huj;jpy; cs;s Gj;jh; rd;djpapd; Njitfis thpaw;w khdpakhf 8>943 fyk;> 2 J}zp> xU FWzp> xU ehop ney; mWtilahff; $ba 97 Ntyp> 2 kh> xd;wiu fhzp> xU Ke;jphpif fPo; 3 kh> 3 fhzp> xU Ke;jphpif fPo;> ,uz;liu kh msTs;s Midkq;fyk; fpuhkj;ij toq;f> Ml;rpNaw;w 21tJ Mz;bd; 92tJ ehsd;W> jQ;rhT+hpd; Gwefh; gFjpapy; cs;s uh[];uad; muz;kidapd; njw;Fg; gFjpapy; cs;s $lj;jpypUe;J> kd;dh; cj;jutpl;lhh;. me;j cj;juitj; jpUtha;Nfs;tp (mur cj;juTfisg; gjpT nra;gth;) Xiyapy; vOjpajhfTk;> mjw;F ehd;F jpUke;jpu Xiy ehafh;fs; rhl;rp ifnaOj;jpl;ldh;. kd;dhpd; cj;juitf; fzf;Nfl;by; gjpT nra;Ak;gb fUkkhuhad;> eLtpUf;Fk; Mfpa mjpfhhpfSf;F cj;jutplg;gl;lJ. GuTthp gphpitr; Nrh;e;j ehd;F mjpfhhpfs;> %d;W thpg;nghj;jfh;fs; (thpfisg; gjpT nra;Nthh;) Kd;dpiyapy;> cj;juT thp gjpNtl;by; Nrh;f;fg;gl;lJ. me;j khdpaj;Jf;fhd Mtzq;fisj; jahhpf;Fk; gzpfs; mjd; gpd; njhlq;fpd. khdpakhf toq;fg;gl;l epyj;ij msf;f> fq;fhzp eLtpUf;Fk;> ehd;F gl;lh;fs;> GuTthpg; gphpT mjpfhhp xUth; MfpNahh; epakpf;fg;gl;ldh;. jhdkhf toq;fg;gl;l epyj;jpd; vy;iyfis eph;zapf;fTk;> epyg; gl;lhit toq;fTk; elj;jg;gl;l tpohTf;F ehl;lhh; cWg;gpdh;fs; miof;fg;gl;ldh;. vy;iyf;fy; eLk; tpohtpy; gl;bdf;$w;wj;ijr; Nrh;e;j Fiwe;jJ 26 fpuhkq;fspd; kf;fs; fye;Jnfhz;ldh;.” me;j khdpak; Fwpj;J ftdpf;f Ntz;ba mk;rq;fs; ,it: (m) R.C. Majumdar (Ephigraphia Indica xxii, p. 283) eye;jhtpy; cs;s ngsj;j tp`huj;Jf;F mspf;fg;gl;l khdpaj;ijAk; ,jidAk; xg;gpLfpwhh; k[{k;jhh;.39 irNye;jpu kd;ddhd #skzpth;kd;> jkJ tp`huj;Jf;F khdpak; mspf;FkhW ,uh[uh[ Nrhoidf; Nfl;bUf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;fpwhh; mth;. khdpaj;jpd; rk];fpUjg; gFjpapy; mjw;F MjhukpUf;fpwJ.

ehfg;gl;bdk; gw;wpa Gjpa ghh;itfs;

145

(M)

jkpopy; ,Uf;Fk; “fplhuj;jiuad; #shkzpkd;dd; \j;hpa rp`hkzp tsehl;Lg; gl;lef; $w;wj;J ehfg;gl;bdj;J vLg;gpf;fpd;w #shkzp gd;k tp`huj;Jg; gs;spf;F Ntz;Lk; epte;jjj;Jf;F” vd;w gFjpia mth; Rl;Lfpwhh;.

(,)

“tp`huj;Jg; gs;spf;F Ntz;Lk; epte;jjj;Jf;F” vd;gij tp`huj;Jf;F Njitg;gLk; jhdk; vd;W nfhs;syhk;. vdpDk;> #skzpth;kd; ,uh[uh[dplk; jhdk; toq;Fk;gb jdpg;gl;l Ntz;LNfhs; vjidAk; tpLj;jhuh vd;gjw;fhd Neub Mjhuk; ,y;iy.

( gpwF tphpthf tpthjpf;fg;gLk;. (c) “vLg;gpf;fpd;w” vd;gJ “jw;NghJ fl;lg;gLk;” vd;gijf; Fwpf;fpwJ. jkpo;g; gFjp> gs;spAk; tp`hu tshfKk; ntt;NtW vd;gij milahsk; fhz;fpwJ. rk];fpUj gFjpapy; mg;gbapy;iy. tp`huj;ijf; fl;Lk; gzp> kd;dd; khu tp[aJq;fth;kdpd; jfg;gdhuhy; njhlq;fg;gl;lJ vd;gJ rk];fpUjg; gFjpapy; gjpT nra;ag;gltpy;iy. (C) rk];fpUjg; gFjpapy; tp`huj;jpd; cauk; gw;wp> “jd; cauj;jpdhNy fdffphpiaAk; rpwpjhfr; nra;J” vd;W $wg;gl;bUg;gJ gw;wpg; gpwF tpthjpf;fg;gLk;. (v)

jhdkhf toq;fg;gl;l epyj;jpd; msT Js;spjkhff; Fwpg;gplg;gl;bUg;gij ehk; ftdpf;f Ntz;Lk;. me;j epyj;jpy; tpisaf;$ba ney;ypd; msT Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ. mjdhy;> xt;nthU tifahd epyj;jpYk; vt;tsT rhFgb nra;a KbAk; vd;w fzf;if mg;Nghija murhq;fk; itj;jpUe;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk;.

(V) ,uh[uh[dpd; Ml;rpapy; murhizfs; tpiuthf epiwNtw;wg;gl;ld (,uz;L Mz;Lfs; 72 jpdq;fs;). mNj Neuj;jpy; ,uhN[e;jpu Nrhod; fhyj;jpy; mjw;Fg; gj;jhz;L tiu fhj;jpUf;f Ntz;bapUe;jJ ( flhu kd;dhpd; ,uz;L J}jh;fs; te;jdh;. uh[tpj;ahjhu Nrhke;jh> mgpkhdj;Jq;f Nrhke;jh vd;w mth;fs;> Nfakhzpf;f tsehl;bd; xU gFjpahd gl;bdf;$w;wj;jpy; cs;s NrhoFyty;ypg;gl;bdj;jpy;> flhu kd;dd; fl;ba tp`huj;jpy; ,Uf;Fk; ,uhN[e;jpu Nrhog; ngUk;gs;sp> ,uh[uh[ ngUk;gs;sp Mfpa rd;djpfspd; Njitf;fhf toq;fg;gl;l khdpaj;ijr; nrg;Gj; jfl;by; tbj;J> gs;spr; rq;fj;jhUf;Fr; rhrdkhfj; juNtz;Lk; vd;W Ntz;bdh;. (M) jhdkhf toq;fg;gl;l epyj;jpypUf;Fk; fhzpahsh;fs; ePf;fg;gl;L mJ gs;spaplk; KOtJkhf xg;gilf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W me;jj; J}jh;fs; Nfl;Lf; nfhz;ldh;. mjidAk; nrg;Gj; jfl;by; rhrdkhff; Fwpf;FkhW mth;fs; Ntz;bdh;.

ehfg;gl;bdk; gw;wpa Gjpa ghh;itfs;

147

“,g;gs;sp re;jq;fs; Kd;Gila fhzpahsiuj; jtpuFb ePf;fp ,g;gs;spr; rq;fj;jhh;f;Ff; fhzpahf FLj;Njhnkd;Wk;…….. ,g; gs;spf;Nf ,iwapyp FLj;Njhk; ,g;gb nra;J FLf;f ntd;W jpUtha; nkhope;jUspj;j jpUKfk; gpurhjQ; nra;jUsp te;jJ jhk;u rhrdk; gz;zpf;FLf;f ntd;W…..” (,) tp`hUk; mjd; tshfKk; (gs;spepiy> gs;sp tpshfk;) ,Ue;j epyj;jpd; msT> 31¾ Ntyp> 2 kh> 1 Ke;jphpif vd;gJ jfLfspypUe;J njhpa tUfpwJ. “ehd;nfy;iyf;Fl;glg;gl;l epyk; Kg;gj;njhd;Nw Kf;fhNy ,uz;Lkh Ke;jphpif ,J” me;jr; nrg;Gj; jfLfspy; fhzg;gLk; Kf;fpa mk;rq;fs;: (m) Nrhoh;fSf;Fk; irNye;jpuh;fSf;Fk; ,ilapyhd cwtpy; tphpry; Vw;gl;ljhy;> epyj;jpy; gaphpl;L te;j fhzpahsh;fs;> tUkhdj;ij gs;spf;Fj; juhky; ,Ue;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk;. mjdhy; Fb ePf;fpa Njtjhdkhf mijr; rhrdk; nra;J jUk;gb J}jh;fs; kd;diuf; Nfl;Lf; nfhz;ldh;. (M) ,uh[uh[ ngUk;gs;sp vd;gJ tp`huj;jpy; cs;s xU rd;djpahf ,Ue;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk;. (,)

jfl;by; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;s ,uhN[e;jpu Nrhog; ngUk;gs;sp tp`huj;jpy; cs;s kw;nwhU rpwpa rd;djpahf ,Ue;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk;.

( mjpy; ,uhN[e;jpu Nrhog; ngUk;gs;sp tpLgl;bUf;fpwJ. ,uh[uh[ Nrhog; ngUk;gs;spiar; Nrh;e;j fpukq;fs; kl;LNk Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sd. (c)

“gs;sp rq;fj;jhh;” vd;gJ tp`hiu eph;tfpj;jth;fs; vdj; njhpfpwJ. mJ rptd; Nfhapy;fis eph;tfpj;j “jpUkN`];tu ngUk;gs;spiag;” Nghd;wJ vd;fpwhh; Rg;ukzp Iah;. ghz;ba

148

NfhFy; Nr\hjphp

fy;ntl;L xd;W (ARE 1963-64, p. 290/ Jayakumar 2001, p.70) jpUkN`];tu ngUk;gs;sp gw;wpf; Fwpg;gpLfpwJ. (C)

gs;sp tpshfk;42 vd;gij tp`hu tshfj;ijr; Rw;wpapUe;j Rtuhff; nfhs;syhk;. gs;sp epiy vd;gJ tp`hu fl;llkhf ,Ue;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk;.

gpw;fhyf; Fwpg;GfSk; fz;Lgpbg;GfSk; gy;yt kd;dd; uh[rpk;kd; fl;ba “rPdf; NfhGuk;” gw;wp khh;Nfh NghNyh (Marco Polo), jk;kr;nrl;biar; Nrh;e;j fp.gp. 1476-Mk; Mz;L fy;ahzp fy;ntl;L> Valentyn (fp.gp. 1725)> Sir Waltor Elliot (fp.gp 1867) MfpNahh; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;sdh;. me;jr; rPdf; NfhGuk; gw;wpa Kf;fpakhd Mjhuk; Kjy; Kiwahf ,q;Fj; jug;gLfpwJ.42 ,e;j ePh;tz;z Xtpak; jw;NghJ yz;ldpy; cs;s gphpl;b\; E}yfj;jpy; cs;sJ. mij tiue;jthpd; ngah; mope;JNgha;tpl;lJ. Mdhy;> Xtpaj;jpy; ikapdhy; vOjg;gl;Ls;s thrfq;fs; mJ vd;d vd;gijr; re;Njfkpy;yhky; Gyg;gLj;JfpwJ. “Sketch of an ancient structure Nagapatam43 commonly called the Chinese pagoda but supposed to be the remains of a Jaina44 temple” ehfg;gl;bdj;jpy; cs;s goikahd fl;llj;jpd; Xtpak;. rPdf; NfhGuk; vd;wiof;fg;gl;lhYk;> mJ rkzf; Nfhapypd; ghoile;j fl;llkhf ,Uf;fyhk;. Xtpak; tiuag;gl;l rhpahd Mz;L njhpatpy;iy vd;whYk;> 18-Mk; E}w;whz;bd; kj;jpapy; mJ jPl;lg;gl;bUf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W fUjg;gLfpwJ. mg;NghJ> NfhGu tshfj;jpd; ngUk; gFjp Nrjkilahky; ,Ue;jJ. me;j Xtpaj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; NfhGuk;> gpw;fhyj;jpy; “GJNtyp NfhGuk;” vd;W miof;fg;gl;J vd;fpwhh; mij ,uz;L tiuglq;fshy; gjpT nra;Js;s Sir Walter Elliot. NfhGuj;jpd; cauj;ijg; ghh;f;Fk;NghJ> mJ kpfg; nghpa tshfkhf ,Ue;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W Njhd;WfpwJ. mUfpYs;s kuq;fspd; cauj;ij itj;J mij czu KbfpwJ. gpujhd gs;spapd; %y];jhdk;> njd;dpe;jpa tl;l tbtf; Nfhapy; tpkhdq;fisg; Nghd;Ws;sJ. %y];jhdj;Jf;Fg; gpd;dhy; rpwpa tpkhdk; xd;iwf; fhz KbfpwJ. mJ kw;nwhU rpwpa rd;djpahf ,Ue;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk;. ngsj;j ghuk;ghpaj;jpy; xNu tshfj;jpy; rpWrpW Nfhapy;fs;

ehfg;gl;bdk; gw;wpa Gjpa ghh;itfs;

149

mike;jpUg;gJ tof;fkhd xd;Nw. rPdf; NfhGu tshfj;jpy;> gy rpwpa gs;spfs; my;yJ rd;djpfs; ,Ue;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk;. mjdhy;jhd;> rPdf; NfhGuk; gw;wp kl;LNk gpw;fhyg; gjpNtLfspy; cs;sd. ,uh[uh[g; ngUk;gs;sp gw;wpNah> ,uhN[e;jpur; Nrhog; ngUk;gs;sp gw;wpNah> gjhpfuhkh46 klhyak; gw;wpNah vjpYk; $wg;gltpy;iy. fy;ahzp fy;ntl;L> Gj;jhpd; tpf;ufk; itf;fg;gl;bUe;j Fifiag; gw;wpf; $WfpwJ. jw;NghJ fpilj;jpUf;Fk; Mjhuq;fspd;gb> mf;Nfhapypd; %y];jhdk;> njd;dpe;jpaf; Nfhapy;fspy; cs;s fh;g;gfpu` ghzpapy; mikf;fg;gl;bUf;FNkh vd;w re;Njfk; vOfpwJ. Vndd;why; ehfg;gl;bdj;ijr; Rw;wp kiyfNsh> FiffNsh fpilah. mNj fy;ntl;L me;jf; Nfhapypd; Gdpjj; jd;ik gw;wpAk; Fwpg;gpLfpwJ. ,yq;iff;Ff; nfhz;L nry;YKd; “Gj;jhpd; Gdpjg; gy;” ,f;Nfhapypd; vg;gFjpapy; ,Ue;jJ vd;gijj; Jy;ypjkhf mJ njhptpf;fpwJ. NfhGuj;Jf;Fk;> rd;djpf;Fk; ,ilapy; fhzg;gLk; fl;blKk;> %y];jhdj;Jf;F vjpNu cs;s miwfSk; ngsj;j gpf;Ffs; tho;e;j ,lkhf ,Ue;jpUf;ff;$Lk;. Nfhapy; tshfk; fpof;Fg; ghh;j;jjhf ,Ue;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gJ> me;jf; fl;llj;jpd; vQ;rpa gFjpfis 1867-Mk; Mz;by; ,bj;j fpwp];Jt ghjphpahh;fspd; Fwpg;GfspypUe;J njhpa tUfpwJ. Nfhapy; tshfj;jpd; gpd; gFjp tiu ePbf;Fk; Rw;Wr; Rth;> nya;ld; nrg;Gj; jfLfspy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;s “tshfj;ij” epidT+l;LfpwJ. me;jf; Nfhapy; tshfj;jpy; E}w;Wf;fzf;fhd ntz;fyg; Gj;jh; rpiyfs; ,Ue;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk;. mtw;Ws; gy> fle;j ,uz;L E}w;whz;Lfspy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l mfo; Ma;Tfspy;48 Njhz;b vLf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. ,e;j Ma;Tf; fl;Liuapy; jug;gl;Ls;s Mjhuq;fspd;gb ghh;j;jhy;> me;j ntz;fyr; rpiyfis ed;nfhilahf toq;fpath;fs;> cs;@h; kf;fs; my;yhJ> tzpfh;fshfTk;> ,iltopg; gazpfshfTk;jhk; ,Ue;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk;. “A Personal Narrative of a Mission to Madras, Mysore and South of India” vd;w Fwpg;gpy; (Hoole 1844, p.111) ,lk;ngw;Ws;s jfty;fs; Kf;fpakhdit.

150

NfhFy; Nr\hjphp

“It (Nagapatam) contain some remains of the former prevailing system of Buddha: In one of the streets is a well executed sculpture of Buddha, full size and seated as though in meditation. Outside the town is a high tower usually called Tzina or “Silver Pagoda” concerning which the traditions are many and contradictory. That which attributes its erection to the Chinese, appears to favour the notion of its having formed part of a Buddhist temple. It is constructed with red bricks, quite smooth and of a small size; with so little cement, that it has been disputed whether any at all has been used. An intelligent native who was with me when I examined the building said that a cement has been used, consisting entirely of the earth thrown up by the white ants in forming their mounds and cells. That this sand has been ground into a fine paste and used as a cement between each brick. The tower is so lofty as to be the first object visible at sea and was used by the Dutch for their flagstaff. I have been concerned to hear a report, which I hope is untrue, that preparations were making to take it down….” “ehfg;gl;bdj;jpy; ngsj;j rkaj;jpd; jhf;fk; vQ;rpapUf;fpwJ. mjd; rhiynahd;wpy; mkh;e;jgb jtf;Nfhyj;jpy; ,Uf;Fk; nghpa Gj;jh; rpiy fhzg;gLfpwJ. efuj;Jf;F ntspapy; cah;e;j NfhGuk; xd;W cs;sJ. mij “rPdh” vd;Wk; “nts;spf; NfhGuk;” vd;Wk; miof;fpwhh;fs;. mJ rPdh;fSld; njhlh;GgLj;jg;gLtjhy; mJ ngsj;j Nfhapypd; xU gFjpahfj;jhd; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. mJ rpwpa> totog;ghd nrq;fy;yhy; fl;lg;gl;bUf;fpwJ. mjw;Fr; rpnkz;l; gad;gLj;jg;gl;ljh vd;w Nfs;tp vOfpwJ. ehd; me;jf; fl;llj;ijg; ghh;f;fr; nrd;wNghJ vd;Dld; te;j xU Gj;jprhyp cs;@h;f;fhuh;> rpnkz;lhfg; gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ vd;whh;. me;j kz;iz nea;ahf miuj;Jr; nrq;fw;fSf;F ,ilapy; G+rpapUf;fpwhh;fs; vd;W mtu; nrhd;dhh;. flypy; ntF J}uj;jpypUe;Nj fz;Zf;Fj; njhpAk; mstpw;F me;jf; NfhGuk; cah;e;jpUe;jJ. lr;Rf;fhuh;fs; mij milahskhf itj;Jj;jhd; fg;gy;fisf; fiuf;Ff; nfhz;L tUfpd;wdh;.

ehfg;gl;bdk; gw;wpa Gjpa ghh;itfs;

151

me;jf; NfhGuj;ij ,bf;fg; Nghtjhfr; nra;jpfs; mbgLfpd;wd. me;jr; nra;jp cz;ikahf ,Uf;ff;$lhJ vd;W ehd; ek;GfpNwd;” Mdhy;> `{Ny mQ;rpaJ khjphpNa me;jf; NfhGuk; jfh;f;fg;gl;lJ.

KbTiu njhlf;ff; fhyj;jpy; ehfg;gl;bdj;Jf;Fg; ngsj;jj; njhlh;Gfs; ,Ue;jJ Nfs;tpf;F chpajhfpwJ. fp.gp. 7-Mk; E}w;whz;by; th;j;jf> tzpf njhlh;Gfs; Vw;gLk; tiu mJ irt> itzt ikakhfNt ,Ue;J te;jJ. mjd; gpwNf ngsj;jj; njhlh;Gfs; Vw;gl;ld. mNj fiuapy; ,Ue;j fhtphpg;G+k;gl;bdk; mope;JNghd gpwNf ehfg;gl;bdk; xU JiwKfkhf tsh;r;rp fz;lJ. th;j;jf eltbf;iffs; mq;F 8-Mk; E}w;whz;bypUe;J njhlq;fpapUf;f Ntz;Lk;. ,uh[uh[g; ngUk;gs;sp> ,uhN[e;jpur; Nrhog; ngUk;gs;sp kw;Wk; ,ju gs;spfs;> nghpa tp`hu tshfj;jpd; rpwpa rd;djpfshf ,Ue;jpUf;ff;$Lk;. Gj;jhpd; ntz;fyr; rpiyfisj; jtpu> fw;rpiyfs; vJTk; mjpfkhf mg;gFjpapy; fz;L gpbf;fg;gltpy;iy. kw;w tl;lhuq;fspy; mj;jifa fw;rpiyfs; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk; NghJ ehfg;gl;bdj;jpy; mg;gb ,y;yhjJ tpag;ig Vw;gLj;JfpwJ. me;efhpy; cs;ehl;ilr; Nrh;e;j ngsj;jh;fs; ahUk; ,Ue;jduh> my;yJ tp`hhpd; eltbf;iffspy; mq;Fj; jq;fpapUe;j kw;Wk; te;JNghd tzpfh;fs; kl;LNk gq;Nfw;wduh vd;w Nfs;tpAk; vOfpwJ. mij NkYk; Muha Ntz;bAs;sJ.

152

NfhFy; Nr\hjphp

Notes   1. So far, no author appears to have provided any direct evidence of this. Natana Kasinathan provides a generic reference to the coin finds in Nagapattinam district, but is not specific about the locations (Kasinathan 1994).   2. It is interesting to note that these centres were capital cities of various empires.   3. As quoted by Gandha Vamsa. For references, see the later discussions on Gandha Vamsa in the present article.   4. This has been misinterpreted as Mayurapattana by some authors and got to be associated with present day Mayavaram, near Kumbakonam.   5. Dhammapala wrote two books on Netti - Nettipakaran(a)-attha-katha and Nettiatthakatha-thika according to Gandha Vamsa (Bode 1894-96, pp. 6466).   6. Hikasaka (1989), p. 26, who, in turn, quotes Mylai Seeni Venkatasami and Anand Kausalyayana.   7. It is of interest to note that even the then Buddhist world was well aware of this problem and called the second Dhammapala, who came some time later and authored a book or two, "Chulla-Dhammapala".   8. We see that many seaside ports were appended with the term "pattinam" since the Sangam ages -- Kavirippom-pattinam being a very good example. But not all ports were distinguished by this name, as evident from names such as Thondi, Korkai, and Musiri (Muziris).   9. In present day Indonesia, there exists a vihara by name of "Dhammasoka vihara". 10. According to this account provided by Xuanzang, Dhammapala was born to a high official in Kanchipuram and was all set to marry the daughter of the king. Just the night before the marriage, he renounced the world and became a monk in a monastery that was located on the farther outskirts of Kanchipuram. 11. Refer to Dipavamsa, for examples. 12. Does the term refer to Buddhist monasteries patronized by kings? 13. Ramachandran's pioneering work incorrectly refers to Jambudvipacharya of Gandha Vamsa as Acharyas of Kanchi (T.N. Ramachandran 1992, p. 6). 14. Thevaram, Fourth Thirumurai 4.71-1 to 4.71-10: ten verses (Nerisai Venpa), Fifth Thirumurai 5.83-1 to 5.83-10: ten verses (kurunthogai meter), Sixth Thirumurai 6.22-1 to 6.22-11: eleven verses (Thandaka Hymns). 15. For a treatment on Vangam, refer to Jayakumar (2001), p. 58. 16. In Mathura, Xuanzang saw a Buddhist sangharama erected by King Ashoka's brother Mahindra and a vihara to its east, believed to have been erected by Ashoka himself - both of which were in a state of dilapidation, when he saw them.

ehfg;gl;bdk; gw;wpa Gjpa ghh;itfs;

17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26.

153

Beal (1906), p. 233. Sastri (1939), p. 108. Yijing came to India some twenty-eight years after Xuanzang. Religieux Eminents, pp. 144-45, as quoted by Sastri (1939), p. 115. Malayu in Sumatra. Kedah in Malaysia. The Kailasanatha Shrine, dedicated to Lord Shiva. The Thalagiriswara Temple. Panaimalai is located near Vizhuppuram. Several temples, including the three famous shore temples. Rajasimha equates himself with Guha (Kartikeya), son of Lord Shiva, in the Kailasanatha Temple Inscription. It will be interesting to analyse his emphasis on Somaskanda, in the light of this inscription. 27. For details, see Journal of American Oriental Society Vol. 11, p. 12. Article by Wells Williams. 28. For the original French translation by Sylvain Levi, refer Journal Asiatique 1900. For an English translation of Sylvain Levi's account, refer Chatterjee, 1987. 29. Also known as Tantrayana. 30. Shunjo Nogami and others, Outline of Buddhist History in China as quoted by Hikasaka, 1989. 31. The temple is called the Sri Sundararaja Perumal Temple. 32. The version of the book to which I referred was printed in 1880 and was an interesting historic specimen on its own. 33. The Chinese Pagoda, as per the Chinese sources, is a Buddhist temple and not a vihara. 34. Popularly known as "Thevaara Movar" in Tamil traditions. 35. The Valanadu subdivision was introduced by Rajaraja I while the rest were in existence even earlier. 36. Refer to later discussions on the Larger Leiden Grant of Rajaraja I in the present paper. 37. It was a customary practice of the Cholas to provide apprenticeship to a wouldbe king by allowing him to co-rule with the present king. The inscriptions will mention the names of both kings on certain occasions. For a treatment on the subject, please refer to Kudanthai N. Sethuraman (1980). 38. A recently discovered inscription, in the precincts of Agasthiswara Temple at Kolappakkam near Chennai, Tamilnadu, talks about the donation made by the king of Srivijaya to the temple. On palaeographic grounds, this inscription is assignable to the period of Rajaraja Chola I. Refer to The Hindu newspaper, 12 February 2006.

154

NfhFy; Nr\hjphp

39. About the middle of the ninth century AD, the Sailendra king established a vihara at Nalanda and at the request of the Sailendra king, Devapala of Bengal granted five villages. 40. The location of this Ayirattali has been identified with the present-day Veerasingam Pettai area, near Kumbakonam, Tamilnadu by Kudavoil Balasubramaniyan in his book titled Nandhipuram. 41. Refer to an article titled, "Vilagam" (M. Nalini 2001). 42. To the best of the author's knowledge, the presence of this colour drawing is not known to any scholar who has worked on all related areas and we find no mention about it in any of the published works. The museum experts who wrote explanatory notes on the painting seem to be aware of its significance. 43. Patam is a corruption of Pattinam. We find many such pattinams getting corrupted under Western observations. 44. The China Pagoda was possibly misunderstood as Jaina Pagoda. 45. The term "Akkasalai Perumpalli" associated with this palli in a Buddha bronze inscription could be related to the name of the street in which the status was found: Nanayakkara Street. Akkasalai indicates coin minting factory, and Nanayam also means coin. But this proposition requires further evidence. 46. This is referred to in the Kalyani inscription of Dhammachetti. 47. The remark was that the tower was obstructing the passage of sunlight to the prayer hall. 48. About 350 bronzes have been recovered. For a detailed treatment, refer to T.N. Ramachandran, 1990.

References Beal, Samuel. Si-yu-ki, the Buddhist Records of Western Countries - Vol. II. London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trüner & Co., 1906. Bode, Mabel. Index to Gandhavamsa. London: Pali Text Society, 1894-96. ---. Sasanavamsa. London: Pali Text Society, 1897. Chatterjee, S.P. The Mission of Wang Hiuen Tse in India. Calcutta: Sri Satguru, 1987. Davids, Rhys T.W. Milinda Panha - Questions of King Milinda (Translation) Oxford, 1890. Hardy, Prof. E. The Netti-Pakarana with Extracts from Dhammapala's Commentary. London: Pali Text Society, 1902. Hikasaka, Shu. Buddhism in Tamilnadu, a New Perspective. Chennai: Institute of Asian Studies, 1989.

ehfg;gl;bdk; gw;wpa Gjpa ghh;itfs;

155

Hoole, Elijah. Madras Mysore and the South of India. London: Longman, Brown, Green and Longmans, 1844. Iyengar, Raghava. R. Nallisai Pulamai Mellialargal. Thamizh Kadal, 1933. Jayakumar. P. Tamizhaga Turaimugangal-Medieval Period (Tamil). Thanjavur: Anbu Veliyeetagam, 2001. Jeeyar, Pinbazhagiya Perumal. Guruparampara Prabhava. R. Ramakrishna Pillai, 1880. Kasinathan, Natana. Collected Papers. Tamil Nadu: State Department of Archaeology, 1994. Mahalingam T.V. Kanchipuram in Early South Indian History. Bombay: Asia Publishing House, 1969. McCrindle, J.W. Ancient India as Described by Ptolemy. Reprinted from the Indian Antiquary, 1884. Minayeff, Professor. Gandhavamsa. London: Pali Text Society, 1886. Nalini, M. "Vilagam". In Kaveri: Studies in Epigraphy, Archaeology and History (Professor Y. Subbarayalu Felicitation volume), edited by S. Rajagopal. Chennai: Panpattu Veliyiittakam, 2001. Rajamanickanar, M. Kaala Araichi (Tamil) (Reprint). Chennai: Alamu Pathippagam, 2003. Ramachandran, T.N. Nagappatinam and Other Buddhist Bronzes in the Madras Museum. (Reprint). Bulletin of the Madras Government Museum, 1990. Sastri, Nilakanta K.A. Foreign Notices of South India. Chennai: University of Madras, 1989. Sethuraman, N. Early Cholas, Mathematics Reconstructs the Chronology. Sethuraman, 1980. Trenckner, V. The Milindapanho. London: Royal Asiatic Society, 1928. Venkatasami, Mylai Seeni. Bauttamum Tamizhum (Tamil) (Reprint). Chennai: Vasantha Pathippagam, 2004. Yule, Col. Henry. Indian Antiquary, Vol. XIII. Bombay, 1873. Zvelebil, Kamil V. Companion Studies to the History of Tamil Literature. Leiden: Brill, 1997.

8 ,e;jpag; ngUq;flypYk; njd;fpof;fhrpahtpYk; njd;dpe;jpa tzpfr; rq;fq;fs; NehGU fuh\pkh

mwpKfk; 1980-fspypUe;J> mjw;F Kd;gpUe;j fhyj;ijtpl> ,e;jpag; ngUq;fly; tzpf eltbf;iffs; Fwpj;J mjpff; ftdk; nrYj;jg;gl;L tUfpwJ. vdpDk;> ngUk;ghyhd Ma;Tfs;> INuhg;gpah;fs; ,q;F te;j fhyj;Jf;Fg; gpwF ele;jijg; gw;wpNa NgRfpd;wd. mjw;F Ke;jpa fhyj;ijg; gw;wpf; $Wk; Ma;Tfs; ntFf; FiwNt. njhlf;ffhyj;ijg; gw;wp vOJk;NghJ $l Nuhkhdpah;fs; th;j;jfk; elj;jpa fhyk; (1Mk; - 3Mk; E}w;whz;L) gw;wpNa mit NgRfpd;wd. Nuhkhdpah;fs; fhyj;Jf;Fk; INuhg;gpah;fs; ,e;jpahTf;F te;j fhyj;Jf;Fk; ,ilg;gl;l fhyf;fl;lj;ijg; gw;wpa xU rpy Ma;Tfspy; nfdj; `hy;> (Trade and Statecraft in the Age of the Colas); kPuh Mg;ufhk;> (Two Medieval Merchant Guilds of South India); rk;gfyl;Rkp> (Trade, Ideology and Urbanisation: South India 300 BC to AD 1300) MfpNahh; nra;jit Kf;fpakhdit. me;j Ma;Tfs; 9-Mk; E}w;whz;Lf;Fk; 13-Mk; E}w;whz;Lf;Fk; ,ilg;gl;l fhyj;jpy; tzpfr; rq;fq;fspd; jPtpu th;j;jf eltbf;iffs; kPJ ftdk; nrYj;Jfpd;wd. mf;fhyf;fl;lj;jpy; jkpo; ehl;by; Nrhoh;fSk;> fh;dhlfj;jpy; rhSf;fpah;fSk; Ml;rpGhpe;J te;jdh;.

njd;dpe;jpa tzpfr; rq;fq;fs;

157

K.V. Rg;ukz;a Iah;> K.R. ntq;fl;uhk Iah;> G.S. jpf;]pl;> K. ,e;jpughyh MfpNahh; me;j tzpfr; rq;fq;fs; Fwpj;J Ma;T Nkw;nfhz;lth;fspy; Kd;Ndhbfs;. mth;fspd; Ma;Tfis Mjhukhf itj;J> kzpfpuhkk;> Ie;E}w;Wth; vd;w ,U Kf;fpakhd tzpfr; rq;fq;fs; Fwpj;J Mokhf Ma;T Nkw;nfhz;lhh; kPuh Mg;ufhk;. me;j Ma;Tf;fhf mth;> mt;tpU tzpfr; rq;fq;fisg; gw;wpa Rkhh; 150 fy;ntl;Lf;fisj; jpul;bdhh;. Gjpa tptuq;fisf; fz;lwpe;jhh;. Mdhy;> mthpd; Ma;Tfspy; (my;yJ mjw;F Kd;G Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l Ma;Tfspy;) gy ,lq;fspy; fy;ntl;Lfs; jtwhfg; gbf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. mj;Jld; tzpfr; rq;fq;fs; gw;wpf; Fwpg;gpLk;> ,d;Dk; gbf;f Ntz;ba fy;ntl;Lfs; epiwa cs;sd. kPuhtpd; Gj;jfk; ntspahdjw;Fg; gpwF> jkpo;ehl;bYk; ,yq;ifapYk; NkYk; gy Kf;fpakhd fy;ntl;Lfs; fz;L gpbf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. Kd;ida Ma;Tfspy; cs;s FiwghLfisf; fisAk; Kaw;rpapy;> tzpfr; rq;fq;fs; gw;wpa fy;ntl;Lfis MuhAk; jpl;lnkhd;iw ehd; njhlq;fpNdd;. Y. Rg;guhaY> P. rz;Kfk;> P. gj;kehjd; Nghd;w rpyUld; Nrh;e;J> kzpfpuhkk;> mQ;Rtz;zk;> Ie;E}w;Wth;> ehdhNjrp> gjpndd;tp\ak;> gjpndd;G+kp Mfpa tzpfr; rq;fq;fs; njhlh;ghd Rkhh; 300 fy;ntl;Lfisj; jpul;bNdhk;. filrp %d;W tzpfr; rq;fq;fSk; Mf Kf;fpakhd IE}w;Wthpd; khw;Wg; ngah;fNs vd;W fUjg;gLfpwJ. me;jf; fy;ntl;Lfisj; jpul;l ,yq;if> kpad;khh;> jha;yhe;J> ,e;NjhNdrpah Nghd;w gy ehLfSf;F ehq;fs; nrd;Nwhk;. Gjpjhff; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;l fy;ntl;LfisAk;> Vw;fdNt njhpe;jpUe;j fy;ntl;LfisAk; ehq;fs; efy; vLj;Njhk;. Kd;ida Ma;thsh;fs; fy;ntl;Lfspy; gbj;jpUe;j tptuq;fis> Gjpa efy;fis itj;J> ehq;fs; NkYk; njspTgLj;jpNdhk;. Kd;ida E}w;wz;Lfspy; Nkw;fpypUe;J kyghh; fiuapy; FbNawpa A+jh;fs;> fpwp];jth;fs;> K];ypk;fs; Nghd;w ntspehl;L tzpfh;fspd; mikg;ghf mQ;Rtz;zk; jpfo;e;jJ.3 fhtphpg;G+k;gl;bdj;jpYs;s tzpff; fpuhkj;ijr; Nrh;e;j tzpfh;fspd; topte;jth;fs; kzpfpuhkk; vd;w rq;fj;ij itj;jpUe;jdh;. 9-Mk; E}w;whz;bYk; mjd; gpwFk; mth;fs; Nfus> jkpo;ehl;Lf; fy;ntl;Lfspy; ,lk;ngw;wjhff; $Wfpwhh; rk;gfyl;Rkp. Ie;E}w;Wth;> 9-Mk; E}w;whz;L tzpfr; rq;fk; vd;W MaN`hiy fy;ntl;by; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ vd;W mth; $WtJ re;Njfj;Jf;F chpajhf ,Uf;fpwJ. me;j mikg;igg; gw;wpf; Fwpg;gpLk; fy;ntl;Lfs; jkpo;ehl;by; 10-Mk; E}w;whz;bypUe;Jjhd; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ehshf ehshf me;j mikg;gpd; nry;thf;F mjpfhpj;jJ. 12Mk;

158

NehGU fuh\pkh

E}w;whz;bypUe;J Ie;E}w;Wth; mikg;gpy;> mQ;Rtz;zKk;> kzpfpuhkKk; Nrh;j;Jf; nfhs;sg;gl;ljhfj; njhpfpwJ. me;j tzpf mikg;Gfisg; gw;wpf; Fwpg;gpLk; fy;ntl;Lfspd; fhyf;fl;lj;ijAk;> mit ,Uf;Fk; gFjpfisAk; fUj;jpy; vLj;Jf; nfhz;lhy; fPo;fz;lit njspthFk;: kw;wg; gFjpfistplj; jkpo;ehl;bYk; fh;dhlfj;jpYk;jhd; mjpfkhd fy;ntl;Lfs; cs;sd. njd;fpof;fhrpahtpy; fz;nlLf;fg;gl;l fy;ntl;Lfs; ehd;Fk; ,e;NjhNdrpah (Rkj;uh)> jha;yhe;J> kpad;khh; Mfpa ehLfisr; Nrh;e;jit. ngUk;ghyhd fy;ntl;Lfs; 11-Mk; E}w;whz;Lf;Fk; 13-Mk; E}w;whz;Lf;Fk; ,ilg;gl;lit. mtw;Ws; 13Mk; E}w;whz;ilr; Nrh;e;jitNa Mf mjpfk;. 11-Mk;> 12-Mk; E}w;whz;Lfisr; Nrh;e;j fy;ntl;Lfs; jkpo;ehl;by; FiwthfNt fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. mijg; gw;wpg; gpwF ghh;g;Nghk;.

ml;ltiz 8.1 tzpfr; rq;fq;fs; gw;wpa fy;ntl;Lfs; fhzg;gLk; ,lq;fSk; fhyf;fl;lKk; Mz;L

M.gp

Nfu

fh;dh kfuh j.eh ,yq; nj.fp nkhj;jk;

800-900

1

2

1

901-1000

2

1

24

3

24

18

1001-1100

5

1101-1200

6

1201-1300

9

1301-1400 1401-1600

56

27 1

52

1

33

46

11

6

8

11

1

27

9

6

5

2

20

2

1

njhpahjJ nkhj;jk;

5

12

2

35

8

132

2

1

2

118

87 2

93

3 15

4

314

Fwpg;G: M.gp – Me;jpug; gpuNjrk;> Nfu – Nfusk;> fh;dh – fh;dhlfk;> kfuh – kfuh\;buh> j.eh – jkpo;ehL> ,yq; - ,yq;if> nj.fp – njd;fpof;fhrpah. Mjhuk;: AMCAIO, p.5.

njd;dpe;jpa tzpfr; rq;fq;fs;

159

tzpfr; rq;fq;fSs; Mf Kf;fpakhdjhd Ie;E}w;Wth; Fwpj;j fy;ntl;Lfs;jhk; Mf mjpfkhff; fpilj;Js;sd. me;jf; fy;ntl;LfspypUe;J me;jr; rq;fj;jpd; mikg;G> eltbf;if> tuyhW Nghd;witg; gw;wp epiwaj; jfty;fs; fpilf;fpd;wd.

tzpfr; rq;ff; fy;ntl;Lfspy; fhzg;gLk; tptuq;fs; ngUk;ghyhd fy;ntl;Lfs; tzpfr; rq;fq;fisr; Nrh;e;j jdpg;gl;l tzpfh;fs; Nfhapy;fSf;F toq;fpa ed;nfhilfisg; gjpT NfhNdhpuh[Guj;jpy; nra;gitahfNt cs;sd. cjuhzj;Jf;F> fz;nlLf;fg;gl;l fy;ntl;L (SII, xix, 280: Tj, TN), Ntq;fld; rpq;fk; vd;w jpir Mapuj;J Ie;E}w;Wtd;> Nfhapypy; mizah tpsf;F mikg;gjw;F toq;fpa epyk; gw;wpf; $WfpwJ. rpy fy;ntl;Lfs;> ,e;j tzpfr; rq;fq;fs; Fsk;> Nfhapy; Mfpatw;iwg; ghJfhj;jijg; gjpT nra;fpd;wd. kyha; jPgfw;gj;jpy; cs;s jf;Nfhyk; (Takua Pa) fy;ntl;L (AMCAIO, p.11), =mtzpehuzk; vDk; Fsj;ijg; ghJfhf;Fk;gb kzpfpuhkk;> NrdKfk;4 Mfpa tzpfr; rq;fq;fs; Nfl;Lf; nfhs;sg;gl;ljhff; $WfpwJ. fy;ntl;by; fhzg;gLk; thrfq;fs;: 1. ..auth;kf;F 2. …khd; jhd; eq;[FUila] 3. [d;]njhl;l Fsk; Ngh; = m[tep] 4. ehuzk; kzpf;fpuhkj;jhh;f; 5. Fk; NrdhKfj;jhh;f;Fk; 6. …mgjhh;f;Fk; milf;fyk;

mjd; nghUs;: ehq;FUilahd; vd;gth; ntl;ba = mtzpehuzk; vd;w ,e;jf; Fsk;> kzpf;fpuhkj;J cWg;gpdh;fs;> NrdKfj;jpy; (gil Kfhk;) FbapUg;Nghh; MfpNahhpd; ghJfhg;gpy; tplg;gLfpwJ. NkYk;> rpy fy;ntl;Lfs;> tzpfr; rq;fq;fshy; mtw;wpd; ngahpNyNa fl;lg;gl;l Nfhapy;fs;> Fsq;fs; Mfpatw;iwf; Fwpf;fpd;wd. cjhuzj;Jf;F> kpad;khhpd; gfhd; (Pagan) tl;lhuj;jpYs;s fy;ntl;L (AMCAIO, p.15), ehdhNjrp tpdhafh; Nfhapy; gw;wpf; $WfpwJ. Kdprz;il fy;ntl;L (IPS, 61: Pd, TN), Ie;E}w;Wt NgNuhp gw;wpf; Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.

160

NehGU fuh\pkh

,tw;wpnyy;yhk; Mf Kf;fpakhdit> rq;f cWg;gpdh;fs; mjpfkhNdhh; fye;Jnfhz;l rigf; $l;lq;fspy; vLf;fg;gl;l KbTfisg; gjpT nra;Js;s Ie;E}w;Wth; fy;ntl;LfNs. rigf; $l;lf; fy;ntl;Lfis ,uz;L tpjkhfg; gphpf;fyhk;. KjyhtJ> vwptPug;gl;lzk; fy;ntl;Lfs;. tzpfh;fSk;> gil tPuh;fSk; tho;e;j xU efuj;Jf;F vwptPug; gl;lzk; vd;w jFjpia toq;f tzpfh;fs; vLj;j Kbit ,j;jifa fy;ntl;Lfs; gjpT nra;fpd;wd. kw;w tiff; fy;ntl;Lfisg; gl;lzg; gFb vd;W miof;fyhk;. ,it tzpfh;fs; jq;fs; ,yhgj;jpypUe;J xU gFjpiaf; Nfhapy; jpUtpohf;fs;> jpUg;gzpfs; Mfpatw;Wf;F toq;f vLj;j Kbitg; gjpT nra;fpd;wd.

vwptPug;gl;lzk; vd;gjw;F xt;nthU fy;tpkhd;fSk; xt;nthU khjpupahd tpsf;fk; mspj;Js;sdh;. b.vd;. Rg;ukzpad; (T.N. Subramanian), mij “tzpf efuk;” vd;W $Wfpwhh;. Ntq;fluhk Iah; (Vengatarama Ayyar) mijf; “Nfhl;ilAld; $ba mq;fhb” vd;fpwhh;. “vwptPuh;fshy; ghJfhf;fg;gLk; re;ij efuq;fs;” vd;W mtw;iw tUzpf;fpwhh; ,e;jpughyh (K. Indrapala). efuq;fSf;Fk; gl;bdq;fSf;Fk; ,ilapy; njhiyJ}uj;jpy; mikf;fg;gl;l “tzpf tshfk;” mJ vd;fpwhh; `hy; (Hall). tzpfh;fSf;fhd ghJfhf;fg;gl;l gz;lfrhiyfisf; nfhz;l jdpr; rYiffisg; ngw;w efuq;fs; mit> vd;W Fwpg;gpLfpwhh; rk;gfyl;Rkp (Champakalakshmi). mth;fs; $WtJ vjidAk; kWf;f KbahJ vd;w NghjpYk; jkpo;ehl;bYk; ,yq;ifapYk; mz;ikapy; fz;nlLf;fg;gl;Ls;s fy;ntl;Lfs; %yk; NtW jfty;fs; fpilj;Js;sd. ,yq;ifapy;> rKj;jpug;gl;b (Samuttirappatti), tp`hu`pd;d (Viharehinna), GLKl;lth (Budumuttawa) Mfpa gFjpfspypUe;J fy;ntl;Lfs; fpilj;Js;sd. vwptPug;gl;bdk; Fwpj;J jkpo;ehl;L> fh;dhlf fy;ntl;LfspYk; $wg;gl;Ls;sd. rKj;jpug;gl;b fy;ntl;L (Avanam 2-2, 3: MD,TN,1050), Ie;E}w;Wth; mikg;igr; Nrh;e;j tzpfh;fs; jhq;fs; (tPuf;fbah; vd;w ijhpakhd tPuh;fSld;) tho;e;J te;j efuj;Jf;F vwptPug;gl;bdk; vd;wj; jFjpia toq;fpajhff; $WfpwJ. jq;fSf;fhf tPuf;fbah; nra;j tPur; nraiyg; ghuhl;Lk; tifapy; mth;fSf;Fr; rpwg;Gr; rYiffs; toq;fg;gLtjhfTk; me;jf; fy;ntl;by; $wg;gl;Ls;sJ. me;j efuj;ijr; Nrh;e;j Ie;E}w;WtUf;F vjpuhfr; nray;gl;L te;j tzpfh;fisg; Nghuhb tPo;j;jpajw;fhf me;jr; rYiffs; tPuf;fbaUf;F toq;fg;gl;ljhff; fUjg;gLfpwJ. mth;fs; Ie;E}w;Wth; mikg;igr; Nrh;e;j Kf;fpakhd %tiu vjphpfsplkpUe;J fhg;ghw;wpaJk; njhpa tUfpwJ.

njd;dpe;jpa tzpfr; rq;fq;fs;

161

tp`hu`pd;dh fy;ntl;L (AMCAIO, pp. 32-34: SL, c.1150), efu kf;fsplkpUe;J ngwf;$ba tUthia tpl;Lf; nfhLj;jjw;fhf tPuh;fSf;Fk;> ehl;Lr; nrl;bahh;fSf;Fk; efu tzpfh;fs; toq;fpa khpahij gw;wpf; $WfpwJ. mth;fs; tho;e;j efuj;jpw;F vwptPug;gl;bdk; vd;w jFjp toq;fg;gl;lJ. mj;Jld; cs;@h; Ml;rpahsuhy; rpiw itf;fg;gl;l xU tPuiu tpLtpf;f tzpfh;fs; nrYj;jpa jz;lj; njhifAk; tpl;Lf;nfhLf;fg;gl;lJ. Mjyhy;> vwptPug;gl;bdk; vd;gJ> jq;fSf;fhf tPur;nray;fisg; Ghpe;j tPuh;> tPuf;fbah; Nghd;wth;fSf;Fg; gpujpgydhf mth;fs; trpj;j efuq;fSf;F Ie;E}w;Wth; tzpfr; rq;fj;ijr; Nrh;e;Njhuhy; toq;fg;gl;l ngah;> vd;w Gjpa mh;j;jj;ijf; nfhs;syhk;. Ie;E}w;Wth; me;j tPuh;fisg; ghrkhf “ek; kf;fs;” vd;W mioj;jdh;. Mjyhy;> vwptPug;gl;bdq;fis> njhiyJ}uj;jpy; ,Ue;jit vd;Nwh> ghJfhf;fg;gl;l gz;lfrhiyfisf; nfhz;lit vd;Nwh fUjj; Njitapy;iy. vwptPug;gl;bdf; fy;ntl;Lfs; ahitAk; 11-Mk;> 12-Mk; E}w;whz;Lfisr; Nrh;e;jit. Mjyhy;> mf;fhyf; fl;lj;jpy; tzpfh;fSf;F tPuh;fs; ghJfhg;G toq;Fk; #oy; ,Ue;jJ njhpa tUfpwJ.

gl;bdg; gFb ed;nfhilfisg; gw;wpf; $Wk; fy;ntl;Lfspy; ngUk;ghyhdit 13-Mk; E}w;whz;ilr; Nrh;e;jit. vdpDk;> 11-Mk; E}w;whz;L Kjy; mj;jifa fy;ntl;Lfisf; fh;dhlfj;jpy; fhz KbfpwJ. gl;bdg; gFb vd;why; gl;bdj;jpd; xU “ghfk;” my;yJ “gFjp” vd;W nghUs;. me;jg; gFjp rpy Ntisfspy; “kfik” vd;Wk; fy;ntl;Lfspy; miof;fg;gl;lJ. fd;dlf; fy;ntl;Lfspy; ,jw;F “jh;khak;” vd;w nrhy; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ. ,j;jifa fy;ntl;Lfs; vwptPug;gl;lzk; fy;ntl;Lfisf; fhl;bYk; mjpfkhff; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. rh;f;fhh; nghpaghisak;> gpuhd;kiy> Nfhtpy;gl;b Mfpa ,lq;fspy; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;l ,j;jifa fy;ntl;Lfis ey;y cjhuzq;fshff; nfhs;syhk;. tof;fkhd Ie;E}w;Wth; Gfo;khiyiaj; njhlh;e;J> Nfhtpy;gl;b fy;ntl;L (AMCAIO, pp. 281-82: Tp, TN, 1305), tljhypA+hpy; cs;s rpthyaj;jpd; Nrhiyapy; ele;j $l;lj;ijg; gw;wpf; $WfpwJ. me;jf; $l;lj;jpy; ehl;Lr; nrl;bfs;> jyr;nrl;bfs; vDk; ,U gphpTfisr; Nrh;e;j [e;E}w;Wth; fye;Jnfhz;ljhfTk;> mth;fSld; “ek; kf;fs;” vd;W miof;fg;gLk; Kd;id> Kd;id tPuf;fbah; vd;w NtW ,U FOtpdh;

162

NehGU fuh\pkh

gq;Nfw;wjhfTk; mJ $WfpwJ. rpj;uNkop - nghpaehL Mfpatw;wpd; cWg;gpdh;fSk; $l;lj;jpy; fye;Jnfhz;ldh; vd;W $wg;gLfpwJ. mf;Nfhapypy; cs;s nja;tj;Jf;Fg; gl;bdg;gFb toq;FtJ Fwpj;J mf;$l;lj;jpy; KbT nra;ag;gl;lJ. mg;gFjpapy; cs;s Fwpg;gpl;l ehd;F efuq;fisr; Nrh;e;jth;fSk; epjp toq;f Ntz;Lk; vd;Wk;> ahh; vt;tsT toq;FtJ vd;gJ Fwpj;Jk; mq;F xg;Gf;nfhs;sg;gl;lJ. nrl;b vd;gJ tzpfh;fSf;Ff; nfhLf;fg;gl;l gl;lg; ngah;. mjd;gb> ehl;Lr; nrl;bfs;> jyr;nrl;bfs; MfpNahh; tzpfg; gphptpduhf ,Ue;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk;. Mdhy;> ,q;F mth;fs; Ie;E}w;Wth; tzpfh;fisg; ghJfhj;j tPuh;fshfj; njhpfpwJ. Kd;id kw;Wk; Kd;id tPuf;fbah; MfpNahh;> “ek; kf;fs;” vd;w milnkhopahy; miof;fg;gLtjhy; mth;fs; epr;rakhf tPuh;fshf ,Ue;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk;. Mdhy;> me;j ehd;F gphptpdUk; Ie;E}w;Wthpd; xU gFjpahfNt ,Ue;jpUf;fpd;wdh;. ahh; ahnuy;yhk; Ie;E}w;Wth; mikg;gpy; ,lk;ngw;wpUe;jdh; vd;gij ehk; gpwF tphpthfg; ghh;g;Nghk;. rpj;uNkop - nghpaehL vd;gJ Ntshsh; FOf;fisf; nfhz;l Xh; mikg;G. mth;fSld; iftpidQh;> Nritj; Jiwiar; rhh;e;j rhjpapdUk; me;j mikg;gpy; ,lk;ngw;wpUe;jdh;.5 mth;fs; Ie;E}w;Wth; mikg;gpd; epue;jug; gFjpapdh; my;yh; vd;w NghjpYk; gl;bdg; gFb $l;lj;jpy; fye;Jnfhz;ldh;. rpthyaj;Jf;fhd khdpaj;ij Ie;E}w;Wth; KbT nra;jNghjpYk;> mijr; nrYj;jpath;fs; Nfhapy; mike;jpUe;j mNj tsehl;ilr; Nrh;e;j ehd;F efuq;fspd; cWg;gpdh;fNs vd;gJ ,e;jf; fy;ntl;bd; %yk; Gyg;gLfpwJ. Ie;E}w;Wth;> me;efuq;fspd; cWg;gpdh;fsh vd;gJ njhpatpy;iy vd;w NghjpYk;> mth;fs; vLj;j Kbit> cs;@h; mikg;ghd efuq;fspd; cWg;gpdh;fs; nray;gLj;j Ntz;b ,Ue;jJ. rh;f;fhh; nghpaghisak; fy;ntl;L (Avanam 6-12:Cb, TN. 1289)> Ie;E}w;Wth; mikg;igAk; gjpndz;tp\ak; mikg;igAk; Nrh;e;jth;fs; rpthyak; xd;wpy; $baJ gw;wpf; $WfpwJ. me;jf; $l;lj;jpy; nrl;b> nrl;b tPuGj;jpuh;fs;> kiykz;lyj;Jg; gy efukf;fs; MfpNahUk; gq;Nfw;wjhf mJ njhptpf;fpwJ. me;jf; $l;lk; Ie;E}w;Wth; ngUepiwtp> gjpndz;tp\ak; - ngUepiwtp rig vd;W fy;ntl;by; Fwpg;gplg;gLfpwJ. me;jr; rigapy; fye;Jnfhz;l ehl;Lr; nrl;bfs;> js;sk; nrl;bfs;> mWgj;J ehd;F – Kd;id> Kd;id tPuf;fbah;

njd;dpe;jpa tzpfr; rq;fq;fs;

163

MfpNahUld; Nrh;e;J gl;bdg; gFb gw;wp KbT nra;ag;gl;lJ. tPur;Nrho tsehL vDk; fpuhkj;jpy; cs;s rptd; Nfhapypy; jpUtpohit elj;j me;jg; gl;bdg; gFb t#ypf;fg;gl;ljhff; fy;ntl;L $WfpwJ.

nrl;b vd;gJ kpf Kf;fpakhd tzpff; FOf;fspy; xd;W. mjw;F mLj;J tUgth;fs; nrl;b tPuGj;jpuh;fs;. kw;wf; fy;ntl;Lfspy; ,th;fs; nrl;b Gj;jpuh;fs; vd;W Fwpg;gplg;gLfpwhh;fs;. ,th;fs; kw;nwhU tzpff; FOitr; Nrh;e;jth;fs;. ehl;Lr; nrl;b> js;sk; nrl;bfs;> mWgj;J ehd;F Kd;id> Kd;id tPuf;fbah; MfpNahh; tPuh; FOtpdh;. kiykz;lyj;Jg; gy efuq;fs; vd;git kiykz;lyj;ijr; (Nfusk;) Nrh;e;j efuq;fs;. Nfhtpy;gl;b fy;ntl;by; cs;sJ Nghy ,it jdpg;gl;l efuq;fs; my;y. tPur;Nrho tsehL vd;gJ Nfusj;Jf;F mUNf ,Ue;jjhy;> mq;Ff; Fjpiu tpw;gid nra;j Nfusj;J tzpfh;fs; mjpfk; ,Ue;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk;. Mifahy;> me;jg; gFjpiar; Nrh;e;j midj;J tzpfh;fSNk gl;bdg; gFb njhifiar; nrYj;jpapUf;f Ntz;Lk;. xt;nthUtUk; nrYj;j Ntz;ba gl;bdg; gFb njhif> mth;fs; tzpfk; Ghpe;j nghUl;fspd; mbg;gilapy; ,Ue;jJ vd;gJ Nfhtpy;gl;b fy;ntl;btpUe;J njhpa tUfpwJ. me;jf; fy;ntl;by; ,lk;ngw;Ws;stw;iwf; fhl;bYk; mjpfkhd nghUl;fspd; gl;bay;> NgY}h; (Belur) fy;ntl;L (EC (n.s.) ix, BI-171; KN, 1384) Nghd;w ,ju fy;ntl;Lfspy; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. NgY}h; fy;ntl;by; cs;s gl;baypy; 62 nghUl;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. gj;Jf;Fk; Nkw;gl;l fy;ntl;Lfspy; mjpfg;gbahff; fhzg;gLk; nghUl;fspd; vz;zpf;if gjpndhd;W. mit kpsF> ghf;F> ntw;wpiy> vz;nza;> ney;> mhprp> jhdpaq;fs;> cg;G> re;jdk;> gUj;jp E}y;> Jzp Mfpait. eWkzr; rikay; nghUl;fs;> nghpa tpyq;Ffs; Nghd;w tpiy cah;e;j nghUl;fis tpw;Fk; tzpfh;fSld; md;whl cgNahfj;jpw;fhd cg;G> mhprp> ghf;Fg; Nghd;wtw;iw tpw;Fk; tpahghhpfSk; me;jr; rigf; $l;lj;jpy; fye;J nfhz;lJ Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ. cs;@h; tzpfh;fs;> efuk; vd;w mbg;gilapy; xd;Wgl;bUe;jij mJ fhl;LfpwJ. Jzp> vz;nza;> ,Uk;Gf; fk;gp Nghd;wit gl;baypy; mbf;fb ,lk;ngWtJ> nerT> vz;nza; vLj;jy;> cNyhfj; njhopy; Mfpait 12-Mk; E}w;whz;Lf;Fk; 14-Mk; E}w;whz;Lf;Fk; ,ilg;gl;l fhyj;jpy; njd;dpe;jpahtpy; nropj;J tsh;e;jpUe;jijf; fhl;LfpwJ. mf;fhyj;ijr; Nrh;e;j fy;ntl;Lfspy; fhzg;gLk; thptpjpg;G Kiwfs; mjw;Fr; rhd;whf tpsq;Ffpd;wd.6

164

NehGU fuh\pkh

ml;ltiz 8.2 tzpfg; nghUl;fspd; mbg;gilapy; gl;bdg; gFb gfph;e;J nfhs;sg;gl;l Kiw tzpfg; nghUl;fs; xU %l;il kpsF

nrYj;j Ntz;ba gzk;

xU %l;il ghf;F

3/20 2/20

xU %l;il Jzp

6/20

xU Fjpiu

1

xU xl;lfk;

½

xU ig kUe;J xU jiyr; Rik thridg; nghUs;> fhl;nlUJ Kb> re;jdk;> fw;G+uk; kw;Wk; ,ju ,wf;Fkjpg; nghUl;fs;

1+1/2 1

gR> vUJ> fd;W> vUik Nghd;w fhy;eilfs;

1+1/40

xU rhf;F gl;Lj; Jzp> fhz;lhkpUff; nfhk;G> f];J}hp> ,Uk;Gf; fk;gp kw;Wk; ,ju nghpa nghUl;fs;

1+1/40

xU %l;il ney;

1/40

xU %l;il jhdpak;> itf;Nfhy;> NfhJik> mtiu> nkhr;ir> fLF Nghd;w cyh;e;j jhdpaq;fs;

1/20

xU %l;il Gsp

1/20

xU jiyr; Rik %ypif> ,ytq;fg;gl;il> khiy> rq;F> je;jk;

1+1/40

xU %l;il mhprp

1/20

xU tz;b cg;G> Gsp> ney; kw;Wk; khl;L tz;bapy; Vw;wptUk; nghUl;fs;

1/8

kw;wg; nghUl;fs;

mt;tplj;jpNyNa eph;zapf;fg;gLk;

Mjhuk;: Nfhtpy;gl;b fy;ntl;L gl;bdg; gFb gw;wp jkpo;ehl;bYk;> fh;dhlfj;jpYk; fhzg;gLk; fy;ntl;Lfs; ntt;NtW fhyf;fl;lj;ijr; Nrh;e;jit. jkpo;ehl;by;

njd;dpe;jpa tzpfr; rq;fq;fs;

165

fhzg;gLk; 35 gl;bdg; gFb fy;ntl;Lfs;> 13-Mk; E}w;whz;Lf;Fk; 14-Mk; E}w;whz;Lf;Fk; ,ilg;gl;lit. Mdhy; fh;dhlfj;ijr; Nrh;e;j 53 fy;ntl;LfSk; 12-Mk;> 13-Mk; E}w;whz;ilr; Nrh;e;jit. Me;jpug; gpuNjrj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; mj;jifa fy;ntl;Lfs; Fiwntd;whYk; mit 12-Mk; E}w;whz;bYk; mjw;Fg; gpwFk; vOjg;gl;lit. Nfusk;> ,yq;if Mfpatw;iwg; nghUj;j tiuapy; mj;jifa fy;ntl;Lfs; mG+h;tkhfNt fhzg;gLfpd;wd.7

Ie;E}w;Wthpd; GfOiu Ie;E}w;Wth; tzpf mikg;gpd; Njhw;wj;ij ,g;NghJ ghh;g;Nghk;. Ie;E}w;Wth; fy;ntl;Lfspy;> mit vhptPug; gl;lz tifahf ,Ue;jhYk; rhp> gl;bdg; gFb tifahf ,Ue;jhYk; rhp> njhlf;fj;jpy;> murh;fSf;F cs;sijg; NghyNt> Ie;E}w;Wth;fisg; gw;wpa GfOiu fhzg;gLfpwJ. jkpo;ehl;by; ,Jtiu fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;Ls;s fy;ntl;LfspNyNa Ie;E}w;Wth; Gfo;khiy ,lk;ngw;wpUf;Fk; Mfg; goikahdJ> fKjp fy;ntl;lhFk; (AMCAIO, pp. 228-29; Rm, TN, middle of 10th century). fh;dhlfj;jpy; fz;nlLf;fg;gl;Ls;s mj;jifa Mfg; goikahdJ ngl;fp`hy; (Bedkihal) fy;ntl;L (AMCAIO, pp. 229-30; Bj, KN, c1000). GfOiuapy; Guhzf; fijfisr; Nrh;j;Jf; nfhs;Sk; mstpw;F mij vOjpath;fs; Kjph;r;rp mile;jpUe;jij me;j ,U fy;ntl;LfSk; Gyg;gLj;Jfpd;wd. Nrjkile;Js;s fKjp fy;ntl;by; Ie;E}w;Wth; vd;w ngah; ,lk;ngwhtpl;lhYk; mJ epr;rak; Ie;E}w;Wth;fspd; fy;ntl;L vd;gjpy; Iakpy;iy. mth;fs; 500 tPur; rhrdq;fisf; nfhz;bUe;jjhfTk;> kfhyl;Rkp mth;fspd; khh;gpy; ,Ug;gjhfTk;> mth;fs; thRNjth;> fe;jsp> %ygj;uh; MfpNahhpd;8 topte;jth;fs; vd;Wk;> guNk];thpapd; Gj;jpuu;fs; vd;Wk; me;jf; fy;ntl;bd; Gfo;khiy $WfpwJ. 18 gl;bdk;> 32 NtshGuk;> 64 fbifj;jhtsk; (,tw;iwg; gw;wpg; gpwF ghh;f;fyhk;) Mfpatw;wpy; mth;fs; njhopy; elj;jpajhfTk; me;jf; fy;ntl;by; njhptpf;fg;gl;bUf;fpwJ. mjd; gpwF Ie;E}w;Wth; mikg;gpy; ,lk;ngw;wpUe;j FOf;fs; gw;wpAk; $wg;gLfpwJ. nrl;bapy; njhlq;fp tPuh; Kba gl;bay; njhlh;fpwJ. ,ilapy; fhKlRthkp vd;w ngaUk; ,lk;ngw;Ws;sJ. ngl;fp`hy; fy;ntl;by; cs;s Gfo;khiy> mth;fs; 500 tPur; rhrdj;ijg; ngw;wpUe;jjhfTk;> mQ;rhneQ;rk; nfhz;lth;fs; vd;Wk;>

166

NehGU fuh\pkh

tPutyQ;rah; jh;kj;ijf; filg;gpbg;gth;fs; vd;Wk; $WfpwJ. mth;fs; thRNjth;> fe;jsp> %ygj;uh; topte;jth;fs; vd;Wk; gftjpaplkpUe;J tuq;fisg; ngw;wth;fs; vd;Wk; me;jf; fy;ntl;by; njhptpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. MaN`hNyapd; “guNk];tuh;fshd” mth;fs;> 18 gl;bdk;> 32 NtshTyh> 64 fbifj;jhtsk; Mfpatw;wpy; njhopy; elj;jpajhfTk; mJ $WfpwJ. mjd; gpwF Ie;E}w;Wthpy; ,lk;ngw;wpUe;j FOf;fshd> nrl;bFl;lh> fhKz;lrhkp> gPud;> mk;ffhud;> ghhpfd; (thhpad;) Mfpait gl;bayplg;gLfpd;wd. fKjp> ngl;fp`hy; Nghd;w Ie;E}w;Wth; fy;ntl;Lfspy; fhzg;gLk; Gfo;khiyiag; ghh;f;Fk;NghJ rpy Kf;fpa mk;rq;fis ehk; njhpe;Jnfhs;s KbfpwJ. mit (1) mth;fspd; chpikfisAk; flikfisAk; tpsf;f mth;fsplkpUe;j rhrdq;fs;> (2) tzpfh; (tyQ;rah;) vd;w Kiwapy; mth;fs; filg;gpbj;j Neh;ik> tPuk; Nghd;w jh;kq;fs;> (3) thRNjtu;> fe;jsp> %ygj;uh; Nghd;w flTs;fspd; topj;Njhd;wy;fs; vd;w jfty;> (4) MaN`hNyapd; gpujhd nja;tkhd Jh;fh guNk];thp %yk; mth;fs; mt;tplj;Jld; nfhz;bUe;j neUf;fkhd gpizg;G> (5) mth;fs; njhopy; elj;jpa 18 gl;bdk;> 32 NtshGuk;> 64 fbifj;jhtsk; gw;wpa jfty;> (6) mth;fspd; cWg;gpdh; tptuk;. Nkw;fhzg;gLk; Ie;E}w;Wth; Gfo;khiyapypUe;Jk;> gl;bdg; gFb fy;ntl;Lfspy; fhzg;gLk; tptuq;fspypUe;Jk;> Ie;E}w;Wth; gy;NtW tzpff; FOf;fisj; jq;fspd; mzpapy; itj;jpUe;j tzpfr; rq;fk; vd;gJ njhpatUfpwJ. mth;fspd; eltbf;if gy;NtW gFjpfspy; tphpe;jpUe;jJ. fy;ntl;Lfspy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;s “18 gl;bdk;> 32 NtshGuk;> 64 fbifj;jhtsk;” Mfpatw;wpy;> gl;bdk; vd;gJ ehfg;gl;bdk;> fpU\;ag;gl;bdk; Nghd;w JiwKf my;yJ tzpf efukhFk;. NtshGuk; vd;gJ JiwKfj;ijr; rhh;e;j Jiwg; gFjp vd;W njhpfpwJ. fbifj;jhtsk; vd;gJ gl;bdj;jpd; Nfhl;ilf;Fs; ,Ue;j re;ij vd;W Njhd;WfpwJ. fy;ntl;Lfspy; $wg;gLk; 18> 32 kw;Wk; 64 vd;gd> mt;tsT nghpa gFjpia mth;fs; jq;fs; fl;Lg;ghl;bd; fPo; itj;jpUe;jdh; vd;gijfr;; fhl;Ltjw;fhd> fw;gid vz;zpf;iffNs. ,e;NjhNdrpahtpd; tlNkw;Fr; Rkj;uhtpy; fz;nlLf;fg;gl;Ls;s gh&]; (Barus) fy;ntl;Lk; ,jDld; xj;Jg; NghfpwJ. mjpy; fhzg;gLk; Ie;E}w;Wth; Gfo;khiyapy;> thNuhR vd;fpw khjq;fhp ty;ytNjrp ca;af;nfhz;l gl;bdj;jpy; (Barus) cs;s NtshGuj;jpy; Ie;E}w;Wth; tzpfh;fs; re;jpj;jjhff; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ.10

njd;dpe;jpa tzpfr; rq;fq;fs;

167

me;jf; fy;ntl;by; fhzg;gLk; thrfq;fs;: 1. ];t];jp = rfiu 2. Mz;L Mapuj;J[g;g] 3. j;Jr; nry;yhep[d;] 4. w khrpj; jpq;fs; 5. thNuhrhe khjq; 6. fhp ty;ytj; Njrpc 7. a;af; nfhz;l gl; 8. b ej;J NtshGuj;J 9. $b epue;j Nj[rpj; jpir] 10. tpsq;F jpir Map 11. j;ijQ;Q}w;WtNuh 12. k; ek;kfehh; efu N]ehg 13. jp ehl;Lnrl;b 14. ahh;f;Fk; gjpnez;G+kp 15. Njrp mg;gh;f;F kh[nt]j; 16. JfSf;Fk; eh itj;Jf; 17. FLj;j ghprhtJ kuf;f 18. y… … … 19. y kuf;fy ehaEq; Nftp 20. fSk; f];J}[hp] tpiy K[jy]fg;g[l] 21. mQ;R Jz;[lh]ak; nghd;Dk; F[L] 22. j;Jg; ghthil Vwf;fltjhfTk; 23. ,g;gbf;F [,]f;fy; vOjp ehl;b 24. f; FLj;Njhk; gjpnez;G+kp Njrpj; jpir tps 25. q;F jpir Mapuj;ije;j;E}w;WtNuhk; m 26. wkw ntw;f mwNka; Jiz. me;jg; Gfo;khiyapd;gb> Ie;E}w;Wthpd; G+h;tPfk;> MaN`hNyAld; (Ik;nghopy;) njhlu;Gg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ. mJ fh;dhlfj;jpy; jw;NghJ cs;s Aihole MFk;. Mdhy;> fh;dhlfj;Jf;F Kd;Ng> 10-Mk; E}w;whz;by; mth;fs; jkpo;ehl;by; Kidg;ghfr; nray;gl;L te;jJ tpag;ig mspf;fpwJ. Ie;E}w;WtUf;Ff; fh;dhlfj; njhlh;G mjpfk; ,Ue;jjhfr; nrhy;yg;gl;lhYk;> mth;fisg; gw;wpa Mfg; goikahd Gfo;khiy jkpo;ehl;by;jhd; fpilj;Js;sJ. fKjp fy;ntl;L> MaN`hNy gw;wpf; $wtpy;iy vd;whYk;> mjpy; fhzg;gLk; FOf;fspd; gl;baypy; fhKz;lRthkpAk; ,Ug;gJ> mjw;Ff; fh;dhlfj;Jldhd njhlh;igj; njspthff; fhl;LfpwJ.

168

NehGU fuh\pkh

MaN`hNyapy; fhzg;gLfpwJ kw;nwhU Gjph;. mq;Fs;s nfslhuFb NfhapypYk; yhl; fhd; NfhapypYk; fhzg;gLk; 8-Mk; E}w;whz;Lf; fy;ntl;Lfspy;> “IE}W” vd;w nrhy; Kjd;Kjyhf gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ. Mdhy;> me;jr; nrhy; kfh[dq;fs; my;yJ rJu;Ntjpfisf; (gpuhkzh;fs;) Fwpf;fg; gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sNj jtpu tzpfh;fis my;y. MaN`hNyapy;; “IE}W” gw;wpf; Fwpg;gpLk; NtW rpy 12-Mk; E}w;whz;Lf; fy;ntl;LfSk; cs;sd. Mdhy;> mtw;wpYk; mJ “IE}W” vd;w gpuhkz mikg;igNa Fwpf;fpwJ. IE}w;Wth; Gfo;khiy jkpo;ehl;by; 10-Mk; E}w;whz;bd; kj;jpapy;jhd; Njhd;wj; njhlq;fpaJ. fh;dhlfj;jpy; mjw;Fg; gpwF Njhd;wpa mj;jifa Gfo;khiyfspy; xU Kjph;r;rp njhpfpwJ. me;j mikg;Gld; njhlh;G itj;Jf; nfhz;lth;fs; epr;rakhf me;je;jg; gFjpfspy; tho;e;j gy;NtW r%fq;fisr; Nrh;e;j tzpfh;fs; vd;gJk; GydhfpwJ. MaN`hNyapy; tho;e;j gpuhkzh;fs;> tzpff; FOnthd;iw mikj;J thzpg eltbf;iffspy; mth;fs kw;wr; r%fq;fisg; gpujpepjpj;j Ie;E}w;WtUld; njhlh;G itj;jpUe;jduh vd;gJ ,d;Wtiu GjpuhfNt cs;sJ.

Ie;E}w;Wthpy; mq;fk; tfpj;j FOf;fs; Ie;E}w;Wth; jtph;j;j kw;w tzpff; FOf;fs; gw;wpAk;> mtw;wpy; gq;F tfpj;j ,ju njhopy;fisr; rhh;e;jth;fs; gw;wpAk; ,jw;FKd; ghh;j;Njhk;. Gfo;khiyapy; me;jf; FOf;fs; ,lk;ngwhky; ,Ue;jhYk; mtw;iwg; gw;wpa tptuq;fs; fy;ntl;Lfspd; ,jug; gFjpfspy; $wg;gLfpwJ. rpy Ntisfspy;> rigf; $l;lq;fspy; fye;Jnfhz;lth;fshf mth;fs; Fwpg;gplg;gLfpwhh;fs;. kd;dh;fSf;fhd nka;f;fPh;j;jpfs; (Gfo;khiy) Nghy my;yhky;> Ie;E}w;Wth;fspd; Gfo;khiyfspypUe;J kw;wf; FOf;fisg; gphpf;f Kbahj ,ay;G epyTfpwJ. Mjw;F Xh; cjhuzk;> ,yq;ifapy; fhzg;gLk; tp`hu`pd;dh fy;ntl;L. me;jf; fy;ntl;L mt;tplj;jpw;F vwptPug; gl;lzk; jFjp toq;fg;gl;lijf; Fwpf;fpwJ. mjpy; fhzg;gLk; Gfo;khiyapy; fPo;fhZk; FOf;fs; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sd.

jtsj;Jr; nrl;b (cs;@h; tzpfh;fs;) nrl;b Gj;jpud; (tzpfh;fs;) ftiu (tzpfh;fs;)

169

njd;dpe;jpa tzpfr; rq;fq;fs;

fhl;hpgd; (ntw;wpiy tpahghhpfs;) fhKz;lRthkp (jiyik epyf;fpohh;fs;) xl;ld; (J}J nry;gth;) cs;gRk;igf;fhud; (%l;ilr; Rkf;Fk; tpahghhp) fq;ffhud; (gil tPuh;) Mtdf;fhud; (filf;fhuh;fs;) ghthil tPud; (cah;gjtp tPuh;fs;) mjw;Fg; gpwF Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sd.

NtW

,U

gphpTfspd;

ngah;fSk;

gjpndd;G+kp tPuh; (gil tPuh;fs;) ehl;Lr; nrl;b (tzpfh;fs;/tPuh;fs;) rigf; $l;lj;ijf; $l;batUk; NgrpatUk; gjpndd;G+kp tPuh; vd;gij ,q;Fg; Ghpe;Jnfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. tPutsQ;nrah; vd;w Ie;E}w;Wth; me;efUf;F vwptPug; gl;lzk; vd;w jFjpia toq;Ftjhf me;jf; $l;lj;jpy; KbT nra;ag;gl;lJ. mjd; nghUl;Lj; jq;fs; rNfhjuh;fshf kjpf;fg;gLk; ehl;Lr; nrl;bfSld; Nrh;e;J> tu Ntz;ba rpy tUthia tpl;Lf;nfhLg;gjhf mjpy; Ie;E}w;Wth; KbT nra;jdh;. Ie;E}w;Wth; Gfo;khiyapy; Ie;E}w;Wth; vd;w nrhy;Yf;Fg; gjpyhf tPutsQ;rpah; vd;w nrhy; gad;gLj;Jg;gl;bUg;gJ mit ,uz;Lk; xd;Nw vd;gijg; Gyg;gLj;JfpwJ. gl;bdg; gFb fy;ntl;Lfspy; xd;whd rh;f;fhh; nghpaghisak; fy;ntl;by; fPo;f;fhZk; FOf;fspd; ngah;fs; ,lk;ngw;Ws;sd.

nrl;b (tzpfh;fs;) nrl;b tPug;Gj;jpuh;fs; (tzpfh;fs;) kiykz;lyj;Jg; gy efuq;fs; Nfusj;ijr; Nrh;e;j gy efuq;fs;)

(kiykz;lyk;

my;yJ

mth;fSk; gjpndd; tp\ak; my;yJ Ie;E}w;Wth; $l;ba rigf; $l;lj;jpy; (ngUeputp) fye;Jnfhz;ldh; vd;gJ ,Wjpf; fzf;nfLg;gpy; njhpatUfpwJ. mth;fisj; jtph;j;Jf; fPo;f;fhZk; FOf;fSk; $l;lj;jpy; gq;Nfw;wd.

170

NehGU fuh\pkh

ehl;Lr; nrl;b (tzpfh;fs; / tPuh;fs;) jsk; nrl;bfs; (mg;gFjpiar; Nrh;e;j tzpfh;fs; / tPuh;fs;) mWgj;Jehd;F Kd;id (64 vd;W miof;fg;gl;l tPuh;fs;) Kd;id tPuf;fbah; (gil tPuh;fs;) ,e;j ehd;F FOf;fSNk Kd;G Fwpg;gplg;gl;lth;fistplj; jFjpapy; Fiwe;jth;fs; vd;w NghjpYk; filrp ,U FOf;fSk; “ek; kf;fs;” vd;W miof;fg;gLtjhy; mth;fs; jho;e;j jFjpia cilath;fs; vd;gJ njspthfpwJ. fh;dhlfj;Jg; ngl;fp`hy; (Bedkihal) fy;ntl;L> tzpfh;fspd; vjphpfisf; nfhd;w tPud; xUtDf;F toq;fg;gl;l khpahijiag; gjpT nra;fpwJ.11 mjpy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sth;fs;:

vk;ehl;lh gjpdhWtU (vl;L ehl;ilr; Nrh;e;j gjpdhWth;) IE}h;gh RthkpfS (IE}W jiyth;fs;) Nrl;bFl;lhU (tzpfh;fs;) fhTz;l rhkp (jiyik epyf;fpohh;fs;) gPud; (tPuh;fs;) mk;fffhuh; (gil tPuh;fs;) ghhpfd; (vOj;jhsh;fs;) ,e;jg; gl;bay; fy;ntl;bd; ,Wjpapy; jug;gl;Ls;sJ. vk; ehL gjpdhWth; vd;w FOTf;Fg; gpwF “Mfpa” vd;w nrhy;Yk; ,Ug;gjhy; mJ gy FOf;fSf;Fg; gpujpepjpahf ,Ue;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk;. gy;NtW gFjpfisr; Nrh;e;j vwptPug; gl;lz> gl;bdg; gFb fy;ntl;Lfspy; fhzg;gLk; FOf;fis MuhAk;NghJ mtw;iw vl;Lg; gphpTfshf tifg;gLj;j KbfpwJ. mit: (1)

nghpa tzpfh;fisf; nfhz;l FOf;fs; my;yJ mikg;Gfs; fthNu (tzpfh;fs;) efuk; (efuj;ijr; Nrh;e;jth;fs;) nrl;b (tzpfh;fs;) nrl;b Fl;lhU (tzpfh;fs;)

njd;dpe;jpa tzpfr; rq;fq;fs;



171

ghyQ;rh/ ghdQ;rpfh/ tsQ;rpah (tzpfh;fs;) vk;Lehl;lh gjpdhWtU (vl;L ehl;ilr; Nrh;e;j gjpdhWth;)

(2) Kd;dzp epyf;fpohh;fisf; nfhz;l cs;@h; mikg;Gfs; fhKz;l Rthkp (epyf;fpohh;fspy; jiyth;) rpj;uNksp nghpaehL (tptrhapfspd; $l;lzp) 3)

Fwpg;gpl;l nghUis tpw;w tzpfh;fs; my;yJ filf;fhuh;fs; fhl;hpfhU (ntw;wpiy tpahghhpfs;) Mtdf;fhU (filf;fhuh;)

4)

tzpfh;fshfTk; tPuh;fshfTk; nray;gl;lth;fs; ehl;Lr; nrl;b (cs;@h;r; nrl;b) gPu tzpfU (tPuh;fshf ,Ue;j tzpfh;fs;)

5)

tzpfh;fisg; ghJfhj;j tPuh;fs; tPuh; (tPuh;fs;) tPuf;nfhbahh; (ntw;wpf; nfhb ehl;bath;fs;) Kd;id / Kd;id tPuh; (Nghh;f;fs tPuh;fs;)

6)

ntspehl;L tzpfh;fs; mikg;G mQ;Rtz;zk; (ntspehl;L / K];ypk; tzpfh;fspd; rq;fk;) guNjrp (ntspehl;L tzpfh;fs;)

7)

NtW epGzj;Jtf; FOf;fs; mf;frhNy (nghw;nfhy;yh;fs;) ghhpfh / thhpad; (vOj;jhsh;fs;)

8)

Ntiyf;fhuf; FOf;fs; gzpnra; kf;fs; (gzp nra;Ak; kf;fs;) fyiz (Ntiyahl;fs;)

Ie;E}w;Wth; ngUQ;rig vd;gJ Vd; ngUeputp vd;Wk; rkak; vd;Wk; miof;fg;gl;lJ vd;gJ ,jd; %yk; njspthfpwJ. tzpfh;fisj; jtph;j;J> epyf;fpohh;fs;> iftpidQh;fs; Nghd;w ,ju njhopy; rhh;e;jth;fSk; mth;fspd; $l;lq;fspy; gq;Nfw;wdh;. xU Nfhapypd; eyd; Fwpj;J mt;tl;lhu kf;fs; midtUNk $b KbntLj;jij ,J fhl;LfpwJ. rpj;uNkop nghpaehl;lhh; mjw;fhff; fhKz;l RthkpfSld;

172

NehGU fuh\pkh

xj;Jioj;jij ,q;F Kf;fpakhdjhff; fUjyhk;. rpy fy;ntl;Lfspy; tyq;if> ,lq;if FOf;fspd; gq;Nfw;Gk; gjpT nra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ. mit jho;e;j rhjpiar; Nrh;e;j iftpidQh;fs; kw;Wk; Ntiyf;fhuh;fspd; mikg;GfshFk;. mth;fs; tyq;if vd;Wk; ,lq;if vd;Wk; ,U tifahfg; gphpf;fg;gl;bUe;jdh;.12 Ie;E}w;WtUf;F Kf;fpakhf tpsq;fpa kw;nwhU FOtpdh; tPuh;fs;. nry;te;jh;fshd Ie;E}w;Wth; tzpfh;fs;> kjpg;GkpFe;j nghUl;fisf; fly;fle;J nfhz;L nry;y Ntz;bapUe;jJ. mjdhy;> tzpfh;fisAk; mth;fs; nfhz;L nry;Yk; nghUl;fisAk; ghJfhf;Fk; mtrpak; ,Ue;jJ. mjw;fhf gytif tPuh;fs; ,Ue;jdh;. mth;fSs; mbf;fb Fwpg;gplg;gLgth;fs; ehl;Lr; nrl;b (cs;@h; nrl;bfs;)> tPuh; (tPuh;fs;)> tPuf;fbah; (tPuf;nfhb ehl;bath;fs;)> Kd;id (Nghuhspfs;) MfpNahh;. Mff; filrpahff; Fwpg;gplg;gLk; %d;W FOf;fs;> “ek; kf;fs;” vd;W miof;fg;gLgth;fs;. tzpfh;fSld; xg;gpLifapy;> mth;fs; jFjpapy; jho;e;jth;fs; vd;gJ Gyg;gLfpwJ. Mdhy;> ehl;Lr; nrl;bfSk;> jsr; nrl;bfSk; rpy #oy;fspy; tzpff; FOf;fspd; kj;jpapYk;> “ek; kf;fs;” kj;jpapYk; fhzg;gLfpd;wdh;. vwptPug; gl;bdf; fy;ntl;Lfs;> tzpfh;fisg; ghJfhf;f ,th;fs; fhl;Lk; ijhpaj;ijAk;> tzpfh;fis ,th;fs; jq;fspd; “je;ijauhf” kjpj;jijAk; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wd. Mifahy;> Ie;E}w;Wth; mikg;gpy; gy;NtW FOf;fs; ,lk;ngw;wpUe;j NghjpYk;> mjpy; Mf Kf;fpakhf tpsq;fpaJ tzpfh; FOf;fNs. mth;fspilNa mbf;fb fhzg;gLNthh; nrl;b> nrl;b Gj;jpud; (nrl;b Fl;lU)> ftiu (fthNu)> efuk; (efuh)> vz;behL gjpdhWtU MfpNahh;. me;jf; fhyj;jpy; Kf;fpa tzpfh;fshf tpsq;fpath;fSf;Fr; nrl;b vd;w jFjp toq;fg;gl;lJ. me;jj; jFjpia cilath;fs; tzpfr; rq;f eltbf;iffSf;Fj; jiyik Vw;wjhfj; njhpfpwJ. filrpf; FOthd vz;behL gjpdhWtU fh;dhlfj;jpy; kl;LNk fhzg;gLfpwJ. Mdhy;> mJ ve;j tif ,af;fk; vd;gJ njspthfj; njhpatpy;iy. efuk; vd;gJ Xh; ,lj;jpy; gy;NtW tzpff; FOf;fisf; nfhz;l mikg;G. ,ijj; jtpu Fwpg;gpl;l nghUl;fis tpw;w mikg;GfSk; efuk; vd;W miof;fg;gl;ld.13 me;jf; FOf;fspy; rpy> Ie;E}w;Wth; vd;w ngahpy; gl;bdg; gFb $l;lq;fSf;F Vw;ghL nra;Ak; nghWg;ig Vw;wpUe;jd. Mdhy;> vwptPug; gl;bdf; $l;lq;fSf;F Ie;E}w;Wtuhy; ghuhl;lg;gl;l rpy tPuh; FOf;fNs

njd;dpe;jpa tzpfr; rq;fq;fs;

173

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174

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175

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njd;dpe;jpa tzpfr; rq;fq;fs;

177

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178

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12-Mk; E}w;whz;bypUe;J jq;fspd; rigf; $l;lq;fisr; rpj;uNkopg; nghpaehL mikg;GlDk; tyq;if / ,lq;if mikg;GlDk; Nrh;e;J elj;jpdh; Ie;E}w;Wth;. Rpj;uNkopg; nghpaehL vd;gJ epyf;fpohh;fshf khwpa kiy[hjp kf;fs; jiyikapyhd Fbahdth; mikg;ghFk;. iftpidQh;fs;> Nritj;Jiwiar; rhh;e;j jho;e;j rhjp kf;fs;> tyq;if vd;Wk; ,lq;if vd;Wk; ,U gphpTfshf ,Ue;jdh;.22 ,e;j ,U mikg;GfSk; 12-Mk; E}w;whz;bypUe;J nry;thf;Fg; ngwj; njhlq;fpd. Nrhoh; Ml;rpapy;> Nky; epiyapy; ,Ue;j gpuhkzh;fSk; Ntshsh;fSk; cUthf;fp> fl;bf;fhj;J te;j r%f mikg;G Kiwia me;j ,U mikg;GfSk; vjph;j;J te;jd.23 me;j vjph;g;G ,af;fj;jpy; Ie;E}w;WtUk; Nrh;e;Jnfhz;lJ> Ml;rpapypUe;J murpay; hPjpahf tpyfpr; nray;gl mjw;F tha;g;gspj;jJ. 11-Mk;> 12-Mk; E}w;whz;Lfspy; vwptPug; gl;bdf; fy;ntl;Lfs; mjpfhpj;jjw;F> tphpthf;ff; nfhs;ifiar; Nrhoh;fs; iftpl;lJk;> 11-Mk; E}w;whz;bd; kj;jpapy; ,yq;ifapypUe;J ntspNawpa gpwF Nrhoh; gil fiyaj; njhlq;fpaJk; mjw;Ff; fhuzkhff; nfhs;syhk;.24 Mdhy;> mij cWjpg;gLj;j NkYk; Ma;Tfs; mtrpakhfpd;wd. 15-Mk; E}w;whz;by; tzpfr; rq;fq;fspd; eltbf;iffs; KbTf;F te;jd vd;w NghjpYk; mjw;Fg; gpe;jpa xU rpy fy;ntl;Lfs; cs;sd. 14-Mk; E}w;whz;bd; njhlf;fj;jpy; by;yp Ry;jhd;fs; njd;dpe;jpah kPJ gilnaLj;jdh;. mjdhy;> NrTdh> fhfhbah> ghz;bah;fs; vd;W thpirahf Ml;rpfs; tPo;e;jd. mjd;gpwF fh;dhlfj;jpy; Ml;rpGhpe;j tp[aefh; gilfs; jkpo;ehl;Lf;Fs; GFe;jd. me;jj; jhf;Fjypy; vjphpg; gilfs; elj;jpa Ruz;ly;fshy; rpy fhyj;jpw;F tWik jiy tphpj;jhbaJ. 15-Mk; E}w;whz;bd; ,Wjpf;Fs; jkp;o;ehl;by; tp[aefug; Nguurpd; Ml;rp ed;F epiyA+d;wpapUe;jJ. cs;@h; eph;thfj;ij ftdpf;f kd;duhy; epakpf;fg;gl;l ehaf;fh;fs;> jq;fs; gFjpapy; th;j;jfj;ijAk; njhopy;fisAk; Cf;Ftpj;jdh;.25 15-Mk; E}w;whz;bd; njhlf;fj;jpy;> rPdf; flw;gilj; jsgjpahd nrq; Nf (Zheng He), ,e;jpag; ngUq;flypy; VO Kiw flw;gazq;fis Nkw;nfhz;lhh;. tpiykjpg;Gs;s nghUl;fisAk;> epiwa tPuh;fisAk; jhq;fpte;j nghpa rPdf; fg;gy; mzpf;F mth; jiyik Vw;W te;jhh;. 15Mk; E}w;whz;bd; ,Wjpapy; ed;dk;gpf;if Kidiar; (Cape of Good Hope) Rw;wpg; gazk; nra;J> Nfushtpy; cs;s Nfhopf;Nfhl;il (Kapad) nrd;wile;jhh; th];Nfhl fhkh (Vasco da Gama). mJ INuhg;gpa

njd;dpe;jpa tzpfr; rq;fq;fs;

179

tzpfh;fspd; ,e;jpa tuTf;Fj; njhlf;fkhf mike;jJ. vdpDk; njd;dpe;jpahtpYk; ,yq;ifapYk; 15-Mk; E}w;whz;bYk; mjw;Fg; gpwFk; tzpfr; rq;fq;fspd; eltbf;if Fiwe;jjw;F ,itnay;yhk; fhuzkh vd;gJ ,d;Dk; Gydhftpy;iy.

Notes   1. During the last five years a few more have been reported in some journals such as Avanam.   2. This term has a few variants: aiññu-r-r-uvar, aiññu-r-r-uvar, and aiññu-r-r-uvar in Tamil, ainu-rbbaru and ainu-rvaru in Kannada.   3. Subbarayalu, “Anjuvannam: A Maritime Trade Guild”.   4. Se-na-mugam seems to have been a group of merchants, not soldiers as interpreted earlier. We find this term in a few Javanese inscriptions too.   5. Karashima and Subbarayalu, “Ainnurruvar: A Supra-local Organization”.   6. Karashima, South Indian History and Society, pp. 91–92.   7. After the political trouble caused by the invasions of Maga from Orissa and Chandrabanu in the Malay Peninsula in the thirteenth century, the Sinhalese dynasty left Polonnaruwa and shifted its capital to the places in the south in the following centuries, which damaged trade in Sri Lanka. The social protest movement which occurred in Tamil Nadu during the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries involving ainu-r-r-uvar was not seen in Kerala and Sri Lanka, which seems to have caused the difference. This point will be explained later.   8. Though these three deities are found in the Hindu pantheon, they seem to have had some specific relation to Jainism or to western Deccan.   9. Paramesvari is Durga as a consort of Siva. 10. Subbarayalu, “The Merchant-Guild Inscription at Barus”. 11. Though this inscription does not record the conferment of erivı-ra-pat.t.inam, it is classified as an erivı-ra-pat.t.inam inscription. 12. For these groups, see Karashima and Subbarayalu, “The Emergence of the Periyanadu Assembly” and Karashima, Towards a New Formation, pp. 141–58. 13. Karashima, Subbarayalu and Shanmugam, “Nagaram during the Chola and Pandyan Period”. 14. If this is the same as the old Muziris, it could be Pattanam near Parur, according to some recent excavations carried out there. 15. Motupalli inscriptions. See Karashima, ed., In Search of Chinese Ceramicsherds.

180

NehGU fuh\pkh

16. The name is given in Telugu as anyu-t.t.uva-perumballi. 17. Figures in Table 8.1 include both ainu-r-r-uvar and man.igra-mam inscriptions. 18. Karashima, Ancient and Medieval, pp. 264–66. 19. Karashima, Subbarayalu, and Shanmugam, “Nagarams during the Chola and Pandyan Period”, pp. 7–8. 20. Appendix to this volume. 21. Karashima, “Temple Land”. 22. For these two organizations, see Karashima and Subbarayalu, “The Emergence of the Periyanadu Assembly”. 23. For this protest movement, see Karashima, “New Imprecations”. 24. The famous Polonnaruwa inscription (EI, xviii, 38) records the Simhala king’s recruitment of ve-l.aikka-rar for guarding a Buddhist temple. They were probably disassembled Chola soldiers judging from the reference to various regiments such as valaan.gai and id.an.gai, though they are stated at the same time to have had val.añjeya merchants as their leaders (a-chchama-r). 25. Karashima, A Concordance of Nayakas, pp. 50–52. 26. General discussion on the decline of merchant activities of this period was made by Abu-Lughod in her book, Before European Hegemony, but the particular reason for that in South Asia is yet to be studied.

References Abraham, Meera. Two Medieval Merchant Guilds of South India. New Delhi: Manohar, 1988. Abu-Lughod, Janet. Before European Hegemony: The World System A.D. 1250–1350. New York: Oxford University Press, 1989. Champakalakshmi, R. Trade, Ideology and Urbanization: South India BC 300– AD 1300, New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1996. Chaudhuri, K. N. Asia Before Europe: Economy and Civilisation of the Indian Ocean from the Rise of Islam to 1750. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990. Dikshit, G.S. Local Self-Government in Medieval Karnataka. Dharwar: Karnatak University, 1964. Hall, Kenneth R. Trade and Statecraft in the Age of the Colas. New Delhi: Abhinav Publications, 1980. Indrapala, K. “South Indian Mercantile Communities in Ceylon, circa 900–1250”. Ceylon Journal of Historical and Social Studies, NS, 1-2: 101–13. Karashima, Noboru. South Indian History and Society: Studies from Inscriptions AD 850–1800. New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1984.

njd;dpe;jpa tzpfr; rq;fq;fs;

181

———. “Trade Relations between South India and China During the 13th and 14th Centuries”. Journal of East-West Maritime Relations 1 (1989): 59–81. ———. Towards a New Formation: South Indian Society under Vijayanagar Rule. New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1992. ———. “South Indian and Sri Lankan Inscriptions Relating to the Merchant Guilds”. In Ancient and Medieval Commercial Activities in the Indian Ocean: Testimony of Inscriptions and Ceramic-sherds, edited by N. Karashima, pp. 3–9. Chennai: Taisho University, 2002. ———, ed. Ancient and Medieval Commercial Activities in the Indian Ocean: Testimony of Inscriptions and Ceramic-sherds. Chennai: Taisho University, 2002b. ———, ed. In Search of Chinese Ceramic-sherds in South India and Sri Lanka. Tokyo: Taisho University Press, 2004. ———. “The Emergence of Medieval State and Social Formation in South India”. International Journal of South Asian Studies 1. New Delhi: Manohar, 2008. ———. “Temple Land in Chola and Pandyan Inscriptions: The Legal Meaning and Historical Implications of Kud.inı-n.ga--de-vada-na”. Indian Economic and Social History Review 45, no. 2 (2008). ———. “The Emergence of New Imprecations in Twelfth- and Thirteenth-Century Tamil Inscriptions and Jati Formation”. In Conflict and Adjustment, edited by D.N. Jha and Eugenia Vanina. New Delhi: Tulika Books, 2008. Karashima, N., and Y. Subbarayalu. “Ainnurruvar: A Supra-local Organization of South Indian and Sri Lankan Merchants”. In Ancient and Medieval Commercial Activities in the Indian Ocean: Testimony of Inscriptions and Ceramic-sherds, edited by N. Karashima, pp. 72–78. Chennai: Taisho University, 2002. ———. “The Emergence of the Periyanadu Assembly in South India during the Chola and Pandyan Periods”. International Journal of Asian Studies 1, no. 1 (2004): 87–103. ———. “Kaniyalar Old and New: Landholding Policy of the Chola State in the Twelfth and Thirteenth Centuries”. Indian Economic and Social History Review 44, no. 1 (2007): 1–17. Karashima, N., Y. Subbarayalu, and P. Shanmugam. “Nagaram during the Chola and Pandyan Period: Commerce and Towns in the Tamil Country AD 850–1350”. Indian Historical Review 35, no. 1 (2008): 1–33. Mills, J.V.G. Ying-yai Sheng-lan (The Overall Survey of the Ocean’s Shores) by Ma Huan, translated and edited by J.V.G. Mills. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1970. Nilakanta Sastri, K. A. The Colas, 2 Vols., Madras: University of Madras, 1935 and 1937; 2nd ed. in one volume, 1955.

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———. Foreign Notices of South India: From Megasthenes to Ma Huan. 1939. Rajagopal, S., ed. Kaveri: Studies in Epigraphy, Archaeology and History (Professor Y. Subbarayalu Felicitation Volume). Chennai: Panpattu Veliyiittakam, 2001. Rockhill, W.W. “Notes on the Relations and Trade of China with the Eastern Archipelago and Coast of the Indian Ocean during the Fourteenth Century”, part I. T’oung-pao, vol. XV (1914): 431 ff. Shanmugam, P. “Pattadai and Industries in the Tamil Country Under the Vijayanagar Rule”. Journal of Asian and African Studies 37 (1989): 31–49. ———. “Pattanappagudi: A Voluntary Impost of the Trade Guilds”. In Ancient and Medieval Commercial Activities in the Indian Ocean: Testimony of Inscriptions and Ceramic-sherds, edited by N. Karashima, pp. 72–78. Chennai: Taisho University, 2002. Sharma, R.S. Urban Decay in India: c.300–c.1000. New Delhi: Munshiram Manoharlal, 1987. Spencer, George W. The Politics of Expansion: The Chola Conquest of Sri Lanka and Sri Vijaya. Madras: New Era Publications, 1983. Stein, Burton. Peasant State and Society in Medieval South India. New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1980. Su Jiqing. Daoyi zhilue jiaoshi (Critical edition of Wang Dayuan’s Daoyi zhilue), Beijing, 1981. Subbarayalu, Y. “The Merchant-Guild Inscription at Barus, Sumatra, Indonesia — Rediscovery”. Histoire de Barus: Le Site de Lobu Tua, I, edited by Claude Guillot. Cahiers d’Archipel 30 (1998): 25–33. ———. “Social Change and the Valangai and Idangai Divisions”. In Kaveri: Studies in Epigraphy, Archaelogy and History (Professor Y. Subbarayalu Felicitation Volume), edited by S. Rajagopal. Chennai: Panpattu Veliyiittakam, 2001. ———. “Anjuvannam: A Maritime Trade Guild of Medieval Times”, chapter 9 in this volume. Subbarayalu and Karashima. “A Trade Guild Inscription from Viharehinna in Sri Lanka”. In Ancient and Medieval Commercial Activities in the Indian Ocean: Testimony of Inscriptions and Ceramic-sherds, pp. 27–35. Chennai: Taisho University, 2002. Subrahmanya Aiyer, K.V. “Largest Provincial Organizations in Ancient India”. Quarterly Journal of the Mythic Society (Bangalore) (new series) 45: 29–47, 79–98, 270–86; 46: 8–22. Reprint (n.d.): 1–79. Subramanian, T.N. “A Tamil Colony in Medieval China”. In South Indian Studies, edited by R. Nagaswamy, pp. 1–52. Madras, 1978. Venkatarama Ayyar, K.R. “Medieval Trade, Craft and Merchant Guilds in South India”. Journal of Indian History XXV, Part 1 (1947): 269–80.

9

mQ;Rtz;zk;: kj;jpa fhyj;Jf; fly; tzpfr; rq;fk; Y. Rg;guhaY

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184

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185

mQ;Rtz;zk;-kj;jpa fhyj;Jf; fly; tzpfr; rq;fk;

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186

Y. Rg;guhaY

tptuq;fspypUe;J nfhy;yk; JiwKf efuj;jpy; tpahghuk; nra;ag;gl;l nghUl;fspd; tpiyia eph;zapf;Fk; nghWg;igAk;> thpfis t#ypf;Fk;> thpf;fopTfis toq;Fk; nghWg;igAk; mQ;Rtz;zKk;> kzpfpuhkKk; ngw;wpUe;jJ njhpfpwJ. mth;fSf;F mg;gFjpapd; kd;dh;> ghuk;ghpa 72 chpikfisAk; rYiffisAk; toq;fpapUe;jhh;. rhgpu; me;efiuj; Njhw;Wtpj;jth; vd;gjhy; mtUf;Fk;> efuj;jpd; cilikahsh;fshd mt;tpU mikg;GfSf;Fk; ,ilapyhd cwT neUf;fkhdjhf ,Ue;jpUf;Fk; vd;W Njhd;WfpwJ. me;j “72 chpikfisAk; rYiffisAk;” gw;wpf; nfhr;rpapy; fz;nlLf;fg;gl;l (EI, III, pp.67-68) gh];fu utpapd; A+j nrg;Gj; jfl;bYk; Fwpg;gplg;gl;bUf;fpwJ. me;jg; gjptpy; N[hrg; ughd; (Joseph Rabban) vd;w A+j tzpfUf;F mQ;Rtz;zk; jFjp toq;fg;gLtjhf cs;sJ. mj;Jld; glFfisAk;> thfdq;fisAk; jilapd;wpg; gad;gLj;jpf; nfhs;s mDkjpf;fg;gLtjhfTk;> mQ;Rtz;z chpikfSk;> gfy; Neuj;jpy; jPg;ge;jq;fisAk;> tz;zj; Njhuzq;fisAk;> gy;yf;Fg; Nghd;wtw;iwg; gad;gLj;jTk; mDkjp toq;fg;gLtjhfTk; mJ $WfpwJ. thp> Jyhf;$yp Mfpatw;iwr; nrYj;JtjpypUe;J mtUf;F tpyf;F mspf;fg;gl;lJ. RUf;fkhf ,Ue;jhYk; me;jg; gl;lak;> rphpad; fpwp];Jt khdpaj;ijg; NghyNt cs;sJ. kUthd; rgPh; N[hrg; ughd; MfpNahh;> MaN`hNy 500 fy;ntl;Lfspy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;s gl;lzRthkp Nghy me;efuq;fspd; jiyik tzpfh;fshf ,Ue;jpUg;ghh;fs; vd;W Njhd;WfpwJ. ,tw;iwnay;yhk; fUj;jpy; nfhz;lhYk;> Fz;lhh;l; (Gundert) $wpAs;sijg; Nghy mQ;Rtz;zKk; kzpfpuhkKk; A+j> fpwp];Jt mikg;Gfs; vd;gjw;F ve;j Neub MjhuKk; ,y;iy. NkNy $wg;gl;Ls;s nrg;Gj; jfLfisj; jw;NghJ nfhr;rpapYs;s xU A+j MyaKk;> Nfhl;laj;jpy; cs;s xU rphpad; fpwp];Jt (Syrian Christian) NjthyaKk; itj;jpUg;gjhy; mtw;Wf;Fr; rkar; rhak; G+rptpl KbahJ. tPu uhfthtpd;> (fp.gp 1220) Nfhl;lak; khdpaj;ij (EI, IV, pp. 290ff) kW Ma;T nra;j ntq;ifah mijNa typAWj;Jfpwhh;. mNj Ntisapy; rphpad; fpwp];Jt khdpaj;jpd; filrpapy; muG> A+j> gy;ytp nkhopfspy; ifnahg;gq;fs; fhzg;gLtij ehk; ftdpf;fhky; ,Ue;Jtpl KbahJ. 9-Mk; E}w;whz;by;> A+jh;fs;> muG K];ypk;fs;> fpwp];Jth;fs;> ghurPfh;fs; Nghd;Nwhh; mlq;fpa Nkw;F Mrpa tzpfh; r%fk; nfhy;yj;jpy; ,Ue;jij me;jf; ifnahg;gq;fs; czh;j;Jfpd;wd. mNj Ntisapy;> A+j nrg;Gj; jfl;by;> khdpak;

mQ;Rtz;zk;-kj;jpa fhyj;Jf; fly; tzpfr; rq;fk;

187

toq;fpa A+jUf;F mQ;Rtz;zk; jFjp toq;fg;gl;ljhff; $wg;gLtJ> me;j mikg;G Nkw;F Mrpa tzpfh;fSf;fr; nrhe;jkhdJ vd;w thjj;Jf;F tY Nrh;f;fpwJ. Mdhy;> kzpfpuhkj;ij vLj;Jf; nfhz;lhy;> Nfusj;jpd; uhkd;jsp> jsf;fhL; jkpo;ehl;bd; nfhLk;gh@h;> ciwA+h;> =epthrey;Y}h; Nghd;w gy;NtW cl;gFjpfspy; mjd; eltbf;iffs; fhzg;gLtjhy;> mJ cs;ehl;L tzpfh;fspd; mikg;ghfNt fUjg;gl Ntz;Lk;. ,e;j mk;rj;ijf; Nfhgpehj uht; (EI, XVII,pp. 67-73) tphpthf tpthjpj;Js;shh;. uh\;buFlh kd;dh;fSk; mth;fspd; cs;@h; Ml;rpahsh;fSk;> jhNd (Thane) khtl;lj;jpy; Kk;igf;F tlf;Nf cs;s rpd;rdp tl;lhuj;jpw;F 10-Mk;> 11-Mk; E}w;whz;by; toq;fpa khdpaq;fisr; rph;fhh; (D.C. Sircar) kW Ma;T nra;jNghJ> tlf;Ff; nfhq;fdp (Konkan) fy;ntl;Lfspy; `k;akhdh my;yJ `Q;rkhdh vd;w nrhy;iyf; fz;lhh;. mJ mq;fpUe;j ghh;rp FbNaw;wj;ijf; Fwpg;gjhf (EI, XXXII, pp. 48) mtu; KbTf;F te;jhh;. `Q;rkhdh vd;w nrhy;> ghurPfh;fspd; mQ;Rkhd; vd;gjpypUe;J te;jJ vd;W Nkhb (J.J. Modi) jkJ Ma;tpy; (Indian Antiquary, XI.I, pp. 173-76) $wpapUe;jijr; rph;fhUk; (Sircar) Vw;Wf; nfhz;lhh;. me;jf; fy;ntl;by; fhzg;gLk; thrfj;jpd; nkhopngah;g;G4: “rk;ahdh ehl;il Mz;Lnfhz;bUe;jNghJ> rhKz;lh jk;ikr; rhh;e;jpUe;jth;fSf;Fk; kw;wth;fSf;Fk; toq;fg;NghFk; ed;nfhil Fwpj;J xU fl;lisiag; gpwg;gpj;jhd;. ed;nfhil ngWgth;fspy; `k;akhdh nghpNahh;fshd ty;yd tpahth`hufh> ty;y];k tpahth`hufh> my;ypah> k`uh> kJkjp MfpNahUld; NtW rpyUk;@ ngsuh nghpNahh;fshd ];Nu\;b Nfrhp> Rth;z ff;fyh> thdpN[h cth> Rtu;z Nrhikah MfpNahUld; NtW rpyUk;" fy;ntl;by; cs;s my;ypah> kJkjp Mfpa ngah;fs; ,e;jpa tbtk; nfhLf;fg;gl;l muGg; ngah;fshd myp> Kfk;kJ MfpaitNa vd;fpwhh; rph;fhh;. Mjyhy;> `k;akhdh nghpNahh;fspy; rpyh; muG K];ypk;fs; vd;gJ mthpd; thjk;. Nfrhp> ff;fyh> cth> Nrhikah Nghd;w ngah;fisg; ghh;f;Fk;NghJ ngsuh nghpNahh;fs; vd;gJ cs;@h; tzpfh;fisf; Fwpg;gjhf mth; nrhy;fpwhh;. ngah;fSf;F Kd; tUk; ];Nu\;b> Rth;z> tdp[h Nghd;w gjq;fs; mth;fspd; njhopy;fisf; Fwpf;fpd;wd vd;Wk; mth; $Wfpwhh;.

188

Y. Rg;guhaY

tlf;F> njw;Ff; fh;dhlf khtl;lq;fspy; fhzg;gLk; fd;dlf; fy;ntl;Lfspy;> `Q;rkhdh vd;w ngah; tp[aefu Ml;rpf; fhyj;jpYq;$l (Ramesh 1970, pp. 252-53) flNyhug; gFjpfshd g];&h;> gu$h; Nghd;w ,lq;fspy; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ck;kuhkufhyh vd;w `Q;rkhdh jiythpd; ngah;> iffpdpapy; (Kaikini) cs;s Kjyhk; Njtuhahpd; (fp.gp.1427) fy;ntl;by; Fwpg;gplg;gl;bUf;fpwJ. ck;kuh (ckh;) vd;gJ xU ghurPfg; ngah; vd;Wk; kufhyh vd;gJ fd;dlj;jpy; flNyhbiaf; Fwpf;fpwJ vd;Wk; $Wfpwhh; K.V. uNk\;. Mdhy;> rph;fhh;> fd;dlj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; `Q;Rkhdh> ghurPff; FbapUg;igf; Fwpg;gjy;y vd;W epidf;fpwhh;. njd;dpe;jpahtpy; ghurPff; FbapUg;Gfs; ,Ue;jjw;fhd NtW ve;jj; jlaq;fSk; ,y;iy vd;gJ mjw;F mth; $Wk; fhuzk;. `Q;Rkhdh vd;gJ fd;dl my;yJ njd;dpe;jpar; nrhy;yhf ,Uf;fyhk; vd;W $Wk; mth;> mQ;Rtz;zj;ijf; Fwpf;Fk; mQ;R gQ;rhsj;jhh; vd;w jkpo;r; nrhy;ypd;> fd;dl gQ;r tz;zNk me;jr; nrhy;ypd; mbg;gil vd;w KbTf;F tUfpwhh; (EI, XXXXV, p. 292). me;j thjj;Jf;F vt;tpj mbg;gilNah MjhuNkh ,y;iy vd;W Fiw $wpAs;shh; K.V. uNk\;. ,tw;iwnay;yhk; ghh;j;jhy; `Q;Rkhdh vd;gJ ntWk; ghurPff; FbapUg;ig kl;Lk; Fwpf;ftpy;iy vd;Nw Njhd;WfpwJ. muGf;fs;> A+jh;fs;> fpwp];Jth;fs;> ghurPfh;fs; Nghd;w Nkw;F Mrpa tzpfh;fis nkhj;jkhf mr;nrhy; Fwpg;gjhfNt Mjhuq;fs; top njhpa tUfpwJ. mth;fspilNa> muG K];ypk;fs; 11-Mk; E}w;whz;bypUe;Nj Kjd;ik epiyapy; ,Ue;jdh; vd;gijAk; Ghpe;Jnfhs;s KbfpwJ.

mQ;Rtz;zk; vd;w mikg;G Nfusj;jpYk; jkpo;ehl;bYk; kl;LNk fhzg;gLfpwJ. `Q;Rkhdh vd;w nrhy;ypypUe;J mJ gpwe;jjh vd;gjw;F vspjpy; tpilfhz KbAk;. jkpopy; “`” vd;w xyp> “m” vd;Nw Fwpf;fg;gLfpwJ. vdpDk;> ,U nrhw;fSk; fy;ntl;Lfs; vjpYk; mLj;jLj;J ,lk;ngwtpy;iy vd;gJ Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ. T.N. Rg;ukzpad;(1957) T.V. kfhypq;fk; (1967, p.394) MfpNahUk;> gpwF rph;fhUk; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;sijg; Nghy mQ;Rtz;zj;ijAk;> mQ;R gQ;ryj;jhiuAk; (Ie;J iftpidQh;fs;) njhlh;GgLj;j KbahJ. fk;khsh;fs; vd;W miof;fg;gl;l iftpidQh;fs;> mg;NghJ r%fj;jpy; ey;y me;j];jpy; ,Uf;ftpy;iy vd;gJ Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ. mth;fs;> 14-Mk; E}w;whz;L tiu tzpfh;fSf;Fk;> epyf;fpohh;fSf;Fk; (SII, IV, no. 223) Vty; gzpfisr; (fPo;f; fyid nra;gth;fshfNt kjpf;fg;gl;ldh;. tp[aefu fhyj;jpYk;> nghUl;fspd; cw;gj;jp mjpfhpj;j fhyj;jpYk;jhd; fk;khsh;fSf;Fr; rKjhaj;jpy; mq;fPfhuk; fpilf;fj; njhlq;fpaJ (Karashima 1992, pp. 159-69).

mQ;Rtz;zk;-kj;jpa fhyj;Jf; fly; tzpfr; rq;fk;

189

vdpDk;> mQ;Rtz;zk; vd;gJ K];ypk; r%fk; rhh;e;j mikg;G (Pandarattar 1971) vd;gij mjpfk; Ngrg;glhj gy;rz;lkhiy vd;w 12-Mk; E}w;whz;L E}y; Mjhpf;fpwJ. ehfg;glbdj;jpy; tho;e;j mQ;Rtz;z cWg;gpdh;fs; atdj;ijAk;> Nrhdfj;ijAk; Nrh;e;jth;fs;@ fygj;jpiag; (fyp/gh) gpd;gw;Wgth;fs;; my;yhit topgLgth;fs; vd;W me;E}y; Fwpg;gpLfpwJ. Kd;G Fwpg;gpl;lijg; Nghy> kzpfpuhkj;ijg; Nghy; my;yhJ> flw;fiu efuq;fspy; kl;LNk mQ;Rtz;zk; nray;gl;lJ. fpof;fpYk;> Nkw;fpYk; ,Ue;j gy;NtW fiuNahu efuq;fspy; mjd; eltbf;if fhzg;gLfpwJ. kfhuh\;buj;ij xl;ba nfhq;fdpf; fiu; Nfushtpy; ge;jyhapdp – nfhy;yk; (Nfhopf;Nfhl;Lf;F mUNf)> Fuf;Nfzp nfhy;yk; (njw;Ff; nfhy;yk;); Nrhokz;lyf; fiuapy; jPl;lhz;ljhdGuk; (,uhkehjGuk;)> kapyhg;G+h; (nrd;id)> fpU\;zgl;bdk; (ney;Y}Uf;Fj; njw;Nf)> tprhfgl;bdk; Mfpa ,lq;fspy; mQ;Rtz;zj;jpd; RtLfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. nfhy;yj;jpy; mth;fs; nray;gl;ljw;fhd Mjhuj;ij ehk; Kd;Ng ghh;j;Jtpl;Nlhk;. kj;jpa fhyj;jpy;> rPd> muG tzpfh;fs; me;jj; JiwKf efuj;ijNa Mf Kf;fpakhdjhff; fUjpdh;. ge;jyhapdp nfhy;yk; vDk; ngah; (,Gd; gl;Ll;lh ,ij Fandarina vd;W Fwpg;gpLfpwhh;)> me;efhpy; cs;s [khmj; gs;spapy; cile;JNghd %d;W fy;ntl;Lfspy; fhzg;gLfpwJ. gh];fu utp5 Ml;rpnra;j (fp.gp. 1000) fhyj;ijr; Nrh;e;jit me;jf; fy;ntl;Lfs;. mit cile;J NghapUe;jhYk;> tof;fkhf Ie;E}w;Wth; fy;ntl;Lfspy; fhzg;gLk; tsQ;rpah; kw;Wk; rpy tzpfh;fisg; gw;wp mtw;wpy; $wg;gLfpwJ. Nfhapy; mjpfhhpfs; vd;gth;fs; gw;wpAk; mjpy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ. Mdhy;> me;jf; fy;ntl;Lf;Fk; gs;spthrYf;Fk; VjhtJ njhlh;G ,Uf;fpwjh vd;gijf; fpilj;j ghfq;fspy; ,Ue;J eph;zapf;f Kbatpy;iy. vdpDk;> me;jf; fy;ntl;L> mQ;Rtz;zj;ijr; Nrh;e;jth;fSk; Ie;E} w;Wth;fSk; gq;Nfw;w Kf;fpakhd epfo;r;rpiag; gw;wpaJ vd;gJ kl;Lk; njhpfpwJ.

jPl;lhz;ljhdGuj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; fy;ntl;L> fp.gp.1269-Mk; Mz;by; kzpfpuhkk;> njd; ,yq;ifiar; Nrh;e;j tsQ;rpah; Nghd;w tzpf> nerthsh; mikg;Gfs; elj;jpa khngUk; $l;lj;jpy; mQ;Rtz;zKk; gq;Nfw;wjhff; $WfpwJ (ARE, 1926-27, p.93). me;jf; $l;lj;jpy; gq;Nfw;w mikg;Gfspd; gl;baypy; mQ;Rtz;zj;jpd; ngah; Kjypy; tUtjhy;> me;j tl;lhuj;jpy; mjw;F mjpfr; nry;thf;F ,Ue;jpUf;Fk; vd;W Njhd;WfpwJ. kapyhg;G+hpy; fpilj;j cile;JNghd 13-Mk;

190

Y. Rg;guhaY

E}w;whz;Lf; fy;ntl;L xd;W mQ;Rtz;zj;ijg; gw;wpAk; tzpff; fpuhkk; (kzpfpuhkk;) gw;wpAk; Fwpg;gpLfpwJ (ehfrhkp 1970> no. 1967/20). fpU\;zg;gl;bdk; fy;ntl;by;> ehL> efuk;> gjpndz; G+kpiar; Nrh;e;j rk];j guNjrpfs; (ntspehl;L tzpfh;fs;) MfpNahhpd; gl;baypy; kzpfpuhkj;ijr; Nrh;e;j mQ;Rtz;z tzpfh; (Nfusj;ijr; Nrh;e;Njhh;) vd;w ngaUk; ,lk;ngw;Ws;sJ. fp.gp.1279-Mz;ilr; Nrh;e;j me;jf; fy;ntl;L (ARE, 1963-64, no.78, and Nellore Inscriptions, I, Gudur 45), JiwKfj;jpy; Vw;Wkjp> ,wf;Fkjp nra;ag;gLk; nghUl;fspypUe;J fpilf;Fk; ,yhgj;jpy; xU gq;if cs;@h;f; NfhapYf;F toq;FtJ Fwpj;J vLf;fg;gl;l KbT gw;wpf; $WfpwJ.

tprhfg;gl;bdj;jpy; %d;W fy;ntl;Lfs; cs;sd. mtw;Ws; ,uz;L njYq;fpYk; xd;W jkpopYk; cs;sd. jkpopy; fhzg;gLtJ njYq;Ff; fy;ntl;L xd;wpd; efy;. Mdhy;> me;jf; fy;ntl;Lfspd; Mq;fpy nkhopngah;g;G mt;tsT njspthf ,y;iy. KjyhtJ fy;ntl;L> fp.gp.1012-Mk; Mz;ilr; Nrh;e;jJ. fpof;Ff; fq;fh kd;dd; mde;jth;kNjth Ml;rpNaw;w 13-tJ Mz;by; (21 nrg;lk;gh; 1090) mJ vOjg;gl;lJ. tprhfg;gl;bdj;jpy; (FNyhj;Jq;f Nrhog;gl;bdk;) cs;s Ie;E}w;Wtg; ngUk;gs;sp tshfj;jpy; cs;s tPl;L kidfSf;F efuj;jpd; “gd;dpUth;” nrYj;j Ntz;ba thp gw;wp mJ $WfpwJ. mjw;fhd khdpak;> khNjhl;lj;ijr; Nrh;e;j (uhkFyts;sp gl;bdk;) mQ;Rtz;z tpahghhpf;F toq;fg;gl;Ls;sjhfTk; mjpy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ. me;j tpahghhpapd; ngaiug; ghh;j;jhy; mth; nry;thf;F kpf;ftuhf ,Ue;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W Njhd;WfpwJ. gl;lzhjpj;a ehdh uh[tpj;ahju rkz;fl;Lfe;jp mrhT vd;gJ mthpd; ngah;. mjpYs;s mrhT vd;gJ mthpd; ,aw;ngauhf ,Ue;jpUf;fyhk;> mJ mrh/g; vd;w muGg; ngahpypUe;J te;jpUf;ff;$Lk;. ngaUf;F Kd;Dk; gpwFk; tUgit> ntWk; gl;lq;fshf ,Uf;ff;$Lk;. tpj;ahjuh vd;w gl;lk;> jQ;rhT+h; re;ijr; rhiyapy; trpj;j uh[tpj;ahjuh vd;w Nrhdf mjpfhhpAld; (SII, II, no.66) njhlh;GilaJ. Mifahy;> mrhT mNdfkhf> K];ypk; tzpfuhf ,Ue;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk;. mthpd; G+h;tPfkhd khNjhl;lk;. ,yq;ifapd; tlNkw;Ff; fiuapy;> kd;dhh; tisFlhitg; ghh;j;jpUf;Fk; kfhjPh;j;jk; (jw;NghJ khe;ij) vd;w Gfo;ngw;w flw;fiu efukhFk;. ,uz;lhtJ gl;lkhd kiykz;ly khjh> mtUf;Ff; NfushTld; ,Ue;j njhlh;igf; fhl;LfpwJ. me;jf; fy;ntl;bd; jkpo;g; gFjp (SII> XXVI, 103) nghpJk; Nrjkile;Js;sJ. vdpDk;> njYq;Fg; gFjpapy; cs;s mNj jfty;jhd; mJ vd;gij mwpa KbfpwJ. me;j ,uz;L fy;ntl;LfSNk xNu fy;ypd; ,U gf;fq;fspYk; ,lk;ngw;Ws;sd.

mQ;Rtz;zk;-kj;jpa fhyj;Jf; fly; tzpfr; rq;fk;

191

njYq;Ff; fy;ntl;by; rpy jkpo; mk;rq;fSk; ,Uf;fpd;wd vd;gij ,q;Ff; Fwpg;gpl;lhf Ntz;Lk;. IE}w;Wtg; ngUk;gs;sp vd;gJ vd;d rkaj;ijr; rhh;e;jJ vd;gij cWjpahff; $w KbahJ vd;w NghjpYk;> ,Jtiu ehk; ghh;j;jij itj;J> mJ xU gs;spthry;jhd; vd;W vspjpy; jPh;khdpf;fyhk;.6 ,uz;lhtJ njYq;Ff; fy;ntl;L (SII, X, 211), mNj Ie;E}w;Wtg; ngUk;gs;spf;F toq;fg;gl;l kw;nwhU khdpak; gw;wpf; $WfpwJ. kfhkz;lNy];tu FNyhj;Jq;fg; gphpj;tP];tuh vd;w cs;@h;j; jiyth; me;j khdpaj;ijr; rf 112[.] Mz;by; toq;fpajhf mjpy; $wg;gl;Ls;sJ. mJ mNdfkhf fp.gp 1200> 1204 my;yJ 1207 Mk; Mz;lhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. gs;spapd; vy;iyfs; Fwpj;j tptuq;fs; ,U fy;ntl;LfspYk; xNu khjphp cs;sd. ,jpy; khdpaj;ijg; ngw;wth; ghrhiar; Nrh;e;j kw;Nwhh; mQ;Rtz;z tzpfh; vd;W Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ. ghrha; vd;gJ Rkj;uhtpd; tlf;Ff; fiuapy; cs;s rKj;jpu ghrhiag; Nghy cs;sJ. ,uz;Lk; xd;whf ,Ug;gjw;fhd rhj;jpaq;fs; epiwa cs;sd.7 me;j tzpfhpd; ngaUk; GJikahfj;jhd; fhzg;gLfpwJ. Nghauhz;bgy;yh kfd; rhtrhz;bgy;yh vd;gJ mtuJ ngah;. mtUf;F khtq;fhp ty;yg rka rf;futh;j;jp vd;w gl;lk; ,Ue;jJ. khtq;fhp ty;yg vd;gJ> ghU]; fy;ntl;by; fhzg;gLk; khjq;fhp ty;yg vd;w gjj;ij xj;jpUf;fpwJ. ghURf;F khjq;fhp ty;yg Njrp ca;af;nfhz;l gl;bdk; vd;w kw;nwhU ngaUk; ,Ue;jJ. khjq;fhp ty;yg vd;why; “khjq;fpf;F tpUg;gkhdJ” vd;W nghUs;. Jh;iff;F khjq;fp vd;w ngaUk; cz;L. rkar; rf;uth;j;jp vd;w ,uz;lhtJ gl;lk;> xU rig my;yJ rkaj;jpd; cWg;gpdUf;F toq;fg;gLtjhFk;. me;jg; gl;lj;ij MaN`hNy 500 mikg;G> me;j mQ;Rtz;zk; tzpfUf;F toq;fpapUf;f Ntz;Lk;. Mifahy;> mQ;Rtz;zk; tzpfh;fisj; jq;fs; mikg;gpd; xU gFjpahfNt MaN`hNy 500 fUjpaJ vdf; nfhs;syhk;. ,e;NjhNdrpahtpy; mQ;Rtz;zj;jpd; nray;ghLfs; gw;wp mwpe;J nfhs;tJk; Kf;fpak;. kj;jpa> fpof;F [hthtpy; fhzg;gLk; 10-Mk; E}w;whz;bd; njhlf;fj;ijr; Nrh;e;j gy mur fy;ntl;Lfspy;> `Q;Rkhd; vd;w gjk; gy;NtW tpjq;fspy; (Sarkar 1972, pp. 131, 140> 151,236; Barrett Jones 1984, pp. 151, 186-87) fhzg;gLfpwJ. me;jf; fy;ntl;Lfspy;> gy;NtW ,ju mikg;GfSld; `Q;Rkhd; ngaUk; ,lk;ngWfpwJ. Gjpjhf mikf;fg;gl;l rPkh vd;w fpuhkq;fSf;Fs; (me;j fpuhkq;fspd; mur tUtha; xU rka epWtdj;Jf;F khw;wptplg;gl;lJ) Eioa me;j mikg;GfSf;Fr; rpy fl;Lg;ghLfs; tpjpf;fg;gl;ljhf me;jf;

192

Y. Rg;guhaY

fy;ntl;Lfspy; ,Ue;J njhpfpwJ. me;j mikg;Gfs;> njd;dpe;jpah cl;gl gy;NtW ntspehLfspypUe;J te;jit vd;gJ ,jd; %yk; GhpfpwJ.

`Q;Rkhd; vd;w nrhy; gy tpjq;fspy; vOjg;gl;bUg;gJ> muG nkhopapd; nrhy; mikg;G fhuzkhf ,Uf;fyhk;. mij Vw;Wf; nfhz;lhy;> `Q;Rkhd; my;yJ mQ;Rtz;zk; vd;w mikg;gpd; nray;ghLfs; 9-Mk; E}w;whz;bYk;> mjw;Fg; gpwFk;> ,e;NjhNdrpah tiu tphpe;jpUe;jd vd;W nrhy;yyhk;. mjw;F Kd;dNu njd;fpof;fhrpahtpy; kzpfpuhkk; mikg;igr; Nrh;e;Njhh; gpuNtrpj;jpUe;jdh; vd;gJ ehk; Kd;Ng ghh;j;j xd;W. Mjyhy;> mQ;Rtz;zKk; rkfhyj;jpy; mq;F nray;gl;ljpy; tpag;gpy;iy. [hth gjpTfspy; cs;s `Q;Rkhd; vd;w nrhy;iy8 ehk; ftdj;jpy; nfhs;shtpl;lhy;> njd;fpof;fhrpahtpy; muG> Nkw;F Mrpa tzpfh;fs; nraw;gltpy;iy vd;W MfptpLk;. njd;fpof;fhrpag; gjpTfspy; mtu;fisg; gw;wpj; jfty; ,y;iy vd;whYk;> ,e;jpag; ngUq;flypy; mth;fspd; eltbf;if gw;wp muG> rPdf; Fwpg;Gfspy; epiwaNt ,Uf;fpd;wd. midj;ijAk; fUj;jpy; vLj;Jf; nfhz;lhy;> Nfusj;jpYk; jkpo;ehl;bYk; cs;s jkpo;f; fy;ntl;Lfspy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;s mQ;Rtz;zKk;> nfhq;fdp fiug;gFjpapy; cs;s kuhj;jp-rk];fpUj kw;Wk; fd;dl fy;ntl;Lfspy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;s `Q;RkhdhTk; xd;Wjhd; vd;w KbTf;F tuyhk;. mJ Nkw;F Mrpaf; fly; tzpfh;fspd; Xh; mikg;G. njhlf;ff; fhyj;jpy; Nkw;F Mrpahitr; Nrh;e;j muGf;fs;> ghurPfh;fs;> A+jh;fs;> rphpah;fs;> fpwp];Jth;fs;> K];ypk;fs;> ghh;rP vd;W midtUk; mjpy; ,lk;ngw;wpUe;jdh;. 9-Mk; E}w;whz;bd; kj;jpapy; mNugpah njhlq;fp [hth tiu me;j mikg;Gr; nray;gl;L te;jJ fy;ntl;Lfspy; ,Ue;J njhpa tUfpwJ. njhlf;ff; fhyj;jpy;> njd;dpe;jpa tzpfh; mikg;ghd kzpfpuhkj;Jld; mJ njhlh;G itj;jpUe;jJ. 10-Mk; E}w;whz;by;> njd;dpe;jpahtpd; kpfg; nghpa th;j;jf mikg;ghf MaN`hNy 500 cUthdNghJ> ,ju cs;@h; mikg;GfSk; mjDld; Nrh;e;J nfhz;ld. MaN`hNy th;j;jf mikg;G Vw;ghL nra;j nghpa $l;lq;fspy; (rkak; my;y ngUeputp) mQ;Rtz;zKk; fye;Jnfhz;lJ. 11-Mk; E}w;whz;Lf;Fg; gpwF> mQ;Rtz;zj;jpy; ngUk;ghYk; K];ypk; tzpfh;fNs ,lk;ngw;wpUe;jjhfj; njhpfpwJ. mQ;Rtz;zj;Jf;Fk; ,ju th;j;jf mikg;GfSf;Fk; ,ilapy; xU nghpa khWghL njhpfpwJ. kw;w th;j;jf mikg;Gfs; fiuNahuj;jpYk;> ehl;bd; cl;Gwj;jpYk; nray;gl;ld. Mdhy;> mQ;Rtz;zNkh fiuNahu tl;lhuq;fspy; kl;LNk

mQ;Rtz;zk;-kj;jpa fhyj;Jf; fly; tzpfr; rq;fk;

193

njhopy; elj;jpaJ. mjdhy;> mJ flNyhb th;j;jf mikg;ghf kl;LNk ,Ue;jJ. mNj Ntisapy;> fiuNahuf; fpuhkq;fspy; trpj;jf cs;Su;r; r%fj;jpy; mJ xU epue;jug; gq;F tfpj;jJ. xU th;j;jf mikg;ghf 13Mk; E}w;whz;bd; ,Wjp tiu mJ nray;gl;L te;jJ njhpfpwJ. mjw;Fg; gpwF mijg; gw;wpa jfty; VJk; ,y;iy. mNj Nghy MaN`hNy 500 Nghd;w ,ju mikg;GfSk; 14-Mk; E}w;whz;Lf;Fg; gpwF fhzhky; Nghapd.

Notes 1. Both the grants have been edited with elaborate notes by T.A. Gopinatha Rao in TAS, II, no. 9, pp. 60–85. 2. A of this name is given as Es´o- of Tapir, perhaps in its Latin form to mean - variant Es´o da Tapir, according to Gopinatha Rao, the editor of the inscription. 3. The editor, Gopinatha Rao, by some oversight took these rights and privileges as being given to the church. Going on this interpretation, Meera Abraham (1988, pp. 28–29) gives a direct role to the church in the commercial activities of the town. Actually the church is only a beneficiary enjoying some specified income from the land etc., granted to it by the ruler and enjoying the benevolence of the traders. 4. Thinking that the inscription is written in corrupt Sanskrit, D.C. Sircar has introduced several emendations, thereby obscuring the correct meaning. The above translation, by the present writer, is made without considering his emendations. 5. From personal communication from Professor M. G. Narayanan, an authority on medieval Chera history. 6. Pal.l.i in Tamil inscriptions denoted any non-orthodox place of worship: Jain temple, Buddhist vihara, Christian church, Jewish synagogue, and Muslim mosque. This naming practice still continues in Kerala in the case of the latter three institutions. 7. Interestingly we find in 1204 another merchant from Pa-sai in Tiruva-ymu- r, a village about 20 km south of Nagapattinam (Nagapattinam District Inscriptions, Tamilnadu State Archaeology Department, 2007, p. 190). 8. Jan Wisseman Christie, a prolific researcher of Javanese history, has simply put a question mark next to this name which appears in a record of 1021 in the reign of Airlangga in the following passage (in her - own translation): “… As for the kilalan (non-resident tax group: Kalingas, Aryyas, Singhalese, Pan.d.ikiras, Dravidians, Chams, Khmers, Ramanyadesis, mambang(?), soldiers, sailors, huñjman(?), …”(Christie 1993, p. 204).

194

Y. Rg;guhaY

References Abraham, Meera. Two Medieval Merchant Guilds of South India. New Delhi: Manohar 1988. ARE = Annual Report on Epigraphy. Barrett Jones, A.M. Early Tenth Century Java from the Inscriptions. Dordrecht: Foris Publications, 1984. Christie, Jan Wissemann. “Texts and Textiles in ‘Medieval’ Java”. Bulletin de l’École Française d’Extrême-Orient 80, no. 1 (1993): 181–214. EI = Epigraphia Indica. Gundert, H. “Translation and Analysis of the Ancient Documents Engraved on Copper in Possession of the Syrian Christians and Jews of Malabar”. Madras Journal of Literature and Science 13, no. 13, Pt. I (1844): 115–46. Karashima, Noboru. Towards a New Formation: South Indian Society Under Vijayanagar Rule. 1992, pp. 159–69. Nagaswamy, R. Chennaimanagar Kalvettugal (Inscriptions of Chennai District), edited by R. Nagaswamy. Madras: Tamilnadu State Archaeology Department, 1970. Pandarattar, T.V. Sadasiva. Historical Facts Gleaned from Inscriptions (in Tamil). Chidambaram: Manivasagar Publications, 1971. Ramesh, K.V. A History of South Kanara, Dharwar, 1970. Sarkar, H.B. Corpus of the Inscriptions of Java, vol. II. Calcutta: Firma K.L. Mukhopadyay, 1972. SII = South Indian Inscriptions. TAS = Travancore Archaeological Series.

10

,uhN[e;jpu Nrhodpd; fly; gilnaLg;Gk; njd;fpof;fhrpahTldhd Nrhoh;fspd; th;j;jfKk; A. kPdhl;rpRe;juuh[d;

Mjpfhyk; KjNy> ,e;jpag; ngUq;fliyr; Rw;wpAs;s ehLfSld; ,e;jpah ey;y th;j;jf cwitf; nfhz;bUe;jJ. kj;jpa fhyj;jpy;> Fwpg;ghfj; njd;dpe;jpa ehLfs;> mj;jifa th;j;jfj;jpy; Mrpaf; fly; tzpfj;jpd; mbg;gilfspy; Kf;fpa khw;wq;fs; Vw;gl;ld. Xhplj;jpw;Fj; Njitahd nghUis kw;nwhU ,lj;jpypUe;J Neubahf mDg;Gk; Nghf;F khwpaJ. mjdhy;> ,e;jpaf; fiufspy; tpahghur; re;ijfs; ngUfpd. mjd; %yk; kW Vw;Wkjp vd;w Gjpa tzpf Kiw cUthdJ. ruf;Ffisj; jdpj; jdpahf

196

A. kPdhl;rpRe;juuh[d;

gphpj;njLj;J> Njitg;gLk; JiwKfq;fSf;Fj; Njitahdtw;iw mDg;gp itf;Fk; Nghf;Fj; jiynaLj;jJ. Mrpa th;j;jfj;jpy; Vw;gl;l me;j khw;wj;jhy;> me;j tl;lhuj;jpy; gy rf;jptha;e;j th;j;jfg; NguuRfs; xNu Neuj;jpy cUthfpd. 11-Mk; E}w;whz;bd; njhlf;fj;jpy; jiynaLj;j njd;dpe;jpahtpd; Nrhog; NguuR> fk;Nghbahtpd; nfku; (Khmer) muR> tpal;ehkpd; rk;gh (Champa) muR> rPdhtpd; Nrhq; (Song) Ml;rp Mfpait mtw;Ws; rpy. me;j Ml;rpfspd; fPo; cs;ehl;L> ntspehl;L th;j;jfk; mjpfhpj;jNjhL> ney; tpisr;rYk; $baJ. th;j;jfk;> Mlk;gug; nghUl;fNshL epd;Wtplhky;> ,Uk;G> rikay; thridg; nghUl;fs; (spices), re;jdf;fl;il> fw;G+uk;> Kj;J> Jzp Nghd;wtw;NwhL Fjpiu> ahid Nghd;w tpyq;FfSf;Fk; tphptile;jJ. mjdhy;> th;j;jfg; NguuRfSf;F> tzpfk; %yk; fpilj;j Rq;f thp tUkhdk;> epyj;jpy; ,Ue;J fpilj;j tUkhdj;ijtpl Kf;fpakhfj; njhpe;jJ. Mjyhy;> me;j muRfs;> gpuNjrq;fisg; gpbg;gijtpl> murh;fs;> th;j;jfh;fs;> Nfhapy;fs;> FUkhh;fs;> muR mjpfhhpfs; MfpNahUld; cwit tsh;j;Jf; nfhs;tjpNyNa ftdj;ijr; nrYj;jpd. Nrhog; NguuR> rPdhtpd; Nrhq; (Song) Ml;rp Mfpatw;wpd; tsh;r;rp gw;wpa xU rpW fz;Nzhl;lk;> me;j khw;wj;ijg; Gyg;gLj;Jk;.1

,uhN[e;jpu Nrhod; - flhuk; nfhz;Nlhd; jkpo;ehL> fp.gp. Kjyhk; - ehd;fhk; E}w;whz;LfSf;F ,ilapy; njhlf;ff; fhy Nrhoh;fshy; Msg;gl;lJ. fhNthp Mw;wpd; eLNt fy;yiz fl;ba fhpfhyr; NrhoNd> Nrho kd;dh;fspy; Mfg; Gfo; tha;e;jtd;. Kjy; Nrho kd;ddhd mtd;> fl;ba miz mf;fhyj;Jg; nghwpapay; mjprakhff; fUjg;gLfpwJ. jw;Nghija jQ;rhT+u;> jpUr;rpuhg;gs;sp khtl;lq;fis Mz;l Nrhoh;fNs> ngUk; gilgyj;ijg; ngw;wpUe;jdu;. 9-Mk; E}w;wz;by; Nrhoh;fs; njd;dpe;jpahtpd; Kf;fpar; rf;jpahf cUntLj;jdu;. mth;fspd; Ml;rp> Fwpg;gpl;l fhyj;Jf;F xhprh> Nkw;F tq;fhsj;jpd; rpy gFjpfs; tiu tphptile;jJ. ,uh[uh[ Nrhod;> Nru ehL> fpof;Fr; rhSf;fpa muRfisf; ifg;gw;wpaNjhL> ghz;bah;fis tPo;j;jp ,yq;ifapd; rpy gFjpfisAk; Mf;fpukpj;jhd;. khyj; jPTfs; (Maldives) tiu mtdpd; Ml;rp tphptile;jJ. ,uh[uh[dpd; Gjy;tuhd ,uhN[e;jpur; Nrhod;> mijAk; jhz;b me;jkhd;> epf;Nfhghu;> ,yl;rj; jPTfs;> Rkj;;uh> kyhah Mfpatw;iw> jk; flw;gil typikahy; ifg;gw;wpdhd;. gP`hu;> tq;fhsk; (ghlypGj;jpuk;) Mfpatw;iw Mz;l kfpghyid mtd; tPo;j;jpdhd;. me;j ntw;wpiaf; nfhz;lhl> fq;if nfhz;l NrhoGuk; vd;w Gjpa jiyefiuAk; mtd; epWtpdhd;.2

,uhN[e;jpu Nrhodpd; fly; gilnaLg;G

197

Nrhog; Nguurpd; thhprhf mwptpf;fg;gl;l guNfrhp th;kd; Kjyhk; ,uhN[e;jpur; Nrhod;> ehl;bd; Ml;rpg; nghWg;gpy; jkJ je;ijf;F cjtj; njhlq;fpdhd;. mtDila Ml;rpf;fhyk;> fp.gp. 1012-Mk; (khh;r; 27Mk; Njjpf;Fk; [{iy 7Mk; Njjpf;Fk; ,ilapy;) Mz;by; njhlq;fpajhf fzf;fplg;gLfpwJ. mjd; %yk;> je;ijAk; kfDk; $l;lhf %d;W Mz;Lfs; ehl;il Mz;ldu; vd;gJk; njhpa tUfpwJ. ,uh[uh[ Nrhod; Ml;rpNaw;w 29-tJ Mz;by;> jkJ Gjy;tu; Ml;rpNaw;w %d;whk; Mz;ilf; Fwpf;f mtDf;F ,uh[uh[d; xU ghpir toq;fpajhfj; jQ;rhT+u; fy;ntl;L $WfpwJ.3 jpwd; tha;e;j jkJ je;ijapd; topfhl;Ljypy;> Nghh;f;fsj;jpYk; Ml;rp gPlj;jpYk; ,uhN[e;jpur; Nrhod; ey;y mDgtj;ijg; ngw;wpUe;jhd;. Nkw;F kiyj; njhlu; gpuNjrj;Jf;F vjpuhd NghhpYk; rj;a];uhahTf;F vjpuhd NghhpYk; mtd; Kf;fpag; gq;F tfpj;jhd;. Atuh[h vd;w jFjpia miltjw;F Kd;dNu> Ntq;fp> fq;ifkz;ly ehLfspd; kfhjz;lehafd; gjtp mtDf;F toq;fg;gl;lJ. “gQ;rtd; khuhad;”> “Kk;Kbr; Nrhodpd; fspW”4 Mfpa gl;lq;fisAk; uhN[e;jpur; Nrhod; ngw;wpUe;jhd;. jkJ je;ijapd; kiwTf;Fg; gpwF> fp.gp. 1014-Mk; Mz;L thf;fpy; ,uhN[e;jpur; Nrhod; jdJ jdpg;gl;l Ml;rpiaj; njhlq;fpdhd;. jw;Nghija jkpo;ehL> Me;jpuk;> njw;Ff; Nfusk;> fh;dhlfj;jpd; rpy gFjpfs;> ,yq;if> khyj; jPTfs;> ,e;jpag; ngUq;flypy; ,Ue;j ,d;Dk; rpy jPTfs; mlq;fpa khngUk; Nguurpd; thhprhf mtd; khwpdhd;. ,uhN[e;jpur; Nrhodpd; ntspehl;L ntw;wpfs; gw;wpj; jkpo; Gfo;khiynahd;W ,g;gbf; $WfpwJ: ….miyfly; eLTl; gyfyQ;nrYj;jpr; rq;fpuhk tpirNahj;Jq;f te;kdhfpa flhuj;jurid thfak; nghU fly; Fk;gf; fhpnahL kfg;gLj; Jhpikapy; gpwf;fpa ngUndjpg; igUf;fKk; Mh;j;jtd fdfu; nghh;j; njhopy; thrypy; tpr;rhjpj; njhuzKk; nkha;j;njhspu; Gidkzpg;GjtKk; fdfkzpf; fjtKk; epiwrPu; tpiraKk; Jiw eph;g;gz;izAk; td;kiyA+nuapw; nwhd; kiyA+Uk; Mo;fly; #o; khapUbq;fKk; fyq;fh ty;tpid ,yq;fh nrhfKk; fhg;GW epiw Gdy; khg;ghsKk; fhtyk; Ghpir nltpypk;gq;fKk; tisg; ge;J}Wil tisg;ge;J}Wk; fiyj;jf;

198

A. kPdhl;rpRe;juuh[d;

nfhu; Gfo; jiyj; jf;nfhyKk; epjkhty;ypid khjkhypq;fKk; fyh Kjpuf; fLe; jpwy; ,yhKhp NjrKk; njdf;f thu; nghopy; khef;fthuKk; njhLfly; fhty; fLKul; flhuKk; khg;nghU jz;lhw; nfhz;l nghg;gu nf]hpte;kuhd cilahu; = ,uhN[e;jpu NrhoNjtu; fq;if nfhz;l NrhoGuj;Jj; Njth;f;F ahz;L….5 ,uhN[e;jpud; Nkw;nfhz;l eltbf;iffspNyNa Mf Kf;fpakhdjhf> kyhah> Rkj;uhkPJ mtd; Nkw;nfhz;l jhf;Fjiyf; $wyhk;. mtd; ifg;gw;wpa ,lq;fSs;> =tp[ah Rkj;uh jPtpy; ,Ue;jJ. gz;iz Rkj;uhtpd; fpof;Fg; gFjpapy; ,Ue;jJ. kiyA+u; vd;gJ mt;tpU ehLfSf;F ,ilapy; ,Ue;jpUf;fyhk;. khapUbq;fk; vd;gJ kyha; jPgfw;gj;ijr; Nrh;e;j n[h$u;. khjkhypq;fk; vd;gJ fpuh G+re;jpapy; (Kra Isthmus) ,Ue;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk;. ,yhKhp Njrk; vd;gJ tlf;Fr; Rkj;uh. epf;Nfhghu; jPTfs;> khef;fthuk; vd;W miof;fg;gl;lJ. flhuk;> kyha; jPgfw;gj;jpy; gpdhq;Ff;F mUfpy; mike;jpUe;jJ. ,uhN[e;jpur; Nrhod; Rkj;uhitAk;> kyha; jPgfw;gj;ijAk;> mijr; Rw;wpAs;s jPTfisAk; xNu Neuj;jpy; gpbj;jhd; vd;gJ njspthfj; njhpfpwJ. mg;NghJ me;j tl;lhuj;ijr; rpWrpWg; gFjpfshf> gy;NtW murh;fs; Mz;L nfhz;bUe;jdu;.6 fq;fh jPuj;ijAk; (fq;if ejpapd; fiufs;)> flhuj;ijAk; (kNyrpahtpy; cs;s jw;Nghija nflh) ,uhN[e;jpur; Nrhod; ntw;wpfukhff; ifg;gw;wpaijg; gy ftpQh;fs; ghbapUf;fpd;wdu;.

fypq;fj;Jg;guzpapYk; (thp 189)@ n[aq;nfhz;lhd; jkJ xl;lf;$j;ju; jkJ cyhtpYk; (thpfs; 34-36> 49 kw;Wk; 90) mijg; gw;wpg; ghbAs;sdu;. ,uhN[e;jpuDf;Ff; flhuk; nfhz;lhd;> fq;if nfhz;lhd; vd;wg; ngah;fSk; cz;L. mtd; ifg;gw;wpa gpuNjrq;fs; ntspehLfisr; Nrh;e;jit vd;gij Muk;gf;fhy tuyhw;W Mrphpah;fs; mwpahj> my;yJ A+fpf;f Kbahj mstpy; ,uhN[e;jpudpd; eltbf;if mike;jJ. cjhuzj;jpw;F> ,uhN[e;jpur; Nrhodpd; fy;ntl;il fp.gp. 1891-,y; Kjd; Kjypy; fz;Lgpbj;J> ntspapl;l `{y;l;r; (Hultzszh), ,uhN[e;jpud; Nkw;nfhz;lJ xU flw;gilj; jhf;Fjy; vd;gijf; ftdpf;f kwe;Jtpl;lhu;. flhuj;ij> kJiu khtl;lj;jpy;

,uhN[e;jpu Nrhodpd; fly; gilnaLg;G

199

,Ue;j> ,uhkehjGuk; jhYf;fh [kPd;jhhpd; jiyikafk; vd;W mtu; milahsk; fz;lhu;.8 mjd; gpwF 1918-Mk; Mz;by;jhd; Nfhnl]; (Coedes), ,uhN[e;jpur; Nrhod; ifg;gw;wpa gpuNjrq;fis milahsk; fz;L> mjw;fhd Mf;fG+h;tkhd Mjhuq;fisAk; ntspapl;lhu;.9 mjd; gpwF Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l njhlu; Kaw;rpfshy; Rkj;uhtpYk; kyhahtpYk; cs;s mg;gFjpfs; rhpahf milahsk; fhzg;gl;Ls;sd.

jhf;FjYf;fhd fhuzq;fs; tl ,e;jpahtpy; cs;s fq;if jPuj;Jf;F ,uhN[e;jpud; Nkw;nfhz;l gazk;> jpf;tp[ak; vd;W tUzpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ehd;F jpirfspYk; cs;s Njrq;fSf;Fr; nrd;W jkJ Mw;wiyg; giwrhw;wp> mq;Fs;s Ml;rpahsh;fspd; tpRthrj;ijg; ngWk; mtdJ eltbf;if> jpf;tp[ak; (jpBnud;W nry;tJ) vd;W miof;fg;gl;lJ. mjd; mbg;gilapy; flhuj;Jf;F mtd; Nkw;nfhz;l fly; gazj;ijAk; jpf;tp[ak; vd;Nw nfhs;syhk;. mj;jifa murje;jpu mjph;r;rpfisf; nfhLg;gJ Nrhoh;fspd; ,uj;jj;jpNyNa Cwpa xd;W. rq;f fhy E}yhd GwehE}W (thpfs; 16> 125> 367> 377)> xU Nrho kd;did> uh[Rak; ntl;l ngWeu; vd;W Fwpg;gpl;Ls;sJ> mjw;F Xu; vLj;Jf;fhl;L> mj;jifa jpf;tp[aj;jpd; xU gFjpNa ,uhN[e;jpudpd; fly; gazk; vd;fpwhu; rh];jphp. ,uhN[e;jpur; Nrhod; Nkw;nfhz;l tl ,e;jpag; gazj;jpy; fpilj;j ntw;wpAk; mjd; %yk; ngw;w mDgtKk; jdJ ,uhZt typikia mtDf;F czh;j;j cjtpaJ. gpw ehLfisAk; gpbf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;w mtdJ vz;zj;Jf;F mJ J}z;LNfhyha; tpsq;fpaJ. xU ehl;ilg; gpbf;Fk;NghJ mijr; #iwahLtJ vd;gJ mjd; xU gFjpahfg; ngUk;ghYk; ,Ue;J te;jpUf;fpwJ. Nrhoh;fs; 11-Mk; E}w;whz;by; ,yq;ifkPJ Nkw;nfhz;l gilnaLg;ig ];ngd;rh; (G.W. Spencer, 1976) “#iwahLk; murpay;” vd;W tUzpf;fpwhu;. flhuj;Jg; gilnaLg;Gg; gw;wpf; $Wk; Gfo;khiy (gpur];jp)> ,uhN[e;jpur; Nrhod; Nrh;j;j “ngUk; nry;tk;” gw;wpg; NgRfpwJ. me;jf; fhyf;fl;lj;jpy;> fpof;fpypUe;J Vw;Wkjpahd nghUl;fspy; jq;fk; kpf Kf;fpakhf tpsq;fpaJ. mjdhy;> me;j tl;lhuk; Rth;zjPgk; (jPgk; vd;why; jPT vd;W nghUs;gLk;) vd;Wk; Rth;zG+kp vd;Wk; toq;fg;gl;lJ. kyhah> Rkj;uh Nghd;w ehLfis kw;wj; Njrq;fs; ifg;gw;w epidj;jjw;F mq;fpUe;j jq;fk; (Rth;zk;) xU Kf;fpaf; fhuzkhFk;. Mdhy;> ,uhN[e;jpu Nrhoidg; (kw;Wk; mtdJ topj; Njhd;wy;fs;) nghWj;jtiu

200

A. kPdhl;rpRe;juuh[d;

ifg;gw;wpa gpuNjrq;fisj; jk; ehl;Lld; Nrh;j;Jf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk; vd;Nwh> Nrhog; Nguurpd; xU gFjpahf Mf;fpf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk; vd;Nwh jpl;lk; ,Ue;jjhfj; njhpatpy;iy. nghUspay; Vfhjpgj;jpak; Fwpj;j vz;zk; njd;dpe;jpahtpd; Ml;rpahsh;fSf;Nfh mjd; tzpfh;fSf;Nfh vg;NghJk; ,Ue;jjpy;iy vd;fpwhu; rh];jphp.11 tskhd fhNthp gpuNjrk; jq;fs; fl;Lg;ghl;bd; fPo; ,Ue;jjhy;> Nrhoh;fSf;Fg; NghJkhd cs;ehl;L tsKk; tUthAk; ,Ue;jJ mjw;F xU Kf;fpaf; fhuzk;. ,uhN[e;jpu Nrhodpd; gilnaLg;Gf;F Kd;djhff; flhuj;J Ml;rpahsh;fSf;Fk; Nrhog; NguuRf;Fk; ,ilapy; ve;jg; gifikAk; ,Uf;ftpy;iy vd;gJk; ,q;Ff; ftdpf;fj;jf;f mk;rk;. rq;f ,yf;fpakhd gl;bdg;ghiy> fofj;jpypUe;J (flhuk;) te;j nghUl;fs; Gfhu; JiwKfj;jpy; (G+k;Gfhu;) mLf;fpf; fplg;gijg; gw;wpg; NgRfpwJ (thp 191). kj;jpa fhyj;jpYk; ,U ehLfSf;Fk; ,ilapyhd cwT el;ghh;e;jjhfj;jhd; ,Ue;J te;jJ.

=tp[ah – flhuk; - rhd; /Ngh r;rp gpur;rpid ,e;jg; gpur;rpidiag; gw;wpf; Fwpg;gplhky; njd;dpe;jpa tzpfh;fs; njd;fpof;fhrpahtpy; Nkw;nfhz;l eltbf;iffs; gw;wpa Ma;T KOikailahJ. ,jd; njhlh;gpy; Nrho kz;lyf; fiuapy; mike;jpUf;Fk; Gfo;ngw;w JiwKfkhd ehfg;gl;bdj;jpw;F Kf;fpag; gq;F ,Uf;fpwJ. =tp[ah – flhuj;J kd;ddhd #okzpth;kd;> ehfg;gl;bdj;jpy; ngsj;j Myaj;ij (gs;sp) mikj;jhd; vd;gJ ehk; Kd;Ng mwpe;j xd;W. ,uh[uh[ Nrhod;> jhk; gjtpNaw;w 21 tJ Mz;by; (fp.gp. 1006) me;j Myaj;jpd; guhkhpg;Gf;fhf xU fpuhkj;ij ed;nfhilahf toq;fpdhd;. me;jj; jfty; nghpa nya;ld; nrg;Gg; gl;laj;jpy; (Larger Leiden Copper Plates) gjpthfpapUf;fpwJ.12 me;jg; gl;laj;jpd; jkpo;g; gFjpapy;> #okzpth;kd; flhuj;J murd; vd;W kl;LNk Fwpg;gplg;gl;bUf;fpwJ. Mdhy;> mjd; rk];fpUjg; gFjpapy;> #okzpth;kdpd; kfd; khu tp[Nahj;Jq;f th;kd;> irNye;jpuf; Fyj;jpy; gpwe;jtd; vd;Wk; flhuj;ij MSk; =tp[ahtpd; kd;dd; vd;Wk; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ. gl;laj;jpd; ,g;gFjp ,uh[uh[dpd; kfd; Kjyhk; ,uhN[e;jpr; Nrhodpd; Ml;rpapd;NghJ Nrh;f;fg;gl;lJ.13 flhuk;> fplhuk;> flh`h vd;w %d;Wk; xNu ,lj;ijf; Fwpf;fpd;wd vd;gjpy; vt;tpj IaKk; ,y;iy. Mdhy;> mit kyha; jPgfw;gj;jpy; cs;s nflhitj;jhd; (Kedah) Fwpf;fpd;wdth vd;gJ njspthf ,y;iy. flhuj;ij milahsk; fhZk; gpur;rpidf;Fs; nry;Yk; Kd;du;> mjw;Fk; =tp[ahTf;Fk;> rhd; /Ngh r;rpf;Fk; (San-fo-qi) ,ilapyhd

,uhN[e;jpu Nrhodpd; fly; gilnaLg;G

201

cwit ehk; fUj;jpy; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. 1950fspy; ehfg;gl;bdj;jpy; fz;nlLf;fg;gl;l %d;W fy;ntl;LfSk;> ehfg;gl;bdj;ijg; G+h;tPfkhff; nfhz;l ntz;fyj;jpyhd Gj;ju; rpiyapd; gPlj;jpy; cs;s jkpo;r; rhrdKk; mjw;F cjtpahf ,Uf;Fk;. ehfg;gl;bdj;ijr; Nrh;e;j %d;W fy;ntl;Lfspy; cs;s tptuq;fs; ,d;Dk; mjpfhuG+h;tkhf ntspaplg;gltpy;iy. Mdhy;> ik#hpYs;s ,e;jpa mfo;thuha;r;rp mYtyfj;jpy; mtw;wpd; vOj;Jg; gbtq;fs; cs;sd.14 Kjy; vOj;Jg; gbtk; (No. 161 of AR 1956/57), ,uhN[e;jpur; Nrhod; Ml;rpf; fhyj;jpy; (fy;ntl;Lr; Nrjkile;jpUg;gjhy; rhpahd Mz;il eph;zapf;f Kbatpy;iy) = %yd; mfj;jP];tud; vd;w =tp[a kd;ddpd; Kftu; (fz;kp)> ehfg;gl;bdj;jpy; cs;s rpthyaj;jpd; fjTfspy; nghWj;Jtjw;fhd ee;jh tpsf;Ffis ed;nfhilahf toq;fpajhff; $WfpwJ. ,uz;lhtJ fy;ntl;L (No. 164 of AR 1956/57), ,uhN[e;jpud; gjtpNaw;w %d;whk; Mz;by; (fp.gp. 1015) = tp[a kd;ddpd; kw;nwhU Kftu;> ehfg;gl;bdj;jpy; cs;s mNj NfhapYf;F Mguzq;fis toq;fpajhff; $WfpwJ. khu tp[Nahj;Jq;f th;kdpd; rpd;dkhd kfuk; Kf;fpa Mguzj;jpd; ikag; gFjpapy; gjpf;fg;gl;bUe;jjhfg; nghpa nya;ld; nrg;Gg; gl;lak; (Larger Leiden Copper Plates) $WfpwJ. %d;whtJ fy;ntl;L(No.166 of AR 1956/57), ,uhN[e;jpud; Ml;rpNaw;w %d;whk; Mz;by; (fp.gp. 1019?) flhu murdpd; Kftuhd (fz;kp) mf;uNyfp vd;w = FUe;jd; NfRtd;> topghl;Lf;fhfTk; md;djhdj;Jf;fhfTk; ,uz;L rPdf; fdff; fl;bfis (rPdj;Jj; jq;fk;) ehfg;gl;bdj;jpy; cs;s mNj NfhapYf;F toq;fpajhff; $WfpwJ. Nfhapypy; cs;s nja;tq;fSf;fhd epNtjpaj;Jf;Fk; Nfhapypy; gzp nra;Ak; gpuhkzh;fSf;F cztspf;fTk; NkYk; jq;fk; jug;gl;ljhfTk; me;jf; fy;ntl;L Fwpg;gpLfpwJ. Kjy; ,uz;L fy;ntl;LfSk; =tp[a kd;diuf; Fwpg;gpLtijAk; %d;whtJ fy;ntl;L> flhuj;J muridf; Fwpg;gpLtijAk; ,q;F ftdpf;f Ntz;Lk;. vdpDk;> me;j %dW fy;ntl;LfspYk; fhzg;gLk; Mz;Lfs; mLj;jLj;J tUtjhy; mtw;wpy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;s =tp[ahTk; flhuKk; xd;Wjhd; vd;gij ehk; Vw;f Ntz;bAs;sJ. nghpa nya;ld; gl;laj;jpYk; mg;ngah;fs; mNj nghUSld;jhd; gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sd. ,uz;lhk; fy;ntl;by; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;s Kftu; (ngau; mope;Js;sJ)

202

A. kPdhl;rpRe;juuh[d;

xU jkpou; vd;W Njhd;WfpwJ. mtu; ,uhkehjGuj;ijr; Nrh;e;j fPo;r; nrk;gpehL vd;w ,lj;ijg; G+h;tPfkhff; nfhz;ltu; vd;W fy;ntl;L $WfpwJ. fy;ntl;Lfspy; Fwpg;gplg;gLk; kw;w ,uz;L Kfth;fspd; ngah;fis itj;Jg; ghh;j;jhy; mth;fs; jkpoh;fshfNth Nfusj;ijr; Nrh;e;jth;fshfNth ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W Njhd;WfpwJ. Nkw;$wg;gl;l gjpTfis itj;Jg; ghh;f;Fk;NghJ flhuj;Jf;Fk; Nrho ehl;Lf;Fk; ,ilapy; 11-Mk; E}w;whz;bd; njhlf;fj;;jpy; ey;YwT ,Ue;jJ GydhfpwJ. me;j cwT fp.gp. 1015 my;yJ fp.gp. 1019 tiu ePbj;jJ vd;gJk; njhpfpwJ.

jkpo;f; fy;ntl;Lfspy; ,uhN[e;jpu Nrhod; ehfg;gl;bdk; gw;wpa kw;nwhU Kf;fpakhd gjpTk; ,Uf;fpwJ. uhf;f/ ngy;yu; fiyj; jpul;by; (Mr. and Mrs. John D. Rockefeller 3rd Collection of Asian Arts)15 ,lk;ngw;Ws;s Gj;ju; cj;rtu; rpiyapd; gPlj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; ,uz;L thpfNs mJ. me;jr; rpiyapy; fhzg;gLk; thrfq;fs;> Kjyhk; FNyhj;Jq;f Nrhodpd; gjpTfspy; cs;sijg; Nghy; ,Uf;fpwJ. mjpy; fhzg;gLk; thrfq;fs;: 1. ,uhN[e;jpu Nrhog; ngUk;gs;sp mf;frhiyg; ngUk;gs;sp Mo;thu; NfhapYf;Fj; jpUcj;rtk; vOe;jUs Mo;thu; ,t;tho;thiu vOe;jUsptpl;lhu; rpWjhT+u; eyd;FzfuTijahu;. 2. ];t];jp = gjpndd; tp\aj;Jf;Fk; mf;frhiyfs; ehafu;. Fwpg;gplg;gLk; rpiy> ,uhN[e;jpur; Nrhod; ngUk;gs;spiar; Nrh;e;j mf;frhiyf; Nfhapypd; cj;rt %h;j;jp vd;W me;j thrfj;jpd; Kjy; thpapypUe;J njhpfpwJ. ,uhN[e;jpur; Nrhog; ngUk;gs;sp vd;gJ> nghpa nya;ld; nrg;Ngl;by; (Larger Leiden Copper Plates) Fwpg;gplg;gLk; ehfg;gl;bdj;jpy; cs;s ngsj;j Myak; vd;gijAk; Ghpe;Jnfhs;s KbfpwJ. ,uz;lhtJ thp> mf;frhiy ehafu; (Gj;ju;) vd;w me;j tpf;ufk;> tzpf mikg;ghd gjpndd; tp\aj;jhuhy; (gjpndz;G+kp) tzq;fg;gLtjhff; $WfpwJ. mf;frhiy vd;gJ nghw;nfhy;yh;fspd; gl;liwahFk;. gjpndd; tp\ak; vd;gJ Ie;E}w;Wtu; tzpf mikg;gpd; kw;nwhU ngauhFk;. Mjyhy;> mf;frhiyf; Nfhapiyf; fl;baJ nghw;nfhy;yh;fs; vd;Wk;@ mq;fpUe;j Gj;j tpf;ufk;> nghw;nfhy;yh;fs; cl;gl Ie;E}w;Wtu; midtUk; topgLtjw;F chpaJ vd;gJk; njhpa tUfpwJ. nghw;nfhy;yh;fs; xU ngsj;j Myaj;ij mikj;jdu;

,uhN[e;jpu Nrhodpd; fly; gilnaLg;G

203

vd;gJk;> ngUk;ghYk; ,e;Jf;fshf ,Ue;j Ie;E}w;Wtu; me;j Myaj;jpy; topgl;ldu; vd;gJk;> me;j tzpf mikg;gpd; rka ey;ypzf;fj;ijf; fhl;Lfpd;wJ. mj;Jld; ehfg;gl;bdk;> flhuk; Mfpatw;Wld; mth;fSf;F ,Ue;j njhlh;igAk; mJ Gyg;gLj;JfpwJ. jkpofj;Jf;Fk; flhuj;Jf;Fk; ,ilapyhd ey;YwTf;F tzpfh;fs; Mw;wpag; gq;if me;jf; fy;ntl;Lfs; giwrhw;Wfpd;wd. mjdhy;> flhuk; kPjhd Nrhou; gilnaLg;Gf;F th;j;jfk;jhd; Kf;fpaf; fhuzkh vd;gij ehk; Muha Ntz;bapUf;fpwJ. me;jf; fhyf;fl;lj;jpy; Vw;gl;l Kf;fpa khw;wq;fspy; xd;W> khw;W gl;Lg; ghij (Silk Route) cUthdJ. Muk;gf;fhyg; gl;Lg; ghij> kj;jpa jiuf;fly; tl;lhuj;jpy; njhlq;fp> jiu topahf kj;jpa fpof;fpypUe;J rPdhitr; nrd;wile;jJ. kj;jpaf; fpof;fpy; mt;tg;NghJ mikjpaw;w #oy; epytpajhy; me;jg; ghijiag; gad;gLj;JtJ rpukkhf ,Ue;jJ. Mjyhy;> ,e;jpag; ngUq;fliyr; Rw;wpj; njd;fpof;fhrpah topahfr; rPdhitr; nrd;wilAk; khw;Wf; fly; ghij tFf;fg;gl;lJ. me;jg; ghijiag; gad;gLj;JtJ trjpahdjhfTk; nryT Fiwe;jjhfTk; ,Ue;jJ. njd;dpe;jpaf; fiuapypUe;j Krpwpg;gl;bdk;> fhay;gl;bdk;> nghpag;gl;bdk;> ehfg;gl;bdk;> fhNthpg; G+k;gl;bdk;> kuf;fhdk;> khky;yGuk; MfpaitAk;@ kyha; jPgfw;gj;jpy; mike;jpUe;j kg;gghyak;> jf;Nfhyk;> gz;iz> flhuk;> kiyA+u;> ,yq;fnrhfk;> kA+ubq;fd; Mfpa JiwKfq;fs; gz;lkhw;W th;j;jfk; Ghptjw;Fj; Njhjhf ,Ue;jd. gUtf; fhw;iwg; gad;gLj;jp Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l fly; gazq;fs;> gpuahzr; nryitf; Fiwf;f cjtpd. mjdhy;jhd; me;jg; Gjpa fly; tzpfg; ghijf;F khWk;gb muG tzpfh;fisf; fp.gp. 1023-,y; rPd kd;du; Nfl;Lf; nfhz;lhu;. midj;Jyf th;j;jfj;jpw;F tzpfr; rq;fq;fs; Mw;wpag; gq;if ,q;Ff; Fwpg;gpl;Nl MfNtz;Lk;. 11-Mk; E}w;whz;bd; njhlf;fj;jpy; ,uh[uh[d;> ,uhN[e;jpud; MfpNahhpd; jiyikapy; Nrhog; NguuR kfj;jhd tphpthf;fj;ijf; fz;lJ. nropg;ghd fhNthpg; gLif tl;lhuk; mth;fspd; fl;Lg;ghl;by; ,Ue;jJ mjw;F Kf;fpanjhU fhuzk;. mj;Jld; neLe;J}u th;j;jfj;ijf; fl;Lg;gLj;jpa nry;thf;Fkpf;f tzpfr; rq;fq;fSldhd mth;fspd; neUf;fkhd njhlh;Gk; ,d;ndhU fhuzk;. nrhy;yg; Nghdhy; mj;jifa tzpfh;fspd; MNyhridapd; NghpNyNa Nrhoh;fspd; gpuNjr tphpthf;fk; mike;jpUe;jJ. ,yq;if

204

A. kPdhl;rpRe;juuh[d;

murdpd; tYtw;w epiyia vLj;Jiuj;J mjd; Nky; gilnaLf;FkhW ,uh[uh[idj; J}z;baJ xU tzpfh;jhd;. ,yq;if kPjhd Nrhou; gilnaLg;G> nghydhW - jpUNfhzkiy tl;lhuj;ijg; gpbg;gijNa ,yf;fhff; nfhz;bUe;jJ. mg;gFjp njd;fpof;fhrpahTldhd th;j;jfj;Jf;Ff; Nfe;jpu Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;e;jjhf ,Ue;jNj mjw;Ff; fhuzk;. mNj Ntisapy; kd;dhu; tisFlhitj; jq;fs; KOf; fl;Lg;ghl;bd; fPo;f; nfhz;L tUtJ> mq;Fs;s Kj;njLf;Fk; njhopiyf; (Pearl) fl;Lg;gLj;Jtjw;Fr; Nrhoh;fSf;Fk; mth;fspd; tzpfh;fSf;Fk; trjpahf ,Ue;jJ. me;j tl;lhuk; Kj;Jf; Fspg;gjw;Fg; ngau; ngw;wpUe;jJ. ehdhNjrp> Ie;E}w;Wtu;> kzpfpuhkk;> mQ;Rtz;dk;> MaN`hNy> tsQ;rpau; Mfpait mf;fhyj;jpy; Gfo;ngw;W tpsq;fpa tzpfr; rq;fq;fs;. mit nrq;flypy; ,Ue;J njd; rPdh tiu ,Ue;j gy;NtW ehLfSld; njhlh;Gfis itj;jpUe;jd. me;jr; rq;fq;fspy; ngUk;ghyhdit jq;fSf;nfd;W jdpg; giliaAk; nfhz;bUe;jd. ntspehLfspy; me;jr; rq;fq;fisr; Nrh;e;Njhu; nrhe;jf; FbapUg;Gfis epWtpdu; vd;gjw;fhd Mjhuq;fs; cs;sd. kzpfpuhkj;ijr; Nrh;e;Njhu; jf;Nfhyj;jpy; (Takuapa) FbapUg;Gfisf; nfhz;bUe;jdu;. Nghl;b kpFe;j me;jr; #oypy; jq;fspd; tsq;fisf; fl;bf;fhf;Fk; epu;g;ge;jk; me;j tzpfr; rq;fq;fSf;F ,Ue;jJ. ,e;jpaf; fiufSf;Fk; rPd Njrj;Jf;Fk; ,ilapyhd th;j;jfj;Jf;F xNu Nghl;bahsuhf ,Ue;jJ =tp[ah kl;Lk;jhd;. mjd; fly; gpuNjrj;ijf; fle;j fg;gy;fSf;F mjpf thpfisAk; fl;Lg;ghLfisAk; =tp[ah tpjpj;J te;jJ. rPdhTf;Fr; nrd;W nfhz;bUe;j xU A+j th;j;jff; fg;gYf;Fj; jdJ fly; gpuNjrj;ijf; flf;f =tp[ah muR> 20 Mapuk; bdhu; (dinar) thp tpjpj;jjhf muG Fwpg;G xd;W $Wtij mjw;F cjhuzkhf vLj;Jf; nfhs;syhk;.16 mjdhy; mj;jifa mj;JkPwy;fis Kwpabf;f murje;jpu Kaw;rpfSld; ,uhZt typikAk; iff;nfhLf;Fk; vd;W tzpfr; rq;fq;fs; Nghuhbd vd;gjw;fhd Mjhuq;fs; cs;sd.

gilnaLg;gpd; jhf;fk; ,uhN[e;jpur; Nrhodpd; flhug; gilnaLg;Gf;Fr; rPdr; re;ijiag; gpbg;gJ Kf;fpaf; fhuzkhf tpsq;fpaJ. rPdh ,wf;Fkjp nra;j nghUl;fis ,uz;L tifahfg; gphpf;fyhk; vd;fpwhu; Nuhf;`py; (Rockhill). gUj;jp Milfs;> rikay; thridg; nghUl;fs; (spices), kUe;Jg; nghUl;fs; Mfpait Kjy; tif. ,uz;lhk; tif> kjpg;G kpFe;j je;jk; (ivory),

,uhN[e;jpu Nrhodpd; fly; gilnaLg;G

205

fhz;lhkpUff; nfhk;G> fUq;fhyp kuk; (ebony), epkpis (amber), gtsk; (coral), clYf;F eWkzk; Nru;f;Fk; jputpag; nghUl;fs; Nghd;wit.17 ,uz;lhk; tifg; nghUl;fSf;fhd kjpg;Gk; NjitAk; mjpfkpUe;jjhy; mtw;iw> rPd murhq;fk; jdJ fl;Lg;ghl;bd; fPo;f; nfhz;L te;jJ. mj;jifag; nghUl;fis mq;fPfhuk; ngw;wth;fNs> murhq;fk; eph;zapj;j tpiyapy;> tpw;f KbAk; vd;w rl;lk; nfhz;L tug;gl;lJ. gUj;jp Milfs;> rikay; eWkzg; nghUl;fs;> kUe;Jg; nghUl;fSf;fhd th;j;jfj;Jf;Ff; fl;Lg;ghL vJTk; tpjpf;fg;gltpy;iy. Mdhy; mtw;wpd; ,wf;Fkjpf;Fg; nghUspd; kjpg;gpy; gj;jpy; xU gq;F (1/10) my;yJ gj;jpy; ,U gq;F (2/10) thp tpjpf;fg;gl;lJ. me;jg; nghUl;fs; fiuia milAk;NghJ tpjpf;fg;gl;l thpAld; fg;gypy; mtw;wpd; vilf;F Vw;w thpAk; tpjpf;fg;gl;lJ. nkhj;jj;jpy; me;j th;j;jfk; rPd murhq;fj;Jf;Fr; rhjfkhf ,Ue;jJ. ehsiltpy; kjpg;G kpFe;j nghUl;fspd; th;j;jfj;jpy; Coy; kype;J NghdJ. mjdhy; murhq;fj;jpd; tUkhdk; ghjpf;fg;gl;lJ. mjidj; njhlh;e;J 12-Mk; E}w;whz;by;> ,e;jpahtpd; Nkw;Ff; fiuapy; mike;jpUe;j kyghu;> nfhy;yk; Mfpatw;wpypUe;J ,wf;Fkjp nra;ag;gLk; tpiy cah;e;j cNyhfk;> fhR Mfpatw;wf;Ff; fl;Lg;ghLfs; tpjpf;fg;gl;ld. rPd murhq;fj;jpd; mtek;gpf;iff;F ,ilNa> gytpjf; fl;Lg;ghLfSf;F kj;jpapy;> rPdhTf;Fk; njd;dpe;jpahTf;Fk; ,ilapyhd th;j;jfk; 13-Mk; E}w;whz;bd; ,Wjp tiu njhlu;e;jJ. Rkj;uhtpd; Nyhg njhthtpy; (Loboe Toewa) fz;nlLf;fg;gl;l jkpo;j; Jz;Lf; Fwpg;G (fp.gp. 1088)> jpir Mapuj;J Ie;E}w;Wtu; vd;W Fwpg;gpLfpwJ. mjd; %yk; njd;dpe;jpa tzpfh;fs; ,e;jpahTf;F ntspapy; FbNawpapUe;jdu; vd;gJ njhpa tUfpwJ. ghurPf tisFlh Kjy; rPdf; fly; tiu ,Ue;j gz;lkhw;Wj; JiwKfq;fspy; njd;dpe;jpa tzpfh;fspd; FbapUg;Gfs; ,Ue;jd vd;gJk; GydhfpwJ. rPdj; JiwKf efuhd Fthq;#tpy; (Quanzhou) cs;s rPd Myaj;jpy;> njd;dpe;jpa ,e;Jr; rpw;gq;fs; fz;nlLf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. fN[e;jpu Nkhl;rk;> fpU\;z yPiy Nghd;wtw;iwg; gpujpgypf;Fk; me;jr; rpw;gq;fs; 12 my;yJ 13-Mk; E}w;whz;ilr; Nrh;e;jit vd;W kjpg;gplg;gl;bUf;fpwJ. mjd; %yk;> rPdj; JiwKf efukhd Fthq;#tpy; njd;dpe;jpa tzpfh;fs; FbapUe;jdu; vd;gJk; njhpa tUfpwJ. me;efuk; kj;jpaf; fhyg; gazpfshy; irj;Njhd; (Zayton) vd;W miof;fg;gl;L te;jJ.18 ,uhN[e;jpur; Nrhodpd; topte;jth;fs;> ntspehl;L kz;zpy; Nrhog; Nguurpd; kfpikiag; giwrhw;w midj;ijAk; nra;jdu; vd;gij

206

A. kPdhl;rpRe;juuh[d;

,q;Ff; Fwpg;gpl;Nl MfNtz;Lk;. tPu ,uhN[e;jpudpd; Ml;rpf; fhyj;jpy; (fp.gp. 1068)> Nrhou; flw;gil tq;fhs tphpFlhit kPz;Lk; fle;jJ vd;W $Wfpd;wd fy;ntl;Lfs;. mtd; Ml;rpNaw;w VohtJ Mz;by; vOjg;gl;l fy;ntl;L (fp.gp. 1069/70)> mtd; flhuj;Jf;Fr; nrd;wjhff; Fwpg;gpLfpwJ. vdpDk;> mJ xU gilnaLg;gh vd;gjw;fhd tptuq;fs; ,y;iy. rpukq;fSf;F cl;gl;bUe;j flhuj;J muridf; (ngau; njhpatpy;iy) fhg;gw;w Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;lg; gazkhf mJ njhpfpwJ. mjw;Fg; gpwF> 20 Mz;Lfs; fopj;J> fp.gp. 1090-,y; flhuj;J kd;dd; (ngau; njhpatpy;iy)> Kjyhk; FNyhj;Jq;fr; NrhoDf;F xU J}jiu mDg;gpdhd;. ehfg;gl;bdj;jpy; #okzpth;kd; fl;ba ngsj;j Myaj;Jf;F toq;fg;gl;l khdpaj;ij kWTWjp nra;AkhW me;jj; J}ju; Nfl;Lf; nfhz;lhu;. me;j tptuk;> rpwpa nya;ld; nrg;Gg; gl;laj;jpy; (Smaller Leiden Plates) gjpthfpAs;sJ.19 ,e;j tptuq;fisAk;> flhu kd;dhpd; Kfth;fs; (fz;kp) Nrho ehl;by; ,Ue;jdu; vd;w jftiyAk;> Nrhof; flw;gil xU fhyj;jpy; flhuj;jpd;kPJ gilnaLj;jpUe;j NghjpYk;> ,U ehLfSf;Fk; ,ilapy; ey;YwT njhlh;e;jJ vd;gjw;fhd Mjhuq;fshff; nfhs;syhk;.

KbTiu ,Jtiu ghh;j;j tuthw;Wr; rhd;Wfs;> Kjyhk; ,uhN[e;jpur; Nrhod; jdJ je;ijapd; ghzpapy; Nrhog; NguuRf;Fk; njd;fpof;fhrpahTf;Fk; ,ilapyhd th;j;jf cwit tsh;j;jhd; vd;gJ njspthfpwJ. ,uhN[e;jpur; NrhoDf;Fg; gpwF FNyhj;Jq;f Nrhod; kl;LNk njd; fpof;fhrpa ehLfSld; th;j;jfj; njhlh;Gfisf; nfhz;bUe;jhd;. vdpDk;> Nrhoh;fSf;Fk; ,ju ehLfSf;Fk; ,ilapyhd th;j;jfj; njhlh;G ehsiltpy; Fiwaj; njhlq;fpaJ. Mdhy;> Nrhoh;fspd; th;j;jf CLUty;> J}uf; fpof;F MrpahTf;F ,e;jpaf; fyhrhuk;> rkak;> rpw;gf;fiy> nkhopfs;> fiyfs;> fl;ll tbtikg;G> ghuk;ghpak;> gz;Gfs; Mfpatw;iwf; nfhz;L nrd;wd. mjdhy;> mt;tl;lhuj;ijg; “gue;j ,e;jpah” vd;W tuyhw;W Mrphpah;fs; miof;Fk; mstpw;F me;jj; jhf;fk; ,Ue;jJ.

,uhN[e;jpu Nrhodpd; fly; gilnaLg;G

207

Notes   1. Dietmar Rothermund, An Economic History of India (New Delhi: Manohar, 1989), pp. 8–9.   2. Hermann Kulke and Dietmar Rothermund, A History of India (New York: Dorset, 1990).   3. K.A.N. Sastri, The Co-.las (Madras: University of Madras, 1955), p. 194.   4. Ibid., p. 172.   5. Ibid., p. 211 and 213. See a new translation in this volume, pp. 279–80.   6. R.N. Samy Moovayiram, Aandukal Tamilanin Kadalvazhi Vanikam (2005), (Tamil).   7. P. Suryanarayana, Tamilnattu varalattru Ilakkia Atharangal 200 B.C. to 1350 A.D. (1998).   8. K.A.N. Sastri, The Co-.las, p. 213.   9. Ibid. 10. Ibid., p. 228. 11. Ibid., p. 220. 12. K.V. Aiyar Subrahmanya, “The Larger Leiden Plates (of Rajaraja I)”, Epigraphia Indica, XXII, 1934. 13. K.G. Krishnan, Studies in South Indian History and Epigraphy (1981), p. 160. 14. We are grateful to Dr. K.V. Ramesh, Ex-Joint Director General, and Dr M.N. Katti, Chief Ephigraphist, both of Archeological Survey India, for the permission. 15. Noboru Karashima and Y. Subbarayalu, “An Inscription on the Pedestal of the Bronze Buddha Image of Mr and Mrs John D. Rockefeller 3rd Collection of Asian Art — International character of Nagapattinam Merchants during the Chola Period”, Journal of East West Maritime Relations, Vol. 3, 1994. 16. Kenneth, R. Hall, Maritime Trade and State Development in Early Southeast Asia (Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1985), p. 185. 17. T’oung Pao XV, p. 419. 18. Chau Ju-Kua: His Work on the Chinese and Arab Trade in the Twelfth and Thirteenth Centuries, Entitled Chu fan-chi, translated from Chinese and annotated by F. Hirth and W.W. Rockhill (Amsterdam: Oriental Press, 1966), pp. 19, 96 and 101. 19. K.V. Aiyar Subrahmanya, “The Large Leiden Plates”.

11

Nrhoh;fspd; Jzp th;j;jfKk; njd;fpof;fhrpahtpy; mJ Vw;gLj;jpa fyhrhuj; jhf;fKk; N`kh NjtNu

tzpfKk; th;j;jfKk;> ,e;jpah;fis ,e;Jkhf;fliyf; flf;fj; J}z;bd. njd;dpe;jpah;fs;> njd;fpof;fhrpahTldhd th;j;jfj; njhlh;ig Mjpfhyj;jpypUe;Nj itj;jpUe;jdh;. ,e;jpahitAk; njd;fpof;fhrpahitAk; ,izf;f> fly; top nghpJk; cjtpaJ. ey;y flw;giliaAk;> tzpfj; jpwidAk; ngw;wpUe;j Nrhoh;fs; fly;topj; njhlh;gpidj; jpwd;glg; gad;gLj;jpdh;. ,uh[uh[ NrhoDk;> ,uhN[e;jpu NrhoDk; Nkw;nfhz;l ntspehl;L th;j;jfKk;> mth;fs; njd;fpof;fhrpahTld; nfhz;bUe;j njhlh;Gk; tuyhw;wpy; nghwpf;fg;gl Ntz;ba mw;Gjq;fs;. njd;dpe;jpahtpd; rf;jptha;e;j NguuRfspy; xd;whfr; Nrhog; NguuR Gfo;ngw;wJ. fp.K. 200-Mk; Mz;ilr; Nrh;e;j Xh; mNrhff; fy;ntl;L> Nrhoh;fs; mNrhfUld; el;Gf; nfhz;bUe;jjhff; $WfpwJ.1 rpy E}w;whz;Lfs; kq;fpg; NghapUe;j Nrhouhl;rp> fp.gp. 850,y; tp[ahyah muR jiynaLj;jjd; %yk; kWgpwtp fz;lJ. me;j Ml;rpj; jQ;rhT+iuj; jiyefukhff; nfhz;L> Nrho kz;lyf; fiu KOtijAk; jd; fl;Lg;ghl;bd; fPo; nfhz;L te;jJ.

Nrhoh;fspd; Jzp th;j;jfk;

209

th;j;jfj;jpd; njhlf;fk; Nrhoh; Ml;rpf; fhyj;jpy;> th;j;jfk; mth;fspd; milahskhf ,Ue;jpUf;fpwJ. Nrhoh;fspd; th;j;jfk; Fwpj;J mnyf;rhz;bhpa (vfpg;J) tzpfh; xUth;> Periplus of the Erythraean Sea vd;w jkJ flw;gazf; Fwpg;gpy; (fp.gp. 81 – 96) $wpAs;shh;. miu E}w;whz;L fopj;J Ptolemy, Nrhoj; JiwKfq;fs; gw;wpAk; mjd; efuq;fs; gw;wpAk; Fwpg;gpLfpwhh;.2 Nrhokz;lyf; fiuapypUe;J> ,e;jpag; ngUq;fly; jhz;b> mNugpaf; fly; tiuapyhd tphpthd fly; ghijiar; Nrhoh;fs; jq;fs; fl;Lg;ghl;bd; fPo; itj;jpUe;jdh;. mth;fs; gy;NtW tifahd fg;gy;fisg; gad;gLj;jpdh;. fq;if ejpf; fiuiag; gpbf;f mth;fs; gad;gLj;jpaJ Nrhoe;jpah (Colandia) tiff; fg;gy;fs;. cs;@h; gazq;fSf;F mth;fs; rpwpa uf fiurhh;e;j fg;gy;fisg; gad;gLj;jpdh;. kyhah> Rkj;uh gazj;jpw;F mth;fs; gad;gLj;jpaJ> rKj;jpuj;ijf; flf;ff; $ba nghpa fg;gy;fs;. Nrhog; Nguurpd; Gfo;ngw;w JiwKfq;fshfj; jpfo;e;jit fhtphpg;gl;bdKk; ehfg;gl;bdKk;. mt;tpuz;Lk; tzpf ikaq;fshfTk; khwpd. Nrhokz;lyf; fiuapypUe;j fhtphpg;gl;bdj;jpd; rpwg;Gg; gw;wpg; ngsj;j ,yf;fpaq;fs; $Wfpd;wd. Nrhog; Nguurpd; tzpf ikak; vd;W mij Muk;gfhyj; jkpo; ,yf;fpaq;fs; NgRfpd;wd. ,uz;lhk; E}w;whz;Lj; jkpo; ,yf;fpakhd gl;bdg;ghiy> Gfhhpy; (fhtphpg;gl;bdk;) trpj;J te;j ntspehl;L th;j;jfh;fs; gw;wpAk;> mq;F tzpfk; nra;ag;gl;l nghUl;fs; gw;wpAk; $WfpwJ.3 Nrhokz;lyf; fiufspypUe;J te;j nghUl;fspy; Kf;fpakhdit gUj;jp Milfs;. kfhghujj;jpy; jQ;rhT+hpypUe;J tUk; nky;ypa gUj;jp Mil (muslin) gw;wpf; Fwpg;gplg;gl;bUf;fpwJ. nfsjpy;ahpd; mh;j;jrh];jpuj;jpy;> gUj;jp nerTf;F kJiuNa jiyefuk; vd;W $wg;gl;bUf;fpwJ. nghpg;gY]; (Periplus), jkJ vOj;Jf;fspy; ciwA+hpy; (Argaru) ,Ue;Jjhd; rpwe;j gUj;jp Milfs; tUtjhff; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shh;. gioa ciwA+Nu jw;NghJ jQ;rhT+h; vd;W miof;fg;gLfpwJ. 11-Mk;> 12-Mk; E}w;whz;Lfspy; me;efuk; Nrhoh;fspd; jiyefukhfj; jpfo;e;jJ.4 Nrho ,sturh;fs; gUj;jp MiliaNa mzpe;jjhff; $wg;gLfpwJ. jq;f [hpiffSld; nea;ag;gl;l gUj;jp MilfisNa jhpj;jdh;. Nrho kz;lyj;Jg; gUj;jpapd; ngUik gw;wpg; gy;NtW jkpo; ,yf;fpaq;fs; NgRfpd;wd. cjhuzj;jpw;F> nghUeh; Mw;Wg;gil> kyh;

210

N`kh NjtNu

tbtq;fs; nghwpf;fg;gl;l> ghk;Gj; Njhy; Nghd;w nky;ypa gUj;jp Milfisg; gw;wpf; $WfpwJ.5 “muT chp md;d cWit ey;fp” (nghUeh; Mw;Wg;gil: thp 83) gUj;jp Mil nea;jy; gw;wp GwehD}W ,t;thW $WfpwJ: “gUj;jpd; ngz;bd; gDty; md;d” (GwehD}W 125) “gUj;jpg; ngz;bd; rpWjP tpsf;fj;J” – (GwehD}W 326) ngz;fs;> gUj;jpapy; ,Ue;J gQ;irg; gphpj;J E}y; E}w;gij ,e;j GwehD}w;Wg; ghly;fs; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wd. kw;nwhU gok;ngUk; jkpo; ,yf;fpakhd rpyg;gjpfhuk;> mg;NghJ Nrhoh;fspd; jiyefukhf tpsq;fpa Gfhhpd; tPjpfspy; gl;lhilfs;> Nuhkj;jpyhd Milfs; (fur), gUj;jp Milfs; nea;gth;fs; epiwe;jpUe;jjhf ,g;gbf; $WfpwJ: “E}ypD kaphpD EioE}w;gl;bDk; ghy;tif njhpahg; gd;D} wLf;fj;J eWkb nrwpe;j mWit tPjpAk;” (rpyg;gjpfhuk;: 14:205-207) fpwp];Jf;F Ke;jpa fhyj;jpy; NuhkhGhpAld; ,e;jpah elj;jpa th;j;jfj;jpy; Nrhoehl;L tzpfh;fSf;Fk; mth;fspd; gUj;jpf;Fk; Kf;fpag; gq;F cz;L. fp.K. 200-Mk; Mz;Lf;Fs; kj;jpa jiuf;flypypUe;J rPdh tiuapyhd neLe;J}u th;j;jfk; eilKiwapypUe;jJ. fpwp];J fhyj;Jf;F Kd;gpUe;j ngsj;j [hlfh fijfs;> ,e;jpahTf;Fk; Rth;zG+kpf;Fk; ,ilapyhd fly; gazq;fs; gw;wpf; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wd. mf;fhyf;fl;lj;jpy; ,e;jpahTf;Fk; ,e;NjhrPdhTf;Fk; ,ilapy; kf;fs; Gyk;ngaUk; tof;fKk; mjpfk; ,Ue;jJ. kj;jpa jiuf;flypypUe;J rPdh tiu tphpe;jpUe;j tzpfg; ghijapy; mjpf mstpy; th;j;jfh;fSk; fy;tpkhd;fSk; trpj;J te;jdh;. fp.K. 2-Mk; E}w;whz;by; jf;Nfhyj;jpYk; (jha;yhe;jpd; njw;Ff; fiu)> ahthjPgj;jpYk; ([hth) ,e;jpaf; FbapUg;Gfs; ,Ue;jjw;fhd Mjhuq;fs; cs;sd.6 fpof;fpy; kyha; jPgfw;gk;> Rkj;uh Mfpatw;Wf;Fk; Nkw;fpy; kyghUf;Fk; ,ilapy; ele;j th;j;jfk;> jkpo; tzpfh;fspd; fl;Lg;ghl;bd; fPo; ,Ue;jJ. me;j tzpfh;fspd; Kf;fpaf; Fwpf;Nfhs;> fhLfspYk;> flypYk; fpilf;Fk;

Nrhoh;fspd; Jzp th;j;jfk;

211

nghUl;fisAk; fdpg; nghUl;fisAk; (minerals) Nrfhpj;Jr; rPdhTf;F tpw;gid nra;tjhf ,Ue;jJ. ,e;jpahTf;Fk; rPdhTf;Fk; ,ilapy; gazk; nra;j ruf;Ff; fg;gy;fs;> njd;fpof;fhrpahtpd; Nkw;Ff; fiuapy; cs;s JiwKfq;fspy; epd;W> gz;lkhw;W th;j;jfj;jpy; ngsj;jk;> gpuhkzpak; Nghd;w rkaq;fs; guTtjw;Fk; ghykhf mike;jJ.7

njd;fpof;fhrpahtpy; nerTg; nghUs; th;j;jfk; ,e;jpag; gUj;jpf;Ff; fpof;fpy;> Muk;gfhyr; re;ijfspy; xd;whfr; rPdh tpsq;fpaJ. `hd; (Han) NguuR Ml;rpGhpe;j fhyj;jpd; gpw;gFjpapy; (fp.gp. 25 – 220)> ,e;jpa tzpfh;fSld; Vw;gl;l njhlh;Gfspd; %yk; ]p`{ (xihu) vd;wiof;fg;gl;l nky;ypa gUj;jp Mil gw;wpr; rPdh;fSf;Fj; njhpate;jJ.8 uhZt tPuh;fs; mzptjw;fhd nts;isg; gUj;jp Mil rPdh;fSf;F mjpfk; Njitg;gl;lJ. twz;l> ntg;gkhd gpuNjrq;fspy; Nritahw;wp te;j mjd; tPuh;fSf;Fg; gUj;jp Mil Njhjhf mike;jJ. mjdhy; ,UehLfSf;Fk; ,ilapyhd gUj;jp ,wf;Fkjp gy fhyk; ePbj;jJ. thp nrYj;jTk;> mur mjpfhhpfs;> tPuh;fs; Nghd;NwhUf;F CjpakhfTk; nts;is Milfs; Vw;Wf; nfhs;sg;gl;ld. mNj Mil> gpwF kpq; (Ming) Nguurpd; Ml;rpapd;NghJ fdpgh (kanipha) vd;Wk;> jha;yhe;jpy; ght;l;lh (bafta) vd;Wk;> kNyrpahtpy; ifd; (kain) vd;Wk; miof;fg;gl;lJ.9 rPdhTf;Fr; nry;Yk; topapy;> ,e;jpa tzpfh;fs; gUj;jp Milfisj; njd;fpof;fhrpahTf;Ff; nfhz;L nrd;wdh;. njd;fpof;fhrpa ehLfs;> ,jug; nghUl;fSld; Nrh;j;J> gUj;jp MilfisAk; kW Vw;Wkjp nra;jd. jkpo; Ik;ngUk; fhg;gpaq;fspy; xd;whd rpyg;gjpfhuk;> mf;fhyf;fl;lj;jpy; mfpy;> gl;L> fw;fz;L> re;jdk;> cg;G> fw;G+uk; Nghd;w nghUl;fs; th;j;jfk; nra;ag;gl;ljhff; Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.10 “jf;Nfhyk; jPk;G+j; jifrhy; ,ytq;fk; fw;G+uk; rhjpNah ile;J” (rpyg;gjpfhuk; 471) rPd ahj;hPfuhd /ghrpad; (Faxian), 15-Mk; E}w;whz;bd; njhlf;fj;jpy;> ,e;jpa tzpfh;fs; rPdhTld; th;j;jfk; Ghpe;J te;jjhff; $Wfpwhh;. ,e;jpahTldhd Mil th;j;jfj;ij mth; Ngh B (po-tie) vd;W miof;fpwhh;. mJ “Nghl;lh” vd;w rk];fpUj nrhy;YlDk;> “gl;b” vd;w jpuhtplr; nrhy;YlDk; njhlh;Gilajhf cs;sJ.

212

N`kh NjtNu

rPdhtpd; Nrhq; (Song) Nguurpd; tuyhW> n`-Yth-lhd; (He-luo-dan) vDk; ,lj;jpypUe;J (Rkj;jpuhtpy; cs;s Xh; ,lkhf ,Uf;ff;$Lk;) te;j J}jh;fs; gw;wpf; Fwpg;gpLfpwJ. mth;fs; nfhz;L te;jjhff; Fwpg;gplg;gLk; gy;NtW nghUl;fSs;> ,e;jpa MilfSk; mlq;Fk;. ,e;jpa Milfs; njd;fpof;fhrpahTf;F Vw;WkjpahdJ gw;wpf; Fwpg;gpLk; Kjy; jfty; ,Jjhd;.11 Mjpfhyj;jpypUe;Nj me;j ,uz;L gpuNjrq;fisAk; ,izf;Fk; fyhrhu tuthw;wpy;> MilfSf;F Kf;fpag; gq;F ,Ue;jpUf;fpwJ. [hthtpd; Muk;gfhy ehfhPfq;fspy; xd;W> fp.gp. 5-Mk; E}w;whz;ilr; Nrh;e;j jUkh efhuh (Taruma Nagara). jUkh vd;why; Milfspy; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; fUePyk; (indigo) vd;W nghUs;. efhuh vd;why; efuk; vd;W nghUs;gLk;. ,e;jpahtpd; rhak; Njha;j;j> mr;rpl;l MilfSf;F ePyNk gpujhd tz;zkhf ,Ue;jJ.12 tq;fhs tphpFlhtpd; ,uz;L fiuNahug; gpuNjrq;fshd jkpofKk;> fypq;fKk;> Muk;gf; fhyk; njhl;Nl> gUj;jp Milf;fSf;fhd gpwg;gplkhf tpsq;fpd. mjdhy; ,e;NjhNdrpa jPgfw;gj;jpy;> njd;dpe;jpah;fisf; Fwpf;f “fpypq;” (kling) vd;w nrhy; gad;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. njd;dpe;jpa Milfs; “fpypq; Milfs;” vd;W miof;fg;gl;ld. [hthtpy; fypq;fj;ijr; Nrh;e;jth;fs; FbNawpapUe;jjhy; me;j tof;F ,Ue;jJ.

th;j;jfj;ij Cf;Ftpj;jjpy; Nrhoh;fspd; gq;F ,Utop th;j;jfj;jpd; gydhfg; gy;NtW tzpf epiyaq;fs; cUthfpd. Nrhoh;fs; kPz;Lk; Ml;rpf;F te;jNghJ> =tp[ahtpy; ,Ue;j gNyk;ghq; (Palembang) nropg;ghd JiwKfkhf khwpapUe;jJ. 7-Mk; E}w;whz;Lf;Fk; 14-Mk; E}w;whz;Lf;Fk; ,ilapy; Kf;fpakhd tzpf ikakhf mJ njhlh;e;J tpsq;fp te;jJ. me;jf; fhyf;fl;lj;jpy; muG tzpfh;fSk; mg;gFjpapy; gpuNtrpj;jpUe;jdh;. th;j;jfg; ghijapy; mike;jpUe;j mth;fspd; FbNaw;wq;fs;> tzpfr; NritfSf;F mD$ykhf tpsq;fpd. Nrhoh;fs; =tp[ahTld; tphpthd th;j;jfj;jpy; Rkj;uh> kyhah jPgfw;gj;Jldhd Nrhoh;fspd; th;j;jfk; Gjpa cr;rj;ij mile;jJ. flhuk; kw;Wk; =tp[ahitr; Nrh;e;j th;j;jfh;fs;> ,Uk;Gj; jhJ> Njf;F kuk; Mfpatw;iwr; Nrho ehl;bw;Ff; nfhz;L nrd;wdh;. ,uh[ uh[d; ntspehl;L th;j;jfj;ijg; nghpJk; Cf;Ftpj;jhd;. mjdhy; Nrho ehl;L tzpfh;fs;> njd;fpof;fhrpa ehLfSf;F mjpf mstpy; nrd;W> mq;Fg; gy FbapUg;Gfis mikj;jdh;. mg;gFjpapy; Vw;fdNt

Nrhoh;fspd; Jzp th;j;jfk;

213

tzpfr; rq;fq;fs; gy nray;gl;Lf; nfhz;bUe;jd. jkpo; tzpfh;fs;> njd;fpof;fhrpahTlDk; rPdhTlDk; njhlh;e;J njhlh;Gfis itj;Jf; nfhz;bUe;jdh;. mf;fhyf;fl;lj;jpy;> kzpfpuhkk;> ehdhNjrp> Ie;E}w;Wth; (fd;dlj;jpy; Ma;N`hNy> rk];fpUjj;jpy; Mh;a&gh) Nghd;w njd;dpe;jpa tzpfr; rq;fq;fs; mq;Fr; nray;gl;Lf; nfhz;bUe;jd. Nrhoh; Ml;rpapd; fPo;> Ie;E}w;Wth; mikg;Gr; rf;jptha;e;j tzpfr; rq;fkhf cUntLj;jJ. mjdhy; kzpfpuhkKk;> ehdhNjrpAk; me;j mikg;gpy; Nrh;e;J nfhz;ld. vdpDk; njd;fpof;fhrpa JiwKfq;fspy; ,Ue;j vy;yh njd;dpe;jpa tzpfh;fSk; me;j th;j;jf mikg;GfSld; jq;fis njhlh;G gLj;jpf;nfhs;stpy;iy. [hth> ghyp Mfpa gFjpfspy; fz;nlLf;fg;gl;Ls;s fy;ntl;Lfs;> gzpfpuhkh (Banigrama) vd;w Xh; mikg;G (tzpff; fpuhkk; vd;gjd; cs;@h; gjk;) mg;NghJ nray;gl;Lf; nfhz;bUe;jjhff; $Wfpd;wd. me;j mikg;gpy; cs;ehl;L th;j;jfh;fSk; ntspehl;L th;j;jfh;fSk; ,lk; ngw;wpUe;jdh;. cs;@h; Ml;rpahsh;fspd; mDkjpAld; mth;fs; nray;gl;L te;jdh;.13 ,uh[uh[ Nrhod;> fp.gp. 1015-,y; rPdhTf;F Kjd; Kjyhf th;j;jff; FOnthd;iw mDg;gp itj;jhd;. mjidj; njhlh;e;J Nrhog; Nguurpd; Ml;rpapd;NghJ rPdhTf;Fg; gy Kiw th;j;jff; FOf;fs; nrd;wd. mJtiu njd;dpe;jpa th;j;jfr; rq;fq;fs;> kj;jpa fpof;Fldhd th;j;jfj;jpNyNa mjpff; ftdk; nrYj;jp te;jd. Mdhy; fpof;fpy; th;j;jf eltbf;iffs; ngUfpaijj; njhlh;e;J mtw;wpd; ftdk; njd;fpof;fhrpah> rPdh Mfpatw;wpd; gf;fk; jpUk;gpaJ. gUj;jp cw;gj;jp nra;j gFjpfshd jkpo;ehL> fh;dhlfk;> fypq;fj;jpd; njw;Ff; fiu Mfpatw;wpy; tzpfr; rq;fq;fspd; eltbf;iffs; mjpfhpj;jd. mtw;wpd; Vw;Wkjpfspy; gUj;jp Milfs; Kf;fpakhd ,lj;ijg; gpbj;jd.14 tzpfk; #Lgpbj;jijj; njhlh;e;J> =tp[ahtpd; irNye;jpu kd;did> ehfg;gl;bdj;jpy; #okzp tp`hiuf; fl;l ,uh[uh[ Nrhod; Cf;Ftpj;jhd;. rpy Mz;Lfs; fopj;J> Nrho ehl;by; cs;s Xh; ,e;Jf; NfhapYf;Fr; rPdj;Jj; jq;fj;ij =tp[a kd;dd; jhdkhf toq;fpdhd;.15 Nrhoh;fSf;Fk; =tp[ah muRf;Fk; ,ilapy; epytpa ey;YwTf;F ,it Mjhuq;fshf tpsq;Ffpd;wd.

214

N`kh NjtNu

MilfSk; rikay; eWkzg; nghUl;fSk; F[uhj; kw;Wk; Nrhokz;lyj;ijr; Nrh;e;j rhak; jPl;lg;gl;l> mr;R tz;zj; Jzp tiffs;> rikay; eWkzg; nghUl;fspd; (spice) th;j;jfj;Jld; njhlh;G nfhz;bUe;jd. gprpd; rhaj;jhy; myq;fhpf;fg;gl;l nerTj; JzpfNs Kjypy; Vw;Wkjp nra;ag;gl;ld. Nrhoh; Ml;rpapd; fPo;> 11-Mk; E}w;whz;by; nerT kw;Wk; rhak; Nrh;f;Fk; njhopy; NkYk; tsh;r;rp fz;lJ. nerTj;jwp mwpKfkhd 11Mk; E}w;whz;bYk;> ifuhl;il mwpKfkhd 13-Mk; E}w;whz;bYk; nerTj; njhopy; njhopy;El;g cr;rj;ij mile;jJ. ePyk; (indigo), kQ;rpl;b (madder), EzT (morinda) Nghd;w jhtug; nghUl;fshy; rhak; Vw;wg;gl;l Jzpfs; njd;fpof;fhrpahTf;Fk; kj;jpa fpof;fpw;Fk; ngUkstpy; Vw;Wkjp nra;ag;gl;ld.16 njd;fpof;fhrpa ehLfs;> jq;fs; rikay; eWkzg; nghUl;fis ,j;jifa JzpfSf;F kl;LNk gz;lkhw;Wr; nra;jd. me;j MilfSf;Fj; njd;fpof;fhrpahtpy; ey;y kjpg;G ,Ue;jJ. fk;Nghbahtpd; mq;Nfhh; Nfhapy; (Angkor Wat) rpw;gq;fspy; fhzg;gLk; Mil tbtikg;Gfs;> ,e;jpa Milfspd; Gfio vLj;Jiuf;fpd;wd. nfkh; kd;dh;fshd> Kjyhk; #h;ath;kDk;> ,uz;lhk; #h;ath;kDk; 11-Mk;> 12-Mk; E}w;whz;Lfspy; Nrhoh;fSld; neUq;fpa njhlh;ig itj;jpUe;jdh;. ehsiltpy; ,e;jpa Mil tbtikg;gpd; jd;ik khwpaJ. ehd;F ,jo;fisf; nfhz;l kyh;fs;> #hpa tl;L> el;rj;jpuq;fs;> gy tifg; G+f;fs; Nghd;wit Jzp tbtikg;gpy; ,lk;ngwj; njhlq;fpd. mf;fhyf;fl;lj;jpy; [hth rpw;gq;fspd; Milfspy; fhzg;gLk; khw;wq;fSk; ,e;jpaj; Jzp tiffSf;F ,Ue;j kjpg;Gf;F Mjhukhf tpsq;Ffpd;wd. fp.gp. 1225y;> rPdhtpd; /G+[pad; (Fujian) efhpy; ntspehl;L th;j;jfj;Jf;fhd Nkw;ghh;itahsuhf ,Ue;j nrs &Fth (Zhao Rugua) vd;w vOj;jhsh;> njd;dpe;jpahTf;Fk; Rkj;uhTf;Fk; ,ilapy; ele;j gUj;jpj; Jzp Vw;Wkjp Fwpj;J tUzpj;Js;shh;. ,e;jpahtpy; tbtikf;fg;gl;l Jzptiffs; njd;fpof;fhrpahtpd; gy;NtW ehLfspypUe;J rPdh nrd;wiltjhf mthpd; gjpTfs; $Wfpd;wd.17 mNj Ntisapy;> k#ypg;gl;bdj;jpypUe;Jk; Nrhokz;lyf; fiuapypUe;Jk;> ,jw;FKd; ghh;j;jpuhj “Mfg; nghpa fg;gy;fspy;” ,e;jpa Milfs; rPdhTf;Fk;> njd;rpof;fhrpahTf;Fk; ,wf;Fkjp Mtjhf 13-Mk; E}w;whz;by; khh;Nfh NghNyh (Marco Polo) gjpT nra;Js;shh;.18 njd;fpof;fhrpa Ml;rpahsh;fs;> ,e;jpa Milfis thq;fp> mtw;iwr; rPd kd;dh;fSf;Fg; ghprhf mspj;J>

Nrhoh;fspd; Jzp th;j;jfk;

215

mth;fspd; ed;kjpg;igg; ngWtJ tof;fkhf ,Ue;J te;jJ. mjd; %yk; jq;fs; gpuNjrj;jpy; midj;Jyf th;j;jfj;ijf; fl;Lg;ghl;by; itj;Jf; nfhs;s njd;fpof;fhrpa ehLfspd; murh;fs; Kad;wdh;. 14-Mk; E}w;whz;by;> rPd tuyhw;W Mrphpauhd thq; jhAthd; (Wang Dayuan), ,e;jpahtpy; tbtikf;fg;gLk; Jzpfs;> Nrhoh;fspd; Kf;fpaj; JiwKfkhd ehfg;gl;bdj;jpy; ,Ue;J ,wf;Fkjp nra;ag;gLtjhfg; gjpT nra;Js;shh;. gUj;jp Milfspd; Vw;Wkjpf;F me;jj; JiwKfk; ikakhf tpsq;FtjhfTk; mth; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shh;.19 [hthitr; Nrh;e;j kd;dh;fSk; gpuGf;fSk; 9-Mk; E}w;whz;Lf;Fk; 15-Mk; E}w;whz;Lf;Fk; ,ilapy;> ,e;jpa Milfis mzptijNa ngUikahff; fUjpdh;. njd;fpof;fhrpa ehLfSldhd mth;fspd; njhlh;G Mil th;j;jfj;Jld; epd;Wtpltpy;iy. me;j tl;lhu kf;fs; Ngrpa nkhopapy; ghurPfk;> kyha; Mfpatw;wld; jkpOk; fye;jJ.

njd;fpof;fhrpahtpy; Nrhoh; njhlh;G njd;fpof;fhrpahTld; Nrhoh;fSf;F neLq;fhykhfj; njhlh;G ,Ue;jjw;fhd fy;ntl;L Mjhuq;fs; epiwa cs;sd. G+k;Gfhhpy; mz;ikapy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l flyb mfo; Ma;Tfs;> njd;fpof;fhrpah> NuhkhGhp Mfpatw;Wld; Nrhoh;fSf;F ,Ue;j njhlh;ig ntspr;rj;jpw;Ff; nfhz;L te;jpUf;fpd;wd. jkpo; gpuk;kp vOj;Jf;fSld; $ba rJu tbtpyhd goq;fhyr; Nrhoh; nrg;G ehzaq;fs; jha;yhe;jpd; Fthd; Yf; ghl; (Khuan Luk Pat) vDk; ,lj;jpy; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. jha;yhe;Jld; jkpoh;fSf;F ,Ue;j th;j;jfj; njhlh;Gf;F mit Mjhukhf tpsq;Ffpd;wd. ,uh[uh[ Nrhod; mDg;gpa J}Jf; FOTk;> Ie;E}w;Wth; Nghd;w th;j;jfr; rq;fq;fSk; rPdhTf;Fr; nry;Yk; topapy; njd;fpof;fhrpaj; JiwKfq;fSf;Fk; tUif Ghpe;jd.20 Nrhoehl;Lj; J}juhd rke;jh (Sanwen), rPdhTf;Fr; nry;Yk; topapy; gy njd;fpof;fhrpaj; JiwKfq;fSf;Fr; nrd;wjhff; $wg;gLfpwJ. ,e;jpa tzpfr; rq;fkhd kzpfpuhkk;. 9-Mk; E}w;whz;by;> jha;yhe;jpd; Nkw;Ff; fiuapy; ,Ue;j JiwKfkhd jf;Nfhyj;jpy; (Takuapa) Jbg;Gld; nray;gl;L te;jJ. Nrhoh; ghzpapyhd rpw;gq;fs; jf;Nfhyj;jpYk; tpaq;];uhtpYk; (Viengsra) mjpfkhff; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. eNfhd; rp jk;kuhl;by; (Nakhon Si Thammarat) fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;Ls;s fy;ntl;L xd;W> Nrhoh; fhyj;jpy; mg;gFjpf;Fk; njd;dpe;jpahTf;Fk; ,ilapy; ,Ue;j njhlh;GfSf;F Mjhukhf tpsq;FfpwJ.21 Nrhq; Ml;rpfhyj;ijr; Nrh;e;j rPdg; gjpTfs;> fp.gp. 1015-,y;> Nrho ehl;bypUe;J (Zhu-nian) rPdhTf;Fr; nrd;w J}Jf; FO gw;wpf; $Wfpd;wd. Nrho ehl;bd; kd;dh;

216

N`kh NjtNu

Luo-cha-luo-zha (,uh[uh[d;) vd;Wk; mjpy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;bUf;fpwJ. Shi-li-luo-cha-yin-tuo-luo-zhu-luo (= ,uhN[e;jpu Nrhod;) jiyikapy; fp.gp. 1033-,y; kw;nwhU Nrho J}Jf; FO rPdhit mile;jjhfTk; me;jf; Fwpg;Gfs; njhptpf;fpd;wd. FNyhj;Jq;f Nrhod; jiyikapyhd %d;whtJ J}Jf; FO> fp.gp. 1077-,y; rPdhitr; nrd;wile;jJ.22 gh;khTf;Fk; Rkj;uhTf;Fk; ,ilapy; cs;s tl;lhuj;jpy;> fpue;j vOj;Jf;fspyhd gy jkpo;f; fy;ntl;Lfs; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. rk];fpUjj;jpw;Fk; jkpOf;Fk; ,ilapyhd nghJ vOj;jhf fpue;jk; tpsq;fpaJ. me;jf; fy;ntl;Lfspy; ngUk;ghyhdit 11Mk;> 12Mk; E}w;whz;L Nrhoh; fhyj;ijr; Nrh;e;jit. mtw;Ws; rpy Nrhoh; rhpit vjph;Nehf;fpa 13-Mk; E}w;whz;ilr; Nrh;e;jit. fw;G+uj;jpw;Fg; (camphor) Gfo;ngw;wpUe;j Rkj;jpuhtpd; ghUrpy; (Barus) fle;j E}w;whz;by; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;l> fp.gp. 1082-Mk; Mz;ilr; Nrh;e;j jkpo;f; fy;ntl;L> Jzp th;j;jfj;ijj; njhlq;Ftjw;F Kd;djhf> xU ed;nfhilia toq;f mq;Fs;s ,e;jpar; r%fj;jpdh; (tzpf mikg;ghd Ie;E}w;Wthpd; cWg;gpdh;fs;) KbT nra;jjhff; $WfpwJ. ,uhN[e;jpu Nrhodpd; el;ig ehba fhk;Ngh[ (fk;Nghbah) kd;dd;> mtDf;Fg; gy Nghh;fspy; ntw;wpfisf; Ftpj;j jkJ Njiu mDg;gp itj;jjhff; $WfpwJ jQ;rhT+h; jhkug; gl;lak; xd;W. Nrhoh;fSf;Ff; fhk;Ngh[j;Jld; njhlh;gpUe;jij mJ Gyg;gLj;JfpwJ. Kjyhk; #h;ath;kd; (fp.gp. 1002-50)> mg;NghJ mq;Nfhh; uh[paj;jpd; Ml;rpg; nghWg;gpy; ,Ue;jhd;. njd;dpe;jpahtpd; gy;NtW gFjpfspy; 9-Mk;> 10-Mk; E}w;whz;L rPdg; gPq;fhd; Jz;Lfs; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;bUg;gJ rPdh;fSf;Fk; Nrho> tp[aefu Ml;rpfSf;Fk; ,ilapy; ,Ue;j fly; rhh;e;j njhlh;GfSf;F Mjhukhf tpsq;Ffpd;wd.

Nrhoh;fspd; fyhrhuj; jhf;fk; Nrho tzpfh;fs;> th;j;jfj;jpy; kl;Lk; ftdk; nrYj;jhky;> mth;fs; nrd;w ,lq;fSf;nfy;yhk; jq;fspd; gpuhkzpa muritf; fyhrhuj;ijAk; cld; nfhz;L nrd;wdh;. gy;yth;fs; Vw;fdNt mikj;jpUe;j fyhrhu mbj;jsj;Jf;Fr; Nrhoh;fs; kjpg;Gr; Nrh;j;jdh;. ,uhN[e;jpu Nrhod; njd;fpof;fhrpahtpd; kPJ Nkw;nfhz;l fly; jhf;Fjy;> me;jf; fyhrhuj; jhf;fj;ij NkYk; tYg;gLj;jpaJ. mt;tl;lhuj;jpy; Njtuh[h> rpth> tp\;Z Mfpa flTs;fspd; jhf;fKk;> rk];fpUj nkhopapd; gad;ghLk; Vw;fdNt eilKiwapy; ,Ue;jd.

Nrhoh;fspd; Jzp th;j;jfk;

217

fk;Nghba kd;dh;fSk;> [hth Ml;rpahsh;fSk; jq;fis kfhtp\;Z kw;Wk; rptdpd; mk;rq;fshff; fUjpdh;. jha;yhe;J murh;fs;> jhq;fs; ,e;jpudpd; topj;Njhd;wy;fs; vd;W ek;gpdh;. jw;Nghija tpal;ehkpd; gFjpahf ,Uf;Fk; rk;ghtpy; (Champa) irt rkak; jioj;J tsh;e;jpUe;jJ. rhk; (Cham) tpf;fpufq;fspy; ,e;jpag; gpuhkzpaf; Nfhl;ghLfs; epiwa fhzg;gl;ld.25 kd;dh;fSf;Fr; rpiy mikf;Fk; tof;fk; kj;jpa fhyr; Nrhoh; Ml;rpapy; filg;gpbf;fg;gl;lJ. Nfhapy;fspy; rpiy mikg;gjhy; kd;dhpd; Md;kPf rf;jp mjpfhpf;Fk; vd;w ek;gpf;if mjw;Ff; fhuzkhf ,Ue;jJ.26 Nrhoh;fspd; fyhrhuk; Nfhapy;fisNa ikakhff; nfhz;bUe;jJ. fl;blf; fiy> rpw;gf; fiy> Mil tbtikg;G> Xtpak;> ntz;fyr; rpiy thh;g;G> ,ir> eldk; Mfpa Ez;fiyfs;> Nrhog; Nguurpd; rkaf; Nfhl;ghl;bd; ,d;wpaikahj mk;rq;fshf tpsq;fpd. Rth; Xtpaq;fs; %yk; Guhzf; fijfisr; nrhy;Yk; tof;fKk; mg;NghjpUe;jJ. mjw;F m[e;jh Fif Xtpaq;fis ey;y cjhuzkhff; fUjyhk;. jQ;rhT+h; gpu`jP];tuu; Nfhapypd; Rth;fspy; fhzg;gLk; 11-Mk; E}w;whz;ilr; Nrh;e;j Xtpaq;fs; mt;tifiar; Nrh;e;jit.27 ,uh[uh[d; fl;ba jQ;rhT+h; nghpa Nfhapypd; Rth;fspy; fhzg;gLk; Xtpak;> gukrptd;> Gypj; Njhypy; mkh;e;jgb Njt kq;ifahpd; eldj;ij urpg;gjhf mike;Js;sJ.

fhs`];jp vDk; Nrhokz;lyf; fiuNahuk; mike;jpUe;j jpUj;jyj;jpy;> Nfhapypy; njhq;ftpLtjw;fhd rhak; G+rg;gl;l Xtpar; RUs;fs; jahhpf;fg;gl;L te;jd. me;jr; RUs;fspy; ,e;J nja;tq;fspd; jpUTUtq;fs; Xtpakhf jPl;lg;gl;bUe;jd. fpuhkg;Gwq;fspy; Gfo;ngw;wpUe;j fjhfhyl;Nrgk; ghzpapy; me;j Xtpaq;fs; mike;jpUe;jd.28 fyk;fhp (Kalamkari) vd;w Nrhokz;ly Xtpaf; fiy ,q;fpUe;Jjhd; gpwe;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk;. fyk;fhp Xtpaq;fs; Nfhapy;fspy; jpiur;rPiyfshfg; gad;gLj;jg;gl;L te;jd. fiyfSf;Fr; Nrhoh;fs; nfhLj;j MjuTk;> mtw;wpd; kPJ fhl;ba Mh;tKk; njd;fpof;fhrpa fyhrhuq;fspy; jhf;fj;ij Vw;gLj;jpd. rahkpy; (jha;yhe;J) fhzg;gLk; 9-Mk; E}w;whz;Lf;Fk; 11-Mk; E}w;whz;Lf;Fk; ,ilg;gl;l gpuhkzpar; rpw;gq;fspy;> Nrhoh; fiyapd; jhf;fk; mjpfk; njhpfpwJ. jf;Nfhyj;jpy; cs;s gpuhzhuha; kiyapy; (Paranarai Hill) cs;s rpw;gq;fs; mjw;Fr; rpwe;j vLj;Jf;fhl;L2.

218

N`kh NjtNu

ghypapd; (Bali) Gfo;ngw;w> uhkhazg; Nghh;f; fhl;rpfisj; njd;dpe;jpaf; Nfhapy;fspy; njhq;fpa jpiuj;JzpfSld; njhlh;GgLj;j KbAk;. ngsj;j [hlfh (Jataka) fijfisf; $Wk; tifapy; mike;jpUe;j gh;kpa fyhfh]; (kalagas) jpiur; rPiyfs;> njd;rpof;fhrpahtpd; klhyaq;fspYk;> muritfspYk; gad;gLj;jg;gl;ld. me;jj; jpiur; rPiyfis nea;a tpiy cah;e;j nghUl;fisg; gh;kpa gpuKfh;fs; gad;gLj;jpdh;. mj;jifa jpiur; rPiyfis mth;fs; ngsj;j Myaq;fSf;F ed;nfhilahf mspj;jdh;. rkar; RNyhfq;fisg; glq;fshfr; RUs;fspy; tbf;Fk; tof;fKk; Mjpfhyj;jpypUe;Nj ,e;jpahtpy; elg;gpypUe;jJ. ngsj;j ,yf;fpaq;fs; rhyr;rpj;uh vDk; ,t;tif Xtpaq;fs; gw;wpf; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wd. rhujh gÑpkp vd;Wk; miof;fg;gl;l me;j Xtpaq;fisg; gpuhkz ehNlhbfs; kf;fSf;Ff; fhl;b te;jjhfr; rahkpa ngsj;j ,yf;fpaq;fs; $Wfpd;wd.29 Jzpapy; Xtpak; jPl;LtJk;> gprpd; rhak; Nrh;g;gJk; Vffhyj;jpy; ele;J nfhz;bUe;jd. NfhLfs;> kyh;fs; kw;Wk; gwitfspd; glq;fs;> #hpafhe;jp> my;yp> ,iyfs; Mfpait gpugykhf ,Ue;jd. Nrho tzpfh;fs; nfhz;L te;j Jzp tiffs;> ntWk; th;j;jfg; nghUl;fshf kl;Lky;yhky;> fyhrhuj; J}jh;fshfTk; tpsq;fpd. mth;fspd; Jzpfs;> njd;fpof;fhrpa Myaq;fisAk;> muritfisAk; myq;fhpj;jd. me;j Milfspy; fhzg;gl;l tbtq;fs; ,e;jpahtpypUe;J ,wf;Fkjp Mdit vd;gijj; njs;sj; njspthff; fhl;bd. gh;khtpy; cs;s gfhd; (Pagan) efuf; Nfhapy;fs; mjw;F cjhuzkhf tpsq;Ffpd;wd. mq;Fs;s njl;fpahKdp (Thetkyamuni) Myaj;jpd; cj;juj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; Xtpak;> Nrhokz;lyf; fiuapypUe;J te;j Milfspy; tof;fkhff; fhzg;gLk; tbtkhFk;.30 gfhdpy; cs;s kw;Nwhh; Myakhd Nyhfnja;f;ghdpy; (Lokahteikpan), cs;s itrhyp kd;dd; rpiy> tl;lq;fshy; Md mq;fpia mzpe;jpUf;fpwJ. me;j tbtikg;G> fhQ;rpGuk; Nfhapypd; cj;juj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; Xtpaj;ij xj;jpUf;fpwJ. ,e;j 17-Mk; E}w;whz;L Myak;> Kjyhk; E}w;whz;L rq;f fhyj;Jj; Jzp tbtikg;Gfisg; gpd;gw;wpapUf;fpwJ. me;j tifj; Jzpfs;> rkar; rlq;FfSf;fhfg; Nghlg;gl;l ge;jy;fspd; Nkw;$iuapy; gad;gLj;jg;gl;ld.31 gh;kpa murh;fs;> ,e;jpaj; Jzpfs; kPJ itj;jpUe;j kjpg;ig mJ fhl;LfpwJ. jpiur;rPiyfs;> rd;dy; kiwg;Gfs;> Filfs;> tphpg;Gfs; Nghd;wit rpj;jpu Ntiyg;ghLs;s Jzpfspy; nra;ag;gl;bUe;jij mq;Nfhh; mfo;tha;Tfs; Gyg;gLj;Jfpd;wd. mf;fhyj;Jg; gpuGf;fspd; tho;f;ifj; juj;ijAk; mJ fhl;LfpwJ. cjhuzj;Jf;F> kd;dd; ,uz;lhk; #h;ath;kd;> ehd;F ,jo; nfhz;l

Nrhoh;fspd; Jzp th;j;jfk;

219

kyh; rpj;jpu Ntiyg;ghL nfhz;l Jzp kPJ mkh;e;jpUf;fpwhd;. ehd;F ,jo;nfhz;l kyh;> mur FLk;gj;jpd; milahskhFk;. rpj;jpu Ntiyg;ghLfSldhd Filfs; kd;dhpd; muRhpikiag; giwrhw;wpd.32 jha;yhe;jpd; ngl;r;rhGhp (Phetchaburi) khtl;lj;jpy; cs;s tl;aha; Rtz;zuk; Myaj;jpd; (Wat Yai Suvannaram), gjpndhU N[hb J}z;fspy;> ,e;jpa tzpfj; Jzpia xj;j tbtq;fspy; rhaKk;> KyhKk; G+rg;gl;Ls;sd. Gj;jhpd; tpf;fpufk;> vg;NghJk; ,wf;Fkjp nra;ag;gl;l JzpapNyNa rhh;e;jpUg;gijf; fhz KbfpwJ. ,t;tifj; Jzpfs; Nfhapy; myq;fhpg;Gfspd; Xh; mq;fkhf khwpd. mNj Ntisapy; muritfspy; khpahijr; rpd;dq;fshfTk; mit jpfo;e;jd. r%fj;jpy;> me;jj; JzpfSf;Fj; jdp me;j];J toq;fg;gl;lJ.

njd;fpof;fhrpahtpy; ,e;Jr; rpd;dq;fs; njd;fpof;fhrpah;fspd; kdj;jpy; ,e;Jr; rpd;dq;fs;> Milfspd; topahfNt gjpaitf;fg;gl;ld. ,e;Jj; nja;tq;fs; thOk; ,lk; NkU kiy vd;gJ Kjypy; gjpthdJ. ,e;NjhNdrpa muritfspy;> NkU kiyiag; gpujhdkhf;Fk; rpy rlq;Ffisg; gpuhkz rka FUf;fs; mwpKfk; nra;jdh;. Nfhapy;fspy; NfhGuq;fis vOg;Gtjd; %yk; mJ typAWj;jg;gl;lJ. tpiutpy; Milfspy; NfhGuq;fspd; tbtq;fs; Njhd;wj; njhlq;fpd. NfhGuq;fs; nghwpf;fg;gl;l fk;Nghbahtpd; gPlhd; (pidan) Jzpfs;> rlq;Ffspy; njhq;ftplg;gl;ld.33 kNyrpahtpd; Jk;ghy; (tumphal) ufj; JzpfspYk; kiyfs; ,lk;ngw;wd. ,e;NjhNdrpah;fspd; ghj;jpf; (batik) Jzpfspy;> rpnkd; (semen) my;yJ myrhd; (alas an) vd;wiof;fg;gl;l Gdpj kiyapd; tbtk; Njhd;wj; njhlq;fpaJ. ,e;jr; rpd;dq;fs;> [hth mur FLk;gj;jpdh; kl;Lk; gad;gLj;jf; $baitahf ,Ue;jd. kz;lyk; (tl;lk;) vd;w Nfhl;ghL [hth ghj;jpf; Jzpfspy; fhTq; (Kawung) vd;w tbtkhf khw;wk; fz;lJ. tp\;Z jh;nkhl;lhuh Guhzk; (Xtpak; gw;wpa goq;fhy rk];fpUj rh];jpuk;)> vl;L ,jo; nfhz;l jhkiu tbtj;ijj; jiuapy; tiue;J mijr; #hpa flTshf topglyhk; vd;W $WfpwJ. ,e;jpaj; jhf;fj;jpd; mbg;gilapy; njd;fpof;fhrpa #h;a tbtk;> vl;L Kidfisf; nfhz;l jhkiuahf khwpaJ.34 tl;lk;> el;rj;jpuk;> rha;e;j rJuk; Nghd;w tbtq;fs;> jhkiu> kfh tp\;Ztpd; rf;fuk;> kz;lyk; Mfpatw;Wld; njhlh;G nfhz;lit. njd;dpe;jpahtpy; gpugykhd ehfj;jpd; rpd;dk;> njd;fpof;fhrpahtpy; cldbahf Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;lJ. njd;fpof;fhrpahtpd; goq;fhy

220

N`kh NjtNu

tbtq;fspy; Vw;fdNt ghk;GfSk; ,ju Ch;td tiffSk; Vw;Wf; nfhs;sg;gl;bUe;jd mjw;F xU fhuzk;. nfkh;fspd;> gl;L (ikat) Jzpfspy; ehfk; Vw;fdNt gpugykhf ,Ue;jJ. ehfk;> tp\;Ztpd; thfdkhd fUld; Mfpait mur Fyj;jpd; gpujhdr; rpd;dq;fshf khwpd. murhpd; rpd;dkhd fUld;> ,e;NjhNdrpa Jzp tiffspy;> xd;W my;yJ ,uz;L ,wf;iffSld;> ,d;Wk; fhzg;gLfpwJ. ,e;Jg; Guhzf; fijfspy; fhzg;gLk; NjtNyhf khe;jh;fspd; Xtpaq;fs;> jha;yhe;J kd;dh;fspd; muritfis myq;fhpj;jd. Njth;fs;> fpd;duh;fs;> mg;ru]{fs;> fhe;jh;th;fs;> fUld;> ehfk; Mfpait gpugykhf ,Ue;jd. iff; $g;gpagb jhkiuapypUe;J vOe;jUSk; Njhghndhd; (Njth;)> jha;yhe;Jf; fiyapd; Mf tpUk;gg;gl;l tbtkhf cUkhwpaJ. Nrhokz;lyk; mj;jijfa tbtq;fisf; nfhz;l Jzp tiffisj; jahhpj;Jf; nfhLj;jJ.

,e;jpa MilfSk; r%ff; fl;likg;Gk; ,wf;Fkjp nra;ag;gl;l Jzpkzpfs;> rlq;FfSf;Fg; gad;gLj;JtjhfTk;> mur Fyk; mzptjhfTk; ,Ue;jjhy; mtw;Wf;nfd;W xU kuG ,Ue;jJ. njd;fpof;fhrpar; rKjhaj;jpy;> r%f mbg;gilapy; mit Kf;fpa khw;wq;fis Vw;gLj;jpd. gjtp> me;j];J Mfpatw;wpd; milahsq;fshf mit fUjg;gl;ld. Ms;gtUf;Fk; Msg;gl;lth;fSf;Fk; ,ilapy; mjd; %yk; xU tYthd ,ilntsp cUthdJ. ,wf;Fkjp nra;ag;gl;l Jzpfisr; nry;te;jh;fshy; thq;f Kbe;jJ. Mdhy; ghku kf;fs;> njhlh;e;J jhtu ,ioapyhd MilfisNa cLj;jp te;jdh;. jq;fk;> mur Fyj;Jld; njhlh;G gLj;jg;gl;lJ. jq;fj;jpd; gsgsg;G> mur Fyj;jpd; milahskhf kjpf;fg;gl;lJ. [hpif Ntiyg;ghLs;s Jzptiffs;> gl;L> jq;fk; Mfpait njd;fpof;fhrpahtpy; murh;fSf;Fk;> gpuKfh;fSf;Fk; kl;LNk chpj;jhd milahskhf khwpaJ. jha;yhe;J> Rkj;uh> [hth> ghyp Mfpa ehLfspy;> mr;rpy; tbtikf;fg;gl;l rpj;jpuq;fSf;F nkUNfw;wg;gl;l nky;ypa jq;fj; jfLfs; gad;gLj;jg;gl;ld. mq;Nfhhpy; (fk;Nghbah) fp.gp. 1297-,y; trpj;J te;j rPd murje;jpuf; FOtpd; cWg;gpduhd Nrh lhFthd; (Zhou Daguan), mur FLk;gj;jpdh; gad;gLj;jpa Jzpfspy; ,e;jpahtpypUe;J ,wf;Fkjp nra;ag;gl;litAk; mlq;Fk; vd;W $Wfpwhh;. mit jq;fj;jpy; vil Nghlg;gl;ld vd;W mth; $Wtjhy;> mtw;Wf;F ,Ue;j kjpg;ig ehk; Ghpe;Jnfhs;s KbfpwJ.35 gy E}w;whz;Lfshf> jpUkzq;fspy;

Nrhoh;fspd; Jzp th;j;jfk;

221

nts;sp> jq;f E}ypdhy; Md MilfisNa kzg;ngz;fs; mzpe;J te;jdh;. cNyhfj;Jf;Fg; Gdpjg;gLj;Jk; jd;ik ,Uf;fpwJ vd;W fUjg;gl;ljhy;> mJ kzkfisg; ghJfhf;Fk; vd;w ek;gpf;if epytpaJ. [hthtpd; Nkd;kf;fs; mzpAk; jdpj;jd;ik tha;e;j Milahd Nlhnlhl; (dodot), Nrhokz;lyj;jpy; ,Ue;J ,wf;Fkjp nra;ag;gl;l JzpapNyNa jahhpf;fg;gl;lJ. gphpahap vd;W miof;fg;gl;l Nkd;kf;fs;> rk;gpujhar; rlq;Ffspy; me;j MilfisNa mzpe;jdh;. 9-Mk; E}w;whz;ilr; Nrh;e;j [hth Fwpg;Gfspy;> Nlhll; (dodot) Milfisg; gw;wp Fwpg;gplg;gl;bUf;fpwJ. 14-Mk; E}w;whz;ilr; Nrh;e;j Xtpaq;fspy; k[gh`pl; fhy (Majapahit) nerthspfspd; tpiy cah;e;j Milfs; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sd.36 murFy Milfs; gw;wpr; rPdf; Fwpg;Gfspy; epiwa Mjhuq;fs; cs;sd. yq;fRfhitr; (Lankasuka) Nrh;e;j kd;dh; ghflj;jhTk; (Bhagadatta) mtuJ mikr;rh;fSk;> jq;fspd; mq;fpfSf;F Nky;> Njhs;fSf;F ,ilapy;> rptg;G epw Jzp xd;iw mzpe;jpUe;jjhff; $Wfpwhh; ypahq; ]{ (Liangshu). mth;fs; jq;fj;jpyhd ,ilthiuAk; (belt), fhJfspy; jq;fj;jpyhd tisaq;fisAk; mzpe;jpUe;jjhf mth; $Wfpwhh;. ngz;fs; jq;fs; Njhs;fspy; Mguzq;fshy; myq;fhpf;fg;gl;l Milfis mzpe;jjhf mth; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shh;.37 rptg;G> ,e;jpahtpy; kq;fsfukhd tz;zkhff; fUjg;gl;lJ. njd;dpe;jpa kzg;ngz;fs;> epiwa [hpif Ntiyg;ghLila rptg;G epwj;jpyhd gl;Lg; GlitfisNa jpUkzj;jpd;NghJ cLj;jpdh;. mj;jifa Nriyfs;> jpUkzj;jpw;F Kd;> Nfhapy;fspy; itj;J tzq;fg;gLtJk; tof;fkhf ,Ue;jJ> Nrhokz;lyj; JzptiffSf;Fk; jha;yhe;Jf;Fk; rpwg;ghd cwT ,Ue;J te;jJ. El;gkhf tbtikf;fg;gl;l me;j “fpypq;” Milfs;> jha;yhe;J murFyj;jpdhpilNa jdpr; rpwg;igg; ngw;wpUe;jd. jha;yhe;J kd;dh;fs;> jq;fSf;nfd;W rpwg;ghf tbtikf;fg;gl;l Milfis> Kfth;fs; %yk; Nrhokz;lyj;jpy; ,Ue;J Neubahfg; ngw;W te;jdh;.

njd;fpof;F Mrpa Milfs; kPjhd ghjpg;G ,e;jpaj; jhf;fk;> JzpfspypUe;J Mil tiffSf;Fk; gutpaJ. ,Lg;gpy; Rw;wpf;nfhs;Sk; rhjhuz Milfs;> NkYk; El;gkhd Mil tiffSf;F toptpl;ld. rpw;gq;fspy; fhzg;gLk; njd; fpof;fhrpa

222

N`kh NjtNu

murh;fspd; Milfisg; ghh;j;jhy; mJ njhpAk;. kbg;Gfs; nfhz;l> my;yJ kbj;Jf; fl;lg;gl;l ePz;l ghthil Nghd;w Milfis mth;fs; mzpe;jpUe;jdh;. ,ilapy; myq;fhpf;fg;gl;l ,ilthh;fs;. clypd; Nky;ghfj;jpy;> MilNaJkpy;yhky; mzpfyd;fis kl;Lk; mzpe;Jnfhz;ldh;. ,e;jpah;fspd; cilfs; mth;fisg; nghpJk; ghjpj;jpUe;jJ ,jd; %yk; njhpfpwJ. nfkh; kf;fspd; rhthq; fhFd; (chawang kahun) Mil> ,e;jpah;fspd; Ntl;biag; (dhoti) Nghd;wJ. nfkh; ngz;fs; mzpe;j> kbg;Gfs; epiwe;j> ,Lg;gpy; nrUfg;gl;l ghthil uf Mil> ,e;jpah;fspd; Nriyia xj;jpUe;jJ. mth;fs;> ,Lg;gpy; Kbr;Rg; Nghl;Lf; fl;ba ePz;l Jzp ,e;jpah;fspd; ifypiag; (lungi) Nghd;wJ. kyha; ,d kf;fs; Njhspy; Nghh;j;jpf; nfhs;Sk; rylhq;Fk; (saladang), jha;yhe;Jf;fhuh;fs; mzpAk; rig (sabai) vd;w khuhg;Gk; Nriyapy; ,Ue;Jjhd; te;jit. rhthq; fhFd; (Chawang kahun) vd;gJ mq;Nfhh; kf;fs; mzpAk; gpujhd MilahFk;. fk;Nghbahtpy; mq;Nfhh; Ml;rpfhyj;Jf;F Kd;gpUe;Nj> ,e;jpa tzpfh;fs;> gpuhkzh;fs;> rkaf; FUkhh;fs; Nghd;Nwhh; ijf;fg;glhj MilfisNa mzpe;J te;jdh;. ijf;fg;glhj Milfisg; Gdpjkhditahf ,e;Jf;fs; fUjpdh;. mq;Nfhh; Ml;rpfhyj;jpy;> rz;ilf;Fr; nry;Nthiuj; jtph;j;J> fk;Nghbah;fs; ahUk; Nkyhil mzpe;jpUf;ftpy;iy. rhthq; fhFd; (Chawang kahun), njhlh;e;J gy E}w;whz;Lfshf mur Milahf ,Ue;J te;jJ. murh; Kb#Lk; VO ehl;fSf;F Kd;gpypUe;jJ> mthpd; uhzpahh; xt;nthU ehSk; xt;nthU tz;zj;jpyhd rhthq; fhFd; (chawang kahun) Milia mzpe;jhh;. mJ xt;nthU fpoikf;Fk; chpa nja;tj;Jf;Ff; fhl;Lk; khpahijahff; fUjg;gl;lJ. ,e;jr; rlq;F> ,e;J rkaj;ijg; gpd;dzpahff; nfhz;bUe;jJ.38 =tp[ahtpYk; ijf;fg;glhj MilfNs ngUk;ghYk; gad;gLj;jg;gl;ld. Ntl;bia xl;ba MiliaNa mq;fpUe;j kf;fs; mzpe;jdh;. nfkh;> kyha; mur guk;giuapdiug; Nghy> =tp[ah mur FLk;gj;ijr; Nrh;e;jth;fSk; ,e;jpa MilfisNa tpUk;gpdh;. rk;ghtpy; cs;s jpuh fpA+ (Tra Kieu) Myaj;jpy; (kj;jpa tpal;ehkpy; cs;s lh ehq;fs; mUfpy; cs;sJ) fhzg;gLk; mg;ru]; fw;rpiy>

Nrhoh;fspd; Jzp th;j;jfk;

223

ed;F myq;fhpf;fg;gl;l> cliyg; gpbf;Fk; MilAld; fhzg;gLfpwJ. ,e;j tif Mil rk;ghTf;F ntspapy; njd;fpof;fhrpahtpy; NtW vq;Fk; fhzg;gltpy;iy. rz;llhfh (Chandataka) vDk; me;j Mil> njd;dpe;jpahtpy; eld kq;ifah;> ngz; nja;tq;fspd; rpiyfspy; fhzg;gLk; Miliag; Nghd;wpUf;fpwJ. mNj fhyj;ijr; Nrh;e;j Nrhoh; nrg;Gr; rpiyfspy; mj;jifa Miliaf; fhz KbfpwJ.39 jha;yhe;jpy;. nrhq; fpuhngd; (chong kraben) vd;wiof;fg;gl;l Ntl;b (dhoti), Mz;fSf;Fk; ngz;fSf;Fk; nghJthd Milahf ,Ue;jJ. Rf;Nfhj;jha; (Sukothai) fhy (fp.gp. 14-Mk; E}w;whz;L) Nfhapy;fspy; fhzg;gLk; rpw;gq;fspypUe;J mJ njhpa tUfpwJ. me;j Milfspy; fhzg;gLk; kyh; kw;Wk; ,ju tbtq;fs; Nrho kz;lyf; fiuapypUe;J te;jitahf ,Uf;ff;$Lk;. me;jf; fhyf;fl;lj;ijr; Nrh;e;j rpw;g Ntiyg;ghLfs;> nry;te;jh;fSf;Fg; gfl;lhd gytifj; Jzpfs; fpilj;jijg; Gyg;gLj;Jfpd;wd. xU G+itr; Rw;wpg; gy;NtW tl;lq;fisf; nfhz;l xU Fwpg;gpl;l tbtikg;G> mq;Nfhh; thl; kw;Wk; NgNahd; (Bayon) rpw;gq;fspy; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. mNj tbtikg;igf; nfhz;l Jzp> [hthtpy; cs;s xU fNzrh; rpiyapd; ,ilapYk; Rw;wg;gl;bUf;fpwJ. mNj tbtj;jpyhd 13-Mk; E}w;whz;L ntspehl;Lg; gUj;jpj; Jz;Lj; Jzp> vfpg;jpYs;s G];lhl; (Fustat) vDk; ,lj;jpy; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. mJ kj;jpa fpof;fpw;F Vw;Wkjp nra;ag;gl;l ,e;jpaj; Jzp vd;gJk; cWjp gLj;jg;gl;bUf;fpwJ. nerT nra;ag;gl;l Jzp tiffs; th;j;jfk; nra;ag;gl;ld vd;gJ ,e;j Mjhuq;fspy; ,Ue;J ed;F njhpfpwJ. Kd;G Fwpg;gpl;Ls;sijg; Nghy> ,e;jpah mjd; Mil tbtikg;igj; njd;fpof;fhrpahitr; Nrh;e;j cah; FbapdUf;F kl;Lk; nfhz;L nry;ytpy;iy@ mjw;fhd JzpfisAk; mDg;gp itj;jJ. mq;Ff; fhzg;gl;l gy;NtW tif Milfs;> mt;tl;lhuj;jpy; th;j;jfKk; Jzp rhh;e;j nghUspaYk; ,Ue;jjw;fhd Mjhuq;fshf tpsq;Ffpd;wd.

fyhrhu kuG Nrho kz;lyj;ijr; Nrh;e;j Jzpkzpfs;> th;j;jfg; nghUl;fshf njd;fpof;fhrpahTf;Fs; Eioe;jhYk;> mit njd;fpof;fhrpa r%fj;jpd; Xh; mq;fkhf Cwpg;Nghapd. rpwg;ghd Njhw;wj;jhYk; tbtikg;ghYk; mit mur guk;giuapdhpd; Mjuitg; ngw;wd. ,e;J ghuk;ghpaq;fisg; gpujpgypj;j Jzp tiffs;> Gdpjg; nghUl;fshf khwpd. gpwg;G> jpUkzk;>

224

N`kh NjtNu

F[uhj;ijr; Nrh;e;j gl;Nlhyh (patola) tifj; JzpfSk;> mur rlq;Ffspy; fl;lha mk;rq;fshf cUntLj;jd. mhpaizf;F NkNy tz;zk; jPl;lg;gl;l gUj;jpj; Jzpahy; tpjhdk; (canopy) mikg;gJ Kf;fpa eilKiwahf khwpaJ. ,e;jr; rhak; Nrh;f;fg;gl;l> epwk; khwhj gUj;jpj; Jzpfs;> njd;fpof;fhrpa jiyepyj;jpy; rh;rh (sarsa) vd;Wk;> kyha; jPgfw;gj;jpy; nrk;ghfp (Sembahi) vd;Wk;> gpwF cynfq;Fk; rpd;]; (Chints) vd;Wk; miof;fg;gl;ld. r%f cwTfis tsh;f;ff;$ba ghpRg; nghUl;fshf mit gad;gLj;jg;gl;ld. kyha;j; jpUkzq;fspy; mit nts;spj; jl;by; itf;fg;gl;L> fha;d; njnyGf; (kain telepuk) vd;w ghpRg; nghUshf toq;fg;gl;ld. nry;tr; nropg;gpd; Xh; milahskhf mj;Jzp tiffs; njd;fpof;fhrpahtpy; Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;ld. ey;YwitAk;> tpRthrj;ijAk; tsh;f;f> jdpg;gl;l egh;fSf;F ,ilapYk; ehLfSf;F ,ilapYk; ghuk;ghpakhfg; nghUl;fisg; ghpkhwpf; nfhs;tJz;L. jha;yhe;jpy;> mNahj;jpah fhyj;jpypUe;Nj ed;wp> rYif> gjtp Mfpatw;iwj; njhptpf;f ,wf;Fkjp nra;ag;gl;l Jzp tiffs; gad;gLj;jg;gl;L te;Js;sd. ,e;NjhNdrpahtpy; cs;s Ryntrpapy; (Sulawesi), me;j tifj; Jzpfs; kh m (ma’a) vd;W miof;fg;gl;ld. mit Guhzf; fhyj;jpy; Guhzf; flypypUe;J te;jjhf tUzpf;fg;l;ld. mjdhy; mit Gdpjkhd nghf;fp\q;fshff; fUjg;gl;ld. jpUkzq;fs;> ,Wjpr; rlq;Ffs; Mfpatw;Wld; mit njhlh;G gLj;jg;gl;ld. kj;jpa Ryntrpapy; tho;e;j Njhu[h ,d (Torajas) kf;fs;> %q;fpypy; Md gbf;fl;il mikj;J> mjpy; E}w;Wf;fzf;fhd ,e;jpaj; Jzpr; RUs;fisj; njhq;ftpl;ldh;. jq;fspd; %jhijah;fspd; Md;khf;fis miog;gjw;fhd rkaf; NfhGukhf mij mth;fs; gad;gLj;jpdh;. ,e;NjhNdrpahtpy; ,];yhkpa rkak; GFe;j fhyj;jpYk;$l Nrhokz;lyj; JzpfSf;fhd kfj;Jtk; Fiwe;Jtpltpy;iy. Kf;fpakhd tpohf;fspd;NghJ Xtpak; jPl;lg;gl;l Jzpfshy; ge;jy;fs; Nghlg;gl;ld. mit ntapiyj; jLf;fkl;Lk; gad;gLj;jg;gltpy;iy> mjpfhuj;jpd; Xh; milahskhfTk; fUjg;gl;ld.41 ,e;jpaj; JzpfSf;Fg; ghJfhf;Fk; rf;jp ,Ug;gjhfTk; fUjg;gl;lJ> mjdhy; Neha;thAw;w Foe;ijfis me;jj; Jzpfisf; nfhz;L

Nrhoh;fspd; Jzp th;j;jfk;

225

Nghh;j;jpdh;. mtw;Wf;F kha rf;jpfs; ,Ug;gjhfTk; kf;fs; ek;gpdh;. [hthdpah;fs;> ke;jpur; rf;jp ,Ug;gjhff; $wp mzpAk; xl;Lg;Nghl;l me;jf; FRkh (antakusuma) vd;w mq;fpia mjw;F Xh; cjhuzkhff; nfhs;syhk;.42 me;j mq;fpfs;> gioa ,e;jpaj; Jz;Lj; JzpfspypUe;J jahhpf;fg;gl;ld. Nahf;[f;fh;j;jh (Yogyakarta) murh;fs; me;j mq;fpfis mzpe;jpUe;jdh;. [hthtpd; Gfo;ngw;w> ifahy; tiue;j ghj;jpf; Jzpf;Fk; (Batik tulis) Nrhokz;lyf; fiuiar; Nrh;e;j fyk;fhp fiyf;Fk; neUq;fpa njhlh;G cz;L. ,e;jpahtpd; mur Milfspy; fhzg;gl;l rpy tbtq;fs;> njd;fpof;fhrpahTf;Fg; gutpd. Jthutjp (Dvarvati) fhyj;jpypUe;J jha;yhe;J Xtpaq;fspy; gpugykhf ,Uf;Fk; ehd;F ,jo;fisf; nfhz;l kyh; tbtk;> jha;yhe;J re;ijf;fhf mDg;gg;gl;l ,e;jpa gUj;jp Milfspy; tof;fkhff; fhzg;gl;l xU tbtkhFk;. #hpaid topgLtjw;fhf ,e;Jf;fs; gad;gLj;jpa vl;L Kidfisf; nfhz;l jhkiu> [hthtpd; ghj;jpf; Jzpfspy; [yk;gpuhq; (Jalamprang) vd;w ngahpy; ,lk;gpbj;jd. nkdq;nfght; (Menangkabau) kf;fspilNa me;j tbtk;> “cilj;j fliy” vd;W miof;fg;gl;lJ. ,e;NjhNdrpa ghj;jpf;> ,e;Jg; Guhzq;fSld; neUq;fpa njhlh;G nfhz;bUe;jJ. ghj;jpf; tbtikg;Gfshd fhTq; (kawung), Rnkh; (sumer) Mfpait nja;trf;jpapd; tbtq;fshf kl;Lk; fUjg;gltpy;iy@ [hth kd;dh;fSf;Fk; ,e;Jf; flTs;fshd tp\;Z> rptd; MfpNahUf;Fk; ,ilapy; ,Ue;j njhlh;igAk; gpujpgypj;jd. fhTq; (kawung) vd;w tbtk;> Nrhokz;lyj; Jzpfspy; ,lk;ngw;wpUe;j ehd;F ,jo;fisf; nfhz;l kyhpd; tbtj;jpypUe;J Njhd;wpapUf;ff;$Lk;. Nrhokz;lyj; Jzpfspy; fhzg;gl;l “fh;g;gf tpUl;rj;jpd;” tbtj;ij ,e;NjhNdrpah;fSk; Nrh;j;Jf; nfhz;ldh;. rlq;Ffspd; xU gFjpahf ,Ue;j ,e;jpa Milfs; top> ,e;Jg; ghuk;ghpaq;fSk; gutpd. murit> fpuhkr; rlq;Ffspd;NghJ elj;jg;gl;l ghuk;ghpa Nkil epfo;r;rpfSf;F uhkhazKk; kfhghujKNk mbg;gilfshf tpsq;fpd. mj;jifa epfo;r;rpfSf;F Mlk;gu ,e;jpa MilfNs Njitg;gl;ld. Nrhoh;fspd; Ml;rp tPo;r;rp fz;l gpwFk; $l> Jzp th;j;jfk; njhlh;e;jJ. jha;yhe;jpYk;> fk;NghbahtpYk; eilngWk; mur FLk;gr; rlq;Ffspy; ,d;Wk; gpuhkzpa rlq;Ffs; filg;gpbf;fg;gLfpd;wd. me;j epfo;r;rpfspy; ,e;jpaj; JzpfNs gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd. jha;yhe;jpy;

226

N`kh NjtNu

Mz;LNjhWk; eilngWk;> ehf; ehFthd; (nak na kwan) vDk; “Vh; cOk; rlq;fpy;”> kd;dhpd; rhh;gpy; gq;Nfw;Fk; Ntshz;ik mikr;rh;> Ntl;b (phanung) mzpe;Nj me;jr; rlq;if elj;Jfpwhh;. me;jr; rlq;if gpuhkz FUkhh;fs; topelj;Jfpd;wdh;. mr;rlq;fpw;F mzpe;Jnfhs;s mikr;rh; Njh;e;njLf;Fk; Ntl;bapd; ePsj;ijg; nghWj;Nj kiof;fhyk; ePbf;Fk; vd;w ek;gpf;if mq;F ,Uf;fpwJ.43 fk;Nghbahtpy; ,d;Wk;$l> ghuk;ghpa eldkzpfs;> jhq;fs; NghLk; fhy;rl;ilf;F Nky; ,Lg;gpy; fr;ir mzpe;J nfhs;fpwhh;fs;. ,J mth;fspd; ,e;jpaf; fyhrhug; ghuk;ghpaj;ijg; gpujpgypf;fpwJ. rpw;gq;fspy; fhzg;gLk; Mjhuq;fisg; Nghy> mur eilKiwfspy; ,d;Wk; ghuk;ghpa Milfs; gad;gLj;jg;gLtJ> njd;fpof;fhrpahtpy; Muk;gj;jpypUe;Nj ,e;jpahTf;F ,Ue;j nry;thf;if> Fwpg;ghfr; Nrhoh;fSf;F ,Ue;j nry;thf;ifj; njhlh;e;J epidTgLj;JfpwJ.

Notes K.A. Nilakanta Sastri, The Co-l.as (University of Madras, 1937), p. 10. Ibid., p. 22. Ibid., p. 80. Ibid., p. 22. Ibid., p. 88. H.B. Sarkar, Cultural Relations between India and Southeast Asia (New Delhi: Indian Council for Cultural Relations and Motilal Banarasidas, 1985).   7. Himanshu Prabha Ray, “Far Flung Fabrics: Indian Textiles in Ancient Maritime Trade”, in Textiles in Indian Ocean Societies, edited by Ruth Barnes, p. 21.   8. Haraprasad Ray, Trade and Trade Routes between India and China, c 140 BC– AD 1500 (Kolkata: Progressive Publishers, 2003), p. 161.   9. Ibid., p. 163. 10. Sarkar, Cultural Relations, p. 252. 11. Ibid., p. 250. 12. Jasleen Dhamija, Woven Magic: The Affinity Between Indian and Indonesian Textiles (Jakarta: Dian Rakyat, 2002), p. 9. 13. Himanshu Prabha Ray, “Far Flung Fabrics”, p. 23. 14. Jan Wisseman Christie, “The Medieval Tamil-language Inscriptions in Southeast Asia and China”, Journal of Southeast Asian Studies 29 (1998): 239–68. 15. Nilakanta Sastri, The Co-l.as, p. 185. 16. Christie, “The Medieval Tamil-language Inscriptions”, p. 3. 17. John Guy, Woven Cargoes (Thames and Hudson, 1998), p. 55. 18. South Asian History: History of Crafts, Manufacturing and Trade in Indian Sub-continent, .   1.   2.   3.   4.   5.   6.

Nrhoh;fspd; Jzp th;j;jfk;

227

19. Guy, Woven Cargoes, p. 154. 20. Harprasad Ray, Trade and Trade Routes, p. 164. 21. Brahmanical Gods in Peninsular Siam, p. 21. 22. Sastri, The Co-l.as, p. 219. 23. Guy, Woven Cargoes, p. 55. 24. Ray, “Far Flung Fabrics”, p. 29. 25. Hubert Jean Francois, The Art of Champa (New York: Parkstone Press, 2005), p. 31. 26. Heather Elgood, Hinduism and Religious Arts (New York: Cassell, 1999), p. 183. 27. Ibid., p. 207. 28. Homage to Kalamkari (Mumbai: Marg Publications, 746-15H H 763). 29. J.F. Hubert, The Art of Champa. 30. Guy, Woven Cargoes, p. 56. 31. Ibid., p. 32. 32. Gillian Green, Traditional Textiles of Cambodia: Cultural Threads and Material Heritage (Thailand: River Books Co. Ltd.), p. 36. 33. Robyn Maxwell, Textiles of Southeast Asia (Hong Kong: Periplus Editions, 2003), p. 199. 34. Elgood, Hinduism and Religious Arts, p. 207. 35. Guy, Woven Cargoes, p. 58. 36. Ibid., p. 99. 37. P.M. Munoz, Early Kingdoms of Indonesian Archipelago and Malay Peninsula (Singapore, 2006), p. 101. 38. Gillian Green, Traditional Textiles of Cambodia, p. 191. 39. Jane Purananada, ed., Through the Thread of Time: Southeast Asian Textiles. The James H.W. Thomson Foundation Symposium Papers (Thailand: River Books, 2004), p. 138. 40. Ibid., pp. 39–40. 41. Guy, Woven Cargoes, p. 74. 42. Ibid., p. 102. 43. J. Purananada, ed., Through the Thread of Time, p. 111.

12

nghydhW murhl;rpf; fhyj;jpd;NghJ ,yq;ifAk; njd;fpof;fhrpahTk; mDuh khdJq;fh

fp.gp. 10-Mk; E}w;whz;bypUe;J 13-Mk; e}w;whz;bd; kj;jpa fhyk; tiu> Rkhh; ,uz;liu E}w;whz;LfSf;F> nghydhW (Polannuruva) ,yq;ifapd; jiyefukhf tpsq;fpaJ. ,yq;ifia Kjyhk; ,uh[uh[ Nrhod; (fp.gp. 985 – 1014) ifg;gw;wpaNghJ> Nrhoh; Ml;rpapd; eph;thf ikakhf me;efh; khwpaJ. mjd; gpwF 70 Mz;LfSf;Fk; mjpfkhf mJ Nrhoh; Ml;rpapd; fPo; ,Ue;jJ. mjd; gpwF kd;dh; Kjyhk; tp[aghF (fp.gp. 1055-10) jiyikapy; mike;j ,uz;lhtJ rpq;fs Ml;rpapd; ikakhf mJ khwpaJ. fp.gp. 1215-Mk; Mz;by; me;efiu> fypq;fj;ijr; Nrh;e;j kfh ifg;gw;Wk; tiu guhf;fpukghF (fp.gp. 1153 – 86)> eprd;fky;y (fp.gp. 1187 – 96) cl;gl gjpNdO murh;fSk;> murpahh;fSk; mq;F Ml;rp elj;jpdh;. fypq;fj;J kd;dd; me;efiu 21 Mz;Lfs; Mz;lhd;. nghydhW gpwF kWrPuikf;fg;gl;L kf;fs; mq;Ff; FbNawpdhYk; ehsiltpy; mJ iftplg;gl;L kwf;fg;gl;lJ (pp. 54-90; UCHC 1959, pp. 392-580). me;efh; 19-Mk; E}w;whz;bd; njhlf;fj;jpy; xU gphpl;b\; uhZt mjpfhhpahy; kPz;Lk; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;lJ. mJ mg;NghJ mlh;e;j fhl;Lg; gFjpapy; rpije;J Nghd efukhff; fhl;rpaspj;jJ (Levers 1899, p. 213; Forbes 1994, p. 391).

nghydhW murhl;rpf; fhyk;

229

nghydhw;wpy; fz;nlLf;fg;gl;l ,e;J> ngsj;j tuyhw;Wr; rpd;dq;fs;> ey;y Kiwapy; ghJfhf;fg;gl;L tUfpd;wd. ,yq;ifapNyNa Mf mjpf mstpy; rpq;fs> jkpo;f; fy;ntl;Lfs; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;bUg;gJ nghydhWitapy;jhd;. nghydhw;wpd; tuyhW> ghyp (Pali) nkhopapy; vOjg;gl;bUf;Fk; ,yq;ifiag; gw;wpa rhpj;jpu Vlhd kfhtk;rj;jpy; ed;F gjpT nra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ. mt;tplj;ij mfoha;T nra;Ak; khngUk; gzp nrd;w E}w;whz;bd; njhlf;fj;jpy; Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lJ. 1980-Mk; Mz;bypUe;J Kiwahd Ma;TfSk;> gjpTfSk; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;L tUfpd;wd (Burrows 1899; Bell 1903; Prematilleke 1982). me;j efuk;> fp.gp. 7-Mk; E}w;whz;bypUe;J mDuhjGu murpd; tl;lhuj; jiyikafkhf tuyhw;wpy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;L te;Js;sJ. mLj;j rpy E}w;whz;Lfspy; mDuhjGuj;Jf;F khw;Wj; jiyefukhf mJ khwpaJ (UCHC 1959, pp. 333-38). mDuhjGuf; fhyj;jpd; ,Wjpg; gFjpiar; Nrh;e;j rpy murh;fs;> nghydhw;iw tpUk;gpajhy;> mq;fpUe;Nj Ml;rp elj;jpdh;. ,Ug;gpDk; mDuhjGuNk jiyefukhfj; njhlh;e;J ,Ue;J te;jJ. mDuhjGuj;ijg; Nghy nghydhW xU ngsj;j Gdpjj; jyky;y vd;gjhy;> mijj; jiyefuhf;fpapUe;jhy; gy gpur;rpidfs; Njhd;wpapUf;ff;$Lk; (Manatunga 2007, pp. 1-5). fp.K. 4-Mk; E}w;whz;by; ,sturh; ghz;Lfghah Nkw;nfhz;l Nghh;fs; gw;wpf; $Wk; td;rhj;jg; gf;fhrpdpapy; (Vansattappakasini) Fwpg;gplg;gLk; gz efuk; vd;gJ nghydhwhf ,Uf;ff;$Lk; vd;W mz;ika Ma;Tfs; $Wfpd;wd (Manatunga 2004, pp. 112-16). me;jg; ngaiu itj;Jg; ghh;f;Fk;NghJ> nghydhW gzk; nfhopf;Fk; xU re;ij efukhf ,Ue;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk; (Monier – Williams 2001, p. 615). nghydhW mike;jpUf;Fk; ,lk;> me;j thjj;Jf;F Mjhukhf mikfpwJ. th;j;jfg; ghijfs; re;jpf;Fk; ,lj;jpy; mJ mike;jpUe;jJ. mDuhjGuj;ijf; fhl;bYk; nghydhW fpof;Ff; fiuf;F mUNf ,Ue;jJ. mq;fpUe;J kfhNtyp MW topahf vspjpy; Nfhfd;dh JiwKfj;ij mila Kbe;jJ. gpwF jpUNfhzkiy vd;W miof;fg;gl;l mJ> mt;tl;lhuj;jpd; Mfr; rpwe;j ,aw;ifj; JiwKfj;ijf; nfhz;bUe;jJ. fp.gp. 7-Mk; E}w;whz;bypUe;J kyha; jPgfw;gk; mile;J te;j th;j;jfr; nropg;G> =tp[ah tsh;r;rp Mfpait ,yq;ifapd; fpof;Ff; fiuAk; mq;fpUe;j JiwKfq;fSk; gadila cjtpapUf;f Ntz;Lk;. ,yq;ifapd; fpof;Ff; fiuia vspjpy; milAk; ,lj;jpy; nghydhW ,Ue;jjhy; jiyefukhf mJ nky;y cUkhwpaJ. nghUspay;

230

mDuh khdJq;fh

fhuzq;fs; xUGwkpUf;f> mf;fhyj;jpy; murpay;> fyhrhur; #oy;fSk; fpof;Ff; fiuf;Nf Mjuthf ,Ue;jd. ,e;jpaj; jiyepyj;jpy; ngsj;j rkak; eyptile;J Nghdijj; njhlh;e;J njw;fhrpa tl;lhuj;jpy; ngsj;j rkaj;jpd; ghJfhtyuhf ,yq;if khwpaJ (Coedes 1968, p. 149). mjdhy; mf;fhyf;fl;lj;jpy; ,e;jpag; ngUq;fliy xl;ba ,ju ngsj;j ehLfSldhd mjd; cwT Nkk;gl;lJ. gh;kh> kyha; jPgfw;gk; ifnfhLj;jd (Aung 1967, p.23). fp.gp. 7-Mk; E}w;whz;by; ,e;jpahTf;Fk;> gh;khTf;Fk; Gdpjg; gazk; Nkw;nfhz;bUe;j rPd ahj;hPfuhd Rnad; jprhq; (Hsuen Tsang), kpad;khhpd; njw;Fg; gFjp “fhk yq;fh” vd;W miof;fg;gl;ljhff; $Wfpwhh; (Aung 1967, p.23). ,uz;L kyha; ehLfshd yq;f Rf;fh> =tp[ah Mfpatw;wpd; ngah;fSk; me;ehLfs; ,yq;ifAld; ey;Ywitf; nfhz;bUe;jijf; Fwpf;fyhk;. yq;f Rf;fh vd;why; kyha; nkhopapy; “tpUg;gkhd yq;fh” vd;w nghUs;. mNj Ntisapy; “tp[ah” vd;gth; ,yq;ifapy; rpq;fs kf;fspd; G+h;tPfkhff; fUjg;gLgth; (Aung 1967, p.23). murpay; hPjpapy; ghh;j;jhy;> njd;dpe;jpahtpy; Nrhog; Nguurpd; tsh;r;rp> mDuhjGuj;Jr; rpq;fs muRf;F Mgj;jhff; fUjg;gl;lJ (UCHC 1959, pp. 333-38). Nrhoh;fs; ,ju njd;dpe;jpa muRfis mbgzpa itj;jjhy;> rpq;fs murhy; jdJ gioa el;G ehLfshd ghz;bah;fsplKk; Nruh;fsplKk; cjtp Nfl;f Kbatpy;iy. mjdhy; Nrhoh;fSf;F vjpuhd Nghuhl;lj;jpy; njd;fpof;fhrpa ehLfNs mjw;F cjt Ntz;ba epiy Vw;gl;lJ. mg;Ngw;gl;l #oypy;> rpq;fs kd;dh;fSf;F mDuhjGuj;ij tpl nghydhW trjpahd ,lkhfj; Njhd;wpaJ. 10Mk; E}w;whz;bd; ,Wjpapy; ,yq;ifj; jPtpd; jiyik eph;thf ikakhfg; nghydhW khwpapUf;f Ntz;Lk;. mDuhjGuk; njhlh;e;J jiyefukhff; fUjg;gl;lJ. kd;dh; k`pe;j (fp.gp. 982 – 1012) Ml;rp Vw;gjw;F Kd;djhfNt mDuhjGuk;> muRf;F vjpuhd tPuh;fspd; Nfhl;ilahf khwpapUe;jJ. mDuhjGu murpd; filrp kd;duhd k`pe;j (Mv. 54, pp. 1-2; Nilakanta Sastri 1955, p 173), mDuhjGuj;ij fp.gp. 982-Mk; Mz;by; iftpl;L> njw;Nf neLe;njhiytpy; ,Ue;j Nuh`hdh vDk; ,lj;jpy; milf;fyk; GFe;jhh;. mDuhjguj;jpy; epytpa Fog;gj;ij mtuhy; fl;Lg;gLj;j Kbahky; NghdNj mjw;Ff; fhuzk; (Mv. 54, p. 7). Mifahy; fp.gp. 993-,y; rf;jptha;e;j Nrhoh;fs; ,yq;if kPJ gilnaLj;jNghJ mDuhjGuk;> nghydhW Mfpa ,uz;ilAk; vspjpy;

nghydhW murhl;rpf; fhyk;

231

ifg;gw;w Kbe;jJ (Mv. 54, p. 13-22). Nrhoh;fs; mDuhjGuj;ijr; #iwahbaNjhL> nghydhw;iwj; jq;fs; eph;thf ikakhf khw;wpdh; (Nilakanta Sastri 1955, p. 199; UCHC 1959, p. 338). mj;Jld; Mapuj;J Ie;E}W Mz;Lfs; ePbj;j mDuhjGu muR KbTf;F te;jJ. fp.gp. 1012Mk; Mz;by; ifjpahfg; gpbf;fg;gl;l kd;dh; k`pe;j> jQ;rhT+hpy; rpiw itf;fg;gl;lhh;. mjd;%yk; ,yq;if> Nrhog; Nguurpd; Xh; mq;fkhf khwpaJ (UCHC 1959, pp. 336 – 38). jQ;rhT+h; kd;duhy; epakpf;fg;gl;l mur gpujpepjp> ,yq;ifapy; Nrhoh; eph;thfj;ij ftdpj;Jf; nfhz;lhh;. nghydhW> Nrhoh; fhyj;jpy; [dehj kq;fsk; vd;Wk; [dehjGuk; vd;Wk; miof;fg;gl;lJ. ,yq;if> Kk;Kb Nrho kz;lyk; vd;w ngaiug; ngw;wJ (UCHC 1959, pp. 393-96; Nilakanta Sastri 1955, p. 173). me;jf; fhyf;fl;lj;jpy; ngsj;j rkak; xLf;fg;gl;lJ. gy klhyaq;fs; mjpfhhpfspd; FbapUg;Gfshf khw;wg;gl;ld (Mv. 54, pp. 19-22). Mjyhy; ngsj;j gpf;Ffs; njw;Nf Nuh`hdhtpYk;> ,ju njd;fpof;fhrpa ehLfspYk; jQ;rk; GFe;jdh; (UCHC 1959, p. 535). nghydhW ,yq;ifapd; jiyefukhf khwpajd; %yk;> mj;jPtpd; fpof;Ff; fiuiaf; fl;Lg;gLj;JtJ Nrhoh;fSf;F vspjhdJ. =tp[ah kPJ uhZt> nghUspay; hPjpapyhd jhf;Fjiy Nkw;nfhs;tjw;Fk; mJ rhjfkhf mike;jJ. mq;Fg; gy fl;Lkhdg; gzpfs; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;ljw;F> mq;Ff; fz;nlLf;fg;gl;Ls;s fy;ntl;Lfs; rhd;whf tpsq;Ffpd;wd (Nicholas 1963, pp. 44-46). Nrhoh;fs; kw;w gFjpfspy; ngsj;j rkaj;ij vjph;j;J te;jhYk; jpUNfhzkiyf;F mUfpy; ,Ue;j nty;fk; tp`hh; (Velgam Vehera) ngsj;j klhyaj;Jf;F MjuT toq;fpdh; vd;gJ ,q;Ff; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ. me;j klhyaj;Jf;F epyk; jhdkhf toq;fg;gl;lJld; ,uh[uh[ ngUk;gs;sp vd;W mjw;Fg; ngaUk; #l;lg;gl;lJ (UCHC 1959, p. 413). ,yq;if vOgJ Mz;LfSf;Fk; mjpfkhf Nrhoh;fspd; Ml;rpapd; fPo; ,Ue;jJ. me;jf; fhyf;fl;lj;jpy; Nrhoh;fis vjph;j;J rpq;fsth;fs; njhlh;e;J Nghuhb te;jdh;. Mdhy; fp.gp. 1070-Mk; Mz;by;jhd;> Nuh`hdhtpy; ehLfle;J tho;e;J te;j mur guk;giuiar; Nrh;e;j kd;dh; Kjyhk; tp[aghFtpdhy; (fp.gp. 1055 – 1110) Nrhoh;fis tPo;j;j Kbe;jJ (UCHC 1959, pp. 397 – 406; Nilakanta Sastri 1955, pp. 45 – 71). mjw;fhf tp[aghF> uhkd;dh ehl;L kd;dhpd; cjtpia ehbdhd;. njd;fpof;F Mrpa ehL xd;Wld; ,yq;if murpay; $l;lzp mikj;jJ

232

mDuh khdJq;fh

mJNt Kjy;Kiw (Mv. 57, pp. 8 – 10). uhkd;dh my;yJ mukhdh vd;gJ mg;NghJ gfhd; (Pagan) Ml;rpapd; fPo; ,Ue;j jw;Nghija kpad;khh; MFk;. mg;NghJ gfhd; kd;duhf mdtuhjh (Anawratha fp.gp. 1044 – 77) ,Ue;jhd;. ,yq;ifapy; mtd; mDUj;jh vd;W miof;fg;gl;lhd; (Aung 1967, p. 35; Mv. 60, p.5). me;jf; fhyf;fl;lj;jpy; mdtuhjhtpd; jiyikapd; fPo;> gfhd; njd;fpof;fhrpahtpd; rf;jptha;e;j murhf khwpapUe;jJ. mth;fs; jhNlhd; (Thaton) ehl;ilf; ifg;gw;wpaJld;> gilnaLj;J te;j nfkh; uhZtj;ijAk; tpul;babj;jdh; (Aung 1967, p.35). ngUk; gilAld; rpg;jhyh vDk; ,lj;jpy; jq;fpapUe;j kd;dd; tp[aghF> tpiy cah;e;j ghpRg; nghUl;fSld; rpyiu uhkd;dh murhplk; mDg;gp itj;jjhf> rpq;fsth;fspd; tuyhw;Wg; gjpNtlhd kfhtk;rk; $WfpwJ. mjw;Fg; gjpyhf mtDf;Ff; fg;gy;fspy; tpiy cah;e;j Milfs;. fw;G+uk;> re;jdf; fl;il Nghd;w ghpRg; nghUl;fs; te;J Nrh;e;jjhf kfhtk;rk; njhptpf;fpwJ (Mv. 57, pp. 8-9). me;jf; fhyg; gjptpd; mLj;j thp> ghpRg; nghUl;fSld; te;jth;fSf;F kd;dh; gy ghpRg; nghUl;fisf; nfhLj;J kfpo;tpj;jjhfTk;> mjd; gpwF mth;fs; jk;khyh vd;w fpuhkj;Jf;Fg; Gwg;gl;ljhfTk; $WfpwJ (Mv. 57, p. 10). kfhtk;rj;jpd; mg;gFjp> kd;dd; mdtuhjh uhZt MjuT vjidAk; toq;fpdhdh vd;gijf; Fwpg;gpltpy;iy. tp[aghF mDg;gpa J}Jf; FOthy; mtDf;Ff; $Ljy; uhZt typik fpilf;ftpy;iy. khwhf th;j;jf tha;g;GfNs Vw;gl;ld vd;fpwhh; ePyfz;l rh];jphp (Nilakanta Sastri 1955, p.49). Mdhy; gh;kpa kd;dh;fspd; fhyg; gjpthd Glass Palace Chronicle, jkpo; - ,e;jpag; Nghh; ifjpfs; rpyiuj; jsgjpfs; kd;dh; fpahd;rpj;jh (King Kyanzittha fp.gp 1084 – 112) Kd; epWj;jpajhff; $WfpwJ. mdtuhjhTf;Fg; gpwF Ml;rpNaw;w fpahd; rpj;jh> tp[aghF fhyj;ijr; Nrh;e;jtd;. fpahd;rpj;jhtpd; Kb#l;L tpohtpd; NghJ ,e;jpag; Nghh;f; ifjpfis mioj;J te;j jsgjpfs;> jhq;fs; Thandars, Ngathonpinle Mfpa ,e;jpag; gpuNjrq;fisg; gpbj;J tpl;ljhff; $wpdh; (Sirisena 1978, pp. 20-21). me;jf; Fwpg;gpypUe;J gh;kpah;fs; me;jf; fhyf;fl;lj;jpy; jkpoh;fSld; Nghh; Ghpe;J te;jdh; vd;gJ njhpfpwJ. Mdhy; Nghh; ele;jJ ,yq;ifapyh> ,e;jpahtpyh> gh;khtpyh vd;gJ njspthftpy;iy.

nghydhW murhl;rpf; fhyk;

233

Nrhoh;fis ntd;w gpwF> nghydhw;wpy; jq;fptpl tp[aghF KbT nra;jhd; (Mv. 59, pp. 1-11). Mdhy; mjw;F Kd; mtdJ Kb#l;L tpoh gioa rpq;fsj; jiyefukhd mDuhjGuj;jpy; ele;jJ. me;jg; Gdpj efUld; mtDf;F ,Ue;j khdrPfkhd cwT mjw;Ff; fhuzkhf ,Uf;fyhk;. mDuhjGuj;jpy; %d;W khjq;fisf; fopj;j mtd;> mq;fpUe;j gy;NtW Gdpjj; jyq;fspy; topghL elj;jpdhd;. mjd;gpwF me;efhpd; kWrPuikg;ig Nkw;ghh;itapl Xh; mikr;riu epakpj;Jtpl;L mtd; nghydhW Gwg;gl;lhd; (Mv. 59, pp. 1-11). nghydhW nrd;W Nrh;e;j mtd;> ,yq;ifapy; kPz;Lk; Gj;j rhrdj;ij Vw;gLj;j gh;kpa kd;dd; mdtuhjhtpd; cjtpia ehbdhd; (Mv. 60, pp. 4-8). ,yq;ifiar; Nrhoh;fs; Mf;fpukpj;jpUe;j fhyj;jpy; Gwf;fzpg;G> mlf;FKiw Mfpatw;why; tajhd Ie;J Gj;j gpf;Ffs; $l ehl;by; vQ;rpapUf;ftpy;iy. Gjpa Gj;j gpf;FfSf;F cgthrk; nra;J itf;f mj;jifa Ie;J %j;j gpf;Ffs; Njitg;gl;ldh; (Pujavaliya 1930, p. 732). tp[aghFtpd; Ntz;LNfhis Vw;w mdtuhjh> ngsj;j Ntjq;fspy; (Tripitaka) ifNjh;e;j ,UgJ gpf;Ffis mDg;gp itj;jhd; (Pujavaliya 1930, pp. 723 – 33; Nikayasangrahaya 1997, p. 24). mJ cgthrr; rlq;Ffisj; njhlh;e;J elj;jTk;> Gj;j rhrdj;ijg; gioa epiyf;Ff; nfhz;L tuTk; tp[aghFTf;Ff; ifnfhLj;jJ. gh;khtpy; ,Ue;J te;j gpf;Ffspy; gyh;> Nrhoh; fhyj;jpy; ehl;iltpl;L ntspNawpa rpq;fsg; gpf;FfshfNth mth;fsJ rPlh;fshfNth my;yJ gh;kpa khzth;fshfNth ,Ue;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W ek;gg;gLfpwJ (UCHC 1959, p. 536). mdtuhjh> ,yq;ifapy; ,Uf;Fk; Gj;jhpd; Gdpjg; gy;iyg; ngw tpUk;gpajhfg; gh;kpa Fwpg;Gfs; $Wfpd;wd (UCHC 1959, pp. 535-36). mjw;fhf mtd; nts;is ahid xd;iw tp[aghFTf;Fg; ghprhf mDg;gpdhd;. Mdhy; Gdpjg; gy;ypd; khjphpiaj;jhd; mtdhy; ,yq;ifaplkpUe;J ngw Kbe;jJ (UCHC 1959, pp. 535-36). me;j khjphpg; gy;ypy; ,Ue;J gy efy;fs; vLj;j gpwF> xU nghpa rlq;if elj;jpr; RNt]pNfhd; Nfhtpypy; (Shwezigon Pagoda) mij epWtpdhd; kd;dd; mdtuhjh (Sirisena 1978, pp. 63 – 65). mdtuhjhTf;Fg; gpwF Ml;rpNaw;w fpahd;rpj;jh> ,yq;ifapypUe;J NkYk; xd;gJ Gdpjr; rpd;dq;fisg; ngw;whd;. mtw;iwj; jhk; vOg;gpa kpNdhr;rd;l; Nfhapypy; (Minochant Pagoda) mtd; epWtpdhd; (Sirisena 1978, pp. 63 – 65).

234

mDuh khdJq;fh

tp[aghFTf;Fg; gpwF nghydhw;wpy; mtdJ rNfhjud; [aghFTk; (fp. gp.1111) mjd; gpwF kfd; Kjyhk; tpf;ukghFTk; (fp.gp. 1111-32) mhpaiz Vwpdh;. tpf;ukghFtpd; kidtpahd Re;ju kfhNjtp vOjpa fy;ntl;bd; xU gFjp nghydhW mur tshfj;jpy; fz;nlLf;fg;gl;bUf;fpwJ. mjpy; jk;gul;lh vDk; ,lk; gw;wpAk;> mde;jh vd;w Gfo;ngw;w Gj;j gpf;F gw;wpAk; Fwpg;gplg;gl;bUf;fpwJ. mde;jh mjpy; “,yq;ifiaj; jhq;fpg; gpbj;j nfhb” vd;W mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gLfpwhh; (Paranavitana 1943, pp. 67-72). fy;ntl;Lr; Nrjkile;jpUg;gjhy;> jk;gul;lhTf;Fk; mde;jhTf;Fk; ,ilapyhd njhlh;G njspthf ,y;iy. vdpDk; jk;gul;lh vd;gJ jhkpuypq;fk; vd;W milahsk; fhzg;gl;Ls;sJ. mJ ypNfhh; (Ligor) vd;Wk; eNfhd; rp jk;kuhl; (Nakhon Si Thammarat) vd;Wk; miof;fg;gl;lJ. kyha; jPgfw;gj;jpy; ,Ue;j mg;gFjpapy; njuthlhg; gphpT ngsj;j rkak; nropj;Njhq;fpaJ. mj;Jld; me;jr; rkag; gphpitj; njd;fpof;F MrpahTf;Fg; gug;Gk; epiyakhfTk; mJ tpsq;fpaJ (Paranavitana 1943, pp. 67-72; Coedes 1968, p. 178). ,yq;iff;Fk; njd;fpof;fhrpahTf;Fk; ,ilapyhd cwtpd; mLj;jf; fl;lk;> nghydhW kd;dh; Kjyhk; guhfpukghFTk; (fp.gp. 1153-86) gfhd; kd;dh; myhq;rpj;JTk; (fp.gp 1112-67) Mz;lNghJ cUthdJ. mt;tpU kd;dh;fSNk jj;jk; ehLfspy; rpwe;j murh;fshff; fUjg;gl;ldh; (Aung 1967, pp. 44-45; UCHC 1959, p. 438). vdpDk; ,UehLfSf;Fk; ,ilapyhd murpay;> th;j;jf eltbf;iffspy; Vw;gl;l kdf;frg;ghy; mt;tpU murh;fSNk tpNuhjk; ghuhl;bdh;. ,uz;L murh;fSf;Fk; ,ilapy; vg;gb tpNuhjk; tsh;e;jJ vd;gij kfhtk;rk; (Mv. 76, pp. 16-35) tphpthff; $WfpwJ. gh;khTf;Fg; ghpRg; nghUl;fSld; nrd;w ,yq;iff; fg;gy; xt;nthd;Wf;Fk; xU ahidiaj; jhdkhf toq;Fk; tof;fj;ij kd;dd; myhq;rpj;J jpBnud;W iftpl;lhd;. mjd; gpwF ahidfis ntspr; re;ijapy; tpw;Fk; tof;fj;ij epWj;jpf; nfhz;L> mij kd;dhpd; jdp chpikahf khw;wpdhd;. mj;Jld; ,yq;if tpahghhpfs; thq;f Kbahj msTf;F ahidfspd; tpiyia mtd; cah;j;jpdhd;. kw;nwhU re;jh;g;gj;jpy; ,yq;ifapy; ,Ue;J nfhz;L tug;gl;l ghpRg; nghUl;fSf;F> mtw;wpd; kjpg;Gf;F Vw;w nts;spf; fhRfSk;> gjpdhd;F ahidfSk; jUtjhf mtd; cWjpaspj;jhd;. Mdhy; me;j cWjpnkhopia mtd; fhg;ghw;wtpy;iy. jq;fj; jfl;by; guhf;fpukghF vOjpa fbjj;ijg; gh;khTf;Ff; nfhz;L nrd;w fhrpag;gh vd;w ,e;jpaj; jiytiu Kjypy; ehl;Lf;Fs; mDkjpf;f myhq;rpj;J kWj;Jtpl;lhd;. Mdhy; me;jj; J}jh; gpwF

nghydhW murhl;rpf; fhyk;

235

muritf;F miof;fg;gl;L mtkjpf;fg;gl;lhh;. kw;w ,yq;ifj; J}jh;fs; rpyUk; mtkhdq;fisr; re;jpf;f Ntz;bapUe;jJ. mth;fs; fz;fhzhj J}uj;jpy; ,Ue;j kiyg;gFjp khspiff;F mDg;gg;gl;L> fhypy; kuk; fl;lg;gl;l epiyapy;> nrbfSf;Fj; jz;zPh; Cw;w itf;fg;gl;ldh;. mjd; gpd; me;j ,yq;ifj; J}jh;fis mioj;j myhq;rpj;J> me;ehl;L tzpfh;fs; gh;khTf;Fs; Eioaj; jil tpjpf;fg;gLtjhf mwptpj;jhd;. me;j cj;juit kPWNthUf;F kuz jz;lid tpjpf;fTk; mtd; cj;jutpl;lhd;. tzpfh;fSf;F kuz jz;lid tpjpf;fg;gl;lhy; mjw;F kd;dh; nghWg;gy;y vd;w xg;ge;jj;jpy; me;jj; J}jh;fis tw;GWj;jp ifnaOj;jpl itj;jhd;. thfP\;tuh> jh;kfPh;j;jp vd;w ,uz;L ,yq;iff; fy;tpkhd;fs;> Xl;ilf; fg;gypy; ehL flj;jg;gl;ldh;. mNj Ntisapy; ,yq;ifapypUe;J fk;NghbahTf;Fr; nrd;W nfhz;bUe;j ,sturp xUth;> gh;kpag; gpuNjrj;ijf; fle;jNghJ flj;jg;gl;lhh;. mjd; tpisthf kd;dd; guhf;fpukghF jkJ 11-tJ my;yJ 12tJ Ml;rp Mz;by; (fp.gp. 1164 - 65) gh;kh kPJ Nghh; njhLj;jhd; (UCHC 1959, pp. 449 – 51). fzf;fhsh;fspd; jiytuhf ,Ue;j mbr;r jkpy mjpfhhp vd;gth;> me;jg; gilnaLg;Gf;F %j;j mjpfhhpfs; Njitapy;iy vd;W $wp> jhNd gilfSf;Fj; jiyik Vw;Wr; nrd;whh;. jpUNfhzkiyapd; tlf;Nf ,Ue;j gy;yt tq;fh vDk; JiwKfj;jpy; ,Ue;J Gwg;gl;Lr; nrd;w flw;gilf; fg;gy;fs;> fhw;Wj; jpir khwpajhy; NtW ehLfisr; nrd;wile;jd. mjpy; xU fg;gy; fhfjPgk; (Crow’s Island) vDk; jPit mile;jJ. me;jf; fg;gy; mj;jPtpypUe;jth;fisr; rpiwg; gpbj;Jf;nfhz;L ehL jpUk;gpaJ. ,yq;iff; flw;gil mzpiar; Nrh;e;j MW fg;gy;fs; kl;LNk gh;kh nrd;W Nrh;e;jd. mtw;ws; Ie;J FRkpapYk; (Kussumi) xd;W gg;gyhkhtpYk; (Pappalama) fiur;Nrh;e;jd. fpl;b efufphp vd;gth; jiyikapyhd tPuh;fs; FRkpiaj; jhf;fpdh;. mjpy; ehl;bd; ghjp mope;jjhfTk; Mapuf;fzf;fhd tPuh;fs; nfhy;yg;gl;ljhfTk; kfhtk;rk; $WfpwJ. tPuh;fs; “kJTz;l ahidfs;” Nghy kuq;fisr; rha;j;jjhfTk;> fpuhkq;fisj; jPapl;L mopj;jjhfTk; mjpy; $wg;gl;Ls;sJ. mbr;r jkpy mjpfhhp jiyikapyhd tPuh;fs; gg;gyhkhtpy; fLikahfg; Nghhpl;L> vjphpfisf; nfhd;W Ftpj;jjhfTk;> ngUkstpyhd kf;fisr; rpiwg;gpbj;jjhfTk; kfhtk;rk; $WfpwJ. mjd; gpwF mth;fs; cf;fkh (Ukkama) kPJ gilnaLj;J mukdhtpd; (Aramana) jiytiuf; (Himiya) nfhd;wdh;.

236

mDuh khdJq;fh

me;j efiuf; ifg;gw;wpaNghJ nts;is ahid xd;wpd; kPJ Vwp rpq;fs kd;ddpd; Ml;rpia> Nksq;fs; Koq;f mth;fs; giwrhw;wpdh; (Mv. 76, pp. 36-66). mjd; gpwF gh;kpah;fs; ,yq;ifapYs;s Gj;j gpf;Ffsplk; rkurk; Ngrpdh;. ngsj;j rq;fj;jpd; %d;W gphpTfspd; rkurg; Ngr;RfSf;Fg; gpwF xU jPh;T Vw;gl;lJ. me;jj; jPh;tpd;gb ,yq;if kd;dUf;F Mz;LNjhWk; ahidfis toq;f ,zf;fk; fhzg;gl;lJ. mjd; %yk; ,UehLfSf;Fk; ,ilapy; el;ghh;e;j cwT kPz;Lk; kyh;e;jJ (Mv. 76, pp. 69 – 75). ,Jtiu ehk; fz;lJ> rpq;fsf; Nfhzj;jpy;; nrhy;yg;gl;Ls;s jfty;fs;> mjdhy; mit xUrhh;ghd> kpifg;gLj;jg;gl;l jfty;fshf ,Uf;Fk;. gh;kpa tuyhw;Wf; Fwpg;Gfs;> ,yq;if Nkw;nfhz;l jhf;Fjy; gw;wp vJTk; $wtpy;iy. Mdhy; ,yq;ifapy; ,Ue;j ,e;jpaj; J}jh; je;j jtwhd jfty;fshy; jhq;fs; Vkhe;J Nghdjhf mjpy; $wg;gl;Ls;sJ (Aung 1967, p. 47) . rpq;fsth;fs; mukhdhtpd; (gh;kh) jiytiuf; nfhd;wjhf kfhtk;rk; $wpa NghjpYk;> gh;kpa kd;dd; myq;rpj;J> NkYk; gy Mz;Lfs; tho;e;jJ gh;kpaj; jfty;fspypUe;J njspthfpwJ. mtDila kuzk; NtW #oypy; Neh;e;jJ (Aung 1967, p. 49). mjdhy; khz;ljhf kfhtk;rj;jpy; $wg;gLgth; cs;ehl;L mjpfhhpahf ,Ue;jpUf;fyhk;> ,yq;if Nkw;nfhz;l jhf;Fjy; rpy rpwpa gFjpfspy; epfo;e;jpUf;fyhk;. myq;rpj;J xU Kiw ,yq;iff;Fg; gazk; Nkw;nfhz;ljhfTk;> ,yq;if ,sturp xUtiu kze;jjhfTk; gh;kpaj; jfty;fs; $Wfpd;wd (Aung 1967, p. 45). mtd; gh;khtpy; nghpJk; kjpf;fg;gl;l fhrpag;g kfh Njuhtpd; rpiynahd;iw ,yq;ifapypUe;J nfhz;L te;jjhfTk; mj;jfty;fs; njhptpf;fpd;wd (Srisena 1978, p. 23). ,yq;ifg; gjpTfs; mJ Fwpj;J nksdkhf ,Uf;fpd;wd. mNdfkhf mJ myq;rpj;J mhpaiz VWk; Kd; ele;jpUf;ff;$Lk;. ,yq;ifapd; Njtdfhyhtpy; fz;nlLf;fg;gl;l> guhfpukghF Ml;rpNaw;w 12Mk; Mz;ilr; Nrh;e;j fy;ntl;L xd;W> gh;kh kPjhd ntw;wpfukhd gilnaLg;Gf;F cjtpajw;Fr; rd;khdkhf fpl; Etufhy; vd;gtUf;F toq;fg;gl;l epyj; jhdk; gw;wpf; Fwpg;gpLfpwJ (Paranavitana 1934, p. 312). me;jf; fy;ntl;L> ele;jtw;Wf;F XusTf;F tYNrh;g;gJld;> mJ ele;jpUf;ff;$ba fhyf;fl;lj;ij eph;zapf;fTk; cjtpahf ,Uf;fpwJ.

nghydhW murhl;rpf; fhyk;

237

NghUf;Fg; gpe;jpa fhyj;jpy; ,U ehLfSf;Fk; ,ilapyhd gpf;Ffspd; elkhl;lk; njhlh;e;jJ (Aung 1967, p. 48). guhf;fpukghF Ml;rp ele;Jnfhz;bUe;j NghNj gh;kpa ,sturh; rq;fuh[h ge;jF ,yq;iff;F te;jJ Fwpg;gplj;jf;f xd;W. jkJ je;ij myq;rpj;JitAk;> rNfhjud; kpd;\pdhitAk; nfhd;W Ml;rpiag; gpbj;j kd;dd; ehuhJ kPJ rq;fuh[h ge;jF fLk; Nfhgj;Jld; ,Ue;jhd;. mjdhy; ehl;il tpl;L ntspNawpa mtd; ,yq;ifapy; tuNtw;fg;gl;lhd; (Aung 1967, p. 50). jkf;F MjuT toq;fhj rpy Gj;j gpf;Ffis kd;dd; ehuhJ> Jwtwj;ij tpl;L ePf;fpaijj; njhlh;e;J> rpy gpf;Ffs; jq;fisf; fhg;ghw;wpf; nfhs;s ,yq;iff;Fj; jg;gpr; nrd;wdh;. kd;dd; ehuhJtpd; Ml;rp Kbe;j gpwNf ge;jF ehL jpUk;gpdhd;. ehL jpUk;gpa rpy fhyj;jpy; mtd; kuzkile;jhd; (Sirsena 1978, pp. 65-66; Aung 1967, pp. 51-51). ge;jFtpd; thhprhd cj;ju[Pth gpwF gj;J Gj;j gpf;FfSld; ,yq;iff;F ahj;jpiu Nkw;nfhz;lhd; (Coedes 1968, p. 177). mtDld; nrd;wth;fSs; rg;gl;lh (Chappata) vd;w ,sk; gpf;FTk; xUth;. mtUf;Fg; nghydhw;wpy; rpq;fs> gh;kpa gpf;Ffshy; $l;lhf cgahrdk; nra;J itf;fg;gl;lJ. kw;w gpf;Ffs; ehL jpUk;gpa Ntisapy; rg;gl;lh kl;Lk; cah; fy;tpf;fhf ,yq;ifapNyNa tpl;Lr; nry;yg;gl;lhh;. ehL jpUk;gpa cj;ju[Pth “,yq;ifapd; Kjy; ahj;hPfh;” vd;w gl;lk; nfhLj;Jf; nfsutpf;fg;gl;lhh; (Coedes 1968, pp. 177-78; Sirisena 1978, pp. 66-67). rg;gl;lh ,yq;ifapy; Rkhh; gj;jhz;Lfs; fy;tp fw;W> ngsj;j fy;tpahsh;fspilNa “rjh;kh N[hjpg`h” vd;w ngauhy; Gfoile;jhh; (Coedes 1968; Sirisena 1978). mth; ehL jpUk;gpaNghJ ,yq;if Kiwg;gb gh;khtpy; rkar; rlq;Ffisr; nra;a mtUld; ehd;F gpf;Ffs; nrd;wdh;. me;j ehy;tUk;> jk;guhypg;biar; Nrh;e;j rPtsp@ fk;Nghba kd;dhpd; (mNdfkhf 7Mk; [ath;kd; fp.gp. 1181 – 1218) Gjy;tuhd jhkypz;lh@ fhQ;rpGuj;ijr; Nrh;e;j mde;jh@ rpq;fs gpf;fhd u`{y MfpNahh;. gh;khtpy; ,Ue;jNghJ u`{y> eld kq;if xUtUld; fhjypy; tpOe;jhh;. Mjyhy; gpf;F ];jhdj;jpypUe;J tpyfp rhjhuz kdpjuhf kyhahTf;F mth; nrd;whh;. “,yq;ifapd; ,uz;lhk; ahj;hPfu;” vd;w gl;lj;ijg; ngw;w rg;gl;lhTk; kw;w %d;W Gj;j gpf;FfSk; gh;khtpYk; ,ju njd;fpof;fhrpa ehLfspYk; “njuthlh” gphpT ngsj;j rkaj;ijg; gug;Gtjpy; nry;thf;F kpf;fth;fshf tpsq;fpdh;. Rpy fhyk; fopj;J kw;w %d;W gpf;FfSk; ehL jpUk;gpdh;. njd;fpof;fhrpahtpy; “rpq;fs

238

mDuh khdJq;fh

rq;fh” vd;w rka mikg;igj; Njhw;Wtpj;j ngUik mth;fisNa NrUk; (Coedes 1968, p. 178; Sirisena 1978, pp. 72 – 75). ,U ehLfSf;Fk; ,ilapy; rka> th;j;jfj; njhlh;Gfs; njhlh;e;jhYk; guhf;fpukghF Nkw;nfhz;l jhf;Fjyhy; Vw;gl;bUe;j kdf;frg;igr; rhpnra;a Ntz;bapUe;jJ. guhf;fpukghFtpd; Ml;rpf; fhyj;jpd;NghJ ,uz;L el;G ehLfSf;F ,ilapy; Vw;gl;l rk;gtq;fisr; rKjhaj;jpd; xU gFjp Fw;w czh;Tld; ghh;j;jJ. mJ guhf;fpukghFtpd; thhpRk;> rNfhjudpd; Gjy;tUkhd ,uz;lhk; tp[aghF (fp.gp. 1186) Nkw;nfhz;l eltbf;iffspypUe;J njhpa tUfpwJ. Kjyhtjhf mtd;> mukhdhtpd; murd; kfjpf;Fj; jk; ifg;gl xU rkurf; fbjj;ij vOjpdhd;. jkJ Kd;Ndhuhd tp[aghF ghzpapy; el;Gf; fuk; ePl;Ltjhf mjpy; mtd; vOjpdhd; (Mv. 80, pp. 7 – 8). ngsj;j rkak; top rpq;fs> gh;kpa Gj;j gpf;Ffs; kfpo;r;rpahf tho Ntz;Lk; vd;Wk; mtd; tpUg;gk; njhptpj;jjhf kfhtk;rk; $WfpwJ (Mv. 80, pp. 9 -10). guhf;fpukghFtpd; kw;nwhU rNfhjuh; kfdhd eprd;fky;yh (fp.gp. 1187 – 96) Ml;rpNaw;wJk; njd;fpof;fhrpahTldhd ,yq;ifapd; cwTfspy; Gjpa mj;jpahak; njhlq;fpaJ. nghydhw;wpy; fz;nlLf;fg;gl;Ls;s mtDila ,uz;L fy;ntl;Lfs;> mtd; mukhdh> fhk;Ngh[k; cl;gl gy ehLfSld; el;ghh;e;j $l;lzpfis Vw;gLj;jpajhff; $Wfpd;wd (Wickramasinghe 1928a, pp. 148 – 52, 1928b, pp. 153 – 56). nghydhw;wpy; “fhk;Ngh[ thry;” (Kamboja Vasala) vd;w xU fl;llk; ,Ue;jjhfr; rpy jfty;fs; $Wfpd;wd. mJ fhk;Ngh[ ehl;bd; FbapUg;ghfNth> muz;kidahfNth ,Uf;ff;$Lk; (Wickramasinghe 1928c, p. 74). mDuhjGuj;jpYs;s Utd;ntypnrah (Ruvanweliseya) vDk; ,lj;jpy; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;Ls;s kw;nwhU fy;ntl;Lk; fhk;Ngh[j;ijg; gw;wpf; Fwpg;gpLfpwJ (Wickramasinghe 1928d, pp. 70 – 83). me;jf; fy;ntl;by;> gwitfisf; nfhy;yhky; ,Uf;f fhk;Ngh[j;Jf;Fj; jq;fk;> Milfs; kw;Wk; Ntz;ba ,jug; nghUl;fisAk; toq;fpajhf eprd;fky;yh Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shd;. ,jpypUe;J fk;Nghbah;fs;> ntspehl;by; ,Ue;jNghjpYk;> gwitfis Ntl;ilahLtij xU tof;fkhff; nfhz;bUe;jhh;fs; vd;gJ njhpatUfpwJ. nfkh; ehl;bd; Kjy; jiyefuk; tpahjGuh vd;W miof;fg;gl;lJ. mjw;F “Ntl;ilf;fhuh;fspd; efuk;” vd;W nghUs;. Mjyhy; Ntl;ilahLtJ fk;Nghbah;fspd; uj;jj;jpy; Cwpa fyhrhukhf ,Ue;jpUf;ff;$Lk; (Coedes 1968, p. 36). eprd;fky;yh> jhd; fypq;fj;ijr; Nrh;e;j rpk;`Guj;jpy; gpwe;jjhfTk;>

nghydhW murhl;rpf; fhyk;

239

jkJ je;ij kd;dh; = Nfhgh vd;Wk; jhahh; ghh;tjp Njtp vd;Wk; gyKiw $wpapUf;fpwhd; (Wickramasinghe 1928e, p. 8; 1928f, p. 104). vdpDk; mtdJ mur FLk;gj;jpd; G+h;tPfj;ijNah> rpk;`Guh vd;w efuj;ijNah milahsk; fhzKbatpy;iy. mtd; Fwpg;gpl;l fypq;fk; vd;gJ ,e;jpahitr; Nrh;e;j fypq;fk; vd;W ek;gg;gLfpwJ. Mdhy; tuyhw;W Mrphpauhd gudtpl;lhdh (Paranavitana 1960, pp. 1 -43), mtd; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;s fypq;fk;> kyha; Njrkhd =tp[ah vd;W mbj;Jf; $Wfpwhh;. kw;nwhU fy;tpahsuhd nuh`hdjPuh> (Rohanadheera 1998, p. 39) rpk;`Ghp vd;gJ mg;NghJ nfkh; Ml;rpapd; xU gFjpahf ,Ue;j Nyhg;Ghp (Lopburi) mUfpy; ,Uf;Fk; rpq;Ghp (Sing Buri) vd;W milahsk; fz;bUf;fpwhh;. me;j ,uz;L $w;WfisAk; gyh; Vw;Wf;nfhs;stpy;iy vd;w NghjpYk; mth;fspd; Kaw;rp> ,yq;if kPJ njd;fpof;fhrpahTf;F ,Ue;j nry;thf;F Fwpj;j Ma;TfSf;F cjtpahf ,Uf;Fk;. eprd;fky;yhTf;Fg; gpwF mhpaiziag; gpbf;f fypq;fk;> ghz;bah;fs;> rpq;fsth;fSf;F ,ilapy; ele;j Ml;rpg; Nghuhl;lj;jhy; nghydhW tPo;r;rp fz;lJ. ahUk; mjpff; fhyk; Ml;rpapy; ,Uf;f Kbatpy;iy (UCHC 1959, pp. 492 – 500). mjd; gpwFk; njd;fpof;fhrpahTldhd rka> th;j;jf cwTfs; njhlh;e;jpUf;ff; $Lk; vd;wNghjpYk; eprd;fky;yhTf;Fg; gpwF mij cWjpg;gLj;j vt;tpj MjhuKk; ,y;iy. fypq;fj;jpd; kfh> nghydhW kPJ fp.gp. 1215-,y; Nkw;nfhz;l jhf;FjyhYk; mijj; njhlh;e;j #iwahly;fshYk; me;j muR KbTf;F te;jJ. fypq;fh;fs;> 21 Mz;Lfs; nghydhw;iw Mz;ldh; (Mv. 80, pp. 54 – 79). eprd;fky;yhitg; NghyNt> fypq;fj;J kfhTk;> =tp[ahitr; Nrh;e;j Xh; murNd vd;W gudtpl;lhdh (Paranavitana 1960, p. 42) milahsk; fhz Kad;wpUf;fpwhh;. Mdhy; ePyfz;l rh];jphp (Neelakanta Sastri 1962, p. 127) mJ Fwpj;J njhptpj;Js;s kWg;G gyuhYk; Vw;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. vdpDk; 13-Mk; E}w;whz;bd; kj;jpapy; ,yq;if kPJ kyha; murd; re;jpughF Nghh; njhLj;jJ njd;fpof;fhrpa cwTfspy; Gjpa jpUg;gkhff; fUjg;gLfpwJ (UCHC 1959, pp. 590 – 91). Mdhy; me;j mk;rk; ,e;j Ma;Tf; fl;LiuAld; njhlh;Gilajy;y. ,yq;ifapYk; njd;fpof;fhrpahtpYk; fz;nlLf;fg;gl;Ls;s nghydhW fhyj;Jr; rpd;dq;fisAk;> rpw;gf; fiyiaAk; gw;wp ,dp Muha;Nthk;. mit mDuhjGuj;Jr; rpq;fsg; ghuk;ghpaj;jpypUe;J mjpfkhf NtWgltpy;iy. mNjNtisapy; rpq;fsg; ghuk;ghpaj;jpw;Fk;>

240

mDuh khdJq;fh

njd;dpe;jpahtpd; mkuhtjp ghuk;ghpaj;jpw;Fk; ,ilNa mjpf NtWghL fpilahJ (Coedes 1968, p. 18). mjdhy; nghydhW Fwpj;j rpd;dq;fisf; $Ljy; tuyhw;Wj; jlaq;fis itj;Nj eph;zapf;f Ntz;bAs;sJ. mNj Ntisapy; nghydhW fhyj;jpy; ,yq;ifAld; njhlh;G itj;jpUe;j njd;fpof;fhrpa ehLfsplk; Vw;fdNt jdpg;gl;l fiyfSk; ghuk;ghpaq;fSk; epiwa ,Ue;jd. mit njhlf;ff; fhy ,e;jpar; nry;thf;fpdhy; te;jit. jha;yhe;jpy; gpw;fhyj;jpy; Fwpg;gplj;jf;f msT ,yq;ifapd; jhf;fk; Vw;gl;lJ. mJ ngUk;ghYk; nghydhw;Wf;Fg; gpe;jpa fhyj;jpNyNa Vw;gl;lJ (Srisena 1978, p. 112). vdpDk; njd;fpof;fhrpahtpy; fhzg;gLk; “rpq;fs ghzp” Fkpo; tbtpyhd (bell shaped) ];J}gpfs;> nghydhW ];J}gpfspd; gpd;dzpapy; fl;lg;gl;lit vd;gij ehk; Ghpe;Jnfhs;s Ntz;Lk; (Srisena 1978, pp. 114 -16). Fkpo; tbtpyhd ];J}gpfSf;Fr; rhQ;rp (Sanchi) ];J}gpfNs Kd;khjphp vd;whYk;> mDuhjGuk; fhyj;jpy;jhd; fh;g;gf;fpufj;Jf;F caNu RUshd (Spiral) Nkw;gFjpiag; ngw;wd. NkYk; gy Ntiyg;ghLfSk; mg;NghJ ];J}gpapy; Nrh;f;fg;gl;ld (Paranavitana 1946, p. 12). nghpa ];J}gpfisf; fl;Lk; tof;fk;> fp.gp. 3Mk; E}w;whz;by; mDuhjGuj;jpd; kpfg; nghpa n[l;ltdh (Jetavana) ];J}gp fl;lg;gl;lJk; epd;WNghdJ. Mdhy; nghydhW fhyj;jpy; me;j tof;fk; kPz;Lk; njhlq;fpaJ (Paranavitana 1955, p. 77). eprd;fky;yh fl;ba fphp tp`hUk;> uq;Nfhj; tp`hUk; nghydhW fhyj;jpd; Fkpo; tbtpyhd ];J}gpfSf;Fr; rpwe;j vLj;Jf;fhl;Lfshff; fUjg;gLfpd;wd (Paranavitana 1955, p. 77). mDuhjGuj;jpypUe;j mj;jifa ];J}gpfs; rpije;J Ngha;tpl;ljhYk;> nghydhW fhyj;Jf;Fg; gpwF mj;jifa ];J}gpfs; fl;lg;gltpy;iy vd;gjhYk;> fphp tp`hUk;> uq;Nfhj; tp`hUNk njd;fpof;fhrpahtpy; cs;s “rpq;fs ghzp” ];J}gpfSf;F Kd;khjphpahf ,Ue;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk;. gh;khtpd; gfhd; efhpy; cs;s rg;gl;lh (Chappata) ];J}gpia> njd;fpof;fhrpahtpy; fhzg;gLk; mj;jifa ];J}gpfSf;Fr; rpwe;j vLj;Jf;fhl;lhff; fUjyhk;. nghydhw;wpy; gj;J Mz;Lfs; jq;fpapUe;j Gfo;ngw;w rg;gl;lh ngahpy; me;j ];J}gp fl;lg;gl;bUf;fpwJ (Sirisena 1978, p. 121). jha;yhe;jpd; r[;[dhyahtpy; rpq;fsg; ghzp ];J}gpfs; gy fhzg;gLfpd;wd (Sirisena 1978, p. 117 – 21). mtw;Ws; Wat Cang Lom Nfhapiyr; rpwe;j vLj;Jf;fhl;lhff; nfhs;syhk;. mNahj;jpahtpy; cs;s thl; gpuh = (Wat Phra Sri) NfhapYk; rpq;fsg; ghzpapNyNa mike;Js;sJ. me;j ];J}gpapd; ,be;JNghd gFjpapy; mj;jifa

nghydhW murhl;rpf; fhyk;

241

rpwpa ];J}gpfisf; fhzKbfpwJ. rpq;fsg; Gj;jh; tpf;fpufk; xd;W fz;nlLf;fg;gl;l tlf;Fj; jha;yhe;jpd; thl; gpuh rpq; Ythq; (Wat Phra Singh Luang) Nfhapy;> Fkpo; tbtk; nfhz;l rpq;fs ];J}gpiag; ngw;wpUf;fpwJ (Sirisena 1978, pp. 117 – 21). kyha; jPgfw;gj;jpy; cs;s eNfhd; rp jk;kuhl; (Nakhon Si Thammarat) gFjpapy; ,Uf;Fk; gpuh lhl; (Phra Tat) klhyaj;jpYk; rpq;fsg; ghzp ];J}gp fhzg;gLfpwJ. me;j ];J}gp> nghydhw;wpy; ,Ue;j fphp tp`huh> uq;Nfhj; tp`huh Mfpatw;Wld; xg;gplg;gLfpwJ. gh;khtpypUe;J eld kq;ifAld; mg;gFjpf;Fr; nrd;W FbNawpa Kd;ida Gj;j gpf;fhd u`{yhtpd; cj;jutpd; Nghpy; me;j ];J}gp fl;lg;gl;ljhf ek;gg;gLfpwJ (Sirisena 1978, pp. 117 – 21). me;jf; fhyf;fl;lj;jpy; njd;fpof;fhrpahtpy; rpq;fsg; ghzpia mwpKfg;gLj;jpa ikaq;fspy; Kf;fpakhdjhf eNfhd; rp jk;kuhl; fUjg;gLfpwJ. jha;yhe;jpd; Rf;Nfhj;ij fhyj;ijr; Nrh;e;j rpy Nfhapy;fspd; khjphpfspYk; fl;ll tbtikg;GfspYk; nghydhW tp`huhf;fspd; jhf;fk; njhpfpwJ (Sirisena 1978, p. 132). Rf;Nfhj;ij ehl;il Njhw;Wtpj;j ,e;jpuhjpj;ah fl;ba thl; k`h lhl; (Wat Maha Tat) Myak;> nghydhw;wpy;; cs;s Jgukh (Thuparama) kw;Wk; ,ju fp[;[t];jh (gijjavastha) tif tp`huhf;fisg; Nghy cs;sJ (Hocart, 1996, pp. 8 – 18). ,e;jf; Nfhapy;> ,yq;iff;Fr; nrd;W mq;fpUe;J rpy Gdpjg; nghUl;fisf; nfhz;L te;j =uj;dh yq;fjPgh k`hrhkp vd;w khlhjpgjpahy; (k`h Njuh) jpUj;jpf; fl;lg;gl;lJ (Sirisena 1978, p. 132). Rf;Nfhj;ijapy; 14-Mk; E}w;whz;by; fl;lg;gl;l thl; = [k; (Wat Sri Jum) Myaj;jpw;Fk; nghydhw;wpy;; ,Ue;j Nkw;$wg;gl;l tp`huhf;fSf;Fk; xw;Wik cz;L (Sirisena 1978, p. 132). njd;fpof;fhrpahtpy; fhzg;gLk; Gj;j tpf;fpufq;fspy; nghydhW rpw;gq;fspd; jhf;fk; ,Ug;gjhff; nfhs;syhk;. njd;fpof;fhrpahtpy; Mf mjpfkhff; fhzg;gLk; mkh;e;jpUf;Fk; Gj;jh; rpiyfs; tpehrdh epiyapy; cs;sit. ,e;j epiy ,yq;ifapy; tof;fkhff; fhzg;gLtJ> ,e;jpahtpy; mhpjhdJ. tpehrdh epiyapy; fhy;fs; gpiztjpy;iy. ,lJ ghjk;> tyJ nfz;ilf;fhy; Nky; ,Uf;Fk;. cs;sq;fhy; NkNy ghh;j;jgb fhzg;gLk; (Sirisena 1978, p. 146) ,e;epiyapy; cs;s Gj;jUf;Fr; rpwe;j vLj;Jf;fhl;L nghydhw;wpy;; cs;s fy; tp`huhtpy; (Gal Vihara) cs;s tpf;fpufk;. njw;fhrpahtpy; ,izaw;w rpw;g Ntiyg;ghLfisf; nfhz;l ,e;jf; fy; tp`hNu (Bell 1907, p. 7), me;j tpf;ufq;fSf;F Kd;khjphpahf ,Ue;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk;.

242

mDuh khdJq;fh

Gj;j tpf;fpufq;fspd; jiyapy; fhzg;gLk; c\;dp\h vd;w mf;dp gpok;G> njd;fpof;fhrpa Gj;jh; rpiyfspd; gpuj;jpNaf mk;rkhFk;. ,e;j mk;rk; ,e;jpag; Gj;jh; rpiyfspy; mjpfkhff; fhzg;gLtjpy;iy. Mdhy; mDuhjGu fhyj;jpUe;J ,yq;ifapy; mJ tof;fkhd Xh; mk;rkhf tpsq;fpaJ. mjdhy; njd;fpof;fhrpahtpy; ,yq;iff;F ,Ue;j nry;thf;fpd; Xh; mq;fkhf mijf; fUjyhk;. me;j mf;dpg; gpok;G fy; tp`huhtpy; cs;s Gj;jh; rpiyfspy; fhzg;gltpy;iy (Le May 1962, p. 119) vd;w NghjpYk;> kuj;jhy; my;yJ cile;J Nghff;$ba nghUl;fshy; nra;ag;gl;l mr;rpiyfspd; jiyfSf;F NkNy fhzg;gLk; Xl;ilfspy; cf;dp\hf;fs; nghUj;jg; gl;bUf;ff;$Lk;. nghydhw;wpy;; GijAz;bUe;j nghUl;fSf;fpilapy; ntz;fyj;jhy; Md cf;dp\h xd;Wk; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;bUg;gJ ,q;Nf Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ (Prematilleke 1988, p. 91; Fig. 52. PI. 137). fy; tp`huhtpy; fhzg;gLk; rpiyfs; njd;fpof;fhrpahtpy; xU jhf;fj;ij Vw;gLj;jpapUf;fyhk;. Mdhy; mNj Ntisapy; njd;fpof;fhrpahtpd; jhf;fKk; mr;rpiyfSf;F cz;L. mkh;e;j Nfhyj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; fy; tp`huh Gj;jh; tpf;fpufk;> tl;lkhd Kfj;ijf; nfhz;Ls;sJ. ,yq;if Gj;jtpf;fpufq;fs; mj;jifa Kfj;Jld; fhzg;gLtjpy;iy. Mjyhy; mJ njd;fpof;fhrpa jhf;fj;ijg; ngw;wpUg;gjhff; fUjg;gLfpwJ (Manatunga 2007, p. 26). fy; tp`huhtpy; fhzg;gLk; epw;Fk; Nfhyj;jpy; cs;s Gj;jhpd; if Kj;jpiu (,U iffSk; neQ;rpy;)> t[u`{k;fhu Kj;jpiu vd;W miof;fg;gLfpwJ. mJ njd;fpof;fhrpahtpd; k`hadh ngsj;jg; gphptpd; jhf;fkhFk; (Manatunga 2007, p. 26). fy; tp`huh rpiyfisj; jtph;j;J> nghydhw;wpy;; rkaj; jyq;fspYk; njd;fpof;fhrpahtpd; jhf;fk; rj;k`hy; gpurhjh> Nghj;Fy; tp`huh Mfpait. mikg;Gfs; ,yq;ifapNyh> njw;fhrpahtpNyh NtW njd;fpof;fhrpahtpy; kl;LNk cz;L.

cs;s NtW ,U njhpfpwJ. mit mj;jifa fl;bl vq;Fk; fpilahJ.

rj;k`hy; gpurhjh> (Bell 1903, p. 14) nrq;fy;yhy; Md jplkhd VO khbf; fl;blkhFk;. me;jf; fl;blj;jpd; mfyKk;> cauKk; gbg;gbahf Fiwe;J nfhz;Nl NghfpwJ. mf;fl;blj;jpd; Nkw;gFjp ,be;J Ngha;tpl;lJ. vdpDk; mJ ,d;Wk; 53 mb cauj;jpw;F epw;fpwJ. NfhGuk; Nghd;w me;jf; fl;blk;> Gdpj Kw;wj;jpy; epw;fpwJ. mq;Fjhd; Gj;jhpd; Gdpjg; gy; Kd;G itf;fg;gl;bUe;jJ (Bell 1903, pp. 14 – 15).

nghydhW murhl;rpf; fhyk;

243

Mifahy; me;jf; fl;blKk; mq;fpUe;j kw;wtw;iwg; Nghy Gdpjj; jd;ik tha;e;jjhf ,Ue;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk;. mq;Fs;s ngUk;ghyhd fl;blq;fs; milahsk; fhzg;gl;Ls;s NghjpYk;> rj;k`hy; gpurhjhit kl;Lk; ,d;Dk; milahsk; fhz Kbatpy;iy. mJ njhlh;e;J Iag;ghL Vw;gLj;Jk; rpd;dkhfNt tpsq;fp tUfpwJ. nghydhW Nfhl;ilapy; cs;s mur tshfj;Jf;F tlf;Nf me;jg; Gdpj Kw;wk; mike;Js;sJ. vdNt nghydhW kd;dh;fspd; gpujhd mur klhyakhf mJ milahsk; fhzg;gl;bUf;fpwJ. Mjyhy; rj;k`hy; gpurhjh Kf;fpakhd xU fl;blkhf ,Ue;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk;. vdpDk; mij ahh; fl;bdhh;fs;? vjw;fhf fl;bdhh;fs;? mjd; gioa ngah; vd;d? Nghd;w Nfs;tpfSf;F tpilfhz Kbahky; ,Uf;fpwJ. kd;dd; eprd;fky;yh> jdf;fhf VO khbfisf; nfhz;l muz;kidiaf; fl;bdhd; vd;w goq;fhyf; Fwpg;GfspypUe;J njhpa tUfpwJ. me;j muz;kid rj;k`hy; gpurhjhthf ,Uf;Fk; vd;W ek;Gfpwhh; tpf;ukrpq;f (Wickremasinghe 1928, pp. 92 – 93). Mdhy; NfhGuk; Nghd;w me;jf; fl;blk; tho;tjw;F cfe;jjy;y> Mjyhy; mJ muz;kidahf ,Ue;jpUf;fr; rhj;jpakpy;iy. mJ> Guhz fhy NkU kiyapd; milahsk; vd;fpwhh; mde;j Fkhurhkp (Coomaraswamy 1965, p. 156). Mdhy; Gdpj Kw;wj;jpy; cs;s fl;blq;fis vy;yhk; 1903y; fz;Lgpbj;j Kd;Ndhb mfo;tha;thsh; ngy; (Bell), rj;k`hy; gpurhjh fk;Nghbahtpy; fhzg;gLk; nfkh; NfhGuq;fisg; Nghd;W ,Ug;gjhff; $Wfpwhh; (Bell 1903, pp. 14 – 15). mf;fl;blk; tlf;Fj; jha;yhe;jpy; cs;s thl; Ff;Fl; (Wat Kukut) Myaj;ijg; Nghd;W ,Ug;gjhff; $Wfpwhh; kw;nwhU tuyhw;W Mrphpauhd ny Nk (Le May 1962> pp. 97 – 98). thl; Ff;Fl; (Wat Kukut) Myak; rj;k`hy; gpurhjhittplg; nghpaJ> caukhdJ. Mdhy; mJ 12-Mk; E}w;whz;bd; kj;jpapy; `hpGQ;rah murd; Mjpj;juh[hthy; fl;lg;gl;lJ vd;gjhy; nghydhW fhyj;ijr; Nrh;e;jJ. thl; Ff;Fl; (Wat Kakut) Myaj;ijj; jtpu nghydhw;wpy;; cs;s rj;k`hy; gpurhjhitg; NghyNt Njhw;wkspf;Fk; ,ju fl;blq;fSk; njd;fpof;fhrpahtpy;; cs;sd. tlf;Fj; jha;yhe;jpy; cs;s thl; gpuh lhl; `hpGQ;ir (Wat Phra Tat Haripunchai) Myak;> eNfhd; gNjhd; (Nakhon Pathon) tl;lhuj;jpy; cs;s (Wat Phra Pathon, Wat Pa Deng) Mfpait mtw;Ws; rpy (Sirisena 1978, p. 123).

244

mDuh khdJq;fh

Nghj;Fy; tp`huh (Pothgul Vihara), nghydhw;wpy;; njd;fpof;fhrpa ghzpapy; mike;jpUf;Fk; kw;nwhU fl;blk; (Burrows 1905, p. 111; Bell 1906, pp 11-12; 1910, pp. 10-11). rpije;JNghd efuj;jpy; cs;s fl;blq;fSf;Fj; njw;Nf xU iky; J}uj;jpy; me;j klhyak; jdpahf epw;fpwJ. me;j klhyaj;jpd; eLtpy; ePs;rJu Kfg;Gldhd tl;ltbtkhd $lk; ,Uf;fpwJ. mjd; Nky;jsj;jpd; ehd;F %iyfspYk; ehd;F rpwpa ];J}gpfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. tl;ltbtkhd kj;jpaf; $lk;> fhypahd nrq;fy; fl;blkhf ,Uf;fpwJ. mjd; NkNy nrq;fy;ypy; Md fypif khlk; (dome) Kd;G ,Ue;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk;. ,j;jifa tbtikg;igf; nfhz;l klhyak; ,yq;ifapy; NtW vq;Fk; fpilahJ. Mdhy; mq;Nfhh; thl;bYs;s kPnfhd; (Mehon) kw;Wk; gpNu &g; (Pre Rup) Myaq;fs; mj;jifa tbtikg;igf; nfhz;Ls;sd (Bell 1906, p. 11). Mifahy;> ,yq;ifapy; me;j klhyaj;ijg; G+kpapypUe;J Njhz;bnaLj;j ngy; (Bell), mJ nghydhw;wpy;; kd;dd; eprd;fky;y fhyj;jpy; ,Ue;j “fhk;Ngh[ thryhf” ,Uf;ff;$Lk; vd;W fUJfpwhh; (Bell 1910, pp. 10 – 11). vdpDk;> me;j tuyhw;Wr; rpd;dq;fisj; Njhz;bnaLj;j Muk;gfhy mfo;tha;thsh;fs;> mg;gFjpapy; fhzg;gl;l Gijg;nghUl;fspy; mjpf ftdk; nrYj;jtpy;iy vd;w kdf;Fiw ,Uf;fpwJ. my`hddh ghptdh kw;Wk; nghydhw;wpy;; cs;s kw;w ,lq;fspy; mz;ikapy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l mfo;tha;Tfspy;> Nrhq; Ml;rpfhyj;ijr; Nrh;e;j Vuhskhd rPd gPq;fhd;fSk; ehzaq;fSk; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. mit nghydhW Ml;rp ele;j fhyf;fl;lj;ijr; Nrh;e;jit (Prematilleke 1982, p. 15; 1985, p. 60; 1989, p. 49). me;jf; fz;Lgpbg;Gfs; mf;fhyj;jpy; kyha; jPgfw;gk; topahff; fpof;fhrpahTld; ele;J te;j gugug;ghd th;j;jfj;jpd; Mjhuq;fshfj; jpfo;fpd;wd.

nghydhW murhl;rpf; fhyk;

245

References Aung Maung Htin. A History of Burma. New York: Columbia University Press, 1967. Bell, H.C.P. Annual Report of the Archaeological Survey 1903, 1906, and 1910. Government of Ceylon. Burrows, S.M. The Buried Cities of Ceylon. Colombo: Ferguson, 1905. Coedès, G. The Indianized States of Southeast Asia. Honolulu: East-West Center, 1968. Coomaraswamy, A.K. History of Indian and Indonesian Art. New York: Dover Publication, 1965. Forbes, J. Eleven Years in Ceylon. New Delhi, Asian Education Services, 1994. Hocart, A.M. Three Temples at Polonnaruva. Memoirs Volume II, Department of Archaeological Survey, Government of Ceylon, 1996. History of Ceylon. The University of Ceylon Edition, Volume 1, Parts 1 & 2, Peradeniya, 1959. Ievers, R.W. Manual of the North- Central Province, Ceylon. Government of Ceylon, 1899. Le May, Reginald. A Concise History of Buddhist Art in Siam. Tokyo: Charles E. Tuttle, 1962. Mahavamsa. Sinhala Translation of Sumangala and Batuwantudavwa. Colombo: Government of Ceylon, 1912. Manatunga, Anura. “Puravidyathmaka Praveshayaka Avasyathava”. Nissanka Journal of the Polonnaruva Project, No. 1, Central Cultural Fund, 2000. ———. Polonnaruva Purana Pana Nagaraya Lesa Handunageneema. Essays In Honour of Professor H.T. Basnayaka. Colombo: Godage, 2004. ———. Pulatisipura Puranaya. Colombo: Ministry of Religious Affairs, 2007. Monier-Williams. A Sanskrit Dictionary. New Delhi: Asian Education Services, 2001. Nicholas, C.W. “Historical Topography of Ancient and Medieval Ceylon”. Journal of the Ceylon Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, Volume XXI (Special Number), 1963. Nilakanta Sastri, K.A. The Co-l.as. 2nd revised edition. Madras: University of Madras, 1955. ———. “Ceylon and Sri Vijaya”. Journal of the Ceylon Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society. Volume VII, Part III, 1962. ———. Nikaya Sangrahaya. Dehiwala: Buddhist Cultural Centre, 1997. Paranavitana, Senarath. “Fragmentary Slab-Inscription of Sundara Mahadevi”. Polonnaruva: Epigraphia Zeylanica, Volume II, 1943. ———. Stupa in Ceylon. Memoirs Volume IV. Department of Archaeological Survey, Government of Ceylon, 1945.

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mDuh khdJq;fh

———. “The Art and Architecture of the Polonnaruva Period”. Special Issue of the Ceylon Historical Journal on the Polonnaruva Period Volume. Dehiwala: Tissara Publishers 1955. ———. “Ceylon and Malaysia in Mediaeval Times”. Journal of the Ceylon Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society. Volume VII, Part I, 1960. ———. Ceylon and Malaysia. Colombo: Lake House, 1966. ———. Glimpses of Ceylon’s Past. Colombo: Lake House, 1974. Prematilleke, P.L. First Archaeological Excavation Report. Alahana Parivena, Project, Central Cultural Fund, Government of Sri Lanka, 1982. ———. Fourth Archaeological Excavation Report. Alahana Parivena, Project, Central Cultural Fund. Government of Sri Lanka, 1985. ———. Fifth Archaeological Excavation Report. Alahana Parivena, Project, Central Cultural Fund. Government of Sri Lanka, 1988. ———. Sixth Archaeological Excavation Report. Alahana Parivena, Project, Central Cultural Fund, Government of Sri Lanka, 1989. ———. Pujavaliya. Bentota Saddhatissa Edition. Colombo, 1930. Rohanadheera, Mendis. Nissanka Malla: Polonnaruva Period. Maharagama: Taranjee Printers, 1988. Sirisena, W.M. Sri Lanka and South-East Asia. Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1978. Wickremasinghe, D.M.De Z. The slab inscription of Kirti Nissanka malla at Ruvanvali Dagaba, Anuradhapura. Epigraphia Zeylanica. Volume II. Government of Ceylon, 1928a. ———. Polonnaruva: A slab inscription of Nissanka Malla. Epigraphia Zeylanica, Volume II. Government of Ceylon, 1928b. ———. Polonnaruva: Kiri Vehera slab inscription. Epigraphia Zeylanica, Volume II. Government of Ceylon, 1928c. ———. Hatadage portico slab-inscription. Epigraphia Zeylanica, Volume II. Government of Ceylon, 1928d. ———. Polonnaruva: Galpota slab inscription. Epigraphia Zeylanica, Volume II. Government of Ceylon, 1928e.

13

,e;NjhNdrpahTldhd njd;dpe;jpaf; fyhrhuj; njhlh;Gfs; P. rz;Kfk;

njd;fpof;fhrpa ehLfSldhd Muk;gfhy ,e;jpaj; njhlh;Gfis milahsk; fhZk; gzp njhlh;e;J eilngw;W tUk; xd;W. fp.K. 3-Mk; E}w;whz;ilr; Nrh;e;j mfo;tha;T Gij nghUl;fspypUe;J me;jj; njhlh;GfSf;fhd rpy Mjhuq;fisg; ngw KbfpwJ. vdpDk; njd;fpof;fhrpahTf;Fk; jkpoh;fSf;Fk; ,ilapyhd fyhrhu cwTfisg; Ghpe;J nfhs;tjw;fhd Mjhuq;fs; fp.gp.1-Mk; E}w;whz;bypUe;Jjhd; fpilj;jpUf;fpd;wd. njd;fpof;fhrpahtpy; fle;j gy Mz;Lfshf Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l jPtpukhd mfo;tha;Tg; gzpfspypUe;J goq;fhyf; fy;ntl;Lfs;> ehzaq;fs; Nghd;w Gjpa Mjhuq;fs; fpl;bAs;sd. mtw;Ws; Mf Kf;fpakhdJ> jha;yhe;jpd; gioa JiwKfkhd Fthd; yf; ghl;by; (Khuan Luk Pat) fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;Ls;s Xh; ciufy; (glk; 13.1).

248

P. rz;Kfk;

glk; 13.1 jkpo; gpuk;kp vOj;Jf;fisf; nfhz;l ciufy;> Ftd; yf; ghl;>jha;yhe;J

me;j ciufy;ypy; jkpo; gpuk;kp vOj;Jf;fspy; “ngUk;gj;jd; fy;” vd;W Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ. mjpy; Fwpg;gplg;gLk; “ngUk;gj;jd;” vd;gth; jkpo;ehl;ilr; Nrh;e;j nghd; tzpfuhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; (Shanmugam 1996; Karashima 2002). fy;ypy; fhzg;gLk; njhy;nyOj;ij itj;Jg; ghh;j;jhy; mJ fp.gp. 1-Mk; E}w;whz;ilr; Nrh;e;jJ vd;W njhpfpwJ. jkpo; gpuk;kp vOj;Jf;fisf; nfhz;l mNj fhyj;ijr; Nrh;e;j gPq;fhd; ghj;jpuq;fSk; NtW ,lq;fspy; mz;ikapy; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. mtw;Wld; rq;f fhyj;ijr; Nrh;e;j Nrhoh; ehzak; xd;Wk; jha;yhe;jpd; Fthd; yf; ghl;by; fpilj;Js;sJ (glk; 13.2). me;j ehzaj;jpd; Kd; gf;fj;jpy; Fjpiufs; G+l;ba NjUk;> gpd; gf;fj;jpy; rq;f fhyj;Jr; Nrhoh; rpd;dkhd Gypapd; cUtKk; nghwpf;fg;gl;Ls;sd (Shanmugam 1994). jkpofj;Jf;Fk; njd;fpof;fhrpahTf;Fk; ,ilapyhd Muk;gfhy th;j;jf cwTfs; gw;wpr; rq;f ,yf;fpakhd gl;bdg;ghiyapy; ,g;gbf; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ: ePhpd; te;j epkph;ghpg; GutpAk; fhypd; te;j fUq;fwp %ilAk; tlkiyg; gpwe;j kzpAk; nghd;Dk; Flkiyg; gpwe;j MuKk; mfpYk; njd;fly; Kj;Jk; Fzfly; JfpUk; fq;if thhpAk; fhtphpg; gaDk;

,e;NjhNdrpahTldhd njd;dpe;jpaf; fyhrhuj; njhlh;Gfs;

249

rf Mz;L njhlf;fj;jpypUe;Nj ,U ehLfSf;Fk; ,ilapy; fly;top th;j;jf cwT ,Ue;jJ njhpa tUfpwJ. th;j;jfh;fspy; rpyh; njd;fpof;fhrpahtpNyNa jq;fpapUe;J tzpfj;jpy; rpiyfSk; ,ju fyhrhug; nghUl;fSk; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.

glk; 13.2 rq;f fhyj;Jr; Nrhoh; ehzak;> Fthd; yf; ghl;> jha;yhe;J 2a Kd;gf;fk;: Fjpiu G+l;ba Njh; 2b gpd;gf;fk;: Gypr; rpd;dk;

250

P. rz;Kfk;

njd; fpof;fhrpa ehLfs; jq;fs; fy;ntl;Lfisf; fpue;jk;> rk];fpUjk; Mfpa nkhopfspy; vOjpaNjhL jkpioAk; gad;gLj;jpd. gy;yt kd;ddhd %d;whk; ee;jpth;kdpd; (fp.gp. 846 – 69) jhf;Fthg;gh (Takuapa) fy;ntl;L mtw;Ws; xd;W. me;j fy;ntl;Lf; Fwpj;J 1913y; njhpa te;jjpypUe;J fy;tpkhd;fs; gyh; mijg; gw;wp tpthjpj;jpUf;fpd;wdh; (Hultzsch 1913; Karashima 2002). JiwKf efukhd Fthd; yf; ghl;by; mz;ikapy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l mfo;tha;tpy; gy;yth; fhyj;ijr; Nrh;e;j gy nghUl;fisj; jha;yhe;J Ma;thsh;fs; fz;Lgpbj;Js;sdh; (Srisuchat 1990). fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;l nghUl;fspy; gy;yt kd;ddpd; nrg;G ehzak; xd;Wk; mlq;Fk; (glk; 13.3). me;j ehzaj;jpd; xU gf;fj;jpy; ,ul;ilg; gha;kuq;fisf; nfhz;l fg;gYk;@ kWgf;fj;jpy; fhis khLk; ngwpf;fg;gl;Ls;sd(Shanmugam 1994). mq;Ff; fpilj;j rpy fw;rpiyfspypUe;J> mg;gFjpapy; gy;ytr; rpw;g kuG gpd;gw;wg;gl;lJ njhpa tUfpwJ. Nrhoh; Ml;rpf; fhyj;jpy; (fp.gp. 9 – 13 E}w;whz;L) njd;fpof;fhrpa ehLfs; jkpo; th;j;jfh;fSf;F Kf;fpa re;ijahf tpsq;fpd vd;gJ ahtUk; mwpe;j xd;W. mth;fspd; tzpf> th;j;jf eltbf;iffs; KO %r;rpy; ,Ue;jd vd;gJ mt;tl;lhuj;jpy fz;nlLf;fg;gl;l rpy fy;ntl;LfspypUe;J njhpatUfpwJ. njd;fpof;fhrpa ehLfisr; Nrh;e;j th;j;jfh;fs; jkpo;ehl;bd; gy JiwKfq;fSf;F tUifaspj;jdh;. Ie;E}w;Wth; Nghd;w tzpf mikg;Gfs; njd;fpof;fhrpa th;j;jfj;jpy; jPtpukhf Fthd; yf; ghl;> 3a Kd;gf;fk;: fg;gy; 3b gpd;gf;fk;: vUJ rpd;dk;

,e;NjhNdrpahTldhd njd;dpe;jpaf; fyhrhuj; njhlh;Gfs;

251

kw;Wk; ,e;NjhNdrpaj; jiyefh; [f;fh;j;jh mUk;nghUsfj;jpy; cs;s jkpo;f; fy;ntl;Lfs;> njd;fpof;fhrpahtpy; jkpo; tzpf mikg;Gfs; nray;gl;ljw;Fk;> mth;fspd; FbapUg;Gfs; ,Ue;jjw;Fkhd Mjhuq;fshf tpsq;Ffpd;wd. Nrho kd;dh;fs;> Fwpg;ghf ,uh[uh[ NrhoDk;> Kjyhk; ,uhN[e;jpu NrhoDk; njd;fpof;fhrpa ehLfSld; el;ghh;e;j murpay; cwitf; nfhz;bUe;jdh;. me;j ey;Ywit ,Ujug;G tzpfh;fSk; tYg;gLj;jpdh;. njd;fpof;fhrpa ehLfSs;> =tp[ah NguuR kyha; jPgfw;gj;jpd; cr;r rf;jpahf jd;id cUkhw;wpf; nfhz;lJ. fp.gp. 670-f;Fk; 1025f;Fk; ,ilapy;> njd;fpof;fhrpah topahf ele;j fly; th;j;jfj;jpy; =tp[ah Mjpf;fk; nrYj;jpaJ (Hall 1985). me;j Mjpf;fj;ijr; rPd muritAk; mq;fPfhpj;jJ. mNj Ntisapy; Nrho> =tp[a NguuRfSf;F ,ilapyhd ey;YwT njhlh;e;jJ. ,Uehl;L tzpfh;fSk; kw;w ehl;Lf;Fr; nrd;W th;j;jfk; Ghpe;jdh;. mjd; cr;rf;fl;lkhf =tp[a kd;dd;> jkpo;ehl;bd; Kf;fpa JiwKfkhd ehfg;gl;bdj;jpy; xU Gj;j Myaj;ijf; fl;l ,uh[uh[ Nrhodplk; mDkjp Nfl;lhd;. me;j Ntz;LNfhisr; Nrho kd;dd; cldbahf Vw;Wf; nfhz;ljhy; ehfg;gl;bdj;jpy; #lhkzp tp`huk; fl;lg;gl;lJ. Nrho kd;dh;fshd ,uh[uh[Dk;> Kjyhk; ,uhN[e;jpuDk; me;j tp`huj;Jf;F epyk; toq;fpaNjhL (EI, 22a) mjd; fl;Lkhdj;Jf;Fk; guhkhpg;Gf;Fk; MjuT toq;fpdh;. gpw;fhyj;jpy; Kjyhk; FNyhj;Jq;fd; Ml;rpapd; NghJ> me;j Myaj;jpd; guhkhpg;Gf;fhf NkYk; khdpaq;fs; toq;fg;gl;ld (Annual Report on Indian Epigraphy, 1956 – 57). Kjyhk; ,uhN[e;jpu Nrhodpd; Ml;rpfhyj;jpd; gpw;gFjpapy; epytpa gifikg; Nghf;F ePq;fp> ,U ehLfSf;Fk; ,ilapy; kPz;Lk; ey;YwT kyh;e;jijNa mJ fhl;fpwJ. jkpo;ehl;by; fhzg;gLk; fy;ntl;Lfs;> ,uhN[e;jpu Nrhod; =tp[ahit (flhuk;) ifg;gw;wpajhff; $Wfpd;wd. mtd; Ml;rpNaw;w 13-Mk; Mz;by; vOjg;gl;l fy;ntl;Lfs;> Nrhoh; gil nghpa mstpyhd jhf;Fjiy elj;jp njd;fpof;fhrpahtpy; gy;NtW ,lq;fisg; gpbj;jjhff; $Wfpd;wd. uhN[e;jpu Nrhod;> = tp[ah Nguuirf; ifg;gw;wpa rk;gtk;> fp.gp. 1022-f;Fk; 1025-f;Fk; ,ilapy; ele;jpUf;Fk; vd;W ek;gg;gLfpwJ (K.G. Krishnan). ,uhN[e;jpu Nrhod;> flhuj;J (= tp[ah) kd;dd; rq;uhkh tp[Nahj;Jq;f th;kid tPo;j;jpdhd;. me;jj; jhf;Fjypd;NghJ ifg;gw;wg;gl;l kw;w ,lq;fisg; gw;wp jQ;rhT+h; nghpa Nfhapypy; cs;s fy;ntl;Lf; Fwpg;gpLfpwJ. me;jf; fy;ntl;by; ,lk;ngw;Ws;s ,lq;fs;: =tprak;> gidA+h;> njhd;kiyA+h;> khapUbq;fk;> ,yq;fNrhfk;> khgg;ghsk;> Nktpspk;gq;fk;> tiyg;ge;J}U> jf;Nfhyk;> khlkhypq;fk;>

252

P. rz;Kfk;

,yhKhpNjrk;> khdf;fthuk;> flhuk; Mfpait. Nkw;fhZk; ,lq;fis Muha;r;rpahsh;fs; rpukg;gl;L milahsk; fz;bUf;fpd;wdh;. me;jj; jhf;Fjypy; ,uhN[e;jpu Nrhod;> kyha; jPgfw;gj;jpd; ngUk;gFjpiaf; ifg;gw;wpdhd; vd;W nfhs;syhk;. vdpDk; ,U NguuRfSf;Fk; ,ilapy; gifik Njhd;wpajw;fhd fhuzq;fs; ,Jtiu njhpatpy;iy. =tp[ahtpd; fly; typikiaf; fl;Lg;gLj;JtJjhd; ,uhN[e;jpud; Nkw;nfhz;l jhf;Fjypy; Kf;fpa Nehf;fk; vd;W fUjg;gLfpwJ. njd;fpof;fhrpa ehLfspd; tsq;fisr; #iwahl mg;gazk; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;ljhfr; rpy fy;tpkhd;fs; $Wfpd;wdh;. NtW rpyNuh> njd;fpof;fhrpa ehLfSf;Fr; Nrhoh;fspd; flw;gil typikiaf; fhl;l mj;jhf;Fjy; cjtpajhff; fUJfpd;wdh;. =tp[ahitf; ifg;gw;wpa NghjpYk; Nrhoh;fs; mq;F jq;fs; Ml;rpia epiyehl;ltpy;iy. me;jj; jhf;FjYf;Fg; gpwF> ,U jug;GfSf;Fk; ,ilapy; ,Ue;j gifik ePq;fpajhfTk;> kPz;Lk; ey;YwT kyh;e;jjhfTk; njhpfpwJ. me;jg; gifik vg;gb> vg;NghJ KbTf;F te;jJ vd;gjw;fhd njspthd Mjhuq;fs; fpilahJ. vdpDk; fp.gp.. 1090-Mk; Mz;Lf;F Kd;> Kjyhk; FNyhj;Jq;f NrhoDf;Fk; (fp.gp. 1070 – 1120) =tp[ah NguuRf;Fk; ,ilapy; ey;YwT kyh;e;jpUe;jJ njhpa tUfpwJ. ,uh[uh[ NrhoDk;> ,uhN[e;jpu NrhoDk; ehfg;gl;bdj;jpy; Njhw;Wtpj;j Gj;j tp`huj;jpw;Ff; FNyhj;Jq;fd; $Ljy; khdpaq;fis toq;fpajhfr; rpwpa nya;ld; (Smaller Leiden Plates) gl;lak; (EI, 22b) $WtJ> mjw;F Mjhukhf tpsq;FfpwJ. ,UehLfSf;Fk; ,ilapy; epytpa tof;fkhd fyhrhu> th;j;jf cwTfs;> tzpf Nkk;ghl;Lf;F Cf;fkspj;jd. th;j;jfj;jpy; vd;d nghUl;fs; th;j;jfk; nra;ag;gl;ld vd;gjw;fhd njspthd Mjhuq;fs; fpilahJ vd;w NghjpYk;> njd;fpof;fhrpahtpd; gy;NtW gFjpfspy; jkpo;f; fl;blf;fiy> rpw;gf;fiy> fy;ntl;L eilKiw Mfpait Vw;Wf; nfhs;sg;gl;ljw;fhd Mjhuq;fs; cs;sd. njd;fpof;fhrpahtpd; gy gFjpfspy; fhzg;gLk; Nfhapy;fSk;> rpw;gq;fSk; jkpoh;fspd; fyhrhuj; jhf;fj;jpw;Fj; njspthd rhd;Wfshf cs;sd. jkpo;f; fyhrhuj;jpd; nry;thf;F njd;fpof;fhrpahtpy; tphpthff; fhzg;gl;lhYk;> ,e;NjhNdrpahtpd; rpy gFjpfspy; mJ Vw;gLj;jpa jhf;fj;jpy; kl;Lk; ,e;j Ma;T ftdk; nrYj;JfpwJ.

,e;NjhNdrpahTldhd njd;dpe;jpaf; fyhrhuj; njhlh;Gfs;

253

,e;NjhNdrpahtpy; jkpo;f; fyhrhuj;jpw;F ,Ue;j nry;thf;F> Fwpg;ghfr; Nrhoh; fhyr; nry;thf;F> Rkj;uh jPtpy; fz;nlLf;fg;gl;Ls;s rpy tuyhw;Wr; rpd;dq;fspy; ,Ue;J njhpa tUfpwJ. 11-Mk; E}w;whz;bd; Kf;fpaj; JiwKfkhfTk;> jkpo; tzpfh;fspd; Kf;fpa FbapUg;ghfTk; tpsq;fpa gh&]; nyhG Jth (Barus – Lobu Tua), tl Rkj;uhtpd; Nkw;Ff; fiuapy; mike;Js;sJ. Rkj;uhtpd; njd; gFjpapy; ,Uf;Fk; gNyk;ghq; (Palembang) mg;NghJ =tp[ah rhk;uh[paj;jpd; jiyefukhf tpsq;fpaJ. me;j ,U Kf;fpa epiyaq;fSf;F ,ilapy;> kj;jpa Rkj;uhtpd; gj;jhq; `hp (Batang Hari) Mw;wq;fiuapy; mike;jpUf;fpwJ JiwKf efukhd [hk;gp (Jambi). Nfe;jpu Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;e;j ,lj;jpy; mike;jpUe;jhYk; [hk;gpapy; jkpo; tzpff; FbapUg;G ,Ue;jjw;fhd Mjhuk; fpilahJ. vdpDk; mq;Fs;s cs;@h; mUk;nghUsfj;jpy; itf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk; xU rpwpa ntz;fyr; rpiyapy;> Nrhoh; fiyak;rk; njhpfpwJ. me;jj; jPgyl;Rkp rpiyapd; tyJ ifapy; nghpa tpsf;F xd;Wk;> ,lJ ifapy; kyh; xd;Wk; ,Uf;fpwJ. tl;lkhd Kfj;ijf; nfhz;l me;jr; rpiyapd; $e;jy;> nfhz;ilahff; fl;lg;gl;bUf;fpwJ. ,J kj;jpa fhyr; Nrhoh; fw;rpiyfspy; tof;fkhff; fhzg;gLk; Xh; mk;rk;. rpiyapd; Kfj; Njhw;wk; njspthf cs;sJ. fOj;jpy; Mguzq;fs;> ifapy; tisay;fs;> fhypYk; Mguzq;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. mr;rpiy kbg;GfSld; $ba MilAld; fhzg;gLfpwJ. Milapd; gf;fthl;bYk;> njhilfSf;F eLtpYk; FQ;rq;fs; njhq;Ffpd;wd (glk; 13.4). mr;rpiy ghh;g;gjw;F mofhf ,Ue;jhYk;> Nrhoh; fhy ntz;fyr; rpiyfSf;F chpa tdg;G Fiwe;Nj fhzg;gLfpwJ.

glk; 13.4 ntz;fyj; jPgyl;Rkp> [hk;gp> ,e;NjhNdrpah

254

P. rz;Kfk;

kj;jpa [hthtpy; cs;s bnaq; kiyj;jpl;by; (Dieng Plateau) gy gy;yt ghzp Nfhapy;fs; ,Uf;fpd;wd. xU Fd;wpd;kPJ fhzg;gLk; me;jf; Nfhapy;fs;> jdpj; jdp rd;djpfshf ,Uf;fpd;wd. mfj;jpah;> kfp\hRukh;j;jpdp tbtj;jpyhd Jh;f;if MfpNahhpd; tpf;ufq;fs; ,f;Nfhapy;fspd; khlq;fspy; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. vdpDk; cs;@h; mUk;nghUsfj;jpy; itf;fg;gl;Ls;s ckh kNf];tuh;> fNzrh;> kfp\hRukh;j;jpdp tpf;fpufq;fs; Nrhoh; ghzp fiyak;rj;ijg; gpujpgypf;fpd;wd. ,it bnaq; kiyj;jpl;L tl;lhuj;jpy; ,Ue;J fz;nlLf;fg;gl;litahfj; Njhd;Wfpd;wd. cs;@h; mUk;nghUsfj;jpy; kfp\hRukh;j;jpdpapd; %d;W tpf;fpufq;fs; cs;sd (glk; 13.5). me;j %d;wpy;> xU tpf;fpufj;jpd; jiy cile;J NghapUf;fpwJ. midj;J tpf;fpufq;fSNk> rk;`huk; nra;ag;gl;l kfp\d; (vUikj; jiyiaf; nfhz;l mRud;) kPJ Jh;f;if epw;gijg; gpujpgypf;fpd;wd. mRudpd; khdplj; jiy> vUik clypypUe;J ntspg;gLtJ Nghy %d;W tpf;fpufq;fspYk; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ. mRuidr; rk;`huk; nra;jijf; fhl;Lk; tifapy;> Jh;f;ifapd; tyJ ifapy; kfp\hRudpd; thYk;> ,lJ ifapy; mtDila jiyAk; ,Uf;fpd;wd. me;j tpf;fpufq;fspy; fhzg;gLk; mRudpd; tbtj;ijg; ghh;f;Fk;NghJ> mtw;wpy; Fg;jh;fs; fhyj; jhf;fk; ,Ug;gjhff; fUJfpd;wdh; fy;tpahsh;fs;. vdpDk; me;j tpf;fpufq;fs; jkpo;ehl;by; fhzg;gLk; Jh;f;if tbtq;fisg; Nghy> Kd;gFjp kl;Lk; fUq;fy; ghsq;fspy; nrJf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. mtw;wpd; gpd; gFjpapy; xd;Wkpy;iy. tpf;fpufj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; Jh;f;if gy Mguzq;fis mzpe;jpUf;fpwhs;. fUq;fy; ghsj;jpyhd me;j tpf;fpufq;fs;> Nfhapy; khlq;fspy; itf;fg;gLtjw;F chpait vd;W milahsk; fhzg;gl;Ls;sd. mg;gFjpapy; fhzg;gLk; ,ju tpf;fpufq;fspy;> fNzrhpd; tpf;fpufKk; xd;W (glk; 13.6). ePz;l Jk;gpf;ifiaf; nfhz;l me;jf; fNzrh;> tyJ ifapy; cile;j je;jj;ijAk;> ,lJ ifapy; Nkhjfj;ijAk; itj;jpUf;fpwhh;. me;jf; fNzrh;> xU gPlj;jpd; kPJ mkh;e;jpUf;fpwhh;. mq;Ff; fhzg;gLk; fNzrh; tpf;fpufq;fspy; xd;wpd; tyJ if cile;jpUf;fpwJ. mq;Fs;s Kf;fpakhd kw;nwhd;W ckh kNf];tuh; tpf;fpufk;. mjpYs;s cik kw;Wk; rptd; Mfpa ,Uthpd; jiyfSNk Nrjkile;Js;sd. mjdhy; mtw;wpd; Kfj; Njhw;wj;ij milahsk; fhz Kbatpy;iy. me;j tpf;fpufj;jpd; iffSk; cile;J NghapUg;gjhy; rptd; itj;jpUf;Fk; MAjq;fis eph;zapf;f Kbatpy;iy. Mdhy; rptdpd; jiyapy; fhzg;gLk; fghyk; (kz;il XL)> mJ rptdpd; cUtk;jhd;

,e;NjhNdrpahTldhd njd;dpe;jpaf; fyhrhuj; njhlh;Gfs;

glk; 13.5 kfp\hRukh;j;jpdp> bnaq; kiyj;jpl;L> ,e;NjhNdrpah

glk; 13.6 fNzrh;> bnaq; kiyj;jpl;L> ,e;NjhNdrpah

255

256

P. rz;Kfk;

vd;gij milahsk; fhz cjTfpwJ. me;j tpf;fpufj;jpy; cik rptdpd; kbapy; mkh;e;J> mtiuj; jOtpf; nfhz;bUg;gijg; Nghy fhl;lg;gl;bUf;fpwJ. cs;@h; mUk;nghUsfj;jpy; itf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk; NkYk; rpy tpf;fpufq;fs;> kj;jpa fhy Nrhoh; fiyak;rj;jpd; jhf;fj;ijg; gpujpgypf;fpd;wd. kj;jpa [hthtpy; cs;s nguk;gdhd; Nfhapy; tshfk;> fp.gp. 8-Mk; E}w;whz;Lf;Fk; 9-Mk; E}w;whz;Lf;Fk; ,ilapy; fl;lg;gl;lJ. Muk;gfhyr; Nrhoh; rpw;gf; fiyiag; gpujpgypf;Fk; me;jf; Nfhapy; tshfj;jpy; rptd;> tp\;Z> gpuk;kh MfpNahUf;fhd %d;W gpujhd Nfhapy;fs;

glk; 13.7 rptd;> nguk;gdhd;> ,e;NjhNdrpah

,e;NjhNdrpahTldhd njd;dpe;jpaf; fyhrhuj; njhlh;Gfs;

257

cs;sd. mijj; jtph;j;J ,ju gy;NtW rd;djpfSk; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. eLtpy; ,Uf;Fk;> Mfg; nghpa Nfhapy; rptDf;F chpaJ. mjpy; cs;s mofhd rptd; tpf;fpufk; kdpj &gj;jpy; tbf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ (glk; 13.7). jhkiu tbtj;jpyhd gPlj;jpy;> ehd;F iffSld; rptd; fhzg;gLfpwhh;. mthpd; fOj;ij xU ghk;G Rw;wpapUf;fpwJ. mthpd; [lh kFlKk;> MilAk; ftUk; tifapy; cs;sd. me;j %d;W Nfhapy;fspd; rpw;gr; rhay;> jkpo;ehl;bd; %th;Nfhapy;> nfhLk;ghY}h; (GJf;Nfhl;il khtl;lk;) Mfpa ,lq;fspy; cs;s Nrhoh;fhyf; Nfhapy;fspy; cs;stw;iwg; Nghd;wpUf;fpd;wJ (Nilakanta Sastri, 1955). nfhLk;ghY}hpy; cs;s Nfhapy; Re;ju Nrhod; fhyj;jpy; fl;lg;gl;J. mq;fpUf;Fk; %d;W rd;djpfSk; rptDf;F chpait. nguk;gdhd; Nfhapy;> Nrhoh; kugpypUe;J rw;W tpyfpapUe;jhYk; mjd; tbtikg;gpYk; rpw;gq;fspYk;> Nrhoh; mk;rq;fisf; fhz KbfpwJ.

glk; 13.8 fNzrh;> nguk;gdhd;> ,e;NjhNdrpah

258

P. rz;Kfk;

mq;fpUf;Fk; Kf;fpa tpf;fpufq;fspy; xd;W kfp\hRud; kPJ epd;wpUf;Fk; Jh;f;if. mRudpd; this tyJ ifapy; gpbj;jpUf;fpwhh; Jh;f;if. ,lJ ifapy; me;j mRudpd; jiy. vl;Lf; iffSld; fth;r;rpahd Njhw;wj;ijf; nfhz;l me;j tpf;fpufk;> mjd; iffspy; rf;fuk;> ths;> mk;G> rq;F> Nflak;> ePz;l tpy; Mfpatw;iw itj;jpUf;fpwJ. mq;Fs;s fNzrh; tpf;fpufk;> mjw;Fz;lhd midj;J mk;rq;fSld; fk;gPukhff; fhl;rpaspf;fpwJ (glk; 13.8).

glk; 13.9 ,uhkhazj;jpypUe;J xU fhl;rp> nguk;gdhd;> ,e;NjhNdrpah

,f;Nfhapypd; mbj;jsj;jpy; cs;s Rth;fspy; ,uhkhazf; fhl;rpfs; mofhfr; nrJf;fg;gl;Ls;sd (glk; 13.9). vdpDk; cs;@h; kuGfspd; mk;rq;fSk; me;jr; rpw;gq;fspy; Nrh;f;fg;gl;Ls;sd. me;jr; Rth; rpw;gq;fs;> jkpo;ehl;bd; NfhGug;gl;bf; NfhapypYk; (yhy;Fb jhYf;fh> jpUr;rp khtl;lk;) ,ju rpy ,lq;fspYk; cs;stw;iwg; Nghy (Hariharan, 1973) ,Uf;fpd;wd. nguk;gdhdpy; (Chandi Loro Jongrang) cs;s fUld; Nfhapypy; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;Ls;s rptdpd; jiy> Nrhor; rpw;gf;fiyapd; ey;y cjhuzkhfj; jpfo;fpwJ. me;jr; rpiyapd; jiy kl;Lk;jhd; fpilj;jpUf;fpwJ. rpwe;j fiyg; gilg;ghd mij Muha;e;j fhq;Fyp (O.C. Ganguly), Muk;gf;fhyr; Nrhoh; rpw;gr; rhj;jpuj;ijg; gpujpgypf;Fk; Mf mofhd rpw;gk; mJ vd;W ghuhl;bapUf;fpwhh;. mofhd rpif

,e;NjhNdrpahTldhd njd;dpe;jpaf; fyhrhuj; njhlh;Gfs;

259

myq;fhuj;ijf; nfhz;l me;jr; rpiyapd; jiyapy; kz;ilNahL xd;W mofhfr; nrJf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. rptdpd; [lh kFlKk; mofhfj; Njhw;wkspf;fpwJ (Ganguly, 1927).

glk; 13.10 mfj;jpah;> rz;b rpq;frhhp> ,e;NjhNdrpah

rz;b rpq;frhhpapy; (Chandi Singasari) cs;s Nfhapypy;> Nrhoh; rpw;gf; fiyapd; jhf;fj;ijf; nfhz;l gy;NtW tpf;fpufq;fisf; fhz KbfpwJ. epd;w epiyapy; ,Uf;Fk; mfj;jpah; (glk; 13.10) Fl;ilahd jhbAld; tof;fkhd ghzpapy; fhzg;gLfpwhh;. nghpa [lh kFlj;Jld; fhzg;gLk; me;jr; rpiyapd; ,lJ if> ghjp cile;jpUf;fpwJ. Fs;skhf> jbj;j cUtj;JlDk; njhg;igAlDk; fhzg;gLfpwJ mfj;jpah; rpiy.

260

P. rz;Kfk;

glk; 13.11 #hpa gfthDf;fhd gPlq;fs;> rz;b rpq;frhhp> ,e;NjhNdrpah

VO Fjpiufs; G+l;ba Njhpy; mkh;e;jpUf;Fk; #hpa gfthdpd; ,uz;L rpiyfSk; (glk; 13.11) rz;b rpq;frhhpapy; fz;nlLf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. Js;spg; ghAk; Fjpiufspd; rpiyfs; rhpahf tbtikf;fg;gltpy;iy. ,uz;L rpiyfspYNk #hpa gfthdpd; cUtq;fs; Nrjkile;Js;sd. Nrhoh; fiyak;rj;ijf; nfhz;l gy rpiyfs; [f;fh;j;jh Njrpa mUk;nghUsfj;jpy; ,Uf;fpd;wd. ehd;F iffSld;> mkh;e;j epiyapy; cs;s xU fNzrh; rpiy (glk; 13.12)> iffspy; tof;fkhd [gkhiy> cile;j je;jk;> mq;Frk;> Nkhjfk; Mfpatw;iw itj;jpUf;fpwJ. me;jr; rpiyapd; jiyapy; cs;s fuz;l kFlk; ed;F mikf;fg;gl;bUf;fpwJ. jhkiu tbtpyhd gPlj;jpy; mkh;e;jpUf;Fk; me;jf; fNzrh;> jbkdhd Kg;GhpE}y; (G+Z}y;) jhpj;jpUf;fpwhh;. me;jr; rpiy kpf mofhf mike;jpUf;fpwJ. epw;Fk; epiyapy; cs;s mfj;jpahpd; kw;nwhU rpiyapYk; (glk; 13.13) Nrhoh; eak; njhpfpwJ. ,uz;L iffSld; eLj;ju cauj;Jld;> tyJ ifapy; [gkhiyAlDk; ,lJ ifapy; fkz;lyj;JlDk; mfj;jpah; fhzg;gLfpwhh;. jhkiu tbtpyhd gPlj;jpy; epd;wpUf;Fk; mtUf;F [lh kFlk;> jbkdhd Kg;GhpE}y;> Fl;ilahd jhb Mfpait ,Uf;fpd;wd.

,e;NjhNdrpahTldhd njd;dpe;jpaf; fyhrhuj; njhlh;Gfs;

261

mthpd; ,uz;L rPlh;fs; kz;bapl;L mtiuf; iff;$g;gp tzq;FtJ Nghy me;jr; rpiy mikf;fg;gl;bUf;fpwJ.

glk; 13.12 fNzrh;> [f;fh;j;jh> ,e;NjhNdrpah

mq;Fs;s ,uz;L kfp\hRukh;j;jpdp tpf;fpufq;fspy; xd;W> jkpo;ehl;Lg; ghzpapy; fUq;fy; ghsj;jpy; tbf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. vl;L iffSld; kfp\ dpd; kPJ epw;Fk; Jh;f;if> iffspy; rq;F> ths;> jphp#yk;> rf;fuk;> Mfpatw;iw itj;jpUf;fpwhh; (glk; 13.14). ,lJ ifapy; itj;jpUf;Fk; jphp#yj;ijf; nfhz;L kfp\hRuid tjk; nra;tJ Nghy me;jr; rpiy mike;Js;sJ. tpyq;F cUtj;jpy; ,Uf;Fk; mRudpd; thisj;

262

P. rz;Kfk;

glk; 13.13 mfj;jpah;> [f;fh;j;jh> ,e;NjhNdrpah

,e;NjhNdrpahTldhd njd;dpe;jpaf; fyhrhuj; njhlh;Gfs;

263

glk; 13.14 kfp\hRukh;j;jpdp> [f;fh;j;jh> ,e;NjhNdrpah

Jh;f;if jdJ tyJ ifapy; gpbj;jpUf;fpwhh;. tPo;j;jg;gl;l mRud; jdJ kdpj cUtj;ijg; ngWtJ Nghy me;j tpf;fpufk; mike;jpUf;fpwJ. kw;nwhU kfp\hRukh;j;jpdp rpiyapy;> gytpj Mguzq;fisj; jhpj;j epiyapy;> kfp\dpd; kPJ epw;gJ Nghy Jh;f;if fhl;lg;gl;bUf;fpwhh;. ,jpYk; kfp\d;> tpyq;F cUtj;jpypUe;J kdpjdhf khWtijg; Nghy mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. vdpDk; mofhd me;jj; Jh;f;if rpiyapd; tyg; gFjp Nrjkile;jpUf;fpwJ. ,e;jr; rpiyfisr; Nrhoh; rpw;gf; fiyf;F mg;gFjpapy; ,Ue;j nry;thf;fpw;F Mjhukhff; nfhs;syhk;.

264

P. rz;Kfk;

glk; 13.14 kfp\hRukh;j;jpdp> [f;fh;j;jh> ,e;NjhNdrpah

,e;NjhNdrpahTldhd njd;dpe;jpaf; fyhrhuj; njhlh;Gfs;

265

[f;fh;j;jh Njrpa mUk;nghUsfj;jpy; cs;s xU fNzrh;; rpiy fp.gp.13Mk; E}w;whz;ilr; Nrh;e;jJ. me;jr; rpiyapd; clypy; fhzg;gLk; rpwpa Fwpg;gpypUe;J mJ tbf;fg;gl;l Mz;il eph;zapf;f KbfpwJ. me;jf; Fwpg;Gj; jkpopYk;> gioa [hth vOj;jpYk; cs;sJ (Karashima 2002). fUq;fy; ghsj;jpd; Nky; gFjpapy; tpehafhpd; jiyAk; ePz;l je;jKk; cs;sd. nrd;w ,lq;fspy; vy;yhk; jkpo; my;yJ rk];fpUjg; ngah;fis itg;gJ jkpo; tzpff; FOf;fspd; jdpr; rpwg;ghf ,Ue;jJ. ,e;jg; Nghf;ifj; njd;fpof;fhrpah KOtJk; jkpo; tzpfh;fs; filg;gpbj;J te;Js;sdh;. mth;fs; Vw;gLj;jpa FbapUg;GfSf;Fk; jkpopNyNa ngah;fs; itf;fg;gl;ld. kzpfpuhkj;ijr; Nrh;e;j tzpfh;fs; jha;yhe;jpd; jhf;Ftg;ghtpy; (Takuopa) jq;fpapUe;jNghJ> mth;fspy; xUth; mq;F Fsk; xd;iw ntl;bdhh;. me;jf; Fsj;jpw;Fg; gy;yt kd;dd; %d;whk; ee;jpth;kd; epidthf mtzpehuzk; vd;W ngah; itf;fg;gl;lJ. vdpDk; mq;Ff; fpilj;Js;s fy;ntl;bypUe;J mth;fs; Vw;gLj;jpa FbapUg;gpd; ngah; njhpatpy;iy. ,e;NjhNdrpahtpd; ghU]; (Barus) fy;ntl;bypUe;J> mq;fpUe;j tzpfh; FbapUg;gpd; ngah; khjq;fhp ty;ytj; Njrp ca;af;nfhz;l gl;bdk; vd;W njhpa tUfpwJ. kpad;khhpy; cs;s gfhdpy; (Pagan) fz;nlLf;fg;gl;l fy;ntl;L> mq;fpUe;j jkpo; tzpfh;fs; FbapUe;j gFjp Gf;fkhd mhptl;ldGuk; vd;W miof;fg;gl;ljhff; $WfpwJ. ,jpypUe;J jkpo; tzpfh;fs; njd;fpof;fhrpahtpy; jhq;fs; trpj;j gFjpfSf;Fj; jkpopNyNa ngah; itj;jdh; vd;gJ GhpfpwJ. me;jf; FbapUg;Gfspy; vt;tsT Ngh; ,Ue;jdh;? vd;ndd;d tzpf mikg;Gfisr; rhh;e;jth;fs;? Nghd;w tptuq;fs; ,y;iy vd;w NghjpYk; me;jf; FbapUg;Gfspy;> mq;NfNa FbapUe;j kw;Wk; te;JNghd> Fwpg;gplj;jf;f msT jkpo; tzpfh;fs; trpj;jdh; vd;gJ njhpa tUfpwJ. ,e;NjhNdrpahtpd; gy gFjpfspy; gy;yt fyhrhu mk;rq;fs;> Muk;g fhyj;jpypUe;Nj Nt&d;wpapUe;jd. mjd; njhlh;r;rpahfr; Nrhoh; ghzpf; fiyfs; mq;Fg; gutj; njhlq;fpd. ypq;f topghl;Lf;fhd Mjhuq;fs; mq;F mjpfkhf ,y;iy vd;whYk; Mq;fhq;F mit fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ,Ue;jhYk; mtw;wpy; Nrhoh; kuG njhpatpy;iy. kfhtp\;Ztpd; tpf;fpufq;fSk; mjpfk; fhzg;gltpy;iy. Mdhy; tp\;Z mtjhuq;fisg; gw;wpa fijfs; kf;fSf;F ed;F njhpe;jpUe;jJ> gy Rth; rpw;gq;fspy; mit fhzg;gLfpd;wd. mfj;jpah;> fNzrh;> kfp\hRukh;j;jpdp

266

P. rz;Kfk;

MfpNahhpd; tpf;fpufq;fs; epiwa fpilj;jpUf;fpd;wd. njd;fpof;fhrpah KOtJk; fNzrhpd; tpf;fpufq;fs; ehd;F iffSld; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. njd;fpof;fhrpahtpd; ,ju gFjpfspy; fhzg;gLk;> fghyj;Jldhd (kz;il XL) tpehafhpd; jhe;jphPf tbtk;> ,e;NjhNdrpahtpd; Nrhoh; ghzp rpw;gq;fspy; mjpfk; ,y;iy. fpilf;fg;ngw;w kfp\hRukh;j;jpdp tpf;fpufq;fspy; ngUk;ghyhdtw;wpy; Fg;jh;fs; my;yJ mth;fSf;Fg; gpe;jpa fhyj;Jg; ghzp njhpfpwJ. vdpDk; me;j tpf;fpufq;fs;> gy;yt fhyj;J kugpy;> fUq;fy; ghsq;fspy; tbf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. gy;yth;fspd; kfhgypGuj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; rpy rpw;gq;fspy; kfp\hRud; ghjp tpyq;fhfTk;> ghjp kdpjdhfTk; fhzg;gLfpwhd; vd;gJ ,q;Ff; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ. ,Ue;j NghjpYk; Jh;f;ifapd; Kfj;Njhw;wk;> Nrhoh;fSf;F Ke;jpa> Muk;gfhyr; Nrhoh; ghzpapNyNa ,Uf;fpwJ. ,g;NghJ ehk; fhZk; kfp\hRukh;j;jpdpapd; tbtk; Nrhoh; fhyj;jpNyNa cWjp nra;ag;gl;ljhff; $wg;gLfpwJ. mth; vg;NghJk; vl;Lf; iffSld;> kfp\hRud; (vUik) kPJ epd;wpUg;gJ Nghy fhl;rpaspg;ghh;. me;jr; rpw;gj;jpy; kfp\dpd; kdpj cUtKk; njhpAk;gb ,Uf;Fk;. njd;fpof;fhrpaf; fiyak;rj;jpd; Kf;fpaf; $W> cs;@h; kuigg; gy;yt> Nrhoh; fiyak;rq;fSld; Nrh;j;Jf; nfhz;lJjhd;. mt;tl;lhuj;jpy; gy;yt> Nrhof; fiyak;rq;fs; mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ njd;fpof;fhrpa fiyfspd; tsh;r;rpf;Fg; nghpJk; cjtpapUf;fpwJ. vdpDk; ,e;NjhNdrpahtpd; rpiyfspYk;> tpf;fpufq;fspYk; cs;@h; kugpd; jhf;fk; mjpfkhfj; njhpatp;y;iy. Mdhy; njd;fpof;fhrpahtpd; kw;w gFjpfspy;> Fwpg;ghfj; jha;yhe;J> tpal;ehk; Mfpa ehLfspy;> tpf;fpufq;fspd; Kfj; Njhw;wj;jpYk;> cilapYk; cs;@h; kf;fspd; rhay; mjpfk; njhpfpwJ. Mdhy; ,e;NjhNdrpar; rpw;gq;fspy; me;ehl;L kf;fs;> jq;fspd; nrhe;jr; rhaiyg; GFj;jtpy;iy vd;gJ njspthfpwJ.

Fwpg;G ,e;j mj;jpahaj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; glq;fs; midj;Jk; fl;Liu Mrphpah;> 1993> 1994 Mfpa Mz;Lfspy; mg;gFjpfSf;Fr; nrd;wNghJ vLf;fg;gl;lit. Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;s mUk;nghUsfq;fspd; mDkjpAld; mit ,q;F ,lk; ngWfpd;wd.

,e;NjhNdrpahTldhd njd;dpe;jpaf; fyhrhuj; njhlh;Gfs;

267

References Annual Report on Indian Epigraphy. 1956–57, nos. 161, 164, 166. EI. 22a. Epigraphia Indica vol. 22, pp. 213–66. EI. 22b. Epigraphia Indica vol. 22, pp. 267–72. Ganguly, O.C. “A Head of Shiva from Prambanam”. In Rupam, no. 32, 1927, p. 97. Hall, Kenneth R. Maritime Trade and State Development in Early Southeast Asia. Honolulu, 1985. Hariharan, S. “Some Sculptured Epic Panels in Gopurappatti”. In Damilica, Vol II, edited by R. Nagaswamy, pp. 77–81. Madras: Department of Archaeology, 1973. Hultzsch, E. “Note on a Tamil Inscription in Siam”. Journal of Royal Asiatic Society (1913): 337–39. Karashima, N. “Tamil Inscriptions in Southeast Asia and China”. In Ancient and Medieval Commercial Activities in the Indian Ocean: Testimony of Inscriptions and Ceramic-sherds, edited by Noboru Karashima, pp. 11–14. Taisho University, 2002. Krishnan, K.G. “Chola Rajendra’s Expedition to South-East Asia”. Journal of Indian History, Golden Jubilee volume, p. 116. Nilakanta Sastri, K.A. The Colas. Chennai: University of Madras, 1955. Pattinappalai, ll.191. Shanmugam, P. “Two Coins of Tamil Origin from Thailand”. In Studies in South Indian Coins, edited by A.V. Narasimha Murthy. Vol. IV (1994): 97–99. Shanmugam, P. “An Early Tamil Brahmi Inscription from Thailand”. In Journal of the Epigraphical Society of India, edited by M.D. Sampath. Mysore, Vol. 22 (1996): 100–3. Srisuchat, Tharapong. “Thailand and the Maritime Silk Route: The Role of the Ancient Ports and Harbour Cities in Thailand”. The Silpakorn Journal, Vol. 33 (1990). Subbarayalu, Y. “The Merchant-guild Inscription at Barus, Indonesia: A Rediscovery”. In Ancient and Medieval Commercial Activities in the Indian Ocean: Testimony of Inscriptions and Ceramic-sherds, edited by Noboru Karashima, pp. 19–26. Taisho University, 2002.

14

,uhN[e;jpu Nrhodpd; gilnaLg;Gk; mah;ypq;fhtpd; tsh;r;rpAk; ePdp Rrhe;jp

,e;jpahTf;Fk; njd;fpof;fhrpahTf;Fk; ,ilapy; Mjp fhyj;jpypUe;Nj ,Ue;J te;j th;j;jff; fl;likg;ghy;> gy th;j;jf epiyaq;fs; cUthapd. ntspehl;L tzpfh;fs; gyh; me;j epiyaq;fSf;F tUif Nkw;nfhz;ldh;. fp.gp. 5-Mk; E}w;whz;L thf;fpy; ,uz;L jiutop th;j;jfg; ghijfs; cUthapd. “gl;Lg; ghijfs;” vd;W miof;fg;gl;l mit> rPdhtpypUe;J kj;jpa Mrpah tiuapYk;> Jh;fp];jhdpypUe;J kj;jpa jiuf;fly; tiuapYk; ePbj;jd. me;jg; ghijfs; ,e;jpag; gpuahzj; jlq;fSld; ,izf;fg;gl;bUe;jd. kw;nwhU tzpfg; ghij fly; topahf> rPdhtpy; njhlq;fp kyhf;fh ePhpiz> ,e;NjhNdrpaf; fly; Mfpatw;iwf; fle;J ,e;jpah kw;Wk; Nkw;F ,e;jpag; ngUq;fly; tiu nrd;wJ (Sjafei 1981 – 82, pp. 49 – 50). njhlh;r;rpahf ele;j th;j;jf eltbf;iffSk;> fly; gazq;fSk; ,e;jpag; ngUq;flypy; gy JiwKfq;fs; cUthff; fhuzkhf mike;jd. mJNt Rkj;uhtpd; =tp[ag; NguuR Njhd;Wtjw;Fk;

,uhN[e;jpu Nrhodpd; gilnaLg;G

269

fhuzkhf tpsq;fpaJ vd;fpwhh; Nthy;lh;]; (Wolters 1967). nrhy;yg; Nghdhy;> cyfk; KOtijAk; Nrh;e;j tzpfh;fs; gad;gLj;Jk; Kf;fpa ,iltopj; JiwKfkhf =tp[ah khwpaJ. ,e;NjhNdrpa tuyhw;wpy;> kyhf;fh ePhpizia KOikahfj; jdJ fl;Lg;ghl;bd; fPo; nfhz;L te;j ehL =tp[ahjhd;. mj;Jld; rPdh> ,e;jpah kw;Wk; ,ju ehLfs; gad;gLj;jpa th;j;jfg; ghijapd; fhtydhfTk; mJ khwpaJ. Mjpfhyj;jpypUe;Nj midj;Jyf th;j;jfj;Jf;fhd Nfe;jpu Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;e;j ,lj;jpy; Rkj;uh ,Ue;J te;jpUf;fpwJ. rikay; eWkzg; nghUl;fspd; (spice) th;j;jfk; mjw;F Kf;fpa fhuzkhf ,Ue;jpUf;ff;$Lk;. &/th; (Rouffer) Nkw;nfhz;l Ma;tpy;> Rkj;uhtpypUe;J> ghyp> E}rh njq;fhuh> njd;fpof;F kYf;Ftpy; cs;s nfa; jPT (Kei Island) tiu ntz;fyg; gPg;gha;fs; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;ld. rikay; eWkzg; nghUl;fspd; th;j;jfk; jPtpukhf ele;jjw;fhd Mjhukhf mit tpsq;Ffpd;wd. ,e;NjhNdrpaj; jPTfspy; fpilf;ff;$ba rikay; eWkzg; nghUl;fs; gw;wp INuhg;gpah;fs; ed;F mwpe;J itj;jpUe;jdh; vd;fpwhh; &/th; (Lapian 1979, p.96). th;j;jfj;ijNa ek;gpapUf;Fk; ehLfs; mijf; fl;bf;fhf;f vijAk; nra;Ak;. me;j tifapy; tsg;gj;jpd; cr;rpapy; ,Ue;jNghJ> gf;fj;J gpuNjrq;fisAk; Mf;fpukpf;f =tp[ah Kad;wij> mq;fpUe;J fpilj;jpUf;Fk; fy;ntl;Lfs; fhl;Lfpd;wd. tlf;Nf> kyhf;fh ePhpizapd; Eiothapiyf; fl;Lg;gLj;Jk; Nehf;fj;NjhL mjd; gpuNjrj;ij =tp[ah tphpTgLj;jpaJ. jhdh nfe;jpq; fpuhtpy; (Kra Isthmus) ,Ue;j jiutop flTg; ghijiaAk; mJ jdJ fl;Lg;ghl;bd; fPo; nfhz;L te;jJ. mjd; gpwF> Rz;lh ePhpizapd; ,U gf;fq;fspYk; cs;s gpuNjrq;fisf; ifg;gw;Wk; Nehf;fj;NjhL rhtfj;jpd; (Java) kPJ mJ Nghh; njhLj;jJ (Lapian 1979, p.97). =tp[ah fy;ntl;Lfspy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;s me;jj; jhf;Fjy;> midj;Jyf th;j;jfj;ijAk;> kyhf;fh ePhpiziaAk; fl;Lg;gLj;j mJ Nkw;nfhz;l Kaw;rp vd;W njhpatUfpwJ. Nfe;jpu Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;e;j ,lj;jpy; mike;jpUe;jjhy; gq;fh jPT (Bangka Island) jhf;fg;gl;lJ. =tp[ahTf;F mUfpy; ,Ue;j kw;w gpuNjrq;fSk; jhf;fg;gl;lJ> Nkw;fj;jpa ehLfSf;Fk; rPdhTf;Fk; ,ilapyhd th;j;jfj;ijAk; fly; gazj;ijAk; fl;Lg;gLj;jf;$ba mjd; Mw;wiyf; fhl;LfpwJ. ntspehl;Lf; fg;gy;fs; kyhf;fh> gq;fh ePhpizfs; topahfj;jhd; gazk; nra;a Ntz;bapUe;jJ (Wolters 1967, p. 246). ntspehl;Lf;

270

ePdp Rrhe;jp

fg;gy;fs; mbf;fb flhuj;jpw;Fk;> kyhATf;Fk; nrd;wjhfr; rPd tzpfh; aP[pq; (Yijing) gjpT nra;Js;shh;. NghFk; ,lj;jpw;Fj; Njhjhd gUtf;fhw;Wj; njhlq;Fk; tiu mf;fg;gy;fs; mq;NfNa fhj;jpUe;jjhf mth; $Wfpwhh;. JiwKfj;jpy; mize;j fg;gy;fs;> ruf;Ffis mq;F Vw;wp ,wf;fpajhfTk; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ (Soemadio, ed. 1984, p. 61). cyfk; KOtJk; Gfo;ngw;wpUe;j rikay; eWkzg; nghUl;fshd kpsF> fpuhk;G> rhjpf;fha;> Vyf;fha; Nghd;wtw;iw =tp[ah cw;gj;jp nra;jJ. fhLfspy; fpilj;j ,aw;if tsq;fs;> tpyq;Ffs;> nts;sp> jq;fk;> mfh; fl;il> fw;G+uk;> fly; Mikfs; Nghd;w nghUl;fSf;Fk; =tp[ah gpugykhf ,Ue;jJ (Wolters 1967, pp. 65 – 70). me;jg; nghUl;fs;> gPq;fhd;> gUj;jp kw;Wk; gl;lhilfs; Nghd;wtw;Wf;Fg; gz;lkhw;wk; nra;ag;gl;ld. ntspehl;Lf; fg;gy;fs; flhuj;Jf;Fk;> kyhATf;Fk; Fwpg;gpl;l gUtq;fspy; te;jjhfTk;> mijg;Nghy =tp[ah fg;gy;fs; rPdhTf;Fr; nrd;wjhfTk; aP[pq; $Wfpwhh;. =tp[ah rpwe;j flw;Jiw rhk;uh[pakhf cyf mstpy; Gfo;ngw;wJ. mjDld; th;j;jf cwTfis itj;jpUe;j rPdh> ghurPfk;> ,e;jpah> mNugpah Nghd;w ntspehl;Lr; rf;jpfs; mjd; kPJ ngUk; kjpg;G itj;jpUe;jd. ghurPfk;. mNugpah Mfpa ehLfistpl rPdh> ,e;jpah Mfpatw;Wld; ey;y murpay;> th;j;jf cwit =tp[ah epiyehl;bapUe;jJ. =tp[ahit> fw;G+uk;> jq;fk;> nts;sp Mfpatw;iw cw;gj;jp nra;Ak; =G]h (Sribuza) vd;W muG Fwpg;Gfs; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wd (Soemadio, ed. 1984, pp. 67 -68). mjpfkhd tptuq;fisf; nfhz;l 7-Mk; E}w;whz;L =tp[ah fy;ntl;Lf;Fg; gpwF> Kf;fpa jfty;fs; mlq;fpa fy;ntl;L vJTk; fpilf;ftpy;iy. mjdhy; 9-Mk; E}w;whz;by; me;jr; rhk;uh[pak; gw;wp vOjg;gl;l cs;@h; Fwpg;Gfs; mjpfk; gpugykilatpy;iy. 10Mk;> 11-Mk; E}w;whz;Lfspy; ,e;jpah> rhtfk; Nghd;w ,ju ehLfSldhd =tp[ahtpd; cwT gw;wpa tptuq;fis ntspehl;L Fwpg;Gfspd; %yNk njhpe;Jnfhs;s KbfpwJ. =tp[ahtpd; (San-fo-qi) kd;dh;fshf fp.gp. 960-,y; Se-li Hu-ta-hsia, fp.gp. 962y; She-li Wu-yeh MfpNahh; ,Ue;jjhf> rPdhtpd; Nrhq; (Song) mur guk;giuf; Fwpg;Gfs; $Wfpd;wd. ,uz;L ngah;fisAk; itj;Jg; ghh;j;jhy; mg;NghJ = cja Mjpj;a th;kd; =tp[ahtpd; kd;ddhf ,Ue;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk;. fp.gp. 971> 972> 974> 975 Mfpa Mz;LfspYk; rPdhTf;F =tp[ahtpypUe;J J}jh;fs; mDg;gp itf;fg;gl;ldh;. Mdhy; mg;NghjpUe;j kd;dh;fspd; ngah;fs; Fwpg;gplg;gltpy;iy. vdpDk; fp.gp. 980> 983 Mfpa Mz;Lfspy;

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nrd;Nwhh; jq;fs; kd;dhpd; ngah; Hsia-She vd;W Fwpg;gpl;Ls;sdh;. rPd rka FU Fa-Yu, ,e;jpahtpy; rkaf; fy;tpia Kbj;j gpwF ehL jpUk;Gk; topapy; fp.gp. 983-,y; =tp[ahTf;Fr; nrd;wpUf;fpwhh;. mq;F mth; ,e;jpahitr; Nrh;e;j ngsj;j gpf;F tpky=iar; (Mi-mo-lo-shi-li) re;jpj;jpUf;fpwhh;. rPdhTf;Fr; nrd;W rka E}y;fis nkhopg;ngah;f;Fk; jkJ tpUg;gj;ij mg;NghJ tpky= ntspapl;bUf;fpwhh; (Coedes 1968, pp. 131-32; Soemadio, ed. 1984, p. 66). fp.gp. 988-,y; =tp[ah J}jh; xUth; rPdh nrd;whh;. me;ehl;by; ,uz;L Mz;Lfs; jq;fpapUe;Jtpl;L Fthq;#Tf;F (Guangzhou) mth; nrd;wNghJ jkJ ehL rhtfj;jpd; (She-po) jhf;FjYf;F cs;shdijj; njhpe;Jnfhz;lhh;. mjdhy; mth; rPdhtpy; NkYk; Xuhz;L jq;fpapUf;f Ntz;b te;jJ. fp.gp. 999-,y; mth; fly; topahfr; rk;ghTf;Fr; (Champa) nrd;whh;. mq;Fj; jk; ehl;bd; epytuk; gw;wpa jfty; vJTk; mtUf;Ff; fpilf;ftpy;iy. mjdhy; kPz;Lk; rPdhTf;Fj; jpUk;gpa mth;> =tp[ah rPdhtpd; ghJfhg;gpy; ,Uf;fpwJ vd;w mwptpg;G nra;AkhW me;ehl;L muriuf; Nfl;Lf; nfhz;lhh;. =tp[ahTf;Fk; [hthTf;Fk; ,ilapy; Nghh; ele;j ,e;jj; jfty;> Nrhq; fhyj;J Fwpg;GfSld; xj;Jg; NghfpwJ. fp.gp. 992-,y; [hthtpypUe;J te;j J}jh; xUth;> jk; ehl;Lf;Fk; =tp[ahTf;Fk; ,ilapy; njhlh;e;J Nghh; eilngWtjhfr; rPdh;fSf;Fj; jfty; njhptpj;jhh;. me;jf; fhyf;fl;lj;jpy; gioa kj;jhuj;ij (Mataram) kd;dd; jh;k tq;r njF Mz;L te;jjhfj; njhpfpwJ (Soemadio, ed. 1984, pp. 66 – 67). rPdhtpd; Nrhq; Ml;rpf; Fwpg;Gfs;> irNye;jpuf; Fyj;ijr; Nrh;e;jtd; vd;W jd;idf; $wpf;nfhz;l =tp[a kd;ddhd = #lhkzpth;kNjth (Sili-zhu-luo-wu-ni-fo-ma-tiao-hua) rPdhTf;F xU J}jiu fp.gp. 1003-,y; mDg;gpajhff; $Wfpd;wd. mjd; gpwF kd;dd; khw tp[Nahj;Jq;fth;kd; (Si-li-ma-luo-pi) jkJ Ml;rpf; fhyj;jpd; NghJ rPdhTf;F ,uz;lhtJ J}jiu mDg;gpdhd; (Coedes 1989, p. 8). =tp[a kd;dh;fs;> mg;NghJ njd;fpof;fhrpahtpy; Mf rf;jp tha;e;j ehLfshf tpsq;fpa Nrhoh;fSlDk; rPdhTlDk; el;ghh;e;j cwit Vw;gLj;jpf; nfhz;ldh;. =tp[ahTf;Fk; rPdhTf;Fk; ,ilapy; ,Ue;j Neubj; njhlh;G ngsj;j gpf;Ffshd /ghrpad; (Faxian), aP[pq; (Yijing) MfpNahhpd; vOj;Jf;fspy; ,Ue;Jk;> =tp[ahTf;Fr; nrd;w Nrhq; Ml;rp gpf;Ffspd; %yKk; njhpa tUfpwJ. mth;fs; =tp[ahTf;Fr; nrd;wJ Kf;fpakhf ngsj;j rkaj;ijg; gug;Gtjw;Fk; th;j;jf> murpay; cwTfis tsh;g;gjw;Fk; jhd;. =tp[ahTf;Fk; ,e;jpahTf;Fk; ,ilapy;

272

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,Ue;j mZf;fkhd cwT Fwpj;J =tp[ah fy;ntl;LfspYk; (Ligor A fy;ntl;L)> ,e;jpaf; fy;ntl;LfspYk; (eye;jh> jQ;rhT+h; fy;ntl;Lfs;) Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sd. rhtfk; jd;idj; jhf;fptpLNkh vd;w =tp[ahtpd; mr;rk; me;j neUf;fj;Jf;F Kf;fpaf; fhuzkhf tpsq;fpaJ. ,e;jpaf; fyhrhuKk;> ,e;J ngsj;j rka ek;gpf;iffSk; ,e;NjhNdrpahtpy; mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;l =tp[ahtpd; Muk;gf; fhyj;jpy; ,Ue;Nj ,UehLfSf;Fk; ,ilapy; ey;y cwT ,Ue;J te;jJ. me;j neUf;fkhd cwT gw;wp eye;jh fy;ntl;by;$l Fwpg;gplg;gl;bUf;fpwJ. gP`hhpy; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;l me;j fp.gp 860-Mk; Mz;L fy;ntl;L> ngsj;j rkaj;ijr; Nrh;e;j =tp[a kd;dd; ghyGj;uNjth cj;jutpd; Nghpy; eye;jhtpy; klhyak; xd;W fl;lg;gLtjhff; $WfpwJ. ghyGj;u Njthtpd; ghl;ldhh;> “irNye;jpu tk;rjpyf” =tPuithpkjdh vd;w rhtf murh; vd;Wk; me;jf; fy;ntl;L Fwpg;gpLfpwJ. ngsj;j rkaj;jpd; ghJfhtyuhf mg;NghJ tpsq;fpa kd;dd; Njtghy Njthtplk; jkJ klhyaj;ijg; guhkhpf;f tpisepyj;ijj; jhdkhf toq;FkhW ghyGj;u Njth Nfl;Lf; nfhz;lhd;. me;jf; fhyf;fl;lj;jpy;> njd;fpof;F MrpahitAk; rPdhitAk; Nrh;e;j Vuhskhd ngsj;j gpf;Ffs; rkaf; fy;tp gapd;w ngsj;j fy;Y}hp eye;jhtpy; ,Ue;jJ (Budi-Utomo 2002, p. 56). ,e;jpahtpy; Nrhoh;fSldhd =tp[ahtpd; cwT ehsiltpy; kpf neUf;fkhf khwpaJ. me;j cwT gw;wpf; $Wk; rPdf; Fwpg;G> =tp[a kd;ddhd khw tp[Nahj;Jq;f th;kd; (Si-li-ma-luo-pi) fp.gp. 1008-,y; ghpRg; nghUl;fSld; xU J}jiu mDg;gpajhfj; njhpfpwJ. Kjyhk; ,uh[uh[ Nrhod; Ml;rp Vw;w 21-tJ Mz;by; (fp.gp. 1005 my;yJ 1006)> mtDila cjtpAld; khw tp[Nahj;Jq;f th;kd; ehfg;gl;bdj;jpy; xU ngsj;j Nfhapiyf; fl;bdhhd;. me;j Myaj;Jf;F #lhkzpth;k tp`huk; vd;W ngah; #l;lg;gl;lJ (Soemadio, ed. 1984). `hy;> mij #ohkzp th;k tp`huk; vd;W Fwpg;gpLfpwhh; (Hall 1976, p. 57). ,e;jj; jfty;> rk];fpUjk; (fp.gp. 1044)> jkpo; (fp.gp. 1046) Mfpa nkhopfspy; vOjg;gl;Ls;s nya;ld; nrg;Gj; jfLfspy; fhzg;gLfpwJ (Menon 2001, pp. 292 – 93). =tp[ahTf;Fk; Nrhoh;fSf;Fk; ,ilapyhd cwT> Kjyhk; ,uhN[e;jpu Nrhod; fp.gp. 1017-Yk;> 1025-Yk; Nkw;nfhz;l gilnaLg;ghy; KbTf;F te;jJ. ,uhN[e;jpu Nrhodpd; 1030-Mk; Mz;L jQ;rhT+h; fy;ntl;L> =tp[a kd;dd; = rq;fuk tp[Nahj;Jq;fth;kidr; Nrhoh; gilfs;

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rpiwgpbj;jjhff; $WfpwJ. flhuk;> giz> kyhA> ,yKhpNjrk;> ,yq;fnrhfk;> khlypq;fk; kw;Wk; ,ju gFjpfisAk; ,uhN[e;jpu Nrhod; ifg;gw;wpajhf mjpy; $wg;gl;Ls;sJ (Coedes 1968). tPo;j;jg;gl;lhYk; =tp[ahit ,uhN[e;jpu Nrhod; Mf;fpukpf;ftpy;iy vd;gJ> rPdhTf;F 1028-,y; =tp[ah J}Jf; FOnthd;W nrd;wjhff; $Wk; rPdf; Fwpg;Gfspy; ,Ue;J njhpa tUfpwJ. mg;NghJ =tp[ahit Mz;ltd;> Nrhoh;fshy; tPo;j;jg;gl;l = rq;fuk tp[Nahj;Jq;f th;kdpd; kfd; vd;W njhpa tUfpwJ (Wolters 1967, pp. 250-51). =tp[ahit ,uhN[e;jpud; jhf;fpajw;Fg; gy fhuzq;fisf; $Wfpd;wdh; fy;tpkhd;fs;. vdpDk; murpay; Nehf;fKk; th;j;jfg; Nghl;bANk mjw;F Kf;fpaf; fhuzq;fs; vd;W nghJthf xj;Jf; nfhs;sg;gLfpwJ. Kjyhk; ,uh[uh[d; (fp.gp 986 – 1014)> mtuJ kfd; Kjyhk; ,uhN[e;jpud; (fp.gp. 1014 – 44) MfpNahhpd; Ml;rpapd; fPo;> Nrhog; NguuR mjd; cr;rj;ij mile;jJ. me;j ,U kd;dh;fspd; Ml;rpf; fhyj;jpy; murpay;> ,yf;fpak;> fiyfs; Nghd;w Jiwfspy; njd;dpe;jpah gy rhjidfisg; Ghpe;jJ. fly; Mjpf;fj;ijg; Ghpe;Jnfhz;L> flw;gil typikiaf; fhl;ba Kjy; ,e;jpa murh;fs; Nrhoh;fs;jhd;. mth;fs; kf;fSf;fhd trjpfis mikj;Jj; jUtjpYk; kpFe;j mf;fiw fhl;bdh;. ehl;bd; ney; fsQ;rpakhd fhtphpg; gLifapy; gy ePh;g;ghrd trjpfis mth;fs; cUthf;fpdh;. vy;yh tay;fSf;Fk; ePh; Ngha; Nru Ntz;Lk; vd;w ePh; ghrdf; nfhs;ifia Kjypy; tFj;jJk; Nrhoh;fs;jhd; (Panikkar 1962, p. 37). ,uh[uh[d; Kjypy; gjtpNaw;wNghJ jkJ nry;thf;ifg; gug;g Ntz;Lk; vd;W tpUk;gpdhd;. mjdhy; njd;dpe;jpah KOtijAk; ifg;gw;wpaNjhL lf;fhd; kiyj; jpl;by; rpy gFjpfisAk; jdJ fl;Lg;ghl;bd; fPo; nfhz;L te;jhd;. midj;Jyf th;j;jfj;ij Mjhpj;jNjhL> fhtphpg; gLifapy; ,Ue;j G+k;Gfhiu kPz;Lk; rpwe;j JiwKfkhf tbtikj;j jkpo; tzpfiuAk; mtd; Mjhpj;jhd; (Rawlinson 1957, p. 181). ,uh[uh[d; jkJ flw;gilia tYg;gLj;jpaNjhL ,yq;ifiaf; ifg;gw;w fg;gy;fisAk; mDg;gpdhd;. mtDila kuzj;Jf;Fg; gpwF Ml;rpNaw;w ,uhN[e;jpu Nrhod; jkJ je;ijapd; murpay; ghzpiaNa gpd;gw;wpdhd;. mtd; tq;fhs kd;dd; k`pghyhit Kwpabj;jhd;> epf;Nfhghh;> flhuk;> kyhA> =tp[ah Nghd;w kw;w JiwKf efuq;fisAk; ifg;gw;wpdhd;. jha;yhe;J> fk;Nghba muRfs; Nrhoh;fSf;Ff; fg;gk; fl;lTk; Neh;e;jJ (Panikkar 1962, p. 136; Majumdar et al. 1958, p. 180).

274

ePdp Rrhe;jp

=tp[ah muR mjd; cr;rf; fhyj;jpy;> jdJ flw;gil typik %yk; kyhf;fh ePhpiziaAk; mij mLj;j gFjpfisAk; jdJ fl;Lg;ghl;bd; fPo; nfhz;L te;jJld; ntspehLfspd; ek;gpf;ifiaAk; ngw;wJ. =tp[ah topahfg; nghUl;fisg; gy;NtW JiwKfq;fSf;Ff; nfhz;L nry;y KbAk; vd;w epiy cUthdJ. =tp[ah> Mrpahtpd; kpf Kf;fpaj; JiwKfq;fspy; xd;W vd mg;Nghija rPdf; Fwpg;Gfs; $Wfpd;wd. ,e;j th;j;jf eltbf;iffSf;F ,ilNa> rPdhTf;Ff; fg;gk; fl;Lk; eilKiwia =tp[ah epWj;jtpy;iy. rPdh kw;w njd;fpof;fhrpa ehLfSld; rhprkkhd th;j;jf cwTfis itj;Jf; nfhs;sf;$lhJ vd;gjw;fhd Vw;ghlhf mJ ,Ue;jJ (Wolters 1967, p. 152; Soemadio ed. 1984, p. 78). Nrhoh;fs;> jkpo; tzpfh;fspd; MjuTld; jq;fs; th;j;jfj;ij elj;jpdh;. fp.gp. Kjy; E}w;whz;bd; ,WjpapypUe;Nj jkpo; tzpfh;fs; njd;fpof;fhrpah KOtJk; gutpapUe;jdh;. 9Mk; E}w;whz;L tiu jkpo; tzpfh;fs; njd;fpof;fhrpahtpy; Kidg;ghfr; nray;gl;ldh; vd;gjw;F Mjhukhf ,yq;if> jha;yhe;J> rPdh> ,e;NjhNdrpah (Rkj;uh) Nghd;w ehLfspy; gy;NtW jkpo;f; fy;ntl;Lfs; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. jkpo; tzpfh;fs; kyhf;fh ePhpizia xl;ba gFjpfspy; FbNawpapUe;jdh; (Budi – Utomo 2002). Nrho kd;dh;fs;> jkpo; tzpfh;fspd; mwpTiug;gb nray;gl;ljhfTk; mth;fspd; ghJfhtyh;fshf tpsq;fpajhfTk; $Wfpd;wdh; rpy tuyhw;W Mrphpah;fs;. Nrhoh;fspd; eilKiwf;F khwhf> =tp[ah NguuR> mjd; fly; gpuNjrj;ijg; ghJfhf;f flw; nfhs;isah;fspd; cjtpia ehbaJ (Soemadio, ed. 1984, pg 78). kyhf;fh ePhpiz =tp[ahtpd; fl;Lg;ghl;bd; fPo; ,Ue;jjhy;> mjd; topahfg; gazk; nra;j fg;gy;fs; =tp[ahtpd; rl;lj; jpl;lq;fSf;Ff; fl;Lg;gl Ntz;bapUe;jJ. fl;Lg;gbahfhj fg;gq;fs;> rfpf;f Kbahj rl;lj; jpl;lq;fshy; =tp[ah muRf;Fk; jkpo; tzpfh;fSf;Fk; ,ilNa Vw;gl;l jfuhWjhd;> ,uhN[e;jpu Nrhodpd; gilnaLg;Gf;F Kf;fpa fhuzkhf tpsq;fpaJ. fp.gp. 1017> mjd; gpwF fp.gp. 1025 Mfpa Mz;Lfspy; =tp[ah kPJ Nrhoh;fs; Nkw;nfhz;l jhf;Fjy;fNs me;jg; Nguurpd; mopTf;F Kf;fpa fhuzkhf tpsq;fpaJ. mjd; %yk; rhtfk; (Java) Gj;Japh; ngw;wJ. mg;NghJ mg;gpuNjrj;ij Mz;L nfhz;bUe;jtd;> kd;dd; mah;ypq;fh (fp.gp. 1019 – 43). Rkj;uh> [hth Mfpa ,uz;L jPTfSf;Fk; ,ilapy; fp.gp. 6-Mk;> 7-Mk; E}w;whz;bypUe;Nj Neub cwTfs; ,Ue;J te;jd. fp.gp. 686-

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Mk; Mz;ilr; Nrh;e;j Nfhj;jh fG+h; (Kota Kapur) fy;ntl;L> ruzila kWj;j [hthit mbgzpa itf;f =tp[ah Nkw;nfhz;l Kaw;rpfs; gw;wpf; $WfpwJ. tpRthrkpy;yhj gpui[fs; Nkhrkhd tpisTfisr; re;jpf;f NehpLk; vd;Wk; =tp[ah muR me;jf; fy;ntl;by; vr;rhpf;fpwJ. =tp[ah gilfs; [hth kPJ jhf;Fjy; elj;j Maj;jkhfpa Ntisapy; me;jf; fy;ntl;L vOjg;gl;ljhff; $Wfpwhh; tuyhw;W Mrphpah; Nfhl];. rPdhTf;F fp.gp. 666-Mk; Mz;bypUe;J J}jh;fis mDg;gp itf;fhjpUe;j jUkefhuhitAk; =tp[ag; gilfs; jhf;fpd (Coedes 1968, p, 83; Soemadio, ed. 1984, p, 58). rpy E}w;whz;LfSf;Fg; gpwF vOjg;gl;l> eye;jh fy;ntl;L> Rth;zjPgj;ijr; Nrh;e;j =tp[a kd;dd; ghyGj;u Njthitg; ghuhl;LfpwJ. me;j kd;dd;> rhtfj;ij (gioa kj;jhuk;) Mz;l irNye;jpu murd; =tPuithpkjdhtpd; Ngud; vdW me;jf; fy;ntl;by; $wg;gLfpwJ. =tp[ahTk; [hthTk; njhlh;e;J Nghhpl;Lf; nfhz;bUe;jjhfr; rPdf; Fwpg;Gfs; $Wfpd;wd. Rkj;uhTf;Fk; [hthTf;Fk; ,ilapypUe;j cwTfSf;F vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf rf Mz;L 919-,y; (fp.gp. 997) vOjg;gl;l `{[hq; yhq;fpl; (Hujang Langit) fy;ntl;ilf; nfhs;syhk;. gioa kyha; nkhopapy; [hth nrhw;fshy; vOjg;gl;Ls;s me;jf; fy;ntl;L yhk;Gq; (Lampung) tl;lhuj;jpy; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;lJ. Gj;j Myaq;fisf; fl;Ltjw;fhd epy jhdj;ij> Gq;F `h[p Atuh[h = kfhNjth vd;w cs;@h; mjpfhhp cWjpg;gLj;Jtjhf me;jf; fy;ntl;Lf; $WfpwJ (Tobing 2004, pp. 74 – 78). gy;yt fhyj;J vOj;Jf;fspy; ,Ue;j me;jf; fy;ntl;bd; Kjy; %d;W thpfis Mq;fpyj;jpy; nkhopngah;j;Js;shh; lkha;];. me;jf; fy;ntl;by; mjpf msT [hth nrhw;fs; ,Ug;gJ> Rkj;uhTf;Fk; [hthTf;Fk; ,ilapy; neUf;fkhd cwT ,Ue;jjw;F Mjhukhf tpsq;FfpwJ. Rkj;uh xU fhyj;jpy; [hththy; tPo;j;jg;gl;L> mjd; Ml;rpapd; fPo; ,Ue;jpUf;ff;$Lk; vd;Wk; cj;Njrpf;fg;gLfpwJ (Damais 1962/1965). Nrhq; Ml;rpfhyr; rPdf; Fwpg;Gfs;> fp.gp. 988-,y; rPdhTf;F te;j [hth (She-po) J}jh;> jkJ ehL njhlh;e;J Rkj;uhTld; (San-fo-qi) Nghh; Ghpe;J tUfpwnjd;W njhptpj;jjhff; $Wfpd;wd. fp.gp. 988-Mk; Mz;by; rPdhtpy; ,uz;L Mz;Lfs; jq;fpapUe;j Rkj;uh J}jh; xUth;> jk; ehl;bd; kPJ [hth Nghh; njhLj;jpUg;gjhy; ehL jpUk;g Kbatpy;iy vd;W $wpapUf;fpwhh;. mjdhy; jk; ehl;ilg; ghJfhf;f rPd kd;dhpd; cjtpiaAk; mth; ehbdhh;. me;jf; fhyf;fl;lj;jpy; [hthtpy; Ml;rpGhpe;J te;j kd;dh; jh;ktq;r njF> jkJ nry;thf;if [hthitAk; jhz;b tphpTgLj;j tpUg;gk; nfhz;bUe;jhd; (Soemadio ed. 1984, pp, 172–73).

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Rkj;uhTf;Fk; [hthTf;Fk; ,ilapy; ele;Jnfhz;bUe;j ,Ogwpg; Nghh;> mah;ypq;fhtpd; vOr;rpf;F toptFj;jJ. fp.gp. 1016-Mk; Mz;by; mtDila uh[pak; Nguopitr; (gpuyak;) re;jpj;jpUe;jJ. ghyp (Bali) ehl;L ,sturdhd mah;ypq;fh> jh;ktq;r njFtpd; kfis kzKbj;j rpwpJ fhyj;jpy;> jh;ktq;rhtpd; ehl;bd; kPJ gilnaLj;jhd; FWepy kd;ddhd `h[p Cuhthp. [hthtpy; Rkj;uhtpd; ifahshf `h[p Cuhthp nray;gl;L te;jjhf ek;gg;gLfpwJ (Boechari 1956). rf Mz;L 959-,y; (fp.gp. 1037) vOjg;gl;l G+r;rhq;fhd; (Pucangan) Fwpg;Gfs;> me;jg; Nghuhl;lj;jpy; kd;dd; jh;ktq;r njFTk; mtDila kfSk; nfhy;yg;gl;ljhff; $Wfpd;wd. fhl;Lf;Fj; jg;gpr; nrd;w mah;ypq;fh> mq;F %d;W Mz;LfSf;Fj; Jwtw tho;f;if elj;jpdhd;. 1019y; mtidj; Njbr; nrd;w irt> ngsj;j> kfhgpuhkzj; JwtpfSk;> mtDila ehl;L kf;fSk;> kPz;Lk; ehL jpUk;gp Ml;rpia Vw;FkhW mtid Ntz;bdh;. mg;NghJ mtDila ehL> xw;Wikapoe;j epiyapy; ,Ue;jJ. kd;dd; mah;ypq;fh> jdJ Ml;rpf; fhyj;jpy; 33 fy;ntl;Lfis vOjpajhf ek;gg;gLfpwJ. mit Rughah (Surabaya), nkhn[hfh;j;Njh (Mojokerto), n[hk;ghq; (Jombang), ghghl; (Babat), Jghd; (Tuban) Mfpa tl;lhuq;fspy; fz;L gpbf;fg;gl;bUf;fpd;wd. me;j 33 fy;ntl;Lfspy; 18-ia kl;LNk gbf;f KbfpwJ. kw;wit fhyj;jhy; rpije;J Ngha;tpl;ld. mah;ypq;fh Ml;rpNaw;w gpwF gy;NtW rPh;jpUj;jq;fis mwpKfg;gLj;jpdhd; vd;gJ me;jf; fy;ntl;Lfspy; ,Ue;J njhpa tUfpwJ. Kf;fpakhf murpay;> nghUspay;> rkak;> r%f mk;rq;fspy; khw;wq;fs; nra;ag;gl;ld. Nghhpdhy; tpRthrj;ij khw;wpf; nfhz;l gFjpfis mbgzpa itf;f murpay; eltbf;iffs; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;ld. jkJ Mjpf;fj;ijf; fl;bf;fhg;gjw;fhf mLj;jLj;J Nghh;fis elj;jpdhd; mah;ypq;fh. mjdhy; mtdJ Ml;rpfhyj;jpd; Kf;fhy; gFjp Nghh; elj;JtjpNyNa fope;jJ. Mdhy; mtd; mile;j ntw;wpfs;> 11-Mk; E}w;whz;bd; jiyrpwe;j [hth kd;dd; vd;w Gfio mtDf;Fg; ngw;Wj;je;J> me;j ntw;wpfs; mtdJ fy;ntl;LfspYk;> gpw;fhy ,yf;fpaf; Fwpg;GfspYk; gjpT nra;ag;gl;Ls;sd. fp.gp. 1021-ypUe;J (Cane fy;ntl;L) 1035 tiu (G+r;rhq;fhd; rk];fpUj fy;ntl;L)> mz;il gpuNjrq;fs; kPJ Fiwe;jJ 9 jhf;Fjy;fis elj;jpdhd; mah;ypq;fh. Nfd; fy;ntl;L (fp.gp. 1021)> jkJ gpuNjrj;Jf;F tlf;Nf cs;s gFjpfis mtd; jhf;fpdhd; vd;w $WfpwJ. Mdhy;

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jhf;fg;gl;l gFjpfspd; ngah;fs; mjpy; Fwpg;gplg;gltpy;iy. 1022y; kw;nwhU ntw;wpiag; ngw;w mah;ypq;fh> me;j ntw;wpf;F Mjuthf ,Ue;j jpah fhf;fp q;fhL nyq;fd; (Dyah Kaki Ngadu Lengen) FLk;gj;jpdUf;F khdpak; toq;fpdhd; vd;fpwJ Kakurugan fy;ntl;L. G+r;rhq;fhd; rk];fpUj fy;ntl;by;> mtd; 1029-,y; cuhl;lhid (Wuratan) ifg;gw;wpa jfty; ,lk;ngw;Ws;sJ. mtd; `h[p ntq;fiu (Haji Wengker) 1031-Yk;> jdJ n[d;k tpNuhjpahd `h[p cuhthpia (Haji Wurawari), 1032-Yk; Kwpabj;jhd;. mah;ypq;fh murp xUtiuAk; tPo;j;jpdhd;. vdpDk; tPo;j;jg;gl;l murpapd; ngaNuh> mthpd; ehl;bd; ngaNuh fy;ntl;Lfspy; ,lk;ngwtpy;iy. mNj Mz;by; rpw;wurd; xUtdhy; Kwpabf;fg;gl;l mah;ypq;fh jkJ muz;kidapy; ,Ue;J Xl;lnkLj;jhd;. vdpDk; mtd; elj;jpa gjpy; jhf;Fjypy; ntw;wpaile;jjhf 1032-Mk; Mz;L njnug; (Terep) fy;ntl;L $WfpwJ. 1030-,y; vOjg;gl;l ghU (Baru) fy;ntl;L> kd;dh; `rpDf;F (Hasin) vjpuhd rz;ilapy; mahypq;fh ntw;wpngw;wjhff; Fwpg;gpLfpwJ. 1031y; Kwpabf;fg;gl;l `h[p ntq;fUf;Fk; mah;ypq;fhTf;Fk; ,ilapy; 1035-,y; kPz;Lk; Nghh; Kz;lJ. me;jr; rz;ilapy; `h[p ntq;fh; nfhy;yg;gl;lhd;. rz;il Kbe;j xt;nthU KiwAk; mah;ypq;fh> mhpaizapy; mkh;e;jgb jdJ vjphpfspd; jiyapd; kPJ jd; ghjq;fis itj;J ntw;wpia ehd;F jpirfSf;Fk; giwr;rhw;wpajhf mtDila fy;ntl;Lfs; $Wfpd;wd (Soemadio, ed. 1984). mah;ypq;fh jk;ik tp\;Ztpd; mtjhukhfTk;> rj;jphpadhfTk;> kfhGU\dhfTk;> rf;futj;jpahfTk; fUjpajhfg; gy Mtzq;fspy; ,Ue;J njhpa tUfpwJ. mtd; jk;ik kfj;jhd rf;jpahfTk;> cyfpd; fhtydhfTk; (tp\;Z) epidj;jJ ,jd; %yk; cWjpahfpwJ. 1016Mk; Mz;by; epfo;e;j Nghuhl;lj;jpy; jhk; mope;J Nghftpy;iy vd;gij czh;j;Jtjw;fhfNt mtd; “tp\;Z” vd;W jk;ikf; $wpf;nfhz;lhd;. mj;Jld; jkJ kf;fspd; eyidAk;> cyf eyidAk; fl;bf;fhf;Fk; nghWg;Gj; jkf;F ,Ug;gjhf mtd; fUjpdhd;. “kfhGU\d;” vd;w mstpy; cyfpd; ghJfhg;Gf;Fk; ehl;ilf; fhg;ghw;Wtjw;Fk; jkf;Fg; gq;F ,Ug;gjhf mtd; ek;gpdhd; (Susanti – T. 2003, pp. 106 -12). rk];fpUjj;jpy; vOjg;gl;bUf;Fk; rf 959-Mk; Mz;L (fp.gp. 1037) G+r;rhq;fhd; fy;ntl;Lk;> gioa [hth nkhopapy; vOjg;gl;bUf;Fk; rf 963-Mk; Mz;L (fp.gp. 1041) fy;ntl;Lk; mah;ypq;fhtpd; kpf Kf;fpakhd Mtzq;fshff; fUjg;gLfpd;wd. Kjy; fy;ntl;L> goq;fhy kj;jhu kd;ddpd; nfhs;Sg; Ngudhd kd;dd; G+ rpe;Njhf; (Pu Sindok) fhyk;

278

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njhlq;fp> mur FLk;gq;fisg; gl;baypLfpwJ. mah;ypq;fh tPo;j;jpa ehLfspd; gl;bay; ,uz;L fy;ntl;LfspYNk fhzg;gLfpd;wd. k;G+ fhd;th (Mpu Kanwa) vd;w muritf; ftpQiuf; fhf;fhtpd; mh;[{dtpth`h (mh;[{dd; tpthf fhtpak;) vd;w njhFg;ig vOJkhW mah;ypq;fh cj;jutpl;lhd;. me;j kfj;jhd ftpij E}y;> mah;ypq;fh ehl;il tpl;L ntspNawp> fhl;by; tho;e;j fhyj;ij tUzpg;gjhf fy;tpkhd;fs; rpyh; $Wfpd;wdh;. mah;ypq;fhtpd; ehL> tskhd gpue;jh]; (Brantas) Mw;Wf; fopKfj;ijAk; cs;slf;fpapUe;jJ. me;j Mw;wpd; gy;NtW fhy;tha;fs; ney; tay;fSf;F ey;y ghrdkhf mike;jd. fp.gp. 1037-Mk; Mz;bd; fkyhf;ahd; (Kamalagyan) fy;ntl;L ney; rhFgb Fwpj;Jk;> rpwg;ghd ePh;g;ghrd Kiw gw;wpAk; $WfpwJ (Susanti-T. 2003, p. 119). fly; th;j;jfj;Jf;fhd topKiwfisAk; mah;ypq;fh tFj;jhd;. me;jf; fhyf;fl;lj;jpy; njd;fpof;fhrpahtpd; kw;w ehLfSk; mtw;wpd; fly; th;j;jfj;ij Nkk;gLj;Jk; Kaw;rpfis Nkw;nfhz;ld. fp.gp. 1017Yk;> 1025-Yk; ,uhN[e;jpu Nrhod; Nkw;nfhz;l jhf;Fjy;fshy; =tp[ah rPh;nflj; njhlq;fpapUe;jJ. me;jj; jUzj;jpy; midj;Jyfj; JiwKf Kidak; vd;w =tp[ahtpd; epiyiag; gwpf;f mah;ypq;fh Kad;wJ mtDila fly; th;j;jf Kidg;gpypUe;J njhpa tUtjhff; $Wfpwhh; tuyhw;W Mrphpauhd f];ghhp]; (Casparis). me;jf; Fwpf;Nfhis mila tl;lhu> midj;Jyf th;j;jfj;Jf;F cfe;j gy JiwKfq;fis cUthf;fpdhd; mah;ypq;fh. mtdJ fhyj;ijr; Nrh;e;j gy;NtW fy;ntl;LfisAk; mtw;wpy; ,lk;ngw;Ws;s Ch;fspd; ngah;fisAk; MuhAk;NghJ> mah;ypq;fh ehl;bd; ikakhf> jw;Nghija RughahTf;F mUfpYs;s cthl;lhd; kh]; (Wwatan Mas) vd;w ,lk; ,Ue;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W fzf;fplg;gl;bUf;fpwJ. mtdJ Mfg; gioikahd fy;ntl;Lfs; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;l tl;lhuq;fspy; ,Ue;J me;j KbTf;F te;jpUf;fpwhh;fs; tuyhw;W Mrphpah;fs;. ney; rhFgbiaAk;> cs;ehl;L ntspehl;L th;j;jfj;ijAk; Cf;Ftpf;Fk; Nehf;fj;jpy;> mah;ypq;fh mtDila ehl;bd; jiyefuj;ijg; gpuz;lh]; (Brantas) Mw;Wf;F mUNf nfhz;L nrd;whd;. mJ tskhd G+kp vd;gjhy; ney; tpisr;rYf;F Vw;wjhf ,Ue;jJ. mjdhy; gpuz;lh]; gs;sj;jhf;if xl;ba tl;lhuq;fisf; ifg;gw;wp> f`{hpg;ghd; (Kahuripan) vd;w ,uz;lhtJ ehl;ilAk; Njhw;Wtpj;jhd; mah;ypq;fh. me;j ehl;bd;

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ikakhf Kjypy; ,Ue;jJ jw;NghJ nkhn[hnfh;Nlh (Mojokerto) ,Uf;Fk; gFjp vd;W ek;gg;gLfpwJ. me;j tl;lhuj;jpy; ,Ue;Jjhd; mah;ypq;fhtpd; ,ju fy;ntl;Lfs; fpilj;jpUf;fpd;wd. mjd; gpwF mah;ypq;fh> me;j ehl;bd; ikaj;ij f`{hpg;gd; vDk; (Kahuripan) ,lj;jpw;F khw;wpdhd;. mq;Nf mtd; xU miziaf; fl;baNjhL> `{[{q; fhY (Hujung Galuh) tl;lhuj; JiwKfj;ijAk; Jtq;fpdhd;. gpue;jh]; Mw;wq;fiuapy; mike;jpUe;j me;jj; JiwKfj;ij> cs;ehl;L Nghf;Ftuj;Jf;fhf eLj;jug; glFfNs gad;gLj;jpd. me;jj; jfty;fisnay;yhk; nfhz;l fkyhf;ahd; (Kamalagyan) fy;ntl;L> fphpahd; fpNlhh;N[h (Krian Sidoarjo) fpuhkj;jpy; fz;nlLf;fg;gl;lJ (Susanti-T 2003, pp. 273 – 74). rf 964-tJ Mz;ilr; Nrh;e;j (fp.gp. 1042) ghk;tjhd; (Pamwatan) fy;ntl;L> me;j ehl;bd; ikak; jfd Guk; (Dahana Pura) vd;w ,lj;Jf;F khw;wg;gl;ljhff; $WfpwJ. gjtpapypUe;J tpyFtjhf mah;ypq;fh rf 964-tJ Mz;by; mwptpj;j fe;j`Fjp (Gandhakuti) fy;ntl;Lf;Fg; gpwF me;jf; fy;ntl;L vOjg;gl;lJ. mah;ypq;fhtpd; cj;jutpd; Nghpy; JghDf;F (Tuban) mUfpy; midj;Jyf Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;e;j fk;ghq; Gj;Nj (Kambang Putih) JiwKfk; fl;lg;gl;lJ. me;jj; JiwKfj;ij vspjpy; mila VJthf ifg;gw;wg;gl;l gpuNjrq;fSk;> jhdkhf toq;fg;gl;l epyq;fSk; cjtpahf mike;jd. ,uz;L nghpa MWfshd ngq;fthd; NrhNyh> gpue;jh]; MfpaitAk; mtw;wpd; rpW ejpfSk; glF Nghf;Ftuj;Jf;F cjtpd. Mdhy; mah;ypq;fh gjtp Jwe;jNghJ fk;ghq; Gj;Nj JiwKfk; fl;b Kbf;fg;gltpy;iy. [q;fyhit (Janggala) Mz;l mah;ypq;fhtpd; Gjy;tuhd kd;dd; fuhrfd; (Garasakan) vOjpa fy;ntl;by; me;jj; JiwKfk; gw;wpa jfty;fs; cs;sd (Susanti-T. 2003, p. 275). mah;ypq;fh midj;Jyf th;j;jfk; elj;j Mh;tk; nfhz;bUe;jij> ntspehl;L tzpfh;fs; mtdJ uh[paj;jpy; ,Ue;jjhff; $Wk; Mtzq;fs; cWjpg;gLj;Jfpd;wd. mj;jifa tzpfh;fSf;F thp tpjpf;fg;gl;ljhf me;j Mtzq;fs; $Wfpd;wd. fpspq;> Mh;ah> rpq;fsh> ghz;bf;fPuh> jpuhtplh> rk;gh> nfkh;> Nukd; Mfpa ehLfisr; Nrh;e;j ntspehl;L tzpfh;fs; mq;fpUe;jjhfg; gy;NtW fy;ntl;Lfs; $Wfpd;wd (Cane fy;ntl;L> Patakan fy;ntl;L> Turunhyang fy;ntl;L). mth;fs; mah;yq;fhtpd; uh[paj;jpy; tho;e;jjhfj; njhptpf;fg;gl;bUf;fpwJ. me;j ntspehl;lth;fs; th;j;jfg; gphpjpepjpfshfNth> epGzh;fshfNth> iftpidQh;fshfNth ,Ue;jpUf;ff;$Lk;.

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$Wfpwhh;. jdJ ehl;bid xd;WgLj;jpa rpwg;G mtDf;F cz;L. murpay;> nghUspay;> rkak;> r%f Nkk;ghL Mfpa Jiwfspy; Vw;gl;l Nkk;ghLfSf;F mtNd fhuzk; vd;fpwhh; fh];ghhp]; (Casparis 1991). fk;Nghbahtpd; Kjyhk; #h;ath;kd; (fp.gp. 1002 – 50)> gfhdpd; kd;dd; mdpUj;jh (fp.gp. 1044 – 77)> njd;dpe;jpahtpd; ,uh[uh[ Nrhod; (fp. gp. 983 – 1014) kw;Wk; ,uhN[e;jpu Nrhod; (fp.gp. 1014 – 44) Mfpa jiyrpwe;j njw;fhrpa kd;dh;fspd; thpirapy; mah;ypq;fhitAk; Nrh;f;fyhk; vd;fpwhh; Nfhb]; (Coedes). mth;fspd; fUj;Jfs; xUGwkpUf;f> ,uhN[e;jpu Nrhod; Nkw;nfhz;l ,uz;L jhf;Fjy;fshy; Nkhrkile;j =tp[ahtpd; murpay; epytuk; mah;ypq;fhtpd; ntw;wpf;F toptFj;jJ vd;gij kwe;Jtplf;$lhJ. mg;NghJ epytpa murpay; #oypy;> jk; ehl;by; tpiuthd khw;wq;fis mah;ypq;fh nfhz;L te;jhd;. mjd; %yk; =tp[ahtpd; ,lj;ijg; gpbf;f mtd; Kw;gl;lhd;. mah;ypq;fh gw;wpa Fwpg;GfisAk; fy;ntl;LfisAk; ghh;f;Fk;NghJ> mtDila Fwpf;Nfhs;fspy; ngUk;ghyhdit ntw;wpiaj; je;jd vd;Nw Njhd;WfpwJ.

References Basham, A. L. The Wonder That Was India: A Study of the History and Culture of the Indian Sub-continent Before the Coming of the Muslims. New York: Hawthorn Books, Inc, 1963. Boechari. “Rakryan Mahamantri I Hino Sri Sanggramawijaya Dharmmaprasadottunggadewi”. Laporan Kongres Ilmu Pengetahuan Nasional II, Report on the National Science Congress II, Jakarta, 1965. ———. “Sri Maharaja Mapanji Garasakan”. In Majalah Ilmu-ilmu Sastra Indonesia. (Journal of Indonesian Literary Sciences), IV (1, 2). ———. “The Inscription of Garaman Dated 975 S´aka: The Evidence on Airlangga’s Partition of His Kingdom”. In Monumen (Monument), pp. 125–45. ———. Seri Penerbitan Ilmiah (Scientific Publication Series) No. 9 FS-UI. Depok: Faculty of Letters, The University of Indonesia. Bronson, Bennet. “Exchange at the Upstream and Downstream Ends: Notes toward a Functional Model of the Coastal State in Southeast Asia”. In Economic Exchange and Social Interaction in Southeast Asia; Perspectives from Prehistory History and Ethnography, edited by Karl L. Hutterer, pp. 39–52. Ann Arbor: Michigan Papers on South and Southeast Asia, 1977. Budi-Utomo, Bambang. “Komunitas Tamil di Barus dan Peranannya dalam Perda-

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gangan di Nusantara” [The Tamil Community in Barus and its role in Nusantara trade]. Paper at the International Seminar on “Great Barus’s Role as Centre of Civilization and Trade Port (Emporium) in the Years 1–17 AD”, Jakarta, 12–15 October 2002. De Casparis, J.G. “Airlangga”. Inaugural Lecture, Airlangga University, 1958. Surabaya: Airlangga University’s University Publications, 1991. ———. “The Year 1000 A.D. in Southeast Asia”. Paper at Seminar on “Philippine Palaeographs”. Manila, 19–20 January 1991. ———. “Beberapa Tokoh Besar dalam Sejarah Asia Tenggara dari kira-kira 1000–1400 M”. [Some Prominent Figures in Southeast Asian History of Around 1000–1400 AD]. Amerta, No. 16. Puslitarkenas, Jakarta. ———. “Airlangga, The Threshold of the Second Millennium”. Article in International Institute for Asian Studies Bulletin, Leiden, 1999. Coedès, G. The Indianized States of Southeast Asia. Honolulu: East-West Center Press, 1968. Coedès, G. and L. Ch. Damais. “Kedatuan Sriwijaya” [The Sriwijaya Kingdom]. Research on Sriwijaya. Seri Terjemahan Arkeologi (Series of Archeology Translations) No. 2 Joint project of The National Research Center for Archeology & EFEO and The Department of Education and Culture, 1989. Damais, L. Ch. “Tanggal Prasasti Hujung Langit (Bawang)” [The Date of the Hujung Langit (Bawang) Inscription]. In Epigrafi dan Sejarah Nusantara [Epigraphy and the History of Nusantara]: Pilihan Karangan Louis-Charles Damais [Selected writings of Louis-Charles Damais]”. In Seri Terjemahan Arkeologi [Series of Archeology Translations], No. 3 Joint Project of The National Research Center for Archeology and Ecole Française d’Extrême-Orient, 1995. Groeneveldt, W. P. Historical Notes on Indonesia and Malaya Compiled from Chinese Sources. Jakarta: Bhratara, 1960. Hall, D. G. E. A History of South-East Asia. London: Macmillan Press Ltd, 1976. Hall, Kenneth R. “State and Statecraft in Early Sriwijaya”. In Exploration in Early South East Asian History: The Origins of South East Asian Statecraft, edited by Kenneth R. Hall and John K. Whitmore. Ann Abor: Center for South East Asian Studies, The University of Michigan, 1976. Kern, H. “Een Oud-Javaansche Steen Inscriptie van Koning Erlangga” [An Old Javanese Stone Inscription of King Erlangga]. Verspreide Gechriften (Scattered Writings), VI, 1971. ——— 1917. “Sanskrit-Inscriptie ter eere van den Javaanschen vorst Erlangga” [Sanskrit Inscription in honor of the Javanese King Erlangga]. Verspreide Geschriften (Scattered Writings), VI, pp. 85–101. Lapian, A. B. “Pelayaran dalam Periode Sriwijaya” [Navigation in the Sriwijaya Era]. In Pra Seminar Penelitian Sriwijaya [Pre-Seminar on a Research on Sriwijaya] National Research Center for Archeology, Jakarta, 1979. Leirissa, R. Z. “Dr. J. C. van Leur dan Sejarah Ekonomi: Suatu Tinjauan Historiografi” [Dr J. C. van Leur and The History of Economy: A Historiographical Review]. In Sejarah Indonesia; Penilaian Kembali Karya Utama Sejarawan

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Asing [History of Indonesia: A Re-evaluation of a Foreign Historian’s Principal Writing]. Jakarta: PPKB-LPUI. 1997. Majumdar, R. C., H. C. Raychaudhuri, and Kalikinkar Datta. An Advanced History of India. London: Macmillan and Co. Ltd, 1958. Menon, A. G. “Copper Plates to Silver Plates: Cholas, Dutch and Buddhism”. In Fruits of Inspiration, Studies in Honour of Prof. J. G. De Casparis, edited by Marijke J. Klokke and Karel R. van Kooij. Groningen: Egbert Forsten, 2001. Sastri, K. A. Nilakanta. A History of South India: From Prehistoric Times to the Fall of Vijayanagar. Madras: Oxford University Press, 1958. Panikkar, K. M. A Survey of Indian History. London: Asia Publishing House, 1962. Rawlinson, H.G. India: A Short Cultural History. 1957. Sedyawati, Edi. “Arsitektur Indonesia Masa Hindu-Budha: Tinjauan Fungsi Sosial” [Indonesian Architecture of the Hindu-Buddhist Era: A Social Function Review]. In “Lembaran Sastra” Seri Penerbitan Ilmiah FSUI [“Literary Sheets” in Scientific Publication Series Faculty of Letters, The University of Indonesia]. Depok, 1990. Sjafei, Soewadji. “Catatan Mengenai Jalan Pelayaran Perdagangan ke Indonesia sebelum Abad ke-16” [Notes on the Trade’s Navigation Channel to Indonesia before the Sixteenth Century]. Journal of Indonesian Literary Sciences, X no. 1 (1981–82): Faculty of Letters, University of Indonesia. Soemadio, Bambang. “Jaman Kuno” [The Ancient Period]. In Sejarah Nasional Indonesia [Indonesian National History] Vol. II, edited by Bambang Soemadio, with Marwati D. Poesponegoro and Nugroho Notosusanto. Jakarta: PN Balai Pustaka, 1984. Susanti-T., Ninny. “Airlangga: Raja Pembaharu di Jawa pada Abad ke-11 Masehi” [Airlangga: The Reformer King of Java in the Eleventh Century AD]. Unpublished dissertation, Faculty of Humanities, The University of Indonesia, 2003. Tobing, Binsar D.L. “Prasasti Hujung Langit” [The Hujung Langit Inscription]. Unpublished paper, Faculty of Humanities, The University of Indonesia, 2004. Wibisono, Naniek H. “Pola Perdagangan Abad ke-10–14 Berdasarkan Bukti-bukti Tinggalan Arkeologi” [10–14 Centuries’ Trade Patterns as Evident from Archaeological Relics]. Paper at a panel discussion on “Airlangga sebagai Tokoh” (Airlangga as a Figure), Jombang, 2004. Wolters, O. W. Early Indonesian Commerce: A Study of The Origins of Sriwijaya. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press, 1967.

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Fthq;#tpy; ,e;jpar; rKjha cUthf;fk;

287

G+rhitf; (Fuzhou) ifg;gw;w fp.gp. 1297-,y; kq;Nfhypah;fs; Nkw;nfhz;l Kaw;rpiar; Nrhq; gilfs; Kwpabj;jd. G \{nfq; (Pu Shougeng), cs;@h; gpuKfh;fSld; Nrh;e;Jnfhz;L> Nrhq; Ml;rpf;fhd Mjuit kPl;Lf; nfhz;ljhfTk;> kd;diu epuhfhpj;jjhfTk; Athd;]p (Yuanshi) vdg;gLk; Nrhq; rhk;uh[pa mjpfhuG+h;t tuyhW $WfpwJ. me;j Mz;L ,Wjpf;Fs; Fthq;# kq;Nfhypah;fsplk; mjpfhuG+h;tkhf mbgzpe;jJ vd;W mjpy; njhptpf;fg;gl;bUf;fpwJ.10 Nrhq; Ml;rpf;fhd Mjuitf; iftpl;l G \Pnfq; (Pu Shougeng), ntspehl;bdUk; cs;@h; gpuKfh;fSk; mlq;fpa xU giliaj; jpul;b> Nrhq; Mjuthsh;fisAk; Ml;rpahsh;fisAk; nfhd;W Ftpj;jhd;. kq;Nfhypah;fspd; cjtp ,y;yhkNyNa G \Pnfq;Fk; (Pu Shougeng) mtdJ gilapdUk; nray;gl;ldh;. G \{nfq;,d; MjuT kq;Nfhypah;fSf;F Mr;rhpaj;ij mspf;ftpy;iy. Vndd;why; ntspehl;Lf;fhuh;fshd kq;Nfhypah;fs;> jq;fs; Ml;rpapy; Kf;fpakhd nghWg;GfSf;F ntspehl;bdiuNa tpUk;gpdh;. Athd; Ml;rp KbTf;F tUk; tiu> Fthq;#itr; Nrh;e;j ntspehl;bdNu (semuren – tz;zf; fz;fisf; nfhz;lth;fs;) cs;@h; murhq;fj;jpy; Kf;fpag; gjtpfis tfpj;J te;jdh;. mj;Jld; cs;@h; kf;fs; gyh; ntspehl;Lr; rPdg; ngah;fis itj;Jf; nfhz;ldh; vd;Wk; Ntw;W kjq;fSf;F khwpdh; vd;Wk; rPd tuyhw;Wf; Fwpg;Gfs; $Wfpd;wd. ntspehl;Lf; FLk;gq;fSf;F toq;fg;gl;l rYiffisj; jhq;fSk; ngw Ntz;Lk; vd;w Nehf;fj;jpy; mth;fs; mt;thW nra;jdh;.11 kq;Nfhypah;fs;> G \{nfq;Ff;Fr; rpwg;Gkpf;f gy ntFkjpfis mspj;jdh;. /G+[pad; (Fujian), Fthq;^q; (Guangdong) khepyq;fSf;fhd uhZt MSeuhf mth; epakpf;fg;gl;lhh;. fly; tzpfj;ij Cf;Ftpj;jjw;fhf fp.gp 1278y; mtUf;Fk;> kq;Nfhypa jsgjpahd Nrh nfl;LTf;Fk; Fthq;# murhq;fj;jpy; mjpfhuG+h;t gjtpfs; toq;fg;gl;ld.12 kq;Nfhypa Ml;rpapd;NghJ njd;dpe;jpaf; fiufspy; rPd th;j;jf eltbf;iffs; mjpfhpj;jd. ,e;jpaj; JiwKfq;fspy; gy rPdf; fg;gy;fisf; fz;ljhfg; Gfo;ngw;w tuyhw;Wg; gazpfshd ,GD ghj;Jj;jh> thq; lhAthd;> khh;f;Nfh NghNyh Nghd;Nwhh; jq;fs; ,e;jpahTldhd th;j;jfj;ij Fwpg;Gfspy; njhptpj;Js;sdh;.13 Kf;fpakhff; fUjpa Fg;yha; fhd; muR> 16 mjpfhuG+h;t J}Jf; FOf;fisr; Nrhokz;ly> kyghh; fiufSf;F mDg;gp itj;jJ.14 ,e;jpahTldhd murpay; njhlh;Gfis tphpTgLj;jpf; nfhs;Sk; Kaw;rpapy; Athd; muR mjpfhhpahd ahq; bq;gp (Yang Tingbi), mg;gFjpfSf;F gy Kiw gazk; Nkw;nfhz;lhh;. mg;NghJ njd;dpe;jpahtpy; rphpah fpwp];Jth;fs;> K];ypk;fs; Nghd;Nwhiur;

288

HP\h yP

re;jpj;jjhf ahq; lhAthd; njuptpj;Js;shh;.15 mjpfhhpfs; ,e;jpahtf;Fj; jdpahh; th;j;jff; fg;gy;fspNyNa nrd;wdh;. ,e;jpar; re;ijfspYk;> murpaypYk; jq;fspd; Mjpf;fj;ijg; ngw Athd; muRk; tzpfh;fSk; $l;lhfr; nray;gl;ldh; vd;gij mjd; %yk; mwpa KbfpwJ.16 fp.gp. 1270-,y;> Kjyhk; FNyhj;Jq;fDld; njhlq;fpa gpw;fhyr; Nrhoh; Ml;rp> fp.gp. 1280-,y; %d;whk; ,uhN[e;jpudpd; kuzj;jpw;Fg; gpwF KbTf;F te;jJ.17 Fthq;# rpw;g Ntiyg;ghLfisj; jkpo;ehl;Lf; Nfhapy;fspy; cs;s rpw;gq;fSld; njhlh;G gLj;jpa [hd; fha; (John Guy) vd;ghhpd; Muha;r;rpg;gb> Fthq;#tpy; trpj;j irt r%fj;ijr; Nrh;e;jth;fs; jkpo; ehl;bypUe;J te;jth;fs; vd;W njhpatUfpwJ.18 ntspehl;L tzpfj;ij Kf;fpakhff; fUjpa Nrho kd;dh;fs;> rPdhTld; th;j;jf> murpay; cwTfis Cf;Ftpf;Fk; ntspehl;Lf; nfhs;iffis tFj;jdh;. fp.gp. Kjyhk; E}w;whz;bd; njhlf;fj;jpypUe;Nj njd; rPdhTk; njd;dpe;jpahTk; fly; thzpgj;jhy; ,izf;fg;gl;bUe;jd vd;fpwhh; rPd fy;tpahsuhd ghd; F (Ban Gu).19 vdpDk; 12Mk;> 13Mk; E}w;whz;Lf;F ,ilapy;> Nrhq;> kq;Nfhypa Athd; Ml;rpf;fhyj;jpd; NghJjhd; Fthq;# cyf Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;e;j JiwKfkhf cUntLj;jJ. fp.gp. 1292-,y; mq;Fr; nrd;w khh;Nfh NghNyh> kpsF Vw;wg;gl;l ,e;jpaf; fg;gy;fisj; JiwKfq;fspy; fz;ljhf vOjpapUf;fpwhh;.20 jkpo;ehl;Lf; fiufspy; fz;nlLf;fg;gl;Ls;s Vuhskhd rPdg; gPq;fhd; ghj;jpuq;fSk;> ehzaq;fSk; rPdhTf;Fk; njd;dpe;jpahTf;Fk; ,ilapy; ,Ue;j Jbg;ghd th;j;jf cwTf;F Mjhukhf tpsq;Ffpd;wd. 11Mk; E}w;whz;by; njhlq;fpa me;j cwT> gy E}w;whz;LfSf;Fj; njhlh;e;jJ.21 rPd ,e;jpa cwTfs; gw;wpa jkJ Gj;jfj;jpy; lhd;nrd; nrd; (Tansen Sen), cyfr; re;ijapd; Nkk;ghl;Lf;Fr; Nrhog; NguuR ngUk; gq;fhw;wpapUg;gjhff; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shh;. rPdr; re;ijia cyfpd; ,ju gFjpfSld; ,izg;gjpy; Nrhoh;fspd; JiwKfq;fSk;> tzpfr; rq;fq;fSk; Kf;fpag; gq;F tfpj;jjhfTk; mth; njhptpj;Js;shh;.22 fp.gp. 1015-f;Fg; gpwF Nrho kd;dh;fs; njd; rPdhTf;Fj; jq;fs; J}jh;fis mDg;gpaJld; jq;fspd; tzpf eyd;fis Nghhpd; top ghJfhj;jdh;. tzpfr; rq;fq;fs; gw;wp vOjpAs;s kPuh Mg;u`hk;> ,e;jpa th;j;jf eyd;fisg; ghJfhf;Fk; Nehf;fj;jpNyNa 1015-,y; kyha; jPgfw;gk; kPJk; ,e;NjhNdrpah kPJk; Nrhoh;fs; jhf;Fjy; elj;jpajhff; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shh;. mg;NghJ ,e;jpahTf;Fk; rPdhTf;Fk;

Fthq;#tpy; ,e;jpar; rKjha cUthf;fk;

289

,ilapyhd th;j;jfj;jpy; =tp[ah muR eLtuhf nrayhw;Wk; epiyikapy; ,Ue;jJ.23 ntspehl;Lj; JiwKfq;fisj; jq;fs; fl;Lg;ghl;bd; fPo; nfhz;LtUk; Nehf;fj;jpy; Nrhoh;fs; ,yq;ifiag; gpbj;jdh;. Nrho kd;dh;fs;> rPdhTldhd jq;fs; cwtpy; jdpg;gl;Lr; nray;gltpy;iy. mjpy; njd;dpe;jpa tzpfh;fSk; Kf;fpag; gq;F tfpj;J ,UehLfSf;Fk; ,ilapyhd fyhrhug; ghpkhw;wj;Jf;F cjtpdh;. nrhy;yg; Nghdhy; Fthq;# ,e;Jf; Nfhapiyf; fl;bath;fs;> mq;F epue;jukhd th;j;jf epiyaj;ij mikj;jpUe;j tzpf mikg;G xd;wpd; cWg;gpdh;fshf ,Ue;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk;. murUf;Fk; tzpfh;fSf;Fk; ,ilapy; ,Ue;j neUf;fkhd cwit kPuh Mg;u`hk; Rl;bf;fhl;Lfpwhh;. mz;il ehLfspd; kPJ gilnaLj;Jr; rh;thjpfhu Ml;rp Ghpgth;fs; kd;dh;fs; vd;w jg;ngz;zj;ij me;j cwT cilj;njhpe;jJ. khwhf njd;dpe;jpaf; Nfhapy;fspYk; ntspehl;Lf; Nfhapy;fspYk; tzpfr; rq;fq;fNs rf;jp tha;e;jjhf ,Ue;jd. Nrho kd;dh;fSf;Fk; tzpf mikg;GfSf;Fk; ,ilapy; neUf;fkhd cwT ,Ue;jjhfr; rPdf; Fwpg;Gfs; $Wfpd;wd. kd;dh; mDg;gpa J}jh; ahh;> tzpf mikg;Gfspd; J}jh; ahh; vd;w NtWghl;ilr; rPd mjpfhhpfs; mwpe;Jnfhs;s Kbahj epiy ,Ue;jJ. gyh; ngha;ahd jfty;fisAk; toq;fpdh;. mjdhy; rPdg; gjpTfspy; jtWfSk; Vw;gl;ld. mjw;F Xh; cjhuzk;> =tp[a J}jh; xUth; Nrho ehL jq;fSf;F mbik vd;W $wpr; rPd mjpfhhpfis ek;g itj;j rk;gtk;. Nrho ehl;bd; nry;thf;F cr;rj;jpy; ,Ue;jNghJ mJ ele;jJ. mjdhy; fp.gp. 1015Mk; Mz;by; rPdhTf;Fr; nrd;w Nrhoh;fspd; KjyhtJ J}Jf; FO> mjpfhhpfshy; rhpahf elj;jg;gltpy;iy. tzpff; FOf;fSf;F ,ilNa fLikahd Nghl;b epytpajhy;> ntspehl;Lr; re;ijfspy; jq;fis epiyehl;bf; nfhs;sTk;> ,uh[je;jpuj;ij Nkk;gLj;jTk; fyhrhu mk;rq;fisf; ifapy; vLj;jdh;. mjdhy; mth;fs; nrhe;jkhfr; rkaj; jyq;fis mikj;jJld; kw;wth;fs; mikf;fTk; cjtpdh;. 14-Mk; E}w;whz;Lr; rPdg; gazpahd thq; lhAthd;> rPdh;fshy; fl;lg;gl;l NfhGuk; xd;iw jhk; ehfg;gl;bdj;jpy; ghh;j;jjhff; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shh;. fp.gp. 1267-,y; fl;lg;gl;ljhff; NfhGuj;jpy; rPd nkhopapy; vOjg;gl;bUe;jjhfTk; mth; $Wfpwhh;.25 11Mk; E}w;whz;by; rPdf; fl;ll ghzpapy; ngsj;j klhyak; xd;iw ehfg;gl;bdj;jpy; fl;bdh; =tp[ahitr; Nrh;e;Njhh;. Fthq;#tpy; fhzg;gLk; fp.gp. 1049-Mk; Mz;L fy;ntl;L xd;W> mq;Fs;s xU jhNth klhyaj;Jf;F> Nrho kd;dd; Kjyhk; FNyhj;Jq;fd; rhh;gpy; ed;nfhilfs; toq;fg;gl;ljhff; $WfpwJ.27

290

HP\h yP

me;j epidTr; rpd;dq;fs; fyhrhu hPjpapy; jdpg;gl;L tpsq;ftpy;iy. khwhf mjd; rpw;g tbtq;fs; gy fyhrhuq;fspd; fyitahf tpsq;Ffpd;wd. cjhuzj;Jf;Ff; fhAthd; (Kaiyuan) Myaj;jpd; jy tuyhW> 1238-,y; mjd; fpof;Ff; NfhGu kWrPuikg;Gf;F ',e;jpahitr; Nrh;e;j ty;Yeu; jiyik tbtikg;ghsuhf" ,Ue;jjhff; $WfpwJ. mjw;F Mjhukhf me;jf; Nfhapypd; xU NfhGuj;jpy; ,e;Jf; flTshd mDkhhpd; cUtr; rpj;jpuk; xd;Wk; fhzg;gLfpwJ.28 kj;jpa> njd;fpof;fhrpahitr; Nrh;e;j nghUl;fSk;> mt;tl;lhuq;fisr; Nrh;e;jth;fSk; Fthq;#tpy; mg;NghJ ,Ue;jdh;. mth;fSk;$l me;efhpd; rptd; Nfhapypd; fl;Lkhdj;jpy; NeubahfNth kiwKfkhfNth gq;fhw;wpapUf;f KbAk;. njd;fpof;fhrpahtpd; gy gFjpfspy; gy nkhopfspyhd fy;ntl;LfSk;> ,e;jpar; rpw;g tbtq;fSk; fz;nlLf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. fyhrhu vy;iyfisAk; fle;J tzpfh;fs; gazpj;jdh; vd;gijNa ,J fhl;LfpwJ. njd;fpof;fhrpahtpypUe;J te;jth;fSk;> mth;fspd; rpe;jidfSk; $l Fthq;#tpy; ,Ue;j Nfhapypd; Njhw;wj;ijAk; mq;F topgl;l r%fj;jpdiuAk; ghjpj;jpUf;Fk; vd;W ek;gg;gLfpwJ.29 Fthq;#tpy; cs;s ,e;jpar; rpw;g tbtq;fspd; Ma;T jw;NghJ vQ;rpapUf;Fk; rpw;g Ntiyg;ghLfis itj;J Nfhapy; vd;w nrhy;iyg; gad;gLj;j KbahJ. me;j rpw;g Ntiyg;ghLfs; Fthq;#tpYk; mjd; Rw;W tl;lhuq;fspYk; Ie;J gpujhd ,lq;fspy; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. jw;NghJk; topghLfs; eilngWk; ngsj;j fhAthd; Myaj;jpy; Mf mjpfkhd ,e;jpar; rpw;g Ntiyg;ghLfs; cs;sd.30 ,e;j Myak; lhq; Ml;rpf;fhyj;jpy; fp.gp. 686-Mk; Mz;L fl;lg;gl;lJ. ,q;Fs;s 153 rpw;g Ntiyg;ghLfspy; ngUk;ghyhdit> Myaj;jpd; Kfg;gpYs;s. mbj;jsj;jpy; thh;g;glq;fshfg; (frieze) gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sd (glk; 15.1). mtw;wpd; tbtKk;> mit nghWj;jg;gl;Ls;s KiwAk; Myaj;jpd; Muk;g tbtikg;gpd; xU gFjpahf mit ,Uf;ftpy;iy vd;gij czh;j;JfpwJ. khwhf Xh; ,e;jpaf; Nfhapypd; nghUl;fs; kWgadPL nra;ag;gl;Ls;sd. fhAthd; Myak; gy ,aw;ifg; Nghplh;fisAk;> kWrPuikg;GfisAk; re;jpj;jpUg;gjhf kpq; Ml;rpfhyj;Jj; jy tuyhw;wpy; gjpT nra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ.31 ,U ntt;NtW egh;fs; me;j Myaj;ijg; fp.gp. 1489> fp.gp. 1408 Mfpa Mz;Lfspy; kWrPuikj;jpUf;fpwhh;fs;> me;jf; fhyf;fl;lj;jpy; ,e;jpar; rpw;g Ntiyg;ghLfs; mq;Fg; nghWj;jg; gl;bUf;ff;$Lk;.32

Fthq;#tpy; ,e;jpar; rKjha cUthf;fk;

291

,e;jpaf; Nfhapy;fspy; cs;sijg; NghyNt fhAthd; Myaj;jpd; mbj;js thh;g;glq;fs; nghWj;jg;gl;Ls;sd. me;j thh;g;glq;fspy; jhkiur; rl;lq;fSf;F cs;Ns rpq;fq;fspd; cUtq;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. Mz; rpq;fk;> ngz; rpq;fk; vd;W khwp khwp me;j cUtq;fs; rl;lq;fspy; ,lk;ngw;Ws;sd. me;j thh;g;glq;fspd; khWgl;l ePsj;ijAk; ,ilapy; cs;s re;JfisAk; ghh;f;Fk;NghJ mit Kjypy; ,Ue;j ,lj;jpy; jw;NghJ ,y;iy vd;gJ njhpfpwJ. Mdhy; me;j thh;g;glq;fisg; nghWj;jpath;fs;> njhlf;fj;jpy; ,Ue;jijg; NghyNt> Mz; rpq;fk;> ngz; rpq;fk; vd;W khw;wp khw;wp nghWj;jpapUf;fpd;wdh;. vq;nfy;yhk; ,ilntsp Vw;gLfpwNjh> mijr; rl;lq;fspd; gFjpfisf; nfhz;L epug;gpapUf;fpd;wdh;. Myaj;jpd; Kfg;Gf; $lj;jpw;Fg; gpd;dhy;> ,e;J flTs;fspd; cUtq;fisf; nfhz;l ,uz;L rpj;ufhz;l J}z;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd (glk; 15.2). me;jj; J}z;fs; kPJ Fthq;#tpy; trpj;j jkpo;r; rKjhaj;jpduhy; $Ljy; ftdk; nrYj;jg; gl;bUg;gjhfj; Njhd;WfpwJ.33

glk; 15.1 fhAthd; Myak;> Fthq;# kPz;Lk; gad;gLj;jg;gl;l mbj;js thh;g;glq;fs;> mNdfkhf fp.gp. 1289 my;yJ 1408-,y; nghWj;jg;gl;bUf;fyhk;

292

HP\h yP

glk; 15.2 fhAthd; Myak;> Fthq;# Kfg;Gf;Fg; gpd;dhy; ,Uf;Fk; kPz;Lk; gad;gLj;jg;gl;l rpj;ufhz;lj; J}z;fs;

mjw;F mLj;jg;gbahf Mf mjpfkhd ,e;jpar; rpw;g Ntiyg;ghLfs; fhzg;gLk; ,lk; Fthq;#tpy; cs;s flw;Jiw mUk;nghUsfj;jpy;. Fthq;#tpy; thOk; C ntd;ypahq; (Wu Wenliang) vd;gth; 1950fspy; tay; tug;GfspYk;> cs;ShpYs;s tPLfspYk; Nfl;ghh; mw;Wf; fple;j gioikahdg; nghUl;fisr; Nrfhpf;fj; njhlq;fpdhh;. mth; ngUk;ghYk; Nrfhpj;jit fy;ypdhy; nra;ag;gl;l rpw;g Ntiyg;ghLfis. mtw;Ws; gytw;iw cs;@h;fhuh;fs; jq;fs; fl;lq;fisf; fl;l gad;gLj;jpapUe;jdh;. mthpd; Nrfhpg;gpy; fhy;thrp ,e;jpar; rpw;g Ntiyg;ghLfs;. fpwp];Jt> ,];yhkpa> khdpr;rpad;> ne];Nlhhpad; fyhrhuq;fisr; Nrh;e;j mUk;nghUl;fSk; mthplk; ,Ue;jd. ghurPfk;> muG> jkpo;> ,j;jhyp> yj;jPd;> rphpah Mfpa nkhop vOj;Jf;fs; mtw;wpy; fhzg;gl;ld. ngUk;ghyhd fy;ntl;Lfs; ,U nkhopfspy; ,Ue;jJ> fyhrhuq;fSf;F

Fthq;#tpy; ,e;jpar; rKjha cUthf;fk;

glk; 15.3

glk; 15.4

293

294

HP\h yP

,ilapy; Ntw;Wik ,y;yhky; ,Ue;jjw;Fk; cs;@hpy; rPdh; my;yhjth;fSf;F ,Ue;j nry;thf;fpw;Fk; Mjhukhf tpsq;Ffpd;wd. cjhuzj;Jf;F “mfkjpd; fy;yiwf; fy;” gy jiyKiwfshff; Fthq;#tpy; trpj;J te;j xU FLk;gj;ijg; gw;wpf; $WfpwJ. ghurPfk;> muG> rPd nkhopfspy; vOjg;gl;Ls;s me;jf; fy;ntl;bypUe;J. mfkJ vd;gth; Fthq;#itr; Nrh;e;j xU ngz;iz kze;jhh; vd;Wk; mtUila topKiwapdh; rPd nkhopapy; rpwe;J tpsq;fpdh; vd;Wk; njhpfpwJ.34 ,e;jpar; rpw;g Ntiyg;ghLfs; gy fhAtd; Myaj;jpypUe;J nfhz;L tug;gl;lit. me;j Myaj;jpYk; xU mUk;nghUsfk; ,Uf;fpwJ. Fthq;# flw;Jiw mUk;nghUsfKk; mt;tg;NghJ fpilf;Fk; Gjpa rpw;g Ntiyg;ghLfisj; njhlh;e;J Nrfhpj;J tUfpwJ.35 me;j mUk;nghUsfj;jpy; cs;s 117 rpw;g Ntiyg;ghLfs; njd;dpe;jpa ghzp Nfhapiyr; Nrh;e;jit vd;gJ njspthfj; njhpfpwJ. G\;gnghjpfk;> rpj;ufhz;l J}z;fs;> gj;kk;> tpahyh> fNghl;lh> fl;lh> ky];jhdk;> `];jp`];jk;> [yp Nghd;w rpw;g tbtq;fis mq;Ff; fhz KbfpwJ. mj;Jld; jhkiug; gPlj;jpd; kPJ epw;Fk; Ie;jb cau tp\;Z tpf;fpufKk; mq;F cs;sJ. mit mUk;nghUsfj;jpd; gpd;dhy; mike;Js;s rpwpa fhl;rp miwapy; xd;wd; kPJ xd;whf mLf;fp itf;fg;gl;bUf;fpd;wd. (glk; 15.3). fhAtd; Myaj;jpYk;> Fthd;# mUk;nghUsfj;jpYk; cs;sijg; Nghd;w ,uz;L rpj;ufhz;l J}z;fs;> Fthq;#tpy; cs;s jpad;Nfh nfhq; (Tianhou gong) Myaj;jpYk; cs;sd (glk; 15.4). mjdhy; mitAk; xNu Nfhapypy; ,Ue;Jjhd; te;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk;. Nrhq; Ml;rpapd; ,uz;lhk; Mz;by; (fp.gp. 1196) fl;lg;gl;l me;jf; Nfhapy;> flYf;Fr; nry;Nthh; jq;fspd; ghJfhg;Gf;fhf tzq;Fk; cs;@h; flTs; kh# (Mazu) vd;gtUf;fhf vOg;gg;gl;lJ. me;jf; NfhapYf;Fk; kw;w Nfhapy;fSf;Fk; cs;s NtWghL> mjd; J}z;fspy; ,e;Jr; rpd;dq;fs; ,y;yhky;> G+ kw;Wk; nrbnfhbfspd; rpd;dq;fs; kl;Lk; fhzg;gLtJ. fhAtd; Myaj;ijg; NghyNt ,e;j Myaj;jpd; J}z;fSk; ntspkz;lgj;ijr; Rw;wp> fy; Nkil xd;wpd; kPJjhd; mikf;fg; gl;bUf;fpd;wd. Fthq;# efu ikaj;Jf;F 15 fpNyhkPl;lh; ntspNa cs;s rPbad; (Chidian) fpuhkj;jpy; Fthd; ,d; vd;w ngsj;jf; fUiz nja;tj;Jf;F \pd;[p (Xingji) vDk; rd;djp cs;sJ. mq;F ,e;Jj; nja;tkhd fhspapd; Rth; rpw;gk; xd;W fhzg;gLfpwJ. rptg;G> jq;f epwq;fspy;

Fthq;#tpy; ,e;jpar; rKjha cUthf;fk;

295

tz;zk; jPl;lg;gl;Ls;s me;j rpw;gk; Fthd; ,d;Df;Fg; gjpyhf cs;sJ (glk; 15.5). me;jf; flTs; kz;ilNahl;L khiyAlDk;> gul;ilj; jiyAlDk;> gzpg; ngz;fSlDk;> mjd; fhybapy; mRud; xUtDk; fhzg;gLtjhy; mijf; fhspapd; mk;rkhff; nfhs;syhk;. vOgJ Mz;LfSf;F Kd; ,r;Rth; rpw;gk;> me;j fpuhkj;Jf;F xU fpNyh kPl;lh; njhiytpYs;s rpwpa ghyk; xd;Wf;Fg; gf;fj;jpy; xU rd;dpjpahf ,Ue;jJ.36 fyhrhu Gul;rpapd;NghJ me;jg; ghyKk;> rd;dpjpAk; mfw;wg;gl;ld. me;jf; fpuhkj;ijr; Rw;wp Rth; mikj;jNghJ me;j RtUld; me;jr; rpw;gKk; nghWj;jg;gl;lJ. 1980-fspy; me;j fpuhkthrpfs;> Rtiu mfw;wpaNghJ me;jf; fhsp rpw;gj;ijf; fz;nlLj;jdh;. mijf; Fthd; ,d;dhf ghtpj;J mjw;F xU rd;dpjp vOg;gpdh;. Rpahnkd; (Xiamen) gy;fiyf;fof mUk;nghUsfj;jpy;> rpy tpf;fpufq;fs; ghJfhf;fg;gLfpd;wd. ,uz;L nkhopapyhd fy;ntl;Lk; (glk; 15.6)> xU epiyf; fjTk; mq;Fjhd; cs;sd.

glk; 15.5

296

HP\h yP

glk; 15.6 rpahnkd; gy;fiyf;fof mUk;nghUsfk; fp.gp. 1281-Mk; Mz;by; rptd; Nfhapy; FlKOf;fpid Fwpf;Fk; jkpo;> rPdk; Mfpa nkhopfspy; cs;s fy;ntl;L

me;jf; Nfhapy; gphpj;njLf;fg;gl;ljdhy; ekf;F mq;fpUe;j rpw;g Ntiyg;ghLfs; gw;wp XusT njhpa tUfpwJ. mNj Ntisapy; me;jr; rpw;g Ntiyg;ghLfs; ,e;J rkaj;ij mjd; gpwF gpujpepjpf;ftpy;iy. mf;fw;fspd; gadPL mjw;Fg; gpd; khwpaJ. fle;j E}w;whz;by;jhd; me;jr; rpw;g Ntiyg;ghLfs; kPz;Lk; jpul;lg;gl;L mUk;nghUsfj; jFjp toq;fg;gl;lJ. mg;NghJ mtw;Wf;F kPz;Lk; ,e;J milahsk; fpilj;jJ. Mdhy; me;jf; fw;fisf; $h;ikahf ftdpf;Fk;NghJ> mit ,e;Jf; Nfhapy; xd;wpy; ,Ue;jpUe;jhYk;> ,e;Jf;fs; kl;LNk mtw;iw cUthf;fpajhff; $wptpl KbahJ. ghh;f;fg; Nghdhy; vy;iyfisf; fle;J gy r%fq;fs;> gy fyhrhug; gpd;dzpiaf; nfhz;lth;fspd; if EZf;fq;fis ehk; ghh;f;f KbfpwJ. Fthq;#tpy; jkpo;r; r%fk; xd;W trpj;J te;jJ vd;gJ tuyhw;wpy; vOjg;gltpy;iy vd;whYk;> mq;Fs;s rpw;g Ntiyg;ghLfs; mjw;F vOjhj Mjhuq;fshf tpsq;Ffpd;wd. ,ilf;fhyf; Fthq;# r%fj;jpy; murpay; hPjpahf mth;fSf;F cah;thd kjpg;G ,Ue;jJk; mjd; %yk; njhpfpwJ. ,d;W tiu jhf;Fg;gpbj;Js;s ,e;Jf; fy;ntl;Lfspy; xd;W> fp.gp. 1281-,y; Fthq;#tpy; rptd; Nfhapy; FlKOf;fpidf; Fwpf;Fk; jkpo; rPd nkhopfspyhd fy;ntl;L. me;jf; fy;ntl;bd; gpujhd gFjp jkpopy; vOjg;gl;Ls;sJ. filrp thp kl;Lk; rPd nkhopapy; cs;sJ. me;jj; jkpo; thrfq;fspy; ,Ue;J gytw;iw ehk; njhpe;Jnfhs;s KbfpwJ. mJ me;jf; Nfhapypd; gpujhd %h;j;jpahd rptidg; Nghw;WfpwJ. me;jf; Nfhapiy vOg;gpath; rk;ge;jg;ngUkhs; vd;w jkpoh; vd;W njhpfpwJ. kq;Nfhypa murpd; (nrf;fhrha; fhd;) MrpAld;

Fthq;#tpy; ,e;jpar; rKjha cUthf;fk;

297

mf;Nfhapypy; rptd; tpf;fpufk; epWtg;gl;lJ vd;gJk; njspthfpwJ. Mjyhy; me;jf; Nfhapy; vof; fhuzkhdth;fs; rPd murhq;fj;jpd; mDkjpAld;jhd; mijr; nra;jhh;fs; vd;W GydhfpwJ. me;jf; fy;ntl;by; fhzg;gLk; rPd thrfq;fis nkhopg; ngah;g;gjpy; fy;tpahsh;fspilNa Kuz;ghL cs;sJ.38 mjd; nghUs; njsptw;wjhf ,Ue;jhYk;> gy Nfs;tpfSf;F mJ top tFf;fpwJ. me;jf; fy;ntl;bYs;s jkpo; vOj;Jf;fs; rhpahf tbf;fg;gltpy;iy vd;gjhy; mij vOjpath; jkpo; vOj;Jf;F gof;fkpy;yhjtuhf ,Uf;ff; $Lk;. vJ vg;gbapUe;jhYk; ,UnkhopfSNk mLj;jLj;J ,lk;ngw;wpUg;gJ mq;fpUe;j r%fj;jpdUf;F ,uz;L nkhopfSNk njhpe;jpUe;jJ vd;gij czh;j;JfpwJ. ,uz;L nkhopfspyhd me;jf; fy;ntl;L> Nfhapiyf; fl;bath;fs; Fiwe;jJ %d;W tifahd nkhop njhpe;jth;fSld; Ngrpdh; vd;gij czh;j;JfpwJ. xd;W rPdk; njhpe;jth;fs;> kw;nwhd;W jkpo; njhpe;jth;fs;> mLj;jJ ,uz;L nkhopfSNk njhpe;jth;fs;. Nfhapiyf; fl;bath;fs; Fthq;#tpy; cs;s kf;fsplk; rPdj;jpy; Ngrpdhh;fsh jkpopy; Ngrpdhh;fsh vd;gij cWjpahff; $w KbahJ. mq;F topgl;lth;fspd; jha;nkhop jkpohf ,y;yhkYk; ,Ue;jpUf;ff;$Lk;. vdpDk; fy;ntl;bd; jkpo;g; gFjpapy;jhd; kq;Nfhypa Ml;rpf;F khpahij nra;ag;gLfpwJ> rPdg; gFjpapy; my;y. kj;jpa fhyj;jpy; lf;fhd; Nkl;Lg; gug;gpy; fl;lg;gl;l gs;spthry; xd;wpd; rpwg;G mg;gFjp kd;dUf;F mh;g;gzk; nra;ag;gl;bUg;gijr; Rl;Lfpwhh; gpy; Ntf;dh; (Phil Wagoner).39 mijg; Nghy Fthq;# Nfhapypd; rpwg;G kq;Nfhypa Ml;rpapd; kd;ddhd nrf;fr;rha; fhDf;F mh;g;gzk; nra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ vd;W fUjyhk;. mjdhy; Fthq;#tpy; trpj;j ,e;jpah;fs; my;yhjth;fSf;F ed;F jkpo; njhpe;jJ vd;W $wptpl KbahJ. vdpDk; jkpopy; ,lk;ngw;Ws;s GfOiuiag; gbj;J mjd; rpwg;ig kq;Nfhypa Ml;rpahsh;fSf;F njhpag;gLj;Jk; msTf;F ,U nkhop njhpe;jth;fs; ,Ue;jhh;fs; vd;W nfhs;syhk;. Mjyhy; me;jf; Nfhapy; fl;lg;gLk; Kd;dNu Fthq;#tpy; ,Ue;j njd;dpe;jpa tzpfr; r%fk;> me;efhpd; r%ff; fl;likg;gpd; xU gFjpahf ,ize;jpUe;jJ. rPd Ml;rpapd; murpay; mjpfhuj;ij mq;fPfhpf;Fk; mstpw;Fk;> mNj Ntisapy; rPd r%fj;jpduhy; mq;fPfhpf;fg;gLk; mstpw;Fk; mJ tsh;e;jpUe;jJ. Nfhapy; xd;iwf; fl;LtJ vd;gJ rhjhuz fhhpaky;y. mijf; fl;l KbT nra;tjw;Fk;> jpl;lkpLtjw;Fk;> fl;b Kbg;gjw;Fk; jPtpuf; flg;ghL Njit. Fthq;#tpd; njd;dpe;jpa tzpfr; r%fj;jpdh; jq;fis me;efhpd; xU

298

HP\h yP

epue;ju mq;fkhff; fUjpajhNyNa me;jf; flg;ghL te;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk;. Fthq;#tpd; ,e;jpar; rpw;g Ntiyg;ghLfspy; gytw;Ws; njd;dpe;jpa ghzp njspthfj; njhpfpwJ. “,e;jpah;fspd; rpw;g tbtq;fisr; rPdh;fs; rpwg;ghf kWgjpg;G nra;jpUf;fpwhh;fs;. mtw;iw Kjypy; ghh;f;Fk;NghJ ,e;jpah;fspd; iftz;zkhfNt Njhd;Wfpd;wJ” vd;fpwhh; tuyhw;W Mrphpauhd Fkhurhkp.40 cjhuzj;Jf;Ff; Fthq;#tpy; cs;s J}z;fs; (glk; 15.7)> jkpo;ehl;bd; jhuhRuj;jpy; ,uz;lhk; ,uh[uh[d; 12-Mk; E}w;whz;by; fl;ba IuhtNj];tuh; Nfhapypy; cs;s J}z;fisg; NghyNt (glk; 15.8) ,Uf;fpd;wd.41

glk; 15.7 fhAthd; Myak; rpj;ufhz;lj; J}z;

Fthq;#tpy; ,e;jpar; rKjha cUthf;fk;

299

glk; 15.8 jkpo;ehL> jhuhRuj;jpy; cs;s IuhtNj];tuh; Nfhapy; kz;lgj;jpy; cs;s 12-Mk; E}w;whz;L rpj;ufhz;lj; J}z;fs;

vdpDk; Fthq;#tpy; cs;s J}z;fis cd;dpg;ghf ftdpj;jhy;> gy;NtW r%fj;jpdhpd; iftz;zq;fisf; fhz KbAk;. me;jf; Nfhapiyf; fl;bath;fspd; fyhrhu milahsq;fis eph;zapg;gJ rpukk; vd;whYk;> mth;fSf;Fj; njd;dpe;jpa> rPdf; fl;bl EZf;fq;fs; njhpe;jpUe;jjw;F Mjhuq;fs; cs;sd. Fthq;# ngsj;j Myaj;jpy; ,Uf;Fk; ,uz;L rpj;ufhz;l ghzpapyhd ,e;jpaj; J}z;fis fUj;jpy; vLj;Jf; nfhs;Nthk;. mit goq;fhyr; Nrhoh; Nfhapy;fspd; kz;lgq;fspy; mjpfkhfg; gad;gLj;jg;gl;ld.42 mtw;Wf;Fk; rPdf; fl;llf; fiyf;Fk; ve;jj; njhlh;Gk; ,y;iy. gjpdhW gf;fq;fisf; nfhz;ljhfr; nrJf;fg;gl;Ls;s mj;J}z;fs; xt;nthd;wpYk; fdrJu tbtpyhd %d;W gl;ilfs; cs;sd. me;jg; gl;ilfspy; rPd> ,e;jpaf;

300

HP\h yP

fyhrhu mk;rq;fs; ,lk;ngw;Ws;sd. me;jg; gl;ilfspd; eLtpy; cs;s cUtq;fs; rPd> ,e;jpa ikaf; fUj;Jfs; vd;W khwp khwp tUfpd;wd. cjhuzj;Jf;F xU gl;ilapy; fpU\;zh; kuj;ijr; rha;g;gJ Nghy; cs;sJ (glk; 15.9). kw;nwhd;wpy; rPd gPdpf;]; gwit (Phoenix) vijNah tpul;Ltijg; Nghy cs;sJ (glk; 15.11). mjdhy; jhuhRuk; Nfhapy; J}z;fSf;Fk; Fthq;# Myaj; J}z;fSf;Fk; ,ilapy; xw;Wik ,y;iy vd;W $wptpl KbahJ. J}z;fspd; jiyg; ghfj;ijg; ghh;f;Fk;NghJ epr;rakhf xw;Wikj; njhpfpwJ. J}z;fspy; ,Ue;J gphpj;njLf;fg;gl;l jiyg; ghfq;fs; jw;NghJ Fthq;# flw;Jiw mUk;nghUsfj;jpy; itf;fg;gl;Ls;sd (glk; 15.10). me;jj; jiyg;ghfq;fspy; G+ tbtpyhd Foy;fs; (spout) fhzg;gLfpd;wd. Nrhoh; fhyj;Jj; jpUtz;zhkiyf; Nfhapypy; cs;sijg; Nghy mit tbtikf;fg;gl;Ls;sd (glq;fs; 15.12 kw;Wk; 15.13).43

glk; 15.9 fhAthd; Myak; J}zpy; fhzg;gLk; fpU\;zh; kuj;ijr; rha;f;Fk; gl;il

Fthq;#tpy; ,e;jpar; rKjha cUthf;fk;

glk; 15.10 fhAthd; Myak; J}zpy; fhzg;gLk; gPdpf;]; gwitg; gl;il

glk; 15.11 Fthq;# flw;Jiw mUk;nghUsfk; njd;dpe;jpaj; J}z;fspd; jiyg; ghfk;

301

302

HP\h yP

glk; 15.12 jpUtz;zhkiyf; Nfhapy;> jkpo;ehL> 13Mk; E}w;whz;L

glk; 15.13 jpUtz;zhkiyf; Nfhapy; kz;lgj;J}Zk; jiyg;ghfKk;

Fthq;#tpy; ,e;jpar; rKjha cUthf;fk;

303

13Mk; E}w;whz;by; Fthq;#tpd; fiytz;zk; gd;Kff; fyhrhu mk;rj;Jld; tpsq;fpaJ. Vw;fdNth Fwpg;gpl;lJNghy 13Mk; E}w;whz;by; Fthq;# cyfpd; Mfg; nghpa JiwKfq;fspy; xd;whf tpsq;fpaJ. mq;F muGf;fs;> ghurPfh;fs;> INuhg;gpah;fs; MfpNahNuhL ,e;jpah;fSk; Fwpg;gpl;l mstpy; trpj;J te;jdh;. me;jr; r%fj;jpdh; fl;ba fl;llq;fSk; epidTr; rpd;dq;fSk; ,d;Wk; Fthq;#tpy; cs;sd. me;j epidTr; rpd;dq;fspy; fhzg;gLk; Ntiyg;ghLfspYk; Fthq;# J}z;fspy; fhzg;gLk; Ntiyg;ghLfspYk; gy xw;Wikfisf; fhz KbfpwJ. cjhuzj;Jf;F Fthq;# J}z;fisr; Rw;wp fhzg;gLk; rpd;d kyh; - jhkiug; gl;il (glk; 15.14)> mNj fhyj;ijr; Nrh;e;j fpwp];Jtf; fy;yiwapYk; (glk; 15.15) fhzg;gLfpwJ.44 mijg; Nghy Nkfj;jpd; tbtk; Fthq;#tpd; gy fyhrhur; rpd;dq;fspy; fhzg;gLfpwJ. Fthq;# efUf;F ntspapy; cs;s kiyapy; fhzg;gLk; nghpa jhNth rpiy (glq;fs; 15.16 kw;Wk; 15.17)> Xh; ,e;jpar; rpw;g Ntiyg;ghL (glk; 15.18)> fp.gp. 1302-Mk; Mz;ilr; Nrh;e;j Xh; muG rkhjpf; fy; (glk; 15.19) Mfpatw;wpYk; mijf; fhzyhk;.

glk; 15.14 fhAthd; Myak; J}zpy; fhzg;gLk; rpd;d kyh; - jhkiug; gl;il

304

HP\h yP

glk; 15.15 Fthq;# flw;Jiw mUk;nghUsfk; rpd;d kyh; - jhkiug; gl;ilAld; fpwp];Jt fy;yiwf; fy;

glk; 15.16 Fthq;#Tf;F ntspapy; cs;s jhNth rpiy

Fthq;#tpy; ,e;jpar; rKjha cUthf;fk;

glk; 15.17 jhNth rpiyapd; ifg; gFjpapy; fhzg;gLk; Nkf tbtk;

glk; 15.18 Fthq;# flw;Jiw mUk;nghUsfk; Nkf tbtj;Jld; $ba ,e;jpar; rpw;g Ntiyg;ghL

305

306

HP\h yP

fyhrhu Ntw;Wikapd;wp gy;NtW epidTr; rpd;dq;fspYk; xNu khjphpahd tbtq;fs; fhzg;gLtjhy;> me;j epidTr; rpd;dq;fis vOg;gpa gy;NtW r%fq;fisr; Nrh;e;jth;fSk; mNj Ntiyahl;fis gad;gLj;jpapUf;ff;$Lk; vd;W Njhd;WfpwJ. J}z;fspy; fhzg;gLk; gl;ilfspy; cs;s rPd> ,e;jpa tbtq;fis itj;Jg; ghh;f;Fk;NghJ mth;fs; ngUk;ghYk; cs;@h; rPdh;fshf ,Ue;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk;. fhAthd; Myaj; J}zpy; fhzg;gLk; gPdpf;]; gwit> Nrhq; Ml;rp fhyj;ijr; (fp.gp. 1127 – 1279) Nrh;e;j xU nts;spg; ngl;bapYk; ,Uf;fpwJ. me;jf; fhyf;fl;lj;jpy; fly;ehf tbtk; rPdh;fshy; gutyhfg; gad;gLj;jg;gl;lJ> ,e;jpah;fshy; my;y.45 ,uz;Lg; nghUl;fspYNk gPdpf;]; gwit njspthfr; nrJf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. Mdhy; fpU\;zh; mh;[{d kuj;ijr; rha;f;Fk; rpw;gk; (rPd iftpidQh;fSf;F GjpJ) me;j msTf;Fj; njspthf ,y;iy. fhAthd; Myaj; J}z;fspy; cs;s tbtq;fisAk;> ,e;jpahtpy; Nrhoh; fhyf; Nfhapy;fspy; fhzg;gLk; mNj tbtq;fisAk; xg;gpl;Lg; ghh;f;Fk;NghJ> rPd Ntiyg;ghLfspy; EZf;fk; ,y;yhjJ njhpa tUk;.

glk; 15.19 Fthq;# flw;Jiw mUk;nghUsfk; Nkf tbtj;Jld; $ba 1302Mk; Mz;L muG fy;yiwf; fy;

Fthq;#tpy; ,e;jpar; rKjha cUthf;fk;

307

glk; 15.20 /G+rht; (Fuzhou) mUk;nghUsfk; gPdpf;]; gwit tbtk; nghwpf;fg;gl;l nts;spg; ngl;b

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Notes   1. I am indebted to Barry Flood, Katherine Kasdorf, and Vidya Dehejia for reading versions of this chapter, offering bibliographic suggestions, and productive conversation. Any remaining shortcomings are my own. I was able to travel to Quanzhou in the summers of 2006 and 2007 through the generous grants of the Weatherhead East Asian Institute and the Art History Department at Columbia University. I am especially grateful to Wang Lianmo and Ding Yuling, the directors of the Quanzhou Maritime Museum, for their gracious hospitality, encouragement, assistance, and support of this project. I

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thank Robert E. Harrist and his family for accompanying me on my first trip to Quanzhou and their encouragement of the project.   2. The use of granite is unique to the region. The most concise English language Quanzhou archaeological survey is Richard Pearson, Li Min, and Li Guo, “Quanzhou Archaeology: A Brief Review”, International Journal of Historical Archaeology 6, no. 1 (March 2002).   3. My work owes much to Phil Wagoner and Barry Flood’s scholarship which, in studying the art object, takes seriously movement and the remapping of cultural boundaries. Barry Flood, “Pillars, Palimpsests, and Princely Practices: Translating the Past in Sultanate Delhi”, Res 43 (Spring 2003). Phil Wagoner, “Fortuitous Convergences and Essential Ambiguities: Transcultural Political Elites in the Medieval Deccan”, International Journal of Hindu Studies 3, no. 3 (December 1999).   4. T.N. Subramaniam, “A Tamil Colony in Medieval India”. In South Indian Studies, edited by R. Nagaswamy (Madras, 1978), pp. 1–52.   5. Hugh Clark, “Muslims and Hindus in the Culture and Morphology” (1995); Dasheng Cheng, Quanzhou yisilanjiao shike [Islamic Stone Reliefs in Quanzhou] (Fuzhou: Fujian People’s Press, 1984); Ellen Wang, “Quanzhou Kaiyuan Monastery: Architecture, Iconography, and Social Contexts”, unpublished Ph.D. dissertation in East Asian Languages and Civilizations, University of Pennsylvania, 2008.   6. Hugh Clark, “Muslims and Hindus in the Culture and Morphology of Quanzhou from the Tenth to Thirteenth Century”, Journal of World History 6, no. 1 (Spring 1995): 49–74.   7. Most Quanzhou scholars believe that the temple was dismantled in the late sixteenth century, owing to a local gazetteer that records a renovation of the Buddhist temple at this time. Scholars have assumed that the Indic carvings installed into the foundation of the Buddhist temple were a part of this renovation; however, there is no other material evidence as yet to prove this conclusively.   8. Qingzhang Yang, “Quanzhou Yindujiao Diaoke Yuanyuan Kao”, Quanzhougang Yu Haishang Sichouzhilu, edited by Zhongguo Haiyang Xuehui, Quanzhou Shizhengfu (Beijing: Sheke Chubanshe, 2002), pp. 427–39.   9. John Guy, “Tamil Merchant Guilds and the Quanzhou Trade”. In Emporium of the World: Maritime Quanzhou, 1000–1400, edited by Angela Schottenhammer (Leiden and Boston: Brill, 2000), pp. xi, 449; Qinzhang Yang, “Cultural Contacts Between China’s Quanzhou and South India During the Yuan Period: New Evidence”, Asia-Pacific Studies (1991): 99–111. 10. The Mongols also gained control of Fuzhou and Guangzhou, two vital ports. The merchant, Pu Shougeng, is believed to have been of either Arabic of Persian background. His great grandfather traded in the South Seas and gained great success. The successive generations then moved first to Guangzhou, then to Quanzhou. Billy K. L. So, Prosperity, Region, and Institutions in Maritime China (Cambridge, MA and London: Harvard University Press, 2000), p. 108.

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11. Ibid. 12. Tansen Sen, “The Formation of Chinese Maritime Networks to Southern Asia, 1200–1450”, Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient 49, no. 4 (2006): 432. 13. Tansen Sen, “The Yuan Khanate and India: Cross-Cultural Diplomacy in the Thirteenth and Fourteenth Centuries”. Asia Major 19, no. 1-2 (2006): 299–326. 14. Ibid. 15. The Yuanshi records Tingbi’s visits to India. Also attesting to the close relationships between the countries is Yang Tingbi offering asylum to a local Muslim official, Sayyid, who was at odds with the south Indian court (Ma’abar). Sayyid was brought to China and granted a Korean bride by Kublai Khan. Ibid, 317. 16. Ibn Battuta writes of “Chinese merchants offering clothes to Yuan envoys whose belongings were lost in a shipwreck”. Ibid., p. 323. 17. It is probably no coincidence that the temple in China is founded so soon after the dissolution of the Chola empire. Sen also notes that the temple is erected only a few years after Yang Tingbi’s first mission to India. In Tansen Sen’s article, “The Yuan Khanate and India”. 18. John Guy, “The Lost Temples of Nagapattinam and Quanzhou: A Study in Sino-Indian Relations”, Silk Road Art and Archaeology 3 (1993/1994). 19. Ban Gu, “who lived not later than the end of the first century A.D.” writes of trade with India in his work, Qian Hanshu. Quoted in K. A. Nilakanta Sastri, Foreign Notices of South India (Madras: University of Madras, 1972), p. 44. 20. John Guy, “The Lost Temples of Nagapattinam and Quanzhou”. 21. It might be productive to investigate the continued trade between India and China, even though it postdates the foundation inscription of the Hindu temple. We know for a fact that Chinese silk was an important part of court ritual in India as late as the Vijayanagar period. See Phil Wagoner, “Lord of the Eastern and Western Oceans: Politics and the Indian Ocean Trade in South India, 1400–1600”, paper presented at the Association for Asian Studies Annual Meeting, 26–29 March 1998, Washington, D.C. 22. Tansen Sen, Buddhism, Diplomacy and Trade: The Realignment of Sino-Indian Relations 600–1400 (Honolulu: Association for Asian Studies: University of Hawai’i Press, 2003), p. 156. 23. A kingdom that is believed to have been located in the Southern Malay peninsula and Sumatra. Meera Abraham, Two Medieval Merchant Guilds of South India (New Delhi: Manohar Publications, 1988). 24. Tansen Sen, Buddhism, Diplomacy, and Trade, p. 224. 25. This structure was demolished in 1867. There are other Chinese records that describe Chinese temples being built in South India at the bequest of the Pallava king, Narasimhavarman II (690–720). Guy, “Lost Temples of Nagapattinam and Quanzhou”. 26. Recorded in the larger Leiden Grant. Meera Abraham, Two Medieval Merchant Guilds.

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27. There are even earlier records than this: a Chinese source states that in 720 the Pallava king Narasimhavarman II “constructed a temple [in Tamil Nadu] on account of the empire [i.e. China]”, and another text cites the existence of three Hindu temples in southern China where “Brahmans” resided during the eighth century. Chinese patrons also established Buddhist temples in Tamil Nadu during the Pallava and Chola periods. See John Guy, “The Lost Temples of Nagapattinam and Quanzhou”, p. 293 and “Tamil Merchant Guilds and the Quanzhou Trade”, in Foreign Notices of South India, by K. A. Nilakanta Sastri, p. 118. 28. Many scholars believe that Hanuman became incorporated into Chinese Buddhism and became Sun Wukong, the monkey assistant to Hsuan Tsang. For a summary of the debates, see Victor Mair, “Suen Wu-kung or Hanumat? The Progress of a Scholarly Debate”, in Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Sinology (Taipei: Academia Sinica, 1989), pp. 659–752. 29. Tansen Sen notes a number of stones along the South Indian coast that have been inscribed in Arabic and South Indian languages, such as the Galle inscription of Tamil, Chinese, Persian, and Sinhalese. This is not to mention the numerous multilingual inscriptions found throughout Southeast Asia. Moreover, Sen suggests that at least by the Ming dynasty, Chinese merchants had established mercantile bases in Southeast Asia, making the Indian coastline much more accessible. There is equal evidence for the south Indian merchants having set up similar settlements. See Sen, “Formations of Maritime Networks”; H.P. Ray, “Indian Settlements in Medieval China: A Preliminary Study”, Indian Journal of Asian Studies 1, no. 1 (1989): 68–82, and Jan Wisseman Christie, “The Medieval Tamil-language Inscriptions in Southeast Asia and China”, Journal of Southeast Asian Studies 29, no. 2 (1998): 239–68. 30. Shi Yuanxian, Quanzhou Kaiyuansi Zhi [Record of Kaiyuan Temple] (1643 Nian, Mukeben), 1–4 Juan, Xiamen Daxue Tushuguan Cang. Gustav Ecke and Paul Demiéville argue that its current plan is no earlier than the Song dynasty. In The Twin Pagodas of Zayton: a Study of Later Buddhist Sculpture in China (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1935). 31. The gazetteer dates to 1643, but it incorporates versions authored as early as the Tang dynasty. It was written by Shi Yuanxian, a monk from Fuzhou, Fujian province. 32. These dates are tentative since no written record specifies the Indic carvings’ installation date. Ellen Wang, “Quanzhou Kaiyuan Monastery: Architecture, Iconography, and Social Contexts” (unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, University of Pennsylvania, 2008). 33. See T.N. Subramaniam, “A Tamil Colony in Medieval India”, in South Indian Studies, edited by R. Nagaswamy (Madras, 1978); A.K. Coomaraswamy, “Hindu Sculptures at Zayton”, Ostasiatische. Zeitschrift, Vol. 9 (1933), p. 5; and John Guy, “The Lost Temples.” 34. Pearson et al., p. 41. There are also twenty-eight gravestones that record five generations of a family from Sri Lanka with the surname “Shi,” gravestones

Fthq;#tpy; ,e;jpar; rKjha cUthf;fk;

35.

36.

37. 38.

39.

40. 41.

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from the Ming and Qing dynasties. There are mentions of the Sri Lankan family in genealogies, and a land contract from Guangzhou. Recorded in Wenliang and Youxiong Wu’s, Quanzhou Zong Jiao Shi Ke, Zeng ding ben, Di 1 ban. Ed. (Beijing: Kexue chubanshe, 2005). During my stay in Quanzhou, the museum received two new carvings, both of which appeared to be portions of temple base moulding. These were gifted by a resident who had found them underneath their house. Since Quanzhou has been continuously occupied from the Tang dynasty onwards, there are unquestionably more carvings that have been reused as building materials for private homes. This is from my talk with a resident of the village, who had lived there from childhood and remembered seeing the panel in situ by the bridge. I estimated him to be about 75 years old. Although we cannot determine the construction date of this bridge because it has been dismantled, we can assume that it was an older bridge because it was targeted by Mao Zedong’s anti-culture campaigns. Monks traditionally built bridges to accrue dharma, or religious merit and small pavilions near to the bridges containing sculptures are a common architectural feature. To my knowledge, there has been no involved scholarship of either bridges or pavilions of Fujian province; however, the region is renowned for its profusion of extant bridges, many of which date as early as the Song dynasty. See Hugh Clark, Community, Trade, and Networks: Southern Fujian Province from the Third to the Thirteenth Century (Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 1991). Barry Flood has noted that the term firman, is a Persianized Arabic term, which furthers my argument that Indic temple patrons did not view themselves as culturally distinct selves; rather, such terms were transcultural. Tansen Sen uses the following translation: “Lu-ho-chih-jih, [who was] good in Chinese [language], compiled the sutra of the Great mountain without the help of a Guru.” David Yu, an independent scholar, has recently suggested that it is a phonetic version of the title, “Tavachhavartigal,” intelligible when the characters are read in Fujianese dialect. Most Chinese speaking scholars, however, are unable to read anything. Tansen Sen, “Maritime Contacts between China and the Cola Kingdom (AD 850–1279)”, in Mariners, Merchants, and Oceans: Studies in Maritime History, edited by Kuzhippalli Skaria Mathew (New Delhi: Manohar, 1995), p. 33. Wagoner also writes about this mosque or dharmasale as evidence of “the fluid nature of individual identity and the permeability of cultural boundaries in the Deccan”. Phil Wagoner, “Fortuitous Convergences and Essential Ambiguities: Transcultural Political Elites in the Medieval Deccan”, Internationl Journal of Hindu Studies 3, no. 3 (December 1999): 253. A.K. Coomaraswamy, “Hindu Sculptures at Zayton”, p. 5. See Françoise L’Hernault, P.R., Srinivasan, and Jacques Dumarçay, Darasuram: epigraphical study, etude architecturale, etude iconographique, Publications de l’ecole Française d’extreme-Orient. Memoires Archéologiques 16. Paris:

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Ecole française d’extreme-orient: Depositaire Libr. A.: Maisonneuve, 1987. 42. Michael W. Meister et al., Encyclopaedia of Indian Temple Architecture (New Delhi, Philadelphia: American Institute of Indian Studies; University of Pennsylvania Press, 1983), p. 294. 43. S.R. Balasubrahmanyam, S.R. Natarajan B., B. Venkataraman, and Ramachandran B., Later Chola Temples: Kulottunga I to Rajendra III (AD 1070–1280) (Madras: Mudgala Trust, 1979). 44. Iain Gradner, Samuel Lieu, and Ken Parry, From Palmyra to Zayton: Epigraphy and Iconography (Belgium: Brepols Publishers, 2005). 45. It has been suggested that this motif came into fruition during the Yuan dynasty. Jessica Rawson, Chinese Ornament: The Lotus and the Dragon (London: British Museum Publications, 1984) and James C. Watt, When Silk Was Gold: Central Asian and Chinese Textiles (New York: H.N. Abrams, 1997). 46. Rawson, The Lotus and the Dragon. 47. Claude Markovits, Jacques Pouchpadass, and Sanjay Subrahmanyam, Society and Circulation: Mobile People and Itinerant Cultures in South Asia, 1750–1950 (Delhi; Bangalore: Permanent Black, 2003).

References Abraham, Meera. Two Medieval Merchant Guilds of South India. New Delhi: Manohar Publications, 1988. Balasubrahmanyam, S. R. Natarajan B., B. Venkataraman, and Ramachandran B. Later Chola Temples: Kulottunga I to Rajendra III (AD 1070–1280). [Madras]: Mudgala Trust, 1979. Ban Gu, Qian Han Shu. Beijing: Zhonghua shuju, 1985. Champakalakshmi, R. Trade, Ideology and Urbanization: South India 300 BC to AD 1300, Oxford India Paperbacks. Delhi and Oxford: OUP India and Oxford University Press, 1999. Christie, Jan Wisseman. “The Medieval Tamil-Language Inscriptions in Southeast Asia and China”. Journal of Southeast Asian Studies 29, no. 2 (1998): 239–68. Clark, Hugh R. Community, Trade, and Networks: Southern Fujian Province from the Third to the Thirteenth Century, Cambridge Studies in Chinese History, Literature, and Institutions. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 1991. ———. “Muslims and Hindus in the Culture and Morphology of Quanzhou from the Tenth to the Thirteenth Century”. Journal of World History 6, no. 1 (Spring 1995): 49–74. Coomaraswamy, Ananda K. “Hindu Sculptures at Zayton”. Ostasiatsche Zeitschrift 9 (1933): 5–11. Dean, Carolyn and Dana Leibsohn. “Hybridity and Its Discontents: Considering Visual Culture in Colonial Spanish America”. Colonial Latin American Review

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12, no. 1 (2003). Ecke, Gustav and Paul Demiéville. The Twin Pagodas of Zayton; a Study of Later Buddhist Sculpture in China. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1935. Flood, Finbarr. “Pillars, Palimpsests, and Princely Practices: Translating the Past in Sultanate Delhi”. Res 43 (Spring 2003). Guy, John. “The Lost Temples of Nagapattinam and Quanzhou: A Study in SinoIndian Relations”. Silk Road Art and Archaeology 3 (1993/1994): 291–310. ———. “Tamil Merchant Guilds and the Quanzhou Trade”. In The Emporium of the World: Maritime Quanzhou, 1000–1400, edited by Angela Schottenhammer, pp. xi, 449. Leiden and Boston: Brill, 2000. Karashima, Noboru. “Trade Relations between South India and China During 13th–14th Century A.D.”. Journal of East-West Maritime Relations 1 (1989): 59–81. ———. Ancient and Medieval Commercial Activities in the Indian Ocean: Testimony of Inscriptions and Ceramic-Sherds. Report of the Taisho University Research Project, 1997–2002. Tokyo: Taisho University, 2002. L’Hernault, Françoise, P. R. Srinivasan, and Jacques Dumarçay. Darasuram: Epigraphical Study: Étude Architecturale: Étude Iconographique, Publications De L’ecole Française D’extrême-Orient. Mémoires Archéologiques; 16. Paris: Ecole française d’Extrême-Orient: Dépositaire Libr. A. Maisonneuve, 1987. Mair, Victor H. “Suen Wu-Kung=Hanumat? The Progress of a Scholarly Debate”. In Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Sinology, pp. 659–752. Taipei Academia Sinica, 1989. Markovits, Claude, Jacques Pouchepadass, and Sanjay Subrahmanyam. Society and Circulation: Mobile People and Itinerant Cultures in South Asia, 1750–1950. Delhi; Bangalore: Permanent Black; Distributed by Orient Longman, 2003. Meister, Michael W., Madhusudan A. Dhaky, Deva Krishna, and American Institute of Indian Studies. Encyclopaedia of Indian Temple Architecture. New Delhi, Philadelphia: American Institute of Indian Studies; University of Pennsylvania Press, 1983. Nilakanta Sastri, K. A. Foreign Notices of South India; from Megasthenes to Ma Huan. Madras: University of Madras, 1972. Parry, Ken. “The Iconography of the Christian Tombstones from Zayton”. In From Palmyra to Zayton: Epigraphy and Iconography, edited by Samuel Lieu Iain Gardner and Ken Parry, pp. 229–46. Turnhout: Brepols, 2005. Pearson, Richard, Li Min, and Li Guo. “Quanzhou Archaeology: A Brief Review”. International Journal of Historical Archaeology 6, no. 1 (March 2002). Qinzhang, Yang. “Cultural Contacts between China’s Quanzhou and South India During the Yuan Period: New Evidence”. Asia-Pacific Studies (1991): 99–111. ———. “Quanzhou Yindujiao Bishinu Shen Xingxiang Shike”. Shi jije zong jiao yan jiu (1988): 96–105.

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Rawson, Jessica. Chinese Ornament: The Lotus and the Dragon. London: Published for the Trustees of the British Museum by British Museum Publications Ltd., 1984. Ray, Haraprasad. “Indian Settlements in Medieval China: A Preliminary Study”. Indian Journal of Asian Studies 1, no. 1 (1989): 68–82. Sen, Tansen. Buddhism, Diplomacy, and Trade: The Realignment of Sino-Indian Relations, 600–1400, Asian Interactions and Comparisons. Honolulu: University of Hawai’i Press, 2003. ———. “The Formation of Chinese Maritime Networks to Southern Asia, 1200– 1450”. Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient 49, no. 421–453 (2006). ———. “The Yuan Khanate and India: Cross-Cultural Diplomacy in the Thirteenth and Fourteenth Centuries”. Asia Major 19, no. 1-2 (2006): 299–326. ———. “Maritime Contacts between China and the Cola Kingdom (AD 850–1279)”. In Mariners, Merchants, and Oceans: Studies in Maritime History, edited by Kuzhippalli Skaria Mathew, pp. xiii, 488. New Delhi: Manohar, 1995. So, Billy K. L. Prosperity, Region, and Institutions in Maritime China: The South Fukien Pattern, 946–1368, Harvard East Asian Monographs; 195. Cambridge, MA: Published by the Harvard University Asia Center: distributed by Harvard University Press, 2000. Subramaniam, T. N. “A Tamil Colony in Medieval India”. In South Indian Studies, edited by R. Nagaswamy, pp. 1–52. Madras, 1978. Wagoner, Phil. “Fortuitous Convergences and Essential Ambiguities: Transcultural Political Elites in the Medieval Deccan”. International Journal of Hindu Studies 3, no. 3 (December 1999): 241–64. ———. “Lord of the Eastern and Western Oceans: Politics and the Indian Ocean Trade in South India, 1400–1600”. Paper presented at the Association for Asian Studies Annual Meeting, Washington, D.C., 26–29 March 1998. Wang, Ellen. “Quanzhou Kaiyuan Monastery: Architecture, Iconography, and Social Contexts”. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, University of Pennsylvania, 2008. Wu, Wenliang, and Wu Youxiong. Quanzhou Zongjiao Shike. Zengdingben. Beijing: Kexue chubanshe, 2005.

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318

NehGU fuh\pkh> Y. Rg;guhAY

me;j 16 fy;ntl;LfSk; ,uz;L njhFjpfshfg; gphpf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. 1 Kjy; 9 tiuapyhd fy;ntl;Lfs; njd;dpe;jpahitr; Nrh;e;jit. mtw;wpy; flhuk;(=tp[ah) my;yJ fhk;Ngh[k; (fk;Nghbah) gw;wpf; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sd. 10 Kjy; 16 tiuapyhd fy;ntl;Lfs; njd;fpof;fhrpah kw;Wk; rPdhtpy; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;lit. xt;nthU njhFjpapYk; fhy Kiwg;gb fy;ntl;Lfs; thpirg; gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sd. mtw;Ws; ngUk;ghyhditj; jkpopy; cs;sd. ,uz;L jhkug; gl;laq;fs; (copper plates nos. 1 & 3) jkpopYk; rk];fpUjj;jpYk; cs;sd. rk;grhf; fy;ntl;L (no. 9) KotJk; rk];fpUjj;jpy; cs;sJ. ehfg;gl;bdf; fy;ntl;L (nos. 2 - 4), jpUf;filA+h; fy;ntl;L (no. 9) eP# Mr;Nr (Neusu Aceh) fy;ntl;L (no. 16) Mfptw;iwj; jtpu kw;w fy;ntl;Lfspd; tptuq;fs; Vw;fdNt rpy Ma;Tf; fl;Liufs; kw;Wk; tuyhw;W VLfspy; ,lk;ngw;Ws;sd. mit Fwpj;j tptuq;fs; Njit Vw;gl;l ,lq;fspYk; thrfq;fspYk; jug;gl;Ls;sd. ,Ug;gpDk; nkhopg; ngah;g;GfspYk; Mq;fhq;Nf khw;wq;fs; nra;Js;Nshk;. Nkw;$wg;gl;l ehfg;gl;bdf; fy;ntl;L> jpUf;filA+h; fy;ntl;L> eP# Mr;Nr fy;ntl;L Mfpatw;wpd; thrfq;fs; ,q;F Kjy; Kiwahf ntspaplg;gLfpd;wd. Kjyhk; ,uhN[e;jpu Nrhod; flhuj;Jf;Fg; gazk; Nkw;nfhz;l Mz;L gw;wpf; fUj;J NtWghLfs;1 ,Ue;jNghjpYk;> mij fp.gp. 1026-Mk; Mz;L vd;W Vw;fyhk;. Ml;rpNaw;w 13-Mk; Mz;by; mtd; nrd;whd; vd;W rpy fy;ntl;Lfs; $WtJ rh;r;irf;F chpaJ. mtd; Ml;rpNaw;w 14-Mk; Mz;bd; 70-tJ ehs; tiu> flhuj;Jf;F Ke;jpag; gazq;fs; gw;wpa tptuq;fs; kl;LNk cs;sd (South Indian Inscriptions, V, No. 651).

Kjyhk; ,uh[uh[ Nrhodpd; nghpa nya;ld; (Larger Leiden) jhkug; gl;lak;.

(Found in Anaimanglam, South India) Epigraphia Indica, Vol XXII, No. 34 ,J flhuj;J kd;dd; Gj;j Myaj;ijf; fl;baJ gw;wpAk; ,uh[uh[ Nrhod; mjw;fhf fpuhkk; xd;iw vOjp itj;jijAk; gw;wpaJ. ,uh[uh[d; Ml;rpNaw;w 21-tJ Mz;by; (fp.gp. 1006) mJ vOjg;gl;lJ. mjpy; ,lk;ngw;Ws;s ,uh[uh[d; Fwpj;j nka;fPh;j;jp (prasasti) mtuJ kfd; Kjyhk; ,uhN[e;jpu Nrhodhy; fp.gp. 1019-Mk; Mz;L thf;fpy; Nrh;f;fg;gl;lJ. (thpfs; 2 – 4 tiu ghh;f;fTk;).

rk];fpUj fy;ntl;Lfs;

319

rk];fpUj gFjp

[thpfs; 73 Kjy; 86 tiu] so-=yam=akhila-kala--kala-pa-pa-ra-va-ra-pa-ra-dris´v=a- s´e- sha-nripa-cakra-ca-ruca-mı-kara-kirı-t.a-ko-t.ighat.it-a-ne- ka-ma-n.ikya-marı-ci-puñcarı-krita-pa- da-pı-t.ho- ra- jara- jo- ra- jakecarivarmmasva-sa-mra- jya-varshe- e- kavims´atitame- nikhila-dharan.i-tilaka-yama- nekshatriya-s´ikha-man.i-val.ana-t.u-na-mni mahati janapada-nivahe- pat.t.ana-kkur-r-a-na-mni janapade- =ne- ka-sura-sadana-satra-prap-a-ra- m-a-bhira- me- vividha-savudha ra-jira- jama- nena- gı-pattane- nija-mati-vibhava-vijita-suragurun.abudha-jana-kamala-vana-marı-cima- lin-=a-rtthi-jana-kalpapa-dape- n-a s´aile-ndra-vams´a-sambhu-te- n-a s´rı-vishay-a-dhipatina- Kat.a- ha-a-dhipatyam=atanvatamakara-ddhvaje-n-=a-dhigata-sakala-ra-javidyasya cu- l.a-man.ivarmman.ah putren.a s´rı--ma-ra-vijayo-ttumgavarmman.a- sva-pitur=nna-mnanirmma- pitam=adharı-krita-kanakagirı--samunnati-vibhavam=atiraman.-ıyañ= cu- l.a-man.ivarmma-v iha- ramadhivasate- buddha- ya tasminn=e- va jan-apada-nivahe- pat.t.an-a-kku-r-r-ana- mni janapadekarin.-ı -parikraman.a-vispasht.a-sı-ma- -catusht.ayam=a-n-aiman. gal-a-bhidha- nam gra- mam=ada- t. itthan=de- ve- na dattasya sva-pitra- cakravarttina- gra- masy=a- sya gatetasmin=de- vabhu- yam=mahaujasi [v.35] tat-sima-hsanam=a- ru- d.has=tat-putromadhura-ntakah s´a-sanam s´a-svatan=dhı-ma-n ka-rayitv=a- dis´a[n*]=nripah [v.36] s´e-sho- =s´e- sha-m= mahı-m ya-vad=dhatte- =s´e- sh-o-rag-e-s´varah sthe- ya-t=ta-van-=viha-ro- =yam vibhave- na sah= a- vanau [v.37] so- =yam kat.a-h-a-dhipatir=ggun.a- na- n=niva- sa-bhu-mir=mmahita-prabha-vah a-ga-minah pra-rtthayate- nare- ndra-n dharmmam sad=e- mam=mama rakshat=e-ti [v.38]

320

NehGU fuh\pkh> Y. Rg;guhAY

jkpo; nkhopg;ngah;g;G

[thpfs; 73 Kjy; 86 tiu] gy E}y;fshfpa flypd; fiufz;ltDk; murh;fspd; kzpKbfspypUe;J tPRk; xspapdhNyNa nghd;Nghy; tpsq;Fk; fhy;kiz cilatDk; Md ,e;j murd; uh[Nfrhpth;kd; uh[uh[d;> jdJ 21MtJ Ml;rp Mz;by; ,jid toq;fpdhd;. jd;Dila mwptpd; Nkd;ikapdhNyNa NjtFUit ntd;wtDk; fw;wwpe;jhh; vd;Dk; jhkiuf; fhl;bw;F xU #hpad; Nghd;wtDk; ,utyh;fSf;Ff; fw;gfkuk; Nghd;wtDk; irNye;jpu Fyj;jpy; gpwe;jtDk; =tp[aehl;bd; kfuKj;jpiu cilatDk;> murje;jpuk; vy;yhk; mwpe;j #shkzpth;kdpd; FkhuDk; Md> Gfo;ngw;w khw tp[aNahj;Jq;f th;kd; vd;Dk; murd; Nfhapy;fshYk; rj;jpuq;fshYk; jz;zPh;g; ge;jy;fshYk; G+q;fhtdq;fspdhYk; khspiffspdhYk; kfpo;r;rpf;Fhpajhf tpsq;Fk; $\pj;jphparpfhkzp tsehl;by;> gl;bdf;$w;wj;jpy; cs;s> cyfj;Jf;Fj; jpyfk; Nghd;w ehfg;gl;bdj;jpNy> jd; cauj;jpdhNy tpag;gilar; nra;fpw #lhkzp tpfhiu> jd; jfg;gdhh; ngauhy; mike;j> Gj;jh; ngUkhd; NfhapYf;F> [uh[uh[d;] toq;fpdhd;. Nkw;$wpa ehl;by; gl;bdf; $w;wj;jpy; gpb#o;e;J gplhif elj;jp vy;iy mikj;J Midkq;fyk; vd;Dk; Ciuj; jhdkhf [uh[uh[d;] toq;fpdhd;.

jkpo;g; gFjp

[thpfs; 1 Kjy; 17 tiu] ];t];jp = NfhNdhpd;ik nfhz;lhd; $\j;hpa rp`hkzp tsehl;Lg; gl;bdf; $w;wj;J ehl;lhh;f;Fk; gpukNja fpoth;f;Fk; Njtjhdg; gs;spr; re;jf;fzp Kw;W}l;L ntl;lg; ngw;W}h;fspyhh;f;Fk; efuq;fsp yhh;f;Fk; ekf;F ahz;L ,Ugj;njhd;whtJ ehs; njhz;Z}w;wpuz;bdhy; jQ;rhT+h;g; Guk;gb khspif uh[];uadpy; njw;fpy; kz;lgj;J ehk; ,Uf;ff; fplhuj;jiuad; #shkzpkd;dd; $\j;hpa rp`hkzptsehl;Lg; gl;lef; $w;wj;J ehfg;gl;bdj;J vLg;gpf;fpd;w #shkzpgd;k tp`huj;Jg; gs;spf;F Ntz;Lk; epte;jj;Jf;F $\j;hpa rp`hkzp tsehl;Lg; gl;lef; $w;wj;J Midkq;fyk; gs;spr;re;jk; ,wq;fYs;gl mse;jgb ePq;fy;ePq;fp epyd;njhz;Z}w;NwNo apuz;Lkh Kf;fhzpaiuf;fhzp

rk];fpUj fy;ntl;Lfs;

321

Ke;jphpf;fPo; %d;Wkh Kf;fhzp Ke;jphpiff; fPo; miuNa apuz;Lkhtpdhy; ,iwfl;bd fhzpf;fld; ney;Y vz;zhapuj;Jj; njhs;shapuj;J ehw;gJ Kf;fyNd ,UJ}zpf; FWzp xUehopAk; flhuj; jiuad; $\j;jphpa rpfhkzp tsehl;Lg; gl;ldf; $w;wj;J ehfg;gl;ldj; njLg;gpf;fpd;w #shkzpgd;k tp`huj;Jg; gs;spf;F ,Ug;gjhf ahz;L ,Ugj;njhd;whtJ Kjy; gs;spr; re;j ,iwapypahf tuapypl;Lf; FLf;fntd;W ehk; nrhy;y.

tpsf;fk; kq;fsk; cz;lhfl;Lk;. ,J $\j;hparpfhkzp tsehl;bd; xU gFjpahf tpsq;Fk; gl;ldf; $w;wj;ijr; Nrh;e;j ehl;lhh;fSf;Fk;> gpuk;kNjaj; jiyth;fSf;Fk;> Njtjhd> gs;spr;re;j> fzpKw;W}l;L> ntw;wg;ngw;W}h; Mfpa fpuhk kf;fSf;Fk; efuj;ijr; Nrh;e;jth;fSf;Fk; xg;gpy;yh murd; (NfhNdhpd;ik nfhz;lhd;) ,Lk; fl;lis. vdJ 21-tJ Ml;rp Mz;bd; 92-tJ ehsd;W ehd; jQ;rhT+hpd; Gwefh; gFjpapy; cs;s uh[];uhad; khspifapd; njw;Fg; gFjp $lj;jpy; ,Ue;J> \j;hparpfhkzp tsehl;bd; gFjpahd gl;ldf;$w;wj;jpy; cs;s Midkq;fyk; fpuhkj;ij> ehfg;gl;ldk; gl;ldf;$w;wk;; \j;hpatsehl;by; flhu kd;dd; #lhkzpth;kd; fl;bAs;s #lhkzpth;k tp`huhtpd; Njitfis 943 fyk; ney; %yk; tUk; tUkhdj;ij me;jg; gs;spf;Fj; jUkhUk;> 21-tJ Ml;rp Mz;L Kjy; mij thpapy;yh gs;spr;re;jkhf gjpNtl;by; Fwpf;FkhWk; gzpf;fpNwd;.

ehfg;gl;bdf; fy;ntl;L (1)

(Found in Nagappattinam, South India) ARE 1956-57, No. 161. jQ;rhT+h; khtl;lk;> ehfg;gl;bdj;jpy; cs;s fhahNuhfzRthkp Nfhapypy; (ePyhajhl;rp mk;kd; Nfhapy;) ,Uf;Fk; ,e;jf; fy;ntl;L flhu kd;ddpd; Kfth;> mf;NfhapYf;F mspj;j khdpaj;ijg; gw;wpf; $WfpwJ. me;jf; fy;ntl;L nghpJk; Nrjkile;Js;sJ. mJ vOjg;gl;l fhyk; fp.gp. 1014 my;yJ 1015.

322

NehGU fuh\pkh> Y. Rg;guhAY

thrfk; ];t];jp = Nfhg;guNfrhpgd;kuhd =uhN[e;jpu Nrhoh;f;F ahd;.. L ehfgl;bdj;J jpUf;fhNuhzKila k`hNjth; jpUr;Rw;W khspif thry; $\j;hparpfhkzp ap… nfhz;l nra;tpj;jhd; =tpi\aj;jiuah; fd;kp = %ydfj;jP];ud; ,j;jd;kk; re;jpuhjpj;jtw; ep… ,jpDf;F… fy;ntl;bf; FLf;fntd;W ,t;thz;L =fhhpad; nra;fpd;w msdhl;L Gj;jkq;fyKilahd; df;fd; Fkud; nrq;… jK… gQ;rhrhhpaj; Njt fd;kpfs; nrhy;yTk; ,g;ghpR fy;tl;bndd;> ,t;T+h; jr;rd; Vwd; rilaNdd; Njth; fz;l MrhhpNad; v…

tpsf;fk;

(gFjp 1> thpfsl 1 – 6) kq;fsk; cz;lhfl;Lk;. = uhN[e;jpu Nrhoh; Ml;rpNaw;w …Mz;by; =tp\ak; kd;dhpd; (= tpi\aj;jiuah;) fd;kpahd (Kfth;) = %yd; mfj;jP];tud; vd;gth;> ehfg;gl;bdj;jpy; cs;s jpUf;fNuhzKila kfhNjth; (Nfhapy;) ntspr;RtUf;F Eiothapy; mikf;f Vw;ghL nra;jhh;. me;jj; jhdk; re;jpuDk; #hpaDk; ,Uf;Fk; tiu epiyf;f Ntz;Lk;. ,t;thz;Lf;fhd Nfhapypd; = fhhpak; nra;Ak; Msehl;ilr; Nrh;e;j Gj;jkq;fsKilahd; ef;fd; Fkhud;> Nfhapy; gQ;rhaj;jhh;fs;> Njtfd;kpfs; cj;jutpd;gb ,e;j Ch; jr;rdhd Vwd; rilad; vd;w Njth;fz;l Mrhhpahd ehd;> ,e;jj; jhdk; Fwpj;Jf; fy;ntl;by; vOJfpNwd;. ,J vd; Kj;jpiu. ,g;gFjpapd; ,ju thpfSk;> kw;w gFjpfSk; mNj Kfth; mspj;j nts;spg; ghj;jpuq;fs;> ntz;fy tpsf;Ffs; Nghd;w ghpRg; nghUl;fisg; gl;baypLtjhy; mtw;iw ,q;F Nrh;f;ftpy;iy.

ehfg;gl;bdf; fy;ntl;L (2)

(Found in Nagappattinam, South India) ARE 1956-57, No. 164 jQ;rhT+h; khtl;lk;> ehfg;gl;bdj;jpy; cs;s fhahNuhfzRthkp Nfhapypy; (ePyhajhl;rp mk;kd; Nfhapy;) ,Uf;Fk; ,e;j fy;ntl;L = tp[ah (fplhuk;) kd;ddpd; Kfth; xUth; NfhapYf;F mspj;j khdpaj;ijg; gw;wpf; $WfpwJ. ,uhN[e;jpu Nrhod; Ml;rpNaw;w 3tJ Mz;by; (fp.gp. 1015) ,f;fy;ntl;L vOjg;gl;lJ.

rk];fpUj fy;ntl;Lfs;

323

thrfk; ];t];jp = Nfhg;guNfrhp gd;kuhdJ = uhN[e;jpu NrhoNjth;f;F ahz;L 3 MtJ $\j;hparpfhkzp tsehl;L… gl;bdf;… Nuhz… nts;spj;jpUNkdp ehifaofw;F = tp[aj;jiuah; fd;kp uh[uh[kz;lyj;J rPl;nrk;gpdhl;L Nkd;Nwhd;wp gl;bdj;… a;tpj;j nr\... r… epiw[ngh]d; gjpdhy;f; fsQ;riu ,jpy; tPugl;lj;Jf; fl;bd rhjpkhzpf;fk; gjpndhd;W eLty; kfuj;J eLT fl;bd kufj… d khzpf;… [cgha] bd khzpf;fk; %d;W ,jpd;Nky;tha;f; fl;bd gr;ir kfuj;jpd; fPo;tha;f;… c khzpf;fk; mQ;R ,jpy; fPo;tha;f; fl;bd rw;gnkhj;jp tygf;fj;[J tl;lg;G+tpy;] fl;bd ku… VO ,lg;gf;fj;J tl;lg;G+tpy; fl;bd khzpf;fk; VO gpd;gpy; gUj;jf;Fwspy; fl;bd khzpf;fk; ehY kfhkzpahff; fl;bd khzpf;fk; rhjp khf;fy;Y ehw;g… ntw;wp… khf epiw MW khQ;rhb fy;Yl;gl fhR epiu gjpdhw;fhoQ;nr Kf;fhNy k;… rhb ,g;ghpR fy;ntl;Lf ntd;W ,thz;L = fhhpaQ; nra;fpd;w mUnkhop… ehl;Lf… uj;J fhz;bA+Ulahh; Nre;jd; r… ,j;Njtfd;kpfSk; nrhy;yf; fy;ntl;bNdd; ehfgl;bdj;J VwQ;rilahd fz;luh[rh]hpaNdd;.

tpsf;fk;

(thpfs; 1 – 2) kq;fsk; cz;lhfl;Lk;. Nfhg;guNfrhpth;kh; vd;w = uhN[e;jpu NrhoNjth; Ml;rpNaw;w 3tJ Mz;by;> ehfg;gl;bdk; \j;hpa rpfhkzp tsehl;by; myq;fhuk; nra;tjw;fhf> = tp[ah kd;dhpd; (= tp[aj;jiuah;) fd;kpahd uh[uh[ kz;lyj;jpy; cs;s fPo;nrk;gp ehl;bd; kz;Njhd;wpg; gl;bdj;ijr;2 Nrh;e;j (ngah; mope;JNgha; tpl;lJ) gjpdhd;fiu fyQ;R vilAila khzpf;fk;> kufjk; Nghd;w uj;df; fw;fisj; jhdkhf toq;fpdhh;. [eLg;gFjpahd thpfs; 2 – 6 tplg;gl;Ls;sd] (thpfs; 6 – 8) Nfhapy; = fhhpakhd (Nfhapy; tptfhuq;fSf;fhd mjpfhhp) mUs;nkhop Njtts ehl;ilr; Nrh;e;j fhz;bA+Ulahh; Nre;jd; kw;Wk;

324

NehGU fuh\pkh> Y. Rg;guhAY

Nfhapy; Njtfd;kpfs; (eph;thfj;jpdh;) cj;juTg;gb VwQ;rilad; vd;w ehfg;gl;bdj;J fz;luhr;rhhpadhd ehd; ,e;jf; fy;ntl;il vOJfpNwd;.

ehfg;gl;bdf; fy;ntl;L (3)

(Found in Nagappattinam, South India) ARE 1956 – 57, No. 166. jQ;rhT+h; khtl;lk;> ehfg;gl;bdj;jpy; cs;s fhahNuhfzRthkp Nfhapypy; (ePyhajhl;rp mk;kd; Nfhapy;) cs;s ,e;jf; fy;ntl;L = tp[a kd;ddpd; Kfth; xUth;> NfhapYf;F mspj;j khdpak; gw;wp Fwpg;gpLfpwJ. Kjyhk; ,uhN[e;jpu Nrhod; Ml;rpNaw;w 7-Mk; Mz;by; (fp.gp. 1019) ,J vOjg;gl;lJ.

thrfk; Nfhg;guNfrhpgd;kuhd = uhN[e;jpu NrhoNjtw;F ahz;L 7 MtJ r$j;hparpfhkzp tsehl;L gl;bdf; $w;wj;J ehfgl;bdj;J jpUf;fhNuhz… ila k`hNjth; Nfhapypy; fplhuj;jiuah; fd;kp = FUj;jd; NfRtd;ehd mf;uNif vOe;jUsptpj;j mh;j;jehhpfSf;F mtpgyp mh;r;ridf;F vd;W Nkw;gbahd; tuf;fhl;bd rPdf;fdfk; vz;gj;NjO cj;jkhf;uk; ,uz;L fyKz;z Nghfl;Lf;F vd;W tuf;fhl;bd rPdf;fdfk; vz;gj;NjO fsQ;Nr Kf;fhYk; Nkw;gbahd; Njth;f;Fk; g;uhkzh;f;Fk;… japU… vd;W tuf;fhl;bd cz;bifg;Nghd; [m]Wgjpd; fyQ;Nr Kf;fhYk; Mf ,g;nghd; ,UE}w;W Kg;gj;jhW fyQ;Nr fhYk; jpUf; fhNuhzKilahh;f;F Ntz;Lk; jpUthguzk; cs;spl;ld nra;af; nfhz;L ,j;Njth; gz;lhuj;ij…

tpsf;fk;

[thpfs; 1 – 6 ,lk;ngw;Ws;s nka;f;fPh;j;jp tplg;gl;Ls;sJ] (thpfs; 1 - 6) Nfhg;guNfrhpth;kh; vd;w = uhN[e;jpu NrhoNjth; Ml;rpNaw;w 7tJ Mz;by;> fplhuj;J kd;dhpd; (= tp[aj;jiuah;) fd;kpahd (Kfth;) mf;uNyif vd;w = Fuj;jd; NfRtd; ehfg;gl;bdk;

rk];fpUj fy;ntl;Lfs;

325

gl;bdf;$w;wj;jpy; cs;s \j;hparpfhkzp tsehl;by; ,Uf;Fk; jpU fhahNuhzKila kfhNjth; Nfhapypy; mikj;j mh;j;jdhhpfs; tpf;fpufj;Jf;F Mtpgyp (czT) gilg;gjw;fhf> 87¾ fshQ;R rPdf; fdfj;ij (jq;fk;) mDg;gpdhd;. Nfhapypy; cs;s ,UtUf;F ey;y czT gilf;f NkYk; 87¾ fsQ;R rPdf; fdfj;ijAk;> gpuhkzh;fSf;Fk; tpf;fpufq;fSf;Fk; czT gilf;f NkYk; 60¾ fsQ;R Kj;jpiuj; jq;fj;ijAk; me;jf; fd;kp mspj;jhd;. [kPjKs;s thpfs; (21 – 84) tplg;gl;Ls;sd]

Kjyhk; uhN[e;jpudpd; fue;ij jhkpug; gl;lak; (Found in Karandai, South India)

K.G. Krishnan, Karandai Tamil Sangam Plates of Rajendrachola I, (Memoirs of Archeological Survey of India. No.79, New Delhi, 1984.) ,J fhk;Ngh[ (fk;Nghbah) murd; xUtd;> Kjyhk; ,uhN[e;jpuDf;Fj; Njh; xd;iw ghprspj;jijf; Fwpf;fpwJ. ,uhN[e;jpu Nrhod; Ml;rpNaw;w 8tJ Mz;by; (fp.gp. 1020) ,e;jg; gl;lak; vOjg;gl;lJ. [thp 48] fhk;Ngh[ uhN[h hpGuh[ Nrdh i[j;Nudh nad; m[haj; M`Nt\{ jk; gpu`pNehj; gpuhh;j;jpl;l kpj;u gNth a];ik ujk; uj;\pLk; Mj;k y\;kpk;

jkpo; nkhopnah;g;G ,uhN[e;jpudpd; el;ig Ntz;ba fhk;Ngh[ murd;> jkJ nry;tq;fisf; fl;bf; fhj;Jf;nfhs;s> gy;NtW Nghh;fspy; rz;ilapl;Lg; gy;NtW gilfis tPo;j;j gad;gLj;jg;gl;l ntw;wpj; Njiu (ujk;) mtDf;F mDg;gp itj;jhd;

Kjyhk; ,uhN[e;jpu Nrhodpd; jpUf;filA+h; fy;ntl;L (Found in Tirukkadaiyur, South India)

gioa jQ;rhT+h; khtl;lk; mkph;jfNl];tuh; Nfhapy; cs;s %y];jhdj;jpy; cs;s gPlj;jpd; tlf;Fg; gFjpapy; ,e;jf; fy;ntl;L fhzg;gLfpwJ. Kjyhk; uhN[e;jpud;> flhuj;ijg; gpbf;fr; Nrhoh;

326

NehGU fuh\pkh> Y. Rg;guhAY

gilia mDg;gpaij mJ tUzpf;fpwJ. uhN[e;jpu Nrhod; Ml;rpNaw;w 15-Mk; Mz;by; (fp.gp. 1027) me;jf; fy;ntl;L vOjg;gl;lJ.

thrfk;

[thpfs; 4 Kjy; 5 tiu] miyfly; eLTk; gyfyQ;nrYj;jpa rq;fpuhk;ktpiraJq;fgd;kd;ehfpa flhuj;jurid3 thifak; nghUfly; Fk;gfhpnahLk; mfg;glj;Jhpikapy; gpwf;fpa ngUnejp gpwf;fKk; Me;jtd efh; nghh;j;njhopw; thrypy; tp[e;jpu NjhuhzKk; nkha;jNjhoph; gd;kzpg;GjtKk; fdkzpf;fjtKk; epiw = tpi[aKk; JiwePh; gz;izAk; gd;kiyA+nuap nuhd;kiyA+Uk; My;fly;#o; khA+hpjpq;fKk; fyq;fhty;tpid ,yq;fhNrhfKk;4 fhg;GW epiwGdy; khg;gghyKk; fhtyk; Ghpnra; khtpypk;gq;fKk; tpisg;gD}Wil tisg;ge;J}Wk; fiyj;jq;nfhh; Gfo; jiyjf;nfhyKk; jpjkhty;tpid khjhkypq;fKk; fyhKjph; fLe;jpuy; ,yhKhpNjrKk; njdf;fth; nghopy; khef;fthuKk; njhLflw;fhty; fLKul; flhuKk; khg;nghUj; jz;lhw;nfhz;l nfhg;gunfrhpgd;kud; cilahh; = uhn[e;jpu NrhoNjth;f;F ahz;L 15 MtJ

nghUs;5 guNfrhpth;kd; vd;Wk; miof;fg;gl;l = uhN[e;jpu NrhoNjtd; jkJ 15tJ Ml;rpahz;by;> jk; typikahd giliaj; jpul;b miyflYf;Fg; gy fg;gy;fis mDg;gpdhd;. mq;Ff; flhuj;J kd;dd; rq;fuhk tp[Nahj;Jq;fidr; rpiw gpbj;JJld; mq;Ff; flnydj; jpuz;l ahidfisAk; gpbj;Jf; nfhz;lhd;. Neh;ikahd topapy; me;j murd; Nrh;j;J itj;jpUe;j nry;tf; FtpaiyAk; vLj;Jf; nfhz;lhd;; gue;Jtphpe;jpUe;j mtDila efukhf =tp[ahtpd; “Nghh; thapypy;” epd;wpUe;j tpj;jpahjuj; Njhuzk; vd;w tisit ntw;wp Kof;fj;Jld; ifg;gw;wpdhd;. n[hypf;Fk; uj;dq;fs; gjpj;j rpWthapiyAk; nghpa ,uj;jpdq;fshy; Md thapiyAk; Nrh;j;Jf; nfhz;lhd;. jPh;j;j gbj;Jiwfspy; ePh; epiwe;jpUe;j gz;iz; ghJfhg;G muzhf typikahd kiyiag; ngw;wpUe;j kiyA+h;; mfopNghy Mo;flyhy; #og;gl;bUe;j kA+uq;fk;; vj;jifa NghUf;Fk; mQ;rh ,yq;fNrhfh; Mo;flyhy; ghJfhf;fg;gl;l khg;ghyk;; typikahd Rtiug; ghJfhg;G

rk];fpUj fy;ntl;Lfs;

327

muzhff; nfhz;bUe;j Nktpypk;gq;fk;; tiyg;ge;J}U vd;w tpyg;ge;J}h;; mwptpay; Gyik tha;e;jth;fshy; Gfo;ngw;w jiyj;jf;Nfhyk;; %h;f;fkhd> nghpa Nghh;fspYk; epiyFiyahj khlkhypq;fk;; Nghhpdhy; typikf; $ba ,sKhpNjrk;; G+e;Njhl;lq;fspy; Njd; Njq;fp epd;w khdf;ftuk;; mj;Jld; Mo;flyhy; ghJfhf;fg;gl;lJk; kpfTk; rf;jp tha;e;jJkhd flhuk;

tPuuhN[e;jpudpd; ngUk;G+h; fy;ntl;L (Found in Chengalpat, South India)

South Indian Inscriptions, III, No. 84. (nrq;fy;gl;L khtl;lk;) tPuuhN[e;jpud; flhuj;ij ntd;wij ,e;jf; fy;ntl;L Fwpf;fpwJ. mtd; Ml;rpNaw;w 7tJ Mz;by; (fp.gp. 1070) mJ vOjg;gl;lJ.

thrfk;

[thp] fsyj;jp gzpe;j kd;dh;f;Ff; flhuk; vwpe;J FLj;jUsp

nghUs; flhuj;ij ntd;w tPuuhN[e;jpu Njth;> jdJ cjtp ehba murdplk; mij kPz;Lk; xg;gilj;jhd;. (jdJ fhybapy; tpOe;j kd;ddplk; jhdkhff; ifg;gw;wpa Njrj;ijj; jpUk;gj; je;jhd; vd;gJ kw;nwhU nghUs; tpsf;fkhFk;)

Kjyhk; FNyhj;Jq;f Nrhodpd; rpwpa Nyld; (Smaller Leiden Copper plate) jhkpug; gl;lak;

(Found in Anaimangalam, South India) Epigraphia Indica, Vol. XXII, No.35. flhuj;J kd;dd; fl;ba ngsj;j Myaj;Jf;fhf fpuhkq;fs; khdpakhf toq;fg;gl;lijf; Fwpf;fpwJ. Kjyhk; FNyhj;Jq;fd; Ml;rpNaw;w 20tJ Mz;by; (fp.gp. 1090) ,e;jg; gl;lak; vOjg;gl;lJ. [thpfs; 3 – 5 tiu] fplhuj; jiuad; Nfakhzpf;f tsehl;L gl;ldf; $w;wj;J NrhoFyty;yp gl;ldj;J vLg;gpj;j uhN[e;jpu Nrhog; nghUk;gs;spf;Fk; uh[uh[g;

328

NehGU fuh\pkh> Y. Rg;guhAY

ngUk;gs;spf;Fk; gs;spr;re;jkhd Ch;fs; gok;gbae; juhaKk; tPuNri\Ak; gd;ik gz;il ntl;bAk; Fe;jhypAk; Rq;f NkhuKk; cs;spl;ldnty;yhk; jtph;e;jikf;Fk;. [thpfs; 9 – 13 tiu] Kd;G gs;spr;re;jq;fs; fhzpAila fhzp Misiuj; jtpu ,g;gs;spr; rq;fj;jhh;f;Nf fhzpahfg; ngw;wikf;Fk; jhk;u rhrdk; gz;zpj;ju Ntz;Lnkd;W fplhuj;jiuah; J}jh; uh[tpj;ahju = rhke;jDk; mgpkhNdj;Jq;f = rhke;jDk; tpz;zg;gk; nra;a ,g;gb re;jp tpf;u`p uh[ty;ygg; gy;ytiuaNdhLq; $l ,Ue;J jhk;urhrdk; gz;zpf; FLf;fntd;W mjpfhhpfs; uhN[e;j;urpq;f %Nte;jNtshh;f;Fj; jpUKfk; gpurhjQ; nra;jUsp tuj; jhk;u rhrdk; nra;jgb. [thpfs; 39 – 46 tiu] nrakhzpf;f tsehl;Lg; gl;ldf;$w;wj;Jr; NrhoFyty;yp gl;ldj;J = irNye;j;u #lhkzpth;k tp`hukhd uh[uh[g; ngUk;gs;spf;Fg; gs;spepiyAk; gs;sp tpshfKk; cl;gl;l vy;iy fPo;ghw;nfy;iy flw;fiuapy; kzw;Fd;Wgl Nkw;Fk; njd;ghw; nfy;iy Gif czpf;fpzw;Wf;F tlf;Fk; ,jd; Nkw;F jpUtPul;lhdKila k`hNjth; epyj;Jf;F tlf;Fk; ,jd; Nkw;Fg; guitf;Fsj;J khuhad; fy;Ytpl;l Fsj;jpy; tlfiu Nkw;F Nehf;fp fhiuf;fhw;g; ngUtopAw tlf;Fk; Nky;ghw;nfhy;iy fhiur; fhw;g;nghUtopf;Ff; fpof;Fk; tlghw;nfy;iy NrhoFyty;yp gl;bdj;J epyk; tlfhld;ghb vy;iyf;Fj; njw;Fk; Mf ,d; ehd;nfy;iyf;F cl;gl;l epyk; Kg;gj;njhd;Nw Kf;fhNy ,uz;L kh

tpsf;fk;

[thpfs; 1 – 13 tiu] kd;dh; ,uh[Nfrhp th;kd; vd;w = FNyhj;Jq;f Njth; jkJ 20tJ Ml;rpahz;by; M`tky;y FyfhyGuk; my;yJ Mapuj;jsp vd;w jkJ khspifapy; jkJ uhzpahd GtdKOJilahSld; rpk;khrdj;jpy; mkh;e;jpUe;jhh;. mjd; gpwF Fspay; kz;lgj;jpy; cs;s fhspq;fuh[d; vd;w ,Uf;ifapy; rha;e;jpUe;jNghJ flhuj;J kd;ddpd; J}jh;fshd uh[tpj;ahju = rhke;jd;> mgpkNdhJq;f =rhke;jd; MfpNahh; te;jdh;. Nfakhzpf;f tsehl;by; gl;ldf; $w;wj;J NrhoFyty;yp gl;ldj;jpy; flhu kd;dd; fl;bAs;s uhN[e;jpuNrho ngUk;gs;sp> uh[uh[ ngUk;gs;sp Mfpatw;Wf;F me;juhak; (thp) nrYj;Jtjpy; ,Ue;J tpyf;F mspf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;W Nfl;Lf; nfhz;ldh;.

rk];fpUj fy;ntl;Lfs;

329

gs;spfspd; gioa fhzpahsh;fis tpyf;fptpl;L> fhzp chpikfis gs;spfisg; guhkhpf;Fk; rq;fj;jpdUf;Nf khw;wpj;ju Ntz;Lk; vd;Wk; mth;fs; Ntz;LNfhs; itj;jdh;. mjidj; njhlh;e;J kd;dh;> mjpfhhp uhN[e;jpurpq;f %Nte;jNtshUf;F tha;top cj;jutpl> re;jptpf;u`p uh[ty;yg gy;ytiuad; me;j cj;jutpd;gb vOjpa jhkpug; gl;lak; ,J. [thpfs; 39 – 46 tiu] nrakhzpf;f tsehl;bd; xU gFjpahd gl;ldf; $w;wj;jpYs;s NrhoFyty;yp gl;ldj;jpy; mike;jpUf;Fk; =irNye;jpu #lhkzpth;k tp`hukhd uh[uh[g; ngUk;gs;spf;Fr; nrhe;jkhd gs;spepiyf;Fk; gs;sp tshfj;jpw;Fkhd vy;iyfs; ,iy: [thpfs; 39 – 46 tiu] fpof;F vy;iy> flw;fiuapy; cs;s kzy; Fd;Wf;F Nkw;Nf cs;sJ. njw;F vy;iy> Gif czpf;fpzW> jpUtPul;lhdKila k`hNjtUf;F nrhe;jkhd epyk; Mfpatw;Wf;F tlf;NfAk; ,jd; Nkw;Nf guitf;Fsj;jpy; khuhad; ntl;bapUf;Fk; Fsj;jpy; Nkw;F fiu tiuf;Fk;. Nkw;F vy;iy> fhiuf;fhYf;Fr; nry;Yk; ngUtopapd; fpof;fpy; cs;sJ. tlf;F vy;iy> NrhoFyty;ypg;gl;ldj;jpy; cs;s tlf;fhld;ghb vDk; ,lj;jpd; njw;F vy;iyapy; cs;sJ. ,e;j ehd;F vy;iyfSf;Fk; cl;gl epyj;jpd; msT> 31¾ Ntyp; 2 kh; xU Ke;jphpif MFk;.

Kjyhk; FNyhj;Jq;fdpd; rpjk;guk; fy;ntl;L

(Found in Chidambaram, South India) Epigraphia Indica, V, No. 13C, p. 106. fhk;Ngh[ kd;dd; mspj;j tpiy cah;e;j uj;jpdf; fy; gw;wp ,J Fwpg;gpLfpwJ. FNyhj;Jq;f Nrhod; Ml;rpNaw;w 44-Mk; Mz;by; (fp.gp. 1114) ,e;jf; fy;ntl;L vOjg;gl;lJ.

thrfk;

[thpfs; 9 – 14 tiu] =uhN[e;jpu Nrho Njth;f;F fhk;Ngh[ uh[d; fhl;rpahff; fhl;bd fy;Y ,J> cilahh; uhN[e;jpu NrhoNjth; jpUtha; nkhope;jUsp cilahh; jpUr;rpw;wk;gyk; cilahh; Nfhapypy; Kd; itj;jJ. ,e;jf; fy;Y

330

NehGU fuh\pkh> Y. Rg;guhAY

jpUNtjph; mk;gyj;J jpUf;fy; rhuj;jpy; jpUKd;gbf;F Nkiyg;gjpapNy itj;jJ.

nghUs; fhk;Ngh[ kd;ddhy; uhN[e;jpu NrhoNjtUf;F toq;fg;gl;l ,e;jf; fy;> kd;dhpd; Mizg;gb jpUr;rpw;wk;gyj;Jilahh; NfhapYf;F Kd;Gwk; itf;fg;gl;L> mjd; gpwF rd;dpjpapd; fw;Rthpd; Kd; gFjpapy; gjpf;fg;gl;lJ.

thl; f;nyhq; Njhkpy; fz;nlLf;fg;gl;l nghw;nfhy;yhpd; ciufy; (Found in Wat Klong Thom, Thailand)

Noboro Karashima, ed., Ancient and Medieval Commercial Activities in the Indian Ocean: Testimony of Inscriptions and Ceremic – shreds, Taisho University, Tokyo, 2002 (afterwards abbreviated as AMCAIO), p. 10. jkpo;g; nghw;nfhy;yh; xUthpd; ngah; rpwpa ePz;l rJukhd xU fy;ypy; gjpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. me;jf; fy; jha;yhe;jpd; Fnyhq; Njhk; khtl;lj;jpy; cs;s Fk; Yf; ghl; vDk; ,lj;jpy; ,Uf;Fk; g;uh f;U mNjhd; fq;fhpl; mUk;nghUsfj;jpy; (Phra Kru Anthon Sangarakit Museum, Khum Luk Pat, Khlong Thom District, Thailand) cs;sJ. me;jf; fy;ypd; fhyf;fl;lk; fp.gp. 3 my;yJ 4-Mk; E}w;whz;L vd;W fzpf;fg;gl;bUf;fpwJ.

thrfk; ngUk;gj;jd;fy;

nghUs; ngUk; gj;jd; my;yJ jq;f tpidQhpd; ciufy;

Njthdpf;fhitr; Nrh;e;j rk;grhf; fy;ntl;L (Found in Champassak, Laos) AMCAIO, pp. 150 – 51.6

yhNthrpy; (Laos) cs;s rk;grhf; (Champassak) vDk; ,lj;jpypUf;Fk; rk;grhf; ,sturhpd; FbapUg;G tshfj;jpy; cs;s fy;J}zpy; ,e;jf; fy;ntl;Lf; fhzg;gLfpwJ.

rk];fpUj fy;ntl;Lfs;

331

tpsf;fk; rk];fpUj nkhopapy; vOjg;gl;bUf;Fk; ,e;j ePskhd fy;ntl;L> Njthdpf;fh vd;w ,sturid thDAug; ghuhl;LfpwJ. mtidg; gy Guhz fhy tPuh;fSld; mJ xg;gpLfpwJ. ePjpia epiy ehl;Ltjpy; mtd; fdf ghz;bad; (fdf ghz;ba mt epaha ur\Nd) vd;fpwJ me;jf; fy;ntl;L. fdf ghz;bad; vd;wJk; nghw;ifg; ghz;bad; (nghd;dhy; Md ifAilatd;) epidTf;F tUk;. rpyg;gjpfhuj;jpy; (fp. gp. 5-Mk; E}w;whz;L) tUk; ghz;ba kd;ddhd nghw;ifg; ghz;bad;> ePjpia epiyehl;l jdJ ifiaNa ntl;bf; nfhz;ltd;.

jhf;Fth gh jkpo;f; fy;ntl;L7

(Found in Takua Pa, Southern Thailand) A = mtep ehuzk; vd;w ,e;jf; Fsj;ij ntl;bdhd;. ,J kzpf;fpuhkk;> NrdhKfk;8 kw;Wk; mgjhhpd; ghJfhg;gpy; tplg;gLfpwJ.

332

NehGU fuh\pkh> Y. Rg;guhAY

tzpfr; rq;fk; gw;wpa ghU]; fl;ntl;L

(Found in Lubo Tua, Sumatra, Indonesia) AMCAIO, pp. 19 – 26.9 ,e;jf; fy;ntl;L Rkj;uhtpy; ghU]{f;F (Barus) mUfpypUf;Fk; Yngh Jth (Lubo Tua) vDk; ,lj;jpy; fz;nlLf;fg;gl;lJ. mjpy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;bUf;Fk; rf 1010 Mz;L> Mq;fpy fp.gp. 1088 cld; xj;Jg;NghfpwJ. mJ jkpo;ehl;by; Kjyhk; FNyhj;Jq;fd; Ml;rp ele;j fhyk;. jw;NghJ ,e;jf; fy;ntl;L [f;fh;j;jhtpy; cs;s Njrpa mUk;nghUsfj;jpy; itf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,e;jf; fy;ntl;Lg; gw;wp E. Hultzch Kjypy; jkJ mwpf;ifapy; (Madras Epigraphy report 1891 – 92, p.11) Fwpg;gpl;bUe;jhh;. mjd; gpwF K.A. ePyfz;l rh];jphp> “A Tamil Merchant-Guild in Sumatra”, TBJ, LXXII, 2(1932), pp. 314 – 27 vDk; jdJ Gj;jfj;jpy; tphpthf Muha;e;jpUe;jhh;.

thrfk; 1];t];jp = rfiu 2Mz;L Mapuj;J[g;g] 3j;Jr; nry;yhep[d;] 4w khrpj; jpq;fs; 5thNuhrhe khjq; 6fhp ty;ytj; Njtpc 7a;af; nfhz;l gl; 8b ej;J NtshGuj;J 9$b epue;j Nj[rpj; jpir] 10tpsq;F jpir Map 11j;ijQ;Q}w;WtNuh 12k; ek;kfehh; efu N]ehg 13jp ehl;Lnrl;b 14ahh;f;Fk; gjpnez;g+kp 15Njrp mg;ghh;f;F kh[nt]j; 16JfSf;Fk; eh itj;Jf; 17FLj;j ghprhtJ kuf;f 18y… … … 19y kuf;fy ehaEq; Nftp 20fSk; f];J}[hp] tpiy K[jy]fg;g[l] 21mQ;R Jz;[lh]ak; nghd;Dk; F[L] 22j;Jg; ghthil Vwf;fltjhfTk;

rk];fpUj fy;ntl;Lfs;

333

23,g;gbf;F[,]f;fy; vOjp ehl;b 24f; Fle;Njhk; gjpnez;Gkp Njrpj; jpir tps 25q;F jpir Mapuj;ije;j;E}w;WtNuhk; m 26wkw ntw;f mwNka; Jiz.

tpsf;fk;10 epfOk; rf tUlk; Mapuj;Jg; gj;J khrp khjk;..> ehq;fs; Mapuk; jpir Ie;E}w;Wth; khjq;fph; ty;yt Njrp ca;af; nfhz;l gl;bdk; (tzpfh;fSf;F khjq;fphp vDk; Jh;f;if mUs;ghypf;Fk; gl;bdk;) vdg;gLk; thNuhr;rpYs;s NtshGuj;jpy; vq;fs; gps;isfshd efu Nrdhgjp ehl;Lr; nrl;bahh;> gjpnez;G+kp Njrp mg;gh; kw;Wk; khntl;Lfs; (ahidg; ghfh;fs;?) re;jpj;Njhk;. mg;NghJ(xt;nthU) fg;gYila jiytDk;> NftpfSk;> f];J}hpapd; tpiyapd; mbg;gilapy; mQ;R Jz;ilak; jq;fk; nrYj;jptpl;l gpwFjhd;> fiuapy; ,wq;fNtz;Lk; vd;W KbT nra;Njhk;;. mjd;gb gjpndl;Lg; G+kpapd; midj;Jj; jpirfspYk; mwpag;gl;l jpir Mapuj;J Ie;E}w;Wtuhd ehq;fs; mijf; fy;ntl;by; vOJfpNwhk;. mwj;ij kwthjPh;fs;. mwNk Jiz tUk;.

Nru ehl;L tzpfiug; gw;wpa Ngfhd; fy;ntl;L (Found in Pagan, Myanmar) AMCAIO, p, 15

fp.gp. 13Mk; E}w;whz;ilr; Nrh;e;j ,e;jf; fy;ntl;L gh;khtpy; (jw;NghJ kpad;khh;) cs;s Ngfhd; (Pagan) efhpYs;s xU tp\;Z Nfhapypy; fz;nlLf;fg;gl;lJ. jw;NghJ Ngfhdpy; cs;s Njrpa mUk;nghUsfj;jpy; mJ itf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. fy;ntl;by; Fwpg;gplg;gl;bUf;Fk; tp\;Z Myak;> ehdhdNjrp tpd;dfh; vd;W miof;fg;gl;lJ. MaNthNy Ie;E} w;Wth; vd;Wk; toq;fg;gl;l ehdhNjrp tpd;dfh; vd;W miof;fg;gl;lJ. MaNthNy Ie;E}w;Wth; vd;Wk; toq;fg;gl;l ehdhNjrp vd;w Gfo;ngw;w njd;dpe;jpa tzpfr; rq;fj;jpd; ngahpy; Nfhapy; ,Ue;jJ vd;gJ ,jd; %yk; njhpa tUfpwJ. fy;ntl;il vOjpa tzpfh; kNfhjag; gl;bdj;ijr; Nrh;e;jth; vd;W (mjpy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;bUf;fpwJ. mJ Nfusf; fiuapy; jw;NghJ ,Uf;Fk; Nruh;fspd; Kd;dhs; jiyefukhFk;. mJ jw;NghJ nfhLq;fSh; vd;W miof;fg;gLfpwJ.

334

NehGU fuh\pkh> Y. Rg;guhAY

thrfk; Rt];jp= jpUr;nry;tk; ngUf. Gf;fk; Md mhpth;j;jdg; Guj;J ehdhNjrp tpz;zfh; Mo;thh; Nfhapy; jpUkz;lgKk; nra;J jpUf;fjTkpl;L ,e;j kz;lgj;Jf;F epd;nwhpf;iff;F epiy tpsf;Fnkhd;Wkpl;Nld; kiykz;lyd;D kNfhijah; gl;bdj;J ,uhapuz; rpwpahdhd = FuNrfu ek;gpNad; ,J = ,lz;kk; kiykz;lyj;jhd;

tpsf;fk; kq;fsk; cz;lhfl;Lk;. kiy kz;lyk; kNfhijah; gl;bdj;ijr; Nrh;e;j ,uhapud; rpwpad; vd;w FyNrfu ek;gpahfpa ehd;> Gf;fk; vd;w mhpth;j;jdGuj;jpy; cs;s ehdhNjrp tpd;dfh; Nfhapypd; kz;lgj;ijf; fl;bNdd;. NfhapYf;F Kd;fjT mikj;jJld; mizah tpsf;F xd;iwAk; jhdkhf toq;fpNdd;. ,e;j mwg;gzp “kiykz;lyj;jhd;” vd;W toq;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;. ,e;jj; jkpo; thrfq;fSf;F Kd;Ndhbahf Kfe;jhiy vDk; E}ypy; cs;s kfh tp\;Ztpd; Gfo;ghLk; rk];fpUj RNyhfk; ,lk;ngw;Ws;sJ.

Fthq;# jkpo;f; fy;ntl;L

(Found in Quanzhou, China) AMCAIO, p. 16. rf Mz;L 1203-,y; vOjg;gl;lJ (fp.gp. 1281) ,e;jf; fy;ntl;L. njd; rPdhtpy; cs;s Gfo;ngw;w kj;jpafhyj; JiwKfkhd Fthq;#tpy; cs;s jdpahh; tPl;by; 1956-Mk; Mz;by; ,J fz;nlLf;fg;gl;lJ. xNu fy;ypy; thrfq;fs; vOjg;gl;bUe;jd. (jw;NghJ fy; ,uz;lhf cile;Jtpl;lJ). jkpo; thrfq;fSf;Fg; gpwF rpy rPd nkhop thrfq;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. Mdy; me;j thrfq;fs; jw;NghjpUf;Fk; fy;ntl;Lld; njhlh;Gilajhf ,y;iy. rptidj; (`ud;) Jjpf;Fk; rk];fpUj thrfj;Jld; fy;ntl;L thrfk; njhlq;FfpwJ. mjpypUf;Fk; thrfk; KotJk; Fthq;#tpy; ,Ue;j rptd; Nfhapiyg; gw;wpaJ. me;jg; gioa JiwKf efhpd; njd;fpof;Fg; gFjpapy; fl;lg;gl;bUe;j ,uz;L njd;dpe;jpa ghzp ,e;Jf; Nfhapy;fspy; xd;whf mJ ,Ue;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk;. me;j tl;lhuj;jpy;jhd; ntspehl;L tzpfh;fs; mjpfhuG+h;tkhff; Fbakh;j;jg;gl;bUe;jdh;. Nfhapiyf; fl;ba rk;ge;jg; ngUkhs;> jpUr;rf;futh;j;jpfs; vd;w gl;lg; ngaiuf; nfhz;bUe;jhh;. mjdhy; mth; mq;Fr; irt rkaj; jiytuhf ,Ue;jpUg;ghh; vd;W Njhd;WfpwJ. mLj;j thrfk; kq;Nfhypa kd;dh; nrf;fr;ir fhd; gw;wpf; Fwpg;gpLfpwJ(mNdfkhf Fg;yha; fhd; - Kublai Khan). mtuJ

rk];fpUj fy;ntl;Lfs;

335

ngahpNyNa Nfhapy; jpUf;fhdP];tuk; vd;W miof;fg;gl;lJ. me;jf; fy;ntl;il Kjypy; Muha;e;j Rg;ukzpad; (T.N. Subramanian), mjd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij “A Tamil Colony in Medieval China”, South Indian Studies, I, edited by R. Nagaswamy (Madras, 1978), pp. 1- 52” vd;w jkJ fl;Liuapy; tpsf;fkhf Muha;e;Js;shh;. mth; jkJ fl;Liuapy; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;s jpUf;flyP];tuk; vd;w Nfhapypd; ngah; jtwhdJ. me;j Neuj;jpy; mtUf;Ff; fpilj;j fy;ntl;bd; njsptw;w Gifg;glk; me;jj; jtWf;Ff; fhuzk;.11

thrfk; `uh ];t[;jp = ffhg;jk; 1203tJ rpj;jpiu rpj;jpiu ehs; = nrf;fr;Nrfhd; jpUNkdpf;F ed;whf cilahh; jpUf;fhdP];tuKila ehadhiu vw;wpaUsg; gd;dpdhh; rk;ge;jg; ngUkhs; Md jtr;rf;utah;jpfs; nrf;fr;Nrfhd; gh;khz; Gb

tpsf;fk; `uNd (rptNd)> kq;fsk; cz;lhfl;Lk;> rf Mz;L 1203 rpj;jpiu khjk; rpj;jpiu el;rj;jpu ed;dhspy;> jpUr;rf;futh;j;jpfs; rk;ge;jg; ngUkhs;> Nrf;fr;Nrfhd; mDkjpAld; cilahh; jpUf;fhdP];tuk; cja ehadhiu (rptd;) kd;dh; nrf;fr;Nr fhdpd; eyd; fUjp vOe;jUsr; nra;jhh;.

eP# Mr;Nr jkpo;f; fy;ntl;L12

(Found in Neusu Aceh,Sumatra, Indonesia) ,e;jf; fy;ntl;L tlf;F Rkj;uhtpy; cs;s jw;Nghija gz;lh Mr;Nrapd; (Banda Aceh) Gwefh; gFjpahd eP# Mr;Nrapy; ,Uf;Fk; xU gs;spthrypy; cs;s caukhd fy;ypd; ,U gf;fq;fspYk; vOjg;gl;Ls;sJ. 1990Mk; Mz;by; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;l ,f;fy;ntl;L jw;NghJ eq;Nuh Mr;Nrapy; cs;s khtl;l mUk;nghUsfj;jpy; (Provincial Museum of Nanggroe Aceh, Indonesia) itf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. fy;ntl;bd; xU gf;fk; Kw;whfg; gbf;f Kbahj mstpw;F Nja;e;JNgha; cs;sJ. ,uz;lhtJ gf;fKk; Nja;e;JNghd epiyapy; cs;sNghjpYk; mjd; rpy thpfis XusT gbf;f KbfpwJ. mg;gf;fj;jpd; ,uz;lhtJ ghjpapy; ,Uf;Fk; thrfq;fs; jug;gLfpd;wd. ,e;jf; fy;ntl;L

336

NehGU fuh\pkh> Y. Rg;guhAY

fp.gp. 13-Mk; E}w;whz;ilr; Nrh;e;jJ vd;W jPh;khdpf;fg;gl;bUf;fpwJ. mijg; gbj;Jg; nghUs; fz;lwpe;jth; Y. Rg;guhAY.

thrfk;

01… … 02Tk; Nghth... 03fTk; Nghf;fpT 04s;sJ iff; 05nfhs;sf; fl 06tjy;yjhf 07Tk; ,Jf;F 08cua;t[Ue;j] 09q;fy;iy[th] 10fy; fk;kayh 11h; cs;spl nr 12tpj;Jz;gth; 13fs; te;J nfh 14L Nghf flth 15fsthfTk; ngh 16ypir nfhs;sf; 17flth;fsy; 18ythfTk; gpw 19Fk; ek;kf;f 20s; ,f;fy;nt 21l;Lf;F nfhf; 22fr; nra;af; 23flth;fs; 24]{ kg];J

nghUs;

[thpfs; 2 – 7] …vQ;rpaJ t#ypf;fg;glhJ; [thpfs; 7 – 15] thfy; fk;kayhh; cl;gl ,jd; %yk; gadilNthh; midtUk; jq;fs; ciufy;iy ,q;F nfhz;L tuNtz;Lk;.

rk];fpUj fy;ntl;Lfs;

337

[thpfs; 15 – 18] thpfs; t#ypf;fg;glhJ; [thpfs; 18 – 24] ,jw;Fg; gpwF “ek; kf;fs;” ,e;jf; fy;ntl;by; cs;sgb jq;fs; gzpiar; nra;a Ntz;Lk;. kq;fsk; cz;lhfl;Lk;.

tpsf;fk; Kjy; gf;fk; Kw;wpYk; gbf;f Kbahj tpjj;jpy; cs;sJ. mjdhy; ,e;jg; gjptpd; KO Nehf;fk; njhpatpy;iy. ,uz;lhk; gf;fj;jpd; gbf;f Kbe;j gFjpapy;> rpy eilKiwfs; Fwpg;gplg;gLfpd;wd. VNjh “t#ypf;fg;glhJ” vd;W Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ. thpfs; 7 Kjy; 13 tiu> jq;fj;ijg; Glk;NghLgth;fs; gw;wpAk; mth;fspd; ciufy; (cua;t[Ue; j]q;fy;) gw;wpAk; $Wfpd;wd. thpfs; 9 Kjy; 10 tiu> ,lk;ngWk; [th] fy; fk;kayhh; vd;w gjk; cs;Shpy; gad;gLj;jg;gl;l nrhy;tof;fhf ,Uf;fyhk;. mJ jkpohfj; njhpatpy;iy. Mjyhy; ,ij ciufw;fSf;Fg; nghWg;Ngw;wpUe;j ahNuh Xh; mjpfhhp my;yJ muritg; nghw;nfhy;yh; ,l;l fl;lisahff; fUjyhk;. thpfs; 19 – 20y; “ek; kf;fs;” vd;w gjk; gad;gLj;jg;gl;bUg;gjhy; mJ ghU]; fy;ntl;by; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sijNghy njd;dpe;jpa tzpfr; rq;fkhd Ie;Ew;Wtiuf; (MaN`hNy 500 my;yJ ehdhNjrp) Fwpf;fpwJ vdyhk;. me;jg; gjk; tzpfr; rq;fj;jpd; Kfth;fs; my;yJ mjpfhhpfSf;Fg; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; tof;fkhd xd;whFk;.

Notes 1. K.A. Nilakanta Sastri, The Co-l.as, Madras, 1955, p. 211; Majumdar, R.C., “The Overseas Expeditions of King Rajendra Chola”, Artibus Asiae XXIV, 1961; K.G. Krishnan, “Chola Rajendra’s Expedition to South-East Asia”, in K.G. Krishnan, Studies in South Indian History and Epigraphy, Madras. 1981. For the date of the expedition, Sastri suggests 1026 (Rajendra’s fourteenth regnal year) and Krishnan 1025 (thirteenth regnal year), but the reading of the regnal year of the inscription (Epigraphia Carnatica, vol. IX, Cp 84) on which Krishnan depends is doubtful, and in another inscription (SII, viii, 683), which is also referred to by Krishnan, there is no mention of the Kadaram expedition. However, Majumdar’s suggestion of 1018 comes from his taking of the Sanskrit part of the Tiruvalangadu copper-plate inscription, dated in the sixth year of Rajendra I, as coeval with the Tamil part. But the Sanskrit prasasti of

338

NehGU fuh\pkh> Y. Rg;guhAY

this copper-plate inscription must be a later addition, as in the case of other copper-plate inscriptions and, therefore, cannot be dated in 1018, for which see the Krishnan’s paper mentioned above. 2. Me-n-r-o-nr-ipat.t.inam the place of the agent, was most probably the port town of Periyapat.t.inam, near Ramesvaram Island. 3. A variant reading is “kad.a-rattarayan-”. 4. A variant reading is “ilan. ka-co-pam” 5. The translation is a slightly modified version of the one given in Nilakanta Sastri, The Co-l.as, 2nd ed., 1955, pp. 211–12. The attributes “ma-” (meaning great or big) to the place names are left untranslated by him, following the pioneer Epigraphist Hultzsch in South Indian Inscriptions, Vol. II, No. 20, pp. 104–09. 6. The inscription was first edited by G. Coedès in “Nouvelles données sur les origins du royaume Khmer: La stele de Vat Luong Kau pres de Vat Ph’u”, BEFEO, XLVIII, 1956, pp. 209–20. The text and translation published in AMCIAO was made by K.V. Ramesh. 7. Edited and discussed by K. A. Nilakanta Sastri, “The Takua-pa (Siam) Tamil Inscription”, Journal of Oriental Research, VI, 1932, pp. 299–310; Idem., “Takuapa and Its Tamil Inscription”, JMBRAS, XXII, 1949, pp. 25–30. 8. The earlier treatment of Se-na-mukam as a military body is not correct. The context of its occurrence in a few ninth century Tamil inscriptions along with Man.igra-mam and its association with several mercantile bodies in a few early Javanese inscriptions (H.B. Sarkar, Corpus of the Inscriptions of Java, Vol. I, p. 53; Vol. II, p. 276) would suggest that it was also a body of traders. 9. The text was first published in Subbarayalu, Y., “The Merchant-Guild Inscription at Barus, Sumatra, Indonesia — a Rediscovery”, in Claude Guillot, ed., Histoire de Barus: Le Site de Lobu Tua I: Etudes et Documents (Cahiers d’Archipel 30) (Paris, 1998), pp. 25–33. 10. This is a slightly modified version of Subbarayalu’s original translation in light of the suggestions made by Jan Wissemann Christie in “The Medieval Tamillanguage Inscriptions in Southeast Asia and China”, Journal of Southeast Asian Studies 29 (1998), pp. 239–68. 11. The importance of this inscription is discussed also by N. Karashima in his paper, “Trade Relations Between South India and China During the 13th and 14th Centuries”, Journal of East–West Maritime Relations, Vol. 1, 1989, pp. 59–81. 12. The text of this inscription was made by Subbarayalu using some photographs of the inscriptions provided by Dr Claude Guillot of Ecole de Hautes Etudes en Sciences Sociales, Paris, and some recent photos exhibited in the Kaala Chakra exhibition in Singapore, 2007. A partially deciphered text of this inscription is used by Jan Wissemann Christie in “The Medieval Tamil-language Inscriptions in Southeast Asia and China”, Journal of Southeast Asian Studies 29 (1998), pp. 239–68.

gpw;Nrh;f;if 2 Nrhog; Nguurpid ]{dpad; vd;W Fwpg;gpLk; rPd thrfq;fs; NehnghU fuh\pkh kw;Wk; lhd;nrd; nrd;

mwpKfk; Songshi-y; fhzg;gLk; Nrho muirg; (Zhu-nian) gw;wpa tptuq;fs;@ Song huiyao (lidai chaogong), Nrho ehl;Lj; J}jh;fisg; gw;wpa %d;W gFjpfs;@ Zhufan zhi y; fhzg;gLk; Nrhog; Nguuirg; gw;wpa tptuq;fs;@ Lingwai daida-y; fhzg;gLk; Nrho muirg; gw;wpa tptuq;fs;@ Nrho kd;dd; vd;W ek;gitj;j Di-hua-jia-luo gw;wpa Fwpg;G@ Songshi-y; Fwpg;gplg;gLk; Pugan(gh;kh) ehl;ilg; gw;wpa tptuq;fs;.

mwpKfk; ,e;jg; gpw;Nrh;f;ifapy;> ]{dpad; vd;W Nrho muirf; Fwpg;gpLk; Nrhq; (Song fp.gp. 960-1279)> Athd;(Yuan fp.gp. 1279 – 1368) Ml;rpf; fhyq;fisr; Nrh;e;j ehd;F rPd E}y;fspd; gFjpfis nkhopg;ngah;j;Js;Nshk;. me;j E}y;fs; Song huiyao1, Songshi2, Zhufan zhi3, Lingwai daida4 Mfpait. mNj fhyf;fl;lj;ijr; Nrh;e;j Wenxian tongkao5 vd;w E}ypYk; Nrhog; Nguuirg; gw;wpa Fwpg;Gfs; cs;sd. mjd; nkhopg;ngah;g;G ,q;F ,lk; ngwhjjw;fhd fhuzj;ijg; gpwF ghh;g;Nghk;. Songshi-y; Zhu-nian-d; murd; vd;W Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;s Di-hua-jia-luo-itg; gw;wpa Fwpg;igAk;>

340

mjd; njhlh;gpy; Nrh;j;Js;Nshk;.

NehnghU fuh\pkh kw;Wk; lhd;nrd; nrd;

Pu-gan

muirg;

gw;wpa

nkhopg;ngah;g;igAk;

,e;jg; gpw;Nrh;f;ifia vOJtjpy; ehq;fs; mDf;fkhf xj;Jioj;Js;Nshk; vd;w NghjpYk;> nkhopg;ngah;g;gpd; ek;gfj;jd;ik mij nkhopg;ngah;j;jtiuNa NrUk;. Songshi vd;gJ Nrhq; mur guk;giuiag; (Song Dynasty) gw;wp Tuotuo vd;gtuhy; njhFf;fg;gl;L fp.gp. 1345-,y; ntspaplg;gl;l mjpfhuG+h;t tuyhW MFk;.6 nkhj;jk; ,Ugj;ije;J tuyhWfs; cs;sd. Nrho muirg; gw;wpa Fwpg;G> 489Mk; RUspy; tho;f;if tuyhW gw;wpa gFjpapy; tUfpwJ. Wenxian tongkao vd;gJ rPd tuyhW gw;wpa Kf;fpa VL. Ma Duanlin vd;gtuhy; njhFf;fg;gl;L fp.gp. 1321-,y; ntspaplg;gl;l me;j Vl;bd; “ehd;F jpirfspYk; cs;s fhl;Lkpuhz;bfs;” vd;w gFjpapy; Zhu-nian muirg; gw;wp tUzpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. Song huiyao vd;git mjpfhuG+h;t Mtzq;fspd; njhFg;GfshFk;. mit xt;nthU mur guk;giuapd; eltbf;iffisAk; gjpT nra;fpd;wd. MfNt mur guk;giu tuyhWfis vOjpath;fs; mijNa mbg;gilahff; nfhz;ldu;. Song huiyao-d; Guhjdkhd gj;Jj; njhFg;Gfspd; Kf;fpakhd gFjpfs; Songshi-I njhFf;Fk;NghJ mope;JNgha;tpl;ld. gpw;fhyj;jpy; kWgbAk; mr;rplg;gl;l rpy E}y;fspy; ,lk;ngw;Ws;s gFjpfNs ,d;W cs;sd. JujpU\;lkhf jw;NghJs;s Song huiyao-d; gFjpapy; Nrho ehl;ilg; gw;wpa tptuq;fs; fhzg;gltpy;iy. Mdhy; %y E}ypy; me;j tptuq;fs; ,lk;ngw;wpUf;f Ntz;Lk;. vQ;rpapUg;gJ Nrho ehl;bypUe;J mDg;gg;gl;l %d;W J}Jf; FOf;fisg; gw;wpa tptuNk. me;jj; J}Jg; gazq;fisg; gw;wpa nkhopngah;g;Gfs; ,e;jg; gpw;Nrh;f;ifapy; ,lk;ngWfpd;wd. me;j %d;W VLfisj; jtph;j;J> Zhu-nian gw;wpa jfty;fs; mlq;fpa Nrhq; (Song) Ml;rpf; fhyj;ijr; Nrh;e;j NkYk; ,uz;L Kf;fpa E}y;fs; cs;sd. mit fly; %yk; nrd;wilaf;$ba njd;fpof;F> njw;F> Nkw;F Mfpa ehLfisg; gw;wpait. me;ehLfspy; thOk; ,dq;fs;> nghUspay; #oy; gw;wp me;j E}y;fs; tUzpf;fpd;wd. mit fp.gp. 1178-y; Zhou Qufei vOjpa Lingwai daida, fp.gp. 1225y; Zhao Rugua vOjpa Zhufan zhi Mfpait. Nrhq; Ml;rp fhyj;jpy;> Fwpg;ghf mjd; gpw;gFjpapy; ntspehLfSldhd fly; tzpf cwTfisf; fl;Lg;gLj;jpa tijushibo7 vd;w mYtyfk; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ngw;wJ. njd; rPdhtpy; Fthq;# (Guangzhou), Fthd;# (Quanzhou) Nghd;w gy th;j;jf epiyaq;fspy; mjd; fpisfs; Njhw;Wtpf;fg;gl;ld. Zhao Rugua

Nrhog; NguuR gw;wpa rPd thrfq;fs;

341

Fthd;#tpy; cs;s tijushibo mYtyfj;jpy; gzpGhpe;jhu;. Zhou Qufei rpwpJ fhyk; njd; rPdhtpy; cs;s Guilin-d; Jiz MSeuhf ,Ue;jhu;. mjdhy; ntspehl;bypUe;J tUk; khYkpfs; kw;Wk; tzpfh;fsplkpUe;J fly; tzpfj; Njrq;fisg; gw;wpa tptuq;fis mth;fshy; ngw Kbe;jJ. ,UtUNk Nrho ehl;ilg; gw;wp tUzpj;jpUf;fpd;wdu;. Zhao Rugua gy jfty;fis Lingwai daida Vl;bypUe;J vLj;Jf; Fwpg;gpLfpwhu; vd;w NghjpYk; Nrho ehl;ilg; gw;wpa mtuJ tUzid Zhou Qufei-d; tUzidia tpl ePskhdJ> tptukhdJ. Nrhq; (Song), Athd; (Yuan) Ml;rpf; fhyq;fspd; NghJ ntspaplg;gl;l rPdg; Gj;jfq;fs; gytw;wpy; Nrho ehl;ilg; gw;wpa Fwpg;Gfs; cs;sd. mtw;wpy; Xu Zizhitongjian8, Yuhai9, Shantang xiansheng qunshu kasuo10, Shilin yanyu11, Wenchang zalu12 Mfpait mlq;Fk;. Mdhy; mtw;wpy; Nrho ehl;ilg; gw;wpa Gjpa tptuq;fs; VJk; ,y;iy vd;gjhy; mtw;iw ,e;j nkhopg;ngah;g;gpy; Nrh;j;Jf; nfhs;stpy;iy. ,q;F nkhopngah;f;fg;gl;Ls;s gFjpfs; rpy> xd;W kw;wijg; NghyNt ,Uf;Fk;. Songshi Vl;bYk; Wenxian tongkao Vl;bYk; ,lk;ngWk; Zhunian gw;wpaj; jfty;fs; xNu khjphpahdit. rpy rPdr; nrhw;fs; kl;Lk; khwpAs;sd13. Songshi-y; fhzg;gLk; rpy ,lq;fspd; ngah;fSk;> jdpg;gl;lth;fspd; ngah;fSk; Wenxian tongkao-y; tpLgl;bUf;fpd;wd. xNu khjphpahd gjpTfs; ,lk;ngw;wpUg;gJ me;j ,U VLfisAk; njhFj;jth;fs; xNu %yj;ijg; gad;gLj;jpaJ xU fhuzkhf ,Uf;fyhk;. Songshi gpw;fhyj;ijr; Nrh;e;jJ vd;gjhy; mJ Wenxian tongkao Vl;bd; cjtpia ehbapUf;ff;$Lk;. mtruj;jpy; njhFf;fg;gl;l Songshi, Nrho ehL gw;wpa tptuq;fs; cl;gl gy tptuq;fis Wenxian tongkao-y; ,Ue;J gpujp vLj;jJ vd;gJ njspthfpwJ. ,Ue;jhYk; Songshi, Wenxian tongkao-y; tpLgl;Lg;Nghd gyuJ ngah;fisAk;> ,lq;fisAk; Fwpg;gpLfpwJ. mjdhy; Nrho ehl;ilg; gw;wpa gFjpapy; Wenxian tongkao-iaj; jtpu NtW Mjhuq;fisAk; mJ gad;gLj;jpapUf;Fk; vd;w KbTf;F tu KbfpwJ. Nrho ehl;by; cs;s 31 FbapUg;Gfisg;(buluo) gw;wp Songshi-y; ,lk;ngw;wpUf;Fk; jfty; Wenxian tongkao-y; ,y;iy vd;whYk;> Zhufan zhi vd;w kw;nwhU E}ypy; ,Uf;fpwJ. me;jj; jfty;fisj; njw;fhrpahtpy; ,Ue;J te;j khYkpfsplKk; tzpfh;fsplKk; Zhao Rugua ngw;wpUf;ff;$Lk;. mNj Ntisapy;> Zhufan zhi-y; ,lk;ngw;Ws;s rpy gFjpfs; Lingwai daida-tpypUe;J vLf;fg;gl;lit. mjdhy; Wenxian

342

NehnghU fuh\pkh kw;Wk; lhd;nrd; nrd;

tongkao-it vOjpatu; Zhufan zhi, Lingwai daida Mfpa E}y;fisg; ghh;j;J vOjpapUf;f Ntz;Lk;. me;j Ie;J E}y;fspYk; ,lk;ngWk; xNu khjphpahd gFjpfs;> ntspehLfisg; gw;wpa jfty;fisr; rPd vOj;jhsh;fs; gfph;e;J nfhz;ldu; vd;gijf; fhl;LfpwJ. mjdhy; Nrho ehL Nghd;w ntspehLfisg; gw;wpa jfty;fspd; %yk; vJ vd;gij milahsk; fhz;gjw;Fr; rpukkhf cs;sJ. Wenxian tongkao-y; cs;s Nrho ehl;ilg; gw;wpa Fwpg;Gfis Marquis d’Hervey de Saint-Denys14 vd;gtu; fp.gp. 1883-,y; gpnuQ;R nkhopapy; nkhopg;ngah;j;jhu;. mtu; nra;j nkhopg;ngah;g;gpd; mbg;gilapy; gpwF Mq;fpy nkhopg;ngah;g;G nra;ag;gl;lJ15. Friedrich Hirth, W.W.Rockhill MfpNahu; fp.gp.1911-,y; Zhufan zhi-I Mq;fpyj;jpy; nkhopg;ngah;j;jdu;16. Lingwai daida-it n[h;kd; nkhopapy; nkhopg;ngah;j;jhu; Almut Netolitzky vd;gtu;17. Mdhy; Songshi-y; cs;sit ,Jtiu ve;j Nkw;fj;jpa nkhopapYk; nkhopngah;f;fg;gl;lJ ,y;iy. Wenxian tongkao-d; gpnuQ;R> Mq;fpy nkhopngah;g;Gfisr; rPdu; my;yhj fy;tpahsh;fs; gutyhf gad;gLj;jp te;jpUe;j NghjpYk; mtw;wpy; jpUj;jg;gl Ntz;ba gy jtWfs; cs;sd. Songshi-y; fhzg;gLk; jfty;fis xj;jpUg;gjhy; Wenxian tongkao-d; nkhopg;ngah;g;ig ,q;F ehq;fs; ntspapltpy;iy. ,U E}y;fSf;Fk; ,ilapy; cs;s Ntw;Wikfs; ,q;F ,lk;ngw;Ws;sd. nrhy;yg; Nghdhy; Wenxian tongkao-d; Gjpa nkhopg;ngah;g;Ng ,e;j gpw;Nrh;f;ifapy; Nrh;f;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. rPd vOj;Jf;fis Mq;fpyj;jpy; gbg;gjw;F jw;Nghija midj;Jyf Kiwahd pinyin-I ehq;fs; gad;gLj;jpapUf;fpNwhk;. ,J d’Hervey de Saint-Denys, Hirth, Rockhill MfpNahu; gad;gLj;jpa Wade-Giles Kiwf;F khWgl;lJ. gjp%d;whk; E}w;whz;by; njd; rPdhtpy; eilKiwapy; ,Ue;j cr;rhpg;Gg; ghzpapNyNa> [g;ghdpah;fSk;> nfhhpah;fSk; rPdr; nrhw;fis ,d;Wk; cr;rhpf;fpd;wdu;.18 ,lq;fs;> egh;fspd; ngah;fisj; jkpopy; khw;Wk; NghJ Pinyin KiwNa ifahsg;gl;bUf;fpwJ.

1) Nrhq;\papy; (Songshi) cs;s Nrho (Zhu-nian) muR gw;wpa tptuq;fs;.19 NehnghU fuh\pkhtpd; (Noburu Karashima) Fwpg;GfSld; nkhopg;ngah;f;fg;gl;lJ fpof;fpy;> flypy; ,Ue;J Ie;J yp(li)20 njhiytpy; (xU li vd;gJ miu fpNyhkPl;lu; J}uk;) ]{dpad; ehL ,Uf;fpwJ. jpad;]{it(Tian-zhu)21 mila Nkw;Nf 1>500 li nry;y Ntz;Lk;. njw;Nf 2>500 li nrd;why;

Nrhog; NguuR gw;wpa rPd thrfq;fs;

343

YNth yhd; (Luo-lan)22 tUk;. tlf;Nf 3>000 li njhiytpy; Jd;jpad; (Dun-tian) cs;sJ.23 Mjp fhyj;jpypUe;Nj me;ehl;Lf;Fk; rPdhTf;Fk; ,ilapy; njhlh;Gfs; ,Ue;jjpy;iy. me;ehl;il miltjw;F fly;topahff; Fthq;#tpy; (Guangzhou) ,Ue;J 411>400 li gazk; nra;jhf Ntz;Lk;. me;jr; rhk;uh[paj;jpy; VO mb cauKila VO kjpy; Rth;fisf; nfhz;l efuk; xd;Ws;sJ. mjd; ntspr;Rtu;> tlf;fpypUe;J njw;F tiu 12 li njhiyTk;> fpof;fpypUe;J Nkw;F tiu 7 li njhiyTk; cs;sJ24. xt;nthU kjpy; RtUf;Fk; ,ilapy; E}W mb ,ilntsp cs;sJ. Kjy; ehd;F kjpy; Rth;fs; nrq;fy;yhy; Mdit. mjw;F mLj;j ,uz;Lk; fspkz;zhy; Mdit. Mff; filrp kjpy; kuj;jhy; MdJ. Xt;nthU RtUf;F ,ilapYk; gytif G+r;nrbfSk; gokuq;fSk; cs;sd. Rw;wpYk; ePNuhilfs; XLk;. Kjy; %d;W Rth;fSf;F ,ilg;gl;l gFjpfspy; kf;fs; tho;fpd;wdu;.25 ehd;fhk; kjpy; Rtu; tshfj;jpy; ehd;F mikr;rh;fs; trpf;fpd;wdu;. Ie;jhk; tshfj;jpy; kd;dhpd; ehd;F kfd;fs; tho;fpd;wdu;. MwhtJ kjpy; Rtu; tshfj;jpy; Gj;j klhyaq;fs; cs;sd. mq;F E}W ngsj;j gpf;Ffs; trpf;fpd;wdu;. VohtJ kjpy; RtUf;Ff;F cl;gl;l muzpy;> 400f;Fk; mjpfkhd miwfisf; nfhz;l muz;kid cs;sJ.26 kd;dhpd; Ml;rpapd; fPo; 31 FbapUg;Gfs; cs;sd.27 Nkw;Nf cs;s 12 FbapUg;Gfs;: Zhu-du-ni, Shi-ya-lu-ni, Luo-pa-li-biepa-yi, Bu-lin-pa-bu-ni, Gu-tan-bu-lin-pu-deng, Gu-li, Suo-lun-cen, Ben-tijie-ti, Yan-li-chi-li, Na-bu-ni, Zhe-gu-lin kw;Wk; Ya-li-zhe-lin Mfpait. njw;Nf cs;s 8 FbapUg;Gfs;:Wu-ya-li-ma-lan, Mei-gu-li-ku-di, She-lini, Mi-duo-luo-mo, Qie-lan-pu-deng, Meng-qie-lie-gie-lan, Pa-li-pa-li-you kw;Wk; Ya-li-chi-meng-qie-lan Mfpait. tlf;Nf cs;s 12 FbapUg;Gfs;:28 Bo-luo-ye, Wu-mo-li-jiang, Zhu-lin, Jia-li-meng-que-lan, Qi-jie-ma-lan, Wo-zhe-meng-qie-lan, Qi-jie-ma-lan, Wo-zhe-meng-qie-lan, Pi-lin-qie-lan, Pu-leng-he-lan, Bao-pa-lai, Tian-zhuli, Lu-po-luo29 kw;Wk; Mi-meng-qie-lan Mfpait. jw;Nghija kd;du;> mur guk;giuapd; %d;whtJ jiyKiwiar; Nrh;e;jtu;. nghJkf;fSs; xUtu; VjhtJ Fw;wk; Ghpe;jhy;> mjw;Fj;

344

NehnghU fuh\pkh kw;Wk; lhd;nrd; nrd;

jPh;g;G toq;FkhW mikr;ru; Nfl;Lf; nfhs;sg;gLthu;. rpwpa Fw;wkhf ,Ue;jhy;> Fw;wthsp kur; rl;lj;jpy; fl;lg;gl;L> %q;fpy; fopahy; 5 Kjy; 100 jlit mbf;fg;gLthu;. Fw;wk; nghpjhf ,Ue;jhy;> Fw;wthspapd; jiy Jz;bf;fg;gLk; my;yJ ahidapd; fhyhy; eRf;fg;gLthu;. tpUe;Jfspd;NghJ> kd;dUk; ehd;F mikr;rh;fSk; mhpaizg; gbfSf;F Kd;dhs; kz;bapl;L khpahij njhptpg;gu;.30 mjd; gpwF mth;fs; xd;whf mkh;e;J Mly;> ghly; Nghd;w Nfspf;iffis urpg;gu;. mth;fs; kJ mUe;Jtjpy;iy> Mdhy; khkprk; rhg;gpLfpwhh;fs;. nts;is epw gUj;jp MilfisNa tpUk;gp mzpAk; mth;fs;> mtpj;j mhprp my;yJ NfhJik gyfhuq;fis cz;fpd;wdu;. czT ghpkhwTk; ,ju Ntiyfisr; nra;tjw;Fk;; gzpg; ngz;fs; cs;sdu;.31 jpUkz Vw;ghLfisr; nra;Ak;NghJ> khg;gps;is tPl;Lf;fhu;fs; ,ilj;jufuhf xU khij jq;fk; my;yJ nts;sp Nkhjpuj;Jld; ngz; tPl;Lf;F mDg;gp itf;fpd;wdu;. ,uz;L ehs; fopj;Jg;32 ngz; tPl;lhu;33 khg;gps;is tPl;lhiur; re;jpg;gu;. mg;NghJ ngz;Zf;F khg;gps;is tPl;lhu; toq;Fk; epyk;> fhy;eilfs;> kJ tiffs; Nghd;w ghpRg; nghUl;fs; rigapy; mwptpf;fg;gLk;. mj;Jld; ngz; tPl;lhu; khg;gps;isf;Fj; jq;fk; my;yJ nts;sp Nkhjpuk;> jpUkz Mil>34 jpUkzj;Jf;Fg; ngz; mzpAk; gl;lhil Mfpatw;iwg; ghprhf toq;Ftu;. khg;gps;isf;Fg; ngz; gpbf;ftpy;iy vd;why;> mtu; jdf;Fj; jug;gLk; ghpRg; nghUl;fis Vw;ff;$lhJ. ngz;Zf;F me;jj; jpUkzj;jpy; tpUg;gkpy;iy vd;why;> jdf;F toq;fg;gl;l nghUl;fis ,U klq;fhfj; jpUk;gj; ju Ntz;Lk;. Nghh;f;fsj;jpy; mth;fs; ahidfis Kd;dhy; epWj;Jfpd;wdu;. mjd; gpd;Nd Nflak; Ve;jpa tPuh;fs; nry;fpwhh;fs;. mth;fSf;Fg; gpd;dhy; Nty;fis( ePz;l ths;fis Ve;jpa tPuh;fSk;> tpy; mk;Gfis Ve;jpa tPuh;fSk; thpirahfr; nry;fpd;wdu;. ehd;F mikr;rh;fSk; jq;fSf;fpilapy; gilfisg; gphpj;Jf; nfhs;tu;. ,e;j ehl;Lf;F 2>500 li njd;fpof;Nf Xi-lan-chi35 vd;w ehL ,Uf;fpwJ. ,e;j ,uz;L ehLfSf;Fk; ,ilapy; mt;tg;NghJ rz;il eilngWk;. ,e;jr; rhk;uh[paj;jpy; Kj;Jf;fs;> ahidj; je;jq;fs;> gtsk;> fz;zhb> ghf;F> Vyf;fha; kw;Wk; ji-bei bu36 Mfpait fpilf;fpd;wd. ePz;l thy; nfhz;l gwitfSk; (pheasant) fpspfSk; epiwaf; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. mq;Ff; fhzg;gLk; fha;-fdp tiffs; fLf;fha;

Nrhog; NguuR gw;wpa rPd thrfq;fs;

345

(myrobalan), KUq;if(wisteria), ghurPf NghPr;rk;> Njq;fha;> gan-luo37, ku,-lun-mei,38 gyhg;gok; Mfpait. mq;Ff; fpilf;Fk; kyu; tiffs;> nts;is ky;ypif> san-si,39 she-qi,40 nrk;gUj;jp> li-qiu,41 ePyk;> kQ;rs;> gr;ir epwj;jpyhd vUf;fk; G+> ntz;jhkiu> chan-zi42 kw;Wk; shui-jiao43 Mfpait. mq;Fg; gr;irg; gapu;> Nrhah nkhr;ir> NfhJik> mhprp Mfpa jhdpaq;fs; fpilf;fpd;wd. Mjp fhyj;jpypUe;Nj ,e;j uh[pak; ek; ehl;Lf;Fg; ghpRfis mDg;gpajpy;iy. Dazhong xiangfu Ml;rpfhyj;jpd; 8Mk; Mz;L> 9tJ khjj;jpy; (fp.gp.1015) me;ehl;bd; kd;du; Luo-cha-luo-zha44 ek; ehl;L uh[ rigf;F xU J}Jf; FOit mDg;gpdhu;. mf;FOtpy; Jizaikr;ru; Suo-li-san-wen, ,uz;lhtJ J}ju; Pu-shu,45 %d;whtJ J}ju; Weng-wu,46 fhtyhsp Ya-le-jia kw;Wk; rpyu; Nrho kd;dhplkpUe;J xU fbjj;JlDk; ghpRg; nghUl;fSlDk; te;jpUe;jdu;. uh[rigf;F te;j San-wen k; kw;wth;fSk; ,U iffspYk; jl;by; Kj;Jf;fs;> gr;ir kzpfs; Mfpatw;iw Ve;jp te;J mij mhpaizf;F Kd; nfhl;bdu;. mjd; gpwF Gwk;nrd;W gzpe;jdu;. mth;fs; $wpaij nkhopg;ngah;g;ghsu; nkhopg;ngah;j;jhu;. “neLe;njhiytpy; ,Ue;J te;jpUf;Fk; ehq;fs; rPd ehfhPfj;jpypUe;J rpwg;ghdtw;iw fw;Wf;nfhs;s te;jpUf;fpNwhk;” vd;W mth;fs; $wpdu;. Nrho kd;du; mDg;gpapUe;j fbjj;jpy; gpd;tUkhW $wg;gl;bUe;jJ: cq;fs; mbik uh[uh[dhd (Luo-cha-luo-cha) ehd;> vq;fs; ehl;Lf;Fr; rpwpa fg;gypy; te;jth;fs; %yk; jq;fs; ehl;ilj; jw;NghJ Nrhq; rhk;uh[pak; MStjhf njhpe;J nfhz;Nld;. Nrhq; mur guk;guiaj; Njhw;Wtpj;j ,uz;L kd;dh;fSf;Fg; gpwF ePq;fs; Ml;rp Vw;wpUf;fpwPh;fs; vd;gij ehq;fs; mwpfpNwhk;.47 jq;fs; el;ig ngw Ntz;Lk; vd;W ehd; vz;zpNdd;. me;jr; #hpaidg; Nghy jq;fSf;Fg; gzptpil nra;a tpUk;GfpNwd;. jq;fs; muritapy; vdJ J}jh;fs; %ykhf ehd; vdJ gutrj;ijj; njhptpf;fpNwd;.48 cq;fs; Ml;rp vy;iyaw;wJ vd;Wk; cq;fs; kf;fs; vq;fpUe;jhYk; cq;fSf;F mbgzpfpwhh;fs; vd;Wk; mwpfpNwd;. ey;yhl;rp jUk; ePq;fs;> ,jw;F Kd; Njhd;wpa kd;dh;fis cq;fs; rhjidfs; %yk; kpQ;rptpl;Bh;fs;. cq;fs; eph;thfj;jpwid tpz;Zk; kz;Zk; mwpAk;. cq;fspd; nry;thf;fpd; gyk; gpugQ;rj;ijAk; xOq;FgLj;Jk;@ cq;fspd;

346

NehnghU fuh\pkh kw;Wk; lhd;nrd; nrd;

nja;tPf rf;jp ahiuAk; mopj;jjpy;iy@ cq;fs; mlf;fk; kfj;jhdJ@ cq;fs; cau; gz;Gfs; jq;fspd; kf;fsplj;jpYk; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. cq;fs; ey;nyhOf;fk; nrb nfhbfisf;$l ghJfhj;jpUf;fpwJ. cq;fs; ek;gfj;jd;ik Mo;flypy; cs;s kPd;fisAk; nrd;W Nrh;e;jpUf;fpwJ. Mjyhy; thDyfNk cq;fs; cd;djr; rhjidfis nkr;RfpwJ. rhk;uh[paj;jpy; ahUNk ,jw;FKd; ,j;jifa rhjidfisr; nra;jjpy;iy. cq;fs; mbikahfpa ehd;> gy jiyKiwfshf xU fhl;Lkpuhz;b efhpy; tho;e;jjdhy;> nfhR Nghy rpwpatd;@ fhfpj eha; Nghy mlf;fkhdtd;. vq;fs; ehL rPdhtpypUe;J ntF J}uk; cs;sjhy; ,Jtiu cq;fisg; gw;wpj; njhpahkYk; ghpRg; nghUl;fis mDg;gp itf;fhkYk; ,Ue;Njhk;. ,g;NghJ cq;fs; Gfo; vq;fSf;F vy;iy fle;J hPq;fhukhff; Nfl;fpwJ. ,e;jg; ghpRfis Neubahf te;J cq;fSf;Fj; ju vdf;F taJ Nghjtpy;iy vd;gij vz;zp tUe;JfpNwd;. ehd; fly;fisf; fle;J ntF J}uj;jpy; cs;s xU Njrj;jpy; tho;fpNwd;. ,ilapy; vj;jidNah jilfs; cs;sd. ,Ug;gpDk; cq;fs; muz;kid thapy; fjTfspy; ,Ue;J midj;ijAk; ghh;j;Jf; nfhz;bUf;fpNwd;. vdJ ehl;Lg; ghpRg; nghUl;fis cq;fSf;F toq;FtJ khkprj;ijj; Njb tUk; vWk;Gf; $l;lj;ijg; Nghd;wJ. Mjtidf; fz;L tisAk; #hpafhe;jpiag; Nghy jq;fSf;F ehd; gzpahw;w tpUk;GfpNwd;. vq;fs; ehl;Lg; nghUl;fisg; ghprhf toq;f 52 Ngu; mlq;fpa J}Jf; FOit khpahijAld; mDg;gp itf;fpNwd;. Kj;Jf;fshy; myq;fhpf;fg;gl;l Fy;yha;> 21>100 liang (liang = 1 ounce / 37 grams)49 Kj;Jf;fs;> 60 ahidj; je;jq;fs;> 60 jin50 rhk;gpuhzp Mfpait vdJ ghpRg; nghUl;fs;. Sun-wen kw;Wk; cld; nrd;wth;fs; 6>600 liang Kj;Jf;fisAk; 3>300 jin (xU jin vd;gJ 16 liang = 1 catty) thridj; jputpaq;fisAk; ghprhf mspj;jdu;. njhlf;fj;jpy; rPdf; fg;gy; xd;W jq;fs; Njrj;ij te;jile;jpUg;gjhf Nfs;tpg;gl;l ,uh[uh[dplk;> fle;j gj;J Mz;Lfspy; flypy; ve;jg; GaYk; Vw;gltpy;iy vd;Wk; njhptpf;fg;gl;lJ. rPdhitr; Nrh;e;j xU Kdptuhy; Gay; jLf;fg;gl;ljhf xU tNahjpfu; %yk; ,uh[uh[d; mwpe;J nfhz;lhd;. mjdhy; mtd;> San-wen %yk; rPdhTf;Fg; ghpRg; nghUl;fis mDg;gp itj;jhd;.

Nrhog; NguuR gw;wpa rPd thrfq;fs;

347

Nrho ehl;bypUe;J51 Gwg;gl;l San-wen, xU fg;gypy; 77 gfy;fSk;> ,uTfSk; gazk; nra;J Na-wu-dan shan, Suo-li-xi-lan shan Mfpaj; jPTfisf; fle;J Zhanbin ([hk;gp) Njrj;ijr; nrd;wile;jhd;. mq;fpUe;J NkYk; 61 jpdq;fs; gazk; Nkw;nfhz;L Yi-ma-luo-li shan jPitf; fle;J Gu-luo52 ehl;il mile;jhd;. Gu-luo vd;w kiy ,Ug;gjhy; me;ehl;Lf;F mg;ngau;. mtu; kPz;Lk; 71 ehl;fs; gazk; nra;J Jia-ba shan, Zhan-bu-luo shan53, Zhou-bou-long shan Mfpaj; jPTfisf; fle;J San-fo-qi54 ehl;il mile;jhu;. mjd; gpwF kPz;Lk; 18 ,uTfSk; gfy;fSk; gazpj;J> Man shan55 kiyf;F mUNf Mw;wpd; KfthapYf;Ff; FWf;Nf nrd;W Tian-zhu shan56 jPT topahf Bin-tou-lang shan57 mile;jhu;. fg;gypy; ,Ue;J 100 li fpof;Nf mth;fs; fy;yiwiag; Xiwangmu58 (Chinese goddess of immortality)-tpd; ghh;j;jdu;. mjd; gpwF NkYk; 20 jpdq;fs; gazk; nra;J Yangshan, Jiuxingshan Mfpaj; jPTfisf; fle;J Fthq;#tpy; (Guangzhou) cs;s Pipazhou59/60 it mile;jdu;. jq;fs; ehl;il tpl;Lg; Gwg;gl;l 1>15061 jpdq;fSf;Fg; gpwNf mth;fshy; Fthq;#it mila Kbe;jJ. te;jth;fis cahpa khpahijAld; elj;jp Qui-ci ehl;Lj; J}jh;fSf;F toq;fg;gl;l mNj me;j];ij toq;Fk;gb mur rig mYtyUf;F62 kd;du; cj;jutpl;lhu;63. mt;thz;by; kd;dhpd; gpwe;jehspd;NghJ64> nfhz;lhl;lq;fspy; Qisheng chanyuan65 klhyaj;ijr; Nrh;e;j ngsj;j gpf;FfSld; Nrh;e;Jnfhs;s mDkjp mspf;FkhW San-wen k; kw;wth;fSk; Nfl;Lf; nfhz;ldu;. me;jj; J}jh;fs; mLj;j Mz;by;66 murhizAlDk; uh[ uh[ NrhoDf;fhd (Luo-cha-luo-zha) tpiy cah;e;j ghpRg; nghUl;fSlDk; ehL jpUk;gpdu;. Tianxi Ml;rp fhyj;jpd; ehd;fhk; Mz;by; (fp.gp. 1020) Zhu-nian (Nrho ehL) kd;du;> Pa-lan-de-ma-lie-di vd;gtu; jiyikapy; kPz;Lk; xU J}Jf; FOitg; ghpRfSld; mDg;gpdhu;. Mdhy; mtu; Fthq;# te;J Nrh;e;jTld; Nehapdhy; kuzkile;jhu;. mtu; nfhz;L te;j fbjj;ij Fthq;# MSeu; kd;dhplk; rkh;g;gpj;jhu;. J}Jf; FOTf;F tpUe;Jfis mspj;J tpiy cah;e;j ghpRfSld; topaDg;gp itf;FkhW MSeUf;F kd;du; cj;jutpl;lhu;. Mingdao Ml;rpf; fhyj;jpd; ,uz;lhtJ Mz;L> gj;jhtJ khjj;jpy; (fp. gp. 1033) kd;dd; Shi-li-luo-cha-yin-tuo-luo-zhu-luo67, xU J}Jf; FOit68 Pu-ya-tuo-li jiyikapy; mDg;gp itj;jhu;. mtu; jq;fj;jhy; vOjg;gl;l fbjk; xd;iwAk; epiwa ghpRg; nghUl;fisAk; nfhz;L te;jpUe;jhu;.

348

NehnghU fuh\pkh kw;Wk; lhd;nrd; nrd;

Kj;Jf;fshy; Md mq;fpAk;> Fy;yhAk; mtw;Ws; mlq;Fk;. mj;Jld; 105 liang Kj;Jf;fs;. 100 ahidj; je;jq;fSk; ghpRfshff; nfhz;L tug;gl;bUe;jd. murit khpahijf;fhd Jizaikr;ru;69 rhh;gpy; jiyik mYtyfj; Jiz Mizau; Wei Zhong mg;ghpRfisg; ngw;Wf; nfhz;lhu;70. fly; nfhe;jspg;gpy; jkJ fg;gy; %o;fpajhy; gy Kiw Kad;Wk; jhk; rPdhit mila Kbatpy;iy vd;W Pu-yatuo-li njhptpj;jhu;71. kd;dhpd; mhpaizf;F Kd; Kj;Jf;fisg; gug;gp72 jk; md;igf; fhl;l tpUk;Gtjhf mtu; njhptpj;jhu;. mjd;gbNa xU nts;spf; fpz;zj;jpy; Kj;Jf;fSld; mur rigf;Fs; gpuNtrpf;f mtu; mDkjpf;fg;gl;lhu;. muritapy; kz;bapl;L> mhpaizf;F Kd; Kj;Jf;fisr; rpjw itj;j gpwF mtu; mq;fpUe;J tpyfpdhu;. Jingyou Ml;rpf; fhyj;jpd; Ie;jhtJ Mz;L ,uz;lhtJ khjj;jpy; (fp.gp. 1034) muz;kid epGzd; vd;w nfsutg; gl;lj;Jld;> jq;f Kj;jpiu> fUQ;rptg;G ehlh73> gz;gl;l jsgjp Nghd;w tpUJfSld; Pu-ya-tuo-li ehL jpUk;gpdhu;. Xining Ml;rp fhyj;jpd; 10Mk; Mz;by; (fp.gp. 1077) Di-hua-jia-lua74 vd;w kd;du; 27 Ngu; mlq;fpa J}Jf; FOit mDg;gpdhu;. mf;FOtpy; J}ju; Qi-luo-luo, ,uz;lhk; J}ju; Nan-bei-pa-da, %d;whk; J}ju; Matu-hua-lo MfpNahu; ,lk;ngw;wpUe;jdu;. mth;fs; fliy mstpshd Kj;Jf;fisAk;75> nghpa fz;zhbf; fpz;zk;76> gd;dPu;> ngUq;fhak;> jinhua77, pingxiang78, jinlianhua79, muxiang80, fpuhk;G Nghd;w gytif ghpRg; nghUl;fisAk; nfhz;L te;jpUe;jdu;. muritf;Fs; Eioe;j ,uz;lhk; %d;whk; J}jh;fs;> kz;bapl;L nfhz;L te;jpUe;j Kj;Jf;fis jiuapy; rpjw itj;jdu;. mjd; gpwF mth;fis kfpo;tpf;FkhW murit mYtyUf;F cj;jutplg;gl;lJ. me;j ,U J}jh;fSf;Fk; gl;lq;fs; toq;fp rpwg;gpf;fg;gl;ld. jFjp mbg;gilapy;81 J}jh;fSf;F MilfSk;> ghz;lq;fSk; ghprhf toq;fg;gl;ld. Nrho kd;dUf;F 81>800 nrg;Gf; fhRfs;82 mlq;fpa ruKk;> 52>000 ypahq; (liang) nts;spAk; ghprhf mDg;gp itf;fg;gl;ld.

2) Song huiyao, lidai chaogong Mfpa VLfspy; ,lk;ngw;Ws;s Nrho (Zhu-nian) ehl;Lj; J}jh;fisg; gw;wpa %d;W gFjpfs;.83 NehnghU fuh\pkhtpd; Fwpg;GfSld; nkhopngah;f;fg;gl;lJ Dazhong Xiangfu Ml;rpf; fhyj;jpd; 8Mk; Mz;L> 9tJ khjk;> 2Mk;

Nrhog; NguuR gw;wpa rPd thrfq;fs;

349

ehsd;W (fp.gp. 1015) Nrho ehl;L kd;dd; jkJ J}juhd Suo-li-san-wen, ,uz;lhtJ J}ju; Pu-shu84, %d;whtJ J}ju; Weng-wu85, MfpNahiu ghpRg; nghUl;fSld; mDg;gp itj;jhu;. uh[rigf;F te;j mth;fs; ,U iffspYk; jl;by; Kj;Jf;fs;> gr;ir kzpfs; Mfpatw;iw Ve;jp te;J mij mhpaizf;F Kd; nfhl;bdu;. Kj;Jf;fs; gjpf;fg;gl;l mq;fp> Fy;yha; Mfpatw;iw mth;fs; ghprhf mspj;jdu;. mj;Jld; Kj;Jf;fs;> ahidj; je;jq;fs;> rhk;gpuhzp> thirdj; jputpaq;fs; Mfpatw;iwAk; ghprspj;jdu;. Shantang kaosuo86 vd;w %y E}ypy; Nkw;$wg;gl;l jfty; ,d;Dk; tphpthf cs;sJ. J}Jf; FOit Luo-da-luo-zha87 vd;w Nrho kd;dd; mDg;gp itj;jjhf mjpy; $wg;gl;Ls;sJ. rPdhtpypUe;J nrd;w tzpfu; xUtu;> rkar; rlq;Ffis elj;jp fpof;ifAk; Nkw;ifAk; jq;fs; muru; rhe;jg;gLj;jpapUg;gjhf Nrho kd;ddplk; njhptpj;jhu;. fle;j gj;J Mz;Lfshf flypy; vt;tpj nfhe;jspg;Gk; vw;gl;ljpy;iy vd;W Nrho kd;dd; kWnkhop mspj;jhd;. rPdhtpy; xU Kdptu; ,Ug;gjhNyNa mJ rhj;jpakhdJ vd;W nghpatu; xUthplkpUe;J Nfs;tpg;gl;ljhfTk; mtu; $wpdhu;. mjdhy; rPdhTf;F mtu; jdJ J}jh;fis mDg;gp itj;jhu;. Mingdao Ml;rpf; fhyj;jpd; ,uz;lhtJ Mz;L> gj;jhtJ khjk;> 21tJ ehsd;W (fp.gp. 1033) Nrho kd;dd; Shi-li-luo-cha-yin-tuo-luozhu-luo88, xU J}Jf; FOit Pu-ya-tuo-li89 jiyikapy; mDg;gp itj;jhu;. mtu; jq;fj;jhy; vOjg;gl;l fbjk; xd;iwAk; epiwa ghpRg; nghUl;fisAk; nfhz;L te;jpUe;jhu;. Kj;Jf;fshy; Md mq;fpAk;> Fy;yhAk; mtw;Ws; mlq;Fk;. mj;Jld; Kj;Jf;fs;> ahidj; je;jq;fs; Mfpait ghpRfshff; nfhz;L tug;gl;bUe;jd. murhpd; kPJ cs;s Nerj;ijf; fhl;l “fhl;Lkpuhz;b” rlq;F xd;iw Nkw;nfhs;s tuoli mDkjp Nfl;lhu;. mjw;fhd cj;juT toq;fg;gl;lJ. mjd;gbNa xU nts;spf; fpz;zj;jpy; Kj;Jf;fSld; muritapy; kz;bapl;L> mhpaizf;F Kd; Kj;Jf;fisr; rpjw itj;j gpwF mtu; mq;fpUe;J tpyfpdhu;. Xining Ml;rpf; fhyj;jpd; 10Mk; Mz;L> 6-tJ khjk;> 7-tJ ehsd;W (fp.gp. 1077) Nrhoehl;ilr; Nrh;e;j Di-hua-jia-lua vd;w fanwang90 ,uz;L fbjq;fSld; Qi-luo-luo vd;w J}jiu mDg;gpdhu;. xU fbjk; “fhl;Lkpuhz;b” nkhopapYk; kw;nwhd;W rPdj;jpYk; ,Ue;jJ. Kj;Jf;fs;> fw;G+uk;> fhz;lhkpUff; nfhk;Gfs;> ahidj; je;jq;fs;> rhk;gpuhzp> jq;f E}y; ,ioj;j Milfs;> fz;zhbf; fpz;zk;> gd;dPu;> kUe;Jg;

350

NehnghU fuh\pkh kw;Wk; lhd;nrd; nrd;

nghUl;fs; Mfpatw;iw mtu; ghpRfshff; nfhz;L te;jpUe;jhu;. md;W mtUk; ,ju J}jh;fSk; muritf;Fs; Eioe;J> kz;bapl;L> nfhz;L te;jpUe;j Kj;Jf;fisj; jiuapy; rpjw mDkjpf;fg;gl;ldu;. me;jr; rlq;fpw;F sandian vd;W ngau;. mjd; gpwF mth;fis kfpo;tpf;f murit Copau;91 xUtiu kd;du; mDg;gp itj;jhh;.

3) Zhufan zhi Vl;by; Nrho ehL (Zhu-nian) gw;wp Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sit. lhd;nrd; nrd; Fwpg;GfspypUe;J nkhopg;ngah;f;fg;gl;lJ Zhu-nain rhk;uh[pak; Nkw;Nf cs;s Yin-du-tpd; njd; gFjpapy; cs;sJ. mjid mila> fpof;Nf fliy Nehf;fp 5 li nry;y Ntz;Lk;@ Nkw;Nf Tian-zhu I mila 1>500 li gazk; nra;a Ntz;Lk;@ njw;Nf 2>500 li nrd;why; Luo-lan tUk;@ mjd; gpwF tlf;Nf 3>000 li nrd;why; Dun-tian tUk;. me;j ehl;bw;F ,jw;F Kd; rPdhTld; ve;j tzpfj; njhlh;Gk; fpilahJ. mq;fpUe;J Fthq;# te;jila flypy; 411>400 li gazk; nra;aNtz;Lk;.92 me;j ehl;Lf;Fr; nry;y tpUk;GNthu; Gu-lin-y; glF khw Ntz;Lk;. Pu-gan(gh;kh) topahfTk; me;ehl;Lf;Fr; nry;yyhk; vd;W rpyu; $Wfpwhh;fs;.93 me;j ehl;by; Vob cauKs;s 7 Nfhl;ilfisf; nfhz;l efu; xd;W ,Uf;fpwJ mjd; ntspr;Rtu;> tlf;fpypUe;J njw;F tiu 12 li njhiyTk;@ fpof;fpypUe;J Nkw;F tiu 7 li njhiyTk; cs;sJ.94 xt;nthU kjpy; RtUf;Fk; ,ilapy; E}W mb J}uk; ,ilntsp cs;sJ. Kjy; ehd;F kjpy; Rth;fs; nrq;fy;yhy; Mdit. mij mLj;j ,uz;Lk; fspkz;zhy; Mdit. Mff; filrp kjpy; kuj;jhy; MdJ. xt;nthU RtUf;F ,ilapYk; gytif G+r;nrbfSk; gokuq;fSk; cs;sd. Rw;wpYk; ePNuhilfs; XLk;. Kjy; RtUf;Fk; ,uz;lhk; RtUf;F ,ilg;gl;l gFjpapy; kf;fs; tho;fpd;wdu;. %d;whk; ehd;fhk; kjpy; Rth;fSf;F ,ilg;gl;l tshfj;jpy; ehd;F mikr;rh;fs; trpf;fpd;wdu;. Ie;jhk; Rtu; tshfj;jpy; kd;dhpd; ehd;F kfd;fs; tho;fpd;wdu;. MwhtJ kjpy; Rtu; tshfj;jpy; Gj;j klhyaq;fs; cs;sd. mq;F E}W ngsj;j gpf;Ffs; trpf;fpd;wdu;. VohtJ kjpy; RtUf;F cl;gl;l muzpy;> 400f;Fk; mjpfkhd miwfisf; nfhz;l muz;kid cs;sJ. mq;Fjhd; kd;du; trpf;fpwhu;.

351

Nrhog; NguuR gw;wpa rPd thrfq;fs; 95

me;j uh[paj;jpy; 31 FbapUg;Gfs; cs;sd.

Nkw;Nf cs;s 12 FbapUg;Gfs;: Zhi-du-ni, Shi-ya-lu-ni, Luo-pa-li-biepa-yi, Bu-lin-pa-bu-ni, Gu-tan-bu-lin-pu-deng, Gu-li, Po-lun-cen, Ben-tijie-ti, Yan-li-chi-li, Na-bu-ni, Zhe-gu-lin kw;Wk; Ya-lin-zhe-lin Mfpait. njw;Nf cs;s 8 FbapUg;Gfs;: Wu-ya-li-ma-lan, Mei-gu-li-ku-di, She-lini, Mi-duo-luo-mo, Qie-lan-pu-deng, Meng-qie-lin-gie-lan, Pa-li-pa-li-you kw;Wk; Ya-lin-chi-meng-qie-lan Mfpait. tlf;Nf c;s;s 12 FbapUg;Gfs;: Bo-luo-ye, Wu-mo-li-jiang, Jia-li-mengqie-lan, Qi-jie-ma-lan, Wo-zhe-meng-qie-lan, Qi-jie-ma-lan, Wo-zhe-mengqie-lan, Pi-lin-qie-lan, Pu-leng-he-lan, Bao-pa-lai, Tian-zhu-li, Lu-po-luo96 kw;Wk; Mi-meng-qie-lan Mfpait. nghJkf;fSs; xUtu; VjhtJ Fw;wk; Ghpe;jhy;> mjw;F jPh;g;G toq;Fk;gb mikr;ru; Nfl;Lf; nfhs;sg;gLtu;. rpwpa Fw;wkhf ,Ue;jhy;> Fw;wthsp kur; rl;lj;jpy; fl;lg;gl;L> %q;fpy; fopahy; 50 my;yJ 70 my;yJ 100 jlit mbf;fg;gLthu;. Fw;wk; nghpjhf ,Ue;jhy;> Fw;wthspapd; jiy Jz;bf;fg;gLk; my;yJ ahidapd; fhyhy; eRf;fg;gLthu;. tpUe;Jfspd;NghJ> kd;dUk; ehd;F mikr;rh;fSk; mhpaizg; gbfSf;F Kd;dhs; kz;bapl;L khpahij njhptpg;gu;. mjd; gpwF mth;fs; Mbg; ghb kfpo;tu;. mth;fs; kJ mUe;Jtjpy;iy> Mdhy; khkprk; rhg;gpLfpwhh;fs;. nts;is epw gUj;jp MilfisNa tpUk;gp mzpAk; mth;fs;> mtpj;j my;yJ Ntfitj;j khT nuhl;bfis cz;fpd;wdu;. czT ghpkhwTk; ,ju Ntisfisr; nra;tjw;Fk; gzpg; ngz;fs; cs;sdu;. mj;jifa gj;jhapuk; gzpg;ngz;fs; mq;fpUf;fpwhh;fs;. xt;nthU ehSk; khw;wp khw;wp %thapuk; Ngu; gzpGhpfpd;wdu;. jpUkz Vw;ghLfisr; nra;Ak;NghJ> khg;gps;is tPl;Lf;fhuh;fs; Kjypy; xU ngz; jufiuj; jq;fk; my;yJ nts;sp Nkhjpuj;Jld; ngz; tPl;Lf;F mDg;gp itf;fpd;wdu;. %d;W jpdq;fSf;Fg; gpwF ngz; tPl;lhu; khg;gps;is tPl;lhiur; re;jpj;Jr; rPjdkhf toq;Fk; epyk;> fhy;eilfs;> kJ tiffs; Nghd;w ghpRg; nghUl;fisj; jPh;khdpf;fpd;wdu;. mg;NghJ ngz; tPl;lhu; khg;gps;isf;Fj; jq;f> nts;sp

352

NehnghU fuh\pkh kw;Wk; lhd;nrd; nrd;

Nkhjpuq;fs;> jpUkz Mil> jpUkzj;Jf;Fg; ngz; mzpAk; gl;lhil Mfpatw;iwg; ghprhf toq;Ftu;. khg;gps;isf;Fg; ngz; gpbf;ftpy;iy vd;why;> mtu; jdf;Fj; jug;gLk; ghpRg; nghUl;fis Vw;ff;$lhJ. ngz;Zf;F me;jj; jpUkzj;jpy; tpUg;gkpy;iy vd;why;> jdf;Fj; jug;gl;l nghUl;fis ,U klq;fhfj; jpUk;gj; ju Ntz;Lk;.97 me;j uh[paj;jpy; Vuhskhd cau; thpfs; tpjpf;fg;gLfpd;wd. mjdhy; tzpfh;fs; mq;Fr; nry;y mQ;Rthh;fs;. me;j uh[pak; Xitian y; cs;s gy;NtW ehLfSld; Nghu; Ghpe;J tUfpwJ. muz;kidapy; VO Kjy; vl;L mb cauKs;s 60 Mapuk; ahidfs; cs;sd. Nghhpd;NghJ tPuh;fs; ahidapd; kPJ Vwpr; nry;tu;. vjphp J}uj;jpy; tUk;NghJ mth;fs; tpy;yk;Gfshy; jhf;Ftu;. mUfpy; tUk;NghJ Nty;fisg; gad;gLj;Jtu;. ntw;wpngWk; ahidfSf;Fg; gl;lq;fs; toq;fp rpwg;gpf;fg;gLk;. rpy Ntisfspy; kd;du; Kd; MAjq;fs; nfhz;L rz;ilapl;L vt;tpj jaf;fKk; ,y;yhky; tPu kuzk; milfpd;wdu;.98 je;ij> kfd;fs;> nghpath;fs;> jk;gpfs; MfpNahUf;Fj; jdpj;jdpg; ghj;jpuq;fspy; rikay; nra;ag;gl;L ntt;NtW ghj;jpuq;fspy; ghpkhwg;gLfpwJ. ,Ue;jhYk; mth;fs; xUtu; kPJ xUtu; kpFe;j kjpg;G itj;jpUf;fpd;wdu;.99 ,e;j rhk;uh[paj;jpy; Kj;Jf;fs;> ahidj; je;jq;fs;> gtsk;> fz;zhb> ghf;F> Vyf;fha; kw;Wk; ji-bei-bu100 Mfpait fpilf;fpd;wd. ePz;l thy; nfhz;l gwitfSk; fpspfSk; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. mq;Ff; fhzg;gLk; fha;-fdp tiffs; fLf;fha; (myrobalan), KUq;if(wisteria), ghurPf NghPr;rk;> Njq;fha;> gan-luo, kun-lun-mei, gyhg;gok; Mfpait. mq;Ff; fpilf;Fk; kyu; tiffs;> nts;is ky;ypif> san-si, she-qi, nrk;gUj;jp> li-qui. ePyk;> kQ;rs;> gr;ir epwj;jpyhd vUf;fk; g+> ntz;jhkiu> chanzi kw;Wk; shui-jiao Mfpait. mq;Fg; gr;irg; gapu;> Nrhah nkhr;ir> NfhJik> mhprp Mfpa jhdpaq;fs; fpilf;fpd;wd. %q;fpy;fSk; epiwa tpisfpd;wd.101 Mjp fhyj;jpypUe;Nj ,e;j uh[pak; ek; ehl;Lf;Fg; ghpRfis mDg;gpajpy;iy. Dazhong xiangfu Ml;rpfhyj;jpd; 8Mk; Mz;by; (fp.gp. 1015) me;ehl;bd; kd;du; ek; ehl;L muritf;F Kj;Jf;fs; cl;gl gy ghpRg; nghUl;fSld; J}jh;fis mDg;gpdhu;. “neLe;njhiytpy; ,Ue;J te;jpUf;Fk; ehq;fs; rPd ehfhPfj;jpypUe;J rpwg;ghdtw;iwf; fw;Wf;nfhs;s tpUk;GfpNwhk;”102 vd;W mth;fs; nkhopngah;g;ghsu;

Nrhog; NguuR gw;wpa rPd thrfq;fs;

353

%yk; $wpdu;. te;jth;fis cahpa khpahijAld; elj;jp Qui-ci ehl;Lj; J}jh;fSf;F toq;fg;gl;l mNj me;j];ij toq;Fk;gb mur rig mYtyUf;F kd;du; cj;jutpl;lhu;. kd;dhpd; gpwe;jehspd;NghJ> Qisheng yuan klhyaj;jpy; ele;j nfhz;lhl;lq;fspy; fye;Jnfhs;s Nrho ehl;Lj; J}jh;fs; mDkjpf;fg;gl;ldu;.103 Xining Ml;rpf; fhyj;jpd; 10-Mk; Mz;by; (fp.gp. 1077)104 Nrho ehL kPz;Lk; ghpRg; nghUl;fis mDg;gp itj;jJ. muru; Shenzong, J} Jf; FOtpdiu tuNtw;f cs; tptfhuq;fSf;Fg; nghWg;Ngw;wpUe;j mjpfhhpia mDg;gp itj;jhu;.105

4) Lingwai daida Vl;by; Nrho ehl;ilg; gw;wp Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sit. lhd;nrd; nrd; Fwpg;GfspypUe;J nkhopngah;f;fg;gl;lJ Nkw;F njd;dpe;jpahtpy; cs;sJ Zhu-nian rhk;uh[pak;. mq;Nf nry;y tpUk;GNthu; Gu-lin ehl;by; glF khw Ntz;Lk;. Pugan ehL (gh;kh) topahfTk; mq;Fr; nry;yyhk; vd;W $wg;gLfpwJ.106 me;j rhk;uh[pa kd;dhpd; kFlk; Rlh;tpLk; Kj;Jf;fshYk;> mhpa tif uj;dq;fshYk; MdJ. Nkw;Nf gy ehLfSld; me;j kd;du; Nghhpl;L tUfpwhu;. me;j uh[paj;jpy; VO my;yJ vl;lb cauj;jpy; 60 Mapuk; ahidfs; cs;sd. Nghhpd;NghJ tPuh;fs; ahidapd; kPJ Vwpr; nry;tu;. vjphp J}uj;jpy; tUk;NghJ mth;fs; tpy;yk;Gfshy; jhf;Ftu;. mUfpy; tUk;NghJ Nty;fisg; gad;gLj;Jtu;. ntw;wpngWk; ahidfSf;F gl;lq;fs; toq;fp rpwg;gpf;fg;gLk;. mtw;Wf;Fg; G+Ntiy nra;ag;gl;l Nghh;itfs; Nghh;j;jg;gLk;. jpdKk; me;j ahidfs; kd;du; Kd; khpahij nrYj;Jk;. me;j ehL fw;G+u tisaq;fs;107> it^hpak;> Kj;Jf;fs;> je;jk;> gy;NtW epwq;fspy; Md epkpis (amber), tz;zg; gl;lhilfs; Nghd;wtw;Wf;Fg; Gfo;ngw;wJ. mq;F 10 Mapuk; gzpg; ngz;fs;108 Ntiy nra;fpd;wdu;. jpdKk; %thapuk; gzpg;ngz;fs; Row;rpapy; gzpGhpfpd;wdu;. me;ehl;L kf;fs; tPuk; epiwe;jth;fs;> ajhh;j;jkhd tho;f;if tho;gth;fs;. mth;fs; ahUf;Fk; mbgzpakhl;lhh;fs;. jpdKk; Rkhu;

354

NehnghU fuh\pkh kw;Wk; lhd;nrd; nrd;

gj;J N[hb Ngu; kd;du; Kd; Fj;JthSld; rz;ilapl;L tPu kuzk; milfpd;wdu;. je;ij> kfd;fs;> nghpath;fs;> jk;gpfs; MfpNahUf;F jdpj;jdpg; ghj;jpuq;fspy; rikay; nra;ag;gl;L ntt;NtW ghj;jpuq;fspy; ghpkhwg;gLfpwJ. ,Ue;jhYk; mth;fs; xUtu; kPJ xUtu; kpFe;j kjpg;G itj;jpUf;fpd;wdu;. Dazhong xiangfu Ml;rpfhyj;jpd; 8-Mk; Mz;by; (fp.gp. 1015) me;ehl;L kd;du;> Kj;Jf;fs; cl;gl gy;NtW ghpRg; nghUl;fSld; J}jh;fis mDg;gp itj;jhu;. mth;fs; $wpaij nkhopngah;g;ghsu; nkhopngah;j;jhu;. “neLe;njhiytpy; ,Ue;J te;jpUf;Fk; ehq;fs; rPd ehfhPfj;jpypUe;J rpwg;ghdtw;iw fw;Wf;nfhs;s tpUk;GfpNwhk;” vd;W mth;fs; $wpdu;. mjd; gpwF kd;du; Shenzong Ml;rp Ghpe;j Xining Ml;rpfhyj;jpd; 10Mk; Mz;L> 6-tJ re;jpu khjj;jpy; (fp.gp. 1077) kPz;Lk; NrhoehL cs;Su; nghUl;fisg; ghprhf mDg;gpapUe;jJ. te;j J}jh;fis tuNtw;f cs;tptfhuq;fSf;Fg; nghWg;Ngw;wpUe;j mjpfhhpia kd;du; mDg;gp itj;jhu;.

5) Nrho kd;dd; vd;W ek;gitj;j Di-hua-jia-luo gw;wpa Fwpg;Gfs;. NehnghU fuh\pkh(Noboru Karashima) Di-hua-jia-luo vd;w kd;ddpd; milahsk; kw;Wk; mtd; mDg;gpa J}jh;fs; Fwpj;Jk; Fog;gkhd gy tpthuq;fs; ,jw;F Kd; elj;Js;sd. Songshi kw;Wk; Wenxian tongkao VLfspy; San-fo-qi (= tp[ak;)-iar; Nrh;e;j ngUe;jiytuhd Di-hua-jia-luo mDg;gpitj;j J}jh;fisg; gw;wpa Fwpg;Gfs; cs;sd. mtu; mDg;gp itj;j J}jh;fs;> Nrho ehl;Lj; J}jh;fs; nrd;w mNj Mz;by; (fp.gp. 1077) rPdhit mile;jdu;. ngUk;ghyhd fy;tpahsh;fs; Di-hua-jia-luo-it FNyhe;Jq;fr; Nrhod; vd;W milahsk; fz;bUf;fpd;wdu;. mtDf;F uhN[e;jpuNjth vd;w ngaUk; cz;L vd;gjhy; “Njth”> “FNyh” Mfpa gjq;fs; Di-huajia-luo vd;w ngaUld; xj;jpUg;gjhf me;jf; fy;tpahsh;fs; fUjpdu;. Nrho ehl;bypUe;Jk; San-fo-qi-y; (= tp[ak;) ,Ue;Jk; xNu Neuj;jpy; J}Jf; FOf;fs; nrd;wd vDk; jfty; Songshi kw;Wk; Wenxian tongkao VLfisj; njhFj;jth;fs; nra;j jtW vd;W ntFehl;fshff; fUjg;gl;L te;jJ.

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Mdhy; Fthq;#tpy; cs;s Tianqing jhNth Nfhapypy; 1960fspy; fz;nlLf;fg;gl;l fy;ntl;L xd;W (Tan Yeok Seong, “The Sri Vijayan Inscription of Canton [AD 1070]”, Journal of Southeast Asian History, 5-7>1964) = tp[ahtpd; jiytu; Di-hua-jia-luo vd;gijAk;> rpije;JNghd jhNth Nfhapiy kPz;Lk; fl;bj;ju Fthq;#Tf;F (Guangzhou) %d;W mjpfhhpfis mtu; mDg;gp itj;jhu; vd;gijAk; Gyg;gLj;JfpwJ. me;j mjpfhhpfspy; ,Utu; ngah;fshd Zhi-luo-luo, Ma-tu-hua-luo Mfpait Zhu-nian kd;du; Di-hua-jia-luo mDg;gp itj;j ,uz;lhk;> %d;whk; J}jh;fs; vd;W Fwpg;gplg;gLNthhpd; ngah;fis xj;jpUf;fpwJ. Mdhy; Fthq;# fy;ntl;bypUe;J Di-hua-jia-luo vd;gtu; San-fo-qi (= tp[ah) muru; vd;Wk; Nrho ehl;L kd;du; ,y;iy vd;Wk; njhpa tUfpwJ. mg;gbnad;why; Songshi, Wenxian tonkao Mfpa VLfspy; vjdhy; mtu; Nrho ehl;L (Zhu-nian) kd;du; vd;w Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;shu;? 11Mk; E}w;whz;by; Nrhoehl;Lf;Fk; = tp[aj;Jf;Fk; ,ilapy; ,Ue;j cwTfis itj;J mjw;F tpil fhz KbAk;. = tp[ah-flhuk; kPJ fp.gp. 1025y; Nrhou; gil elj;jpa jhf;Fjy; gw;wpAk;> gpwF fp.gp 1068y; flhu kd;dDf;F cjt tPuuhN[e;jpud; Nkw;nfhz;l jhf;Fjy; gw;wpAk; ahtUk; mwpe;j xd;W. mjdhy; flhuk; Nrhoh;fspd; ghJfhg;Gf;F cl;gl;l xU gFjp vd;gij mwpa KbfpwJ. rpwpa Leiden jhkug; gl;lak; (epigraphia Indica, xxii – 35: Smaller Leiden plates) fp.gp. 1090 tiu ,U ehLfSf;F ,ilapy; neUq;fpa cwT ,Ue;jjhff; $WfpwJ. ,J rPd muritf;F XusthtJ njhpe;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk;. mjdhy; fp.gp. 1077y; flhuj;Jj; J}jh;fisr; Nrho ehl;Lj; J}jh;fshf gjpT nra;jpUf;ff;$Lk;. Mdhy; Songshi Vl;ilj; njhFj;jtu; Di-hua-jia-luoit Nrho ehl;L kd;dd; vd;W Fwpg;gpl;bUg;gJ tpag;ig mspf;fpwJ. Song huiyao vd;w VL Songshi-y; ,lk;ngw;Ws;s jfty;fSf;F %yk; vd;W fUjg;gLfpwJ. me;j Vl;bd; lidai chaogong vd;w gFjpapy; ntspehl;by; ,Ue;J tUk; J}jh;fspd; tptuq;fs; ,lk;ngw;Ws;sd. me;j Vl;by; Di-hua-jia-luo, xU ntspehl;L muru; (fanwang) my;yJ Nrho muru; vd;W Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ. mjdhy; Nrho ehl;L kd;du; mthpy;iy vd;gJ njhpa tUfpwJ. Mdhy;> mNj gFjpapy; Kjyhk; ,uhN[e;jpu Nrhod;> Nrho ehl;L kd;dd; vd;W Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;shu;. Fan vd;w gjk; rPd nkhopapy;> “gjtpapy; Fiwe;jtu;” vd;Wk; “fhl;Lkpuhz;b” vd;Wk; nghUs;gLk;. me;j Mz;by; = tp[ak; vd;w jdpg;gl;l ehl;bypUe;J J}jh;fs; te;jjhf Song huiyao-y; Fwpg;gpy;iy.

356

NehnghU fuh\pkh kw;Wk; lhd;nrd; nrd;

Songshi-iaj; njhFj;jtu; Fan vd;w gjj;ij Ntz;Lnkd;Nwh my;yJ jtWjyhfNth tpl;Ltpl;lJjhd; ,j;jidf; Fog;gq;fSf;Fk; fhuzk;. Di-hua-jia-luo, Nrho ehl;L kd;dd; vd;W Songshi-y; tUzpf;fg;gl;bUg;gJ> Nrho ehL = tp[aj;ij rhh;e;jpUe;jJ vd;w jg;ghd vz;zj;jhy; ,Ue;jpUf;fyhk;. Songshi-y; ,lk;ngw;Ws;s Pu-gan (jw;NghJ kpad;khh;) gw;wpa gFjpiag; ghh;j;jhy; rPd murit vg;gb mg;gbnahU KbTf;F te;jJ vd;gJ tpag;igj; jUfpwJ. Nrho ehl;Lf;F mbikahf ,Ue;j = tp[ak;> rPdhtpy; tzpf tha;g;Gfisg; ngw> jdJ fl;Lg;ghl;by;jhd; NrhoehL ,Ug;gjhf rPd muritapy; xU gpuk;ikia vw;gLj;jpajhf rpy fy;tpahsh;fs; fUJfpd;wdu;. fp.gp. 1077-,y; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l gazk; gw;wp Fwpg;gpLk; Wenxian tongkao, ve;jf; Fog;gj;ijAk; Vw;gLj;jtpy;iy. mJ> J}Jf; FOit ahu; mDg;gp itj;jhu; vd;Nwh te;jth;fspd; me;j];J vd;d vd;Nwh Fwpg;gpltpy;iy. “A Study of Srivijaya” vd;w Ma;Tf; fl;Liuapy; ([g;ghdpa nkhopapy;)> Rokuro Kuwata, ,uz;L rPd nkhop VLfshd Shilin Yanyu (fp.gp. 1123236-,y; Ye Mengde vOjpaJ)> Wengchang zalu (fp.gp. 1086-,y; Pang Yuanying vOjpaJ) Mfpatw;iwg; gw;wp Fwpg;gpLfpwhu;. mtw;wpy; Sanfo-qi Zhu-nian vd;w ehl;by; ,Ue;J te;j J}jh;fs; gw;wpa Fwpg;Gfs; cs;sd. San-fo-qi Zhu-nian vd;gJ = tp[aj;jpy; Nrhoh;fSf;Ff; fPo;g;gbe;j ehlhf ,Uf;fyhk;. Song huiyao kw;Wk; ,ju VLfs;> Sanfo-qi Zhan-bei vd;w ehl;bypUe;J J}jh;fs; te;jjhff; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wd. mJ [hk;gp (Jambi) vd;w ehl;ilf; Fwpf;fpwJ. San-fo-qi-d; cz;ikg; ngau; vJthf ,Ue;jhYk;> mJ kyhf;fh ePhpiz tl;lhuj;ij Ml;rp Ghpe;j ehl;Lf;Fr; rPdh itj;jpUe;j nghJthd ngauhfj; Njhd;WfpwJ. mjdhy; xU Fwpg;gpl;l ehl;il Fwpg;gpLk;NghJ mij San-fo-qi Zhu-nain (flhuk;) my;yJ San-fo-qi Zhan-bei ([hk;gp) vd;W rPdh;fs; mioj;jdu;. flhuk;-= tp[ak; Nrhoh;fspd; fl;Lg;ghl;by; ,Ue;jjhy; Zhu-nian vd;w gjk; Nrh;j;Jf; nfhs;sg;gl;lJ. [hk;gpapy; Gjpa rhk;uh[pak; Njhd;wpapUe;jjhy; mjw;F Zhan-bei vd;w gjk; Nrh;f;fg;gl;lJ. gNyk;ghq;iff; (Palembang) Fwpf;Fk; San-fo-qi Bao-linbang vd;w ngaUk; Ryukyu rhk;uh[paj;jpd; murje;jpu Mtzq;fspy; fhzg;gLfpwJ (Kuwata 1993, p. 259). Nrho ehl;Lf;Fk; flhuj;Jf;Fk; ,ilapyhd cwT Fwpj;j rh;r;irg; gw;wp NehnghU fuh\pkhtpd; (Noboru Karashima) “Indian Commercial Activities in Ancient and Medieval Southest Asia”, in Contributions of Tamil Culture to the Twenty First Century: Proceedings of the Eighth

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Internatioinal Conference-Seminar of Tamil Studies, Thanjavur, 1995, edited by Karashima, Annamalai, and Rajaram (Chennai, 2005) vd;w Ma;tpy; tpthjpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ(me;j Ma;T mwpf;if ,d;Dk; ntspaplg;gltpy;iy> Mdhy; mjd; gFjpfs; Plenary Session Papers vd;w tbtpy; khehl;by; tpdpNahfpf;fg;gl;ld.

6) Songshi Vl;by; fhzg;Lk; Pugan(gh;kh) ehl;ilg; gw;wpa tptuq;fs;.109 NehnghU fuh\pkhtpd; (Noburu Karashima) Fwpg;Gfspy; ,Ue;J nkhop ngah;f;fg;gl;lJ Chongning Ml;rpfhyj;jpd; 5-tJ Mz;by; (fp.gp. 1066), Pu-gan(gh;kh) ehL ghpRfSld; J}jh;fisr; rPdhTf;F mDg;gp itj;jJ. me;jj; J}jh;fSf;Fr; Nrho ehl;bypUe;J (Zhu-nian) te;jth;fSf;F mspf;fg;gl;l mNj khpahijia toq;FkhW murhiz gpwg;gpf;fg;gl;lJ. Mdhy; Zhu-nian, flhuj;Jf;Ff; fPo;g;gbe;j ehL vd;gjhy; Xining Ml;rp fhyj;jpd;NghJ (fp.gp. 1068-77) toq;fg;gl;l murhiz rhjhuz gl;Lj; Jzpapy; vOjg;gl;L>110 rhjhuz ngl;bapy; itj;J> rhjhuz Jzpapy; Rw;wpj; jug;gl;lJ vd;gij cs;tptfhuq;fSf;fhd Jiw epidTgLj;jpaJ. Pu-gan nghpa rhk;uh[pak; vd;gjdhy; kw;nwhU ehl;Lf;F mbikg;gl;l Njrj;Jld; mij xg;gpl KbahJ. Da-shi (muG ehL)> Jio-zhi (jw;Nghija tpal;dhk;) Nghd;w ehLfSf;F toq;fg;gLk; me;j];ij Pu-ganf;F toq;FtNj rpwg;ghdJ vd;Wk; njhptpf;fg;gl;lJ. Mjyhy; mjw;fhd murhizfs; g+g;Nghl;l gl;Lj;Jzpapy; jq;fj;jpy; vOjp> nts;spr; rhtpAld; $ba jq;fk; G+rg;gl;l ngl;bfspy; itj;J> rpj;jpu Ntiyg;ghLs;s Jzpapy; Rw;wpj; jug;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;W Nahrid njhptpf;fg;gl;lJ. cs;ehl;L tptfhuj;Jiw nra;j me;jg; ghpe;Jiu Vw;Wf; nfhs;sg;gl;lJ.

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Notes 1. Important Documents of the Song Dynasty. This work is also referred to as Song huiyao jigao (� !"). The edition used for translation in this Appendix is the annotated version by Xu Song � titled Song huiyao jigao � !", Beiping, Guoli Beiping tushuguan, 1936. 2. History of the Song [Dynasty]. The edition used for translation in this Appendix is the version titled Songshi � , Beijing, Zhonghua shuju, 1977. 3. Records of the Barbarous People. The edition used for translation in this Appendix is the annotated version by Yang Bowen � , titled Zhufan zhi jiaoshi � !", Beijing, Zhonghua shuju, 1996. 4. Information of what is Beyond the Passes. The edition used for translation in this Appendix is the annotated version by Yang Wuquan � , titled Lingwai daida jiaozhu � !"#, Beijing, Zhonghua shuju, 2006. 5. Comprehensive Examination of Literature. 6. Usually known as the twenty-four Dynastic Histories, but with the addition of the Xin Yuanshi (� ) or the New History of the Yuan Dynasty in 1921, the total number of Dynastic Histories is now twenty-five. 7. Superintendency of Maritime Trade. 8. Long Draft of the Continuation of the Comprehensive Mirror for the Aid in Government. 9. Ocean of Jade. 10. Examination and Collection of the Works of Mr Shantang. 11. The Chatters of Stone Forest. 12. Miscellany Records of Wenchang. 13. For example, Songshi uses � (feng) meaning “to present” in the description of the ambassadors’ ascending the audience hall holding a tray, while Wenxian tongkao employs � (peng) meaning “to hold with both hands” in the same place. Though the two characters are closely related in meaning, � is better than � in this case. 14. D’Hervey de Saint-Denys translated only the section of the Barbarians of Southeast and Southwest in the section of Examination of the Barbarians in the Four Quarters (� ) of Wenxian tongkao. See his Ethnographie des peuples étrangers à la Chine. Ouvrage composé au XIIIe siècle de notre ère par Ma-touanlin traduit pour la première fois du chinois avec un commentaire perpétuel (Geneva, 1883), 2 vols. 15. The English translation of the kingdom of Zhu-nian is included in K.A. Nilakanta Sastri, Foreign Notices of South India: From Megasthenes to Ma Huan (Madras: University of Madras, 1939), pp. 319–25. 16. Chau Ju-kua: His work on the Chinese and Arab Trade in the twelfth and thirteenth Centuries, entitled Chu-fan-chi, by Friedrich Hirth and W.W. Rockhill (New York 1966) (first published in St. Petersburg in 1911). 17. Almut Netolitzky, Das Ling-wai tai-da von Chou Ch’ü-fei: Eine Landeskunde Südchinas aus dem 12. Jahrhundert (Wiesbaden, Franz Steiner Verlag), 1977.

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18. Zhu-nian is spelt Chu-lien in the Wade-Giles system and is pronounced as Chu-ren in Japanese. 19. The description is found in the fifth group of the Foreign Countries (� ) of the Biography and Memoirs (� ) section in Songshi. 20. A li (�) in Song-period China was equivalent to about 550 metres. Wenxian tongkao (� !, afterwards WXTK) states the distance from the sea as 5,000 li. 21. In the section on the Tian-zhu (� ) kingdom in Songshi (� ), “Tian-zhu” (� ) is explained as being the same as the kingdom also called “Shen-du” (� ) and “Yin-du” (� ). All three are names for the Indian subcontinent derived from the River Indus. Following previous Chinese records on the Indian subcontinent, the Songshi also divides Tian-zhu into five Tian-zhus (� ): Northern, Western, Middle, Eastern, and Southern Tian-zhu. Reflecting this understanding, Zhufan zhi (� ) gives Western Tian-zhu in this place. On these Chinese names, see P. C. Bagchi, “Ancient Chinese Names of India”, Monumenta Serica: Journal of Oriental Studies of the Catholic University of Peking 13 (1948): 366–75. 22. Considering the later reference to Xi-lan-chi (� ) in the text, which can be identified with Sri Lanka or its Arabic form “Sirandib”, the character luo (�) should read xi (�) or xi (�). Alternately, Luo-lan (� ) could have been a mistake for Wei-lan (� ), indicating Elam, the Tamil name for Sri Lanka. Wei (�) is easily mistakable for luo (�). 23. Dun-tian (� ) has been identified as Tenasserim in the Malay Peninsula. But that may be too far, based on the distance mentioned in the text. Tondai, an alternative suggestion, may be too near. Thus, the place has yet to be properly identified. 24. Archeological excavations in Thanjavur, the capital of king Rajaraja I, have so far failed to locate the palace. On the other hand, the palace site in Gangaikondacholapuram, the capital of Rajendra I, has been excavated and two brick walls surrounding the palace in rectangular shape have been recognized, though the whole structure has not yet been clarified. Pierre Pichard, et al., Vingt ans après Tanjavur, Gangaikondacholapuram, Vol. 1 (Paris: Ecole Francais d’Extreme-Orient, 1994). 25. In the officialdom of the Song dynasty, shilang (� ) was the title given to the officials of ministerial rank 3b ( � ). The four ministers in this case must have been the most important ones among them. 26. WXTK omits the letter for “more than”. 27. Buluo (� ) means an area settled by the people who have some blood or religious tie, and in Songshi, this word is used only for regions outside China. In this case, it seems to have meant na-d.u, the basic production unit lived by such people in the ancient and medieval Tamil country, although Hirth and Rockhill, translators of Zhufan zhi, take it for the transliteration of the Sanskrit pura, meaning town or city. As Zhufan zhi, the author of which may

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28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41. 42. 43. 44. 45. 46.

NehnghU fuh\pkh kw;Wk; lhd;nrd; nrd; Noboru Karashima and Tansen Sen

not have had access to Song huiyao (� ), gives all these names, and as there is no difference between the names given in Zhufan zhi and those in Songshi, except for only one letter, the original information must have belonged to Zhufan zhi. As Hirth and Rockhill write, there is nothing to indicate how the long list of characters should be divided, where one name ends and another begins. They seem to have followed the division first made in the text of Zhonghua shuju (� !) edition, which shows exactly the same division, and we also follow the same division here. At present we have no idea how to identify these names, but meng-qie-lan (� ), which appears four times, may be taken to mean mangalam, as Hirth and Rockhill indicated. The Japanese pronunciation of the character � (qie) is “ka, ga, or kya”. WXTK omits all the buluo names by giving only the number of buluo in each of the three directions. WXTK gives the number as 11, not 12, making the total number thirty-one as stated at the beginning. The middle character � (po) is for � (suo) in Zhufan zhi. It is not clear what was meant by �, which usually means steps or staircase. For zhangzhuan (� ), WXTK uses changzhuan (� ) meaning “tasters” who examine the food to be offered to the Emperor. WXTK gives “three days” for “two days”.jie D’Hervey de Saint-Denys, who translated WXTK, as well as Hirth and Rockhill, explain the sentence as members of the boy’s family assembled and decided. It seems to be fine muslin cloth used in West Asia, as yuenuo (� ) is related to Persia in medieval Chinese sources. Xi-lan-chi (� ) is perhaps a transcription of Sri Lanka or its Arabic form “Silandib”. Ji-bei bu (� ) seems to be cloth made of kapok. It is not clear what is meant by gan-luo (� ). Kun-lun mei (� ) seems to be a variety of plum. According to a medieval work on perfume, Chen Jin’s (� ) Chenshi xiangpu � !, pieces of this wood are used to make perfume. It is not clear what is meant by san-si (� ). It is not clear what is meant by she-qi (� ). It is not clear what is meant by li-qiu (� ). It is not clear what is meant by chan-zi (� ). Shui-jiao (� ) seems to be Japanese fibre banana. Lingwai daida explains the use of its leaf. Luo-cha-luo-zha (� � ) is taken to be Rajaraja (I), whose reign extended from 985 to 1014. WXTK splits the second character of this name Pu-shu (� ) into two characters: ru xin (� ), and Songhuiyao splits it into jia xin (� ). Panguan (� ) indicates the deputy position of officers sent to frontiers. In this case, if San-wen was in civil service and Pushu was in military service,

Nrhog; NguuR gw;wpa rPd thrfq;fs; Chinese Texts Describing the Chola Kingdom as Zhu-nian

47.

48. 49. 50. 51.

52. 53. 54.

55.

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Weng-wu would have been the deputy of San-wen in civil service, with Ya-lejia being deputy of Pu-shu in military service. Anyway, we may be able to treat him as the no. 3 of the mission, Receiving a letter of prophecy from the Heavens, the Emperor made a ritual for Heaven at the Tai mountain (� ) in the first year of the dazhong xiangfu reign period (1008), and another for Earth by the side of Fen river (� ) in the fourth year of the same period (that is, 1010). Jiyu (� ), meaning “auspicious words”, is given as guyu (� ), meaning “old words”, in WXTK. One liang (�) is equal to about 40 grams. One Jin (�) is equal to about 640 grams. It is very difficult to identify many of the place names on the route mentioned here. If the embassy traveled straight across the Bengal Bay, Na-wu-dan shan ( � ) , Suo-li-xi-lan-shan (� !") and Zhan-bin guo (� ) may be identified with places in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, and Yima-luo-li shan (� !") with a site at the northern tip of Sumatra. However, if the embassy took the northern course, these places must be identified with those on the Bengal Bay coast, including Myanmar. The identification of some places have been suggested in the past studies by Pelliot, Hirth, Rockhill, et al. but the most detailed discussion on it is found in O.W. Wolters, “Landfall on the Palembang Coast in Medieval Times”, Indonesia 20 (1975), 1–57. Gu-luo (� ) can be identified with the present-day Kedah, known as Kalah by Arab traders in the medieval period. The mountain of the place seen from the offing must have been a landfall for navigators. Wolters suggests Cham Pulau, a small island off the west coast of Lingga Island. WXTK gives gu (�) for zhan (�). The name San-fo-qi (� ), which appears in Chinese records from the 10th century, is applicable to at least three kingdoms which ruled in the Malacca Strait region, namely, the kingdom whose headquarters was in Palembang in Sumatra, the kingdom which established its power in Jambi, a little north of Palembang, after the middle of the 11th century, and the kingdom in Kadaram (the Kedah area) in the Malay Peninsula. San-fo-qi in the text seems to refer to Palembang. In the early Chinese sources the kingdom in Palembang appears as Shi-li-fo-shi (� !), which was identified with Srivijaya by G. Coedes. There are many problems concerning Srivijaya and San-fo-qi including their relations and state structure. Those problems have been discussed by various scholars in the past including O.W. Wolters (“Studying Srivijaya”, Journal of the Malaysian Branch of the Royal Academic Society, LII-2, 1979) and PierreYves Manguin (“Palembang and Srivijaya: An Early Malay Harbour-City Rediscovered”, Journal of the Malaysian Branch of the Royal Academic Society, LXVI-1, 1993). Interpretation of Manshan-shuikou (� !) is problematic. Wolters

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56. 57. 58. 59. 60. 61. 62.

63. 64. 65. 66.

67. 68. 69. 70.

NehnghU fuh\pkh kw;Wk; lhd;nrd; nrd; Noboru Karashima and Tansen Sen

interprets shuikou (� ) as the water flow of a river coming down from the Palembang area, and Manshan (� ) as Menumbing hills at the north-western tip of Bangka Island. See W. Wolters, “Landfall”, p. 48 ff. Tian-zhu shan (� ) is identified as Pulan Aur in the vicinity of the Tioman Islands, off the coast of Pahang. See Wolters, “Landfall”. Bin-tou-lang shan (� !) has been identified as Panduranga on the Cham coast of southern Vietnam by Pelliot. See Pelliot, “Textes Chinois sur Panduranga”, BEFEO, III-4 (1903), p. 649. Xiwangmu (� ) is a legendary nymph. Pipazhou (� ) is an anchorage of the port of Guangzhou (� ). Guangzhou (� ) is an important port which flourished in southern China along with Quanzhou (� ) during the Song and Yuan period. Later Guangzhou was also called Guangdong (Canton). 1150 days is too long for the journey from the Coromandel Coast to Guangzhou. Gemen zhihou (� !) was a title given to low-rank officers in the military service, irrespective of their actual work. In the case of Shiyouzhi (� ), however, we may consider him to have been in the position of a Audience Usher whose rank was 8b ( � ), though there were many gemen zhihou title holders whose actual position was different from that of Audience Usher. Qiu-ci (� ) is Kucha, an ancient and medieval oasis state in central Asia, which was a tributary state of Song China. Chengtianjie (� ) was the birthday (2 December) of the Emperor Zhenzong (� ). Qisheng Chanyuan (� !), the birth-place of the father of Emperor Zhenzong (� ), seems to have been converted later into a Buddhist monastery. According to a passage in Chapter 85 of Xu zizhi tongjian changbian (� � !), chronicles of the Northern Song dynasty compiled by Li Tao (� ) in 1174, the envoy Suo-li San-wen (� !) died of an illness at Rangyi District (�� ) and was buried there. The Emperor sent an officer to the place to conduct a ceremony. Shi-li-luo-cha-yin-tuo-luo-zhu-luo (� !" � �) is identified as Sri Rajendrachola (I), whose reign extended from 1012 to 1044. WXTK omits the name and title of the envoy. WXTK omits the name and title of the officer. During the Song period, names of many offices and officers which had ceased to function were used for ranks or honorific titles to be given to elite officers. Vice-Commissioner of the West Dyeing Office, which dealt with clothing and ornaments in the court during the Tang period, is one such example, and Fu Wei Zhong’s position was a gemen tongshi sheren (� !"#) ranked in 7b ( � ).

Nrhog; NguuR gw;wpa rPd thrfq;fs; Chinese Texts Describing the Chola Kingdom as Zhu-nian

363 313

71. The institution honglusi (� ), to which he belonged, was in charge of receiving and entertaining foreign guests. 72. Zhu (�) means any small, ball-shaped object, including pearls. 73. Jinzi guanglu dafu (� !"#) represents the third rank given to officers in the civil service. 74. Though Songshi describes Di-hua-jia-luo (� !) as the king of Zhu-nian, he was actually the great chief (� ) of San-fo-qi (� ). In past studies, much confused discussion has been made on this alleged Chola king. Please see Note on Di-hua-jia-luo, the alleged Chola king. 75. It is not clear what sort of small ball ma-zhu (� ) is. 76. Huanao (� ) is the same as longnao (� ) which is borneol. 77. It is not clear what was meant by jinhua (� ). 78. Pingxiang (� ) seems to be a variety of frankincense (� ). In a book on incense (� !) it appears under the head of frankincense. 79. Jinlianhua (� ) usually means Asiatic globeflower. 80. Muxiang (� ) is Saussurea lappa, a grass belonging to the chrysanthemum group. 81. WXTK omits the words youcha (� ), which means “differently according to rank”. 82. One min (�) is composed of 1,000 copper coins tied by a string through the central hole of each coin. 83. The three parts are found in � in Scroll 199 of Song huiyao jigao (� � ). 84. Songshi gives this name as Pu-shu (� ), and Wenxian tongkao (� !) as Pu-ru-xin (� ). 85. See footnote 46 in the Songshi translation. 86. Shantang kaosuo (� [� !]� ) is an encyclopedic reference book on various publications and their contents, compiled at the end of the twelfth century by Zhang Ruyu (� ) alias Shantang (� ). 87. Songshi gives this name as Luo-cha-luo-zha (� � ), which is more congruent with the pronunciation of Ra-jara-ja. 88. Shi-li-luo-cha-yin-tuo-luo-zhu-luo (� !" � �) is identified as Sri Rajendrachola (I), whose reign extended from 1012 to 1044. 89. Songshi gives the name as Pu-ya-tuo-li (� �). 90. Songshi describes Di-hua-jia-luo (� !) as the king of Zhu-nian, and he was also described as the great chief (� ) of San-fo-qi (� ). Here in Song huiyao, he is recorded as fanwang (� ) of the Zhu-nian kingdom. From this discrepancy much confused discussion has been made on this alleged Chola king in the past studies. See the separate note, 5) Note on Di-hua-jia-luo, the alleged Chola king, infra. 91. Neishi (� ) was a title given to eunuchs in the palace during the Song period. 92. For place names in this paragraph, see notes 4 and 5 in the Songshi translation

364 314

93. 94. 95. 96. 97. 98. 99. 100. 101. 102. 103. 104. 105. 106.

107. 108.

NehnghU fuh\pkh kw;Wk; lhd;nrd; nrd; Noboru Karashima and Tansen Sen

in this Appendix. In the Songshi, the destination in China is given as Guangzhou (� ). These two sentences in Zhufan zhi are taken from Lingwai daida (� !). For Pu-gan kingdom, see, 5) Note on Di-hua-jia-luo, the alleged Chola king. See the note 24 in the Songshi translation. See notes 27–29 in the Songshi translation. The middle character � (suo) is given as � (po) in Songshi. See the similar passage in the Songshi. The differences between the two passages are pointed out in the notes to the translation of the Songshi. Most of this passage is taken from Lingwai daida. This passage also appears in the Lingwai daida. Hirth and Rockhill translate ji-bei bu (� ) as “cotton stuffs”. See note 36 in the translation of the Songshi section for an alternative explanation. For explanations of these products, see notes 37–43. This passage is taken verbatim from the Lingwai daida. Hirth and Rockhill translate Qisheng yuan (� ) as “Sacred Enclosure”. See note 65 in the Songshi translation. Lingwai daida reports that the event took place in the sixth lunar month. The diplomatic interaction between the Cholas and Song is recorded in greater detail in the Songshi. See the translation in this Appendix. Gu-lin here refers to Kollam (Quilon) in the present-day Kerala state in southern India. Pu-gan refers to the Pagan kingdom in Myanmar, for which see, 5) Note on Di-hua-jia-lou, the alleged Chola king, infra. While the route to the Chola kingdom through Pagan is understandable (although a faster route would have been across the Bay of Bengal through the Nicobar Islands), the mention of a route through Quilon on the Malabar coast is puzzling. Those sailing from China to the southern coast of India would first reach the Coromandel coast and then proceed to the Malabar coast. In the section on Gu-lin, the author mentions that Chinese traders going to Da-shi (� ), indicating the Persian Gulf, changed to “small boats” (� ) at Gu-lin. Another section of the book states that those coming from Da-shi sailed south in “small boats” (� ); after reaching Gu-lin they changed to “large boats” (� ) and proceeded east. Based on these two notices, Yang Wuquan (� ), the annotator of Lingwai daida, argues that merchants sailed on large, Chinese ships, to Gu-lin and from there sailed to various places, including the Coromandel coast on small boats. Other than the fact that there may not have been “large” Chinese ships sailing to south Asia at the time when Lingwai daida was composed (see Tansen Sen [2006]), the argument is unconvincing. Probably the author meant that those coming from the west would have to pass through Gu-lin to reach Zhu-nian. Naozi (� ) should read longnao (� ), which is borneol. Jinü (� ) also indicated prostitutes. Here, however, the reference seems to be to female servants at the court.

Nrhog; NguuR gw;wpa rPd thrfq;fs; Chinese Texts Describing the Chola Kingdom as Zhu-nian

365 315

109. The description is found in the fifth group of the Foreign Countries (� ) of the Biography and Memoirs (� ) section in Songshi. 110. � =(a big backing paper) seems to be an error for � !" (a large silk backed with white paper), considering the stipulation of writing orders in Zhiguan fenji (Sun Fengsi � !F, Songshi (� ! section) and others. 110. For � !", Wenxian tongkao (� !) gives � �� , which is taken here as the phrase that is more understandable.

Ma;Tr;nrhw;fs; ml;ltiz (Mq;fpy mfutupirg;gb)

A Mwhapug;gb FUguk;giu gpugth> 132. mghrpj; mur guk;giu> 4 mg;uh`hk;> kPuh> xvi, 3> 76> 156-157> 193n3> 288. mG yNfhL> [d;l; l.> 72>180n26. mG iraJ> 74. mr;Rj tpf;uhe;jh> 122. Vld;> 4> 31. Mjpj;juh[h> 243. mfj;jpau;> 259> 260> 261> 265. maN`hNy> 59> 157> 168. Ie;E}w;Wth; tzpff; FOkk;> 156-182 fy;ntl;Lfs;> 109> 216> 338. mikg;GKiw> 56> 205. njhlf;fk;> 59-60> 168> 177> 178. muRld; njhlh;G> xxi> 92> 177> 212-213> 215. rkak;> 202-203. njd;fpof;fhrpaj; njhlh;G> 250. IuhtjP];tu Nfhapy;> 299. mah;yq;fh> xxii> 276-281. Iah;> K.V. Rg;gpukzpad;> 142> 157. m[ha;g; my;-`pe;J> 91. m[e;jh Fiffs;> 217. mf;frhiy Nfhapy;> 202. Myhfd ghpthdk;> 244.

Myq;Frpj;J> 234> 236. my;-kf;]pjp> 4. MY}h;> 102. mkuhtjp> xv> 240 mNkhftuh[h> 73. mk;hpjfhNl];tu Nfhapy;> 325-327. mde;jh>233> 237. mee;jth;k Njth> 190. mdhtuj;jh> 233> 234. me;jkhd; jPTfs;> xix> 196. Me;jpug; gpuNjrk;> 16. mq;Nfhh;> Jtf;fk;> 5-6. ,e;jpaj; Jzpfs;> 216> 220> 223> 225. Nrhoh; njhlh;Gfs;> 9-10> 16> 216. Nfhapy; mikg;G> 243. mq;Nfhh; thl;> 223. mepUj;jh> 281. mQ;Rtz;zk; tzpff; FOkk;> 183-194. eltbf;iffs;> 110> 175> 204. may;ehl;L tzpff; FOf;fs;> xxi> 59> 157> 175. ,ju FOkq;fs;> 56> 184. md; Y}\hd; Gul;rp> 69. Midkq;fsk;> 139. mz;zhkiy> E., 25.

367

Ma;Tr;nrhw;fs; ml;ltiz

md;dNghJ nul;b> 55> 66n12. mEuhjGwk; fiyAk; fl;llf;fiyAk;> 240. ngsj;jj; njhlh;Gfs;> 122-124. fy;ntl;Lfs;> 102> 240. rpq;fs muRfs;> 232> 233> 234. mg;gh;> xx> 124-125. mNugpa tzpfh;> 186> 187> 192> 212> 286> 303. mNugpah> 28> 34> 43. mNugpa nkhop> 187> 192> 303. mfo;thuha;r;rpfs; Kw;fhy klhuk;> 280. fq;ifnfhz;l NrhoGuk;> 112-118. nghpag;gl;bdk;> 25-67. nghydhW> 231-232> 240-246. njd;fpof;fhrpahtpy;> 249. jkpo; ehL> 288. ,e;jpaj; njhy;nghUs; Ma;twpf;if> 134> 201> 327. jkpo; ehl;L njhy;nghUs; Ma;twpf;if> xx. fl;llf;fiy gpuhkzpaj; jhf;fk;> 221. Nrhoh;fspd; jhf;fk;> xvi> 13-14. ehfg;gl;bdj;Jf; NfhGuk;> 126-131> 148-151. gy;yth; jhf;fk;> xvi> 13-14. nghydhW> 241. Fthq; # rptd; Nfhapy;> 282-316. Nfhapy; fl;Lkhdk;> 126> 128. mh;j;jrh];jpuk;> 209. mUzhr;ryk;>B., 90-105. mNrhfd;> 208. mNrhfth;j;jdd;> 123-124. thzpay;> 92-93. Mjpgl;l ehadhh;> 134. mq; nksq; jpd;> 232> 234> 236> 237.

mNahj;jpah> 240. ma;adbfs; jpUtb> 184. ma;ah;> Ntq;fluhkd; K.R., 157-160. MaN`hNy tzpff; FOkk; gh&]; rKjhak;> 13. kiwT> 192-193. fy;ntl;Lfs;> 109> 189. ngah;> 212-213. mikg;Gfs; 56> 191-192> 204> 333. eltbf;iffspd; cr;rk;> 14. Nrhoh; njhlh;Gfs;> xxi> 4> 13.

B ghgl;> 276-279. gf;jhj;> 4. ghyGj;u Njth> 75> 272-274. ghyp> 213> 218> 220> 269. ghd; F> 288. ghz;lh Mr;ir> 335. ghq;fh jPT> 269-270. ghq;fh ePhpiz> 269-270. ghnul; N[hd;];> A.M., 191. gh&]; Nrhoh;fspd; jhf;Fjy;> 101. fy;ntl;Lfs;> 13> 61> 166> 191> 216. epiyik> 93> 253. ghj;jpf;> 221> 225. gz;Nlhd; tphpFlh> 101. tq;fhs tphpFlh Nrhoh; Mjpf;fk;> 76> 92> 206. gz;ghl;Lj; njhlh;Gfs;> xxi. flw;gazk;> 92-95> 101. Nghl;b> 7> 8> 10. tzpfk;> xxi> 14-15> 212. NgNahd;> 223. ngy;> H.C.P., 229> 241-244. tq;fhsk;> 18> 117> 196. ngq;fhthd; NrhNyh ejp> 279-280.

368

ghfjj;jh> 221. gh];fu utp> 60> 174> 186. nga;ny];nla;d;> `hd;R> 74. gPfhh;> 196> 272-274. Nghl;> Nkgy;> 122> 152n5. Nghjp jh;kk;> 122. Nghapr;rhhp> 276. NghNuhgJ}h;> 6. gpuk;kh> 256. gpuhkzk;> 211> 217> 220. gpuhkp vOj;J> 248. gpue;jh]; ejp> 278-280. gpufjPRtuh; Nfhapy;> xx> 89> 113> 217. gphpl;B]; E}yfk;> 148. Gj;jJj;j Njuh> 121-122. Gj;j Nfhr Njuh> 121-122. Gj;jkq;fsk;> 122. ngsj;jk; Gj;jhpd; gy;> 127> 233> 242. rPdhtpy;> 309. rpiyaikg;G> 219. njd;fpof;fhrpah> xvi> 7. midj;Jyfj; njhlh;Gfs;> 14> 59> 73> 126-131. rhtfj;jpy;> 276-277> 280. ,yf;fpak;> 120-126> 211> 219. kfhadk;> 243. fly; tzpfk;> 212. njd;dpe;jpah> 120-126> 203-204> 230. ,yq;if> 231-234> 237-238. = tp[ak;> 73> 75> 91. njuhtjk;> 121-122> 234-235> 238. Gj;jp-cj;jNkh> ghk;ghq;> 274. gh;kh ,e;jpaj; Jzpfs;> 218. tzpff; FOkq;fs;> 14> 157> 160> 216> 332-334.

Ma;Tr;nrhw;fs; ml;ltiz

flw;gaz topfs;> 93. Ngfhd; NguuR> 5> 77. ,l milahsq;fs;> 232> 233. ,yq;ifAld; njhlh;G> 234-238. jkpoh;fSld; Nghh;> 232. G+Nuh];> S.M., 229> 244.

C rf;futh;j;jpd;> 277-280. fk;Ngh[k; fl;llf;fiy> 244. rhtfj;jpy; gPq;fhd;> 280. ,e;jpaj; jhf;fk;> 218> 225. Nfkh; NguuR> 196. njd;fpof;fhrpa cwT> 234> 237-239. Nrhoh;fSld; njhlh;G> 14> 216> 218 rz;b rpq;frhhp> 259. Nfz;Nlhd;> 12-13> 101> 131. rp/G Athq;Fa;> 128. kj;jpa Mrpah> 269. gPq;fhd; njhy;nghUs;> 25-67> 218. vhpj;jy; Kiw> 34. th;j;jf tuyhW> 26-41. njd;dpe;jpahtpy;> xix> 15> 216-217. ,yq;ifapy;> xix> 244. fpilj;j tiffs;> 31> 34> 41> 44> 59 rh/g;Nt> [hd;> 73. irah> 5> 101. rhYf;fpa guk;giu> 87> 107> 112> 158> 176> 197. rhk;gh> 5> 7> 9> 196> 217> 222> 271. rk;gfyl;Rkp> R., 76> 156> 157> 160. rk;grhf;> 317. re;jpughD> 179> 239.

Ma;Tr;nrhw;fs; ml;ltiz

rht; fhq;> 69. rg;ghj;jh> 237. rg;ghj;jh J}gp> 240. nrf;fhrha; fhd;> 296> 334. nrd;id> 110> 114> 125> 189. Nru muRfs;> 87> 193n5> 197> 230> 333. rpbad; fpuhkk;> 294. rpy;fh Vhp> 16. rPdk; nghUspay; tuyhW> 69. re;ijfspd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;> 68-73> 205> 211. ,e;jpaj; Jzp> 211. fly; thzpfk;> xviii> xxii> 7> 12> 69-73> 130> 205. njd;fpof;fhrpa cwT> 7> 8> 10> 12. njd;dpe;jpa cwT> 63> 207> 288-289. flw;gazg; ghijfs;> 103. njd;dpe;jpag; nghUl;fs;> xxii > 15> 274-275. rpd;rhdp> 187. rPd nkhop> 27> 290> 293> 297-298> 343-344> 351. Nrhog; NguuR fiy> xvi> xxii> 13-14> 76> 206-207> 217-218> 248-268> 273-274. mur Nfhl;ghLfs;> 217 rpd;dk;> 248 vOr;rp> 5> 7> 9> 62> 196> 197-200> 203> 231. gil mikg;G> 102> 107-108. cr;r fhyk;> 272> 274. rPd cwT> xvii> 10> 11> 14> 76-84> 91-92> 216-217. njd;fpof;fhrpa cwT> xvii> 16.

369

thpj; jpl;lk;> 98> 107 Nrhoh; gilnaLg;Gfs; fhyf; fz;zhb> xviii> 68> 76. ghjpf;fg;gl;l ehLfs;> xix> 68> 11> 87> 197-198. tuyhw;W Kf;fpaj;Jtk;> xv-xvii> 2-24> 76. fhuzq;fs;> xv-xvii> 2-24> 68> 76-82> 199> 200> 205. jQ;rhT+h; fy;ntl;Lfs;> 1> 88-89> 98> 101. Nrhoh; flw;gil rpd;dk;> 97. jpl;lKk; nfhs;KjYk;> 98-99. flw;gaz mDgtk;> 92-94> 108. gyk;> 102-103. fyq;fspd; tif> xx> 88> 93> 108-109> 209. Nrho-= tp[a cwTfs; rPdh;fspd; Fog;gk;> 76-77> 82. Nrhoh; gilnaLg;G> 76> 79> 91-92. ehfg;gl;bdk;> 8> 134-147> 201202> 212-213> 251-252> 272-273. th;j;jfk;> 68> 78-84> 91> 102. Nrhokz;lyk;> 16> 208. fpwpj;Jt tzpfh;> 60> 157> 184-186> 188> 192> 287-288. fpwp]; B. J. tp];kd;> 13> 338n12. #lhkzpth;kd;> 76. #shkzpth;kd;> 142> 200> 321. #shkzpth;k tp`huh> 142> 320> 321-322. Nrhopah;fs;> 18. #ypd;> 81. fpshh;f;> `P[;> R., 83. Nfhr;rpd;> xxiii> 186.

370

Nfhapl];> [hh;[; mah;yhq;fh> 282. fiy> fl;llf;fiy> 241. ngsj;j tuyhW> 232> 235> 238. ,l milahsk;> 90> 200> 240> 273-274> 362. =tp[a tuyhW> 272> 275. nfhyd;bah> 96> 209. FkhuRthkp> Mee;jh> 243> 298. Nrhokz;lyf; fiu gPqf ; hd; fz;Lgpbg;G> xviii> 27> 52. Nrho ntw;wpfs;> 5> 209. Fg;sha; fhd; J}jh;> 288. ngah;> 209. Jzpfs;> 215> 219> 220> 222-225. th;j;jff; fl;Lg;ghLfs;> 205. tzpf rKjhaq;fs;> xx> 92> 189> 200. fyq;fs; tif> xix> 92> 189> 201. gUj;jp th;j;jfk;> 211. #lhkzp tpfhuk;> 8> 90> 213> 272-273> 327-329. gz;ghl;Lg; Gul;rp> 295.

D lh ehq;> 222. lh-gh-lhd;> 26-28. jfd Guk;> 279-281. lha;-tpal;> 5. lhkha;];> l.> 275. eldk;> 218-226. jz;l Gf;jp> 87. nlsNthap \pYNa> 26> 43. jhuhRuk;> 299-301> 307. Nltpl;];> uha;]; T.W., 121. Nl fh];ghhp];> J.G., 278-281. nlf;fd; kiyj;jpl;L> 87. nlf;fd; Ry;jhd;> 17.

Ma;Tr;nrhw;fs; ml;ltiz

jpy;yp Ry;jhd;> 17> 18. fhl;Lkpuhz;b kf;fs; tUzpg;G> 287. Njtdpf;fh> 330-331. Njtghyh> 75-154. Njtuhah;> Kjyhk;> 188. NjtNu N`kh> 208-227. Njtghy Njth> 272-273. jk;kghyh> Mr;rh;ah> 122-125> 152n5. jk;k Nrhf kfhuh[; tp`huk;> 123. jhudpe;jputhkd;> 75. jh;kjk;> 27. jh;kfPh;j;jp> 235. jh;ktq;r njF> 272> 275. jpaq; kiyj;jpl;L> xxi> 255. bq; A+ypq;> 309n1. jpuhtpl nkhop> 211. jpuhtplh;fs;> 12. Jh;if> 254> 258> 263. jhtutjp muR> 225.

E fpof;F Mg;gphpf;fh> 18. fpof;F [hth> xxi. vfpg;J> 223. ahidfs;> 235-237> 344> 345. vypal;> rh; thy;ll ; h;> 141> 148-149. vud; rilad;> 135. INuhg;gpa tzpfh;> 63-64> 84> 157> 304.

F

/ghj;jpkpl; mur guk;giu> xviii> 2> 7. /grpad;> 100> 212> 272. /gh-A+> 272. gpypNahrhl;> [Pd;> 92. Ie;J murguk;giuf; fhyk;> 69. /nghh;ng];> J., 231. Nghh;nkhrh> 206.

371

Ma;Tr;nrhw;fs; ml;ltiz

/G+[pad;> 34> 36> 37> 70> 105> 215> 288> 313. /G+dhd;> 10. G+];lhl;> 223. G+nrs> 288> 307> 313.

G fy; tp`huh> 242. fhkh> th]; Nfhlh> 178. fzgjp> 16> 52. fe;j tk;rk;> 122-124. fNzrh;> 254> 257> 260> 265. fq;if nfhz;l NrhoGuk;> xviii> xx> 50> 52> 112-118> 196. fq;if> 9> 87> 112> 198. fhq;Fyp> O.C., 258. fhuhrfd;> 279. fUld;> 220> 258. n[q;fp]; fhd;> 287-288. n[hpdp> G.E., 93. fz;zhb khspiff; fij> 232. Nfhgpdhj uht;> T.A., 183> 187> 193. NfhGug;gl;b> 258. fpue;j vOj;J> 216> 250. fpnurpf;> 280. Fthq;nlhq;> 34> 117. Fthq;# rPd-njd;fpof;fhrpa cwTfs;> 10> 73> 79> 81> 271. fy;ntl;Lfs;> 82> 289> 355-356. fly; thzpgk;> 70> 341> 362-363. fly; gazk;> 343-344> 347-348. nrhq; mur guk;giu> 288. Fthd;apd;> 296. Fa;ypd;> 341-343. Fa;Nyhl;> fpnisl;> 339. F[uhj;> 2> 121> 176> 215> 223. kd;dhh; tisFlh> 106> 191> 204.

rPak; tisFlh> 5> 9> 92. Fz;lh;l;> H., 184> 186. Fz;^h;> 52. FNdhq; Jth> 14. Fg;gjh;fs;> 121> 256> 266. fha;> [hd;> 288.

H `h[p ntq;nfh;> 276-277. `h[p cuhthhp> 276-277. `hy;> nfdj; R., 75> 76> 79> 156> 160> 251-252> 272-273. `hd; mur guk;giu> 69> 211. `Dkhd;> 290> 312n28. `hh;b> E., 122. `hp`ud;> S., 258. `hpGQ;rah> 243 `hh;l;nty;> uhgh;l;> 70> 74> 75. `hrpd;> 277. n`a;l;];kd;> N[k;];> 76. n`-Yth-lhd;> 20> 212. n`h;tp nl nrapd;-nldp];> 342-344> 358n14> 360n33. ,e;Jkjk; Milfs;> 223. rpiyfs;> 219-221> 225. njd;fpof;fhrpah> xv> 7> 212. Guhzk;> 180> 218> 221> 226. ehfg;gl;bdk;> 119-155> 204. Fthq; #> 206. ,yq;if> 231. n`h;j>; gpNua;lr ; pr;> 342-343> 361n51. `_Ny> vyp[h> 149 #ad; l;rhq;> 123> 126-127> 152> 231> 312 `{Rq; fhY> 279-280. `{y;];r;> A+n[d;> 90> 184> 199> 250.

372

I ,GD ghj;Jj;jh> 43> 189> 288> 311n16. ,GD $h;jhj;gp> 74. ,th;];> R.W., 288. ,fhl; Jzpfs;> 220> 223. ,yKhpNjrk;> 101> 198> 252> 273-274> 327. ,yq;Nfhrk;> 203> 251> 273-274> 327-329. ,e;jpah fly; thzpgk;> 5> 211-212> 269. rPd cwTfs;> xvi> 156. njd;fpof;fhrpa cwT> xv-xvi> 1> 7> 8> 130> 206-207> 211-212> 270-271. Rthd;rhq; gazj;jpy;> 232. ,e;Jkhf;fly; th;j;jfk; INuhg;gpah; tUif> xvi> 156. rPdhtpd; jhf;fk;> 69-73> 82-84> 130. nghUl;fs;> 61> 197> 212. Muk;g fhyk;> 249> 269> 289. Ngr;Rnkhopfs;> 216. ty;yuRfs;> xviii> 5> 196. Nrhoh;fs;> > 16> 75-82. ,];yhk;> 17-18. Nuhkhdpa fhyk;> 156> 211. gazg;ghijfs;> 81> 204> 289. Muha;r;rp> 156. mikg;G Kiw> xix> 83> 196-197. ,e;NjhNdrpah mQ;Rtz;zk; tzpff; FOkk;> 192. gpuhkzk;> 220. Nrhoh;fspd; tphpthf;fk;> xix> 87> 288

Ma;Tr;nrhw;fs; ml;ltiz

,e;Jkjk;-ngsj;jk;> 272. njd;dpe;jpa gz;ghL> 247-267. njd;dpe;jpa fy;ntl;Lfs;> xv> 157> 191> 335-337. Jzpfs;> 220> 223. ,e;jpud;> 217. ,e;jpughyh> K., 106> 110> 156>160. fy;ntl;Lfs; ma;N`hNy> 168. Me;jpug; gpuNjrk;> 176-177. mDuhjGuk;> 102> 240. mNrhfd;> 209. ghypfhkp> 174. ghU> 276> 277. gh&];> 12> 62> 168> 191> 216> 265> 332-333. ngl;fp`hy;> 166> 171. ngY}h;> 164. GLKl;lth> 160. Nfd;> 276-279. rk;grhf;> 317> 330-331. Nrud;> 184-187> 189. rpjk;guk;> 329. Njtehfyh> 236. gug;gsT> 59> 157-158> 273-274. 90. fhNy> 312n29. fe;jFl;b> 279-280. Fthq; #> 14> 81> 290> 355-356. `P[{q; yhq;fpl;> 275. iffpdp> 188. ff;FUfd;> 277. fy;ahzp> 148> 149. fkyfpad;> 278-279. fk;ghq; G+j;Nj> 279-280. fKb> 166. fd;dlk;> 107> 162> 178> 187> 188> 192.

373

Ma;Tr;nrhw;fs; ml;ltiz

fue;ij> 325. Nfusk;> 60> 176. nfhr;rp jfLfs;> 60> 176. nfhy;yk; jfLfs;> 60. Nfhdphpuh[Guk;> 158. Nfhj;jh fg;G+h;> 275. Nfhl;lak; jfLfs;> 60> 176> 186. Nfhtpy;gl;b> 61. fpU\;zgl;bdk;> 109. FUNfhL> 176. nkhopfs;> 286> 289> 292> 296> 312. kapyhg;G+h;> 189. Nkhl;Lg;gs;sp> 16-17> 50> 52> 180. Kdpre;ij> 160. ehfg;gl;bdk;> 134-139> 201-202> 318> 321-325. ehf;Nfhd; rp jkuhl;> 16> 215. eye;jh> 272-273. epA+R Mr;ir> 318> 335-337. tl nfhq;fd;> 187. Ngfhd;> 16> 60> 61> 160> 265> 333-337. gy;yth;> 134. ghk;tjhd;> 279-281. ngUk;G+h;> 327. gpuhd;kiy> 61> 162> 175> 176. nghydhW> 181. Gr;rhq;fhd;> 276-280. Gj;J}h;> 76. Fthq; #> 17> 63> 296-297> 334-335. rKj;jpug;gl;b> 160. rh;f;fhh; nghpaghisak;> 162> 164> 171> 175. ];nlhf; fhf; njhk;> 9. rPh;fhop> 107. jhf;Ftg;gh> 250> 331. jQ;rhT+h;> 1> 88-90> 98> 101> 186> 197> 216> 272-274.

nlh;lhy;> 174. nlnug;> 277. jpUth&h;> 134. jpUf;filA+h;> 318> 325-327. jpUthsq;fhL> 76> 337n1. jpUtpjhe;ij> 114. jpl;lhz;lhdGuk;> 175> 176. tiffs;> 160. tpfhu`pd;dh> 60> 160-162> 169> 175. tprhfg;gl;bdk;> 176> 189-191. Nth-fhd;> 92. thl; Fnyhq; jhk;> 330. ,];yhk;> 17> 224. fpuh [yre;jp> 6> 7> 16> 198> 217. ,j;jhypa nkhop> 292. Iah;> K.V. Rg;gpukzpad;> 139> 148> 156. rkzk;>

J [f;fh;j;jh Njrpa mUk;nghUsfk;> 63> 250> 260> 262> 332. [hk;gp> xxi> 16> 101> 253> 356. [hth fiy> fl;llf;fiy> 225. n`-YNth-lhd;> 20. ,e;jpa gz;ghl;Lj; jhf;fk;> 217> 220. ,e;jpaj; Jzpkzpfs;> 216> 220-222> 223> 224> 226. =tp[aj; njhlh;G> 270-282. flw;gazk;> 92. jUk nefuh> 215. [hth fly;> xix> 10. [hth nkhop> 275. [hth vOj;J> 265.

374

n[af;Fkhh;> P., 134> 135. [ak; nfhz;lhd;> 198. Vohk; [ath;kd;> 237. [Pah;> gpd;gofpa ngUkhs;> 131. fpwpj;Jtg; ghjphpfs;> 149. A+j tzpfh;> 60> 157> 184> 186-187. [pd;[pahq; ehL> 286. [pA+ lhq; ]{> 128. n[h$h;> 198. n[hk;ghq;> 277> 279> 281;. N[hrg; ughd;> 60> 176> 186. [h;nrd;];> 70.

K

flhuk; nflhtpd; milahsk;> 101> 199> 200> 249> 252. fy;ntl;Lfs;> 139> 318. FNyhj;Jq;fd;> 14. 16. ,uhN[e;jpud; gilnaLg;G> 112> 198> 205> 273-275> 355-356. irye;jpuh mur guk;giu> 91> 147. = tp[ah jiyefuk;> 11> 14> 203. thzpgk;> 204> 214. fbaY}h; cUj;jpuq;fz;zzhh;> 120. f`{hpg;gz;> 279-280. ifAthd; Nfhapy;> 290-316. fhfj; Ntgh> 235. fhfj;jpa mur guk;giu> 17> 52> 67> 178. ff;fhtpd; mh;[{dtpthf> 278. fsg;gpuh; mur guk;giu> 121. fhy`];jp> 217. fyk;> xx> 109 fyq;fiu> 217> 225. fypq;fk;> 11> 117> 212-214> 239.

Ma;Tr;nrhw;fs; ml;ltiz

fypq;fj;Jg;guzp> 113> 198. fy;yiz> 197. fk;ghq; G+j;Nj> 278-280. fk;gh;> 113. fhk;Ngh[k;> 216> 318> 325> 329. fhQ;rpGuk;> 121-122> 123< 126> 218> 238 fd;dlnkhop> 107> 162> 178> 187> 188> 192> 213. fg;ghL> 179. fhu\pkh> NehGU mQ;Rtz;zk; tzpff; FOkk;> 188. rPdg; gPqf ; hd;fs;> xviii> 25-66> 117. tuyhw;Wr; nra;jpfs;> xvii-xix> 318-366. tzpff; FOkq;fspd; fy;ntl;Lfs;> xx> xix> 156-183. nrhq; \p> 82. fhpfhyd;> 120> 197. fh;dhlfk; Nrhog; NguuR> 198. gUj;jp cw;gj;jp> 212. fy;ntl;Lfs;> xix> 102> 160> 162> 165-168> 176-178. tzpff; FOkq;fspd; eltbf;iffs;> 57> 59> 60> 66. rhSf;fpag; NguuR> 156. fhahNuhfz Rthkp Nfhapy;> 321-325. fhrpehjd;> el;lhd> 152. fhrpag;gh> 235. flfh> 201> 320-321. fl;L kuk;> 96. fhNthpg; gLif> 199> 204> 274-275> 286. fhNthpg; gl;bdk;> 211. fhtphpg;G+k;gl;bdk;> 120-122> 119120> 129> 152> 157> 204.

375

Ma;Tr;nrhw;fs; ml;ltiz

fhay;> xviii> 28> 204. fhahNuhfzRthkp Nfhapy;> 128> 131> 134> 140. nflh tuyhw;Wg; ngah;fs;> 128> 131. fy;ntl;Lfs;> 135-136. Nfe;jpu mikg;G> 101> 270. nflh kiy cr;rp> 101. fPo;nrk;gp ehL> 133. nfa; jPT> 269. Nfusk; Nrhoh; gilnaLg;G> 11> 198. tzpff; FOk eltbf;iffs;> 101> 164> 176> 180> 187-189. tzpff; FOk fy;ntl;Lfs;> 59> 60> 157> 165> 176. topgLk; ,lq;fspd; ngah;> 193-194. ,l milahsk;> 27. fpl;lhd;fs;> 70. Fnshq; njhq; tl;lhuk;> 331. Nfkh; NguuR> 196> 222> 233> 240> 282. Fthd; yf; ghl;> 216> 248-250. Fk; yf; ghl;> 331. fplhuk;> 101> 201> 321-325. fPo;nrk;gpehL> 203. fPo; NtY}h;> 120. fphp ntfpuh> 241> 242. fpspq;> 12> 18> 213> 221. Nfhbf;fiu> 93. nfhLk;ghSh;> 187> 257. nfhy;yk;> 60> 176> 185> 186> 189> 364n106. nfhq;fd; fiu> 172> 189. Nfhryh> 87. Nfhj;jh rPdh> 14.

Nfhl;lg;gl;bdk;> 57> 58. Nfhl;lak;> 176> 185> 186. fphpahd;> rpj;Njhh;N[h> 279. fpU\;zh> 306. fpU\;zd;> K.G., 251> 325> 337. fpU\;zg; gl;bdk;> 109> 189. rj;jphpa k`hGU\> 277. rj;jphparpfhkzp-tsehL> 134> 148> 320-321> 323-325. Fg;sa; fhd;> xx> 128> 334. Fr;rh> 77> 362n63. Fy;Nf n`h;kd;> xvii> 1-24> 82. Kjyhk; FNyhj;Jq;fd; fy;ntl;Lfs;> 14> 81> 202> 327-330> 354-355. Ml;rp> 14> 114> 288. rPd cwT> 216. = tp[a cwT> 14-16> 75> 81> 82 Nfhapy; jhdq;fs;> 252> 288. %d;whk; FNyhj;Jq;fd;> 134. Kjyhk; Fkhu Fg;jh> 121. Fd;dj;J}h;> 34> 40. Fuf;Nfzp-nfhs;sk;> 185> 189. fpahd; rpj;jh> 16> 232.

L ,yl;rj; jPTfs;> 87> 197. yhk;Gq;> 275. ,yq;fRf;fh> 221> 231> 272-273> 327-329. yhNth];> 5> 330-331. yhg;gpahd;> A.B., 269. ,yj;jPd; nkhop> 292. ny Nk> nu[pdhy;L> 242> 243. yP> hP\h> xxi-xxiii> 284-316.

376

Nya;ld; gl;laq;fs; nghpa> 8> 139-147> 201-202> 318. rpwpa> 16> 139> 148> 149> 207> 327-330> 355-356. yp apgpaht;> 130. ypahq; Cb> 122. ypahq; ]{> 221. fyq;fiu tpsf;fq;fs;> 93. ypNfhh;> 6> 101. ypq;tha; lha;lh> 34> 340-344> 354-356 NyhNgh ^th Jz;L> 252> 332. NyhG ^th> 253> 332. NyhfjPgd; Nfhapy;> 219

M kh Lthd; ypd;> 128> 340. kh ghh;> 63. nkf;yPd;> C.D., 110. khlkhypq;fk;> 198> 253> 274. kJuhe;jfh> 139. nrd;id> 110. kJiu> 121> 122> 211. kJiu tl;lk;> 34> 53> 199. kJiu muR mUk;nghUsfk;> 34> 52. kJiu Ry;jhd;> 17. kfjp nkhop> 237. kfh> 231> 240. kfhghujk;> 211> 225. kfhgpukzh> 276> 281. kfhypq;fk;> T.V., 188. kfhgpuQ;Qhdgukpjh> 139. kfuh];jpuk;> 59. kfhtk;rk;> 231> 233> 235> 237. kfhNtyp ejp> 232. kNfe;jputh;k gy;ytd;> 119. kfpe;jh> 233.

Ma;Tr;nrhw;fs; ml;ltiz

kfpghyh> 197. kfprhRukh;j;jpdp> 254> 261> 266. khapUjpq;fk;> 198. k[ghfpj; rhk;uh[;ak;> 221. k[{k;jhh;> R.C., xviii> 76> 140> 273. kyghh; flw;fiu mQ;Rtz;zk; tzpff; FOkk;> 157. gPq;fhd;fs;> xviii Nrhoh;fspd; tphpthf;fk;> 87. Nrhoh;fSf;F Kf;fpa ,lk;> 4> 5. Fg;sha; fhdpd; J}jh;fs;> 287. tzpf rKjhaq;fs;> 60. kyhf;fh> 18. kiyA+h;> 204> 328-330. kyha; jPgfw;gk; ngsj;jk;> 234-235> 241. ,yq;if kPjhd re;jpughF gilnaLg;G> 180. tzpff; FOf;fspd; fy;ntl;Lfs;> 158. ,l milahsk;> 199. fly; topfSk; JiwKfq;fSk;> 101> 204. = tp[a Mjpf;fk;> 9> 11> 14. mq;Nfhh; Mjpf;fk;> 5-6> 9. jkpoh; flw;gazq;fs;> xviii> 176> 212. khiyj;jPTfs; Nrhoh; gilnaLg;G> 5> 8> 118> 197. jfTfs; milahsk;> 106> 110. jkpoh; flw;gazq;fs;> xviii khY}dp> fpshnud;R> 110. khky;yGuk;> 121> 128> 131> 204. khehf;fthuk;> 90> 100> 101> 198> 253.

Ma;Tr;nrhw;fs; ml;ltiz

khdJq;fh> A., 226-246. kzpfpuhkk; tzpff; FOkk;> fy;ntl;Lfs;> 158> 176> 214> 332> 339. fpuh [yre;jpapy;> 12> 266. mikg;GKiw> 57> 60> 176> 204> 213. eltbf;iffspd; cr;rf; fl;lk;> 16. Nrho muRld; cwT> xix> 2> 11. Muha;r;rp> 1> 56-57. khzpf;fg;gl;bdk;> 17. kNdhujGuhzp> 122. ke;jha;> 52> 176> 191. khg;ghsk;> 198> 204> 253. khw tp[Nahj;Jq;f th;kd;> 139> 146. kuf;fyk;> xviii> 109> 110. kuf;fhdk;> 203. kuhj;jp-tlnkhop> 192. khh;f;Nfh NghNyh> 28> 32> 128> 147> 214> 288> 289. kh#jp> 6. kRypg;gl;bdk;> 215. klhuk;> 6> 10> 271> 275> 279. khapUjpq;fd;> 203> 251. k#> 294. Nklhd;> 101. kj;jpa jiuf; fly;> 69> 74> 88>203> 210> 268. kPdhl;rpRe;juuh[d;> A., xix> 195-207. Nky;Njhd;wpg; gl;bdk;> 135. Nkdd;> A.G., 272. nkh;Nghf; ejp> 101 njd;dpe;jpahtpd; tzpff; FOkq;fs;

377

,d-gz;ghl;L Ntw;Wik> 289-290. INuhg;gpah;fs;;> 64. fy;ntl;Lfs;> 12> 52> 54> 57> 60> 109-110. mikg;Gfs;> 57> 60-61> 157> 160> 169-176. ghJfhg;G> 162> 174> 203. Nrho typikapy; mjd; gq;F> xvi> xix> 2> 205> 274-275> 289-290. Muha;r;rp> 156-157. njd;fpof;fhrpahtpy;> 92. nrq; N`> 64. NkU kiy> 219-220> 244> 320. kpl;ehG+h;> 87. kpypz;lh ghd;N`h> 120. kpdhq;fght;> 225. Nguhrphpah; kpdhnat;> 119. kpq; murguk;giu> 18> 41> 84> 286> 290> 312. kpNdhrz;l NfhGuk;> 233. [hh;[;> nkhnfryl];jp> 74. Nkhb> J.J., 187. NkhN[hnfh;Nlh> 276-277. KYf;fh];> 6. kq;Nfhypah> 287. nkhdpah; - tpy;ypak;];> 229. Kf;fh;[p uhjh FKL> 93. Nkhl;Lg;gs;sp> 16> 52> 57> 66n12. kG fd;th> 278. Kk;gha;> 187. K];yPk; th;j;jfk; rPd re;ijapy;> 73-74> 288. Nrhoh;fspd; kPJ jhf;fk;> 2. tzpff; FOkq;fs;> 60> 157> 172> 186> 188> 192-193. %th; cyh> 113.

378

Krpwp> 203. ik#h;> 177.

N ehfh;> 220. ehfehjh; Nfhapy;> 131. ehfg;gl;bdk;> 119-155. njhy;nghUs; Ma;T> 120. Nrhoh;fspd; ikak;> xx> 93> 211 rPdg; nghUl;fs;> 17> 126-131> 290. JiwKfkhf tsh;r;rp> 119-126. tuyhw;Wj; jfTfs;> xx> 119155> jfTfs; fhl;Lk; milahsk;> 120> 122. nerT th;j;jfk;> 214-216. tzpfr; rKjhaq;fs;> xx> 188. ehfRthkp> R. 189> 335. ehNfhd; rP jhk;uhl;> 16> 234> 241> 243. ehNfhd; rP jhk;uhl; mUk;nghUsfk;> 331. eye;jh> 23> 75> 122> 141> 154> 272. ehdhNjrp tzpff; FOkk; eltbf;iffs;> 203-204> 212-213. fy;ntl;Lfs;> 16> 54> 157. nghUs; tpsf;fk;> 57> 175> 176. ,uz;lhk; ee;jpth;k ty;ytky;yd;> 131> 132. %d;whk; ee;jpth;kd;> 128> 250> 266. Kjyhk; eurpk;kth;k gy;ytd;> 121. ,uz;lhk; eurpk;k gy;ytd;> xx> 126-131> 312. euhj;J> 237> 238. ehuhazd;> M.G., 193-194.

Ma;Tr;nrhw;fs; ml;ltiz

ney;Y}h;> 57> 109> 189. nel;Nlyp]fp> my;kl;> 342. nel;b gf;fuzh; ml;lfjh> 122. epf;fy];> C.N., 231 epf;Nfhghh; jPTfs; Nrhoh; gilnaLg;G> 1> 197> 274. ,l milahsk;> 90> 198. fg;gy; epw;Fk; ,lk;> 93> 100. ePyfz;l rh];jphp> K.A. gh&]; fy;ntl;Lfs;> 62> 332. rPdj; jfty;fs; njhlh;gpy;> 128. Nrhoh; fiyfs; gw;wp> 257. Nrhoh;fs; rpd;dk;> 97. Nrhoh; gilnaLg;Gfs;> xvi> 1> 68> 76> 92> 189> 231. Nrho-= tp[aj; njhlh;Gfs;> xviii. fypq;fj;jpd; khfh> 239. ,lg; ngah;fs;> 90> 106. rpq;fsth;> 232. njd;dpe;jpa th;j;jfk;> 91. eprq;fky;yh> 238-245. epNahfp> G\;gh> 75. tl nrhq; mur guk;giu> 361-362. E}rh njq;fhuh> 269.

O Xf; ,Nah> 101. Xdhq; fpA+> 81. xhprh> 5> 17> 87> 117> 180> 197. xl;lf;$j;jh;> 198.

P Ngfhd;> fl;llf;fiy> 6> 219> 240. rPdTld; cwT> 17> 77. Nrhoh;fSld; cwT> 16. ,yq;ifAld; cwT> 233> 235.

379

Ma;Tr;nrhw;fs; ml;ltiz

rPdhTld; cwT> 6. njd;dpe;jpa tzpfh;fs;> 16> 62. gioa fay;> 34. ghnyk;ghq;> 16> 74> 93> 101> 213> 252. ghyp> 120> 122> 231. ghy; ePhpiz> 106. gy;yt mur guk;giu> Nghjpjh;kk;> 122. Nrho typikf;F cjtp> 76. gz;ghl;Lj; jhf;fk;> xv> 12> 136> 218> 250-251> 265. fly; thzpfk;> 248. ehfg;gl;bdk;> 116-131. gy;yt fpue;j fy;ntl;Lfs;> xv> 274 gs;sp> 193-194. gidkiy> 126. ge;jyhapdp-nfhy;yk;> xviii> 43> 44> 189. gz;lhuj;jhh;> T.V. rjhrpth;> 188. ghz;Lf igah> 232. ghz;ba mur guk;giu jpy;yp Ry;jhdplk; Njhy;tp> 178. fy;ntl;Lfs;> 331-332. khghh;> 63. fly; thzpfk;> 28> 92. nghydhW> 239. nghpag;gl;bdk;> 28. Nrhoh;fSld; Nghh;> 97> 112> 114> 197> 232. ghq; Athd;apq;> 356-357. gdpf;fhh;> K.M., 273. gd;id> 101> 198> 203> 273-274> 328-330. ge;jF rq;fuh[h> 237-238. ghg;ghd;rRjdp> 122.

guNjrp tzpff; FOkk;> 175. Kjyhk; guNfrhp-th;kd;> 197. guhf;fpukghF> 109> 231> 235> 237> 238> 241. guztpjhd> nrdhuj;> 233-240. Kjyhk; guhe;jfr; Nrhod;> 134. ghh;rP];> 187> 188> 192. ghh;tjp Njtp> 240. ghir> 191> 193-194. gl;lhzp> 101. gj;kehjd;> S., 157. gl;bdf; $w;wk;> 134> 140. gl;bdg;ghiy> 120> 198-202> 211> 248. Kj;J th;j;jfk;> 204. gpdhq;F> 101> 198. vhpj;jphpad; fly;> 209-211. nghpa gl;bdk;> xviii> 26-28> 204. nghpaGuhzk;> 113. ghurPfk;> 88> 269. ghurPf tisFlh> 2> 18> 28> 70> 76. ghurPf tdpfh;fs;> 186> 192> 288> 304. ngUk; gj;jd; fy;> 248. Ngr;rGhp khepyk;> 219. gpuh FU mj;Njhd; rq;fufpl; mUk;nghUsfk;> 351. gpuh jhl;> 241. nghydhW> mUk;nghUs; Mjhuk;> 231-232> 240-244. fl;llf;fiyj; jhf;fk;> 240-242. ,yq;ifapd; jiyefuk;> 231> 232. Nrhoh; fl;Lg;ghL> xxi> 11> 203 rpq;fs mur guk;giu> 180. G+k;Gfhh;> 216. nghWeh; Mw;Wg;gil> 210. nghj;jhyf kiyfs;> 126.

380

nghj;Fy; tpfhuh> 244. guk;ghdhd;> xxi> 6> 256> 258. gpuhdhhp kiy> 217. gpNukjpnynf> P.L., 242> 245. ehq;Nuh Mr;ir khepy mUk;nghUsfk;> 335. GNlhskp> 92> 120> 211. G+-fhd;> 340> 352> 355-358. G[typah> 234. GwehD}W> 199-200. G N\hnfq;> 287-310. G rpd;Nlhf;> 277.

Q Fapd; nyhq;> 128. Fapq; Athd;> 290. Fthq; #> may;ehl;L tzpfh;> xxi> 63> 73> 286-287> gy gz;ghl;L ,ay;G> 293> 298> 304> 309-310. fly; thzpgj;jpy; ,lk;> xxiii> 70> 289> 341> 362-363. fly; top> 352. rptd; Nfhapy;> 285-286> 289-315> 334-336. njd;dpe;jpa njhy;nghUl;fs;> xxi> 17> 63> 205. jkpo;g; NgRk; r%fk;> 285> 303. Fthq; # fly; rhh;e;j mUk;nghUsfk;> 290> 292> 300> 309. Fa;Nyhd;> xviii> 34> 204> 364.

R uhjh> 87. uFsd;> 237> 241. uh[h ,];fhe;jh;> 81.

Ma;Tr;nrhw;fs; ml;ltiz

uh[ #sd;> 81. uh[ tpfhuh> 122. Kjyhk; ,uh[hjpuh[h> 76> 114> 135> 177. ,uhrkhzpf;fdhh;> M., 133. ,uh[uh[d; fiy-fl;llf;fiy> 128> 217> 272-273. Mjpf;fk;> 5> 76> 91> 106> 112> 273-274. fy;ntl;Lfs;> 134> 135> 197. nya;ld; gl;laq;fs;> 8> 16> 139-148> 200-202> 232. fly; thzpfk;> 88> 213> 215> 273-274. nghydhW> 230> 232. rPd cwTfs;> 10> 77. njd;fpof;fhrpa cwTfs;> 250. %d;whk; ,uh[uh[d;> 17. uh[huhk;>S., 25. uh[rpk;kd;> xx> 126-131> 128. uh[#hpah;> G.K., 97. Kjyhk; ,uhN[e;jpud; jiyefuk;> xviii. gz;ghL> 272-273. Mjpf;fk;> 1> 5> 76> 91> 106> 112> 197> 204> 273-274. = tp[ag; gilnaLg;G> 1-2> 68-73. fly; thzpfk;> 88. ,ju fy;ntl;Lfs;> 76> 134147> 203-205> 326-327. gpu];jp fy;ntl;Lfs;> xv> 1> 88-90> 109> 198> 250-251> 326-329. rPd cwTfs;> 52> 93> 117. nfkh; cwT> 215.

Ma;Tr;nrhw;fs; ml;ltiz

njd;fpof;fhrpa cwT> 249. = tp[a cwT> 8> 10> 133-135. ,uz;lhk; ,uhN[e;jpud;> 135. %d;whk; ,uhN[e;jpud;> 288 ,uhkr;re;jpud;> T.N., 152 ,uhkehjGuk;> 135 uhkd;jhyp> 187. ,uhkhazk;> 217> 219> 224> 258> 289. uhNk\;> K.V., 2> 187> 188. ,uhNk];tuk;> 26. ,uhkehjGuf; flNyhuk;> 188> 202. uq;Nfhj; tpfhuh> 240> 242. uh];jpuf;$l mur guk;giu> 5> 76> 186 uht;ypd;rd;> H.G., 273. ngsj;j rka Fwpg;G> 126. ifAthd; Nfhapy; Fwpg;G> 290. nrq;fly;> 2> 18> 82. nua;ehTl;> J.T., 75. ney; rhFgb> 195. uhf;f/ngy;yh; jk;gjpah;> 202. Nuhf;`py;> W.W., 342. NuhfdjPuh> nkd;b];> 239. Nuhkhdpa th;j;jfk;> 157> 210> 215. Nuht;/taph;> G.P., 270-271.

S rjhrpth> 9. rjh;k N[hjpghfh> 237. irye;jpu mur guk;giu kd;dh;fs;> 200> 271-273. ehfg;gl;bdf; Nfhapy; ed;nfhil 8> 91> 137> 147> 213. eye;jh Jwtpfs; klk;> 154. Nrhoh; cwT> 134> 139> 148.

381

irye;jp tq;r jpyfh = tPuithpkjdh> 273-274. irtk;> 123> 134> 149> 218> 276> 281 rf;F[h> rq;fPjh> xviii> 87-105. rf;F[h> tp[a;> xviii> 87-105. rhke;jh> 215. jpUQhd rk;ge;jh;> 119-120. rhk;ngq;> 279 rhd;-Ngh-]p> 9> 41> 200> 271> 354-357. rq;f fhyk;> xx>xxi> 120> 121> 200. rq;fk tp[Nahj;Jq;f th;kd;> 326. rq;fuh> 93. rq;fuhk tpirNahj;Jq;f th;kd;> 251-253. tlnkhop ngah;fs;> 100> 101> 263. njd;fpof;fhrpahtpy;> 217> 249. E}w;fs;> xviii> 100> 131> 219. nrhw;fs;> 136> 212> 214. rhgph; ,Nrh> kUthd;> 185-186. rhuj gl;rpdp> 218. rhrdtk;rh> 119. rj;kfhy; gpuhrhjh> 242> 243. rj;ahruha> 197. n\t;th;> vl;thh;L> H., 70. rpw;gf;fiy Nrhoh; ghjpg;G> 216> 218> 254> 258> 266. Jzpfs; Mjhuk;> 222> 223> 225. Fg;jh; fhy ghjpg;G> 225> 265. ,e;jpa Jzpfs; kPjhd jhf;fk;> 215 cs;Sh; tiffs;> 12-14> 265- 267. ehfg;gl;bdj;jpy;> 135-136. gy;yth; jhf;fk;> 250> 266> 332. nghydhW jhf;fk;> 241.

382

Fthq; # ,e;jpa tif> 17> 205> 286-316. nrl;ahtjp> vb> 287. rPtyp> 238. nr[huh kyhA> 81. Nrf;fpohh;> 113 nrd;> jhd;nrd; Nrho ntw;wpfs;> xvi> xviii> 68-85. Nrho th;j;jfk;> 288. tuyhw;Wj; jfty; Nrh;f;if> xvii> xxiii> 313. gd;nkhop fy;ntl;Lfs;> 312. Fthq; # rptd; Nfhapy;> 311. = tp[a murje;jpuk;> 10> 14. lhq; mur guk;giuapy; nghUshjhuk;> 69> 70. t[;uNghjpapd; gazk;> 73. Nr\hj;jphp> G., 119-155. NrJuhkd;> N., 121. Nrj;J}h;> 52. NrTd mur guk;giu> 178. rz;Kfk;> P., xx> xxi> 157> 247-267. \hd;lhq; \pad; n\q; Fd;]{ fht;RNth> 342> 349> 364. n\d;nrhq;> 354-355. ]p Athd;\pad;> 312. ]pypd; ahd;A+> 342> 357. fg;gy;fs;> xx> 88> 93> 109> 110> 210. ];NtrpNfhd; NfhGuk;> 233. rpF Fthd;R> 128. rpyg;gjpfhuk;> 210> 211. gl;Lg; ghij> xv> 11> 70> 204> 211> 268 rpq; Ghp> 239. rpq;fg;G+h;> xvi> 82. rpq;fsnkhop> 110 rpq;fs mur guk;giu> 87> 180> 230> 231> 239.

Ma;Tr;nrhw;fs; ml;ltiz

rph;fhh;> D.C., 187> 188> 193-194. rphpNrdh> W.M., 232-234> 236> 237> 240> 241. rptd; muR gw;wpa nfhs;if> 152> 218> 225. ntspg;ghLfs;> 135> 136> 256-259. ,e;J rkaj;jpy;> 152> 180. fy;ntl;Lfspy;> 334-336. Nfhapy;fs;> 50> 112> 147> 161> 164> 202> 251. rptifty;a> 9. ];[hnga;> nrhthb> 266. nrhkhbNa> ghk;ghq;> 270-277. NrhNfl;L> 287. Nrhktk;rk;> 5. Nrhq; mur guk;giu ,yq;ifapy; fpilf;Fk Mjhuk;> 2844 J}juf cwTfs;> 73-75. Njhw;wk;> xvii> 2> 7> 196. tuyhw;W Mjhuq;fs;> xvi> 8> 14> 77> 82> 128> 216> 271> 275> 340. fly; thzpgk;> 5> 70-73> 286> 288. Nrhoh;fSld; cwTfs;> 62> 72-84. = tp[a cwTfs;> 76-84. fg;gk; fl;Lk; Kiwfs;> 70-73. nrhq; `Pa;nas> 340-341> 348-351. nrhq; \p> 79> 82> 177> 212> 340344> 355-358. njd; rPdf; fly;> xx. njd;dpe;jpah fiyAk; fl;llf;fiyAk;> 113> 220> 241.

Ma;Tr;nrhw;fs; ml;ltiz

rPdg; nghUl;fs;> 17> 25-67> 126-131> 216-218> 289. Nrhoh;fspd; Mjpf;fk;> 2> 8. czT rhh;e;j gof;fq;fs;> 98> 100. tuyhw;W Mjhuk;> 106> 120. njd;fpof;fhrpa kPjhd jhf;fk;> xv> 12-14> 212-230. rPdhTld; cwT> 63> 205> 288. Jzpfs;> 209-230. nrq; N` flw;gazq;fs;> 18. njd;fpof;fhrpah rPdg; nghUl;fs;> 26 Nrhoh; gilnaLg;Gfs;> 76 ,e;jpahTld; njhlf;ffhy njhlh;Gfs;> 248. may;ehl;L tzpfh;fs;> 70> 192. ,e;jpaj; Jzpfs;> 209-230. ,e;jpa kPjhdj; jhf;fk;> xv. tzpff; FOkq;fspd; fy;ntl;Lfs;> 59. njd;fpof;F khYf;F> 269. njw;F nrhq; mur guk;giu> 293> 306. ];ngd;rh;> [hh;[; W., xvi> 2> 73> 79> 81> 90> 91. eWkz rikaw;nghUs; th;j;jfk;> xxi > 6> 10> 61> 69> 214> 268. = #lhkzpth;k Njth> 272. = Nfhgh> 240. ,yq;if ngsj;jk;> 121-123> 131> 148. rPdg; nghUl;fs;> 52> 44. Nrhoh; gpd;dilT> 178. njd;fpof;fhrpahTld;> xxi> 6. rPdj; jfty;fspy; ,l milahsk;> 360.

383

tzpff; FOkj;jpd; eltbf;if> 59> 60> 157> 160> 165> 169> 180> 274. gh;kpa cwT> 232-237. fk;Ngh[ cwT> 240. jkpoh; gazq;fs;> xvi fyq;fspd; tif> 110. nrq; N`apd; gazq;fs;> 18. = khwtp[Nahj;Jq;fth;kd;> 8> 91> 273. = uq;fehjh; Myak;> 128. = rq;fuhk tp[aj;Ja;f th;kd;> 273-274 = jphp Gtdh> 82. = cijahj;jpath;kd;> 272. = tPutiukjdh> 275. =Grh> 270-271. =khw tp[Nahj;Jq;f th;kd;> 91. =epthr ey;Y}h;> 187. =uq;fk;> 128. =Rrhl;> jhuNghq;> 250. =t];lth ghy;uhk;> 97. = tp[ah tzpfg; nghUl;fs;> 250. kyha;j; jPgfw;gf; fl;Lg;ghL> 5-6. Njhw;wk;> 269. fy;ntl;Lfs;> 270-271. klhuk;> 6> 7. gil gyk;> 6> 274-275. re;jdf;fl;il> 9> 74. ngah;> 232> 240. cr;r tsk;> 270-271. kyha; cyfpy; mjd; epiy> 6. rPdhTld; cwT> 7> 10> 12> 14> 270-272> 274> 275. Nre;jpukhd ,lk;> 73-74. thpfs;> xvi> 91> 205.

384

th;j;jfk;> 2> 74> 75-76> 213> 232> 251-252> 274-275. ];jhZ utp> 60> 176> 185. kyhf;fh ePhpid th;j;jfj;jpw;fhd Kf;fpaj;Jtk;> 269-271. khw;W topahf fpuh [yre;jp> 9. rhd;-Ngh-\p> 358. = tp[aj;jpd; fl;Lg;ghL> xvii> 5> 12> 74> 92> 269-271> 274275. jkpo; tzpfh;fs;> 12. ];J}gpfs; fl;Lkhdk;> 220> 240-242. Rg;guhaY> Y. Nrhoh; flw;gil> xviii-xx> 106-110. tuyhw;Wr; nra;jpfs;> xviii> 12> 63> 336-337> 339. tzpff; FOkq;fs; gw;wp> xix> 157> 184-195> 253. Rg;ukzpad;> T.N., 160> 188> 335. Rf;Nfhj;ij> 223> 242. #ytrp> 224. Rkj;jpuh rpw;gf;fiyapy; Nrhoh;fspd; jhf;fk;> 14. Nrhoh; gilnaLg;G> 1> 11> 87> 90> 197> 198. fy;ntl;Lfs;> xix> 12> 62> 191> 126. ,l milahsk;> 199-200> 362. flw;gazk;> 92> 93> 100. = tp[ag; Nguurpd; Ml;rp> xv. Nfe;jpukhd ,lk;> 268. nerTg; nghUl;fs;> 220-221. rd; Cnfhq;> 313. Rz;lh; jPTf;$l;lk;> 10.

Ma;Tr;nrhw;fs; ml;ltiz

Rz;lh ePhpiz> 5> 74> 92> 93> 105. Re;ju Nrhod;> 258. Re;ju kfhNjtp> 234> Re;juh;> 121> 128-130. Rq;f mur guk;giu> 219. #ugah> 6> 276-279. #h;ah> 260. Kjyhk; #h;ath;kd;> 9> 215> 216> 282. ,uz;lhk; #h;ath;kd;> 16> 215>219. Rrhe;jp> N., 268-283. Rth;zG+kp> 199-211. Rth;zjPgk;> 199> 270. rphpahf; nkhop> 293. rphpad; fpwpj;jth;> 184-186> 192.

T jf;Nfhsk;> 204> 253> 330. jf;Ftg;gh> 12> 101> 157> 205> 216> 218> 250. jyf;fhL> 187. jkpo;nkhop> 27> 188> 216> 248> 262> 273> 293> 297. jkpo; ehL ngsj;jj; njhlh;Gfs;> 121> 128. Nrhoh; Ml;rp> 157> 197> 198. gUj;jp cw;gj;jp> 213. tzpff; FOk ebtbf;iffs;> 57> 60> 157> 176> 180> 187> 188. tzpff; FOk fy;ntl;Lfs;> 59> 160> 165> 177. njd;fpof;fhrpa cwTfs;> xxi. rpw;gf;fiy> 135> 219> 286> 298-299> 306-308. jkpo; tzpfh;fs; gz;ghl;Lj; jhf;fk;> 252-253.

Ma;Tr;nrhw;fs; ml;ltiz

K];yPk;> 18. flNyhl;bfs; mDgtk;> xviii> 92-95> 103. Fthq; #tpy;> 280-316. Nrho murit cwTfs;> 79> 288. njd;fpof;fhrpa FbapUg;G> 12> 214> 274. may; ehLfspy; nry;thf;F> 298. lhd; ,Nahf; rpNahq;> 16> 81> 354. lhdh n[z;bq; ,uh> 270. lhq; mur guk;giu> 7> 69> 74> 291> 313> 363. jq;fNrhp> 41. jQ;rhT+h;> 186> 211> 213> 217> 231> 271-273. Nrhoh; jiyefuk;> 60> 112> 139> 197> 209> 359. Milfs;> 210. fy;ntl;L> 1> 88-90> 98> 101. tzpff; FOk eltbf;iffs;> 191. Xtpaq;fs;> 218. jUk efuh> 213. njYq;F> 18> 52> 189> 190. njdrhpk;> 360. Jzp th;j;jfk;> 208-229. J}juf cwTfs;> 214> 223. Kf;fpaj;Jtk;> xix> 61> 204. ,yf;fpaf; Fwpg;Gfs;> 210. glq;fSk; iftz;zKk;> 214> 218-220> 222. njd;fpof;fhrpahtpy; kjpg;G> 218-221. rka rlq;fpy; gad;ghL> 222-225. nra;Kiwfs;> 214> 218.

385

jha;yhe;J fl;llf;fiy tif> 240-244. gPq;fhd;> 57> 58. Nrho Mjpf;fk;> 5. ,e;jpaj; njhy;nghUl;fs;> 215. ,e;jpag; gz;ghl;Lj; jhf;fk;> 218> 220. ,e;jpa nerTg;nghUl;fs;> 211> 218> 220> 221> 224. fiyfspy; cs;Sh; $Wfs;> 265-267. tzpff; FOkf; fy;ntl;Lfs;> 157> 273-274> 330. jk;gul;lh> 234. jQ;rhT+h; [py;yh> 107> 320-326. jl;Nlhd;> 232. njl;fpaKdp Nfhapy;> 218. Njthuk;> 119. jpUkq;if Mo;thh;> 131. jpUehTf;furh;> xx> 119-120. jpUj;njhz;lh; njhif> 134. jpUth&h;> 134. jhk;rd;> tpy;ypak; R., 74. Jg;guhkh> 241. jpahd;n`h Nfhq; Nfhapy;> 294. jpNkhh;> 92. jpNahkd; jPTfs;> 362n56. jpUr;rpw;wk;gyk; cilahh; Nfhapy;> 330. jpUr;rpuhg; gs;sp> 197. jpir Mapuj;J Ie;E}w;Wth;> 205. jpl;lhlde;jGuk;> 173> 176> 187. Nlhgpq;> gpd;rhh; D.L., 275. Nlhdp> 110. Njhg;Gj;Jiw> 93. nlhuh[h];> 224. jpuh fpA+> 222. jpuhq;> 101

386

bnuq;dh;> V., 121. jpUNfhzkiy> xxi> 204> 232-233> 235. Jghd;> 276> 279> 281. LNthLNth> 340. JUf;fp];jhd;> 268. Ltpl;r;dh;> nldp]; C., 69.

U cyh> 198. ckh kNf];tuh> 254> 257. ciwA+h;> 121> 187> 211. cj;jk Nrhod;> 97. cj;ju [Pth> 237.

V itztk;> 218. t[;uNghjp> 73> 130. tsQ;rpah; tzpf; FOkk;> 204. ntyz;Bd;> F., 147. thQ;#h;> 120 td;rl;lgf;fhrpdp> 229 tre;jp> S., xx> 112-118. Ntjhuz;ak;> 93. nty;fk; tpfhuh> 233. ntq;fh> 87> Ntq;ifah> V., 184> 186. tpaq;];uh> 215-216. tpal;dhk; gPq;fhd;fs;> 57. rhk;gh NguuR> 196. ,e;jpag; gz;ghL> 218. fy;ntl;Lfs;> 92. ,lg; ngah; milahsk;> 362. rPdhTld; cwT> 14> 74> 358. fg;gy; nry;Yk; topfs;> 92. rpw;gq;fs;> 223> 265-267. Kjyhk; tp[aghF> 230> 232-233.

Ma;Tr;nrhw;fs; ml;ltiz

,uz;lhk; tp[aghF> 238. tp[ahyah> 209-210. tp[aefh; NguuR> 178> 187> 217> 312. tpf;fpukghF> 234. Mwhk; tpf;fpukhjpj;ad;> 177. tPu ,uhftd;> 60> 176> 186. tPu Nrho tsehL> 164. tPu ,uhN[e;jpud;> 142> 177> 206> 330> 355. tprhfg;gl;bdk;> 16> 176> 189> 191. tp\;D muR rpe;jidfs;> 218> 225> 276. ntspg;ghLfs;> 220> 266> 292> 300> 331. gf;jpg; ghly;fs;> 131> 335. ngah;fs;> 126. Nfhapy;fs;> 60> 256> 333> 334. tp\;Z jh;Nkhj;jpu Guhzk;> 220. tpahjGwk;> 240.

W

Ntl;> [pNaht;Nua;> xxii. Ntf;dh;> /gpy;> 297> 313. thq; ghq;nta;> 73. thq; lhAthd;> 215> 287> 289. thq; ypahd;Nkh> 309. thq; ]{thd;];> 130. thl; NghNuhklj;J> 16 thl; rhq; nyhk;> 240. thl; Ff;Fl;> 243. thl; kfh ll;> 241-242. thl; gh nlq;> 244. thl; gpuh gNjhd;> 244. thl; gpuh rpq; Ythq;> 241. thl; gpuh => 241. thl; gpuh ll; `hpGQ;ir> 245. thl; = [{k;> 243.

387

Ma;Tr;nrhw;fs; ml;ltiz

thl; aha; Rtz;zuhk;> 219. ntd;rhq; ry;Y> 343> 356. ntd;\pad; nlhq;nfs> 10> 128> 340> 342> 355> 366. Nkw;F tq;fhsk;> 197. tpl;yp> Nghy;> 90. tpgpNrhNdh> H., 285. tpf;ukrpq;Nf> D.M.De Z, 237-243. thy;lh;];> O.W. Nrhoh; gilnaLg;G> 68> 272. ,lg; ngah; milahsk;> 362. = tp[ah> 12> 73> 74> 268-271> 362. C ntd;ypahq;> 293. Cuhl;lhd;> 275-276. thl;lhd; kh];> 277-278.

Y

X

Z

\pahnkd; gy;fiyf;fof mUk;nghUsfk;> 296. \pA+[p> 126. ]{thd;rhq;> 123> 126> 152> 232> 313. ]{ \p\pl;Nlhq;[pad; rhq;fpad;> 342-343.

rhq; &A+> 363. nrs &F> 215> 287> 341-343. nrs N`> 18> 63-64> 179. nrq; nrhq;> 18> 63-64> 179. nrs lhFthd;> 222. nrs; F nta;> 341-343. ]{/ghd; \p> xvi> 340-344> 351-355> 360. ]{-dpad;> 340-366. Rntygpy;> fhkpy; V., 120.

ahq; bq;gp> 17> 287> 312. ahq; CFthd;> 364. atG+kp> 274. atjPgk;> 212. na nkq;b> 355-357. aP [pq;> 73> 125> 126> 222. apq;nrhq;> 128. Nahf;af;fh;j;jh> 223. A+> Nltpl;> 314. Athd; mur guk;giu> xxi> 33> 63> 84> 210> 272. Athd; ]p> 63> 288> 312. A+fha;> 341-342. A+y; n`d;hp> 120. A+ apq;-\p> 69.