Moving to Sustainable Buildings: Paths to Adopt Green Innovations in Developed Countries 9788376560113, 9788376560106

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Umberto Berardi

Moving to Sustainable Buildings: Paths to Adopt Green Innovations in Developed Countries

Versita Discipline: Arts, Music, Architecture Managing Editor: Monika Michałowicz

Language Editor: Andrew Kerber

Published by Versita, Versita Ltd, 78 York Street, London W1H 1DP, Great Britain. This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercialNoDerivs 3.0 license, which means that the text may be used for non-commercial purposes, provided credit is given to the author. Copyright © 2013 Umberto Berardi ISBN (paperback): 978-83-7656-009-0 ISBN (hardcover): 978-83-7656-010-6 ISBN (for electronic copy): 978-83-7656-011-3 Managing Editor: Monika Michałowicz Language Editor: Andrew Kerber www.versita.com Cover illustration: ©Umberto Berardi

This book is dedicated to all the construction stakeholders that daily help our future by creating sustainable buildings.

Contents List of Figures.................................................................................................... 10 List of Tables...................................................................................................... 13 Acknowledgements.......................................................................................... 15 Foreword............................................................................................................. 16 Preface................................................................................................................. 18 Chapter 1 Introduction...................................................................................... 22 1.1. Introduction to Moving to Sustainable Building..................................................26 1.2. Diffusion of Sustainable Building................................................................................29 1.3. Moving to Sustainable Building....................................................................................31 1.4. Drivers for Sustainable Building...................................................................................34 1.5. Scope of the Book................................................................................................................37 1.6. Structure of the Book.........................................................................................................38

Chapter 2 Definition of sustainable building.................................................... 40 2.1. Sustainable Development and Sustainability Science.....................................41 2.2. Contextualising sustainability in sustainable buildings..................................44 2.3. Factors of uncertainty in defining sustainable buildings................................48 2.3.1. Time uncertainty.......................................................................................................48 2.3.2. Scale uncertainty......................................................................................................49 2.3.3. Domain uncertainty.................................................................................................50 2.3.4. Social uncertainty.....................................................................................................50 2.4. The Identification of a Sustainable Building..........................................................51 2.5. Conclusions.............................................................................................................................53

Chapter 3 Sustainability Assessment of Buildings............................................ 55 3.1. Sustainability Assessment...............................................................................................55 3.1.1. Diffusion of sustainability assessment..........................................................55 3.1.2. Possible approaches to sustainability assessment.................................57 3.2. Sustainability Rating Systems........................................................................................58 3.2.1. Cumulative Energy Demand systems.............................................................59 3.2.2. Life Cycle Analysis systems.................................................................................62 3.2.3. Total Quality Assessment systems...................................................................63

Chapter 4 Green Innovations in Sustainable Buildings...................................... 67 4.1. Sustainability Assessments of the Building Sample..........................................67 4.2. Trends in Sustainability Assessment of Buildings...............................................74 4.3. Conclusions.............................................................................................................................75

Chapter 5 Managing Innovations in the Building Sector.................................... 76 5.1. Classifications of Innovation..........................................................................................76 5.2. Specificities of Architectural Innovations................................................................79 5.3. Architectural Innovation Management......................................................................81 5.4. Innovation in the Building Sector................................................................................83 5.4.1. Construction innovation literature..................................................................83 5.4.2. Categories of construction innovations........................................................84 5.5. Actors for Innovation in Construction........................................................................86 5.6. Moving to Green Innovations.........................................................................................89 5.6.1. Moving the building sector towards green innovations.......................92 5.7. Conclusions.............................................................................................................................96

Chapter 6 Construction Stakeholders and Green Innovations........................... 97 6.1. Stakeholders of Construction Processes..................................................................99 6.1.1. Stakeholders’ Mapping.......................................................................................100 6.2. Time Analysis of the Process.......................................................................................103 6.3. Stakeholders’ Interest for Green Technologies..................................................104 6.4. Stakeholders’ Influence.................................................................................................106 6.4.1. Case studies: Italian residential buildings................................................106 6.4.2. Stakeholders’ Mapping.......................................................................................108

6.4.3. The measure of stakeholder’s influence....................................................110 6.4.4. Formulation of the questionnaire.................................................................110 6.4.5. Results of the survey...........................................................................................111 6.4.6. Analysis of the results.........................................................................................112 6.5 Conclusions...........................................................................................................................117

Chapter 7 Organising the Process of Sustainable Building.............................. 119 7.1. Organisation of Construction Processes...............................................................120 7.1.1. Inter-firm relationships in construction processes..............................121 7.1.2. Characteristics of firms for sustainability partnerships.....................122 7.2. Research Model and Features of Analysis............................................................124 7.3. Case Studies.........................................................................................................................126 7.3.1. Research methodology.......................................................................................126 7.3.2. Selection of the case studies..........................................................................128 7.3.3. Description of the case studies......................................................................128 7.3.4. Results.........................................................................................................................133 7.4. Discussion of Results......................................................................................................135 7.5. Conclusions..........................................................................................................................138

Chapter 8 Policies for Sustainable Buildings................................................... 140 8.1. Review of Policies.............................................................................................................140 8.1.1. Regulatory and control mechanisms...........................................................141 8.1.2. Economic and market-based instruments................................................143 8.1.3. Fiscal instruments and incentives.................................................................144 8.1.4. Support, Information and Voluntary Actions...........................................145 8.2. Efficacy of Policies and their Combinations........................................................145 8.3. Policies for Sustainable Buildings in Italy............................................................146

Chapter 9 Conclusions.................................................................................... 149 Appendix...........................................................................................................153 Questionnaire for the Interview about Building Practices...................153 Bibliography.....................................................................................................158 List of Abbreviations......................................................................................185 Index..................................................................................................................186 Author’s Biography.........................................................................................190

Moving to Sustainable Buildings: Paths to Adopt Green Innovations in Developed Countries

List of Figures Figure 1.1 Gigatonnes of CO2-equivalent (GtCO2-eq) emissions from buildings worldwide: measured data in red, 1970-2000, and forecast data in orange, 2000-2030 (IPCC, 2007). Figure 1.2 Estimated yearly GtCO2-eq potential savings in emissions in 2030 for seven sectors as a function of the cost (